2iSa ■4- i305 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HettiTQ m, Sage 1891 kMohm ^imim ri I 3777 3 1924 057 829 776 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924057829776 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUPEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELDS. BY WALCOT GIBSON, B.Sc, F.G.S. With Contributions by GEORGE BARROW, F.G.S., and C. B. WEDD, B.A., F.G.S. ; And. a Palseontological Account, with List of Fossils, By JOaN WARD, F.G.S. PUBLISHED BY OKDEK OP THE LORDS OOMMISSIONBBS OK HIS MAJBSTY'S IRBASURV. LONDON: PRINTED FOE HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, FBTTEK LANK, B.C. , And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Loue Acre, London; JOHN MENZIES and CO., Kose Stobbt, Edinbukbh ; • HODGES, FIGGIS, and CO., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps, or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1905. ^rice, Six SHlli'^OS I\-3oo(a^ Ill PREFACE. The following Memoir contains a description of the chief coal- fields of North Staffordshire. The original Geological Survey was made on the Old Series one-inch maps, Sheets 72 N.W., 73 N.E. and 81 S.W., published during the years 1862-1864, the Coal-measures having been mapped by Sir W. W. Smyth, the Permian and Trias by Prof E. Hull, and the subdivisions of the " Yoredale Rocks " and Mill- stone Grit by Prof A. H. Green. The Memoir on the Iron Ores of North Staffordshire by Sir W. W. Smyth, published in 1862, contains a summary of the geological features of the coalfields ; and brief accounts of the northern end of the Pottery Coalfield, known as the Biddulph Trough, were published in 1866, in the Memoir on the Geology of Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, by Prof Hull and Prof Green. The re-survey on the six-inch scale was commenced in 1898 and completed in 1901. The Pottery Coalfield was surveyed by Messrs W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd, and the Cheadle Coalfield by Mr. George Barrow.-' "lie area is included in the New Series, one inch Sheets 110, ImS, 124. Drift and Solid Editions of Sheet 123, with an explanatory memoir, were published in 1902. A description of the Cheadle Coalfield, with an accompanying geological map (part of Sheet 124), was published in 1903. A Sheet of Vertical Sections giving sections of shafts in the Pottery Coalfield was published in 1901. Sheet 110, which includes a small portion of the Pottery Coalfield, has been prepared for publication ; while thirty-five quarter sheets on the six inch scale, including the whole of the ground described in this Memoir were published with geological lines in 1904. The present volume, which contains the detailed descriptions furnished by each geologist, of the area surveyed by himself, has been largely written and edited by Mr. Gibson, who personally carried out the greater part of the field-work. In the Palseontological portion the Survey fortunately obtained the services of Mr. tTohn Ward of Longton, whose knowledge of the district extends over nearly 50 years. In 1862 he supplied lists ot fossils to the Survey Memoir on the Iron Ores of North Staffordshire ; and he has now generously contributed copious lists of fossils, together with a palseontological statement in reference to them, the results of his long continued researches in the North Staffordshire coalfields. In this work Mr. Ward, and through him the Geological Survey, are indebted to several geologists — to Dr. Traquair and Dr. A. Smith Woodward for naming the Fossil Fishes ; to Mr. R. Kidston for naming the Elantsj and to Dr. Wheelton Hind not only for naming the amellibranchs, but for much time spent in the preparation of 8519. 500— Wt. 32202. 4/05. Wy & S. 3516j-. « IV the fossil lists and also for kindly help and information rendered during the progress of the re-survey. To Mr. J. T. Stobbs vre are indebted for "much ijiformation, more especially in connexion with the marine bands in the Coal-measures, which owing mainly to his researches are proving to be a most reliable guide to the miner for fixing the position of the seams of coal. The Survey has also to acknowledge its great indebtedness to Colliery Proprietors, Mine Managers and Mining Engineers, who have given much valuable information. In the account of the Carboniferous rocks it has been found advisable to adopt purely descriptive terms for the various sub-divisions. Though, as is well known, the vertical distribution of both plants and fishes points to a two-fold division of the Carboniferous rocks, the exact position and nature of the boundary line has not yet been determined for North Staffordshire. For the old term "Yoredale Beds" the term Pendleside Series, introduced by Dr. Wheel ton Hind and Mr. J. Allen Howe, seems preferable, since it only implies a correlation with similar beds occupying the same stratigraphical position on Pendle Hill in Lancashire. For similar reasons the terms Upper, Middle and Lower Coal- measures have not been adopted; since the positions of the palseontological boundary lines or zones, which may give a definite significance to the terms, have not been determined with accuracy. It is evident, as pointed out by Jukes long ago, that as regards the higher portions of the Coal-measures, North Staffordshire presents the type development for the Midlands.* In that region Mr. Gibson has established a definite stratigraphical sequence in the comparatively barren strata which conformably overlie the productive Coal-measures, and he has also proved that the same sequence may be recognised in the other coalfields of the Mid- land area. The points of special economic interest are given in a separate chapter, considerable attention being paid to the future develop- ment of the coalfield. The portion of the memoir descriptive of the Gheadle Coalfield is largely a reprint from the separately published memoir on this small coalfield by Mr. G. Barrow. Since the publication of that memoir, the prediction there confidently made that the Dilhorne Coal underlay the Delphouse area has been verified by actual sinking. Geological Survey Office, J. J. H. TEALL, Jermyn Street, London. Director, 6th January, 1905. * Letters and Extracts from the Addresses and occasional Writings of J. Beete Jukes, edited by his sister, p. 346. CONTENTS. Page Preface by the Director iii Part 1. The PoTi'ERY Coalfield. Chapter 1.— Introductory.— Area described. Historical outline. Form of ground and its relation to geological structure. Kiver Systems and Streams. Alteration of Drainage 1 Chapter II.— General Structure.— Formations, Groups of Eocks and General Geological Structure of the District - 13 Chapter III.— The Carboniferous Rocks.— Historical outline. Carboniferous Limestone and Beds below the Third Grit at Astbury. Beds below the Third Grit on the south-eastern and the north-eastern margins of the Coalfield. First and Third Grits on the eastern side of the Coalfield. First, Third and Lower Grits of the Biddulph Valley - 17 Chapter IV — The Carboniferous Eocks— (Continued).— CWi- ■measv/res (General Account). Introduction. Coalfield of the Potteries. General Grouping of the Measures - 38 1. Grey or Chief Goal-bearing Series. Arrangement. Dis- tribution. Composition. Seams of Coal and Ironstone. Character of Coal Seams. Special features of interest 2. The lied and Grey Series. Characteristics. Black Band Group. Etruria Marl Group. Newcastle-under-Lyme Group. Keele Group Chapter V. — The Carboniferous Eocks — (Continued). Coal- measv/res (Detailed Description). Grey or Chief Coal-hearing Series. The Basin of the Trent. The Shaffalong Coalfield. The Biddulph Valley with the extreme northern end of the Anticlinal Eegion. The Western Anticlinal Eegion - 56 Chapter VI. — Carboniferous Eocks (Continued). — The Bed and Grey Series - 115 1. The Synclinal Region : — Black Band Group. Etruria Marl Group. Newcastle-under-Lyme Group. Keele Group 2. The Anticlinal Eegion. Black Band Group. Etruria Marl Group. Newcastle-under-Lyme Group. Keele Group Chapter VII. -The Triassic Rocks.— Distribution and Classifica- tion. Bunter Sandstone and Pebble Beds. Keuper Sandstones and Waterstones. Keuper Marl 138 Chapter VIII.— Folds and Faults (General Description).— Arrangement. Folds. Faults. Age of the Diflferent Movements 152 Chapter IX. — Folds and Faults (Detailed Description). — Folds and Faults in the Millstone Grit Series on the east side of the . Coalfield. Folds and Faults in the Coal-measures of the Trent Valley. Folds and Faults in the Biddulph Valley and neigh- bourhood. Folds and Faults in the Western Anticlinal Region. Folds and Faults in the Triassic Rocks 157 Chapter X. — Igneous Rocks. — The Jhitterton-Swyntierton Dylce. Historical. Stratigraphical. Petrological - 190 Contents — continued. Page Chapter XI. — Superficial Deposits - 198 Chaptee XII. — Economic and Applied Geology. — Futwre Develop- ment of the Coalfield. Supply to the east of the western Boundary Fault. Supply to the west of the western Boundary Fault. On the prospect of finding coal near Congleton. Ironstones, Clayband. Ironstones. Blackband Ironstones. Pottery Clays, Brick Clays and Marls. Building Stones, Boad Metal and Limestone. Sands and Gravel. Vegetation and Soils. Pojmlation in its relation to the distribution of the Rochs. Water Supply - 205 Part TI. The Cheadle Coalfield. Chapter XIII.— Introduction :— General Geological Structure. Table of Formations - - 2.32 Chapter XIV. — The Carboniferous Eocks. — Millstone Grits, and Associated Shales. The Coal-measures. Lowest Coal-measures. Woodhead Coal and Sandstones. Lower Pale Group. Upper Pale Group - 235 Chapter XV. — The Triassic Eocks. — Bunter Sandstone and Con- glomerate. Keuper Sandstone. Keuper Marl 269 Chapter XVI. — Faults. — Faults in the Carboniferous Eocks. Faults in the Trias - 274 Chapter XVII.— Superficial Deposits.— Glacial Drift — Boulder Clay. Eain Wash Alluvium 277 Chapter XVIIL— Water Sdpply 281 Chapter XIX.— Goldsitch Moss Coalfield 283 Part III. Paleontology of the Pottery Coalfield. Chapter XX. History of Previous Eesearch 283 Chapter XXL— The Fauna and Flora 294 Chapter XXII. — Distribution of the Organic Eemains 305 APPENDIX. Appendix I. —List of Fossils from the Pottery Coalfield. 338 Appendix II. — Tables shewing the Distribution of the Chief Fossils in Eelation tot he Marine Beds of the Coal-measures 350 Appendix III. — Sections of Colliery Shafts, etc. 358 Appendix IV.— Bibliography 480 Index - - - 509 Vll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Fig. 1 Map showing the relation of surface drainage to geological structure 6 „ 2 Index Map of the central portion of the Pottery Coalfield 15 „ 3 Section across the Carboniferous inlier of Astbury- 22 ,, 4 Section across the beds below the Third Grit on Congleton Edge - 22 „ 5 Generalized Section across Endon 25 „ 6 Section showing the relative position of the Chief Seams of Coal and Ironstone 40-41 , 7 Section across the Coal-measures near Knypersley 59 „ 8 Comparative Section of Chief Coal Seams between the Ash Coal and the Winpenny Coal 61 „ 9 Comparative Section of the Chief Seams of Coal between the Ash Coal and the Bassey Mine Coal 68 „ 10 Comparative Section of the Coal Seams below the Ten Feet Coal in the Talke area - 105 „ 11 Section across the Red and Grey Group between Keele and Shelton 117 „ 12 Section across Swynnerton Park and Trentham, showing the main sub-divisions of the Trias 141 „ 13 Diagrammatic Section acrost; the Anticline at Hollinswood near Talke- 179 „ 14 Section through the ground of the Talke o' th' Hill Colliery Company - 183 „ 15 Plan of the Butterton-Swynnerton Dyke 191 „ 16 Igneous Dyke in the Keele Series, Butterton Park - 192 „ 17 Igneous Dyke in the Bunter Sandstone, Hanchurch Hills 194 „ 18 Map shewing underground contours of the Red Mine Ironstone 210 „ 19 Comparative Sections of Seams of Blackband Ironstones 219 ,, 20 Comparative Sections of Coal Seams in the Cheadle Coal- field 244 „ 21 Section across the Cheadle Coalfield 261 Plates (at end of volume). Plate I. Fig. 1. Section across the Biddulph Trough. Fig. 2. Generalized Section across the Pottery Coalfield. II. Geological Map of the Cheadle Coalfield. III. Fossil Shells from the Coal-measures. IV. Do. Do. V. Fossil Fishes (types) from the Coal-measures. VI. Do. Do. VII. Do. Do. VIIL Do, Do, •h PART I. THE POTTERY COALFIELD. BY W. GIBSON AND C. B. WEDD. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Area described— Historical Outline — Form of Ground and its Eelation to Geological Structure— Kiver Systems and Streams — ^Alteration op Drainage. Area Described. — The present memoir mainly treats of the Coal-measures constituting the detaefied basins of the Potteries, Shaffalong and Cheadle Coalfields situated in North Staffordshire, at the south-western terminati6n of the Pennine Chain, where this commences to sink gradually on the south beneath the Midland Triassic Plain, or where it abruptly descends on the west towards that of Cheshire. As the Pottery and Cheadle Coalfields form distinct units in themselves, and were separately surveyed, they can be conveniently described apart ; and of these the vastly more important Pottery Coalfield claims our first attention. In the shape of a triangle, of which the surface area slightly exceeds 100 square miles,* the Coal-measures of the Pottery Coalfield extend from Alders Farm, two miles east of Congleton, at the apex of the triangle, to a base line joining Moddershall and Madeley on the south. The coalfield is included in Sheets 110 and 123 ; in. addition two narrow tongues proceed from the eastern and western corners of the triangle into the heart of the Trias country, situated in Sheet 139, of which only the areas occupied by Coal-measures have been re-surveyed. The Pottery Coalfield deserves the closest attention of all students of the great and important Carboniferous System, for not only is it exceptionally rich in coal and ironstone, but the completeness of the sequence of the strata, and the number, variety, and preservation of its organic contents, stand unrivalled in the Midlands. Moreover, the local sequence of Coal-measures has been found to form the type to which that of the other Midland coalfields may conveniently be referred. This is due to the central situation within the wide basin of older rocks, in which the material constituting the Coal-measures * Includes area occupied by the red measures formerly considered to be of Permian age. 7469 A 5= HlSTOKY. accumulated ; while, in addition, the relationship of the Trias, and the effects of the great earth movements preceding this later geological epoch, can here be studied to an extent impossible in the neighbouring coalfields. Historical Outline. — Towards the middle of the 17th century- coal and ironstone mining appears to have been actively carried on in the district, for writing in 1686, Dr. Plot mentions the winning of coal by means of " foote rallies,"* he draws attention to the varied inclination of the seams, their outcrop and pro- perties, as well as the different classes of ironstones then dug ; though it is evident from his descriptions that the workings were extremely shallow. The first complete account of the geology of the area is that of Dr. Garner whose observations on The Natural History of the County of Staffordf reveal true geological insight; and who, as one of the founders of the North Staffordshire Naturlists' Field Club, in 1866, did so much to encourage a local interest in geology. The important character of the coalfield, more especially the valuable nature of the ironstones, was fully recognised by Sir W. W. Smyth, | who seemed surprised at the small development the iron industry had reached in the early sixties. Professor Hull, who geologically surveyed the major portion of this part of England, refers more than once to the Sossibilities presented by the mineral wealth of the district. § To one, however, has added so much to our knowledge as Mr. John Ward, whose life-long devotion to the science will be gathered from his account of the organic remains accompanying this memoir. Mr. Ward has directed his attention chiefly to the Fishes, but, since 1892, the neglected study of the Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata has received the attention of Dr Wheelton Hind, who has also closely investigated the fauna of the Car- boniferous rocks older than the Coal-measures. The re-survey on the six-inch scale has added to the knowledge of the sequence of the rocks and their arrangement ; while the recent work of Mr. J . T. Stobbs has revealed the truly marine character of much of the Coal-measures to a far greater extent than was hitherto suspected. The want of appreciation of the exceptional wealth in coal and ironstone, has, no doubt, chiefly resulted from North Staffordshire having, in course of time, become the centre of the pottery industry in this country. This trade may be said to nave commenced its celebrated career with the discovery of Ehlers in 1690 ; but was established, and received its great impetus from the genius of Sir Josiah Wedgewood towards the middle of the 18tn Century. That the manufacture of * The Natural History of Staffordshire by Eobert Plot, 1686. p. 130. t Dr. K. Garner. The Natural History of the County of Stafford, 1844. X Iron orfis of Great Britain, part iv., Mem. Geol. Survey, 1861. § The Permian and Triassic Rocks of the Midland Counties (1869). • Evidence before the Coal Commission (1871). The Coalfields of Great Britain (4 Ed., 1881). FaEM OF Grottnd. 3 pottery has for long constituted the staple industry ot the district is shown by the location of the chief towns ; which are not situated along the outcrops of the main seams of coal, but which extend in an almost continuous line along the outcrop of the quick- burning coals, clays and marls once used in the manufacture of coarse pottery, and still needed for the construction of vessels in which the pottery is now placed in the kilns. Form, of the Ground and its relation to Geological Structure. — The topographical features of the area are at once seen to have resulted from the saddle and trough arrangement of the groups of strata, coupled with the ordinary processes of denudation, which have worn away the softer rocks, leaving the harder materials standing out as ridges. Thus the hollow, 360 feet above Ordnance Datum, at Stoke-upon-Trent, extending along the eastern side of the coalfield, coincides in position with a well-marked trough or syncline ; and is, at the same time, occupied by the softer strata of the Coal-measures. The ground swiftly rises on the flanks of a saddle or anticline boundmg the coalfield on the east and bringing the alternating hard and soft beds of the Millstone Grit to the surface. The grits give rise to long ridges, known as "Edges," of which Brown Edge (888 feet. 0. D.) and Badderley Edge (787 0. D.) may be cited as conspicuous examples, while the alternating shales nave been carved by denudation into long, narrow, and frequently deep valleys. Westward of the main hollow of the Pottery Coalfield the ground again rapidly rises, and once more this elevation coincides with the saddle arrangement of the rocks known locally as the " Staffordshire Anticline," which attains an eleva- tion of 744 feet 0. D. at Alsager Bank. North of this point the anticline consists of several sections, each of which stands out at the surface as a ridge. The prominent features in the central, southern and western parts of the coalfield are, therefore, mainly of structural origin. Denudation, on the other hand, plays a much less important role. To this agency we may attribute the ridges which diversify the central depression, and being composed of sandstone, have better resisted weathering action. The greater height of the anticline at Alsager Bank may also in part be due to the capping of sandstone forming the crest of the dome. Evident as this connexion of physical aspect and. geological structure is in most of the tracts of Carboniferous rocks, it is probably nowhere more pronounced than around the northern part of the Pottery Coalfield ; where the rugged edges of the Millstone Grit as they curve round the valley ofthe Biddulph syncline, the long broad anticlinal ridge of Lask Edge, the shallow upraised basins east and west of the Rudyard Valley also rimmed with massive grits, have arrested the attention of previous observers. Two main factors combine to accentuate the relationship of structure to scenery. Firstly, the arrangement in groups of alternations of hard and s6ft beds, each group roughly distinctive 7469. A 2 4 FoKM OF Geoumd. in lirhological character, and capable of offering different 'degrfees of resistance to the forces of denudation— secondly, a simple and clearly defined system of folding which has subjected these groups, each in turn, to the maximum or minimum influence of these forces. Both are agents in the production of a landscape sharply contrasted with the Drift-plam on the west, and the gentle slope of the Triassic rocks which pass under it. Perhaps in one instance only is the inter-relationship of fold and feature less apparent. In the southern end of Mow Cop, the grit-ridge is clearly anticlinal ; but northward from here, lower and softer strata reach the surface along the axis of the fold. The high grit- feature of the eastern limb diverges to the north-east, while faults, by depressing the western limb of the fold, rob the uplifted mass of its complementary ridge of grit on that side, and ! induce a westerly slope right across the axis of the anticline. Among the Carboniferous rocks, structure, as we have just seen, played a more important part than composition. In the enveloping red rocks of the Trias, structure has had little to do, composition almost everything, in governing topographical out- line. Apart from the red sandy and dry nature of the soil fur- nished by the rocks of this vastly newer system, anyone only slightly acquainted with geology would at once conclude, from the peculiar softly-moulded outline of the hills on the south-east, southern and south-western margins of the coalfield, that they were fashioned out of a different class of rocks. The contrast is indeed sharp between either the bleak moorlands in the north and north-east, with their long, sharp ridges of Millstone Grit, or the long, monotonous slopes of the coalfield, and the beautifully- wooded, gracefuUy-outlined hills round Moddershall, Whitmore, Maer and Ashley. Hill and dale here but rarely correspond to the inclination of the strata; sub-aerial denudation has alone determined the landscape. From this cause the lowest members of the Trias, from their superior relative hardness, overlook the central porcions of the coalfield ; but on the west, from their being depressed by faulting and overlain by the soft, superficial deposits belonging to the Glacial Epoch, they do not appreciably rise above the level of the Cheshire Plain ; and, indeed, if the glacial deposits were cleared away, they would be found lying in a broad, deep hollow not much above sea-level, and in places sinking below it. Yet another type of scenery is met with — the broad, mono- tonous plain on the western side of the coalfield — composed exclusively of wide spreads of brown unstratified clays, sands and gravel, to which the elevated ground of the Pottery Coalfield forms the margin. In the southern portion of the plain low mounds and hills of mild declivity, with here and there a narrow water- channel almost choked with bramble and hazel, diversify the landscape ; but northward the ground gradually sinks into the monotonous plains around Crewe. This gentler type of. scenery RivEK Systems. 5 has been fashioned entirely out ol the sands, gravels and clays of the Glacial Epoch. River Systems and Streams. — The river Trent, whose head waters are formed by the surface drainage and springs issuing from the Millstone Grit north of Knyper&ley, constitutes the main drainage channel of the coalfield. After flowing nearly due southin a valley excavated in the shales below the Millstone Grit, it suddenly turns due west\*^ard near the Lion's Paw, and enters a narrow gorge excavated in hard massive grits. It then pours itself into the deep hollow occupied by Knypersley Reservoir, from which it issues as a stream flowing due south. Receiving thence many smallt* tributaries from either side of the syncline, it runs in a broad valley through the coalfield, and passes out of the district as a river of some (jjonsiderable volume, about a mile and a half south of Barlaston. (Fig. 1, p. 6.) Within the coalfield the majority of the streams flow in deep broad valleys, many of them occupied by numerous industries. Most of them, therefore, lack picturesqueness, especially those excavated in the soft rocks of the Coal-measures. The lesser valleys cut in the surrounding and readily moulded Triassic rocks can lay claim to considerable beauty, but here ordinary atmos- pheric weathering has accomplished more than stream erosion. West of the main drainage channel the Staflbrdshire anticline constitutes part of the main watershed of central England. This is well defined from Mow Cop to Keele, but south of this point it becomes less conspicuous, and in the broad vaUey between Madeley Road Station and Whitmore Station, the Meece and Checkley Brooks, which join the Trent and Mersey, start close together in the same peat bog, the line of the water- divide being hardly recognisable. Further south the antichne ceases to form the water-parting, the River Tern rising as a strong spring near Maer Hall, cutting completely across it, and thence flowing southward towards the Severn. We have now traced the hne of the main watershed towards the southern portion of the coalfield. In the extreme south at Maer it lies to the east of the anticline. Crossing this somewhat obliquely between Baldwin's Gate and Madeley Road Station, it afterwards coincides with the anticlinal uplift to a little north of Kidsgrove, whence it swerves eastward across the northern half of the Biddulph trough. After crossing the Millstone Grit ridges on its eastern side it is continued athwart the depression inter- vening between these and the anticline of Lask Edge, and thence over the northern part of the Rudyard VaUey. On the northern side the drainage belongs to the Dane and Wheelock ; on the south to the Trent and Churnet. Of the minor valleys in the northern region the most striking are the numerous doughs — deep, narrow, and often ramifying drainage channels, almost invariably well wooded — which fringe the main stream-valleys. Whether seen from the valley, or viewed from the surrounding hills, they are among the most Rivbe" Systems. noticeable features of the landscape. Those most characteristic of the district, are short, ramifying, clean-cut gorges, increasing rapidly in depth till they reach the level of the main streams. Their rapid descent and striking appearance in the Biddulph Fig. I.— Map showing the relation of sueface drainage to Geological structure. By W, Gibson. Scale, one Inch= 4 miles. Valley are due to the thick beds of drift-sand, which level up the northern part of the old pre-glacial hollow against the sides of which they .are banked. The main stream-valley is cut down nearly or quite to the bottom of the Prift. As soon as the smaller brooks and rills enter this thick deposit they rapidly Alteration of Drainage. 7 excavate deep steep-sided ravines in the soft sand down to the level of the principal stream ; before reaching which they are usually joined by several smaller doughs, many of them now dry. Alteration of Drainage. — The drainage systems hitherto considered are such as we see them to-day. Their past history has now to be traced. As previously stated (p. 3), anticline and syncline govern, the main direction of present surface waterflow, and there is no doubt that they did so when the Carboniferous rocks were exposed to atmospheric agencies throughout the long unchron- icled period preceding the New lied Sandstone. A cursory glance at a geological map, however, shows that many of the streams and rivers have picked out for themselves erratic courses within the main anticlines and synclines. This is nowhere more pronounced than in the case of the Trent, Churnet, and the southern tributary streams of the Dane Valley system. In the first-mentioned river system the most conspicuous features calling for explanation are, firstly, the deep gorge at Knypersley cutting across tne Millstone Grit, and extending westward across the Coal-measures to near Mill Hay, where it turns northward and opens out into the main Biddulph Valley ; and secondly, the gorge at Stockton Brook, and the broad valley south of this point, iu which the Trent wanders diagonally across the strike of the Coal-measures, irrespective of the relative hardness or softness of the rocks. In the case of the Churnet system, the Stockton Brook, a tributary of the Churnet, cuts across the Endon-Werrington anticline, and the northern portion of the Shaffklong syncline at Wall Grange, while the valley of the Horton Brook drains south- ward to join the Stockton Brook near Endon ; but a little south of Horton it is joined by a broad, dry, deep valley, trend- ing due east and west, and cutting completely across the massive gnts. Again in the Dane system the small Biddulph Brook, mstead of draining down the trough of the syncline, flows in an opposite direction, across the elevated margin of the basin, and cuts a deep gap through the grit-ridges at Mossley/ Present circumstances cannot account for these anom.alies, but a ready explanation is afforded by a study of the geological conditions which, since Carboniferous times, existed within the area. In pre- triassic times the broad structural features of syncline and anticline dominated the drainage. At this period the main drainage would be westward and southward — westward generally off the main Carboniferous uplift, southward along the synchnes — when the main Trent and Churnet Valleys would be excavated. During the Triassie period, as shown by the existing outliers of Trias at Endon, Eownall, Seabridge, and the red sandstone in the Churnet Valley, this older topography was obliterated. Whether or not the, later mesozoic strata ever overlay the district is open to doubt, but a platform was formed on_ which a fresh drainage system was inaugurated, which bore little or 8 Alteeation or Dbainaoe. no relation to the pre-triassic landscape. To the streams starting on this platform, the deep gorge at Knypersley, the valley of the Stockton Brook, the dry valley south of Horton, and the Mossley gap can be attributed. Ultimately the older and broader features of the pre-triassic landscape were restored by the sweeping away of the Triassic deposits ; but the rivers continued to flow in the gaps made by the post-triassic drainage, and only partially regained their older courses. The great antiquity of some of the valleys of Derbyshire and Stattbrd- shire strongly impressed Jukes who says — " the New Red Sand- stone running up the valley of the Dove and lying for several miles along that of the Churnet, following their windings, and resting with its horizontal beds against their broken and eroded banks, shows in the most striking manner that the Carboni- ferous rocks had been elevated and disturbed, and these valleys had been scooped out in them, before the deposition of the New Red Sandstone."* At the commencement of the Glacial Epoch the landscape was much the same as we see it to-day, the result as we have just seen of a post-triassic drainage superimposed on a much older pre- triassic denudation. Minor changes nowever, resulted from the material left behind by the ice, and also from the barriers of ice itself. As an instance of a recent water divide that of the present course of the Stockton Brook affords a good example. The alluvium of this valley narrows suddenly near Stockton Brook Station on the west, and Wall Grange on the east, where the Millstone Grit crosses the valley. In pre-glacial times, as before- mentioned (p. 7), the water which now flows eastward passed westward through a narrow gorge at Stockton Brook, and entered the main valley, drained by the 1 rent. The gap at Stockton Brook became dammed with sands and clays left behind by the ice, while the water was held up to the east by the grit barrier at Wall Grange. A lake was tnus formed in which the extremely fine alluvium of the Endon Valley was deposited, and whose waters escaping over the grit ridge at Wall Grange gradually excavated their present channel. A good example of the obliteration of the former course of the Trent is seen at Bucknall, where the abrupt manner in which Bucknall Hill, with its steep northern scarp standing out from the surrounding low ground suggests undercutting by river action. At the Hanley and Bucknall collieries the Drift is 81 feet thick, making the pre-glacial surface 366 feet above Ordnance Datum. The Trent between Abbey Villas and the railway bridge to the north flows in a shallow cutting, the surface of the water being between 390 and 400 feet above Ordnance Datum, or at a higher level than the pre-glacial surface at the Hanley and Bucknall collieries. It is evident, therefore, that in pre-glacial times the river flowed more t o the east and swept against Bucknall Hill. * The Analyst, Vol. ix., 1839. Alteeation of Dbainaoe. S) Further examples of drainage changes are furnished by broad valleys, such as those of the Tern from Blackbrook to WiUough- brid^e, the upper part of the Madeley Brook, and others which are cut in solid rock, but are now occupied by comparatively insignifi- cant streams flowing generally between west and north. These streams on leaving their rock-bound channels are usually somewhat diverted and meander in much smaller valleys eroded entirely in Drift, only increasing in size after the streams have traversed a large area of the drift-plain. The natural inference is that the ice-sheet obliterated the lower courses of the old valleys ; and that subsequently new channels were excavated, frequently with a change, sometimes with a complete reversal of direction, below the points at which the Drift blocked these old valleys. To give examples, the Tern from its source flows west-north- west to Willoughbridge in a wide sand-filled valley excavated in Bunter and Coal-measures. Thence it flows south of west with sandstone-features on its south side, and a broad spread of low- lying drift-sand to the north. It receives all the southward drainage from the high drift-ground of Onneley and Woore. A little further west it crosses the mouth of the short, but broad and deep valley of Winnington with a flat floor of sand and gravel. At Bearstone Mill it traverses the ridges of Keuper Sandstone by a somewhat narrow and deep valley. Thence it swerves south-west to Market Drayton in a channel often bounded on one or both sides by steep cliffs or banks of sand- stone, with all the appearance of comparatively recent excavation. At Aston, a valley of considerable size, but drained by an in- significant stream, is cut westward through Bunter hills, and is then lost in Drift, its drainage being diverted south-westward into the Tern. The broad and deep valley running westward from Madeley Road Station by Astoncliff is completely blocked to a height of more than 400 feet on the west by Drift, which forms a water- parting between an easterly drainage down the valley and a westerly one into the Tern. This valley could scarcely have been excavated by an eastward drainage, for it has a very small gather- ing ground on the west, and must have had none at all on that side before the Drift was deposited. It is confluent on the east with the upper part of the Madeley Valley which is a large broad valley with a flat sand-filled bottom. This receives tributary valleys from all sides but the north-west. The basin is bounded entirely by solid rock on the east and almost entirely on all other sides but the north-west. The drainage of the southern and lower part of it is diverted westward by the Madeley Brook, which escapes through a very broad drift-filled gap in the sandstone hills. The northern part drains west-north-west by the Checkley Brook through a deep and comparatively narrow channel cut across hills of Bunter. The conditions in the district are ideal for the formation of glacial lakes. The north-easterly uplift of the sandstones 10 Glacial Lakes. along the anticlinal axis determined a drainage m an average north-westerly direction on to the lower ground of the Keujjer Marl. The ice advanced in an opposite direction, choking the lower courses of the old valleys, and leaving a line of drift-hills parallel to the sandstone outcrop. During the later stages of the glaciation, as the ice melted off the high ground of the sandstone tracts, a large volume of water poured into the old valleys, and was impounded amongst the hills hy the harrier of Drift and ice still blocking the lower parts of these valleys. Sand and gravel were washed down into these lakes, and deposited in a flat or slightly sloping bed on their floor, in a manner strongly contrasting with the general habit of the moundj^ sand and gravel on the outer part of the main drift-plain. The Winnington Valley, the Blackbrook - Willoughbrid^e Valley and the low sandy ground to the north of them probably made one continuous lake, for the formation of which the rock- features on the east, south and west, and the barrier of high Drift on the north were alone sufficient. In fact, if the narrow outlet of the Tern across the strike of the Keuper Sandstone at Bearstone Mill were closed, a lake of considerable size would again be produced in this basin. The position and form of the present valley of the Tern from Bearstone Mill to Market Drayton warrant the supposition that this part of the river valley was initiated as an over-flow outlet for the impounded waters of the glacial lake, and that the pre-glacial course of the drainage was, at any rate for some distance, northward. Mr. Taylor, of Market Drayton, called attention to a deep winding sand- filled channel traced from Market Drayton by Norton-in- Hales. This may, perhaps, have been an earlier course of the Tern flowing in a larger loop round the northern end of the ridges of Keuper Sandstone. The basin of the Madeley valley and its tributary valleys was clearly a glacial lake. The Drift which fills the wide gap in the Bunter hills on the west evidently marks the barrier, through which the Madeley Brook has cat a narrow channel. If this outlet, the rock-bound channel of the Checkley Brook, and the narrow passage occupied by the south end of Craddocks Moss, which drains into the Madeley Valley, were blocked by Drift or ice, the basin would form a large kke. While the glacial barrier stood at an altitude of 380 feet or a little less, the overflow would be southward by way of Chorlton Moss into the Trent system; thus perhaps accounting for the narrow channel which connects the peat-filled valleys north-west and south-east ofWhitmore Station, in which neighbourhood the peat-moss is the watershed between a northerly and a southerly drainage. When its dam of ice and Drift sank lower, the Madeley lake would find an outlet northward or westward ; and it is probable that the present channel by which the Checkley Brook drains the northern part of the valley across the Bunter Glacial Lakes. 11 hills, marks its outlet. Later, as the ice receded, the old drainage, through the broad drift-filled gap a little further south, was re-opened ; and by it the Madeley TBrook carried off the waters of the southern part of the valley, as it still does. East and south of Audley a continuous drainage valley is cut in Coal-measures. North of Ougherwall the small stream which occupies this valley flows north, while south of that locality the drainage is southward. A reversal of drainage has evidently taken place here, probably caused by the presence of Drift. It is probable that several other lakes were formed where gaps in the sandstone hills open towards the north-west or north, and it may well be that one such existed between Hare- castle and the south end of Mow Cop. There can be little doubt that the north-western part of the Biddulph Valley was converted into a lake in the later phases of the ice-age by the damming of the gap in the grit ridges at Mossley ; and that the mass of sand, which there underlies thin Boulder-clay, was washed out and deposited on the floor of this lake. The deposit of Drift-sand, which wraps round the ends of the grit 'ridges on either side of the Mossley gap, as also round the south end of Mow Cop, is difficult to expMn otherwise than on the supposi- tion that it was washed down into a body of water. That the material out of which the sand was formed was in part at least introduced into the valley by the ice, and not wholly derived from the degradation of the local grits and sandstones, is ])roved by the occurrence in it of fragments of marine shells. The drainage of the Rudyard VaUey, though not strictly belonging to the coalfield deserves some mention. This valley is united with that of the Dane to the north by the valley of the Rushton Brook. It is continuous with that of the Churnet to the south-east, and with that of the Horton Brook to the south-west. At the present day the northern continuation of the Rudyard Valley drains into the Dane, the southern end south-eastward into the Churnet, as does also the eastern part of the pass, which traverses the grit-hills between Rudyard and Horton. The western part of this valley drains west into the Horton Brook and finally by way of the Stockton Brook into the Churnet. This transverse valley appears to be blocked south of Horton by Drift which entered it from the north by way of the Horton Brook. The watershed in the Rudyard Valley is marked by small hummocks of Drift-sand where Beat Lane crosses it north of the Reservoir ; while more sand occurs on the slopes of the valley on both sides. Further north also Drift covers the bottom of the valley. It seems certain that the transverse valley between Rudyard and Horton was excavated by an eastward drainage, and that the northern or Rushton continuation of the Rudyard Valley always drained, as it now does, north-westward. Mr, Barrow has suggested that the southerly drainage of the valley of the 12 Glacial Lakes. Rudyard Keservoir was initiated as an overflow-outlet for water held up between the ice-sheet which covered the lower ground to the north, and the high ground of the Millstone Grit, that as the ice receded, and the level of the impounded water fell, the drainage deserted the Rudyard Valley and escaped north-westward at a lower level, between the margin of the ice and the high ground, by the present course of the Rushton Brook into the Dane Valley. The case would thus be precisely similar to that of the glacial phenomena lately described by Prof. Kendall, in Yorkshire.* But the Rudyard drainage needs further examination, as this explacation was not in view when the district was surveyed. * P. F. Kendall, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, Vol. Iviii., 1902. p. 471. 13 CHAPTER II. GENERAL STRUCTURE. Formations, Gkoups of Rock and General Geological Structure OF THE District. The formations and groups of rock are arranged in the follow- ing descending order of sequence, the sedimentary and igneous rocks being kept distinct : — Table of Formations. Sedimentary. f^ EH SI g H fAlluvium. Recent and Post Glacial- -{ Peat. (.River gravels. Glacial Keuper - g-i [ Bunter 00 r The Red and Grey Series ^ , Hi O n pj - i ■« h, m CO la CO .fco p o .a m e o» s .2 ° a; n P-H 4^ O ■i^ ^.s ,.*' i-i 5Q 1 1. SO 6 M Ph .a.- u^S v/A"'/, Xi'//',/', V'/""i. m tolrfS -oa 02 -3 1 Pendlesidb Semes. 23 similar character invariably underlie the Third Grit along the bor- ders of the Pottery Coalfield, but the only spot where the lower beds are visible is in the vicinity of the Astbury inlier. By means of the sections in the mountain road leading from Limekiln Farm, and in the streams flowing down from the edge along the nor- thern margin of Limekiln Wood, the following nearly complete sequence between the Carboniferous Limestone and Third Grit can be obtained. Section showing the succession of the beds between the carboniferous limestone of the astbury inlier and the third GRIT ON CONGLETON EDGE. (FiG. 4 p. 22). Character of Strata. Third Grit :— Dark shales with band containing Goniatites Grit with red spots Shales Grit - Shales (approximate thickness)- Grit Shales . Grit w Shales (approximate thickness)- 3 Grit S. Shales Z Grit n Shales S Grit- S Shales ? not well seen g Thin flaggy sandstones w Sandy shales - - - ^ „ „ with thin beds of grit - Dark and grey shales mth hard bands— about • Black limestone with Goniatites Shales — about Hard grit with red spots— about Shales— about - COAL- Shales Calcareous shales, crinoidal limestone. Total Many of the grit bands can be traced for several hundred yards to the north east. In this direction, about a mile distant from Limekiln Wood, a quarry situated between 500-600 feet below the Third Grit, affords tfie following interesting section :— Thickness. Ft. In. 450 20 35 8 150 9 8 5 30 9 80 8 30 12 50 50 45 20 250 7 50 70 50 1 6 3 1,450 feet about. Ft. Ins. 5 5 2 1 3 9 4 5 7 3 8 1 4 0^ 5 8 33 7 24 Pendlbside Sejubs. Quarry below the Third Grit near the roadside leading from GiLLow Heath to Congleton. Dull grpy and yellow clay, with grit blocks Rotten limestone, made up of Orthis resupinata Grit Shales, grey - - - Shales with thin slightly calcareous nodules Hard fine grey sandy shales Shales with calcareous nodules, rich marine fauna - Rather dark shales with two lines of calcareous nodules Shales with Goniatites Darker calcareous shales, coarsely laminated, with Glyphioceras spirals, Posidoniella Icevis Shales with calcareous nodules, marine fossils Coal about ^ inch twisted into joints of grit Gannister-like grit - Gannister grits and shales with plant remains The fkuna of the marine beds is extremely rich, as shewn in the following list given by Dr. Wheelton Hind* : — Ceriopora (interporosa) Millepora. Leiopteria squamosa. Athyris ambigua. Modiola transversa. Ghonetes laguessiana. Myalina peralata. Dielasma hastata. MytUomorpha rhombea. Diacina nitida. Nucula gibbosa. Lingula mytiloides, sequalis. scotica. Parallelodon obtusus. Orthis resupinata. Posidoniella lasvis. Micnelini. — — semisulcata. Productus Cora. Pteronites angustatus. longispinus. Protoschizodus orbicularis,. scabriculus. Sanguinolites v-scriptus. semireticulatus. Scaldia benedeniana. Spirifera glabra. Sedgwickia ovata. trigonalis. Loxonema sp. Streptorhynchus crenistria. Macrochilina sp. Aviculopecten fibrillosus. Pleurotomaria monilifera. Actinopteria persulcata. Bellerophon Urei. Allorisma sulcata. sp. Ctenodonta Isevirostris. Ephippioceras bilobatum. Edmondia rudis. Glyphioceras diadema. MacCoyi. spirale. Orthoceras sp. Ceratiocaris oretonensis. Dithyrocaris testudineus. Although in other areas within the district the same horizon must be intersected in many places by streams and roads, these marine beds have not been discovered. The rocks just described dip at angles varying from 45 to 60 degrees eastward, forming in fact the western limb of the Biddulph trough. They can be traced southward into Grotto Wood, where, as described, they terminate against a huge dislocation which brings them in contact with strata wholly above the Millstone Grit. * Trans. North Staffs. Field Club. Vol. xxxvi., 1901-1902. p. 78, Pbndleside Series. 25 Beds below the Third Orit on the south eastern 'margin of the Coalfield. By G. Bareow. On the elevated ground on the eastern side of the coalfield these rocks are brought up by a strong anticline, the axis of which trends roughly north and south from Werrington, through Endon into the high ground separating the Biddulph and Kudyard troughs. The rocks lie at varying angles, and as they are faulted, drift covered, and unexplored by shafts or borings, it is doubtful how much of the thickness on Congleton Edge is represented. The following groups in descending order of sequence can be recognised. 3. Marly bands (thin) succeeded by dark shales. 2. Crowstone bands and associated marls and fireclays. Stanley Grit at the base. 1. Dark shale with nodules and thin sandy seams. Fig. 3. Brown Edge Generalised Section Across Endon (G. Barrow). Endon Valley Laddertsdge D. Alluvial Deposits. C. Hunter of Endon Hill First Grit, a. Third Grit. B. Crowstone. A. Shales. Millstone Grit Series. The crest of the antichne lying between the two outcrops ot the Crowstones is formed mainly of dark shales, which attain a considerable thickness to the north of Endon. Good sections of these occur in several places. The best are in the stream and gutter running from Lanehead in a south-east "direction to the road on the north side of Endon. The dark shales contain a great number of small plant remains, the mode of occurrence of which is suggestive of leaves falling into compara- tively smooth or quiet waters. They further suggest the idea that much of the shale may be due to a process of filtration of coarser material by dense vegetation, which arrested the fiow of heavier sand particles, and at the same time supplied the great number of comparatively uninjured fragments of plants. Lower down the hillside the stream cuts through shales containing numerous nodules, but fewer plants aad no shells were found in them. The nodules are so numerous in places, and the section is so continuous, that it is worthy of a detailed search. A good section of these beds also occurs in the little stream on the north side of the road from Lane-end to Brown Edge. 26 PENDLBSIDE SeEIES. In a disused brickyard, now conyerted into a garden, on the hillside west of Lane-end and near the top of the opening is a thin, dark, fissile, sandy bed containing Ooniatites and Pterinopecten. They are unfortunately not well preserved, but show how these fossils reappear again and again, as we ascend the series from the Carboniferous Limestone into the Coal-measures. Above the beds last described are some curious fine-grained sandstones to which the name of Crowstones has been given. These consist of very fine sandy material, which, in the type rock, has apparently been cemented together by the deposition of secondary silica, fqyming in fact a kind of quartzite Whether or not this is the correct explanation, the bed is intensely hard, and where the outcrop runs in fairly straight lines it often rises out of the softer shales and marls as a low wall or dyke. A specially good example of this phenomenon is seen in the band that crosses the road between Brown Edge and Endon, the rock north of the road being very dyke-hke in certain parts of its outcrop. Similar rocks are seen in many places on the hill top above Brown Edge ; they also occur south of Hough Wood, above Badderley Edge, and on the other side of the anticline between Rownall Hall and the canal west of Wall Grange. Owing to their hardness these Crowstones are much used for road-metal on second-class roads. Here and there patches of pebbles) often quite as large as those seen in the Third Grit, are present in the Crowstones ; but, usually, the matrix enclosing the pebbles is very fine in grain like that of the normal Crowstone. While the sandy beds at this horizon are usually of this fine- grained, hard nature, they do not persistently retain these characters ; moreover, it is doubttoul now far any one band is persistent, and it is thus very difficult to fix any horizon in the zone, which is probably one of considerable thickness. As an illustration bf this difficulty the group of Crowstones to the south-west of Wall Grange (Catsedge) may be referred to. A little to the south of Catsedge there are three weU-marked bands of Crowstone, containing patches of pebbles here and there. Towards Endon they appear to run together, and, in places, the united mass puts on the appearance of a fine grit. This band is clearly about the same norizon as the grit, which has been quarried at several places near the Ashes to the north of Endon ; but the rock here is very different from the rock at Catsedge. Again, the Stanley Grit looks totally unlike the Catsedge rocks, although they are on opposite sides of the anticline, and should be approximately on the same horizon. If, however, the Stanley Grit is followed to the south towards Moor Hall it is seen to split up into several bands closely resembling typical Crowstone, though not so hard or quite so fine in gram, and here there is difficulty in regarding them as the same beds. The lenticles of pebbles in the Crowstones suggest that, as re- gards this area, traces of what may be conveniently termed Pendlhside Sbbibs. 27 'grit ' conditions are first met with, and the bed locally reverta to a grit here and there. This view is borne out by the evidence from the Ipstones area, where the Crowstones are largely replaced by grits, ilidistinguishable from the typical coarse bands ot the Millstone Grit. It therefore seems probable that the long Crowstone outcrop west of Endon, and the Stanley Grit are approximately on the same horizon, if they do not actually pass into one another. The beds associated with, and separating the different bands of Crowstones, are more often white and red marls and fireclays than grey and dark shales, though the latter occur at times. Their nature may be seen in the quarry between the two Crowstone outcrops west of Endon. "Smuts " and thin seams of coal occur occasionally, associated with fireclay ; and one of these was worked on the south side ot Hough Wood, south of Stock- ton Brook. As far as could be ascertained it was rarely as much as a foot thick, and appears to be of a local nature, for it was only followed for a short distance. In an old clay pit close to Rownall Farm, rather more than a mile north of Werrington, some marly shales lying between two beds of Crowstone contain calcareous nodules with weU-preserved specimens of Goniatites. In a great number of cases the shales and marly beds under- lying the Third Grit form a curiously flat featureless area ; examples of which may be seen above Brown Edge and Badderley Edge, where the dip being moderately high this flat belt parallel to the grit is not very broad. This feature is however, smgularly well shown in the southern part of the Millstone Grit area, where the horseshoe-shaped outcrop of the Third Grit encloses nearly a square mile ot almost level ground. Though there is some Drift over this area the flatness of the ground is not due simply to that tact, for precisely the same feature occurs where the dips are low in other areas. As a consequence streams crossing such a flat area give few sections, and exposures of this part of the series are mstinctly rare. The exact thickness of this portion of the sequence is thus difficult to calculate; and, moreover, occasional lenticles of Crowstone seem to be present, well above the normal horizon for their occurrence. Experience from ad.jacent areas shows that there is usually a small seam of coal at the base of the dark shales, which is probably the seam once worked near Greenway Hall above Badderley Edge. North of Endon the anticlinal axis is well defined by the grit ridge between Knowles Farm and Parkhayes Barn. The North-eastern margin. By C. B. Wedd. To continue the description of these beds northwards, the lowest beds in the district between the Millstone-Grit outcrops of the Biddulph and Rudyard valleys must be those brought to 28 Pendleside Series. the surface in the crest of the anticline on Lask Edge, south of the Crowborough Fault. The strata, though no good exposures occur, appear to be shales, with beds of sandstone coming on above ; but whether these shales are completely below the whole group of Crowstones, is uncertain. Several beds of the over- ling Crowstones, close together, make a good feature in Cliff Wood, south of HoUins, the same beds renewing the feature north of the Crowborough Fault by Broadmeadows and west of Shirkley Hall. These rocks — the Yoredale sandstones of the old map and memoir* — consist chiefly of hard white, grey, purple or red sandstones, mostly fine-grained and thin, but of various thickness, up to as much as 20 feet, with inter- calated shales. The sandstones occasionally contain seams of small pebbles. Intensely hard white, quartzitic sandstones or Crow- stones also occur, but this phase is less common in this part of the district than elsewhere, ihe beds are doubtless impersistent, and it is probable that individual rock-bands of the series may pass from one type to the other in a short distance. On the highest ground above High Bent, a hard fine-grained white and red sand- stone, with coarse pebbly seams and pla,nt-remains, almost on the crest of the anticline, belongs to the lower part of the group, and may recur in the stream which crosses the feature further east, owing to a probable doubling of the antichnal crest (see horizontal section, p. 26). Between here and Dingle Brook to the north the outcrops of higher beds of these sandstones succes- sively cross the crest of the high ground, as it falls in that direction, the uppermost beds crossing the brook. Close to the north bank of Dingle Brook, which affords a good section of the series, north of Ashmore Heath, and near a small patch.of drift-sand indicated on the map, a small pit shews the following sequence in what appears to be the highest, or almost the highest, sandstone of this group : — Section in small pit close to Dingle Beook, 350 yards south-east OF Eaelsway House, and 300 yaeds west of Stonyedge, Eushton James. .,, Thickness. Character of Strata. Ft. In. Hard white fine-grained siliceous sandstone, with alternate layers of marine shells (fir-this) and plant-remains 8 Grey shales, with thin hard siliceous bands and obscure traces of plants " . . ." " 10 Hard, light grey fine-grained massive siliceous sandstone, with few shell-casts (Orthis) - - 6 Grey shales with a thin hard siliceous band - 6 Hard light-grey fine-grained siliceous sandstone with thin shale partings and a few shell-casts (Orthis) - - i o Hard light-grey massive fine-grained siliceous sandstone \ containing : Two beds full of Orthis-c&sta, with some Fenestella, in the upper part - -('20 Bed crowded with Orthis-casta in the middle - Bed with plants, just below - " Bed, with fewer Orthis- casts in the lowest part - -' * Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Country round Stockport, Maccles- field, Congleton, and Loek, p. 17. Millstone Gbit. 29 In the stream, in a position apparently a few feet below these beds with marine fossils, calcareous nodules in the shales contain fish-spines and Goniatites. The strata here lie on the west side of the anticline. On the east side of it the Ori/iis-sandstone was not recognised, but in beds in the same stream south of Rushton Hall, which from their position should be some little distance above the OrfMs-sandstone, the shales, amongst which occur layers of impure, apparently unfossiliferous, limestone, yielded Pterinopecten and calcareous nodules full of small Goniatites. A comparison of the position and sequence of these strata with those of the marine fossil-beds in the gannister quarry, near Congleton Edge, and in the neighbouring stream (see page 24) rather favours the identity of the horizons at these two localities. At first sight it seems that the Orthis-heds of Dingle Brook may lie lower m the sequence with regard to the Third Grit than those near Congleton Edge, though the dip of the eastern beds is less. But it must be borne in mind that the Fourth and Fifth Millstone Grits, absent at Congleton Edge, are largely developed not far east of the Dingle Brook section, the Fourth Grit in great thickness, and that both these grits persist some distance west of this section. Probably then the incoming of these grits, with possibly a concomitant thickening of the shales, accounts for the apparently greater distance of the OHhis-heds of Dingle Brook below the Third Grit. Eastward, in the same brook, few, if any, beds of sandstone occur between the strata just described and the Fifth Grit, and shales apparently make up the entire sequence. West of the anticline also there seems to be an absence of sandstone-beds for some distance below the grit at Crowborough (p. 34). First and Third Grits on the Eastern side of the Coalfield. By G. Barkow. The Grits which rise up on the flanks of the eastern anticline (p. 25) have been driven through near Stockton Brook by the Potteries Waterworks Company, and from this level the thick- ness of the different members of the series has been proved as follows : — Level (Potteeies Wateewoeks Company) Stockton Beook. First Grit* Black Shale Coal • Third Grit - True thickness. Ft. In. 70 120 1 6 - 190 * It is doubtful if the full thickness was passed through. 30 Millstone Grit. The First and Third Grits, resemble one another in being coarse-grained rocks. In the Third Grit the pebbles, as a rule, are more abundant and larger, but the component grains among which the pebbles are set, are distinctly coarse, and of much the same size in both rocks. These grains consist of quartz and felspar for the most part ; there is also present a small quantity of decomposed brown mica, a little iron ore, and some white mica. The felspar is often potash felspar, and the rocks have all the ■ appearance of being derived directly from the waste of a mass of ffranite. Quarries have been opened in the grits at several ocalities, but the Third Grit appears to be more often quarried than the First. Whether this is due to a natural superiority as a building-stone, or to the fact that it is often more accessible than the First Grit is not clear. A point of importance in connexion with these grits is their persistence, and the regularity with which they thicken and thin m definite directions. At first sight their extremely false-bedded character would suggest impersistence and rapid variation in thickness, but this idea is founded upon a mistaken notion of what they really are. The First and the Third Grit are not single beds, but a series of interlacing lenticles of grit, which to- gether build up a minor sub-formation, which is just as regular in its thickness as is any one of the sub-divisions of many other formations. The First and Third Grits are persistent, because they are of the nature of a minor formation, and not one bed of grit. It will be shown that these grits do thicken and thin ; but how far this process continues in one definite direction, and how far it is a local phenomenon has not yet been fully established. The grits to the north at the Roaches are both thicker and coarser than at Stockton Brook, and over the rest of the area here de- scribed, while further south they become finer and thinner. The change, however, takes place more rapidly in the case of the First Grit than in that of the Third. The area to the south-east, near Ipstones, shows, however, that the thinness is less in that direction than at Stockton Brook ; and, moreover, the Grits, parti- cularly the Third Grit, though they are appreciably thinner, largely retain their coarse character. The shales between the two grits are not often well exposed. Owing to their softer nature they usually lie in a hollow between the grits, and are either covered with the sandy wash from these beds or with drift lodged in the intervening hollow. The higher beds of these shales are well exposed in the brick- yard at Wall Grange, from which it will be seen that in this section the black shales do not extend from the top of the Third Grit to the base of the First, as represented in the account of the Stockton Brook adit (p. 29), but that the upper part consists of greyer, more sandy, and marly shales, with plant remains. So far as could be seen no Goniatites or other marine organisms Millstone Gsit. 81 occur in them. A considerable mass of darker well-bedded and often laminated shale underlies this more sandy material. The coal mentioned in the account of the Stockton Brook adit is the well-known Third Grit Coal, which has been worked to a considerable extent about the Roaches to the north, and in the Ipstones district to the east ; but, in the area under description, it seems to be always much thinner than in either of the other areas, and has rarely been worked. Underneath the coal at Wall Grange a level was driven near the canal, close to the railway station, in a lenticular seam of ironstone, resembling the Froghall Ironstone in appearance. A considerable quantity of ironstone was taken out, but though of good quality it proved to be too thin and irregular to be worth working. A natural section of the coal seam is met with in a small stream south-east of the village of Bagnall. It is only a few inches thick, and lies close to the top of the Third Grit. In tracing the grits round the anticline no workings in the coal were observed till the neighbourhood of Wall Grange was reached. Here the position of several old shafts may still be traced, but the seam was thin, and has not been worked for many years. It may be worth noting that elsewhere a hard shale band, with Qoniatites and l-'terinopecten in great numbers, generally over- lies this coal. It probably occurs in this area also, but it has not been found owing to the absence of sections. The Third Grit has a clear outcrop over much of the area, it being only near Werrington that it is obscured by Drift, and possibly by faulting. Large quarriep have been opened in these beds both north and south of Stockton Brook, where the abundance of small pebbles in certain parts of the rock can be frequently noted. Quarries also occur at Wetley Moor on the south side of the fault east of Launders Bank. About 300 yards north of the four cross-roads, north-east of Werrington, an interesting exposure is met with, showing a fairly well glaciated surface beneath the Drift. At Rownall Hall and about Wall Grange quarries have been opened in this bed on both sides of the stream. The best ex- posure is that close to the road on the west side of the outcrop facing Dunwood Hall. Some interesting sections also occur in the railway cutting, and in one of these part of the grit is unusually pebbly and incoherent. The rock here admirably illustrates the dying out of a synchne in a number of step faults. Quarries which show the character and inclination of the beds in the First Grit, have been opened in several places north and south of Stockton Brook. To the north of Stockton Brook the dip averages 30 degrees, but to the south it is much higher ; and in a small quarry, recentlj^ opened at Badderley Edge, the First Grit is slightlv inverted for a short distance. The dip in this neighbourhood is always high — fi-om 40 to 60 degrees or more, but further south it rapidly flattens out. Quarries also occur to 32 Millstone Grit. the west ot Werrington. Although the village clearly stands on the First Grit the outcrop from Cellarhead to the north is obscure. The beds along both sides of the synclihe of Coal-measures forming the Shaffalong Coalfield have often a high dip, and the First Grit makes an evanescent feature, frequently buried under Drift. In addition a fault at the north end of this small coalfield obscures the outcrop. The first distinct outcrop is seen in a quarry a Httle north of Westwood Manor, where the rock is a good building-stone. Another section is seen at Coalpit Ford north of which it is cut out by a rather large fault. To the north of Wall Grange the grit has been quarried to some extent and the outcrop is singularly clear, but to the south, while good exposures are occasionally seen, the exact course is very difficult to trace, as the Shaffalong syncline ends off north- wards in a great number of small faults. The First, Third and Lower Grits of the Biddulph Valley, By C. B. Wedd. The grit beds, collectively and individually in different degrees, show a strongly marked attenuE^tion both to south and west throughout the district.* Of the four distinct grits which can be recognised in the north- east of the district, the lowest two seem to have died out, almost or entirely, before reaching the western side ; while the highest rapidly diminishes southward from Congleton Edge in the west and appears to die out at Mow Cop. On the latitude of the latter locality at Horton, in the east, all four grits are still present in force, and perhaps only the Fourth shows a decided decrease of thickness. It is probable that of the lowest two, the Fourth in the north of the district and the Fifth in the south, respectively persist the further westward. The Second Grit, or Haslingden Flags , of Lancashire, has, according to Hull and Green, died out before reaching this district.! In the absence of opportunity to examine the evidence on which these grits were originally correlated with those further north, and numbered accordingly, the system of numeration in general use for the Millstone Grits of Lancashire is retained, and the four recognisable grit-beds of this region will be described as the " First," " Third," " Fourth " and " Fifth," in descending order. The southerly and westerly dying-out of the Fourth and Fifth Grits introduces a difficulty in drawing the boundary between the Millstone Grit and the underlying shale-series, and * For the southerly attenuation of the arenaceous and argillaceous members of the Carboniferous System, seeE. Hull, QuaH. Jowm. Geol. Soc, vol. xviii., p. 137 : Hull and Green, Ibid. vol. xx., p. 244 ; W. Hind and J. A. Howe, Ibid. vol. Ivii., p. 391. t Ibid. vol. xx., p. 261. The FfFTH Grit. 33 serves to show the worthlessness for stratigraphical purposes ot such Hthological diYisions as the Millstone Grit, when not characterised by a distinctive fauna or flora. Thus, in the southern part of the Millstone Grit area the base of that series could not, in the absence of the lower grits, be drawn elsewhere than at the bottom of the Third Grit; while in the northern district it was impossible to exclude from the series the massive Fourth and the Fifth Grits, which probably represent the Kinderscout Grit of Derbyshire, the thickest of the whole series. Hence it arises that the base adopted for the "Millstone Grit Series" is not homotaxial throughout. The same difficulty, though in a much less degree, applies to the base of the Coal-measures, for the First Grit apparently dies out at Mow Cop ; so that for a short distance south of this point this base nas been drawn at the top of the Third Grit. The general and distinctive characters and disposition of the different bands of grit will now be described. The Fifth Grit. — This grit in the north-east of the district caps a small hill north-east of Heaton, where it dips south-east near the south end of a syncline with northerly trend. About fifteen feet of lavender-coloured grit can be seen in a small quarry. It is very hard, massive, and rather coarse-grained, with an occasional small pebble, in the lower part, but flaggy and micaceous above, with intercalated beds of purple micaceous shale. The above description applies equally to other sections of this grit in the neighbourhood. It is seen again south of Heaton, in the brook and near the north side of it, for sonje dis- tance, striking west-north-west with a small sovith-westerly dip. Here it evidently belongs to the syncline into which the beds are thrown east of the Rudyard Reservoir. The grit appears at intervals in stream-sections as far south as the point where a fault brings up the Trias. At and near Rushton Spencer two patches of "Permian sand- stone " were represented on the old map as lying imconformably on the shale below. Though no section exposes the actual junction of this grit with the shales which underlie it, and its relationship to higher beds is not seen, its strict concordance with the strike of the Carboniferous shales as determined by the folding, clearly shows its conformity with them. The northerly diminution of the shallow synclmes on either side of the Rudyard Reservoir suggests that a bed of no great thickness, such as this grit, might remain at or close to the surface over a considerable area, and this seems actually to be the case. Near the inn at Rushton James, a red and purple grit with soft purple micaceous beds and white blotches, due to removal of iron by weathering, lies on the strike of the Rushton Spencer grit, and undoubtedly forms part of the same outcrop. It was formerly mapped as Bunter. Though somewhat similar in colour to the lavender sandstones of the Keele beds of the 7469. ' <^ 34 The Fouhth Geit. Coal-measures (Permian of the old survey) it is a sharper harder, and more quartzose grit, weathering to red sand and loam; while the highly felspathic Keele sandstones usually produce a stiff crimson marl. But the grit of Rushton exactly tallies in appearance with the Fifth Grit further east, and also with the Fourth Grit under Cloud Hill. It can safely be said that it is a Millstone Grit below the Third Grit, most probably from its position the Fifth. Mr. Barrow considers that it closely resembles a common aspect of the Stanley Grit, which is probably the Fifth. A similar grit appears south-west of Horton, on the east side of the Lask Edge anticline. It also is probably the Fifth Grit of this district, and like the one at Rushton it may very well be the Stanley Grit. West of the same anticline at Crowborough, a soft, crumbly, white, red, and purple grit, with occasional small pebbles, may from its position represent the variable Stanley Grit, and would seem to be the Fifth, though not like its appearance further north. The same grit appears again south- south-east of the church at Biddulph Moor, but there is no indication of the Fifth Grit further west. A considerable thick- ness of dark shales, not completely seen, separates this grit from the Fourth Grit above. The Fourth Qrit- — ^The Fourth Grit affords the most striking example of rapid diminution of thickness. In the syncline east of the Rudyard Reservoir its outcrop rises into bold features, which suggest a thickness as great as or greater than that of the Third Grit, which it closely resembles lithologically. In the northern part of this shallow syncline the overljang shale seems to have been entirely removed, and an outcrop of grit three- quarters of a mile in width is masked only by Drift. The rock is a current-bedded coarse-grained, red, purple, and white massive grit with pink felspar and seams of pebbles. On the west side of the reservoir its features, below those of the Third Grit, are still large, but the bed has probably decreased in thickness. At Horton it must have diminished considerably. It is here a soft, porous, red grit, with bands of purple shale in its upper part. It reappears below the Third Grit in the flank of Cloud Hill as a thinner lavender-coloured grit, with purple shale and flaggy beds, similar in appearance to the Fifth Grit of Heaton and Rushton. From the east flank of the Cloud south- ward it seems to split into several thin beds of red, purple, and white grit, which can be traced as tar south as Wren Clough, west of Rushton. On the east side of the Biddulph Valley, according to Green, it runs as far south as the brook which flows through Spring Coppice, north of Biddulph Moor.* In this brook, some distance below the Third Grit, several thin beds of yellow, red, and purplish fine-grained grit, often flaggy, crop out close together. * Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Country round Stockport, Maccles- field, Congleton, and Leek, p. 69. The Third Grit. 35 The Fourth Grit makes no turther appearance to the south. From the west side of Cloud Hill it can be traced below the Third Grit as far south as Timbersbrook, where excavations in connexion with the dam of the mill-pond lately exposed some eight teet of red and purple grit below the Third. Grey, black, and purphsh shales intervene between this grit and the Third. At Biddulph Moor they may be upwards of 150 feet in thickness. There is room for nearly as much shale at Wren Clough, but probably not at Timbersbrook. The Third Grit. — This, the most persistent bed in the district, makes a strong feature in the Rudyard syncline, and together with the First Grit forms the hilly margin of the Biddulph Valley. Though it doubtless diminishes in thickness southward and westward, it has not died out before plunging southward under the Coal-measures at Mow Cop.* This general diminution of thickness is probably not uniform — a remark which applies equally to the other thick grits — as the bed doubtless swells or contracts with the growth or djdng out of the lenticles which compose it. In lithological character the Third Grit is variable, but can be distinguished usually from the First Grit by its more pebbly nature. Sometimes it contains but few scattered pebbles, often thin pebbly seams, and occasionally small lenticles of conglomerate, the pebbles however being always small. The grit often contains a considerable amount of pink felspar, and some- times, as at Mow Cop, veins of barytes filling joints. It is strongly current-bedded as a rule, though perhaps less so than the First Grit. Its colour, which is usually white with streaks and blotches of red and purple, varies from place to place. The grit, while generally a hard massive and compact rock, often con- tains beds of soft sand. Green noted a bed of very pure white clay, six feet thick with two or three inches of red haematite at the bottom, within the grit on Congleton Edge, near Brook- houses.! * The grit at Mciw Cop was regarded by Green as the Rough Uock or First Grit (see Mem. Geol. Sivrv., Geology of the coimtry round Stock- port Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, page 70). However, close to where the tramway passes under the hill is a gap, west-south-west of Mow House Farm, which indicates displacement by a fault. From the north to this gap the First Grit appears to diminish rapidly, till a short distance north of the gap it can only be traced with difficiilty, while the lower grit continues as strongly as before. Only one grit, evidently the lower or Third, appears south of the gap. It is true that Farey speaks of the First Grit as capping Mow Cop (see " A List of about 700 Hills and Eminences in and near Derbyshire, with the stratum that occupies the top," J. Farey, Fhil. Mag., vol. xxxviii., p. 161 et seq.) ; but that author evidently adopted the more 'rational order of numbering the grits in ascending sequence (see J. Farey, " General view of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire," vol. 1, p. 129 (section p. 178 and p. 220), so that his First Grit is the lowest of the local series, in this district the one now called the Third. t Mem. Geol. Swv., Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, p. 70. 7469. ° 2 36 The Piest GBit. As a physical feature the outcrop of this grit does not always behave m the same way, though it usually makes a strong escarp- ment. East of Wickenstones it forms a good escarpment, but no dip-slope, the ground from the top of the feature to the base of the First Grit being a level plain. Further north the escarp- ment forms a less conspicuous rise than the dip-slope, while round the north end of the vaUey both are equally well marked. On Congleton Edge the escarpment is strong, but the dip-slope is often a short and gentle incline. The shales between the Third and First Grits seldom appear in section. In the stream-valley near Spring House, east of Biddulph, purple sandy shales and flags are seen just below the First Grit, but a stream flowing south-west from Cloud Hill to T'imbersbrook affords the best section of the intermediate shales. Here, dark shales of considerable thickness with bands of ironstone-nodules and occasional thin beds of flaggy grit, sometimes contain fish-scales. Green gives the following section exposed in a newly opened road-cutting in the strata between the same grits, presumably on Congleton Edge, but he does not state the exact locality. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In Rough Eock, coarse massive grit and conglomerate - - "White sandy clay, with a bed of sandstone at the bottom- • 3 Pink and white sandy clay, with beds of sandstone 13 Hard fine grit, in parts a conglomerate - 10 Pink and white sandy shale, with beds of sandstone- - 14 Hard fine sandstone - ■ ■ 5 Shale, sandy and pink in the upper part, dark and clayey lower down - • ... - 57 Interval, with no section, most likely shale - \ Black shale - - - I mn r^ Coal, 2 ft. to 4 ft. - 1°2 Underclay and shale C?), 4 ft. to 6 ft.- J Third Grit, massive, not very coarse. 204 The First Grit. — This grit in the east has bent round further south in the Rudyard and Shaffalong syncline, and consequently does not enter the district here described ; but in the west it runs round the Biddulph Valley, dying out southward on that side at Mow Cop. It is generally a coarse-grained, red, or white and red, current-bedded grit with felspar, sometimes pebbly, but on the whole less so than the Third Grit, besides being as a rule softer and more porous. Its outcrop, like that of the Third Grit, produces features of varying aspect. At Wickenstones and northward to Spring Wood, it makes an intermittent escarpment, The First Grit. 37 numerous gaps separating the ragged edges of bare grit, which are often undercut'liy weathering into overhanging cliffs. From Hurst Quarry, where the soft gnt is worked for moulding sand, it makes no outcrop-feature, but has a strong dip-slope ; while northward it runs to the north end of the valley in a series of ridges more conspicuous on the dip-slope than on the escarp- ment side. West of the valley where, in conjunction with the Third Grit, it forms the escarpment of Congleton Edge, its dip- slope is a strong one, often steep, while as a rule nothing but a slight break in the declivity of the ridge marks the outcrop of its base. From here south-westward it seems to diminish rapidly until at Mow Cop it can scarcely be traced upon the dip-slope of the Third Grit, after which it apparently dies out altogether. 38 CHAPTER IV. CARBONIFEROUS EOGKS (continued). Coal-measures (General Account) by W. Gibson. Introduction. — In common with other English coal-mining districts the North Staffordshire Coalfield can lay no claim to picturesqueness, though some of the most lovely landscape of central England lies close at hand. The people of North Stafford- shire are, however, justly proud of the compactness and com- pleteness of the coal-measure succession, its richness in minerals, and the abundance and excellent preservation of the organic remains. The coalfields might be taken in the order they would be met with on approaching them from the limestone region of Derbyshire — firstly, the trough of the Cheadle Coalfield ; secondly, the shallow and narrow basin of Shaffalong, and the compact though small basin of Goldsitch Moss ; thirdly, the remarkable coalfield of the Potteries, which, as it presents the type not only for N. Staffordshire but for each of the surrounding Midland coalfields, will be described first. Coalfield of the Potteries. General Growping of the Measures. — The First Grit, where it plunges, at a high angle, to the west from off the Endon-Werrington Anticline (p. 25), is succeeded conform- ably by the iniportant division of the Coal-measures. In the area chiefly occupied by the Pottery towns the strata are arranged in a deep fold in the form ''of a triangle, of which the apex lies a little north of Biddulph, with the base, about ten miles in length, stretching from Apedale to Longton. West of this trough the lower portions of the Coal- measures rise up in a sharp anticline, evidently a southerly continuation of that at Astbury which there brings up the Carboniferous Limestone (p. 19). Including the sandstones and marls formerly placed in the Permian formation, the carboniferous rocks above the Millstone Grit attain the great thickness of over 7,000 feet. Atwo-fold grouping becomes clearly evident. The lower sub-division, exceeding 5,000 feet in thickness, includes the main seams of coal, the enclosing strata consisting of repeated alterna- tions of sandstone, shale and fireclay of a nearly universal grey or black colour. It includes aU the strata between the First Grit and Bassey Mine Coal. The upper sub-division, over 2,000 feet thick, lying above the Bassey Mine Coal, consists mainly of red sandstones and marls, in which grey rocks occupy a definite, Gkodping. 39 but quite subordinate, position. Workable seams of coal, associated with valuable bands of ironstones of the variety ' known as " Blackband," are confined to the lower portion of this group. The lower sub-division has been usually divided into a middle and lower portion, an arbitrary line being drawn at the Ash Coal According to Mr. Kidston, the distribution of the plants favours such a classification ; but the very fact that he recognises a feebly developed zone containing a mingling of Middle and Lower Coal- measure plants indicates the gradual passage of one group into the other, and this is_ fully supported by the stratigraphical evidence. Dr. Wheelton Hind, mainly from the study of the Lamellibranchs, favours no such sub-division, or, if one is to be made, that the line should be drawn at the Seven Feet Bambury Coal. In former years marine fossils, more especially Pterinopecten (Aviculapecten) papyraceus and Linguld Tnytiloides, were re- garded as a sm-e index of a low horizon in the Goal-measure sequence, but recent experience in this and other coalfields shows that these fossils have a widespread distribution high up in measures considered, on other evidence, to belong to the middle sub-division. On the whole, before making any attempt to sub- divide the Coal-measures, it appears safer to wait for further evidence, and until the adjacent coalfields have been examined in the light of modern palajontological research and strati- gi-aphical principles. Constant change and clashing of conflicting opinions will otherwise represent the nett result. It should also be recognised that of the 5,000 feet of strata forming the lower group,, comparatively a small portion has been examined, though the Pottery Coalfield has probably been more carefully searched than any other area of a similar size. With the upper sub-division the grouping presents no difficulty, as the strata consist of distinct lithological types, with a character- istic fauna and flora ; while the sequence can be studied in a multi- tude of natural and artificial sections scattered over nearly the whole breadth of the outcrop, and frequently, as in the large marl pits, extending continuously along lines several miles in length. The word upper is not used here in the sense it is employed in other coalfields ; in fact the flora and certain field evidence lead one to suspect that these higher strata, including the so-called " Permian," by no means represent the latest deposits of the Coal-measure period. It may however b^ confidently stated that the sequence is identical with that met with above the coal- bearing strata of the Denbighshire, South Staffordshire, and Nottinghamshire coalfields. In the following general account, the two main rock groups will be separately described in ascending sequence. 40 Chief Coal-bearing Series. 1. The Grey oe Chief Coal-bearing Series. Arrangement. — The outcrop of this sub-division presents the form of a double fork. The angle between the two southern arms is occupied by the upper sub division, lying in the centre of the synciine between Golden Hill and the southern margin of the coalfield. The eastern branch forms a portion of tbe main synciine ; while the western branch composes the Abbanoement. 41 core of the conspicuous anticline extending irom Madeley Heath to Kidsofrove and beyond. After uniting their outcrops at Golden Hill, they again diverge : the western arm continuing northward past Hall o' Lea Colliery in the direction of Mow Cop ; the eastern branch extending nearly due north and constituting the Biddulph Trough ; the ground dividing the two separate outcrops being now occupied by the ^illstone Grit 42 Chief Coal-beaeino Series. ridge of Mow Cop. The strata are highly inclined — from 30 to nearly 90 degrees — around the edges of the northern part of the syncline, but the angles diminish gradually towards the centre of the trough, and generally on the south (Fig. 6 p. 40 ). In the anticlinal region the strata slope at high angles off the saddle, but rapidly flatten out both on the eastern and western side, and on the summit of the dome. The inclination remains greatest on the western flanks, where it frequently becomes vertical or even passes it, the coal seams and associated rocks being known in one case (Podmore Hall Colliery) to be slightly folded on themselves. These highly-inclined seams are, indeed, the chief feature in this western area, where they are known as " rearers," and neces- sitate a special mode of working, said to be a local art. Distrihvbtion. — The distribution of the sub-division just de- scribed has arisen from the character of the folding, but faulting plays a no less prominent part. Thus on the west, the coaliield abruptly terminates against a belt of powerful disturbance, which we have named the " Western Boundary Faults " (p. ), throwing down the measures over 2,000 feet. The presence of the upper group in the heart of the coalfield is due in part to folding, but largely also to the trough character of the Longton-Chatterley and the " Great Apedale " faults (p. ), the latter at one spot possessing a throw of over 1,500 feet. Again, south of Longton, a fault of 250 yards downthj'ow south suddenly introduces the Upper Series. Besides these major fractures there are many smaller faults which, though not greatly interrupting the sequence, are a continual source of annoyance to the miner, constituting, in fact, one of the chief drawbacks to the coal- mining industry in the district. Gomposition. — In composition the strata, from summit to base, consist of alternations of sandstone, shale, fireclay and coal- seam, the same order being repeated again and again, indicating, as has been pointed out for the coal-measures generally by Mr. Strahan,* a constant recurrence of similar conditions, the sand- stones indicating an episode when sedimentation was at its maximum, the coal-seams a minimum period : when, if the growth of coal in situ be in some instances correct, sedimentation even ceased for a while. The frequent recurrence of marine organisms — from the summit of the First Grit to as high as the Bay Coal, 600 to 800 feet below the summit of the chief coal- bearing group — shows at once that the .sea throughout the period lay at no great distance, and -was ever ready to invade 'tlie area, during a time when the downward movement was more than usually active, or when a hitherto existing barrier was swept away. The numerous "mussel bands," made up largely of Garbonicola (Anthracosia), usually taken to be an estuarine or fresh-water genus, denote, on the other hand, the proximity of land. * On the Passage of a Seam of Coal into a Seam of Dolomite. QvmH. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Ivii. (1901), p. 302. Coals and Iuonstoke. 43 The unequal rate of sedimentation and its changeable character is still more forciblj' illustrated by the varying thickness of the strata between known horizons. Thus the vertical thickness which separates the Bassey Mine Coal from the Winpenny Coal (between 1,000 and 1,200 feet above the First Grit) amounts to over 3,300 feet in the central part of, the coalfield, and to 4,000 feet in the northern area, but has diminished to a little under 2,000 feet in the western anticlinal region. The thickening in the northerly direction chiefly takes place between the Winpenny and Yard coals, while the westerly attenuation is general. Movement at the time of deposition and concomitant change in the rate of transportation seem the best explanation of this phenomenon. Having given in broad outline the distribution, arrangement, chief characters and mode of formation of the strata as a whole, we will now pass to the general economic aspect of the inquiry. The great number of seams of coal distributed at intervals throughout the strata, but in greatest abundance above the Winpenny Coal, strikes everyone who has studied this remarkable coalfield. They number over forty-two seams, representing an aggregate of 130 feet of coal. Steam, manufacturing, house and gas coals are represented, and, what is of considerable importance to the district, the higher seams yield large quantities of cheap fuel suitable for use in the pottery kilns Beside coal there are numerous beds of clayband ironstone, though these are not so extensively mined as in the past. The Chalky Mine and Burnwood ironstones, ranked, however, by some as semi-black bands, remain in considerable request. Further, the highest rocks consist of pale marls, of great value in brick-making and fashioning the " saggars " in which the potter places his wares in the kiln. Seams of Coal and Ironntone. — The order of the coal-seams and ironstones in descending sequence is given in the following table.* Synclinal Area. Anticlinal Area. Bassey Mine. Pottery Bassey Mine. Little Row. Peacock. Peacock. Spencroft. Spencroft. Gubbin Ironstone. Great Row. Great Row. Cannel Row. Cannel Row, Little Mine or Little Row. Gubbin Ironstone. Blue Flats Ironstone. Wood Mine Ironstone. Pennystone Ironstone. Sheath Mine Ironstone. Deep Mine Ironstone and Coal. Deep Mine (Blackstone) Ironstone and Coal. * In the construction of this table the chart by Messrs. Hind & Stobbs has proved of much service. Hind, W., and Stobbs, J. T. Chart of Fossil Shells found in connection with the seams of Coal and Ironstone. Hanley, 1903. 44 Chiei' Coal-beabino Series. Synclinal Area. Chalky Mine Ironstone and Coal. New Mine (New Chalky) Iron- stone. Hanbury Ironstone. Rag Mine or New Mine Ironstone. Bay or Lady. Knowles or Winghay, Priorsfield Bass. Knowles Ironstone. Ash or Rowhurst. Binghay or Bingay. Burnwood (Little Mine) Coal and Ironstone. Gin Mine, Twist or Pottery. Doctors Mine. Bee Coal. Birchen wood or Granville. Moss or Mossfield. Moss Cannel. Yard. Bagman, or Hams. Birches, Old Whitfield, Rough Seven Feet, or Seven Feet. Bellringer or Stony Eight Feet Ten Feet. Bowling Alley, Magpie or Top Two Row. Holly Lane or Under Two Row. Hard Mine, Sparrow Butts, Bowling Alley (Biddulph). Muck Row. New Mine, Stinkers or Stinking. Bright (Falls Colliery). Ragman (Falls Colliery). Little Mine or Ironstone. Seven Feet Bambury, Banibury, Froggery or Frogrow. Cockshead, Eight Feet Bambary or Newpool. Limekiln, Sudden or Whitehurst. BuUhurst. Winpenny. Brick Kiln. Bee Coal. Silver Mine. Cannel Row. ' Crabtree or Four Feet. Little Row or Two Feet. Anticlinal Area. Rusty Mine Ironstone. Chalky Mine Ironstone and Coal. New Mine Ironstone. Winghay. Brown Mine Ironstone. Gold Mine Ironstone. Rowhurst. Twist. Birchenwood. Little Row. Single Four Feet or Easling. Yard. Single Two Feet. Rider. Single Five Feet or Four Feet. Ragman. -v Rough Seven Feet. | close t together J Five Feet or Hams, j on W. side. Smithy. Stony Eight Feet or Ten Feet Rider. Ten Feet. Top Two Row, Tatchen-end, Little Row or Two Row. Holly Lane, Bottom Two Row or Two Row. Muck. Bowling Alley. Johnny Galley. 3 Small Coals. Seven Feet Bambury or Seven Feet Nabbs. Eight Feet Bambury or Eight Feet Nabbs. BuUhurst. Winpenny. Silver Mine. Chabactsb of Coals. 45 Character of Coal Seams. — One of the salient features in the distribution of the seams of coal, is the "^ early total exclusion of gas and coking coals from the eastern area, the change from the one class to the other being stated to take place abruptly in the neighbourhood of the Oldcote Fault (p. 163). Above the Ash Coal no coking coals are met with. The following table, which must not be taken to show the correlation of seams, gives this diffei-ence in character for the chief seams in the lower part of the group : — Table showing Character of Chief Seams. Eastern Area. Name of Seam. Character. Moss Coal - Little Row Coal Yard Coal Old Whitfield Coal Stonv Eight Feet Coal Ten Feet Coal Bowling Alley Coal Holly Lane Coal Hard Mine Coal Seven Feet Bambury Coal Cockshead Coal Bullhurst Coal House. )» House and Potters. Manufacturing. Blast Furnace. Manufacturing. House. Steam and Blast Furnace. House. Western Area. Name of Seam. Character. Four Feet Coal - House Single Five Feet Coal )) Eagman Coal Steam. Seven Feet Coal House. Hams Coal - Steam. Ten Feet Coal House and Gas, Seven Feet Bamhury Coal » » Eight Feet Bambury Coal )» )) Bullhurst Coal » )' Special Features of Interest. — The detailed account of the series will be found in the succeeding chapter, but there remain certain variations in the characters of the measures, distribution of the fossils and special bands of rock to which attention may now be drff'Wn, 46 Chief CoAL-BBARrNa Sbbiks. The prevalent colour of the lower series, as previously stated, is grey, but red beds, as we shall now see are not wanting. The lowest horizon, consisting of red shales with bands of red grit, occurs in a position above the thin coals towards the base of the series, but are rarely seen except in some excavations on Wetley Moor, and in the streams running into the Trent off the moorland — notably the one near Ash Hall. The next group of red sandstones and shales, from 40 to 50 feet thick, but apparently of more local occurrence, lies between the horizon of the Yard and Moss coals, and might readily be mistaken for the red beds of the upper series. This has actually been done with some red sandstones on the western margin of 'the coalfield, but which, in reality, occupy a position -towards the summit of the lower series. The red colour is always fitful, and may in part' be due to subsequent staining or oxidation of the iron, but some of it is no doubt original. Whatever the origin, the low position in the Coal-measure sequence, of red measures very similar to those forming the bulk of the upper series, should caution the geologist about assigning them a definite position in borings through the red rocks of the Trias, as has sometimes been done. This can only be satisfactorily determined by palseontological evidence. Of the value of such evidence the district affords a good example, consisting' in the fact that the red beds of the lower series are always associated with strata containing large forms of Carhonicolqb (Anthracosia), and AnthracoTnya, which are totally absent in any of the beds of the upper series.* Another feature of general interest to the student is the presence of bands containing marine organisms occurring on nine distinct horizons throughout the inferior coal-bearing group. Allusion to their occurrence has been previously men- tioned in discussing the conditions under which the strata were deposited, but of late years the subject has gained considerable importance from the aid these marine bands afford in the diffi- cult task of correlating the seams over the district, and also from the fact that the re-survey of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire coalfield demonstrates their occurrence on several horizons throughout the coal-measures of those regions. The presence of marine bands in the Gannister Serie.5 of Lancashire, and the so-called Lower Coal-measures of other areas, since they were considered to be rare, or altogether absent * In the Radstock-Farington Series of Somersetshire, judged to be of Upper Coal-measure age on plant evidence, Carbonicola aquilina is stated to occur ; while Anihracomija Wardi is associated with the Red Coal-measures of Fif eshire, which, on plant evidence, are considered to belong to the Middle Coal measures. Marine Fossils. 47 higher up in the se(^uence, has been urged as a basis of classiiica- tion ;* but their rarity on these higher horizons has now been proved to be erroneous, and if such marine bands are to be retained as a means of correlation the summit of the sub-division of the so-called Lower Coal-measures must be drawn at a much higher horizon than hitherto, and would in fact, include nearly the whole of the chief coal-bearing strata in North Staffordshire. Fossils of marine types were Urst observed in the roof of the Two Feet and Four Feet coals, situated a few yards above the " First " Grit t ; afterwards, Mr. Ward found them at much higher horizons in the Longton area, up to as high as the grey shale overlying the Bay Coal (p. 50), about 600 feet below the Bassey Mine J. Recently, Mr. Stobbs has traced over wide areas many of the bands discovered by Mr. Ward at Longton, in addition to bringing others to light §. The bands with marine types lie in the midst of strata con- taining numerous remains of Carbonicola (Anthracosia), but the general statement by Mr. Ward still holds good. "After a careful search I have failed to discover in the North Siafford- shire coalfields, moUusca of a fresh- water facies in direct associa- tion with those of marine types. In every instance where the two have approached each other the line of demarcation has been clear and distinct." We will now give the horizons and the fossil contents of these marine bands, commencing with the lowest. Fossils fkom the roofs of the Two Feet Coal and Four Feet Coal. Lin^la mytiloides. Discina nitida. Pterinopecten (Aviculopecten) papyraceus. ScMzodus sp. Gastrioceras Listeri. Orthoceras, sp. These fossils have hitherto been regarded as sufficient evidence to warrant the identification of the strata with the Gannister Beds of Lancashire, the lower part of the * Hull, E.—On the Upper Limit of tlie essentially Marine Beds of the British Isles, and adjoining Continental districts, with suggestions for a fresh Classification of the Carboniferous Series." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 648. [1877.] + Iron Ores of Great Britain, Part. iv. Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 264. [1861.] t The Geological Features of the North Staffordshire Coalfields. Transactions of the North Staffordshire Institute of Mimng and Mechanical Engineers, vol. x., 1890. § Recent Work in the Correlation of the Measures of the Pottery Coal- field of Morth Staffordshire, with 8ug:gestions for further development. Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, Vol. xxii., p. 229. 48 Chief Coal-bbaeing Sbbies. Coal-measures of Shropshire, and the Rosser Vein Series in South Wales — but we shall meet with them again higher in the series. It is interesting to note that at distinct horizons on Wetley Moor, and in the stream section near Ash Hall, shales and ironstones, with numerous Carbonicola have been met with ; for while some of the marine types in the above list are found in the Millstone Grit, and the beds below, Carbonicola, so far, has not been found in Staffordshire in association with these inferior strata, though in other regions (Hebden Bridge and S. Wales) it is not uncommon in beds, regarded as of Millstone Grit age. Next m ascending the sequence Pterinopecten (Aviculopicten) papi/raeeus has been noted in shales between the Winpenny and Four Feet coals at Knypersley Reservoir*, but we have failed to find this horizon. Marine fossils are also stated to occur above the Winpenny Coal and Bullhurst Coal.f The next horizon, that above the Seven Feet Bambury Seam, is of particular interest. | Section oiving the position of the Marine Bed above the Seven Feet Bambuey Seam at Leycbtt. (To be corrected for an inclination of 30 degrees). Ft. Ins. Shalea with nodules (Marine Band) - 15 EiDEE Coal (No. 3) 9 Shale- 6 6 KiDEE Coal (No. 2) 1 Shale - 1 EiDEE Coal (No. 1) 2 £) Shale. - - . 10 Bambuey Seven Feet Coal 5 6 The shale forming the roof of No. 3 Rider Coal is irregularly laminated and contains a layer of nodules, yielding fossils in good preservation. In nodules :— Pterinopecten papyraceus, Sow. Glyphioceras ? paucilobum, Phill- sp. Carbonia. sp. Dithyrocaris testudineus ? Scouler In roof shale — Pterinopecten papyraceus, Sow. Posidoniella leevis, Brown Khizodopsis sauroides Mill (scale). Up to the present time this band has only been found on the western side of the coalfield. It will be observed that some of the fossils are of the same species as those met with in the beds below the Millstone Grit. In one band of dark shale Linguia mytiloides was found side by side with Carbunicola a most exceptional association. * Iron Ores of Great Britain, part iv. (op. cit.), p. 264. t Wheelton jSiwrf— PaliEontographical Society. J J. T. Stobbs, "On the Discovery of a new Marine Bed in the Coal- measures at Leycett, North Staffordshire." Trans. North Staff. Field Club. Vol. XXXV., 1901. Marine Fossils. 49 Over 1,000 feet of strata in which no marine bands have yet been discovered succeed this horizon. We then come upon a bed which has been traced at intervals from Longton on the south to Sneyd Colliery, a distance of five miles, and has also been detected on the western side of the coalfield. This bed occurs a few feet below the Moss Coal, varying its position very httle, as shewn in the following sections, commencing on thie south.* ° Marine bed below the Moss Coal at thjs Flobence Collieey Longton. ' (From Mr. E. P. Turner.) Moss Coal Seam 5^' q' Measures - . . - 13 9 Dark shale {Lvngula mytiloides) 2 Coal " 2 5 The same bed was found by Mr. W. Plant at Berry Hill Colliery, in the following position : — Marine bed below the Moss Coal at Beery Hill Colliery. Moss Coal Seam. Measures - . - 18 Dark shale {Liiu/ida mytiloides) 3 Coal ... 2 ^ Further north in the workings of the Sneyd Colliery, where it was first discovered by Mr. Stobbs, the position of the band is as follows: — Marine band below the Moss Coal at the Sneyd Colliery. Ft In Moss Coal Seam Measures - - Dark shale {Myalina peralata '!) about Measures, about Black fissile shale (Lingula mytiloides) - Cannel Coal Seam (Moss Cannel) - Lvngvla has also been found by Mr. W. G. Salt in proximity to the Four Feet Seam at the Silverdale Colliery. During the sinking of the Longton Hall Colliery Mr. Ward also found Lingvla mytiloides in dark shale lying on the spoil bank, and the horizon was said to be 108 feet above the Moss coal. It is doubtful if this is another horizon, or if the position was incorrectly determined. Mr. Ward has also obtained marine fossils from a somewhat doubtful horizon at Weston Sprink, though the available data indicate a position somewhere between the Moss and Yard coals. The marme fossils include Pterino- pecten{Aviculopecten)papyraneus,DiscinamtidaPleuronautilu8 sp. In addition to teeth of Megalichthys Hibberti, Diplodus gihbosua, scales of Coelaeanthus elegans ; specimens of Carbonia rankiniana, Myalina, and the minute shell Scaldia minuta. The character of the beds will be found on (p. 66). * J. T. Stobbs, Trans. Inst, Min. Eng. Vol xxii, 1902. 7469, D 4 10 20 3 2 10 1 1 3 10 so The Red and Grey Series. The next horizon has been met with at widely distant loea ities at a distance of about 500 feet above the Moss Coal. The richness and variety of the fauna will be seen from the list (p. 320). We now come to the highest horizon at which marine organisms have been shown to occur. These are met with in shale overlying the Bay or Lady Coal about 600 feet above the last-mentioned horizon. This was first discovered at Longton by Mr. Ward and subsequently by Mr. Stobbs at the Chell Colliery. Marine bed above the Lady Coal at Chell Colliery. * Ft. In. Marine bed, light grey shale 2 Black shale, splitting readily 1 3 Lady Coal ----- 24 Fireclay, with fragments of Stigmaiia The following fossils were obtained •.—Discinanitida, Lingula mytiloides Linguld squamiformis 1 Entomostraca, Fish-scales etc. The coalfield presents yet another feature of special interest. This is the presence of at least one band of limestone with Spirorbis occurring at an horizon far below the Bassey Mine Coal. Its presence at a low horizon shows that in the absence of other data, such bands cannot be relied upon as indicative of a high position in the Coal-measure sequence. The band in question occurs just above the Bowling Alley Coal (p. 64), and has been traced by Mr. Stobbs almost over the entire district, both on the eastern and western sides of the coalfield. The bands are thin, seldom exceeding an inch or two in thick- ness, but the fossil is frequently met with in great abundance, Spirorbis helicteres being the commonest species. By means of this bed Mr. Stobbs has been enabled to show that the Bowling Alley Seam of the Potteries is the Magpie Seam of Biddulph, the Tatchin-end or Top Two Kow Seam of Silverdale, and the Top Two Row Seam of Kidsgrove.t The character of the bed and its liosition with respect to the Bowling Alley Coal will be gathered from the sections (pp. 64-65). The Red and Geey Series. Characteristics. — The Coal-measures previously described consist of repeated alternations of sandstone, shale, fireclay, and seams of coal. Whatever may have been the conditions under which these different kinds of strata were deposited, geologically speaking, each phase was of brief duration, but of frequent recurrence. In this way the diflaculty experienced in sub- dividing the coal-bearing strata in this as in other coalfields arises. With the strata succeeding the Bassey Mine Coal the case is wholly different. Instead of consisting of alternations of grey sandstone, grey and black shales and seams of coal, the rocks with which we have now to deal fall naturally into four sub-groups, each * (From a paper by Mr. J. T. Stobbs) op. cit. : t Tram. Inst. Min. Eng., vol, xxii., p, (l90g), p. 229. Genkbal Ceabactisbs. 61 of which possesses a flefinite lithological character, recognisable in the field and readily traced throughout the district. These will be best understood from the following table : c o ■< H « [2; < < o o (s B o B n o O OS K O O M P4 aa oa B«'f i rt O [Q >a ^IS e3 « Q M Dili's -si^ iS DO tn en 09 a " S 2J 2 > !>.!3 a o 2 oj o 3=^ ^.s. ■aS -.-or*, 5*1 s.- n Mo So* 7469. D 2 ^2 The Red asd Grey Seriks. Black-Band Group. — The character of these measures at various points in the district will be seen from a reference to the Sections, Nos. 38-50, Appendix No. III. The group has been extensively excavated owing to the fact that the marls furnish the coarse materials used in the pottery trade for " saggars " and " stilts " and also for brickmaking, drain pipes, etc. With much j-esemblance to the underlying measures, the group is characterised by the presence of Blackband ironstones and numerous persistent thin bands of lime stone, containing Spirorbis and Entomostraca ; by the presence ot many plants of species rare or absent in the beds below ; by the absence of large forms of Garbonicola and Anthracomya ; by the countless numbers of the thin valved mollusc Anthracomya Fhillipsi, which frequently constitutes a considerable mass of the ironstones, and certainly forms a true " life zone." We have shown that there is no break in the sequence from the Millstone Grit upwards to the Peacock and Little Row coals. In studying the relationship of the beds above the Bassey Mine Coal with those below, no trace of a palseontological or strati - graphical break can be detected. Thus the Bassey Mine Coal always overlies the Little Row Coal at about the same distance, while the identity of the character of the rocks above and below the Bassey Mine will be gathered from the sections given in the appendix. Further proof of this close relationship exists in the simultaneous gradual increase or decrease in thickness as the two groups are traced from south to north on the one hand, or from east to west on the other. Thus the Black Band Group at Shelton is 150 yards thick; while at Apedale, four miles to the west, the thickness is only 90 yards; and at Longton about 110 yards. Faults and folds also equally affect the two groups. Etruria Marl Group. — At several horizons, notably a few feet below the Red Mine Coal and some distance above the Gutter Coal, the grey measures of the Black Band Group contain beds of red or mottled red marl from 10 to 15 feet thick ; while throughout the sub-division there is constantly a slight ten- dency to red mottling. This red colour and red mottlmg be- comes the predominant characteristic of the great thickness of the overlying marls which, from their being very clearly exhibited in the marl pits at Etruria, we have termed the Etruria Marl Group. This sub-division is essentially composed of red and mottled marls, several hundred feet thick, in which it is frequently im- possible to distinguish any stratification. Towards the base, greenish-yellow grits are frequently developed, but not invariably. Grits of a kindred character, but seldom exceeding more than a few feet in thickness, recur at intervals, and are persistently and well developed near the summit ; where they occasionally (Etruria Marl pits) contain well-rounded quartz pebbles ranging in size from a pea to a pigeon's egg, rendering the rock not unlike the K.EELE GEOtfP> 53 Coarser bands of the Millstone Grit. The finer varieties are found to be largely made up of igneous material ; but, owing to decomposition, the evidence is not decisive as to whether the rock is a true ash, or derived from the waste of older lavas (see p. 131). The junction of the Etruria Marls with the underlying beds is nowhere visible, but the close connexion of the two is shown by the presence of red marls in the inferior strata, as pre- viously mentioned; by • the occurrence at Chesterton of a lami- nated ironstone containing Anthracomya Phillvpsi in association with several feet of grey measures ; and by the presence of bands of Spirobis limestone, one about 80 feet below the summit, and another a few feet above the base. Newcastle-uvder-Lyme Group. — The Etruria Marls graduate upwards (Sect. No. 59, Appendix III.) into grey sandstones and shales, and this so imperceptibly that were it not for the per- sistence of the thin beds of entomostracan limestones at the base of the grey series, it would be impossible to draw a dividing line. The junction of the basal limestone with the imderlying marls is frequently irregular, indicating a small amount of erosion ; but with such fine sediments as the Etruria Marls, the gentlest currents would easily wash them away, thus giving rise to irregularities. The composition of the Newcastle- under-Lyme Group varies little throughout the Pottery Coalfield, being made up of sandstones and marls containing four thin seams of coal. Plant remains are numerous, among which Pecopteris arborescens belongs, according to Mr. Kidston, to a high ■■' zonal form."* Anthracomya calcifera, a small shell fre- quent in the shales associated with the basal limestone, in which it also occurs, has so far been found only high up in the Coal-measure sequence throughout the Midlands. Keele Group. — In this sub-division we again meet with a great but undetermined thickness of red strata, consisting of sandstones and marls. These strata were regarded by Professor Hull as a portion of his "Salopian Permian," and to be referable to the Roth-liegende or Lower Permian of Germany. The great change made in this memoir in the corre- lation of these beds needs a full account of the palseontological and stratigraphical evidence on which it is based. Throughout the Pottery Coalfield the Keele red sandstones and marls repose on the Newcastle-«nder-Lyme sub-division ; which they do not overlap in the slightest degree, or with the least observable discordance. Professor Hull, on the other hand, states that from Audley to Blurton " the Permian red sand- stones and marls rest with a slight discordance upon the Upper Coal-measures."f It is true that at Blurton Tileries, near Longton, the red sandstones of the Keele Group are in juxtaposition with * Pecopteris Miltoni is very abundant in association with the coal-seams. t The Triassic and Permian Eocks of the Midland Counties of England, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1869, p. 24. bi T?HE Riii) AND Gbby Series. the Etruria Marls and basal beds of the Newcastle-under-Lym6 Group. This, in the absence of faulting, would imply a con- siderable unconformity ; for at Dresden, 600 yards to the east, the Keele sandstones rest on the full thickness of Newcastle beds, but a fault, agreeing in direction with one proved underground to the east, has been shewn by actual trenchmg to have brought about the juxtaposition, The supposed unconformity near Audley has, however, a different explanation, the red sand- stone, coloured as Permian on the old edition ol the map, being in reality a Coal-measure sandstone developed near the horizon of either the Great Row Coal or Knowles Ironstone, that is some 1700 to 1800 feet below the base of the Keele Group. Fossils are not abundant in the Keele beds, but sufficient plants have been collected to confirm the conclusion as to their age thus drawn from their stratigraphical position. Those given in the table (p. 51) and in the list of fossils Cp. 337), all belong to Coal-measure forms, and excepting Pecopteris arborescens do not indicate a horizon even so high as the Radstock and Farington Series of the Somerset Coalfield ; on the contrary, they are met with in the Lower Pennant-sandstone of South Wales. This somewhat low position in the Coal-measure sequence for the Keele beds is partly corroborated by the field evidence at Moddershall (p 126). At this locality we should be higher up in the Keele beds than elsewhere in the district, unless there is some faulting which cannot be detected at the surface. Further palseontological evidence of the Coal-measure age of the Keele sandstones is afforded by the bands of Spirorbis and entomostracan limestones met with at no less than three different horizons. The sequence in North Staffordshire, from the Bassey Mine upwards, has been detected in other coalfields situated withiti the limits of Professor Hull's typical Salopian area, and also outside it. Thus, in the Denbighshire Coalfield, >vhich has always been thought to be closely connected with the Pottery Coalfield, the grey Coal-measures are overlaid round Wrexham and Ruabon by red marls of the Etruria Marl type over 800 feet thick, and containing two thin beds of Spirorbis limestone and bands of green grits similar to those in North Staffordshire. These pass up into the grey Coedyrallt sandstones and shales with thin seams of coal, and a thin lime- stone at their base containing Carbonia, Spirorbis, and Anthra- comya calcifera. The Coedyrallt rocks are in turn succeeded by red sandstones and marls identical with the Keele type. Around the southern margin of the South Staffordshire Coal- field we find the Upper Sulphur Coal Group, overlaid by some 800 feet of red coal-measure clays lithologically resembling the Bltruria Marls, and also containing the characteristic bands of green (Espleyj rocks. Above these come the grey Hales- owen sandstones and shales over 500 feet thick, with thin coals, a band of Spirorbis limestone near the summit, and possibly KbELE GiEOTfP. §S another at the base ; these are overlaid by red sandstones and marls (Lower Permian of Prof. Hull and Mr. Wickham King) indistinguishable from the Keele Group, and in which Mr. Cantrill notes the occurrence of Spirorbis limestones.* In the Warwickshire Coalfield Mr. Fox-Strangways notes very much the same secfuence. In Lancashire the description of the Upper Coal-measures of the Manchester Coalfield by Mr. Binnie leaves little doubt of the Ardwick Series belonging to a portion of the Staffordshire sequence above the Bassey Mine Coal. Thus the Salopian Permian of Staffordshire, Denbighshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and, in all probability, Lancashire, occurs as the highest group of a definite sequence everywhere overlying the higher beds of the true Coal-measures, but never discordant to them, and may, therefore, be regarded as be- longing to the Carboniferous and not to the Permian Formation. This would receive the strongest confirmation if it could be shown that the Magnesian Limestone Series (Permian) of Nottinghamshire rests with a strong discordance on the Salopian Permian and its associated rocks. This has fortunately of late years been possible. A boring at Thurgarton showed that the basal bed of the Magnesian Limestone Series is a coarse breccia resting on red sandstone and marls of exactly the Keele type, and with the same fossils ; these red beds passed down into grey sandstone and shales resembling the Newcastle-under-Lyme Group, and with the same plants ; while these rocks rested on some 257 feet of red marls with green grits like the Etruria Marls. The boring did not satisfactorily prove the relation of these to the measures above the Top Hard Coal. This, however, was clearly shown in sinking the shafts of the Gedling Colliery. The Permian breccia at the base, about eight inches thick, here rests on about 100 feet of red marls and shales of the Etruria Marl type, and these on strata resembling the Black Band Group.and containing its zonal fossil — AnthracoTni/a Phillipsi. Thus between Thurgarton and Gedling, situated 7 miles apart, the basal beds of the Magnesian Limestone Series rest on horizons 400 feet apart. Elsewhere in the neighbourhood, the basal breccia reposes, often with an observed sharp discordance, as at, Cinderhill, on strata much lower down in the Coal-measure sequence ; but in all these cases the red and grey group of Staffordshire is absent. Thus the Salopian Permian on either side of the Pennine Chain conforms to the Coal-measures but is unconformably overlain on the eastern side -by the Magnesian Limestone Series. * Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom for 1901, p. 63. Also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. li., ISDS. 5G CHAPTER V. CARBONIFEROUS B,0CK8— (continued.) Coal-measures (Detailed Description). Introduction. — The eastern syncline and western anticline divide , the Pottery Coalfield into two clearly defined portions, distinguished from each other by differences in the character, thickness, and inclination of the strata. These two regions will therefore be described separately, the account in each case com- mencing on the south. The Synclinal Eegion. As we have seen the Coal-measures fall into two natural groups. 2. The Red and Grey Series. 1. The Grey or Chief Coal-bearing Series. The highest of these occupies the central portions of the coal- field, coming to an apex at Golden Hill and rapidly expanding their outcrops southwards. The chief coal-bearmg strata arrive at a point at Alder's Farm in the Biddulph Valley, where the synclmal arrangement becomes very evident. They then extend southward in a belt about four miles wide occupying the valley of the Trent until they disappear under the Triassic rocks south of Longton. Numerous collieries attest the richness of this portion of the sequence just as the barrenness of the higher group IS indicated by their absence. These two groups will be taken separately in the order of their occurrence, commencing with the oldest. The Grey or Chief Coal-Bearing Series. As previously stated (p. 39) no subdivisions can be made on stratigraphical evidence of this great thickness of strata, nor are palaeontologists agreed as to the horizons on which to draw the divisional lines. For purposes of description we shall take the rocks in sub-groups, using any lithological or mineralogical characters which happen, though often only in a very general way, to distinguish one portion of the sequence from another. The Basin oe the Teent. (By W. Gibson.) Measures between the First Grit and the Winpenny Coal. These occupy a broad belt of ground rising up steeply from the Trent to the Millstone Grit moorland. They are not clearly exhibited, but when seen they are generally highly inclined Tjsent Basis. 67 though at such varying angles as baffles any attempt to calculate the thickness, which probably is never under 1,000 feet and exceeds 1,200 feet at Knypersley. Grey shales and lenticular bands of sandstone constitute the bulk of the measures, but fairly thick horizons .of black shale occur near the base and summit. The sandstones are thinnest and least numerous in the south, but increase iii\ importance northward, where they gradually assume the characters of the Millstone Grits. Very little can be gathered about the sequence and the character of the strata. The chief information relates to two seams of coal and their associated measures near or at the base of the group, where thin bands over the lowest containing marine fossils (Ooniatites, Lingula, Pterinopecten) are interstratified with others containing Carbonicola. We think this poverty of information should be clearly understood, for it shows at once on what insufficient data these measures have been correlated with the Gannister Series of Lancashire and the Lower Coal-measures of other EngUsh coalfields. At present there is no evidence to show whether only the lowest two or three hundred feet are to be regarded as Lower Coal-measures or whether this subdivision is to include strata several hundred feet above the Winpenny Coal. ITie Crabtree Goal and its associated roclcs. — This group includes the lowest coal seams ever worked, but mining opera- tions have ceased, owing partly to the inferior quality of the seams and partly to the inaccessible nature of the ground where they out-crop. In 1862, at the time of the original survey by Sir W. W. Smyth, coal wa,s being raised on Wetley Moor from the two seams shown in the following section: — Section of the Ceabteee Measures Wetley Mode.* Ft. In. FoUB FEET OE CeABTEEE CoAL 3 Marl or binds -45-60 Eeddishrock - - 24 Black metals and rock bind - 33 Two-FEET Coal 1 8 The Four Feet Coal is stated to be of poor quality ; the 20-inch coal very good for smiths' purposes. On entering the Pottery Coalfield to the west of Werrmgton, the first exposure is met with in the stream to the north of Ash Hall. An old shaft on the northern side of the stream, a few yards south of the by-lane leading on to Wetley Moor, reached the Crabtree Coal, but at what depth could not be ascertained. In the stream to the west of the by-road a purple grit, overlain by red shales, crops out, and is probably the " reddish rock " in the section on Wetley Moor. Nodules of red haematite, which recalls the Froghall Ironstone of the Chumet Valley, lie in the shales. The purple ' Iron ores of Gt. Britain," part iv., Mem. Geol. Survey (1861), p. 264. 58 Chief Coal-beaEing SekiES. grit is underlain by dark shales containing a thin band of iron stone with Garbonicola. A>few feet below comes a coal about a foot thick. Beneath thiSj black and grey micaceous flags complete the sequence, and probably represent the top beds of the First Grit. Wetley Moor to the north is dotted over with old workings, from the shale heaps of which several fossils have been collected. The Crabtree Coal was obtained at a disused shaft situated near Launders Bank, while a little to the north the Two Feet Seam was apparently reached by an adit ; for this passes through red shales and grit, evidently those mentioned in the section given above. The same red measures have been excavated in some disused clay pits (old sand pits on the six inch map.) North of this point exposures are rare and very limited in ex- tent. It is known, however, that the Millstone Grits between Woodhead Farm and Jack Hayes strikes east and west, or at right angles to their former trend. The Crabtree Coal and its associated rocks no doubt behave in a similar manner, but the position of the coal cannot be determined owing to the poverty of exposures. South of Kerry Hill a hard red grit has been quarried on the roadside, but its relation to the Crabtree measures cannot be determined. Continuing northward the Crabtree Coal was reached in a shallow shaft situated by the stream flowing a few yards south of the road to Bagnall, at about 500 yards from its junction with the Leek Road. The strata here are highly inclined. At the eastern margin of the Milton nurseries a quarry has been opened in a ¥ebbly grit separated by several feet of shale from the First Grit, he bed cannot be traced far to the north, but can be fol- lowed southward to Woodhead Farm. Between Milton and Stockton Brook the slopes descending from the Grit ridges are mostly covered with Drift. This has been denuded away nortihward.when the solid rock again becomes visible for a short distance. The only certain evidence for the existence of the Crabtree measures is the occurrence of black E apery shales in association with a thin coal seen in the old brickworks near Ball Lane, and in an old level and shaft which obtained the coal in Bankend Wood, near High Lane Farm. The identification of this coal with the Crabtree becomes evident from the shale roof containing abundant Goniatites. The dip slopes of Brown Edge yield few exposures, and no at- tempt has been made to obtain the Crabtree or Two Feet Coals. These measures are evidently cut through by the Trent in the deep and narrow gorge between the Gawton Stone and Knypersley Reservoir. The sequence is here somewhat changed, as will be gathered from the following section giving the approximate thiokness ; — Trent BasiiJ. m 30 30 3 1 20 30 15 3 100 Ceabtree Measures Knypersley Reservoir. Ft. In. First Grit. Black shales (eastern banks of reservoir) Pebbly grit Black shales (partly seen) with Fish scales. Coal Shales (poorly shewn) Coal - Sandstone, light coloured Red sandstone White sandstone Thin bedded red flags Dark shale, about It will be seen (p. 77) that further north th^Crabtree Coal lies a few feet above a pebbly grit. If so, this seam should crop out close to the eastern margin of the Reservoir, and this would receive confirmation from a statement by Sir W. W. Smyth that the shales on the eastern bank contain Aviculopecten papyraceus, though the band with this fossil cannot be detected at the present day. Both the pebbly grit and the red and white sandstone make bold features on the surface for some distance north of the Warden Tower, becoming very persistent bands in the Biddulph Valley. Kg. 7. Section across the Coal-measures near Knypersley. By W. Gibson. W. D allows Wood. River Trent Measures between the Grahtree Goal and Winpenny Goal. — These are very poorly laid open for examination in the southern portion of the area, sections being practically limited to the two smaU streams flowing to the west off Wetley Moor and uniting near Holehouse Farm. In the southern stream the lowest rock visible consists of a flaggy grit inclined to the west at a low angle. This is followed by pale yellow and black shales, with thin bands of hard gannister like grits. At one spot, shown on the map, the sequence is interrupted by a strike fault, but neither the direction or amount of throw can be determined. No signs of the coal seams which it is stated crop out fiirther south in Brookhouse Wood, are met with. - The 60 Chief Coal-beaeing Series. inclination rapidly increases westward. West of the Rifle Butts the strea,m near Holehouse Farm has excavated a sTiallow channel in black shales inclined westward at 35 degrees and containing thin bands of gannister-like grit and an occasional indication of thin coal seams. Grey shales succeed, overlain by a massive reddish and grey grit forming a conspicuous ridge from here to Big Brookhouse Farm. The grit is quarried in a field near the junction of the stream and again to the south of the Rectory. This is no doubt the grit quarried to a small extent further south on the summit of a ridge standing prominently out of the surrounding Glacial deposits between Widowfield and Simfield Farmhouses. From Holehouse Farm northward practically nothing is seen of the sequencetiU near Knypersley Reservoir, where black shales containing a seam of coal one foot thick, form the banks of a small dingle north of Tongue Lane Farm. A reddish grit, similar to that near Holehouse Farm and giving rise to an evanescent feature, has been somewhat extensively quarried in the fields west of the Dingle. Very little can be made of the stratigraphy to the north ; grey shales crop out along the western margin of Knypersley Reservoir, and black shales in Tinkers Clough succeeded by grey flags well shown in Knypersley Wood. Measures between the Winpenny and the Moss Goal. This group contains the chief coal seams in the district which are included in the following list : — Moss or Mossfield Coal. Yard Coal. Eagman Coal. Birches Coal. Bellringer Coal. Ten Feet Coal. Bowling Alley or Magpie Coal. Holly Lane Coal. Hard Mine or Sparrow Butts Coal. New Mine or Stinker's Coal. Little Mine Coal. Bambury, or Seven Feet Bambury Coal. Cockshead, or Eight Feet Bambury Coal. Limekiln or Whitehurst Coal. Bullhurst Coal. Winpenny Coal. The measures and the coal seams seldom make their appearance at the surface owing partly to a capping of Drift, but chiefly to the soft crumbling nature of the shales ; most of the information has therefore to be obtained from the mine workings, of which the records of many of the shaft sinkings will be found in Appen- dix No. III., and on the sheet of vertical, sections published by the Survey (Vert. Sect. Sheet No. 86). The more promi- nent features have all been fashioned out of the harder sandstones of which those associated with the Cockshead, Bowling Alleyand Ten Feet coals, and the sandstone between the Yard and C'lrhmiferous. 61 Fig. 8.— Comparative Section of Chief Coal Seams between the Ash Coal and the Winpenny Coal. By W. Gibson. NOmiERH / AREA "-x I] Ul u. < u .urn 'iols / h I I I ! I ■ii 5.9 33 3.0 yttmrtu Mtt* 17.0 3.Z *.e j.O 8.2 3.0 I S 3.7 SURMWOOD TWIir fOUR FEET TWO rerr ,' SINUC FIVE FEET / RaoMAN / ROUCM S^VEN FEET / STONCr EicHT my / / TEN FEET / / I 3.1 LITTtB BOW TWO BOW MUCH srvCM rEET BAMRUAr EIGHT FEET e/lMBURV I BtfLLrtURST I.wuteeiu'x- . \ ^ TWIST '*'/. SOUTH-EASTERN \ ASEA >.^FT.W BIRCH EH WOOD YARD RAOMAN OLD WHITFIELD TEN rEET \ BOWLING ALLCV V \ HOLLY LAMt ^ 4.2 9.2 EICHT FEET BAMBURV BUUHUftST UTTLE MINE eiM MINE TEN FEET QOWLINO AUeV HOLLY LANS HARD MINE NEW MINE 02 Chief Coal-bbabing Series. Moss coals may be cited as examples. A comparison of the shaft sections of the Chatterley, Whitfield and Ford Green, with those of the Florence, Mossfield and Adderley Green collieries shows that in the former district the sandstones are in the larger proportion. This is indicated at the surface by the greater bold- ness of the features, and is particularly noticeable in the straight and prominent ridge formed by the Ten Feet Rock ,between Milton Railway Station and Norton-in-the-Moors. These rock bands form practically the only index at the surface of the out- crop of the seams, reliable information about the crop of the others being exceedingly scanty. Goal Seams and Associated Rocks. — The strata retain a steady inclination to the west varying between 20 and 30 degrees, but decreasing as the centre of the syncline is approached Faults play a very inconspicuous part at the surface and are most abundant and of greatest throw between Adderley Green and Bucknall (p. 161). In the Ubberley district ma,ny faults of small throw, some of them overthrusts (overlaps), cross the measures in a general east and west direction. Winpenny Goal. — This seam enters the coalfield on the south beneath the Drift north of Hulme village, and remains hidden beneath it or under the Trent alluvium to Knypersley reservoir. Few of the collieries have worked the seam, so that little informa- tion is to be olatained about it. In the Chatterley area the seam is described by Mr. Homer * as three feet thick, and is a good household and manufacturer's coal. Bullhurst Goal. — For information respecting this seam we again depend upon colliery information. In the south-eastern area the coal crops out undier the Drift filling the small valley north-west of Willots Wood. In the shaft of the Ford Hayes Colliery, close to the stream, it was at a depth of between 45-50 yards ; a shaft 100 yards to the sou£h struck it at a depth of 95J yards and in a bore hole to the south at 160 yards.! Drift deposits and alluvium conceal the outcrop northward. In the Hanley and Bucknall Collieries it is stated to be six feet thick, and is overlain by grey rock and grey metal. It cropped out in a level 400 yards to the east of the Blakelow and Greasleyside Colliery, and is occasionally ploughed up in a field north of the Abbey. In the Bellington Lane pits. Ford Green, the seam lies at a depth of 482 yards and is seven feet thick, being a first class house coaLj In the Whitfield Colliery a crut from the Piatt Pit passed through the following seams before reaching the Bull- hurst at a distance of 112 yards from the shaft. * Iron and Steel Institute, vol. 1875. I From information supplied by Mr. Kichard Haines. From information supplied by Messrs. R, Heath and gonn, Yds. Ft. IKT. 22 19 9 8 17 1 2 8 45 1 2 Trent Basin. 6.3 Whitfield Collieuy. Section of Crut to the BuUliurst Coal. Cockshead Coal Measures LoDGE-EooM Coal Measures Whitehuest Coal Measures Coal Measures Coal, Inferior Measures BULLHITEST CoAL Goclcshead or Eight Feet Bamhury Coal. — This is the best known and most frequently sought-for seam on the eastern side of the coalfield, and can be easily recognised by a thin bed of overlying ironstone containing Carbonicola acuta in abundance. For information regarding the depth to this seam and its thick- ness, reference can be made to the published sheet of Vertical Sections — Sheet 86, Nos. 2, 4-6-7, and shaft sections in Appendix No. III. Around Hulme the outcrop is very uncertain owing to the complicated nature of the faulting. Several shafts — shown on the six inch map — are stated to have proved the coals, but the asserted depths do not agree with the faulting proved in the Adderley Green Colliery. Little information can be obtained about its outcrop northward, a matter of small importance, as its depth is proved in many collieries. Throughout the region it retains its character of a first class house coal, it is also used in the blast furnaces and for general manufacturing purposes. Towards the centre of the syncline large areas remain untouched. Seven Feet Bamhury, Bambury, Frogrow, or Froggery Coal. — This is likewise a seam recognised throughout the district and in much request. Its position and thickness will be gathered from the published sections and those in the Appendix. In common with the seams below and many of those above, information can only be obtained from the collieries. On the western side of the district the seam is overlain by a shale containing marine fossils, which have not as yet been found on the eastern synclinal region. It is a good manufacturing, forge, and steam coal, and is also used as a house coal. Hard Mine Coal. — This is- the best coal for the blast furnaces, for which it is mainly utilised. As will be seen from the table (p. 44), some small coals between it and the Cockshead Coal are recognised, but they are not of great importance. The Hard Mine is usually overlain by a black bass or cannel-like shale in which fish remains are numerous, while the marls above contain lean ironstones, with numerous casts oi Anthracomya Williamsoni, 64 Chief Coal-bbaeing Sekibs Holly Lane Goal. — A good house coal recognised throughout the district. In the miitfield CoUiery this coal is duplicated for a short distance by overthrusting. Bowling Alley Goal. — The coal under this name receives chier recognition in the Longton area. In the Biddulph VaUey it is known as the Magpie Coal. It is a manufacturing and house coal. Above the coal there occurs a strong rock in the northern part of the district, which, in the south, is liable to be separated mto different beds by shale partings. The rock is a prolific horizon for plants. In the Longton area, at the Meirhay Colliery, the measures in contact with the coal are stated to be strongly impregnated with petroleum.* This coal was intersected by the mineral railway to the Rookery Colliery, Adderley Green, but elsewhere neither the coal or associated rocks are exposed. At Adderley Green a band of limestone showing cone-in-cone struc- ture and containing Spirorhis appears tOibe associated with the coal, and is said to have been passed through in the shafts of the Adderley Green CoUiery. The position of the limestone in the railway cutting is somewhat doubtful, but the recent work of Mr. Stobbsf reveals the general occurrence of a horizon contain- ing Spirorhis above the Bowling Alley Coal in the following, collieries : — Sneyd Colliery. Ft. In. Mussel band with Carbonicola - ■ — Band slightly calcareous, Spirorbis rare 1 Black shale and mussel band 4 Band slightly calcareous, Spirorbis numerous - 2 Black shale with Carbonicola 3 Bowling Alley Coal Ubbeeley Colliery. Mussel band with Carbonicola - 1 Hard compact band, slightly calcareous 1 Mussel band with Carbonicola - 1 foot to 2 Spiro7'bis band - 2 Mussel band 6J Black shale 2: Mussel band 0: Dark shale 7: Bowling Alley Coal - 3 5 Park Hall Colliery. Mussel band 9 Spirorbis band - 1| Mussel band 1 Spirorbis band 2 Mussel band 9 Black shale 5 BOAVLING alley CoaL * John Ward, op. cit. p. 41. t Inst, Min, Eng., vol. xxii., p. 229, 1901, 2i 5 2 4 2 6 If 21 3 3 2 1 li 1 Trent Basin. 65 Whitfield Goliieey. Ft. In. Hard black fireclay - - — Top band ■with Garhonicola Dark shale, few Carhonicola and Spirorbis Spirorbis bed,_ few but large Spirorbis Black shale with Carbonicola - - " ■ " ." Black shale, mussel layers and stone bands with Spirorbis Black shale with mussel layers - Snirorbis bed, rich in Spirorbis Black shale Mussel band Bowling Alley Coal Beown Lees Collieey. tirorbis band, Spirorbis helicteres, Garbonia ick shale and mussel layer, Spirorbis in lower |-inch Spirorbis bed, Spirorbis helicteres numerous Mussel bed, Carbonicola - Magpie Coal - - ■ — Ten Feet Goal. — This seam runs regularly throughout the district. Its outcrop may be traced hy the overlying sand- stone, which frequently forms well-marked ridges. The Ubberley valley from Adderley Green to the New Ubberley Colliery has been excavated along it. The rock then emerges in the con- spicuous hill of Bucknall, but northward lies in part beneath the alluvium of the Trent to near Milton, from which it rises near the railway Station into a bold ridge continued northward to Norton-in-the-MToors, when it again ceases to be distinguishable, but appears again as a massive rock to the east of Brindley Ford. The rock contains pockets of haematite and highly ferruginous shales, which by weathering impart a red colour to the soil, that is very noticeable in the fields to thg east of Ford Green. The rock has been quarried in places near Milton, Stanley Fields and Bemersley. The Ten Feet Seam furnishes a steam, forge and manufac- turing coal and a seconds house coal. Bellringer or Stony Eight Feet. — This is recognised in some of the shaft sections but is not such an important coal as on the western side of the coalfield. In the Whitfield area it is 3 feet 6 inches thick and is used in the blast furnace. In the northern anticlinal region it becomes the Stony Eight Feet or Ten Feet Rider Coal. Birches or Old Whitfield CoaL— Known as the Birches Coal in the southern part of the district, where it varies from 3 feet to 4 feet 6 inches in thickness, this seam is renamed the Old Whitfield Goal at Whitfield, where it furnishes a ^last-furnace, steam and manufacturing coal, and is also used for household purposes. Ragman or Hams Coal. — In the Florence Colliery the Hams and Yard coals are only between 3 and 4 feet apart but further northward are separated by several feet of shale. The Ragman is said to be a good house coal. 7469, E 66 Chief Coal-bearing- Seeies. Yard Coal. — In the Florence Colliery this coal occurs at a depth of 815 yards, and gives the following section : — Section of Yard Coal, No. 2 Shaft, Floeence Collieey. Ft. In. Tops - - ... -.28 Pricking -- ... . 04 Bottoms - .... . - 4 10 At a depth of 833 yards a coal 4 feet 5 inches thick was passed through. This coked freely, which is an unusual character of the coals over the eastern area. The shafts of this^colliery have been carried to a depth of 891 yards, being the deepest in the district. In the Longton and Adderley Green areas the coal is overlain by sandstone, with thin partings of shale, described as grey in colour in the record of the Florence shafts, and as red rock in those of Adderley Green, which were commenced in it and reached the Yard Coal at 30 yards depth. The same kind of strata are exposed in the by-lane from the Bentilee Colliery to Pool Dole. The Yard Coal crops out near the bottom of the lane, and is almost immediately succeeded by red shales with calcareous nodules, in which the small fossil Scaldia Tninuta occurs. Above these, massive red sandstones form the crest of the hill, and can be traced southward to Moss- field Farm. Further south, at Weston Sprink, north-east of Normacot Station, red clays are excavated for bricks. These have been carefuUy examined from time to time by Mr. Ward, by whom the following section was measured : — Mael Pit, Weston Speink, Noemacot. Thickness, Ft. In. Boulder clay - .... --20 (a) Irregular band of calcareous rock and purple clay with marine fossils- - * - . - - 1 (fi) Calcareous nodules, containing marine fossils - 5 6 (c) Thin band of Shale, marine fossils - 2 Bed of impure coal or smut - - 1 2 The band of calcareous rock, the calcareous nodules and shale below contain a marine fauna, given on p. 317, also the bivalve, recognised by Dr. Wheelton Hind as cScaldia rainuta. The stratification is irregular and the fossils by no means numerous. The band of calcareous rock is light-coloured or blood red, the latter variety resembling the FroghaU Ironstone for which it was mistaken, and numerous shafts, now dotted over the Sprink, were sunk in the hope of its proving of value. Although the strata at Weston Sprink closely resemble those exposed m the by-road at Bentilee, and Scaldia ininuta occurs in both, yet if they are on the same horizon it seems difficult to reconcile their position at Weston Sprink with the depth to the Birches Coal, as proved in No. 2 shaft of the Weston Coyney Colliery, where this seam is 269 yards beneath the surface and is inclined to the south- west at 18 degrees. The strata must either turn up sharply, a fact partly supported by the dip of 25 degrees in the marl pit, or there ra«st be faulting, though what the amount is it is difficult Tbent Basin, 67 to say'. That these red beds occur between the \'ard and Moss Coals receives some support from similar beds, being found on the same horizon south of the New Seven Feet Mine Pit of the Chatterley Whitfield Colliery. Moss or Mossfield Goal. — This is one of the best house coals in the Longton district, where it is nearly 6 feet thick, but the roof is sometimes bad, while north of Hanl^ the seam is, in addition, much thinner. In the Glebe CoUiery, Fenton, it has a cannel, 3 feet thick, above it; at the Sneyd Colliery a cannel, from which a few Lingulce have been obtained, occurs 3 feet 10 inches thick, 10 yards below the coal. The seam is also known as the Easling. Measures between the Moss and Ash Coals. The seams in this OTOup are of much less value than those of the underlying group. The Birchenwood Seam is far the best, but it is chiefly mined about Kidsgrove, at the northern end of the syncline ; while in other collieries over the area it is not recog- nised. The other seams are far more difficult to recognise from place to place than was the case with the majority of those below the Moss, some only possessing a local significance. To balance the inferiority of the quality of the coal seams the group possesses valuable ironstones, of Avhich the Burnwood stone is the best, ranging from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness. Very little opportunity is afforded for studying the character of the associated strata, which is mainly supplied by shaft sections. Since these records have in past years been very irregularly kept, and in many instances drawn up by persons ignorant of geological terminology, the information is mainly confined to the depth and thicknesses of the seams of coal. Birchenwood Goal. — A first class house coal, but, except in the Kidsgrove area, not in much request. The only locality we know of where the measures can be seen is in' the road from Foxley Bridge to Cobridge, north of Holden Lane Farm. The overlying shales contain many ironstone nodules with the remains of plants. Doctors Mine. — Kecognised in some of the shafts in the south- east (see Appendix No. III). Gin Mine, and Twist or Pottery Goal. — ^A considerable mass of strata, amounting to over 160 yards at Sneyd, without any important seams, intervenes between the Birchenwood Coal and the Gin Mine. The chief interest attached to this horizon is the occurrence of a grey marl or clunch a few feet below the coal, which in the Speedwell Colliery contained a rich marine fauna, but until recently was not found elsewhere (see Part III. p. 319.) Bwrnwood, Little Mine, or Newmine Ironstone and Goal. — The Ironstone lies immediately on a coal from 4 to 5 feet thick, used as a manufacturing coal. The ironstone is described as a semi-black-band ironstone or clay-band ironstone, and is in much request around Newchapel. The Newmine Ironstone immediately overlies the Burnwood stone. 7469. E 2 ChIEP CoAL-BBABINb SeKIESJ Measwres between the Ash Coal and Bassey Mine Goal.. These are sometimes known as the " Pottery Coal and Ironstone measures ' from their containing many seams of fierce-burning coals, cheaply got and suitable for use in the pottery kilns. There TI8. 9. COMPAEATIVE SECTION OF THE ChIEF SeAMS OF CoAL BETWEEN THE Ash Coal and the Bassey Mine Goal. By W. Gibson. ' ,Do *oo €00 FEET 800 NORTHERN AR£A fTlN / 5,* /5.6 ,'2.0! // N ^ ^ 2 10 \ \ ^,4 O WObOMINE s COAL o"« CHALKEY MINi "•° COAL 5 O NEW MINE COAL BUNCILOW COAL , LADY COAL WINCHAY --COAl :, WINCHAY IRONSTONE BILLY COAL 1.3 2.S 0.10 I ID 8 2.0 ,6.0 ASH COAL. .6.3 BASSEY. Ml ME COAL PEACOCK COAL SPENCROFT COAL GREAT ROW COAL CANNEL ROW COAL WOQDVINE fcOAU DEEP MINE COAL CHALKEY MINE COAL NEW MINE COAL HAN8URY COAL RACMINE IRONSTONE BAY COAL KNOWLES COAL KNOWLES IRONSTONE A&H oca:. are also many bands of clay ironstones, formerly in much request. On several horizons, but notably near the summit, the Tkent Basin. 69 marls have proved of great commercial value and have, therefore, been extensively excavated for bricks and vessels used in the pottery trade, we consequently know more of the characters of this portion of the sequence than any of that below the Ash Coal. We will first give the characters and distribution of the seams of coal in ascending sequence, and afterwards the sections in which the associated measures can be studied. Ash or RowhuTst Coal. — This is a seam varying from 6 to 9 feet thick, and forms a good house coal, being also used for manufacturing, steam and forge purposes. It is sought for over the entire synclinal area owing to its being cheaply won. Knowles or Winghay Goal. — Used for manufacturing purposes, varying in thickness from 4 to 8 feet. Bay or Lady Goal. — A thin seam but of considerable value for correlation purposes owing to the constant occurrence above it of a band of shale containmg marine organisms. Bungilow Goal. — A thin coal of poor quality recognised only in the northern part of the region, where it has a rock, frequently of a red colour, a,bpve it. Ghalhy Mine Coal avd Ironstone. — The coal is only of average quality, but directly underlies the ironstone of the same name. Deep Mine Goal and Ironstone. — The coal is known chiefly in its association with the Deep Mine Ironstone. Wood Mine Coal. — Recognised in some shaft sections in the south-east, and as a Gannel Bass in association with ironstone in the more .northerly portions of the area, where, it was formerly used for oil-making. Gannel Row Coal. — Above the Wood Mine we come to a series of very persistent seams which from their association with marls used in the manufacture, of coarse pottery, and to their suitability for burning in the kilns, have been largely worked The Cannel Row Coal varies in thickness from 5 to 6 feet, and is a steam, pottery, and seconds house coal. It is overlain by Cannel and Ironstone, known sometimes as the Cannel Row Half Yards, consisting of 1 foot 6- inches of coal, 3 to fi inches of Peel Cannel, and 1 foot 6 inches of strong Cannel and Ironstone. The Cannel was used for oil making, yielding from 56 to 60 Gallons of crude oil to the ton (C. J. Homer, Proc. Iron and Steel nst., 1875). Great Row Coal. — Varies between 5 and 8 feet thick. In the northern part of the area it is overlain by a black cannel and bass, said to have yielded over 30 gallons of oil to the ton. The coal is used for house, manufacturing, steani, pottery, and iron- making purposes. Spencroft Goal. — A potter's coal, but also used in the forge. Peacock Ooalamd Little Row Goal. — The two seams are similar in general properties to the Spencroft, but the associated marls are also of much value. 70 Chief Coal-beaeing Series. Distribution of the Measures. — In the south-eastern part of the coalfield the Ash Coal was formerly worked by open cast to the north of Anchor Road, Longton, 150 yards to the north- east of the Speedwell Colliery. The Knowles Ironstone and Priorsfield Coal were also formerly obtained in open workings to the west of Ashwood, but the best section of these and their associated measures is afforded by the sections in the mineral line between Weston Coyney Road and the Uttoxeter branch of the North Staffordshire Railway. The Knowles Coal is here repeated to the north-east by a small fault crossing the railway 150 yards north-east of the reservoir. Some thin bands of ironstone above the Knowles Coal contain a small fossil resembling Carbonicola Vinti, and a similar looking shell is found in the shales associated with the Priorsfield Coalj a section of which is visible near the junction of the mineral line with the main line. Between the north end of the Meir tunnel and Normacot station the railway cutting intersects a coal, two feet thick. This is succeeded by black shales and mottled red and grey shales seen over the mouth of the tunnel. The exact horizon is not clear. To the west of Pool Dole a nearly continuous line of marl pits extends from Fenton Park to Golden Hill. The following section was measured in the Fenton Park Marl Pit : — Section m Fenton Paek Mael Pit. Character of Strata. Black shales with occasional nodule of ironstone Sandy shale .... Yellow shales with thin ironstone bands Black shales and thin coals Clay with ironstone nodules Grey rock, plant remains Clay with ironstone nodules Bass and fireclay mixed Grey clay with ironstone nodules The exact horizon of this section is uncertain. An old shaft situated in the floor of the marl pits intersected the Knowles Coal at 76 yards, and from a comparison with the section of No. 3 shaft, Oldfield Colliery, it will be seen that the measures are situated between the New Mine Coal and the Chalky Mine Coal Specimens of the ironstones in the lower part of the section were submitted for microscopical examination to Dr. Teall, who states that " The rock is composed almost entirely of spherulites of siderite. The spherulites measure from 1 to 1'5 mm. in diameter, and are usually com- posed of 8 or 10 individual crystals. They are often stained brown at their Thickness. Ft. In. 2, 4 4 3 6 7 4 6 2 6 13 TiiENT Basin. 71 margins, in consequence of the decomposition of the siderite and the oxida- tion of the iron. Sometimes the spherulites are in close contact with each other, and sometimes there is a small quantity of brown interstitial matter. The insoluble residue consists of a very fine mud. The rock is a spherulitic siderite."* The microscopical characters are very similar to those of a band of Dolomite which replaces the Seven Feet Seam of the Wirral Colliery in the estuary of the Dee, and described by Mr. Strahan.-]- The specimen examined by Dr. Teall showed on an analysis by Dr. Pollard 38*7 per cent, of metallic iron (Summary of Pro- gress, 1899, p. 127). A sample, taken from four bands of nodules occurring over a surface of nme square feet on the northern part of the marl pit, showed the total amount of iron present to be 35 "3 per cent. The marls were used for bricks, but are no longer worked in this pit. Two hundred yards to the south a fresh opening has been made and the clays are manufactured into bricks, saggers, etc. At the top of the section two thin coals separated by three feet of black shale overlie several feet of light grey marls with nodules of siderite. The plans of the Pool Dole workings show that a small fault separates this excavation from the Eenton Park Marl Pit. The horizon of the marls is therefore uncertain, but the sequence closely resembles the lower part of that shewn in the Queen Street Marl Pit, 150 yards to the south. Section of Mael Pit, Queen Street, Fenton. Character of Strata. Black shales with ironstone nodules - Grey shales Grit with many plant remains White clay Coal Black shales Coal - - . . - Grey marl with nodules of siderite There are few other open sections in this area, but a red sand- stone is exposed in an old quarry 150 yards south of the Top Pits, Berry Hill. As the Knowles Coal crops out a few yards to the north, the grit probably corresponds in position to one forming a conspicuous feature further north in the Chell district, (p. 73). The marls above the Peacock Coal are well exposed in War- rington's Marl Pit, where they contain many nodules of siderite. The depths to the coals in the Berry Hill district are furnished by the following pits, the depth from the surface being in yards. Tap Pit : Knowles Coal 50, Ash Coal 160, Moss Coal 430, Yard Coal 529, Birches Coal 544; Bush Pit: Great Row Coal 11 ; Thickness. Ft. In. 16 1 8 1 3 2 3 6 1 3 * Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1898, p. 127. t Q. J. G .S. Vollvii. 1901. 72 Chief Coal-beaeing Sbeies. Bailway Pit : Bassey Mine Coal 82, Peacock Coal 98, Spencrolt Coal 129, Great Row Coal 148, Cannel Row Coal 168. North of the Trent the measures between the Peacock and Bassey Mine Coals are opened up in numerous marl pits, of which the character is shown in the measured sections Nos. 49-50. Appendix III. Of the strata below the Peacock Coal exposures are less numerous. The most southerly is the Northwood Marl Pit to the west and close to the Hanley Borough Colliery. If no fault intervenes between the marl pit and the colliery the section lies about the horizon of the Winghay or Knowles Ironstone. Accurate measurements are not possible owing to the slipped nature of the sides of the marl pit and to the evident, but partly concealed disturbances, affecting various portions of the excavation. Drift and refuse material also hides much. In the floor of the pit grey grit bands and grey shales with plant remains rest on black shales containing a thin band of iron- stone. Pale grey marls, in which Hes a lenticular seam of coal two feet thick, continues the upward succession. In the south end of the excavation, which is separated from the north end by talus, the top of the section consists of about 12 feet of black shale with thin bands of grey ironstone containing Garbonia and Naiadites. These rest on grey marls with nodules of siderite underlain by sandy shales with thin bands of ironstone containing Naiadites. The deep cutting of the Leek Road to the east of the Burslem Cemetery intersects the Ash Coal and also an ironstone, possibly the Brown Mine. The latter yields excellent casts of Carbonicola. About one quarter of a mile to the south the Scotia and Sneyd Green marl pits, Sneyd Green, situated on the upthrow side of the North and South Fault (p, 162), are excavated in the marls associated with the Winghay Coal : — Section of Scotia and Sneyd Geeen Mael Pit, Sneyd Geeen. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. White clay- 5 Black shales, thin coal and ironstones 8 Grey marls - . - - 18 Black shales, fish scales, Carbonid 1 6 Grey marl _ 2 Ironstone, in bands 1 10 Grey marl 2 Black shale 3 Grey marl 2 Black shale 3 Grey marl to bottom of excavation 10 For half a mile to the north of the Sneyd Colliery the surface of the ground is almost covered with the refuse heaps of old coal workings. The outcrops of the coals from the Chalky Mine and the Bassey Mine are shown on Cope's Map of which mention Trent Basin. 73 has been made before (p. 19) but tbe outcrops are no longer traceable. To the nortb of the Bank Top Colliery the marls and shales above the Bungilow Coal are being extensively quarried for brick- making, etc. About 16 feet of grey shale and impure fireclay are overlain by»a coal 3 feet thick, resting on a thin bed of fireclay. Above the coal the section is continued in black and grey shales with a bed of rock 10 feet thick towa,rds the middle. The seam of coal is probably the Bungilow Coal. In the shallow excavation near the roadside nodules of siderite, lying in grey and yellow marly shales are fairly abundant. A little further to the north of Banktop the soil assumes a bright red tinge, which is found to be due to the weathering of a sandstone. The latter caps a shallow pit 200 yards to the west of the High Lane CoUieiy. In this, about 10 feet of sandstone, red on the outside, rests on about 25 feet of red and yellow clays containing thin bands of a red spotted grit. The sandstone can be readily traced, by the accompanying feature, to Spring Bank, a little north of which its continuity is broken by a smaU east and west fault coincident with a small east and west valley. The grit has been largely quarried on the north and south sides of the road leading from Spring Bank to Little Chell. The red colour is probably derived from the oxidation of ihe iron contained in the nodules of ironstone and thin bands and wisps of a highly ferru- ginous shale which are intercalated between the grit bands. The grit can be traced northward as far as the church at Newchapel, partly by the feature and partly by the red colour of the soil. The rock is also seen in an old quarry to the north of Turnhurst and in a road-cutting a little further to the north. The mineral line from Pitts Hill to the Whitfield Col- herie.s gives a nearly continuous section from the BimgUow Coal down to the Ash Coal. It is only, in fact, inter- rupted by the tunnel south ot Great Chell. On the west side of the tunnel the cutting shows two bands of grit, between which grey marls and two thin coals are interposed. The highei- seam of coal is the Bungilow, which is 26^ yards deep in the Good Hope Pit, near the western termination of the cutting. The distinctive feature of the section is the presence in the grey marls of bands and nodules of a red clay-ironatone. These resemble the bands batween the Moss and Yard Coals at Weston Sprink, but no fossUs were found in them. On the east side of the tunnel, in which the Winghay Coal was intersected at 150 yards from the mouth, a continuous, though faulted, section down to the Ash Coal is laid bare. (p. 459, Appendix III). The fault intersected is the northerly extension ol the North and South Fault (p. 162), which may be estimated ; here at forty-five to fifty yards down west. Though noticed in the section (Appendix) as two faults, the lower of the two is merely a gliding plane, the main dislocation occurring above the grey flags. A considerable amount of compression has. taken 74 Chief Coal-beaeing Sbkibs. place in the proximity of the faults, as is shown by the breaking up of a thin seam of coal above the orange grit of the section, and its being squeezed into the shales in the form of stars and streaks of bright brittle coal breaking with a marked conchoidal fracture. The Rowhurst Coal crops out a few yards to the west of the Engine Pit, and was here formerly raised by a level. A " foot rill " (level) on the Winghay Coal is still visible 300 yards to the south-west of the Oxford Colliery and to the north of the road leading from Great Chell to Brindley Ford. In an old shaft situated near the Vicarage, Newchapel, the upper seams lie at the following depth in yards : Winghay Coal 41, Winghay Ironstone 55, Brown Mine Ironstone 125, Rowhurst Coal 175, Burn wood Ironstone 235, Twist Coal 252. As pre% iously stated, the strike to the west of Newchapel is north-east and south-west, and the inclination to the south-east. The same direction and inclination are to be seen near Bullock's Farm in the cutting in the Mineral Railway from Black Bull to the Birchenwood Collieries. The line crosses the strike obliquely, so that correct measurements are difficult to obtain. Several coals, ranging from a few inches to over four feet in thickness, are intersected, but their horizon is doubtful. About midway in the section a fault crosses it obliquely. The jaws of the disloca- tion are filled with glacial sands and. gravels. On the east side the strata arch over to the west and are nearly horizontal when in contact with the fault. The Shaffalong Coalfield. (By G. Barrow.) On the north-east border of the area previously described is an outcrop of the lowest Coal-measures, some four miles long by rather less than a mile broad. These Coal-measures lie in a syncline of a somewhat unusual type in the Millstone Grits, for though liable to be locally tilted up here and there they generally lie almost flat across the syncline. Towards its edges the beds are somewhat suddenly tilted up, and the enclosmg grits crop out at a high angle, and, in some cases, as at Wetley Rocks, are on end, the form of the syncline, along a considerable part of its length, being similar to that of a ship with vertical sides and a flat bottom. This structure is better marked about the centre and south end of the syncline than at the north. At first sight it looks as though this structure was due to the faults shown on the map, but as these have often a comparatively small throw it is more likely that the faults themselves are part of the phenomena of the sudden up-wrench. Though the exact thickness of Coal-measures present is not known, there are sufficient sections to make it clear that no beds so high as the flaggy sandstones of the grit that underlies the Shaffalong. 75 Woodhead Coal in the adjacent Cheadle area to the east can be present. Consequently there cannot be more than 250 feet of measures, and including only those seams which are all below the Woodhead Coal and have little commercial value. Only two seams are known to be present. Of these the upper is the highly-sulphurous Stinking or Crabtree Coal which can be recogmsea by its roof of dark hard shale with Goniatites and other fossils. The other lies some fifty feet below the Crabtree, and was worked to a considerable extent many years ago near the farm of Shaffalong, from whence this coalfield gets its name. Different accounts have been given of these workings. So far as can be ascertained the coal was about two feet thick, with a dirt parting in the middle. The bulk of the coal has been taken out near Shaffalong. The workings probably ceased, owing to the thinning away of the coal, for it is seen in three places close by that it is less than a foot thick. First, in the bank on the opposite side of the narrow part of the reservoir ; again, in the stream below Lee House, and also in the base of the fence due north of the house. Moreover, some trial pits were sunk to the south-east of Shaffalong, and the coal found to be of no value. These facts confirm the evidence from all the workings for the Froghall Ironstone in the area to the east, which show that all the seams below the Woodhead, except the Crabtree, are very impersistent. Whether this seam be present or not the horizon at which it occurs is found over the greater part of the syncline. The coal is seen again on the east side ol Westwood Pool, and was worked to a small extent, although obviously too thin to pay. It is much more difficult to ascertain the extent of the Crabtree Coal. It was pierced several times in the shafts about Shal&long, but does not occur on the west side of the valley in this neighbourhood. A seam was worked at Coalpit Ford. The section in the stream suggests that this must be the Crabtree, for a fault throws down the associated beds against shales above the First Grit, and unless the throw is very small it would be too high for this seam to be the lower or Shaffalong Coal. This view is confirmed by the thickness of dark shales above the coal. There is a con- siderable amount of sandy material between the two coals which is here missing. In the southern end of the syncline the horizon is still more difficult to fix. A coal was worked near the road on the west side of Wetley Abbey, and a series of boreholes were put down close to ' the Abbey to prove this coal, but no details were obtained to show which it was. Thus it will be seen that there is practically little or no coal of any commercial value, under present conditions, in the Shaffalong valley. If some cheap and etfective means could be discovered of washing the pyrites from the Crabtree Coal that seam might in time become of some value, for it burns well and cokes well. But as mentioned above, the extent of this coal is very difficult to ascertain. Some good sections of the beds 76 Chief Coal-beaeing Seeies.^ associated with these coals may be studied in the stream sides in many parts of the area especially about the reservoir near Wall Grange, where a nearly complete section of all the beds present may be made out. The exact mode of ending off of the Shaffalong syncline is diificult to determine. The eastern side is bounded by a fault, and it is probable that there is a corresponding fault on the west side. These faults would cut each other out, and thus end the syncline. For some little distance to the south of this it is impossible to make out the rninor details of the Coal-measures, as a considerable part of the area is covered by Bunter Sandstone. The Biddxjlph Valley, with the Extreme Northern End of THE Anticlinal Region. (By C. B. Wedd.) The Red Rock Fault bounds the western or anticlinal tract of these Coal-measures on the west and north ; while a fault running roughly north and south, in part .along the axis of the anticlinal uplift of Mow Cop, forms the eastern margin. West, north and east the Millstone Grit limits the measures of the Biddulph Valley. The upper part of the Chief Coal-bearing Series is not repre- sented in this most northerly part of the coalfield, as the higher beds are cut out by the Red!^ Rock Fault on the west, and in the east have cropped out further south in the bend of the syncline. The area comprises all the coals from the' Birchen- wood down to the Cannel Row on the west side of the anti- cline, and from about the Mossfield downwards in the Biddulph Valley. As in the rest of the coalfield, the lower measures consist chiefly of grey and dark shales with thin nodular bands of ironstone of no value, alternating with marls, fireclays, coal- seams, sandstones, often of considerable thickness, thin beds of flaggy gannister, and a few thin grits of coarser grain. Occasion- ally the sandstones have a reddish hue, and are associated with red and purple shales, but the dominant colour of the whole series is grey, and the term " Grey Series," already used for the strata up to the Bassey Mine, is equally applicable to this part of the coalfield. No detailed sections of colhery-shafts could be procured for the measures of the Chief Coal -Bearing Series in this district, the only shaft-sections available being incomplete ones of the old Towerhill and Bradley Green collieries, and a detailed section BiDDtTLPH Valley, ■ W of an old shaft at Lea Mill Forges in the lowest measures.* Be- yond the last named, no records have been kept of the shafts which once worked the Crabtree and Little Eow coals. The thickness of the Coal-measures varies, there being a marked thinning out westward in the Biddulph Valley, and also southward, but probably to a less extent. The Horizontal Section Cpl. ] , fig. 1) gives no adequate idea of such south-westerly thinning, because it is drawn nearly at right angles , to the direction of attenuation, and does not traverse the horizon at which this attenuation is greatest. Probably 2,500 feet is a fair estimate of the thickness of the Coal-measures from the Magpie Coal to the top of the First Grit at Bradley Green ; of this the thickness from the Winpenny Coal to the First Grit is about 1,500 feet. These figures diminish for the western and southern parts of the district. If, as it seems probable, there is any increase of sandy, material here, as compared with the southern part of the coalfield, this northerly increase of sandstone is by no means due to a general thickening in this direction of the same beds of sand- stone which occur further south. Thus the thick Bambury Rock, overlying the Seven Feet Bambury Coal elsewhere, has dwindled to only five feet ; and the Teh Feet Rock above the coal of that name is only six feet thick at Hall o'Lea and four feet at Tower Hill. On the other hand a red sandstone is developed to as much as 100 feet in thickness bplow the Ten Feet Coal in the eastern part of -the Biddulph district, but thins out westward. It evidently represents the Bowling Alley Rock of the souths eastern area. The BuUhurst and Winpenny rocks have also probably attained to greater dimensions m the Biddulph Valley, Below the Winpenny Coal several more or less thick beds ot sandstone occur. These form more conspicuous features in the gently-dipping eastern limb of the Biddulph syncline than in the highly-inclined beds of the western limb of the same fold. The most noticeable of these sandstones is one half-way between the Winpenny and Crabtree coals, which is recognizable at the surface on either side of the vaUey. A thin bed of pebbly grit seems constant aU round the western, northern and eastern sides of the valley at about 250 feet above the First Grit : it appears to be a short distance below the Crabtree Coal, and is a useful horizon in correlation. In the eastern and northern parts of the trough a red, purple, knd white rock — in appearance similar to the finer-grained beds of the Mill- stone Grit — comes in between the thin pebbly grit just men^ ' tioned and the First Grit. Though there is no natural stratigraphical break in the sequence of these Coal-measures, the coal-seams group themselves into two unequal divisions. The upper of these comprises all the coals * Sects. Nos. 25 and 26, p. 431 and p. 86 ; also Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek pages 27 and 31. 78 Chief Coal-beaeing Seexbs. down to a small seam thirty yards below the Cannel Row ; while the lower group contains only a few seams, including the Crabtree and Little Row, in the lowest part of the Coal-measures. If a small coal 130 feet above the Crabtree be taken as the upper limit, it gives to this lower group a thickness of not very much more than 400 feet. This leaves a thickness of not less than 500 feet of barren measures between this lower coal-group and the lowest coal of the upper group. A belt of ground marked by an absence of old shafts and spoil-heaps runs round the Biddulph Valley and shows the position of these barren strata. The following are the principal coals in descending order as recognised in the northern end of the coalfielc . North Anticlinal Region, North Synclinal Region, West of Anticline. Biddulph Valley. Seam. Thickness. Seam. Thickness. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In BlECHENWOOD CoAL- 5 1 LiTTLE Row Coal 3 Yaed Coal Rider Coal 4 3 No information obtained. Four Feet Coal 4 Ragman Coal - 3 J Rough Seven Feet Coal 7 I louGH Seven Feet Coal - 6 Smithy Coal • 1 8 Stony Eight Feet Coal 7 £ Stony Eight Feet Coal 6 to 7 Ten Feet Coal - - ? 10 1 ?en Feet Coal 5 6 to 7 Two Row (Magpie) Coal 4 6 1 Magpie Coal 5 to 5 7 Holly Lane Coal - 3 3 ] IollyTmneCoal 3 to 4 6 Bowling Alley Coal - 3 6 1 Bowling Alley, Sparrow Butts, OR Haed Mine Coal - 5 to 6 ] ViucK Row Coal 10 Johnny Galley Coal i Stinking Coal (in (in three seams) 3 ] J ] three seams) Bright Coal (Falls Colliery) - Ragman Coal (Falls Colliery) [ronstone Mine 3 1 2 9 Coal 2 3 to 3 Seven Feet Bambury ] ^eoggeey, Feog- Coal e Eow, OE Seven Feet Bambuey Coal 2 3 to 5 3 Eight Feet Bambury Newpool, or Coal 9 Eight Feet Bam- bury Coal- 7 6 to 9 Limekiln, Sudden 1 OR Whitehurst Coal - ? Bullhuest Coal - 4 e Bullhuest Coal- 1 to 6 Winpenny Coal 3 WiNPENNY Coal Brick-kiln Row Coal 3 1 6 BiDDTjLPH Valley. "9 North Anticlinal Region, "' North Synclinal Region, West of Anticline. Biddulph Valley. Seam. Thickness. Seam. Thickness. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. Bee Coal - - ? Silver Mine Coal - - 2 Silver Mine Coal 3 Cannel Row Coal - - 3 Cannel Row Coal 1 Ceabteee Coal, oe Four Feet Coal 3 to 4 Little Row, oe Two Feet Coal- 2 3 to 3 (Feathee edge Coal)- 1 The measures in the western limb of the Biddulph syncline have a steep inclination, the coals on this side being regarded as " rearers." On the eastern side of the valley the beds have a much more gentle dip, and the coals are worked as " flats." On the whole, the beds in this valley show but little disturb- ance by faulting, especially on the western side. Such dis- locations as do occur are of no great size, but occasionally in the neighbourhood of Bradley Green a narrow belt of ground is shattered for short distances. West of the Western anticline the Coal-measures have a rather high westerly dip, and are more faulted. The horizontal section (pi. 1, fig. 1) illustrates the sequence and structure of the Carboniferous rocks of the Biddulph Valley and the Western anticline. It is based upon ascertained outcrops, the general dip of the strata, and the depth of the Eight Feet Bambury Coal in the level course of the Bradley Green Colliery. The structure of the ground and the strike of the beds are remarkably regular; but as local modifications of dip, not represented in the section, probably occur, the thicknesses of strata as shown in the section are not always trustworthy. Though no such natural sub-divisions exist, the Coal- measures will, for convenience, be described here in two groups, the base of the Winpenny Coal, the lowest of the more im- portant seams, being taken as the line of division. Measures helow the Winpenny Coal. As far as can be determined without complete sections, and in a series varying somewhat in thickness, the following general section gives the relative position of the coals and other impor- tant beds, in the northern part of the Biddulph Valley; but the thicknesses are for the most part only roughly approximate : — Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. Winpenny Coal - ',.,"," ~~ Sandy shales and marls, with thin beds of flaggy sandstone About 170 Brick kiln Row Coal- - - Sandy shales and marls, with sandstone ; a bed of pottery marl at the base - - - . About 20 130 80 . Chief Coal-beaeing Sbeies. Character of Strata, ! Thickness. Ft. In. SiLVEE Mine Coal - - - - 3 Sandstones and shales About 90 Cannel Row Coal - - .30 Shales and sandy shales- ■■-■•-. 90 Small Coal- - -_ - - -, : : Dark shales, with thin sandstones and flaggy gannister About 250 Bed of whetstone - - - - 1, Dark shales, w^th thin sandstones and flaggy gannister About 270 Small Coal 1 8 Warrant - -' Thin sandstone . Shales - - - - - Shales, with ironstone-nodules (Goniatites, Pterinopecten, Lingula, - - - -, Ceabteee or Four Feet Coal - - 3 to 4 Warrant - - - -") • Thin pebbly grit, not far below coal -V 61 Dark shales - -J Small Coal - Dark shales Little Row or Two Feet Coal - 2 ft. 3 in. Grey marl ■ About Purple sandy shales „ Red, purple and white sandstone „ Dark sandy shales, with small Coal „ Coal - - - - - -- Purple, micaceous shales First Grit As the coals below the Winpenny are no longer worked in this district, the streams alone give any complete idea of the sequence of these measures, apart from the shaft-sec,tion at Lea Mill Forges, north of Biddulph (p. 86). Though the material available does not permit' the complete sequence to be made out in detail, there is probably no part of the series unrdpresented in stream-sections. Of the two small groups into which the coals below the Win- penny naturally fall, the upper consists of at least five minor seams, some formerly worked ; the other of four or five coals, the " Wild Coals " of Biddulph, mostly small, , lying above the First Grit. Only two of these are of any importance, the Little Row or Two Feet and the Crabtree or Four Feet. A coal about 1 foot thick at the southern end of Congle- ton Edge, in the position of the Feather-edge Coal further north, is separated from the First Grit below by a few feet of purple sandy shale. No trace of the Froghall haematite has been- noticed. Grey shales, sandy shales, and grey marls, with occasional thin beds of gannister, and apparently one thin coal, the whole probably about 100 feet in thickness in the eastern part of the Biddulph Valley,-- overlie this lowest coal, and are there succeeded by a thick bed of grit or sandstone. This rock attains a thickness of 40 feet or more in the north- where it makes a bold feature, the size of which diminishes 1 59 t. to 3 8 7 40 100 1 4 or 5- •0 BiDDTJLPH Valley. 81 gradually southward, in which direciion the rock doubtless becomes attenuated. Though so prominent on the east side ot the valley, it does not anywhere appear at the surface on the west, except in the most northerly part of its outcrop, but seems to have died out westward. It is red, purple, and white in colour, often micaceous, variable in grain, and similar in appear- ance to a rather finegrained Millstone Grit. Green states that it holds about the same place as the Woodhead Hill Rock of Lancashire.* The incoming of this sandstone, and an increase of muddy sediment beyond its limits of deposition, may explain the greater distance of the Crabtree Coal from the First Grit in this district, as compared with the south-eastern part of the Coalfield (p. 57) ; if, as seems probable, the coal of this name is really the same seam throughout. The rock just described is succeeded in the north by a few feet of purple micaceous and sandy marl, above which the most northerly section, in Cheshire Brook, shows a nodular bed of impure haematite, about four inches thick, which was not found in the next two streams to the south. Above this, some five or six feet of hard blue or grey marl, sometimes resting on a foot or two of gannisfcer-like flags, lies below the Little Row or Two Feet Coal, itself probably less than 20 feet above the thick sandstone. Thick dark shales, with occasional beds of grey, rubbly marl continue the sequence up to a one-foOt coal shown in the section at Lea Mill Forges (p. 86). The shales above the Two Feet Coal contain one or two beds of Carbonicola in the northern part of the district ; but the exact position of these shell-beds is not certain. More thick shales lie above the one-foot coal above-mentioned. The bed of hard white grit, usually fine-grained, and containing numerous small quartz-pebbles, which can be traced at intervals all round the Biddulph Valley (p. 97), apparently a short distance below the Crabtree Coal, appears to be the rock described, (p. 243) as often pebbly in a similar position below the Crabtree Coal of Cheadle and Wetley. It attains a thickness of several feet, and is evidently the thin sandstone below the Crabtree Coal in the section at Lea Mill Forges. Shales fill the interval between this rock and the Crabtree Coal, which in this part of the coal- field may be as much as 280 or 300 feet above the First Grit. The roof of this coal contains Goniatites and other marine shells in shale and ironstone-nodules (p. 86). Thick dark shales, with thin bands of ironstone nodules, succeed, and above them is a bed of sandstone. The rest of the measures, up to a coal 1 foot 8 inches thick, 130 feet above the Crabtree, consist of "warrant " according to the shaft-section. * Mem. Oeol. Surv., Geology of the CounLry round Stockport, Maccles- field, Congleton, and Leek, p. 27. 7469. V 82 ChiEE CoAL-BfiARlNO SekIES. A series of measures 500 feet or more in thickness follows, in which no known coals occur. These strata consist chiefly ot dark shales, with thin sandstones and flaggy gannister. In the middle of them a hed of hard sand-rock, very fine-grained, has been used for making whetstones. It lies about 350 feet below the Cannel Row, and probably about 400 feet above the Crabtree ; and is overlain by grey shales with Lepidodendron. Shales and sandy shales probably make up the sequence as far as a small coal about 90 feet below the Cannel Row. This cannel is about the same distance below the Silver Mine Coal. Several beds of sandstone and thin gannister occur about this- horizon, at which the outcrops of the harder strata make a decided prominence on the easterly slope of the highly inclined beds in the western limb of the syncline ; while in the gently-dipping eastern limb it may be that these rocks are individually thicker, the same strata cropping out in several closely-associated ridges. A strong bed of sandstone lies close to the Silver Mine, which seam, however, is said to be immediately overlain by a bed of pottery marl. Another small coal, known at the Gillow Heath Pottery as the Bee Mine, lies near the Silver Mine, and has a pottery marl above it and a fireclay below ; but its exact position with regard to the Silver Mine has not been ascertained. The coal named the Brick-kiln Row is probably about 200 feet above the Silver Mine and 170 feet below the Winpenny. The greater part of the sequence between the Silver Mine and the Winpenny consists of sandy shales and marls, with thin beds of flaggy sandstone. A comparison of the measures below the Winpenny Coal in this district with the lower part of the sequence in the Cheadle Coalfield (see Part ii., p. 243) brings out some points of interest. In both areas a coal, known as the Crabtree, has a roof of marine shale, and a grit-bed below, which is frequently pebbly, and differs in this respect from higher rocks, so that there is no reason to doubt the identity of these two seams. In the Cheadle Coalfield a thickness of 500 feet of barren measures, with a small coal in the lower part, follows the Crabtree up to the Woodhead Coal, the underlying Woodhead Sandstone forming the highest portion of this barren series. In the Biddulph Valley, if the barren measures are taken to begin from the Crabtree, they consist of some 630 feet of strata without any known coal, except a small one in the lower part. Moreover, the upper part of the barren series of Biddulph reaches a horizon where sand- stone plays a prominent r61e in the sequence. Again, marly beds come on above the barren measures in the Cheadle Coalfield, while in the Biddulph Valley, pottery marls and fireclays are worked at the horizon of the Silver Mine and Bee Mine Coals, but not lower. It seems, then highly probable that the barren strata of the lower measures in the Biddulph Valley are, broadly speaking, homotaxial with the barren measures of the Cheadle Coalfield, though it may not be safe to correlate the Woodhead BiD&truH Valley. 83 Sandstone and Coal with any individual rock and coal-seam in this district. There is, however, no doubt that the strata are thickest in the Biddulph area. Local Details avd Sections. — The description begins with the west side of the valley, starting in the south. South of Mow Cop Drift obscures much of the ground, and no sections exhibit the strata of the lowest measures. The outcrop of the Crabtree Coal is said to have been met with in St. Thomas' churchyard. Mow Cop. From a quarter-of-a-mile north-east of the church a thin bed of pebbly grit appears at the surface at intervals as far north as Woolock's Wood. This seems to be the pebbly grit below the Crab- tree Coal. The road from Mow Cop to Knypersley, opposite the hamlet known as Welsh Row, snows a somewhat disturbed section, with probably some faulting, in highly-inclined flaggy sandstones and sandy shales, evidently belonging to the horizon of sandy beds at the top of the series of barren measures. These harder beds form small features on the sloping ground running west of Hayhill. The pebbly grit previously described crosses the upper part of the stream which flows south of Hayhill. A coal crops out in the stream a short distance above this rock, and has a roof of pyritous shale, in which, however, no fossils were noted. The seam may, nevertheless, be expected to be the Crabtree. Higher shales appear at intervals lower down the stream, in the field close to the farm thin flags and beds of gannister are intercalated with the shales, amongst which the whetstone, worked further north, should occur. A little higher is a thick bed of white sand- stone. In a ditch, north-west of the farm, shales and flaggy beds again appear. Further north, and east of Black Cob, Mr. Cottrell states his belief that the Crabtree was formerly obtained near the outcrop of the pebbly grit as drawn on the map, but no trace of old workings now remams. The stream which flows north of The Falls exhibits the higher beds of this part of the sequence up to the Winpenny Coal. The whetstone-bed, as proved at the surface, crosses this small stream 400 yards west of the Gillow Heath Pottery, near the middle of the group of barren measures. The positions of the Cannel Row and the coal 90 feet below it, as also that of the Silver Mine, have likewise been proved, according to Mr. Peake of the Gillow Heath Pottery. The associated measures crop out in the stream. . The shales and flaggy beds below the Brick-kiln Row are seen in a cutting in the road west of the Pottery. They have a high, but variable dip to the east- south-east. The outcrop of the coal was proved in the field north of the road. A"crut" running west-north-west from the pottery traverses the coals and measures down to the Cannel Row, but no detailed section of the strata passed through was available, though the position of the coals was determined. The whetstone-bed was proved at the surface in the field north of the road further west. At a quarry in the First Grit, where the road bends abruptly south-west to Mow Cop, a coal one foot thick, the representative 7469, *■ 2 S4 Chiep Coal-beaeikg Series. of the Feather-edge Coal, crops out by the roadside. A few feet of purple sandy and micaceous shale separate it from the grit below. A small feature on the slope, about 300 yards west of Beacon House, doubtless marks the pebbly grit below the Crab- tree Fragments of pebbly rock he on the surface, and coal debris occurs in a ditch. Northward the feature is cut ofi by a small fault, and cannot be traced with certainty further in that direction, though a similar feature appears to underlie thin Drift for some distance. In this part of the ground there is no indication that the lower coals have ever been found or worked. In the clough of Cheshire Brook, east-south-east of Hindswood, the lowest beds seen are dark shales with thin flags of hard, fine, laminated gannister, nearly or quite vertical, but where not actually perpendicular they have a south-easterly dip. Fragments of shale full of Garbonicola, though not seen in place, occur in the bed of the stream. The shell-bed must, however, lie above the Little Row Coal. A little higher than the measures last described two small coals crop out among the nearly vertical shales, and seem to have been worked above the north bank. They are evidently the Little Row or Two Feet, and a small coal some distance above it. The stream-section continues upwards in highly-inclined dark shales, with the same strike. Above these, in the south bank east-south-east of Hindswood Farm, a band of pebbly grit, evidently that below the Crabtree Coal, crops out with a dip of about 75 degrees south-east. Along the top of the bank above it several old trial-pits indicate the outcrop of the Crabtree Coal. A little higher up the stream a gap in the section marks the change from a very high south-easterly dip to a gentle south- westerly one. This change of dip denotes the crossing of the trough c f the syncline, and also doubtless the position of a fault with a southerly downthrow, which throws the horizon of the Crabtree and Little Row coals against the First Grit seen immediately to the north. To pass now to the lowest beds seen in this stream in the eastern limb of the syncline and trace them upwards, dark shales, with occasional beds of gannister in their upper part, appear west of the road to Congleton at Lower Overton. These are the shales between the First Grit and the higher thick sandstone (Woodhead Hill Rock of Green). The stream lower down shows a good section of this sandstone. A small coppice clothes the banks of the clough in the lower part of the stream- course. A very few yards above a fence which bounds the north- east end of this wood, at a point in the stream about 370 yards from the road at Lower Overton, the following section down to the thick sandstone is visible under a slipped block of grit : — Thickness. Ft, In. Little Eow Coal, top not seen ■ ■ 10 Hard bluish-grey bedded marl with small nodules 6 Nodular band of impure hsematice about 4 Hard purple micaceous marl - - - seen for 6 (Thick red, purple and white sandstone below.) BiDDULPH Valley. ^ 85 Downwards in the stream as far as the confluence with a small tributary brook from the east, the higher beds consist almost entirely of grey and black shales with beds of grey shaly marl and thm bands of ironstone-nodules. In the smaller brook, near its junction with the main stream^ the same shales appear and contain a thin bed of rather coarse red and yellow grit not recognised elsewhere. Below them, just outside the coppice, which occupies the banks of the clough, a small coal is seen resting on a little white marl. It may be the small seam some little distance above the Two Feet. The shales immediately overlying the First Grit appear in a stream 200 yards north-east of Alder's Farm, east of Rainow Hill, and mark the most northerly point of the coalfield. A stream flowing west from Biddulph Park into the Biddulph Brook, south of the latter's junction with the Cheshire Brook, affords a good section up to a short distance above the Little Row. Dark shales with high southerly dip, evidently due to disturbance by a fault, crop out in the stream due south of Higher Overton. To the west the overlying thick purple and white sandstone, varj'ing in coarseness of grain, occupies the bed of the stream as far as that part of Bands Wood which lies north of it. A coal, evidently the Little Row, crops out not many feet above. A little further west two or thi-ee spoil-heaps denote the former working of this coal. Still further west the stream shows beds but little higher, as the strike bends round towards the axis of the syncline. The most westerly outcrop shows a bed of Carhonicola in shale, probably the same bed as that of which fragments were noted in Cheshire Brook. It is evident that the repetition of the strata of this horizon, seen also at the surface further north in Cheshire Brook, is due to the intervention of the transverse fault from Biddulph Park with northerly down- throw. It may be that the outcrop of the Crabtree Coal under Drift bends round in the field a little further south before reaching the southern stream. The thick sandstone below the Little Row Coal makes a bold feature running south by Over Biddulph and Biddulph Hall. The slope below it is Drift-covered. The small doughs draining into the Biddulph Brook hereabouts are all excavated in Drift without reaching solid rock. Nevertheless the Crabtree Coal has been found, and several spoil-heaps roughly indicate its outcrop. Two of these, situated respectively at 650 yards north-west, and 600 yards west-by-nortb of Biddulph Hall, afford specimens of Goniatites in sandy shale or calcareous nodules from the roof of that coal. The only exposure of the measures in the Biddulph Brook in this part of its course is a small one in the shales above the Crabtree Coal, just visible under Drift at a point 250 yards north of a tributary stream at Lea Mill Forges. Green gives a section of a shaft at Lea Mill Forges, as follows* :— *Mem. Geol. purvey. Geology of the Country round- fStockpo/t, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, p. 27. Chief Coal-bearing Seeibs. Section of Shaft at Lea Mill Forges, Biddulph. Thickness, ft. in 4 3 Warrant - - - Fine-grained thick-bedded sandstone Dark sandy shales, with a little Coal ft. in. Coal 1 8 Warrant -■) Thin bed of sandstone - - 130 Shales - _ Ceabteee or Four Feet Coal 3 to Warrant -1 Thin sandstone -\ 61 Shales - -J Coal 1 Shales - 59 Little Row or Two Feet Coal 2 3 to ■| 55 Of this section Green states {loc. cit.) " In the roof of the Crah- tree Seam were large calcareous nodules with Goniatites Listen, Orthoceras, Aviculopecten papyraceus." The tip-heap of the shaft from which this section was taken can he identified about 150 yards from the road, on the north bank of the stream which falls into the Biddulph Brook at Lea Mill Forges. Pterinopecten {Aviculopecten) and Goniatites can still be found in the shsAe-debris. The stream itself shows a fine section of these beds. After passing under the road east of Biddulph Mill it exposes the upper half of the sandy shales and marls above the First Grit, and the thick sandstone below the Little Kow. This rock is as usual a massive red purple and white rock of varjdng grain, but never pebbly. The following is the section of the beds immediately above the sandstone, as seen in the stream : — Character of Strata. Thickness, ft. in. Little Row on Two Feet Coal, seen for 8 Dark grey sandy rubbly marl, harder below 2 Gap - - 2 Grey sandy rubbly marl, as above, about - 10 Grey and buflf laminated marly micaceous grit, about - 2 6 Dark grey hard sandy and shaly marl, perhaps 2 Purple and yellow laminated flaggy and shaly grit, seen for - 2 Gap - - - - - 2 Purple and white laminated gannister flags, seen for 1 The thick sandstone is seen two or three feet below. Old tip- heaps north of the stream show that the Little Eow Coal was here worked from its outcrop. The higher strata in the stream consist principally of dark shales with thin hard bands and beds of rubbly sandy marl. The small coal above the Little Row in the shaft section of Lea Mill Forges was not detected in the stream, neither w&s the usual pebbly grit below the Crabtree; though blocks of it Ije on BiDDULPH Valley. 87 the surface. The most westerly exposure in the banks showed nine feet or more of sandstone, apparently the thin sandstone above the Crabtree. The brook which flows along the north side of the grounds of Biddulph Grange also exhibits the lowest measures, m part re- peated by a fault. For some distance west of the exposure of the First Grit in this brook nothing is seen, and the straight course of the brook coincides with the line of the Spring House Fault. Further west the stream makes a small loop to the south. The pebbly grit below the Crabtree, seen in this loop, has a northerly dip, probably due to disturbance by the fault. Coal-debris in the banks of the stream doubtless indicates the outcrop of the Crab- tree a few yards further west. A shaft, 100 yards north-east of the stream, and due north-east of Biddulph Grange, was sunk on the fault, which must have a southerly downthrow. The tip- heap contains abundant Garbonicola, evidently from the shell-bed some distance above the Little Row, on the north side of the fault. A tip-heap 150 yards north-east of this old shaft marks the position of another, which must have gone down to the Little Row, though no record of it remains. Seventy yards south-east from where the road from Marsh Green to Biddulph Common crosses the stream the same pebbly grit, brought up northwards by the fault, appears again. The Crab- tree Coal apparently crops out close to the road, and was probably worked by a shaft of which the spoil-heap remains, not mr south of the cross-roads at Poolfold. In the_stream on the north-west side of the road dark shales with thin beds of gannister have a variable westerly dip of from 5 to 10 degrees, and transgress the strike of the thick sandstone west of Biddulph Mill, being evidently separated from it by another fault with downthrow to the south. At Bailey's Wood, north of Marsh Green, the Biddulph Brook bends sharply from a northerly to a westerly course, and then, after receiving the tributary stream above-described, swerves abruptly to the north again. Below the main road, in the Biddulph Brook, just, before it bends westward, the measures exposed give the following section : — Character of Strata. Hard grey laminated gannister Hard grey gritty marl Hard grey laminated gannister and sandy shale Coal - ■ , Light grey laminated gannister Light grey sandy shale Light grey gannister Dark grey sandy shale with grit-bands Light grey gannistei' Dark grey sandy shale ■Hard white, rather f parser sandstone, seen for Thickness. FT. INS. 4 3 10 oi 4 4 3 1 3 1 1 6 88 Chief Coal-bbakin i Series. In the angle of the brook, a few yards further north, shale and sandstone with varying dip lie in proximity to the Spring House Fault. The position of these measures in the sequence is uncertain, but the southerly downthrow of the fault must place them on a horizon considerably above the Crabtree Coal. In the bend of the stream, where it turns again to the north, a small section shows somewhat higher beds : — Character of Strata. Thickness. FT. INS. Bed Boulder-clay . _ _ _ Hard black and rusty shale and hard grey marl 5 1 Hard grey claystone ^ 8 Hard black shale Fragments of coal under the Drift suggest the outcrop ol a small seam above the shale. No rock appears southward in the Biddulph Brook until a point is reached west-south-west of Biddulph Church, where blue shales reach the surface, probably on a horizon not very far below the Winpenny Coal. East of here. Drift obscures the ground, and the Coal-measures scarcely anywhere reach the surface. The Drift, however, is for the most part thin, though it obliterates the feature of the sandstone below the Little Kow Coal. This rock reappears in the driftless ground further south, and runs with a regular outcrop parallel to that of the First Grit west of Outwood Gate and Wickenstones. Near the former a small exposure in a ditch shows the shales between this rock and the First Grit. A small feature striking south to Woodhouse probably marks the outcrop of the pebbly rock below the Crabtree Coal, seen in the stream to the north. South-east of Woodhouse and immediately north of the road a tip-heap shows the site of an old shaft sunk to the Crabtree Coal at a depth of 70 yards, the measures here dipping west at 20 degrees on the south side of a fault. West of Outwood Gate the oiitcrop of the Crabtree Seam, displaced eastwards by this fault, is indicated for some distance southward by a series of trial-holes. Within a radial distance of 250 yards from Ox Hay, west, south, and east, old shafts probably went down to the Crabtree, but no information about them could be obtained. West of Firwood House, at the north end of Wickenstones, three little rills follow the dip down to a small valley which runs north-north-west with the strike before draining into the Biddulph Brook at the north end of The Coppice. In the middle one ol these three rills black shale was seen to pass westward under the fine-grained pebbly grit below the Crabtree Coal. Two small watercourses unite in the southern part of The Coppice to form the brook which drains the whole length of that wood. North Anticlinal Region. 89 Near the south end of The Coppice a small trial-hole on the hank of the more easterly of these water-courses shows fragments of coal and shale with badly preserved Goniatites. The exact posi- tion of this marine horizon is open to some doubt. Evidently the trial-hole was dug to find tne Crabtree Coal, but it seems possible that a small seam found here may be slightly higher and may indicate another horizon of marine fossils. The out- crop of.the pebbly grit seems to run outside The Coppice on the east, and thence to continue southward. It may be, however, that, with the fall of the ground towards the brook, a low dip keeps the Crabtree near enough to the surface for it to have been found in the trial-hole. Ihe brook shows a fine section of the overlying shales; but, as it follows the strike, the beds exposed are approximately on the same horizon. They have a dip vari- able in direction and amount, but on the whole westerly. Higher in the sequence several beds of sandstone cropping out near the disused reservoir of the Bradley Green Waterworks mark the incoming of more sandy conditions at the top of the barren measures. Above the lowest of these sandstones, which ends against a fault at Braddocks Hay, a bed of purple and red marls and flags occurs. A trench recently dug during drainage operations across the strike of the most prominent feature a short distance north-west of the old reservoir showed grey marls on hard grey flags. No indications suggest that the seams between the barren measures and the Winpenny have ever been worked or proved hereabouts. West of Mow Cop. — As some doubt exists as to the position ot the fault (p. 170) which cuts out the lowest beds of the Coal- measures, and as few exposures give any clue to the nature of the strata below the Winpenny Coal, it remains an open question how much of these measures is represented at the surface. On descending the westward slope several sandstones forming small features occur on the same strike as shales to the north which are below the Millstone Grit. Probably the measures down to the Silver Mine or the Cannel Row crop out south of the old mineral tramway from the Tower-hill Colliery. As north of here the features are discontinuous, it may be that another fault with westerly downthrow, though not shown on the map, runs in the direction of Ley Farm. Close to the lane on the south-west side of Grotto Wood, about 250 yards from the north-west corner of the wood, a small quarry shows a hard fine-grained sandstone with quartz-pebbles. This, if followed along its strike southward, would fall into place not far from the natural position of the Crabtree Coal. In fact, it is probable, though not certain, that this is the pebbly grit below that coal. It gives, however, almost the only tangible evidence for the correlation of the lowest measures on the west side ot Mow Cop. Thickness, Ft. Lx. 42 4 6 15 1-2 24 3 90 Chiet Coal-bbaking Series. Measures from the Winpenny Coal wpwards. These measures are well exposed in streams on the west side of the Biddulph Valley, out not so well on the east. The Winpenny Coal is praotically not worked at all. Ex- posures of its outcrop show a roof of grey shale, and a floor of grey sandy shale and thin flags with small ironstone-nodules. A short distance above it the Winpenny Rock, a hard bed of sandstone, sometimes partly red, usually makes a feature. Occasionally it is seen to pass up into a bed of light purple mica- ceous and sandy shale. The following general section of the strata immediately above the Winpenny Coal in the neighbour- hood of Hall o'Lea was supplied by Mr. Branson, Manager of the Hall o'Lea Colliery : — General Section at Hall o'Lea. Character of Strata. Bullhurst Kock BuLLHURST Coal Measures Rock Measures Winpenny Coal The Bullhurst Rock has a characteristic appearance. When un- weathered,it is a hard fine-grained greyish- white sandstone, often blotched and streaked with red, or minutely speckled with purple, and, particularly in the lower part, full of pellets of purple marl, whence its local name of pudding-stone. It contains smuts and streaks of carbonaceous matter, and plant-stems. It frequently makes a conspicuous teature. Above the Bullhurst Rock the measures up to the Whitehurst, Sudden, or Limekiln Coal are light grey sandy marls. On the west side of the Biddulph Valley some 20 feet of white flaggy sandstone above this coal is suc- ceeded by rusty shales, in which a shell-bed or beds several feet thick, crowded with Carhonicola acuta, occur not far below the Eight Feet Bambury Coal. The section of No. 2 Shaft of the Moss Pits (see Appendix sect. 36. p. 446) shows these shellrbeds as 9 feet thick at a distance of 18 feet below the same coal. This horizon, exposed in several stream-sections on the west side of the Biddulph Valley, would serve as a useful datum for correlation, were there otherwise any difficulty in recognising the Eight Feet Bambury Coal. The rock which underlies this coal further south-west, and is four yards thick at the Bunkers Hill Colhery, Talke, is here either absent or very thin. Mr. Branson furnishes the following generalised section of the measures from the Eight Feet Bambury up to the Rider Coal above the Four Feet at Hall o'Lea : — * Mem. Geol, Surv., Iron Ores of Great Britain, Part iv, p. 296. North ANircLiNAL Bboion. 91 General Section in the Neighbourhood of Hall o'Lea. Character of Strata. RiDEE Coal - Black Shale FouE Feet Coal Marl - ... Ragman Coal - ... Measures, with bed of shells, ferns, and other plants bottom Rough Seven Feet Coal Measures Smithy Coal Measures Stony Eight Feet Coal Measures Ten Feet Rock, about - Ten Feet Coal Measures, probably - 150 to f Two Row OE Magpie Coal (.Bottoms Dirt Holly Lane Coal - - - - Measures with strong rock, about 2 ft. 6 in. thick, a short dis tance above the underlying coal BowiiiNG Alley Coal - - White pottery marl - - ; Measures, with hard rock, about 7 feet thick, a short distance above the underlying coal Johnny Galley Coal, in three bands- Measures Measures with three small Coals, the lowest resting on the Bambury Rock Bambury Rock - - - - Bass, etc, varying from 2 feet to 14 yards or more ; average Seven Feet Bambuey Coal Measures Rock - - - Eight Feet Bambuey Coal - , The above section shows a small rock above the Eight Feet Bambury Coal. In streams on the west side of the Biddulph Valley this rock was not recognised and may have disap- peared. Black shale is seen a short distance above the coal, and higher up two small coals are separated by grey shale. The remaining measures up to the Seven Feet Bambury Coal consist of grey shaly and sandy beds. The thick Bambury tiock of the southern district, represented by four feet of sandstone at Hall o'Lea, is perhaps even thinner on the west side of the Biddulph Valley. The above general section shows great variation in tne distance of this rock from the coal, and in the southern district there is variation within narrower limits in the thickness of the intervening shale, which sometimes disappears. The marine bed recognised by Mr. Stobbs (page 48) at a horizon not far above the Seven Feet Bambury Coal in the western part of the coalfield has not been found m this northern district. Thickness. Ft. Ins. 3 1 4 3 3 120 7 - 90 1 8 90 7 - 75 6 - no 240 3 1 6 3 3 3 105 3 6 3 ce 81 3 - 78 Qe 42 r 4 G 24 6 - 145 5 9 92 Chief Coal-bbaring Series. Above the thin Bambury .Rock the measures in the Biddulph Valley seem to be chiefly shales up to the Ironstone Mine Coal ; this is perhaps one of the three small coals above the Seven Feet Bambury in the Hall o'Lea general section, in which the Johnny Galley Coal, in three seams, seems to be the Stinking Coal, of the Old Bradley Green Colliery (see Appendix Sect. No. 25). Above the Ironstone Mine eight or nine yards of shale separates that seam from a higher small coal two feet thick, known as the Ragman at the Falls Colliery ; this latter is over- lain by a bed of shale and ironstone full of well-preserved specimens of Carbonicola, robusta, with some of Nev/ropteris. Above this horizon thin black and grey shale lies below a coal known as the Bright Coal at the Falls Colliery, 1 ft. 6 in above which a band of ironstone-nodules with occasional Spirorbis underlies more grey and black shale. No clear exposures have been recognised of the measures, chiefly shale, which include the Johnny Galley or Stinking Coal. A short distance below the Bowling Alley Seam of Biddulph a thin sandstone occurs, and immediately below the coal at Hall o'Lea a bed of good white pottery marl. The BowHng Alley of the Biddulph Valley is the Hard Mine or Sparrow Butts of the ground further south ; while the Bowling Alley of the Potteries is the Magpie or Top Two Row of the northern district. Green called attention to a marked thinning of the measures, by implication in a westerly direction, and especially conspicuous between the Magpie and Holly Lane Coals, m the shaft-sections of the Towerhill and Bradley Green Collieries*. He did not,, however, state from which shafts these sections were taken. Evidently the Towerhill Section (Sect. No. 26, Appendix) does not belong to a shaft of the main colliery at Towerhill, but to that of a pit some distance south-east of it (see footnote, p. 96). Consequently it lies south-west or south-south-west of any possible shaft at the Bradley Green Colliery. A comparison of the sec- tion of the New Engine Pit of the Biddulph Valley Coal and Iron Works with the Bradley Green section (Sect. Nos. 27, 25, Appendix) shows, besides some southerly decrease of thickness between the Magpie and Holly Lane Coals, a strong diminution in the same direction between the Holly Lane and the Hard Mine or Bowling Alley. The attenuation of the measures of this part of the sequence, though certainly strongest towards the west, takes place then, in a marked degree, towards the south also. For convenience of comparison the sections at Hall o'Lea, Towerhill, Bradley Green, and the New Engine Pit of the Bid- *Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Countryround Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, pp. 31 and 32. Commenting on the sections, he states that "the thickness of the measures between the Magpie and Winpenny Coals is twice as great at Bradley Green as at Tower Hill "— a statement which is not borne out by the figures in the jections, which give 683 feet 9 inches between these coals at Towr Hill, and 1,009 feet 3 itiohe.^! at Bradley Green. BiDDtTLi'H Valley. 93 dulph Valley Coal and Iron Works, between the Magfpie and Bowling Alley or Hard Mine Coals, are here given together. Hall o'Lea. TOWEE BiDDULPH BraDLEY Hill. Engine Pit. Geeen. Character of Strata. Thickness. Thickness. Thickness. Thickness. Magpie Coal Measures Holly Lane Coal Measures Bowling Alley or Haed Mine Coal ft. in. 4 6 3 3 105 3 6 ft. in. 5 5 3 100 5 ft. in. 4 36 4 118 7 4 9 ft. in. 5 43 4 158 6 The Towerhill Shaft lies nearly two miles due east of the Hall o'Lea Colliery. The Biddulph Engine Pit is about one mile south-east, and the Bradley Green Colliery little more than half-a-mile north-east of the Towerhill Shaft ; the Bradley Green Colliery being about one mile and a quarter north of the Biddulph Engine Pit. The grey rock above the Hard Mine Coal, upwards of 50 feet thick at the Biddulr^ Valley Coal and Ironworks, thins out westwards, until at Hall o'Lea a thickness of only 2 feet 6 inches remains. It is the " Bowling Alley Rock " of the Biddulph district. Mr. Branson states that there is no red rock below the Ten Feet Coal at Hall o'Lea, but a rock six feet thick occurs above it ; while at Towerhill there was four feet of red rock above the same coal. Thus the red rock 100 feet thick below the Ten Feet Coal at the Biddulph Valley Ironworks, where it is known as the Ten Feet Rock, though doubtless the thickened representative of the Bowling Alley Rock of the Potteries, has entirely died out westwards ; while the thick Ten Feet Rock, often partly red, above the Ten Feet Coal in the southern district, has dwindled to apparently nine feet at the Biddulph Valley Ironworks, to four feet at Towerhill, and six feet at Hall o'Lea. There are no good sections in the higher measures within this district, and the only information concerning them is afforded by the scanty details of the shaft-sections. Nature and Quality of Goals* The following are the characteristics of the chief seams in the northern part of the coalfield. Bradley Green Colliery (Biddulph Valley Goal and Iron Works)\. — All the mines from the Sparrow Butts or Hard Mine upwards have been worked out at the Bradley Green Colliery. The Bullhurst Coal is here too full of sulphur for iron-making. The Winpenny has never been gotten, and is too thin to work at a pr oht. , * See also Green, Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, pagj 32. t Information by Mi-. J. H. Cole. 04 ChiBp CoAt-fiKABijra SeeiB8. Seam. Ten Feet Coal Magpie Coal Holly Lane Coal - Haed Mine or Spaeeow Butts Coal - Seven Feet Bambuey or Feoggeey Coal Eight Feet Bambuey or Newpool Coal BuLLHUEST Coal Character'. Second-rate manu- facturing and steam coal. Second-rate house coal. First-class house-fire coal. Excellent furnace and steam coal. Steam coal. Furnace or seconds house-fire or steam coal. Inferior house and inferior steam coal. Fair steam coal. WiNPENNY Coal - All these coals are open-burning and non-bituminous. Falls Colliery * — The Ragman (local), Ironstone Mine, and Seven Feet Bambury or Froggery are worked by f ootrill (inclined shaft). The details of the Froggery Coal are as follows :— Thickness. ft. in. Good Coal - 3 9 Parting (amount variable) - 6-8 Inferior Coal - 16 Hall d Lea Golli&ry (Ooldendale Iron and Coke Co.) and Neighhov/rhood. f . Seam. Character. Little Eow Coal Yaed Coal RiDEE Coal FouE Feet Coal Eagman Coal Rough SevSn Feet Coal Smithy Coal Stony Eight Feet Coal Ten Feet Coal Two Row (Magpie) Coal Holly Lane Coal Bowling Alley Coal Seven Feet Bambuey Coal Eight Feet Bambuey Coal BuLLHUEST Coal WiNPENNY Coal SiLVEE Mine Coal Good house coal. Not very good coal. Locomotive steam coal. House coal. Good house coal. Good steam coal. Used by blacksmiths, a very good coal for welding. Very inferior coal. Inferior coal. Good steam coal. Very good house coal. Not very good coal. Best house and best gas coal. Seconds house and gas coal. Very good house and gas coal, even better than Seven Feet Bambury. Best house and gas coal. Good coal. Local Details and Sections. — The course of the outcrops will now be traced around the Biddulph Valley from west to east. * Information by Mr. T. C. Cottrell. + Information by Mr. C. Branson. BiBfiTJtjs Valldy. 95 South-east of Mow Cop, and a quarter of a mile west of the disused Towerhill Colliery, the Mow Cop Pit (Sands Colliery) works the Bullhurst Coal from its outcrop The overl3dng Bullhurst Rock is reddish and has its usual aspect. Two old shafts a little further west were evidently on the Winpenny. In the clay-pit of an old brickworks further north the outcrops have not been identified, but northward from here a prominent ridee running in approximately the same line of strike but probably displaced a little to the west by a fault with northerly downthrow, exhibits a reddish sandstone with pellets of purple marl, and is evidently the BuUhurst Rock. The outcrop runs north-east to a small stream, in which abundant coal-d4hris attests the Bullhurst Coal beneath the rock. A little further west a bed of white sandstone appears in the same stream with a coal probably the Winpenny, above it. Two or three old trial-pits seem to show the outcrop of the Bullhurst Coal north of this stream as far as another small stream flowing south of Hayhill Farm. A coal seen in the latter stream appears to be the Bullhurst. Another coal, probably the Winpenny, crops out at the south end of the orchard at Hayhill Farm and overlies a thin white fireclay with rootlets, resting on a few feet of flags. In the main brook west of the road and just below the conflu- ence of the two streams just mentioned a bed full of Garboni- cola appears in rusty shale, and must Tdb that below the Eight Feet Bambury Coal, the outcrop of which could be traced by a belt of dark coaly soil stretching north-eastward up the slope of a ploughed field. A little lower down the stream, forty yards west of the road to Gillow Heath, thin, hard, white flags show themselves, and traces of the Seven Feet Bambury Coal can be found below. Another small rill joins the main stream at the road. On returning southward up this rill, a thick coal, evidently the Eight Feet Bambury, appears in the upper part of its course 200 yards north of Towerhill Farm, and its outcrop can be traced for some distance to the north east. Two other coals crop out lower down in the rill, the more easterly of these being the Seven Feet Bambury, overlain by thin, flaggy sandstone. A feature at the old Towerhill Colliery continues nearly in the same line north-east, though perhaps intersected by a fault, and passes east of Towerhill Farm, beyond which it becomes stronger. North-east of the farm, a small quarry exposes purplish sand- stone containing pellets of purple marl, apparently with a coal under it. The rock must be the thick red rock below the Ten Feet Coal, here attenuated westward, while the coal below is doubtless the Magpie. Where the road from Mow Cop, running south-east from the farm above-mentioned, branches eastward to Red Cross, an old colliery formerly existed, of which the spoil-heap still remains on the niJrth side of the road. The shaft was sunk on the Rough 96 Chief Coal-beahikg Series. Seven Feet Coal close to the surface* This coal is stated to crop out in the road 200 yards west of the point where the lane diverges to Red Cross. It must evidently bend round in the synchne a very short distance north of the old shaft. To return northward to the stream mentioned above (p. 95), where the Seven Feet Bambury was described as cropping out west of the road to Gillow Heath, a series of good exposures is seen east of this road as far as the railway. Close to the road the measures below the Bowling Alley Coal crop out up to the sandstone which lies a few feet below that coal ; but the Iron- stone Mine and neighbouring small coals were not recognised. The Bowling Alley Coal also does not appear, but from the north side of the stream its surface-position, having a regular north- easterly strike, can easily be traced as far as the road by means of a small but abrupt fall in the slope, where the coal has formerly been dug along its outcrop. Indeed, it often happens in this neighbourhood, where the strike of the seams is so regular and no Drift obscures the ground, that a more or less clearly-cut downward step of one or two feet in a slope, or a slight depression on the flat, running in the direction of strike from or near an exposure in a stream, gives with certainty the line of outcrop along which a coal was formerly dug out at the surface. Between the Bowling Alley and Holly Lane coals the measures do not show in the stream, but the position of outcrop of the Holly Lane and Magpie coals is ascertained, and the course of the former in both directions can be followed at the surface by the indications just described. North of the stream the last two seams mentioned were lately worked by a footrill at Moody Street.f A clear section in the same stream immediately south of the farm known as Moody Street, exhibits the red and purple sandstone and associated purple marl between the Magpie and Ten Feet coals. A slight depression running south-westward is said to mark the outcrop of the Ten Feet Coal above the red sandstone. But this coal must immediately bend round at the surface in the trough of the syncline, for south-south-east of the farm the steep south-easterly dip of the western limb gives place to a slight westerly inclination. The high dip of the western part ot the fold, probably averaging about 50 degrees east-south-east at Hayhill, varies, as seen in the stream, especially in the softei' beds ; but on the whole, when followed eastward, becomes more south-easterly and higher, increasing to 70 or SO degrees * This is probably the shaft of which the section (see Sect. No. 26, Ai'pendix, and above) was published by Green as a shaft-section of the Towerhill Colliery, to which this old pit evidently belonged. At the main colliery south of Towerhill Farm, the surface-measures are lower in the sequence tThe Magpie and Holly Lane are said to be here 18 yds. apart, but this is doubtless the horizontal distance between them in the " crut," not the thickness of the intervening measures. BiDDULPH Valley. 97 near Moody Street. In the red sandstone below the Ten Feet Coal, due south of the farm, the dip has become nearly or quite vertical in the west side of the trough. Following the trend of the Ten Feet Seam, the Magpie, Holly Lane, and Bowling Alley coals have aU bent round in the trough of the fold and cropped out between the stream south of Moody Street and the one next to the north. The latter stream, flowing south of the Falls CoUiery, affords an incomplete section of the strata from the Winpenny up to the Bright Coal of that colliery. Two rills, uniting near a coppice a quarter of a mile west of the colliery, form this stream. Close to the more southerly of these rills, the Winpenny Coal has lately been opened in a trial-digging at a point 50 yards above the junction of the two. Again, 25 yards below the junction in the north bank of the main stream the same seam, with the overlying rock, was exposed in a trial-hole, as was also the BuUhurst Rock a few yards further east. The Bullhurst Coal, it is stated, was found to be unusually thin. The following section in the west side of the trough can be made out in this stream, in descending qrder westward to the outcrop of the Bullhurst Rock. The outcrop of the Bright Coal is 160 yards west of the point where the cart-road to the colhery crosses the stream. The Ironstone Mine crops out at 180 yards west ot this point ; the Seven Feet Bambury or Froggery at 235 yards, under an oak-tree ; and the Eight Feet Bambury or Newpool at 280 yards. Stream-Section, South of the Falls Collieey, Gillow Heath.* Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. Grey shale ' ' . ' " Band of ironstone-nodules, with occasional Spirorbis - 2 Grey and black shale ... 16 BiiiGHT Coal (local) - - - - - 1 9 Thin carbonaceous shale and grey shaly marl Perhaps 25 [Ironstone-band full of Garbonicola robusta, with some Newcypteris - - [Shale - - - - 1 ^ Ragman Coal (local) - - About 2 [Measures, probably shale Perhaps 27 0] Ieonstone Mine Coal - About 3 Black shale, with hard bands - \i70orl80 Buff and grey weathered marly and shaly sandstone / Seven Feet Bambuey or Fboggeey Coal - - About [5 6] Grey and buff marly sandy beds - -"1 Coal, small ----- -\ About 100 Grey shaly marl - - - -J Coal ----- - ..--30 Hard black shale About 30 ?j * Such parts of the section as are not clearljr seen in the stream are filled in according to information obtained from neighbouring collieries or from knowledge gained from other stream sections, and are enclosed in square brackets. . 7469. G 98 V Chief Coal-beaeing Series Character of Strata. Thicknesp. Ft. In. Eight Feet Bambuey or Newpool Coal - - [9 0] Shale, with hard bands - - - Perhaps 25 Kusty shale with beds full of Carbonicola acuta -\ Ai,„y+ [rq o] Black rusty shale - ./ -^ ' L J White flaggy sandstone - Perhaps 20 Whitehuest Coal - - - ? Light-grey thick-bedded sandy marl About - [60 0] White sandstone, with pellets of purple marl, and plants (BuUhurst Rock) About [40 0] The dip is high, but variable m amount. West of Holly Lane Farm, which evidently gives its name to the Holly Lane Coal, the road from Gillow Heath bends abruptly to the south-south-west. 150 yards from it on the west, and a little more than 50 yards south-west of the stream, a " footrill " works the Ironstone Mine and the two-foot seam above it. At the Falls Colliery, the same method is employed in obtaining the Seven Feet Bambury or Froggery, the Ironstone Mine, and the coal just above it, here known as the Ragman — One foot above this two-foot coal the band of Carbonicola robusta, mentioned in the stream section, is stated to occur. The Seven Feet Bambury crops out about 50 yards west of the footrill of the Falls Colliery. Between the stream south of this colliery and another to the north, the Bright Coal, the Ragman, and the Ironstone Mine crop out in the bend of the syncline. The northern stream exposes the measures between the Win- penny and Eight J^eet Bambury coals, as well as those for some distance below the former. A trial-hole near this stream on its south side shows the Winpenny Coal anc' Rock near a fence about 200 yards north-west of the house known as " The Falls." On the north side a fault displaces the coal about twelve yards further west. In another trial-pit on the south side of the stream the BuUhurst Coal, under the rock of the same name, was again found to be thin. The stream-section shows grey shaly marl above the BuUhurst Rock, but does not exhibit the Whitehurst Coal. The shell-beds full of Carbonicola acuta, not far below the Eight Feet Bambury Coal, appear again in this stream, and the coal itself crops out at the back of The Falls. The most northerly outcrop of the Eight Feet Bambury is said to be under a cottage on the north side of the road to Astbury, about 160 yards west of the cross-roads at Gillow Heath. In the same road excavations proved the outcrops of the BuUhurst and Winpenny Coals just beyond the Gillow Heath Pottery. There are no indications of the outcrops of these seams northward, in which direction, however, they clearly cannot extend much further. An old shaft 180 yards nortn-west of the cross-roads evidently went down to the BuUhurst, North Anticlinal Region. 99 In the east limb of the syncline, as exposures are few, the exact surface-position of the coals is for the most part uncertain. About 80 yards east-south-east of the cross-roads at Gillow Heath an old shaft must be on the Bullhurst Coal in the " flats " of the eastern side of the basin. A slight depression in the direction of strike probably denotes the surface- working of the Eight Feet Bambury under thin Drift on this side of the trough at Gillow Heath. The Ironstone Mine crops out about 140 yard^ east-south-east of the footrill of the Falls Colliery, and was proved in a trial-shaft close to its outcrop. A small coal, probably above the Bright Coal, with a westerly dip of 10 degrees, underlies blue marl covered by thin Drift, close to the axis of the fold in the stream south of the coUiery. Near this stream, a few yards west of the railway, an old shaft probably went down to the Eight Feet Bambury. In the stream south of the station, shale and thin flags appear, doubtless belonging to a horizon not far below the last named coal. Grey shales seen in the railway-cutting under Drift-sand north of the Kailway Station must lie a little lower in the sequence, but again their exact horizon is uncertain. Old shaft* west and south of the station probably went down to the Bull- hurst. Mr. Cole states that the houses immediately north of the Police Station at Bradley Green stand upon the site of old shafts to the Winpenny, here close to the surface. In the stream which flows south of Moody Street, a coal, most likely the Bowling Alley, crops out 100 yards due west of the rail- way, and grey shales with thm sandstones are seen dipping gently westward as far as the axis of the fold ; but no other coals were detected, though the Holly Lane and Magpie should occur in this part of the stream. It is stated that at the south end of Bradley Green the Win- penny Coal could be seen formerly to crop out in a brick-pit just east of the junction of John Street with the Tunstall Road. The outcrop of the same coal, striking west of north and cutting the road 500 yards east of the cross-roads at Red Cross, was also proved in the grounds of Knypersley Hall. On the lower part of the western slope of Mow Cop the outcrop of the Winpenny Rock makes a rictge, strikmg north and south, 200 yards west of Rode Close. An old pit at the south end of this short ridge shows the rock to be in part reddish. The Win- penny Coal has lately been worked under it from the surface by a footrill near the north end of the feature. Almost immediately to the west the Bullhurst rock forms another small eminence. An exposure in this rock shows it to be, as usual, a hard greyish- white rock, with red spots and numerous pellets of red and purple marl. 100 yards further west beyond a small valley, the Eight Feet Bambury has been found at the surface. On the same side of this valley, a little distance to the south, old workings attest the outcrop of the Seven Feet Bambury in apparent continuity with that of the Eight Feet 7469. G 2 100 Chief Coal-beaeing Seeies. Bambury, but a fault intervenes. East of this position the out- crops of the Eight Feet Bambury and BuUhurst coals are given on the map on the authority of JVir! Branson, as also those of the Bowling Alley, Two Kow, Ten Feet, Stbiay Eig'ht'Feet, Rough Seven Feet and Four Feet Coals in succession above the Seven Feet Bambury to the West. The abnormally close proximity of the Stony Eight Feet, Rough Seven Feet, and Four Feet to each other bears witness to a supposed upward bending of the lower two of these seams, and a consequent squeezing of the strata between them and the Four Feet Coal. Such of the coals as are repeated still further west by the 280- yards fault at the Hall o' Lea OolUery (p. 171) have not been recognized at the surface. Position op Seams in Shafts. So far only the outcrops of the seams and measures have been traced. Some details will now be given of the proved position of coals in the colHery shafts. At the Hall o' Lea Colliery west of Mow Cop, in the shaft on the south-west side of the stream, the Seven Feet Bambury Coal lies at a depth of 160 yards, on the upcast side of the 280-yards fault. At Red Cross, the shaft of an old colliery 200 yards east of the cross-roads, and immediately south of the rciad running east- ward, was sunk to the BuUhurst Seam at a depth of about 45 yards. Another old shaft 100 yards north-east of the church at Red Cross went down to the Winpenny. A third, 60 yards west-south-west of the bridge over the railway, is on the Seven Feet Bambury Coal. In No. 6. shaft of the Bradley Green Colliery, the Newpool lies at a depth of 237 yards. In No. 6 shaft, 65 yards further west, the Bowling Alley is 90 yards deep. , In a shaft by the side of the lane from Bradley Green to the colliery, at a point 50 yards east of the railway, the BuUhurst, dipping west at 30 degrees, is - at a depth of 173 yards. No. 3 shaft reached the Wmpenny Coal 170 yards due west of the Tuinstall Road! An old shaft on a tip-heap by the roadside 250 yards south-west of Holly Lane Farm reaches the Seven Feet Bambury Coal, at a depth of 150 yards, the Newpool Seam, 35 yards further east, being 200 yards from the surface. Mr. Cottrell, ..of The Falls, states that at a point 150 yards east-south-ea,st of the house the Newpool Coal was proved at a depth of 92 yards, dipping south-west. At the GUlow Heath Pottery, the BuUhurst Coal, with a dip of 27 degrees east-south-east, lies 20 yards below the mouth of the " crut " by which the pottery-riiaria ate reached. Madeley and Leycbtt. 101" "Western Anticlinal Region. For purposes of description this region can be divided into geographical sub-sections. Madeley-Leycett Section. (By W. Gibson.) Throughout this section of the anticline the information ob- tainable IS of a very imperfect character, owing to the absence of natural exposures and aetails of. shaft sections. Eastern side. — In the Silverdale district owing to the varying inclination of the strata direct measurements are dimcult to obtain. The chief seams worked lie towards the lower portion of the sequence. They include both gas and house coals. The lowest seam is the BuUhurst Coal, which is met with at a depth of 166 yards in the Crackley Pits and 430 yards in the Sherriffe Pits. The other seams chiefly worked are those between the Eullhurst Coal and Four Feet Coal. Work on the ironstones was somewhat extensive in the past, and the Chalky Mine Ironstone and Gold Mine Ironstone, which is 218 yards deep in the Hollywood Pit, were also raised, but are now neglected for the richer and more easily worked Black Band Ironstones. The breadth of outcrop of the beds is much restricted, owing to the high inclination of the measures and from their being crossed by the Hollywood and Anticlinal faults (pp. 174, 175). The angle of inclination of the seams varies considerably. Close to the summit of the antichne the , BuUhurst Coal is found in the Crackley Pits to dip at an angle of 10 degrees to the south-east. This dip has increased to 54 degrees about 300 yards to the south-south-east. After this the. measures slowly flatten, tiU about 900 yards to the south-east of the Crackley Pits, the Great Row Coal dips to the south-east at 36 degrees ; and below the Market Drayton Line of the North Staffordshire Railway, at Hollywood, the dip in the same coal, which is 300 yards below the surface, is further diminished to 23 degrees. The shafts are all situated on the eastern side of the anticline, that, is to say they are on the "Staffordshire Dip." The axis is. crossed at a depth of 166 yajds in the Eight Feet Bambury Coal below the disused mineral line to the north of the Crackley Pits, and emerges in the railway cutting a few yards to the west of the road leading to Scot Hay. This cutting affords by far the best sections in the neighbour- hood, and shows more or less of the sequence between the Ten Feet Coal and Great Eow Coal. The measures above the Ten Feet Coal, situated close to and on the eastern side of the anticUnal axis, crop out in the cutting to the south of the road leading to Scot Hay. The lowest beds consist of dark grey shales with lenticular bands of grit, succeeded by black shales with bands and nodules of calcareous ironstones. Plant remains are very numer- ous and in an excellent state of preservation. The cutting is much grassed, but a small stream, flowing parallel with the north 102 Chief Coal-bearing Series. side of the railway, continues the section in grey and black shales with a seam of coal, of which a thickness of over two feet is visible. The Great Row Coal is said to crop out close to the foot-bridge, north of the Silverdale Ironworks. This portion of the section consists mainly of black shales containmg a few uncrushed specimens of Antkracomya Phillipsi and also thin bands of ironstone yielding Spi/rorbis and Entomostraca. The eastern collieries of the Apedale Coal, Coke and Iron Com- pany work the lower seams between the Bullhurst Coal and Four Feet Coal. The coals are classed as steam, house and coking. The Ten Feet Coal, Seven Feet Bambury Coal, Eight Feet Bambury Coal and Bullhurst Coal are all coking seams The Four Feet Coal is a firsts house coal. In the Watermills Pits the Ragmine Coal lies at a depth of 121 yards, the Ten Feet Coal at 195 yards, the Seven Feet Coal at 320 yards. In the Burley Pit the Eight Feet Bambury Coal is 465 yards from the surface. The large Apedale Fault (p. 165) limits the workings to the east, the seams flattening out as the fault is approached. From 25 degrees in the Marl Pit, south of the Apedale Iron Works, the angle increases to 45 degrees to the south-east of Burley Farm, but decreases to 19 degrees under Apedale Hall on approaching the anticlinal axis. The Four Feet Seam crops out a lew yards to the west of the WatermiUs Pits and the Ten Feet Seam under Apedale HaU. The fragments of rock scattered about the surface to the south of Apedale Hall alone indicate the position of the Ten Feet Rock. A coal visible in a gutter in a coppice to the east of the water tanks, which are situated close to the anticlinal axis, and on the south side of the road from Apedale Hall to Alsager Bank, was pointed out to us by Mr. Weston, who regards it as the Bullhurst Coal. A quarry in orange-coloured sandstone to the south shows a nearly horizontal dip, and is evidently close to, if not absolutely on, the summit of the anticline. Poor sections of the strata above the Four Feet Coal can be seen in the wooded gully south of the WatermiUs Pits. Of the measures near the summit of the series the old marl pit to the south of the Apedale Iron Works affords the following sequence : — Beick Pits, 200 yards south of the Apedale Ikon Works. Character of Strata. Grey shales Coal Fireclay- Shales - - - Black shales passing down into Black Band Ironstone Coal — probably the Bassey Mine of the Potteries Coal shales Grey marls with nodules of siderite Coal 1 Little Kow Coal Grey shales Thin coal and shale Thickness. Ft. In; 4 u 1 6 3 0. 10 8 2 6 3 20 1 8 0. 5 Madblby and Leyobtt. 103 Western side. — The collieries situated on the west side of the anticline work the same seams as those on the eastern side. They are said to be on the " Cheshire Dip." The most southerly workings are those of the Madeley and Leycett Collieries (Section III, No. 37 Appendix), which obtain the lower seams from the BuUhurst Coal up to the Four Feet Coal. The seams from the Ten Feet downwards, including the Seven Feet Bambury, Eight Feet Bambury (Cockshead), and BuU- hurst are house and gas coals, the Four Feet, Single, Five Feet and Seven Feet being house coals, while the Ragman Coal, Five Feet and Hams coals, are described as high-class steam coals. Shallow shafts and open workings in the higher seams lie scattered over the surface. Gibson's Shaft, on the north or upthrow side of the Hollywood Fault (p. 174), is stated to have reached the Brown Mine at 36 yards. The Chalky Mine Coal is said to crop out a little further to the west. So much un- certainty, however, exists about the naming of the upper seams and their correlation with those in the eastern area that little advantage would result from going into detail about them, especially as they occur in a region of much complexity, which is as yet not fully understood. There are few surface exposures. The rock associated with the Five Feet Coal has been quarried by the roadside north of Leycett Station. When met with underground the rock is intensely hard, the quartz grains possessing such sharp edges that they are stated to cut glass like a diamond. In the cutting of the Audley railway through Hayes Wood, some red sandstone (coloured Permian on the old map), dipping westward off the anticline and much disturbed, occupies a doubtful position in the sequence. It is certainly not Permian or any part of the Keele Group, but constitutes an upper portion of the Grey Chief Coal-bearing Series. To continue the description northward, in No. 2 Shaft of the Apedale Company, the Ragman Coal, Rough Seven Feet Coal and the Five Feet or Hams Coal, which are twenty yards apart at Apedale, are very close together, near the top of the shafts, and are worked as "rearers." The inclination of the seams varies according to depth. In the higher parts of the workings they are steeply inclined (rearers), but flatten out rapidly on the lower levels. The Minnie Shaft, sunk within the belt of disturbed ground along the " Western Boundary Faults" (p. 175), intersects the Four Feet Coal at 329 yards, and the Five Feet Coal at 336 yards. No attempt has been made to prove the ground to the west of the boundary fault by driving out westward from these pits. The Seven Feet Coal and the Ten Feet Coal crop out a few yards to the west of the Methodist Chapel, Halmer End. Gas from the underground workings is occasionally set free at the surface. Exposures for ascertaining the structure of this section of the 9,nticline are practically limited to outcrops of the Bullhurst 104 Chief Coal-beakino Series. Rock in the mineral line north of Miry Wood and in an old c^uarry at Wood Lane north of the Methodist Chapel. In con- junction with the Seven Feet rock this rock forms the steep slopes between Alsager Bank and Miry Wood. The mineral line from No; 2 shaft intersects a red rock very similar to that in the railway cutting at Hayes Wood, but there are no data by which the horizon can be obtained. Crop-workings in the highly inclined seams about the horizon of the Four Feet Coal occur to the south of No. 2 shaft, on the north or upthrow side of the 72 yards Fault. Remains of shaUow open workings exist on the steep hillsides to the east of Miles Green. The Audley-Harecastle Section. (By C. B. Wedd.) North of Miles Green, Wood Lane and Chesterton,the Grey Series occupies a broad area between the higher Coal-measures in the south-east and south-west, and the Trias on the north-west, and thus includes the whole course of the anticline throughout this district. The important lower group of coals from the Bullhiirst up to the Ten Feet is mainly obtained along the anticlinal uplift. The middle group of the chief coal-bearing measures is, or has been, worked on both sides of the anticline m the neighbourhood of Audley, Red Street and Harecastle ; the highest group, with the Great Row Coal, only on the east side of the anticline. The accompanying diagram shows the relative position of the seams below the Ten Feet Coal in the shafts of the several collieries. A comparison of the shaft-sections (Appendix III., Nos. 28-35) shows a decided uniformity in the lower part of the series through- out the district, at any rate up to the Stony Eight Feet Coal. Thus, besides the more important coals and the thicker sand- stones, which can be traced without difficulty from one colliery to another, the smaller coal-seams and rocks are for the most part persistent throughout the district. Two pairs of thin coals lie between the Eight Feet Bambury and Bullhurst Coals in No. 1 shaft. Talk o'th' Hill Colliery and the Slappenfield Pit ; while at the Diglake Pits a single coal, two feet thick, occurs 62 feet above the Bullhurst Coal (diagram p. 105). A thin sandstone occupies about the same relative position between the two pairs of thin coals at Talk o' th' Hill and Slappenfield. The four-inch coal (Kidney Coal of Talk o'th' HiU) below the Seven Feet Bambury Coal is overlain in the Rookery and No. 1 Talk o'th' HiU shafts by a thin band of iron- stone. " Between this and the Seven Feet Bambury Coal are two sandstones. Thin sandstones and rock binds, without the coal, occur at about the same horizon in No. 5 shaft, Talk o' th' Hill, and are represented by one thin bed at Slappenfield. The group of thin coals from about 70 to 90 feet above the Seven Feet Bambury Goal is recorded from all the shafts except those of the Rookery Pits of Jamage (see diagram). A third group of Attdlby and Hakbcastle. 105 small coals occurs below the Bottom Two Row Coal. The thickest of the group is probably the attenuated representa- n PQ d m I ■< H H H H EH O m 02 O O ^■ N le u* bd u u S o < o i S < o O c 0: I I 01 I r I -M- I ' ' 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I I 1 r I I < I I I I I I I I 55 .r o Scale of Yards. r I CQ U.. r I Q H U. CD I I I I I I I i| □ il II I II I h I II I *1 II I II I II I II II II II II II 1 1 II II II II M M II II II II II 'l^' aoo a la's \\\ I I I -I 3 a tive of the Bowling Alley Coal of Biddulph. On the other hand the thin seams below the Bowling Alley Coal at Slappenfield are not recognised in the other shalt-sections. 106 Chief Coal-bbaring Series. The most important sandstones or rocks lie below the Eight Feet Bambury Coal ; immediately above the Seven Feet Bambury Coal (Seven Feet or Bambury Rock) ; a few yards above the Little Row Coal (Two Row Rock) ; and a few feet above the Ten Feet Coal (Ten Feet Rock). The Ten Feet Rock in this district is always separated from the coal below by from eight to fifteen feet of shale, except, according to Mr. R. R. Makepeace, in the old shaft of the Rookery Pits at Jamage, where, on one side of a fault, the shale must have been squeezed out, as it is present on the other side. From the Stony Eight Feet upwards the uniformity is perhaps less marked ; moreover, there are fewer facilities for comparison. Higher measures are illustrated by the shaft-secrion of the Bath or Harecastle Pits (Section, No. 30. Appendix III), and by the Diamond Drill Borehole of the Talk o' th' Hill Colliery (Sect. : No. 33. Appendix III). According to the record of the Diamond Drill Boring a coal 5 feet 3 inches thick, known as the Bee Coal, was reached at a depth of 187 feet, and another named the Birchenwood, 4 feet 7 inches ' thick, at 377 feet, making 190 feet of strata between these two coals. This does not agree very well with the distance between the coals of the same name, or with their thick- ness, in the Bath Pit two-thirds of a mile distant, where the Bee Coal is only 1 foot 9 inches thick, while the Birchenwood is 5 feet 3 inches thick, and the distance between them 241 feet. In the opinion of Mr. MacGowan, the Birchenwood ot the Kidsgrove district is probably the same as the Mossfield Coal elsewhere, and certainly the same as the Four Feet Coal of the Audley district, the Four Feet Coal of Kidsgrove being the Five Feet of Audley. The character of the lower part of the series is illustrated by the shaft-sections given in Appendix III, Nos. 31, 35, 36. There is little information to be obtained about the highest group in which the Great Row Coal alone is of much importance. The following data show the nature and thickness of the important seams. Nature, Quality and ThicJcness of the Chief Coals at the Different Collieries. {Biglake and Boyles Hall Pits, Audley Colliery.)* These pits now work the Hams, Ten Feet, and Two Row coals ; formerly the BuUhurst, Eight Feet Bambury and Seven I'eet Bambury, and also the Birchenwood and higher coals. * Information by Mr. F. Rigby. AtTDLBY AND HABECASTLB. 107 Seam. Seven Feet Bambuey Coal Eight Feet Bambuey Coal BuLLHUEST Coal. Character. Best house and coal ; the best in the district. Steam and seconds house coal. Middle, best house and Boof amd Floor Eoof, grey metal. gas coal ; top and Floor, warrant, bottom inferior. (Jamage and Rookery Pits, Bignall Hill Colliery.)* Seam. Seven Feet Bambuey Coal (with 3 inch band of dirt in middle.) Eight Feet Bambuey Coal BuLLHUEST Coal Thickness. Ft. In. 6 6 to 7 7 6 All clean coal ; seconds house coal. 9 5 Good seconds coal ; Big Tops inferior, The Bullhurst Seam consists of thw following divisions : Character. Best house coal, Boof and Floor. Eoof, rock, 60 feet ; floor, marl, 5 feet. Roof, sliale ; floor, hard. Character of Seam. Big Tops Floor Little Tops Dirt - Middle Coal - Bottom or Wall Coal Thickness. Ft. In. 2 {Talk o' tW Hill Colliery. )\ Seam. Thickness. Ft. In. Character. Boof and Floor. EouGH Seven Feet 8 1 Steam common Eoof, black bass ; Coal coal. floor, warrant. (with 1-inch clay band) Stony Eight Feet Coal 3 Steam common Eoof, white earth, coal. 2 ft., below thick dark metal ; floor, brown stone, 8 in., above war- rant. Ten Feet Coal 9 6 Highly bitum- *Eoof, metal, 15 ft. (with thin partings) inous coking under thick rock ; coal. floor,grey warrant. Little Eow (Top Two 1 3 Roof, blue metal ; Rdw) Coal floor, black bass. Two Eow Coal 3 7 Open house Eoof, bass ; coal. floor, warrant. Seven Feet Bambuey 7 10 Highly Ibitum- Eoof, thick rock ; Coal inous coking coal. Highly bitum- floor, warrant. Eight Feet Bambuey 8 4 Eoof, black shale; Coal to inous coking floor, grey metal. 8 9 coal. BuLLHUEST CoAL Highly bitum- Roof, grey shale ; inous coking floor, hard white coal. sandstone. * Information by Mr. E. E. Makepeace, t Information by Mr. A. M. Henshaw. 108 Chibi' Coal-bbabistq Series. The BuUhurst Coal consists of the following divisions : Top Coal Clajr or hussle Main Coal (good clean coal) - Two one-inch bands of black sandy shale Floor Coal ■ - Thickness. Ft. Ft. 2 6 5' 2 2 Seam. Seven Feet Bambury Coal Eight Feet, Bambury Coal BuLLHURST Coal (including partings and tops) [Bunker's Hill Colliery.)* Character. Best house and gas coal. Steam & seconds house coal. Best house and gas (middle part pnly). Thickness. Ft. In. 7 6 7 6 9 Roof and Floor. Roof, rock, 19 to 21 yards. Floor, strong rock, 4 yards. (Lawton and Harecastle Colleries and neighbourhood.)^ These collieries are no longer working. Seam. Thickness. Hoof and Floor. Ft. In. BlRCHENWOOD CoAL 5 f Roof, dark shaly metal, 3 feet ; to 6 6 floor, rock, 2 feet. (exception- ally) Little Row Coal 2 9 Roof, metal ; floor, very hard metal. Yard Coal 3 2 Roof, black bass, 1 ft. 6 in. ; (with thin parting) floor, soft shale, 1 ft. 4 in. on fireclay. Rider Coal 2 6 Four Feet Coal 4 6 Roof, clod, 5 ft., on soft black shale ; floor, strong flrficlay. Roof, slag and shale ; Ragman Coal 2 6 floor, darJs shale. Rough Seven Feet Coal 6 Roof, blue marl with ironstone- bands, 6 ft. ■ floor, saggar clay, 8 ft. Roof, dark metal. Stony Eight Feet Coal consisting of : — Coal 3 Stone parting 3 , Slaggy Coal 1 4 Ten Feet Coal, Roof, blue metal, 9 ft., under rock. consisting of : — Main Coal 75 ft. ; floor, fireclay, 8 ft. 7 4 to 8 4 Billy Coal 1~ * Information by Mr. F. Rigby. f Information by Mr. J. MacGowan, Sen. AlTDLEY AND HaBECASTM. 1C9 Seam. Yard Coal, about Thiciness Ft. In. 2 9 Top Two Kow Coal 3 Under Two Kow Coal 2 Muck Coal - Bowling Alley Coal (at Moss Pits) consisting of : — Coal- Dirt- Coal- 2 11 3 8 Seven Feet Bambury Coal 7 Eight Feet Bambuey Coal (at Moss Pits). 7 Bdllhurst Coal - (at Moss Pits). 7 Hoof and Floor. Eoof , strong dark metal, with iron stone blinds, 2 ft. ; floor, strong fireclay, 3 ft. 6 in. Eoof, strong ^rey metal, 3 ft. 6 in. floor, rock, 7 ft. Roof, dark metal with ironstone- bands, 3 ft. 6 in. ; floor, strong fireclay, 3 ft. , Roof, blue metal, 6 ft, under rock, 16 ft. ; ( floor, warrant 3 ft. ( Roof, sandstone, 81 ft. : I floor, shaly warrant, 1 ft. 6 in., on ( fireclay, 9 ft. I Roof, strong dark metal, 8 ft. ; \ floor, rock. {Roof, dark metal with coal pipes, 6ft.; floor, rock, 4 ft. Local Details and Hxposures. — The eastern tract will be 'described first from south to north. The most southerly part ot the district east of the anticline affords scarcely any exposures. At the Glasshouse Colhery (no longer w;orking) the Great Row Coal on the downthrow side of the Apedale Fault is 9^ yards from the surface in No. 2 shaft. The outcrop of the Great Row Coal on the map is taken from plans of .the High Carr Colliery. A broad zone, mainly of black shales, occupies the surface for some distance north-west of this outcrop. Shales appear in Dean's Lane and in numerous trial-pits north-east of Red Street. Close to the branching of the two roads to Talke, north of Red Street, a section was recently exposed m the roadside opposite the Wesleyan Chapel, but is now built up. It exhibited the following strata in descending order : — Section in roadside. Red Street, Character of Strata. • Marl - . - - Yellow grit - - - Reddish marl - Yellow grit - - - Yellow marl - - - Hard grey sandstone Grey shale 'I'hin-bsdded yellow sandstone Dark grey shale Thickness. Ft. In. 1 8 5 2 1 7 2 1 3 inches to 7 Tfiickaess. Ft, , In. tol 6 7 to 3 1 4 3 3 2 6 110 Chief CoAL-BEABisa SBRiiiS. Character of (Strata. Nodular ironstone-bands - - 9 inches to Black, grey and brown shaly marl with ironstone- nodules Shaly marl, with ironstone -nodules (fossils) I Yellow sandstone with ironstone-nodules Brown and grey shaly marl, with small ironstone-nodules Coal - - About Grey and yellow clay The coal, according to Mr. Sumnell of the High Carr Colhery, is the Chalky Mine. The Bassey Mine Coal is seen in the deep cutting of the Jamage Mineral line north of the High Carr Fault about 60 yards west of the main road to Newcastle. At least four coals can be detected below the Bassey Mine, but their correlation and thickness remain uncertain. The cutting repeats the same series a little further to the east. The Great Row Coal is stated by Mr. Sumnell to be at Httle depth in a shaft situated in the triangle formed by the Jamage line, the Newcastle road, and the lane from Red Street. It is now worked at the High Carr Colhery alone in this district, though formerly obtained at Glasshouse. At the Bath or Harecastle Pit of the Birchenwood Colliery the New Mine Ironstone is found at a depth of about 25 yards (Sect. No. 30, Appendix III). The steep slope of Harecastle Wood exposes the measures on the west side of the colliery, but a con- siderable amount of slipping has taken place, so that Glacial sand may here and there be found under (!)oal-measures. The hill at Harecastle clump has a capping of sandstone which dips south- east, as has also another hill lying south-west of Harecastle Farm. The latter rock is believea to be that above the Winghay Coal. Further north the Ten Feet Coal was worked in the anticline by a level course from the Lawton and Harecastle Colliery run- nmg under HoUinswood at a depth of 132 yards. The Rough Seven Feet Coal is stated to crop out immediately west of the summit of the anticline at No. 15 shaft, east of HoUinswood Farm. North of Harecastle Station the Ten Feet Rock is exposed in the cutting of the North Staffordshire Railway where the mineral line to the Moss Pit diverges. In the south, west of the Apedale Fault, under the west flank of the anticline of Bound Hill, the Eight Feet Bambury Coal is worked by a level course from the Diglake Pits of the Audley Colliery, at a depth of 160 yards at the shaft, the dip being 75 degrees west-north-west. A sandstone seen high up on the west flank of the hill is probably the Seven Feet Bambury Rock. A coal exposed in the railway- cutting at the Boyles Hall Pit is stated by Mr. Mad dock, the manager, to be the Ten Feet Rider (Stony ilight Feet) Coal which lies just above the Ten Feet Eock. AUDLEY AKD HABECASTLE. Ill Consequently, the rock in the lower slope of the northern part of Bound Hill must be that rock. At the Boyles Hall Pit, where the coals, worked as '' rearers " at a high inclination under the flank of Bound Hill, have flat- tened out westward, the Ten Feet Coal lies at a depth of about 90 yards before it is let down by a fault on the north-west. Beyond the fault the Birchenwood Coal occurs at a depth of about 141 yards under Boyles Hall, and is then cut off by another fault (p. 177), which brings the Etruria Marls to the surface. The ground between the faults is said to be much disturbed. At the Diglake Pits, the curving fault which crosses the anti- cline, cuts out the Bambury coals m the shafts, and the BuUhurst Coal is raised to 211 yards from the surface. At the Bottom (western) Pit of the Bignall Hill Colliery, the Seven Feet Bambury Coal occurs, according to Mr. E. Gater, at a depth of about 40 yards with a north-westerly dip of about 17 degrees. About hali-way between the Bottom and Top (eastern) Pits and a few yards to the south, a quarry shows the following sequence in descending order : — Section in old quaeey south of Bignall Hill Colliery. Character of Strata. Sandstone, with marl-partings and concretionary iron- stones - - - Grey marly parting - - - 2 inches Massive, white, fine-grained sandstone Grey marl Coal (Seven Feet Bambury Coal), bottom not seen The inclination is at a low angle to the west, the strata being evidently close to the summit of the anticline. It wiU be seen that here, as elsewhere in this district, the Bambury Rock lies Practically on the coal. A short distance further east, at the Top it, the Seven Feet Bambury Coal was worked at a depth of 51 yards, the Eight Feet Bambury at 91 yards, and the Bullhurst at 151 yards, where the beds must have turned over eastward in the anticline. Further east, but still on the upthrow side of the Apedale Fault, the Bullhurst Seam was proved at a depth of 480 yards under Roggin Row, in the workings of the Glasshouse Colliery. A rock seen in an old quarry near the hiU- top, about 150 yards north of the Top Pit, Bignall Hill, is doubtless the Seven Feet Bambury Rock, which appears to remain at or near the surface on the crest of the anticline as far north as Wedgwood's Monu- ment on Old Hill. A few yards north of the monument a slight depression in the crest of the hill marks the outcrop of shale, while immediately to the north the Ten Feet Rock makes a slight feature, just below which the Ten Feet Coal crops out on the west flank of the hill. The base of the Ten Feet Rock crosses the anticline with a V-shaped outcrop, the angle of the V pointing Thickness. Ft. In. 13 too 10 6 4 5 6 112 Chief Coal-bbaeing Sebies. to the north. As this part qt the anticline appears to pitch down _ northward, in which direction the altitude of the ridge also diminishes, the Ten Feet Eock remains at the surface for a considerable distance. It is exposed in two old quarries on the top of the hill near Old Hill Wood and in another in the north- west corner of the wood ; also in a Quarry on the northern part of the ridge, west of the Jamage Colfiery. In this quarry it is stated that the Ten Feet Coal was proved in a small excavation, below the rock. In its general aspect the Ten Feet Rock is a fine- grained buff, or 'whitish, somewhat marly sandstone. A red bed occurs near the base, and can be seen in the path by Old Hill Wood. North of Old Hill, after the anticline has bent round west- ward, the same rock is well exposed in the railway cutting where the Jamage (Mineral) Line leaves the Audley Branch. The dip is south-south-west, and above the rock to the south the Stony Eight Feet (Ten Feet Rider) Coal is seen, its floor of hard rubbly marl with rootlets showing prominently from top to bottom of the cutting. Above the coal the beds seen are mainly shales and marls with bands of ironstone-nodules. The Seven Feet and Eight Feet Bambury coals and the BuUhurst are worked as " rearers " in the Rookery and Jamage pits, on the eastern limb of the anticline. The seams are mclined at 70 degrees, but flatten out before reaching the Millstone Fault. Mining operations are now being carried on east of the faiilt, and coals in descending order, respectively, 5 ft. 6 in.; 1 ft.; 4 ft ; 4 ft. 6 in. in thickness have been met "with within a vertical thickness of not much more than 100 feet. It has not, however, been found possible to identify them. They probably belong to a considerably higher horizon than the Bambury Coals. In driving a " crut " from the BuUhurst level at a depth of about 270 yards, the following measures were passed through in descending order, the thicknesses being corrected for an in- clination of 50 degrees. Crut from the Bullhurst Level, Jamage Pits. ; Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. Bullhurst Coal - =. . Fireclay - - - About Eock Winpenny Coal - - - - Bass - - - About Eock - - - . - Eock Bass Coal Bass Coal - Bass Eock 9 11* 2 3 3 12 3 8 9 1 20 17 '3 17 6 23 9 7 22 1 4 14 6 5 9 * In Bookery Shafts. AUDLEY AND HAEECASTLI. 113 The Eight Feet Bambury Coal is worked from the same colliery at a depth of 300 yards under the middle part ot Parrots Crumble. It is cut off northward by a fault. North of the stream which flows through Parrot's Crumble a sandstone is exposed in the roadside south of Windy Arbour. This evidently belongs to the thick series of sandstones, nearly 50 feet above the Bee Coal, met with in the Ciamond Crill Boring 400 yards to the north-west (Appendix III., Sect. No. 33). The Ten Feet Coal in No. 5 Shaft of the Talk o' th' Hill Colliery, about a quarter of a mile east of New Springs, is at a depth of 29 yards approximately, the Ten Feet Rock just reaching the surface in the rising ground. The shaft traverses more than one fault, and the Two Row Coal is cut out by these faults. A sandstone of some thickness is seen in the road at Talke, near St. Martin's Church. Its exact position in the series is not certain. It is not the Ten Feet Rock, which reaches the surface a short distance further north, with a south-easterly dip; for it must be on the downthrow side of the Millstone Fault, whereas, according to Mr. Henshaw, the Ten Feet Coal is worked at a depth of 90 yards under the church, on the upcast side of the fault. A short distance further south the fault has a throw of 56 yards, but it diminishes northward. The rock should therefore be between 140 and 145 yards above the Ten Feet Coal, and would appear to correspond in position with a rock, 15 feet thick, 143 yards above the Ten Feet Coal in the shaft-sections of the Talk o' th' Hill Colliery. The Ten Feet Rock comes to the surface in the high ground of Coalpit HUl, and has been quarried on the south-east side of the hill. The Stony Eight Feet Coal crops out above the rock, while the outcrop of the Ten Feet Coal has been proved a little further to the north-west. At the Bunkers Hill Colliery the Little Row (Top Two Row) Coal lies at or close to the surface from the eastern (Nos. 1 and 2) shafts to a distance of nearly 500 yards south-west of the western (Nos. 3 and 4) shafts, the measures being repeatedly brought up on the west by many small faults. The Bulihurst Coal is also at almost the same level at the extremities of a line joining these points. The Bottom Two Row Coal crops out in the lane leading to Alsager, 400 yards south-west of the western shafts, and again about 150 yards east of the eastern shafts, near the road to Talke. The Ten Feet Coal is at the surface about 130 yards south-west of the western shafts. The Little Row Coal lies at a depth of about eight yards in the western shafts. The thickness of measures between the Ten Feet Coal and the Little Row Coal is about 22 yards; between the Little Row and the Bottom Two Row Coal about 16 yards ; between the Bottom Two Row and the Seven Feet Bambury Seam about 110 yards ; between the Seven Feet Bambury and Eight Feet Bambury coals about 40 yards ; 7469. H 114 Chief Coal-bbaeing Sebies. between the Eight Feet Bambury and the BuUhurst about 45 yards. The low ground of the neighbourhood of HoUins, Butt Lane and Harecastie' Station is almost entirely drift-covered. Mr. MacGowan states that the Birchen wood Coal was proved at the mouth, of the Lunts Pit of the Lawtoh and Harecastie CoUiery; the Four Feet Coal about 250 yards further north, between the Weel and Meadow Pits, and the Bough Seven Feet about 70 yards further north, and just south of the Woodshutts Shaft. The measures here have' a general southerly inclination (see sect. 13, p. 179). At .the Bye Pit the depths to the coals from the surface are roughly: — 30 yards to the Four Feet Coal; 32 yards to the Ragman Coal ; ^60 yards to the Rough Seven Feet Coal ; 90 yards to the Stony Eight Feet Coal and 120 yards to the Ten Feet. . i .i ■ . ■ . . In No. 6 Shaft, Birchenwood Colliery, the Yard Coal is at a depth of 80 yardsvthe Bowling Alley Coal at 95 yards, the Seven Feet Bambury Coal at 195 yards, the Eight Feet Bambury Coal at 225 yards, the BuUhurst Coal at 280 yards, the Winpenny Coal at 300 yards, the Silver Mine Coal at 343 yardsi In No. 4 Shaft, Birchenwood Colliery, the Birchenwood Coal is at a depth of 20 yards, the Four Feet Coal at a depth of 86 yards, the Rough Seven Feet Coal at 111 yards, the Stony Eight Feet Coal at 150, the Ten Feet Coal at 192j the Two Row Goal at 235 yards, the Yard Coal at 260 yards. The Ten Feet Rock has been quarried, by the roadside south, of the Rolling Mill. The rock above the Eight Feet Bambury Coal (Cockshead Coal) forms a conspicuous ridge from the north, end of Kidsgrove to near Brewhouse Bank. Several old levels indi- cate the position of the underljdng coal. A level on the BuU- hurst Coal in a field to the north of the Mortuary Chapel proved that the seam pinched out when foUowed on the dip. The Win- penny Coal is stated to crop out on Cobb Moor. The sections just mentioned are all situated on the upthrow side of the chief dislocation of the district known as the Oldcote Fault (p, 163). On the downthrow side the rock above the Eight Feet Bambury Coal crops out to the north-west of Trubshaw, giving rises to a ridge which extends in a .ijorth-easterly direction for a considerable distance. A quarry on the east side of the mineral line from Black Bull, and at a distance of about 350 yards of its junction with the Loop Line, exposes some 10 feet of yellow shales resting on a grey , sandstone 30 feet thick. This is underlain by black shales resting on a coal 3 feet 9 inches thick. 115 CHAPTER VI CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS— (continued). Coal-measures — (Detailed Description, cont). The Red and GreiJ Series. By W. Gibson The detailed account will proceed from south to north, commencing with the eastern region. Tlie Basin of the Trent. Black Band Group. — The shafts of the Florence Colliery pass through this group. The Bassey Mine Coal was met with at a depth of 895 feet 11 inches. If the base of the overlying Etruria Marls be taken at the horizon of the green rock (625 feet 2 inches in depth), the group is 270 feet 9 inches thick. In the Newstead bormg the seam identified as the Bassey Mine was passed through at a depth of 1,946 feet. Taking the thickness of the Group at Florence the base of the Etruria Marls at Newstead should be 1,676 feet deep. Above this, in the boring, some 86 feet of grey measures were proved underneath the ;reat thickness of red and purple beds of the Etruria Marls. t would therefore appear that the measures have expanded to the extent of 86 feet between Florence and Newstead. Owing to the Florence Fault (p. 159) the Black Band Group does not crop out till nearly the centre of Longton. Several marl pits here illustrate the sequence. The southernmost is that of the Daisy Bank Marl Pit (Sect. No. 39, p. 449). These measures lie a few feet above the Bassey Mine Coal which is exposed in the Edensor Marl Pit (Sect. No. 38, p. 449), in which Mr. John Ward noted the occurrence of a hmestone at a vertical distance of about 34 feet above the Bassey Mine Iron- stone. At a distance of 280 yards to the south-west, or in the direction of fuU dip, the Longton Hall Marl Pit (Sect. No. 40, p. 450) gives a higher portion oi the sequence. The limestone at the depth of 36 feet is a grey coloured fine-grained stone, in which Entomostraca ■ are seen under the microscope to constitute the chief mass. The occurrence of this limestone is of some interest, as a black calcareous shale with Spirorbis and Entomostraca is found in association with a similar sequence in Hamptons Marl Pit (p. 451); and also as showing that in the southern as in the northern part of the area more than one limestone is present in the group. Between the Edensor Marl Pit and Longton Hall Marl Pit the strata formerly seen in an old marl pit would nearly com- plete the sequence, but it is now nearly filled up. The basal grits of the Etruria Marl Group crop out a few feet to the west of the shafts of the Longton Hall Colliery which thus pass through nearly 7469. H 2 f. 116 The Red and Obey Series. the total thickness of the Group. The shaft sections of the Glebe Colliery (Sect. No. 11, p. 395), Great Fenton Colliery and Old- field Colliery (No. 10, p. 388), gives further details, All these collieries and marl pits are situated on the downthrow side of the Longton Fault (p 160). The marls have been and are still used extensively for the manufacture of bricks, saggars, stilts, etc On comparing the sequence at Longton and Fenton with the shaft sections of coUeries further north it will be observed that many of the Black Band ironstones are missing in the southern part of the coalfield. The Bassey Mine at the Great Fenton Collieries is said to partake of the qualities of the Red Shagg, Red Mine and Bassey Mine ironstones, but this does not necessarily mean that the three ironstones have come together in the south. It is far more likely that the ironstones die out when traced in this direction. From the Oldfield Colliery the outcrop of the Bassey Mine Coal extends northward until it runs into the Longton Fault near the junction of Duke Street with King Street, from whence the out- crop is displaced nearly 600 yards to the north-west. Its outcrop northward is obscured under Drift and buildings, but an old marl pit, now filled up, situated near Brunswick Street, worked the Peacock Marls — that is, the grey marls lying above the Peacock Coal — so that the outcrop cannot be many yards to the west. The Black Band measures become again exposed in Warrington's and Hewitt's Marl pits (Sect. Nos. 42, 43, p. 451). A fault of small throw crosses the south corner of Warrington's Pit, and is probably a branch of the fault proved in the Ash Coal to the south-west. A doubt exists as to whether the main fault passes between the two marl pits or whether it . skirts their southern margin. From Warrington's Pit the outcrop of the Bassey Mine can be determined by several old shafts as far as Bottes- low Farm, a little to the north of which it ends against the Ubberley Fault (p. 161). The break in the continuity of the outcrop at this spot must be considerable, for the Bassey Mine is next met with a little to the east of the Trent and Mersey Canal near Joiner's Square. Here a shaft, close to the western bank of the canal, reached the Bassey Mine at a depth of 31 yards. The outcrop is quite hidden and remains so till the Eastwood Marl Pit. This pit is being rapidly filled up, but a section across it is figured by Mr. Kidston,* in which a fault of 90 yards downthrow is represented as crossing the section. What is known as the 90-yard Fault possibly intersects the marl hole, but in the Shelton workings, to the noruh of the pit, the 90-yard or North and South Fault (p. 162) has only a throw of 22 yards. To the south of Hanley, two large marl pits, known as Hamp- ton's (Sect. No. 44, p. 451), and Cannon Street (Sect. No. 45). * Trams. Roy. Soc, Edinburgh, vol. xxxvi., 1891, 117 0) s i-l it OJ ^3. ,-^v a ,s 3 ■g i -4-a (U CQ ^ c^ ■4^ O o ^ r=i o E-i Ed H n -; g 2 -* i^ a 5 ^ . « CD Hi b; !« M o p n EH t>^ ' "Jit « 1 1 "« o\ *.<>_ if ivi'n 11 il i m m o M o § w E-I a m % il < 118 The Red and Geey Series. p. 452), afford good sections. They are situated on the south side of the Shelton Fault. In both pits, as at the Longton Hall Marl Pit (p. ].15), it is noticeable that the mottled red marls are immediately succeeded by a thin bed of shale crowded with Entomostraca. There is likewise a tendency for the various Black Band ironstones, which contain Entomostraca in abundance, to be underlain by mottled marls. This appears to indicate that the limestones, ironstones and shales with 'Entomostraca, represent the closing phase of a certain, set of conditions one most likely of complete or nearly complete stagnation. The Shelton Marl Pit (Sect. No. 46, Appendix HI), situated close to and on the south side of the Shelton Fault (p. 163), affords further information about the measures. To the north of the Shelton Fault the Group; is penetrated by the Racecourse Pits (Sect. No. 16, Appendix III), and in part by the Rowhurst Pits (Sect. No. 17, Appendix III). In the Racecourse Pits the base of the Etruria Marls caiinot be deter- mined with certainty, but if it be taken at the red and grey metals above the thin coal, occurring at a depth of i 54 yards, the Black Band Group would here be about 444 feet thick, a con- siderable expansion compared with the Florence section. The Ladyswell Marl Pit, south of Brook Street, Hanley, exposes a good section of a portion of the measures, which will be seen to compare very closely with those in the Cannon Street Marl Pit. Under Hanley the outcrop of the Bassey Mine is uncertain, but northward the numerous marl pits extending to Burslem Station fix its position with great accuracy. These are all large open pits about the horizons of the Peacock and Bassey Mine Goals, the marls being extensively used for bricks, saggars, stilts, drain-pipes, etc. The constancy in position, and the frequency and number of the limestones along this line of open excavations, will be gathered from the measured sections. The Group is further illustrated by the shaft sections of the Grange Colliery (Sect. No. 21, p. 424.) To the north of Burslem the Black Band Group retains its general N.N.W. and S.S.E. strike, but at Newfield the dip as- sumes a more westerly direction, till at Golden Hill we reach the northern rim of the sjTicline. The exact outcrop of the Bassey Mine Coal is uncertain, but it can be fixed with some accuracy by rtieans of old shafts and levels. The Red Mine and Red Shagg ironstones can be seen in the mineral, Railway which branciies from the Loop Line near the Pinnox Iron Works. A Black Band ironstone, high up in the Group, forms the floor of the Marl Pit at the north end of Tunstall to the west of the main road to Kidsgrove. In the Diamond Pits (Clanway Colliery) the Red Mine Iron- stone lies at a depth of 14 yards, the lower portion of the series being illustrated by the shaft sections of the Jubilee Queen Pits Trent Basin. 119 ol the same Colliery (Sect. No. 20, p. 423), and by several marl pits. With the exception of the small east and west fault, south of Newfield, the rocks remain unbroken by faults' up to that of the north and south dislocation skirting the western portion of Tunstall, and which at Brownhills Colliery has a westerly down- throw of 80 yards proved in the Red Mine! The Red Mine at a depth of 285 yards beneath the alluvium of the Fowlea ' Brook is nearly flat. Between Golden Hill and Goldendale faults repeatedly break the continuity of the Bassey Mine outcrop. To the east of Golden Hill the limestone, which was exposed in a shallow marl pit near the roadside south of Colclough, affords a safe index to the position of this coal. To the west of Golden Hill the coal is at a depth of 25 yards in the Broadfield Colliery. From here to Ravenscliff the exact outcrop is uncer- tain. A level in a dingle to the south-east of Latebrook House reaches the coal a short distance from its mouth on the west or downthrow side of the Ravenscliff Fault (p. 164). The outcrop can be very closely fixed by the position of the limestone (yielding Carhonicola Vinti and a Spirorbis) exposed in an old marl pit 200 yards to the south of Ravenscliff House. In No. 3 pit, Goldendale, the coal occurs at a depth of 117 yards. An ironstone said to be the Half Yards forms the summit of the quarry at the south end of the wood immediately north of No. 3 Pit, Goldendale. The marls below are crowded with plant remains aggregated into thin bands practically made up of vegetable matter. On the west side of Goldendale the Bassey Mine was passed through at a depth of 6 yards by a shaft situated on the north side of the road leading from Goldendale towards Chesterton, at a spot 400 yards to the west of the bottom of the Valley.' Etruria Marl Group. — A narrow tongue of these marls extends southward from Longton to near Roughclose Common, between red rocks of Triassic age. The marls are penetrated by the- shafts of the Florence Colliery which start about 50 feet belo.w the limestone at the base of the Newcastle beds, which crops out in the mineral Hne. If the base be taken at the green rock (625 ft. depth), their total thickness is about 675 feet. It is not certain, however, if the outcrop of the limestone is natural, or whether it is faulted, as represented on the old edition of the survey map. The most southerly point at which the marls are exposed is in an open excavation near Lightwood Lodge. The red marls here seen lying below the Newcastle beds are mottled red unlami- nated clays. After maturing some, time at the surface, they are carted to Stoke and used for tUes. On the opposite side of the vaUey near Cophurst Farm, red marls somewhat lower in the sequence are used for bricks. They a,re overlain by the Trias, which rests directly and unconformably on mottled red 120 The Red and Grey Sbkies. marls containing lenticular bands of the greenish coloured grits so characteristic of the Group. The marls are not seen north of the Florence Colliery, but they probably occupy the surface up to the Florence Fault. In the Newstead boring, as previously stated (p. 115), the base is somewhat uncertain, but if it be taken at the indurated grey marl with bands of purple grit (1,593 feet depth), the thicknobs present is 756 feet, for the Newcastle Limestone was intersected at 837,feet. On the upthrow side of the Florence Fault the marls come to the surface at Blurton Tileries. They lie near the summit of the Group. Small grains of a dark substance, which is probably sphserosiderite, or, at any rate, a carbonate of iron in some form, mark some of the bands. North of the Florence Fault and on the east side of the Trent Valley red marls form the surface between the river and the junction of the two main lines of the North Staffordshire Railway. The shafts of the Great Fenton Colliery pass through from 100 to 180 yards of red marl. A large quarry near the Bourne Shaft of this colliery exposes about 20 feet of a greenish coloured grit resting on purple marl. A grey sandstone and orange grit is also exposed m the railway cutting to the west of Mount Pleasant and in a marl pit a little to the north. Greenish coloured grits towards the base of the marls are laid open in an old tram line to the south-west of Swingle Hill Colliery. Similar kind of grits, and occupying the same position, were excavated for the foundation of houses a few yards to the west of Fenton House, and serve in the absence of other data a means of determining the outcrop of the base of the marls on the downthrow side of the Longton Fault at Fenton. The marl pits seen on the south side of High Street, Fenton, where it crosses the Leek Line, are situated, judgmg from the abnormal dip northwards, close to the same fault. In the floor of the pit nearest to the road blocks of limestone with Carbonia could be picked up. From im- formation on the spot it appears that the limestone was met with a few feet below the present floor of the quarry. It would, therefore, correspond in position with the limestone in the Grange Marl Pit (p. 121). The hill on which Manor Farm is situated is composed of the lower portion of the Etruria Marls. The basal green grits form a small feature to the east and are cut through to the north of the farm house by the road leading from the Fenton Road to High Street. On continuing the description northward and keeping to the east side of the Fowlea Valley, the red marls are seen to emerge from their cover of river and Drift deposits, on the western slopes of Bhelton Hill, where the basal green grits crop out close to the church. It is probably this grit which is visible in Sun Street, Etruria Vale. Ft. In. 5 8 6 9 6 9 Trent Basin. 121 In the chapter on faults it is mentioned (p. 161) that in all probability the red marl at the Canal Tileries are over 1,000 feet thick, a further illustration of the tendency to a considerable ex- pansion of .the Coal-measures in a northerly direction, for at Newstead, four miles to the south, the Etruria Marls appear to be about 756 feet thick. The following section gives the main details of the more southern of the two excavations of the Canal Tileries, Etruria. Canal Tileries, Canal side, Etkukia. Boulder-clay Grey grit with a few plant remaius Red marl • Mottled red marl Yellow marl Mottled red marl The beds are nearly horizontal, but in the pit to the north are inclined northward at a gentle angle. On the upthrow side of the Shelton Fault the position of out- crop of the basal portion can only be determined approximately by the outcrop of the green grits at the surface near Sandbach Colliery, Grange Farm, and in Newcastle Street, Burslem. The shafts of the Racecourse Pits commence in the lower portion of the Group. The marl pit near the Pump Pit of the Grange Colliery is in- teresting, as it shows the presence of a limestone developed near the base of the marls. Gkange. Marl Pit, Cobeidge. Ft. In. Yellowish-green sandstone 18 "Grey limestone - - 10 Mottled red and purple marl 30 Under the microscope the limestone largely consists of the tests of Curbonia with an occasional Bpirorbis. A thin calcareous band, but without organisms, occurs low down in the Group, in the Dale Hall Marl Pit, north of Newcastle Street, Longport, and in Peake's Tileries, Tunstall, all of which are large open excavations, situated on the downthrow side of the 80 yard fault (p. 163). Grit bands, from 20-30 feet thick, form lenticular bands in the mass of marls, but cannot be traced for any distance. From here northwards we meet with few exposures. A sandy portion of the Etruria Marls is out through by the road to the east of the Goldendale Ironworks, and dug for bricks in the Holly Lane Tileries, near Chatterley Station. The basal grit, underlain by a thin coal, caps the marl pit to the north of Sun Street, Tunstall. Returning to the southern portion of the area, red marls are being extensively used for bricks, tiles, etc., at Hanford. The shapeless, isolated hill on which the village of Hanford stands is entirely surrounded by the alluvium of the Trent, and is bisected 122 The Red and Gbby Series. by the Newcastle Fault (164), on both sides of which the marls crop out in the Hanford Brick and Tile Works. Eed marls, in which lie thin lenticular bands of grit, form the bulk of the section. On the east side of the rpaa a thin band of limestone caps the summit of the excavation. The limestone has been examined by Dr. Teall, ^ho furnishes the following note : — " The rdek is composed of more or less rounded grains of limestone in a calcareous matrix. The grains (1'5 to 2 m.m.) are, as a rule, compact and do not show organic or oolitic structures. They resemble water- worn grains of a compact limestone. The matrix is composed of calcite with a few small grains (1 m.m.) of quartz." It is doubtful if this represents a peculiar form of the limestone at the base of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Group, or whether it is the band developed lower down in the Basford Marl Pits (p. 128). North of Hanford, at Trent Vale and Springfields, the marls are opened out in large brick pits, those to the east of the Black Lion Inn being traversed by a small fault. The usual greenish coloured grits are present in all the sections, and at Trent Vale a thin unfossiliferous band of calcareous grit lies in the floor of the quarry. From Spring Fields the marls can he traced to the deep marl pit (Platts) near George Street, Newcastle, where they have been excavated to a depth of about 40 feet. They also just appear in the niouth of the tunnel near Newcastle Station,, but north of this point are soon cut out by the Newcastle Fault. The Newcastle Fault passing to the east of Trent Vale throws down the marls to form 'the lower slopes of the hill between Boothen- and Stoke-upon-Trent. At Stokeville a recently opened brick pit shows the junction of the marls with the Newcastle beds to be a fault with a steep hade to the north- west and trending N.N.E. and S.S.Yv''. The marls are brought against a thin coal, curiously folded and disrupted. On the north side of the PenkhuU Road, near Ashfield Cottage, the natural junction of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Group and the red marls becomes visible in the following large open excavation : — Mael Pit, Pbnkhtjll Eoad, Stoke-upon-Teent. Ft. In. Yellow shales and grey sandstones - 12 Coal - - 1 10 Shales ' - - 11 0. Limestone " - 10 Shales - - - - - , - - 6 Limestone (Base of Newcastle-under-Lyme Group) 3 Ked Marls - - - 20 The lower slopes of Penkhull Hill facing Stoke-upon-Trent and-Shelton are unopened till close to Harts Hill Farm, where the Etruria Marls underlying the grey Newcastle beds are excavated in the brick and! tile works near the Railway. From here northward to Longport a series of Brick and Tile works TiiENT Basin. 123 afford excellent sections, clearly illustrating the gradual passage of the Etruria Marls into the Newcastle-under-Lyme Group. Bands of grit are present in all the pits, but those towards the summit of the Basford Tileries are the coarsest, and occasionally resemble the conglomerates of the Millstone Grit. In most of the excavations a thin irregular band of a highly -calcareous rock occurs between 60-100 feet below the summit. It is apparently unfossiliferous, but evidently occupies the position of .the Sjjirorbis limestone in the Chesterton area (p. 130). Rad marls form the slopes of Bradwell Wood, but their full thickness is not seen, as they are traversed by the Bradwell Wood Fault (p. 163 ). In the Brown Hill CoUierjr, the Red Mine, on the upthrow side of the BradweU Wood Fault, is 285 yards below the sitrface of the alluvium, a little north of where it is crossed by the mineral railway. The strata are nearly flat. The limestone at the base of the Newcastle Group crops out on the .500 feet contour- line in Bradwell Wood — or 100 feet above the surface of the alluvium. In the Grange Colliery the distance' between the Red Mine and base of the Etruria Marls is 96 yards. There are, therefore, 567 feet of Etruria Marls below the alluvium. Adding 100 feet for the rise in the ground and 300 feet for the amount of downthrow of the Bradwell Wood Fault, it is seen that under BradweU Wood the Etruria Marls are 967 feet thick at least. As the strata dip gently towards Bradwell Wood on the west side of the Bradwell Wood Fault the true thickness would be slightly in excess of this estimate. The red marls cropping out to the, north and west of Bradwell Wood may be considered to belong to the western area, under which heading they are described. Newcastle-under-Lyine Group. — The most southerly point where these rocks are exposed is the Marl Pit near Lightwood Farm, of which the following section gives measured details ; — Marl Pit, Lightwood Farm, Cocknage. Ft. In. Grey flags ■ : : 12 Limestone— CarJom'a, Spirorlis 6 Grey shales— Carfiowm, Bstheria 3 Limestone 4 Grey shales . - - - - 10 Mottled red marls (Etruria Marl Group) The Group apparently occupies a narrow strip of land between the elevated tract formed of Triassic rocks as far as Roughclose Common. In a gutter near Woodend Farm a thin coal IS said to have been laid bare in a ditch. North of Light- wood Farm the Group becomes buried under the Trias, and is almost certainly bounded by a fault. Grey measures and a thin coal were passed through in a well in a garden situated on the west side of the road near Coldriding i'arm. Thence, 12t The Red and Gbey Series. northward, the outcrop of the basal portion is uncertain, but the limestone was intersected by the mineral line from Florence Colliery to Trentham. It is overlain about 50 feet above by a thin coal succeeded by grey sandstones and shales. The Group probably underlies the Drift of Longton Park and strikes for the Stone-Road Fault south of Longton Lea. In a gutter near Blurton Cottage fragments of a coal are visible, possibly the same seam intersected by the Florence cutting. At Blurton Tileries a narrow patch of grey measures is sur rounded by faults, close to one of which the limestone crops out on the eastern side of the marl pit. Several trial-holes and borings elucidate the complicated structure at this locality, details of which will be found in 'the appendix (Sects. Nos. 55-57). It is evident from this information, and from that obtained from a shallow shaft sunk to the north of the mineral line, that the strata are arranged in a local syncline bounded by faults. In the Newstead boring, which gives the key to this area the base of the Group can be safely drawn at the limestone at 837 feet depth ; and the summit, but Avith a less degree of accuracy, at 551 feet, the thickness therefore being 286 feet. These grey measures do not occur on the east side oflihe Trent north of Blurton except at Hanford, where, south of the Tileries, judging from the light-coloured soil, they compose the highest ground. On the dip slope to the south they are covered up in a short distance by the Keele Sandstone, thus giving a very limited width of outcrop, and favouring the supposition that the junction with the red marls below is a fault. On the downthrow side of the Newcastle Fault at Hanford the basal limestone, with Entomostraca and fish remains, crops out on the by-road to Sideway Farm, while to the south there are several shallow exposures in grey shales and sandstones. West of the Trent, h-om Stoke Lodge to the north end of Bradwell Wood, the grey group forms a conspicuous escarpment, constituting the dominant feature in the landscape to the west when viewed from the railway between Stoke-on-Trent and Chatterley Station. Sections Nos. 59-60, Appendix, show the character of the basal portion and its relation to the under- lying Etruria Marls. In some of the marl pits the junction is irregular. This does not signify an unconformity, as such a junction might be expected where fine-grained sediments representing tranquil deposition are succeeded by coarser materials when sedimentation became more rapid. Throughout the Coal-measure sequence it is the rule for the grits and sand- stones to lie irregularly on the softer strata. Between Stokeville and Hartshill the width ol outcrop seems much too narrow to allow for the full thickness of the Group to be represented, and it is probable that a portion is cut out by a fault. Trent Basin. 125 Between Hartshill and Basford a marked break in the escarp- ment suggests a fault, but its existence cannot be proved. In the marl pit north of Hartshill Farm the Newcastle beds appear to have slipped slightly down the hill over the Etruria Marls, and not to be faulted, as is sometimes locally suggested. Two coals and a portion of the strata above and below are exposed in the eastern section of the railway cutting, Newcastle- under-Lyme. The basal limestone stands out conspicuously in the road cutting at Basford, and a seam of coal, 1 foot 6 inches thick, traversed by a small fault, projects in the roadside at Bank House. A short distance to the north Mr. Stobbs observed in some foundations excavated close to the junction with the over- lying Keele sandstones, nodules of a blue-hearted calcareous sandstone. From Basford to Longport the stratigraphy is clear, owing to a continuous line of large open excavations In the Midland Tileries small east and west faults cross the general strike. At Wolstanton the width of outcrop is broader than usual, owing to the local decrease in the amount of dip and to the slope of the ground westward approximating the inchnation of the strata. At Longbridge Hays a conspicuous break in the feature marks the position of a small fault depressing the strata to the north. The quarry at the south end of Bradwell Wood has supplied a considerable number of interesting plant remains (see Part HI., p. 336). ■ Further north the Group caps the summit of Bradwell Wood, and the basal portion can be followed by the sudden rise in the ground and by the occurrence at intervals of the limestone or the accompanying shales containing Entomostraca, and a small shell, Tprohahly AnthracoTnya calcifera. Keele Oroup. — The red sandstones and marls of this Group cover a considerable area of low-lying ground to the south of Dresden, between the Trent and the triassic hills on the south and east. The Newstead boring is situated towards the centre of this area, and proved the Group to "be at least 550 feet thick, consisting of alternations of red sandstones and marls, with an occasional thin band of black shale ' and bass (403 feet depth). Strata of a grey colour occupy a very subordinate position. A dark calcareous band at 378 feet depth closely resembles a thin bed in the railway cutting at Keele Park with which sequence the boring bears a close resemblance. At the base, a band of red laminated ironstone contains abundant re- mains of Entomostraca, and a few fish remains. Below this come a few feet of fireclaj overlying a, bright coal five inches thick. It is a matter of opmion whether to include these beds in the Keele Group or to place them at the top of the underlying Group. 123 The Red and Grey Sbeies. On the flat ground south of Newstead exposures are scarce, but the persistent crimson colour of the soil indicates that the Keele Group underhes the surface. Solid rock, in each case con- sisting of red sandstone, crops out at Trentham Ley, Barlaston Village, and Parkfields. In a quarry to the north-east of New- stead Wood, red sandstones ■with lenticles of a calcareous breccia dip -westward. The same inclination is observed at Barlaston Village, about one mile due south. About one-and-a-half miles further south in an old quarry north of Meaford Farm, false bedded red sandstone of the Keele type is inclined to the S.W. It is possible that all these exposures giving a westerly dip are situated close to a north and south fault, as is in part repre- sented on the old edition of the map. Eastward of this line there are no exposures to indicate the amount or direction of dip, so that it is impossible to calculate the thickness here or to determine the correct structure of the area. In the small brook running from the old moat at Hartwell to Lower Moddershall occasional glimpses of solid rock can be ob- tained. The inclination remains at a gentle angle southwards. At Lower Moddershall Mills a good exposure of red marls and flaggy red sandstones by the roadside and in the stream shows a slight southerly inclination, apparently continued as far as Mostyley Mill, near which the strata become buried beneath the Bunter. In the by-road from Lower Moddershall Mill to the Stone Road a dark blue nodular limestone lying in crimson marls crops out on both sides of the road. The limestone contains Entomostraca and traces of other but indeterminable organic remains. The position of this limestone is uncertain, but it closely resembles one of those found high up in the Group in the western area. A coal over one foot thick, Ipng in grey shales crops out in a small wood near Moddershall Mill. The evidence points to these grey beds belonging to the Keele Group, for red sandstones surround them on all sides ; but the .actual junction is not .visible. The coal is no doubt the one obtained in an old shaft further south, as shown on the map. A narrow tongue of the Keele Group almost certainly lies at the surface in the deep hollow between Rough Close Common and' KnenhaU. There are no exposures, but the banks ot the many ponds show crimson marl, while fragments of the charac- teristic lavender sandstones lie scattered over the surface. At one spot only, in a shallow excavation ito the east of Berry Hill Farm, are there any indications of Drift, so that it is reasonable to conclude that the sandstone fragments represent solid rock near at hand, and have not been carried here lay glacial action. From the north end of Cocknage Hill to Blurton a marked rise in the ground indicates the outcrop of the basal beds. The characteristic red sandstone forms the high banks of the road at Blurton Village, and the feature it gives rise to can be traced northward till it dies out at the Florence Fault, Western Region. 127 The large doWnthrow of the Newcastle Fault causes the Keele sandstone to cover a considerable area on PenkhuU HiU. The sandstone has been quarried at several places. At Quarry Bank it contained some interesting plant remains collected by Dr. Garner and preserved in the Museum, Stoke-upon-Trent. These have been examined by Mr. Kidston * who finds them to be all of carboniferous species. Between George Street and May Bank, a narrow strip of red sandstone clings to the Newcastle Fault. Quarries have been opened near George Street, a few yards to the north of Stonyfields and near May Bank Cottage. It was also passed through in the Newcastle Tunnel. At Port Hill, the sandstone crops out near the junction of the Longport and Wolstanton roads, and forms a fairly definite feature for some distance northwards, but the outcrop is probably affected by branch faults from the Newcastle dislocation. The Western Region. Black Band Grouj). — The Apedale Fault (p.l65) has determined the workings of the Black Band Ironstones. These are obtained on the east or downthrow side of the fault in the Chesterton area, where the rise to the north brings the ironstones within easy reach ; and on the upthrow side to the north of Silverdale. In the Chesterton region the outcrop of the Bassey Mine has not been definitely determined, but the Red Mine Ironstone is stated to crop out 200 yards to the S.S.E. of Springwood. In the Hem Heath Colliery the Red Shagg Ironstone is intersected by the shafts at a depth of 275 yards, and in the Parkhouse Colliery at a depth of 340 yards ; the Half Yards being met with at 320 yards depth, and the Red Mine at 360 yards. In the High Carr CoUiery, situated in the trough between the High Carr Fault (p. 164) and Brad well Wood Fault (p. 163), the Red Shagg Iron- stone was met with 260 yards below the surface. To the north of High Carr, the High Carr Fault, taken in conjunction with some faults having a north-westerly trend and a down-throw to the south-west, encloses a small area of the Black Band Group. These beds are intersected by the Jamage mineral line, in which the Bassey Mine Ironstone and Coal are cut through 200 yards east of the point where the line is crossed by the lane from Red Street to Peacock Hay. The limestone with Spirorbis occurs at about the usual distance above, and below the ironstone comes a group of thin coals. About 50 yards west of the spot where the road to Newcastle * Summarj' of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1899, p. 109. 128 The Red and Geby Series. crosses the mineral line, the Bassey Mine Ironstone and Coal, with the limestone above and thin coals below, are again seen. There is no doubt that this repetition of the sequence must be accounted for by faulting. The Bassey Mine Coal, however, is stated by Mr. Sumnell to crop out where the lane from Red Street crosses the road to Newcastle, the Red Mine Ironstone and Half Yards Ironstone reaching the surface successively to the south-east, while an old shaft 80 yards north-west of the Bassey Mine outcrop is stated to be on the Great Row Coal at little depth. A second fault has therefore been introduced to account for the outcrop of the Bassey Mine in the western portion of the Railway. The following section of the Red Shagg Ironstone and under- lying measures was obtained from Mr. Sumnell : — Red Shagg Ikonstone, High Caee Collieky. Ironstone with cone-in-cone structure-v Red Grit - - 1 Red Shagg Cannel j Ironstone Ironstone with Lepidodendron - - j Red Shagg Coal - - - - Isaac (Shale bass) Oil Shale Stone - Coal In the district to the west of the Apedale Fault, the name Bassey Mine has been applied to a black band ironstone occurring above the Red Shagg Ironstone, the Bassey Mine of the eastern area being known as the Pottery Bassey Mine. At Silverdale aiid Apedale the outcrop of the Pottery Bassey Mine is uncertain, but it is possibly the thin laminated ironstone at the top of the disused marl pit (see section p. 102) near the Apedale Ironworks. The Lily Pits start a few feet below the outcrop, which would seem to strike thence for Grubbers Hill Farm, and from there for the old railway cutting to the north of Silverdalo Ironworks but it cannot be detected here with certainty. The Red Mine crops out at an old level in a small gully to the east of Grubbers Hill, and is being brought to the surface by a level to the north of Black Bank. The Whitebarn, Gorsty Bank and Old Grove collieries formerly raised the chief ironstones. On an old plan of the Knutton Farm Colliery the following depths and thicknesses are shown* : — Knutton Faem Colliery. Depth. Thickness. Yds. Yds. Ft. In. Black Band Ironstone - i 10 1 4 Red Shagg Ironstone 122 110 Red Mine Ironstone - 144 2 'hi( Ft ;kness. .In. 3 6 1 3 2 2 8 1 6 4 1 3 3 1 3 * In the Mining Record Office. Western Region. 129 The ironstones are underlain by coals, that below the Black Band being over three ieet thick. In the Millbank Colliery 900 yards to the south the depth to the Red Mine is 172 yards. The inclination of the strata decreases from 25 degrees at the Marl Pit, Apedale, to 10 degrees a little north of Church Street, Silverdale. Information at the south end and along the western ma^in of the anticline is scanty. At the south corner of the Madeley Heath Brick Pits a faulted anticline of grey shales and a thin coal be- comes clearly discernible. Whether these belong to the Black Band Group or represent the grey strata occasionally present in the Etruria Marls (p. 130) is not certain. In the white clays over- lying the coal a nodular band of a calcareous rock contains a few Entomostraca, and may thus represent one of the limestones of the eastern region. The Madeley Heath Brick Pits are certainly in the Etruria Marls ; while in the Dingle Pits a short distance to the north the Cannel Row was reached at 83 yards depth. We have been unable to determine the thickness of the sub-divisions of the upper measures in this area, but there would seem to be too small a space between the brick yard and the Dingle Pits for the full amount of the Black Band sub-division. The outcrop is probably complicated by faulting, and not so simple as represented on the map. On the western margin of the anticline the Black Band Group must be at the surface in Walton's Wood, for the Black Band Ironstone crops out on the eastern margin of the wood. Grey measures and a thin coal were also obtained in a shaft near the bottom of the raviae to the east of The Glading. In an old shaft, a few yards north of the side stream, leading into the main stream flowing through Walton's Wood, the Pottery Bassey Mine is shown on an old plan to be 20 yards deep. In the much-faulted and complicated area north of the Holly- wood Fault the presence of the Black Band Group at the sur- face needs turther confirmation. The scanty information to be obtained at the surface points to their being cut out by faults. Near Great Oak, three-quarters of a mile north-east of Audley Church, a trial shaft was sunk some years ago by the late Mr. William Rigby, but was abandoned, in the belief that the workable coals lay at too great a depth to be remunerative. The material seen around the shaft consists of light grey sandy shale, and possibly belongs to the Black Band Group, the Etruria Marls having cropped out a short distance further wes't. Etruria Marl Group. — On the western side of the Lyme Valley from the fault near Northward Farm to that opposite Spring Fields the presence of these beds can be inferred from the red colour of the soil, and from occasional shallow excavations in red marl. A narrow strip of red marls between the branches of the Apedale Fault extends from Hanchurch to a little north of Butterton New Farm. In the road cutting (Sect. No. 61, 7469. I 130 The Red anb Geey Seeies. Appendix), and in the fields to the north, the marls are visible. They also appear to be present on the upthrow side of the Apedale Fault, judging fronrthe red marls exposed in an old excavation in a field situated on the west side of the by-road leading from Hanchurch to Butterton. A long tongue of red marls extends from The Cloughs to Shutlanehead, where they were formerly worked in a large marl pit. They are also to be seen behind the rifle butts, and in a shallow pit a few yards to the north ; but eastwards, owing to the absence of exposures, the evidence for extending the out- crop up to the Apedale Fault is of the slenderest character. Eed marls, to a depth of 50 feet, are excavated immediately to the south of Kosemary Hill Colliery, and also on the north side of the railway near Kiutton Farm Colliery. The base of the Group north of Silverdale may be represented by the yellow-green grits in red marl cut through by the Market Drayton line and by the old tram line north of Newcastle Street, for they closely resemble the grits towards the base in the eastern area. Red marls overlain by grey grits are also to be seen in an old clay pit near the Grove Colliery. From the Grove Colliery the Apedale Fault throws the marls nearly a mile to the north. They are extensively quarried around Chesterton, and exhibit an interesting sequence. The base consists of an olive-coloured grit, which has been cut through by the road north of the Chesterton Pits, and again by the mineral line to the west of Birkhouse Colliery. In the marl pits to the south of the Chesterton Pits the top of the excava- tion is composed of yellow flags resting on a band of laminated ironstone over a foot thick, and crowded with Anthracdmya Ptdllipsi. The ironstone rests on a thin coal ; and a few feet below, red marls, resting on a pale olive-coloured grit, are excavated. The slope of the escarpment as far as Chesterton Hall is also composed of red marls. On the upthrow side of the fault at Chesterton the pale grit caps the marl pits near Birchhouse Colliery, while the grey flags, ironstone, and thin coal are exposed in the Rose Vale Brick Pits to the south-east of Hem Heath Colliery. The eastern portion of this quarry is crossed by a small curving fault with a downthrow of a few yards to the north-east. In the Hem Heath Colliery the Red Shagg Ironstone lies at a depth of 275 yards, so that the coal and ironstone seen in the marl pits lie high up in the Etruria Marls. On the south side of the mineral line in the Metallic Brick Pits the portion oi the marls immediately below the New- (iastle limestone are extensively quarried. At a distance of about 80 feet from the summit a line of calcareous nodules, containing Spirorbis beautifully preserved in calcite, extends across the quarry. In the Parkhouse Colliery further to the north-west the Half Yards Ironstone is 320 yards beneath the surface, giving from 850 to 900 feet of the marl in the shaft. The inclination in the Western ReoioN. I 131 ironstones is 11 degrees, and the Newcastle limestone crops out 350 yards to the south-east in the direction of dip. Allowing for a rise in ground of 50 feet, the thickness of the marl sub- division at this locality is, therefore, between 1,000 and 1,050 feet. A yellow rather massive sandstone and yellow flags are cut through by the mineral line 400 yards to the north-east of Park- house Colliery. The ground is here very faulty, and some land- slipping has taken place, so that the position of these grey measures is uncertain, but they apparently lie in the Etruria Marls, which can be seen cropping out in the stream banks to the north and behind the rifle butts on Bradwell Hill. In the High Carr Tileries, situated to the north of the colliery, an in- teresting section of a portion of the marl sub-division is laid open : — High Oaer Tilbeies. Thickness. Ft. In. Red marl 30 OUve-coloured rock 14 Purple marl - 8 Reamarl - 30 A specimen of the olive-coloured rock was examined under the microscope by Mr. Barrow, from whose notes the following description is taken : " A fair amount of calcite and some of a soft, green serpentinous material is present. Fragments of quartz are abundant, many of them containing numerous cavi- ties and some needles of rutile. From their form they have come directly from acid igneous rocks, and in several instances the tine rhyolitic matrix is seen adhering to the quartz crystals. Here and there patches of very line pegmatitic material may be made out, in which the original felspar has been replaced by the green decomposition product permeating the rock. A few frag- ments of a moderately basic igneous rock are also present." North of the Birchhouse Colliery the basement grit forms a bold ridge on which Birchhouse Farm is situated. It is traversed on the south and probably also on the north by faults. At Crackley the feature becomes less distinct, and north of here,, as far as High Carr, disappears altogether. At High Carr the grit again makes a strong feature and is well exposed in the road-cutting, from whence it can be traced as far as Bell Brook, south of the Jamage mineral line, A good section in red and purple mottled clays, containing a higher band of a coarse-grained, green grit several feet thick, is seen in the Downing Clay Pit south-east of Crackley. The grit makes a decided feature, which can be traced as far as the road to Newcastle, where it is cut off by the High Carr Fault. West of here a fine section in the Bradwell Hall Marl Pit, but at a slightly lower horizon, shows no grit. The dip is south- east at about 25 degrees. Newhouse Farm stands on another 7469. 1 2 132 The Red and Grey Series. and still higher bed of coarse-grained greenish yellow grit, which at first sight looks to be continuous with that in the Downing Clay Pit ; but the apparent continuity is fallacious, for they are in reality separated by the High Carr Fault. Returning to the southern portion of the anticline, the Holly- wood Fault (p. 174) forms the boundary of the sub-division between Silverdale Farm and the Hollywood Pit. The Silver- dale Tunnel passes through red marl, exposed at its northern end, and also to be seen in the Silverdale Tileries and in the wood to the north of Keele Station. West of the Hollywood Pit the outcrop is uncertain, but fragments of the green rock lying about the surface probably indicate the position of the base north of Finney Green. The Madeley Heath Brick Pits exhibit a section of the marls in which several bands of an olive-coloured grit are developed. Sections can also be obtained in Hazel Brook between the Viaduct and Ridgehill. Jn the Ridgehill Brick Pits, which show over 50 feet of red marl, a thin band of grit resembling the Keele Sandstone is present towards the summit of the excavation The solid geology round Little Madeley and to the south is obscured under a thick deposit of Drift, chiefly sand and gravel. North of the Hollywood Fault on the western margin of the anticline the red marls at the surface between Hayes Wood and the Minnie Pit must certainly be taken to belong to the Etruria Marls. What portion of the Group is here represented is open to doubt, for it is uncertain if the gnsy sandstones and shales which overlie the mottled red marls seen on the western slopes of Hayes Wood, and in a disused quarry a few yards north of Hayes Farm, belong to the overlying subdivision or are on the horizon of the grey measures seen in the Rose Vale Brick Pits (p 130). In an old level at the south end of Hayes Wood, on the western side of the valley, a laminated ironstone and also a black shale crowded with Entomostraca were obtained. A similar kind of shale can be picked up on the fields near Ridgehill Farm, where the base of the overly mg subdivision is probably close at hand (p. 134). Further north a crut driven from the bottom of the valley towards the east passed first of all through red marls and then troubled ground. The Minnie Shaft sunk on the line of western disturbance offers little reliable data, while Drift clays and sands deeply cover the rocks to the north. From the presence of the black shale with Entomostraca we are however inclined to consider the grey sandstones of Hayes Wood to belong to the Newcastle Group. Further north purple marls blotched with green appear from under twelve feet of Boulder-clay in a marl pit a quarter of a mile east of Audley Church. Specimens of red marl, purple micaceous marly sadstone and marl brecca, obtained in a well sunk at the east end of Chapel Street, half-way between Audley Church and the Station, show that the Etruria Marls underlie this area. Western Region. 133 Newuastle-under-Lyme Group. — On the west side ot the Lyme valley the outcrop is well defined from the fault at North wood Farm to a short distance north of Clayton Hall. The sudden rise in the ground to the east of North wood and Clayton Hall denotes the position of the base, while the belt of light-coloured soil, in sharp contrast to the red soil of the Keele sandstone to the south and west, indicates the breadth of outcrop. Around Han- church, to the west of Northwood, the subdivision comes to the surface between the branches of the Apedale Fault, an insight into the nature of the measures being afforded by the road sec- tion near Butterton New Farm (Sect. No. 61 Appendix). The basal limestone, in which fish remains are fairly abundant, consists of an irregular bed difficult to find, but the associated shales are well shown on the south side of the road near the corner of the plantation. The coals higher up, no doubt, correspond to the two lower seams in the railway cutting at Newcastle. There are several limited exposures at Hanchurch and round the fish ponds near which a thin coal crops out. To the west of the small branch fault crossing Butterton New Farm grey sandstones and flags have been quarried in a field to the west of the by-road from Hanchurch. In the dingle near the south lodge gates of Butterton Park, grey sandstones, flags and shales occupy the bed of the stream for some distance to the north east, where they are brought up by a fault against red sandstones of the Keele type. The dislocation is not seen, but as red sandstones are unknown among the Newcastle Group a fault seems the simplest solution of the phenomenon. The excessive jointing of the grey sand- stones m the quarry near the lodge gates also indicates the iroximity of a fault, and moreover the area is situated on the ine of the great Apedale disturbance. The presence of the basal limestone in the north banks of the pool at Shutlanehead and the occurrence of a thin coal in grey shales in the clay pit to the south, taken in conjunction with the undoubted existence of the Etruria Marls in the clay pit to the north, proves the existence of the subdivision at this spot. The evidence for the continuation northwards is scanty, and consists mainly in the presence of a distinct feature which can be followed from Oxhay Wood into Springpool Wood where grey shales are exposed along the stream course, and can be traced thence to Brick-kiln Plantation where the basal Umestone becomes again visible. In Kosemary Hill Wood the Etruria Marls are overlain by grey shales, at the base of which a thin calcareous grit with Spvrorbis is developed. Thence to the north- west a prominent feature indicates the outcrop as far as to the fault south of Knutton Manor Colliery. At the northern end of the dingle at this spot the grey sandstone has been quarried, and a coal over three feet thick is said to have been found below the floor of the quarry. From Knutton Manor Colliery to Silverdale farm the junction with th.e Etruria Marls is evidently a fault. The narrowness of outcrop on the north flanks of Eedheath h 134 The Red and Geey Sebies. Plantation suggests a fault, which is further confirmed by the indefiniteness of the outcrop to the south-west. Between the Keele Road and Honeywall three bore holes (sect. Nos. 63-65 Appendix) have been put down. No. 5 is situated 50 yards north of Honeywall Farm, No. 7 is near the mouth of the tunnel, and No. 6 close to the coppice on the south side of the Keele Road. It is difficult to identify the records with the local sequence, especially the numerous ironstones mentioned. The subdivision is probably at the surface between the faults at Dunge Wood and Ridgehill. Grey sandstones and shales with thin coals were passed through in the tunnel, and grey sandstone has been quarried 200 yards to the west. A few yards to the north of the quarry some old excavations, now grassed over, seem to have exposed a black shale crowded with Entomos- traca, and at the spring 53 yards south-east of Ridgehill Farm grey flags and shales rest on mottled red marls. The presence of the Newcastle -Group would therefore seem to be established in this locality. In the Chesterton area the basal limestone lies near the foot of the strongly-marked escarpment overlooking the town to the north. During the excavations for telegraph posts at Beazley Bank the limestone was exposed. Anthracomya calcifera* occurs in fair abundance, beautifully preserved in iron pyrites besides Carbonia, Fish remains and Spirorhis. The limestone is also to be seen on the banks above. At Chesterton Hall the line of scarp becomes broken, and the basal bed thrown 150 yards to the north- west by the Chesterton Fault ; after which the feature resumes its prominent character to the west, until it joins the large .Apedale Fault to the north-east of the Apedale Ironworks. Blocks of the hmestone lie at the foot of an old excavation 300 yards west of Mount Pleasant. On the extreme western margin of the coalfield the group is probably present on the west side of The Glading, and probably also in Hayes Wood (p. 132). It is undoubtedly at the sur- face in the Audley district. The strata, as seen in the road- cutting immediately north of the Church, consist of rather hard white micaceous sandstones, in places slightty purplish, with white shaly and marly beds in the lower part containing ferns and other plants. It is said that when the road-cutting was made two seams of coal were found, but only fragments in the soil can now be seen ; a seam three feet six inches thick is also said to ' have been met with near the surface, about a quarter of a mile slightly west of south from the church. The junction with the Etruria Marls is not visible, and no fragments of the basal limestone are found lying about. The ridge foimed by the sandstones makes a prominent feature, on which the village of Audley mainly stands. The feature diminishes about half a mile south of Audley, and dies out north- ward just before reaching the Red Rock Fault (p. 1S7). * Wheelton Hind : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Iv. (1899), p. 367, Wbstebn Region. 135 Keele Group. — Red sandstones and marls cover an exten- sive area on the downtkrow side of the Apedale Fault between Trentham and Chesterton. The warm, deep, red colour of the soil, affording a pleasant contrast to the dull tints of the measures below, at once strikes the observer passing through the Pottery Coalfield to Market Drayton. The sandstone, always much jointed, has been excavated in ? laces for falling and building stone, notably at the Kennels, 'rentham Park ; the Cemetery, Newcastle; and a little south of Chesterton Hall. At the spring, in Spring Vale, Trentham Park, the stone locally assumes a Drown tint, and is traversed by numerous cracks and joints. A little north of Knutton Ironworks some trial holes in search of brick clays proved that the sandstones are interstratified with red and purple marls, bearing a very close resemblance to the iriarls used for terracotta near Wrexham in the Denbighshire Coalfield. It is locally stated, but the report needs confirmation, that at Dimsdale Hall a coal was struck in a cellar. Around the Hall and in the by-lane red sandstone and flags of the Keele type are seen, but the resident does not seem to have observed any indication of coal on his land. In an old shaft, known as Clews Shaft, to the east of the Apedale Ironworks on the downthrow side of the Apedale Fault, red sandstone was passed through. The water m this shaft was • drained off by a shallow shaft in red sandstone sunk at the Knuttoti Ironworks, which are also situated on the downthrow side of the ^.pedale Fault. West of the Apedale Fault the group occupies an irregular area, much broken by faults and unconforraably overlain on the south by the conglomerates and sandstones of the Bunter. The sequence is admirably illustrated, in part, by the railway cutting at Keele Park Racing Station (Sect. No. 62 Appendix). The chief interest of the section lies in the band of limestone with Entomostraca. The marls seen in this section are seldom visible at the surface, since they generally occupy the dip slopes and lower ground almost universally grass covered. The thickness of the group cannot be given, as the strata are buried by the Trias to the south, and there are indications between Netherset Hay and Oxhay Wood of the strata being crossed by a strike fault repeating the sequence to the north. The inclination from the railway cutting to the margin of the Trias between Whitmore and Snapehall is always southerly, and is frequently as high as 20 degrees. This would imply a great thickness, but the possibility oif folds and faults must be borne in mind. From a comparison with other areas in the Midlands the highest beds would appear to be represented by the brown flags and thin calcareous bands exposed in the dingle near Moat House Farm. The narrow and straight peat-filled valley between Whit- more Station and Madeley Station suggests a fault. The Trias 136 The Red and Grey Series. on the west side ol the valley would also appear to be banked up against a fault repeating the beds to the west. The sandstones and calcareous breccias cut through by the railway to the west of Madeley Eoad Station and visible in the roadside north of the station certainly bear a very close lithological resemblance to those of the Keele Park railway cutting. The same red Keele rocks are exposed along the southern part of the anticline uplift from Madeley to Mucklestone and Logger- heads. As neither the summit nor the base can be seen, and the inclination is very variable, it is impossible to estimate the thick- ness. As far as seen the rocks consist of purple, brown and grey, and sometimes whitish sandstones, usually highly felspathic and weathering to a crimson marl. Occasionally a more quartzose bed occurs, which weathers to a brown sand, and sometimes con- tains small quartz pebbles. It is probable that soft marls are intercalated with the sandstones, though they are not found in any of the sections. Two thin nodular limestone bands have been found. One of these cropping out in the ponds immediately north of Rough Canker Wood, south-west of Willough bridge, consists of a layer of nodules of dark blue Hme- stone full of entomostraca. The nodules are of irregular shape, suggestive of the solution of a continuous band of limestone. The other limestone was not seen in place, but its presence was indicated by a considerable quantity of the debris of a hard white crystalline unfossiliferous limestone seen in the bottom of a marl pit near Sidway Hall, Pipegate. On the Keele Park Estate the sandstones have been extensively quarried round the Hall, near Bog's Cottages and Redheath Plantation, the stone being excavated for the Hall, Keele Church, and for the wall round the estate. In making the Racecourse at Keele Park a coal over a foot thick was laid bare near the northern margin of the track. In the road section to the north, and in drains and ditches to the south, red sandstone and marls clearly crop out inclined towards the exposure of the coal. It would, therefore, appear that the coal seam lies in the Keele Group. A shaft sunk on the south side of the track to a depth of 28 feet passed through grey shales but failed to reach the coal. In a depression near Swallowcroft Wood there appears to have been a level on this seam, but it is now concealed under dihris. The position of a light brown limestone with Spirorhis, sparingly met with, in Dunge Wood, is uncertain. It lies in a series of purple marls and sandstones of the Keele type, and would, therefore, appear to belong to this group ; but the area is so faulted that this may not be correct. Red sandstones of unmistakable Keele type appear at the sur- face on the west side of the Bar Hill disturbance at Madeley Manor House on the northern slope of the hill. They are also visible in a much disturbed state close to the fault at the north, end of the fish pond. Western Region. ii" On the north side of Checkley Brook the exposure in a small dingle to the east of Heighley Castle Farm, and the colour of the soil to the north, is sufficient to show that the group occu- pies the high ground between The Glading and the outcrop of the Bunter to the kvest ; but this solitary section affords the only evidence. In the Audley district no rocks of this group appear at the surface, and it is not certain whether they exist there, as nearly all, if not all, of them must be cut out by the Red Rock Fault ; but at Werrington, about 600 yards south-south-west of Audley Church, a well, according to Mr. J. Maddock, was sunk in a light brown grit, which may possibly belong to the Keele Group. 138 CHAPTER VII. THE TRIASSIC ROCKS. By W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd. Distribution and Classification. — The Triassic strata bordering the coalfield on the south and south-west fall into two main groups, consisting of an upper one of red marls with flags and more or less even-bedded sandstones at the base, and a lower one, made up of extremely false-bedded red sandstones, with lenticular beds of shingle and pebbly sandstone. Tbe inferior set of rocks belong to the Bunter formation ; the superior to the Keuper. Compared with West Cheshire, the typical area of the Triassic rocks of the Midlands, the following table shows how feebly they are developed in North Staffordshire, where in fact we are dealing with the marginal representatives of the red rock formation of the Midlands. Table of Comparison of the Teias Rocks of Cheshire and North Staffordshire. West Cheshire.* North Staffordshire. S ■ KeuperMarl. g-j Waterstones. S 1. Basement Beds. Sj r Upper Mottled Sandstone. t \ Pebble Bedf. 1 [ Lower Mottled Sandstone. Keuper Marl. Waterstones and Building Stones. ? Feebly represented. ? Absent. Pebble Beds. Absent. Even between the sub-divisions represented it is frequently difficult to draw a hard-and-fast line. Thus, in the tract around Fulford, where the basement beds are possibly present, there is no clear divisional line separating them from tne Waterstones, for the latter type of sediment is found interstratified with the coarser basement beds. In the Caverswall and Blythe Bridge area the sandstones of Bunter type can only with difficulty Ke distinguished lithologically from those of Keuper aspect ; while almost everywhere Keuper Marl and Waterstones are inseparably linked together. * A. Strahan. The Geology of the Neighbourhor^d of Chester. Mem. Geol. Sv/rv. (1882), p. 1. BUNTBB. 139 The lithological types constituting the two groups ot the Trias, however, indicate widely divergent conditions of deposition. — The false-bedded coarse sandstones of the Bunter with their intercalated beds of shingle and massed gravels indicate rapid and irregular transportation, such as would result from occasional cloud bursts, letting loose sudden rushes of water, and thereby causing floods ; the even-bedded sandstones and laminated marls of the Keuper, with its beds of rock-salt and gypsum, as clearly point to tranquil deposition under water, subjected to rapid evaporation and consequent formation of beds of salt. Similar conditions, it is found, can be met with to-day only within the desert regions of the great continents ; and to such arid condi- tions it is generally acknowledged that the Trias period belongs.* This interpretration of the* physical conditions persisting throughout Triassic times, first enunciated by Prof. Godwin Austen and since amply corroborated from a closer study of the formation than was then possible, presents a sequence of events vastly removed in character from the maritime borderland with which we had to deal throughoutthe Carboniferous epoch, and entails the regional elevation of the pre-existing lowlying lands. It is therefore not surprising to find that the stratigraphical relationship of the Triassic and Carboniferous rocks presents an example o± complete unconformity. Thus on Endon Hill the basement beds of the red rocks repose at a very slight angle on an eroded steeply-inclined anticlinal fold of the Pendleside Series. Near Rownall the same relationship exists. Further south, at Cellarhead, they rest almost horizontally on Coal-measures lying a few yards above the First Grit, and from thence rapidly trans- gress over the entire Coal-measure sequence. Traced westward from Barlaston Common the Triassic outcrop, though presenting a very sinuous outline, conforms in a general degree to the Coal- measures ; but this is due to the inclination of the inferior strata never being very high, and closely approximating the universal low dip of the newer formation. On the western side of the coalfield, the junction is more often obscured by superficial deposits, and when visible is generally found to be a fault. Bunter Sandstone and Pebble Beds. This sub-division consists, as a whole, of two principal litho- logical types — a lower portion of very pebbly red sandstones and lenticular beds of loose shingle, and an upper portion of red sandstones with few or no pebbles and only an occasional band of shingle. False-bedding, on a large as well as on a small * For information relating to arid and desert conditions of the present day the reader may be referred to the following works : Tchihatcheff, The Deserts of Africa and Asia. Hep. Brit. A ssoc. 1882, p. 356— Sven Hedin, Central Asia and Tibet : Towards the Holy City of Lassa. 2 vols. London. Walther J. " Die denudation in der wiiste." Leipsic, 1891. For desert conditions in the past in Britain the paper by J. G. Goodchild, " Desert conditions in Britain *' Trams. Geo'. Soc, Glasgow, Vol. XI., pt. 1, 1898, p. 71, may be consulted. 140 The Tkiassio Hocks. scale; characterises the whole sub-division, ot which the outcrop can readily be detected by the strong tendency, almost every- where displayed, for the rock to be cut back into deep cornbes with intermediate rounded lobes which are so particularly well displayed round the picturesque districts of Moddershall, Maer, Wnitmore and Ashley. The sandstones are usually soft and incoherent, more particu- larly in the lower portion. The component sand grains betray their desert wind-born origin in the almost com- plete roundness of even the smallest grains, and though in many cases the material has been swept together by water action, it had first been shifted hither and thither by desert storms, and perhaps in some cases we actually meet with the original sand dune, now more or less consolidated. The shingle beds consist of more or less consolidated gravels, the pebbles ranging from the size of a cocoanut down to that of a pea, and are as a rule smooth and well rounded. When closely packed together with little or no intervening matrix they exhibit the well-known bruised and pitted surfaces generally considered to be due to mutual pressure. They consist of a variety of rocks derived from the harder beds of the older formations, the best known being a liver-coloured quartzite regarded to represent types of a far distant origin, but which can be matched by certain lower palaeozoic rocks in the Midlands. In passing from west to east the sandstones become more and more pebbly and the shingle beds more numerous, till at Cock- nage they approach the Leicestershire type, where this subdivi- sion consists of " partially consolidated quartzose gravels, which pass upwards into more or less pebbly sandstones. " * Though the Upper Red Mottled sub-division is not definitely present, this may be due to its being concealed by the over- lapping Keuper sub-division. In any case it occupies a very linuted expanse, and is confined to the Maer, Ashley and Oakley districts. There are no available data for estimating the thickness of the sub-division. In the neighbourhood of Wnitmore Station over 600 feet may be assigned to the Bunter, and it is doubtful if the underlying (Carboniferous rocks would be penetrated at a depth of 668 feet. In wells and borings the Bunter is generally calcareous, and much harder than near the surface or in quarries. The red sandstones sometimes contain barium sulphate. In the wooded stream vaUey on the south side of Oakley Park the red Bunter sandstones contain small rounded nodules of sand, apparently cemented with barium sulphate. At Merelake Hill, near Alsager, there are thin veins of baryto- celestite, filling joints in the red sandstone and shingle beds.t * C. Fox-Strangways. The Geology of the country between Atherstone and Charuwood Forest. Mem. Geol. Survey (1900), p. 32. t Note on Barium sulphate in the JBunter Sandstone of North Stafiford- shire. C. B. Wedd. Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1899, p. 740. BUNTTSB . 141 o I ■S CO H Pa O n W E-i O o H n H K Q ! H Pi ;?! P O O is certainly displaced in connexion with faulting ; but it able that, the overlapping segments of the fold, though / / VooMsuijioH-HdeioN o W i H . ■< EH/ s= n EH O p; o l-t QQ O l-H EH s-l o > la. I - c C \ it& i .0 J 1.!^ < ■. K BS, n >>\ b. ,1 \< IL n \ ^/ "/ on tj ■J"' *-/ It ^, */ *■ , 0/ q\. */ V)1> Oi' V' 3>1 *|i n S 6-1 eS • «., f ai ^ s ^^ o 6H 1^ n P. ,/ Jn'-' 192 loNEOFS. yellow black-spotted rock, very soft and slightly more micaceous than the normal unaltered rock. On the south side of the road the alteration is less obvious, though for a few feet away from the dyke the red sandstone has an olive green colour along the joints, a weathering characteristic of the Keele sandstone in proximity to the dyke in the Butterton Quarry to the south. Except near its edges the material of the dyke is undecomposed close up to the surface. The Igneous rock is said to have been obtained in a drain to the north near the Lymes Farm. No indications of its presence are now seen, and no traces could be found anywhere on the Keele Park Estate ; neither is it known within the present limit.= of the coalfield, although there are numerous workings extending close up to the Apedale Fault and across the northerly path the dyke would take. A low ridge extends in a south-south-easterly direction from the section near the lodge gates and this, no doubt, marks the course of the dyke, for at its southern termination a quarry has been opened 300 yards to the south of Butterton Church, which shows the dyke intruded into the red Keele sandstone. There can here be no doubt about the intrusive nature of the rock ; and, as the Keele sandstones are now certainly known to belong to the highest part of the Coal-measures visible in North Staffordshire, the date of the intrusion must, at any rate, be post-carboniferous. The following sketch illustrates the relation of the igneous material to the encasing red sandstone (fig. 16). Fig. 16 Igneous Dyke in the Keele Seeies, Butterton Park By W Gibson W.- . E. S' d" JB' rf» d* 4^ rf* d3. Unaltered sandstone. di. Altered do. 3 feet wide. Bi. Dolerite dyke 8 feet wide. d3. Altered Grit 4 feet to 3 feet wide. d4. Soft white sendstone 10 feet wide, d^. Olive coloured sandstone. d6. Bed sandstone. The dyke is nearly vertical, and strikes north twenty degrees west. It is fifteen feet wide at the top, but tapers to twelve feet at the bottom of the excavation. A wedge of highly altered grit (No. 3618, p. 196), four feet thick at the top and two feet six inches BuTTEBTON Dyke. 193 wide in the floor ol the quarry divides the dylco into two portions. On the north side of the quarry, the igneous material IS of a soft crumbUng nature, exhibiting a platy structure parallel to the dyke walls, and containing, scattered through it, rounded masses of dolerite. The floor of the quarry and the south side the dyke consists of solid dolerite. It is used for the garden paths of Butterton Hall, but it is too soft for good road-metal. The contact alteration set up in the surrounding rock is mamly of a physical character. The metamorphism extends for over 27 feet on the east, but for not more than 5 feet on the west. For a distance between one and two feet from the eastern wall 5f the dyke, the Keele sandstone has been baked into a very hard grey grit, containing grains of opalescent quartz. East of this the red sandstone has been changed into a soft white rock, passing eastward into a yellow and olive green very soft sandstone, up to a curved slickensided surface, east of which the normal red colour prevails. The curved slickensided junction of the altered with the normal rock has all the appear- ance of a fault, and this is further emphasised by the jointed and broken strata to the west. The alteration of the walls on the west side is more intense in character, though it has not extended to so great a distance. It is particularly well illustrated bv a band of breccia (No. 3613, p. 196), the included fragments of which have been hardened and baked. For over a mile to the south-south-east, there is little surface evidence, but Mr. Kirkby found fragments of basalt and traces of the dyke in the fields near Hanchurch Farm. In the quarry in the orchard the Keele sandstone is much jointed and faulted, and is evidently on the same line of disturbance as the Butterton quarry. A little south of Hanchurch Farm the Keele Group is uncom- formably overlain by the conglomerates of the Bunter, which form the picturesque wooded ridge of the Hanchurch Hills. These are trenched by the road from Trentham to Hanchurch, and the dyke is exposed 200 yards to the east of the cottage on the edge of Swynnerton Old Park. The dyke here consists of two portions, but only one is now to be seen. Two hundred yards to the north of the road the dyke is just visible in an old trench in the thick wood, but its relation to the Bunter is not ascertainable. This relationship is very clearly shewn in the following sketch (Fig. 17) of the section in a low bank twenty yards within the wood on the south side of the road cutting. Its intrusive character is unquestionable. It is not possible to assert that it is situated on a line of disturbance, for though the inclination of 16 degrees observable in the conglomerates is unusually high for the district, yet it is by no means unlikely that the apparent inclination is really due to false-bedding. 7469. N 194 Igneous. The dyke is inclined at 79 degrees, and strikes nearly north and south. It consists of two masses of hard dolerite (Fig. 17), ressemblmg that at Butterton, and separated by FlO. 17. Igneous Dyke in the Buntee Sandstone, Hanchuech Hills. By W. Gibson. f2 Bunter conglomerate. B2 Olivine dolerite. fs Bunter conglomerate. Bi Decomposed rock. a narrow band of the same crumbling substance seen in the top part of the Butterton quarry. The alteration of the contact rock is slight, consisting of a small amount of discolouration and partial hardening. Traces of the dyke were found by Mr. Kirkby near Harley Farm, and about half a mile farther south ; but from here to Swynnerton Hall there are no indications of its ever reaching the surface. Mr. Kirkby notes its occurrence beneath the lawn at the Hall, Just beyond the southern' margin of the map. The Apedale Fault (Fig. 15, p. 191) is evidently of considerable size near the fish ponds at the north end of Swynnerton Village and its line, if continued, would cross the eastern portion of the lawn at the Hall, and a short distance afterwards would cut the dyke. This would appear to account for the difference in its course and behaviour south of the Hall. Mr. Kirkby draws it as one con- tinuous hne from the Hall to the old clay pits north of Yarnfield. This isnot strictly correct. A fine grained dolerite (No. 3621, p. 191), which has baked and hardened the surrounding sandstone (probably of Keuper age), is visible in a coppice near the old brickworks south of the WeUyard Plantation, and again 200 yards to the north. The dolerite evidently forms portion of a dyke which strikes north-north-west and south-south-east. In the Doles Coppice, 300 yards to the south-east of the brickworks, in the northern and south western ends, a dolerite dyke cuts Keuper Marls. Though the exposures are much overgrown the strike can be determined to be a little more to the west of north than in the brickworks. The dyke south of t e Hall is therefore either composite, or is dislocated by the Apedale Fault, and its branches. If the latter solution is correct and the dyke is of Tertiary age then some of the movement of the Apedale Fault must also post-date this period. Btttteeton Dykb. 196 South of Swynnerton Park the ground has not been surveyed in any detail. The general direction of the dyke will be under- stood from the map (Fig. No. 15), and for further information the reader is referred to Mr. Kirkby's paper (op. cit). The igneous mass in the quarry south of Pilsens Wood is much larger in extent than anywhere to the north, and may indicate its closer proximity to the source from which the material of the dyke emanated. At Norton Bridge the igneous rock was observed by Sir Thomas Wardle in the foundations for some sheds, but it is no longer visible. Petrological. By De. J. S. Flett. 3617 E.* 30 feet from east wall of dyke. A reddish felspathic sandstone, fairly coarse grained, the average size being '5 m.m. Quartz is common in rounded and subangular grains fufl of fluid cavities. Felspar is, perhaps, even more abundant, and is partly orthoelase and partly plagioclase, though it is often too much weathered to be determmable. Fine flakes of brownish laminated shale consisting of minute quartz grains with micaceous and argUlaceous dAbris are so numerous as to form a considerable part of the mass. They are broken and spUntery, not usually rounded. There are one or two pieces of muscovite, and biotite and black opaque patches, probably ferruginous. Between the other ingredients there lies a fine argillaceous and quartzose matrix, with a small amount of calcite. 3611. E. 27 feet from eaut wall of dyke. A felspathic sand- stone which is stained with limonite. Contains quartz, weathered felspar, fragments of shale and sheared quartzite, with a few large pieces of muscovite. 3612 E. l^feet from east wall of dyke. A speckled fine-gi-ained sandstone which consists of quartz, felspar, small flakes of shale and tine quartzose and argillaceous ddbris. A few of the pebbles appear to belong to a sheared quartzite. 3615. E. 6 feet from east wall of dyke. A pale greyish impure sandstone with quartz, weathered felspar, irregular bits of shale, fragments of sheared quartzite, a little muscovite and biotite, iron oxides, zircon. In this rock quartzite fragments are pretty common. There are some pebbles which look as if they were derived from the ground mass of old quartz porphyries or rhyo- lites. Most of the quartz is granitic. 3616 E. 3 feet from east wall of dyke. Pale grey speckled sandstone consisting of quartz, abundant felspar, fragments of shale and little pebbles of sheared quartzite, with others which * The numbers refer to the slides of the English collection of rocks in the Jermyn Street Museum. 7469. N 2 196 Iqnbous. look like fragments of quartz porphyry — a little biotite and muscovite and iron oxide. S613. K 3 feet from west wall of dyke. A breccia or very impure grit, which consists of pebbles of quartz, felspar, fine shale and quartzite : an abundant matrix of quartzose and argillaceous dAbris stained with limonite. The shale fragments in this rock appear to be distinctly baked. They are very micaceous. 3619. E. 6 in. from, west wall of dyke. An impure greenish felspathic sandstone. The pebbles are mostly quartz, but frag- ments of a sheared quartzite are also common. There are a few felspars, and very few of a fine laminated shale. The matrix between these grains is rather abundant, and is very compact ; it looks as if it were indurated, and is on a whole more of a crystalline mosaic than is usual in these rocks. In this -fine crystalline quartzose mass a few minute crystals of fresh dark brown biotite can be found. It is probable that contact altera- tion has induced a partial recrystallisation of the matrix, but this biotite is a new contact product, and its development has been accompanied by the formation of incipient hornfels structure. 3618 E. {& Fig. 16, p. 192). Finer grained, the particles averaging less than '5 mm in diameter. They are again quartz, de- composed felspar,fragments of shale, quartzite (sheared); this rock is not only finer grained but also distinctly more quartzose than the previous slides. In a hand specimen it looks distinctly indurated, and under the microscope the matrix is often a fine crystalline mosaic, which resembles a hornfels. Minute idiomorphic six-sided scales of biotite have been developed in the groundmass, but as the rock is somewhat decomposed they have in many cases been altered into chlorite. 3614 E. Centre of dyke, Butterton Quarry. This is an olivine dolerite. The rock is very fresh, and contains large pheno- crysts of olivine, some of them being about 2 mm. in length They are usually somewhat rounded, but are often sufficiently idiomorphic to show the typical lozenge-shaped rhombic sections. Some are ideally fresh, but many show thin films of serpentine forming on the surfaces and along the cracks. The enclosed small octahedra, many of which are black and opaque (magnetite), but others are green or brownish green, transparent, ndth a very high refractive index and isotropic, and these are probably spinel or chromite. Small rounded glass cavities are ailso present in the olivine. There is no porphyritiQ augite or felspar. The ground mass of the rock is a crystalline granular mixture of a purplish violet augite with lath-shaped plagioclase felspar. The felspars are scattered irregularly without definite orientation, and are idiomorphic, while the augite is moulded upon their surfaces, so that the BuTTBETosr Dyex. 197 structure is subophitic. Ds.rk grains of iron oxide are abundant, and small brownish stains of limonite. In the ground mass of the rock small patches, which are almost quite isotropic, often lie between the felspars, and they are probably the remains of a glassy base, with perhaps nepheline, as they often have a very weak double refraction, a distmct cleavage, and a lower refractive index than the felspar. There are a few long needles of apatite. 3620 E. Dyke vear Lodge Gates, Bwtterton Park. This is a rock of a similar character to the preceding, with phenocrysts only of olivine and a groundmass of plagioclase and aurite. Green octahedra of spinel or chrome spinel are also present. The groundmass is of a subophitic type. In this section there are patches, rudely circular m outlme, of finer-grained material, which is principally felspar in radiate or featherlike aggregates and grains or skeleton growths of iron oxides, lying in what is apparently a devitrilied glass. These are probably steam cavi- ties which were formed before the complete solidification of the rock, and into which the still liquid material has soaked and there partly crystallised in the form of felspar and iron ores. 3621 E. Dyke, Swynnertmv Park. The fine grained chilled margin of the dyke. In this the porph3Titic olivines are most conspicuous and perfectly fresh. They enclose magnetite, spinel and rounded patches of the ground mass. The rest of the rock is composed of a very fine grained aggregate of felspar, iron oxides and augite, without flow structure and not subophitic. A small amount of a clear isotropic material is also present, and is probably a pale amorphous glassy base. 3622. E. Band in Kewper, Swynnerton Park. This is a cal- careous sandstone containing pebbles of wdl-rounded quartz, with a very few of a fine-grained quartzite, and of felspar. There are a tew rounded grains of zircon, iron oxide, etc. The matrix is calcareous. Apparently the rock contains very little argillaceous matter, but in places there is a fine siliceous debris, though it is the abundant calcite which forms the principal cementing material. In the calcite there are minute rhombohedra xii dolomite. 198 CHAPTER XI. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Pleistocene and Recent. A line running roughly north-east from Betton in the south- west, by Norton-in-Hales, Madeley, Wrinehill, Audley, Kids- grove and Congleton, divides the district into an entirely drift- covered region on the west, and an eastern area in which the Glacial deposits are thin and intermittent. This line of division is determmed by the great anticlinal fold, the area of thick Drift roughly coinciding with the low-lying plain of the Keuper Marl on the north-west of that fold. Drift, however, runs up and generally fills the valleys openmg to the north and west. In the central and eastern areas the ice-sheet passed over the entire region; but in this region the Drift is confined to the valleys or to the lesser slopes, and to the flat gathering ^ound (over 800 feet o.D. on Wetley Moor) or watershed in the north- east corner of Sheet 123. It consists chiefly of clay, but patches of gravel are mei with at Carmount Head, and in the Trent Valley between Stockton Brook and Stoke-upon-Trent. There is very little on the high ground between Fenton Park and New Chapel. Little or no Drift is found on the Bunter, but there is reason to believe that a considerable amount of Glacial sand occupies the bottom oftheMeece valley between Hatton and Baldwins Gate. Glacial clays and sands attain a great thickness in the western area. South-west of Buerton they were found to be 101 feet thick in a well 250 yards north-west of Kynsall Lodge, while a little north of Crewe, they have been proved in a boring at Sydney to to have a thickness of more than 320 feet*, thus going down at least 160 feet below sea-level. It is therefore evident that in this part of the western area the Drift fills a deep hollow. In the western region the Drift consists of every gradation from stiff brown clay to pure yellow sand and gravel. The normal type of the Boulder-clay is a chocolate-brown stiff clay with a small proportion of sand-grains. Frequently, however, the clay contains a considerable quantity of intermixed sand, and what must still be regarded as Boulder- clay, sometimes con- sists of over 80 per cent, m bulk of sand-grains. The Boulder- clay is entirely devoid of stratification, except for traces of rude bedding in the more sandy varieties. Finely-laminated clays, free from stones, are met with near Crewe and further north, but always at a considerable distance from the margin of the Drift plain. The normal Boulder-clay contains a variable quantity of • Vert. Sect., Sheet 82, No. 17. SxTPEEFioiAL Deposits. 199 boulders usually small, sub -angular, or well worn, and frequently clearly striated. The Drift-sand is normally a clean, sharp, yellow, stratified sand, often with much current-bedding. It passes through intermediate types of loam and marly sand into sandy clay, and sometimes contains patches or seams of stiff clay and lenticles of coarse gravel. In certain parts of the district, where the ice has passed over a large surface of rock, the Drift is made up of local materia], and it is possible that a considerable amount ot such Drift may be present in tracts considered driftless, but it is nearly always impracticable to distinguish it from the product of rocks weathering in situ. It has not been found possible to recognise any definite sequence among the Glacial deposits. The sands and gravels do not seem to hold any fixed position with regard to the clay, neither can an Upper or Lower Boulder-clay be made out. It is probable that clay on sand is the usual sequence. Between the east side of Doddington Park and Checkley Brook a comparatively thin sheet of sand and gravel lies on clay and appears to pass eastward under another bed of clay ; but there is no reason to believe that such a sequence is general, .and, indeed, any such supposition is negatived by deep borings in which sand and clay repeatedly alternate. A certain vague system of distribution of the sands and gravels is noticeable on the plains. They tend to run in irregular belts in a north-easterly direction, transverse to the general drainage, but parallel to the outcrop of the solid rock and the axis of the anticline. It seems too that gravel-beds in the sand become less numerous in a direction from the margin towards the interior of the plain. The same may be said both of the included boulders and of the large ones on the surface, as also of the shell- fragments. Current-bedding also is less prevalent in the sand toward the interior of the plain. No such system of distribution exists in the hilly regions where clay preponderates over sand. In the western area the Drift shows considerable variety of form. It lies in flat or gently swelling plains, or is studded with more or less numerous isolated mounds, while near the eastern margin the surface is thrown up into a chain of low liills of irregular contour. From Betton in the south-west, a narrow belt . of low-lying Drift, with a general width of a little more than a mile, flanks the outcrop of the solid rock as far north-east as Onneley. It creeps up the dip-slope of the sandstones, but for the most part is a level or gently-sloping plain, dotted here and there with small mounds. Usually it consists of a sheet of Boulder-clay, which here and there is seen to overlie sand. The mounds are mainly of sand and gravel, often capped with thin clay. Where the Tern Valley at Willoughbridge abuts upon this plain, in the neighbourhood of Willoughbridge and Pipegate, the clay is replaced by a spread of level or gently sloping sand and gravel. At Dorrington and Irelands Cross the Drift, i;; only a 200 SUPEKPICIAL DsrosiTS. few feet thick, and south of Pipegate it is pierced by inliers ol Bunter. A similar belt, composed mainly of Boulder-clay over- lying sand, flanks the west side of the anticline of the Ooal- measures from Audley to Kidsgrove, but is diversified by ridges of Coal-measures and Triassic sandstones, which reach the surface through it. West of this belt, from the south-west of the district, a chain of mounds runs north - east through Bellaport and Woore to Onneley, Avhere it impinges against the Bunter tract of Bar Hill, and forms a conspicuous feature as seen from the south-east. This high ground, which may be taken as about a mile in general width, often merges gradually into the drift-plain on its north-west side. It is composed of a great quantity of current - bedded sand and gravel, often lying at the surface over a considerable area, but frequently covered with thin Boulder-clay. The mounds and hillocks are gener- ally elongated in a north - easterly or easterly direction. There is reason to believe that this represents not merely an elevation, but an actual thickening of the drift - sheet near its edge. No trace of solid rock, as far as is known, is found either at the surface or in wells. It is nearly certain that the Glacial deposits rest on Keuper Marl, which may reasonably be expected to be at a lower level than the out- crop of the Keuper Sandstones from Betton to Dorrington. Now the altitude of the summits of the several ridges of Keuper Sand- stone between Oakley and Bearstone, decreases north-westwards in the direction of the dip, and also south-westwards along the strike. The most westerly outcrops of sandstone, at three equi- distant points, from Norton-in-Hales north-eastwards to Bearstone, are approximately at 360, 380, and 400 feet o.D. respectively. The surface-altitudes of the high drift-ground at corresponding Eoints from south-west to north-east, at about one mile's distance •om the outcrop of the rock, are respectively 490, 520, and 553 feet, giving a probable minimum thickness of from 130 to 153' feet for the Drift, on the assumption that the beds on which it rests lie no higher than the outcrops of the Keuper Sandstones on the south-east. If the thickness of 101 feet of Grlacial material obtained south-west of Buerton is any criterion of its general thickness in that part of the plain which lies immediately to the north-west, this would show a (;onsiderable thickening of the Drift near its margin. But the mere fact that a belt of Drift resting presumably on Keuper Marl, rises to an elevation of 130 or more feet above the nearest outcrops of sandstone, is in itself evidence of a local thickening. This chain of Drift-hills was regarded by the late Carvill Lewis as a terminal moraine ; but, as it has been stated above, current-bedded sand and gravel make up the bulk of it. Further north a broad ridge, composed of sands and gravels partly covered with clay and resting on Keuper Marl, extends from Foxley to Alsager. It rises to an altitude of only 30 or Superficial Deposits. iiOl 40 feet above a comparatively narrow valley, which separates it from the sandstone features, and may be of similar origin to that previously described. On the north-west side of this zone of high ground, a broader tract of low-ljdng Drift, from one to two miles in width, runs in the same north-easterly direction from Highfields by Buerton, Woore Flash, Checkley, Wrinehill, Betley, Balterley, and Bar- thomley. It is for the most part a level plain with few mounds and hUlocks, and lies at an altitude of about 300 feet o.D. It is almost entirely covered with Boulder-clay, though diversified here and there with patches and mounds of sand. Frequently the clay is only a few feet thick. This tract is intersected by the valleys of Checkley Brook and Betley Mere, in which sand is seen to underlie the clay, Again on the north-west side a broad, irregular belt, in which sand predominates, runs also in a general north-easterly direction from north of Buerton, through Doddington, and west of Barthomley and Alsager. Though not rising into conspicuous hills its surface is more varied with gently swelling hillocks and mounds than that of the neighbouring clay tract ; it also occu- pies for the most part somewhat higher ground. The prevalence of current-bedding in the sands and gravels, and of lamination in certain clays in the interior of the plain, con- trasted with the total absence of stratification in the normal Boulder-day, shows that the sands, gravels and laminated clays were deposited under conditions different from those which produced the Boulder-clay ; and points to the accumulation of the sands and gravels by the action of torrents, and the deposi tion of the laminated clays in stiller water. Boulders of all sizes up to 10 feet or more in length are abundant, but especially towards the margin of the ])rift-plain. The largest are found on the driftless area, particularly round Beech, but some of the biggest occur east of Bucknall, one in the stream course north of Little Brookhouse Farm being over 12 feet in length and 8 feet across. The boulders probably include examples of all the principal intrusive masses of the Lake Distnct ; also of the Borrowdale volcanic series, chiefly from the fragmental rocks of the central mountains. The intrusive rocks consist mainly of Eskdale granites, Buttermere granophyres and white granites from the South of Scotland. The Crifiel granite, however, has not been recognised. A red rock full of green acicular augite is abundant chiefly in the south of the district. It resembles a local modification of the Eskdale and Carrock rocks ; but the latter in its normal phases is not common. Volcanic boulders include basalts with porphyritic augites, streaky garnetiferous lavas, metamorphosed amygdaloidal basalts, and rocks resembling the Westmorland rhyohtes. Rocks from South Scotland are well represented on the high ground round 202 SupEBFiciAL Deposits. Keele, Maer and Hanchurch, but are also common on the Drift- plain to the west. Rocks from Wales may be represented by some compact felsitic boulders which correspond very well with the lavas of Arenig. A grit closely resembling the curious rock of Ingleton is met with among the large number of boulders near Shelton-under-Harley. Red and''grey flints are occasionally found, and may be derived from the concealed Secondary rocks to the north-west. West of Norton-in-Hales two boulders were noted, which there is little doubt belong to the Rhsetic. This is of interest in view of the well-known occurrence of Lias at Audlem. Fragments of marine shells have been found in many places. They are most abundant towards the margin of the Drift-plam, but less numerous, at any rate in the sands and gravels, towards the interior. Though observed more frequently in gravel and sand than in Boulder-clay, it is probable that this is owing to the comparative scar^Jity of unweathered sections in the latter, and the bad state of preservation of the shell-fragments in it. It is probable that on the margins of the plain these shell-lragments are almost ubiquitous in the clay, but widely scattered and seldom numerous in any one spot. On the other hand in gravel and sand they are often abundant in one section or even in one seam of gravel, though apparently absent in neighbouring sections or seams. They are especially common in the gravel lenticles. The shell - fragments seem to have been transported, the edges being well worn and the surface sometimes minutely striated. Amongst numerous specimens submitted to him for examination Mr. • Clement Reid has identified the follow- ing : — Balanus sp., Trophon ?, Turritella terebra (Linn.), Astarte sulcata! (Da Costa), Cardimn edule (Linn.), Car- diuTTi sp., Cyprina sp., Mya sp., Mytilus sp., Tellina halthioa (Linn.). These, as pointed out by Mr. Reid, belong to a shallow - water fauna, and are not indicative of very cold conditions. By far the greatest number of fragments belong to Cardiwm and Tellina, but Turritella is also abundant. A large part of the Biddulph Valley is entirely free from Drift. The distribution of the thicker Drift of the valley follows the eourse of the Biddulph Brook upwards and southwards from the wide gap in the grit-ridge on the north-west side of the basin at Mossley. The extreme north end of the synclinal Coal- measures, on higher ground, is driftless ; but southwards from the above-mentioned gap Glacial deposits spread thickly over the bottom of the hollow and evidently obliterate an old drainage channel, for the present stream-course is post-glacial. Drift extends up the slopes approximately to the 600-foot contour in the northern part of the valley, thinning out southward; till beyond Bradley Green it is restricted to the lower ground, with the exception of thin ragged remnants on the higher slopes to the south and west. Northwards from Bradley Green to a SrPEEFiciAL Deposits. 203 short distance beyond Biddulph it is frequently cut through in the main stream-valley and the railway cuttings. At a point less than 300 yards ngrth of the. Lea Mill Forges, on the north side of Biddulph, shale is just exposed in the brook under about 35 feet of Drift, chiefly sand. Probably even in the lowest part of the basin further north the thickness of the Drift is not much more than this, though solid rock does not appear agam at the surface At the point above-mentioned the apparent thickness may possibly have been exaggerated by slipping, as the Drift overlies shales dipping towards the stream. West and north-west of the village of Biddulph the drift-covering has evidently been sufficient to prevent the discovery and surface- working of the lower coals in former times, though on the east side of the valley this has not been the case, and the Crabtree and Little Row coals have been found in spit^ of the mantle of Glacial sand and clay. West of the anticline. Drift covers the lower slopes of the Coal- measures north of Hall o' Lea. A spread of sand obscures the measures west of the outcrops of the Bambury Coals and doubtless accounts for the fact that immediately south of the Bank the higher seams have not been worked at the surface as have the Seven Feet Bambury and lower coals a little further east. This sand is probably nowhere much more than 12 feet thick. Further north the thicker Drift of the lower-lying western region thins out against the rising ground west of Quarry and Grotto Woods, running somewhat higher up the slope south of the old Lime Works. It overlies the shales above the Carboniferous Limestone at Astbury Quarry, and sweeps up nearly to the 700 foot contour-line and the outcrop of the Third Grit on Congleton Edge, against the northern end of which Drift-sand is banked. Along the stream-course of Dane-in-Shaw the Drift is seen to be still somewhat thin, as the red Keuper Marl is exposed in the banks at frequent intervals. In this valley the Glacial sands and clays are probably seldom much more than 20 or 30 feet thick, though this thickness may increase somewhat as the ground rises away from the valley on either side. Here, as in the Biddulph Valley, sand is usually seen to be overlain by Boulder- clay. The Drift, both within and immediately west of the Biddulph Valley, consists largely of clean sand, with lenticles and patches of gravel and clay, and is often overlain by thin red Boulder- clay. In the thicker part of the Drift-deposits in the valley whenever good sections occur, sand, when not actually at the surface, is usually seen to be present in or under the clay, and it is doubtful whether any part of the thicker Drift here consists entirely of Bu jjiljier-clay. 204 SupBBFiciAL Deposits. That the sand of the Biddulph Valley is of similar origin to that of the Drift-plain to the west, is indicated by the occurrence in it of the same small marine shell-fragments at the sandpits near Gillow Heath Station. The Boulder-clay is red or brown and often sandy, with the usual north-country plutonic and volcanic boulders, and a large admixture of local rocks. The thicker accumulation of Glacial Drift in the lower and northern part of the valley, and in and about the gap in the grits at Mossley on the north-west side of the valley, shows that the Drift entered largely, though probably not solely, by way of this gap ; through which it is gradually being washed out again by denudation.* Alluvium, Peat. —The alluvial deposits of the Pottery Coal- field are insignificant. The chief pomts of interest hav« been mentioned in dealing with the River Systems (pp. 5-12). The hollows between the Drift-mounds in the western area are frecjuently occupied by peat. These peat-filled hollows either he in sand or are associated with large sheets of sand underlying thin Boulder-clay. The peat is often of great thick- ness, as at Betton Moss, Cracow Moss (near Betley), Oakhanger and White Mosses (near Alsager), and Craddock's Moss. The brown peat of White Moss is extensively worked for litter. * The Glacial deposits of the Pottery Coalfield have for many years received the close attention of Mr. F. Barke. Quite recently (Trans. North Staffs. Nat. Field Club, vol. xxxviii., pp^^ 111-117. 1904) Mr. Barke has drawn attention to tlie occurrence of Drift at several places within the costl-field, where it is not indicated on the Drift Edition of the Map (Sheet 123, n.s.). This is more especially the case on the ground between Cliff Bank and Oakhill, Stoke ; and around Wolstanton, Burslem, and Tunstall. 203 CHAPTER XII. • ECONOMIC AND APPLIED GEOLOGY. By W. Gibson. The rocks and minerals of economic value other than coal have been incidentally mentioned in the account of the various formations in which they occur, but rather from a geological than economical standpoint. Each mineral will now be separately described in its economical aspect ; and after this the chief sources of the water supply will be treated of Goal. As will be gathered from the account of the Coal-measures, this mineral forms the chief product of the North Staffordshire Coalfields, The area of the exposed coalfield of the Potteries, excluding a large portion occupied by the Keele Group (Permian, firevious to the re-survey), amounts to about 75 square miles, ncluding seams over two-feet in thickness, the total thickness of coal amounts to over 140 feet. Until within recent years the coal has been obtained at depths under 2,000 feet, and a large quantity of the coal at the present day comes from well under this depth. Between 1861 and 1880 the output rose from 2,372,000 tons to 4,074,800 per annum. Between 1880 and 1890 the amount never exceeded 5,000,000 tons. Since 1892 the following table shows the fluctuation of output : — Year. Output in tons. 1892 5,004,844 1893 4.962,189 1894 4,954,341 1895 4,613,640 1896 4,788,390 1897 6,434,197 1898 6,652,545 1899 6,799,237 1900 5,601,759 1901 5,565,626 A considerable portion of the coal raised is consumed in the numerous local industries, of which the most important are the ironworks, potteries and brick manufactories. The gas coals are largely exported; the city of Birmingham obtaining a large quantity from the Talke area. 206 EcoIfoMiC pEOSlfOTS. The following tables gives the difference in analyses of the two main classes of coal met with in the district. Analyses of Gas and Coking Coals. Ten FEET Coal Silveedale.* Volatile matter 34'0 Coke 66-0 Ash fin coal) 1-95 „ (in coke) 2-95 Sulphur (in coal) 1 -30 „ (in coke) 0-70 „ (in volatile matter) 0-60 FouE-FEET Coal, Apbdale.* 40-0 60-0 •75 1-25 •80 -38 •42 Analyses OF Non-Coking CoALS.t Little Row. Old Whit- field. Bowling , Alley. Holly Lane. Hard Mine. Fixed Carbon - Volatile Hydro- carbons • Sulphur Ash 61-59 37-40 0-20 •81 61-27 37-61 0-12 1-00 6313 31-70 0^62 4^55 61-79 37-35 0-06 0-80 63-50 34-85 0-00 1^65. The thickness of the individual seams and the uses to which they are put have been given in previous chapters. According to the report of the Royal Commissioners (1871), the Pottery Coalfield has an area of 30,876 acres within the outcrop of the Keele Beds (Permian) and Trias on the south and west, and the New Red Sandstone and Millstone Grit on the east. The total quantity of coal available after deducting portions likely to be sacrificed by faults, barriers, and loss in working was estimated by the Commissioners to be 2,338,341,053 tons at depths not exceeding 3,000 feet, and an additional 564,928,888 tons for depths between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. The report, however, does not give any data as to the amount of cover estimated to overlie the seams above the Red Shagg Coal, the highest of the seams ; but certain horizontal sections accompany the report which demand consideration. Thus in section No. 18, pi. 3, the Red Shagg at Newcastle-under- * Colliery Ghmrdian, vol. Ixxxv., 1903, No. 2197, p. 300. t Chas. Homer. Proc. Iron amd Steel Inst., 1876, p. 340. Coal, Future Supply. 207 Lyme is 'represented as being about 1,300 leet below the River Lyme. The Keele Beds here exceed 100 feet ; to this about 1,800 feet must be added for the Newcastle, Etruria Marls and Black Band sub-divisions, thus making the Red Shagg 1 ,900 feet beneath the surface. Further west in the same section the Keele Beds (Permian of the section) are represented as uncon- formable to the Coal-measures and reposing on the Black Band Group ; the Bassey Mine at a spot a few yards east of Over Bitters Wood being shown as about 1,000 feet beneath the surface, whereas in reahty it approaches 2,000 feet. In section No. 17, the evidence now obtainable at Moddershall Oaks (p. 126) hardly warrants the position of tJie coals or structure of the ground represented. In section No. 16 the Keele beds (Permian) are again represented as being unconformable to the Coal-measures, though the depth to the Red Shagg as drawn is probably not far from the truth. The question as to the future available supply, will now be discussed. Future Development of the Coalfield. Before dealing with this important economic question it will be necessary to refer to the main geological features ol the Pottery Coalfield. As we have seen, the Carboniferous strata have been thrown into three main folds, consisting of an eastern and western anticline enclosing a central syncline, which includes the major portion of the coalfield. These folds converge in the north, while in an opposite direction they rapidly diverge till the two anticlines lie over nine miles apart. The eastern anticline brings up only the unproductive portion of Carboniferous rocks so does not concern us; the western anticline terminates abruptly on the line of a great disturbance, which we have termed the " Western Boundary Faults," (p. 175). The question of the future coal resources of the district can therefore be con- veniently considered under two heads ; the supply underlying the surface to the west of the Boundary Faults and that remain- ing untouched to the east of these faults,of which that existing in r.he central portions of the syncline is the most important. Supply to the east of the Western Boundary Faults. The outcrop of the Bassey Mine Coal separates the area occupied by the Grey Chief Coal-bearing Series, of which the amount of coal remainmg can be fairly satisfactorily determined, from that of the well-defined region occupied by the Red and Grey Series. The latter occupies an area of about 40 square mUes, of which the greater portion overlies coal-measures from which few of the seams have been touched. Considering that the coal-bearing strata contain about 140 feet of workable coal and several valuable bands of ironstone the untouched wealth of the coalfield would seem to be enormous. Mining experience in the coalfield shows the general absence of washouts and the 208 Economic Peodttcts. persistence ot the seams over the area ; the question thfen remains of ascertaining the depths to the seams beneath each group covering this large tract of virgin ground. (Fig. 2, p. 15.) Withm the outcrop of the Black Band Group a considerable (quantity of the seams above the Bassey Mine has been extracted in conjunction with the ironstones; vertically beneath this coal down to the Ash Coal less has been withdrawn ; while of the important seams below the Ash nearly the whole remain intact. The depth to the Ash Coal within the outcrop of the Blackband Group nes between 1,000 and 1,400 feet, from which the approx- im£.te depth to the deeper-seated seams can be readily calculated from the section (p. 61). Beneath the wide spread of Etruria Marls there are no collieries working the seams below the Ash Coal excepting the Florence Colliery in the south-east, and the Glebe and Oldfield collieries. The Longton Hall Colliery and the Rowhurst Pits of the Shelton Colliery have attacked the seams between the Ash and the Bassey Mine. The seams above the Bassey Mine have been more extensively worked, but large areas remain untouched. Here, then, there lies a large body of coal well within the present theoretical limit of workings. The great thickness of the Etruria Marls (800 to 1,100 feet) must, however, be kept in mind. Supposing a shaft to commence towards the summit of the group, this would reach the Bassey Mine between 1,100 and 1,500 feet, and the Ash Coal between 1,800 and 2,400 feet, the lower estimate holding for the south eastern portion, the higher figures for the central portion. In the Newstead boring (Sect. No. 1, Appendix III.) 1,112 feet separate the Bassey Mine from the base of the Newcastle-under- Lyme sub-gro\ip, estimated and proved thickness thus agreeing very closely. We may here refer to areas occupied by the Etruria Marls, of which the importance does not seem to us to have received sufficient local attention. The first of these is the strip lying between the Newcastle and Apedale Faults in the Lyme valley between Newcastle-under-Lyme and Hanford. A shaft commencing in the alluvium of the Lyme near Trent Vale should reach the Bassey Mine at a depth not exceeding 1,200 feet. Another tongue of Etruria Marls extends between Silverdale and Shutlanehead on the upthrow side of the Apedale Fault. A shaft situated on the west side of the Seabridge Road south of Hands Wood might be expected to reach the Bassey Mine at 1,100 feet. Between Madeley Heath and Madeley Village the Etruria Marls probably crop out underneath the Glacial deposits, but the ground IS necessarily obscure, and in the neighbouring driftless areas there are indications of faulting, though of an obscure character. The maximum depth to the Bassey Mine should not exceed 1,200 feet, and may be less, as the outcrop of the marls is at the southern end of the western anticline. On the other hand, we must allow for possible faulting. Since the thickness (300-400 feet) of the Newcastle-under- Lyme Group varies little over the district, there is no Goal, Futube Supply. 209 necessity to calculate the approximate depth of the seams, which can be readily arrived at by adding this thickness to the previous estimates. Within the broad outcrop of the Keele Group any definite calculation is prevented owing to the thickness of the beds at present being unknown. At Trentham we know that the Bassey Mine lies 1,946 feet beneath the surface where the Keele sub-group was 552 feet thi<;k' and the Etruria Marls under 800 feet thick. North of Newcastle-under-Lyme, towards the centre of the syncline, we know that each sub-division has. increased greatly in thickness, and we are probably not wrong in giving 2,500 feet for the depth to the Bassey Mine a little north of Knutton. (See Fig. 18, p. 210.) Supply to the West of the Boundary Fault. — On the western side of the Staffordshire anticline, which boldly faces the Cheshire Plain, the workable coal seams are steeply inclined westward in their upper workings, but traced westward they rapidly flatten out as they approach the " Boundary Fault." On the downthrow side of this large fault or belt of disturbance, of which the total displacement does not probably fall short of 800 yards (p. 177) the Etruria Marls, Newcastle-under-Lyme, and Keele sub-divisions crop out betw'een Heighley Castle and Audley. The few places where the inclination can be observed indicate that this does not exceed 10 degrees to the west or south- west, in which direction the beds can be followed for nearly a mile. They then become hidden under Drift through which the Triassic rocks emerge at Millend, Coopers Green, and Knowle Bank. Northward we know the junction of the Trias and Coal- measures to be a fault (Red Rock Fault, p. 187), while south- ward, between Bearstone and Oakley, the Trias is much cut up by faulting. Since faulting in the Trias frequently follows along the lines of older and often more powerful fractures, the scanty evidence afforded by surface exposures would seem to indicate that west of Audley the extension of the coalfield in this direc- tion Tjrould be limited by a belt of disturbed ground. Between this uncertain ground and the Boundary Fault an area of Coal-measures about tKree square miles in extent imdoubtedly exists, under which the Pottery Bassey Mine would be between 660 and 1,000 feet below the surface and the Bull- hurst Coal a little over 3,000 feet. Little is known of the Black- band ironstones, or of the seams above the Ash Coal on the west side of the anticline so that these may not prove to be of such value under the area under discussion as they are within the central portions of the coalfield ; but the seams below the Ash Coal are of great value on the anticline, and many of these it will be gathered from the estimated depth to the Bullhurst Coal lie well within workable depths. (See Fig. -2, p. 15.) North of Linley Wood the Red Rock Fault becomes the dominant factor in determining the extension of the coalfield 7469. 210 EcoifOMic Pbodvcts. Coal, Futtire Supply. 211 westward. Unfortunately we know next to nothing about the amount of throw or hade of the fault (p. 188), but all the available data point to its being a fault of large throw at least in the Car- boniferous rocks. There is good reason to believe that the Ked Rock Fault increases northward, and may in this way counteract any northerly decrease in throw of the Boundary Fault, so that west of the Moss Pits the limiting fault may amount to between 600 and 600 yards. Between the Moss Pits and the Bank on the upthrow side of the fault the chief coals from the BuUhurst up to the Four Feet Seam crop out, the highest seam close to the fault. The character of the higher seams and thicknesses of the inter- vening measures is not definitely known in the northern section of the anticline, excepting for a short distance above the Birchen- wood Coal of the Bath pits ; but by piecing together the different shaft sections we may estimate that about 500 yards of strata separate the Bee Coal of the Birchenwood Colliery from the BuU- hurst. Consequently, if the limiting fault amounts to this dis- placement the Bee Coal would be brought against the Bullhurst m an extension westward of the workings of this seam in the Moss and Hall o' Lea Collieries. It may reasonably be expected that, on the downthrow side of the fault, the seams would rapidly flatten out just as they do along the whole length of the anticline southward. The fault may, however, exceed 600 yards and the overlying Trias be of considerable thickness. On the whole, regarding our absolute ignorance of the main data on which any calculations can be safely made, we hesitate to offer any opinion and have only touched upon the subject with the hope that this important and frequently-discussed problem will be settled by one or more of the collieries situated close to the fault. On ihs Prospect of Finding Coal near Congleton* — Though the Red Rock Fault between the Moss Pit and The Bank limits the coalfield by throwing down the measures on the west ; yet it is possible that further north, beyond where the lowest Coal-measures have cropped out, this same fault may have helped to preserve, and bring within reach a part of the Coal-measures on its western side. But in the _ present state of our knowledge it cannot for a moment be maintained that there is any ground for assumption that such is actually the case. Still, such facts as we have, point to a reasonable possibility of the occurrence of some of the principal coals under the Red Rock, sufficiently near the surface to repay working. The Western or Staffordshire anticline, traced at the surface beyond the old limestone-quarry at Astbury in a north-north- east direction, pitches doAvn both southwards and northwards from this point, so that in the latter direction the dome of lime- "^ * By C. B. Wedd. 7469, o 2 212 Economic Pbodxjots. stbne seen in the quarry has passed under shales in the stream by the roadside a short distance north of it. West of the north end of Congleton Edge at Mossley higher shales between the Millstone Grits and the Carboniferous Limestone reach the sur- face with north-westerly dip. Up to this point the Red Rock Fault lies on the west side of the anticline, close to its crest. It must very shortly cross the saddle at Mossley, or run along its crest, if the fold has not died out, for the fault comes close lip to the Third Grit dipping south-east in Rainow Hill. It is possible that the fault may terminate the anticline, but this is not likely considering the magnitude of the fold, and the continuance of the complementary Biddulph syncline further north than Cloud Hill. It may be expected then that the saddle continues for some distance north of Mossley partly or wholly on the west side of the fault, under Trias, and that in any case the thickness of the rocks of that system will diminish as they approach the Carboniferous uplift. For besides being faulted down against strata of this age, the Red Rock was probably first banked up against the rising ground of the Carboniferous: ; ■'As the fault approaches close to the outcrop of the Third Grit, beds higher than that grit were thrown down to its level on the west^-how much higher beds, depends on the amount of displacement in the fault, which is unknown. The throw may be expected to be somewhat large; even in the Trias, for the fault runs for many miles, and throughout its course throws down Triassic against Carboniferous rocks. It is most likely that the line of fracture is one along which movement took place both before and after the deposition of the Red Rock ; so that in this event the Carboniferous beds on the downthrow side would show a greater displacement than the Triassic. A throw of 600 yards, which is less than the greatest displace- ment of the Apedale Fault or of the Western Boundary Fault further south, would bring down a horizon above the Win- penny Coal to the level of the Third Grit. It may be said that, the greater the throw of the fault, the greater will be the probability of the occurrence of coal on the west side of it, the greater too the number of seams represented, but the greater also the difficulty of reaching them, if the displacement affecting the Trias is also large. If then, as is probable, the anticline, though diminishing northwards, still persists west of the fault, such coal-bearing measures as may have been thrown down under the Trias, should have &ii easterly or south-easterly inclination close to the fault, but should bend over in the saddle, off which theymight be denuded entirely, and should crop out round the northern end of the anticline in hOrse-shoe shape, where they might be expected to dip westward towards Congleton. If, however, the fault coincides with the axis of the anticline, then onl^ westward-dipping Goal- measures could occur in the western limb of the fold and the Ironstones. 213 area in which a given seam of coal might be within reach, would be somewhat less. The thickness of the Bed Boek must now be considered. To determine this, few data exist. In the , Maypole Dairy Com- pany's boring near Congleton Station about 960 feet of Red Marl, including some Drift in the upper part, was passed through without reaching the base of the Keuper Marl, whilst the lowest beds in the bore-hole still consisted of marl with gypsum. It is quite likely that below this there still lies a considerable quantity of Keuper Marl, but it is also most likely that whatever the thickness of the Trias here, it will diminish somewhat eastwards tow^ards the rising Carboniferous ground. It is by no means certain that anything like the full thickness of Triassic sand- stones beneath the Keuper Marl would have to be passed through before reaching productive Coal-measures, since the Red Marl may not improbably overlap the Triassic sandstones eastwards to some extent. West of Mow Cop, the Keuper sandstones are probably thin, but the thickness of the Bunter is unknown. The nearest outcrop of the latter to the bore-hole is north of Mow Cop, about two-and-a-half miles distant ; the average dip is sure to be a comparatively small one, and in a general north-westerly direction rather than directly towards the bore- hole. This suggests that the top of the Bunter lies at no great depth below the point reached in the bottom of the Maypole Dairy borehole^ A section of an old boring on the Howford Bridge Estate, Buglawton, near Congleton, below 118 feet, which certainly must belong to the Keuper Marl inclusive of Drift, continues nearly 50 feet lower in rocks in the description of which such terms as "black bass," and "grey bass shale,'.' appear.* It is difficult to see how these terms could be applied to any beds in the Trias, and the section suggests the occurrence of Carboniferous strata at a depth of -only 118 feet,' at a point somewhat nearer to the Red Rock Fault, than the Maypole Dairy bore-hole is. It is, however, uncertain how much reliance can be placed on the section. Ironstones. By W. Gibson. The Coal-measures of North Staffordshire are especially rich in iron ores, still largely used in the manufacture of pig-iron but not to the extent the great capabilities of the coalfield would lead one to expect. The decrease in output from 1,783,000 tons of ore raised in 1884 to 776,363 tons raised in 1902 has mainly arisen from the importation of cheaper ores. The ironstones fall naturally into two classes occupying a constant position in the Coal-measure sequence. , Those in the * See Sect. No. 69 Appendix, also J/ew. Geol. Sur'-v^ Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek, p. 41. 214 Economic Products. Blackband subdivision are laminated ores of the variety known as Blackbands ; those below are classed as Clay-ironstones and are more numerous above the Ash Coal. In addition the Chalky Mine Ironstone above, and the Burnwood Ironstone below the Ash Coal, are distinctly laminated clay-ironstones and are sometimes spoken of as semi-Blackbands. Informer years considerable quantities of Clay-ironstone were raised, but lately the Blackbands and semi-Blackbands have met with most favour. In the Pottery Coalfield the lowest ironstone of any consequence is the Burnwood, but in the adjacent Cheadle Coalfield a calcareous haematite, known as the Froghall Ironstone and lying a few feet above the First Grit, was extensively worked and practically exhausted towards the middle of last century. Clay Band Ironstones. Character and Occurrence. — The clay ironstones are compact, fine grained, extremely hard, nodular, argillaceous carbonates of iron, void of lamination except the semi-blackband varieties. They occur in bands and nodules (chance bands). The larger nodules frequently contain irregular branching cracks, filled with greyish- white hydrated silicate of alumina and carbonate of lime con- taining crystals of zinc blende, galena, and iron pyrites. The following table shews their order of occurrence in the two areas. Table shewing the occurence oe the Clay Band Ironstone. Western Area. Eastern Area. Black Bass Ironstone. Cannel Mine Ironstone. Gubbin Mine Ironstone. Gubbin Mine Ironstone. Sheath Mine Ironstone. Cannel Row Ironstone. Black Stone Ironstone. Wood Mine Ironstone. Rusty Mine Ironstone. Pennystone Ironstone. Chalky Mine Ironstone. Deep Mine Ironstone. lAitis "Mine Ironstone. Chalky Mine Ironstone. New Mine Ironstone. New Chalky Ironstone. Brow-n Mine Ironstone. Hanbury Measures. Thick Band Ironstone. Ragmine Ironstone. Gold Mine Ironstone. Priorsfield Ironstone. Knowles Ironstone. Black Mine Ironstone. Brown Mine Ironstone. New Mine Ironstone. ' Burnwood ironstone. Burnwood Ironstone. Top Two Row Ironstone. Ibokstones. 215 The table does not attempt to show the correlation of the seams in which much work remains to be done. It is probable that the Rusty Mine of the western area is the equivalent of the Pennystone Ironstone of the eastern area ; while the Burnwood Ironstone is most likely on the same horizon in both districts. The Two Row Ironstone occurs in the western area and was worked in conjunction with the Two Row Coal. The following section shows its position at Silverdale. Top Two Row Ieonstoue at Silvbkdalb. From Mr. J. 0. Cadman.* Ft. In. Ironstone, containing Carbonicda ... 36 Bass with chance bands .... .-20 Ironstone - - - 3 Bass - 8 Ironstone . - 4 Bass IB Top Two Row Coal 2 6 At the Nabbs Pit, Silverdale, the ore contains 20'77 per cent, of metallic iron. Burnwood Ironstone. — In the Longton district this is kaown as the Little Mine Ironstone. It lies in bands with partings of bass, and averages one foot three inches to one foot six inches thick. It is a semi-blackband and is being raised in the eastern area. The underlying coal is used for manufacturing purposes. Section of Bubnwood Ironstone, Chell District. Ft. In. Bass Ironstone .... 24 Press shale, 2 inches to 16 Ironstone 15 Coal 8 Section op Bub.nwood Ironstone, Fenton District. Ft. In. Bass Ironstone -.--04 Bass OS Ironstone, Chance 3 Baas 3 Ironstone, Lean 6 Bass 6 Ironstone, Chance 3 Bass 4 Coal 2 4 New Mine Ironstone. — About one foot four inches thick and lies immediat ely above the Burnwood. ^^^^^ * The table,-p. 214, and the following sections will be found in Trans. In/it. Min. Eng., vol. xxii., pt. 1, pp. 88-89, 1901. 216 Economic Pkodtjcts. Gold Mine Ironstone. — Only recognised in the we8tern area, where it varies considerably in thickness and quality. Seotioit of Gold Mine Ieonstonb, Hollywood Pits. Ft. In. Black shale with chance bands Grey shale ... . . . - 1 .3 Ironstone .... . 04 Grey shale with nodules of ironstone - - 1 Ironstone ... . - 8 Grey shale - - - - Brown Mine Ironstone. — This seam has been extensively worked in the western area. The lower bands are often semi-blackband. The overlying coal is of poor quality and is left in the mines, as it forms a good roof. Section of Brown Mine Ironstone at Kent's Lane. Ft. In. Goal .... - ...40 Bass .... ... 3 (I Ironstone 8 Bass - - 6 Ironstone 3 Bass - - 5 Ironstone, Blackstone 8 Bass ... . . G Ironstone, 4 inches to - - - - , - . : - . Bs Knowles or Winghay Ironstone. — The ironstone of this name occurs only in the eastern area, its representative on the west being uncertain. The Priorsfield Ironstone waa extensively worked by open cast in the Longton district. Chalky Mine Ironstone. — ^In colour dark brown to greyish black ; compact ; contains minute crystals of zinc blende. Ento- mostraca common. Varies in thickness from one foot six inches to two feet six inches, and yielding 2,900 tons per acre. The section in the western area is as foUows : — Section of Chalky Mine Ironstone at Holly Wood. Ft. In. Ironstone ... ... Black shale, roof Black shale with chance bands of ironstone Ironstone, Hussle-band Black shale - Ironstone, Lean- Coal ... . . In the Clanway Colliery, Tunstall, the stone is underlain by a grey nodular ironstone, rich n iron, as shewn by the following analysis, but with too high a percentage of silica to render it 4 3 1 1 5 3 9 2 Ironstones. 217 worth getting, though it is necessary to extract it together with the Chalky Mine. Analysis of Calcined Oee Overlying the Chalky Mine,* Clanwat Collieey, Tunstall. SiO," 22'75 per cent. Al,Oa 10-96 Fe,0, 39'80 FeO 17-31 MnO 1-70 OuO trace (Ni,Co)0 ■07 Ran -06 CaO 3-80 M9O 2-98 P»o. -75 S •07 H,0 •12 Total 100^37 Mstallic Iron, 4f32. Sheath Mine Ironstone. — This ironstone has been extensively worked in the Silverdale area, where the section is as follows : — Section of Sheath Mink Ironstone at Kent's LANE.t Ft. In. Hard black shale, roof - Ironstone - - - - - - 3 Grey shale - - - 2 Ironstone, Lean - - - - 11 Grey shale - 2 Ironstone - - ,- 3 Grey shale 8 Ironstone - . -04 Fireclay - - -34 Deep Mine and Pennystone Ironstone. — The Deep Mine at Longton was a favourite ore. It varies in colour from brown to greyish black. It is compact and homogeneous and frequently crossed with vems containing a hydrated silicate of alumina and carbonate of lime. It also contains minute crystals of zinc- blende and copper pyrites. The occtirrence at Fenton Park Marl Pit of nodules, of spherulitic siderite containing 387 per cent. metaUic iron has been noted on p. '71. The Pennystone Ironstone of Shelton -possesses similar characteristics to the Deep Mine. Cannel Bow Ironstone. — This is associated with strong cannel once used for oil making, when it yielded according to Mr.' Charles Homer J from 50 to 60 gallons of crude oil per ton of •870 specific gravity. The residual product of distillation is a fair blast furnace ironstone. * Analysed by Dr. Pollard in th^ Survey Chemical Laboratory, f Op. eit. , X Proc. Iron and Steel Inst., p. 18, I875. 218 Economic Pkodtjcts. Gubbin Ironstone. — A valuable clayband seam troni 1 foot to 2 feet 2 inches lying in 3 feet to 4 feet of bass. In the Apedale area it is a dark grey compact stone,, intersected with thin veins of carbonate of lime. Analyses OF Clay Ironstones. o It: 1 •5 1 1 P-l -i- -1- 1 * EC * a 1 i a 1 Protoxide of Iron 41-80 38-85 46-35 48-33 51-07 58-46 40-37 41-15 43-25 Peroxide of Iron - 3-00 1-84 Protoxide of Man- 2-16 2-04 1-61. 2-99 2-36 0-01 1-40 ganese Alumina 0-53 5-71 0-30 0-41 0-54 0-60 Lime - 5-07 2-52 1-93 1-52 1-74 2-65 4-00 Silica 10-50 0-08 13-80 Magnesia 3-03 1-13 2-24 1-19 1-10 1-02 1-65 Carbonic Acid - 32-40 28-24 32-46 32-76 33-63 34-55 Phosphoric Acid - 1-40 2-76 0-67 0-87 1-12 0-40 1-82 Sulphuric acid - trace trace trace trace 0-3] Bisulphide of Iron 0-04 0-80 0-15 019 0-17 1-62 Water (hygrosco- 0-36 pic) - Water (combined) 0-71 3-25 1-43 0-85 0-99 0-13 Organic matter - 0-79 4-20 2-95 1-17 1-24 0-61 Ignited Insoluble 10-81 7-29 9-28 5-18 Eesidue - Loss on Ignition - 33-84 Total - 99-10 100-00 100-38 99-14 99-53 100-4] Iron total amount 32-64 30-60 38-29 37-83 39-88 46-51 31-40 33-29 35-20 (Eaw stone) 1 do. (calcined) - 50-61 45-97 68-80 46-62 48-33 52-03 * C. J. Homer, " Proc. Iron and Steel Imt." (1875.) t W. W. Smyth, "Iron Ores of Great Britain," Part iv., Mem. Geol. Survey. (1862.) Ieonstones. 219 Blackband Ironstones. The Pottery Coalfield stands before any other of the Midland Coalfields in possessing several thick beds of rich ironstone, possessing the character of blackband, whose distinguishing Fig. 19. Comparative Sections hf Seams of the Blackband Ieonstones. WESTERN AREA PT.IN CB.NTKAL AREA FT IN EASTERN AREA FTIN I 6 3r.o 5.0 5.0 V) < 2- a: 1.6 / / TOP RtD '' MfNE / 4.0 / / 2.. 6 BLACK BAND RED SHACC RED MIME JBASSEYMINE 6.4 DC 2 cc => DC HALF YARDS R£D SHACG RED MINE BASSEYMINE 2.2 -I < 2 cc h UJ BASSCyMINi 220 Economic Pboduots. features are that they contain a high percentage of carbonaceous matter, so that they can be economically calcined, though owing to their somewhat refractory nature they are usually mixed with the clay-band ironstones, and with ore from Northamptonshire. The working of these ores is mentioned by Dr. Plot, but the clay-bands appear to have attracted chief attention, and for a long period the " black-bands " seem to have escaped notice, for Sir W. W. Smyth mentions the fact that in 1862 they had only within a recent period come into use. The different oands are usually laminated ores striped with black and brown layers, and containing countless numbers of Anthracomya PhilUpsi and Ca/rbonia. They vary in thickness, from a foot up to as much as 14 feet, but are very irregular in distribution, and in the southern portion of the field the four chief bands recognisable in the central area are reduced to one. Each bed is underlaid by a coal, which appears to vary in thick- ness in inverse proportion to that of the overlying ironstone As shown in Fig. 19,p. 219, they occur throughout the Blackband sub- division; while at Chesterton a thin bed of low grade is met with high up in the Etruria Marls. At Ridgehill the limestone at the base of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Group is in part replaced by ironstone. This suggests the probability that the "Blackbands" represent a previously existing calcareous rock, in which the lime has been replaced by iron, as demonstrated by Mr. Sorby in the case of the Cleveland, ores. Within the outcrop of the Blackband Group the ironstones have been largely extracted, especially the Bassey Mine, between Shelton and Golden Hill. Shafts reaching the ironstones within the outcrop of the Etruria Marls include Florence, Great Fenton, Racecourse, Brownhills, Grange, Chatterley, Parkhouse, High Carr, Rosemary Hill, Hem Heath, Minnie, and Milbank ; but a large proportion of the ore remains untouched, including all within the outcrop of the Etruria Marls south of the HoUy- wpod Fault, and between the Apedale and Newcastle faults, south of Newcastle ; while within the outcrops of the Newcastle- under-Lyme and Keele sub-divisions all is virgin ground. The map (p. 15) attempts to indicate the approximate depths to the Bassey Mine over these unexplored areas, and shows a great future for this district, though the inconstancy of development of the ironstones should be kept in mind. Bassey Mine Ironstone. — Not so uniform as the other bands, but with a higher percentage of carbonaceous matter. The thick- ness varies from lj-5 feet, yielding, at Longton, as nmch as 5,000 tons per acre. It is usually an even bed with numerous lines of deposition, some of the laminae being almost exclusively composed of the crushed valves of Anthracomya PhilUpsi, and crowded throughout with Oarbonia. The underlying coal, averaging two feet in thickness, is suitable for steam purposes. The ironstone occurs throughout the eastern area, but at Great Fenton it is said to possess the characters of the " Shaggs," in Ibonstones. 221 addition to its own properties. In the western area it is feebly developed, and is usually termed the Pottery Bassey Mine, to distinguish it from the Bassey Mine, which is sometimes applied to the Bed Mine of Apedale. The persistence of the bed of lime- stone from 30 to 40 feet above tne ironstone which has been • mentioned before i^p. 118), can certainly bereUed upon to indicate the position of the ironstone, in borings and new sinkings (see record of Newstead Boring. Sect. No. 1 Appendix). It should, however, be borne in mind that there are other similar looking limestones higher in the sequence, which might be mistaken for it. The character of the ironstone is shewn by the following sections. Section of B.4.ssey Mine Ieonstone Geange Colliery, Cobkidge. (From Mr. J. H. Cole). Ironstone Coal Ironstone Coal Section op Bassey Mine Ieonstone, (From Mr. A. E. Sawyer, " Accidents in Mines "). Bass Ironstone (lean) Bass - - Ironstone Ft. In. 1 6 1 3 4 10 h NOETON AeEA. I in Mines "). Ft. In. 9 1 1 9 1 4 1 8 in. to 3 7 9 in. to i 6 1 6 Ironstone Coal - Shale Section of Bassey Mine Ieonstone, Kidsgeove Aeea. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, " Accidents in Mines"). Ft. In. Bass - 6 Ironstone, Tops Ironstone, Peel (lean) 1 6 Cannel - - 4 Brazils 8 Dirt 3 Coal - - - 6 Dirt . 10 Coal 12 m. to 1 6 Red Mine Irotistme. — Varies in thickness from 1 foot to 14 feet ; in the latter case it is split up by a six-inch seam of coal towards the middle. The bottom stone is the best. An oil shale, yielding 28 gallons per ton, sometimes overlies the seam ; above this come the "Flannels," a laminated stone, crowded with AmthracomyaPkillipai, underlying a soft sandstone. The under- lying coal is only of moderate quality. 222 Economic Pboduots. Section of Kedmine Ironstone, Silveedale. (From Mr. J. C. Cadman*). Ft. In. Argillaceous sandstone - - - 2 ft. to 30 Shales - - nil to 3 6 Isaacs (Inferior Ironstone) - 3 Flannels 4 Ironstone 4 Flannels - - 3 Ironstone, Tops - - - - 2 „ Middles - - 1 ft. to 1 6 „ Bottoms - nU to 3 Coal - i ft. to 1 6 Redmine Ironstone, Norton Area. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, Op. cit.) Ft. In. Argillaceous sandstone 15 in. to 1 6 Marl - nil to 4 Isaacs - 4 Flannels 4 in. to 6 Ironstone, Tops 1 Oil Shale - 9 Ironstone, Bottoms 10 in. to 2 Coal ■ - 20 in. to 2 Redmine Ironstone, Kidsgrove Area. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, Op. cit.) Ft. In. Goal - 1 Argillaceous sandstone Marl with lean stone 3 Flannels - - - 6 Grates (Jacobs and Isaacs) - - 1 Oil Shale and lean Ironstone - 10 Ironstone nil to 4 10 Coal - 12 in. to 1 6 Red Shagg /romstone.— Varies in thickness from 9 inches to 7 feet. It is more or less laminated, the layers containing a few valves of Anthracomya Phillipsi and numerous large specimens of Stigmaria. The seam is overlaid by lean ironstone (grates) ; often in two bands called " red and black grates." The underlying coal from 1 to 2| feet thick is of rather inferior quality. The cannel bass is stated by Mr. Homer to have yielded 15 gallons of heavy oil to the ton. Red Shagg Ironstone, Silverdale. (From Mr. J. C. Cadman, op. cit.) Grits Clod - Red and Black Grates Ironstone Coal F ireclay - - * Tram. Inst. Min. Eng., vol, xxii., pt. 1—1901, pp. 96-99, Ft. In. nil to 9 2 ft. to 3 6 in. to 1 6 Uft. to 5 14 in. to 1 8 Ironstones. 223 Coasil, lean Cannel Bass Ironstone Coal Fireclay Red Shagg Ieonstonb, Noexon. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, op. cit.) Ft. In, 6 7 in. to 1 2 nil to 6 14 ins. to 6 2 Eed Shagg Ironstone, Kidsgeove. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, op. cit.) Coal Clod Grates Ironstone (Tops) - „ (Bottoms) - ■ - Coal Fireclay Half Yard or Blackband Ironstone. — Varies in thickness from 9 inches to 6 feet, and also considerably in composition. The underlying coal is a moderately good steam coal from 1 to 2 J feet thick. Ft. In. - 2 2 ft. to 3 3 ins. to 6 1 8 14 ins. to 4 6 1 6 Half Yaed Ironstone, Silverdale. (From Mr. J. C. Cadman, op. cit.) Loose shale - Strong black bass - Coal and Cannel Ironstone Coal - Warrant Coal - Alum shale Ft. 1 1 ft. to 1 nil to 1 ft. to 3 1 In. 4 9 6 4 6 Shale Bass Boring band Bass Ironstone Coal Alum shale Half Yard Ironstone, Norton. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, op. cit.) Half Yaed Ironstone, Kidsgeove. (From Mr. A. R. Sawyer, op. cit.) Black bass, containing oil Ironstone (Tops) - „ (Bottoms) - Coal Alum shale Ft. In. 1 1 ft. to 1 1 Ft. In. - 2 3 6 in, to 10 nil to 6 4 in. to 2 1 ft. to 1 6 224 Economic Pboduots. Analyses of Blackband Ironstones. J. Cadraan, Tra/iis. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. xxii., pt. 1, p. 99, 1901. Locality. SitVERDALE. LONGTON. Name of Seam. Half- yard. Bed Shagg. Bed Mine. Bassey Middle. Bottoms Mine. Condition - Eaw. Baw. Baw. Baw. Baw. Loss on ignition 46-05 43'45 46-59 39-27 41-56 Ferrous oxide 41-87 42-95 39-70 39-89 45-53 Ferric oxide 2-65 3-29 2-41 15-40 5-00 Silica - 2-20 2-00 4-07 0-51 Alumina 1-45 1-20 .0-51 1-00 0-32 Oxide of Manganese - 1-70 2-50 1-10 1-26 1-74 Lime- 3-00 2-34 3-02 2-24 2-91 Magnesia 1-08 1-34 2-41 101 2-13 Phosphoric acid- 0-61 0-51 0-60 0-54 0-86 Sulphuric acid trace 0-28 — nil. 0-08 Metallic iron 34-42 35-17 32-56 41-80 39-13 Pottery Clays, Brick Clays and Marls.-^Th.e Staffordshire Potteries afford the great mass of earthenware manufactured in this country, and therefore the raw material on which this trade depends demands some mention. The early history of the manufacture of pottery in this district is somewhat difficult to trace. The Romans are supposed to have made use of the local clays, but this is not supported by positive evidence. Coarse ware appears to have been manufac- tured in the district certainly as early as the year 1500, if not, indeed, earlier. Among the productions of the district that of Butter Pots appears to have been undertaken at an early date, attaining sufncient importance in 1661 to attract the attention of Government, an Act being passed compelling the potters of Burslem to make their pots of such a size as to hold 1 4 lbs. of butter, and so hard as not to imbibe moisture by which the butter might appear of greater weight than was actually sold.* In the seventeenth century ]")r. Plot, in his History of Staffordshire, * These statements are excerpted from the Handbook to the Collection of British Pottery and Percelain in the Museum' of Practical Geology, 1893, Clays and Marls. 225 published in 1686, makes it evident that the local clays used belonged to the Coal-measures. Around Burslem he mentions that " they have as many different sorts of clay, which they dig round about the towne, all within half a mile's distance, the best being found nearest the coale, and are distinguish't by their colours and uses as foUoweth : — * " 1. Bottle clay, of a bright whitish streaked yellow colour. " 2. Hard fireclay, of a duller whitish colour, and fuller intersperst with a dark yellow, which they use for their black wares, being mix't with the " 3. Red blending clay, which is of a dirty red colour. " 4. White clay, so.called, it seems, though of a bluish colour, and used for making yellow-coloured ware, because yellow is the lightest colour they make any ware of." The use of local clays in the manufacture of pottery of a superior kind was introduced by the brothers Ehlers after the Revolution of 1688. They are said to have made use of an ochreous clay occurring at BradweU Wood, which produced a red ware similar to that of Japan, and in addition manufactured a black body from a mixture of clay and ironstone. Then foUowea the introduction of Bideford pipeclay, and in 1720 a great improvement was effected by the use of pounded flint as a, constituent of the body ot the earthenware. But undoubtedly the greatest impetus to the industry was supplied by Josiah Wedgwood, whose beautiful wares drew world-wide attention to the district. Josiah Wedgwood died in January, 1795, at Etruria, the name he had himself given to this part of the Potteries, where he resided. A considerable advance in the manufactures of the district arose from the introduction of Cornish china clay in 1777. Felspar was first employed by Mr. Josiah Spode towards the end of the seventeenth century, who is also credited with the introduction of the use of calcined bones. Hard porcelain was first manufactured in 1850 by Mr, Minton. The above brief outline of the history of the rise of the pottery industry in North Staffordshire shows that it originated in the district producing a variety of clays, but it has maintained its location nere from the accessibility of the seams of coal and the consequent cheapness of fuel, so that though the materials now employed for the earthenware and porcelain are derived from other localities, yet its supply of coal and of refractory clays for fireclays and " saggars " still make it the chief centre of the ceramic manufacture. These clays are obtained from the Blackband Group (Sections of Marl Pits, Nos. 38-54, Appendix), while the chief pottery coals are contained in the measures below, many of them only a few yards below the Bassey Mine Coal. * Plot, Historjr of St^flor(i.shire, p. 122, 7469. P 223 Economic Peodtjcts. At the Gillovr Heath Pottery the marls just above the Silver Mine and Bee Mine coals (p. 82) are used for manufacturing brown pottery, while the fireclay underlying the Bee Mine furnishes the saggars. The white marl below the Bowling Alley Coal in the neigh- bourhood of Hall o' Lea is said to be a good marl for the manufacture of jugs, teapots, etc. Marh. — Besides being directly utilized in the pottery trade the light coloured marls of the Blackband Greup are also used for drainpipes and bricks. Occasionally, as at Queens Street (see p. 71), Scotia and Sneyd Green Marl' Pit (see p. 72) and Dukes Bank Marl Pit, the grey marls of the chief coal bearing group are excavated for bricks and saggars ; while the grey clays and marls immediately underlying the Blackband Group are universally in request. The most constant source of annoyance consists in the presence of siderite of iron, either in minute particles scattered through the matrix or else aggregated into nodules or bands, rendering the material readily fusible. In the former case the whole mass may be rendgred worthless; in the latter the ironstone materials have to be sorted out. The Etruria Marls furnish an unlimited siipply of clay for the manufacture of drain pipes, bricks, and quarries (flooring tiles), so that pits in them extend along nearly their entire outcrop. The clay is also used in the manufacture of superior tiles. Spherules or small nodules of siderate spoil considerable masses, but where the bulk of material is so large the bands containing the injurious mineral can always be neglected. The marl pits are situated at several horizons in the marls. Thus those at Grange lie near the base, those at the Canal TUeries and Peakes near the middle, but the horizon chiefly selected is that immediately underlying the Newcastle-under-Lyme subdivision, along the outcrop of which an almost continuous line of marl pits extends from Etruria to Chesterton. ' The Ked marls of the Keele Group have not been tried, though in appearance they are identical with, and belong to the same horizon as the red marls used near Wrexham lor terra-cotta ware. The chief drawback consists in these marls being inter- stratified with beds of sandstone of little value which would therefore form large quantities of quarry waste. The thickest beds of red Keele Marl we know of are those cut through by the North Staffordshire Railway at Keele Park Railway Station (Section No. 62, Appendix HI.) and those in the Trentham boring (Sect. No. I, Appendix III.). The red marls of the Keuper are chiefly in use in the south- east around Blythe Bridge for bricks and coarse drain pipes, but are inferior to those made out of Coal-measure clays and shales. In the western area the boulder clays of the Drift are called upon to furnish bricks for local use, the most extensive pitg Building Stones. 227 being those in the neighbourhood of Crewe, where the modern development of the town demands a constant supply of new bricks. Boulder-clay has also been much used for " marling " the soil, but this practice has disappeared with the introduction of artificial manures. The evidence of this old custom is to be found in the numerous ponds scattered over the clay areas, though many of these have been dug for drinking troughs for the cattle. Building Stones, Road Metal and Limestone. — The poverty of the district in local building stone is shown by the majority of the dwelling houses being constructed of brick and not of sand- stone, as in the Yorkshire or South Wales coalfields, where the Coal- measure sandstones furnish abundant building materials. Where stone has been used in the more important buildings of tjie Potteries, it has been imported. Except the red sandstones of the Keele Group, the Coal-measure sandstones and grits are not of sufiicient hardness to furnish building stones. The beautiful mansion of Keele Hall forms a striking exception. This is entirely built out of the Keele sandstone obtamed on the estate, and shows that with proper care taken in selecting the stone the sandstones of this sub-division, as in other areas in the Midlands, yield a good weathering stone of a pleasing colour. As might be expected, the harder grits of the Millstone Grits furnish the chief stone for buildings or other constructions. The outcrop of these g;rits on the eastern side of the coalfield and along Mowcop is, therefore, marked by large quarries. Besides being used locally for cottages, farmhouses, and walls, it is also carted into the Potteries. When first taken out the stone is fairly hard and open textured, but subsequently sets hard and retains its sharp edge. Mr. Barrow suggests that this is caused by the felspar m the grit, which, as it slowly decom- poses, sets free soluble silica, and so long as the stone remains underground, and is kept damp the silica remains in a soluble state ; but when built into a house or placed in a position where the silica can dry, it assumes the insoluble state, and holds the grains of the rock together with great tenacity. If, therefore, the amount of soluble silica present, in a specimen taken fresh from the quarry, be tested, a ready means might be afforded as to whether any particular sandstone will or will not set firmly. Mr. Peake, of the Gillow Heath Pottery, has lately worked as a whetstone a fine sand-rock lying at a depth of about 110 or 120 yards below the Cannel Row (p. 83), north-west of GiUow Heath. A better class of building-stone is obtained from the Keuper sandstone, in which extensive quarries have been opened at Beech, Chapel Chorlton, Bearstone, Betton, Caverswall, and Fulford. At Chapel Chorlton the following section gives the character of the beds : — 7469. P 2 2--) EcoNoiKic Pboducts. Quarry in Keuper Building Stones, Chapel Choelton. Ft. In. Brown sandstone and thin marls - 10 Hard mottled sandstone - - - 3 Hard mottled sandstone, mottled at top, white below- 8 The white variety was in great request. This does not occur in a distinct bed but graduates upwards into the pink, brown or red kinds. In no instance does the stone approach the quality of the HoUington Keuper sandstone, nor can it be extracted in such large slabs. For material for first-class roads the district has to look to other areas, the county roads leading to the Potteries being for the most part made from the basalt of the Clee Hills, or the felsites of Pen-maen-mawr. For second-class roads the Crowstones below the Third Grit and the pebbles from the shingle beds of the Bunter furnish abundant material. The inlier at Astbury affords the only occurrence of Carboni- ferous Limestone within the district. It is here largely quarried for conversion into lime and cement. Reference must be made to the Mountain Limestone at Cauldon Low and the Weaver Hills. Of exceptional purity this rock is being extensively quarried for lime, for a flux in the Potteries and South Stafford- shire Ironworks, and for the Alkali works at Wheelock and Middlewich. Moulding sand, Potters sand, Sand and Gravel. — The loamy varieties of Bunter sandstone yield locally an excellent moulding sand, and are quarried around Baldwins Gate for use at the Crewe engineering works. It is capricious in its occurrence, passing horizontally and vertically into coarser varieties unfit for moulding. The Drift sands are in much request by brickmakers and potters, considerable quantities being sent into the Potteries from the large pits at Alsager. The Drift also furnishes building sand, and small gravel for paths. In more than one locaHty in the Biddulph Valley the soft beds of the First Grit are now used for moulding sand. Vegetation and Soils. — Just as the surface features have largely resulted in North Staffordshire from the structure of the rocks, so the vegetation and soil is found dependent on their composi- tion. Over the coalfield the original Vegetation has been largely removed, and it is now a district where buildings and refuse heaps interspersed with pasture land, lie in the midst of a country consisting of moorland on the east, and grazing and pastoral land on the south and west. The hard solid rocks of the Millstone Grit form a large part of the moorland. These rocks weather very slowly and any soil formed is quickly swept off their slopes, while the interstratified shales weathering down into clay form a cold soil, supporting only coarse herbage. On the south the soft sandstones of the Trias give rise to a warm soil ; but the pebble beds are more suitable Water Supply 22'J ioi forest land, and it will be observed that the chief woods, such as those of Swynnerton, Trentham, Maer and ModdershaU, all lie within the outcrop of the Bunter. As in other pebble bed areas, the hoUy tree nourishes. On the Drift plain to the west, areas occupied by clay are devoted to pasture ; in those where sand lies at the surface much corn is grown. This is due to this land entailing less labour in ploughing ; the crops also mature earlier, though there is a tendency for them to be seriously affected by even short spells of drought. Population in its relation to the distribution of the rocJcs. — One of the most noticeable features in the district is the spread of the Pottery towns along the outcrop of the pottery marls and coals, the towns having gradually extended themselves until they now join from Golden Hill on the north to Longton on the south. These constitute the chief manufacturing centres of North Staffordshire. On the other hand, the largely subur- ban character of the ancient town of Newcastle-under-Lyme arises from a wide strip of barren measures being let down by the Apedale Fault (p. 165), between the Pottery towns on the east and the mining districts of Silverdale and Apedale on the west. Before the commencement of the comparatively modern trades of pottery and mining the country occupied by the Triassic rocks, from the picturesque character of its scenery, the abundant supply of pure water, and fertility of soil, attracted residents, and we thus find the ancient seats situated within their outcrop; while within recent years there is a growing tendency to choose the neighbouring Triassic areas for the erection of better-class villas. On the Drift plain the position of the villages is governed by the distribution of the sands, partly on account of the character of the soil, but chiefly as the sands are the only local source of a water supply. Water Supply. — ^The water supply of the Potteries is obtained from the rocks in the neighbourhood, and will be considered according to the rock formations from which it is drawn. A considerable amount is collected by the Pottery Water- works from natural springs issuing from the Millstone Grit at Wall Grange, and from an adit driven across the First and Third Grits near the bottom of the Endon Valley at Stockton Brook (p. 29). In each instance the water is derived from the much- jointed and highly-inclined grits, the shales below acting as an impervious floor. At Knypersley the grits throw out much water, forming a large portion of the head waters of the Trent. In the Biddulph Valley the chief water supply comes from the Millstone Grit, from which numerous springs issue along the escarpments, especially where intersected by faults. Trent Well is a strong spring, supplying the source of the Trent between Crowborough and Biddulph Moor. It is probably connected with the belt of fracture we have named the Crow- borough Fault (p. 174), where the latter crosses the lowest grit. 23o Economic Pboducts. Another strong' spring is that of Corda Well, thrown out by the Third Grit on Condeton Edge south of Cheshire Close. West of Nettle-beds, Biddulph, a well was lately sunk on the dip slope of the First Grit, lying at a depth of 9 feet below the surface. Water was here reached at a depth of 12 feet from the surface. The success attending the adit at Stockton Brook (p. 29) suggests that a similar method would tap a large body of water in the grits on either side of the Biddulph Valley, ii an adit were driven in on the dip slope of the grits below the level of the springs in the neighbourhood. The Coal-measures are not an available source of supply owing to contamination from the coal-mines, though many of the sand- stones are porous, and contain much water. In sinking shafts through the Etruria Marls the green grits are a recognised water- bearing stratum throughout the district. The Triassic rocks must, however, be regarded as the most important source of supply. From springs in the Bunter con- glomerate at WaU Grange the Pottety Waterworks obtain 2,000,000 gallons daily. Near Meir Kailway Station the same company pump a considerable amount from galleries driven in the Bunter sandstone. The subterranean water contained in the same formation is utilised by the Pottery Waterworks Co. in the boring at Hatton, and by the London and North- Western Kailway in the boring near Whitmore Station, which supplies Crewe town and several small villages around. Both these borings are situated in the Meece valley, and are sunk in a shallow trough in the Bunter Sandstones and Conglomerates. The copious supply obtained from the Triassic rocks shows their great porosity, for they are not much jointed, so that the water must be held within the interstices of the rock itself. The water is remarkably free from solid matters, being only 6'10 grains per gallon at Whitmore.* It must be remembered, however, that the water is obtained from within the outcrop of Bunter, except at Meir, where the sinking starts in Keuper Marl, but near its fringe. In other parts of' England it frequently happens that when the Bunter rocks are tapped beneath a thick cover of Keuper Mar] the water is heavily charged with salts, and is rendered undrinkable. It is by no means unlikely that this will be the case with the water-bearing Triassic rocks lying beneath the wide sheet of marl to the south of the district. Several strong springs flow from the Bunter Sandstones and conglomerates. The lake at Trentham Hall is tilled from springs issuing along fault lines in Spring Wood and Knowl Bank. At ModdershaU several copious springs burst out from the Bunter at or near its junction with the marly portion of the Keele Group, while a large volume of water is poured out from the same formation into the lake at Maer Hall, from which it issues as the Tern river, to * "Permian and Triassic Eocks," Mem, Geol. Stwvey {1SQ9), p. 119. Water Supply. 231 receive additional water from numerous sprmgs flowing from the Bunter in the Willoughbridge valley. In the western drift-covered area the chief water supply is derived from the Glacial sands. The water is frequently hard, and near villages is liable to contamination. It is also very capricious in its occurrence, and cannot be regarded as a satisfactory source, though it is in much request, owing to the ease with which wells can be sunk through the sand. Where Boulder-clay overlies the sands the liability to contamination is diminished, unless the clay is only a mere capping. 232 PART II THE CHEADLE COAL FIELD. By G. Barbow. CHAPTER XIII. INTRODUCTION. The fold enclosing the Shaffalong Coalfield (p. 74) is not of sufficient depth to include more than the lower portion of the productive measures within the encircling Millstone Grit. A further fold over of the strata, accompanied by faulting, introduces eastward the self-contained and isolated coalfield of Cheadle. Unfortunately, owing to the strip of Triassic rocks which extends northward to Hulme from the main spread of Triassic rocks, burying up the Pottery Coalfield on the south- east, we are unable to state other than approximately, what thickness of Coal-measures of the Potteries are present in the Cheadle area; for between it and the Pottery Coalfield there extends a zone of unproved Carboniferous rocks concealed beneath the Trias. Palaeontology, at present, is of little use in comparing these isolated areas. Each coalfield may then be taken as a unit, and the correlation of the strata of the two areas may be safely left among many other important problems for future investigation. The small area occupied by the Cheadle Coalfield is remark- able for the fact that its main features are of two widely different ages. What may be broadly called the northern portion is composed of Carboniferous rocks, forming a slopmg table- land essentially of pre-triassic age, modified by later denuda- tion. Upon this oMer land surface the Triassic rocks were de- posited, but except off a small portion of the northern area they have since been denuded ; thus restoring the old pre- triassic surface. In the southern area, however, the newer rocks have escaped denudation to a considerable extent, and now form a second and later tableland, overlooking the first and older one. The true form of the older tableland is some- what obscured by the hill of red sandstone at Cheadle, but from its summit it is seen that this isolated eminence is simply a detached portion of the newer Triassic plateau, and thus really serves to emphasise the fact that the Carboniferous rocks form a pre-triassic tableland. Introduction, 233 Physiography. — The highest ground occurs in the northern area, and is formed of Carboniferous rocks, which attain an elevation of 1,000 feet about Ipstones, and 800 feet in the neighbourhood of Wetley Rocks. The Triassic rocks do not attain so great an elevation ; at the edge of the plateau over- looking Cheadle the ground maintains a fairly uniform height of 700 feet above sea-level, and the top of the hill at Cheadle is at the same height. The drainage of the area is effected by the two rivers, the Churnet and the Tean, and their branches. Of these the Churnet, which flows for the most part in a deep valley, often almost a gorge, is the more important ; and so regular, on the whole, is the plateau on both sides of the river that it is frequently possible to look across the deep valley without realising its existence. The chief branches of the Churnet are three in number, and flow through the Consall Woods, the valley between Ipstones and Froghall, and the beautiful gorge of Dimmings Dale. The latter is renowned for its steep, craggy, and densely- wooded sides, which are cut in the Triassic rocks, while the other two channels are in Carboniferous rocks. Though less gorge-like than Dimmings Dale they both have, locally, steep sides. The area about Cheadle is drained by a few small streams flowing in shallow hollows, which, uniting to form the Tean, eventually join the Churnet to the south. General Geological Structure. — There are really two structures in this area, one of which is pre-triassic and affects the Carboni- ferous rocks only ; the other post-triassic, Avhich locally modifies the older structure but mainly affects the Triassic rocks only. Ignoring the unconformable cover of the latter, the Car- bomferous strata lie in what is usually called a basin ; but a far more apt simile is that of a large fresh-water mussel shell with the length of the shell lying north and south, and the hinge to the west. On the hinge side are the steep dips, and form the deepest part of the shell, from which the beds rise gradually in all directions. This structure is modified by faults mostly of pre-triassic age, but an important local modification has been produced by two dislocations affecting the Trias in the Draycptt area. The Bunter sandstone was deposited upon the Carboniferous rocks, which were extensively eroded long after this shell form had been established ; but in spite of the extreme irregularity of the base in many cases the Bunter is built up of horizontal though lenticular beds. Though this horizontahty has been locally destroyed by post-triassic faults, it is, on the whole, fairly well preserved, as is shown by the outcrop of the massed conglomerates or shingle beds, which occur at nearly the same height above sea-level over a large area. The most striking feature of the district is the bold escarpment of the Triassic rocks, which faces Cheadle in horse-shoe form. A subordinate 234 Chbadlb Coalfield. feature is the outlying hill of Bunter at Cheadle, which shows that this deposit once covered the whole area, and that the escarpment is the result of comparatively recent denudation. Table of Formations. — The rocks occurring in this area may be divided into four groups in descending order of sequence, as follows : TABLE OF STRATA. Pleistocene and fRecent orPost- Alluvium „ ■! Glacial Kecent iGlacial Clay with stones. -i^^^ver {^-^' 1 Flags and building-stones. Bunter Sandstones and conglomerates. Coal-measures -f Sandstones, marls, clays, shales and Caebonifeeous (n„„i ™«„„„»„„ ) oanasiones, maris Coal-measures I geams of coal. Millstone Grit / Grits, Crowstones and shales with Series. \ occasional thin seams of coal. The superficial extent of the strata is shown on the one-inch map. (PL II. Appendix.) 235 CHAPTER XIV. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. The Carboniferous rocks represented within the area Consist of a portion of the Coal-measures, and of the underlying Millstone Grit Series. Natural outcrops of the latter, and of the lowest part of the Coal-measures are abundant, and their nature can be accurately ascertained. But the higher rocks are confined to an area where sections are rare or entirely wanting, and we are forced to rely on mining information for most of our knowledge of these beds. Seams of coal occur throughout the Coal-measures, but they vary much in quality and thickness, and in addition are more abundant or closer together at some horizons than at others. It has been found that black shales are abundant in the lower part, and comparatively rare in the upper, while the strong grit bands are confined to the Millstone Grit.^ By the aid of these characteristic differences, the Carboniferous roclis may, for convenience of description, be divided into the following five parts, or groups, in descending order: — 5. The 'Upper Pale Group. — The most abundant rock is called grey shale, and. contfiins coal-seams fairly 'close together. This does not weather as a ,8hale in the sense in which the term is used by geologists, but decomposes into a nearly white clay that becomes almost fluid when wet. Even the sand- stones from this part of the series disintegrate on exposure to the air. From the persistent whitish colour of all these rocks when weathered it is both natural and convenient to call the group the pale-series. The Four Foot Coal forms the base. 4. The Lower Pale Group. — The same white clay material is here almost as abundant as in the last group, but there is also a little dark shale. The coals are further apart, and the top one alone, the DUhorne Coal, has been extensively worked. Some dark shale and more coherent sandstones occur in the lower part of the series. The top of the Woodhead Coal forms the base. 3. The Woodhead Coal and Woodhead Sandstones. — Both above and below the seam known as the Woodhead Coal is a considerable thickness of dark shale, which distinguishes this horizon from any higher one. The sandstone which underlies the lower bandof shafe consists of a great number of thin beds all of which are fine in grain and more or less flaggy. About the middle of the mass is a band cemented by carbonate of lime and probably some iron. When undecomposed this is an intensely hard rock and easily recognised. 236 Chbadle Coalfield 2. The Lowest Opal- measures — The feature of this group are the thick masses of black or dark shales associated with coal- seams and sandy bands, the latter tending to pass into gannister, often of excellent quality. Of the coal-seams, one the Crabtree or Lower Stinking Coal is very persistent, and has been worked to a considerable extent. The others vary greatly in thickness, and are often absent. There seems reason to believe that this group is the equivalent of the Lancashire Gannister Series. 1. The Millstone Orit Series. — This is at once recognised over the greater part of the area by the size of the grains composing the body of the grits (the First and Third) as well as by their thickness. They continue to be strong grits to the east and north, but in the Dilhorne area they rapidly deteriorate until they are scarcely recognisable. A mass of black shale similar to that in the group above separates the two grits, and there is a seam of coal always present above the Third Grit; it varies, however, from little more than a smut to a good seam 2 feet 10 inches thick. Below the grit there is a mass of dark shale associated with red marls and sandy bands of a very variable nature. There is a considerable variation in the thickness of these five groups as we pass from one area to another, so that it is not fiossible to say wTiat is the exact thickness at any one spot, n the course of mining operations all but a small portion of these rocks has been proved in shafts or borings, and by adding these together we find the total thickness of the true Coal-measures in the Cheadle area to be about 1,600 feet, while the Millstone Grit Series has been proved to a depth of about 450 feet. On comparing the thicknesses of the four upper groups with the Coal-measures on the eastern side of the JPottery Coal-field (Fig. 2, Plate I) we find that the highest beds of the Cheadle Coal field do not extend much higher than the Bambury coals. We, however, know nothing of the laws governing the thickness of the measures between the Potteries and Cheadle, and though it is probable it is not absolutely certain that the two areas were ever in direct continuity. If movement were in progress during the deposition of the strata it may well be that oeds present in one area are absent in the other, and vice-vers&.. Any satisfactory correlation of the two areas must be based on a closer palseontological investigation than has at present been attempted. To be conclusive this must be exhaustive, which, as yet, is far from being the case. THE MILLSTONE GEIT AND ASSOCIATED SHALES. These rocks form a ring round the greater part of the Cheadle Coalfield, but the southern and south-western portion is buried under the Triassic rocks, and its exact position cannot be fixed; while the symmetry and continuity of the ring are Millstone Grit, 237 greatly broken by faults, which for short distances make the outcrops of the different beds somewhat difficult to trace ; but over the greater part of the area these beds have such well-defined characters that even small outcrops can usually be recognised. The series can be best studied in the Froghall and Ipstones areas, where the rocks diifer least from the well-known types further north, such as at the Roaches. Shafts and borings in search of ironstone have proved the thickness of much of the sequence. A borehole close to Abovechurch, north-west of Ipstones, passed through the total thickness of the Third Grit, and pierced about 100 feet of the underlying rocks. Trials were also made in the Oakamoor area in the beds below the Third Grit, which proved a seam of coal some 10 inches thick, at a depth of about 95 feet below the grit. Other borings have penetrated still lower beds, but it is not possible to exactly fix the horizon at which these started. The following section shows the approximate thickness of the grits and shales in the Ipstones and Churnet Valley areas, in descend- ing order: — ft. in. First Grit, about - 100 Dark shales with a little sandy marl in upper part 120 Third Grit - - - 140 Marls, thin sandstones and black shales, about 200 feet proved Beds below the Third Grit — The dark shales which lie below the Third Grit are exposed in the cutting on the Caldon Low Tram- way, and still lower beds are seen in the stream (Shirley Brook) that flows south towards the tramway in the neighbourhood of Foxt. At the point where this stream turns abruptly west a small brook joins it from the east, and in the low scar at their junction a curious small coal seam occurs, about 10 inches thick, apparently at the same horizon as that often met with in the borings about Oakamoor. The seam at Shirley Brook appears to be highly bituminous and pyritous, and is crowded with Goniatites. A httle north of this point an interesting bed of sandstone crops out and can be followed for a considerable distance in the sides of the stream. At first it contains a few small pebbles in its upper portion, but further north these increase both in number and size till the rock resembles the Third Grit. Though thin it is very hard, and after rising from the sides of the hollow it occupies a large area about Lanehead. This bed is met with again at the smithy north- east of Foxt, where its presence is due to a fault. It is here more like the Third Grit in appearance, but a shaft proved it to be only some thirty feet thick. This tendency ot the sandy beds in this district to become thicker, coarser and more pebbly is not confined to this rock; for the examination of part of the Ipstones area made it clear that a number of thin pebbly grit bands come on, and partly replace the masses of shale so conspicuous in the Endon area. 238 Chbadlb Coalfield. On the opposite side of Cheadle, however, the reverse phenomenon is seen. There the beds below the Third Grit are mainly soft shales associated with thin crowstones, good examples of which may be seen to the west of Banktop Farm. The Third Grit — Generally speaking, this grit is coarser and thicker than the First. There is no need to give a detailed description of the outcrop of this rock for it runs parallel to the First Grit, and its position may be defined as being invariably a little further off from Cheadle than the latter. In the Ipstones and Oakamoor area it is about 140 feet thick, and the thickness changes slowly and apparently evenly in definite directions. It has gradu- ally thinned away from 190 leet in the Stocton Brook area ; but the evidence shows clearly that these grits do not vary in thickness in comparatively short distances, as is often supposed. They are really buUt up of a considerable number of lenticular beds of grit, which often die away in a short distance. But the total thickness of grit built up of these lenticles varies very little over considerable areas, as the numerous shafts and borings show. The best outcrops occur as crags about the Caldon Low Tramway, near Abovechurch (Ipstones area), and the Belmont gorge to the east of the Chui^net. On the west side of the Churnet the most northerly outcrop near Park House is obscured by Drift. About Consall, however, it makes a bold feature, but begins to thin away to the south. It is still recognisable at Bank Top Farm,* but at Stansmore Hall, north-west of Dilhorne, the rock is recognised more from its position above the thin hard sandstones (crowstones) near Stansmore Wood than from its own characters. Its outcrop further south is covered by the Bunter. An excellent series of sections of the beds associated with the Third Grit occurs in the little valley — in places a gorge — to the east of Booth Farm, rather more than a mile north-north-west of Froghall. In the eastern branch of this valley a small adit has been driven for a short distance immediately below a hard shale band that lies about half-way between the two grits. The section in descending order is as follows : — Dark shales. Dark hard shale band, about 1 foot. Impure coal, a few inches. Calcareous ironstone, a few inches. Dark shales. The hard shale band has been recognised at several locahties, and though it does not here contain Goniatites there can be little doubt it IS at the same horizon as the band full of Goniatites nea,r the Knypersley Reservoir (p. 307). It must not, however, be confounded with a band with Goniatites above a coal lower down in this mass of dark shale. This lower band_ occurs immediately above the Third Grit Coal, and fragments of it are seen in every tip-heap from the old coal ft. in, 9 22 2 10 8 144 9 7 33 36 27 1 6 1 1 5 Millstone Grit. 239 workings to the west and north of Ipstones Church. The coal has been extensively mined in this neighbourhood, and one shaft is still being worked, the coal being 2 feet 10 inches thick and of fairly good quality. About half a mile west of the church a borehole, known as the Abovechurch Bore hole, was put d,own to see if any workable ironstone was present. A seam was found, but its poor quality did not encourage a continuation of the enterprise. The exact position of the Third Grit Coal is shown by the following, account of the boring : — The Abovechueoh Bokehole. Soil and clay - - - Black shale. Goniatite shale band at base Coal. The Koaches Seam Fireclay Sandstone rock. Third Grit Hard marl Eed and brown rock Roach or gritty shale Grey shale Black shale Grey shale with red bands Black shale with red bands Eed hydrate (ironstone), said to be Three shafts were sunk through the lower portion of the shales to this coal. One, three-quarters of a mile south-west of Ipstones ; a second (New House) a little south of Ipstones ; and a third half a mile south-east of the village. These shafts appear to have been made under the impression that these dark shales were at the same horizon as those above the Froghall Ironstone, which they closely resemble. They proved a curious fact; in all cases the coal has passed to a mixture of coal and ironstone, closely resembling the one in the gorge near Booth Farm referred to above. In this particular area this curious admixture occurs at three distinct horizons, for it is also met with in the FroghaU Ironstone. In the small vaUey, rather more than a mile due north of Foxt and close to the fault shown on the map, the Third Grit Coal is exposed, and has been worked. About the Lees, west of Whiston, the coal has again been worked ; the goniatite shale is everywhere seen in the spoil heaps, and fragments of impure ironstone show that the mixed material also occurs in this neighbourhood. To the north-east of Whiston no old workings have been found, but as we approach Oakamoor the coal has been extensively mined, and many old pits are still open in this neighbourhood. A considerable portion of the outcrop of the shales above this coal is cut out by a fault running along the foot of the escarpment of the First Grit. The tunnel at Oakamoor passes through the greater part of these beds, and a great quantity of the Goniatite shale may still be seen in the spoil heap at the west end of the tunnel. 240 Chbadle Coalfield. Close to the Churnet on the northern edge of the First Grit a shaft was sunk to the Third Grit Coal, and some of the overlying shales are exposed in the banks. To the west and south-west, however, nothing is seen of these beds till we reach the ground between the outcrop of the two grits to the south of Consall village. This ground is intersected by small gorges, which give an almost complete section of these shales. In the wooded ravine — shown on the map — the hard shale band about the middle of this series is particularly well seen. It is 4 feet thick with a coal smut below, but no fossils were found. Owing to the faulted nature of the ground these shales are difficult to trace for some distance to the south, and the only good exposure of them occurs in the old marl pit close to Bank Top, about a mile north-north-west of Foxfield Colliery. A hard calcareous band associated with some traces of coaly matter seems to be the only representative of the Third Grit Coal, but the pit is too old for the section to be clearly understood. That there is no good coal here seems clear, for it would otherwise have been worked, as there is no other easily accessible coal in this neighbourhood ; moreover there are numerous openings for marl or shale to spread on the dry Bunter sandstone soil, and some of them must have cut open the coal if it existed. A little south of this area these shales are faulted down by the Dilhorne Fault and covered by the Bunter sandstone. The First Grit. — This is a moderately fine-grained rock, rarely containing pebbles; it has a local tendency to weather red which imparts a distinct colour to the soil. This rock occurs more often than is usually supposed on the east side of the Churnet, owing to repetition by faulting. Commencing at the north-east end of this area the First Grit is exposed in the little stream in Coalpit Wood, about a mile west of Belmont Hall, which stands on the same rock repeated by a fault. The fine crags at the south end of the hill, evidently close to the fault- face, enable the bed to be examined here. It is again brought up by a fault, and forms the hill of Noonsum Common ; while another fault repeats the grit which forms the hills to the south on which Booth and Hermitage farms stand. A large fault throws the grit down beneath the Ipstones and Froghalf Valley, and it does not crop out again till we reach the high ground east of the village of Ipstones. The village itself stands on grit, but it is not easy to say if this is the First or Third. The cause of this difficulty is the doubtful position of the large fault just referred to. If this passes on the west side of the village, then the south end of the latter is on the First, and the north end on the Third ; if, however, the fault passes on the east side, the reverse is the case, for the mapping makes it clear there are two different grits here. The church undoubtedly stands on the First Grit. To the east of the Ipstones Valley another fault throws up the First Grit, which forms the small round MiLtaTONE G-EIT. 241 outlier to the north of Foxt. Part ot the hill on which Foxt stands is also formed of this bed, but the village may stand on the Third Grit, if the fault so clearly seen passing close to the inn further north passes on the west side of Foxt ; if it passes on the east side of the village the latter is on the First Grit. It was not found possible to settle this point owing to insufficient evidence. The First Grit covers a large area in the neighbourhood of Whiston, and the base of it is seen in the old reservoir at the abandoned copper works. There is a gradual passage here from the grit to the underlying shales. This prevents the rock making the usual bold feature, the base being at times, by no means easy to foUow. As we approach Oakamoor, shafts have been sunk through the grit to reach the underlying coal, from which we gather that the grit must be about 90 to 100 feet thick. In the wood on the north side of the Churnet, opposite the western end of the tmmel, the grit makes an unusually bold escarpment. For a short distance on the south side of the river a similar escarpment occurs ; it is, however, abruptly truncated by a fault just before these rocks are covered by the Bunter pandstone. Returning to the northern area, near the Churnet, the grit has a double outcrop for some distance to the west due to a fault, but its exact position is difficult to fix, as the hollow in which it occurs is covered with downwash. The large fault passing near Gonsall New HaU. throws the grit up again, so that it crops out in the sides of the vaUey and near the BLall Farm. On the west bank of the Churnet a large quarry has been opened in this rock, which here forms an excellent building-stone. A large fault trending north-west repeats both these outcrops, as the map clearly shows. The shorter and more southerly out- crop is well seen in the side of the small stream in the Consall woods, and by its position and mode of ending clearly shows the course of two of the faults. The more northerly outcrop is particularly clear about the sides of the stream which cuts right through this rock, and gives an excellent section of it. As we leave the stream, and approach the faults shown on the map further west, the position of the bed is more difficult to fix. Close to the Wetley Eocks road the First Grit is faulted against the Third, so as to make the whole appear a continuous outcrop of one grit. Further south the First Grit is very difficult to trace continuously, partly owing to faults, and partly to the fact that both the First and Third Grits begin to thm away rapidly in this direction. The bed of sandstone to the east of Hilltop Farm is probably this rock, as is also the sandstone exposed in the Fox- field Railway, a little south-east of Stansmore Hall. The great east-and-west fault at DUhorne throws down the whole of the Millstone Grit Series, and their further course west of the Cheadle basin is covered by Triassic rocks. The ^eater part of the rock between the First and Third Grits consists of dark shale. Close under the First Grit, however, the beds vary 7469. Q 2t2 Cheadle Coalfield. somewhat, being often lighter in colour, and of a more sandy nature. Occasionally a thin band of sandstone occurs, but it is distinctly rare and impersistent. Owing to the occurrence of these soft shaly beds between two much harder rocks, they are rarely seen except in stream sections or artificial openings. THE COAL-MEASUKES Between the Millstone Grit and the succeeding Coal- measures a perfect conformity exists. The same lithological distinction between the two members as holds in the Pottery Coalfield can be readily observed in that of Cheadle. In both cases, coarse grits absent in the Coal-measures, distinguish the inferior group, the First Grit being practically the last coarse arenaceous bed of the Carboniferous sequence, those met with in the Coal-measures all being of a sandstone character. The palseontological evidence for classing the lowest beds ot the Cheadle Coal-measures with the strata immediately succeed- ing the First Grit in the Pottery Coalfield is also very conclusive. Thus in both areas a seam of coal, known as the Crabtree Coal, is in each associated with an abundant marine fa,una consisting of Gastrioceras (Ooniatites) Listen and Pterinopecten (Aviculo- pecten) papyraceus. The coal seams of the succeeding groups (3-1), however, re- ceive names which do not in any way recall the seams of the Pottery Coalfield. These seams are distributed through the sub-divisions, into which we have arbitrarily separated one portion of the Cheadle Coal-measure sequence from another, in the following order : — Section Showing Coal Seams in the Cheadle Area. it. in. o ( Coal and Smut Measures Two-Yaed Coal Measures Half Yaed Coal Measures Yard Coal Measures Litley Coal Measures Four Foot Coal 2 6 42 5 6 V6 2 6 61 3 6 51 2 9 33 3 6 C0AL-M£AStTIl]i!S. 243 o ^ 2 o 8 M IB b 1^ Measures about - Coal (vaeiable) Measures - DiLHOENE Coal- Stinking OR Alecs Coal Measures - Fox FIELD Coal - Measures - ... Coal 7 in. (Black Seat S, ft. 6 in.), Coal 8 in., below Measures Cobble Coal Measures CoA^ (no name)- Meadftres ElDB^CoAL , Measures 3/ WooDHEAD Coal \ Measures ft. in. 120 2 60 6 190 .3 9 55 1 8 64 1 5 130 1 3 55 1 1 95 1 6 125 2 9 500 1-3 "^ a EH E ^1 Stinking or Crabtree Coal \ Measures - First Grit. 2 120 Lowest Coal-measv/res {Crabtree Goal and Associated Rocks). This group consists essentially of dark shales separated by bands of fireclay and sandstone or gannister. The whole thickness of the group was pierced in the boring from the bottom of the pit at Park Hall Colliery,* but there is reason to believe the beds here are somewhat thinner than in the Frog- hall and Ipstones area. The section shows that several small seams of coal are present, but only one, the Crabtree or Stinking Coal, is of any thickness. The sandy bands in this series are Kable to much greater variation than the dark shales, a phen- omenon especially well shown by the bed beneath the Crabtree Coal, which may either be a pebbly grit, a series of thin fine sandstones, or a gannister of exceptionally good quality. The change from one type of section to another will recur several times in quite a small area. Owing to the fact that the three deep valleys of the district — that of the Churnet, Consall Woods, and Ipstones — are cut principally in this portion of the Coal-measures, exposures are numerous, more particularly at the points where small streams flow into these larger valleys. « t See page 478. 7469. Q2 244 o J ■< O a o o o O s o =S i i I CQ in I-' I a 4 1 o i P - F = < u (r < Honou COAL-MEASTJBES. 245 Ipstones and Froghall. — A long narrow strip of these beds occurs between Ipstones and Froghall, let down by two nearly parallel faults, ana in this a number of boreholes were put down to prove the Froghall Ironstone, which in this area occurs at the base of the Coal-measures. Though the ironstone has been practically worked out, the borings are still interesting as show- mg the nature of the beds passed through. The exact position of these boreholes cannot now be fixed, as a series was made in each locality, and it is impossible to, say to which the accounts refer. A considerable number were made in the locality of Clough- head, a farmhouse about a mile north of Froghall. These, while differing in minor details, show the persistent presence of certain beds of coal and bands of dark shale, which are sufficiently in accordance with the section, proved in the Engine Pit, close by for the latter to be taken as fairly typical of the district. Section of the Old Engine Pit near Cloughhead. 1^15 Grey and black shale 14 Coal 13 Hard fireclay and rock, shale at base ( Coal, 1 ft. 1 in. i J 2 Sweet OE Split Coal {Shale, 6in. > ( Coal, 1 ft. 8 in. ) 11 Grey and black shale (bass) ^■- 10 Coal - - - 9 Grey and black shale 8 Coal (the Stinking oe Ceabteee) s 7 Fireclay on white and grey rock 6 Grey shale 5 Coal - - - 4 Grey and black shale (paper shale at base) 3 Coal . . , - 2 Grey and black shale passing to harder sandy shale 1 Black shale 1 ft., Ironstone 1 ft. 3< (Fkoghall.) ft. in. - 37 4 20 3 3 19 5 4 31 6 2 3 - 31 7 2 9 3 20 6 4 63 6 2 Below this, the shaft was continued some 10 feet into grey marl. All the strata recorded in the above section axe visible at some part or other of the deep ravines between Froghall and Ipstones. Close to Froghall the banks of the stream are formed of the dark shales above the Crabtree or Stinking Coal. On the east side of the vaUey all the beds from this seam to the Kingsley Sandstone are present ; but there are only isolated exposures, and no details can be made out. At the lime-wharf the Crabtree Coal crops out at about water-level, and from this point rises foster than the stream as we go north ; so that a little above the rude dam, formed by the great shale^tip in the western valley, a foot-path 248 Chbadlb Coam'ibld. to Ipstones passes over the sandy beds below the coal. At this point there is a good section in the stream below which shows : — ft. in. Dark shales (No. 11 of above section) 20 Paper shale band - - - i o Coal, 2 in. Smut, 8 in. (12 of above section) 10 White fireclay 5 Dark shale - ■ 10 Flaggy fine grit, having a cemented appearance at the base 1 • This section is important, as the paper-shale band overlying the coal constitutes an horizon persistent over a very large area, and which once seen is readily recognised. Unlike the rest of the black shale it does not readily fall to pieces on weathering, but changes to a brown -paper colour, and in this condition it can be split open with a blunt knife, and thin sheets, like stiff brown paper, from two lO three feet long, may be obtained. At times fish scales, and a small flattened Lingula-like shell are fairly abundant ; but as a rule fossils are very sparsely distributed in the rock. It never contains, so far as we know, the masses of Goniatites and Pterinopecten so abundant in the other hard shale bands, a,nd it differs also from the latter in the absence of pyrites. It is to the freedom from this readily decomposed mineral that the paper shale band owes its preservation. Following up the stream towards Ipstones the hard beds (No. '7 sect., p. 245) above the black shale and under the Crabtree Coal form the sides of the small ravine till we reach the first houses of the village of Ipstones itself Here a quarry has been opened in the gannister that so often occurs at this horizon. It may be noted that in this section no trace was observed of the thin coal (No. 10 sect., p. 245) which experience shows to be liable to great variations in thickness, and at times- to disappear altogether. It must not, however, be inferred that it never existed, for there seems, a strong probability, though this has not been proved, that many of these thinner coals were denuded after they were laid down. Only a short distance to the east of this stream a bore- hole passed through a hollow 2 feet deep due to the extraction of this yery coal. The section also shows the variability of the hard beds that underlie the Crabtree Coal. At the south end of the exposure the bulk of the rock is a fairly fine sandstone, but close to the village it is mostly fireclay and gannister. This change in so short a distance is characteristic of the whole area, the zone being specially liable to lithological variation. The gannister and fireclays when present are usually of excellent quality. Owing to the greater hardness of this zone it forms a step or feature m the stream banks, and this enables the position of the Crabtree Coal (No. 8 sect., p. 245) to be easily traced. To this fact the extensive nature of the workings in this neighbourhood is probably due. The coal was also pierced again and again in the shafts to the underlying Kroghall Ironstone, and was often worked COAL-MEASITBES. 247 for the engines at the numerous pits. The Crabtree Coal may be seen from the tip-heaps to be overlain by the persistent hard shale band rich in Goniatites, etc., that assists in the identifica- tion of this coal over a large area. The coal and shale together form the one persistent recognisable horizon in this part of the sequence. To the south-east of the shale-heap in the Ipstones Valley the Sweet or Split Coal above the Crabtree, and another seam below it, have been cut open in the steep bank, but owing to landslips it is not easy to tell the exact thickness of either. They are too thin apparently to be worth working. Ascending the east branch of the main valley a fault (p. 274) is crossed which brings up the Froghall Ironstone. The outcrop of this is marked for a considerable distance by a number of adits. Further north the sandy beds and gannister of the Crabtree Coal are seen close to the mill-dam, and about 200 yards beyond this is another section of the Split Seam, the thickness being the same as in the shaft given above (p. 245). Higher up the stream, the Crabtree again comes to the surface, close to an old adit, and the shales below the coal are also seen, but the ground beyond is much faulted, and the exact outcrop is difficult to fix. South and south-east of Froghall a considerable area of these rocks occurs on the north side of the Churnet. Sections are numerous, and borings and shafts have been put down to prove the ironstone, and to work the Crabtree Coal. The ironstone is either too thin to work, or absent in this area, but the coal main- tains its usual thickness. A little south of Eavesford the sandy beds below the coal form a grit, shewn on the map, with pebbles as large as those in the Third Grit, but the matrix is fairly fine. South of Whiston Eaves this rock is much finer and contains no pebbles. Over all this area the Crabtree Coal has been worked some distance in from the outcrop, and has always the Gonidtite- shale roof. A shaft, about 500 yards south of Eavesford, passed through three seams of coal below the Crabtree : — Shaft at Eoss Banks, 'Whiston Eaves :— Sand and clay Grey bands and shale Blue shale Stinking or Ceabteee Coal Fireclay and rock Black shale Coal Fireclay Hard band on red marl Black shale Coal ( ? Shaffalong) Black shale - Grey roach Coal ( ? Shaffalong) ft. in 9 4 35 2 29 3 10 8 7 2 6 9 9 9 1 6 248 ChbADLB CoALltBLD. A boring put down by Mr. Johnson of Ipstones in the dell close by gives 40 feet to the hollow where the Crabtree has been worked ; then 31 feet to a hollow where the roof has fallen into another coal ; and then 29 feet to a red sandstone, said to be the top of the First Grit, though it does not seem deep enough. A small coal seam about 7 inches thick, apparently above the Crabtree Coal, is exposed in the bank of the little stream close to the first railway bridge south of Froghall, but itiS position is not easy to fix owing to the faulted nature of the ground. The stream flowing south-east from Whiston Eaves gives numerous sections of the shales below the Crabtree, but these possess no points of special interest. Due south of Crowtrees a small slag neap suggests the presence of the Froghall Ironstone, but it cannot be thick, for trials have been made in the neigh- bourhood without success. Near the farm of Eastwell the outcrop of these beds crosses to the south side of the Churnet. The northern boundary is a natural one, but the southern is a fault throwing down south. Sections occur in this outcrop in the streams east of Woodhead Hall, and again in the stream that flows down past Cheadle. The latter are in the black shale above the Crabtree Coal, while those to the east clearly show the beds associated with this coal, which has been worked. In some calcareous nodules from the tip heaps numerous fine specimens of Goniatites, were observed, but they are very difficult to extract.* With the ■ obj ect apparently of proving if the Froghall Ironstone was present or not, a boring was made from the bottom of one of these pits. This must have pierced the First Grit, as a large quantity of water was met with, which still flows as a considerable stream in spite of the height above the base of the Churnet Valley. There could be no seam of ironstone present, but the water is markedly ferruginous. Rather more than a mile east of Cheadle the shales of this part of the series are seen in the valley to the south of Hilltop Farm, and again in the hollow to the east ; but as they pass in this direction under the Bunter sandstone no outcrops are known further south. Returning to the Froghall area, and following these rocks round the margin of the coalfield, a curious outcrop of the Froghall Ironstone with a thin cover of shale occurs on the summit of. the hill to the north-west of the railway station. The occurrence of these outliers was not known for a long time, and this is the more remarkable owing to the great amount of slag left from ancient workings, of which aU record or even tradition is lost. To the south of this hill a large fault throws the ironstone and overlying beds down into the valley, but the downwash is so ''' Dr. Wlieelton Hind determined two of these as Goniatites {Gas- trioceras) Listeri and Goniatites {Dimorphoceras) Looneyi. COAL-MEASUBES. 249 great that nothing is seen of the rocks till we approach the small stream that rises to the north-west near Ipstones ; where a httle below its junction with the main river the ironstone comes to the surface, and is said to form the bed of the canal close to the adit,* from which a small quantity of ironstone is still being mined for pigment. A little way up the small stream the First Grit comes to the surface, marking the position of the fault already referred to. Further west many shafts were sunk to the ironstone, nearly all of which has been extracted. They proved the persistent presence of the Crabtree Coal, fairly uniform in thickness ; and also of several smaller seams, two of which are very variable, but rarely as much as a foot thick. The harder beds above the Crabtree Coal form the edge of a flat-topped hill on which Hillhouse Farm stands, and the outcrop of the coal can be fairly well traced. In the small valley on the east side of Belmont Hall numerous sections are met with showing the nature of the lower portion of the series. The ground is much affected by faults, one of which is well shown on the east side of the valley not far from Pettyfields, and brings the shales below the Crabtree against a sandstone above that seam. The shale has locally slipped away from the fault face, leaving a curiously isolated sandstone scar. To the north of this no such slip has occurred, and the sandstone is consequently not seen, although it cannot be more than a few feet from the surface inside the bank face. To the west of Belmont Hall some good sections of the beds about the horizon of the Crabtree Coal are exposed, and the gannister, which is of excellent quality, is quarried. A. little further up the Churnet Valley, on the same side, a small stream cuts through the basal shales of the series, and gives one of the very few natural sections of the Froghall Ironstone, here only about three inches in thickness. An equally thin seam was met with in the trial-shaft a little east of the stream, thus fixing the limit of the workable ironstone in this neighbour- hood. On the southern and western side of the Churnet, about and above Froghall, the lowest Coal-measures form the greater part of the steep banks of the valley. For some distance, however, the slips and wash from above prevent any rock being seen in situ till the woods north of Hazlecross are reached, where the traces of an old tram line indicate the outcrop of the ironstone, into which levels have been driven at intervals as far north as the flint-mill. Sections about the horizon of the ironstone are numerous, though slips are gradually obscuring these, and in time little bare rock will be visible. These slips occur at intervals * Close above the adit is a little band of hard white grit or conglomerate ; apparently that recorded in the Park Hall boring. It has not been seen elsewhere. 250 Chbadlb Coaltibld. all down the hill face, and a fresh one will of course I'eave a l)are scar for a time, of which several are at present visible. They are most numerous just below the summit of the bank at the top of the dark shales below the Woodhead Sandstone (p. 253). A few occur much lower down in the harder bands associated with the Crabtree Coal, which has been worked to a small extent. Specially good sections of these rocks occur on the south bank of the stream that flows through Consall Woods, and joins the Churn et at Consall Forge. Although the sequence is locally affected by faulting, still on the whole the stream flows almost exactly along the strike of the rocks, and thus as the valley deepens lower and lower beds are exposed. For some distance above the point, where the long north and south fault crosses, black shale is the dominant rock, and this contains lines of small ironstone nodules, with at times marine fossils. On the east side of the fault a good section of the Split or Sweet Coal is exposed, the section being as follows : — ft. m Mixture of sandy marl and gannister 4 Pale sandy marl 10 Smut, 3 in. "■ Coal, 8 in. Smut, 4 in. Clunch, 1 ft. ) Split Seam 5 Smut, 3 in. Clunch, 1 ft. 10 in. Coal, 8 in. J • Hard white clunch with particles of jet or coal 2 Hard clunch, base nc )t seen 10 The clunch is a sandy material cemented by a little clay. It is coherent and devoid of bedding. • Though softer ' tuan a sandstone it is much harder than an ordinary marly shale or clay. A little further down the stream affords an excellent section of the Crabtree Coal with its Goniatite-shale roof. The coal can be followed till we reach a large scar in which the beds from some distance above the Split Seam down to this coal are laid bare, forming the most complete natural section in the district The Split Seam here consists of two bands of coal, each about 6 inches thick separated by 3 feet of fireclay and shale. A little further down the stream the beds above the Crabtree crop out, the section showing 30 feet of black shale with a Goniatite- band at the base. Under this is the Crabtree Coal restiiig on 3 feet of fireclay, succeeded by laminated and compact sand- stones. These are totally unlike the harder material (gannister and fire-clay) worked on the west side of Belmont Hall. The small scar formed at the angle in the bank, where the Consall Valley joins the main valley, shows the paper-shale bands some distance below the Crabtree Coal described on page 246. It is here underlain by a thin coal smut, while a little above COAL-MEASUEES. 251 it are several bands of sandy material closely approaching gannister in appearance and composition. A considerable distance up in the bank a shaft was sunk to the Froghall Iron- stone, which shows the absence of any seam of coal below the Crabtree. It also shows the great thickness (93 feet) of loose material that tends to accumulate on these steep banks, largely no doubt due to landslips as well as downwash. On the north side of the Consall Valley there is a considerable area occupied by this portion of the sequence, but only a few food natural sections occur. Owing to the fact that the beds slow the Crabtree Coal are harder than the rest, they were often cut open to make the tram roads for the old ironstone mines, and by their aid the outcrop of the coal can be traced over a considerable area. The ironstone was extensively mined, as the numerous shafts indicate. The workings proved the area to be greatly cut up by faults, of which the majority are shown on the map. The Crabtree Coal was met with in every shaft sunk deep enough to intersect this seam. It varied in thickness from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet, and was worked for the engines where convenient to do so. It was always highly pyritous but gave a good heat, and coked well. This local minmg of the seam has given rise to a number of patches of waterlogged ground, which will be a source of danger and difficulty if the seam be more extensively worked at some future time. In addition to the shafts sunk to the ironstone, some borings were put down to prove it in Ladypark Wood, close to the stream, and west of the fault shown on the map. One of these met with the ironstone at a depth of 95 yards, the stone being only 7 inches thick and too thin to work. The second, some distance further west, proved the seam altogether absent. Some additional borings were made in the fields near the road to Wetley Eocks, which ]3roved a coal, said to be the Crabtree, at a depth of 12, 14 and 20 yards, but no ironstone was found. The outcrop of the series on the western side of the Cheadle basin is difficult to understand, as the rocks rapidly change in character, and are besides greatly faulted. The high dip also produces a steep featureless -country, which is further obscured by down wash. The shales can be seen occasionally in a few stream sections, and have been excavated to a considerable extent for marling the fields. The Crabtree Coal was not met with in any of the pits, which extend almost to the Dilhorne Fault (p. 275) ; so that it seems reasonable to suppose that this seam, like the Third Grit Coal, has died away. To the south of this dislo- cation these rocks are covered by the Triassic beds, and nothing is known of their further course. From the above account, it will be seen that the Crabtree is the only seam of any thickness that is at all persistent over the greater part of the area. It has a thickness varying from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 4 inches over all but the western district. 252 Chbadlb Coalfield. It has been extensively worked at different times, and it is doubtful how much of it is left except as isolated patches sur- rounded by waterlogged " Old-man." In the area north of the Consall Valley a small portion has been worked for the hauling engines of the old mines, but the bulk of it is left. It is, of course, untouched over the greater part of the Cheadle area, but whether it would ever pay to work when coal becomes scarcer is a diflScult matter to decide. It seems to be a quick-burning coal and cokes easily. It may some day be possible to extract the pyrites and coke the residue. The Froghall Ironston". — This seam of ironstone, which has been referred to above, lies either directly on the First Grit or may be separated from it by as much as 16 feet of shale. With the exception of a few patches that are worked for making red paint, the seam has been practically worked out. It was deposited in the form of an extremely thin lenticle o^ somewhat irregTilar thickness, which was roughly elliptical, the longer axis of the ellipse trending east and west. The southern limit has been proved at the west end by the borings already referred to in the Con- sall Valley, near the stream flowing north fromKingsley Moor. It was followed till it was too thin to work both at Hazlecross Pits, and at some pits close to Kingsley Village. A boring proved its southern termination again at Froghall, and only a trace of it was met with at Whiston. To the east of Ipstones it- passes to a curious admixture of coal and ironstone, which did not pay to work. Beyond this for some considerable distance, the limit to the north, is the natural outcrop, but close to the Churnet it has been proved to die away to a few inches before reaching the outcrop. In order to prove if this seam came on again a boring was put down by Mr. Almond from the bottom of Park Hafl Pit (Sect. No. 76 Appendix), and this corroborated the evi- dence already given that the seam does not extend south of the line described above. That this seam owed its existence to local conditions, which tended to recur, seems to be shown by the fact that in the area where the seams become a mixture of coal and ironstone two other similar admixtures, as noted above occur between the First and Third Grits. This association suggests some special condition for its occurrence, and it seems that filtration may be partly the cause. For instance, if a delta be covered with a dense vegeta- tion of a reedy or fern-like nature, 1 he mass of vegetation will tend to filter off all sediment while allowing water to pass through. The coal may possibly be formed by decomposit'ion in situ of the vegetable matter, the shells once present being com- pletely decomposed by solution in Water highly charged with carbonic acid, and the lime replaced by iron. As Mr. Sorby has so ably shown, lime produced from certain shells is peculiarly liable to be replaced by iron. ft. in. 10 2 10 1 10 40 L70 50 40 C0AL-MEAStTBE9. , 233 Some details ol the mode ot occurrence ot this ironstone are publislied in the " Iron Ores of Great Britain," by Warrington Smyth, Part IV. pp. 277-279, and an analysis is given by Mr. Dick, p. 291. S. WooSkead Coal and Sandstones. The rocks of this group possess such well-marked characters that it has been possible to trace them continuously over nearly the whole area of the exposed coalfield. A boring put down at the bottom of the shaft at Park Hall Colliery penetrated all the members of this group, and proved the succession to be as follows in descending order : — Black shale or baas WooDHEAD Coal Pricking and Oustee Coal Nodular sandy marl (Conglomerate rock) Dark shales with harder bands in lower part Flaggy sandstones with thin partings Finely fissile grey sandstone Fine grey sandy shale (dark shale below) The rocks forming the lower members of the group may be briefly described as a thick mass of flaggy sandstone (the Woodhead or Kingsley Sandstone), passing through the stage of a very shaly sandstone to a sandy shale. The whole, m fact, forms a perfect transition from sandstone to the dark shales of the group below. There is no other rock in the district at all like this Woodhead flaggy sandstone, and a good outcrop of it is unmistakable. The bed, locally known as the " conglomerate-rock," is a rather hard sandy shale, portions of which are cemented together so as to form ferruginous balls, harder than the rest of the bed. From the presence of these balls the rock has acquired its name. The shale on which this rests is softer and not quite so dark in colour as the bass. These dark shales above and below the coal serve to distinguish it at once from any seam at a higher horizon. The Woodhead Coal is about 2 feet 10 inches thick, and of fairly good quality. It is essentially a non-bituminous coal and can be taken out in large blocks. At the base of the seam is some shale and shaly sulphurous coal, about 1 foot thick in all, which is taken out in working the coal. The peculiarly hard black shale or bass at the top of this group makes an excellent roof in the • coal workings. It can be easily recognised in the field, both from its nature and from the band at its base, locally known as the Fish-bed, which is so peculiarly full of these remains. The amount of them may be best understood by walking along the line from the Foxfield Colliery where the metals are ballasted largely with this band. About every third bit of shale, if not too decomposed, will be found to contain fragments of fossil fish. At the Kingsley Moor 254 Chbadle CoAI^rELD. Pit they are equally abundant, but further to the south and east, though still abundant,, they are present in smaller quantity. Natwral Uxposures or Outcrops of the Growp. — The coal with its associated rocks is cut open in the side of the small stream that is crossed by the by-road from Dairy House Farm to Above Park, the road leaving the stream close to the point where the coal crops out. The latter is here 2 feet 9 inches thick; the top and base being clearly seen. A little further north a fault throws the beds down, and the coal is seen at the surface again higher up the stream, as shown on the map. Below the coal an excellent section of the flaggy sandstones occurs here. The group of beds can be traced in a southerly direction towards the by-road already mentioned and the coal has been cut open in forming a drain. The outcrop ends against the fault referred to above, which brings up the flaggy sandstone against the coal. After crossing the fault the flaggy sandstone can be traced for some distance and a trial shaft was sunk in it. The further outcrop of the coal to the south could not be traced, nor could the sandstone be followed far beyond the trial sinking. A complete section of the Woodhead Coal and its associated rocks occurs in the small stream that rises on Engsley Moor, and flows north through Hollins Wood. It begins at a point about 500 yards north of the meeting of the three roads. After passing some fissile sandstone, soft sand-rock, and the typical pale marly shale, a small adit is reached driven in the Woodhead Coal. The seam is still visible, but the underlying beds are covered with the spoil from the adit. A few yards further on a fault is seen throwmg down to the north and repeating the beds, so that at the junction with the next small stream the upper part of the bank is formed of the black bass above the coal, which is well exposed here, and is about 2 feet 9 inches thick. Below the coal is a few inches of cannel shale, like that under the Rider Coal(p. 260). This is underlain by theslicken-sided shale and impure coal known as the " Ouster." The conglomerate rock occurs beneath this, and is about 6 feet thick ; it overlies a shaly clunch and lumpy shale, which passes to a mass of dark shale some 80 feet thick. This rests on the typical flaggy Woodhead Sandstone of which a complete section is seen, and the gradual passage from the base of the sandstone to the dark shale of the group below is well shown. To the east of this stream the rising ground is formed by the sandstone, and the traces of old outcrop workings enable 'the position of the Woodhead Coal to be traced as mr as Hazles. Here the ground is somewhat obscured by faults, proved in work- ing the Froghall Ironstone, but nearer Kingsley the coal can again be traced by old prop workings. The village itself stands on the sandstone, in which there are numerous sections. The typical thin-banded rocks are well shown in a quarry on the COAL-MEASUEES. 255 edge of the Churnet Valley at the south-west corner of the plantation due north of Kingsley. Close to the brick bridge, where the footpath crosses from Kingsley school grounds, the stream has cut open the dark shale below the coal. Between the bridge and the small plantation close by a band of indurated mudstone occurs in the shale, which contains numerous fragments of fossil Fishes, as well as abundant specimens of Carbonicola and Spirorbis. A few feet above this mudstone is a ferruginous nodular band crowded with casts of Anthracomya. A little higher up in the series, but lower down the stream, is a lenticular, speckled, siliceous band containing numerous plant remains. . The sandy material below the coal occurs a little further on, and then the coal itself crops out in the bank, succeeded by the black bass, and still further south by the grey shales of the group of beds above. A slight change in the dip brings the coal to the surface again, a little above the Cheadle and Froghall road. To the north-north-west the coal lies close to the surface for some distance, and crops out again about. 200 yards north-east of Shaw House. It here covers a rather broad strip of ground, and at its base is a thin band of cannel shale contaming compressed shells, mostly Carbonicola. The sandstone is seen in the sides and bed of the stream for some distance below the Cheadle road, after which it is faulted up and fragments are then seen in the hedge sides on the west side of the valley. To the south of the fault that crosses by Woodhead Hall the black bass has been dug out to form the dam for the fish ponds, while fragments of the Kingsley Sandstone cover the fields about Woodhead Farm and Abbotshay. In addition, small sections of the sandstone are seen in the sides of the old tram line near the hall. Further south the position of these beds is for a short distance completely obscured by the belt of Bunter sandstone ; but to the south of this strip the Woodhead Rock is repeatedly- cut into by small streams that rise about Hilltop to the north of the Alton road. The outcrop workings of the coal can be traced over most of the area to the east and south-east of Cheadle. Close to the farm of Eakeway, on the Croxden road, is a rather deep pit from which shale has been dug for marling the fields, and many fragments of coal are seen about the quarry sides. The shale seems to be the black bass and the coal the Woodhead, but this was not clearly proved. Beyond this the coal and sandstone pass under the Bunter sandstone, and their further course is unknown. In addition to the outcrop of these beds, within the Cheadle basin, there is a second outcrop due to a sharp syncline in the Churnet Valley, which corresponds to the endmg off of the large north and south faults of the Froghall and Ipstones area. The outcrops of the sandstone and coal on the western edge of this syncline are shown on the map. The coal can be easily traced owing to the numerous sections shown in the 256 ChJ!ADLE CoALJlELD. small streams that drain east into the Churnet ; indeed, some of the oldest workings in the Woodhead Coal occur in the neigh- bourhood of Woodhead Hall, and the seam has derived its name from this fact. Of the many sections north of Woodhead HaU one of the most interesting is that in the streams due east of Thornbury HaU, which cut through the whole thickness of the sandstone. The rock is, on the whole, less flaggy than usual, though it forms a succession of features due to the presence of softer partings. In addition, parts of it are cemented by carbonate of iron or lime, and are then intensdy hard. To the south of Woodhead Hall the coal forms a small outlier on the crest of the small anticline that separates the main Cheadle portion of the coalfield from that in the sjracline to the east. This syncline has already flattened considerably before the Triassic rocks close by are reached, and probably does not extend far under them. Details of the Woodhead Coal. — This coal has an average thickness of about 2 feet 10 inches, and, as a rule, is of fairly good quahty. Its extensive working is in part due to the nature of the beds immediately above and below it. These form an excellent roof and floor, and the cost of timbering is unusually small. In this respect it contrasts strongly with the seams above, most of which have either a bad floor or roof, or both, and the expense of timbering is much heavier. The workings near the outcrop in the northern and eastern area are of great antiquity, and, as a rule, no details of them can now be obtained. In the western and south-western part of the coalfield, however, the outcrop is largely obscured by wash, and possibly by faulting, and, in consequence, the coal is mostly untouched. The most south-westerly portion of the outcrop occurs under the Bunter, and still less is known about it. The coal in the small detached area to the east lying in the synchne referred to above has been worked out. In the main basin, in the area north of the Dilhorne Fault, most of the coal has either been won, or is in process of extraction by the Foxfield, the Hazlewall, Kingsley Moor, Park Hall, and Cheadle Park collieri,es. In the area inter- sected by the east and west faults to the south of Dilhorne none of the coal has yet been touched, nor under the narrow strip of Trias sandstone at Cheadle. To the south of these faults in the Cheadle district the coal has been won as far west of the outcrop as the Birches CoUiery, where the workings were stopped by a large fault trending north-north-west not far from the shaft. About Cheadle Mill and Rakeway to the south-east of Cheadle the coal deteriorates, and is apparently not worth working. In addition to the area being worked there is thus left the whole of the coal south of the Dilhorne Fault, except the small COAL-MEASUEBS. 257 part to the south and east of Cheadle. There must therefore be an area of at least two square miles still remaining. This calcula- tion is based on the supposition that in the southern area the coal crops out to the west as it does in the Foxfield area. But it is quite possible that this may not be the case, and the coal may continue on into the Potteries Coalfield. The extent ot the seams in this south-westerly direction can only be proved by boring. In any case the coal must be overlain by a greater or less thickness of Triassic rocks, which in this district contain a large quantity of water, and may prove a considerable obstacle to further workings in this direction. 2. Lower Pale Group. To the north of the Dilhorne Fault and the, tongue of Bunter at Cheadle these rocks cover a considerable area, roughly quad- rangular in shape. The outer or basal limit is practically the Woodhead Coal, the outcrop of which is shown on the map. A few small exposures occur on the western part of the coalfield south of Dilhorne, but the Coal-measures here are for the most part buried under the Triassic rocks. On the east of the Tean and south of Cheadle another fairly large area is composed of these beds, but they are again buried under the Bunter in the vicinity of Huntley. The greater part of the group is penetrated in the Foxfield Shaft (Fig. 20, p. 244)which starts practically at the Dilhorne Coal This coal is some little distance below the top of the group, which has never been proved in any shaft sinking, but by the aid of the railway cutting at Cheadle, and information obtained in working the Dilhorne Coal, the complete succession can be obtained. Exposures of the Group at the Surface. — In the northern part of the outcrop of these rocks good sections are met with in several of the streams. Commencing with the one that flows between Dilhorne and Cheadle at Park Hall, and ascending the eastern branch, a good section of the Dilhorne Coal is seen not far from the farm. The whole of the seam is not exposed, but the base can be accurately studied. It consists of a 9-inch hard band, containing films of soft coal and jet. This rests on clunch composed of fine sand grains cemented by a small quantity of argillaceous material. It contains rootlets and is devoid of beddmg. A little above Park Hall Colliery some of the typical pale-weathering, marly shales, the dominant constituent of the group, are seen. North of Parkfoot there is an almost con- tinuous section for some distance mainly in this material ; the softer part contains numerous balls of impure ironstone that weather to hollow cases. Just below HoUeygrove is a thin coal (4 inches) with a hard band above and clunch below/ Grey and dark shales are seen some distance further up, and these must 7469. It 258 Chbadle Coalfield, be close above the Stinking or Alecs Coal, as trom the account of the shaft there are no such shales till we reach this coal. A fault proved in the' Hazlewall Colliery repeats this shale, so that it occurs again in the stream, and about the roads close to Above Park, where the old workings in the Alecs Coal can still be traced. The peculiar pale weathering of the beds of this series is well shown about the banks of the brooks, and a particularly good section occurs in the brickfields adjoining the Hazlewall Colliery. The section here is — grey shale, a few feet; Foxfieid Coal, 18 inches ; grey shale, 10 feet ; sandstone, 14 inches ; with soft grey shale below. Starting again from Park Hall, and ascending the west branch of the stream (Godley Brook), typical pale ,rock is first seen, and then the south-west bank is occupied for some distance by the base of the Dilhorne Coal. Taking the right branch at Birchenfields some low mounds are seen on the west side of the brook, which the spoil-heap shows were workings in iron nodules, and possibly the thin continuous band seen in the banks of the stream. At the base of this band are some much crushed shells resembling Garhonicola. This bed ( ? No. 8 of the Foxfieid Shaft) is re- peated by a fault a little further on. The small seam of coal ( ? No. 9) is also exposed here. Above this is soft sandstone and sandy marl for some distance. Below Hatchley a few feet of dark shale is associated with a curious rock, composed of mud or shale cemented by brown ironstone material. Where the iron is at a maximum the bed is intensely hard, and in addition contains threads of jet. This rock is violently contorted, but no actual fault was observed, though it lies almost in line with a fault proved further east. No fossils were found. After passing some more of the pale rocks a dark shale is reached, and numerous pits are seen round about. These were sunk to the Alecs or Stinking Coal, the top of which is exposed in the bed of the stream. The dip which hitherto has been to the south-west now turns round gradu- ally to the south-east, and is at a rather higher angle. A little north of Dairy House the stream flows in a small gorge cut in the sandstone and shale above the Woodhead Coal. A fault crosses a little further nor,th, and repeats part of the series, for the Rider Coal is met with higher up the stream. Still higher up is the outcrop again of the Woodhead Coal, underlain by the typical flaggy sandstone. The two small streams that flow down through the woods at Foxfieid CoUiery, and unite to form the west branch of Godley Brook, both give good sections. In Pearcroft and Foxfieid Woods the steady increase in dip as we go west from the colliery is specially well shown. At the shaft it is about seven degrees to the east. From this point it steadily rises till at the head of the little stream it is at least twenty degrees in the same direction. This increase in dip is even better shown in the next wood to the south (Broomyclose Wood), for here the section continues further to the west, and in the' last rocks seen the dip COAL-MEASUBBS. 259 is about torty degrees. In both woods the outcrop ot the Stink- ing or Alecs Coal is exposed with the beds below and above ; while the Foxfield Coal also crops out in Broomyclose, about 300 yards below the higher loop of tne railway. To the south of this wood is a narrow plantation with a small stream flowing south to the fish ponds. On the west edge of this plantatioii a coal has recently been cut open in (iraining. From the nature of the dark shales associated with it this should be the Woodhead, but its identity is doubtful. It will be noted in examining the rocks •in the woods, and still more the shales further west, that many of the beds have a pronounced red colour not observed in the rest of this area. It is possible that this is due to staining from the red rocks that once covered the whole district. In the streams that rise about Kingsley and Kingsley Moor and unite on the east side of Cheadle, numerous sections of the Lower Pale Series occur, but they are disconnected, and the horizon in them is usually difficult to fix. In addition to the pale rocks, which are indistinguishable from one another, the grey shale above the Stinking Coal is seen close to Harewood Hall, and the coal is cut open in the bank of the small stream, about 500 yards north- west of Booth Hall. At this farm a bed of sandstone makes a good feature that can be traced for some distance, and in a small pond close by is a little band of dark shale, said to be some 15 feet above the Cobble Coal, thus fixing the position of that seam. In the stream below the Booths a thin seam of cannel shale occurs at several points, but its position cannot be ascertained from the sections of the shafts. It snould be some little distance below the Cobble Coal. Apparently the same bed is seen in the small sandstone quarry close to Shaw; it is here some eight feet above the sandstone. Numerous small expiosures of the pale rocks occur on the sides of the fish ponds near Shaw, and the traces of coal seen on the edge of the most westerly may be the outcrop of the Rider Coal. In the stream that flows down from Hazlecross, past Kingsley to Cheadle, numerous sections occur, the most interesting being those associated with the coal seams. Those involving the Woodhead have already been given. The Cobble Coal is twice seen. About Hazlecross it occurs about the bed and banks of the stream (see map), and is again repeated by faulting in the stream close to the footpath from Kingsley Moor shaft to Hazle- cross. Much further south another section is shown in the stream due east of Broadhay, which is as follows in descending order : — Pale marls. Coal, 1 foot. Cannel-shale, 1 foot 6 inches. Fireclay, 4 feet. Sandstone, base not seen. The eannel shale contains much bituminous matter, and parts of it can be lighted with a match. Carbonicola occur 7469. K 2 260 Cheadle Coalfieli in it, as in the Kingsley area, but the fossils are much flattened. The beds at the southern part of the section are flat, but to the north they rise rapidly, marking the position of a fairly large east and west fault. Tn the ditch on the north side of the long plantation that reaches nearly to Woodhead Hall, and close to the stream, the Eider Coal crops out for a considerable distance ; it has been recently cut open in draining, and shows well the imperishable nature of the cannel shale. Between this locality and Huntley numerous exposures of the pale rocks occur both in the stream and in the brickflelds, but unless there is some special band present it is impossible to tell their exact horizon. The cutting at Cheadle Station exposes perhaps the most important section in the whole district. At the west end, and dipping west, are some sandstone bands in marly shales, the latter containing some ferruginous nodules. These beds are succeeded to the east by a considerable thickness of pale marls, with a two-foot band of dark shale below. The top of this shale is somewhat indurated, and contains numerous fossils. Below the dark shale there are some three feet of pale marl with another thin dark shale band at the base, resting on a coal seam. This is the Huntley Coal, and is about four feet thick. Below the coal there is more pale marly shale containing small ironstone nodules, and having a seam of cannel shdle at the bas0. Close to the cutting on the north side are the old shafts (Majorsbarn) put down to work the Woodhead Coal, but which were sunk only to the Alecs or Stinking Coal. The depth to this seam proves clearly that the coal exposed in the cutting is the Dilhorne Coal, but it has thinned away so much that the fact has hitherto not been recognised. Details of the Coal Seams. The Small Seams between the Alecs and the Woodhead Coals. — Between the. Alecs and Woodhead Coals, in the Foxfield Shaft, four small seams were met with — ^viz., the Foxfield, the Mans, the Cobble and the Rider. Of these seams, only the Cobble has been worked to any extent. The Rider Coal. — This seam is usually rather over a foot thick, and has a cannel-shale base. The outcrops of it have been noted alrea-dy. It is thin and not easily separable from the shale below, into which it seems to gradually pass ; consequently, so far as can be ascertained, it has never been seriously worked. It obviously covers the same area as the Cobble Coal, but extends slightly further in all directions around Cheadle. The Cobble Coal. — This seam is usually of good quality. It has consequently been more extensively worked where not too far beneath the surface. Its exact outcrop cannot be fixed, but in the northern part of the area it extends a 261 232 Cheadlb Coalfield. little beyond the Kingsley Moor Shaft; a line drawn from this shaft parallel to the outcrop of the Alecs Coal in- a south-west direction gives a very fair idea of its extent and' outcrop. To the south and east of Kingsley Moor the seam is just below the surface at the disused Longhouse Shaft, and the o;atcrop must occur on the east side of the present tramway. South of the fault shown on the map near Booth Hall the old Shaft started just below the Cobble Coal, and the outcrop is at or a trifle west of the tram-line. It is not present in the old Ladywell Shaft, but there are numerous traces of some very old workings near here that may have been in this seam. Further south the f round is much faulted, and it is not possible to fix the outcrop, ut the old disused pit known as Rimmons penetrated the coal at a depth of 14 yards from the surface. From this point there is a considerable area more or less dotted over with small mounds, showing the position of the numerous shafts sunk to r,his coal. The mounds extend to the Woodhead coal-staithes and some distance to the north, while they are bounded to the south-west by the little stream flowing past the staith^s. The position of the coal under the narrow strip of Bunter near Cheadle is not known, but to the south of the town the seam has been worked near the surface, and traces of some of the old shafts can still be made out, from which the approximate outcrop shown on the map has been determined. No record of any workings can be obtained further south till we reach the Eaves Farm in the Huntley district, where the seam was worked for some years .and where the outcrop workings can be easily traced. It appears to have been followed some distance to the dip, and was last worked from a shaft about 50 yards deep, sunk at the back of the cottages opposite Mobberly ; but the coal was followed only for a short distance. That this seam was the Cobble seems certain; for on the east side of the field opposite Huntley Lodge Gate a shaft was sunk to a depth of seven yards to a seam locally known as the Four Foot Slack. From its thick- ness and characters this could only be the Alecs or Stinking Coal; the Eaves Coal, which is the proper distance below, possesses exactly the characters of the Cobble. It was from 18 inches to two feet thick. On the western side of the coalfield little is known of this seam. Owing to the high dips prevailing to the west of the Foxfield Shaft there is some doubt if it is the coal seen in a drain recently cut ppen on the west edge of a small plan- tation, about a quarter of a mile north-west of the bend in the road at Dilhorne. There is so much dark shale associated with this Coal that it appears at first sight to be the Woodhead, although so far as can be ascertained it is too thin to be this seam. South of the Dilhorne Fault the small shaft already referred to, west of CallowhiU, shows that the seam extends some distance west of the Dilhorne and Forsbrook rpad ; but furtheir COAL-MKASUJIES. 263 south nothinff is known except that it must extend west of the Alecs Coal, but not so far as the Woodhead. The uniform good quality of this coal makes it'Hkely that as thicker seams become scarcer it may be more extensively worked. North of the Dilhorne Fault it extends over the whole area within the outcrop of the Alecs Coal, and somewhat beyond. In the northern part it reaches to the road due north of Hazlewood Colliery. The seam occupies an oval basin, the longer axis of which lies north-north-west and south-south-east, and is about four miles long ; the shorter axis being some two-and-a-half miles long. Cheadle lies about the centre of the east margin of this basin, and only the fringe of the coal on this side has been worked. Tfie Alecs or Stinking Coal. — The next seam of any importance is the Alscs or Stinking Coal ; the latter name arising trom the sulphurous smell it gives when burning. It has been worked in several places near the outcrop. The most northerly workings are near Dairy House, and south of HazlewaU ; and by their aid the outcrop can be traced for some distance. Some old shafts nearHarewoodFarmare said to have been in this seam, but no out-crop workings are now visible. Traces of shallow pits are met with close to the Cheadle road near Harewood Hall, and trials of the coal were made close, to the present Park Hall Colliery. It was here found that the underclay was so soft that it tended to swell up and close the workings, and the amount of timber required to keep them open was too great to enable the seam to be worked at a profit. In the neighbourhood of Foxfield and Dilhorne the coal has been worked to some extent, but , the workings never penetrated far from the , outcrop, showing that it did not pay to work at any considerable depth. South of the Dilhorne Fault, in the Dilhorne area, a shaft was sunk which reached this seam at a depth of 50 yards. The old shaft lies on the east side of the Forsbrook road, ap-d.abput 500 yards west-north-west of CaUowhill Farm. The beds were found to rise to the west at the rate of 1 in 7. This shaft is of con- siderable importance, as it shows that the Dilhorne Coal cannot extend as far west as this, while the Woodhead must extend cour siderably further. ■ The coal in the shaft was, of i;io better quality than usual, and the amount taken out w»s.sma,ll. Still further south, nothing is known of this seam, as its out- crop-is entirely concealed by the Triassic rocks., , , , -, On the eastern side of the basin, near Cheadle, the outcrop, ip cut out for some distance by a fault proved in the Birches Colliery; but, as already stated, the coal was reached, in the Majorsbarn Shaft further west, where it was not considered worth working. Its outcrop was met with some 300 yards to the north-east of Huntley Hall, and it was worked to a small extent, being locally known as the Four Foot Slack, But as usual it was not followed far in from the outcrop, 264 Cheadle Coalfield. The Mans Coal. — This coal has not been identified at the surface, and there is no certain record of its having been worked anjnvhere. The Foxfield Coal. — This crops out in Foxfield Wood, near the Foxfield Shaft, and again in the brickpit at Hazlewall. It has been proved in other shafts north of the narrow belt of Bunter sandstone, and appears to have an average thickness of some 18 inches. The fact that it has been so little worked, even when close to the surface, suggests that it is of moderate quality. It lies between the Stinking or Alecs Coal and the Woodhead, as already stated, and its extent and position can be roughly inferred from the outcrop of these two seams. The Dilhorne or Six Foot Coal. — This has been worked out north of the Dilhorne Fault. In the course of these workings a shaft at Old Engine Farm proved a small two-foot seam of coal, of good quality, about 60 feet above the Dilhorne. This fact is of importance, as a similar seam was met with above the Huntley, or the coal seen in the Cheadle Kail way cutting. The Dilhorne Coal is thrown down by the great east and west fault ; but, owing to the fact that this fault corresponds nearly to the oncoming of the unconformable Bunter sandstone, the outcrop of the coal does not reach the surface for some distance to the south of the fault. South of Cheadle, there being no Bunter sandstone, the seam again comes naturally to the surface, and is the bed seen in the Cheadle Railway cutting. Owing to its diminished thickness it was not recognised as such; but, as stated above, the Majors- barn Shaft shows that the Cheadle Seam is at approximately the same height above the Alecs Coal as it is in £tie Foxfield Shaft. The workings of this seam almost reached the Cheadle cutting, and proved it to be the Huntley Seam. In working the Huntley Coal, a two-foot bed of good coal was met with corre- sponding to the Two Foot Seam in the Dilhorne area. Moreover, the seam at Cheadle continues to thin towards Huntley, showing that the diminished thickness as compared with the Dilhorne area is what would be expected at Cheadle. Putting all the evidence together, there can be little doubt that the coal visible in the Cheadle cutting, or Huntley Coal as it is called, is the same as the Dilhorne Coal. The observed dip in the railway cutting enables a rough estimate to be formed of the thickness of the beds between the Four Foot Coal, which crops out close to the Tean, and the Huntley Seam ; this must be somewhat less than 200 feet. The Huntley Coal was worked from shafts in the neighbourhood of Huntley, and followed almost to Majorsbarn. At the former place the seam is about three feet thick, but thickens slowly towards Cheadle. No faults of any size were met with, and the beds dip about two inches to the yard to the west-south-west. CoAL-MEASUEBS. 265 With the exception of the portion taken out m these workings the Dilhorne or Huntley Coal is intact over the area south of the DUhorne Fault. It must extend to the west of these old work- ings as far as a line drawn south from Dilhorne Church through Callowhill. South of the Cheadle road, it is difficult to say how far it extends to the south-west under the Triassic rocks ; but it must certainly cover an area of at least four square miles, with an average thickness of about four feet. This seam has been confounded with the Two Yard or Six Foot Coal at the top of the next group of beds ; but the fact that the Dilhorne Fault throws down to the south makes the idea impossible. The fact that the Dilhorne Coal underlies the whole of the Delphouse area does not seem to have been sus- pected up to the time of the Ee-survey ; but it has now been proved by actual sinking to exist under this area (Coll. Guardian for May 27, 1904, and Geol. Mag., 1904, p. 323). 3. The Upper Pale Group. This group is confined to the western part of the Cheadle Coalfield. Ms occurrence is limited to the north by the large east and west fault that passes from Dilhorne to the northern edge of the Bunter at Cheadle. This throws^o^n and brings on these higher beds, for which reason they are sometimes locally known as the " deep measures." To the east, the small stream flowing past Park Hall Farm and Brookhouses to join the Tean at Huntley approximately corresponds with the outcrop of the Four Foot Coal, though this seam frequently crops out a little on the east side of the stream. To the west the outcrop of the Yard Coal has been proved under the Bunter sandstone in the Dilhorne area, and that of the Four Foot in the Delphouse area, as shown on the map. But south and south-west of Delphouse, although the workings in the Yard Coal have extended as far south as the middle of Huntley Wood, nothing is known of the outcrop of the lower coals beneath the cover of red sandstone. The following section shows the thickness and nature of this part of the series : — Section oi the beds in the Delphouse aeea : — ft. in. Clay 4 Coal and smut 2 6 Marl - ... 86 Koacli (sandy shale) streaked with sandstone 20 Grey shale (falls to wet clay) 12 Coal, The Two Yaed 5 Onster coal and pricking - 2 8 Clunch . - - 6 1 Eoach and rock binds - 18 4 Fairly hard sandy rock, not bedded - 27 Gbtley Coal (Useless) - - 2 Eock, compact sandy material - - - 13 Soft grey shale, hard black film at l^ase overlain by shell marl band - - - 7 ft. in. 2 6 6 16 24 12 6 3 9 1 6 6 15 8 19 2 9 2 .3 6 12 6 14 9 3 6 2)8 Chbadle Coalfield. Coal, Half Yakd Clunch - Koach and rock binds Hard white rock, black streaks Grey shale, falls to clay Black shale Coal, The Yard Fireclay Hard clunch Kock Very hard white rock - - - Grey shale (seam of dark fossiliferous shale at base) Coal, The Litley Pricking, 3 in. ; Ouster coal, 2 ft. Grey clunch Rock Grey shale Coal, The Foub Foot Total - - 282 A great drawback to tlie working of the coals iniithis part of tlie series is the soft nature of the beds associated with them. While some of them have a fairly good roof, nearly all have a bad floor, formed by the white or pale measures already referred to. Even when dry this is soft, and tends to swell up and close the workings, particularly when water is encountered. Owing to the great extent of " Old Man " referred to below (p. 267), it is at times almost impossible to keep the water out. The Litley and, the Four Foot Coals. — These seams have been mined to a considerable extent, but the workings are rather scattered. As the coals are of rather poor quality they do not seem to have been followed where difficulties were encountered. Close to Parkhall Farm a shallow shaft was sunk to the Four Foot, and it was followed to the fault already referred, to as seen in the tunnel-cutting (p. 265).' On the opposite side of the stream these coals lie in a trough, and though they have been followed in from the out'crcp on both margins of the ttbugh it is not possible to find out exactly how far they have been worked. On the south side of Cheadle much of these coals has been won for a certain distance south of the fault, but beyond the Wonder Pit little is known of them, and they have probably not been mined. The Yard Goal. — This is the best seam in the series, and con- sequently has been extensively mined. The outcrop, as far as is known, is shown on the map. On the eastern side, south of the Cheadle road, there is a double outcrop due to a fault that throws down some 35 leet, and may be seen in the railway cutting at the entrance to the tunnel. The area over which this coal extends is divided by faults, into four parts. The first and most northerly of these ; Hes immediately south of the Dilhorne Fault, and a considerable number of pits were sunk to it, the remains of the more recent of which can still be seen. No record of the COAL-MBASUKES, 267 oldest, near tlie eastern outcrop, can be fourid. Close to the edge of the Bunter, at The Dale, south of Dilhorne, a shaft was sunk, from which this seam was followed to the outcrop under the sandstone, and there seems no reason to doubt that it has been worked out in this strip. In the next strip several shafts were sunk,; and one of these is still open. The coal to the east has been won, but whether the coal has been fpllowed foom, the open shaft to the outcrop imder the Bunter we have been unable to ' ascertain. The fact of the pit being left open suggests that this was not the case. The third strip lies between two faults. Close to the four cross roads a shaft was sunk to a depth of a hundred yards' to the coal, which was taken out on the rise or west side. On the dip the workings do not extend far, and there is a strip left, the exact size of which could not be ascertained. In the area immediately south of the fault at the Cheadle road much of the coal has been won ; but further south, beyond the Wonder Pit, much of the coal is left. It is impossible to say how far south of the Draycott Cross ridge the seam extends, as nothing is known of it ; on the north side of the ridge it has been worked to some extent, but the workings are old, and no plans could be found. The Half Yard Goal. — This seam varies somewhat in thickness but the average may be given as two feet six inches. . It is of fair quality. The outcrop south of the Cheadle road and east of the Bunter is shown on tne map ; but only the southern part of this can be ascertained from evidence at the surface. A section of the seam is seen above the mouth of the railway tunnel, where the hard olack band with fossils could be recognised when the cutting was first made. This layer forms a fairly good roof to the workings, but the floor is of the usual soft nature. South of the cutting the outcrop passes under the Bunter, and no reliable evidence could be obtamed as to how far south this seam extends; but, as in the case of the Two Yard, the outcrop must turn round some- where under Huntley Wood, and then trend north ; for the proved outcrop of the Yard Coal, under the Bunter, shows that this seam cannot extend far beyond the ridge above the Delp- house pits. Over this area south of the Cheadle Eoad much of this coal has been got out. There are patches left, but no plans of these older workmgs can be found, if they ever existed. North of the fault the coal is thrown down about 20 yards ; and, except in the pre-triassic valley referred to below (p. 270), the outcrop under the sandstone must extend further west. But there is good reason to believe that most of the Half Yard Coal has been worked out in this strip. Further north, so far as could be ascertained, only small patches of this coal are left, the bulk of it having been taken out. 268 Chbadle Coalfield. Two Yard Coal. — This seam, which is about five teet thick, has been cut through in the siding from the Delphouse Pits to the Cheadle Kail way, and from this point it can be traced to the margin of the Bunter on the hUl above. Its outcrop under this sandstone was met with in the railway tunnel, and a httle further south it must turn round and trend north toward the fault close to the road from Cheadle. Although the beds are thrown down to the north by this fault, the Two Yard Coal does not occur over much of the strip north of the road, as it is cut out by an old pre-triassic valley. It is doubtful if there is any of this coal north of the next east and west fault. The coal itself, though thick, is of poor quality, and the greater part of it has been worked out. Of the patches left it is probable that much is unworkable owing to their water-logged condition. The question now arises, how far south do the Yard, the Litley and the Four Foot extend under the red sandstone and marls ? As the map shows, the seams lie in a syncline the axis of which trends roughly north and south. This syncUne is tilted up towards the south, thus producing a horse-shoe shaped outcrop similar to that of the Dilhorne Coal to the north. If this tilting of the syncline continues toward Tean, as the position of the Huntley, Cobble, and Woodhead seams appear to suggest, then the lower seams of the upper measures cannot extend beyond the south-east end of Huntley, Wood. The Coal-measures in this district, however, so often suddenly change their dip that it is possible that these seams may continue further to the south- east, although it is not likely. 269 CHAPTER XV. THj; TRIASSIC ROCKS. The Triassic rocks in the south-eastern margin of the Pottery Coalfield rapidly transgress over nearly the entire Coal- measure sequence between Cocknage and Hulme, a distance that is of five miles. Extending eastward, they sweep round the Cheadle Coalfield, along its southern margin, reposing successively between Dilhorne and the Churnet valley, on the several groups of the Coal-measures. Moreover, between Cheadle and the Churnet they are found filling up an old hollow, exca- vated and channelled long previous to the advent of the Trias ; while unproven by absolute sinking, but obvious from a glance at the geological map, these Triassic rocks fill up an old hollow separatmg the Cheadle and Pottery coalfields, thus proving almost beyond the possible means of speculation, the original connection of the two Coalfields. The arrangement of the Triassic rocks around the Cheadle Coalfield is very simUar to° that around the Potteries, and may be conveniently separated into the following sub-divisions in descending order of sequence : — (Red marl. Flags and marls (Waterstones.) Sandstones (Sandstones, more or less pebbly, with massed shingle beds or conglomerate near the top. Bunter Sandstone and Conglomerate. This division consists of moderately fine-grained sandstones, with a rather thick, and, over most of the area, persistent bed of conglomerate or masses of pebbles in the upper part. The sand- stone itself usually contains some pebbles, but on the whole these are far less numerous here ,than in the Bunter of the Churnet VaUey. This comparative absence of pebbles can be noted in the hill at Cheadle where sections are numerous ; and the well sunk in this hill did not pass through a single bed of gravel or conglomerate. The same is true of the sandstone to the east and south of Cheadle, but to the west pebbles are more numerous, and a few small wedges of conglomerate occur about Dilhorne, and also in the hill over the northern mouth of the railway tunnel. Even here, however, the air-shafts showed that the bulk of the rock was comparatively free from stones. These shafts also showed that much of the sandstone is almost white when un- weathered, a fact frequently observable at the surface in the Potteries, 270 Cheable Coalfield. The Bunter torms a horse-shoe shaped escarpment facing Cheadle from all points. There is a projection, however, from this escarpment, on the east, where the Bunter fills an old pre- triassic valley, and the end of this projection forms the hill at the foot of which the town stands. Natural Outcrops. — As already stated, sections of the Bunter are numerous about Cheadle, especially along the high road. On the west side of the horse-shoe shaped outcrop good exposures occur at Dilhorne, and also at the Madgedale Farm. A cutting occurs in the Cheadle road further south, and there is a con- siderable amount of bare rock in the face of the escarpment over the Delphouse Pits. A cutting occurs on the Uttoxeter road at Huntley, which shows a rather gravelly band, while the rest of the beds are comparatively free from stones, the few that do occur being distinctly small. The beds here slope at about one in fifteen in a southerly direction. It is not easy to say if this is a deposition dip, or the result of slight subsequent movements. Small sections are numerous all along the escarpment further east and north-east, but the downwash greatly obscures much of the hill face in this area. Specially good sections occur on the road to Oakamoor, both ascending the hill and descending it to the Churnet Valley. The unconformity between the Bunter and the underljdng Carboniferous rocks is obvious fi'om the map, but there are two cases in which it is specially interesting. The first of these is con- nected with the long narrow east and west strip of sandstone on which the town of Cheadle partly stands. The well at the top of the hill is sunk some feet below the level of the stream to the east of the town, yet does not reach the base of the Bunter. Even the cellars of the houses on the north side of the High Street of Cheadle are entirely on the red sandstone; while the Carboniferous rocks are at the surface on the south side of the street. ' The openings for the town drains showed conclusively there was no fault between the two formations, but that the sandstone clearly lies against the steep side of a pre-triassic valley ; the base of the valley being far below the level of the. road. This valley slopes in an easterly direction, joining a much larger old valley somewhere about Oakamoor. The sandstone at Cheadle is, therefore, con- nected with that of the escarpment, and acts as a great water channel, conducting much of the rain that falls on the latter to the bottom of the deep sand-fiUed hoUo'w at Cheadle, and thus brings an excellent supply of water to the town. The ground about a mile or rather more north-west of Oakamoor, where the base of the Bunter rises and falls repeatedly, also shows the extremely irregular and hiUy surface of Carboniferous rocks on which the Bunter rests. In driving the Cheadle tunnel a curious rock was met with at the base of the Bunter, which is not seen at the surface. It consists of two beds of conglomerate separated by a thin marl Tbiassic Rocks. 271 parting. The beds, which are each some 25 feet thick, are composed of sub-angular stones cemented' together by a nlarkedly calcareous matrix, and resembles the breccia bands common elsewhere at the base of the Bunter in the Midlands. The calcareous rock evidently thins away before reaching the outcrop facing Cheadle, and is to some extent overlapped by the normal, Bunter. In the hedge side, bordering the alluvium at Cecily Mill, to the east of Cheadle, a mass of small angular pebbles may represent the same material with the lime dissolved out of it. Close to the top of the Bunter, and, so far as is known, restricted to this area, is a curious deposit of massed shingle beds or conglomerate, which is quite unlike the wedges of conglomerate usually so abundant. The latter are essentially discontinuous; while the former, as the map shows, form a continuous deposit over a very large area. The stones in it are the typical Bunter pebbles, and are well- rounded and pitted ; but the pitting is not so common. There are thin bands of whitish sandstone in the conglomerate, which though only two or three feet thick are continuous for some dis- tance. In many cases they become stony, the proportion of stones increasing till the bed passes to a conglomerate indistinguishable from the rest of the rock. These massed shingle beds are exten- sively quarried for road-metal, their principal component being the quartzite, which forms so large a proportion of the Bunter pebbles. This quartzite forms a very good road-metal when not mixed with too large a proportion of softer material. The principal quarries are at Callowhill on the western escarpment ; further south on the hill top overlooking the Delphouse Pits ; in the by-road that leaves the Uttoxeter Koad at Huntley, and on the crest of the hill at every road going in an easterly direction out of Cheadle. There is also a long bare exposure of these gravels at the crest of the Oakamoor Road, which forms a feature in the scenery that' can be seen from a great distance to the west. It will be noted that if we stand' on the top of almost any part of the Bunter escarpment these shingle beds keep at almost exactly the same height above sea-level over the whole area. The only exception to this occurs in the by-road referred to near Huntley, where the bed rapidly descends, but whether from a fault, or because it is sloping down into a deep pre-triassic valley that apparently exists further south near Tean, it is difficult to say. As we recede from the summit of the escarpment in a southerlv direction these beds slowly sink, and give the impression that this fall is due to original deposition': As they do so, the sandstone partings appear to thicken at the expense of the shingle or conglomerate. iQ)ove these massed shingle beds is a thin band of sandstone that is rarely well exposed ; partly because it is very soft and easily decomposes ; partly because if it occurs in a hill-face it is covered with downwash. It would be more convenient to take 272 Chbadlb Coalfield. the top of the Bunter at the summit ol the gravels ; out as these are so local it would raise great difficulties in adjacent areas. Immedirtlely above this soft band we reach a more coherent sandstone which is extensively quarried, and this is taken as the base of the next sub-division of the Trias. Keuper Sandstone and Waterstones. Above the band of easily decomposing sandstone just referred to there are a series of beds of sandstone of a different nature. The grains of which they are composed are, on the whole, dis- tinctly sharper, and tend to be cemented by iron oxide ; while the beds themselves are more coherent, and in consequence are often quarried for building stone. Though comparatively free from pebbles in some parts, they are markedly pebbly as we approach the old pre-triassic land surface in the Oakamoor area ; but the pebbles are not nearly so rounded as in the Bunter, and there is good reason to believe that they are rarely, if ever, pitted. The pebbles give the impression of being either Bunter pebbles, eroded under conditions not specially favourable for the production of a markedly rounded form, or else they were derived from the same source as the Bunter pebbles, but under slightly different conditions. The pebbles in both the Keuper and the Bunter are essentially composed of the same material, quartzites being the most abundant. The Keuper sandstone in this area varies much in different locahties, according to its proximity to or distance from the old land surface. In the Oakamoor area the sandstone contains much oxide of iron cement, and numerous pebbles. The latter occur both scattered through the rock and also as thin bands of massed pebbles ; which, though rarely more than two feet thick or perhaps less, are very persistent, and cemented together more firmly than the massed pebbles in the Bunter. These features are well seen in the head of Ousal Dale, and again in the liLll face due north of this valley where the sandstone is quarried. Another quarry at the same horizon in the sandstone has been opened on the crest of the hill near Threapwood Head, on the opposite side of Dim- mings Dale, where the rock is almost free from pebbles, and is a fine-grained compact sandstone, forming an excellent building stone, which the quarrymen assert is the same rock as the Hollington stone. No lines of massed pebbles are seen here ; on the contrary the only persistent parting in the sandstone con- sists of fine red marl. The sandstone round about this district possesses a peculiar mode of weathering, forming knobs or small hillocks that project from the general surface of the ground. This peculiar mode of weathering is probably due to the irregular hardness of the sandstone, and to the removal of the overlying marl which has again exposed the uneven surface. The latter is probably the true cause, as the marl here rests on a very irregular surface of Keuper sandstone. These surfaces can be met Tbiassio Rocks. 273 with at intervals as far south-west as Gorstyhill, a little north of Tean. Both in Dimmings Dale and in the smaller valley that trends south towards Hollington, the Keuper sandstones retain their hardness, and often form bold crags such as are never seen in the Bunter in this particular area. These crags are a well-known feature of Dimmmgs Dale, and indeed give the character to the Dale. A specially bold crag occurs on the south end of the tongue of sandstone that projects into the marl area south of Alton Common. Pebbles are fairly common, and thin lines of massed pebbles also occur here, but they are not so prominent as in Ousal Dale nearer the old land surface. Further south another conspicuous crag is seen above Lightoaks Farm, where the pebbles are in still smaller quantity. Further west the Keuper sand- stone is not recognisable till we reach the ground on the south side of the Cheadle tunnel. Here the beds are usually softer, and contain only minute and scattered pebbles in certain parts of the rock. Much of the stone is white when unweathered, as shown by the material taken from the shaft near the tunnel. In a number of old marl pits, near the old shaft, to the west of the road to Draycott Cross, soft marly sandstones with marly partings may be noted. These form a kind of passage from the sandstone below to the marl above but are included in the former. No such passage material occurs in the eastern area just described. Keuper Marls. These marls are of the same red colour and character as those around the Pottery Coalfield. They are confined to two parts of the present area. The first, which lies between two faults, occurs about Cresswellford and Draycott ; the second is shown on the south-eastern edge of the map, south of Alton Common. About Cresswellford the marl contains at times the typical hard thin sandstones (skerries) with casts of crystals of rock salt, and there is a gradual passage downwards into the underlying beds. The relation of the marl to the Keuper sandstone is different in the area of Alton Common, where there are no passage beds of any importance. Indeed, in this area, near tne old pre- triassic land surface, there is a distinct local unconformity between the marl and the underlying sandstone. An excellent example of this unconformity may be seen in an old marl pit, near the farm on the south side of Threap Wood, where a nose of sand- stone projects into the horizontal marl. Moreover, small patches of marl are often seen lying between the projecting knobs of sandstone referred to above. On the north-east side of the bold crag, south of Alton Common, the marl appears to be banked agamst a cliff of Keuper sandstone. The junction at first sight suggests a fault, but no evidence ot faulting was found on tracmg this junction on the ground. 7469. fc* 2U , CHAPTER XVI. FAULT^, Thie general structure of the district has been mentioned on a former page (p. 233). We have how to pass in review the individual faults affecting the strata. ■ These" are of two ages. The oldest and most powerful dis- locate ' the Carboniferous rocks ; the later, often on the same line, 'b-reak the Continuity of ' the Triassic sequence, but their amount of thtow and their direction is ,6ften a question of some doubt. - FdvMs in the Carboniferous rocks. These are numerous, many of which have been proved in the course of mining the coal and ironstone, but cannot oe detected at the surface. Those occurring in the ironstone area usually cut the Millstone Grit Series and their position is consequently clear ; but over the coalfield it is at times impossible to detect any trace of the , dislocations except where they traverse the Wood- head Sandstone. Some of the faults vary rapidly in the amount of throw ; others change but little. There is a tendency for these dislocations, to occur in groups in one area, while the adjaceiit district may be comparatively free from faults. A group of faults occurs in the Ipstones, Froghall and Churnet Valley areas. In the neighbourhood of Ipstones the two parallel faults trending nearly north or south throw in opposite direc- tions, and let . down a long strip of Coal-measures between the Millstone .Grits. About the middle of the deep hollow both of these faults must have a throw of more than 200 feet, but further , south the throw "slowly diminishes till at length they appear to die out. The fault trending north- west and south-east from Belmont Hall towards Froghall is well shown at the surface. Close to the hall it throws the First Grit against the Third, while in the lane south of Booth, the First Grit is brought against the Crabtree Coal, in which a small opening has been made. In the Churnet Valley the ironstone is much below the level of the river bed while on the opposite side of the dislocation it is on top of the hill The fault west of Pettyfields was proved in mining, but its further course is clearly marked by the displacement of the Woodhead and .Rider coals, which are thrown down to the east about 150 feet. The fault on the west side of the First Grit about Belmont Hall is shown by the workings of the Crabtree Coal and gannister in Coalpit Wood. These rocks are about 120 feet above the grit, but the fault has thrown them down to the west till they are considerably below the base of that rock. Faults. 275 In the Consall Hall area the master fault trends north-north- east and attains its maximum effect close to the Hall, where it must throw down to the west more than 200 feet, but from this point it diminishes in both directions. About Wetley Kocks the beds are greatly disturbed and often on end. This disturbance seems connected with a fault that near Highfields throws the First Grit down to the west against the Third; quite at the edge of the map it throws the Coal- measures against the middle of the same grit. It cannot here have a less throw than 300 feet, and must penetrate some distance into the Pottery Coalfield. No coals are being worked in this neighbourhood, and nothing is known further about this 'dislocation; it is a pre-triassic fault and does not affect the Bunter sandstone by which it is covered farther to the south- west.' There are several faults in the neighbourhood of Bank Top, one of which, trending east and west, is well shown at the surface by the outcrop of the Rider and Woodhead Coals. At the stream north-west of Dairy House it has a downthrow to the north of about 150 feet. Further east it appears to break up into a niimber of small dislocations which were proved in the older workings at Hazlewall Colliery. Numerous faults have been proved in the coal workings, of which no trace can be found at the surface till they cut the outcrop of- the Woodhead Sandstone, when their further course is usually clear. A typical example of such a fault is shown a little west of Hazlewall Pit. West of Parkhall Shaft a fault was proved not only in the colliery, but in some shallow workings in the Four Foot Coal at Parkhall Farm, and again at the old pits near the disused brass works west of Cheadle. It was exposed in the cutting at the entrance to the Cheadle tunnel, and repeats the outcrop of the Yard Coal, throwing down to the east some 30 feet. This fault has a singularly uniform throw throughout its whole length, yet only in this artificial section is there any evidence at the surface to suggest a fault. The set of east and west faults in the Dilhorne and Cheadle district are in the main proved only from mining evidence. The most important of these is the fault at Dilhorne. This throws down to the south and brings on the highest beds of the area, conveniently called the Delphouse Series, (Upper Pale Group). Shafts on the north side were sunk to the Dilhorne Coal, passing through a small seam above it. Close to the south side of the fault shafts were sunk to the Litley, and also apparently to the Fom- Foot Seam, though there seems some dispute about the latter. The exact throw in the Dilhorne area is thus a matter of doubt. But just under the extreme north-west end of the Bunter near Cheadle, a level, starting in the Woodhead Coal, was driven through the fault till the Rider Seam was cut, showing the fault here 7469. s 2 276 ChBADLE CoALPIEIiD. had a downthrow to the south of somewhat over 120 feet. This level is of great importance, for it shows conclusively that the Dilhorne Coal is thrown down to the south, and is below the Delphouse coals. It cannot possibly be at the top of these beds as is generally supposed. A fault throwing down to the south-west about 90 feet was proved in the Birches CoUiery, near Cheadle. It trends north- west and south-east, and was met with a httle to the south- west of the shaft. About Oakamoor there are a number of faults, some of which have a considerable throw. The clearest is the one at the foot of the First Grit escarpment, near Crowtrees and Moneystone^ Here the coal of the Third Grit is on a level with the base of the First Grit, implying a downthrow of about 100 feet to the west ; further north it increases somewhat, for the two grits occur side by side. There seems to be a network of faults about Oakamoor station ; one of these is well shown by the outcrop of the two grits on the south side of the tunnel. Faults in the- Triassic rochs. While most of the faults described above are of pre-triassic age, there are some faults in the district that cut the Trias. Two of these are shown in the Draycott area. They throw in opposite directions, causing the Keuper marls and sandstones to lie in a trough between the two outcrops of Bunter. If the evidence obtained from the old shaft near the tunnel can be relied on, the more northerly of these faults must have a throw of at least 300 feet, but that of the more southerly is considerably less. In the south-eastern part of the area there appears to be a fault of considerable throw between the Bunter and Keuper sandstones ; but the amount is difficult to ascertain as it seems possible that the Keuper sandstone may here lie in an eroded hollow of the Bunter. Several small faults may be seen in the roadside on the face of the Bunter escarpment, but they have no structural importance. A fault of 15 feet throw occurs in the quarry in the Keuper sandstone on the north side of the Cheadle and Alton Road. It cuts the sandstone in a peculiarly clean manner, and does not easily catch the eye. This seems to be rather a feature of the smaller faults in the Triassic rocks. 277 CHAPTER XVII. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Glacial Drift (Boulder Clay). — The distribution of the Boulder- clay, or true Glacial-drift, will be best understood by the state- ment that aU but the margins of the Cheadle table-land are now practically free from this deposit. To the north-west of the area true Boulder-clay occurs, and this forms the taper end of the great sheet of Drift that extends from the Cheshire Plain. About the head of the ConsaU Valley this Drift is not thick enough to map, but north of the village it gradually thickens, though even here the outcrop of the grits is clear. Still further north, about Parkhouse, the Drift is thick enough to completely obscure the western outcrop of the Third Grit. Foreign boulders are fairly abundant in the Drift here, the more common being fragments of Eskdale and Ennerdale granite, and the ash-rocks of the Lake District. Of the smaller pebbles by far the most common are the greenish greywacke, which probably comes from the southern jpart of the same tlistrict; but their origin has not been satisfactorily traced. The boulders may be examined in a little disused brick-pit close to the Consall Village road, and about quarter of a mile east of Wetley Rocks. On the edge of the by-road to Folly and Park House farms, to the north of the pit just referred to, a small heap of fragments of these Lake District rocks gives an excellent sample of the more abundant types of these foreign boulders. A very small patch of typical Boulder-clay occurs to the west of Dilhorne, on the extreme edge of the area here described. It forms a part of a small isolated deposit of Drift that has been bankea up against the east side of the hill of Bunter sandstone. At the edge of the map, at Forsbrook, another small patch of this material occurs, which is also the edge of a large mass of Drift to the west. Doubtful Drift Deposits. — Bunter pebbles occur more or less abundantly over the whole of the area described; but it is doubtful whether these pebbles should be claimed as a true glacial deposit, or are merely the stones left after the clay matrix had been washed away. Every gradation is met with, from isolated pebbles which would almost escape notice but for artificial openings, to a deposit at times three feet thick composed of clay crowded with Bunter pebbles, but containing no fer-travelled rock fragments. The view that they are simply a remnant of the Bunter, that once undoubtedly covered the whole area, seems very unlikely when 278 Chbadlb Coaltield. their position is noted, for in some cases these pebbles occur on the Keuper sandstone which contains no such well-rounded pehbles. They must, in such cases, have been distinctly lifted up to some extent in order to occupy the position in which they are now found. A kind of connecting Unk between this wash-like stony material and the more normal Boulder-clay occurs in the long hollow through which the by-road passes from Dairy House to the farm north of Bank Top, in the north-western part of this area. The deposit seems to continue for some distance down the main valley keeping on the west side of the stream, and to merge into the typical " wash " so abundant in this district at the foot of long slopes. Bunter pebbles are abundant in the higher part of the deposit about the road, but they appear to decrease steadily close to the stream. Whether this material is a true glacial Drift or not is uncertain. It is diiKcult to believe, however, that it is not in some way connected with the breach or hollow in the outcrop of the grit that occurs at the fault shown on map. It is possible that either the ice sent a small tongue through here, or more likely that a small sub- glacial stream carried the material through this hollow which formed the only means of egress for the water. Another small area, where these pebbles are present in great numbers, occurs on the west side of the stream above the Cbeadle Gas Works. On top of the Bunter table-land, here and there, are small patches of clay material containing pebbles, many of which lie with their longer axes vertical. These deposits are not usually more than a foot or two thick, and can rarely be detected unless exposed in some artificial opening. Two instances of this material may be noted, one at Callowhill, south of Dilhorne ; the other at the small pit, at Eakeway Head, south-east of Cheadle. A little south of the last pit there seems to be a similar deposit of clay on the rising ground at Cheadle Common ; but there are no good openings in this. ' On the Keuper sandstones to the north of the Alton Road, well-rounded pebbles occur scattered over the surface of the ground. These have undoubtedly come from the Bunter, for no such pebbles occur so high up in the Triassic rocks as this. A possible explanation of the phenomenon of the occurrence of these Bunter pebbles unaccompanied by any far-travelled boulders is that they were collected from the Bunter on the immediate margin of this area (west and north-west) and were entangled in the upper layers of the ice sheet, while the far- travelled boulders were buried at lower levels in the ice. On reaching the margin of the table-land, owing possibly to the waning strength of the movement of the ice, only the upper layers contaming the locally-collected Bunter pebbles, were driven over the table-land as a whole. In a few places on its north-west margin, however, the lower layers were forced over the edge Stjpbeficial Deposits. 279 of the highey ground, and Ji^re alone the foreign boulders are found. Area East of the Churnet. — To th,e east of the Chutnet, the distribution of Millstone Grit boulders seems to show clearly that the whole district was once covered by a moving ice sheet capable of transporting large blocks of stone considerable distances. In this district many of the walls of the fields are built of blocks of the First and Third Grits. These are often a considerable distance from any outcrop of these rocks, and the shape of the stones in the walls is conclusive that they are broken up loose blocks, and have not been obtained from a quarry. A little consideration of the amount of material required shows how numerous these blocks of grit must have been before the fields were cleared. Such blocks are still numerous in the beds of the small streams from which, on account of their weight, it did not pay to Hft them. The most con- clusive evidence that these grit blocks are really a form of glacial Drift was shown in quarrying the fireclay below the Crabtree Coal close to the small stream below the little lane at the south end of Ipstones. Here the sloping surface of the rock in the bank-side is covered with a curious clay containing large blocks of grit, though these are not so well rounded as one would have expected. This deposit is overlain by wash, several feet thick in some places, with no grit boulders in it. The grit-bearing clay is thus older than the wash, and as the grit blocks have travelled some distance, the deposit is probably a true Boulder-clay. There is, however, no deposit of similar clay on the flatter ground above the hollow in which the stream runs, the grit blocks alone being met with. Patches of clay with Bunter pebbles occur here and there in the gently-sloping hollow between the old Whiston Works and Shirley Common, and though here and there it is fairly easy to define the limits of this material, in many places it was impossible to do so, for it tails away till it is either too thin to map or disappears altogether. A small pit in this clay occurs close to the high road to the north-east of the works ; while a much larger one is seen on Shirley Common* where the Whiston Road crosses the Caldon Low Tramway. Part of this latter clay rests on a grit, below the Third Grit, and from its position and composition can scarcely be of the nature of wash. Indeed it is difficult to see how .this can be anything else than true glacial Drift. This, as noted above, leads to the conclusion that the Bunter pebbles scattered over the entire country are the remains of glacial Drift from which all the softer clay matrix has been washed aw&y. Bain Wash. — Any one familiar with the north of England or Scotland can scarcely fail to be struck with the amount of wash or material that has been accumulated in this area at the foot of slopes, even when these are at a comparatively low 280 Cheadlb Coalfield. angle. Though this material is present in the more northerly districts, it does not attain anythmg like the thickness observed in this part of Staffordshire. It is derived from the soft shales and the Drift, but especially from the Bunter, in which latter case it obscures the base of that sandstone. It also causes at times a difficulty in fixing the limit of the alluvium, for the very tine material of which it is composed is washed down over the edge of the equally fine alluvium, and conceals the true junction of this with the rock slope or Drift. It strongly suggests that the glaciation of this area must have ceased, and more modern conditions of denudation begun much earlier than in North- umberland and Scotland. As the remarks on the doubtful Drift show, this wash often bears a very close resemblance to the clay in which the Bunter pebbles occur; in most cases it is this resemblance that raises the doubt whether the stony clay is true Drift or not. Alluvium. — Only in the bottom of the Churnet Valley does the alluvium attain any size. Even in the case of the Churnet, where the river flows through the gorge-like hollow north of Consall Forge, the alluvium is almost too narrow to map ; and farther south as far as Froghall, it is still narrow as a rule. To the south of Froghall and to the north of the gorge, it attains some consider- able breadth. This is due to the rocks of the valley being softer, and in consequence a deeper and broader hollow has been eroded. In addition the material of this alluvium is a very fine water- tight silt, and essentially of the nature of a material filling up a hollow, rather than the usual sand and gravel seen where a river is eroding its base. This is specially noticeable in the case of the northern area, where the Churnet has silted up what is practically a long lake-like hollow extending far to the north past Cheddleton, Leek, and Rudyard. In its passage through the gorge the Churnet has formed a few very narrow river-terraces, but these strips have been so much interfered with in making the canal and the railway that they are now scarcely traceable. 28} CHAPTER XMIll. WATER SUPPLY. Triassic Water Supply. — The town of Cheadle is supplied with water obtained from a well sunk through the Bunter sandstone forming the rising ground at Cheadle. The well is sixty-five yards deep, and the base of it is some yards below the bed or the stream at Cecily Silk Mill, which lies a little east of the town. The well does not reach the base of the Bunter, which fills an old pre-triassic steep-sided valley. This valley has been proved to continue to the east, and the rock that forms Cheadle Hill is continuous with the main mass to the south-east. This narrow valley filled with porous sandstone acts as a great water channel carrying a considerable portion of the rainfall on the Bunter escarpment area to the base of the well at Cheadle. In order to test the amount of water available the pumps were worked continously for fourteen days, pumping at the rate of 120 gallons a minute, without lowering the surface of the water more than about two feet. Immediately south of the Cheadle Railway Tunnel the Bunter lies at some distance below the surface, being let down by the two trough faults which are shown on the map. Not far from the tunnel a shaft was put down in search of coal, but the quantity of water met with was so great that after passing through the Keuper sandstone, a few yards only of the Bunter was pierced before the work had to be abandoned. For a considerable distance from this shaft, both in a north-western and south-eastern direction, between the two trough faults, a large quantity of water could be obtained, especially near Tean, where there are indications of a locally deeper pre-triassic valley. Near the face of the horse-shoe shaped escarpment of the Bunter not much water is usually met with, because the surface of the underlying Carboniferous rocks generally slopes away from the escarpment, but farther away from this the amount of water will of course steadily increase. As might be expected, strong springs issue from the Bunter, where the base of this rock descends to the bottom of the Churnet Valley, as about Oakamoor and further to the north- west about Eastwell. About Alton, the base of the Triassic rocks must be far below the level of the river, and an abundant water supply must be available ; but some recent trials suggest that, as the Trias in this area is largely capped with red marl, the water may contain much sulphate of lime, and be unduly hard. Millstone Grit Supply. — The old shafts sunk in the neigh- bourhood of Ipstones proved the presence of large quantities of 282 Chbadle Coalfield. water in these grits, especially the Third. These grits slope down toward Froghall in the Churnet Valley. A shaft or boring put down in the vicinity of the bridge, or anywhere between the two parallel faults bounding the Ipstones Valley, would tap a large volume of water which would probably rise to the surface, as there must be a strong head of it owing to the height of the gathering ground above Froghall. The First Grit has a large exposed outcrop to the north and east of Whiston, so that a copious supply could be tapped in the Churnet Valley by a shaft or borehole put down due south of Dustystile. There is no doubt that the water would rise to the surface here, for a borehole at least fifty feet above the river and close to the little stream on the east side of Woodhead House was put down to this grit, from which the water has poured out at the surface for years without intermission. About Consall Forge and Consall Valley, to the west, similar good sites can be selected for obtaining water from these grits, for there must be a large amount banked up against the west side of the long fault trending north-north-east which passes close to Consall New Hall. The faulted nature of the country greatly aids at times in the circulation of underground water, and an excellent illustration of this occurs to the north-north-east of Foxt. The Third Grit is faulted against one of the lower grits which here begin to assume importance in this series. A boring sunk close to the fault taps not only the water of the thinner aad lower grit, but also that from the far thicker Third Grit which is faulted against the smaller bed. The c[uantity of water thus brought into the boring is so great that it overflows at the surface, and has been taken to supply the village of Kingsley, on the opposite side of the Churnet Valley. Supply from, the Coal-measure Sandstones. -^BvoaAly speak- ing, water does not circulate freely in these rocks, and the amount available is often not more than sufficient to supply the needs of a house or farm. Indeed the Woodhead Sandstone is the only bed from which any appreciable amount can be obtained. This so often forms the surface rock of the Churnet Valley that a considerable part of the rainfall- that sinks into it escapes at the base of this long outcron, giving rise to the landslips, previ- ously referred to, in the shales of the lowest Coal-measures. A list of fossils and a paloeoatological account of the Cheadle Coalfield has been prepared by Mr, John Ward, but unfortuiiately arrived too late for insertion in this Memoir. The list includes many interesting fossils collected from the new sinking of the "VVonder Pit (p. 265) and other shaft sinkings. We hope Mr. Ward will shortly publiSh'his results. 283 CHAPTER XIX. GOLDSITCH MOSS COALFIELD * This model example of an infolded syncline of Coal-measures is beyond the limits of theresurvey; but since it lies within the North Staffordshire District and remains to-day, as regards its coal-workings, very much as it appeared in 1866, we ro.print, in order to complete the description of the district, extracts from the published account of Green & HulLf The Pottery Coalfield as we have seen is a deep infold of the Coal-measure strata; the Shaffalong Coalfield is a much shallower fold ; that of the Cheadle Coalfield presents a shallow but wider syncline of greater importance than that of Shafi'along, but of less degree than the Pottery deep infold. The basin of the Goldsitch Moss may be compared in importance to that of Shaffalong. In each only the lowest and least important Coal- measure strata are involved, and in each the amount of coal available has proved of insignificant quantity when compared with that obtained or still obtainable in the Pottery and Cheadle areas, Surrounded in perfect symmetry by the First and Third Grits this small basin contains the following rock sequence : Goldsitch Moss CoALFiELD.t Coarse Eed Rock Ft. in. Ft. in. Shales Coal, Silver Seam Measures Coal, Thin Seam Measures Coal, Thick Seam Measures Coal, Cannel Seam - Shales . - - . ... Coal, Bossy, black shale with thin hif&cs, of coal Sandstone, Woodhead Hill Rock - Black shales. Ironstone and Flags Coal, Feather-edge Coal Little more is known of the sequence to-day. In his description of the ground Green remarks that, " The beds lie with the most perfect regularity in the form of a long trough broken off on the north by the Crag and Gradbatch 1 ault. On each side of the central vaUey which is occupied by Lower Coal-measures * The Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton and Leek, Mem. Geol. Sv/rvey, 1866. The above account is excerpted bv W. Gibson. " t This account is drawn up from information supplied by old colliers. Loc. cit., p. 26. 1 4 to 1 6 130 _ 1 4 » 1 6 45 J» 60 2 )) 2 3 60 >J 72 - 6 JJ 2 9 )) 12 5 )) 6 57 _ _ 267 _ _ 4 )) 6 284 GoLDsiTCH Moss Coalfield. the massive gritstones slope up the hillsides in broad sheets of heather-clad rock, ending at top in rugged crags, with the hroken ends of the beds sticking boldly out into the air. The sjnticlinal arrangement of the strata is thus shown as clearly as in a model, and perhaps it would be difficult to find a place where the shape ot the ground points out so unmistakeably the geological structure of the country."* * Short lists of the fossils obtained from this coalfield are given by Mr. John Ward (Trans. North Staff. Inst. Min. and Mec. Eng., vol. x., 1890). 2S6 PART III. PALEONTOLOGY OF THE POTTERY COALFIELD. . By John Ward, F.G.S. CHAPTER XX. Introduction. — No coalfield in Great Britain, of equal size, possesses a richer and more varied series of organic remains than that of the Potteries. For many years this coalfield has heen the object of detailed investigation by a small band of local observers who have deter- mined the stratigraphical position, geographical distribution, and palseontological horizons which characterize the several sub- divisions into which the local development of the Coal-measures has been divided. As a result of these researches, a large assemblage of fossil remains belonging to both the flora and fauna hav3 been collected and described. The Pottery Coalfield has long been recognised as an un- rivalled field for the study of Carboniferous fishes. Notwith- standing the numerous and varied series of moUuscan remains it has yielded, and the equally abundant flora, it is the richness of its fossil fish-fauna that has given it a special interest to the student of Palaeozoic ichthyology. The fossil fishes alone comprise thirty genera and upwards of fifty species; and of these, the types of six genera and twenty-six species have been derived from this district. It is worthy of note that the vertebrate fauna of the Coal- measures of the district has occupied the attention of some of the most eminent authorities of fossil ichthyology. We recall the names of Agassiz, Egerton, Huxley, Traquair, Young, and Davis, whose writings have contributed so largely to the know- ledge of the animal life of the Coal-measure period. History of Previous Research. — The first recorded discovery of organic remains in the Coal-measures of the Pottery Coal- field dates as far back as the year 1835, when Sir Philip Egerton read a paper before the Geological Society of London, " On the Discovery of Ichthyolites in the south-western portion of the North StaflPordshire' Coalfield."* The fossils enumerated included, * Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. ii., p. 202. 286 Paleontology. among other forms, a small Paloeoniscid fish from the Coal-shales of Silverdale, near Newcastle-under-Lyme. This specimen was subsequently submitted to Professor Agassiz and by him named, but not described, under the title of Paloeoniscus Egertoni* Other remains of fishes new to science were submitted to Professor Agassiz, including several forms of teeth from the same locality, upon which were founded the genera Diplodusf Ctenoptychius,t and Helodus.% In 1844 the "Natural History of the County of Stafford" was published by Dr. R. Garner. This work contains a resume of the Geology and Natural History of Staffordshire. It is accom- panied by several plates containing figures of fossils ; a portion of plate " E," being devoted to figures of shells and fish teeth from the Coal-measures of this district, but no specific names are given. The list of fossils given in the first edition was con- siderably enlarged in a supplement pubhshed in 1860. The first detailed description of the distribution of the fossils of the coalfield was given in 1859, in a joint paper by Messrs. Garner and Molyneux " On the Coal Strata of North Stafford- shire with reference particularly to their Organic Remains," and read before the Geological Section of the British Association at Aberdeen. In 1860, a paper, an abstract of which is given in Reports Brit. Assoc, for 1860 (Sections, p. 88), was read at a meeting of the British Association by W. Molyneux, entitled, "Remarks on Fossil Fish from the North Staffordshire Coalfield." In 1862, the first collective list of the fossil Mollusca of the Coal- measures of North Staffordshire appeared. The list was drawn up by J. W. Salter, from an examination of a large series of MoUuscan remains submitted by the present writer for deter- mination. This list was subsequently published as an Appendix to the " Iron Ores of Great Britain," Part iv. (Mem. Geol. Sv/rvey). In the same year, T. Wardle (afterwards knighted ) contributed a chapter to Mr. John Sleigh's " Ancient History of Leek," on " The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Leek." In this, a brief descrip- tion is given of the different groups of strata of the district. He further reproduced Salter's list of Coal-measure Mollusca, with some additional species, at the same time adding a comprehen- sive list of the fauna of the Carboniferous Limestone of North Staffordshire. The work is illustrated with four plates with figures of fossils from the Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit, and Coal-measures of the adjoining district. In 1863, at a ujeeting of the British Association at Newcastle- on-Tyne, a committee was appointed, consisting of Sir Philip Egerton, and Professor Huxley, with W. Molyneux, Reporter, to draw up and report on " The Distribution of the Organic * Foissons Fossiles, vol. ii., p. 302. t Agassiz. Foissons Fossiles, Tome iii., p. 204. t Ibid., PI. xix., fig. 1. § Ibid., PI. xix., figs. 8-10. HiSTOBICAL. 287 Remains of the North Staffordshire Coalfield." {Report Brit. Assoc, for 18614, pp. 342-344.) In the following year (1865), the Committee presented a further Report, which contained much valuable information relating to the distribution of the organic remains. To this Report (pp. 317-320) there is an Appendix by Dr. J. Young " On the Distribution of the Ver- tebrate Remains from the North Staffordshire Coalfield." In 1864, a paper was read at a meeting of the Dudley and Midland Geological Society on "The Distribution of the Organic Remains of the North Staffordshire Coalfield." In 1866, Sir Philip Egerton communicated to the Geological Society of London, a paper " On a new species of Acanthodss (A. Wardi) from the Coal-shale of Longton."t In this he further alluded to certain fragmentary remains of a larger species of Acanthodes from the Knowles Ironstone, Fenton, sub- mitted to him for examination by the present writer, but did not distinguish it specifically. The same volume (p. 301), contains an important Paper " On the Affinities of Platysomus and allied Genera," by Dr. J. Young. In this the author discussed the affinities of the Platysomidce which he considered to be distinct from, although possessing affinities to the Fyconodontidce previ- ously proposed by Egerton to include Platysomus, and approved by Agassiz and other authorities. Dr. Young therefore proposed a new sub-order "Le]pidoplewridcB"iox inclusion among other forms of the above-named genus. He further described in detaU, and figured, the structural characters of Aw/phicentrwn granulosum, and another new genus, Mesolepis, of which two species were described M. Wardi and M. scalaris, from the Knowles Ironstone, Fenton. In 1866, Professor Huxley contributed to the Twelfth Decade of the Memoirs of tits Geological Survey an important Memoir in which, among other genera of Fishes, he described the struc- tural characters and affinities of the genus Gcelacanthus, Agass. largely based upon specimens from the Coal-measures of North Staffordshire. In 1866, Dr. Young further contributed to palseontological literature a paper on Carboniferous Glyptodipterines.J In this communication the author described, among other remains, a new genus of fossil fishes having " large quadrangular scales with rounded angles." For these he proposed, provisionally, the generic title of Bhomboptychius, basing his diagnosis of characters largely upon specimens obtained from the shales overlying the Knowles and Deep Mine Ironstone, Fenton, but did not distinguish it specifically. More recent researches have shown that Bhomboptychius cannot be generically separated from the genus Megalichthys, * J. Ward, Trans. DvM&y i )> " " Bassey Mine Ironstone Keele Group Bail-cutting, Florence Colliery Quarry, Bradwell Wood. Forge Pit, Chesterton. Newstead boring. Farkhouee Colliery. Jackfield Colliery. Hewitt's Marl Fit, Fenton Low. Newstead boring. Bail-cutting, Newcastle. Hewitt's Marl Fit, Fenton Low. Forge Pit, Chesterton. Hewitt's Marl Pit ; New- stead boring. Forge Fit, Chesterton. Bail-cutting, Florence Colliery. Bail-cutting, Newcastle Newstead boring. Forge Pit, Chesterton. Newstead boring. Quarry, Bradwell Wood. Jackfield Colliery. Newstead boring. Bail-cutting, Florence Colliery. Bail-cutting, Florence Colliery. Newstead boring.* Quarry, Bradwell Wood ; Bail-cutting, Florence Colliery. Newstead boring.t Bail-cutting, Newcastle ; Newstead boring. Jackfield Colliery, Burslem. Bail-cutting, Newcastle Forge Fit, Chesterton. Hewitt's Marl Pit. Newstead boring. Forge Pit, Chesterton. Bail-cutting, Newcastle. Quarry, Hartshill. Qt. Fenton Colliery. Newstead boring. ' At 117 and 438 feet from surface. t At 117 feet irom surface. Fossils of thb Potteey Coalfield. 339 Species. Horizon. LOOALITT. PLANTiE. —coM«mit«d Calamodadua equisetifonnis, Bnmgn. Macrostachyia inf undibuUformls, Brongn.- Stylooalamltes ? Cisti, Brongn. • Suokowi, Brongn. SPHESOPB TLLA CM^. Sphenophyllum cuneitolium, Brongn. emarglnatum, Brongn. LTC0P0D1A.CEJE. Lepldodendron lycopodioides, Stemb. ophiurua, Brong . Wortheni, Lesq. - Lepidophyllum lanueolatum, L. i: B. Lepidostrobus anthemis, Konig ■ variabilis, L.fSeH, Sigillaria Brardi, Brongn. discophora, Kimig iciitbyolepis, Stemb. ovata, Sauv. tesBelata. Brongn. Stigmaria ficoides, Sternb. CORDAITBjE. Ajrtisia transversa, Artis Cordaites borassifolius, Sternb. sp. - . - - Khabdocarpus sulcatus, Presl. - Trigonocarpus Fartiinsoni, Brongn. ANIMALIA. Annelida. Spirorbis pusillus, Mart. Aetheopoda. Beyriclua arcuata. Bean Carbonia pungens, J.& R. - salteriana, J. & K, scalpellus, J. ii K. secans, J.ic K. Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group Bassey Mine Ironstone Keele Group - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group - Bassey Mine Ironstone - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group - Bassey Mine Ironstone - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Eed Mine Ironstone Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Eed Mine Eoof Bassey Mine Ironstone Eed Mine Ironstone* Black Band Group - Keele Group . . - - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Bassey Mine Ironstone Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Bassey Mine Ironstone - Black Band Group - Keele Group Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group - Keele Group Newcastle-imder-Lyme Group Black Band Group Etruria Marl Group - Black Band Group - Keele Group, base of Newcastlg-under-Lyme Group Black Band Group Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Keele Group, base of Black Band Group - Eail-cuttlngiN^ewcastleSta- tion and Florence Gol- liei7,Ford Street,Basford Hewitt's Marl Kt. Jackfleld Colliery. Quarry, Hartsbill. Quarry, Hartsbill ; New- stead bore. Eail-cutting, Newcastle. Hewitt's and Hampton'« Marl Pit. Jackfleld Colliery. Newstead boring. Hewitt's Marl Pit Newstead & Ke'ile bores Hewitt's Marl Pit. Jackfleld Colliery. Eail-cutting, Newcastle. Hewitt'.-) Marl Pit. Eail-cutting, Newcastle. Forge Pit, Cbesterton, Quarry Bra'lweU Wood. Sail-cutting, Newcastle and Florence Colliery. Jackfleld Colliery. Forge Pit, Chesterton Hewitt's Marl Pit. Quarry, HartEhill. Quarry, Bradwell Wood. Eail-cutting, Florence Colliery. Florence Colliery. Eail-cutting, Newcastle. 6t. Fenton Colliery. Newstead boring. Quarry, Bradwell Wood. Hewitt's Marl Pit. Eail-cutting, Keele Park; roadside, Moddershall, L. Mill. General in basal limestone. General. Metallic Brick Pit, Chester ton. Sneyd Marl Pit, Burslem. Newstead boring. Marl Pit, Longton Hall Coll. Eoadside, Butterton New Farm. Clay Pit, Lightwood, near Longton. Newstead boring. Marl Pit, Longton HallCoU. 7469. 27 yards above Ironstone. Y 2 340 ApPElifDIX I. Species. HOKIZON. LOOALITT. ARTHROPODA — continued. Carbonia rankiniana, J. dh K. wardiana, J.icK. Estheria tenella, Jcmes Lambllibranchiata. Garbonicola Vlnti, UinA Anthracomya calcifera, Uiixd Phillipsi, Will. - Pisces. Acanthodes Wardi, Egert. Ccelacanthus elegans, Newb. Ctenodus criatatus, Agass. Murchisoni, Ward Diplodus gibbosuB, Agass. Elonichthys, sp. - MegalichthyB Hibberti, Agass. Bhizodopsis sauroides, Will. Keele Group, base of Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Keele Group, base of Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Keele Group . . - - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Etruria Marl Group - ? Bassey Mine Ironstone Newcastle-under-Lyme Group* Black Band Groupt - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group ,9 ,1 >l Etrurla Marl Group} Black Band Group - Newcastle-under-Lyme Group Etrurla Marls, base of Bassey Mine Ironstone Newstead boring. Rail-cutting, Newcastle. Newstead boring. Rail-cutting, Newcastle. Rail cutting, Keele Park Station General. Grange Marl Pit. Newstead boring. Road-cutting near Butter- ton New Farm. Marl Pit, Hamil ; New- stead bore ; Quarry near Ravenscliff House. General near the base. Newstead boring. Hem Heath Brick Fits. General in Ironstones. Not rare in basal lime- stone. Not rare in basal lime- stone. Challinor's Marl Pit, Fenton. Longton, Fenton. Clanway Colliery. Longton, Fenton, Hanley. The Measueks between the First Grit and Bassey Mine Coal. Horizon. Locality. PLANTiE FILICACE^. Alethopteris aqullina, Schlotk. decurrens, Ai'tis lonchitica, ScMoth. Aphlebia ? crispa, Outb. Dactylotheca plumosa, AHis var caudata, L. it 3. - Eremopterls artemisiiefolia, Stemb. Linopteris Miinsteri, Ewhw. obliqua, Bwib. Doubtful - Roof of Hard Mine Coal Knowles Ironstone - Bowling Alley Rock Gt. Row Coal roof - Knowles Ironstone - Ten Feet Coal - Bowling Alley Rock Holly Lane Coal 85 yds. below Hard Mine Coal Bowling Alley Rock Roof of Peacock Coal Below New Mine Coal Doubtful! - Peacock Marl - Knowles Rock - Root of Peacock Coal Great Row Rock Chalky Mine Ironstone TunstaU. Adderley Green Colliery. Gt. Fenton Colliery. Adderley Green Colliery. Longton. Longton, Fenton. Chesterton. Adderley Green Colliery. BucknaU. Sneyd Colliery. Adderley Green. Glebe Colliery. Adderley Green. Fenton. Marl Pit, Fenton Low. Gt. Fenton Colliery. Glebe Colliery. Longton. Fenton. * Basal Limestone. 1 10 yards above Bassey Mine Ironstone. { ! in Top Red Mine. Fossils of the Pottery Coalfield. 341 Species. Horizon. LOCALITY. TliA'NTM—contiri'ued. ariopteris muricata, Schloth. forma nervosa, Brongn. Neuropteris gigautea, Steimh. hoterophyUa, Brongn. • ■ obliqna, Brongn. ■ plicata, Stemb. ■ rarinerris, Bwtib. Scheuchzeri, Hoffm. ten'iifolia, Schloth. Pecopteris Miltoni, Artis ? Volkmanni, Sauv. ^naultia schatzlarensis, Stemb. Sphenopteris furcata, Brongn. - communiB, Lesq. grandilrons, Sauv. — — latifolia, Brongn. - ? multiflrda, L. & H. obtnsUoba, Brongn. polypbylla, L. elow Gin Mine Coal Below Gin Mine Coal Below Gin Mine Coal Bed over Bay Coal - Below Gin Mine Coal Bed over Bay Coal - Below Gin .Viine Coal 29 ft. above 7 ft'Bambury Coal Below Gin Mine Coal Doubtful Below Gin Mine Coal 18 yds. below Gin IJine Coal Below Gin Mine Coal Gt. Feutou Collieries. Adderley Green Colliery. Adderley Green and Moss- field Colliery. Mossfleld Colliery. Speedwell Colliery, ,, ,) Florence Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Leycett Colliery. Eaves Lane, Wetley Moor. Nettle Bank CoUieiT. Foley Colliery. Speedwell and Nettle Bank Collieries. Marl Pit, Weston Sprink. Minnie, Hayeswood, Ley- cett, Sneyd Coll.; Spoil- heap, Talk o' th' HiU. B.8ide,KnypersleyEeservoir. Eaves lane, Wetley Moor, &c. Nettle Bank Colliery. Speedwell Colliery. Upper House, Werrington. Marl Kt, Weston Sprink. Speedwell Colliery. Nettle Bank and Speedwell Collieries. Speedwell Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Florence Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Foley Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Foley Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Leycett and Minnie Col- lieries, Spoilheap Talk o'th'Hill. Nettle Bank Colliery. Marl Pit, Weston Sprink. Nettle Bank CoUery. Speedwell Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery. Florenie Colliery. Nettle Bank Colliery, j Fossils of the Potteby Coalfield. 347 Species. Horizon. LOOAIITV. PISCES. ELA SMOBEANCHII. I.—ACANTHODII. Acanthodes Wardi, EgeH. General Longton Penton. major, Dam» ... Kuowlea Ironstone - Fenton. AoanthodopsiB microdon, Traq. - Wardi, H.& A. ■ Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. II.-lCBTUYOTOMl. Diplodus equUateraliB, Wari^ glbbosuB, Agass. ... Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Chalky Mine Ironstone •- Fenton. Bag Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone . Gold Mine Ironstone Four Feet Coal . Wetley Moor. tenuis, A. S. Woodw. - Fleuracantlius alatus, Davis Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Knowles Ironstone . Longton, Kidsgrove. Brown Mine Ironstone - Silverdale. cylindiicus, Agaei. Chalky Mine Ironstone - Bag Mine Ironstone- Knowles Ironstone - Fenton. IsBVissimus, Agasi. Deep Mine Ironstone Chalky Mine Ironstone I Bag Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone . Longton, Fenton. Ironstone above Ash Coal Longton. robustus, Dams Deep Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone - Brown Mine Ironstone Silverdale, Kidsgrove. Wardi, Davis Bag Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone . Chalky Mine Ironstone Fenton. m.—SELACHU. C aliopristodus pectinatus, Agass. Deep Mine Ironstone Chalky Mine Ironstone • Bag Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone - Longton. Ctenoptycliius apicalis, Agass. Deep Mine Ironstone Chalky Mine Ironstone Longton, Fenton. Bag Mine Ironstone Fenton. Knowles Ironstone - longton, Fenton Brown Mine Ironstone Silverdale. Gold Mine Ironstone Ash Coal ... Longton, Fenton Helodus simplex, Agass. Chalky Mine Ironstone . Fenton. Knowles Ironstone - Longton. Brown Mine Ironstone - Silverdale. Shale over Ash Coal. Cockshead Coal Adderley Green Colliery Four Feet Opal- Badderley Edge. Janassa linguseformla, Atthey Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Orodus sp. Below Gin Mine Coal - Nettle Bank Colliery. Pleuroplax Attheyl, Barto*. Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Kankinei, ff. * 4. - ■ . Knowles Ironstone . ,^ Shale over Hard Mine Coal Over Cockshead Coal Adderley Green Colliery. Sphenaaentbus hybodoides, Egert. ■ Chalky Mine Ironstone . Knowles Ironstone . Fenton. " Longton. Shale over Ash Coal. Fenton. Below Gin Mine Coal ■ Nettle Bank CoUiery. Cockshead Ironstone Adderley Green Colliery. IV.—ICBTHYODORULITES. Edestus triserratus, E. T. Newton Below Gin Mine Coal Nettle Bank CoUiery. Gyracantlins formosus, Agass. ■ Chalky Mine Ironstone • Fenton. Knowles Ironstone - Longton, Fenton. Brown Mine Ironstone • Silverdale. Shale over Ash Coal Longton. Adderley Green Colliery, Nettle Bank Colliery. Cockshead Coal- LlBtracanthus Wardi, A. S. Woodw. ■ Below Gin Mine Coal 348 Appendix I. Species. HOEIZON. LOOAUTY. FlSCES—contimied. V.-INCERT^ SEDIS. Euctenius unilateralia, Barkas - Gubbin Ii-onstone - Shelton. Deep Mine Ironstone Longton, Fenton. Knowles Ironstone - ,» » Moss Coal . - . . Florence Colliery. Hard Mine Coal shale Adderley Green Colliery. ■ Stemmatodus sp. • - • Deep Mine Ironstone longton. Rag Mine Ironstone Fenton. Below Giu Mine Coal Nettle Bank Colliery. BIPNOI. Ctenodus cristatus, Agaas. - Knowles Ironstone - Longton, Fenton. Murchisoni, Ward Brown Mine Ironstone - Silverdale. Sageiiodus inequalis, Owen ■ Deep Mine Ironstone longton. Ten Feet Coal roof . Adderley Green Colliery. quinquecostatus, Traq. Knowles Ironstone Fenton. TELEOSTOMI. I.-CROSSOPTERYGII. CcBlacanthus elegans, Newh. General ... General. Megalichthys coccolepis, Towng Deep Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone - Fenton. Rag Mine Ironstone J, Cockshead Ironstone Adderley Green. Hibberti, Agms. Gubbin Ironstone . Shelton. Knowles shales longton, Fenton. Brown Mine Ironstone - Silverdale. Above Ironstone Coal - Falls Colliery. Cockshead Ironstone Adderley Green. Four Feet Coal - - . - Wetley Moor, Badderley Edge. intennedius, A. S. Woodw. ■ Deep Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone - Ash Coal Ironstone - longton, Fenton. Below Gin Mine Coal Nettle Bank'Colliery. pygmseus, Traq. Muck Row Coal Bradley green. Hard Mine Coal Adderley Green Colliery. Ironstone Coal . Bradley Green. Four Feet Coal . Badderley Edge. rugoBUB, Young Knowles Ironstone - Ash Coal shale - Longton. Bhizodopsis sauroides, WUl. General ... General. Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Strepsodus sauroides, Binney Chalky Mine Ironstone . Knowles Ironstone - Fenton. Brown Mine Ironstone . Silverdale. Gold Mine Ironstone Over Ash Coal .... Fenton. II.-ACTINOPTERYGU. Cheirodus granulosus, Young Deep Mine Ironstone Chalicy Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironstone - Longton, Fenton. Brown Mine Ironstone - Silverdale. Shale over Ash Ironstone Longton. Cockshead Coal Adderley Green Colliery. Cycloptyohius carbonariuB, Young Deep Mine Ironstone Longton, Fenton. Blonichthys Aitkeni, Traq. .... BuUhurst Coal root Foot-rail near Hulme Dale. Egertonl, Agass. - Doubtful ... Silverdale. Deep Mine Ironstone longton, Fenton. — — oaudalls, Traq. Knowles Ironstone - Fenton. miorolepidotus, Traq. - „ „ „ oblongus, rroo. - eemistriatus, Traq. „ „ . - „ )> >i „ 3p. ■ ■ - - Four Feet Coal. Eaves Lane, Wetley Moor. Eurylepis angllca, Traq. Shale over Ash Coal* longton. Gonatodus Molyneuxl, Traq. Deep Mine Ironstone Longton. Mesolepis scalarls. Young - Knowles Ironstone . Longton, Fenton. Cockshead Ironstone Adderley Green. Wardi, Young Knowles Ironstone . Longton, Fenton. Shale over Ash Coal. longton. Platysomus parvulns, Agass. Chalky Mine Ironstone Knowles Ironatone - Longton, Fenton. Brown Mine Ironstone SUverdale. " Cockshead Coal Adderley Green Colliery. FoBteri, H. A- A. Doubtful . Newstead Boring. Fossils of the Potteey Coalfield. 349 Species. Horizon. Locality. PISCES— comiinwed. Pihadinichthys macrodon, Traq.- monensiSf Planti, Traq.- Wardi, Young Amphibia. LASrSlSTBODONTIA. AnthracoBaunis Kusselli, Huxley Eeiaterpeton Galvani. Huxley • Loxomma AUmanni, Hvxley Pteroplax coinuta, A. il: H. - Snowies Ironstone - Deep Mine IroDstone Doubtful - Bay Coal - Shale over Aah Coal- Four Feet Coal- Deep Mine Ironstone Shale over Ash Coal- B^g Mine Ironstone Ash Ironstone - Shale over Ash Coal- Gubhin Ironstone - Chalky Mine Ironstone Enowles Ironstone - Ash Ironstone - Knowles Ironstone - Fenton. Longton Hall Colliery. Marl Pit, Weston Sprink. Longton. Upper Hou«e, Warrington. Longton. Fenton. Longton. Longton Hall Colliery. Shelton. Fenton. Shelton, Fenton. Fenton. Fenton. 350 Appbwdix II. APPENDIX No. II. Tables shewing the distribution of the Chief Fossils in relation to the Marine Beds of the Coal Measv/res. Note. — These Tables are compiled from tke List given in Appendix No. I. The exact position of the marine norizons in association with the Coal seams which are lettered in italics, will be found on pages (47-50). The marine bed overlying the Bay Coal is the highest horizon at which fossils of marine habitat are met with. The distinction between the Lamellibranchiate fauna above and below this line is very marked. It will also be observed that the fish fauna shows a marked diminution above the Deep Mine Ironstone, only eight species ranging above it ; and of these it may be noticed that two genera, Gaelacanthus and Acwnthodes range into the PeiTnian Rocks. The first column includes the strata which have been known as the Upper Coal Measures ; columns 2 to 7 have been regarded as forming the Middle Coal Measures, and those below have been termed Lower Coal Measures. 13 . as S"5 is II as I" P3 ■a <" Sa 8 9 10 11 12 li 5e Sa PLANT.^. FILICACEJS AlethopteriB aquilina, Sehloth. decurrens, Artia ■ lonchitica, ScJUoth. — valda, Burib. sp. ApWebia ? crispa, Outb. Dactylotheca plumosa, Artis ■ '■ plumo?a, var. caudata, i. * fl. linopteris Munsteri, Eichw. obllquii, JS««6. Mariopteris murloata, Sehloth. forma nervosa, Brongn. KeuropterlB acuminata, Sehloth. emarginata, Brongn. 12 12 13 Fossils of the Pottbby Coalfield. 361 re a Ida 1 ■2 ® sn 2 3 .9 as S 1^ DO |§ 4) ^ si ,5a s I s a h to ,Sa 10 11 12 13 U^ IB PLANTiE— cowttM2t«c?. N^europteiis gigantea, Stemb. ■ — heterophylla, Brojign. macrophylla, Brongn. obliqua, Brongn. - ovata, Ho_ffm. plicata, Stemb. raiinervis, Bunb. Scheuchzeri, Hoffm, tenuifolia, Stemb. Odontopteris ap. Fecopteris arborescens, Brongn. var. cyathea, Brongn. Miltoni, Artis ? Volkmanni, Sauv. Kenaultia schatzlarenais, Stur. phenopteris furcata, Brongn. — commuuis, Leaq. grandifrons, Sauv. multifida, L. ic U. obtusiloba, Brongn. polyphylla, L. & H. spiDoaa, Qopp. sp. . . EqUISETACEJl. Annularia radiate, Brongn. galioides, L.SH. Calamatina approximate, Brongn. ■ Schutzei, Stemb. ■ undulate, Stemb. ■ varians, Stemb. Calamocladua charestormis, Stemb. 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 * 12 yards below the 7 feet. Bambury CoaL 352 Appmndix II. ss ss sa >ss 8 9 Se .S3 . ■is 00 . Natioop3is con&imilis, de Km,, Kaphistoma radians, de Kon. - Turbonellina cf. formosa, de Kon. CEPHALOPODA. Dimorphoceras Gilbertsoni, Phil. liooneyi, Phill. Ephippioceras bilobatum, Sew. coatatum, Foord GastrioCeras Listen, Martin carbonarium, vonBuch GlypMooeras diadema, Beyrich — — micronotum, Phill. - paucilobum, Phill. - Phillipsi ? Foord it Crick reticulatum, Phill. Pleurona,utilua armatus, J. de C. Sow. Orthoceras sulcatum, M'Coy Strobooeraa sulcatum, J. de C. Sow. I 12* 13 * At Weston Sprink, horizon doubtful. Although marine fossils and Carbonieola are found in the BLme column of the table, they never occur in the same stratum. See p. 306. 7469 Z 2 356 Appendix II. IS ■s . •0 so Oi CD §^ Si ? & 6 SO' 8 9 10 ■t^K- IBS PISCES. ELASMOBRANCBII. Acanthodes Wardi, Bgert. major, Davis - AcanthodopBiB microdon, Traq. Wardi, H. & A. Gallopristodus pectinatus, Agass. Ctenoptychius apicalis, Agass. Diplodus eauilateralis. Ward ■ gibbosuB, Agass. tenuis, A. S. Woodw. Edestns triserratus, E. T. Newton Euctenuis unilateralia, Barkas GyraoanthuB tormosus, Agass. Helodus simplex, Agass. - Janaasa lingueeformis, Atthey ■ Listracanthua Wardi, A. S. Woodw. Orodus sp. - Fleuracanthiis alatus, Davis cylindricus, Agass. ■ Isevissimua, Agass robuatus, Davis Wardi, Davis Pleuroplax Attheyi, Barkas Bankinei, H. i: A Sphenacanthus liybodoidea, Egert.- StemmatoduB sp. DIPNOI. Ctenodus criatatua, Agass. Murchisoni, Ward. ■ Sagenodua inaequalis, Owen ■ quinquecostatua, Traq.- 1.2 14 U 12 14 14 12 PossilS oi THE Pottery CoALfifiLb. §S? k II 1 1. ■gs la .a & 1 ll ■M 1 1. -O CO la t 1. ll 1 1 9 5 10 e 6 SI 1 ?! 5s 1 la , i • 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 11 12 13 14 15 FlSOEB—continued. TELEOSTOMI. Cdlacantlius elegans, Neiob^ 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 CheiroduB granulosxis, Twing. • 3 4 6 7 14 Cycloptychius carbonarius, Young • 3 Elonichthys Aitkeni, Traq. • 14 caudalis, Traq. - 6 3 n 6 a 15 " Eurylepis angUca, Traq. • 7 Gonatodus Molyneuxi, Trcbq. - 3 Megalichthys coccolepis, Young • 3 4 6 14 ■ Hihborti Aaass - 1 •> 3 4 n 7 9 11 I' 14 15 intermedius, A. S. Woodw. 3 6 7 9 T> 15 6 7 MeBolepis Bcalaris, Tmng 6 •• 14 Wardi, Young •■ 6 7 Platyaomus Forsteri, H.&A. 3 •• 11 parvulas, Agass. 6 9 14 EhadinlchthyB macrodon, Traq. ■ 6 3 7 15 Planti, Traq. 3 7 1 Wardi, Young ■ •. 7 Rhizodopsis sauroides, Williamson- 1 2 3 4 8 7 8 ■ 9 10 11 13 14 15 StrepsoduB sauroides, Birmey ■ ■■ •■ 3 4 6 7 AMPHIBIA. LABYRINTHODONTIA. Antliracosaurus Kuaselli, Hux. ■ 4 7 Loxomma Allmanni, Hnx. 2 4 6 7 Pteroplax oornuta, H. & A. •■ 2 6 Keraterpeton Galvani, Hva. 7 358 AppESfiix III. APPENDIX III. Sections of GoUiery Shafts, etc. Index. Page. Page. Adam's Marl Pit 456 Keele Estate Boring No. 6 463 Adderley Green Colliery 382 „ No. 7 465 Alsager Boring 467 „ Park Railway Cutting - 461 Bath Pit 436 Laura Pits 374 Birches Colliery 477 Lawton Pits 443 Blurton Borehole, No. 1- 457 Longton Hall Colliery 360 No. 2- 458 „ Marl Pit - 450 No. 3- 458 Meir Boring - 466 Bradley Green Colliery - 431 Middle Pit, Chatterley, Brookfield Brick Pit 453 Whitfield - 430 Brownfield Colliery 407 Moss Pits 446 Burslem Station Marl Pit 455 Mossfield Colliery - 384 Butterton Hoad Cutting 461 Newcastle Rail Cutting - 460 Cannon Street Brick Pit 452 New Engine Pit , Biddulph 432 Cheadle Gas Works 470 Newfield Marl Pit - 456 Cheadle Park Colliery 476 New Pit, Ford Green 426 Cheddleton Paper Mills 467 Newstead Boring - 359 Cobridge Marl Pit - 454 New Ubberley Colliery - 375 Daisy Bank Marl Pit 449 Nodens Marl Pit 454 Deep Pit, Far Green 414 Oldfield Colliery, No. 3 Pit 399 Delph House Colliery 473 No 4 „ ■ 388 Diglake Pits 434 „ Marl Pit 450 Edensor Marl Pit 449 Park Hall Colliery- 478 Fair Lady Pit 448 Racecourse Pit 409 Florence Colliery, No. 1 Shaft 379 Rookery Pit, Jamage 433 „ „ No. 2 „ 377 Rowhurst Pit- 411 Foxfield Pit 474 Shelton Marl Pit - 453 Glebe Colliery 395 Slappenfield Pit 445 Golden Hill Colliery 373 Sneyd Colliery 416 Grange Colliery 424 ■Talk o' the Hill Colliery, Great Chell, Mineral Kailway 459 No. 1 Pit ni 11 ^ 1 1 T~T~ "11 j^-\i ■« ^ ■ 437 Greenfield Marl Pit Hamil Marl Pit Hampton's Marl Pit 455 456 451 Talk o' the Hill CoUierv, No. 5 Pit - - Talk o' the Hill Diamond Drill Boring 440 441 Hewitt's Marl Pit - 451 Tower Hill ColUery 431 Highfield Tileries - 460 Upperhouse Shaft - 408 Howford Bridge Estate - 468 „ Farm Shaft 4n8 Institute Sinking Pit 428 Warrington Marl Pit 451 Jubilee Queen Pit - 423 Keele Estate Boring, No. 5 462 The PottBry OoalfiELD. 359 The Pottery Coalfield. Section No. 1. Newstead BoBmo near Trentham. O.D. 400 Feet. The character of the beds down to 1,593 feet was determined by Messrs. Ward & Gibson, supplemented below this depth by the sinker's record. Prom Mr. G. A. Mitcheson . i Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Soil 1 1 Boulder clay with stones 9 10 Soft purple marl - 4 6 14 6 Purple marl - - ■ - • 6 20 6 Purple sandy marl with pieces of sandstone 12 9 33 3 Purple sandy marl with comstone - 3 10 37 1 Fine-grained purple sandstone 30 67 1 Purple and grey sandstone 2 7 69 8 Purple and grey sandstone, haokley grained 1 5 71 1 Soft purple marl with shot-like concretions 7 78 1 Soft purple marl - 2 78 3 Soft purple sandy micaceous marl - 1 79 3 Sandy indurated micaceous purple marl - 20 9 100 Soft purple marl, mottled at bottom 10 110 Soft purple marl 1 HI Indurated sandy purple marl (P&copteris MiUoni) - 6 2 117 2 Soft purple mottled marl 5 11 123 1 Soft purple marl 14 5 137 6 Purple marl - 1 6 139 Very sandy mottled purple marl 1 10 140 10 Purple mottled marl 4 3 145 1 Green mottled marl 2 7 147 8 Purple marl with yellow nodules 5 152 8 Purple marl - 6 4 159 Purple sandy marl- 2 3 161 3 Soft purple marl - - ' ' ! 5 166 3 Very soft bright purple marl - ■ . - i 1 2 167 6 Grey- and mottled marl 1 2 168 7 Puj^le and mottled marl 4 1 172 8 Soft purple marl, sandy at bottom - - - - ' 1 2 173 10 Soft purple marl ■ 1 2 175 Indurated slightly micaceous purple murl 2 7 177 7 Purple marl ' ' " I 2 2 179 9 Purple sandy marl - . . . ; 1 7 181 4 Fine-grained sandstone - 1 6 182 10 Fine-grained white sandstone- 1 1 183 11 Fine red sandstone 10 184 9 Sandy marl - ... . . 5 185 2 Fine-grained purple sandstone 2 1 187 3 Purple sandy marl 1 4i 188 1\ Purple marl - .... 2 188 9| &65 .PPENDIX iit. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Purple sandstone with white band Red mottled sandstone Purple marl with green patches Pine-grained marly sandstone Pine red sandstone Purple micaceous sandstone Soft marl with marl nodules - Indurated purple sandy marl, with nodules Purple sandy marl- Fine-grained purple sandstone Soft purple marl Purple sandy marl with nodules Purple marl with nodules Indurated sandy marl, very sandy atbottom Fine-grained purple sandstone, passing down into mottled red marl Purple marl Fine-grained purple calcareous sandstone Purple hard calcareous rag Sandy marl Indurated purple marl Dark sandy marl with concretions - Dark purple sandy marl with concretions Very soft purple marl with concretions Very dark soft marl Soft purple marl Purple sandy marl- Dark purple marl Soft marly micaceous sandstone Fine-grained purple mioaoeons sandstone Purple marl Fine-grained purple micaceous sandstone Mottled micaceous sandstone - Coarse micaceous purple sandstone - Coarse micaceous purple and white sandstone Micaceous coarse-grained purple sandstone Micaceous fine-grained purple sandstone - Purple sandstone with grey blotches Purple and white sandstone Purple sandstone White sandstone with purple blotches Coarse purple sandstone- Purple sandstone Highly micaceous purple flaggy sandstone . Micaceous white sandstone Micaceous purple sandstone Soft purple marl Hard marly sandstone - Sandy marl Soft marl Purple indurated marl - Soft purple marl - Fine-grained purple sandstone - at. In. 4 8 3 3 3i 1 5 5 lOi 1 8i- 2 6 7 2 3 2 2 8 5 10 6 1 4 11 4 11 4 1 8 2 9 3 5 3 7 11 4 10 5 4 7 2 5 1 3 6 2 5 1 10 10 5 2- 10 3 8 5 2 10 7 14 1 2 1 11 1 4 2 5 2 6 7 1 4 5 2 2 6 2 8 3 10 1 2 4 4 2 2 5 4 Ft. [n. 193 5i 196 84 197 198 5 204 H 206 206 2 211 9 214 216 2 216 10 222 8 227 9 232 8 237 7 241 7 243 3 243 5 244 2 247 7 250 7 268 6 263 4 268 4 272 11 275 4 276 4 279 10 282 3 282 4 293 2 298 4 299 2 302 10 308 318 7 332 8 334 9 335 8 337 339 5 341 11 342 6 343 10 349 351 6 354 2 358 359 2 363 6 365 8 371 N: EWSTBAD So: BINQ. 361 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Indurated purple marl Purple sandstone Indiirated purple marl Soft purple marl with limestone nodules at base Rather hard variegated marl - Variegated soft marl Variegated indurated marl Purple indurated marl Compact green marl with purple film at top Greenish-black shale Black bass with plants Very dark purple marl with plants ■ Variegated and green marl with hard green marl pebbles - ■ Very hard indurated purple marl Very sandy indurated purple marl Soft mottled marl - Hard purple marl Soft purple and yellow marl - Strong purple marl, sandy at base - Highly micaceous purple sandstone- Micaceous purple sandstone Strong purple marl passing into very sandy inarl Strong purple marl with nodules Soft purple marl, slightly calcareous Hard purple marl with nodules Soft purple marls - ... Very micaceous purple sandstone - Micaceous fine-grained purple sandstone- Highly-micaceous coarse purple sandstone Hard compact purple sandstone Coarse purple grit with bands of comstone Micaceous rather coarse purple sandstone Coarse highly -micaceous purple sandstone White sandstone ... Variegated marl with nodules- Purple marl - Purple sandy marl- Purple sandstone with red spherical nodules Purple marl - - - Purple sandy marl- Shot bed, calcareous Purple marl Calcareous band stained with haematite Purple marl with ironstone bands Red and black shale with fossils — Base of Keble GKOtrp Grey marl with nodules - Soft fireclay Bass and coals Indurated fireclay with traces of plants Dark grey indurated marl with plants - Dark indurated marl, calcareous - Ft. In. I 3 6 3 1 10 6 4 8 4 7 15 4i 1 3 OJ 2 2 4 2 8 3 4 2 4 4 11 3 2 2 10 5 9 2 3 6 5 3 3 5 6 U 1 19 4 5 3 5 1 2 5 6 4 5 7 5 4 6 1 9 2 9 7 3 9 9 11 7 Oi 11 11 1 7i 3 I 4 4 6 5 3 7 2 6 1 3 M. In. 372 3 372 9 375 9 377 7 378 1 382 9 387 4 402 8i 402 9| 403 0^ 403 1 403 3 405 7 408 3 411 7 413 11 418 10 422 424 10 430 432 436 441 444 449 10 460 11 480 3 485 6 490 7 493 499 4 504 11 510 3 510 9 512 6 515 3 522 3 526 526 9 638 4 538 4J 550 3| 550 4| 551 3 651 3 562 7 567 1 667 6 561 1 663 7 604 10 362 Appendix" 111. Character of Strata. Thickness, Depth. Fireclay- Dark shale with stigmaria Very sandy micaceous marl with plants Fine-grained micaceous sandstone - Fine-grained micaceous sandstone - Dark grey indurated marl with plants Hard grey nodular marl with ferns Soft grey fireclay Hard grey nodular marl- Very hard coal, pyrites partings Grey fireclay - Hard green sandy marl with plants Hard green sandy nodular marl Hard grey micaceous fine-grained sandstone- Micaceous fine-grained grey sandstone Hard fine-grained green sandstone with purple mottlings - Micaceous fine-grained purplish grey sandstone Flaggy fine-grained micaceous purplish sandstone Hard green and purple marl - Micaceous, rather coarse-grained grey sandstone Green marl Bright green marl with pellets Soft purple marl Green marl with pellets- Fine-grained green sandstone Fine-grained green marly sandstone Fine-grained micaceous grey sandstone Hard green sandy marl Hard green marl with plants Rough variegated marl- Soft purple and ochreous marl Indurated green sandy marl - Dark grey shale - Grey shale Grey soapy shales, darker at bottom Coal Fireclay with remains of plants - Fireclay with remains of plants Grey marl with plants Hard grey sandy shale Compact grey shale with traces of plants Micaceous grey sandstone with plants - Dark grey shales with plants Coal - Fireclay Fireclay Flaggy grey sandstone with green marl partings Highly micaceous fine-grained grey sandstone Very fine-grained sandstone with thin dark bands- Grey sandy shale full of plants Dark grey shale with many plants. Dark fireclay Ft. In. Ft. In. 1 2 566 1 567 8 6 575 6 2 8 578 2 3 10 582 6 7 588 7 3 9 592 4 2 11 595 3 3 7 698 10 1 699 10 1 1 600 11 5 4 606 3 4 10 611 1 4 10 615 11 7 616 6 3 9 620 3 3 9 624 4 628 6 8 634 8 4 10 639 6 1 640 6 3 11 644 6 2 5 646 10 9 8 656 6 5 8 662 2 4 10 667 5 672 1 9 673 9 1 674 9 11 1 686 10 26 711 10 3 9 715 7 2 6 718 1 6 724 1 4 728 1 6 728 7 1 11 730 6, 3 730 9 2 8 733 5 11 6 744 11 14 758 11 5 4 764 3 7 3 771 6 Oi 771 6i 5 2^ 776 9 3 9 780 6 6 10 787 4 4 9 792 1 4 10 796 11 5 1 802 2 4 804 4 1 806 4 Nbwstbad BoSiNfl. 363 Character of Strata. Thicknes'? Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Coal 1 805 5 Soft rotten fireclay- 1 5 806 10 Coal with pyrites faces - 4 807 2 Indurated fireclay with plants 1 4 808 6 Indurated fireclay with plants 1 809 6 Sandy micaceous marl 3 10 813 4 Icdurated grey sandy marl 4 10 818 2 Micaceous grey flags and bands of grey shale 4 822 2 Very fine marl 10 823 Fine soft marl with pyrites 5 3 828 3 Purplish-brown marl with pyrites - 6 828 9 Grey shale with Carbonia and fish scales 1 828 10 Hard grey limestone (Spirorhis) 9 829 7 Highly calcareous grey marl 4 3 833 10 Calcareous purple marl 3 2 837 Limestone with Ancylus (Carbonicola) — Base os Nbwcastle-undeb-Lyme Gkotjp 8 837 8 Mottled marl, slightly calcareous - 1 8 239 4 Indurated grey marl with pyrites at bottom 3 6 842^10 Purple marl with shot-like concretions 17 11 860 9 Grey sandy marl 11 861 8 Purple marl 3 5 865 1 Grey sandy mottled marl 4 7 869 8 Dark green grit - 2 2 871 10 Indurated fine-gra.ined mariy sandstone 2 2 874 Grey sandstone 4 874 4 Purple marl 5 879 4 Purple marl with shot-like concretions - 22 901 4 Fine-grained green sandstone 15 4 916 8 Variegated purple marl- 130 10 1,047 6 Indurated purple marl with bands of cornstone 12 1,059 6 Purple marl - 37 6 1,097 Black marl 5 1,102 Purple marl 48 9 1,150 9 Coarse purple grit - 7 1,151 4 Purple marl with small concretions 4 5 1,155 9 Soft purple marl 11 8 1,167 5 Purple marl - 69 10 1,237 3 Grey marl -s 1 5 1,238 8 Greenish grit- 2 1,240 8 Very coarse grit 13 6 1,254 2 Very coarse grit 7 5 1,261 7 Hard green marl 2 1,261 9 Hard purple marl 10 6 1,273 3 Fine-grained grey sandstone- 4 3 1,276 6 Indurated purple marl - 9 1,285 6 Purple sandy marl 26 2 1,311 8 Purple marl with gypsum veins 9 1,320 8 Striped purple ma-rl 2 6 1,323 2 Green grit with partings of green marl 6 7 1,329 9 Soft clunch - 1 2 1,330 11 Purple marl 34 11 1,365 10 Purple clunch 3 10 1,369 8 364 Appendix 111. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Purplish mar! Green grit with iron pyrites Purple marl Green sandstone Purple marl - Green sandstone Purple marl- Green Sandy marl Purple marl - Green sandy marl- Mottled purple marl - Indurated purple marl with sandy partings- Hard felspathie rock Very soft purple marl Indubated gbby mabl, with bands op fine pubple GBIT TOWAEDS THE BASE (BaSB OE EtBUBIA MaBLS) Indurated grey marl Sandstone - Grey shale full of plants Coal Dark clunch indurated at bottom Ironstone with quartz veins- Grey warrant Limestone - Variegated soft marl Fireclay with plants Sandstone - Fireclay with plants Sandstone - Hard green marl - Very hard calcareous grit Compact greenish grey marl Indurated grey marl with veins and grit No core Bright Goal with white joints Fireclay Dark shale Purple marl- Grey marl Purple marl - Hard dark grey marl Grit with vegetable matter- Soft dark marl with black hard warrant Grey marl with plants, sandy in places Coal - Fireclay with plants Mixed gritty marl Fireclay and plants Iron grit Fireclay and plants Ironstone Fireclay Coal (no core) - ... Ft. In. 2 4 3 74 1 21 6 6 28 6 4 6 4 22 18 8 6 16 26 4 7 3 3 7 4 10 9 U 2 3 34 7J 15 3 14 2 6 28 5 10 10 6 5 15 8 10 1 7 68 9 9 1 6 21 3 •0 12 2 Ft, 1,372 1,375 1,449 1,451 1,473 1,473 1,502 1,506 1,-506 1,510 1,532 1,551 1,551 1,567 In. 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 2 1,593 1,600 3 1,600 6 1,607 10 1,608 8 1,609 5 1,609 6^ 1,611 6* 1,611 9f 1,646 5 1,661 8 1,662 1,662 6 1,670 3 1,679 4 1,680 9 1,694 9 1,697 3 1,703 5 1,705 2 1,705 4 1,708 9 1,737 2 1,748 1,754 5 1,770 1 1,770 11 1,772 6 1,841 3 1,842 1,843 6 1,865 1,868 1,868 3 1868 5 1,869 1,881 7 1,883 10 Nbwstead Bobino. 365 Cliaracter of Strata. Thickness Depth. Indurated flreolay (Calcareous band at base — Ancylus Carbonia)- Grey mar] - Limestone {Spirorbis and Garbonia) Grey marl Grey grit with carbonaceous matter Grey marl (no core) Ferruginous grit - Ieonstone (Bassey Mine) - . . . Coal (no core) (Base op Blackband Sbkibs.) Sandy marl Lidurated fireclay with fossils Bass with iron ■ pyrites Fireclay Coal (no. core) Carbonaceous shale - , Sandy fireclay with plants Coal (no core) Ferruginous grit with nodules Fireclay with plants Coal (no core) Fireclay with plants Very fine grey sandstone Fireclay with plants and nodules Coal (no core) Fireclay with plants Coal Fireclay with plants Grey fireclay with plants and bands of black shale Black shale - Coal Coal (no core) Fireclay- Grey marl Fine-grained grey sandstone - Indurated grey marl with plants Fireclay with plants and nodules Coal Washings Band of foul coal and fireclay Coal Fireclay- Ft. In. Ft. In. 25 8 15 2 8 9 9 1 6 6 1 3 6 19 4 4 1 2 11 1 3 5 6 4 6 22 2 3 4 2 3 24 2 1 3 22 4 27 2 4 3 9 6i 2 5i 1 22 6 19 6 18 7 6 1 5 1 10 4 10 1,909 1,924 1,925 1,934 1,943 1.944 10 1.945 4 1,946 4 1,949 10 1,969 2 1,969 6 1,969 7 1.971 7 1.972 6 1,972 7 1,976 1,976 6 1,981 2,003 2,005 3 2,009 5 2,012 5 3,036 7 2,037 10 2,059 10 2,063 2,091 2,095 2,096 10 3 2.096 6t 2,099 2,100 2.122 2,141 2,147 2,166 5 5 5 2,172 2,173 5 2,175 2,180 3 1 .t0.j Appendix III. Section No. 2. Section of Stbata at New Sinking No. 2 Pit.- LoNGTON Hall Collieby. O.D. 600 feet approx. From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. (Plumbed). yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Clay I 6 Sandstone rook 3 6 Light marl 2 2 Red and mottled marl 9 2 Dark grey marl 1 Goal I 11 17 1 11 Light coloured marl- 10 Sandstone rooks 10 Metals and bass 2 Goal - 2 2 31 1 1 Fireclay 2 6 Mottled strong marl- 6 6 Bastard dark stone 6 Mottled marl 10 48 1 7 Sandstone- 10 Dark metal 12 Goal in a slip 6 Mottled marl 3 1 6 Rock 2 54 2 7 Light marl with balls of stone 5 10 Goal 6 60 1 1 Light marl 2 6 Dark shale 1 Goal 6 Fir^lay (good)- 2 6 Dark metals 1 1 Stony metal 10 66 2 7 Mottled marl 1 6 Red marl (good) 3 2 Strong beds of rook full of bastard stone 5 10 77 1 Dark clod 6 Red marl 2 6 78 1 Rook 2 2 Red marl - 2 Strong marl with balls of rock - 4 7 Coal - 6 85 2 2 Stone 4 Marl (good) 3 2 6 Metals with balls of stone 10 9 Rock beds and marl - 4 4 Bass- 16 GOAL - 1 6 96 1 Fireclay - 1 1 6 Rooky marl 4 Black shale and bass 2 102 7 LoNGTON Hall Collibky. 367 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth (Plumbed) ?* Yd. Ft. In Yd. Ft. In. Bastard brown stone- 1 6 Marl with balls of stone 1 1 Mottled marl - 5 1 Light marl with bauds of stone ] 3 Limestone- - - - • 2 Ill 4 Mottled marl 2 2 9 Red marl - 2 2 White metal roof 2 2 Coal - - - - 8 Stone - - - 2 ■■ Bass- 1 Bassey Mine Stone 1 8 Bassey Mine Goal 2 3 121 2 8 Fireclay - 1 6 Tiight marl 7 1 Li'iTLE Goal 1 6 130 2 8 Warrant 1 1 6 Goal- 6 Metals and bass 2 2 Peacock Coal 2 10 136 6 Warrant - ... 2 10 Goal - - - - 6 Marl- ... 1 Fireclay with rook balls - 1 2 Strong marl with bands of rock- 7 Black bass 1 1 Grey rock 3 6 Shale 6 2 158 4 Cannel (bastard) 1 Stone . 10 Pricking - 2 Spencboft Coal 1 1 160 4 Shale 1 10 Coal - Shale 1 6 i Coal - 1 11 Shale and bass - 2 6 Coal 9 Fireclay - - - -• - 2 Glnnch with balls of stone - 2 1 6 Gkeat Bow Coal 2 2 6 171 2 10 Fireclay 1 6 Clunch 1 Rock binds .... 1 1 6 175 1 10 Rock binds 4. 0. 0. and 1. 2. 0. 5 2 Rock commonly called peldon 4 Ikonstone 1 Black bass 1 1 6 Light shale 3 190 4 Bastard stone - - ■ - 6 Black basi= 1 Caimel . ■ . ■ • 2 C 368 Appbnbix II [. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. (Plumbed). Cannei, Row Coal Black bass Bastard oannel Goal - White metal with bands of bastard stone Fireclay - Soft shale- Rook binds Metal with bats of stone Goal Soft shale- Light metal Metal with rock bands Light metal Black bass Ibonstone - Black bass - Ironstone - Black bass Oannel Goal - Black bass Goal Grey metals Ikonstonb (bastard) Hard grey rock - Black bass Stone Clod and bass Deep Mine Ironstone Bass- Dbep Mine Goal (Fault, downthrow South 2ft. 9in) Light metal full of balls of bastard stone . - Light metal full of balls of bastard stone Rock (very hard) Black bass Rock binds Light marl- Ieonstonb - Black Bass Ironstone - Black bass- Ibonstone - Light metal - Black bass Stone Bass- Stone Chalky Mine Goal Strong fireclay (rocky) Ironstone - - - - Coal - Fireclay • •• - ■ Yd. Ft. In. 1 2 1 8 10 1 6 4 2 7 2 3 2 1 1 6 3 1 6 1 1 6 2 6 1 1 4 1 3 1 6 9 2 1 2 2 1 6 3 1 7 2 5 6 2 6 6 2 6 1 5 5 1 6 1 1 6 1 2 6 5 2 2 1 6 2 1 1 1 6 2 I 2 5 10 2 1 3 5 1 2 1 Yd. Ft. In. 193 1 10 193 2 10 194 1 4 211 2 219 222 2 10 224 227 9 230 9 248 7 251 5 LoNGTON Hall Collieby. 369 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. (Plumbed). Goal - Bastard ironstone Book binds Top Goal - Glod - Bottom Goal Fireclay Black bass Bock binds Hard rock Hard stone Bastard ironstone Bass Ibonstonb (good) Bass Ieonstone (good) Ironstone - Bass ... Glod Bastard stone Goal (with water) Strong fireclay - Black bass Goal . - ■ Fireclay with balls of stone Bocky marl Soft marl - - - Metal with bands of rock Bass Ibonstone - Bass Ibonstonb . . - - Black bass . . ■ - Ibonstonb - Black bass . . - - Goal Strong metal with hard bands Bock (light coloured) Marl with strong rock bands Fireclay - Goal - - - - Fireclay with rock Metal (light) - Goal Slums .... Goal Bass and dirt - Goal Fireclay . - • • Black bass Ibonstonb . - - - Bass - - • • 7469. Yd. 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 I 1 Ft. In. 1 2 2 4 6 2 7 2 1 1 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 10 3 1 8 1 6 6 6 2 2 9 4 1 10 6 6 1 4 1 8 4 2 6 Yd. Ft. In 2f)6 2 4 266 1 ] 271 1 281 2 .5 286 2 9 2W 'i 1 291 2 11 293 2 10 296 3 2 A 370 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth (Plumbed). Stone [bonstonb - Metal with rook beds- Strong rook Rock binds Metal with bands of stone - Goal - Fireclay - Rook, light Black shale Rock binds Strong grey rock ' Top coal - Black bass Knowles Coal -> Middle coal I Dirt [Coal Fireclay - - - - Rock binds Bastard stone Goal Black Bass (bands of ironstone) Black bass (bands of ironstone) - Brown stone (bastard stone) Fireclay and bass Hard rook Hard metal Black bass Ikonstone yd. ft. in. 1 16 1 2 6 6 6 Bastard stone Bass Ironstone Stone Stone Bass Stone Bass and Ieonstone Stone Bass Ieokstonk Bass Ieonstone Bass Gannbl Bass - Goal ' Yd. Ft. In. 6 1 6 1 6 3 10 2 3 1 1 2 2 I 1 2 1 6 4 1 10 2 Yq. Ft. In. 3 6 2 2 6 6 7 2 5 6 1 1 6 13 2 10 6 1 1 6 3 10 6 6 1 1 1 1 2 10 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 16 2 6 9 9 328 7 340 7 344 ] 7 389 1 1! LoNOToN Hall Colueby. 371 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth (Plumbed). Goal - Black bass with stone Bastard stone - OoAi - Fireclay - Metal with bands of stone - Bock and rook binds - Bock and rock binds - OAiraiBL Stone - Goal Black shale Fireclay - Strong rook Bock (peldon) - Bock binds Blue metal and rock binds- Black bass ... Bock binds and stone Dark clnnch with mussel beds Black bass Goal - - - - Grey metal with bands of ironstone - Black bass Ash Goal - Bat- Marl and coal .... Bock and rock binds and balls of stone Little Coal Fireclay - - - - - Metal with balls of stone - Bock binds with beds of metal .... Hard rook Mixed gronnd Black bass with nodules (small) of stone Black bass Shale-like fireclay Black bass with three bads of stone varying from 1" to 3" Little Mine Coal Fireclay Black bass and clunch ... Bock - - ... Strong light metals - Bed of coal and smut Black bass Soft groimd mixed with coal Light metal with bands of rock - Book Bass with beds of coal 6" thick - Gin Mine Coal . - - - Fireclay with bands of stone Book and rook bands (strong' ■ 7469, 1. J n. 2 In. 2 7 1 3 1 1 6 2 1 8 6 1 3 4 3 4 8 1 8 1 4 1 6 6 1 5 5 1 6 1 6 2 1 6 2 11 7 2 2 2 6 2 4 1 6 2 2 1 8 1 1 6 3 5 2 6 1 6 2 1 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 6 2 9 1 2 5 1 1 9 1 2 2 6 2 2 3 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 Yd Ft. Tn. ^aa J s 39a (i 408 1 4 432 2 433 1 443 1 7 451 2 9 479 6 493 2 A 2 372 Appendix III Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. (Plumbed.) Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Blue strong metala with bands of rock 4 Binds .... 1 Blue cluuch, slaty 6 Bed of stone 4 Black bass - ' 3 1 Bed of stone 2 Strong olunch 3 Black bass 3 Coal with bands of stone varying from 1" to 15" 4 518 1 11 Black bat - . 2 Rook and rock binds to dark floor 9 11 Rook and rook binds . 2 1 2 Rock and metals 3 534 Black bass 6 Black bass - - 10 Black bass with bands of stone - 8 Goal - - 4 552 11 Rock .... 5 8 Rook ... 8 2 Soft shale ... 1 1 Band of stone 6 Rock - ... 11 Bass and black shale - 11 2 DooTOES Mine Coal - 1 7 690 2 4 Black batt 1 Fireclay 1 1 Bass with bands of coal 1 Fireclay with balls of stone 5 1 10 Soft pricking . 1 Bock binds and fireclay 6 1 Bock ... . . . 1 1 Clunch .... 1 1 Bock 2 2 10 Black bass. (A band of marine-fossils runs through this bass mixed with scales of fossil fishes.) - . 6 1 6 Fireclay and strong metals .... 1 2 619 9 Black bass (full of fossil shells) 2 Bastard ironstone 6 Soft pricking .... 2 Goal - 1 2 620 2 7 Soft firelacy bands of stone 1 1 1 Rock 9 Bass 5 Rook 2 2 6 Metals 2 Bass, black and grey 11 Cannel .... . , 1 2 rOoAL 6 MossOoalJIu^ 6 (.Goal . . . . 1 1 3 Mixed ground . 7 1 7 Goal - - 1 1 Bass metals, etc., with bands of stone 3 1 685 Golden Hill Colliebx. Section No. 3. Golden Hill Colliery, Lonqton. O.D. 553-9 Feet. Prom M.S. in Survey Office. 373 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Clay Sass Ironstone Bass Ironstone Bass Ironstone Bass Ironstone Bass Goal - Marl or fireclay Ironstone - Coal - Marl or fireclay Ironstone - Coal - Marl or fireclay Bock Grey metal Rock Grey marl Bock Grey metal Book Grey metal Strong rock Grey metal Black bass BiDER Coal Dark metal ... Ash Coal - Fireclay or marl Bock Grey metal Ironstone band Grey metal Brown and black metal - Little Mine Coal Metal mixed with rock Black metal Gin Mine Coal - Strong darlc metal with rock Bass . . - - Coal - Dark metal 2 10 2 2i 2 2i 2 2J 2 2i 10 3 11 4 10 10 8 10 10 1 1 2 6 1 6 1 116 1 7 2 1 6 2 1 5 1 9 6 6 1 11 1 2 6 2 1 4 1 9 2 1 8 3 6 1 9 5 2 2 6 14 7 .0 1 6 25 2 e 5 1 6 6 2 16 17 2 4 S5 2 8 157 4 374. Appendix III. Section No.- 4. Section of Laura Pitj Ohattebley and Whitfield Gollieby. Prom Mr. E. B. Wain. Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Ft. III. 1 2 1 2 12 6 1 7 2 6 -6 2 1 2 7 2 11 3 8 1 C 1 1 1 6 2 17 1 2 8 1 2 6 1 2 11 1 6 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 8 1 2 6 5 3 1 1 3 2 6 1 23 2 6 39 27 2 1 5 2 6 6 10 2 7 2 6 4 6 3 2 7 2 7 2 2 7 Filled up dirt Yellow clay Soft rock Rock - Rook binds - Strong metal Ten feet Goal Warrant Strong stone binds Strong blue binds Rock . - - Ironstone binds - Blue bass with ironstone nodules Bowling Alley Goal - Fireclay ..... Rock binds - Rock Hollylane Coal Fireclay Warrant Goal Grey metal - Rock - - Blue metal - Shale with ironstone binds Strong grey metal Grey rock . - - Dark rock - Grey rock - Brown rook- Soft metal - Haed Mine Goal Rock metal Dark shale Soft fireclay and ironstone nodules Grey metal - ... Grey hard rock - Blackshale and ironstone nodules Ieonstonb Minb Goal - Strong marl ironstone nodules Goal - .... Grey rook binds .... Seven Feet Rook . - , Granite rook Rock - - - ■ - Strong grey rock binds- Strong grey rook binds Grey rook Black metal .... New Ubbeelby Colliery. 375 Character of Strata. Depth. Bambtjey Goal, Tops Dark shale - Bambtjby Coal, Bottoms Grey marl - Grey rock Black, strong metal Strong metal Grey rock Strong metal ' Cockshead Coal Black smnt - Strong black bass d. Ft. [n. 1 6 2 .10 1 5 12 2 6 33 2 7 1 2 8 2 2 1 5 3 5 Section No. 5. New Ubbebley Collibkyj CD. 466. 4 Feet. From Mr. E. B. Wain. Character of Strata. Old bank - - - Clay - - Clay, gravel and sand - Brown marl Grey marl Bock - Metal - Bock Metal - Bass - Yabd Goal - ... Metal - Ragman Coal Faulty metals Faulty metals with ironstone nodules Book Metals BrBCBTES Coal Holing clod Fireclay Faulty metals Three bands of bass Metal Bock Metal Bock - - - - Faulty metal Dark shale - - - ■ Thickness. Yd. Ft. In. 4 1 2 7 4 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 a I 6 2 7 2 6 I 12 6 3 2 7 1 2 1 1 6 6 3 1 17 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 m Appendix 111. Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Ft. In. 1 5 1 7 1 1 12 2 2 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 6 1 5 9 1 1 6 3 1 1 6 8 2 4 2 13 1 2 2 4 1 6 2 6 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 13 1 6 1 2 8 1 4 3 1 6 1 7 1 1 6 1 2 6 8 2 9 1 1 2 7 5 1 12 2 8 4 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 7 2 6 2 10 8 1 6 1 2 6 1 Goal - ... Bock binds and faulty metals Faulty metals Fireclay Strong metals Soapy metals Bass - - - - Bbllbistqer Goal Blackrock Goal Metal - Grey rocks - Strong metals Grey rocks - Soapy metals Strong metals Bock binds- Tbn Feet Bock - Metal - Faulty bass- Metal - Ten Feet Goal Holing clod Goal . . . - Faulty marl Goal Marl - - - - Bock binds - Metal - - - - Faulty rock and rook binds Metal - - - - Bass BowLLNG Alley Goal - Fireclay Bock - Faulty metals Faulty bass Fireclay Bock and faulty binds - Strong metals Holly Lane Goal Glod -_ - Goal - " - Faulty fireclay - Faulty binds and rook - Soapy metals Black bass - - - Soapy metal with bass balls Bass - - - - Habd Mine Goal Fireclay ... Flobbnce Collieby No. 2 SnAri. 377 Character of Strata. Depth. Black shale - - ■ . Faulty fireclay and baUs Faulty metals mixed with rock - Faulty metals Faulty metals mixed with coal Faulty metals mixed with bass and coal Coal - - -, - - Faulty metals ... Little Mine Goal Fireclay with rock Faulty metals .... Bambury rock Bambubt Goal .... Dark metal Faulty marl and fireclay Faulty marl, fireclay and rook binds Faulty metals .... Shale .... Book and rook binds Grey metals Black bass - - - - Gannel .... Shale - - ... Dark fireclay .... Shale dud bass .... Bass and stone .... GooKSHEAD Goal Holing clod .... Hard brown clump Faulty warrant .... Faulty rock and binds- Faulty metals Yd. Ft. In. 2 5 2 4 4 16 4, 2 10 8 22 2 8 8 1 1 1 1 13 17 2 1 2 6 3 4 7 6 4 13 2 2 6 1 1 4 2 8 1 4 2 9 19 3 8 6 2 Sbction No; 6. No. 2 Shait, Flobbnob Golubby, Low&TONi O.D. 520 Feet (approx.). From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. Moss Goal - - - - Grey metal Little Goal Grey metals - Smut band ... Grey metal with rock binds Bock binds Grey metals - Bock binds Thickness. Yd, Ft. In. 1 2 6 5 9 2 4 2 6 1 6 14 6 1 1 I 4 1 10 Depth. Yd. Ft. In 733 1 378 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth Grey metals Bock - Shaly rook binds Yard Rock Shaly rock binds Yabd Rock Dark parting Yard rock with quartz veins and balls of stone - Rock bands with balls of stone Yaed Rock Dark coaly parting - Rock with calamites Rook binds Sandstone rook full of coaly matter and plants Conglomerate - Grey metal full of slips Grey and black bass j-Tops - 2 8 Yabd Goal J Pricking - - 4 1^ Bottoms • - 4 10 Soft metals ... Hams Goal Hard grey olunoh - Goal Dirt ■• - Goal - - - Glunch with balls of stone Rock binds Hard grey metal * - - - Dirt .... Goal .... Dirt ... - - Goal - - - - - Soft dirt full of plant remains - Rock Rock bind parting - Rock - - - - - Binds - - .... Metals Goal - Oluncb - .... Metals with thin hard bands of stone - Goal - Rock with bind partings Vd. Ft. In. 5 8 2 2 3 9 3 6 5 1 2 4 2 10 16 9 1 Oi 2 If 7 2 16 9 8 19 4 1 3 2 1 10 1 1 1 1 8 2 10 13 10 6 110 2 1 9 2 2 9 10 11 Yd. Ft. In. 1 7 1 9 4 11 8 2 2 9 1 8 6 8 1 7 2 1 11 25 6 2 3 5 a 3 Floebnce Colliery No. 1 Shaft, 379 Section No. 7. Flobenoe Oolubbt, Lonoton. No. 1 Shaft. O.D. 520 Feet (approx.). From Mr. G.- A. Mitoheson. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Embankment 6 Clay ... 5 2 Red, grey, and mingled marl 18 1 6 Black ring - 3 Red, grey, and mingled marl 9 Rock and rock-binds- 4 1 Red and grey marl 8 2 6 Rock, rock binds, and marl 10 2 11 Red and white rock 7 1 Red marl ... 15 Rock 1 1 6 Red and mottled marl 27 2 7 Marl and rock binds - 7 8 Purpl^marl 2 2 Rook, mixed marls with ironstone nodules - 12 2 Blue, purple, and white rock 10 4 (Mod, marl, bat, etc. - - - . 8 2 6 Black bat- ... ■. . 8 Olod, marl, and binds 11 1 8 Green rock - ... 5 1 5 Mingled ground - - - . 14 2 Green rook - ... 8 2 Black bat 6 Fireclay and grey rock 5 2 6 Ironstone 8 Gbeen Rock ( ? Base of Etbttkia Mabis) - 5 208 1 2 Bat and grey marl - ... 2 Mingled ground ... 5 2 5 Fireclay ... ' 1 2 6 Rock.binds - - - - - 4 Fireclay .... 1 Goal and Fieeclay 3 5 Goal - 2 Fireclay - 1 2 4 Grey marl ... 2 1 2 Mingled ground .... 4 2 2 Dark fireclay 1 11 Mingled ground 2 3 Green rock -binds I 4 Mingled ground 8 Blue clod 1 4 Mingled ground - - • - 9 1 6 Light rook - - - - 2 10 Mingled ground 1 6 Light clod 2 4 Mingled ground 6 2 6 380 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft.- In. OOAI, 6 Fireclay - 6 1 8 Mingled ground 2 10 Rook-binds 2 11 Fireclay clod and fireclay 2 9 Coal 1 2 3 Fireclay and ironstone measures 6 1 10 Eock binds 1 7 Limestone (Spirorhis, Entomostraca) 9 2 10 Mingled marl clod and fireclay - 2 2 Bassey Mote Ironstone and Coal 1 11 299 xO Light marl 9 2 9 Clod and parting 1 7 Marl ironstone and fireclay 3 2 2 Coal 10 313 2 2 Fireclay . i . 3 7 Coal - - - 2 3 Fireclay, rock, and ironstone 4 2 10 FauU of 60 yards. Goal 2 9 « Fireclay 1 5 Coal .... 1 7 327 2 7 Goal, fireclay, rook, etc. .... 6 1 Ironstone measures - , - - 2 2 3 Deep Mine Goal 2 9 334 1 7 Rook binds - - ... 8 2 4 Bat- - - - ... 2 Rook binds - - .... 3 5 Chalkey Mine Ironstone - ^ - 3 1 2 Fireclay, bass, clunoh, etc. .... 9 1 9 New Mine Ironstone 3 11 New Mine Coal - ... 1 6 303 2 8 Fireclay slums, and rock-binds - 5 1 11 Goal - - - ... 1 5 370 Slums, rock, fireclay .... 4 3 Hanbury Mine Ironstone 2 1 8 Fireclay and rook binds .... 3 7 HanbdbyGoal 8 Fireclay 4 7 386 2 Fireclay and slums ... - - 7 8 Ragmine Ironstone - I 2 1 Rock binds and rock 19 2 Ironstone measures 4 1 11 Goal 2 5 418 10 Rock binds - 4 2 1 Ooal 1 7 423 2 6 Bass and fireclay 1 1 11 Knowles Goal 2 I 427 6 Glunch 2 1 4 Ironstone measures ... . . 1 2 10 Fireclay and rook binds 2 2 3 Ironstone measures 1 2 4 Bass with ironstone - - . - 4 7 Floebnob Collibey No. 1 Shaft. 381 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Fireclay and rock binds Knowles Ikonstone - Goal and bass - Fireclay and slums - Coal and clod BiACK MmE Ibonstone Coal - Fireclay and slums Bock binds and rock- RiDEE Goal Fireclay, rock binds, «tc, Ash Coal - Fireclay, rook-binds, etc. Goal - - Rock binds Bass, ironstone, etc. Little Mine Goal Bat, rock, and binds Coal - Binds and clunch Gin Mine Coal - Bat and rock - Rock binds Bass ... Coal .... Warrant ... Rook binds - Binds and ironstone - Rock binds Fireclay and bass Ironstone - Bass, rook, etc. - DooTOES Mine Coal - Fireclay and binds Rock .... Black and grey bass - Coal . - - - Binds, fireclay, bass - Ironstone - . . - Bass with ironstone • Fireclay, clod, slums, and coal Fireclay .... Coal and slum - Fireclay . - . - Binds .... Bass Binds . . . - Bass Soapy metals - Moss Coal - Clunch - , - - Yd. Ft. 17 2 8 2 6 1 2 12 3 14 2 11 9 21 8 21 9 4 1 1 2 7 1 8 2 5 12 1 4 1 3 1 13 3 1 9 16 2 7 5 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 8 2 C 1 2 7 I In. 8 6 3 3 2 8 10 5 4 7 8 3 1 6 8 11 8 9 4 6 10 5 10 8 6 10 2 10 7 7 5 5 2 2 5 2 3 7 4 4 11 4 10 6 3 3 8 6 I* Yd. Ft. In. 475 2 494 2 510 547 8 664 4 645 1 5 726 1 7 382 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Coal and bass - 2 6i Olunoh 18 2 10 Strong rock binds 9 1 1 Shale, olunoh, and rock 1 10 Rook and clunch 2 2 8 " Yard Coal " Rock 10 2 9 " Yard Coal " Rock 18 2 3 Grey binds 11 1 1 - - Dark grey baas 2 2 1 - — Black bass 1 2 6 - — Yard Coal 2 1 10 815 1 2 Soft metals 1 11 Hams Goal 1 1 818 1 Olunoh ... ... 8 2 Coal 1 3 Dirt and coal 2 3 Coal - 1 2 828 11 Binds - ... 4 2 2 Dirt and coal 1 2 10 Grey metal 1 1 Rock - - - - 6 2 Rock binds 2 8 Metals 3 2 11 Coal 1 1 11 850 2 5 Grey metals 1 Rook - ... 1 1 9 Metals - .... , . 3 2 2 Metals 1 1 Hard band • - - - 4 Metal ... . . . 2 Hard band .... . . 9 Grey metal - ... 5 10 Soft metal 6 Grey metal 2 2 2 866 2 11 Section No. 8. No. 8 Pit, Addeblby Green Colliery. O.D. 626 Feet (approx.). From Mr. R. J. Haines. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Soil - 11 11 Clay 1 4 1 1 3 Red rock 1 9 2 2 Yellow rock . 1 2 4 4 14 Red rock - . 1 8 5 2 Yellow rock 1 3 6 2 3 Mixed ground - - 1 7 2 3 Red rock ... 3 1 11 3 Yellow rook 1 1 6 12 1 9 Addebley Geeen Collirey. 383 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Red rook Grey rook Yellow rook . . . . Red rook - - - - Yard Goal and very inferior bass Blue metals Birches Rook Grey rook binds Blue metals BiBCHES Goal Grey warrant and stone - Blue metals Strong black bass Strong grey rock Strong blue metals Black bass and coal Strong grey rook binds Strong stony metals - Strong rook Metals Stone Coal Bass -< Mixed strong black ground Rock binds mixed Grey metals Black bass Ten Feet Goal - Partint; Middle Goal Parting Bottom Goal Rook Metal, fireclay, and bass Metal with balls of stone Rock, binds, metal, clod, bass - Bowling Alley Goal - Rock and fireclay Metal bass and rock - Binds metal and bass Holly Lane Goal Fireclay Bottom Warrant and metal with stone - Bass, binds, and metal Hard Mine Coal Fireclay - Billy Goal - Pricking and metal with stone - Binds and metals New Mine or Stinkers Goal Fireclay with stone and rock Metal and rock Yd. Ft. In, 1 1 3 2 1 8 5 10 9 13 15 1 2 8 u u 1 2 4 1 8 16 1 2 0' 7 1 4 2 1 8 2 2 5 5 12 1 7 6 5 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 7 9 1 10 11 10 1 2 6 2 8 6 1 3 16 1 1 1 2 2 5 2 10 9 2 10 1 1 5 1 2 6 1 11 10 10 Yd. Ft. In. 14 16 24 29 30 39 52 67 72 73 78 82 84 90 94 94 1 104 110 114 122 122 1 123 127 1 135 1 151 1 1 153 1 1 160 1 161 1 162 162 2 164 2 165 1 170 1 182 2 190 1 195 2 4 197 6 201 1 210 1 11 221 2 9 222 2 11 223 5 224 1 230 1 4 246 2 4 248 6 248 2 11 249 2 9 259 2 7 261 1 263 269 11 279 384 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Vd. Ft. In. Blue metal, stone, and rock Black shale and metal 5 1 1 14 2 6 285 10 300 4 Bass clod and bass with stone - 4 2 304 2 4 Goal .... ... 3 304 2 7 Stone metal and rock 5 2 310 1 7 Pricking bass and metal - Little Mine Coai, 4 1 2 5 314 2 7 315 2 Pricking metal and fireclay Rock and metal 12 11 7 1 327 2 11 335 11 Fireclay warrant and metal Rock and metal 13 3 9 4 348 1 2 357 1 6 Bambtjky Goal 1 1 2 358 2 8 Pricking, metal, coal, and bass - Metal rock and stone 9 2 9 18 1 11 368 2 5 387 1 4 Bass and metal 4 2 391 1 6 Book binds and metal 12 1 403 2 6 Bass and pricking with ironstone bands OocassHBAB Goal .... 2 1 1 2 2 6 406 7 409 1 Warrant metal and bass . . . - 3 1 4 412 1 5 Rock metal, bass, and stone 13 1 425 1 6 Bass with shale and metal 5 1 430 1 7 Metal and hard rock 6 1 11 437 6 Section No. 9. MoSSriELD GOLLIEEY, LoNGTON. O.D. 600 Feet. From Mr. F. Rigby. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. In. 7 10 9 19 2 38 13 6 7 2 1 2 1 ^ 6 8 4 25 2 1 8 9 6 46 7i 10 4 4 6 8 1 19 3 • 6 9 4 1 4 Depth. New made ground Brick clay Shaley rock - , Rook binds - Rock Blue metal Bass Blue metal Yakd Coal Fireclay Goal Fireclay Rock - Metal - BiBCHES Coal Fireclay Blue inetal Bass Fireclay Bass . ■ Ft. In 7 10 16 10 36 74 87 6 94 8 95 10 97 2^ 103 lOJ 107 lOJ 133 0^ 134 8| 144 2i 190 10 201 2 205 8 213 9 233 238 9 239 1 240 5 MOSSFIELD CorXIHEY. 385 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Book binds - Goal Rook Fireclay Bock binds Bass with stone Gristy rook - Strong fireclay Fireclay Goal Soft Fireclay Bock binds - Fireclay Metal Tnth balls of stone Fireclay with balls of stone Strong fireclay Strong fireclay Binds - Grey metal - Brown stone - Fireclay Fireclay Goal Ten feet coal Marl Coal Fireclay Soft fireclay Goal Fireclay Rock - Metal - Pricking Bass Strong binds - Stone - - ■ " Metal with balls of stone Black smut - Metals with ironstone Strong rook - Binds Metal with stone Metal - - - - Olod - Bass - ■ ■ ■ Bowling Alley Gqal - Rock - - ■ ' Fireclay 7469, Ft. In. 27 4 1 8 3 3 3 3 13 9 1 6 5 6 32 6 5 6 5 9 0- 3 6 14 10 26 10 8 21 9 24 7 4 7 3 6 12 7 1 9 1 4 1 6 3i 9 3 52 5 1 I 15 5J 21 6 3 3 11 10 10 7 10 7 3 11 8 1 3 1 4 7 8 1 8 9 4 10 1 5 6 8 Ft. In. 267 9 268 9 269 6 272 8 275 11 294 8 2^6 2 301 8 334 1 340 8 346 3 346 9 351 9 360 9 364 3 379 1 405 11 413 11 435 8 460 3 464 10 465 1 465 7 478 2 479 11 481 3 482 3 483 3 487 9 494 OJ 494 9| 497 OJ 501 0| 603 6| 504 6| 520 641 6 541 9 645 8 556 6 557 1 667 8 567 11 579 7 680 10 581 10 586 5 594 5 596 1 696 10 601 8 603 1 609 9 2 B 386 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth- Ft. In. Ft. In. Rock - - 2 9 612 6 Pricking . 9 613 3 Metal - - 7 7 620 10 Ba3s - - 7 627 10 Metal - . 11 6 639 4 Bock - 2 9 642 I Binds - 19 10 661 11 Metal - . 13 9 675 8 Bass 3 675 11 Holly Laioi Goal - 4 9 680 8 Pricking . 9 681 5 Goal 2 3 683 8 Warrant . 6 9 690 5 Metal with stone 12 e 702 11 Bass - . I 2 704 1 Binds - . 10 9 714 10 Metal - . 17 9 732 7 Bass - 5 6 738 1 Metal - 13 5 751 6 Bass j[- . 5 751 11 Habd MiNJa Coal . 4 11 756 10 Fireclay . 2 5 759 3 Billy Goal . 2 10 762 1 Pricking . 4 762 5 Metal - . 2 6 764 11 Metal with stone . 27 791 11 Binds . 2 8 794 7 Metal - - 1 9 796 4 Smnkebs Goal . 5 6 801 10 Fireclay . 5 7 807 5 Strong fireclay with stones 13 5 820 10 Rock - . 5 821 3 Soft metal - 2 1 823 4 Rook - . 28 10 852 2 Blue metal and storie 2 2 854 4 Rock - 1 8 856 Metal - - 12 3 868 3 Black shale . 23 8 891 11 Metal - . 9 892 .8 Strong shale - 20 1 912 9 Bass . 1 8 914 5 Olod . 4 11 919 4 Bass with stone . 7 4 926 8 Goal 3 926 11 Stone - . 2 9 929 8 Metal - . 6 1 935 9 Rock - 2 2 937 Hi Metal - 6 943 11 Pricking . 11 944 10 Bass - . 3 11 948 9 Metal - . 5 2 953 11 B8I3S 3 056 11 MOSSTIXLD COLLIEBT. 387 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. 1 Ft. In. Little MtNB OoAL 2 5 959 4 Pricking 1 4 960 8 Metals - . 12 6 973 2 Pricking - 6 973 8 Fireclay . 7 6 981 2 Metals ■ . 15 1 996 3 Rook - - 4 1,000 3 Metals - . 10 1,010 3 Rock - . 3 6 1,013 9 Metal - - 4 6 1,018 3 Fireclay . 7 9 1,026 Warrant - 11 1,037 Metals with stone - - - 20 6 1,057 6 Rock - - 25 1,082 6 Metal - 2 4 1,084 10 Bambttbt Ooai. 4 7 1,089 5 Pricking . 5 1,094 5 Metal - 11 2 1,105 7 OoAL AND Bass .... 2 1,107 7 Metal . 10 3 1,117'10 Soft metal 1 4 1,119 2 ' Rook - . 4 6 1,123 7 Metal . 1 3 1,124 10 Stone . 1 1,125 10 Metal and stone 4 1 1,129 11 Metal - 5 6 1,136 6 Soft metal . 2 11 1,138 4 Metal . 36 9 1,175 1 Bass . 4 11 1,180 Metal . 7 3 1,187 3 ,, Rock - . 2 1,189 3 ^" Binds 15 1.204 3 Metal . 20 1,124 3 Bass . 5 4 1,229 7 Pricking . 1 9 1,231 4 GOCKSHEAD GtoAL 9 9 1,241 1 Warrant .. 6 7 1,247 8 Metal 2 5 1,250 1 Bass - 1 4 1.251 5 Metal and rock 2 4 , 1,253 9 Rook . 1 3 1,255 Metal «_ 4 6 1,259 6 Bass metal and stone 18 1,277 6 Bass 4 1.281 6 Metal - 9 1,290 6 Bass with shale 1 1 1,291 7 Bass 11 9 1,303 4 Metal - . 2 3 1,305 7 Goal 4 1,305 11 Metal - . 3 1.308 14 Hard rock . 3 5 1,312 1 Metal - . , — ' — ■ 13 6 1,325 10 7469. 2 B 2 38S Appendix III. Section No. 10. Oldfibld No.: 4, LoNatoN. O.D. 450 Feet (approx.). From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Made ground - - - 7 Gravel and soil - . .'.' 1 1 Blue and red pebbly clay mixed - 5 2 Sandy clay (drift) - 2 2 6 Dark fine clay - 1 1 6 18 1 Goal - - - - . - 6 Fireclay - . - 1 3 Coal slum - - 3 Fireclay - - - 1 4 Coal - . 3 Fireclay - . - 1 Black ground - . - 2 8 Coal - . . 6 21 1 3 Black ground - . - 1 6 Grey marl - - 4 1 3 Coal slum - 6 Light-coloured binds - . 3 2 9 Black groimd . 2 Grey rock . - 1 Fireclay with boulders of ironstone - ■ 4 Grey sandstone - . 1 2 Dark marl . 4 1 Coal - . - 6 41 2 3 Good fireclay . 3 1 6 Strong clod . 6 1 6 Dark clod . - 1 4 Coal . . 1 Fireclay partings . - 2 Coal . ■ 1 6 Blue binds - - 7 Peldon . 1 6 60 1 9 Mottled marl - 4 6 Grey marl - 1 1 Red marl partings 2 Light binds - 2 1 10 Very strong brown rook ^^ 1 6 Mottled ground ■ 5 2 6 White marl . 1 1 6 White sandstone 2 Rock binds . 1 Black baas . ' . 9 Grizzly stone - - - 1 7 Bassby Mine (Hollows) . 9 Bassey Mine Coal 1 . 2 Fireclay and boulders . 3 2 Strong good fireclay - . - 4 6 Dark fireclay - - - 1 1 6 Oldpield No. 4 Shaft. 389 Character of Strata. Goal . - - - . . Dark bat and binds mixed Coal - - - Binds Fireclay . - - - Peacock Coal Pricking - - - Goal - - - . . . Fireclay Light-coloured binds Strong fireclay - - - - Binds containing balls of stone Light-coloured binds Strong brown rook - Blue binds Mixed ground Binds Spbncboft Coal - . . . Mixed ground, clod and bass Dark rook binds Strong brown rock . - - Light rock binds Dark binds ... Great Eow Coal Ldght fireclay, good - Parting slum - Dark fireclay - Mixed ground — bass, coal, clay - Peldon Mixed ground Black bass - - - - Gajtnel Eow Goal . . . . .Slum and black fireclay Strong grey rock Dark fireclay Light fireclay . . - Bock binds Black bass Black bass and ironstone - Mixed flareclay and bass Bass and coal - - - - Strong fireclay and ironstone nodules Bock binds and mixed ground - Black bass Ibonstone - Wood MmB MEAStTBES Ikonstonk - Black bass - Ieonstonb - Black-jointed bass Ibonstonb - Black bass - Coal • Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. 1 4 1 1 2 6 3 6 1 2 2 6 95 1 10 1 1 6 1 2 4 6 3 1 1 2 6 1 1 3 4 3 9 4 6 4 2 1 4 2 2 9 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 6 3 2 9 2 2 142 8 1 1 2 1 5 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 153 2 6 2 4 1 1 2 4 6 1 2 6 1 3 2 6 3 6 2 2 4 4 5 176 8 2 3 3 6 2 1 9 (y 2 3 11 1 1 1 3 180 2 9 390 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft . In .Yd. Ft. In. Olod and clay - .... 2 OOAL ... - - - 1 6 182 3 Fireclay with boulders 1 1 Black parting - 3 Dark fireclay with nodtdea 1 184 1 6 ' White ironstone - - - - 8 Black olod with 2" to 5" of ironstone 2 Deep Mine I Bat 3 Goal 2 , Fireclay pricking 1 187 1 Strong light-coloured binds 1 I Light rock binds 5 Strong brown rock 2 Dark rock binds - - ... 3 2 Light rock binds 4 1 8 /- Light Ironstone 3 Black bass 1 9 „ Ibonstone - 2 , bass .... 6 , Ironstone - 3 , bass 11 Ohalky Mine Ironstone ' , Ironstone - , bass Ibonstone - 3 10 4 , bass 10 , Ironstone 2 , bass .... 10 , Ironstone - 6 , bass 8 sOoAL 1 1 Dark fireclay with ironstone nodules - 1 1 10 Strong white fireclay with large boulders - 2 Dark-coloured binds 3 4 Light rook binds with tar - . . 4 8 Strong dark grey rock with tar - 2 1 7 Blue olod 10 Brown rook 2 I 1 Ooarse brown rock - 2 1 11 Blue clod and binds - - I 10 1 Beds of rook mixed with blue clod - 2 10 Black bass mixed withoakes of ironstone 3 2 6 Grey ironstone . . - - 6 Glod - - - - 2 10 New Mine Ooal 1 11 232 1 2 Dark slum 1 2 10 Black olod I 2 Grey rook 1 6 Grey olod 2 Grey mild rook 2 6 Dark clod and bass - 1 I Brown open rook 1 Olunch 1 2 7 Black bass m is ed\i nth thin ironstone 2 1 6 Oldfield No. 4 Shaft. 391 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Vd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Hanbtjuy Mine Coal 9 247 1 4 Glunoli with rock boulders 2 1 8 Bass and bat ... 1 6 Fireclay ... 2 Goal - 1 3 Black slum .... 1 251 2 9 Glunch - - - - 1 5 Mild rock - - - 2 1 8 Strong rock binds 1 Fireclay parting 1 256 1 11 f Black bass 10 Ieonstonb - ... 5 Bass 8 Ibonstone - 4 Bass - ... 2 Bay Minb, Ibonstonb 2 ISONSTOHB ' Bass Ibonstonb Bass - - - - Ibon.stonb (irregular) - Bass 5 4 7 2 9 V Ieonstone bands 10 258 1 7 Clunch - - ... 2 2 6 Grey rock 1 1 8 Brown rock 1 1 Rock binds 7 6 Black bass with nodules of ironstone - 3 2 6 Bass 2 10 Bay Coal - - ... 2 1 Clunch 2 6 Rock with 3" to 4" parting of clunch 5 3 Clunch 1 2 Blue binds 2 Black slum with nodules of ironstone 2 6 Clunch with few nodules of ironstone - 3 2 9 Knowles Coal 12 7 1 9 292 2 6 Bass ... - - 1 11 Climch 1 2 7 Binds - ... 1 2 10 Bass with ironstone bands .... 1 5 Strong binds with rock partings 7 2 8 Pbiobsdale Bass ... - - 7 2 6 315 1 5 Rock .... 8 Bat - 3 Glunch . - - - - 5 19 Rock 1 Glunch 1 2 10 Bed of rook with bind partings - 5 1 11 329 10 r Bass 2 1 Knowlbs J Ibonstonb - ... 2 Jbgnstone VBasB 0''3 1 330 2 4 I lEONSTOiirE (irregular) - 2 392 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. id. Ft. In. /Bass ... - . 1 Ibonstonb (irregular) - 2 Bass - . 1 7 lEONSTOirB . 4 Bass ... - . 1 1 iBONSTOlirE - 11 Knowles Bass 1 1 Ibonstone ' Ieonstonb . 1 3 Bass . 1 2 4 Ibonstone 2 Bass - - 2 7 iBoiirsTONB (irregular) . . 2 Bass . 1 1 Ieonstonb (irregular) - 3 339 1 2 ^Sharpbat - 1 6 CtoAL - . 1 3 340 10 Bat - . 1 2 Olunch . 1 Bat- . 6 OOAL . 1 4 Bat and coal . 1 1 9 Black slum . 2 4 343 2 11 Ibohstonb . . 2 Bass . 1 344 1 1 Ibonstonb . 2 Black basB ai id clod . . - - 2 Ibonstone . 6 CtoAL - . 9 Oliinch . 3 5 Binds 1 2 8 Rook binds 2 1 8 Strong grey s andstone (Ash rock) 28 1 7 Black shaly b ass ... 4 2 385 2 BiDEB GtoAi. . 2 6 Bat - . . 2 Goal (inferior) - '. X) 6 386 2 2 Black shale 5 . Olunch with s lum 2 1 I Bind contain mg bed of rock 2 1 4 Black baas . 1 2 Black slum . 2 Ash Coal - 2 4 394 8 Fireclay 1 , Olunch - . 6 2 2 Bat- 1 9 Blue binds . 9 8 411 2 3 E,ook - - 2 Strong binds . 3 8 Fireclay - - . 6 Blue binds - . 1 2 Bass with oali .es of ironstone . 1 2 I Bass and Goa I . 8 Black but - - - 1 2 6 Oldfield No. 4 Sjtaft 393 Character of Strata, Depth. Ohinoh Shaly bass IsoNsrosrE Bass ... Little Mine Goal Bat - - - - Soft fireclay Gliinoh witib many boulders Mild rock - Fireclay with ironstone pebbles - Marl partings - Fireclay with ironstone pebbles Clunoh and fireclay mixed Bock, mixed and irregular Bock, mottled red and grey Mottled marl - Binds ... Bock (all in one bed) - Beds of rock with bind partings Bat Bass DOOTOES MrNB OOAIi Bat ■ - Fireclay with stone Bat mixed with clay - Dark shale Fireclay Binds Beds of rock Binds Metal and strong binds Shale Bass Shale Grey bass Blue binds Dark binds Goal - Glunch Strong fireclay . - - . Bass with thin cake of ironstone Glunch Goal streaked with bat GOAIi ... - - Rock Black shale Fireclay - Strong binds White rook Strong binds Strong binds with boulders of rock Bock Yd. Ft. In. 424 11 475 6 394 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Strong binds, called " Moss Metals " - 4 2 1 539 1 9 J Grey bass ... 1 5 Black bass - - - - 1 1 5 Strong binds, called "Moss Metals " - 5 1 6 MossFiELD Goal - - 1 9 548 2 10 Dark bat - .... 9 Dark clunch ... ... 1 9 Bass 2 Light-coloured olimch 1 ■2 7 Black bat and dark ground 1 2 6 Oamtbi-Ooal - ... 2 1 555 1 6 Olunch 1 2 8 Dark clunch with stones I 10 Rook - - ... 1 2 1 Binds ... .... 4 Bass- ... ... 1 8 Bat and Coal - 11 565 7 Fireclay - - - - - - 1 Bat and Goal - - .... 11 Olunch - - 8 1 573 8 Binds - - ... 2 2 Rock 1 Binds with beds of rock 1 2 2 Rock in beds with partings .... 3 1 3 Binds - ... 3 1 6 1 Beds of rook with binds 1 9 601 2 11 Rock - - ... 1 1 3 Binds ... ... 2 10 Rock with thin bin^ partings 2 2 5 Strong grey binds ' - 2 1 7 Soft binds and thin beds of rock- 6 2 601 1 2 Rock - - ■ - 1 9 601 2 11 Rock with bind partings 9 2 8 Binds - - ... 3 2 4 Rook ... ... 1 2 Bass- ... ... 1 2 10 GoAi. - - - ... 2 7 620 4 Soft fireclay . - - - - 1 : ■Goal - ... 1 1 Yabd Goal Fireclay 2 2 Goal - - 2 2 Fireclay 1 3 623 1 11 Rook - - ... 3 1 7 Blue binds - - 8 1 5 Bass and shale - 1 1 7 Strong binds (metals) - 1 6 Blaok bat- - - .... 1 1 7 Clunch 1 10 641 5 Glebe Collieey. Sbotion No. 11. Section of No, 3 Shaft, Glebe Oollieby, Fenton. O.D. 480 Feet. Prom Mr. J. Ashworth. .sor. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Made ground Soil Cftay- ... Yellow marl Yellow rook Blue rook- ... Grey marl .... Red marl- - - Red and mixed marl ... Blue rook Red and mottled marl . . . . Goal - .... Soapy metal COAl ■ Fireclay Parting - . . , GUTTBB OE StOKBSLE^ OOAL- Fireolay . OoAi. - - . . . Strong grey marl . . . . . Grey metal - - . - Goal - ... - . Strong grey marl Strong grey rock Grey marl - - - - Red and mingled marl Dark grey marl Half Yaeds Goal - . . . Warrant, fireclay Strong grey marl . . . . Soft light marl- - - - ■ Strong light metal and bands of stone Light coloured metal . - . . Goal - - . . . . Warrant earth - . . . Goal - - ■ - Warrant earth with hght soft shaly mar! • Goal Fireclay warrant Grey marl Red and mottled marl Dark marl - - ' ' Goal - - - Dark shaly marl - - ■ - OOAl PireclAv mixed with shale- Yd. Ft. In. 4 1 1 1 2 3 6 1 4 6 7 11 1 1 2 10 1 6 9 3 3 1 3 1 9 3 9 1 6 1 6 3 1 1 9 13 1 10 1 2 1 3 2 1 10 6 2 6 1 1 10 8 6 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 9 3 3 1 2 8 4 16 6 12 6 6 1 2 9 1 4 2 11 10 4 1 f Yd. Ft. In. 47 1 49 50 1 1 82 2 6 396 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Goal Fireclay mixed with shale Mush of coal Dark fireclay mixed with shale Goal Warrant earth Grey rock - Irregular ground, marl, metals, and balls of iron- stone Strong bass interlined with spar Metal - ■ Dark streaky bass Strong warrant mixed with rook and metals Dark strong bass with 6* ironstone band - Goal Fireclay warrant Top Main Fault. Light marls Strong dark rock . - - - Irregular ground in fault - - - - - Fault goes out in south side. Strong light metals Strong grey rook - . . . . Strong light metals Black bass - Fault shown S., goes out in S. side. Irregular ground, metals, etc. - Grey rock . . . - Grey metals ... Black bass with balls of stones - Goal ' . . Fireclay Goal .... Hard warrant Metals and rook binds Goal ------- Glunoh - - . . . . Goal Strong warrant Bock binifc - • Metals - - - Black bass - - - - Ironstone - - . Flag - - - Ikonstone Flag Ibonstone Flag Ieonstone Bass with balls of ironstone . . - . Bock .... . . . Metals Book binds yd. Ft. In. 4 2 8 3 1 5 9 9 4 1 10 16 6 18 10 8 8 1 10 16 2 3 116 5 9 10 16 6 2 1 10 2 2 10 12 .0 2 4 4 2 2 10 2 10 1 1 7 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 11 4 6 2 2 7 2 10 4 6 4 7 10 2 3 3 2 Vd. Ft. In. 105 1 3 144 2 6 207 3 219 2 6 Glbbe Colliebt. 397 Character of Strata. Thickness. i Depth. Strong grey rook - Strong grey metals Black bass light metals - . . . Ft. In. fGOAL, - 1 6 Bat OB Lady Goal ? \ Dirt, - 1 '■GoAi,, - 6 Bock binds Knowles rodk — strong grey Strong metals with stone balls- Knowles Goal Black shaly bass Fireclay warrant - . . . . Strong metal with bands of rock Bock Black bass with bands of ironstone - Coal - - - ... Strong rock binds with peldon - Black metal with cakes of ironstone - Dark bass with bands of ironstone - Coal - Clunch Band of rock .... - ■ Marl Rock or rock bands Light metals - ■ Dark bass with ironstone bands (? Knowles Iron,' stone.) - - Goal Coal and slag ... - . ■ Goal - - - . . . Strong warrant- Glmich Dark shale Glimch Black Mine Ironstone - - - Coal - - - Strong warrant- ... • . Bock binds .... Metals and shales Rock and rock binds ... Strong light metals - Dark bass with ironstone - Strong dark metals with ironstone - RiDEB Goal Slag - - - . - Inferior coal - - - • Strong warrant Band of grey rock .... Ash Goal roof-clod and streaked metals - Ash Goal Ash warrant Yd. Ft. In. 3 6 7 2 3 12 2 1 10 6 6 2 5 10 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 2 2 10 7 2 19 8 2 6 2 1 10 1 3 5 1 6 6 1 8 2 8 16 6 2 2 10 2 Yd. Ft. In. 1 2 1 1 2 10 6 5 1 6 5 1 2 2 3 12, 6 16 5 10 2 10 3 8 2 2 2 1 279 304 6 314 349 2 9 398 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft In. Yd. Ft In- Black marl with streaks of coal and ironstone nodules- - 12 Strong metals - - 11 1 Dark rock with spar- - 16 Strong metals - . 4 6 Ironstone measures-clod 19 Tkonstonb . 3 Olod- - 1 6 Ibonstone - 3 dod- . 1 1 Ooal (inferior) and baas - 2 3 Strong clod . 2 10 Little Mine Ibonstonb . 13 Little Mine Goal . 2 3 Slag - - - 7 Holing dirt . 3 Strong light warrant and bands of rook - 3 1 11 Fireclay rock - . 2 2 Strong dark metals . 2 Strong grey rook - 21 1 Rook and grey metal- . 10 GiN Mine Goal 2 6 417 6 Warrant rock . 8 Strong metals 1 4 Strong grey rock .... 6 2 6 Grey metals 2 6 Grey rock- . 1 1 6 Metals and rock binds 6 Black metal '. . . . 7 1 Coal and bass - 10 443 1 Strong fireclay - . 1 2 Rock binds and metals 21 2 Blue metals . 10 2 Black bass . A Ieonstone . 4 477 2 4 Black bass - 2 6 Ironstone - - 3 Black bass - 1 11 Ieonstone - 3 Black bass- - 1 6. GoAL and bass - . 13 481 Strong warrant- , 1 Sandstone, grey and red —very strong with 13 Dark bass and metals, balls and cakes of ironstone 14 2 Coal - 1 10 Marl and fireclay - 5 10 Strong blue metals - - 11 Black mush _ 10 Black bass - 2 3 Band of rook - 6 527 9 Rock binds - 11 Goal - 9 Glimoh and metals - • 10 Oldfikld No. 3 Pit. 300 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Black shale 2 Black shale and olunoh 5 6 [Goal 1 11 665 6 BmOHBNWOOD OOAL - Strong warrant 2 4 .Goal 1 3 Olunoh 2 Blue metals -. 3 2 6 Band of stone - . 1 Dark metals 2 6 Band of stone - - 1 Dark mush . .. 4 Olunoh - . 1 2 Rook binds 1 1 4 Soapy metals - 15 3 Oannel . 1 682 1 3 Holing dirt 1 3 Prickkig 2 MossrrRT.Ti Ooal - 1 10 684 6 Strong warrant- 3 1 10 Dark cannelly bass - 2 8 Goal - 2 Black slag 4 Olunch 2 2 8 Rock bands 1 6 592 2 6 SECTION No. 12. Oldfield Golmbry, No. 3 Pit. O.D. 450 Feet (approx.). From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. i Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft .In. Yd.Ft.Jn. Pit mound ... - 5 1 Soil - - - - 9 Marl with pebbles 6 2 6 Dark fireclay *" 1 6 Goal - 1 6 14 3 Dark fireclay - 2 3 Black bat and coal mixed - - ^ 1 7 Dark fireclay 1 1 Strong light blue binds 2 Coal - - - - 4 22 2 I Strong light blue binds - 5 2 Black bat - 2 Strong light blue binds mixed with balls of stone oaUed"cank" - - 3 6 Dark fireclay mixed with layers of coal 2 1 Grey rocky fireclay — very strong - - 3 Light blue binds - 1 2 Dark fireclay with shreds of coal mixed - 1 6 400 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Goal Dark fireclay Strong grey fireclay, rocky and mixed with balls of rook - - , - - ' - Black bat- .... Strong light blue binds mixed with ironstone Black bat mixed with studs of coal Light fireclay .■ - Goal Light blue fireclay .... Strong brown fireclay mixed with balls of rock - Strong light blue rock binds mixed with balls of rook - ... Dark grey '' peldon " or " oank " Fireclay with rook balls Dark fireclay Strong dark rock binds Dark grey peldon Strong dark grey binds Dark rocky fireclay - Dark rock binds Strong black bat Bassey Mine Ieonstone Bassey Mine Coal Soft dark fireclay Light strong rooky fireclay Coal - - - - Dark fireclay - Strong, Ught fireclay Dark fireclay Strong brown fireclay mixed with balls of rock Dark blue binds Soft black bat Dark blue binds Soft, dark bat - Dark blue binds Peacock Goal - Dark fireclay - Coal Soft, dark fireclay Light brown, very good fireclay- Strong brown rooky bands with carle balls - Dark soft bind ... Black bat with coal shreds- Light blue binds .... Soft black bat mixed with coal shreds- Strong dark grey rook Very strong light grey rock with cank balls- Cai^ or peldon ? - - - Strong light grey rock Soft dark binds - Black bat . - ■ - Soft dark binds- Yd . Ft. In.| 9 1 2 6 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 6 1 5 1 1 8 2 9 1 2 1 3 1 6 2 3 9 6 1 6 2 10 9 9 1 1 2 1 3 2 9 1 6 2 6 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 6 1 6 Yd. Ft. In. 60 6 63 11 78 2 11 86 2 1 95 2 2 Oldfield No? 3 Pit. 401 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft . In. Yd. Ft. In. Soft black bat 4 Dark soft binds 2 C Black bat 4 Dark fireclay - 1 6 Soft dark binds mixed with coal shales 2 1 Soft black bat - 6 Dark blue binds 1 9 Dark binds with shreds of coal 2 9 Very strong black bat 2 Dark fireclay 0. 9 SPBNCEorr Goal 1 9 Dark fireclay mixed with coal shreds - 2 3 Coal - 2 Dark fireclay mixed with coal shreds 2 Goal 1 9 Dark fireclay mixed with coal shreds - 1 6 Soft black bat 1 3 Goal 1 6 Dark fireclay 1 6 Very strong grey rock 1 6 Cank or peldon 2 1 Strong blue bind 2 2 Gbtjat Bow Goal 2 135 1 11 Dark brown fireclay - 1 1 Dark fireclay with shreds of coal 9 Dark fireclay 1 2 Dark fireclay with shreds of coal 1 Dark blue binds mixed with coal shreds 3 1 C Gank or peldon 1 6 Dark brown fireclay 3 Black bat 2 4 Gaknbl Row Coal 1 1 6 149 6 Dark studdy bat 9 Dark brown fireclay 3 Coal and black bat mixed 1 Dark brown fireclay - 9 Very strong brown rock 2 CarJi or peldon - 3 Strong dark binds 2 6 Dark soft binds 1 2 Very strong rock binds 2 Dark binds with cank balls 1 1 Strong brown fireclay 1 2 Very strong dark rook with cank balls 1 1 6 Dark binds 2 Soft black bat with coal shreds - 1 6 Very strong rock binds with rock balls 5 9 Very strong black bat with ironstone balls 4 1 Wood Mine Coal 1 175 8 Dark shreddy bat 2 Coal and bat mixed - - - 1 3 Dark brown fireclay - - - 1 2 6 Black fireclay - - - - - 1 6 7469, 20 402 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd F1 ..In. Yd Ft. In. Strong light brown fireclay .... 2 6 Soft black bat' 1 1 6 Deep Mine Ieonstone 3 181 1 C Strong black bands - 1 6 Balls of ironstone 4" to 6" 6 Strong black binds 1 6 Ironstone-irregular 3 Strong black bin^s 1 10 Deep Mine Coal 2 9 Light brown fireclay - 2 Dark fireclay with shreds of coal- 9 Light strong fireclay 1 6 Strong rock binds 1 Very strong grey rock 3 1 Very dark rock binds - 1 Black bat 9 Dark strong rook binds 2 6 Strong dark grey rook 4 Strong dark grey binds 1 1 6 Strong black bat 2 1 6 Strong dark blue binds 2 6 202 9 (-Ieonstone H Black shale 2 6 Ironstone li Strong black bat 2 3 Chalky Mine ■ Ibonstone 24 Ibonstonb. Strong black bat 1 5 Ibonstone 3 Black bat 9 ^COAL 11 205 4 Dark fireclay 6 Light brown fireclay 9 Strong brown fireclay with ironstone nodules 2 Strong rocky brown fireclay mixed with rock balls 2 Very strong dark rock binds mixed with cank balls ■1 1 6 Strong binds 4 1 7 Strong grey rock 1 2 7 Coarse brown rock 6 1 7 Blue clod - 1 1 5 Strong grey rock 2 5 Blact bass 2 9i Bass with cake of ironstone 3 Grey clod - - - - 2 5 f Ikonstone New Mine; Bass ICOAL 8 4 1 8 231 1 5J Dark slum 2 1 1 Clunch 11 Rook 2 2 Clunch 3 2 10 Brown rock - - - - 2 Black slum - - - - 6 Fireclay and b eds of rock - - 1 1 1 Oldpibld No. 3 Pn. 403 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Glunch and beds of rock Bass with irregular bands of ironstone Hanbttey Mine Goal - Glunch Bock - ... Strong binds with balls of rock - Coal Black bat .... Glunch Fireclay and stones ■' Ragmine Goal Glunch Grey rock - Brown rock ... Rock binds Black bass with few cakes of ironstone Black bass Dark clod Bat Coal Dark clod - Mild grey rock - Marl Grey rock - Glunch mixed with bands of rook Glunch with cakes of ironstone - Kjstowlbs Roof Goal Knowles Coal (hollows) Bass- - ... Glunch ... Mild binds Bass with ironstone balls - Glunch Strong rock binds Peiorsfield Bass Rock . . . . , Glunch Rock with bind partings - ^ Knowles bass Ieonstonb - Bass - Ibonstonb - Bass - Ikonstone Knowles Ikonstone Ieonstonb - Ibonstonb Bass - Ibonstonb Ironstone Bass - Ibonstonb (irregular) Yd. P 2 4 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 5 8 2 1 4 2 1 j I ! I 1 ; I 1 1 1 t. In. 11 11 3 7 9 8 4 7 3 8 7 6 10 10 8 3 2 lOJ 2 6 4 4 5 4J 6 8 1 3 3 3 8 3 10 3 3 9 1 8 3 3 3 5 8 Yd. Ft. In. 246 1 10 25f. 2 3 278 10 7469. 202 404 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. 1 Yd. Ft. In. 1 Yd. Ft. In. Bass .... 2 6 Ironstone - - - - 10 Bass - 1 9 Knowlbs Ironstone ' Ironstone Bass - .... Ironstone 1 2 3 6 Bass ... - - 1 2 10 Ironstone - 2 Bass - I 11 Strong bass •0 10 Bat and coal 2 5 Bass - - 10 Oluaoh 1 4 Bat and coal - 2 6 Pricking 2 Bat and coal 2 PriclciTig - 7 Bat and bass 1 1 .5 Ironstone - - - - 2 Bass 1 2 Ironstone - - 6 Coal 8 Bat - - - 1 6 Fireclay mixed with chnnka of coal - U Clunch - .... 3 2 H Very strong rock 33 10 Shaly bass 2 10 Rider Coal 2 383 2 lOJ Bat 3 Coal 5 Dark shaly warrant 5 Clvinch 2 1 2 Rock and binds mixed 2 10 Black bass 2 H Ash Coal 2 4 392 Fireclay - 1 Clunch with stones - 8 1 2 Bat - 1 2 Blue binds 9 2 H Very hard rock - 1 1 3 Blue binds and marl partings - 5 11 Bass, bat, a little coal, and cakes of ironstone 2 Clunch - - .... 1 3 Bat 1 1 Clunch 2 9 Bass and clunch 1 2 Ironstone - 7 Bass 1 1 Little Mine Coal 2 5 Bat- 6 Clunoh with rook boulders- 4 1 8 Very strong clunch with beds of rock 2 2 4 Bat' 1 1 4 OLDrtELD No. 3 Pit. 405 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft .. In. Yd. Ft. In. Strong fireclay with hard cake of rock . 4 1 Bed of close grained rock with strong binds 6 1 8 Very strong mottled rock with small cakes of 2 2 4 ironstone - , Very strong grey rock streaked with red crystals 3 2 Grey and red rock mixed with very hard crystals 1 2 Mottled marl with small thin cakes of ironstone - 2 9 Strong black bass 2 1 5 White rock with thin bind partings 2 2 11 Black bass with cakes of ironstone 4 2 6 Black bass fuU of small shps 2 2 6 Black bass 6 2 9 DocTOBS Mine Coal 1 7 Bat- 2 Pireclay with stones - 2 1 8 Bat mixed with coal - 1 Dark shale 6 Fireclay 3 8 Binds " 2 Sandstone rock 2 1 Binds 9 8 Shaly bass 6 Bass with cakes of ironstone 1 2 1 Soft shale 1 3 Grey binds - 6 2 2 Goal - 11 Bat- - - . 10 Kreolay mixed with stone 2 2 Bass in a fault - ■ 2 FavU. Oliinch 2 3 Goal 2 2 499 10 Glunch 1 7 Grey rook with water - 11 3 Binds with rook boulders 2 Binds 2 1 Beds of rock with bind partings 2 1 1 Strong binds - 2 8 Rock ... - - - 1 8 Strong binds 2 2 Mild binds 2 1 Strong binds 5 1 5 Bass 1 1 5 Strong binds - 5 1 8 Grey bass - 10 Black bass with cannel . 2 7 Making bass mixed with fireclay - 9 MossFiBLD Goal - 1 9 535 Strong dark bat - 9 Dark clunch with pebbles - 4 7 Gannbl Goal .5 543 Goal - - - - 1 6 Baas ... - 5 406 Appendix til. Character of Strata. Thicknes,s. Depth. Yd . Ft. In. Yd. Ft. Tn. Strong fireclay and clunch 1 1 6 Dark grey bass with bands of rook 1 9 Binds of rock 1 1 Grey binds 2 2 Strong binds 1 2 Mild binds 2 1 5 Dark binds with cakes of ironstone 1 7 Black bass .... 1 6 Coal - 10 Fireclay streaked with coal 1 1 Bass and coal mixed - 9 Clunch 2 10 Fireclay with boulders 1 1 6 Strong fireclay with rock boulders 3 7 Binds with rock boulders - 3 2 6 Beds of rock with bind parting 2 2 9 Binds 1 1 6 Rook 1 9 Strong binds 2 2 1 Binds with boulders - 2 Strong binds with beds of rock 1 1 7 Binds 1 4 Rock 3 1 Rock in beds with bind partings 2 2 8 Binds mixed with boulders 2 2 9 Rock 2 3 Strong binds 1 2 10 Binds containing bands of rock - 1 1 6 Bed of rock .... 1 Strong binds - 1 2 Rock 10 2 10 Binds with bed of rock - 3 Rock 2 2 8 Black bass 4 10 ' Coal - 2 6 611 2 2 Fireclay, soft 1 Yard Coal Coal - - - - 1 1 2 Fireclay ... 2 5 Goal - - ... 2 9 Fireclay 1 1 Rock .... 3 1 7 Blue binds with thin bands of rock - 8 1 10 Bass full of slips 2 1 Strong binds with thin bands of rock 2 10 Black bat with streaks of coal .... 1 2 11 Clunch and binds 2 641 1) 5 BBOWNiriELD doLUlSUY. 40^ Section No. 13. Bbownfield Oollibby, Dividy Lane. O.D. 690 feet. From Mr. J. Ward. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. yt. In. Yd. Ft. In. Soil and clay 2 6 Rock 1 1 Blue marl with band of ironstone 2 2 3 Bark grey marl- 9 1 Grey bass 1 1 6 Black clunch 3 1 4 Dark bass 1 6 Light clunch - 1 3 Rook 10 Black clunch 2 5 Coal - 6 Grey clunch 2 1 Light strong bass 2 2 Black bass 1 4 Marl 1 Bass with two bands of ironstone 1 1 3 Little Mine Coal - 2 3 32 2 5 Olunch 1 2 Rock 1 4 Dark strong clunch 4 1 7 Light soft marl 1 8 Rock and binds 3 2 1 Peldon rock 1 6 Rock binds with bands of brown stone 9 2 7 Gravel bed 1 4 Black shaly marl mixed with veins of coal - 2 3 Marl I 2 3 Goal - 4 Olunch mixed with small stone - 1 I Olunch with bands of red stone - 15 1 6 Banbuby Coal , . - - - 1 1 Oj Shaly marl .... 1 8 Grey clunch 4 1 Black bass 2 6 Grey clunch 4 1 6 Rock . - - ... 2 Blue clunch 3 10 Shaly bass 1 10 Grey olunch with bands of stone 11 8 Bass ... - - 1 1 6 Clunch . . - - 2 6 Rock .-.-■- 1 7 Grey clunch . - - 12 3 Baas with bands of ironstone - 1 1 Dark marl 3 Goal 8 Shale ... - - - 1 Cockshead Coal 2 2 122 9 40ft Appendix 111. Section No. 14. Shaft at Uppbehoitse Farm, Webeington. O.D. 740 feet (approx.). From Mr. J. R. Haines. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Good brick clay 3 3 Grey marl 1 1 4 1 Red marl mixed with blocks of ironstone 4 1 6 8 2 6 Hard stone 1 9 6 Light grey marl with pebbles 1 1 10 1 6 Coal and Bass 1 4 10 2 10 Dark grey marl 1 11 2 10 Hard stone - 1 3 12 1 1 Red marl " Ironstone 1 4 12 2 5 Grey marl 1 1 14 5 Coal and Bass 7 14 1 Dark grey marl 2 6 15 6 Good red marl 4 1 19 1 6 Very hard rook 2 9 20 1 3 Grey marl mixed with sandy stones 2 1 6 22 2 9 Good red marl with blocks of red sandstone 9 2 32 1 9 Strong black bass, fine and clear 13 45 1 9 Black bass with hard and heavy blocks of ironstone 3 1 48 2 9 Coal (good) - . . 1 1 60 9 Dark fireclay 1 1 51 , 1 9 Red marl 4 2 0; 66 9 Detailed section of Coal : — Top coal 1 6 Fireclay (parting) 3 Middle coal 1 4 Fireclay (parting) 3 Bottom coal , 1 Section No. 15. Shaft at Uppeehouse, Weebington.* O.D. 740 feet (approx.). Character of Strata. Thickness. Shale containing Lingida, Discina and Gfoniatites : from surface to bottom of Coal (including 2J inches of clay in the centre) Strong red marl - White sand rock, mixed with quartz Red rock ... . . Grey rock - Yd. Ffe In. 5 6 10 2 2 * " The Geological Features of the North Staffordshire Coal-fields," J. Ward, Trans. North Staff. Inst. Min. and Mech. Eng., vol. x. This section is evidently a continuation of Section No. 14, in which the " red marl," the top of which is at a depth of 51 yards 1 foot 9 inches, is the " strong red marl " at a depth of 62 yards in the present section. 6.ACB0OUBSE Pits. 409 Character of Strata. Depth. Soft metal Grey rock Strong metal Strong rock binds Reddish-grey metal Shale (slums) - Coal Grey rook Shaly bass Dark shaly bass - Strong grey rock Brown rock binds Grey rook binds - Grey rock Brown rock binds Grey rock Red rock Brown rock Grey rock Red, brown, and grey rook Vd. Ft. In. 10 1 1 1 1 3 2 10 10 5 3 2 2 1 6 2 2 1 6 1 1 6 2 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 90 1 Section No. 16. RAOBCOiTBSii Pits, Shklton. O.D. 469-9 Feet. From Mr. J. Prest. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Made ground 5 Turf and soil 1 6 i Loam and sandy clay 3 1 6 Bed marl - 2 2 Rock 1 Red marl - 4 Blue rook - ;> - 5 Grey marl 2 Black smut 6 Grey marl 8 0- Red marl - 9 Blue metal 6 Grey metal 3 1 6 Red and grey marl - 6 Goal - - - - 3 54 2 3 Dark marl 4 1 6 Grey marl 1 I 6 Rook 1 6 Metal ... 6 Bock • ... 1 Blue metal 2 410 AptENDIX til. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Goal - Marl Strong rock Rook binds Grey metal Black bass Grey metal Dark bass with balls of ironstone Half Yaed Stone Black band coal Grey marl Coal Marl Rock Blue metal Black bass Blue metal Red marl Grey marl Blue metal " Rocky cinder " Ieonstone - Red Shagg Coal Grey marl \ Thickness not given Grey rock J Strong grey metal with bands of rock- Dark metal Hard rock Dark metal Black bass Grey metal with rock binds GuTTEK Stone - Black bass Red Mine Coal Marl Red marl Fireclay - Dark mental Red marl - Dark shale Clnnch Dark shale with small beds of stone Goal Mreclay - Dark shale Bed of stone - - - - Dark shale with small beds of coal Coal ... Fireclay .... Strong rock binds - Strong beds of rock - Dark shale Rock binds Yd. Ft In. 10 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 6 3 1 6 1 2 3 2 8 10 3 10 1 1 6 2 9 2 3 2 2 1 10 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 6 2 10 1 6 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 I Yd. Ft. In. 64 1 71 1 4 74 2 4 114 2 6 135 2 4 142 2 4 RowarfiST Pii. 411 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Grey metal 2 1 Rook binds 1 1 6 Dark metal 2 6 Strong bands of rock 2 1 6 Dark metal 10 Grey metal 6 2 6 Dark shale - 1 6 Grey metal with beds of stone 10 1 4 Rook 2 2 2 Black bass 2 Bassey Mine Stonb 1 6 Goal 2 2 192 L Fireclay 4 Dark metal 1 1 6 Smut and coal 1 6 Clunoh 2 1 6 Strong grey metal 4 1 6 Grey metal with small balls of stone 5 Bass 1 Peacock Coal 1 6 Fireclay 2 2 6 Grey metal 9 1 G Dark metal 4 2 6 Rock binds 4 1 8 Bass 1 6 Spbnceoft Goal - 1 1 Dark marl 1 2 Coal - - - - 1 6 Fireclay - 2 6 Grey metal 8 6 Dark shale 2 2 Grey metal with bands of stone 3 Black bass 1 Gttbbin Stone 2 Dark shale with bands of stone 1 2 6 Hard rook 1 Rocky binds 2 2 Dark marl 4 1 6 Geeat Row Coal 3 6 Dark marl 2*6 Rook binds 1 Section No. 17. RowHTjEST Pit, Shelton. O.D. 460-8 Feet. From Mr. J. Prest. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Made ground and clay Marl Rock ... Binds ... Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. 14 I 10 2 6 3 8 3 2 4 412 Appendix Jl£. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Marl 6 2 Rock 2 Binds 2 2 Goal 1 43 6 Marl 13 2 Rock 2 6 Marl 14 2 Bass 1 2 Basset Mine Stone ■ 2 10 Bassey Mine Coal 1 6 76 1 Marl 6 2 Coal 2 3 Marl and bass - 11 1 6 Peacock Mine Coal 1 2 6 96 2 7 Binds 4 1 Marl 2 1 Binds 3 Book 2 9 Binds 5 1 3 Spbnckoft Coal 1 1 114 7 Black slum shale 1 2 3 Marl 2 1 Rock binds 8 GuBBiN Stone and bass 1 2 127 .2 Blue binds 4 Rock 3 2 Rook binds 4 Marl 1 2 Great Row Goal 2 1 143 2 10 Marl 20 2 Bass 1 1 6 Oannel Row Coal 1 1 6 167 1 10 Stews 1 Rock 5 Soft blue metal 3 Marl 5 Strong grey metal 6 Rock 2 Bass 6 2 Marl 4 Bass 5 Ibonstonb, " Pennystonb," and bass 2 6 202 2 4 Marl 3 Deep Mine Stone and bass 3 2 6 208 1 10 Coal 1 6 Marl 16 2 6 Gbaisy bass and stone 1 2 6 Chalky Ooai. - 1 228 2 4 Marl 4 Rook binds 9 6 Strong grey metal - 5 6 Bass 5 6 Bock ... 3 6 RowHimsT Pit. 413 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft In. Yd. Ft. In. Rock binds 6 6 BuNQiLow Coal 1 1 6 265 3 Bock binds 3 2 Marl 4 Rook 13 1 6 Marl 12 Goal 1 •298 1 9 Marl 10 1 Baas 2 Marl 11 1 Sass 3 Marl 4 Coal 1 6 Book binds 6 Marl 8 1 WiNGHAT Coal 2 1 346 I 3 Marl 4 2 Rock binds 6 Strong metals 3 I 6 Rock binds 6 % Rock 2 2 6 Bass 10 2 Black bass 2 2 6 Dark clod 4 1 6 Slummy metals 5 1 4 Bass with ironstone 6 2 6 Coal 1 6 400 7 Bass 1 2 Coal 1 Marl 1 2 9 Rock 11 1 6 Marl 3 6 Metals 8 1 4 Marl 1 2 1 Metals 7 1 5 Bass 3 1 7 Rock binds 17 2 6 Bass 5 2 3 Light bass 1 2 RiDEE Coal 1 464 10 Black bass 3 1 Blue metal 2 BowHTTKST Coal 2 6 470 1 4 Marl 4 1 6 Goal 8 Slummy marl - 1 1 4 Bass - - - - - 2 1 4 Strong rook binds and bass with beds of "pebbles" 8 2 6 Rock binds .... 8 Bass with beds of ironstone and coal 3 2 2 Rock binds - - ... 6 Black bass and Burnwood Stone 1 1 2 BuBNWooD Stone 1 Goal - - .... 2 608 1 Marl 1 BiTBNwooD Rook 27 6 535 2 6 414 Appendix III Seotioit No. 18. Deep Pit, Fak Geben.- O.D. 580 Feet. From Mr. J. Prest. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Glay and madp ground 5 2 Dark metal 19 Dark metal 6 1 11 Fireclay 6 1 6 Coal - 6 2 2 38 1 7 Grey metal 3 WiNGHAY Goat, 1 1 6 43 1 Black metal 2 2 Grey metal 2 1 Black bass 2 6 Grey metal 5 6 Black Inetal 1 Grey metal 1 1 9 Black metal 2 6 Grey metal 2 2 8 Bock metal — dark 1 2 8 Grey metal 2 1 3 Black metal - 11 1 9 Grey metal 3 2 7 Rock metal — dark 2 2 Grey metal 3 2 10 Bock marl — dark 8 2 Btllby Coal 1 6 91 i 10 Grey metal 4 Black metal 5 Grey metal 19 4 Black metal 8 2 7 Grey metal 2 Black metal 2 2 6 Coal 1 9 134 Rook 2 2 8 Strong grey metal - - - 10 Coal - 2 147 1 8 Black metal 16 ROWHTTRST RiDEK COAI, 1 2 Dark metal 1 2 Coal, Best 2 1 167 2 10 Dark metal - ... 1 BiNQAY Coal 1 Grey metal - ... 3 1 6 Blue marl 2 2 9 Black marl - .... 1 2 Grey marl - - ... 6 1 Grey rock 4 Coal - 1 6 Black marl 2 188 7 COAt, 6 189 I Deep Pit. 415 Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Black dirt Grey mar! Black bass with balls of ironstone BTmNwooD Coal Black dirt Fireclay Grey marl Rock Black marl Grey marl Dark marl Black bass Twist Gannel Twist Goal Grey marl Black bass Coal - Dark marl Grey marl Grey marl Strong rock Black marl Grey marl Grey marl Black bass Coal - Grey marl Red rook - Black marl Grey rook Black metal Black bass Black metal Black metal with ironstone Coal - - - - Loamy grey marl ... Grey marl Blue marl Black bass Grey rock Grey rock Blue metal - Blue metal Coal Grey metal Grey metal Black bass Black bass - BlECHENWOOD Grey metal Grey metal rcoAL or Geanvillb Coal-! Dirt I Coal Yd. Ft. 2 3 2 1 2 3 4 2 7 1 11 8 9 2 1 2 1 2 10 7 3 10 2 2 1 2 2 17 2 11 7 1 8 5 1 Yd. Ft. In. 196 1 217 1 7 218 3 238 9 269 2 9 309 6 352 373 416 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Black bass _ 2 1 Blue metal . 6 Black bass . 2 6 Moss Coal . 1 10 396 2 4 Loamy metal 3 Blue metal - 7 1 9 Gannbl 9 Goal 2 3 408 1 1 Loamy metal - .2 1 8 Black metal . 1 2 4 Grey metal - 9 9 Black bass 1 1 6 Coal - . 2 3 424 7 Dark metal - 1 2 6 Blue metal with Irqnstone 5 1 1 Strong grey metal - 11 Rock 20 1 6 Black bass 6 2 2 Yabd Coal 1 6 469 2 4 Grey metal . 4 Black bass . 1 Grey metal - 2 2 Ragman or FouEf^«^.^°"^ F...COAL ^glfS 1 10 2 6 477 2 Dark metal 4 6 Coal ' 2 3 Dirt- _ 5 COAL 6 482 2 8 Dark grey metal . 4 2 2 Rock and bass 4 Coal - 2 487 2 4 Grey metal 1 Grey rock 12 2 Grey metal 1 6 Black bass . 1 1 6 604 4 Rough Seven Feet Coal rCoAL \ Dirt pricking 1 lOi 4J I Coat.' 2 3 505 1 10 Dark grey metal - 1 Section No.l9. Sneyd Colliery, Bubslem. O.D. 5734 Feet. From Mr. J. Heath. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Made ground - Cannel row warrant Marl with large brick nodules Shaley coal . , , , , Yd. Ft. in. 7 12 1 2 2 2 ^ 3^ Yd. Ft. In. 7 1 2 9 2 11 2 4^ 11 2 8 SsiiYD -COMJEBy. 417 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Marl 2 3 12 1 II Eook binds - - - 2 7J 14 2 6i Marl - - 1 10 - 15 1 ^ Ibonstone - - .... li 16 1 6 Marl - . 2 1 15 2 7 Pricking dirt - .... 3 15 2 10 Rook binds - 2 6 18 4 Marl - - ... 1 18 1 4 Marl - - . - 1 5 18 2 9 Baas - ... 4 19 1 Ibonstone .... ... 3 19 4 Marl -with ironstone nodules 6 4 25 1 8 Baas 6 25 2 2 Ibonstonb - 5^ 25 2 7i Blaok shale 1 2i 26 10 Marl 1 4 26 2 2 Black shale - ... 10 27 Pricking dirt - - ... 6 27 6 Marl 2 2 4 29 2 10 Marl with grit stone - 1 30 2 10 Book binds 1 2 2 32 2 Shaley marl ... . . 2 33 1 Marl - 1 1 4 34 2 4 Bass 1 6 35 10 Ironstone ... 1 35 11 Bass ... - - 4 3 39 1 3 Bass - ... 1 39 2 3 Ironstone 2i 39 2 54 Bass - - - - 11 40 4i Hard black holing dirt OJ 40 5 Oil shale - - 2 6 40 2 11 Ironstone - - - ... 6 41 5 Wood Mine Coal 10 41 1 2 Marl ' - 2 3 42 5 Rock ... ... I 2 42 2 6 Marl - - ■ - 1 11 44 1 4 Rock - - 1 1 44 2 5 Marl ... ..... 2 2* 45 1 ^ Ironstone 6 45 2 li Bass 1 8 46 9^ Bass with ironstone nodules . . - - 1 10 46 2 n Bass -^ 1 8 48 3^ Ohalkt Ironstone 2 8 48 2 m Rock - ... u 49 4 Marl - - ... 3' 49 7 Bass - 10 49 1 5 Ironstone - - . . . - 6 49 1 10 Bass - - - ... 1 49 2 10 Ironstone 4 50 2 Bass 1 4 50 1 8 [ronstone 2J 50 1 8i Baas 5 50 2 li Ironstone 3 50 2 4| 7469, 2 D 418 Appkndix III, Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth, Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Bass 1 1 51 5\ Ohaley Coal 1 52 3J Marl 4 52 7i Glunoh - 1 1 4i 53 2 Blue shale . 1 54 2 Slagg black . 1 2 55 2 Marl 4 55 6 Clunoh r 1 2 6 57 Strong blue shale . 6 2 63 2 Bock . 1 2 64 2 ': Bock binds 12 11 76 1 1 ■ Book 1 76 2 1 Bock binds 1 1 77 2 Blue shale 1 77 1 2 Bass 2 11 78 1 1 I1.ONSTONE - - 2 78 1 3 Bass . 1 3 78 2 6 Ibonstonb - ■ ■ . 2 78 2 8 Bass . 4 79 Goal - - 11 79 11 Slagg - - . 6 79 1 5 Glunch with two beds of ironstone nodules 3 82 1 5 Glunoh with hard brown nodules 1 3 83 1 8 New Minb Goal - . 5i 83 2 n Shale . 1 0\ 84 2 2 Strong clunoh - - 2 86 2 2 Blue shale - 1 1 87 2 3 Bock binds . 2 88 1 3 Ibonstone - - 7 88 1 10 Coal . 4 88 2 2 Marl . 2 89 1 2 Bock binds . 1 1 3 90 2 6 Strong blue shale . 1 2 91 7 Bock binds . 1 91 1 7 Strong blue shale . 1 91 2 7 Ikonstone - ■ 5 92 Blue shale . 1 4 92 1 4 Ieonstone . . 2 92 1 6 Bass . 2 2 3 95 9 Book binds - 4 2 10 100 7 Pricking dirt - - 2 100 9 Bass 1 7 100 2 4 Bungalow Goal . 1 101 2 4 Rock and clunch - . 4 1 106 4 Strong blue shale . 1 106 1 4 Soft rook binds » - m 1 6 106 2 10 Blue shale . 1 1 9 108 1 7 Dark marl . 2 10 109 1 5 Grey marl - 1 7 110 Black shaley marl ., . . . 8 110 8 Hard gritty marl 3 1 6 113 2 2 Grey marl - 2 8 114 1 10 Bass *• "'"''' 5 4 119 2 2 SkEYD C!0LLniB7. 419 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Book .... Blue shale Ibonstone - . . - Bass .... Kock binds ... Blue shale Bass .... OOAIi Pricking dirt - Olimch and brown ^ale . Brown marl . . . - Book Hard grey bass with joints - Brown marl Coal - Black shaley marl Brown marl Ibonstone Black shaley marl Brown marl . . . - Very dark marl Black bass . . . - Ibonstone Black bass . . . - Ibonstone Black bass . - . - Ibonstone - - ■ " " Black shaley bass Ibonstone - - - - Strong bass or very poor ironstone Hard blue cinnch Black bass Pricking dirt Black bass Black bass Dark grey bass . - . - Dark grey bass with parting Lady Goal Marl Blue shale with two feet of rook on south side Marl WiNGHAY Goal - Warrant and bass Bock binds - - Glunch Strong clunch - Bock binds - - WiNGHAY Ibonstone Strong dark shale Grit stone Blue shale Ibonstone - Bass 7469, Yd. Ft. In. 3i I 2 1 5 3 3 2 3 9i 3 7 2 2 9 3 2 1 6 12 3 15 Q 7 10 4 10 10 Yd. Ft. In. 119 2 5^ 119 2 7i 119 2 10| 120 1 8 121 11 121 2 e 121 2 11 122 2 122 4 125 6 128 1 3 129 4 135 1 6 139 11 139 1 139 2 144 10 2 6 2 3 6 3 9 4J 10 3 llj 5 14 4 5 5 9 2 1 11 1 1 6 2 6^ 2 OJ 5 144 144 145 1 10 146 146 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 2 1 2 10 6 11 6 2 7 8 1 10 4 1 6 146 1 10 146 2 7 146 2 Hi 147 11^ 147 1 24 147 2 2 147 2 7 148 11 152 1 4 157 2 4 157 2 6 159 5 162 1 5 164 2 10 165 2 4i 166 1 5 170 1 5 172 1 10 177 178 1 180 189 2 191 1 194 11 200 1 10 2 4 1 11 2 7 1 5 1 9 200 201 201 202 202 203 3 2D2 420 Appendix III, Character of Strata, Depth. Ironstone ■ - - - Black bass with Mussel shells Black bass Grey bass Goal - Dark shale Clunch Dark shale Marl Olunch Bass Ieonstone - Bass Ikonstonb Bass Black bass Billy Goal Black shale Black binds Rock binds Black bass Marl . . . - Bass . . . . . Blue shale Blue shale and bind Ironstone Goal - Blue shale Binds Marl Goal - Rock bind Grey bass Coal - Marl Coal . - - - Olunch Strong blue shale Rock - - , Strong blue shale Dark grey bass Black bass Blue shale RiDEK Goal Dirt Working Coal - /Dirt I Ironstone i Dirt I Coal - Clunch with gritty nodules Bass with ironstone nodules RowHUBST Coal Yd. Ft. In. 4 1 1.9 7 1 11 3 8 2 2 6 10 5 2 1 2 6 3 2 2 4 11 15 2 4 10 9 3 2 10 10 3 16 2 6 7 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 6 6 2 3 5 11 1 1 4 3i 3 5 1 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 84 6 3 h 2 4 2 3 1 1 7 2 4 4 1 10 2 4 11 1 1 Yd. Ft. In. 203 7 204 2 4 212 1 3 215 1 11 215 2 1 1 5 216 217 218 219 220 220 220 9 224 2 224 6 224 2 11 229 10 229 2 3 230 231 235 235 236 240 10 241 1 247 4 254 1 10 254 2 255 4 258 2 4 262 1 10 263 10 263 1 4 270 7 275 1 6 275 2 7 275 2 11 276 24 279 2| 283 7| 283 2 4 285 10 290 291 294 295 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 8 296 11 297 2 6 298 1 10 298 2 2 299 1 300 4 311 4 312 1 4 Sneyd Golliery: 421 Character of Strata. Depth. Rock with strong blue shale Blue shale Black bass Goal and shale Shale Glunch - - - laosrsTONB - Bass iBOjSfSTONB - Coal - - - - Slagg Goal - Goal - Slagg Continued in Shaft No. 2 Pricking dirt ■ Shale - - . . . Glunch - . . , . Black bass Pricking - ... Canhbl Twist Coal . . - - Dark mar) Blue shale Bock ... Bock binds - - ' ■ Light grey shale . . - - . Grey shale Coal - - - - ■ Rock mixed with strong clod - Glunch .... Ironstone - - . . . . Strong grey clunch Grey bass Black bass - - - ■ Grey clunch ... Black bass - . . . Coal -------- Grey marl - - . . Grey shale Bock binds - - - . . Black shaley marl - - - ■ Blue bass Strong clod _ . - Bock binds - - ■ - Unstratified rock, marl and black bass Black bass ^ . - - Black shaley marl, stratified Black bass Black metal with small bands of ironstone Bock binds - - " ' Dark bass Yd Ft. In. 10 1 8 1 1 2 10 1 2 8 2 3 2 1 1 0- 4 3 1 4 1 2 5 7 1 3 1 1 6 8 1 6 7 1 6 1 4 1 21 2 Q\ 1 4 2 2 6 6 2 1 1 4 7 9 6 6 3 4 1 6 6 2 1 10 1 6 1 9 3 1 2 11 1 10 16 2 10 1 6 1 2 4 2 1 2 4 3 1 8 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 1 6 2 2 1 7 7 2 id. h'%. In. 322 2 4 331 4 333 2 334 2 10 337 1 339 1 2 339 1 6 342 2 10 343 10 344 3 344 10 344 1 10 344 2 1 345 2 345 8 345 1 4 346 1 10 354 4 355 8 355 9 355 l\\ 356 357 4 359 2 10 366 1 10 368 2 375 2 384 8 384 387 388 388 391 396 397 392 1 10 393 2 7 398 8 399 1 415 1 426 427 2 428 1 430 10 433 2 6 436 8 438 1 8 442 1 443 7 443 2 7 446 1 2 454 2 422 |Af:^end1x itt. Character of Strata. Thick«ess. Depth. Yd. Fi .In. Yd. Ft. In. Dark bass - - , - 6 1 9 460 1 11 Bass with three bands of light ironstone 2 461 11 Goal . . . - 1 461 1 11 Grey marl 1 1 3 463 2 Strong grey clunch 1 6 464 8 Black and grey marl 3 6 469 1 2 Strong blue binds 3 1 472 2 2 Rock binds 4 2 6 477 1 8 Blue binds 3 f 3 480 2 11 Grey bass 2 2 9 483 2 8 Strong grey bass 1 1 4 486 1 Loose shaley bass . . - 1 10 487 2 10 Black bass 1 2 487 1 10 Strong grey shale . - - - 7 1 2 495 Coal - 2 495 C 2 Strong dark clunch .... 6 1 6 501 1 8 Irregidar black bass 6 1 607 2 8 Binds and clunch in rolls 3 2 4 511 2 Grey bass - 2 10 513 2 10 Strong grey marl 2 614 1 10 Gannel bass - - 1 2 515 Ibonstone - 6 515 6 Coal - 1 4 615 1 10 Shaley marl 2 2 617 2 Gannel bass - .... 1 518 Coal j - - ■ 1 8 518 1 8 Basseycarmel - - ... 1 7 519 3 Fireclay - . - - - - 1 2 2 520 2 5 Strong clunch 4 524 2 8 Grey bass 2 1 5 627 10 Strong clunch, like rook - 3 1 8 530 2 fl Grey binds 10 1 541 8 Strong grey binds 3 5 544 11 Grey bass 2 8 546 7 Soft jointy grey bass 4 1 5 649 2 Black bass 10 549 2 10 MossFiELD Coal . - - ... 1 1 10 651 1 8 Strong close black binds 2 1 553 2 8 Dark grey bass 8 6 662 2 Gannel - - - ... 1 10 563 1 Strong grey clunch 1 2 665 Dark bass - - .... 2 6 665 2 6 Dark clunch 2 2 9 569 2 3 Grey metal— fault or slip of 4" - 4 2 574 1 3 Grey metal .... . . 2 7 575 10 Black bass 2 2 6 578 4 Slaggy cannel 9 578 1 1 Coal 7 678 1 S Slag .- ■ 4 578 2 Goal 84 578 2 8i Rocky clunch - - - - - , • 10 679 6i Fireclay 5 679 Hi Black slag 1 2 6 581 6J Glaitway OolUbev. 423 Character of Strata. TMckne&s. Depth. Blue metal Blue shale .... ' . . Strong clunch - . . . . . Rook binds in beds - Blue binds .... Dark bass - ... Yabd Coal Yd. Ft. In. 2 1 6J 3 2 4 2 8 4 2 8 2 10 Yd. Ft. In. 583 5i 684 1 587 591 2 8 596 2 4 599 4 Seotion No. 20. Jttbilbe Queen Pits, Clanway Collibey, TtrNSTALii; O.D. 632 Feet. From Mr. W. Olive. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Curb Soil - Hoo Cannel . Rooky clay Marl Sandstone rook Rooky beds Fine marl Sandstone block Fine marl Rook Fine marl Grey marl Black Band - - . Bassey Mine Coal (gob) - Warrant - Coal .... Marl and rock bands Fireclay - Pbacook Coal - Blue marl Marl Blue marl - - ■ Marl and rock bands Black shale Black marl Marl and rock bands Marl and rock bands Dark clod Spbncboft Goal Black shale, faulty - Coal , . . - Fireclay - - - - Dark shale Fireclay and ironstone balls Yd. 1 2 6 2 1 8 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 6 1 6 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 Ft. In, 4 1 4 1 8 1 1 10 9 2 8 2 1 8 11 1 1 1 4 10 2 2 3 9 2 8 2 4 1 10 1 11 2 4 4 4 1 2 Yd. Ft In. 1 4 29 1 a 31 8 40 b 5 65 1 2 66 1 6 -i24 Appendix lit. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Fireclay and ironstone bands - 9 1 4 Rook - - - 12 Rook bands 1 11 Hard grey rook 2 6 Rook bands 1 6 Rock , . . 2 Warrant and strong bands 9 Blue metal ... 2 7 Blue metal 1 1 3 Gtjbbin Ieonstone 3 4 Coal 1 10 99 8 Black cannel and bass 1 7 Great Row Coal 1 2 102 3 Warrant marl - - - - 1 11 Fireclay - 1 Dark metal and stone bands 2 3 Black bass - 19 Strong grey metal 2 2 6 Black bass 10 3 Half Yaed Coal 2 111 i 11 Cannel Row Coal 1 2 Dark shale 2 11 Strong grey metal 2 1 8 Blue metal and rook bands 6 2 Grey metal and rock bands 2 Blue metal . - - - 2 1 Blue metal - - ' - 114 Black shale -■ -. • -. 111 Black metal and bands of ironstone - 6 Measures .... 27 9 Chalky Stone 8 163 7 Black bass 3 Chalky Stot^ib - 9 163 1 7 White mar) - ... 14 Bass - -^ ... 2 Stone band 1 10 Black bass 10 3 Chalky Coal 1 168 Sbction No. 21. Bassey Mine Pit, Gkanqe Golubey, Cobeidqe. CD. 450 Feet (Approx.). From Mr. J. H? Cole. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Made ground' - - .... Stiff marl - Sand and marl - ... Wash and balls of stone Grey marl - - - .... 1 Yd. Ft. In. 5 'i 1 1 6 4 10 7 2 Yd. Ft In, GRAiraE doLLtER-^.' i'2o Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Red marl Grey metal Clunch Coal Red metal Strong blue metal - Grey and blue metal Grey and red metal - Clunch Grey metal Strong blue metal Blue and red metal - Clunch . . - . Red and grey metal Clunch ... Strong grey rock Strong grey metal - Grey marl Grey metal Rock buids Clunch - - Coal 1 ft. Clunch 3 ft, - Grey rock Strong dark metal Bass .... Fireclay . - - - Coal Clunch . . - - Rock binds Grey metal ... Grey and red marl - Fireclay ------ Red Shagq Ibonstone Fireclay - Grey metal Dark shale . - - - Clunch . . - Grey metal, 3 ft. ; rock binds, 1 ft. 8 in, Grey metal, 4 ft. 4 in.: ; black bass, 5 in. Red Mine Ieonstone Red MnsTB Coal Grey and red marl - Grey metal Red marl - - Grey metal - . - Slagg, 1 ft. 2 in. ; coal 2 ft. Fireclay . - - - Goal . - - - Strong clunch - Slagg and coal Glunch - - - Dark clunch - Black bass - - Yd. Ft. In. 4 2 4 16 2 2 6 3 2 2 2 1 2 8 5 1 1 6 (I 1 10 1 9 1 6 Yd. Ft. In. 1 2 6 a 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 n 1 4 2 4 1 2 10 X 2 3 1 5 1 2 10 1 2 6 2 i4 1 3 1 2 I 1 8 t 1 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 I 5 2 7 6 1 7 1 2 1 8 2 11 1 2 9 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 99 2 6 114 2 5 124 10 426 ApMNDtX 111. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Grey olunoh Slagg and coal Grey rock Rook binds ... . . Black bass, 5 in. ; stone, in. ; coal, 1 ft. 1 in. Clunch Grey rook and binds .... Coal (Hoo Cannel) 1 ft. 7 in? ; black bass, 2 ft, 10 in. .... Stone, 4 in. ; grey marl, 1 ft. - Grey rook Dark metal - .... Grey metal Dark metal .... Shale - - Grey rock Rook binds - Dark metal Stone bands Clunch - - Dark metal Strong clunch Black bass and stone bands f Ironstone - - 1 6 Coal - ■ - 1 3 Ironstone - - 4 10 Coal . . - 5 Clmiob - - - - - - Coal Strong clunch - - .... Grey rook - - ... Clunch - ... Stone, 6 in. ; strong olunoh, 1 ft. 9 in. ; dark shale, 3 in. Rook binds, 1 ft; 3 in. ; baas, 3 in. ; rock binds, 1 ft. Grey rock Grey metal ... Marl ... ... Peacock Coal Clunch ... .... Section No. 22. New Pit, Ford Gbeeu. O.D. 492-1 Feet. From Mr. J. H. Cole. Yd. Ft. In. 3 1 1 2 1 8 9 2 4 1 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 4 2 9 1 2 6 8 6 6 3 1 1 2 10 2 6 1 6 2 2 2 4 2 6 1 10 3 9 10 1 1 10 2 6 2 6 5 1 1 3 1 10 1 2 11 3 19 Yd. Ft. In. 177 2 8 203 1 206 230 8 233 2 6 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Soil and clay . - - . Seven Feet Co\l - Rock, 27 ft. ; holing dirt, 9 in. ■ Metal Yd. Ft. In, 6 10 3 9 9 9 2 2 6 Vd. Ft. In. FOBD GiBEEN GoLLlEBY. 427 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In 1 6 9 2 3 7 1 3 1 13 1 2 3 3 1 1 7 2 30 2 7 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 10 19 2 6 3 6 11 2 3 2 2 5 25 3 10 1 2 6 1 8 1 1 7 4 2 1 23 1 8 1 1 2 6 9 6 1 4 8 1 6 1 6 229 7 3 1 1 6 3 42 1 6 2 4 2 1 6 9 26 1 9 3 4 5 8 6 4 2 6 Black bass- ... Goal Strong marl Rock Metal . . - Coal, black bass, 9 in.- Rook binds Bass Metal ... . . BELLRmosB Coal .... Clunoh .... Strong metal .... Rock Metal Ten Feet Coal .... Holing dirt, 9 in. coal Clunch, 4 ft. 6 in. coal Warrant - - . . . Metal Strong rock Metal . - - Bowling Alley Coal Fireclay .... Clunch - .... Metal Holly Lane Goal .... Warrant Goal Warrant .... Metal Goal Metal - Hard Mine Coal Marl Metal Goal .... Shale and Bass Goal ... . . Warrant, 2 ft. strong rock Shale Rock Metal .... Ibonstonb .... Bass, 1 ft., coal, 1 ft. 4 in. ; Warrant, 3 ft. 3 in. ; metal. 3 ft. 9 in. Coal Metal Rock rCoal Feoqgbby Coal J Bass I Coal Fireclay - Bass marl and metal (all mixed) 428 AppiiNDix II r. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In Coal 6 in. ; bass, 4 in. ; coal, 6 in. - 1 4 Fireclay 1 Rock 1 1 8 Metal - 13 1 Coal 1 Shale - - 7 2 6 ■ Rook - ... 3 2 Rock binds {with metal partings) 7 Metal - .... 5 2 6 Cockshead Goal 2 1 4 Warrant 1 2 Shale 1 2 Strong metal 6 377 1 4 SECTION No. 23. Institute Sinking Pit, Whitfield Collieey. CD. 588 Feet. From Mr. E. B. Warn. Inchnation of Strata, 15 Degrees. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. \d. Ft. in. Id. H't. In. Filled up dirt .... 2 Yellow Clay 2 Ragman Coal 1 5 Fireclay - - - - o Grey Rook ... 3 1 6 Grey soapy metal - .... 2 1 Grey rock 1 3 Grey soapy metal 8 Old WmTHBLD Coal (Goaf) .1 6 Warrant - 2 Soapy metals with ironstone nodules - 7 Coal 1 4 ^ 30 I 7 Warrant 1 Grey soapy metal .... 6 4 Coal 1 4 Warrant - - - I 6 Grey rook - .... 2 3 40 2 Grey soapy metal 2 1 Grey rook 2 9 Grey soapy metal, with ironstone bands - 3 9 Coal - - .... 1 47 6 Grey rook bands .5 2 Dark blue metal - - - - 3 1 1 56 7 Grey rock 3 1 6 Stony grey metal - - - - 6 2 Dark soapy metal 4 Jiight soapy metal 3 Institute Pit.' 429 Character of Strata, Thickness, Depth. Bbllringbb Coal Dark hard rook - ■ - Coal light rook binds - Grey strong " Ten feet rock " • Dark soapy metal - - . . . Ten Feet Top Coal - „ „ STOOLS - „ BOTTOM STOOLS - Soft grey warrant Grey rock binds Strong grey rock Grey rock binds Black metal Strong grey metal Bowling Alley Coal Top grey marly warrant Black bass, full of ironstone nodules - Strong grey Holly Lane rook '- Holly Lane Coal Grey marly warrant Little Coal Grey soapy metal Grey rook Strong grey metal with ironstone nodules - Hard Mine Coal Grey marly soapy metal, ironstone nodules Dark soapy metal . . . . Very strong grey metal, last 10 yards very strong Grey rock binds very strong, with ironstone nodules - - ■ ■ Dark shaly bass, with ironstone nodules - Small Bbight Coal - Grey metal Grey metal and black bass Grey metal - - - ■ Little Coal Dark metal and bass Bands of ironstone - Back bass - - - Ironstone bands Dark metal Ibonstone Coal Soft fireclay - - - - Strong grey metal, ironstone bands - Grey rock " Granite " rock Grey rock Grey sandy metal Banbttby Coal, Tops Strong black bat Coal - Black metal ^d. 1 Ft. In. 5 4 6 7 39 1 4 2 1 6 1 8 1 1 2 2 1 7 2 2 11 2 1 3 1 2 8 5 17 1 2 2 1 8 1 4 7 1 6 6 13 1 6 1 1 4 8 6 26 1 6 24 1 8 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 8 1 6 1 4 1 6 2 1 6 21 2 1 2 1 14 1 10 4 1 1 6 Yd. Ft. In. 73 1 6 124 10 149 6 177 208 1 4 306 2 4 430 Appendix III; Character of Strata. ,-:. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Bottom Coal 1 10 348 2 5 Light marly warrant Strong grey stony metal Grey rock Dark strong metal - .... LiTTLB Coal - - ... 4 4 10 2 6 9 Soft grey warrant 6 Mild grey warrant 16 5 Strong grey metal Grey rock - .... Very strong grey metal Cockshead Coal 7 8 2 1 2 1 6 408 1 6 Bright black Black bass, full of ironstone nodules Grey soap metals LiTTLB Coal 20 20 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 10 431 Grey metal 2 433 SECTION No. 24. Middle Pit, Ghattbrlby and Whitfield Oolueet. O.D. 588 Feet. From Mr. E. B. Wain. Character of Strata. Thickness. Prom surface to old Ten Feet landing Old landing to Bowling Alley Bowling Alley Coal Fireclay Warrant Close metal without partings Rock binds mixed with metal Grey rock - Holly Lane Coal Fireclay - - - Strong metal with ironstone pebbles Metal - - - Rook - - - - Metal - Mild rock Soft metal with ironstone bands - Hard Mine Coal Yd. Ft. In. 148 25 1 4 5 13 1 6 1 2 1 3 2 2 6 1 3 14 2 2 12 3 2 10 1 1 4 Bbadley Gekeh and To'.tee Hill Collieries, 431 Section No, 25. Bradley Green Colliery (corrected for dip).* From Mr. Bradbury. Character of Strata Magpie Coal Measures - - . . Holly lane Coal- Measiires - - • Bo-wuNQ Alley Goal - Measures, with irregular Two Feei Coal SiiNKiNa Coal in three seams Measures - - - - Ironstone Mine Coal -* Measures - - - - Froggeby Coal (1 ft. 6 in. bad at the bottom) Measures Cockshead Coal Measures, with Limekiln or Sudden Coal - BuLLHURST Coal . - . . Measures ... Winpenny Coal . ... Measures Brick- Kiln Eow Coai, Measures - - . . Silver Mine Coal Thickness. Ft. In. 5 43 4 158 6 70 3 100 2 3 185 5 145 9 220 6 53 3 170 1 6 200 3 Section No. 26. Tower Hill Colliery (corrected for dip).* O.D. 725 Feet (Approx). From Messrs. Williamson.' Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In 6 90 7 60 5 6 189 5 .5 3 100 0, 5 160 2 3 140 7 6 185 6 ft. to Rough Seven Feet Coal Measures, with little Coal Stony Eight Feet Coal Measures Ten Feet Coal . Measures ... Top Two Row, or Magpie Coal Measures Under Two Row, or Hollylane Coal Measures - ... Bowling Alley Coal Measures Seven Feet Banbury or Froggeby Coal Measures Eight Feet Banbury, or Cockshead - Measures • Mem^ Geol. Swvei/.— Geology of the Country around StocI' port, field, Congleton, and Leek, p. 31. 43S Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. BULLHTJBST CoAL Measures WiNPENNY Coal 2 ft. to Ft, lu. 6 70 3 Section No. 27. New Engine Pit, Bidduiph Coluekyj From Mr. J. H. Cole. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Soil Clay Sandstone Metal Ten Feet Coal Warrant BiLLEY Coal Warrant • White marl Red rock - Red metal White metal - Magpie Coal Warrant - Holly Lane Coal Warrant - Billey Coal Warrant - Grey rock- Hard Mine roof clunch Hard Mine Coal Warrant fCoal Muck; Row Coal -J Hussle" ICoal Strong metal - Shale Metal Goal .... Dirt Dirt- COAL - Warrant Rook Strong metal with iron bands Rook Strong metal with iron bands Black bass Shale ■ - Coal .... I'd. i't. 2 In. 3 4 3 2 2 64 2 5 1 5 2 1 2 8 2 1 6 33 1 4 11 1 3 8 1 6 1 1 12 ' 1 1 1 2 1 18 1 10 17 9 1 2 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 2 7 1 12 1 3 2 9 2 2 1 3 3 9 1 5 1 8 2 2 9 7 1 9 4 18 2 8 2 1 2 Yd. Ft. In. 2 3 12 2 2i 74 1 5 87 2 5 128 2 9 135 2 5 136 2 137 153 1 153 2 194 2 Rookery Pits. 4a8 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Black bass Coal Black bass Ironstone - Black bass Ibonstone Coal Warrant White rook White metal - Marl Glunoh Yd. Ft. In. 2 9 1 2 1 1 7 9 2 9 6 2 7 2 2 2 1 1 10 2 3 Yd. Ft. In 197 4 208 2 4 216 5 Section No. 28. BooKEBV Pits, Jamaqe Colliery. O.D. .5.50 Feet (approx.). From Mr. R. R. Makepeace. Character of Strata. Thick ness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made ground - 22 Soil and clay 6 Clay (below culvert for pump) 9 Marl 45 Bass 2 ♦Stony Bight Feet Coal 2 86 Clunch - 10 Metal and rock binds 18 Rock 41 Bass 8 Ten Feet Coal 8 171 Fireclay- 15 Rock - 2 Clunch 11 Coal 6 199 6 Metals and rock binds - 46 Shell-bed (many crushed shells of Carbonicola) 8 Baas 4 4 Top Two Row Coal 3 253 6 Fireclay- 5 Rock - 4 Rock binds - - - ■ 2 Bass 3 Bottom Two Row Coal 4 271 6 Metals 24 Coal - - - ■ 2 297 6 Metals 16 Coal 6 314 * The part of the section above the Ten Feet Rock was not personally measured by Mr, Makepeace, by whom the section was drawn up, but is from information obtained from the workmen. 7469. 2 E 434 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Fireclay Metals - . . - 4 12 Coal .... 1 6 331 6 Fireclay- COAL .... - 2 6 334 Metals and rock binds - . 135 -0 Rook 39 Metals ... . 67 Seven Feet Bambury Rock Seven Feet Bambitby Coal 60 7 642 Fireclay- Grey Metal Rock 30 9 14 6 Brown rock. - 1 6 Ironstone . 3 Coal 4 697 7 Black Bass - . 3 Rock . 20 Blue metal ... 20 Black bass . 6 Blue metal - . 23 Black bass 1 6 Eight Feet Bambuky Coal . 8 779 1 Grey metal 9 788 1 Section No. 29. DiGLAKE Shafts, Attdley Colliery.* O.D. 515 Feet (approx.). From Mr. F. Rigbyj (Section begins five yards below top of shaft.) No. 1 Shaft North. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. aay - - 15 Ten Feet Rook 76 91 Black shale 9 Ten Feet Coal 10 9 110 9 Grey glum .... 3 Cannel 1 114 9 Grey bass 21 6 Black bass 1 6 Grey bass 1 3 Two Row Rock U 6 Grey bass 14 Black bass with ironstone bands 19 Grey bass 9 Little Row Coal 4 7 197 1 Grey glum and slag ... . . 6 6 Thi? section begins in No, 1 Shstft aiid is continued in No, 2 Shaf^. DiaiAEE Shaft. 435 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Two Row Goal 4 6 208 1 Grey glum 12 6 Coal 2 4 222 11 Strong rock binds 15 Coal 3 238 2 Bock binds - 3 G Rook - 1 6 Rook binds 6 ■; Strong metals 9 Bowling Alley Coal 1 6 260 2 Grey glum 20 6 Strong grey metals with rook balls - 162 Strong rooky leapy ground 40 6 Strong glum {leapy) 13 6 Rocky ground {leapt/) 36 Dark shale 5 Coal 1 6 539 2 Dirt 1 Coal 1 6 541 8 Rock binds - 10 Bass . . • . 1 6 Coal ... 1 6 554 8 Rocky ground {leapy) • 19 Coal and Shale .... . ; 8 581 8 Strong glum 5 Strong rooky ground {leapy ; dip yaryinc;) 58 Coal ... . 6 645 2 Strong metala 13 (CoNTiiruBD IN No. 2 Shaft (South)). No. 2 Shaft. Character of Strata. Rook (dip regular) - Black bass Coal Strong grey metals Strong rooky ground Strong rock Grey metals - Bullhttbst Coal Warrant Grey metals - 7469. Total - 2j:3 436 Appendix III. Section No.- 30. Bath ok Haeeoastle Pit, Bibohenwood CoLLiEaY. O.D. 500 Feet (approx.). From Mr. J. Settle. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. SoU- - - - - 1 Yellow clay 1 2 Blue 1 Roach - - 1 2 Sand 15 Stone - - - - 4 Soft shale 5 Bass 2 New Mine Stone 5 2S 1 9 OOAL - 4 Shale 1 6 Goal 4 Dark fireclay 2 Light fireclay - 1 1 Strong blue metal 15 Light grey rock 15 Light metal 2 6 Grey rook 4 Light blue metal 1 1 Strong grey metal 5 2 Light metal - - - - 13 Rock with Coal Bands .... 2 2 Light fireclay 3 Rock 2 Blue shield bass ... 30 Bee Goal - ... 1 9 121 1 2 Fireclay 1 1 Blue shield bass 10 Fireclay 1 1 LiTTM Goal - ... 6 134 8 Fireclay - - ... 1 2 Rook 10 Blue shield bass - ... 10 Fireclay - - - - 1 2 Blue shield bass 3 1 9 Band of white rock 1 6 Strong blue shield bass 10 Fireclay 1 1 Blue metal 9 1 10 Soft dirt 1 Rock bands and blue metal 8 2 Black bass 2 Shield bass (black) 7 1 Soft dirt 1 BiRCHBNWOOD COAL 1 2 3 203 2 Strong dark grey metal. 6 Little Row Coal 2 3 210 1 3 Strong warrant 1 1 Total - 211 2 3 Talk o' th' Hill Colliery. 437 Section No. 31. No. 1 Shaft, Talk o' th' Hill Colliery. (Average Dip 19 Degrees S. E.). From Mr. A. M. Henshaw. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Marl Rock Blue metal Black metal Goal .... Black bass Warrant - Blue metal Hard rook Grey metal Blue metal Black bass Rough Seven Feet Coal Clay band Bottom CSoal Warrant - Grey metal Black bass White earth Cannel Warrant Dark metal White earth Stony Eight Feet Coal Brown stone Warrant Rook Metal Ten Feet Goal - Grey -warrant Rook Black bass Cannel Hard white rook Grey linsey rock Dark metal Black bass Blue metal - Little Row Coal Black bass Warrant - Hard brown rock Grey metal Hard brown rock Grey metal Coal and Bass Two Row Coal - Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. 4 6 3 29 8 18 4 1 ■2 1 7 1 1 6 1 2 36 5 3 2 4 1 i 2 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 10 1 1 7' 1 1 5 11 1 2 7 1 1 6 8 3 1 8 6 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 6 1 6 1 2 6 2 1 1 7 438 Appendix III: Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Warrant • 1 2 Black metal 1 White rock 2 Grey metal 3 1 Warrant 4 Muck Ooal - 2 4 Black bass 8 Warrant 1 Hard white rock 3 Coal - 4 Warrant, 3 8 Dark blue metal 1 2 Coal 1 Warrant 4 2 4 Grey metal 1 2 3 Warrant - 2 2 9 Grey metal 4 1 3 Dark blue metal 12 1 Hard rock 6 Blue metal 1 6 Rock bands 6 Blue metal 1 6 Rock bands 6 Blue metal 1 Rock bands 4 Dark blue metal - ■ - 3 2 8 Dark blue metal with ironstone bands 2 1 6 Grey metal 2 2 6 Rock bands 6 Blue metal 10 Ironstone band 2 Dark grey rock - 1 1 Ironstone bands 9 Blue metal and ironstone bands - 2 Black basg 2 Grey metal 1 White sparry rock 3 Rock .... 3 2 Fault (25 yds., downthrow east), "metal in fault - 1 2 6 t Coal - - - ... 10 Warrant 1 6 Coal - ... 1 7 Black bass 2 1 2 Coal 2 Warrant 2 6 White rook 2 Grey metal 1 2 6 White rook 18 2 1 Seven Feet Bambtjey Coal 2 1 10 Warrant - 7 2 5 Grey metal and ironstone - 3 1 Dark grey rock - 4 1 10 Brown burr 11 1^ AI.K o' Th' itiLL CotLIERY. 4SS Chai'acter of Strata. Ironstone bands Kidney Coal Black bass Brown burr Dark soft rock Brown burr Dark linsey rock light blue metal Black bass light blue metal Black bass Eight Feet Bambuey Coal Grey metal Blue metal Dark shale with ironstone - Blue metal ... Post and metal with ironstone Dark shale and ironstone - Coal - Grey shale .... Hard post Grey metal with post and ironstone Dark metal - , - Coal - - ... Post and metal mixed Hard white post Grey metal Blue metal and ironstone Hard dark shale Blue metal and ironstone - Coal - Metal parting - Coal ... Blue metal and shaly post - Very hard stone Dark metal shale and ironstone Hard post band - - - - Blue metal .... Hard post .... Blue metal . . . - Post binds . . . - Soft blue metal - - . - Dark shale (Coal Band Coal Thickness. Yd. Ft. In. 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 7 8 2 7 1 2 2 4 4 1 6 3 1 8 6 1 2 4 6 4 1 1 10 Depth. Yd. Ft. In. 10 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 I 10 2 3 1 2 1 1 I 11 4 2 1 8 2 2 9 2 9 8 2 2 10 4 10 3 6 2 9 440 Appendix III. Section No. 32. No. 5 SHAFr, Talk o' th' Hill Oollibby. O.D. 595 Feet (approx.). From Mr. A. M. Henshaw. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. xd. Fi. in. la. Ft. In. Soil - 1 3 Glay 2 1 3 Rock 10 Rook and marl 1 6 Ten Feet R,ook - 20 1 4 Bass in bands 1 1 Black bass 3 Goal 2 29 2 4 Stone sheard - 1 Ten Feet Goal 2 3 31 2 8 Fireclay 1 Billy Goal - 10 32 7 Warrant and rock binds 6 2 3 Black shale 14 Metal 1 1 Black bass 1 Brown rock binds 1 6 Metal 5 1 3 Grey rock 1 1 4 Goal 4 49 2 Faidi 5 Bass 2 6 Black shale 4 Rock 12 Metal 3 Rock binds 1 4 Goal - ... 7 60 8 Black bass .6 Metal 3 16 Black shale 4 Ironstone 2 Bass ... ... 4 Goal 9 64 1 1 Warrant - - - - - 2 17 Grey metal 14 Strong grey metal 4 Rook 11 Rock binds 1 2 Grey rook binds 2 6 Grey metal clod 33 2 Fault, metal, rook, and ironstone bands - 6 Ironstone 6 Metal 10 Ironstone 3 Bass I Ironstone 3 Metal 3 6 Goal - . 10 l32 1 6 Diamond Drill Boeing. 441 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. 1 2 1 133 6 3 1 5 136 1 6 2 6 23 2 1 162 5 6 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 1 8 2 2 1 6 1 6 1 1 5 1 2 6 2 4 1 1 2 2 10 1 7 6 2 3 2 1 5 1 2 2 9 206 2 4 1 2 3 208 1 7 Hussle bass ... Goal Metal .... Coal .... Warrant - Bambury Bock Seven Feet Bambttby Goal Warrant - Bock - - Light fireclay - Bock bmd Ironstone band Strong metal ... Black hussle Stone bmd Bock .... Blue metal Black bass ... Stone bind Grey metal Grey rock Blue metal ... Metal and ironstone bands Hussle Eight Feet Bambttby Goal Eight Feet Bambury Warrant Section No. 33. Diamond Dbill Bobing, Talk o' th' Hill Gollieby. O.D. 590 Feet (approx.). From Mr. A. M. Henshaw. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Surface soil . 4 9 Mud (thickness as altered in MS.) 2 6 Gravel - . 10 3 Sandy clay - 2 4 Sandy clay and gravel - 9 3 Blue shale - 7 4 Blue sandstone . 1 Makey sandstone - - 18 9 Grey bind . 3 11 Bind and sandstone . 6 2 Dark sandstone - 22 Hard sandstone - . 18 4 Sandstone with white bands . 16 Sandstone with no bands - 12 Bind and sandstone . 3 Black shale - - - • 17 2 44,2 Appendix HI. Character of StraU. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Bind and sandstone .... 9 10 Dark shale - - - - 20 6 Bee Goal 5 3 190 3 Fireclay 3 Bind and sandstone 2 Black shale and fireclay . - ... 8 Black shale .... 18 Sandstone ... 9 Shale 3 Fireclay 3 Bind and stone 3 9 Sandstone 7 Dark sandstone 6 7 Shale 5 Blue bind - - 28 6 Dark shale - - . - 2 Fireclay- 2 3 Bind 9 Shale with ironstone bands 3 6 Fireclay with ironstone bands 6 Goal 11 292 5 Fireclay 1 1 Dark fireclay - 4 .1 Shale - -■ - 1 6 Blue shale - - 7 6 Grey bind 38 Sandstone 2 6 Grey bind 13 6 Blue bind 4 Sandstone 1 6 Blue bind 9 6 BiBCHENWOOD CoAL 4 7 380 2 Bmd .... 6 Shale ... - . 6 6 Shale, light 9 Goal .... . . 9 388 8 Shale ... - .... 2 6 Bind - - - - 5 Dark bind 1 Black shale - - - - 13 6 Shale - - .... 5 Goal ... . . 2 6 418 2 Fireclay - - 6 Blue bind ... 7 Blue sandstone - - - - 24: 6 Bind with nodules of ironstone 15 6 Oaitnbl ... - . . 3 470 P Shale ... . . 9 Coal .... .... 1 7 472 9 Shale - - 1 6 Fireclay - - - ... 1 6 T-ight fireclay (added subsequently in MS.) 2 6 Blue bind 48 LAWtON Pi*. U\i Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Blue bmd with sandstone Sandstone Blue bind Grey bind Grey shale - Sandstone Ft. In. 10 28 21 9 6 32 52 Ft. In. 678 9 Section No 34. Lawton Pit, Lawton and Habeoastlb Colliery. O.D. 395 Feet (approx.). From Mr. J. MaoGowan, sen. Character of Strata- Thickness. Depth. Clay with sand - Sand Strong clay Clay with sand - '' Bowlers " of coal - Marl or white clay with balls of rock Soft fireclay Black metal Goal - Grey metal with iron balls Ooal Fireclay Strong metal with balls Soft marl - Black metal Light blue metal Marl with iron bands Bowlhtg Allbt Goal Marl with ironstone balls - Rook Rock bands Grey metal Marl or fireclay with coal pipes Goal, faidty Black smutty dirt Marl Olunk Rock Goal - Grey marl Grey metal Rock binds Whin or peldon Grey metal Whin or peldon Blue metal Grey metal Yd. Ft. In. 4 1 1 2 6 4 1 6 2 5 1 1 6 1 2 6 2 6 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 1 3 1 6 3 1 6 2 1 1 2 6 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 2 3 1 3 1 6 1 3 2 1 6 1 1 6 2 Yd. Ft. Jn. 26 2 38 2 6 53 9 444 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Pt. In. Blue metal 1 Grey metal Marl 1 2 2 6 6 Black bass with bands of ironstone 5 Bock binds 4 1 73 White rock 7 1 6 Coal, faulty 1 Marl - ... 4 Blue metal 4 Rock 9 Rock binds 2 Goal and marl - 1 Black metal 2 101 1 6 White rook 3 3 Blue metal 9 Grey rock Peldon 1 3 Black bass 4 Goal - 3 Gookle-shell bass .... 1 6 Goal 9 Rock bind 2 1 6 Grey metal 1 2 115 1 9 Black bass 1 1 Goal, faulty - - - - Grey metal with bands of peldon Black bass 2 1 1 3 Marl - - - ■ - 2 Grey rock .... Blue metal 8 2 1 6 Marl or fireclay Rock binds 2 2 Marl or fireclay Strong grey metal with balls of peldon Strong peldon Strong rook binds Grey rook ... Blue metal - - .... 2 2 1 1 I 1 1 2 6 6 6 6 3 Rock binds - . • . . . 2 1 6 Strong rook Blue metal .... 1 1 2 Rock binds 2 Blue metal 2 6 Rock 1 6 Blue metal . . 1 1 3 Rock- - - ... 1 Goal - - - - - - 3 152 Black warrant 1 1 6 Strong olunk - Rook bind'. 2 1 i 156 1 6 Slappbnfield Pit. 445 \ Section No. 35. Slaffbnfibld Pit, IiAWToiir and Haeecastlb Oolliebies. O.D. 430 Feet (approx.). From Mr. J. MacGo-wan, sen. (Dip 13 degrees.) Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. 1 Yd. Ft. In. Vd. Ft. In. Two Row CoAii - ... 46 Muck Goal- - .... — 51 BowuNG AtjLby Goal .... 1 2 75 Warrant 1 Dark metal ... 5 10 Goal 1 5 81 3 Dark metal - - - 2 2 Black bass 3 Goal - - - ... 1 1 84 7 Grey warrant - 2 2 Goal .... 3 86 2 10 Grey warrant .... 1 3 Strong blue metal - ... 1 2 Goal 6 89 2 7 Strong blue metal .... 3 Dark grey rock- .... 6 Blue metal - ... 6 Black bass 12 7 Goal 9 117 11 Very hard grey rock 1 9 Black bass - - - - 2 2 Goal - - . . . . 2 121 2 8 Strong blue metal 2 1 1 Bambury Rock 27 Seven Feet Bambitey Goal 2 2 7 154 4 Shaly warrant - 1 6 Goal - ... 3 Fireclay ■ - .... 3 Grey metal .... 6 1 6 Strong rock ... . . 1 1 G Black bass -. 1 6 Strong rock binds - - 2 Blue metal 1 1 6 Black bass 3 1 Grey metal 1 2 Grey metal 1 6 Whin or rook . - - I 6 Grey metal 9 1 3 r Coal - 1 Eight Feet Bambubt Goal Shaly binds - 2 Coal - 2 2 188 6 Post and metal mixed .... 4 1 6 Ironstone ... - - - 10 Post and metal mixed with ironstone 4 7 8 Blue metal - - - - - 1 2 4 Post and metal mixed with ironstone- 6 Dark shale and ironstone .... 4 1 J 446 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. in. Coal, dirty 1 10 216 2 8 Grey shale- 1 Hard post- 1 2 Grey metal with post and ironstone - 1 2 Dark metal 1 2 Coal 1 6 220 2 6 Post and metal mixed - 2 1 6 Hard white post 1 1 Grey metal 3 1 9 Blue metal and ironstone' 1 Hard dark shale 2 3 Blue metal and ironstone 1 1 Coal 2 Metal parting 1 3 Coal 1 3 232 2 6 Blue metal and shaly post- 4 1 2 Very hard stone 11 Dark metal, shale, and ironstone 4 2 1 Hard post band- 8 Blue metal 2 Hard post 2 9 Blue metal 2 9 Post band 8 Soft blue metal - 2 2 Dark shale 1 4 rCoAL BuTiT.HijRST Coal \ Band iCOAL 1 3 6 2 9 252 1 4 Section No. 36. No. 2 Moss Pits, Habecastlb. Prom Mr. J. MaoGowan. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In Soil and clay 3 Blue marl 17 2 7 Dark grey rook - 1 2 6 Black bass 2 10 Dark grey rook - - - - - 2 2 Grey metal 1 4 Very hard dark grey rock 1 2 Grey metal 2 10 Rock binds 3 1 5 Ieonstonb - 2 Blue metal 2 1 Ironstone 2 Dirt - - - 1 8 Ieonstonb - 3 Top Two Row Coal 1 3 Moss Pits. 447 Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. Yd. Ft. In. Dirt - - - - 1 6 Under Two Row Coal 2 8 Warrant ... - . . 2 3 Rock- 2 2 Strong rock binds - 2 6 Very strong metal 2 1 8 Muck Coal - - 1 Rock binds 1 6 Blue metal 2 1 8 Ironstone bands 2 8 Black bass 3 Coal - - - - 1 Soft grey metal - ... 1 1 Rock binds 2 Very strong or Bowling Alley Rook 1 2 Rock binds 5 1 Blue metal - ... 2 6 59 2 6 rCoal 2 11 Bowling Alley Coal- Dirt - 3 1 10 ICoal 8 Warrant - 1 Rook- - - - - 1 6 Grey metal - ... 3 2 6 Rock binds 2 2 6 69 10 Rock binds - - - 1 1 6 Rock 1 Rock binds 2 1 6 Rock binds . - 5 Grey metal - .... 1 Rock binds 4 Rock 1 Blue metal 3 Rock bind? 2 1 3 Grey rock 3 1 3 Blue metal with bands of ironstone 1 6 Rock binds 1 1 Grey rock- 1 1 Blue metal 1 1 6 Grey metal .... 2 Strong rock 1 6 Blue metal - ... 2 Coal on deep side only (faulty) • 1 Black bass - - - - - 1 Coal on deep side only .... 1 Blue metal 2 1 Ironstone ... .... 2 Blue metal - - - -v ■ 7 109 2 4 Black bass with bands of ironstone - 5 1 6 Coal— faulty 1 Black bass - - - - - 2 Coal I 8 Warrant or fireclay - 1 Blue metal ,....- 1 1 1 .'■•• 4i8 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. In. yd. Ft. In. Strong rook binds - 4 Bastard whin - 1 Strong rook binds Seven Pbet Banbttby Goal - 12 2 1 1 Warrant or fireolay EiOok binds 2 3 Strong rook Grey metal Black bass .... 1 2 1 3 2 Strong rook Strong blue metal Eight Feet Banbxtey Goal 2 2 2 2 2 Rook binds •4 Grey metal Oookle-shell bass .... 2 3 Black bass 5 1 6 Ironstone . - . - 3 Dark blue metal - 1 6 Goal - 3 Black dirt- 2 Goal . - - 1 Rock binds 1 1 3 172 Heapstead 6 178 Sbotion No. 37. Fair Lady Pit — Madeley and Leycett Golliebibs. From Mr. G. R. Hyslop. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Glunch and basses Banbitky Goal Strong clunch Black bass Rock and rock bind - Strong clunch Rock Rock binds Bass- Rock binds Coal - Black bass Glunch Gookle-shell bass Stone bind Grey metals Black bass Coal Warrant - Bastard coal Yd. Ft. In. 25 1 2 11 3 2 3 2 10 2 11 Yd. Ft. In. 1 1 2 2 16 7 2 7 12 9 1 2 II 3 1 8 4 2 II 1 2 4 I 10 2 II 1 4 Marl Pits. 449 ,__ Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Yd. Ft. Ea. Yd. Ft. In. Warrant - - . 1 0-11 Rock . 9 6 Goal - . . 1 3 Warrant - . . 2 4 Strong olunch - . 3 1 3 Rock binds . 6 2 10 Kock . . 2 1 Bock binds - . 8 8 Bulldog stone - 1 4 RlTLLHTJEST COAL, - 5 1 Hussle 5 Bastard coal • 9 Warrant - 1 9 Rook 5 1 3 Warrant i . 2 7 Goal - - 4 Strong clunch - . 3 1 8 Seotion No. 38. Edeksob Mabl Pit, neab Heathcote Road, Longton. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. In. .15 16 1 4 6 2 fi Olay (partly Boulder-clay) Grey marl with nodules of siderite- COAL Glod Basse Y Mine Ibonstone Bassey Mine Goal Section No. 39. Daisy Bank Brick and Marl Pit, Longton. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. In. 10 3 1 3 3 2 9 2 6 6 1 8 1 4 16 6 8 9 White marl Goal smut Dark clod White marl - aod - ... Light-coloured and reddish marls Dark-coloured grey marl Mottled light red marl - Bed marly grit White marls with nodules Grit in bands Mottled marl Coal - - - Black clod 7469 2 V 450 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. In. Grey marl with nodules of sideritb 25 3 Black shale 2 6 White clay 13 Coal 2 3 White clay with streaks of clod .... - 60 Grit .... 30 White clay - - - - 4 Grit . 1 Section No. 40. LoNQTON Hall Marl Pit, Lonqton. Character of Strata. Thickness. Grey grit Yellow shales OOAL Clod - Coal Pireolay- Grit, plant remains Coal Green marl Red marl White marl Limestone White marl Mottled red marl .... Dark fireclay Coal . . ... Yellow clay White marl with nodules of siderite Grey grit Coal Shale White marl Coal . . - - White marl Bass . . - - White marl Bass Ft. In. 12 3 8 1 8 1 3 2 8 6 2 6 2 8 15 7 8 3 6 30 3 2 8 2 6 4 9 8 1 6 Section No. 41. Oldfibld Marl Pit, Fenton. Character of Strata. Thickness. Bassby Mine Coal Fireclay and clay ... Little Row Coal . Fireclay with aodules of siderite Peacock Goal ... Shales with nodules of siderite Ft. In. 1 10 1 6 20 2 6 10 Marl Pits. 451 Suction No. 42, Waeeington's Mael Pit, Penton Low.- Character of Strata. Thieknesr Sandy boulder olay White clay U^^^ ^^^^ ■ Bassey Mine (gob) \ Qb.ot,v " Bassey Mine GoalJ ^boup White nodular marls Little Row Coal Fireclay Grit, dying out north Thin coal - - :, Grey marls with nodules of siderite Peacock Coal Fireclay Ghey Coal Bearing Series Ft. In. 10 12 7 2 6 20 2 3 12 4 15 3 6 Section No. 43. Hewitts Marl Pit, Fenton Low. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In, Boulder Clay- 5 White clay (measurement not obtainable) Wood, or Fbnton Low Coal 3 3 Black shales White marls with nodules of siderite 25 Mottled red marl - • - - 10 Black shales and thin ooah - - - - 1 6 Fireclay - .... 2 Coal - .... 4 Fireclay 1 Irregular band of grit - - - - - 12 Black shales ... 2 Coal - - - - ... 6 Black shales - - - - - ... 1 6 Fireclay - -. - ■ I Section No. 44.. Hampton's Marl Pit, Hanley. Character of Strata. Thickness /•White clay - - Glacial] Coarse red sand - - , (Quicksand - - Stiff white clay with coal streaks . - - - Yellow shale with bands of grit and calcareous nodules Black shales. Anthracomya Phillipsi - 7409 Ft. In. 5 6 4 6 8 6 2 F 2 452 Appendix III. Character gf Strata. Yellow shales - ... Black shales, with Entomostraoa, Fish scales Grit Mottled red marl .... White clay - Coal Fireclay White clay {Wad clay) and yellow shales Calcareous ironstone (nodular) White clay Calcareous ironstone ^nodular) Blue, purple, and white marl- Marl - ... Blue and purple marl Coal smut Grey grit .... Yellow shales Black shales with Fish scales Fireclay with plants White marl Grey grit White clay with plants ... Coal .... Fireclay .... Coal shales Coal .... White marl - . Mottled marl ... Thickness. Ft. In. 8 H 1 12 3 1 2 3 8 6 6 2 6 6 6 3 6 25 5 Section No. 45. Gannon Street Bkick Pit. Hanley. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. In. 30 2 6 12 8 6 1 25 2 10 15 8 3 3 20 Yellow grit Coal White clay Black shale Grey shale Goal Grey marls Rook - Mottled red mar - Deep purple mar - Clod - Coal .... Light-coloured grey marl Marl Pits. 453 Section No.- 46. SnBLTON Marl Pit, South of Rowhuest Pits. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. ' 8 12 1 3 2 15 Weathered clay .... Black shales . ... Shales with Ainihracomya PhiUipsi Coal .... Fireclay ... White clay - -. - . Section No. 47. Brookfield Brick Pits, Granville Place. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. Ins 6 1 2 3 6 11 6 4 1 2 1 3 1 3 4 1 13 1 6 3 1 1 2 2 2 9 9 1 6 12 1 2 1 2 5 1 2 White clay, Glacial Blue marl - - Ironstone .... White marl - - Limestone with Entomostraca - White marl - - - - Black shale - - - - - \7hite marl . . - Grit ... White marl Grit - - - - - - White marl - - . Mottled red marl Black shales, with Entomostraca, Anfhracomya PhiUipsi Limestone, with Spirorbis,'Entom.ostia^a,, Fish remains Mottled marls - , Grey grit . - - Grey marly shales with plants Dark shale with plants - Grey marl with plants - Dark shale with plants - Grey marl with plants - Dark shales - Grey marl - ... Dark shale, Anfhracomya PhiUipsi- Laminated ironstone - Bassby Mine Goal - _ - Grey marls with nodules of siderita Black shales - Little Row Coal Olod - - - ■ . ■ Grey marl with nodules of siderite- Grey shale Dark shale .... 454 APPISNDIX 111. Section No.- 48. NoDENS Mael Pit, stobth of Gbanvillb Place. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. in. 3 3 6 7 1 3 1 4 3 8 2 1 2 3 1 2 14 1 5 1 4 2 4 Black shales with Anihracomya PhiUipsi Fireclay with rootlets - - - ■ Yellow clay Coal smut Fireclay Shale with coal streaks - - . . . . . Grey marl Grey, fine-grained grit Grey marl Grey marl. Carbonicola Vinti . . . . Grey marl Grey, fine-grained sandstone. Carbonicola^ Vinti - Black shales with Anihracomya Phillipsi Dark, impure limestone, Entomostraoa, Anthracomya Phillipsi Grey marl - - . . . . Mottled marl - - • - Shale with coal streaks - Grey marls with nodules of siderite Grit Hard gritty marl - - - - Mottled marl. Anthracomya Phillipsi, Carbonia ■ Black shales, Carbonia Grey limestone, Carbonia, Spirorbis Mottled light-coloured marls ... Bassby Mine Ironstone 4 1 2 22 Sbotion No. 49. COBBIDGE MaBL PiT, COBRIDGE. Character of Strata. Thickness. White clay • .... Grey limestone, Entomostraca, Spirorbis - Grey marls with nodules of siderite Grey marl . - Shale with coal smuts . - Grey marls with nodules containing plant remains Grey marls with nodules of siderite and black lines Bassey Mine (Gob) Bassey Mine Coal Fireclay Grey marls with nodules of siderite Little Row Coal . Black shale - Grey marl Black shale. Anthracomya Phillipsi Grey marls with nodules of siderite B't. In 5 1 2 15 6 6 14 8 6 2 2 13 1 6 1 6 9 4 10 Makl Prrs. 455 Character of Strata. Thickness Hard grey grit Grey marls with nodules of siderite Grey mark - - - . Peacock Coal Ft. In. 1 8 Section No. 50. Mabl Pit neak Railway, South-east oe Burslbm Station. Character of Strata. Thickness. Thin flags Grey marls Thin band of grit - .... Grey marl Band of grit^ Carbonicola Vinti Grey marl ... Grit Grey marl - Grit - .... Sandy grey marl Grit, plant remains Grey marl - Grit, plant remains .... Grey marl - , Grit, plant remains Grey marl Grit, Carbonicola Vin'A Grey marl - - - - Grit, Carbonicola Vinti ... Grey marl - Dark Umestone. Carbonia,Anth,racomya Phillipsi Grey marl with nodules of siderite Grey limestone. Carbonia, Spirorbis Grey marl with nodules of siderite Bassey Mine, Ibonstone (Gob) Bassey MrNB Coal Grey marls with nodules of siderite Little Row Coal Grey marl - Ft. In. 3 6 2 1 8 8 OJ 13 1 26 5 1 10 14 1 10 12 Section No. 51. Gbeenfield Mabl Pit, Tunstall. Character of Strata. Thickness. Debris Coal Grey shales with bands of grit Black shales. Anthracomya Phillipsi Coal Grey marls with nodules of siderite Ft. In. 8 1 10 2 S 156 Appendix III. Section No. 52. Adam's Marl Pit, Titnstall. (West of Section No. 51.) Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft.- In. 7 4 10 6 3 3 4 9 5 3 6 18 1 Black shales and thin coals Grey marls Grey grit Grey marl with bands of grit containing plants Dark limestone with Oarbonia - Grey marls - Grey shaly marl Red Mine Ironstone V - Grey marl with nodules of siderite Section No. 53. Nbwfield Marl Pjt, Tunstall.- Character of Strata. Thickness Thin coals and shales Grey fireclay Yellow shales with nodules containing plants Grit - - - - - Grey shales and thin bands of ironstone Ironstone - . . . Black shale - - Grey shale - - - - Red Mine Ironstone . . - - Red Mine Coal Grey marl Clod - . . . Grey marl ... Coal Grey marl Goal Ft. Im 2 6 4 3 7 2 3 2 3 6 6 2 6 20 6 1 3 3 6 1 3 Section No. 64. Marl Pit, Hamil, Burslem. Character of Strata. Thickness Ft. Id. 3 1 4 6 1 2 1 1 3 Surface clay Flags - - . - White clay with bands of siderite - - Grey ironstone. Irregular,- plant remains Yellow clays Goal smut - Black shales - ... Laminated ironstone.- Avihroxomya PhiUipsi Blueton Boring. 457 Character of Strata. Thickness Fireclay Fc. In. 1 Yellow clay 4 Flags and shales 6 6 Grey clay and three bands of ironstone 10 Grey ironstone 6 Grey shales and thm bands of grit with Carbonieola Vinti 7 2 Dark limestone, Carbonid, AiAracomya PMlUpsi 10 Grey clay - - - - 3 2 Sandy grey clay - 1 1 Grey clays with bands of grit 3 2 Section Noj 55. SECTioiir or No. 1 Bobehole, Blxteton, istbab Longtos. From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. Thickness, Olay and yellow rocky clay Dark clod (HOAIi Fireclay Strong rook and binds Hard rock Goal Fireclay Binds Ironstone Strong rock binds Rook and clod - Ibonstone - . . . Olod - - - Rook binds Olunch Hard rock with partings Olod with thin ironstone Goal and parting Strong rock and clod Olunch Goal Dark binds Strong light rock Olunch Rock binds, clod and ironstone ■ Mottled ground, rock, and binds ■ Mottled ground and olod Red marl - Grisley rook Mottled rook Rock marl and mottled marl Strong rock marl Grisley rock . . . - Yds. Ft. In 3 3 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 6 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 6 6 1 6 1 1 6 9 5 3 1 6 1 9 1 4 1 10 1 6 2 1 1 2 6 6 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 458 Appendix 111. Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Ft. In 3 2 1 2 1 3 6 1 2 7 1 1 10 10 Marl and rock marl Mottled marl - - '- Rook - Blue rock Brown parting Rock marl Mottled red yellow and white ground Rock marl Red and mottled ground Section No. 56. Section or No. 2 Bokbhole, Blueton, neab Longton. From Mr. G. A. Mitoheson. Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Ft. In 2 1 9 2 1 1 10 I 2 3 Soil and loose rook Red rock Hard jointy rock - Red rock Red rock Red marl Section No. 57. Section oe No. 3 Bokbhole, Blubton, neab Longton. From Mr. G. A. Mitcheson. Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Ft. In 1 2 9 7 2 1 3 4 2 6 3 6 1 2 1 2 6 5 1 2 6 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 4 20 4 1 Soil and mixed clay Red marl Mottled ground Light rock Red marl Mottled ground Light rock - Mottled ground Red marl Mottled ground Strong rook - Red marl Mingled rock and parting, Blue rock .... Mottled groimd and blue rock Mottled parting and blue rock Mottled ground Marl and rook marl Mottled ground Red and brown marl Chbll MmEKAL Line. 45!) Character of Strata. Thickness. Yd. Pt. In. Mingled rock - - .... 5 2 Blue and mottled rock 4 6 Red and mottled rock 5 2 Light peldon 2 1 Strong blue rock 2 Mottled rock 2 Red rook marl - - - - 25 1 Mottled marl 4 Red and mottled ground 4 9 Section No. 58. Section, east of Tunnel, Mineral Railway, Gkeat Chell. (Inclination 15 degrees West.) Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In 12 24 8 3 21 3 4 6 5 3 7 12 3 2 1 7 3 2 6 4 4 3 6 2 6 1 4 12 15 6 c. 2 25 12 10 40 3 3 1 3 Black shales with thin flags and ironstone bands - Grey shales with nodules of siderite . . . . Black shale with Entomostraoa Coal smut - - - - Fireclay and marl mixed ... ... Ironstone in bands, Entomostraoa, Naiadites, Spirorbis Fireclay and shale . - - Black shale and ironstone bands, Naiadites - Black shale - - Ibonstone, compact Black shale - C!oal Shale Coal - ... Fireclay Grey sandy shale Olod Grey shales - - Grey shales with plant remains Black shales - Grey shales with plant remains Grey shales with star-like coal streaks Orange grit Shales with layers of compressed coal - Fireclay - - ... FavU down west. Grey flags . - . Sandy shales Black shales Sandy shales (imperfectly seen) I Coal Ash ok Rowhuest Coal j Parting - - - - (CoAL . . . . •160 AprENDix III. Section No. 59. Railway OuiTrua, NEwoASTLE-UNDBE-LyME Station.- (Section commences at west end of platform.) Character of Strata. Thickness Sandstone (not well exposed) Yellow flaggy sandstone Yellow shales Goal Fireclay Grey shales Yellow shales Grey sandstone Coal Fireclay White clay Sandstone, grey Flaggy sandstone - Shales and clay Sandstone Grey shales - ... Small fault down west. Sandstone Flaggy sandstone - Sandstone - - - - Shales - Sandstone Grey shales with plants Goal . . - Fireclay .... OOAL Shale Sandstone Sandy shale - Flaggy sandstone - Grey shales Flags - Yellow shaly flags Black shales — Carbonia, abundant - Limestone Carbonia Black shales, Carbonia, abundant Grey flags passing into limestone Grey clay - - - - Mottled red marls (Etruria marls) - Ft. Ins 12 3 12 1 8 2 6 15 13 1 8 1 4 6 9 6 5 16 5 3 10 6 4 6 4 10 9 2 6 « 5 6 8 3 2 6 11 1 3 1 4 8 Section No. 60. HlOHrlBLDS TiLEKIES, WOOLSTANTON. Character of Strata. Thickness Yellow flags and shales Yellow shales, fish scales Red shales, Carbonia Black shal.38. Carbonia, fish scales Ft In. 20 6 1 6 8 RArL-CTTTTINQ, KBELB. 461 Character of Strata, Thickness. Yd. Ft. In 2 1 8 8 1 '35 2 1 Red shales Red limestone, Carbonia, fish remains Yellow shales - - - - Blue limestone, Anthracomya calcifera, Carbonia Yellow shales Purple marls Greenish yellow grit (base not seen) Brecciated limestone Red marl Section No. 61. Road Gutting. Bitttebton New Farm. Character of Strata. Thickn ess Ft. In. 10 24 1 6 1 20 6 1 1 Yellow flags Gap (occupied by grey shales and a thin coal) Yellow flags Goal Fireclay Grey shales Red shales, Carbonia, Estheria tendla, fish remains Red limestone, irregular, fish remains, Carbonia Red shales Section No. 62 Railway Cuttino, Keelb Pake Racing Station. To be corrected for an inclination 25.S.- (Section commences near south end of platform.) Character of Strata. Lavender red calcareous hard sandstones Ochreous and red marls with concretionary nodules Hard calcareous light red and greyish sandstone ' Red marl — ^partly obscured - Haia red calcareous sandstones Red sandy marl Slightly ochreous red marl with concretions - - Ochreous mottled marl with thin bands of red and grey shaEles and small concretionary nodules Banded calcareous sandstone Red marl - - - - Calcareous breccia - - - . ,. . Sandy red marl and red marl Fine grained red flaggy sandstone with occasional band of thin grey flags - - - - ... Red compact thick- bedded sandstone with lenticular bands of. calcareous breccia in the body of the rock. Tunnel for 102 feet. Red marh are seen entering tunnel at the north end Thickness. Ft. In. 30 45 I 4 33 1 2 83 48 77 4 2 6 1 1 274 60 60 462 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness, Ft. In 78 4 4 1 18 60 1 18 96 63 60 11 39 27 90 54 111 Light lavender and greyish thin flags - POROET.LANOUS WHITE LIMESTONE - Thin flags PORCBLLANOXTS WHITE LIMESTONE - Light red thin flaggy sandstone Red marl Grey very sandy marl Thin bedded red flags Flaggy soft lavender red sandstone Thin bedded light red and grey micaceous sandstone with occasional 6 in. bands of hard calcareous sandstone Mottled marl with 4 in. bands of a highly calcareous rook Black Limestone with Spirorhis and Carbonia- Red and flaggy sandstone and sandy marls Thin bedded lavender red flags Red sandy marl with hard red flags in middle- Red sandy marl with hard red flags in middle - Purple massive sandstone with white patohes- Seotion No. 63. Keele Estate. Boring No. 5. From Mr. J. Boothby. Character of Strata, Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. Ini Soil . 6 Brown stony clay - . 14 6 Red marl - - . 75 Brown marl . 13 Red marl . 75 6 Grey metal - . 2 WTiin - ... . 3 Grey post . 1 3 Ieonstonb . 5 182 2 Grey metals . 8 6 Red marl - - 79 Grey post . 3 Red marl , - - 39 Grey post . 10 Red marl - 24 Grey post . 6 6 Red metal . 12 Grey metal - . . . 6 Grey post 6 Red metal 4 6 Grey metal - . 2 Coal . 6 383 2 Grey metal - . . 6 6 Red metal . 9 Grey post • ■ • 2 400 11 KBEId! BOBINO. 463 Character of Strata, Thickness. Depth, Ft. In. Ft, In. Ieonstonk ... 3 Grey metal stone - 1 Ibonstonb 8 Grey metal - 4 Ieonstonb . 9 403 8 Shale - 4 Ikonstone . 2 1 Shale - 1 6 Coal . 8 408 3 Grey metal - . 4 3 Ibonstone - 1 11 414 5 Grey metal . 3 Ikonstone - 2 417 7 Grey metal stone - 10 Ikonstone . 3 418 8 Grey metal stone - - 2 9 Coal . - 3 421 8 Ieonstone . . 4 422 Grey metal stone - . 1 9 Ironstone - 3 424 Grey metal stone . - - 1 4 Ibonstone . 2 425 G Grey metal . . . 6 Ironstone - - 2 423 2 Grey metal stone - . 1 Grey post . 3 Grey metal stone - . 2 Ironstone . . 3 432 5 Grey metal stone - . 1 Ironstone . . 2 433 7 Grey metal - - . 2 Ironstone (supposed black band ironstone) 1 6 437 1 Coal . 2 3 439 4 Grey metal - - 3 / Section No. 64. Keele Estate. Boring No. 6. O.D. 480 Feet (Appro.?.) From Mr. J. Boothbv. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Soil ... - - fi Brown stony clay - 8 6 •Sand ... 2 6 Bed metal 20 6 Grey post 20 Red marl 49 Grey post 4 464 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness / Depth. i*"t. In. Ft. In. Red metal - • - - 24 Grey post 9 6 Red metal 22 6 Grey post 5 6 Red metal 148 Grey post - - - - 22 Red metal . - . . 9 Grey metal 1 Red metal 2 Grey post 26 Grey metal .... 5 Ironstone 8 380 8 Grey metal stone .... 1 Ibonstonb .... 6 382 2 Grey metal stone 1 Ibonstone I 384 2 Grey marl 22 6 Tbonstonb .... 3 9 410 5 Grey metal 7 6 Grey post - ^ - 14 Grey metal - . . , . . 1 . Red metal - - 12 Grey post - •■ - - 2 6 Ironstone - ■ - - 2 447 7 Grey metal stone 3 6 Red metal - ... 2 Grey metal stone . - . . 6 Red metal ... 4 6 Grey metal 1 Ironstone 3 464 10 Grey metal .... 2 Goal - - - 3 467 1 6 6 Red metal - ... 7 6 Grey post • ... 6 Ironstone - ... 3 487 4 9 Ironstone - 2 Grey metal stone 6 Ironstone ... . . 1 9 Grey metal - ... 3 4 Dark metal 6 Coal 7 494 11 Grey metal 7 Ironstone 3 499 8 Grey metal stone - - 6 6 4 509 Grey metal 2 Ironstone .... ... 2 Grey metal stone - - . 2 Ironstone - . . . . 2 Grey metal stone - 1 Grey post - - . . 2 / Keele Boring. 4fi5 Character of Strata. -J Thickness. Depth. Grey metal stone - Ieonstonb Grey metal stone - Irokstone Grey metal stone Ironstone — blacis band ? Coal Grey metal stone Ironstone Grey metal Ironstone Grey metal stone Ironstone Grey metal Ironstone Grey metal stone Black metal Grey metal stone Grey post and whin Grey metal Red metal Grey metal Irons 1 ONE Coal Grey metal Grey metal stone with post Bark metal with coal Coal Grey metal - Grey post with whin Grey metal Ikon .STONE Grey metal Hard grey post and whia Grey metal Coal Grey metal Coal Ft. In. 6 2 10 2 2 3 1 9 2 .3 12 3 6 C 3 1 10 6 2 2 6 1 6 5 5 6 9 6 3 19 2 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 1 12 14 9 2 3 2 2 9 Pt. In. 321 9 581 5 586 11 621 8 Section No. 65. Kbblb Estate Boring No. 7. From Mr. J. Boothby. Character of Strata. Thickness Brown clay Red marl Red post Red post Red metal 7469 Ft. m. 6 9 18 54 45 Depth. Ft. in. 2G 466 Appendix III. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. J?t. In- Goal ... . . 7 132 7 Grey metal 21 Grey post 8 Grey metal 10 6 Ironstonb 1 3 173 4 Coal 3 173 7 Grey mRtal 18 Coal 2 1 193 8 Grev metal 4 Grey post - - . 5 Section No. 66. Mbir Boeing, Staffordshire Pottbeibs Watbkwoeks. O.D. 610 JPeet (approx.) From Mr. G. D. Harrison. Character of Strata Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Marl (with little water) 150 6 150 6 Red sandstone and marl (mixed) 2 152 6 Red sandstone (with water) 14 166 6 White sandstone* 2 168 6 Red sandstone (with water) ... 30 198 6 Marl (hard, dry)t - ■ ... 47 245 6 Soft marl 1 246 6 Hard red sandstone (with much water) 40 286 6 White sandstone (with a large quantity of water) 6 292 6 Red sandstone, with beds of marl 88 380 6 Red sandstonet 119 499 6 Section No. 67. Well at the Asylum, Cheddlbton (535 i'ebt above O.D.). The well is 112 feet deep, composed of 16 feet clay and decomposed Bunter, and nearly 100 feet of solid Bunter over- lying Carboniferous shales. The water stands at 76 feet from the surface and about 10 feet above the alluvium of the Churnet below. The base of the Bunter is some 25 to 30 feet below the bottom of the alluvium. * Very fine grained, according to Mr. Harrison. •f A specimen of this was red, hard, and compact. J Specimens of the lowest part of this showed a hard conglomerate with many pebbles, often close together, the largest being an inch or more in length, mostly, but not all, well rounded, in a light pinkish- brown, hard, coarse- grained sandstone-matrix. Only the lowest beds were said to be pebbly. Specimens shown from the same rock higher up were essentially the same sandstone without the pebbles. According to Mr. Harrison, the greater part of the red sandstone in the boring was of this ijature, and there was nothing like the white Keuper Sandstone of the Meir Station section. AliSAQER BoKmOj 407 Well at Paper Mill between Oheddleton and the Station. 3 3 Made Ground River Level. Blue Clay Peat Blue Clay Brown Sandy Clay - . . . Loose Red Sandstone and Peebles - Bands of Red Sandstone and Marl Ft. 1 1 3 5 22 In. 6 6 6 6 Red - 45 Pumps 400,000 gallons a day ; 300,000 gallons cheeks springs above river level, but the spring flows again during night : 150,000 gallons had no visible effect. Pumps to 20 feet below river, but it fills to surface during the night. Section No. 68. BoBnra on Town Hottsb Faem, Alsagee Estate. 0.1). 320 Feet (approx.). From Mr. ¥i Bigby.- Character of Strata. Thicfeness Depth. SoU Sand - - - Marl Sand and gravel Sand - Red loa.m Large gravel Grey shale Red loam - Grey shale Red loam Grey shale Bed shale . . - Grey shale Red shale - Grey shale Bed shale Bed shaly rock Grey rock - Bed shaly rook Bed loam ... ... Grey shaly rock Red loam Red and grey rock Grey rock Red and grey rock Red sandstone - - Grey rock Red sandstone White sandstone (tapped a considerable quantity of water - - - - - 7469 Ft. In, 8 4 4 34 6 10 6 11 5 13 7 6 12 6 12 11 6 14 6 7 6 32 4 18 52 2 6 49 6 113 2 85 8 5 18 13 Ft. In. 8 5 39 6 50 56 6 60 64 75 80 93 6 98 6 106 118 6 130 6 142 3 156 6 164 196 200 218 270 272 6 322 435 437 622 530 635 563 566 2 G 2 46S Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 28 594 4 598 117 715 20 735 23 758 9 767 7 774 16 790 16 806 1 807 25 832 2 834 10 844 5 849 8 857 2 859 1 860 Bed sandstone White sandstone Red sandstone White sandstone Bed sandstone - Bed shale Bed sandstone Bed shale Bed sandstone - White sandstone Bed sandstone - Bed and grey shale - Bed shale and sandstone Grey rock Bed shaly rock Grey rook Bed sandstone - Section No. 69. Boring on Howpobd Bridqe Estate, Buglawton.* From Mr. W. Binney. Character of Strata. Thickness. Bed marl Grey sandstone - .... Bed marl - ... .... Grey marl ......... Bed marl - Bed stone - - - ... Grey stone - Bed marl - - - - ... Grey marl ... ... Bed marl - Bed stono .... ... Bed marl ... . . Grey marl - . . Bed marl - Bed stone - - . . Bed marl - - ... Gypsum Bed marl, with 4 inches of ironstone Gypsum - - - . . Bed marl ... ... Bed stone - ... Grey marl ... Grey stone Bed marl - - . . Grey stone - - - ... * Beprinted from Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of the Country port, Macclesfield, Congleton and Leek, page 41. Ft. In. 5 2 3 3 7 10 4 2 8 1 2 20 6 3 round Stock- Whitmobe Boring.' 469 Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. Grey stone - - - .... 06 Red stone - - 6 Red marl - - - - - - 5 Grey stone 4 Red stone 3 Red marl - 4 Grey stone - 4 Red marl ... ... . . o 8 Redstone - - 2 Grey stone 6 Red stone ... . . .03 Red marl - - - .... 20 Red marl - - - 3 White marl ... 02 Grey stone - ... , o 1 Red marl . - 2 2 Red marl 2 Grey marl 2 1 Grey bass shale 6 Grey marl 20 Grey bass shale 2 Dark rook 6 Grey stone - 06 Red marl --- 60 Black bass 1 10 Grey stone 22 Grey rock 26 470 Al'tENUIX III. The Ohbadlb Coalfield. Section No. 70. Borehole North of Cheadle Gasworks. O.D. 600 Feet. From Mr. W. Lockett. Character of Strata. Thickness, Depth: Surface soil Sand and gravel Red clay and gravel Variegated marly clay - Variegated sandy marl - - Variegated sandy marl with stone - Variegated sandy marl with ironstone balls Variegated marl with ironstone balls Yellow sandy elay and stone - Blue marly clay .... Grey fireclay with ironstone balls - Soft black shale Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Coal ... ... Grey fireclay - Coal ... . . Coal and dirt Black dirt with little coal Grey fireclay .... Grey shale Grey shale Grey sandy shale Soft black shale Soft dark shale Ft. In. 9 5 2 11 5 5 3 6 3 6 2 3 10 5 6 8 3 1 3 1 9 1 11 9 8^ 5^ 11 1 11 2 7 1 9 11 7 1 2 2 3 Ft. Jn. 9 6 9 7 9 19 24 27 31 33 PA 7(5 77 37 42 6 fiO 9 52 53 9 ■^5 8 66 5 57 )J 57 7 58 6 60 5 63 79 9 CiiEADi.E Gasworks. 471 Character of Strata. Wckness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In- Soft grey shale - - - - 4 7 84 4 Coal and dirt - - - - 11 85 3 Soft grey shale with veins of coal - 1 5 86 8 Coal ... 1 11 88 7 Black dirt - - . . . . 2 88 9 Grey fireclay - - - . 8 89 5 Coal veins - . . 1 89 6 Grey fireclay - 1 6 91 Sluish shale 3 8 94 8 Bluish shale with ironstone balls - 4 2 98 10 Soft dark grey shale 7 99 5 Bluish shale 1 4 100 9 Bluish jointy gritstone 3 101 Dark grey shale with sandy bands .broken and jointy 2 3 n04 1 Dark grey shale with sandy bands and ironstone balls 20 11 125 Dark grey shale, broken 4 Oi 129 Oi Grey ironstone 4^ 129 5 Soft dark shale with ironstone balls 3 7 133 Soft black shale with ironstone balls U 144 Broken black shale- 14 6 158 6 Coal, soft ' - - - ... 1 7 160 1 Black dirt - - ... 9 leo 10 Dark grey fireclay .... . . 2 1 162 11 Dark shale - - - - 3 8 166 7 Dark grey fireclay- ... . . 8 167 3 Dark shale with ironstone balls .... 1 9 169 Dark grey sandy shale - 2 6 171 5 Soft dark shale with ironstone balls 2 8 174 1 Black smutty shale 1 8 176 9 Black shale 2 175 11 Soft dark shale with ironstone balls- 5 7 181 6 Black smutty shale - ... 2 183 6 Goal 3 183 9 Black smutty shale 4 184 1 Coal ..... 1 4 185 5 Grey fireclay . - - - - 6 185 11 Grey sandy shale 3 188 11 White sandstone - - .... 1 3 190 2 Grey sandy shale 5 1 195 3 Hard grey sandstone 4 1 199 4 Dark grey sandy shale 3 6 202 10 Dark shale with ironstone balls 11 11 214 9 Black shale - - - - 6 215 3 Dark shale with ironstone balls 10 216 1 Black shale with ironstone balls 3 3 219 4 Dark shale with ironstone balls 8 220 Broken black shale - - ... 2 7 222 7 Bluish shale with ironstone balls 3 6 226 1 Grey sandy shale 2 10 228 11 Dark grey shale with ironstone balls » 5 233 4 Coal 2 240 4 Grey fireclay - - . - ... 2 6 242 10 '■ So in original MS. 472 Appendix III. Ch^acter of Strata. Thickness, Depth. Grey fireclay with ironstone balls Grey fireclay with veins of dirty coal Grey fireclay with ironstone balls- Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Black shale with ironstone balls Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Grey shale with ironstone balls Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Broken black shale Dark grey shale Black shale Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Black shale - CovL CovL, harder Black shale Hard grey sandy shale Grey sandy shale - Grey sandstone Grey sandy shale - Dark grey shale with ironstone bands and balls Dark shale > Black shale Bluish shale with ironstone balls - Soft dark shale with veins of coal - Bluish shale with ironstone balU .... Grey sandstone - - - Bluish shale with ironstone balls Black shale with ironstone balls - - ^ Coal, Poor .... ■ . . Grey fireclay ... Soft dark grey shale with ironstone balls Soft dark shale with ironstone balls Black shale Bluish shale with ironstone balls Black shale Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Black shale - Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Dark grey sandy shale ■ Dark grey sandy shale with ironstone balls Dark shale with ironstone balls Dark shale - - - Dark shale with ironstone balls and bands of black shale .... . . Broken black shale with ironstone balls Coal and dirt - Dark grey fireclay .... . . Grey fireclay .... Dark grey sandy shale - Dark shale . . . - I )ark shale with ironstone balls Dark grey sandy shale ... Ft. In. 5 2 2 3 II 1 2 4 10 11 6 1 9 12 4 6 6 I 3 7 11 6 6 1 6 7 3 9 10 5 4 6 7 8 3 6 2 3 I 11 9 5 11 .5 10 3 4 4 7 1 5 Ft. In. 24S 250 25.S 2e5 266 268 273 284 6 286 3 286 7 287 292 8 292 II 296 3 297 6 297 7 299 10 312 2 318 8 319 II 327 10 328 4 328 10 330 4 330 11 334 8 335 6 340 10 344 6 345 1 345 3 362 6 357 3 357 9 358 4 361 8 364 1 364 9 367 9 376 10 381 10 387 393 395 398 1 399 399 9 405 ^ 411 6 414 10 419 5 420 10 Delfhousis Colliery. 473 Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. 8 6 1 6 4 5 3 7 3 1 1 6 2 3 2 1 7 1 3 1 2 1 6 3 4 6 4 2 9 3 5 4 5 2 8 4 10 7 6 11 3 3 4 1 5 6 1 2 8 3 Depth. Grey sandstone .... Dark shaje Bluish grey shale Black shale - Bluish grey shale Bluish grey shale with ironstone balh Dark shale - Bluish grey shale with ironstone balls Dark shale - - - Bluish grey sandy shale Dark grey shale with ironstone* balh Dark grey sandy shale - Bluish grey sandstone - Dark grey sandy shale Grey gritstone Dark grey sandy shale - Bluish grey shale - Dark grey shale with ironstone balls Dark shale - Black shale with ironstone bands - Bluish shale ... Coal Dirt Coal and dirt Dirt Coal, diitf .... Dirt Coal, dirty Coal Du-t Coal and dirt - - - - Coal, dirty Coal Dirt Dark grey fireclay - - Dark grey sandy shale - Bluish grey gritstone Ft. In. 421 422 423 6 427 432 9 440 441 442 6 444 6 447 6 449 6 451 1 452 4 453 6 455 458 462 6 467 469 9 473 2 477 2 477 7 477 9 478 5 478 9 479 7 480 2 480 8 481 7 481 10 482 1 482 6 483 10 484 4 485 4 488 491 Section No. 71. 1. Delphousb Collieries, Cheadle. From Mr. W. Lookett. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Coal and smut Marl . . . - 2 Yabd Rock - Grey shale - 2 Yard Coal - Ouster Coal and Pricking Clunch . - - - Ft. In. 2 8 6 16 17 5 C 2 8 6 1 Ft. In. 2 6 11 27 44 49 6 52 2 G8 3 474 ArPENDlS III. Character of Strata. TJiickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Roach and rock binds 18 4 76 7 Sandy rook, not bedded, but hard - - - - 27 103 7 Getlby Coal (useless) - - ■ - •2 105 7 Hard sandy rock 13 118 7 Soapy grey shale (fossil marl and black bat roof) 7 125 7 Half Yakd Coal 2 6 128 1 Clunch - - - - 6 134 1 Roach and rook binds 16 150 1 Hard white rook with black streaks 24 . 174 1 Grey shale 12 186 1 Black shale roof 6 186 7 Yard Coal ... 3 9 190 4 Fireclay- 1 6 191 10 Hard clunch - 6 197 10 LiTTLEY Rock ... . - 15 212 10 Hard white rock - 8 220 10 Grey shale (fossil bed at base) 19 239 10 LiTTLEY Coal 2 9 242 7 Grey clunch - 6 . 248 7 Four Foot Rock .... 12 6 261 1 Grey shale ... 14 9 275 10 PouK Foot Coal 3 270 4 Section No. 72. FoxpiELD Shaft, two miles W.N.W. of Cheadle. From Mr. A. Fisher. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. i^'t. in. Clay and marl ... 24 24 DiLHOENE Coal 6 ,30 Seat 4 6 34 6 Grey shale . . . - 4 9 39 3 Coal, 9 in. Black clunch, 7 in. Coal, 8 in. - 2 41 3 Seat and rock binds 5 6 46 9 Grey shale - - ... 9 55 9 Dark brown shale and pebbles 4 6 60 3 Black stone, 3 in. Coal, 5 in. 8 00 11 Seat 2 62 11 Strong rock binds - - - - - 5 67 11 Grey shale - - ... 9 76 11 Dark grey clunch - ... 3 2 80 1 Black shale and stone bands ..... 4 4 84 5 Grey shale - - 4 88 5 OtrsTEK Coal, 5 in. Pricking, 3 in. 8 89 1 Hard grey rock 2 91 1 Soft grey rock - .... 2 6 93 7 Strong roach 4 6 98 I Hard grey rock .... 4 6 102 7 Roach 20 122 7 FoxpiKLD Shaft. 475 (Character of Strata. Thickness, Depth. Strong grey metal - .... Black shales - . . Stone, COAL and rattleoock (cannel shale) - - Fireclay- - - - - Dark shale - - Grey shale Bock - ... Grey shale Black shale - - - - Grey shale Moonshine (shale full of alickens) - - - Coal, 1 ft. 3 in.Pricking, 6 in. Stinkinq or Coal, 2 ft. Alecs Coal Seat .... Strong binds - - - Strong rock Strong binds .... FoxriELD Coal .... Pricking- ... ... Strong clunch ... Strong grey binds Eed roach Chocolate rook Chocolate metals ... - - Grey shale, black at base .... Mans Coal - - - - Black seating- ... - . Coal Clunch ... . . Black shale - - ... Strong cltmch Grey sandstone Binds - - - - Grey shale .... . - Coal and shale .... Cltmch - - - - Brown yards - Grey yards Grey metals - Black shale Grey shale .... Rock (sandstone) - - - Grey shale Black shale .... Grey shale, black at base . . . - Cobble Coal - . . - Strong clunch, full of iron balls Rock Grey metals Dark shales, black base Goal Strong clunch Binds Kt. In. 10 6 14 10 9 18 8 5 3 4 3 3 9 3 6 27 C 18 1 8 8 3 17 13 14 7 5 1 5 2 6 8 3 3 6 5 2 4 5 6 6 3 5 25 18 (J 1 G 1 1.5 1 7 4 7 37 1 30 9 6 10 6 F . In. 133 1 140 7 142 149 6 163 6 173 6 182 6 200 208 6 213 9 218 221 9 224 9 230 9 258 3 276 3 277 11 278 281 298 :n2 .'J26 S.'iS 338 339 6 342 342 8 345 8 349 354 356 300 365 8 366 2 339 2 374 2 399 2 417 2 418 8 421 8 425 8 455 8 456 11 472 2 473 5 480 11 484 11 492 5 529 11 531 540 6 561 2 2 2 2 476 Appendix III. Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Grey metals, full of Iron balls 9 6 660 6 Black shale and slickensides - - - - 3 563 6 Clunoh, flinty rock boulders 3 566 6 Rock binds - - ... 7 .573 6 Grey metal, full of iron balls - ... 31 604 6 Black shale and stone of coal - ... 1 605 6 Dark clunch - - - - 4 609 6 Metals and binds 14 623 6 Grey shale - 2 625 6 Rider Coal ... 1 6 627 Clunch, soft top ... - - 3 fi 630 6 Grey binds .... 9 6.99 6 Grey sandstone 24 063 6 Dark shale on clunch 8 6 672 Hard rock 7 6 679 6 Strong grev metal, shale in middle 43 722 6 Grey shale .... 12 734 6 Black shale ... 14 748 6 WooDHEAD Coal ... 2 9 751 3 Pricking, 9 in. Duster coal, 3 in.- 1 752 3 Section No. 73. Cheadle Park Colliery, one mile N, of Cheadle. From Mr. S. Offer. Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. 8 6 62 6 7 11 20 6 1 4 8 11 22 1 1 5 8 33 9 2 15 13 18 1 6 15 Depth. Soil and clay . - - • ... Strong fireclay - Alecs or Stinking Coal (two dirt seams of 9 and 6 inches) ... . . Soft clunch - Sandstone Grey shale FoxFiELD Coal Clunch - Sandstone Grey shale - Black shale - Coal Clunch - Sandstone Grey roach - Coal Climch - Grey shale Sandstone Grey shale Black shale - Grey shale Ft In. 8 6 70 6 76 6 83 6 94 6 115 116 124 135 157 15S 159 172 205 206 208 223 236 254 255 270 164 4 Birches Coi.libbt. 477 Character of Strata. Thickness. Ft. In. 2 2 1 21 17 18 G 7 3 4 15 8 21 7 14 17 6 1 4 3 6 21 41 13 6 fi 2 11 Depth. Cobble Coal - Clunch, etc. - Clunoh Dark shale - Sandstone Grey shale Coal Clunch Grey shale Sandstone Grey roach Grey shale Sandstone Grey shale Rider Coal Clunch Grey shale Red sandstone Strong roach - Grey shale Black shale or bass WooDHEAD Coal Ft. In* 272 9 273 9 294 9 311 9 330 3 337 3 337 6 341 C 350 364 G 385 6 392 6 406 6 424 425 428 434 455 496 509 10 519 4 522 3 Section No. 74. Birches Coluert.* S.E. op Cheadle. Character of Strata. fhickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Soil and brick clays Fireclay Clunch and binds ■< 12 3 1G2 12 15 177 Cobble Coal 2 10 179 10 Fireclay- Rook and rock binds 6 6 G 185 10 192 4 White and red micaceous sandstone 105 297 4 Rider rook .... 12 309 4 Roach . - - - 12 321 4 Black shale •! 323 4 Rider Coal 6 324 10 Fireclay- White rock 1 29 335 10 354 10 Roach, fine laminated sandstone 63 417 10 Red and grey marl. Balls of red sandstone 9 6 427 4 Black shale. The Bass - 7 G 434 10 Woodhead Coal 3 2 438 * Taken from the " History of Cheadle," by R. Plant, page 297. If the account is correct there is far more hard or sandy material present here than in the area to the west and north. The Cobble Coal is unusually thick. The thickness of the Woodhead Coal includes the Pricking and Ouster Coal beneath, not usually r9ckDned in the thickness of the seam. 478 Appendix III. Section No. 75. Pabk Hall Collibry, Chbadlb. (Oommunicated by Mr. .1. R. Hainbs, to depth of 683 feet 10 inches, and by Mr. G, G. Almond, below that depth). Character of Strata. Thickness. Depth. Pit top raised aay - Grey shale Sweet Coal Marl Hard rook Grey shale, with rook Stinking Coal- Marl Rook Grey roach - Man's Coal Strong clnnoh Grey roach Black shale - Clunch - Grey roach - Goal Rock Grey roach - Grey rock Rock Roach - Rook Grey roaoh - Black shale - Grey shale Cobble Coal Clunch Dark shale Black shale Coal Clunch Rook Grey roach Strong roach Strong roach Grey shale Grey shale Rook Roach 'Rock Rook, hard Grey shalo Coal Clunch - Rock binds - Grey roaoh » Ft. In. 9 8 13 9 4 14 78 3 9 4 11 39 1 6 4 6 7 6 3 e 5 U 11 4 2 8 16 6 24 12 6 6 2 6 9 1 6 9 2 6 18 6 15 17 2 1 6 6 4 6 7 6 10 6 4 G 9 9 l.-? 6 7 r. 3 4 6 6 4 10 6 3 Ft. In. 30 9 126 9 184 6 :?07 Park Hall Colliery. 479 Character of Strata. Thickness Depth. KiDBB Goal Olunch Rook - .... Grey roach ... . , Rook, hard - - - - Rock, soft - ... Grey roach - - - Grey roach Grey shale ' Black shale - Woodhead Coal Stone Pricking OtrsTER Coal - Boring below the last Bed. Bind ... Black shale Strong bands and shale ... Black shale - .... Grey rock and soft roche ... Slate rock ... Grey shale Black shale Dark clunch .... Grey rook Black shale Goal Grey rock Black shale with bands - - - . Soft grey rock and shale- ... Goal - .... Black shale - .... Glunch - - ... Black soft shale .... Grey shale Black shale .... Grey rock full of spar . . . - Black shale Stinking Coal Dark clunch - - ... Grey and white rock Light red shale Grey and white rock Conglomerate .... Red shale .... Black shale Smooth grey rock Red shale .... Grit bored into (said to be the First Grit) Ft. In. ^ 2 3 A 6 9 26 37 4 5 16 6 4 6 12 9 3 9 2 3 9 26 5 9 173 49 40 22 8 6 13 4 6 45 28 3 3 1 1 4 38 2 9 10 9 2 3 19 8 4 5 3 3 1 3 4 12 9 ■ 3 8 8 4 Yd. Vt. In. 459 8 582 8 583 10 1151 9 480 APPENDIX No. IV. Geological Bibliography of the North Staffordshire Coalfields. By W. Gibson. This list is founded on a Bibliography by Mr. J. Ward, published in the Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club, vol. xxiv, 1895, \vith additions in vol. xxviii, 1899, and vol. xxxix, 1902. List op Authors. (The numbers refer to the date of publication.) Adam, 1845. Holroyd, 1897. Aitken, 1873. Homer, 1871, 1873, 1875. AUport, 1874. Howe, 1897, 1901. Anon, 1730, 1738, 1868, 1871, 1890, Hull, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1864, 1866, 1892, 1895, 189(3, 1897, 1903, 1904. 1868, 1869, 1877, 1881. Andrews, 1895. Huxley, 1863, 1865. Atthey, 1868, 1871. Jukes, 1839. Bakewell, 1812. Kendall, 1893. Barke, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1899, Kidston, 1891, 1896, 1897, 1902. 1900, 1903, 1904. Kirkby, 1894. Barnes, 1897. Kirwain, 1799. Barrow, 1900, 1903. Lewis, 1894. Beasley, 1893. Lucas, 1865. Binney, 1846, 1855, 1860, 1866, 1871, Miall, 1875. 1872. Molyneux, 1860, 1861, 1864, 1865, Bladen, 1896, 1898. 1866-67, 1869, 1875, 1876, 1877 Blaikie, 1886. 1881. Bonney, 1866, 1880. Murchison, 1835. Bradbury, 1861. Newton, 1904. Britton, 1813. Ormerod, 1848. Brockbank, 1864. Pitt, 1808, 1817. Cadman, 1901, 1903. Plot, 1686. Conybeare, 1822, 1834. Kamsay, 1864. Cope, 1852. Ranee De, 1882, 1895, 1897. Davidson, 1863. Sainter, 1865, 1878. Davies, 1877. Smith, 1815, 1836. Davis, 1875, 1880, 1892, 1894. Smyth, 1861, 1867. Deeley, 1886. Stobbs, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904. Edwards, 1902. Teall, 1888. Egerton, 1835, 1850, 1852, 1866. Tilloch, 1809. Etheridge, 1865. Traquair, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, Farey, 1810, 1811, 1812. 1879, 1888, 1894, 1901. Garner, 1840, 1844, 1860. Ward, 1861, 1865, 1870, 1875, 1878, Gibson, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1904. 1880, 1889, 1890, 1893, 1895, 1896, Goss, 1881. 1899, 1900, 1902. Green, 1864, 1866. Wardle, 1861, 1868, 1873, 1875, 1876, Greenwell, 1870. 1882, 1897, 1899. Grimshaw, 1878. Watson, 1860. Hancock, 1868, 1871. Watts, 1894. Heath, 1871. Wedd, 1899, 1902. Hedley, 1854. Welburn, 1901. Hind, 1889, 1891, 1893-94, 1895-99, Woodward, 1890, 1892, 1904. 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903. Young, 1866. Bibliography. 481 Maps and Sections of the Geological Survey. Maps — Scale 1 Inch to a Mile. QuARTEE-SHEET 72, S.W. [Stafford, Stone, Uttoxeter, etc.] By E. Hull, 1852. lievised to 1855. QuAETEE-sHEET 72, N.W. THanley, Stoke-on-Trent, Cheadle, Newcastle- under-Lyme, &c.] By W. W. Smyth, and E. Hull, 1857. Kevisions by A. H. Green, 1864. QuAETER-SHEET 73, S.E. [Market Drayton, Eceleshall, &c.] By A. K. Selwyn and E. Hull, 1855. QtJARTEE-SHEET 73 N.E. [Crewe, Nantwich] ; part of the North Stafford- shire Coalfield. By W. W. Smyth, E. Hull, and A. R. Selwyn, 1857. Quaetee-sheet 123. New Series. Stoke-upon-Trent. By G. Barrow, W. Gibson, C. B. Wedd, and T. I. Pocock, 1902. Quaeter-sheet 110. New Series. By G. Barrow, W. Gibson, T. I. Pocock, C. B. Wedd, and A. Howe. {In the press.) Maps — Scale 6 Inches to a Mile. (The Pottery Coalfield by. W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd ; the Cheadle Coalfield by G. Barrow.) Sheet 3 S.W. Congleton ; 3 S.E. Bushton James; 6 N.E. Moreton ; 6 S.W. Alsager ; 6 S.E. Kidsgrove ; 7 N.W. Bradley Green ; 7 N.E. HoHon; 7 S.W. Brindley Ford; 7 S.E. Endon; h N.W. Audley ; 11 N.E. Tiimtall ; 11 S.W.Balmer End; 11 S.E. Chesterton, ; 12N.W. Smallth&rne ; 12 N.E. Bagnall ; 12 S.W. Hartley ; 12 S.E. Wetley Moor ; 13 S.W. Consall ; 13 S.E. Ipstones ; 16 N.E. Chechley ; 16 S.E Wom-e ; 17 N.W. Madeley ; 17 N.E. Newcastle under- Lyme ; 17 S.W. Whitmare ; 17 S.E. Clayton ; 18 N.W. Stoke-upon-Trent ; 18 N.E. Caverswall; 18 S.W. Trentham; 18 S.E. Longton ; 19 S.E. Cheadle ; 22 N. E. Mucklestone ; 23 N.W. Maer ; 23 N.E Beech; 24 N.W. Barlaston ; 24 N.E. Fulford. Published 1903. Horizontal Sections — Scale 6 Inches to a Mile. Sheet 18. Section from the Red Marl plain of Cheshire, across the Lower Carboniferous rocks of North Staffordshire. By J. Phillips and A. H. Green, 1866. Sheet 41. Section from South West to North East across Lower Lias, New Red Sandstone, Permian, the North Staffordshire Coalfield and Carboniferous Limestone, through Norton, Whitmore Heath, Longton to Waterfall Low. By E. Hull and A. H. Green, 1857. Sheet 42. Section from West to East across the New Red Sandstone ; the North Staffordshire Coalfield and Carboniferous Limestone, through Talke, Endon and Parwich. By E. Hull and A. H. Green, 1857 Revisions 1868. Sheet 55. Section West to East from the New Red Sandstone at Woore across the Permian strata of Keele and Newcastle, the North Staffordshire Coalfield by Hanley, Cheddleton to the Millstone Grit of Morridge. By E. Hull and A. H. Green, 18. Sheet 57 No. 1. Section from South West to North East and across the New Red Sandstone and Permian Rocks, north of Stone, Fulford and Draycott, the Coalfield of Cheadle, to the Carboniferous Limestone of Throwley Low, North Staffordshire. By E. Hull and A. H. Green. 7469 2 H 482 Appendix IV. Vertical SectioSts — Scale 100 Feet to an Inch. Sheet 82. Vertical Sections of the Cheshire Salt and Brine Shafts and Borings. No. 14, Alsager. No. 15, Lawton. No. 16, Wheelock. No. 17, Sydney. Nos. 21-24, Middlewich. Sheet 86. Sections of Shafts, &c. in the Pottery Coalfield, North Staffordshire. No. ], Florence Colliery (No. 1 Pit). No. 2, Adderley Green Colliery (No. 8 Pit). No. 3, Glebe Colliery, Fenton. No. 4, Mossfield Colliery, Longton. No. 5, Sneyd Colliery, Burslem. No. 6, Ford Green New Pit. No. 7, Institute Sinking Pit, Whitfield. No. 8, New Engine Pit, Biddulph Colliery. No. 9, Talk o' th' Hill Colliery. No. 10, Jamage Colliery, Eookery Pits, New Shaft. No. 11, Silver- dale District. No. 12, Grange Colliery Bassey Mine Fit 1901. LIST OF WOEKS. 1686. Plot, R. Natural History of Staffordshire. Fol. Oxon. 1730. Anon. A complete History of Staffordshire, published in the Savoy. printed by E. Parts left blahk where outcrops are uncertain. ? l.G f.— 3.G, Thick lines are coal seams. Knowle Bank. 5 N.W E.N.E Fig. <2. — Generalized Section across the Pottery Coalfield, by W. Gibson. Horizontal Scale, one inch =1 mile. Vertical Scale. one inch ==| mile. Hanley. Wetley Moor. fr .. Q ;;^.>;'^ Sbafl'aloiij SHALCS ANO CKOWSTONtS. Set To face page 494.] Fig. 1. — Section across the Biddidph Trough, by C. B. Wedd. Scale, Horizontal and Vertical, 6 inches = 1 mile. Plate I. R,i»,ll-wav Colliery. Koads. TuDstall Road, Bradley Green. Koad at Rock End. S b 3°E. \ ^ s\ s. \ \ \_ — --' J'co.Xevel. i. — Whitehurst Coal. . . — BuUhurst Rock. -BuUhiirst Coal. i. — AVinpenny Rock. — Winpenny Coal. . — Brick-Kilt) Row Coal. ;. — Pot*very Marl. Silver Mine Coal. F.F. — Faulty Ground. C.R.C.— Cannel Row Coal. h. — Beds of Sandstone. W.G.— Whetstone. C. — Crabtree Coal. P. G.— Pebbly Grit. g. — Shales, marls, fireclays and thin sandstones. Parts left blank where outcrops are uncertain. Thick lines are coal seams l.G. —First Millstone Grit. f.— Shale. 3.0.— Third Millstone Grit. J .-- M.N. — Calcareous nodules with Goniatitcs. M.L.— Muddy limestone with Goniatites. M.B. — Marine bed with Gli/phwceras, etc. e. — Shales with Crowstones. d. — Shales. c— Tutf. b. — Shales with limestone. a. — Carboniferous Limestone. -Generalized Section across the Pottery Coalfield, by W. Gibson. Horizontal Scale, one inch =1 mile. Vertical Scale, one inch =| mile. Hanley. Wetley Moor. Explanation of Fig. 2. l_3._Grey or Chief Coal-bearing Series. 4. — Bed and Grey Series. 5. — Bunter Conglomerate. SHALES ANO CKOWSTONCS. Sea Lead. ^^^::^ GEOLOGY OF THE N. STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELDS. GEOLOGICAL Survey OF ENGLAND. Geological map of theCheadle Coalfield. By George Ba rrow, R G. S. Plalr 11. IMDI^X Clay TRIAS Conalo m enite Sariiis tone f COAL MEASURES Grit -?'■' firil MILLSTONE GRIT jr-'aru SERIES Cro^jftone.-! 3Jr the amaunt tn de^jrf.s. White litter are ^atiits , the dawnf/ifiyw beinff qiyen in feet tha. /O Coal Seaine in desceruiint/ orde*^ shewn, by tiqur^x, tAii.-' /. 2Tard I 2. HYixrcL. t\>aJsur 3- ISeaw^. \jJelphoiLse 4-. Zfitley. | jlretx . 5. 4 Foot. ' 7. JidJiorne Of IluntLey. 8. Ale^yson Sttn/cuitj- 9. C^bbte /O. Ridcf^ //. Woodhead.. '" /2. 0\ihtf^ee or howef StinJtimj . /3. Third Grit ot^ JloacJhes. S cale of One Iiidi to One Statute ]ttile = g ^uh/is^ied iji ro/nrfiy tiip J>ircrtof Otnera]. O/fLnartiv Survey at ihp 0>-Lbi£ince SurvGy C/fficf'. Southumpton 1S03. 498 The fossils illustrated in Plates III. IV. were kindly selected, as repre- senting some of the commonest fossils of the Pottery Coalfield, by Dr. Wheelton Hind. They are reproductions by photography from Dr. Hind's Monograph on the British Carboniferous LamelUbranchiata. Pal. Soc., Vols. XLVIII., XLTX., 1894, 1895. PLATE III. Fossil Shells from the Coal-Measubbs. Pig. 1. Anthracomya modiolaris, Sow. Roof of the Holly Lane Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xiv., fig. 7. „ 2. Anthracomya modiolaris. Sow. Same horizon. Hanley and Buck- nail Colliery. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xiv., fig. 2. 3-4. Naiadites modiolaris. Sow. Roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xvii., figs. 16-17. „ 5. Carbonicola turgida. Brown. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., fig. 19. 6. Naiadites oarinata, Sow. Roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xviii., fig. 12. „ 7. Anthracomya Adamsi, var. expansa. Hind. Prom the Little Mine Ironstone. Great Penton. Pal. Soc,., vol. xlix., pi. xiii., fig. 2. „ 8. Naiadites quadrata, Smo. Above the Woodhead Coal. Proghall. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xviii., fig. 20. „ 9. Naiadites quadrata, Sow. Roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xviii., fig. 25. ,. 10-11. Anthracomya dolabrata, jSow. Prom the Little Mine Ironstone. Great Penton. Pai. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xiii., fig. 5-8. .. 12. Naiadites triangularis, Sow. Prom the roof of the Hard Mine Coal Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xvii., fig. 34. ,, 13. Naiadites carinata, Sow. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xviii., fig. 1. ., 14. Naiadites elongata, Hind. Prom the Knowles Ironstone. Penton Park. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xviii., fig. 31. 15. Anthracomya Wa.rdi,Eth. Prom the shale above the Bowling Alley Coal. Whitfield Collieries. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xv., fig. 20. ., 16. Anthracomya Wardi, Eth. Prom the shale above the Bottling Alley Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xv., fig. 14. Geology of the N. Staff ordskire Coalfiehh PI, tie III. 15 1 500 PLATE IV, Fossil Shells from the Coal-Mbasukbs. Fig. 1-3. Carbonioola acuta, Sow. From the roof of the Cockshead Coai. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xviii., pi. iii., figs. 12, 8, 11a. „ 4. Carbonicola aquilina. Sow. Black shale about the horizon of the Bambury Seams. Clough Hall Collieries. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. ix., fig. 26. „ 5. Anthraeomya senex, Salter. From the Cockshead Ironstone. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xv., fig. 26. „ 6. Carbonicola robusta, Martin. From the shale above the Stinking Coal. Froghall. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. ii., fig. 10. 7. Carbonicola obtusa, Hind,. Whitfield Collieries. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. vii., fig. 16. „ 8. Anthraeomya pulchra. Hind. From the lower part of the Burnwood Ironstone. Pal. Soc, vo). xlix., pi. xv., fig. 29. „ 9. Carbonicola cuneiformis, Hind. From the roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Bucknall. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. xi., fig. 24. „ 10. Anthraeomya Phillipsi, Will. From the Bassey Mine Ironstone. Chatterley. Pal. Sec, vol. xlix., pi. xvi., fig. 11. „ 11-12. Anthraeomya Williamsoni, Brown. From the roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Adderley Green. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xiv., figs. 12 & 17. „ 13-14. Carbonicola gibbosa. Hind From the roof of the Moss Coal. Fenton. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. viii., figs, la & lb. „ 15. Carbonicola cuneiformis, Hind. From a thin bed above the Cocks- head Rock. Hulme Colliery. PaZ. iSoc, vol. xlviii., pi. xi., fig. 25. „ 16. and 16a. Anthraeomya minima, Ludwig. From the Knowles Iron- stone. Rail-cutting north of Golden Hill. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xvi., fig. 25. „ 17. Anthraeomya pulchra. Hind. From the lower part of the Burnwood Ironstone. Newchapel. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xv., fig. 30. ,, 18. Anthraeomya Adamsi, Salter. From the Little Mine Ironstone. Great Fenton. Pal. Soc, vol. xlix., pi. xii., fig. 9. T, 19. Carbonicola nucularis, Hind. From the roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Pal. Soc, vol. xlviii., pi. vii., fig. 25. Geology of the N, Staffordshire Coalfields. Plate IV. 502 PLATE V. Fossil Fishes (Types) from the Coal-Measuees. ^ Fig. 1-7. Reproduced by permission from the Quart. Journ. Ocol. Snc., vol. xxii., pi. XX., 1866. After Young. „ 1. Cheirodus (Amphioentrum) granulosus. Young, one half the natural size. „ 2. Palative armature of C. granulosus, magnified. „ 3. Mandible of C. granulosus, seen from without. „ 4. The same seen from above. „ 5. Inner surface of a scale of 0. granulosus, natural size. ,, 6. Maxilla of C. granulosus, natural size „ 7. Outer surface of a scale of C. grannlosus, natural size. Geology of the N. Staffordshire Coalfields. Plate V. mi mm 3. TT**«"<£»X-, 2a. External surface of a scale from the flank of M. scalaris ; magnified two diameterr. Geology of the N. Staffordshire Coalfields. Plate VIL 508 PLATE VIII. Fossil Fishes (Excepting Fig. 4, are Types) prom the Coal-Measures. Reproduced by permission from the Trans. North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers," vol. x., 1890. Pig. 1. Acanthodes Wardi, Egerton. Natural size. „ 2. Diplodus equilateralis, Ward. Anterior aspect of tooth ; natural size. After Ward. „ 3. Rhadiniohthys Wardi, Traquair. View of the ornament of a scale from the flank. Magnified six diameters. After Traquair. „ 4. Megaliohthys Hibberti, Agassiz. Anterior aspect of tooth. Natural 5. Megaliohthys pygmseus, Traquair. Mandible broken off anteriorly. After Traquair. 6. Mandible of M. pygmseus, seen from the external aspect. Natural size. 7. Jugular plate of M. pygmajus. Natural size. Geology of the iV. Staffardshire Coalfields. Plate VIII. C09 INDEX. Names of persons (authors, observers, aivd informants) are iu small caps. {Names of fossils given in lists are tiot indexed.) Abbey Villas, 8. Abbotshay, 25B. Abovechurch, boring, 237, 239. Above Park, 254. Acanthodes Major, 296. Wardi, 296, 305. Acanthodidae, 296. Aeanthodopsis Wardi, 297. Acton, shingle beds in Bunter, 143. Anthracosaurus, 303. Adderley Green, 65, 66, 154. Colliery, 63. Agassiz, L., 285, 286. Alderley Edge, 146. Alders Farm, 1, 56, 85. Aldery Lane, Oldcote Fault, 163. Allpoet, S., 190. Alluvium, Cheadle Coalfield, 280 ; Pottery Coalfiield 204. Almond, E. E., 252. Alsager, Drift, 201, 228. Bank, 3, 102. Alton Common, 273. Road, 255. Amphibia, 303. , Anchor Eoad, 70. Andrews, C. W., 291. Annelida, 294. Anthraeamya, 46. Adamsi, range of, 306. calcifera, 5.3, 54, 125, 134; range, of, 306. Phillipsi, 52, 53, 102, 130, 176, 220, 221, 222 ; range of, 306. pulchra, 306. Ardwick Series, 56. Arenig Lavas, boulders of, 202. Apedale Hall, 102, 174. Ironworks, 138, 165. Marl Pit, 102. Asb-BS 26. Ashfie'ld Cottage, 122. Ash Hall, 46, ^7. Ash-green, 164. Ashley, 4, 140, 144, 148, 189. Heath, 144,145. Ashmore Heath, •28. Ashwood, 70. Astbury, 98, 170 ; Limestone Quarry, 19, 146, 155, 165, 166, 167, 171, 188, 203 ; Volcanic Rocks, 20. Aston, 9, 145. Astoncliff, 9, 145. Atthey, T., 288. Audlem, Lias, 151, 202. Audley, 11, 104, 134, 154, 187, 207 ; Colliery 177, quality of coals at, 107. Church 129, 132. Waterworks, 145. Austen (Godwin), 139. Badderley Edge, 3, 26, 27. Bagnall, 31, 58, 158. Bailey's Wood, 87. Baldwin's Gate, 5, 143, 198; moulding sand, 228. Ball Lane, 58. Balterley, 201. Bandswood, 85. Bank, The, 171. ' Bankend Wood, 58. Bank House, 125. ' — Top, 240, 275., Drift, 278. Colliery, 73. Farm, 238. Barium Sulphate, in Third Grit, 35 ; in Trias, 140, 146, 149. Bar Hill. 145, 177, 198. Baeke, F., 204, 290. Barlaston Common, 139. New Hall, 142. Village, 126. Barthomley, 201. Baryto-celestite, 140. Basford, 124. Tileries, 122. Bath Pits. 106, 110. Bath Pool, 104, 186. Bavtree Farm, 19. 510 IjfDEX. Beacon House, 173. Bearstone, 148, 198, 200, 209 ; copper at, J 47. Mill, 9. Beat Lane, 11. Beazley Bank, Chesterton, 134 ; Mucklestone, 144. Beech, 147, 165; boulders, 201; Quarries, 227. Beeston Castle, 149, Bellaport, 198, 200. Bellington Lane Pits, 62. Belmont, 238. Hall, 249, 250, 274. Bemersley, 65. Bemeose, H. H. Arnold, 20. Bentilee Colliery, 66. Berry Hill, 71, 144. Farm, Barlaston, 126, 161. Berth Hill, 144, 148. Betley, 201. Betley Mere, 201. Betton, 151, 198. Biddulph, 25, 150, 152, 203. Brook, 7, 87, 88, 202, Common, 87. Church, 88. Grange, 87, 173. Mill, 86. Moor, 34, 35. Park, 85, 172, 173. Valley, 6, 7, 81, 165, 168, 169, 202, 228 ; character of coals in, 79 ; coal measures of, 76 ; First Grit, 36 ; glacial lake, 11 ; grits 30, 32 ; principal coals, 78, 79 ; sand 228. Big Brookhouse Farm, 60. Bignall Hill, 154, 178. Colliery, 111. BiNNEY, E. vV., 55. Birchenfields, 258. Birches Colliery, 276. Farm, 162. Birchhouse Colliery, 130. Farm, 131. Birmingham, supply of gas coal, 205. Black Band Group, 115, 118, 127 . characteristics, 52 ; fossils 330-334, Ironstones, 116 ; analyses, 224 description, 219. Black Bank, 128. Black Bull, 74, 162. Blackbrook, 9. Valley, 10. Black Cob, 172. Blakelow Colliery, 62. Black Lion Inn, 122. Blurton, 126. — - Cottages, 124, 159. Tileries, 53, 120, 124, 159. Blurton Waste, 160. BIythe Bridge, 138, 147, 151, 188 ; bricks, 226. Bogs Cottages, 136. Boothen, 122. Booth, 274. Farm, 238. Hall, 259,262. Booths, 259. Borrowdale rocks, boulders of, 201 Botteslow Farm, 116. Bound Hill, 110, 111,154, 178, 180, 186. Bowerend, 145. Bowling Alley Eock, fossils in, 315. Boyles Hall, 111, 177. Pit 111, 177 ; quality of coals, 107. Brachiopoda, 295. Bradbuey, J., 168. Braddocks Hay, 89. Bradley Green, 77, 79, 100, 166, 167, 172 ; Drift, 202. Bradley Green, Colliery, 93. Waterworks, 89. Bradwell HalJ, 164. Hill, 131. Wood, 123, 125, 225. Brampton, 164. Branson, C, 90, 94, 100, 170, 171. Brazils, 221. Brewhouse Bank, 114. Broadmeadows, 28, 174. Broomyclose, 259. Wood, 258. Brookhouse Colliery, 161. Brookhouses, 35, 265. Brookhouse Wood, 59. Brook Street, 118. Brown Edge, 3, 25, 27, 58 ; Crow- stone, 26. Brownhills Colliery, 119, 123, 163. Brown Lees Colliery, section at, 65. Brunswick Street, Fenton, 116. Bucknall, 65, 161 ; old course of Trent, 8 ; boulders, 201. Bucknall Hill. 162. Colliery, 107. Buerton, 198, 201. Buglawton, 151, 213. Building stones, 227. BuUhurst Rock, 90, 97. Bunkers Hill, 178. Colliery, 90, 107. Bunter, Pottery Coalfield 139 146 ; Cheadle, 269-272. Burley Farm, 102. Burslem, 118, 163. Butterton 130. — — Church, dyke, 193 Index. 511 Butterton dyke, 156, 190, 192, 196. Hall, 193. New Farm, 129, 132, 165. Park, 190, 197. Village, 190. Buttermere Granophyres, boulders of, 201. Butter Pots, 224. Butt Lane, 114, 178, 182, 184, 186. School, 185. Cadman, .T., 215, 292. Callow Hill, 269, 271 ; Drift, 278. Farm, 263. Camp Hill, 143. Canal Tileries, 121, 161. Cannon Street Marl Pit, 116. Canteill, T. C, 5.f). Carbonia, 72, 120, 121, 134, 220. Rankiniana, 49. Garbonicola, 42, 46, 48, 52, 54, 57, 58. ■ acuta, 63, 90, 98. rohvsta, 92, 198, 310. Vinti, 70, 119, 332. Carboniferous limestone, 19-21 ; used as flux, 228. Carmounthead, 198. Carmountside, 158. Catsedge, 26. Cauldon Low, limestone at. • — 'Tramway.Drift, 279 ; Third Grit, Si37 238 Caverswali, 138, 147, 188. CecilyMill, 271, 281. Cellarhead, 32, 139, 157. Cement 228. Cephalopoda, 295, (JestraciontidcE, 399. Chapel Cherlton, 144, 147 ; section at, 148 ; building stones, 228. Chapel Street, 132. Chatterley, 154, Cheadle Mill, 256. Cheadle Park ColliericB, 250. Checkley, 201. ChecUley Brook. 59, 10, 136, 198, 201 ] old channel, 10. Gkeirochis gramdoma, 302. Chell Colliery, 50, 162. Chesham Close, 172. Cheshire Brook, 81, 84, 85, 173. Close, 230. Plain, 4. Chesterton, 104, 119, 127, 135, 155, 165, 182 ; ironstone, 5.3, 220. Hall, 130, 134, 135. Pits, 130. Chonetes pomilionacea, 19. Chorlton Moss, 143 ; old channel, 10. Church Street, Silverdale, 129. Churnet Kiver, 5, 7, 233, 252, 256. Valley, 57, 255, 269 ; Drift, 279 ; section, 237 ; Third Grit Coal 240 ; Trias, 7, 269. Cinderhill, 55. Clanway Colliery, 118, 164. Clayband Ironstones — list, 214 ; des- cription 214-218 ; analyses, 218. Clayton Hall, 133. Clee Hills, 190, 228. Cleveland Ironstone, 220. Clews Shaft, 135. Cliff Wood, 28, 174. Cloud Hill, 172, 212; Fourth Grit, 34-35. Clough Hall, 154, 180, 182, 186. Cloughhead, 245. doughs, 130, 174. Coal, analyses, 206 ; Congleton, 211 ; output, 205 ; quantity, 206 : un worked, Pottery Coal- field, 207-213; unworked, Cheadle, 265, 268. Seams : — Alecs, 257 ; details, 263. Ash, 44, 159, 161 ; divisional line, 39; fossils, 321, 323; Trent Basin, 69 ; See also Eowhurst. Bambury, 63. Bassey Mine, 38, 43, 52, 110, 114, 115, 116, 119, 127, 128, 159, 160, 163, 164 ; Anticlinal region, 127, 128, 129 ; depth to, 208, 209 ; Goldsitch Moss, 283 ; limestone above, 118; Trent Basin 115-119, ^— Bay, 50, 69 ; fossils, 325, 326. -■--Bee, 106, Bee Mine, 82. — ■^ Bellringar, 65, Birchenwood, 67, 106, HI, 114, ™— Birches, 65, 66 ; fossils, 315, Bottom Two Bqw_, 44, 105, 113, Bowling Alley, Trent Basin, 64, 65 ; N, area 92, 96, 99 ; fossils, 314; See also Magpie, Little Row, Two Row, Tatchen-eiid, Top Two Row, Hard Mine. Brick Kiln Row, 79, 82, BuUhurst, 63, 102, 103, 104, 111, 113, 114, 176 ; fossils, 309 jLeycett, 101 ; N. area, 98 ; Trent Basin 62. Bungilow, 69. Buruwood^ 67, 162. Cannel Mine, fossils, 329, 512 Inditx. Coal seams — continued : Cannel Kow, 159 : N. area, 82 Trent Basin, 69: Western area. 129. Cannel Seam, Goldsitch Moss, 283. Chalky Mine, 69, 103. Cockshead, see Eight Feet Bambui:y, Newpool. Cobble, 259, 260. Crabtree, 58, 75, 157, 158, 166, 171, 173, 243 ; fossils, 47, 308 ; N- area, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89 ; Trent Basin, 57. — — Deep Mine, 69, 159. Dilhorne, 263, 265 ; description of, 264. Doctors Mine, 67; Easling, 67. Eight Feet, 102, 103. Eight Feet Bambnry, 106, 111, 112, 113, 167 ; fossils, 311, Northern Kegion, 90, 97, 98, 99; Trent Basin, 63 ; Western area, 101, 104. Featheredge, 80 ; Goldsitch Moss, 283. Five Feet, 103, 106. Four Feet, western area, 102, 103, 104, 106, 114, 165, 174— fossils, 49, 317 ; Cheadle, 264, 266 ; see also Crabtree and Moss. Four Feet Slack, 262, 263. Froggery ; see Seven Feet Bambury. Frogrow ; see Seven Feet Bam- bury. Gin Mine, 44, 67 ; fossils, 318, 320. Great Eow, 109, 110, 159, 161, 175 ; fossils 329 ; red rock, 176 ; Trent Basin 69 ; Western area, 101, 104, 128. Half Yard, Cheadle, 242, 244, 266, 267 ; Pottery Coalfield, 223. Hams, 45, 65, 103, 106. Hard Mine, 63, 78, 92, 94 ; fossils, 313, 314. Holly Lane, 44, 78, 64, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 162 ; fossils, 314— see also Bottom Two Row and Two Row. Huntley, 260. Ironstone Mine, 44, 97, 98, 90. Johnny Galey, 44, 91, 92. Kidney, 104. Knowles, 44, 69, 164 ; fossils 323-325 ; see also Wingbay. Ladyj see Bay. Limekiln, 44, 90. Litley, 242, 266. Coal seams — continued : Little Mine, 44, 67 ; Silverdale 174 ; fossils, 312, 320 : see also Burnwood and Ironstone Mine. Little Row, 44, 69, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 106,107 :«eea^so Bowling Alley, Top Two Row, Magpie, Tachen- end, Two Row. Magpie, 44, 50, 64, 65. Mans, 264. Moss, 44, 66, 67, 159., fossils, 49, 316--317 ; «ee also Four Feet western area. Moss Cannel, 44, 316, 317. Mossfield, 44, see, Moss. New Mine, 44, 67 ; see Barn wood, 67. Newpool, see Eight Feet Bam- bury. — Old Whitfield, 44, 65 ; fossils, 315., see also. Rough Seven Feet, Birches. ^ Ouster, 253, 254. Peacock, 43, 69,^71, 72 ; fossils 330. Pottery, 67. Pottery Bassey Mine, 43, 128, 129, 221. Pricking, 253 ; see Ouster Coal. Ragman 44, 65 ; Falls Colliery, 92, 97 ; Havecastle, 114 ; Western area, 45, 103; Harecastle, 114; see also Hams Coal. Rider, 44, 48, 78 ; Cheadle, 260. Rough Seven Feet, 44, 107, 110, 114, 164; fossils, 315; fee also Birches, Old Whitfield. Rowhurst, 44, 67, 69, 159, 161 ; fossils, 321-323 ; divisional line, 39 ; see also Ash. Seven Feet, 45,,- 102, 103; see also Rough Seven Feet. Seven Feet, Bambury, 44, 171 ; fossils, 48, 311, 312 ; N. area, 78, 91, 94, 95, 97 ; Trent Basin, 63., W. area, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114. Seven Feet Nabbs ; see Seven Feet Bambury. Shaffalong, 151, 157, 247. Silver Mine, 44, 82, 89, 114. Silver Seam, 283. Six Feet, 264 ; see also, Dil- horne. Sparrow Butts ; fossils, 313 ; see Hard Mine. Spencroft, 43, 69. Split 245, 247, .250, Index. 513 Coal seams — continued : Stinking, 75, 92, 24a, 245, 263 ; see also, Alecs, Crabtree, Johnny Galley. Stony Eight Feet, Ten Feet Rider, 44, 45, 65, 78, 91, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114. Sweet, 245, 247, 250 ; see also Split Coal. Sudden, 44, 90 ; see also Lime- kiln, Whitehurst. Ten Feet, 44, 65, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 114, 162, 174 ; fossils, 315. Ten Feet Rider ; see Stony Eight Feet. — — Thick, 283. Thin, 283. Twist, 44, 67 : fossils, 318-320. Two Feet, 44, 57, 58, 80, 81, 86, 158, 264 ; see also Little Row. — - Two Row, 44, 114, 117 ; fossils, 314. Two Yard, 242, 265, 268. Whitehurst, 44, 63, 90. Winpenny, 44, 48, 62, 78, 79, 82, 83, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 114, 171 ; fossils, 48, 309. Woodhead, 235, 253, 254, 256. Wood Mine, 43, 69, 159 ; fossils, 329 Yard, 44,66,78,94, 108,109, 114 ; Cheadle, 242, 266 ; fossils, 49, 315. Coalfield, Future development; 207- 213 Coalpit Ford, 32, 75, 157. Hill, 113. Wood, 240. Cochliodontidse, 298. Cocknage HUl, 126, 142, 159. Cockster Brook, 159. Coed-y-rallt, 54. CaelacanthidcB, 301. Gcelacanfhus elegans, 49, 302, 305. Coldclough, 119. Coldriddmg Farm, 123. Cole, J., 94. Chonetes papillionaeea, 19. Congleton Edge, 25, 80, 168, 172, 203,212,230; First Grit, 36; quarry, 24 ; Third Grit, 23, 36. Congleton Station, 213. Consall Forge, 250. Hall,. 275., New Hall, 241. Valley, Crabtree, 251 ; Drift, 277. Woods, 233, 243, 250. Cook's Gate, 145. Coopers Green, 209. Cope, W. S., 19.. Cophurst Farm, 119. Copper carbonate, 147. Corda Well, 230. COTTEELL, T. C, 83, 94, 100. Cowleasow, 144. Craddocks Moss, 145, 174, 175, 176 ; Drift, 10. Crackley, 131. Crackley Pits, 101. Crag, The, 983. Cresswell Ford, 273. Cresswell Piece, 142. Crewe, 2, 141, 198. Criffel Granite, boulders, 201. Cross Farm, 187. Crowborough, 29, 34 ; fault, 28, 174. Crowstone, 26. Crowtrees, 248, 276. Crustacea,, 294. Ctenodontidce, 300. Ctenoptychius, 298. Dairy House, 258, 263, 275. Dairy House Farm, 254. Daisy Bank, 160. Daisy Bank Marl Pit, 115. Dale, The, 207. Dale Hall Marl Pit, 121. Dane-in-Shaw, 203. Dane River, 5, 7, 150. Dane Valley, 152. Dakwin, C, 190. Da VIES, D. C, 289, 290, 291. Deans Lane, 109, Delphouse, Coals of, 265. Denbighshire, 54 ; Coalfield, 135. De Range, CE. 117. Derbyshire Coalfield, 46. Diamond Drill Boring, 106. ^DiCK, A. B. 253. Diglake, 153. Diglake Pits, 110,111, 178., coals at, 107. Dilhorne, 241, 262, 264 ; fault, 251. Dimmings Dale, 233, 272, 273. Dimsdale Hall, 135. Dingle Brook, 28, 168. — — Pits, 129. Diplodus gibbosus, 49> 297. Discma, 49, 68. Dolerite, 190, 196. Doles Coppice, 194. Dolomite 71. Donington, 148, 149, 198, 200, 201. Park, 198. Downings Clay Pit, 131, 132. 5U Index. Draycott Cross, 267, 73. Dresden, 54, 125, 159. Drift Deposits : — Cheadle Coalfield, 277. Duke Street, Fenton, 116, 160. Dukes Bank Marl Pit, 226. Dunge Wood, 134, 136, llh. Dunkirk, 182. Dunwood Hall, 31. Dustystile, 282. Eardleyend, 149. Earsliyay House, 28. Fastwell, 248, 281. Eastwood Marl Pit, 116 ; fossils, 336. Eaves Farm, 262. Eavesford, 247. Hchinodermata, 294. Economic Geology, Brickclays, 226 Building Stones, 227 ; Coal, 205 Future Supply of Coal, 207-213 Gravel, 228 ; Ironstones, 213-224 Limestone, 227 ; Marls, 226 Moulding Sand, 228 ; Pottery Clays, 224; Potters Sand, 228; Eoad Metal, 227 ; Soils, 228 ; Water Supply, 229-231, 281-282. Edensor Marl Pit, 115. Edestus, 296. Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., 18, 285, 286, 287. Ehleks, 2, 225. . Endon, 25, 155. Hill, 139, 141. Trias, 7. Valley, 8. Endon-Werrington Anticline, 7. Ennerdale and Eskdale Granite, boulders of, 201, 277. Espley Rock, 54. Estheria minuta, 147. Etruria, 163. Marl Group. 51, 52, 115 ; Basin of Trent, 119-122 ; Western Area, 129-132; Economic use of, 226; fossils. 334. — Vale, 163. Ewteniw, 300. Falls, 83. 97. Falls Colliery, 98. Faeey, J., C. Classification of Car- boniferous, 17, 35. Faults, age of, 155., Basin of Trent 158-165 ; Biddulph Valley, 165- 174 ; Cheadle, 274-276 ; Western Area, 174-189 ; Trias, 188, 276. Faults, mention of— Adderley Green, 160. Anticlinal, 174. Apedale, 109, 127, 128, 130, 132 135, 143, 15.3, 154, 155, 165, 175 description of 164. Bradwell Wood, 163, 184. • Bridestones, 172. Brownhills, 163. Crowborough, 28, 174. Dungewood, 175. Eighty Yards, 182. Fenton Park, 161. Gradbatch, 283. Florence, 156, 159, 160. High Carr, 127, 131, 132 ; des- scription of 164, 184. Hollywood, 101, 103, 129, 132 153., description of 174. ■ Ividsgrove, 164. Millstone, 112, 181, 184. Newcastle ; see High Carr. Northwood, 162. Oldcote, 45, 114, 163. One Hundred and Twenty Five Yards, 125 181. » One Hundred and Twenty Six Yards, 184. Pitts Hill, 163. Ravenscliff, 119, 164. Rearers, 182, 1S4. Red Rock, 19, 134, 137, 140, 167, 182 ; description of 187. Ridgehill, 175. Shelton, 118, 121, 163. Sneyd, 163. — — Spring House, 87, 88, 173. _,_. Two Hundred and Eighty Yards, 171, — -Ubberley, 161, = — Western Boundary, 163, 175, Whitfield, 165, Fenton, 116, House, 120. Park, 70, ICI, 198 Park, Marl Pit, 71. Feag Hayes ; fossils, 323. FitTih Grit, 33. Finney Green Farm, 175. First Grit, Cheadle, 240, 242 ; Economic uses of 228, 241 ; Gold- sitch Moss, 283 ; Pottery Coalfield, _29, 32, 36. Firwood House, 88. Fishes, 296. Index. 515 Flannels, 221. Flett, J. S., 195. Florence Colliery 65, 115, 119, 120, 124, 159. Folds, Anticlinal Area, 174, 178; Biddulph Valley 165 ; East side of Coalfield 157 ; Trias, 188. Folly, 277. Ford Green, 65. Hayes, 158. Sprink, 187. Forsbrook, 188, 189, 277. Fossils, Black Band Group, 330-334 ; Bowling Alley, 64-65 : Carboni- feroTJS Limestone, 19 ; Chief Coal- bearingSeries, 307-330; Congleton Edge, 24 ; Drift, 202 ;Etruria Marl, 334 ; Keele Group, 336 ; Marine, 47, 50 ; Newcastle-under-Lyme Group, 334 ; Trias, 143, 147 ; Upper Series, 51. Fourth Grit, 29, 34, 35. Fowlea Brook, 119, 153, 161. Fowlea, Valley, 120. Foxfield Colliery, 151, 189, 240, 253. RaUway, 241. Woods, 258. Foxley, 200. Bridge, 67. Foxt, 237 ; Third Grit Coal, 239 ; Water Supply, 282. Froghall, 237, 243, 247; Coal measures 245. Fulford, 138, 150. Godley Brook, 258. Goldendale, 119. Goldendale Ironworks, Etruria Marls at, 121. Golden Hill, 40, 56, 118, 119, 163, 164, 220. Goldsitch, 152. Moss, Coalfield, 38,' 283, 284. Goniatites, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 57, 58, 75, 81, 85, 89, 237, 238, 247. Listen, 86. GOODCHILD, J. G., 139. Good Hope Pit, 73. Gorsty Bank Colliery, 128. Gorsty Hill, 273. Grange Colliery, 1 18, 123. Farm, 121. Marl Pit, 120, 121. Grates, 22S. Greasleyside Colliery, 62. Great Chell, 73. Fenton Collieries, 116, 120, 160. Oak, 129. Eow Rock, fossils, 329. Geeen, A.H., 32, 93, 96, 146, 149, 283. Greenfield Colliery, 163. Greenway Hall, 27. Grotto Wood, Carboniferous, 19, 24; Coal-measures, 89 ; Drift, 203 ; Faults, 171, 188., Trias, 146, 149 Grove Colliery, 128. Grubbers Hill Farm. Gum Hill, 166. Gypsum, 139, 147. Galena, in ironstones, 214. Gannister Series, 46. Gaenee, R., 2, 118, 190, 286. Gasteropoda, 295. Gatee, E., 111. Gawtbn Stone, 58, 307. Gedling, 55. George St., Newcastle, 122, 127. Gillow Heath, 24, 96, 98, 167, 203 ; Postery, 82, 83, 100, 226 ; Whet- stone, 227. Glacial deposits, see Drift. Lakes, 10. sands, as Water Supply, 231. Glading, The, 129, 134, 136, 176. Glasshouse Colliery, 109, 111. Glebe Colliery, 161 ; Mossfield Can- nel, 67. 7469 Halesowen Sandstone, 54. Hall Farm, 241. Hall-o'-Lea, 90,91,171, 203. — ^ Colliery, 77, 90, 94, 100. Halmer End, 103. Hamptons Marl Pit, 116. Hams Wood, 208. Hanchurch, 129, 130, 133, 165, 202. Farm, dyke, 193. Hills, 193. Hancock, 288. Hanford, 121, 124, 164 ; limestone, 122 Hanging Wood, 170. Hanley, 6V, 116, 162, 163. Borough Colliery, 72. and Bucknall Collieries, 62 ; Drift, 8. Harecastle, 19, 104, 153, 175 ; Glacial Lake, 11. 3K 516 Index . Harecastle Tunnel, 164. Harewood Farm, 263. Harewood Hall, 259, 263. Harley Farm, 194. Hartshill, 124. — ~ Farm, 122. Hartwell, 126. Haslingden Flags, 32. Hatchingclose, 171. Hatchley, 258. Hatton, 141, 198 ; waterworks, 230. Hayes-delph, 176. Farm, 132. Hayes Wood, 103, 104, 132, 134, 176 ; Ironstone at, 220. Hayes Valley, 176. Hayhill, 83, 96. Farm, 95. Hazel Brook, 132. Hazlecross, 259 ; Ironstone, 249. Pits, 252. Hazles, 254. Hazlewall, 256, 253, 275. Colliery, i556, 258. Hazlewood Colliery, 263. Heathcote Street, Longton, 160. Heaton, 33. Hebden Bridge, 48. Hedin, Sven, 139. Heighley Castle, 145, 209. Farm, 136. Helodms simplex, 298. Hem Heath Colliery, 127, 130. Henshaw, M., 106, 113, 182. Hewitts Marl Pit, 116, 161 ; fossils, 382. High Bent, 28. High Carr, 186. Colliery, 109, 127. Tileries, 131, 163. Higher Overton, 85. Highfields, 201, 275. High Goms Mill, 159. Lane Colliery, 73, 162. Lane Farm, 58. Street, Cheadle, 270. Fenton, 120, 1 60. Chorlton, 143. Hillhouse Farm, 249. Hilltop, 255. Farm, 241, 248. Hind., W, 2, 20, 21, 32, 39, 48, 51, 66, 134, 143, 248, 290, 293. Hindswood, 84, 173. Farm, 84. Holden Lane Farm, 67. Holehouse Farm, 59, 260. Hollygrove, 257. HoUington, 273. Hollinhurst, 158. HoUins, 28,114, 174,182, Hollins Wood, 1 10, 153, 154 178, 254. Farm, 110. Holly Bank, 145. Grove, 257. Lane Farm, 98. Lane Tileries, 121. Wall, 163. Hollywood Pit, 101. Holts Barn, 142. Homer, C. J., 40, 218. Honey wall, 134. Horton, 32, 34. Brook, 7. Village, 7. Hough Woodj 26, 27. Howe, J. A.. 32. Howford Bridge, 213. Hull, E., 32, 47, 53, 144, 283. Hulme, 158, 232 ; Trias, 142. Colliery, 160. Village, 62. Huntley, 257, 260, 262, 270. Wood, 268. Hurst Quarry, 37. Huxley, T. H., 285, 286, 287. Icththyolites, 285. Icthyodwulites, 299. Ingleton Eock, Boulders of, 202. Jnsecta, 294. Ipstones, 27, 30, 31, 233, 237, 243 ; Coal measures, 245. Ipstones Church, 239. Ipstones Village, 240. Ireland, Tertiary dykes compared, 190. Ireland's Cross, 148, 198. Ironstones, Description of, 213 ; Blackbands, 219, 224 ; Clay Bands, 214, 218 ; comparison vsdth Cleve- land, 220. Ironstone Bands. Bassey Mine, 116, 127, 128 ; Analysis, 224 ; description, 290 ; fossils,334; Map giving depth?, 15 ; Section, 221; shafts to, 220. Black Band, 116. Blask Bass, 214 ; analysis, 224. Black Mine, 214. ■ Black Stone, 214. Brown Mine, 214, 103 ; analysis, 218 : fossils, 322 ; section, 210. Burnwood, 214, 163, 164 ; analysis, 218 : fossils, 320 ; section 215, IitDEi. oil ironstone bands — continued. Cannel Mine, 214. Cannel Row, 214, 217 : analysis, 218. Chalky Mine, 214 ; analysis, 217, 218 ; fossils, 327 ; section, 216 ; western area, 101, Deep Mine, 214, 217 ; analysis, 218 ; fossils, 328. Froghall, 31, 55, 66, 239, 248, description, 252 ; used for pigment, 249. Gold Mine, 101, 214; fossils, 327 ; section, 216. ' Gubbin, 214, 218 ; fossils 329. Half Yards, 119, 127, 128, 130 ; analysis 224 ; section, 223. Hanbury, 214. Knowles, 69,72, 74, 110, 216; analysis, 218 ; fossils, 323-25. — Little Mine, 214 ; fossils, 320. New Mine, 214 ; fossils 321. — Pennystnne, 214, 217 ; analysis, 218. Priorsiield, 214, 216; fossils, 325. Rag Mine, 214 ; fossils, 326. Red Mine, 118, 119, 123, 127, 128, 129, 161, 163 ; analysis, 224 ; description, 221 ; fossils, 331 ; section, 222. Red Shagg, 116, 118, 127, 128, 130, 165 ; analysis, 224 ; section, 222. Rusty Mine 214 ; analysis, 218 ; section, 217. Thick Band, 214. Two Row, 214 ; section, 215. Winghay, see Knowles. Wood Mine, 69, 214 ; fossils, 329. Isaacs, 222. -, Isle of Man, tertiary a^kes com- pared, 190. John Stre'et, 99. Joiners Square, 116. Jukes, J. K, 8, 17. Keele, 5, 202. Keele Church, 136. Group, 125 ; characteristics 53; fossils, 336. Park, 125. Park Racing Station, 135. Station, 132. Kendall, P. F., 12. Kennels, Trentnam, 135. Kent Green, 187. Kentslane Colliery, 174. Keraterpeton, 303. Kerry Hill, 58. Keuper Marls, Pottery 150 ; Economic use Cheadle, 273. Keuper Sandstone,Economic use of, 227; Waterstones 146; Cheadle, 272 ; Pottery Coalfield, 146. Kidsgrove, 5, 114, 118, 153, 164. KiDSTON, R., 38, 51, 116, 127, 292. King, W., 55. Kingsley, 254, 255, 259. Sandstone, 245. Village, 252. KlBKBY, J. W., 190, 193, 194, 195 Knenhall, 126. Knowle Bank, 209. Knutton, 209. Farm Colliery, 128, 130. Ironworks, 135. Manor Colliery, 133. Knypersley, 5, 57 ; gorge at, 7 ; ♦springs, 229. Hall, 99. Reservoir, 5, 60, 62 ; Crabtree measures, 59 Wood, 60. Kynsall-Wood, 198. Coalfield of, 226; 290 Jack Hayes, 58, Jacobs, 222. Jamage, 163. Colliery, 112, 177, 181. Mineral Line, 110. Pits, 112. Johnson, 248. Labyrvnthodontida, 303. Lady Park Wood, 251. Ladywell, Marl Pit, 118. Lcumellibrcmchiata, 295. m htnM. Lane-end, 26. Lanehead, 237; plants at, 25. LaskEdge, 3, 5, 155, 166, 167, 168, 169 ; anticlinp, 28. Latebrook House, 119. Launder's Bank, 31, 58, 158. Lawton, 182 ; Salt, 150. Lawton and Harecastle Collieries, Coals at, 108. Park, 187. Lea Mill Forges, 77, 80, 85, 86, 203. Lee House, 75. Leek Eoad, cutting 'at Burslem, 72. Lees, 239. Lewis, Caevill, 200. Leycett, 153. Ley Farm, 149. Light-oaks Farm, 273. Lightwood Farm. Lodge, 119. Lily Pits, 128. Limekiln Farm, 23. — — Wood, 19-23. Limestones, 227. Lingula, 39, 57, 66. Lingula mytiloides, 48, 49. Line Houses, 164. Linley Wood!, 149, 187, 209. Lions Paw, 5. Listraccmthus, 296. Lithostrotion Martini, 19. Little Brookhouse Farm, Boulders, 201. Chell, 73. Eaves Farm, 158. Loggerheads, 136, 144. Longbridge Hays, 125. Longhouse Shaft, 262. Longport, 122. Longton, 66, 115, 116, 119, 154, 160. Hall Colliery, 159. Hall Marl Pit, 115. Lea, 124, 159. Mill, 160. Park, 124. Lower Moddershall, 126. Pale Group, 257, Overton, 84. Loxomma, 303. Lunts Pit, 114. Lymes Farm, 192. Lyme Valley, 129, 133; depth to coals, 208. Madeley, 198. and Leycett Collieries, 103, 177. Heath, 153, 175 ; depth to coals, 208. Brick Pits, 129, 132, 175. Brook, 9. Madeley Manor House, 136. Park Farm, 189. Road Station, 5, 9. Station, 135. Valley, Drift 1, 9, 10. Village, depth to coal, 208. Madgedale Farm, 270. Maer, 2, 149, 142, 189 ; Drift, 202. Hall, 5 ; water supply, 230. Heath, 143. Wood, 145. Majorsbarn Shaft, 263. Magnesian Limestone Series, 55. Makepeace, R. R., 107. Manchester Coalfield, 55. Manor Farm, Fenton Low, 1 20. Manor House, 145, 176, 177. Marine Fossils, Coal-measure hori- zons. — Bay Coal, 50, 69, 325, 326. Crabtree Coal, 47, 308. Four Feet Coal, see Crab- tree and Moss. Gin Mine Coal, 50, 318- 320. Lady, see, Bay Coal. Moss Coal, 49, 316-317. Seven Feet Bambury Coal, 48, 311-312. — Stinking Coai, see Crab- tree. Twist Coal, see Gin Mine MacGowan, J., 106, 114, 184. Maddock, .J., 110, 137. marine fossils. Winpenny Coal, 48, 309. Market Drayton, 9. Marls, economics, 226. Marsh Green, 87. May Bank, 127. Maypole Dairy, boring, 150, 151 213. Meadow Pits, 114. Meaford Farm, 126. Meece Brooks, 5. Valley, water supply, 230. Meir Station, 142, 147, 156 ; water supply, 230 ; tunnel, coal at, 70. Meirhay Colliery, 64. Meir Villas, 158. Merelake Hill, 140, 145, 149. Mersey River, 5. Uesolepis scalaris, 303. Wardi, 303. Ind^x. m Metallic Brick Pits, 130. Mli^LL, L. C, 288. Midland Tileries, 12.').- Miles Green, 104, 176, 177. Mill Bank Colliery, 129. Mill Dale, 145. Millend, 209. Millstone Grit, Building stone, 227 ; Cheadle Coalfield, 236-242; classi- fication, 33 ; FossUs, 307 ; Pottery Coalfield, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32 ; South Wales, 48. Milton, 65, 154, 158. Minnie Pit, 103, 132,176. Minton, 225. Miry Wood, 104. Moat House, 135. Mobberley, 262. Moddersliall, 1, 4, 54; coal at, 126 ; 141, 142, 150, 152. ModdershaU Oaks, 267. MOLYNEUX, W., 286. Moneystone, fault at, 276. Moody Street, 96, 98. Moor Hall, 26. Mossfield Colliery, 162. Farm, 66. Mossley, 7, 8, 172, 204, 212. Moss Pits, fault at, 211. Mostyley Mill, 126, 142. Moulding sand, 228. Mount Pleasant, 134 ; Fen ton, 120, 160 ; Mow Cop, 170. Mousecroft, 162. Mow Cop, 4, 5, 76, 83, 95, 99, 145, 147, 153, 154, 155, 165, 168, 170, 172, 213. Mow Lane, 171. Mucklestone, 136, 144, 152, 153, 154, 175, 177, 189. Wood, 144. MURCHISON, E. L, 190. Napeley, 148. Napeley, Heath, 144, Netherset Hay, 135. Jffeuropteris, 92. Scheiichzeri, 125. Newcastle limestone, Trent Basin, 123-125 ; Western area, 133-34. Station, 122. Street, Burslem, 121. Newcastle Tunnel, 124, 127. under-TIyme, 164, 165. Group, 53, 123 ; fossils, 334- 336. New Chapel, 67, 164, 198. Newfield, 118, 1 19. Newhouse Farm, 131. Newpool, 174. New Springs, 182. Newstead, 115, 121, 125 ; Boring, 115, 124, 125. Newstead Wood, 126. New Street, Longton, 160. Newtown, 172. New Ubberley CoUiery, 65, 162. Noonsum Common, 240. Normacot, 142, 155, 159. Normacot Station, 66. Northwood Farm, 129, 133. Northwood Marl Pit, 72. Norton Bridge, 190, 195. Norton Forge, 144 in-Hales, 148, 198, 202; Tern Kiyer at, 10 in-the-Moors, 65. Nottingham, Salopian Permian at, 55. Oakamoor, 237, 239, 241, 270, 281. Oakley, 140, 147, 148, 189, 209. Hall, 144, 148. Park, 140. Villa, 148. Oldcote Farm, 163. Old Engine Fg^rm, 264. Oldfield Colliery, 116. Old Grove Colliery, 128. — HUl, 111, 112, 154, 178, 180, 181. Wood, 112. Onecote, 18. Onneley, 9, 198, 200. Ormeeod, G. W., 18. Orthis Budleighensis, 143. Orthoceras, 86, 295. Osteolepidoe, 301. Ougherwall, 11. Oulton Heath, 142. Oulton Mill, 142. Ousal Dale. 272. Outwood Gate, 88, 173. Over Biddulph, 85. Over Bitters Wood, 207. 520 Index. Oxford Collieries, 74. Ox Hay, 88. Oxhay Wood, 133, 135. Pterinopecten, 26, 29, 31, 39, 49, 57, 66, 86, 242. Pteroplax, 303. PalcBoniscidae, 302. Parkfields, 126. Parkfoot, 257. Park Hall 160 ; Cheadle, 256, 257, 258 ; Trias, 142. Colliery, Cheadle, 243, 253, 257, 263 ; Pottery Coalfield, 64. Farm, 265. Park Hayes Barn, 27. Farm, 27. Parkhouse Colliery, 127, 130, 131, 165. Farm, 277. Parrots Drumble, 113, 181. Peacock Hay, 127. Marls, 116 ; fossils, 330. Peake, 83. Peakes Tileries, 121. Pearcroft Wood, 258. Pear Tree Pits, 162. Pecopteris arborescens, 53, 307. Peel 221. Pencileside Series, 21, 139, 170-171. Pen-maen-mawr, road metal, 228. Pennant Sandstone, 54. PenkhuU Hill, 127 ; section in road, 122. Pennine Chain, 1. Permian breccia, 55. PetalodontidcB, 298. Pettyfields, 219. Pilsens Wood, 195. Pinnox Iron Works, 118. Pipegate, 198. Pipegate station, 148 ; Drift, 199. Pitts Hill, 162. Plant, W., 317. Piatt Pit, 62. Platysomidm, 302. Platysomus parvulus, 303. PleiiracanthidcB, 297. Plot R., 2, 17, 220, 224. PococK, T. I., 188. Podmore Hall, 42. POLLAKD, W., 71. Poolfold, 87. Pool Dole, 66, 70. Port Hill, 127. Pottery Clays, 224. P.ijii I i:nu