(QonuU HtnivecBUg Kibrani 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
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™Si.m3I?.S:.^.'?.°.'J...P.f.»akiQrafi 
 
 >nJ 1924 031 437 340 
 
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The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031437340 
 
THE 
 
 HAND-BOOK ETAKIGRAFY. 
 
 GIVING BRIEFIiY THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE CONTRACTED STYLE, 
 
 AND DESIGNED EOB THE USE OF 
 
 AMANUENSES 
 
 AND 
 
 VERBATIM REPORTERS. 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 INTEODUCTORY CHAPTBH ON THE SIMPLE STYLE. 
 
 BY 
 
 DAVID PHILIP LINDSLEY, 
 
 jLuUior of " The Elements " " Tlie Manual," " The Notetalier," etc. 
 
 POURTH EDITION. 
 
 CHICAGO : 
 D. KIMBALL, PUBLISHER. 
 
 1E9L 
 
y/iterea according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by 
 
 i). P. LINDSLEY, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, .Washington, 1). C. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following work is the first complete treatise on the new 
 short-hand, Takigraf y. In its simpler form Takigrafy has been 
 widely known, and is widely used ; and the Contracted Style, 
 though previously but partially published, is used in all parts 
 of the country. The Note-Taker was published in 1873 and 
 Part I of the Reporter in 1880. The plates of both these works 
 were destroyed in the Park Row fire of January 1883, so that 
 the Hand-Book is now the only work on the Contracted Style 
 of Takigrafy. The principles of the entire system have been 
 condensed into this work ; but as the Simple Style is treated 
 very briefly, the student is advised to master that style prac- 
 tically by a study of either the Elements or Manual, as a prep- 
 aration for the study of this work. 
 
 Commencing with the Contracted Style, the system is given 
 in detail, and will be found a complete and sufficient guide to 
 reporting practice. Ample illustrations of the principles are 
 given, (engraved in the Takgraflc character,) and the writing 
 exercises, to which the student is especially referred, furnish 
 more complete instruction for forming the outlines. 
 
 No one can feel more keenly than the author, the inadequacy 
 of even the best of text-books in an art of such wide and widen- 
 ing influence. The uses of shorj-hand writing are becoming 
 so varied that it is no longer possible to treat of them fully 
 in a single volume. The different branches of strictly profes- 
 sional work require a special treatise. Very much time 
 has been squandered by young writers in learning outlines for 
 words and phrases that they were quite sure never to meet 
 again after their course of study was completed. Perhaps 
 
Preface. 
 
 this cannot be avoided altogether, but the author has thought 
 it advisable in this work to avoid technical and scientific terms, 
 leaving them to be taken up as an after course, when the pupil 
 has settled down upon some special line of reporting practice. 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 Many of the contractions used in the Reporting Style of 
 Takigraf y are taken from the Phonography of Isaac Pitman, 
 Esq., of Bath, England, as enlarged and improved by the 
 experience of many writers. Takigrafy having added many 
 forms of contraction peculiarly its own, has also been greatly 
 enriched by those who have used it professionally during the 
 last fifteen years, and has aimed to incorporatn everjthing of 
 excellence that the combined experience of botli Takigrafers 
 and Phonographers have furnished during a period of more 
 than forty years. 
 
 Among those who have contributed to the perfection of the 
 Reporting Style of Takigrafy, arc Mr. D. Kimball, Chicago, 
 111., who gave his personal services to the art for many 
 years, and who introduced it extensively in the Western States ; 
 Adley H. Cummings, Law Reporter, San Francisco, Cal. ; 
 C. H. Horrick, Galveston, Texas ; Arthur M. May, Waukon, 
 Iowa, and E. B. Goodrich, Ypsilanti, Midi., (Official Court 
 Reporter) ; Rev. W.^ A. Yingling, Findlay, Ohio ; Rev. J. H. 
 Childs, Wenham, Mass. ; and many others. 
 
 The author cannot, however, agree with those who suppose 
 that the art has reached its fullest measure of perfection. 
 It is doubtless capable of still further advances ; but these 
 advances must be made by conserving the excellences already 
 made practical. The authors of systems on other bases, dififer- 
 ing from the Phonographic and Takigrafic, have contributed 
 nothing, and, from the nature of the case, can hardly con- 
 tribute anything to the general result. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Page Sect. 
 
 The Value and Use of Shorthand 5 
 
 The Peculiar Advantages of Takigrafy .' 
 
 Previous Works on Takigrafy 7 
 
 Preparation for the Study of this Work 9 
 
 Length of Time Required to Master tlie Art 11 
 
 The Scope of the Present Work .^ 11 
 
 The Magnitude of the Reporter's Profession 13 
 
 Simple Style, Chapter I.— Alphabet. 15 
 
 The Consonant Letters,— how written 1 
 
 The Joining of the Consonants,— General Principles 2 
 
 The Vocal Signs,— their Uses 3 
 
 General Principles of Joining Vocal Signs 4 
 
 Disjoined Vocals ■ 5 
 
 The use of the Variable Letters 
 
 Position of Outlines 7 
 
 DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS.— The Wa-Series 8 
 
 Compounds of the El-and jl»'-Series 9, 10 
 
 The <S-Cirole Series, II 
 
 " " used Medially 13 
 
 " " before the Compounds of the .E^-and yl)'-Series 13 
 
 Long Sign Es " " " 13 
 
 The Terminations ion, ier, ure, <&G 14 
 
 Shortened Forms used in the Simple Style 15 
 
 Reading Lesson in Simple Style, — Sermon on the Mount. . .'. 28 
 
 Contracted Style, Chapter I.— Word-Signs. 29 
 
 Classes of Word-Signs 16 
 
 Table of Word-Signs 30-36 
 
 Reading Lesson 1,— Exercise on the Word-Signs 37 
 
 Key to Reading Lesson 1 38 
 
 Writing Exercise 1 38-30 
 
 Chapter II. — Extended Use of the EI-aso 
 
 ^r-HooK Signs. 40 
 
 Additional Signs of the .E7-hook Series 17 
 
 Large Initial Hooks on the Straight Stems 18 
 
 " " Hook on Ve and Ef 19 
 
 Z/te and Zher used for Ja and Jer 20 
 
Contents. 
 
 Miscellaneous Compounds, Emp, E'.-r, Bd, Arch, Arj 21 
 
 Use of the Compound Signs, General Principles 32 
 
 1 he Tick used for Ha, Wlia and Final j/ 23 
 
 Reading Lesson 2, — 45 
 
 Writing Exercise 2 and 3 46-18 
 
 Chapter III.— The Use of the Circle and the 
 Double Circle. 49 
 
 The circle before Ba, Wa and Ha 24 
 
 Es before the Compounds of the El Series, and Ja and Gha 25 
 
 Circle before the Compounds of the Ar Series 20 
 
 The Circle used f or Ze 37 
 
 Vocalization of words containing the Circle, &o 28 
 
 The Circle used on the Vocal Signs 39 
 
 The Double sized Circle 30 
 
 The Circle-and Long Sign 31 
 
 Reading Lesson 8,— 56 
 
 Writing Exercises 4 and 8 57-59 
 
 Chapter IV.— Sf and Str Loops. CO 
 
 The St Loop 33, 33 
 
 Tlie Sir Loop 34 
 
 Circles and Lorps 35 
 
 Reading Lesson 4,— 63 
 
 Writing Exercise 6 01-65 
 
 Chapter V. — The Use of the Final Hooks. 66 
 
 The ^/t-Hook 36, 87 
 
 The SAo/i-Hook 3S 
 
 Special Use of the Ston-Hook 39 
 
 The Fe Hook 40 
 
 Reading Lesson 5,— 70 
 
 Writing Exercises 7 and 8 71-72 
 
 Chapter VI.— Shortened Letters. 73 
 
 Half -Length Letters 41,43 
 
 Shortened Stems having FinaS Hooks 43 
 
 Reading Lesson 6,— Gold 76 
 
 Writing Exercises 9 and 10 77-79 
 
 Chapter VII.— Lengthened Curves. 80 
 
 Double-Length Curves 44 
 
 Lengthened Up-strokes 45 
 
 Double-Lengths, and other forms of Contraction 46 
 
 Treble- Length Curves 47 
 
 Treble-Length Ba, Wa, Ha and Wha 48 
 
 Reading Lesson 7,— Execution of John Brown, &c 84 
 
 Writing Exercise 11 85-86 
 
Contents. 
 
 Clf AFTER VIII.— Prefixes. 87 
 
 Simple Prefix Signs 49 
 
 Contra^ Counter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, Wiih 50 
 
 Extra-i-u, Ex and Exter, &c • 51 
 
 Im, In, Intra-e-i-o-u and Intrans 52 
 
 Other Prefixes and Prefix-SyUables 53 
 
 The Prefix 4(i before Fe and Ja, 91 
 
 The Compound Prefixes 54 
 
 Reading Lesson 8, — Modern Republics 93 
 
 Writing Exercises 12, 13 and 14 93-96 
 
 Chapter IX.— Affix Signs. 97 
 
 Table of Affix Signs ' 55 
 
 The use of the Affixes.' 56 
 
 Other Affix Syllables 57 
 
 Repeated Letters in Initial Syllables 58 
 
 Reading Lesson 9,— National Character 102 
 
 Writing, Exercise 15 10.3-1 1 
 
 Chapter X.— Phrase Signs. 105 
 
 General Directions for Phrase Writing 59-60 
 
 Table of Simple Phrase-Signs, with Key ' 106-107 
 
 Regularly Contracted Phrases, with Key 108-109 
 
 Phrases Irregularly Contracted, with Key 110-111 
 
 Misoellaneoas Phrase-Signs,— with Key 112-113 
 
 Reading Lesson 10,— Labor— Carlyle 114 
 
 Writing Exercises 16 and 17 115-117 
 
 " " 18 Motion of the Heavenly Bodies, — Dick 118 
 
 Chafier XI.— Analogy and Eugraphy. 119 
 
 The Laws of Analogy 63 
 
 Syllabication 64 
 
 Eugraphy 65 
 
 Requirements of Speed - 66 
 
 The Nature of the Angles 67 
 
 The Homogeneousness of the Curves 68 
 
 Lineality and Phrasing , . 69 
 
 Requirements of Legibility 70 
 
 Reading Lesson 11,— Mystery 128 
 
 Writing Exercises 19 and 20 129-131 
 
 " ' " 21 A Universal Alphabet 132 
 
 Chapter XII.— Miscellaneous Contractions. 133 
 
 Consonant Letters Omitted 71 
 
 Additional and Duplicate Word-Signs 134-135 
 
 Derivative Word-Signs— with Key 136-137 
 
 Words Distinguished by Difference of OutUue,— with Key 138-141 
 
 Special Methods of Abbreviation,— Initial Letters 74 
 
 Transcription 75 
 
Contents. 
 
 Punctuation 76 
 
 Aids 77 
 
 Concluding Instructions • 78 
 
 Reading Lesson 12,— The Launcliing of the Ship 146 
 
 " " Our Country's Future 147 
 
 " " The Love of Power 148 
 
 Writing Exercise 23, Writing— Writing Well 149 
 
 " '■■ 33 The Armor of Eric 151 
 
 " " 24 Freedom and Patriotism 153 
 
 Read'nn Lesson.— Psalms, Chap. 19 154 
 
 " " Isaiah, Chap. 64 155 
 
 ' • " Specimens of Business Letters, with Key 156-157 
 
 " Law Reporting.— Testimony,— with Key 168-169 
 
 LawyersPlea 160-161 
 
 " " Indian Picture Writing,— Hiawatha, 162 
 
 '-' " Expression of Thought,— Channing 163 
 
 " " Declaration of Independence,— with Key 164-167 
 
 " Extract from Paradise Lost 168 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 The Value and Use op Short-Hand Writing. 
 
 Of the use of Short- Hand Writing in making verbatim re- 
 ports of speeches, conventions, law cases, &c. , little need, at 
 this late day, be said. Its great importance for such purposes 
 is universally conceded. 
 
 Quite recently a demajid for the art has sprung up in busi- 
 ness circles. It has been introduced into our leading business 
 ' establishments of almost all kinds, railroad, telegi'aph, and 
 express oflBces, and bids fair at the present time to greatly 
 relieve and assist the labors of the pen in every departnlent of 
 business. 
 
 But there is a still wider field open for cultivation in which 
 short-hand writing has not, as generally taught, been success- 
 ful. Though great expectations were entertained thirty or 
 forty years ago of the success of the old English Phonography, 
 for these general purposes, and for all the uses of writing 
 purely literary and professional work is still mainly done in 
 the old way. ^d-itors, authors, lawyers, and clergymen still 
 continue to use the common writing. The immense amount 
 of matter which finds its way into our books, magazines, 
 newspapers, &o. is still written in the common way, as well as 
 correspondence for business and social purposes, except as 
 dictated to amanuenses, which, taken in the aggregate, forms 
 an amount of written matter entirely incalculable. It is ques- 
 tionable whether the millions of tons of freight that choke the 
 avenues of our internal trade — that burden our rail-roads, 
 canals and coast lines — is as extensive or as important, as the 
 mental products that need record and transportation in our 
 advancing civilization. It is quite impossible that a people 
 with the most magnificent opportunities, and the grandest 
 providential destiny, at this time, when moral forces are all- 
 
 5 
 
The Hand-Book 
 
 controlling, can consent to have the avenues of thought clogged 
 up, while facilities for material development are abundant and 
 ever increasing. That the art of short-hand will enter into 
 and occupy this vast field is certain, and it will save at least 
 three-fourths the time and a much larger percentage of the 
 labor of writing. 
 
 One reason of the neglect of short-hand heretofore is that 
 most of the current systems are adapted only to the reporter 
 or amanuensis. If the experience of the past forty years has 
 demonstrated anything in reference to the art, it has shown that 
 a style cannot be adapted to universal use, and to reporting and 
 amanuensis purposes at the same time. If short-hand writing 
 is to be generally introduced it can only be by teaching a style 
 universally practical. It must be simple enough to be easily 
 acquired and perfectly legible in its simplest form, and yet 
 so flexible as to be easily contracted into a briefer form for 
 reporting purposes. 
 
 The Peculiar Advantages of Takigrapy. 
 For all the uses mentioned above, Takigrafy is adapted. It 
 has a fully written style suitable for correspondence and for 
 recording business transactions, capable of taking the place of 
 long-hand for all purposes. Built on this style as a foundation, 
 is the Contracted Style, adaptedrto all the wants of the pro- 
 fessional short-hand writer. This Contracted Style is capable 
 of a greater or less degree of condensation. There is no as- 
 signable limit to the degree of brevity that may be secured, 
 though in every kind of writing there is a limit to the degree 
 of contraction practically useful. The Simple Style may also 
 be written with a greater or less degree of fullness. It may be 
 written with as much minuteness and accuracy as our com- 
 mon long-hand writing, (silent letters only being omitted,) or 
 it may be written, as it generally is, by the introduction of a 
 few of the most frequently recurring word-signs, and an 
 omission of obscure and unaccented vowels, thus rendering 
 even the Simple Style capable of being written with great 
 rapidity. And yet it will be seen that these two styles, with 
 their .variations, are so closely related as to form one and the 
 same system. In its adaptations then, to all of the uses of 
 
OF Takigbaft. 
 
 writing, Takigrafy stands alone ; and yet, each style is as 
 perfectly adapted to the use for which it is intended as it 
 could possibly be, if there were, as in Phonography, but one 
 style. 
 
 Pkevious Works on takiqeafy. 
 
 The Simple Style was first published in The Compendiunj 
 of Tachygraphy in 1864, and more fully elaborated in the Ele- 
 ments, publishe'd in 1869 ; but the Contracted Style was not 
 published until 1873 and then only partially as given in the 
 Note-Taker. 
 
 The Note-Taker was not designed to serve professional 
 reporters ; but, primarily, students in our colleges and semi- 
 naries who might wish a briefer style than that taught 
 in the Elements. The Note-Taker, supplemented by con- 
 tractions published from time to time in the Rapid Writer and 
 Takigrafer, was used by young men and young ladies am- 
 bitious to take positions as amanuenses, or verbatim reporters ; 
 but the Eepoi-ting Style of Takigrafy was taught only fey means 
 of private instructipn and manuscripts, and hundreds of pupils 
 acquired it in this way. Meantime it was held, as an article 
 of faith, by certain publishei^s and their friends that Takigrafy 
 had no reporting style. The fact that those using the art 
 professionally were found in nearly all our cities throughout 
 the Northern, Middle, and Western states, and on the Pacific 
 coast, was ignored by these men, who saw in the Simple Style 
 ' of Takigrafy a formidable lival. They sought to hinder the 
 progress of cue of the most beneficent inventions of the age, 
 by pretending that it was deficient in its adaptation to the 
 wants of professional reporters. 
 
 The author of Takigrafy was not in haste to repel this injus- 
 tice. While not indifferent to the wants of the few who 
 wished to become professional writers, he regarded it as much 
 more important that the *Simple Style should be widely intro- 
 duced and practiced, and if, by the eclipse of the art for a time 
 in its adaptation to reporting, be could make its use for liter- 
 arj' and business purposes more apparent, he was willing to 
 
 *Some may wish to know the measure of success which the author has 
 met witl) in the introduction of the Simple Style of Takigrafy. It is impos-, 
 sible to give full statistics on the subject ; but an approximate estimate may 
 
8 The Hand-Book 
 
 wait for a vindication of the briefer style, — a vindication 
 easily made when the proper time for it arrived. There were, 
 it is true, many who thought that the publication of the art 
 in its briefest form was essential to its introduction for general 
 uses. Perhaps they were right in this, as hundreds, possibly 
 thousands of persons, turned away from Takigrafy who were 
 attracted by its simplicity, bnt who were led to believe that, if 
 they found the art adapted to their use in its simple form, 
 
 be made, base! on the number of text books sold. So far as we may judge 
 from this, ten persons hare learned the Simple Style of Takigrafy for every 
 one that has learned the Contracted. This proportion in favor of the Simple 
 Style is much less than it should be; for the Simple Style is adapted to 
 the wants of at least a hundred times as many as need a Reporting Style ; 
 and we have no doubt that, when its capabilities for usefulness are clearly 
 understood, literary and business men generally wUl avail themselves of 
 its use. There has been a protracted effort to prejudice the public mind 
 on this subject, by creating an impression that a style was of no value what- 
 ever that could be written only at the rate of a hundred words a minute. 
 The insincerity of this pretense wUl be seen from the following considerations. 
 
 1st. The Corresponding Style of Phonography, which some publishers even 
 yet attempt to make prominent, has never reached that rate of speed, and 
 seldom reaches a speed of more than fifty words a minute. 
 
 2nd. A speed of one hundred words a minute, or even a speed of eighty or 
 ninety word^ is a very great advance in labor-saving over the speed of 
 twenty to thirty words, which may be considered the maximum of ordinary 
 business writing. 
 
 3rd. If to treble the rate of speed in writing is of small account, why should 
 we boast of our abUity to treble our rate of speed in travelling. The old 
 stage coaches ran on good roads at the rate of ten miles an hour, while our 
 modern railroads scarcely reach thirty mUes an hour in their ordinary traffic. 
 To do three hours work in one wUl not be regarded by sensible men as an 
 unimportant advantage. 
 
 4th. But even this does not measure the full advantage of the Simple 
 Style of Takigrafy, for while it saves two-thirds of the time it saves a far 
 greater proportion of the labor of writing. This is also comparable to the 
 advantage gained by the rail-car over the stage-coach tor we not only 
 travel with more rapidity but with more case and comfort. 
 
 5th. But the most important consideration is the tact that, for all ordi- 
 nary purposes, the Simple Style of Takigraphy is as brief as is compatible 
 with legibility and simplicity. 
 
 No other system has ever approximated this rate of speed in any prac- 
 tical form. The same classes of pupils that in Takigrafy wrile from sixty 
 to one-hundred words in a minute, after three or tour months of practice, 
 write in Phonography only half as fast or from thirty to fifty words ; 
 hence, the insincerity of objectors is apparent, and the enthusiasm of the 
 multitudes who regard this style as the great literary, business, and social 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 they might, at some future time, be embarrassed by not being 
 able to go on to the full perfection of a finished and elaborate 
 reporting style. This fear was entirely without foundation 
 as, Takigrafy was from the very first, able to appropriate all 
 the forms of contraction used by Phonographers, besides 
 having resources of its own, peculiar and impoi'tant. 
 The Preparation foe the Study op this Work. 
 A thorough mastery of the Simple Style of Takigrafy as 
 taught in the Manual and Elements, is the best preparation 
 
 desideratum of the times, is fully justified. This style, and this alone, is 
 capable of transforming the writing of our entire people. There is no 
 form of business to which it is not applicable, there are no social or literary 
 purposes for which it cannot be used ; and if I am told that there is still one 
 impediment in the path of its progress, namely, that people generally do 
 not understand it, and therefore cannot read it, I reply that this impediment 
 can be removed with perfect ease, and within the space of less than ten 
 years, by united effort in that direction. Taught in our schools of every 
 grade from the infant class up, it can be reduced to practice in one-half of 
 the time required to master the common long hand. More than this, it can 
 be taught without impeding, in the slightest degree, any other branch of 
 study. It can be taught in such a way as to save, rather than consume time, 
 even in the process of imparting a knowledge of Its rudiments. Pupils 
 must be taught the phonology of the language. They can be taught it by 
 this means in a small fraction of the time required by the usual* method, 
 and by the time this important branch of an English education is under- 
 stood, the pupil is already a ready writer of Takigrafy, with command of 
 this wonderful art. 
 
 It would be easy, of course, to discover other difficulties. What line of 
 human progress have ever been without them? Never was a beneficent 
 invention more free from real impediments in its introduction, while, per- 
 haps, none have been more thoroughly banicaded by fancied ones. 
 
 We have thought it necessary to make these remarks on the Simple Style 
 lest some should infer frowi our silence that we had abandoned the labor of 
 twenty years in despair, and sank down to the low level of Stenography, 
 where the Phonographic writers arrived long ago. Having lost the inspira- 
 tion of its first introduction. Phonography aims only at an improved form 
 of Stenography ; and its professors, wrapping themselves up in professional 
 dignity, and perched upon a high and almost inaccessible crag, beckon 
 students upward to their own isolated position, well knowing that only 
 one in a hundred of the aspirants will succeed. 
 
 The author determined long ago to place the art of short-hand writing on 
 an honest basis, and it is with no little satisfaction that he has found among 
 his friends staunch defenders of every humane and moral movement. 
 That the good work will go forward to a speedy and glorious success he has 
 pot a particle of doubt. 
 
10 The Hand-Book 
 
 for a study of this work. It has been objected by some that 
 it is a disadvantage for those who desire to become reporters, 
 to use the longer forms of the Simple Style since they must 
 be unlearned as the student proceeds in the study of the art. 
 
 There is doubtless some tmth in this suggestion, so far at 
 least as it applies to the words of most frequent occurrence ; 
 but the student should not overlook the very important fact 
 that the princiijles of contraction apply at most to only a few 
 thousand words, while a far greater number of words are ^of 
 very infrequent occurrence, and must be written in full 
 if they are to be made entirely legible. Now, if the student 
 has never learned the Simple style, or has passed over it 
 hastily, without reducing it to practice, these uncommon 
 words, technical terms, and proper names of persons and 
 places, which have no assignable limit in number, are con- 
 tinual sources of embarrassment. Words of frequent occur- 
 rence, for which the student has contracted forms, may be 
 mastered in time, ana ssuocessfuUy used ; but unusual, techni- 
 cal and proper names, can never be fully mastered, being 
 too numerous for special study and drill. On the other hand, 
 the student who has reduced the Simple Style of Takigrafy 
 thoroughly to practice, can write any word in the language 
 with ease and fluency. He is already master of the class of 
 words of which we have spoken, and when he has learned the 
 principles of the Contracted style, in thoir application to the 
 three or four thousand words of frequent occurrence, he be- 
 comes speedily a successful writer. This is not mere theory ; 
 experience in teaching hundreds of pupils confirms it. We 
 have never known a single instance in our experience in 
 teaching, nor has an instance been brought to our notice, in 
 which a student has found any marked advantage in the 
 neglect of the Simple Style ; while multitudes of persons have 
 expressed their regret for having neglected it, for the reasons 
 stated above. As a universal rule those students succeed 
 soonest, and become the best writers, who master the Simple 
 Style most perfectly before commencing the Contracted. 
 If any gentlemen are pleased to amuse themselves, and 
 those over whom they have influence, by decrying this 
 method of study, their objections are certainly based on no. 
 
Oi- Takigrapy. 
 
 sufficient grounds. We have said tliat, to a limited extent, the 
 unlearning of longer forms for words of frequent occurrence, 
 may be a disadvantage ; but this difficulty may be easily met 
 by intsoducing the pupil at an eai-ly stage of his progress to 
 the word signs., w^hich he can use, in connection with the 
 Simple Style, until he is thoroughly grounded in the principles 
 of the art, and can write from seventy to one hundred woi-ds 
 a minute. He will then be prepared to take up the study of 
 the second part of this work, and will pass through it with 
 rapidity and success. 
 
 The Length op Time Required to Master the Art. 
 This will differ very much with different persons, and "Syill 
 depend upon the method of study and attending circuTW- 
 stances. Those able to give it their full attention under the 
 guide of a competent teacher, can master the Simple Style in 
 six or seven weeks, and the Contracted Style in three months. 
 This is the length of time given to the study in the Plainfisld 
 School of Takigrafy, and is believed to be sufficient in most 
 cases. 
 
 The Scope of the Present Work. 
 The author presents the work to his friends and the public 
 with great pleasure. Though far enough from being com- 
 plete, and capable of still further advances toward perfection, 
 still it is, in all respects, adapted to the wants of professional 
 writers. In practice all professions tower far above the t«iKt 
 books which teach their elementary principles. No reporter 
 is expected to be limited to any one exposition of principles, no 
 matter how excellent, any more than a professional man is 
 • expected to be limited to the tenets of one school ; but as pro- 
 ^fessional men prefer to associate in societies, and maintain 
 certain principles which are believed to be superior, so short- 
 hand writers piefer to associate for mutual advantage. And 
 they have as wide a field as writers of Takigrafy as they can 
 have as writers of any other system. They are near enough to 
 tlie Phonographic standards to appropriate anything that they 
 may find of excellence in them with the same facility that 
 they could if disciples of any one of the numerous and con- 
 flicting systems known under this common name. 
 
12 The Hand-Book 
 
 The IvIagnitude of the Beporter's Profession. 
 
 We have said that the exigencies of tlie, reporter's profeRsion 
 cany liim far beyond the text books. This should not be won- 
 dered at, for this practice partakes of the magnitude of all 
 other professionc combined. In Law reporting the scribe has 
 all the vL.iety of practice that comes with the almost infinite 
 variety of the subjects discussed and treated ; and yet the 
 Medical or Scientific I'eporter will come upon still other classes 
 of words and phrases, and every brp.noh of science has its own 
 technical terms, and its own peculiar phraseology. The ever 
 widening spheres of business activity present many pecu- 
 liarities, and each business calls for some culture in the art 
 peculiarly its own, as for instance, the Railroad, Express and 
 Insurance businesses. It was impossible in this work to enter 
 into these specialties without making it too heavy for the use 
 intended ; though some Exercises adapted to professional 
 work are appended by way of illustration. The author designs, 
 however, to prepare another work, or, possibly, more than 
 one, in which the principles of Takigrafy will be applied more 
 specifically to special branches of the reporter's work. In- 
 struction in these special branches will also be found in the 
 Short-hand Writer, which aims to be the exponent of the needs 
 of professional miters. 
 
 No complete work in any branch of i-eporting has yet ap- 
 peared in any system. Some have treated partially of law re- 
 reflorting, yet this branch, the best known of any, is still very 
 poorly developed, even in the systems which boast of their 
 "standard" qualities and their " oomplete"ness. What is 
 done well in any system which is constructed on the basis 
 common to Phonography and Takigrafy, is an aid to all ; and 
 Takigrafers, while doing their part, will hail with joy every 
 real advancement made in the art. 
 
DEFINITIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY. 
 
 Tachygraphy (now written as pronounced, Ta-kig-ra-fy.) 
 — Greek tachus, rapid ; and graphe, writing, — rapid writing. 
 
 Phonography. — Greek phone, sound, or voice, and graphe 
 writing ; — the writing of the sounds of the human voice. 
 Any kind of cliaraoter that assumes to express tlie elements of 
 spoken language. In a more restricted sense the system of 
 short-hand writing invented by Mr Isaac Pitman of England, 
 and the systems derived from it. 
 
 .Phonetic, or Phonic. — Greek p/iojie, voice,— pertaining to 
 the expression of the sounds of the voice in language. A pho- 
 netic system of writing is one which expresses the sounds of 
 speech, as nearly all languages assume to do. 
 
 Calligraphy (kal-lig-ra-fy). — Greek kalligraphia, fine or 
 beautiful writing. 
 
 Eugraphy. — Greek eugraphe, correct writing. 
 
 CONSONANTALS AND VoCALS. — The short-hand letters which 
 represent the consonant sounds are called consonantals. Those 
 representing vowels, are called vocals, or vocal signs. 
 
 Outline^-Word-form. — The form a word assumes when 
 written with the short-hand characters. 
 
 Manner of holding the Pen. 
 
 Hold the pen between the first and second fingers and thumb, 
 
 the penholder pointing well to the right. The nibs of the pen 
 
 should press evenly on the paper, so that the letters can be 
 
 made smoothly. The pen can be rolled slightly so as to adjust 
 
 ~it to the varying directions of the letters. 
 
 A good steel pen is generally to be preferred. Never use a 
 pencil for practice. 
 
 13 
 
14 The HAND-Bofiic 
 
 On Preparing the Writing Exercises. 
 
 The attention of the student is called especially to the wri- 
 ting exercises. They should be written, and corrected by a 
 teacher, then rewritten and carefully studied, until the ap- 
 plication of the principles, in all their details, is thoroughly 
 understood. If this is done, the progress of the student will 
 be satisfactory and rapid. Should, however, any be situated 
 in such a way that the services of a teacher cannot be ob- 
 tained, the directions for writing the exercises will be found so 
 minute that a student, with ordinary carefulness and dili- 
 gence, will be able to learn to write them correctly. 
 
 In preparing the writing exercises for correction, the student 
 should leave the space of one line blank under each line of 
 writing ; and, when the exercise is corrected by the teacher, 
 it should be carefully rewritten, so that correct word-forms may 
 be secured. If the work is studied without a teacher, the same 
 course may be pursued. After preparing the exercise carefully, 
 lay it aside for a day or more, that it may be taken up afresh ; 
 then study each form carefully, to see that it conforms to the 
 principles of the system, cori-ecting every faulty outline ; 
 and finally, rewrite the whole exercise several times. 
 
 After the exercise has been thus prepared, whether with or 
 without a teacher, it should be written from dictation until 
 it can be written with a fair degree of readiness; say at the 
 rate of 75 to 100 words a minute. 
 
 Drilling on the Tables. 
 
 Study the Tables of word and phrase-signs carefully, and 
 copy them accurately. Drill on each word and phrase sep- 
 arately, as in learning the alphabet. After a certain portion 
 of the table has been prepared in this way, it should be written 
 -from dictation several times, and then another portion pre- 
 pared and written from dictation, in the sarne manner. The 
 student should i-eview from the fii-st fx-equently, so that when 
 the work is completed, the signs can be used with the most 
 perfect freedom. ^ 
 
 The success of the pupil depends almost entirely upon his 
 following a correct method of study. The hints given above 
 are not sufficient to meet all cases and kinds of practice, but 
 if faithfully followed will certainly yield excellent results. 
 
The Hai^d-Book of Takigeaft. 
 
 I <i^i > I 
 
 Chapter I. — Simple Style. 
 
 Alphabet of Takigeafy. 
 
 Sec. 1. CONSONAUT Letters. 
 
 Written Downward. 
 
 II \\)) (C^^V.^ 
 
 Be Pe Ga Ka Ve Ef Zhe Ish The Ith Tha tha 
 Written from Left to Right. 
 
 De Te Ze Es En Ing Ja Cha 
 
 Written Upward. Variable. 
 
 ^ cy^ c^ c^ ^ r y / 
 
 Ea Wa Wha Ha Ya Em El Ar 
 
 These letters are perpendicular, horizontal, or inclined to the left at an 
 angle of 45 degrees. The up-strokes are inclined to the right at an angle of 
 about CO degrees from the perpendicular. The downward ar is written at 
 an angle of about 27 degrees. The letters The and Ith, are reversed into 
 Tfm tha. 
 
 The curves are quarter circles, and unite witlj each other and the 
 straight signs into definite geometrical forms, making angles right, acute, 
 and obtuse, or joining without angles. This will be seen in the following 
 illustrations and exercises. 
 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 3. The Joining of the Consonants. 
 After mastering these letters thoroughly, by drilling on 
 them as taught in the Manual and Elements, they may be 
 joined as shown in the following illustrations. 
 
 General Principles op Joining. 
 
 1. — Acute angles are better than obtuse; but joinings with- 
 out angles, are better still. 2. — Facing curves are better tlian 
 opposing curves. 
 
 Remark 1.— Where there is a choice of outline, the rapidity and beauty of 
 the writing will depend very much upon the observance of these principles. 
 
 Rem. 2. — These illustrations form an excellent seiies of drills, and the 
 student should drill on them, taking one at a time, until they can be 
 written with facility and accurateness. 
 
 Right Angles. 
 Acute Angles. 
 
 A V^ K _>1 1_ _^. ^ 
 
 )^ 
 
 (^ 
 
 Opposing Curves forming Angles. 
 
 -^ ^ L, <^ ^ 
 
 straight Lines Joined without Angle. 
 
 \ \ 
 
OF Takigrafy. 17 
 
 straight and Curved Lines Joined without Angle. 
 
 .N > ^ , ^ n -^ 
 
 r^ n^ r\ r\ r — ( — 
 
 Hem. 3.— The letters Be-El, Ma-Be, and some others given above, would 
 form augles if made with perfect accuracy, but it is better in writing 
 that this stillness should be avoided and the letters .ioined without angle. 
 
 Facing Curves Joined without Angle. 
 
 c c^ • n o o ^^ 
 
 r~^ r-> r:). cy c ") 
 
 opposing Curves Joined without Angle. 
 
 I \ s 
 
 Rem. 4.— The student should drill on the above .ioininff until each outline 
 can be, struck with one sweep of the pen, in a rapid and graceful manner. 
 
 Sec. 3. Vocal Signs. ^ 
 Heavy and Long. 
 
 Semi-circles. 
 
 Dots. Dashes. 
 
 Diamond Points, 
 
 n c u 
 
 _ M / 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 E A Ah 
 
 Ai Oo Au 
 Light and Short. 
 
 Oi 
 
 ow 
 
 A U 
 
 - Cl y 
 
 V 
 
 A 
 
 i a 
 
 e 00 u 
 
 I 
 
 Eu 
 
 The Use of the Vocal Signs. 
 All of the vocal signs may be joined in writing except the 
 dots. They may, however, where it is more convenient, be 
 used disjoined. Their use will be understood from the follow- 
 ing : 
 
18 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 4. General Pkinciples of Joining. 
 
 1. — All vocals if joined, must make a distinct angle with the 
 following consonant. On the end of a consonant the semi-cir- 
 cles except A-long, form hooks, as in the examples above. 
 
 2. — The full form of the long vowel is preferred to the hook 
 where both are equally convenient ; but for the short vowel 
 the hook is preferred to the full form. 
 
 3. — Dash vocals must make an angle with both a x^eceding 
 and a following letter. 
 
 4. — Either side of the diamond points may be curved where 
 more convenient in joining. 
 
 Vocals Joined. 
 Beat bit caught cot coat cut coin gout 
 
 \f^ vo ~^ ~^ r^ r— \_ V— 
 
 Bar barrel deep dip meet mid gate gat 
 
 His has Qght fit suit rude rudder 
 
 Sec. 5. Disjoined Vocals. 
 
 The dots are always disjoined, and other vocals may be 
 disjoined for convenience at any time. 
 
 1. — If the disjoined vocal is to be read before a perpendicular 
 or inclined stroke, it is writen on the left of it. If read after, 
 on the right. If read before a horizontal stroke, it is written 
 above it. If read after, it is written below. 
 
 3. — The heavy dot belongs with the preceding consonant 
 and the Hght dot with the following. They are placed near 
 the middle of the letter, and are written near the end of the 
 consonant which follows them, except in words ending in a 
 disjoined vocal, where it must be placed near the end of 
 the preceding consonant. 
 
OF Takigkafy. 
 
 19 
 
 Vocals Disjoined. 
 
 )>^ }^ i> \r -^ 
 
 Fair ferry far come do 
 
 tone 
 
 ^ ^ V 
 
 Fade favor father feather southern 
 
 lover 
 
 Eem. 1. — The variations of the 0-loiig*and w-short, are for convenience in 
 joining, and the fonn is chosen that makes the sharpest angle. 
 
 Eem. 3.— The semi-circles are joined by a connecting strolie in a tew cases 
 but this can be avoided by disjoining the vocals. 
 
 Rem. 3.— Obscure vowels are not written, and unaccented vowels may be 
 frequently omitted, but long and accented vowels should be written in the 
 simple style in most cases. 
 
 Eem. 4.— The omission of silent letters, and the use of letters adapted to 
 the sounds employed, in place of the old spelling, is understood to lay at the 
 foundation of the System. This feature is amply explained and illustrated 
 in the works devoted to the Simple Style, to which the student is refen'ed. 
 
 These principles will be better understood by consulting the following 
 
 Examples. 
 
 L. ^ V 
 
 u 
 
 c'A^ — «-, 
 
 1. — Deed, did', v/eak, wiclied, ticket. 2. — Detect, auditory, 
 essential, emotion, token. 3. — People,' pauper, copper, form- 
 ation, location decision. 4. — Side, niece, tune, cube, pipe, 
 navigate. 5. — Public, aiTogate, animal, balcony, tendency. 
 6. — Heresy hair, wear, emergency, firmament. 
 
20 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Note. — In common practice the disjoined' vocals in the words 
 wicked, ticket, essential, decision, public, tendency, and heresy, 
 given above, are omitted. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Use of the Variable Letters. 
 
 The general principles of joinings given in sections 3 and 
 4, determine the use of the letters which admit of variation. 
 They must be so used as to make acute rather than obtuse 
 angles in case of straight signs, and curves that are homoge- 
 neous. These principles apply both to the joining of the large 
 letters with each other, and the joining of the small letters 
 with the large. 
 
 The application of these principles will be understood from 
 the following 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ■^^ ^ V 
 
 Sec. 7. Position of Outlines. 
 
 1. — The outline of a word is its form as it stands in the writ- 
 ten page. This outline has a relation to the line of writing. 
 The first perpendicular or inclined letter in it, if it has such a 
 letter rests on the line of writing. All letters which pre- 
 ceed or follow this, follow their own natural direction with- 
 out reference to the line. 
 
 3. — If the outline contains only horizontal strokes, it rests 
 upon the line. 
 
 Rem. 1.— Note that the consonant stroke rests on the Une, the vocal signia 
 not regarded, but follows its own proper direction below, on the line, or 
 above, as the case may be. 
 
 Rem. 2.— It the word contains two or more consonant strokes, the outline 
 rests upon the first perpendicular or inclined stroke, even If that chances to 
 
OF Takigkafy- 
 
 21 
 
 be the last stroke in the word, as in the word centennial, in the examples 
 below. 
 
 Eem. 3.— Upstrokes are inclined letters and determin the position of the 
 outline the same as the descenders. 
 
 Rem. 4.— It is not necessary that the paper be ruled. The proper place 
 for the line will be known though no line appear on the paper. See Manual, 
 page 38. 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS. 
 
 All the words in the language can be written with the use 
 of the signs already explained ; but greater convenience and 
 beauty of outline is secured by the use of the diphthongal signs 
 which represent the union of such letters as pr in pray, pi in 
 play, sp in spy, ps in hops, &c. 
 
 Eem.— It would be theoretically possible to indicate eyery union of conso- 
 nants without an intervening yowel by a compound sign ; but this is not 
 always convenient. The compound signs used in the simple style are diph- 
 thongal in character, and of frequent occurrence. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Wa Series. Qu, Dw, Tw, Gu and Thw. 
 Of these Qu, Div and Tw, are the most important and are 
 provided with brief signs ; but they may be written with the 
 alphabetic signs, which are also given below : 
 
 The full forms are generally employed in the simple style, 
 the briefer forms given under them in the contracted style. 
 
 Eem.— The full forms are named Ka-Wa, De-Wa, &o., from the Alpha- 
 betic signs of which they are composed. The briefer signs are named (^ua, 
 Dwa and Twa. 
 
 Qua 
 
 Dwa 
 
 Twa 
 
 V/ 
 
 G a-Wa 
 
 Tha-Wa 
 
22 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Examples of the Full Forms. 
 
 Quick 
 
 language 
 
 dwell 
 
 twit 
 
 thwart 
 
 Sec. 9. Compounds op the El and Ar Series. 
 These signs form two series — an initial and a final series. 
 Some of these signs are used both initially and finally, and 
 are named Pta,pra, &o., when initial, Pel, per, &c., when final. 
 Those that belong to both the initial and final series are the 
 following : 
 
 1 r 1 r ^ ^ ^ "s 
 
 Bra bla pra pla gra gla kra kla 
 Ber bel per pel ger gel ker kel 
 
 c 
 
 I. 
 
 5 J> 
 
 7 
 
 '^ 
 
 Dra 
 
 tra 
 
 fra fla 
 
 shra 
 
 thra 
 
 Der 
 
 ter 
 
 fer fel 
 Used Initially. 
 
 sher 
 
 ther 
 
 v 
 
 IT 
 
 ir [r 
 
 ^Nv^ 
 
 \r 
 
 room 
 
 bloom 
 
 prim plum 
 
 grim 
 
 glum 
 
 'X/' Kr 
 
 Crime 
 
 clime 
 
 dram tramp from 
 
 friend 
 
 / 
 
 Z- 
 
 L_ ^\_ 
 
 ^V^ 
 
 :> 
 
 / 
 
 Flame 
 
 flute 
 
 shred thread 
 Used Finally. 
 
 throng 
 
 thriU 
 
 •f' 
 
 \ 
 
 k i 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 3bble 
 
 pepper 
 
 beggar buckle 
 
 fitful 
 
 pressure 
 
 Sec. 10. Additional Signs. 
 The following signs also belong to the final series. 
 
 c_ c_ J? "> ^ ^ ^ 
 Del tel vel ver ther nel ner Ingr 
 
OF Takigrafy. 23 
 
 Examples. 
 
 L. i^ y ^ ^ ^ \^ 
 
 Peddle bottle oval over other owner kennel 
 
 Genekal Principle. 
 
 The signs used initially are employed 'in all cases, those 
 used finally only where they are more convenient. 
 
 Eem.— The appropriate use of these signs is important to the formation of 
 a good style. The signs may be said to be convenient when they form good 
 angles, and admit the use of the vocal signs where they are needed. 
 
 Examples. 
 Able table noble double rabble rebel 
 
 ^ < ^ -^ ^ ^ ' 
 
 Eagle ogle bugle tackle fickle rascal 
 
 The compound signs are used in the following words : 
 
 Note. — Words having only initial compounds are not given here, since 
 they all use the compound signs. 
 
 Opal, upper, cooper, copal, suffer, sober, bubble, pebble, 
 sample, simple, temple, tfample, tremble, member, mumble, 
 number, limber, a,mber, timber, eager, ogre, meagre, meeker, 
 local, vocal, focal, ducal, buckle, bugle, bigger, beaker. 
 
 Model, medal, muddle, metal, peddle, puddle, bottle, evil, 
 awful, oval, over, sever, mover, rover, rougher, tougher, 
 measure, treasure, leisure, pressure. 
 
 The alphabetic signs are used in these words : 
 
 Neighbor, saber, able, enable, unable, disable, rabble, sable, 
 table, dabble, babble, bible, bauble, papal, paper, chapel, pauper, 
 maker, raker, wriggle, boggle, draggle, toggle, tackle, wiggle, 
 tattle, tatter, tutor, prattle, brittle, brutal, favor, savor, fever, 
 never, lover, deliver, silver, leather, lather, rather, gather, 
 bother, harbor. 
 
 Sec. 11. The S-Circle Series. 
 The sound of s unites with that of some other letters both 
 initially and finally. In such cases it is jrepresented by a 
 
24 The Hand-Book 
 
 circle written on the right and upper side of the straight 
 lines, and on the inside of the curves : 
 
 P ^ c^') rev y or ^ o^ 
 
 Sp sk st sf sm sn si si sw 
 
 spy sky stay sphere small snow sleet slap sway 
 
 ps ks (x) ts fs ths ns Is rs 
 
 On the end of the heavy signs the circle is written for 2, as 
 also on the liquids, Em, En, El and Ar. 
 
 t\o_D ;i ^ r ^ ^ 3 ^- 
 
 Bz gz dz vz thz mz ngz nz Iz rz 
 
 Sec. 12. The Cieclb Used Medially. 
 When the circle occurs between two straight signs it is 
 written on the outside of the angle. Between a straight 
 and a curved sign it is on the inside- of the curves ; and be- 
 tween two curves it is written on the inside of both; other- 
 wise it is written as most convenient, as wiU be seen Ln the 
 following illustration and examples. 
 
 Illustration. 
 
 The circle is used primarily in cases where it unites 
 with the consonant without an intervening vowel. But its 
 use is also extended to cases where an obscure vowel, small dot 
 or short u occurs between the s and the letter to which it is 
 attached. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 25 
 
 N> 
 
 Guess 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ashes luscious wages 
 Examples. 
 
 <3^ 
 
 scepter section 
 
 ^ ^^ ^ .^ 
 
 L-^ 
 
 KEY. 
 1. — Breast, guest, desk, rest, crest, west, blest. 
 2. — Zest, nest, test, drest, trustji, chest. 
 3. — Success, succession, secession, procession, retrocession, 
 posseses. 
 
 Sec. 13. The Circle before the Compounds of the El 
 
 AND Ar Series. 
 Between two straight letters the circle on the left or upper 
 side implies the r ; in other cases when the cii'cle occurs be- 
 tween any sign, and the compound of the El or Ar Series, 
 the hook appears. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 V_\ -11 
 
 Excrete exclude express bespread restrain describe 
 
 5. — Es BEFORE Compounds of the El and Ar Series. 
 In the Simple Style of Takigrafy the Alphabet form of 
 the Es is used before compounds of the El and Ar Series, 
 wherever the circle is not convenient. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Extreme explore disclaim abstract 
 
 fiscal 
 
26 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Eem. 1.— If a vowel precedes s in the beginning of a word, or follows 
 it in the end, the long sign is used, except in a few cases where the vowel 
 may be joined to the circle. 
 
 astronomy ostensible auspicious austere austral 
 Eem. 2. — When two vowels cr a diphthong precede i the long sign is used 
 
 Science 
 
 congi-uous 
 
 theism 
 
 theistic 
 
 Sec. 14. The Tekminations ion, ier, ure, &c. 
 
 The terminations ion, ier, and ure, are generally vs^ritten 
 yon, yer and yure ; so also yu is used for w-long in many 
 cases. The words brazier, glazier and measure, pleasure, &c., 
 are written niezhr, plezhr, &c. 
 
 For convenience sake, oo is written for w-long after Ya, and 
 in some other cases where it is more convenient, as in the 
 words communion, community, &c. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 r? ^-7 
 
 KEY. 
 
 1. — Christian, clothier, natural, measure, treasure. 
 
 3. — Communion, community, opinion, unite. 
 
 Rem. 1.— A few word-signs and phrase-signs are used in the Simple Style, 
 and obscure and unaccented vowels are omitted wherever they are not 
 necessary to legibility. For these features and an elaboration of the princi- 
 ples briefly sketched in tfie preceding pages, the student is referred to the 
 Elements of Takigrafy and the Manval, whicli shud be studied by all persons 
 who wish to use Takigrafy for correspondence or for business purposes of 
 any kind. 
 
 Rem. 2.— Those desiring to pass through the Simple Style merely as an 
 introduction to the Contracted Style will find it to their advantage to 
 
OF Takigrafy. 27 
 
 reduce it pretty thoroushly to practice before taking up the contractions. 
 Tlie supposition tliat it is a loss of time to do so, is not supported by 
 experience. A tliorough mastery of tlxe Simple Style, is the very best 
 preparation to success in the Contracted Style. 
 
 Rem. 3.— The Simple Style may be written at the rate of 80 to 100 words a 
 minute, and even more rapidly than this, and the student should not re- 
 gard himself as having successfully reduced this style to practice until he 
 can write at least 70 to 80 words a minute. ' 
 
 Eera. 4.— For reading lessons in the Simple Style, which are necessary to 
 a full view of this style, see the Takigrafer, issued serially, at one dollar a 
 year. 
 
 Sec. 15. Shortened forms used in the Simple Style. 
 
 In the practical use of the Simple Style obscure and unac- 
 cented vowels are generally omitted ; also the dot vowels and 
 the disjoined dashes, wherever they are not necessary to legi- 
 bility. More than half of the vowels may be safely omitted 
 by the proficient writer of this Style, and in some worde of 
 frequent occurrence all the vowels may be dropped. 
 
 Words in which the vowels are omitted : 
 
 I I \ _ _ ) ^ ^ "^ 
 
 Be,been up go do to,it of us, so the thag' 
 
 r — ^ <^ c^ c.^ ^ d^ c^ 
 
 Am, may an, on- are we were where you he he^s 
 
 The following may be used as word-signs in the Simple Style : 
 
 = _V O _ ' ^ ^ ^-^ u 3 A 
 
 Which will as, is who all how of the have in ye 
 
 And could should that would what had his.has 
 
 Phrases formed by connecting the above : 
 
 -/Q. — ^ ^ "^ .^ c^ ^ t 
 
 Of the, in the, to the, of all, of this, of which, we had, he has, who has. 
 
 1 a k. ^5rs \^^ -TV-^ -^ 
 
 Ihave been, to do, that is, they have, this is, that was, itmaybeso, youandT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Tou should be. what is that, what would you do, where is she, here she is. 
 Other shortened forms admissible in the Simple Style. 
 
 It is now, I was, use, use of some, the same, at any time. 
 
28 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 
 l^ 
 
 ..-^ 
 
 ^v^ A/ 
 
 ..-a. 
 
CONTEACTED STYLE. 
 
 Chapter I. — Word-signs. 
 
 The abbreviations employed in the contracted style of Ta^■ 
 kigrafy may be classed under the following divisions : 1st, 
 Word-signs : 3d, General contractions ; 3d, Prefixes and Af- 
 fixes ; 4th, Phrase-signs. 
 
 Sec. 16. Classes of wokd-signs. 
 
 Definition. — A word-sign is a Takigrafic word-form short- 
 ened by omitting some of the letters used in writing it fully. 
 
 Word-signs are formed by special and sometimes irregular 
 modes of contraction, which apply only to the words spe- 
 cified, or to their dofivatives. 
 
 The characters used for word-signs are, — a. Letters of the 
 Takigrafic alphabet, b, Compound signs, c. Combined signs, 
 d, Signs irregularly contracted, e, Contracts. /, Common 
 abbreviations. 
 
 Class b consists of the secondary letters of the El, Ar, and 
 Es-series of compounds. Class c contains a consonant and a 
 vowel. Class d comprises word-signs which employ one or 
 more of the final letters of the word. Glass e contains two 
 or more consonants. Class/ contains common abbreviations 
 such as A. B., P. M. 
 
 Note. Classes a, b and e are combined with Tables 2 and 3. Classes d, e 
 and/ correspond with Tables 4, and 1. 
 
 Word-signs may be further classed as Primitives and 
 Derivatives. A Primitive word-sign is the simplest form in 
 which it occurs ; a Derivative word-sign is any modification 
 of such Primitive form. A table of Primitive word-signs is 
 given below, with a few specimens of derivative signs. 
 
 29 
 
30 The Hand-Bock 
 
 Note. — General principles of contraction enter, in some cases, into the 
 formition of word-signs. These prhiciples are explained in succeeding 
 chapters. 
 
 Letters writhcii half-length imply at or d after them. Lengthened cui"ves 
 mply dr or tr—a, double circle, s-s or s-e—a, small final hook n. There are 
 als ), other foims of contraction which are explained in their proper place. 
 
 Rem. Words derived from those given in the table are written by adding 
 prefixes or affixes which are explained in future chapters. A few examples 
 are given. 
 
 TABLE OF WORD-SIGNS. 
 1. — Common Abbreviations. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mr. 
 
 c 1 
 
 A. B. 
 
 C 1 
 
 Jan. 
 
 r^ 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 
 A. D. 
 
 \ 
 
 Feb. 
 
 r 
 
 Miss. 
 
 c r 
 
 A. M. 
 
 r-- 
 
 March 
 
 e 
 
 Master 
 
 r 
 
 M. D. 
 
 n 
 
 April 
 
 /) 
 
 Rev. 
 
 ) 
 
 Ph. D. 
 
 r 
 
 May 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hon. 
 
 1 r 
 
 P. M. 
 
 «-= 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 Prof. 
 
 1 .^ 
 
 P. S. 
 
 ^ 
 
 July 
 
 % 
 
 Rec'y 
 
 
 D. D. 
 
 <v 
 
 Aug. 
 
 3, 
 
 Pres't 
 
 ^--v^ 
 
 D. C. 
 
 p 
 
 Sept. 
 
 b 
 
 Gov. 
 
 r ^ 
 
 M. C. 
 
 '\ 
 
 Oct. 
 
 M 
 
 Capt. 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 B. C. 
 
 <D 
 
 Nov. 
 
 V 
 
 Exeo'r 
 
 1 V 
 
 P. 0. 
 
 -r 
 
 Dec. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 31 
 
 2. — Vocal Signs. 
 
 n ye 
 
 o if 
 
 3 in 
 
 , , have 
 
 ■■ who 
 
 / all 
 
 ^ of 
 
 , he 
 
 V high I- ^ there 
 
 V why _,o,| the 
 
 ^ employ q as, is 
 
 x/ I how, out ^ has, his 
 j without 
 
 B.P. 
 
 I be, been 
 
 V by 
 
 I object 
 
 I above 
 
 'j about 
 
 i habit 
 
 ^j brother 
 ( brief 
 
 r subject 
 
 [ establish 
 
 b business 
 
 I up, hope 
 
 1 happy 
 
 J happen 
 
 T opinion 
 
 3. — Single Consonant Stems. 
 
 D. T. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 r 
 p 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 opportunity 
 
 principle-al 
 
 j speak 
 ( special 
 
 suspect 
 
 stipulate 
 
 ( give-n 
 ( together 
 
 altogeher 
 
 glory 
 
 signify 
 
 j begin 
 ( begun 
 
 began. 
 
 kingdom 
 ( account 
 iaocording 
 
 school 
 
 dollar 
 idle, idea 
 head 
 already 
 
 dear 
 
 (dull 
 \ deliver 
 
 take 
 
 taken 
 
 truth 
 
 tell, till 
 
 still 
 strong 
 
 dwell 
 between 
 
32 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 ) 
 
 very 
 
 ~^ thing, think 
 
 J 
 
 while 
 
 ") 
 
 average 
 
 V_ thank 
 
 J 
 
 last 
 
 
 evening 
 several 
 
 '~> hath 
 
 /^ may, more 
 
 J 
 
 least 
 are, or 
 
 J 
 
 value 
 
 • ^ immediate 
 
 / 
 
 our, hour 
 
 " ) 
 
 3 
 
 for, fact 
 from 
 
 </^~ him, home 
 ^ important 
 
 UV-tH. 
 
 reply 
 we, with 
 
 ■/ O) 
 
 satisfy- 
 
 ( England 
 '^ (Enghsh 
 
 cV 
 
 you, your 
 
 ^ 
 
 first 
 
 — ^ any 
 
 s 
 
 United Stales 
 
 I 
 
 future 
 
 ^-» now 
 
 ^J> 
 
 yesterday 
 
 
 them 
 thy 
 
 — ^ new 
 
 U.K. 
 
 _y Lord, will 
 
 1^ 
 
 ClJ. 
 
 heart 
 general 
 
 
 either 
 southern 
 
 ^ S alone 
 J) whole 
 
 c 
 
 generation 
 
 ( child 
 which 
 
 
 
 4. — Irregular Signs. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 advantage 
 
 r-N was 
 ^^ such 
 
 A> 
 
 almost 
 
 ( 
 
 wish 
 
 r- much 
 
 • ^ 
 
 inherit 
 
 ^ -i 
 
 injustice;^ J 
 
 1 '^ P external 
 
 / ^ 
 
 inward 
 
 ? 
 
 pleasure 
 
 ? 
 
 sure 
 
 7 
 
 short 
 
 D 
 
 official 
 
 Uj accomodate 
 
 n each 
 
 ^ when 
 
 p always 
 
 • -s 
 
 ^ 
 
 outward 
 conversation 
 and, hand 
 &c. 
 

 
 OF Takigrafy. 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 Contracts. 
 
 
 E.P 
 
 behave 
 
 / l^ 
 
 companion 
 
 I 
 
 benevolent 
 
 ' x. 
 
 accompany 
 
 ^ 
 
 benignant 
 
 "^ 
 
 haphazard 
 
 K 
 
 bethink 
 
 '} 
 
 applicable 
 
 \ 
 
 bespeak 
 
 f 
 
 probable 
 
 1 
 
 inhabitant 
 
 t 
 
 perhaps 
 
 \ 
 
 breakfast 
 
 \ 
 
 practice 
 
 1 
 
 brilliant 
 
 \ 
 
 prognosticate 
 
 
 public 
 publish 
 
 '1. 
 
 apprehend 
 
 h 
 
 passage 
 
 \ 
 
 impregnable 
 
 ■^ 
 
 passenger 
 
 " n, 
 
 implication 
 
 k. 
 
 postage 
 
 f 
 
 plenipotentiary 
 
 
 popular 
 
 'h 
 
 conspicuous 
 
 K 
 
 peculiar 
 
 ) 
 
 superincumbent 
 
 \ 
 
 pecuniary 
 
 L 
 
 superintendent 
 
34 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 > 
 
 
 govern 
 
 example 
 aggregate 
 
 congregate 
 
 gratitude 
 
 congratulate 
 
 gubernatorial 
 
 signify-icant 
 
 signature , 
 
 suggest 
 
 capable 
 
 culpable 
 
 because 
 
 become 
 
 became 
 
 character 
 
 D. T 
 
 ~T 
 
 / O-T^ 
 
 collect 
 correct 
 expenditure 
 consequence 
 
 difficult 
 
 doctor 
 
 deficient 
 
 denominate 
 
 downward 
 designate 
 
 discrepancy 
 
 discontinue 
 
 indignant 
 
 indiscriminate 
 
 derange 
 
 delinquent 
 

 OF 
 
 Takigrafy. 
 
 35 
 
 ^- 
 
 'contradict 
 
 > 
 
 form 
 
 ^ 
 
 contiguous 
 
 - ? 
 
 efficient 
 
 ^ 
 
 contemporaneous °\ 
 
 sufficient 
 
 " 
 
 constitute 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fourth 
 
 ^ 
 
 integrity 
 
 \ 
 
 forward 
 
 ^ 
 
 intangible 
 
 \ 
 
 afterward 
 
 IB 
 
 instruct 
 
 1 
 
 infidel 
 
 =^-=^ 
 
 intelligent 
 
 ^ 
 
 infatuate 
 
 °-^ 
 
 strength 
 
 ^5 
 
 inoffensive 
 
 V. F 
 
 vegetable 
 
 I 
 
 frequent 
 
 
 ZhWo. 
 
 
 
 vocabulary 
 
 - C- 
 
 engineer 
 
 vengeance 
 
 / J? 
 
 usual 
 
 V 
 
 volume 
 
 \ 
 
 thanksgiving 
 
 1 
 
 involve 
 
 a 
 
 ambiguous 
 
 ^ 
 
 overwhelm 
 
 r^ 
 
 magazine 
 
 I 
 
 • 
 figure 
 
 '^ 
 
 malignant 
 
36 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 y /^~^ manipulate 
 
 / ^ Baonopoly 
 
 r^ manufacture 
 
 r memorandum 
 
 ^ number 
 
 " \ neglect 
 
 ^A^ nevertheless 
 
 ^_^.^_, New England 
 
 — -^ knowledge 
 
 1 
 
 newspaper 
 nondescript 
 
 notwithstanding 
 ^ endeavor 
 *0 individual 
 
 ■^ ^ intermediate 
 
 _^\^ length 
 
 /I 
 
 
 language 
 
 represent 
 re-public-ation-ish 
 
 repugnant 
 regular 
 respect- 
 remark 
 railroad 
 exterior 
 extraordinary 
 world 
 universe 
 uniform 
 unanimous 
 union 
 
 household 
 
OF Takigeafy. 
 
 3 7 
 
 1. 
 
 X^ 
 
 o c V_ii^ 
 
 :a- V ^ 2_ 1 \- V. L/- /_ 
 
 . ^_ '— ^.i^ C.I. ^. . 1B85L. u — (^15^ c . 1^, 
 
 /— ^ \^ f7 , T 3 • 1 Y) U^''""*^ .- ^ ^ •T 
 
 ^ c / ^ . "c-y c^ -U^ _ ^ ,^ 
 
 ^_ .^^ .-^ Ol ~\^ ^ ^_ c_ ^ 
 
 
 
 '^ ^^ c 
 
38 The Haxd-Book 
 
 Key to Reading Lesson 1. 
 
 Exercise on the Word-Signs. 
 
 1. — The way of the righteous 's as a shining light. 
 
 3. —The day, the time, the path, the goal, the glor}-, the 
 place, the piaise. 3. — In the, on the, for the, to the, 
 though the, through the, have the, all the. 
 
 4.— John Jones, A. B. A. D. 1883. Adam Smith, A. M. 
 (5) in account with Samuel Sampson, D. D. The Deputy Post 
 Master General, at (0) Washington, D. C. Perhaps the prin- 
 cipal object in our meeting together, (7) is to consider the sub- 
 ject in all its bearings. A knowledge of the (8) principles of 
 language is of general utility. Notwithstanding the advantages 
 of the (9) measure a large number of gentlemen were disposed 
 to call it (10) in question. To him that hath shall be given, and 
 from him (11) that hath not shall be taken even that which he(13) 
 seemeth to have. They have taken advantage of your remarks. 
 
 13. — A large nuTnber of persons were present. Would you 
 be wise, (14) five things observe with care, of whom you speak, 
 to whom (15) you speak, and how, and when, and where. 
 
 Writing Exercise 1. 
 
 Write the following with the signs given in the table. 
 
 About above accommodate accompany according account 
 advantage afterward aggregate all almost alone already 
 also although altogether always and any anything appli- 
 cable apprehend ambiguous are as average. Became 
 become because began begin begun be been before 
 benevolent benignant bespeak bethink between breakfast 
 brief brilliant brother business by. Capable character child 
 collect companion congratulate congregate consequent 
 conspicuous co/istitute contiguous contemporaneous con- 
 tradict conversation correct culpable. Dear deficient deliver 
 denominate derange delinquent difficult discontinue dis- 
 crepancy doctor designate dollar downward dull dwell. 
 
 Each efficient either employ endeavor England English 
 engineer establish evening example expenditure explain ex- 
 terior external extraordinary. Fact figure first for form forth 
 forward frequent future from. General generation give 
 
OF Takigrafy. 39 
 
 given glory govern gratitude gubernatorial. Habit hand 
 Iiap-hazard happen happy has hath have he head lieart 
 high him his home household liope how. Idea idle if in 
 immediate injustice important implication impregnable 
 indignant indiscriminate individual infatuate infidel inha- 
 bitant inherit intermediate inoffensive instruct intangible 
 Integrity intelligent involve inward. 
 
 Just. Kingdom knowledge. Language last least length 
 Lord. Magazine malignant manipulate manufacture ma}' 
 memorandum monopoly inuch more. Neglect never never- 
 theless nev/ newspaper notwithstanding number nondes- 
 cript now. Object official opinion opportunity or our out 
 outward overwhelm. Passage passenger postage popular 
 peculiar pecuniary perhaps practice probable prognosticate 
 pleasure principal principle public publish. Regular re- 
 mark reply represent republic republication republish 
 repugnant respect rule. Satisfy' secretary school several 
 short signify significant signature speak 'special stipulate 
 still strength subject such sufficient suggest southern 
 superincumbent superintendent sure suspect. 
 
 Take taken tell till thank thanksgiving thing think them 
 the there thy together truth. Unanimous uniform union 
 univei-se usual. Value vegetable vengeance vov}' vocabu- 
 lary volume. "When which while who whole why will 
 wish with without world. Ye yesterday you your. 
 
 A. B. A. D. A. M. B. C. Capt. D. C. D. D. Exec'r Gov. 
 Hon. M. C. M. D. Ph. D. Master Miss Mr. Mrs. P. M. P. O. 
 P. S. Pres. Prof. Sec. Jan. Feb. March April May June 
 July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 
 
 Write these derivatives with word-signs with added letters. 
 
 Advantages objects principles manufactures republics 
 engineers. Accountable remarkable having employing re- 
 plying dwelling engineering. Objected represented respected. 
 Hopeful wilful truthful. Forever whoever however when^ 
 ever. Irameaiabely generally hourly surely shortly officially. 
 Former collector satisfactory manufactory manufacturer 
 childish glorify. Idleness newness individuality. 
 
Chapter II. — Extended Use of the El and- 
 Ar Hook-Signs and other Compounds. 
 
 Sec. 17. Additional Signs. 
 1. — In addition to the signs of the SZ- and .4?"- Series, used in 
 the Simple Style, and explained in Chapter I, we have the fol- 
 lowing large hook signs. 
 
 DOG '^^ c^ o^ U ^ CL 
 
 Zhel shel mel ingl wel whel yel hel quel 
 2. — The signs ^ta, Dwa and Twa have small hooks, as pre- 
 viously given. See page 21. 
 
 The sign Qaa is shaded to imply r ; and, with the enlarged 
 hook, it is shaded to emply rl, as in the examples below. 
 
 fl. — The series of the r-hook signs may be completed by 
 using the hook on Em for mr, the tick being used for hm. 
 Examples. 
 
 Quail 
 
 dwindle twaddle murmur 
 
 farmer 
 
 ? 
 
 r\^ " c\ "^^^ o^^ 
 
 o< 
 
 Shelf 
 
 ambrosial multiply knowingly wealth 
 
 whelm 
 
 C^ 
 
 C^ . ^^ - ^^_ /V 
 
 <:l 
 
 Yellow 
 
 help quality equality acquire 
 
 querl 
 
 Eem. 1. 
 
 —Observe, that Quel is reversed when it is preceded by 
 
 • ^-long. 
 
 Eem. 2.— These signs Qua Dwa and Twa excepted, are not strictly fonetic in 
 their use. They admit a vowel between the letters represented by the com- 
 pound sign. They do not, however, allow the introduction of long or 
 accented vowels. It would not do to use these signs in such words as shaaU 
 shawl, wheel, weal, Yale, &o. though acquire forms an exception to the 
 general rule. 
 
 40 
 
The Hand-Book 41 
 
 4. — Hooked Signs for zl and si. 
 Zl and si are generally written with the circle on I, but 
 there are a few cases in which hooked signs may be used with 
 advantage. 
 
 Examples. 
 C-S O _C^ ^irS ^^ r- ~s 
 
 Zl si dazzle nozzle Russell tassel 
 
 Eem.— These are new signs in Takigrafy, being introduced into the Hand 
 Book for the first time. As they are not indispensable, the circle can be used 
 in their place, by such writers as prefer to do so. 
 
 Sec. 18. Large Initial Hooks on the Straight Signs. 
 Some writers enlarge the hook of the r- series of compounds 
 on the straight stems to imply I, and the I- hook to imply r, 
 forming the following additional signs. 
 
 Bier pier gler cler brel prel grel crel drel ti-el 
 ^ Examples. 
 
 prelacy collateral inaugural clergy bugler templar 
 
 Rem.— These sighs are not considered as either necessary or important, 
 still they furnish convenient outlines for some words, and do not conflict 
 with any other signs. 
 
 Sec. 19. Large Initial Hook on Ve and Ef. 
 A large initial hook is used on Ve and Ef, to indicate the 
 syllables pre and pro, as in prefix, provoke. 
 Examples. 
 
 O^ O^ ^Q Q_ ^1_ ru. 
 
 Previous prefer profess profit provide , previse 
 For other words in which this hook is used see writing ex- 
 ercise 3. 
 
 Sec. 20. Zhe and Zher used for Ja and Jer. 
 Zhe and Ish are used for Ja and Oha in some cases, and 
 more especially for nj. ZJier, and Sher, are in like manner 
 used for jV, and chr, and Zhel torjl. 
 
42 ■I'Hs Eaito-Booz. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 •Ly V -7 -7 X ^ 
 
 3 I V 
 
 Agile angel danger teacher fragile French bachelor 
 
 Rem.— These signs are employed only for convenience and brevity, and in 
 cases where they are not convenient, the full forms shud be used in their 
 place. 
 
 Sec. 21. Miscellaneous Compounds, Emp, El-r, Eel, 
 Arch, Arj. 
 1. — Both Em and 3fa, are shaded to imply p, as in 
 
 limp pump trump stump tramp stamp 
 
 2. — Both El and La are shaded to imply r, iar and ier, Ra is 
 shaded to imply I, and Ar to imply c/i and j. 
 Examples. 
 
 Miller familiar relative barrel torch charge 
 
 'Sism.—Ar is shaded near the end only to imply cA, as will be seen in the 
 examples : but is shaded throughout for rj. 
 
 Sec. 23. Use op the Compound Signs. 
 
 The sifrns of the El, Ar and Es series of compounds are purely diph- 
 thongal,— that is they are uttered with one impulse of the voice, in such 
 words as play, pray and spy. In these cases the compound sign is always 
 used for pi, pr and sp. 
 
 Bl in the word noble, and Tid in the word kennel, are less closely united 
 than hi, in the word hlow, and are examples of a secondary use of the com- 
 pound sign, as is also the shs in lusciffus, ys in righteous, &c. 
 
 The letters rj in charge, rch in church, mp in pump, Ir in miller, and rl in 
 barrel, &c., are also united in sound, and are written by the use of the 
 compound" signs previously explained. 
 
 Where a vowel occurs between the two letters indicated by the compound 
 sign, we have a second step of departure from the purely diphthongal use 
 of the signs, and this divergence is increased by every inm-ease of the 
 openness or length of the vowel inserted. It is a greater departure from the 
 correct principles of writing to use a compound sign where a long vowel in- 
 tervenes, like a or o, than with a short vowel, like «-short or i-short. Only 
 short and obscure vowels are generally allowed to be introduced between 
 the compounds of the I and r series. 
 
OF Takigrafy. . 43 
 
 We have then these prmoiples of joining : 
 
 General Principles. 
 
 1. — The signs of the L and R series of compounds are used ; 
 a — Where purely fonetic or diphthongal. 6 — With the 
 first and slightest departure from their fonetic use. c — In 
 exceptional cases only, where the letters of the compound are 
 separated by a clearly pronounced vowel, d — Still more ex- 
 ceptional, where the intervening vowel is either long or 
 accented. 
 
 Eem.— A fifth case may be noted in tlie old Fonograty, where two vowels 
 or a diphthong are inserted between the parts of a compound sign. This is 
 never allowed in Takigrafy. 
 
 These principles will be better understood from the follow- 
 ing applications : 
 
 2. According to these principles the Ma may be used in 
 culture, collect, college, but not in keel, cole, chyle. The fcra 
 may be used in comer, kernel ; but not in core, cure ; and Tel 
 may be used in tell, till, more appropriately than in tale, tile. 
 
 3. — The use of the compound in call, dear and sure, tho tol- 
 erated, is contrary to these rules, as is the use of the circle in 
 the words case, seen, south, use, house, theze, uze, haz. Such 
 exceptions are admitted, only in case of words of frequent 
 occurrence. 
 
 4. — It must not be infeiTed that the compound is to be always 
 used wherever it is theoretically allowable. It is allowable 
 in the words current, eurage, &c., but the full form is niore 
 convenient. 
 
 Sec. 23. The Tick Used for Ha, Wlia and final y. 
 
 1. — The stem of the Ha and Wha is omitted before De, Ve, 
 Ef, Ith, Tlie, Ma, Em and El, and the tick used for these 
 letters. 
 
 2. — When h precedes the Mer, it may be written by thick- 
 ening the hook. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 J J ^ ] ) \ 
 
 Whole while head heavy half hath 
 
44 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 /" /D )^ <r O -^ -^"^ 
 
 Him homely hemp humor humorously whim whimsical 
 
 3.— In the Contracted Style, when written at all, final y is 
 
 written by the tick or the full vowel ; the hook being reserved 
 
 for the en- and in- hooks. When medial, the short i, and short 
 
 vowels generally, are omitted. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 — . .^ J) ^ u ^ ^ 
 
 Ditty lady folly volley bony fairy sully 
 4.— The stem of the Wa may be omitted before Ma and Emp, 
 
 swim swamp woman wampum 
 
 Rem.— These outlines can be easily made with a little practice ; though 
 if any one finds them difacult, the full forms can be used instead. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 45 
 
 
 
46 The IlANn-Booic 
 
 Wkiting Exercise 2. 
 
 The large hooks are used on Ma, En., Ing, Wa, Ya, Ha. 
 
 Zhel, Shel, Mel.— Ambrosial official shell shelf shelve 
 
 multifarious multiform multilateral multiple multiply 
 multiplicity multiplication mellifluous melancholy. 
 
 Kem,— The hook is not used in muUilude and its derivatives, nor in the 
 words malefactor, iniliiary, &c. 
 
 Ingly. — Alarmingly amazingly approvingly carres singly 
 charmingly doubiingly jeeringly jestingly knowingly laugh- 
 ingly swimmingly kingly strongly. 
 
 Wel, Yel, Hel. — Welcome welfare well-known well- 
 spring well-wisher will-worship well will wealth whelm. 
 Yellow yelp yell yellowish help helpful helpless hell-hound . 
 
 QWA, DWA, TwA. — Quick quarry quoin quarto queer 
 equip equipoise equity quire quiet quietude twang twain 
 tweak tweed twelve twig dwindle. 
 
 Quel, Equel, Quer. — Qualify qualitative qualificative equal 
 equally quality equality equalness unequal unequally unqual- 
 ifiedly inequality. Querulous require inquire acquire querl. 
 Dazzle hustle tussle tassel Russell nozzle drizzle. 
 
 Use the circle in muscle, wrestle, vassal, and the Ze,-M, in 
 puzzle, fizzle, guzzle, grizzle frizzle, <fcc, 
 
 Blek, J'LEK, liLER, Clee.— Blur pillar feebler cobbler 
 tippler color clerk clergy clergyman poplar scholar 
 templar .tumble r gambler mumbler grumbler humbler 
 nobler troubler scribbler quibbler. 
 
 Not used where a vowel follows the r,"as in gallery, pillory. 
 
 Brel, Prel, Grel, Drel, Trel.— April pearl drill drill- 
 ing trilling neutral cpptral sprawl scrawl. Prelacy pre - 
 jnninary quadrille liberal illiberal corporal ina^iiJina.! 
 electoral collateral collaterally impearled temporal tem- 
 porally liberally illiberally terrestrial industrial -ly-ism. 
 — Not used in girl curl nor in droll trail trial etc. 
 
 The large initial hook on Ve and Ef. 
 
 Prefigure prefix prevail prevent. Profane profuse proverb 
 province provoke profound prefer preferable previous previ- 
 ously previse profess professor professedly profusely pro- 
 fuseness proverbial provide provokingly. 
 
OF Takigeafy. 47 
 
 Jee, Cher, Jel, Chel. — Teacher preacher journey journal, 
 Agile angel angelio bachelor flagellate fragile vigil. 
 
 Emp. — Bump pump camp damp tamp samp thump lamp 
 lump limp romp wampum hemp jump champ stamp en- 
 starnp tramp encamp vamp. 
 
 Er, Iar, Ure. — Miller taller tailor collar cooler fc||nilinj 
 failure frailer sailor snarler parlor simila r smpllpr 
 
 Eel. — Relish relax religious barrel apparel coral moral 
 oral quarrel squirrel pearl furl unfurl curl girl gnarl marl. 
 Not used in aerial real reel royal roll rule rail early &c. 
 
 Arch, Arge. — Arch march scorch torch porch birch 
 church smirch sej-rch charge barge large marriage courage 
 courageous encourage discourage merge dirge gorge scourge. 
 
 The tick for Ha and Wha: — Whole wholesome while whelm 
 heavy halve hoof heath heather hath him hymn home 
 whim whimsical hemp humor humorously. 
 
 The tick for i short : Ditty oddity dirty lady booty ferry 
 fairy very bony money downy shiny. 
 
 Writing Exercise 3. 
 
 Use the signs of the L and i2-series in the final syllables : 
 
 Bubble pebble pepper people blubber probable proper 
 buckle bigger beggar bugle beaker breaker broker bleaker 
 picker pucker progress bottle peddle poodle puddle petal 
 prodigal putter baffle bevel Bristol brutal bushel. 
 
 Cable copal couple grapple scribble scruple goiter cockle 
 crackle cuttle cuttler gravel graver clever e;athei gainer 
 gunner kennel grapnel. 
 
 Double trouble trooper toggle trickle debter tetter total 
 treadle straddle travel drummer tunnel tenor treacherous 
 evil awful oval. 
 
 Fable affable feeble vocal vicar vapor voucher fickle fisher 
 frivelous shovel shuffle civil civility sober supple social other 
 thermal farmer. 
 
 Maker meeker miracle medal metal mirthful moover 
 muffler knooker novel novelty rebel revel rioter level 
 limner rudder rumor hovel harper harsher wrecker weevil. 
 
48 The Hand-Book 
 
 The full forms are preferred in the following words 
 
 Enable unable dabble dapple taper trapijer draper dormer 
 pummel guitar frizzle vail avail veal vial vile avowal fail 
 feel fool foal file foil fowl favor shawl shoal shield essen- 
 tial labor liver lively neighbor. 
 
 The following words may be written either in full or with 
 the compound signs. 
 
 Able bable babble pauper Bible Papal blabber paper pauper 
 pickle bladder batter beadle beetle brittle paddle prattle 
 bother botcher. 
 
 Cattle clatter cobble dribble dinner draper table tickle titter 
 tatter toddle tottle tittle dimmer trimmer dreamer streamer 
 tumor hammer hobble. 
 
 Frippery flipper shrubbery enamor rumor lamer shimmer 
 swimmer mocker nickle wiggle wriggle. 
 
 The signs of the ?- and r-series in initial syllables embracing 
 a vowel : 
 
 Calomel calamity calcareous calumny collector college 
 coliseum collateral colporter colloquial columbiad. Marvel 
 marble mercenary marshal mortal mercy murmur. 
 
 Valet valid value valve volatile vulgar. Carnal kernel 
 corner corporal cartridge fervor perjurer pjirple. 
 
 Call dear full care till until sure surely ensure philosoijhy 
 philology pilgrim Delawai-e telegram telescope pulverize 
 pell-mell pilfer belfry bell bill curdle girdle deluge Delhi 
 • delible tolerable tolerate valor fulfil devolve revolve. 
 
 Use Ihe full forms in the first syllable : 
 
 Carbonate caravan carbuncle carcass cardinal carnage 
 coral carp carriage cornice corona coroner corrosive. Delineate 
 delirum delude delusive delve. 
 
 Fardel farthing farinaceous ferocious fertile ferriage 
 ferule fare-well forbear forage foreknowledge forestall fur- 
 nace furbish hyperbola palpable parallel perish purpose 
 purchase purify colossus valley voley volume voluble. 
 
Chapter III. — The Use of the Circle. 
 
 Sec. 24. • The Circle beI'ore Ra, Wa and Ha. 
 
 1. — In the commencemenJ: of a word the circle is written on 
 tlie iinrier side pf t.hp. Ra for sr. and on tlae a Baar , aj ip,.fo r ,.&M ; 
 but in the midst of a word, the hook of the Wa must appear, 
 and the sr may liave tlie circle on either side. 
 
 2. — Tlie circle may be written on the backside of the curve 
 in such combinations as Em-s-Wa, Es-s-Wa, <&c. 
 
 3. — In such words as Solio, Sahara, the long sign is more 
 convenient for s than tire circle, though the circle can be used 
 ii^ the hook if preferred. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sir sway disorder dissuade soho Sahara 
 
 msr nsr nsw msw ssw 
 
 S BEFORE Compounds of the El Series and 
 Ja AND Cha. 
 1. — Initial S followed by a compound of the El series, Jix or 
 Cha, is best written by the long sign in most cases, as in 
 
 ^ a -"^ "^ -^^ ^ 
 
 sickly supply * sage satchel , sidle Civil 
 
 2. — The circle can be written in the large hooks, as in 
 
 settle saddle social swell squall squirrel 
 
 49 
 
50 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 3. — Preceeded by another consonant the circle is used when- 
 ever convenient, and a connecting stroke may be used in a 
 few cases. 
 
 N 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Exclaim exchange exaggerate possible misjudge mischief 
 
 C (k_ (^ (^ 
 
 Postal Bristol briskly Paschal passage beseech 
 
 \ H 
 
 Fiscal physical misplace discipline disclose displace 
 Eem.— When Pla follows Sx, aa in exv lain, th£-cir.clS-is . omitted . 
 
 Sec. 26. The Circle beeoke Compounds of the Ar Series. 
 1. — The circle is used on the left and upper side of the 
 straight stems implying the hook of the Ar series. 
 
 s-gr skr s-dr str s-shr, s-chr 
 
 Spring supper sober screw stream sadder sucker 
 . 3. — Used medially, the hook is inferred between two 
 straight signs in the same direction. In other cases the hook 
 appears. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1 1 
 
 s-br s-pr 
 
 X "^ 
 
 Prosper distress express describe restrain 
 . 3. — The following cases should be obsejved. 
 
 unstrung 
 
 k Jv k^ 
 
 Bskr bsk bstr bst kstr kst 
 
 As the use of the circle on the inside of the angle is less con- 
 venient, the r is frequently omitted in cases like the above. 
 In some cg,se9 the long sign is used iiiste9.d of the circle. 
 / 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 51 
 
 Examples. 
 
 t- 
 
 Subscribe obstruct offspring extreme 
 
 or 
 
 Subscribe obstruct mainspring offspring unscrew 
 
 Sec. 37. The Ciecle Used foe Z. 
 
 1. — The circle is used for the sound of z, with nearly the same 
 freedom as for s ; and the long sign is used for z when preceded 
 by a vowel in the commencement of a word, or followed by a 
 vowel in the ending of a word, the same as with s. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^- 
 
 Deserve desert reason reserve resolve resolution 
 
 O" 
 
 T- \^ 
 
 Zeal zone risen business praise prize 
 
 3. — The circle is used for z, attached to vocal signs in some 
 cases. 
 
 Sec. 38. The Vocalization of Woeds Containing the 
 Ciecle, &c. 
 
 The matter of vocalizing stems which contain a circle, and 
 of indicating the use of vocals between the parts of a com- 
 pound of the Z or r series will be understood from the following 
 examples. The vocals are generally omitted in such cases. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Sake 
 
 Bad 
 
 gQber 
 
 call 
 
 tell 
 
 till 
 
52 
 
 The Hand-Book. 
 
 ^O 
 
 Submissive unsuccessful unsatisfying 
 
 Sec. 29. The Circle Used on the Vocal Signs. 
 
 The circle may be used after a vocal sign both initially and 
 finally. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Acid astonish asp ask assume assail assign associate 
 Pursue phraisee loose nice voice spruce 
 
 ^oys 
 
 annoys 
 
 lose 
 
 Sec. 30. The Double Sized Circle. 
 
 1. — The circle is made twice its usual size to_ represent s-s or 
 $-z with any intervening vocal : the double circle is generally 
 used to represent ses, sis, sus and sez, as in the words. 
 
 Suspend^ necessity senses analysis accessible 
 
 2. — The double circle may be used in such words as analysis, 
 and generally where practical ; but the single circle followed 
 by the long sign Es is frequently preferred. 
 
 Examples 
 
 <T~ x o~N..-^ o~N. d~s a~'\ ^ 
 
 Society Cesarea thesis theses process recess 
 
OF Takigrapy. 53 
 
 Sec. 31 The Circle And Long Sign. 
 
 In determinining whether the circle should be used or not, 
 the student should keep in mind general principles whch ap- 
 ply to a certain extent throughout the entire system. See 
 Sec. 23. 
 
 The circle admits of more liberty than the compounds of the 
 L and B sei-ies, and is used with long vowels in some cases ; 
 but attention to the following specifications will increase the 
 legibility of the writing. ^ 
 
 1. — Words containing but two consonant letters, one of 
 which is s, follow for the most part, the principles of the 
 Simple Style ; that is, they use the circle when no vowel in- 
 tervenes between the s and the stem latter as in spy, hopes, 
 or where only a short vowel intervenes, as in does, said, sup. 
 
 Where only three or four words are to be represented by 
 the consonant stem and this attached circle, there will be no 
 diiSculty in making the outline sufficiently legible for report- 
 ing purposes, but the number of words in these groups is in 
 some cases ten, twelve, twenty, and even thirty or forty words. 
 The groops containing the most words, are p-s, k-s, m-s, l-s, 
 r-s, s-p, s-k, s-n, s-l, (fee. 
 
 2. We have, for instance, a group of forty words containing l-s . 
 All of these words are perfectly definite as written in the 
 simple style, but briefer forms are desired in reporting, es- 
 pecially for the more frequently recurring words. The re- 
 porter can, however, make no greater mistake than to write 
 all the words in such groups with one outline, trusting to the 
 context for the meaning of a sign that may be read in more 
 than twenty ways. In Takigraf y it is better 
 
 a— To write all proper names and all words of infrequent 
 occurence as in the Sinple Style. 
 
 6— To use initial vowels where they occur. 
 
 c— To use the circle on the final vowel where it is convenient. 
 
 The words that remain will not generally he so numerous as 
 to impair the legibility. 
 
54 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 The forty words of the l-s group mentioned above may be 
 disposed of as follows : 
 
 4 J y y^ ^ y j^ y^ _y-^ 
 ^ 3- '^ ^ iU. l-^ J^ >L^ 
 
 KEY. 
 1. — Alas, ails, allies, alleys, allays, allows, alloys, alias, 
 2. — Eels, isles, eyeless, oils, owls, awls, lazy, lace, lees. 
 3. — Lease, laws, loss, lows, loose, lose, lies, lice, louse, 
 4.— Else, lass, less, lays, Alice, Elias, Ellis, Elsie, 
 5. — Lacey, Lizzie, Lois, Lewis, Luce, Lucy. 
 Rem. 1— While the forms given above may be regarded as absolute, to be 
 used when they stand alone, some of them may be abbreviated in cases 
 where a given word occurs with great frequency. These phrases may be 
 made more or less definite as required. 
 
 ->v j^ y .^-^ > j^ 
 
 Laws of honor laws of the land laws of God. 
 
 Loss of honor loss of the land loss of good. 
 
 Illustration. 
 
 No 'No "\5 No \_^ Vv— \^v \< \d \o\-t 
 
 y r^ r^ r^ ^ ^ ^ A,^^ 
 
 i= rT -tT c^ <^ ^-^Vn No-<__ ^ 
 
OF Takigrafy. 55 
 
 The preceding cut gives the best outlines for the words of 
 several groups. Where an outline is used for more than one 
 word, the additional word or svords, as given in the following 
 key, are enclosed in parentheses. 
 
 KEY. 
 
 (1.)— Apes opes pass (ups puss) pace (pussy poesy) pause (paws pose posy) 
 oppose (compose) peace (piece peas) pays pies pious poise. 
 
 (3.)— Sap (sup) sip sop soup soap spy spew Esop Ossipee asp ekes aolies, 
 
 (3.)— Oalcs ox ax case chaos Itiss cause accuse keys cooes cows. 
 
 (4.)— Sake (sick suck) seek .soak sock ask some (sum psalm) seem (seam) 
 same assume meys (miss muss ems)4aa>as moose. 
 
 (.5.) — Moss mace (mussymossy) maze (mazy maize) mice mouse ^jflig amass 
 (amaze) alms amuse emus. 
 
 (6.) — For tbe sa,kR of. you seem, the same, we seem, (with some) , we 
 assume, we oppose, keys of knowledge, kiss of peace. 
 
 Eem. 1— Many words containing st, are written with the halved s as 
 taught in chapter VI, instead of the circle on the Te. 
 
 Rem. 2— The words seem, fiainc, sake, and some others, lose the vocal sign in 
 phrases. The word same is almost always preceded by </je, and the phrase- 
 sign ihe-sanie is always used. So in the frequent phrases I seem, you seeno 
 they seem, it seems, &c., the vowel is not written. 
 
 4. — Words bontaining s and a compound of the Z or r series, 
 are more easily legible then those containing single stems : 
 but even, here the circle cannot be used without some restric- 
 tion. Every added stroke renders the outline more definite, 
 until, in words of two, three or more syllables, the circle can be 
 used with any vowel, except in special cases where two words 
 are liable to conflict : yet the following rule must be observed 
 even in long words. 
 
 EULB. 
 
 The long sign is written 
 
 (1 • ) — Where s is preceded by a,Y9w;el in tl^fj..^y;p;y1l;1j,^^p^,_rl^^ 
 foUpv yed by-a jga»t<33,m-iJ3fi-eMiij3£A,JM)«jL 
 
 (3.) — Where s is preoeeded by tv/o vowels or a diphthong. 
 
 The exceptions are, (a) where the circle is written in the vocal ; 
 (&) in terminations lifee uous in Qontiguous &c. (c) Special 
 contractions, 
 
5o 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 s. 
 
 - U- ^^ — ^ L Uj/ U L ^ — " — 
 
 — .\^^ r. 
 
 ^ ^ 
 %> 
 
 ^ J ^ J ^-A^ ^ < 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 ^\r . 
 
 
 <r u^r^/--v^. u 
 
 
OF Takigrafy. 57 
 
 Writing Exercise 4. 
 
 Use the circle in the following words : 
 
 Bass buss boss ebbs abbs abbies abyss blows bless bliss apes 
 opes apiece pass pays puss ptis plays please press sup sap spy 
 spew sups saps eggs guess goes glass grass gloss gross agree s 
 case aolies ekes sick sucli sack class close cress cross. 
 
 Adds odds odes does days aids dress odors its 'tis (it is) 
 eats oats utters tress trace eaves views save salve fuss 
 office frees flows offers ashes shoes shows ushers assures. 
 
 With the initial circle :"— cease seize says siss cess season . 
 
 With the final circle : — sows asses assess eases oasis sees. 
 
 Isis this these oaths others mess mass muss miss ems 
 aims amiss amass alms sum some owns knows nose no's 
 inns sons suns seems assigns singe 
 
 Ails alas awls eels ells ills isles eyeless allows allaj's oils owls 
 less lass else sell silly sully sally airs ears errs oars race rays 
 ways arise yes use hir: has hiss house whose ages edges etches 
 chase chess choose chose. 
 
 Specify supper submissive succeed success satisf y sudden 
 situate Saturday seethe sink sunk sank seldom selling 
 recess decency. 
 ''Use the circle but not the signs of the L and R series : 
 
 Bourse apples palace pales peals pierce poles polls pills pulls 
 pulse purse a pplies appeals piles pules ghouls cares coals 
 course cures curs dares dears doles doors doers tools tires 
 attires tears tares fires furs fierce fools force furies varies 
 shares shores shears theirs authors feathers fathers. 
 
 Use the full form and vowel in the following words : 
 
 Buys boys boughs bows (ou) bows (o) blues peace piece peas 
 pies pews poise plies pries prize spice spies spruce sip sop soap 
 soup geese goose guise grease keys cooes cries skies sake 
 seek soak sock. 
 
 Dies dice dries dews dues eyes toys tries trice thrice sties 
 trace trays strays trees strews decays destroys vice vies flies 
 fries flees fleas flues sighs size thighs nice mice mouse moose 
 seem same Seine assume muse assail seal lice lies loose lose 
 
58 The Hand-Bqok 
 
 loss laws lease lees rose rows rice hoes hose hies hues Kews 
 choice juice. 
 
 Use the long sign and omit the medial vowel : 
 
 Baize bays obeys base abase abuse busy boozy blaze brays 
 bruise brews pace place space pose oppose prose suppose pause 
 paws posy prosy pussy applause supplies. 
 
 Gaze graze glaza gauze glassy glossy greasy cla^-y close (z) 
 close (s) cruise crews .accrues screws. 
 
 Dace dose daisy dizzy dressy drowsy vase phase phrase flays 
 flaws blues suffice suffuse sues those thus. 
 
 Mace m.aize maze muse amuse mussy massy mossy knees 
 neice noisy sawn soon sown seeing saying sawing sewing 
 sueing wooes neighs sail soul lace lays lazy wise woes rouse 
 arouse areas racy houris hazy. 
 
 Use the long sign and the vocal : 
 
 Bias pious spouse spicy plows prows grouse kiss echoes 
 choice scows dose dross drossy straws souse sows sighing 
 soU louse' Alice Elsie Elias Lacy Luce Lucy Lewis Lois 
 Eliza Royce ruse Jews juicy hussy Hosea. 
 
 Writing Exercise 5. 
 
 Use the circle in these words : 
 
 Observe reserve deserve subserve dissolve resolve reason 
 baptism Methodism barbarism supercede gospel expel vas- 
 cular. 
 
 Use the circle followed by Ze, or Ea : 
 
 Sassafras hypothesis thesis theses Csesar society access 
 success recess decease races Cicero scissors season season- 
 able seasoning voices noises vices choices spices poises 
 
 Use the long Z& or Es followed by the circle : 
 
 Apotheosis reposes imposes disposes encloses supposes 
 
 faces bases paces spaces places abases gazes grazes kisses 
 
 freezes suffices replaces. 
 Use the circle on the iJ hook side of the straight sign : 
 
 Spring sprung sprang superfluous suppress supreme succor 
 
 scream describe disagree exjiress strive streak stratify 
 
OF Takigrafy. 59 
 
 strategy sadder sodder restrain prosper prosperous desid- 
 eratum excresence execrable. 
 
 Use the long Es followed by a sign of the I or r series: 
 
 Supple supply sepulcher cycle sickle sickly suckle ves- 
 cicle physical. 
 
 Use the circle but not the hook : suffer sulphur silver 
 sliver slaver sever severe southern sapphire. 
 
 Use the double circle : 
 
 Necessity necessary ancestor suspend s uspicious snpt.ain 
 sustenance senses essences exorescenses glimpses resuscitate 
 progresses retraces presses represses analysis analyses. Cisal- 
 pine disgraces synthesis syntheses successive accessible. 
 
 Use the long sign for Ze and Es : 
 
 Zeal zealot zephyr zany zero zinc zone Zion zenith zo- 
 ology theism deism risen rosin rising arising arisen em- 
 blazon praising pleasing supposing disposing displeasing 
 enclosing disclosing exposing revising refusing. 
 
 As some tall cliff that lifts its awful form, 
 Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm, 
 
 Tho ' round its breast the rolling clouds are spread, 
 Eternal sunshine settles on its head. 
 
 Full many a gem of purest ray serene. 
 The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear. 
 
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 
 
 Days, years, months and ages, .shall circle away. 
 And still the vast waters above thee shall roll ; 
 
 Earth loses thy pattern forever and aye, 
 O sailor boy ! sailor boy ! peace to thy soul. 
 
Chapter IV. THE-*^i5 and Str-LooFS. 
 
 Sec. 33. The St Loop. 
 St may be written in some cases by a loop, which may be 
 both Initial and final. It is written on the circle side of the 
 straight stems, and on the inside of the^urves. Used initially 
 on the JJ-hook side of the straight stems, it implies the r of 
 the R-hook series, the hook being omitted ; but it cannot be 
 used on the signs of the I hook series. Used finally it is on 
 the right and upper side of the straight stems, and can be 
 used on all the signs, both the simple and compound ; as in 
 1. The Initial Loop. 
 
 r<r r ^r ^^ ^^ ^ ^ j> 
 
 KEY. 
 1. — St-b, st-p, st-g, st-k, st-gr, st-kr, st-dr, st-tr, st-3-, st-r, st-rl. 
 2. — Strj, strch, stv, stf, stzh, stsh, stz, sts, st-the, st-ith, 
 
 st-tha, st-tha. 
 3. — St-ma, st-mp, st-em, st-emp, st-n, st-ng, st-la, st-el, stl-r, 
 Examples. 
 
 ■^ ^f \ "^ ^ / ^c y y ^ 
 
 KEY. 
 
 I — Step, stub, stag, stagger, stutter, stir, sturgeon, starch, 
 
 stairs, sterile. 
 3 — Stem, stump, stamp, sting, stolid, stillness 
 
 Rem.— The initial loop is not convenient on the r-hook side of Be and Pe- 
 nor on the upper side of the Se and TV, but there is no theorefeal objection 
 to using them in these cases, if any one wishes to do so. 
 
 60 
 
The Hand-Book. 61 
 
 2. The Final Loop. 
 
 } 5 J ^ ^ r ^ j> ^c^cj ^ 
 
 KEY. 
 1. — Bst, pst, blst, plst, brst, prst, sprst, spst, gst, erst, cist, 
 
 scrst. 
 2. — Vst, frst, flst, thrst, qust, mst, nst, 1st, rst, wst, yst, hst. 
 Examples. 
 
 e % ^ ^ ^^ V ^ ^- '^ 
 
 KEY. 
 
 1. — Blest, prest, suppressed, drest, trust, classed, crust, 
 
 thrust, quest. 
 2.— Just, chest, tempest, fullest, behest, molest, wingest. 
 
 Sec. 33. The Use op the Loop. 
 
 1. — It will be observed that the loop represents the sound st, 
 written Ste : hence its use is not fonetically necessary, being 
 a mere abbreviation, used for convenience and for greater 
 brevity. It should be used only where convenience and brev- 
 ity require it. Theoretically, it may be used on all simple 
 letters ; but the loop is inconvenient on De and Te, Bra and 
 Pra, and not very easily made on En, Ing, and some others. 
 Where the use of the loop is inconvenient Ste should be used 
 
 instead. 
 
 Eem —The initial loop is never used on the straight signs of the M series 
 of compounds, nor on the signs Wa, Ta, Ha. Ja and Cha. It cannot be used 
 initially on any curve commencing with a hooli. 
 
 Sec. 34. The Sir Loop. 
 
 l._The st loop is enlarged to imply the addition of r, as 
 
 \, b c^ c^ ^ -^ ^ ^ 
 
 Pest pester jest jester last luster classed cluster 
 
62 The Hand-Book 
 
 Eem. 1.— The small loop is one-third the length ot the letter ; and the 
 
 large loop two-thirds its length. 
 Eem. 2.— The str loop is not used initially as a general contraction. < 
 
 Bern. 3.— Observe that the str loop is used to Indicate the addition of r 
 
 after an st loop, not to indicate the use of str in all cases -, and the f oUowi-ig 
 
 principles should be carefully studied. 
 
 3. Where s follows the loops it may be written on the 
 opposite side of the stem, as in the examples below ; but where 
 three s^s occur, the long sign is used for one of them. 
 Examples. 
 
 V ^ X^ /^^ a^ V, 
 
 Casts casters forests recesses processes successes 
 
 3. The str loop may be used on the Be, and be followed by 
 Ka in obstruct and some other words. 
 
 Sec. 3-5. Circles and Loops. 
 
 1. — The use of the circles and loops are governed by similar 
 principles ; we write : 
 
 t b I) k r' r ,^ 9 ^ 
 
 Pass passes past pastor muss must muster frost fullest 
 a — The circle is not used in pace, nor the loop in post, 
 
 poster, cloister, &e. , where a long vowel or. diphthong precedes 
 
 the s. 
 b — Where a vowel follows st or str, as in the words testy, 
 
 pastry, the loops cannot be used. 
 
 Hem. 1.— The shortened and lengthened Es is used for st and str in some 
 cases where the loops cannot be used, 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 A. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 U^^ 
 
 ^ -^ > ^v^ -v^^ ,-^ 
 
 /^ 
 
64 The Hand-Book 
 
 Writing Exercise 6. 
 
 Use the S^e-loop in the following words : 
 
 Stub stubbed stab stabbing stabber step stepping stepping- 
 stone step-child stipulate stipendiary stag stagnate stagger 
 staggering stigma stuck stucco stock stock-jobber stockade 
 stocking stutter. 
 
 Stem steam steaming steamer steam-pipe steam-car 
 steamshin steam-vessel stea&i-packet steam-power steamers 
 stamp enstamp stamp-act stamping stamn-collector stomacli 
 stomach-pump stimulat e stimulus, ^-c^' " ,/ 
 
 Star stariy starboard starch starched stark starlight star- 
 ling starter startle stereoscope stereopticon stereoscopic 
 stereoscopist stereotype stereotyper sterile sterility sterling 
 stir stirring steer steering steersman steerage store store- 
 house stores storage. 
 
 Use the J7si-loop in the following- words : 
 
 Taxed (taxt) text waxed (waxt) vexed next mixed fixed 
 hop'st weep'st wing'st winced bounced renounced lanced 
 fenced (fenst). Worst forced enforced endorsed reversed 
 discoursed burst. Best bust blest guest guessed gust dust 
 test jest just. Pressed breast crest dressed trust thrust 
 wishest wisest. Vest west rest zest hast ripest fullest cool- 
 est molest suppressed encrust distrust. Recast repast ssir 
 ^arrassert embossed addressed entrust redressed. Interest 
 manifest alterest expressed compressed depressed repressed 
 ante-past. Most last lost least uppermost utmost rest erst 
 cursed forest. 
 
 The Ster Loop. 
 
 Pester fester faster vaster lustre duster pastor castor jes- 
 ter muster bluster cluster shyster songster fluster rhymster 
 teamster sinister Chester Rochester Dorchester Manchester 
 Minster monster impostor Lancaster plaster forester chorister. 
 
 The circle after a loop, &c. : 
 
 Pests pesters casts castors dusters festers clusters songsters 
 monsters punsters teamsters choristers. Infests molests 
 recasts repasts jests jesters suggests. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 65 
 
 Groups of Words on Single Stems. 
 
 Use the loop in these words : | 
 Best bust boast. 
 
 Pest past hopest apest 
 suppesi. 
 
 Guest gust cast 
 
 Dust test 
 
 Vest vast fast breast. 
 
 prest blest placed. 
 
 crest crust crossed. 
 
 trust dressed. 
 Frost thrust just jest chest. 
 Fester cluster bluster. 
 
 But not in these : 
 
 Beast boost based abased 
 biased abused bestow beset. 
 
 Pieced paced opposite appo- 
 site opposed spaced supposed. 
 
 Ghost goest kissed coast. 
 
 Dosed dowsed testy tasty 
 teased toast. 
 
 Fist feast foist faced voiced. 
 
 Bruised prized blessed placid 
 pellucid. 
 
 Greased creased cruised. 
 
 Driest truest drawest. 
 
 Freest throwest spiced 
 cloister blister. 
 
 Amidst the storm they sang, 
 
 And the stars heard, and the sea, 
 And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang 
 
 To the anthem of the free. 
 
 Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, 
 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke, 
 
 How jocund did they drive their team afield. 
 
 How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke. 
 
 Can storied urn or animated bust 
 
 Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? 
 Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust? 
 
 Or Flatterv soothe the dull, cold ear of Death? 
 
 O stay ! the maiden said, and rest 
 Thy weary head upon this breast ; 
 
 A tear stood in his bright blue eye. 
 But still he answered with a sigh, 
 Excelsior ! 
 
Chapter V. — The Use of the Final Hooks. 
 
 Sec. 36. The iV-Hook. 
 
 1. — A small final. hook is used on the end of the large letters 
 for n. This Hook is made on the left and under side of the 
 straight signs, and on the inside of the curves. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 J ^<] ^^ ^^"-^ b t -^ r' 
 
 Ebon weapon hidden rotten heaven 
 
 ^ O \^ ^ ^^ 
 yTon melon burn turn one luncheon agency 
 2. — The a-hook of the Simple Style may be vrritten for an, 
 and the i-hook for in : 
 
 Eem.~The n and m-hooks are the same. The an-hook is written on the 
 right and upper side of the straiglit stems. On the curves, no distinction in 
 the hook is practicable except with the Ve, Ef, The and Tha. 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 often 
 
 then 
 
 _y~-^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 L J V 
 
 ^ ;) I 
 
 L ^ 
 
 -^ ^ / 
 
 ^^ o ^ -^ - 
 
 
 Pan, pin, 
 
 gan, kin, tan, tin, fin, fan, 
 
 shan, sin. 
 
 Thin, than. 
 
 minute, muslin, ran, win, 
 
 chin, Jan. 
 
 Sec. 37. The Use of the iV-HooK. 
 
 1. — The n-hook is used with a short vowel in most cases. 
 Where n is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, the long 
 sign is generally used. 
 
 3. — The long sign is also used in all cases where the vowel 
 follows the n in the end of a word. 
 
 3. — The An-hook is used for an where it has the sound of 
 ang in such words as hank, drank ; and the n-hook may ba 
 used for in in such words as brink, drink. &c, 
 
 66 
 
The Hand-Book 67 
 
 4. — When the circle is turned on the n-hook side of the 
 straight signs it implies the n, but the circle must be written 
 in the an-hook, and in the hooks on the curves. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Prince prance fence France wince lance bank bone 
 
 Eem. — The small hooks are not generally used in the Contracted style 
 for the vocal sign alone ; but they may be used in some cases, without 
 danger of confusion, as in the words pracUce, back, Jtc, which could never 
 be confounded with prank, bank. So also tick and Dick may be written 
 with the i-hook as the outlines formed could stand for no other words. 
 
 Sec. 38. The Shon Hook. 
 
 A large final hook may be used for the termination shn 
 (spelled Hon,, sion, tian, dan, &c.) on most of the consonants. 
 
 I This hook is written on the right and upper side of th* 
 staight signs, and on the inside of the curves. 1 
 
 The shon hook is used : 
 
 1. — Where no vowel precedes the terminations, as in the 
 words tension, deception. 
 
 2. — Where the shn is preceded by the short-vowels a, e or i, 
 (u, . or n), as in the words passion, discretion, rendition, 
 mission. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ^mjjjljaj^ passion erection revisinn missio n ammunition repulsion . 
 Rem. — Where the shn is preceded by the long vowels, A, or U, the 
 vowel is written as an affix, and the shn is ommitted. 
 
 h. ■ Special Use of the Shon Hook. 
 
 1. — Where the letters mp precede the termination shn, as in 
 the words redemption, thep is dropped, and the hook is writ- 
 ten on the Em or Ma. 
 
 2, — Ka is also omitted, when preceded by Te or Ing, as in 
 the words destruction , sanction . 
 
68 The Hand-Book 
 
 Examples, 
 
 Redemption assumption destruction instruction distinction addiction. 
 
 3. — The ira-hook is used for ition, after De, Te, Dra, Tra, Ja 
 and Cha, as in magician, nutrition, &c. 
 
 4. — An iVhook is also used after the circle, as in position, 
 physician, and after an n-hook, as in mention. 
 
 n^ — 61 ■ o^n ^ — 3 /^ 
 
 Addition nutrition imposition decision transition attention mention. 
 
 Eem. 1.— The large hook on the Hn may be used for —tillon, where it is 
 preferred. 
 
 Rem. 2. — It "will be noticed that in decision, given above, and in many 
 other cases, the hook is used for izhn, instead of iehn. 
 
 5. — The circle is written in the shn-hook, and termina- 
 tions ly, ary, &c., may be added to it. In some cases, how- 
 ever, the termination tional may be contracted to shl, or 
 omitted. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ~ 
 
 Traditions traditional passions passional traditionary dictionary . 
 Provisional exceptiona l intention al g^gjjj^tiQBal electioneer affectionate. 
 6. — In the words Ocean, Prussian, Grecian, and some others, 
 where the shn is a radical part of the word, the hook is not 
 used ; as also in the word cession and its derivatives. These 
 words are written as in the Simple Style. 
 
 Sec. 39. The T-Hook. 
 1. — On the left and under side of the straight stems, the 
 large hook is used for v and /. Tliis hook is used where the 
 V is preceded by e-long, and i- and e-short, and in some cases 
 with other vowels. / 
 
OF Takigrafy. 69 
 
 Examples. 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 Brief reprieve grieve retrieve achieve differ serve 
 
 2.^-The V and /-hook may be used/on the The and Qu.a. 
 
 3. — The V is written in full after the circle. Ively after the 
 circle, may be written by vel. 
 
 4. — The circle maybe written in the u-hook, and the termi- 
 nations ly, ty, &c., may be added. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 "^ ^ P^ P^ 5-^^ J—, 
 
 Thief equivocal fliii-<mica;T7o submissively festivity pt^f'tivelv 
 
 Rem.— The following Writing exercises designate the proper use of the 
 aiu fi"t i'l, / and ?J-hooks in many words in common use. 
 
 Sec. 40. The "Vocal i used fob In, En, On. 
 The vocal i (see Prefix In Chapter VIII) may be used for in 
 en on, both medially and finally, as in the following examples. 
 (For the half-length letters used, see the following chapter.) 
 
 Examples. 
 Infinity fasten f acinate mason Sampson medicine mercenary listen llstenine 
 
70 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 ^ L 
 
 U 
 
 5. 
 
 J :u 1^. J Iv^ :0 c Jn 
 
 _cUL__a_-i_. \ 
 
 r' 1^^ ^ , r \^ , 
 
OF Takigrafy. 71 
 
 Writing Exercise 7. 
 
 Use the £ft-hook in the following words : Bin ben bun pin 
 pen pun begin again hen kin lien din den dun tin ten tun 
 gin chin win wen won one i-un earn ebon robin weapon 
 akin Eden redden rotten sudden done undone Latin oriyin 
 urchin margin welkin born burn spurn stem well-born 
 stubborn stubbornly stubbornness steam-engilfe leathern 
 southern London. Fin fen fun often soften seven eleven 
 ravine thin then men mean meaning amen skin spin grin 
 spu» stone aspen trodden cabin. 
 
 Prince pins pens pence tens tense clinics currency cousin 
 mariner foreigner minute mi-nute minutely eminence dom- 
 ineer dentifrice tremendous discriminate determinate pre- 
 dominate calumniate obstinate patentee trinity plenipotence 
 plenipotentiary procrastinate mendacious Monday mandarin. 
 
 Ufre the An-hook in the following words : — Ban pan dan 
 tan i-attan fan ran than clan span scan plan bran stain 
 sprain explain prance pans trance spans France lance 
 strains sprains f^y plains plantation chandelier shanty maintain 
 Tinaintp^3,npp. planet planetary aggrandize. 
 
 Use the En and An hooks before k in : 
 
 Bank brink pink plank prank crank clank drink drank 
 frank shrank stank stink sink wink chink 
 
 Use the vocal hook without n in : Back black pack 
 brackish practice Dick tick trick chick chicken kip gift. 
 
 The En is written in full in : — Bone boon bane bean paean 
 pine upon pain pane cane gain cone gone dawn dine tine 
 tune bony pony tiny downy penny puny slimy money. 
 
 Shine sheen shone thine mine Tjinin moan moon noon 
 nine line loon lane lean lone rain roan ruin wean wine 
 Jane June china ocean can gun organ wagon reckon 
 weaken silken slacken shrunken drunken token liken. 
 
 Writing Exercise 8. 
 
 Use the Shon hook in the following words : — Destitution 
 restitution prostitution substitution elocution ascension 
 recension munition admonition px-oportion prosecution 
 
72 The Hand-Book 
 
 oppression passion ambition volition portion apportion 
 eviction suppression election revisi(yi supervision vision 
 prevision. '^ 
 
 Use the Shon hook omitting the Ka : Attraction detraction 
 destruction dejection ejection injection instruction re jection 
 rlirfiptirm retraction restric^ -.inn . 
 
 Use the In hook for Ishn in these vrords : Addition attri- 
 tion edition logician magician rendition tradition 
 statistician expedition perdition superstition traditions 
 traditional additions additional. • 
 
 Use the In hook for Shn after the circle : — Decision pre- 
 cision soguisition requisition position imposition p hysician 
 excision opposition Tjroposition disposition. 
 
 Use the In hook for Shn after the En hook : Attention 
 pretention retention prevention mention. 
 
 Use Zhe for Zhn : Cohesion adhesion erosion corrosion 
 ex£losion deJ-usion infusion diffusion suffusion obtrusion 
 detrusion profusion intnision der-ision coZZ-usion effusion 
 affusion allusion elusion illusion. 
 
 Use the iJ-hook in these words : Beef peevish deaf brief 
 reprieve retreive grieve gi-ief heave weave bereave drive 
 driven chief achieve mischievous chieftain restive festive 
 sensitive laxative positive festivity definitive curve serve 
 service revive reverence reference raveling strive striven 
 divergence diversity diversely diversify diversion reversion 
 divine define definition definite devise devisable divide 
 dividend divisor defend defense defeat diverge illustrative 
 destructive authoritative native nativity believe ^SEIiX? 
 thief thievs thrive equivocal quiver monograph lithograph 
 lithographic lexicographic orthographic hieroglyphic. 
 
 After the circle the termination ivc is written by Ve : 
 
 Aggressive delusive oppressive impressive progressive 
 decisive passive possessive receive deceive. 
 
 The Ve is also used in these words : Bravo depra^■e deprive 
 grave gave groove drove drive strive supervise puff tough 
 stuff stave grufi trough rough grove stove wove prove 
 clove drove glove. 
 
Chapter VI. — Shortened Letters. 
 
 Seo. 41. Half Length Letters. 
 
 1. — All the large letters may be written half length, to im- 
 ply the sounds of d and t : — the light letters when halved im- 
 plying t, and the heavy letters d. 
 
 2. — The letters m, n, I and r, known as the liquids, imply t 
 when shortened, but the halved letters are shaded to imply 
 the sound of d. 
 
 ' Examples. 
 
 Apt act aft lagged received soothed seized tii(;ii , ifrht pate strpiiuht . 
 ^tt^^yTint, aimed ant end "wilt willed art aired tart paired. 
 
 Hem,— Students should observe, that only these four letters are shaded to 
 imply d. This principle is not applied to any of the other letters, though in 
 some cages, as will be seen in the next section, a U^ht letter is used to im- 
 ply a rf, and a heavy letter to imply a t, contrary to the rule. 
 
 3. — Tlie half length is used when a vowel intervenes between 
 the halved letter, and the following d and t. In this case any 
 vowel may intervene — long, short, or diphthongal ; but the 
 half length can not be used, when the d or < belongs to an- 
 other syllable. The half length may be used, for instance, in 
 poitf, but not in fioeX. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 hit k L,),),£>v^-v<V,T^tly<^ 
 
 Bead bowed peat pout feet vowed white right greed bride sprite threat 
 
 73 
 
74 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 42. The Use of the Half Length Letters. 
 
 1. — The half length letters are used quite freely, and shorten 
 the outlines of thousands of words ; but there is some limita- 
 tion to their use. Though De, Te,Ja, Cha, may be shortened, it 
 is frequently quite as easy to lengthen the stroke by adding 
 the full length De and Te as to shorten it to imply them. 
 
 In the following cases, the shortened letters cannot be used : 
 
 a. Where the shortened letter does not make a distinct an- 
 gle with the letter to which it is joined. 
 
 b. Where a vowel follovv's d or t in the end of a word. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ^_ Jl^ -^ ^^±^ /^-^ \ 
 
 Dealt lofty ai-ched hardy wretched caged 
 2. — In words of one syllable, the rule limiting the use of the 
 half length, to cases where a light sign implies a t and a heavy 
 sign a d, should be genera,lly followed ; there are, however, 
 some exceptions. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 Could should vvould had but that great called toward. 
 
 3. — There are some other cases of words of one consonant 
 stem that imply a t, when heavy, in which a connective vowel 
 is used, as in the words, gate, bright. Where two or more 
 consonant stems occur, such exceptions are more frequent, as 
 in the words forget, arrogate, habit, &c. 
 
 Sec. 43. Shortened Stems Having Final Hooks. 
 
 1. — Stems ending in the small final hooks, may be shortened 
 to imply d and t, and the added letter is read after the hook. 
 In these oases more freedom is allowed in implying both d and 
 t by light letters, and vice versa, but the rule should never be 
 lost sight of, as its violation leads in many cases, to illegible 
 forms. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 75 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 Jl.-t,_= ^VJLif'^a? 
 
 o-J 
 
 i -^ ^ '?> S -a ^ c^ -V 
 
 lT 
 
 Bend band tent taunt Kent caul pent pant spent scant slant 
 Bent tend canned pend spend scanned 
 
 Opened likened attend skinned softened thinned sinned went grar 
 
 strand 
 it blent 
 
 3. — Stems ending in the large hooks are not shortened with 
 the same freedom, as those ending in the small ones, as it is 
 not so easy to distinguish differences in the size of the hooks ou 
 the shortened stems ; such forms however, are sometimes used. 
 
 3. — lu some cases the t;-hook after the shortened Ka, may 
 be read last, as iix .active . "^ '\j 
 
 4. — The termination ance is added in a similar manner, to 
 the halved p, as in the words acceptance, reluctance. 
 
 5. — The termination ity is added to the ii-hook by a tick 
 in words where the t cannot be so easily added. 
 
 6. — In like manner a tick may be added to an ?i-hook to im- 
 ply a following vocal, as in the word plenty, in the examples 
 below ■- 
 
 Impassioned grieved active reluctance plenty . 
 
 apportioned served acceptance receptivity. 
 
76 
 
 Th3 Hand-Book 
 
 ^ IB "V^ 'P , --_- n t , 16 No ^ 
 
 
 
OF Takigrafy. 77 
 
 Writing Exercise 9. 
 
 Use shortened letters with connective vocals where neces- 
 sary : — Abode about abide bead bide bowed bait bite bid bed 
 bad bud bat beat peat pate pout pit pet put pot God guide 
 gad good get got coat caught kite cute kit cat cut cot 
 could. Deed died date taught tight apt act aft eased east. 
 
 Viewed vied vowed vote feet feat fought fight fit fat 
 foot. Sheet shoat shout shut shot should seat sate sought 
 sight suit essayed esteem . That thought. Aimed meat 
 mate mote might mute mit met mat made mead. Neat naught 
 note night knit gnat nut not end and (hand) owned aunt ant. 
 
 Lead old late light lute lout lit let lot read rate 
 wrote wrought right write rout writ rat. Wait gisajt 
 wight wit wet wot would. Heat hate hoot height hide. 
 Chat chit-chat jade jawed chide chid. 
 
 Shortened forms with initial hooks and circle : 
 
 Bleed blade blued bled blood breed braid broad bride 
 brewed bred blight brought bright brute. Played plate 
 plead pleat plied plight plowed prayed prate pried prude 
 proud. Glade glowed glide glued glad gre^ greet grade 
 great gold. Cloyed cloud called clot clout. Trait trite. 
 Fleet float flight flute flout flit flat freight fraught 
 fruit fret freed fried. Short shirt threat throat. Spite 
 spout spit spat spot speed spade spied supped sapped 
 soaked sacked scat Scot state stout stewed sprite sprout 
 sprat pp.cret screwed street strait straight strewed smote 
 smite smit smut summit seemed assumed slate sleet slat 
 slight slit slot slide slid. Assert assort insert sweet sweat 
 swayed send sand sunned sinned signed sniind saint sent 
 sennight. " Wheat white whit whet what wide guote 
 quite quoit quit twit. 
 
 Use shortened stems with connected vocals : 
 
 Bfldv beauty pity pretty party purity duty verity forty 
 severity mighty. 
 
 Use the full-sized letters in these words : — Bowed (bode) 
 bawdy beat boot body boat bout abate abet abbot bit bet 
 bat payed pawed pied pad pod petty putty piety. Goad 
 
78 The Hand-Book 
 
 goat gout gut agate keyed cawed cowed kid cud cod. 
 Did dead dote doubt douglity duet diet ditty debt dot toad 
 tied toyed teat toot. Evade void feed fade food feud fed. 
 Shade shady showed shied slied shad shod shoot. Assayed 
 sowed sawed sighed. 
 (Use the circle in seed side aside said sod soot sit set sat sot.) 
 
 Amid mood mode need gnawed node nude annoyed 
 naughty knotty. Lade lady lied lewd loud load led. Raid 
 rowed ride rude rot rut root weed weighed wooed 
 wade wed wad wood. 
 
 Use the the tick for h, in heed head ahead. 
 
 Hoed hied hewed chewed cheat jute jet jot. 
 
 Blowed bloody brood brad bleat bloat blot gloat glut 
 grate groat grit grot clad clod. Druid dread treed trade 
 tried trod treat treaty trout trot. Flayed fled flood frayed 
 afraid fraud. Shrewd shred throughout thread. Sped 
 skid scud stout steed staid stayed stead stood strayed stride 
 astrayed astute sled sold senate. Quiet quota. Tweed. 
 
 Writing Exercise 10. 
 
 Use shortened stems ending in the £n-hook : 
 
 Bend bound abound pent pant pained opened (h) appened . 
 Gained Kent cannot county kind. Dent dint daunt taunt 
 tint tent tend attend pretend vaunt prevent fount shan't 
 shunt sinned thinned mount meant mint amend amoun t 
 lent rent earned went want wont haunt hint pent agent 
 chaunt acquaint . 
 
 Blend bland blind plant . Imprint brand brunt grg^ia 
 
 ground grind drained trained. Trent front friend spen t 
 
 scant second sickened skinned stent stint stand sprained 
 
 screened strand squint. Distant constan t confront com - 
 
 ■ plained complaint constraint confound unbend. 
 
 Words containing one or more shortened stems, ending in 
 an En-iiook with other letters : 
 
 Abundant abandoned pendency blund(er)bus accountant 
 countenance stipend attendant attending attendance ped- 
 antry dentiform dentistry. Bending blending branding 
 granting granted branded stranded wanted contented 
 intended accidental. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 79 
 
 Superabound superabundant superin(cum)bent reluctant 
 splendor splinter. Dependent repentance redundant pre- 
 venting repugnant malignant urgently authentic acquaint - 
 ance retentive merchandize resplendent quantity occupant 
 provident despondent .respondent substantive verdant 
 servant mendicant. Boundless foundling recount redound 
 elephant eloquent resident resonant attentive coincident. 
 Ajipendix pendant appendage (Zhe) hinder hindrance. 
 
 A full length letter, followed by a shortened En : 
 
 Bind paint plaint pawned i^ond conned. Deigned dined 
 donate taint toned tuned astound. Feint faint font signed 
 mind. Leaned loaned lined lend lint lenient. Rained 
 round wound ruined rend weaned waned wind wound. 
 
 Hind hound joined joint jaunt quaint. Blonde planed 
 planned planet. Brained grained granite grind trend 
 frowned shrined spanned stained sti-ained predominant. 
 
 Miscellaneous words containing shortened stems or letters ; 
 
 Portentous sentiment sentient lamenting emigrant orna- 
 ment adornment assortment arraignment alignment cormo- 
 rant resentment merchantman recreant evidRn| gormandize 
 tenement rubicund prevalent pertinent permanent 
 termigant emergent admittance vindictive sycophant expo- 
 nent dissolvent supplicant adjutant coadjutant coherent 
 penitent omnipotent refrigerant precipitant. Correspond 
 corresrim id£n.t correspondence responding despondency 
 Pentateuch pursuant. 
 
 .Written with full length signs : 
 
 Boned Bennett bonnet bounty pound peanut fantastic 
 benignity Gannet count vanity sonnet linnet monotonous 
 renewed junta. Browned crowned gradation denominate 
 ordinance pendulum penitence penetrate plenitude 
 dignitary. 
 
 The iji-hook, tick, termination, ance, &c.. 
 
 Divinity tendency receptivity activity plenty plenteous 
 affinity profanity acceptance reluctance curved served 
 observed subserved preserved reserved deserved. Passion- 
 ate proportionate impassioned proportioned . 
 
Chapter VII. — Lengthened Curves. 
 
 Sec. 44. Double Length Curves. 
 
 1. — The consonant curves are made twice their usual length 
 to imply the addition of tr or dr to their own proper sounds. 
 This contraction applies : 1st, to cases in which the tr or dr 
 follows the lengthened letter without an intervening vowel, as 
 in the words after, enter. 2d. where a vowel intervenes, as in 
 fetter, latter. 
 
 Hem.— It should be observed, that when dr and Ir are implied by the 
 lengthened curves, there can be no vowel sound between the d or t and r. 
 It would not do, for instance, to use the double length in entire, much less in 
 Ontario. The double length letter is not used where a vowel follows the r 
 in the end of a word, as in lottery, but when another consonant is added, it 
 may be used, as in lateral. 
 
 2. — Where the dr and tr form a diphthong, as in the words 
 entry, sundry, &c., the compounds of the r series are emploj^ed, 
 though some long w^ords form exceptions, as eccentric, intrinsic. 
 
 3. — The liquid curves En and El, when doubled to imply dr, 
 
 are made heavy, as under, elder ; but Ma is not shaded except 
 to imply emper, ember, emple, emble. 
 
 4. — A heavy letter may imply a tr and a light letter a dr in 
 some cases ; as in the words voter, shudder ; but the lengthened 
 Ish may be shaded near the end in shudder and the lengthened 
 / in fodder for the sake of greater distinctness. 
 
 5. — The signs Qua and Twa, are lengthened in analogy with 
 the other curves, as in equator, twitter. 
 
 6. — The lengthened curves are vocalized, in the same man- 
 ner as the simple letters, but the vowels which follow, are 
 read before the added letters, as yvith the half lengths. 
 
 When the circle is added to a lengthened curve, it is read last 
 of all, but the n of the m-hook may be read before the implied 
 dr and tr, as in mentor, reminder. 
 80 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 81 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ) ( J J "7, J 
 
 1 Enter entry sunder sundry sister suitor. 
 
 2. After shutter litter leader bindery shoulder lit,^^^ ] equator thunder. 
 
 3. Matters mentor reminder latterly flutter slighter matter murder. 
 
 4. Twitters poster s letters binder disastrous disasters . 
 
 I 7. — Emp may be lengthened when written upwards to imply 
 I &r and pr, as in damper, timber, and when written downwards 
 to imply bl and pi, as in temple, tumble. 
 Examples. 
 
 r r 
 
 r r 
 
 Damper timber temple trample December resemble ^p^emfe le. 
 
 Sec. 45. Lengthened Upstrokes. 
 iJa and Wa may be made twice their usual length to 
 ^mply tr, as in writer, water. 
 
 Rem. 1. The iV-hook is not used with the lengthened upstrokes as it is 
 with lengthened curves, but when written is read last, as in warn, nvorn. 
 
 Rem. 2. Tn. ^iii'i'f,f, hunter, wonder, the half length followed by the ra-hook 
 and Ba is used. 
 
 Rem. 3. It should be obserred that the lengthened upstrokes include the 
 r, so that they imply tr with some propriety. The other straight signs Be 
 Pe Ga Ka De Te, do not include r when lengthened, and so cannot properly 
 imply It. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Writer water warn horn sworn wonderful hinder , hindrance. 
 
 Sec. 46. The Double Lengths , and other Forms of 
 Contractions. 
 
 In many cases some other form 
 place of the lengthened curve. 
 
 of contraction takes the 
 
82 The Hand-Book 
 
 1. — The large loop is used in pester, lustre, bluster, &o., 
 instead of the lengthened Es. 
 
 In general the lengthened s is used in cases analagous to 
 those in wliioh the halved s would be used. Thus we have Est 
 in coas t, post ; and Ester in coaster and poster. 
 
 2. — In muster, duster, jester &c., we have the large loop ; 
 though Ester is used in such words as cloister, Zoroaster,, 
 where the loop could not be employed ; and, for the sake of 
 distinction of outlines, in the words /osier, blister die. ; distin- 
 guishing them from fester and bluster. 
 
 Esm. 1. The lengthened curves endins in the n-hook form exceptions to 
 the general rule, as a lengthened En could be written for ndr instead of 
 lengthening the preceding letter. So also a halved letter, followed by Ma 
 or Ar can be substituted for the doable length. 
 
 Rem. 2. More complete directions for writing words in which a differ- 
 ence of outline is possible, are given in the writing exercises. 
 
 Sec. 47. Treble Length Curves. 
 
 1. — All the curves except Ing may be made three times their 
 usual length to imply thr, as in the words another, iieither. 
 
 2.— The letters Era and Ma may be shaded slightly near the 
 end, to distinguish them more fully from the double lengths, 
 
 but En and Es can be sufliciently distinguished by an increased 
 length. • 
 
 Kem. Some lengthened curves are used only in phrases. 
 3. — Ing is lengthened to imply gr in such words as anger, 
 linger <&c. ; when a vowel follows the gr as in angry, the Gra 
 must be used. 
 
 4. — Ner is lengthened to imply kr, and Nel and Ingl to imply 
 kl and gl, as in tinker, uncle, tingle. 
 
 / 
 Examples. 
 
 (1.) Another neither anger tinker 
 
 (3.) Tinkle tingle twinkle strangle 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 83 
 
 Sec. 48. Treble Length Ra, Wa, Ha and Wha. 
 
 I The Ba and the stem of the Wa, Wha and Ha may be made 
 three times the usual length, and shaded near the end, td im- 
 ply thr, as in the words rather, weather, heather, whither &c. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Rather weather ( wither') heather whither farther. 
 
 2. — As the treble length curves oooupj' considerable space 
 the upstrokes may be commenced one length below the line, 
 and the down strokes a little jiigher than usual so as to bring 
 the outline as near as possible to a central position. 
 Examples. 
 
 Mother, angle, thither, will there he , farther than, on the othr:r ham 
 
 ^_aa^H«t ^hM* I ' ll » I I I I 11' I I II-. all 1 1 I 
 
84 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Q_V. 
 
 )^ ^ V • 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 '^ u 
 
 ) ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 — 5 
 
 J ^ 
 
 ^ X 
 
 — 
 
 . V 
 
 '^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
OF Takigrafy. 85 
 
 Writing Exercise 11. 
 
 Use the double length curves : 
 
 Provider voter sister Easter defaulter defrauder comforter 
 fetter fritter shatter shutter shudder suitor cedar cider in- 
 sulter benefactor malefactor manufacture compositor visitor, 
 depositor center eccentric concentric heliocentric intr(in)sic. 
 Shoulder shelter equator quarter squatter quadra(t)ure tvrit- 
 ter interest disaster. Fitter litter letter latter fatter fodder 
 laughter after rafter matter meter mutter alter filter elder 
 wilder vi'Uderness under tender ponder entertain intersperse 
 slaughter slater sunder meander render defender quadrangle. 
 Flitter sifter falter flatter flutter fritters oysters lighter 
 loiter murder northern dissenter invader innovator elevator . 
 
 Ember and Emper. — Lumber timber September November 
 December member remember amber slumber chamber limber 
 temper temperanc e temperament distemper damper hamper 
 crimper pamper scamper whimper bumper jumper thumper. 
 
 Ejibl and Empl. — ET^ jhlepi tremble mumble tumble nimble 
 thimble gambol jumble amble a^nnle trample bramble humble 
 temple dimple rumple crumple grumble rumble fumble 
 sample dissemble p,ssemble ssssailjlp reassem^g ^eanjblg. 
 
 Use trebled curves : — Another neither mother father 
 thither further blinker canker clinker drinker hanker hun-/ 
 ker hunger rancor spanker thinker tinker winker. Tinkle) 
 twinkle crinkle sprinkle jingle mingle tingle dangle 
 strangle bangle wrangle step-mother step-father. Anger 
 languor anchor linger drinker periwinkle finger longer 
 anthropology misanthropy. 
 
 Not used in angle, mangle, tangle, jangle. 
 
 Use trebled strokes in rather farther weather whither 
 heather hitherward. 
 
 Lengthened curves ending in the ^n-hook : 
 
 Vender ijmgjjjgj fainter thunder mejitor minter fomenter 
 tormenter covenanter lender finder cylinder slender slander 
 Polander Hollander lavender flinder reir ^ joinder islander 
 germander gerrymander (ga) salamander yonder mender. 
 
 The ^n-hook is not used in center asunder founder flounder 
 precentor meander monitor &c. 
 
86 The Hand-Book 
 
 Rear on high the scaffold altar ; 
 
 All the world will turn to see 
 How a man has dared to suffer 
 
 That his brothers may be free. 
 Reai- it on some hillside, looking 
 
 North and South and East and AVest 
 Where the wind from every quarter 
 
 Fresh may blow upon his breast, 
 And the sun look down unshaded 
 
 From the chill December sky, 
 Glad to shine upon the hero 
 
 Who for Freedom dares to die. 
 
 Twinkle, twinkle, little star, 
 
 How I wonder what you are, 
 
 Up above the world so high. 
 Like a diamond in the sky. 
 
 Whither 1 ah ! whither ? — Into the silenr land ; 
 Clouds in the evening sky more swiftly gather, 
 And shatter'd wrecks lie thicker on the strand. 
 
 Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while 
 the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh when thou 
 shalt say, I have no pleasure in them. 
 
 A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir 
 up anger. 
 
 For whosoever shall do the will of my father which is in 
 heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. 
 
 What thou knowest not now, thou shalt know hereafter. 
 
 If thine enemy hunger feed him, and if he thirst give him 
 drink, for in so doing, thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his 
 head. 
 
 For one people shall be stronger than the other people, and 
 the elder shall serve the younger. 
 
Chapter VIII. Prefixes 
 
 Sec. 49. Simple Prefix Signs. 
 The prefix signs most commonly employed are the following : 
 
 )] com, con '^ extra-i-u ^ magna-i 
 
 □y self 
 
 \> contra '^5 im, in , 
 
 3; cr-° trans 
 
 N^] counter ^_ intra-i-o-u ^ with 
 
 1. — Con and Com are represented by the same signs : — 
 written downward in the direction of Ka, and upward in the 
 direction of Ra. These signs are about one-third the length 
 of the full sized letters, and are joined in the outline. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Console consider compress comply compose conced e condem n cppj^oy. 
 2. — The first sign for eon and com is used in all words in 
 which these prefixes are followed by 
 
 ( ( ^ ^ r- ^ ^o_7 7 
 
 IT r r ^ N \X ^ c^ 
 
 3. — The second form struck upward, is used when fol- 
 lowed by 
 
 I I \ \ ) ) ^ ^ ^ ^ <^ 
 
 4. — The following words deserve special mention : 
 
 ^-^ ' C_/ ^\-, — '\/^ ^-^' — t 
 
 gjjjnmgnd cotamit jommi^ion concomitant uncommon intercomraunioate. 
 Rem. 1. In some words con and com are not prefixes but form the root of 
 the word, as in conical from con«, and comical from the Latin comicus : such 
 words should be written in full. The principal words of this class are coma, 
 comb, arnie, comet, comic, comity, con, and conic. 
 
 ■ 87 - ■ 
 
88 The Hand-Book 
 
 Rem. 2. Words in which com is followed by a root commencing in m, drop 
 the m o( the root in most cases ; thus we have com-ence, com^^nion, corrir-une 
 for cimvmenGe^ communion^ commune. 
 
 Rem. 3. The word connect and its derivatives also lose the n of the root, 
 but connive, connatural, and other words in which con is followed by n in 
 the root, retain the second n. 
 
 Rem. i.—Con may be frequently omitted before 2>e, Te, Ve and JE/, and, 
 wherever it cannot be easily joined 
 
 Sec. 50. Contra, Counter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, With. 
 These prefixes need no special comment ; their use can be 
 learned from the following 
 
 Contradistinguished counterfeit countersign magnanimous magnificent 
 
 miintfiTftlit^ 
 Selfish self-educated transgress transa ct withdraw withstand. 
 
 Rem. 1. The first sign for counter is prefen'ed when it can be joined in 
 the outline. 
 
 Rem. 2. In trans the circle is written on either side of the Te, as in the 
 examples transgress, transact, given above. 
 
 Skc. 51. Extra-^ina, Ex and Exter &c. 
 
 1. — Extra is used in such words as extra-professional, 
 extrude &e. 
 
 2. — The large loop is used initially on Ma and Ra in the 
 words exterminate, extreme and their derivatives. 
 
 3. — Extern and Exter are written with the Si-loop on the 
 Ma, Ba, and Ar. 
 
 4. — The k may be omitted in some cases, and the circle in 
 Emspl as will be seen in the following 
 
 Examples. 
 
 °~3 ''"^ °~^ ° ' ^ '^'^~ 
 
 ^ /^ -3 ^ \s> ^ \^ 
 
 Extra-professional extravagant extricate extrude extreme exterminate. 
 Externality extemporaneus extension extensively expulsion explicit explore 
 
OF Takigrafy. 89 
 
 Sec. 52. Jro, In, Intra-e-A-o^i and Intrmis. 
 1. — The prefix Im is used only when followed by m in the 
 root, as in immense. 
 
 2. — When Im precedes a root commencing with any other 
 letter than m the vowel is omitted, and Ma is written for the 
 prefix. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 r<^ rr^ r\ r\ r\ n^ r^ 
 
 Immens e i mmaterial impress implied impact impj^rtial inimit ^ ^ le . 
 Rem. In impariiali impens/iable, and some other words the Imp may be 
 used as given above. 
 
 3. — The prefix in is used whenever convenient, and is joined 
 in the outline. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 7 Z ^ ^ ^ I 
 
 Income index integral inaugural injure insure inbred incurred . 
 Infringe influx inauthentic imtial inelegant investigate infest incite. 
 
 4. — This prefix cannot be used before the letters 
 
 V { ^. ^ ^ . ,_ ,r-v ^-s 
 
 and the compounds of the Z-hook series, except Gla, Cla, Fla, 
 Zhel and Shel. Where the prefix is inconvenient the letter 
 En is written instead. In some cases, however, Ha is omitted, 
 and the prefix retained. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 v^-cx^ --0 -^ 1 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Inweave indwell injudicious initiate insatiate inhabit 
 
 5. — Thb circle is written in the prefix, but when m is fol- 
 lowed by sb sp sg sk sd and st, the circle comes on theij-hook 
 side, which form is also used with the trigraphs Sera, Stra &e. 
 Examples. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ '^ 5. a ^ 
 
 Insufferable insoluble insurmountable i ppist insensible inscribe instrument. 
 ibisubordinate inspire inspirit insect incidenta l institute, i.n sj ^,^fi„ftajit. 
 
90 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 0. — The prefix Intra is formed by simply omitting the r-hook. 
 In analogy with this the hook of the p-ans is omitted in intrans. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 lutricate intrepid intransitive introduce intrude. 
 7 — 3Icl is used for the prefix multi, as given in Chap. 3, 
 Sec. 17. 
 
 Sec. 53. Other Prefixes and Prefix-Syllables. 
 
 Epi pre par post pjeter super subter bene dis dent 
 
 per para, pen 
 
 Fare an, en ant, ent enter 
 iire.fore un,on ante, anti inter 
 
 under 
 
 dys 
 
 sine 
 syn 
 
 Ultra retro 
 
 r \ c_ 
 
 Pal cal tel 
 
 pol, pul col, cul 
 
 water wood 
 
 val fal ver 
 vol, \'ul fol, ful 
 
 hydro liypo hyper 
 
 5 5^^ 
 
 fer ther mer 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1^ V=- V^ U^ -v^ 
 
 u< 
 
 centi 
 cent. 
 
 out. 
 
 L 
 
 CLS\ 
 
 Q-y^—-/ 
 
 { ^ \ ^"^ ^^ I ^ 
 
 1. Epigram pre-eminent permar: t paragraph partial perish postpone . 
 
 2. Subterfuge benelit dentiform farewell fire-wood forenoon. 
 
 3. Enlarge antepast antagonist enterprise interference understand . 
 
 4. Nondescript nonsense sinecure synonym centigrade centennial. 
 
 5. Ultramarine retrograde water-wheel wood-bine out-do outrage. 
 
 6. Palpable political calculate college telegraph valor vulgar fulcrum, 
 
OF Takigrafy. 91 
 
 The Prefix Ad before V and J. 
 
 2. — Where the prefix ad is followed by v and j as in the words 
 advise, adjoin, it may be written by the vocal sign. TJds 
 prefix is used in the words adverb, advocate, advance, adven- 
 ture, adjudge, adjoin,- adjunct, adjust, &c.' 
 
 Rem.— For the prefix syllables ab ac ad ag &c,, see page 101. 
 
 Sec. 54. Compound Prefixes. 
 
 The prefixes Com, and Con are frequently preceded by de, 
 dis, in, mis, re, and un, as in decom, discom, inoom, &c. In 
 these cases the prefixes are joined in the outline if convenient: 
 In some cases however, the prefix which precedes the' con or 
 com may be joined to the root of the word, and in a few cases 
 may be written over it disjoined, and the con or com omitted. 
 
 Rem. 1. The prefixes circum, eticum, incum, recum jnay be written with a 
 prefix as though they were circom, encom &c. 
 
 Rem. 2. Becog may be written by the Ba in recognize, recognition &o. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 T > "^ ^"^^ V -^ ^ 
 
 ry 
 
 t_ V 1^ -^ 
 
 (1) DiBCompose decompose discomfort discommode encumber incumbent. 
 
 circumstance 
 (2.) Incompatible incompressible incongruous inconstant incontrovertible. 
 
 incompli^ i nconsiderable 
 
 (3.) Inconvertible reconcile uncontrovertea uncontraaicted unaccomplished. 
 
 recommend 
 (4,) Rggflfiflige. misinform accompany accomodate inconsistei t unmagnified. 
 
 > 
 
92 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 
 o^i 
 
 
OF Takigrafy. 93 
 
 • Writing Exercise 12. 
 
 In the following words use the shortened Ka for con and com : 
 
 Comprise compress comprehend complain conclude con- 
 glomerate construct conceive contract consecx-ate consider 
 conspicuous consecutive consequential consult considerable 
 consummate consist conscious conjure (zhr) conoorvo con- 
 trol console concise concision concession committal 
 conquest conclave concrete congress confront converse 
 conquer <;<}^fri];{ comprehensive compliance compressible 
 compromise consulting concentrative concessive conclusive 
 conceal consociate consistent concert conciliate conservative. 
 
 Use the up-stroke in : Connecting concurring concord 
 concave concavity converge converse conversing convince 
 convene confine confide confound confessing confidant 
 convex convict convention convenience conoupisence 
 confessor concurrent confirm. 
 
 Combine compose compute concede conceding constitute 
 constabulary comparative compatible compatriot compound 
 compensate competent component comport. 
 
 This prefix may be disjoined before De and Te : Condensing 
 cond,ign conducting condemn continue contaminate contain. 
 
 Omit the m and n in the root after the prefix : Qommand 
 commend commemorate cnmmeTis^ i ^ atR comment coj^n fferrp. , 
 connecting commingle ioauniasJan commissioner commode 
 ^QTPniOd't'y commodore commune coninifla communicate 
 Saaj giunity . ---^ 
 
 Write the m and n in the root after the prefix : Com- 
 miserate commissary commissariat comrnigrate commix 
 commove connate connex connatural connive connote 
 connumeration connubial. 
 
 Immaculate immortal immaterial immeasurable immov- 
 able immutable innoxious innovate innate innutritions. 
 
 With full length Ka : Commute. ^ >^ 
 
 Use the prefix contra contri : Contradict contradiction 
 
 contradistinguish contravene contravention contraband 
 
 -jWFJriwfy contraposition contraversion contrary contrariety 
 
 contribute contributive contributor contrive contrivance 
 
 contriver. 
 
94 The Hand-Book 
 
 Writing Exercise 13 
 
 Use Ma for im in : Imbecile imbitter imbosom imbue 
 impair impartial impart impassable impeach impel imper- 
 ceptible imperfect impertinent imperative impious impla- 
 cable implant implead implicit implore imply import 
 impost impressible imprudent impugn impunity. 
 
 Use the prefix for in in : Inaccessible inaccurate inactive 
 inadequate inadmissible inalienable inalterable inapplicable 
 inappropriate inarticulate inaudible inaugural inauspicious 
 inborn inbreathe inbred incapable incapacitate incisive 
 incline inclose income incorporeal incorrect incrust incredible 
 increase incredulous incredulity inculpate incurable indecent 
 indebted indefatigable indelible indefensible indelicate 
 indestructible indicate indictable indiscriminate indisposed 
 indissoluble indolent induce indwell inebriate ineffable 
 inequality inert inertness inestimable inevitable inexcusable 
 inexpedient inexpressible inextinguishable inextricable in- 
 fallible infamous infatuate infect infer inferior inflame 
 infest inflict influence inform infract ingrate inimitable 
 iniquity initial innocence innovate innumerable inoperative 
 inordinate inquire inroad insci-ibe inscrutable inseparable 
 insolvency insult insure insurmountable intellect intend 
 intemperate intimate intimidate intuitive invalid inventive 
 invariable investigate invent invincible involuntary invul- 
 nerable incendiary incense instruct inspect insect inspire 
 inspirit institute insubordinate instantaneous incentive. 
 
 The En is used in the words incessant insatiable incest. 
 
 Maqna-I. — Magnify magnificent magnificence magnitude 
 magnanimous magnanimity. 
 
 Self. — Self-denial self-denying self -admiring self-conceit 
 self-conscious self-esteem self-evident self-interest selfish 
 selfishness self-same self-will. 
 
 With. — Withdraw withstand withhold within without. 
 Herewith therewith wherewithal. 
 
 iNTEA-l-o-u. — Introduce intromit introoession intrinsic 
 intrinsically intrench intrepid intricacy intrigue introvert 
 intrude intrusive intransitive intransmissible intransmutable. 
 
 Teaks. — Transact transatlantic transcend transcribe 
 
OF Takigrafy 
 
 transcript transept transfer transform transfuse transgress 
 transitive translate translucent transmigrate transmissible 
 transmit transmute transparent transplant transpoi't trans- 
 pose transverse. 
 
 Writing Exercise 14. 
 
 1. — Write ka for ex in : Explain expletive explicate explicit 
 explofie exploit explore explosion-. 
 
 3 — Write stra for extra and extri in : Extradition extragt 
 extrajudicial extraneous extricate inextricable extravagant 
 extrude. 
 
 3. — Use the loop for ex in : Extemporize extern poraneouR 
 external, and the large loop for exfer in exterminate extraoi'- 
 dinary extreme . (J~ 
 
 The Prefix Syllables epi, non, para, post, prefer, &c. 
 
 Epidemic epicure epigram pretermit preternatural preem- 
 inent perish partial particle _£ara^iierjaalia paradox parallel 
 paraphrase paragraph periwinkle periwig permanent postal 
 postoffice pospaid postpone postage superfluous superstitious 
 sviperstition supererogation superficial superfluity supervision 
 superfine superintend superincumbent supercede supervene 
 superabundant supernatural subterraneous subterfuge. 
 
 Benefactor benevolent benefaction benefit benefice distort 
 disjoin dysentery dyspepsia dentiform dentistry farewell 
 fire-wood .fire-place fire-fly fire-proof forenoon fore-castle 
 fore-knowledge fore-arm forethought animal enlarge endow 
 unseen anteater antei^ast antagonist antidote entrance 
 entwine enterprise entertain interference interview inter- 
 pose interweave understand underrate undergo. 
 
 Nonexistence nonresistance nonpayment nonperformance 
 nondescript nonsense Sinecure synonym synthesis syncope 
 syndicate synod synopsis centigrade centennial ultramarine 
 retrogression retrocession retroversion retrograde retrospect 
 waterwheel waterfall 'watermelon water-course water-lily 
 water-power water-spout water-cure woodbine woodman 
 woodland hydrogen hydrostatics hypochondriac hypocrite 
 hypothecate hyperbola outfit outgo outlaw outlet outline 
 outnumber outshine outside outdo outrage outward. 
 
96 The Hand-Book 
 
 Palpable political calculate calisthenics kaleidoscope collect 
 culture cultivate telegraph telephone telegram valor volley 
 voluble vulgar vulture vortex fallacy foUy mermaid energy 
 nervous fervid thermal thermometer fulcrum verdant 
 multiply multitude. 
 
 Compound Peefixes. 
 
 Write the prefix com and con : Accomplice accomplish 
 incombustible encumber incumber discomfort discommode 
 discompose disconcert disconsolate incommensurate incom- 
 mode incommodious incommunicable incommutable incom- 
 pact incomparable incompatible incompetent incomplete 
 incompliance incomprehensible incompressible inconcealable 
 inconclusive incongenial incongruous inconsequent incon- 
 sidei'able inconsistent inconsolable inconspicuous inconstant 
 inconsumable incontrovertible inconvertible inconvincible 
 incumbent recommence (re-downward) recommend recon- 
 cile recondite reconquer reconsecrate reconsider reconstruct 
 recontintie reconvene reconvert reconvey. 
 
 Uncomfortable uncompromising unconcerned uncondi- 
 tional unconformable unconscionable unconscious uncon- 
 trollable unconverted uncontroverted uncontradicted unac- 
 complished. Circumcision circumference circumflex cir- 
 cumfuse circumspect circumvent. , 
 
 'discomfort miscomprehend misconception misconceive 
 misconduct misconstruct misconstrue misinform. Noncon- 
 ductor nonconformity noncontagious. 
 
 Precompose preconcert preconstitute noncombatant non- 
 commissioned noncommital noncompliance nonconcurrence 
 nonconformist intercommunion intercomparison. 
 
 Omit com, con and cog : Accommodate accompany decom- 
 pose (disjoin) decompound encompass disconnect discontent 
 discontinue inconceivable incontestable incontinent incon- 
 venient recognize recompense reconnoitre ?niCommon (disjoin) 
 uncommunicable unconstitutional circumlocution circum- 
 navigate circumcise circumscribe circumstance preconceived 
 preconformed. 
 
 Miscellaneous : — Unmagnifled unimagined unintelligent 
 uninterested reinaugvu'ate reinsert reinsure 'oinsnect. 
 
Chapter IX. — Affix-Signs. 
 
 Abbreviated signs are provided for the most frequently re- 
 curring affixes. Their use vs'ill be easily understood from the 
 following table and examples. 
 
 Sec. 55. TABLE OF AFFIX-SIGNS. 
 ( ship 
 
 c 
 
 ation 
 
 - 
 
 otion 
 
 A 
 
 ution 
 
 k_ 
 
 bility 
 
 J 
 
 bleness 
 
 I 
 
 barity 
 
 L 
 
 pality 
 
 % 
 
 ography 
 
 ^ 
 
 ocracY 
 
 ^ 
 
 ¥^1^ 
 
 X 
 
 p-aphic 
 
 
 
 hood 
 
 
 tude 
 
 °> 
 
 soever 
 
 d 
 
 fioation 
 faction 
 
 J 
 
 fullness 
 
 u z 
 
 ' tional 
 
 0-- 
 
 ■ tionality 
 
 ^ 
 
 ometer 
 
 oy 
 
 self 
 
 S 
 
 lessness. 
 
 c^ 
 
 with 
 
 ^ 
 
 ward 
 
 <J 
 
 ure 
 
 d 
 
 ual, ural 
 
 C^ 
 
 ually, urally 
 
 J 
 
 ular 
 
 ^ 
 
 ize 
 
 cP 
 
 nation 
 
 JP 
 
 ulation 
 
 ,:_ 
 
 ology 
 
 97 
 
The Kand-Book 
 
 1. Hesitation emotion restitution Hahilitv raagpjjfihipTiBgji barbarity disparity. 
 
 2. Municipality geography tlieooraoy telegrapli telegrapliic liltelihood. 
 
 3. Infinitude howsosTer helpfullnesa partnerstiip constitutional nationality. 
 
 r!),tifiCation' 
 
 4. Thermometer reoWesshess therewith reward nature natural naturally. 
 
 mysell 
 
 5. CirF\r\\}fi} ocular epitomize secularize graduation congratulation theology. 
 
 Sec. 56. The Use op the Affixes. 
 
 1. — The af&x ation may follow tliH circle or a loop. 
 
 2. — The hook may be used for ution as in constitution ; but 
 the vocal sign is more distinctive and should be used in most 
 cases. 
 
 Eem. — The afflxes ation, otion, vtion, should be studied in connection with 
 the e^^w-hook explained in chapter 8. 
 
 3. — The terminations asion, esibn, osion, usion, in which the 
 s has the sound of zhe, are written by the use of that letter as 
 in the following 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1^ _^ r^^ .^ X^ "\ 
 
 Persuasion adhesion erosion allusion compensation incrustation. 
 4. — In analogy with the signs for bility, polity, parity, we 
 have the following : 
 
 I \. N^' — _ -^ -^ \ ) r 
 
 Ferity gality garity delity teUty tality tiUty Tility verity merity. 
 
 Mility nality nority rality lility yality charity gility jority 
 Eem. 1. — It will be noticed that all of these signs may be reduced to one 
 principle. They provide for omitting the syllables cUity, ellty, Uity, arity, and 
 erily, indicating them by the vowel that precedes the I. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 99 
 
 Rem. 2. — The signs for perily, derity^ teriiy, verity, merity, and delity, having 
 no attached Tocals are disjoined if necessary to legibility. 
 
 Rem. 3.— ObseiTe that the full Towel is used for ility, ality, instead of the 
 hook, which is used only in garity, barity, parity, 3,nd.palUy, and in these cases 
 the hools is made long and narrow to distinguish it from the an and sftm-hooks. 
 
 Rem. 4.— Where llity and ality is preceded by a single consonant stem, 
 and f oUowed by an s, it is better to write the word in full. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 1 L 
 
 fatality dexterity. 
 
 minority morality. 
 
 facility parity. 
 
 Prosperity legality vulgarity fldeUty utility 
 Berviuty 'severity humility temerity criminality 
 Virility cordiality charity agility majority 
 
 5. — The terminations bleness and bility may add the hook 
 virhere it is more convenient. 
 
 6. — The vocal sign in ography and ocracy should be written 
 upward when convenient, but it can be written downward 
 when necessary as in geography, or omitted. 
 
 7 — The two signs for tional are used according to convenience. 
 
 8 — Ward is written with a full length wa shaded near the end. 
 
 9. — Omefer, ular, ulation, are double length signs. 
 
 10. — Ize may be written with the circle where the Ze is not 
 convenient ; but the long sign is to be preferred. 
 
 11. — The circle is added to the affixes and the El is added 
 for ly, or the ly is indicated by means of the tick, as in the form 
 ualy, given in the table. 
 
 13. — The double circle may be used on ya for iousness in 
 analogy with the termination lessness ; so also ciousness. 
 
 ■> >^ 
 
 Examples. 
 
 \ <' 
 
 Accountableness optional rewarder righteousness graciousneas amiability, 
 familiariza 
 
100 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 57. Othee Affix Syllables. 
 
 Affixes not given in the table are written in accordance 
 with the general principles of contractions, or in full. Such 
 are the terminations ate, hie, ed, ing, ly, ment, ous, pie, &c. 
 
 1. — The t ermiuation ed is fi'equnntly omitteJ, but a light 
 dot placed at the end of the outline may be written to indi- 
 date it when necessary, in cases where De cannot be joined 
 in the outline. 
 
 2. a The termination iiig is easily joined in most cases, and 
 should be generally used ; but in words ending in Ming, like 
 acting, connecting, (fee., the ing may be indicated by a tick 
 
 b. This tick, struck upward or downward, as may be con- 
 venient, may also be used after the ste and ster loops, in 
 euch -words as jesting, casting, trusting, investing, blustering, 
 festering, &c. 
 
 c. The tick for -ing may be. used wherever it is more con- 
 venient than the Ing ; as in subsisting, submitting, after the 
 shortened .Bs and ilfa; believing, reprieving, after the Fe-hook. 
 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 k 
 
 -V ^ 
 
 n° 
 
 Practicing 
 
 ticketing infesting 
 
 ministering 
 
 3. — The termination ful may, in some cases, be written by 
 Ef asin useful eventful. 
 
 4. — The El is written for ly when convenient, though it may 
 be indicated by the tick, as taught in the preceding section : 
 when it follows a word ending in I it may be omitted. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 a-i- '^ — u i^ -c/ -^ y 
 
 Printed splendid scented being amusingly naturally locally incidentallj 
 
 5. — When the termination ure follows s it is frequently writ- 
 ten by shra or zhex- as ia. fissure, pleasure. When the termi- 
 nations iar, ier and ure follow I they are sufficiently indicated 
 by the shaded El, as in failure, familiar, collier. 
 
 6. — The terminations ble, smdple omit the le when it cannot 
 be written by the hook. 
 
OF Takigeafy. 101 
 
 7. — The terminations ate, er, our, ment, mental, mentality, 
 follow general principles. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 r~f 
 
 /^ ^-^ \ c^ ^ 
 
 Vicious vitiate fissure measure familiar collier sensible municipal.^ 
 Detriment sentim ent ornamental instrumentality vigor weaker confessor. 
 
 Rem.— The termination Mentality may also be written by the disjoined 
 ment. 
 
 Sec. 58. Eepeated Letters in Initial Syllables. 
 
 1. — Insiioh words as abbreviate and approximate the ab and 
 op may be omitted, -wxitrng, -breviate, -proximate. So agf and 
 ac, ad and at, where followed by gr, cr, dr, and tr may be 
 omitted, as in : -Address, attribute, aggress, accredit, written 
 -dress, -tribute, -gress, -credit. 
 
 2. — The prefixes ac, af, and ag may, in like manner, be 
 omitted, in some cases, before cl, fl, and gl, as in acclimate, 
 afflict, ag-glutinate, written -climate,' -flict, -glutinate. 
 
 Rem. 1.— The number of words containing these initial syllables is small. 
 Those omitting the prefix are abbreviate, appreciate, appropriate, approx- 
 imate, aggrandize, aggress, agglomerate, agglutinate, acclimate, accredit, 
 accrue, acclivity, address, attract, attribute, afflatus, ajlict, affluence, and 
 their derivatives. 
 
 Rem. 2. — In a few cases the- vocal sign is written, and the second con- 
 sonant omitted, as in apprehensive. 
 
 Rem. 3.— In some cases both the vocal sign and the following consonant 
 may be written. * 
 
 This will be necessary only when the contracted form would be liable to 
 be confounded with the word stripped of the prefix, and in the case, for the 
 most part, of words of infrequent occurence, such as afflux, appraise, which 
 might be confounded viithfiux and praise. 
 
 Rem. 4.— The ac is omitted oily when the following c is hard. In such 
 words as accelerate, accept, aocjnt, accident, the Ka must be written, 
 though the vowel may be omitted in many cases. 
 
 Rem. 5.— The use of double letters in general, is taught in the Manual, 
 pp. 77 to 99. The treatment of the doubled m and n with the prefixes com 
 and con, im and in, is given in C!hap. VIII. In all cases not specified, it will 
 be sate to omit one of the doubled letters, as in succor, affeot, effect, allot, 
 illicit, annex, ennoble, arrest, error, irritate, assort, essay. 
 
102 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 >" 1. 
 
 v^ ^\ -x^ u ^^^ . ^ y 
 
 ^ u 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 r' 
 
 /n 
 
 L 
 
OF TAKIGRArY. 103 
 
 Writing Exercise 15. 
 
 Use the terminations ation, otion, ution, in : Nation nations 
 station stations ration inflation probation perturbation 
 dissipation palpitation degradation gradation condensation 
 pulsation incrustation expectation motion emotion potion 
 devotion. 
 
 Use zhe for the termination asion, esion, osion, usion in : 
 Abrasion persuasion evasion invasion adliesion cohesion 
 erosion explosion corrosion allusion effusion confusion 
 diffusion infusion. 
 
 Use the terminal signs for bility, polity, parity, perity, <&c. 
 Ability indivisibility incomprehensibility fallibility prob- 
 ability capability sensibility principality municipality bar- 
 barity disparity prosperity frugality legality prodigality 
 rascality neutrality vulgarity fidelity infidelity dexterity 
 posterity brutality fatality futility utility versatility 
 servUity polarity severity temerity humility criminality 
 finality minority plui-ality sterility cordiality charity agility 
 majority regularity jocularity secxilarity particularity. 
 
 Written in full in : Facility docility universality sincerity 
 parity verity civility i-arity. 
 
 Use the terminations given in the table in : Acceptableness 
 reasonableness formidableness geography stenography biog- 
 raphy chirography neography photography. Takigraphy 
 phonography theocracy democracy aristocracy stenographic 
 takigraphic phonographic lexicographic orthographic auto- 
 graph lithograph calligraph paragraph photograph. Manhood 
 childhood likelihood womanhood falsehood. Magnitude sim- 
 ilitude fortitude rectitude gratitude latitude. Whosoever 
 howsoever whensoever whomsoever wheresoever whatsoever 
 gratification ratification edification rectification mortification 
 faction satisfaction fiction defection perfection. Fullness 
 helpfulness carefulness artfulness carelessness helplessness 
 artlessness sinlessness recklessness graciousness conscious- 
 ness righteousness. Friendship' authorship courtship worship 
 hardship ownership partnership. Thermometer barometer 
 chronometer. Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves 
 herewith therewith forthwith wherewith. 
 
104 The Hand-Book 
 
 Upward onward backward reward rewarder rewarding, 
 structure fixture lecture culture cultured sculptured stature 
 posture discomflture. Actual annual manual habitual annu- 
 ally gradually spiritual structural agricultural natural 
 unnatural naturally ocular secular jocular oracular vernac- 
 ular particular regular. Idealize localize individualize 
 familiarize. Infatuation graduation insinuation situation 
 population stipulation stimulation modulation congratu- 
 lation regulation granulation geology biology philology 
 apology chronology technology physiology. 
 
 Use the first sign tor tional in : National rational notional 
 irrational sensational nationality occasional. 
 
 Use the second sign for tional in : Emotional exceptional 
 provisional professional optional. 
 
 Use the I after the sTwi-hook in : Intentional passional tra- 
 ditional additional confessional conventional. 
 
 Other terminations written in accordance with general prin- 
 ciples : Fragment element instrument instrumental instru- 
 mentality detrimental ancient anciently patient patiently 
 transient accident accidental urgent urgently gentle gently. 
 Falsehood, vulgarity, recklessness and rascality are relics of 
 barbarism. He received our congratulations with immense 
 satisfaction. The distinguished lecturer spoke of geology, 
 geography and sistronomy, and said that in subsequent 
 lectures he would treat of biology and mesmerism. "' 
 
 Education. — Education means the development, perfection 
 and proper use of the body and mind. It relates to the train- 
 ing and guardianship of youth from infancy to mature age ; 
 to the influencing of the character, not only of individuals but 
 of nations. The highest powers and noblest sentiments of our 
 nature might remain forever dormant were they not developed 
 and matured by the instruction and example of the wise and 
 good. In a still wider sense, education may mean the vchole 
 training of the thoughts and affections by inward reflection 
 and outward events and actions, by intercourse with men, 'by 
 the spirits of the just made perfect,' by instruction from the 
 word of God, and the training of the whole man for life and 
 immortality- 
 
Chapter X. — Phrase signs. 
 
 Sec. so. Genekal Directions for Phrase Writing. 
 
 The general principles of phrase writing are the same in the 
 Contracted as in the Simple Style, for which see Elements of 
 Takigrafy pages 85 to 90. The following points should, how- 
 ever, be noted. • 
 
 1. — The phrases should be short ; two or three words are 
 sufficient in most cases. 
 
 2. — Join words only when they are united in sense. 
 
 3. — Avoid all difficult or awkward joinings. 
 
 Hem. 1.— In the application of these principles, the student must rely upon 
 the tables until he can use them properly. He should be especially careful 
 not to use a long phrase unless it is authorized in the text books. 
 
 Rem. 2, — ^Words may be regarded as united in sense sufficiently to form 
 a phrase if they follow one another in a natural manner ; but when sepa- 
 rated by a pause of any kind, even a rhetorical pause, they cannot be Joined. 
 
 B. — The Classification of Phrase-Signs. 
 
 Phrase-signs are either simple or contracted. Simple Phrase- 
 signs are formed by joining the proper outlines of the words 
 that compose them without change. 
 
 Contracted phrase-signs are formed : a — By further con- 
 tracting some of the words of which they are composed. 
 b. — By omitting some of the words. 
 
 Rem. By far the greater number of phrase-signs are simple. Contracted 
 phrase-signs should not be constructed at random, but should be well ma- 
 tured and used with uniformity. 
 
 Sec. 60.— Simple Phrases. 
 
 Simple phrases may be formed where convenient, by joining 
 articles and adjectives to nouns ; adverbs to the words which 
 they qualify ; pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and auxil- 
 iary verbs to one another, and to words which follow them 
 generally. 
 
 Rem. — The following tables will sufficiently illustrate the use of phrases. 
 But their number may be indefinitely increased, subject, however, to the 
 limitations as to length and convenience previously mentioned. 
 
 105 
 
106 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Key to Table of Simple Phrase-Signs. 
 
 A man 
 A boy 
 A child 
 
 The man 
 The men 
 The children 
 
 Good men 
 Good principles 
 Good wishes 
 
 . Great trials « 
 
 Great measure 
 Great advantages 
 
 I shall be . 
 I have been 
 I cannot do 
 
 My wish 
 My name 
 My own 
 
 Thy yeai'S 
 Thy life 
 Thme own 
 
 He has 
 
 He has been 
 
 He had, He had come 
 
 He did 
 He shall 
 He can 
 
 His own 
 His time 
 His name 
 
 She will 
 She may be 
 She has not 
 
 Her own 
 
 Her parents 
 Herself 
 
 It may 
 It has 
 It should 
 
 Its value 
 Its nature 
 Its own 
 
 We shall be 
 we have been 
 We are 
 
 Our time 
 Our means 
 Our own 
 
 You can 
 You could 
 You have been 
 
 You are 
 You may 
 You must 
 
 Your own 
 Your number 
 Your name 
 
 They wiU be 
 They have 
 They would be 
 
 Who can be 
 Who will go 
 Who are they 
 
 Which are 
 Which will 
 Which would 
 
 Which has 
 Which had 
 Which may 
 
 What could 
 What <;m 
 What would 
 
 That time 
 That place 
 That purpose 
 
 Are you 
 Are they 
 Are we 
 
 As he 
 la he 
 Was he 
 
 Were we 
 Were you 
 Were they 
 
 Have I, Have you 
 Have been 
 Have not been 
 
 Will be 
 Will not be 
 Will have been 
 
 I shall be 
 
 I shall not be 
 
 He shaU not be 
 
 I may be 
 
 1 may have been 
 
 I might have been 
 
 Where are you 
 Where were you 
 Where will you 
 
 Much more 
 Much easier 
 Much sooner 
 
 Too much 
 Too soon 
 Too many 
 
 Very good 
 Very much 
 very many 
 
 All times 
 All places 
 All the 
 
 Quite easy 
 Quite sure 
 Quite likely 
 
 So easy 
 So sui'e 
 So soon 
 
 As may be 
 As you 
 As they 
 
 As fcood as 
 As great as 
 As well as 
 
 As soon as 
 As far as 
 As fast as 
 
 Only one 
 Only this 
 Only that 
 
 How soon 
 How far 
 How many 
 
 For them 
 For whom 
 From me 
 
 From us 
 Through such 
 Through some 
 
 Of the 
 Of all 
 Of which 
 
 In the 
 In us 
 In some 
 
OF TAKIGBAyT. 
 
 10^ 
 
 
 V-v^ 
 
 .yV^ cA 
 
 c^ 
 
 rv^ rT 
 
 ^ 
 
 cJ-- cJ-A 
 
 c--^ 
 
 ^ V. 
 
 s 
 
 ■^^ < 
 
 Zn 
 
 '-7 ^ 
 
 ' c/ 
 
 '^ ^^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 ? ^ 
 
 3 
 
 ^^ ^.M, 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 /" ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 0/ Qy 
 
 ^ 
 
 w c^ i 
 
 ^ 
 
 _y| ^1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ K^n 
 
 -t^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 -1 ^~ — 
 
108 The Hand Book. 
 
 Sec. 61. Ekgulakly Contracted Pheases. 
 All the contractions employed in word-forms may be applied 
 to phrases where they are convenient and necessary. The con- 
 tractions employed in phrases are, a — The hook signs, J — The 
 circle and double circle, c^Loops, cl — Final hooks, e — Shorthand 
 letters, / — Lengthened letters. 
 
 Eem. 1.— The examples in the following table will sufHcien'ly 
 illustrate the use of this class of phrases. The student should not 
 seek to invent contracted phrases. Simple phrases are preferred 
 where they can bo used. 
 
 Key to Phkase-Signs XJsin-g the General Peinciples 
 OF Contraction. 
 
 1. — It will, we will, you will, he will, who will, you will, 
 when is, what is, where is, it is. 2. — That is, which is, there is, 
 he is, who is, this is easy, this is not, it is as, which is as. 
 
 3.-*- As true as, as strong as, as straight as, as some say, as they 
 say, let us, bring us. 
 
 4. — Thou wast, thou hast, thou must, thou mightest, thou 
 must be, thou canst, thou conldst, thou wishes!, thou sliouldst. 
 
 5. — ^Thou art, thou wert, thou wilt, thou shalt, art thou, wilt 
 thou, wert thou, wast thou, wouldstthon. 
 
 6. — Canst thou, couldst thou, dost thou, didst thou, hast thou, 
 hadst thou, shalt thou, shouldst thou. 
 
 7. — Can not, could not, do not, did not, ought not, should not, 
 better than, sooner than, faster than, swifter than. 
 
 8. — As it (is it), as it is, as it was, as it were, as it will be, 
 of it, of its, if it, if its, if it was, if it was not, while it is, while 
 it was. 9. — For there is, for there was, if tliere is, ofthfir, 
 from their, though there, I think there is, through their, may 
 there be, will there not, while there is. 
 
 10. — Is there (as there), as there is, so there may be, on their, 
 doing their. 
 
 11. What if it-should appear-that we wore-mistaken-in regard 
 to this-entire-business? 12. — If there was-any chance of error- we 
 should have been-better-pleased-if it had been previously- 
 mentioned. 
 
 13. — In as much as, as soon as, as long as, just as well as, 
 just as soon as, as soon as possible. 
 
 14. — Because it is, because it was, of which it is, in which it is, 
 of which it may be said, of which it might be said, by which it 
 is seen, by which it is known. 15. — In him, in whom, to whom, 
 with whom, by whom, by him, by them, by their own, I may be, 
 we may be. 
 
 16. — To write, to read, to retain, to return, we are ready, we 
 are rather, we are prepared. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 109 
 
 J-^'-^ 
 
 ± 
 
 s, ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 If Vi, \-^-^ -^ -t^ -"-^^l— -"^-^ J_Q^ <Li_^v_v 
 
110 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 63. Phrases Irregularly Contracted. 
 
 In phrases irregularly contracted, some of the words are 
 either omitted or contracted in an unusual manner. The words 
 most frequently omitted are : the, of, of the, to, to the, or, 
 for, a, and, all. 
 
 KEY. 
 
 1. — In the first place, in the second place, in the third place, 
 in the last place, for the purpose of, for the most part, one of 
 the most, one of the best, some of the worst. 
 
 2. — Laws of the land, will of the people, day of the week, 
 day of the month, time of the year, nature of the subject, one 
 of the conditions, the advantages of the system. 
 
 3. — In order to be, in relation to, in respect to the, in regard 
 to that, in proportion to, with reference to, from day to day, 
 from hour to hour. 
 
 4. — From time to time, from place to place, from city to 
 city, from street to street, from mouth to mouth, from heart 
 to heart, from generation to generation. 
 
 5. — In consequence of, in connection with, in accordance 
 with, on account of, on one account, on this account, on no 
 account. 
 
 6. — On their account, on their own account, on another ac- 
 count, there is no other way. 
 
 7. — One or two, two or three, three or four, more or less, 
 right or wrong, sooner or later, good or bad, life or death. 
 
 8. — By and by, by the by, forever and ever, over and over, 
 over and above, through and through, now and then, hither 
 and thither, high and low, better and better. 
 
 9. — For a moment, in a word, for a time, on the one hand, 
 on the other hand, on either hand, for instance, for the sake of . 
 
 10. — Next week, next month, next time, at one time, at no 
 time, at any time, in the mean-time. 
 
 11. — At another time, at first, at last, at least, at length, at 
 all events, at once, at the same time, it seems to me, it seemed 
 to me. 
 
 13. — I have, I have been, I am (I may), he may, we may, 
 I am not, I incline to think, I am inclined to think, I incline 
 to the opinion, I much prefer. 
 
 13. — Aught not, aught not to be, aught not to think, point 
 of view, almost always, most likely, most always, there must 
 always be. 
 
 14. — A long time, for a long time, for so long a time, manner 
 in which, it will not be said, which will, which will not, which 
 will never. 
 
 15. — Out of the way, out of the world, one of them, which 
 of them, some of them, neither of them, any of them. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 Ill 
 
 % y cy\ _^^ ^^, _j^ _| c^-^ (^ 
 
 v- ^^ 
 
112 The Hand-Book 
 
 miscellaneous phrase-signs. 
 
 Key to Opposite Page. 
 
 Who art, who had, who hast, who hadst, who wast, who wilt, such as 
 are, such as can, such as may, as sure, as short, have the, at the. 
 
 Have the time, at the time, in some, in the same, with the same, 
 to some, to the same, by some means, by the same means, by such means. 
 
 Be not, was not, it was not, it was supposed, it was said, cast upon, 
 cast away, cast down. 
 
 Something has been said, seems to be, out and out, come together, 
 go together, near together, close together, together with, party spiiit. 
 
 Arts and arms, Eastern continent. North America, United States of 
 America, Eastern States, Western States, New Yo.'k City, Great Britain. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, fellow citizens, ladies and 
 gentlemen. My Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Sir. 
 
 Your favor, your honor, yo.irs respectfully, yours truly, yours &c., 
 truly yours, I remain, please accept, yours very truly. 
 
 In reply to yours, I wish to say with reference to this matter, I fail to 
 see, I do not think, he did not think', what do you say. 
 
 At present, at the present time, than their own, less than their, full as 
 well, quite as well, there is hardly, as follows, at the rate of, at this rate. 
 
 Signs of the times, if it is convenient, as far as we are able to judge, 
 have they any right, they have no right, in order to, in order that you may. 
 
 Peculiar circumstances, peculiar circumstances of the case, generations 
 to come, right or wrong, rights of the people, laws of inheritance, 
 last will and testament. 
 
 Just and honorable views of the Creator of the universe. Almighty 
 God, Lord and Savior, Jesus Clirist, Christ Jesus, in heaven, kingdom 
 of heaven. 
 
 Telegraph operator, court reporter, circuit court, court of common 
 pleas, supreme court, superior court, court of general sessions, county 
 commissioner, notary public. 
 
 Social intercourse, social etiquette, good society, society at large, 
 political economy, more mature consideration, church and state. 
 
 Bank account, business address, business tact, business ability, in busi- 
 ness life, a fortunate venture, on change, bill of exchange, gold certificate. 
 
 Enclosed we (I) hand you, we are in receipt of your favor, enclosed 
 please find, permit me to congratulate you, please reply immediately, 
 I have received your letter, I am in receipt of your letter. 
 
 Marriage certificate, mutual service, mutual respect, marital obligations, 
 marriage portion, bride and bridegroom. ^ 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 113 
 
 
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114 
 
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OF Takigrafy. 115 
 
 Writing Exercise 16. . 
 
 The phrases are separated by commas : 
 
 A great many, a long tirae, a long way, an easy task, an 
 ardent desire, all the, all of, all of the, all times, all places, 
 all processes, all ways, all worlds, all sciences, all sorts of. Are 
 we, are you, are they, are they sure, are not, are not sure, 
 are all. As well as, as far as, as great as, as long as, as much 
 as, as soon as, as soon as possible, as it, as this, as that, as we, 
 as you, as they, as it is, as it was, as it- were, ^s it may be, as it 
 may be said, as there is, as there be, as if it were, as he, as he 
 is, as he was sure. At it, at which, at any time, at all times, 
 at all events, at no time, at the same time, at some time, at 
 once. And are you, and is this, and is that, and shall we, 
 and have we, and do they suppose, about it, about us, about 
 time, a'bout which. Above us, above them, above measure. 
 
 Because it is, because of this, because of that, because of 
 which, by chance, by some means, by no means, by all means. 
 Can they, can we, can any one' can you, could we,could they. 
 
 Do we, do you, do you suppose, do you mean, do you 
 have, do you desire, do you know. Did you know, do you 
 believe, do you think, do you care, do they, do they dare, 
 do they expect. Does it seem possible, does this appear. Every 
 person, everything else, everyone, every where. 
 
 For this, for that, for us, for me, for my part, for every one, 
 for all of us, for many persons, for the purpose of, for the 
 most part, for this reason. From time to time, from us. 
 
 Give us, give them, give me. • Great advantages, great 
 privations, great privileges, great measure, great men, great 
 trials, great many, good reason, good measure, good will, 
 good principles, good inclinations, general principles. 
 
 He is, he was, he has been, he had been, he shall be, he will 
 be, he may be, he might be, he can be, he could be, he will 
 never, he will need. Had he, had you, had there been. Hast 
 thou, hadst thou. How much, how soon, how many, how far, S 
 how are you, how could you, how can we, how^ bright, how brief. 
 
 I believe, I can, I have, I had, I have been, I have seen, 
 I have done, I will be, I will not, I am, I am sure, I am very 
 sure, I believe, I hope you are, I hope you wiU, I may as well, 
 
116 The Hand-Book 
 
 I hope. If there is, if it is, if there was, if it was, if it was 
 not, if it is*not, if it were, if it were not, if there is not, if 
 there is to be. Is it, is not, is it not, is this, is that, is there, 
 is it not possible. It is, it was. 
 
 In me, in my, in many, in most cases, in us, in any, in no, 
 in accordance with, in account with, in connection with, in 
 consequence of, in all respects, in as much as, in my opinion, 
 in reference to, in regard to, in relation to, in respect to this, 
 in the mean time, in the name of, in the first place, in the 
 next place, in the last place, in the second plaee, in the thiid 
 place, in any way, in the way, in some way, in the same 
 way, ia no way, in every way. It is, it was, it will be, it 
 would be, it may be, it has been, it had been, it is necessary, 
 it is unnecessary. Just so, just as. 
 
 Let us, lend us, let us know, let no one, lead them, love them, 
 leave them, learn to, many times, many ways, many days. 
 
 May I, may you, may they, may we, may not, may not be. 
 More and more, more easily, more securely, more certainly. 
 Most easily, most likely, most* important. Much more, much 
 easier. Must be, must not be, must not have. 
 
 Writing Exercise 17. 
 
 Neither of them, neither of us, neither of which. New York 
 City, New York State. No one, no time, no measure, no such 
 thing, not only, not any. Of all, of the, of their, of one, of 
 him, of his own, of which it is, of which it is said, on this, on 
 that, on which, on some, on any, on this account, on that 
 account, on his account, on his own account, on no account, 
 in any account, on this occasion, on the other hand, on either' 
 hand, ought not, ought not to think, ought not to have, ought 
 to be done, over and over, over and above. Peculiar circum- 
 stances, point of view. Quite likely, quite sure, quite certain. 
 Rather be, rather have. Reporting Style. Seems to be, assumes 
 to be, shall be, shall have, shall not, shall not be, shall not have, 
 should be, should not be, should have been, so as to be, so as 
 to have, so there is, so there may be, so on, so soon, so easy, so 
 far, so that you may, some one, some way, some may suppose, 
 something certain, something more, such as, such as are, such 
 as can, such as may be, such a man. That was, that which. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 117 
 
 that is, that is not, that is not necessary, that it was, there is, 
 there was, there may be, there must be, there is no objection, 
 there were, they were, they will, they may, they would be. 
 
 This is, this is not, this may be, this time, this manner, this 
 means, this principle, this privilege, this practice, those times, 
 those places, those piinciples, those practices, those privileges. 
 
 To be sure, to do, to bear, to wish, to some extent, to which 
 you are, the other, the other way, the other day. 
 
 Was it, was this, was that, we are, we have been, we may 
 be, we shall be, we can be, we cannot be, we could not be, we 
 shall not be, we shall not have, we were, we will, we wish, 
 were I, were you, were they, were there not, where are you, 
 where will they, where shall we, what is, what was, what will 
 be, what can be, what could be. When we, when they, when 
 there is, when they were, which are, which may be, which 
 cannot be, which would have been, which you could, which is 
 n5t, which was not, which will, which will not, whUe there is, 
 while it is, while you are, who are, who has, who hast, who 
 was, who would, who can, who could, who is, who was, who 
 were, who were not, who will, who will not, who may, who 
 may not, will be, will there be, will you, will they, with us, 
 with me, with no, with one, with many, with reference to, 
 with respect to, with regard to, with which it is, with which 
 we are, would you, would he, would they, would there bo, 
 would become, would believe. You are, you would, you should, 
 you shall, you must, you can, you could, you will be, you will 
 have, you will not, you may, you might. 
 
 Omit of the : The day of the week, — close of the day, 
 
 — time of the year, — meaning of the word, — liberties of the 
 people, — nations of the earth, — advantages of the system, 
 
 — condition of the body, — faculties of the mind. 
 
 Omit of: Kingdom of heaven, word of God, loss of time. 
 
 Omit to : I wish to be, I want to go, I ought to be, from month 
 to month, from day to day, it seems to me, it appears to me. 
 
 Omit a : For a moment, in a minute, for a long time, after 
 a time, once a month. 
 
 Omit and : By and by, over and over, better and better, 
 father and mother, brother and sister. 
 
 Omit from : From hour to hour, from week to week. 
 
118 The Hand-Book 
 
 Writing Exercise 18. 
 
 Motion Qf the Heavenly Bodies ; Thomas Biek, 
 Having taken a cursory view of the magnitude of the num- 
 berless bodies scattered through the regions of space, let us 
 now consider the motions which are incessantly going forward 
 in every part of the universe : for all the myriads of globes 
 and systems to which we have alluded are in rapid and per- 
 petual motion ; and we have no reason to believe that there is 
 a single quiescent body throughout the immensity of creation. 
 We have here planets revolving around suns, planets revolving 
 around planets, suns performing their revolutions around suns, 
 suns revolving aroimd the centers of sidereal systems, and in 
 all probability every system of creation revolving around the 
 center and Orand Mover of the whole. The rate of these mo- 
 tions, in every known instance, is not less than several thou- 
 sands of miles every hour, and in many instances thousands 
 of miles in a minute. The fixed stars — though to a common 
 observer they appear exactly in the same position with regard 
 to each other — are found in some instances to be carried for- 
 ward with motions far more rapid than even the bodies of the 
 planetary system, though their magnitude is immensely super- 
 ior. The star 61 Cygni, whose apparent motion is live seconds 
 annually, is so distant that this motion is equivalent to one 
 hundred and seventy-seven thousand miles an hour. Cassi- 
 opeia moves at the rate of two thousand one hundred and 
 sixty miles every minute. These are motions altogether in- 
 comprehensible, especially when we take into consideration 
 the enormous magnitude of the stars, some of which may be 
 a thousand times larger than all the planets and comets be- 
 longing to our system. They display the amazing and uncon- 
 trollable energies of omnipotence, and afford a distinct source 
 of admiration and astonishment in addition to all the other 
 wonders of the universe. If, then, we would endeavor to obtain 
 a comprehensive idea of the motions going forward through- 
 out the spaces of immensity, we must not only conceive of 
 planets revolving around luminous centers, but of suns revolv- 
 ing around suns, — of suns and systems revolving around the 
 centers of the nebulfe to which they respectively belong, — of 
 all the systems and nebulas of the universe revolving in immense 
 cii'cumferences around the throne of the Eternal, the great 
 center of all woi-lds and beings, — of each sun, and planet, and 
 system, notwithstanding, pursuing a course of its own in diff- 
 erent directions, and in numerous instances acted upon by 
 different forces, — in short, of the ten thousand times ten thou- 
 sand luminous and opaque globes of every rank and ordei 
 within the circuit of creation, all performing their rapid but 
 harmonious motions thi-oughout every region of space, and 
 without intermission, in obedience to the laws of their Creator 
 
Chapter XI. — Analogy and Eugbaphy. 
 
 Allusion has previously been made to certain general principles, or laws,* 
 that have an influence upon word-forms, and which, running through the 
 entire field, bind them together into one system. These principles may 
 be considered, so far as is necessary for practical purposes, under two 
 general divisions, the Laws of Analogy, and the Laws of Bugraphy . 
 
 Analogy consists in a similarity in certain respects between things which 
 are in other I'^spects different. When applied to the outlines of words in 
 Takigrafy, analogy consists in writing such portions of two or more words 
 as are alike in sound in the same manner, and such portions as are similar 
 in a similar manner. 
 
 In the words ingress, egress, digress, congress, regress, transgress 
 digressing, for example,, the root gress, which is put in italics, appears with- 
 out change. The law of analogy is observed here in the common spelling : 
 but if the first word was spelled ingress, the second egres, the third digreas, 
 the fourth oongrace, and so on, this law would be broken. 
 
 In Takigrafy, this principle applies to all classes and parts of words. As 
 the same sound is written by the same sign, so the same combination of 
 sounds is written by the same combination of signs. 
 
 Sec. 63. The Laws of Analogy. 
 
 1. — Derivative words are written in analogy with their 
 primitives. 
 
 Rem.— This rule applies especially to the derivative word-signs, and to 
 that large class of words formed by means of the addition of prefixes and 
 affixes. These derived forms are, for the most part, regularly formed. A 
 given stem remains unchanged throughout the entire list of derivative 
 forms, and even the prefix and afBx signs have some analogy to the signs 
 from which they are derived. The word form, for instance, remains un- 
 changed throughout a lisf of over a hundred derived words. 
 
 2. — Compound words are written in analogy both with the 
 simple . words from which they are formed, and with other 
 compounds formed by uniting any of their parts. 
 
 3. — In all classes of words the same combination of letters 
 are written, so far as possible, in the same manner. 
 *See Chap. Ill, page 43, and Chap. IV, pages 53-55. 
 
 119 
 
120 The Hand-Book 
 
 Rem. 1.— The third rule embraces a much wider field, and one that cannot 
 be dismissed so summarily. This rule applies to all combinations of con- 
 sonant sounds that are, or may be, written by means of distinctive signs. 
 
 a. Compounds of the L and E series come under this law ; and it is im- 
 perative in the use of all true initial compounds like pi in play, pr in pray, 
 fr in free, &o. In final compounds the law does not demand the use of 
 the compound sign, so its use here is merely for convenience. 
 
 b. The law of analogy demands also that all consonants that unite with a 
 following d or t, as in the words apt, act, art, and Ac, represent such union 
 by shortening the former of the two consonants ; but does not apply to 
 cases in which a vowel precedes the d or t, as \n.fe^t, mate, &c. 
 
 V. The lengthened curves present another instance of the operation of this 
 law ; but it applies primarily only to oases in which a curved letter is fol- 
 lowed by the sounds of tr and dr without an intermediate vowel, as in the 
 words aft«r, enter, under. 
 
 Rem. 2.— There is a confiiot in the application of this law to the half- 
 lengths and the double-lengths ; for in cases where ter and der are added to 
 a curve the shortened form might be used, though not with the same degree 
 of appropriateness as the lengthened sign. After might be written aft-er and 
 enter, ent-er ; but the true syllabication is after and en~ter, which determines 
 the mode of contraction. Other cases, however, occur in which the appli- 
 cation of the true principles are not so obvious, as wil be seen in the use of 
 the different forms for st and str, &c. 
 
 4. — The operation of the laws of analogy may be traced 
 throughout the entire system of word and phrase-signs. 
 Whether a given principle extends through a larger or smaller 
 class of words, it has a power to produce uniformity as far as 
 its influence extends. But the action of one law is partially 
 suspended by the action of another law in many cases. 
 
 The termination toard, for instance, and the words word and heard, which 
 express the rd by making the end of the stems Wa and Ha heavy, have 
 usurped so much territory from the action of the law v/hich demands the 
 expression of rd by means of a halved Ar. The general rale could be 
 followed in these cases, but, for the sake of briefer and more convenient 
 word-forms, a new principle is introduced which, within a limited sphere, 
 over-rides the first or more general law. 
 
 Other examples of the operation of law within a limited sphere will be 
 natioed by the student. The principles have been already detailed in con- 
 nection with the rules for writing in previous chapters. 
 
 Sec. 64. Syllabication. 
 1. — The Laws of Analogy apply to syllables. Whether 
 written with one or more strokes, the same syllable should, so 
 far as convenient, be always written in the same way. 
 
OF Takigraft. 121 
 
 Rem. — The amalgamation of two syllables into one stroke Is allowable as 
 a means of contraction ; and convenience requires the use of two forms for 
 some frequently recurring prefix syllables, as for instance, cal, car, pit, per, 
 &o., but these deviations should not divert the student from the general 
 principles. The union of two syllables into one stroke should always be 
 regarded as irregular, even though provided for in the rules for contraction. 
 
 3. — Setting aside exceptions which occur, every Byllable 
 should have a single stroke sign to represent it, as in : co-rro- 
 sive, su-bli-mate, pa-ra-gon, Go-li-ath. 
 
 The principal exceptions are : a. Where tvsro strokes are 
 necessary, as in the first syllables of bar-bar-ic, /wr-be-low, 
 a6-sent, da?'-kens. 6. Where a word is shortened by the 
 contraction or omission of one or more syllables, as in the 
 middle syllable of suc-ces-sive, ac-eessi-ble re-SMSci-tate ; the 
 first syllable in a-nal-o-gy, jpro-fe-ssional, pre-flg-ure ; and the 
 last syllable in men-Mow, ver-nac-wZar ; and in words gener- 
 ally written with prefix and affix signs which represent more 
 than one syllable. 
 
 Rem. 1.— It win be observed that in dividing the words into syllables the 
 ordinary rules of syllabication are not always followed. 
 
 Rem. 2.— Though the common laws of syllabication are not strictly fol- 
 lowed, yet it is better, when equally convenient, to divide a word by using 
 those forms of contraction which preserve the syllables in the most natural 
 form. It is better to write ar-dent, than ard-eni ; ev-{i)-dent than evid-ent : 
 though ind-{i)-vid is written for individual, and many other words are 
 specially contracted contrary to this principle. An application of this rule 
 will however, indicate the proper outline of the word in many cases. 
 It will explain, for instance, why we use the relm earl, furl, &c., but not 
 in early, fairly, &c. Final syllables except when compounded with the pre- 
 vious syllable in an affix sign should be written with a separate stroke, as 
 ly in regularly, rarely, <&c. 
 
 Sec. 65. Eugeapht. 
 
 1. — The term Eugraphy, from the Greek, eu, good or well, and 
 graphe, writing, is used to designate that quality in the writ- 
 ing of Tachygraphy which gives to it grace and flexibUity. It 
 should not be confounded with the term caligraphy, which 
 means beautiful writing, for eugraphy means, not beautiful 
 writing, but the beauty or gracefulness of the writing. 
 
 2. — The principles of eugraphy apply to the letters, the 
 WOKD-FOEMS, and the phrase-signs. 
 
 As applied to the4etters, grace of form is secured by accuracy 
 in direction, proportion, curvature, and shading. 
 
122 The Hand-Book 
 
 a. Inclined, full-sized letters should, be so proportioned in 
 length as to fill the same space perpendicularly as the upright 
 letters. 
 
 6. The same principle will apply to the half-length, double, 
 and treble-length characters. They each will fill one-half a 
 space, or 4^0 or three spaces, as the case may be. 
 
 Rem. — An earnest effort on the part of the writer to accustom himself to 
 accuracy in this respect will be rewarded by an increased beauty in the 
 writing. He should practice on each letter, contrasting its half-length, full 
 and double-length forms with one another until he gains skill in making 
 suitable distinctions. 
 
 3. — The proper size of the letters for note- taking is one- 
 eighth of an inch for Be and Pe as the standard for the space 
 occupied. The Oa, Ka, The, El, &c. will be a little longer, and 
 iJo, Wa and Ha, a little longer still than Oa, Ka. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 IIW)) ( ( >> ^^ 
 
 ^ c^ c^ <^ ^ r y / 
 
 Rem.— In making the standard of size, one-eighth of an inch, it is not de- 
 signed to urge this size upon all. Many persons will prefer to write larger 
 characters for the sake of greater distinctness. Characters may be made 
 of any size without interfering with the principles of eugraphy, provided 
 the proper proportions are maintained. Yet, greater rapidity of writing 
 can be secured in the use of small letters than larger ones. 
 
 4. — As applied to words and phrases, the principles of eu- 
 graphy determine the comparative convenience of different 
 outlines. Good outlines are those best adapted to speed and 
 legibility : hence, the laws of eugraphy have reference, first, 
 
 to THE EEQUIKEMENTS OF SPEED, and SeCOnd, tO THE REQUIRE- 
 MENTS OF LEGIBILITY. These requirements coincide in some 
 particulars, but not in all. 
 
 Sec. 86. The Requirements of. Speed. 
 1. — The requirements of speed are based on the laws of mo- 
 tion, and relate to the brevity, facileness, and lineality of 
 
 the outlines. 
 
 Rem.— Some outlines may be written much more easily than others which 
 contain the same number of strokes. Hence it is the province of the laws 
 of eugraphy to point out the conditions under which the most facile outUnea 
 may be produced. 
 
OF Takigraf\. 123 
 
 3. — The brevity of the outline will be determined generally 
 by the principles of contraction. Yet some discretion may be 
 used as to whether to employ a longer or shorter form for a 
 word or phrase. Where brevity can be secured without sac- 
 rificing too much to obtain it, it is desirable ; but the student 
 should be cautioned against an undue regard for brief forms 
 which are gained by a loss of flexibility or legibility. 
 
 Rem. — All contractions demanded by the laws of analogy should be 
 employed ; those not demanded, but only permitted, should be submitted 
 to the limitation of the other principles which enter into the formation of 
 good word-forms. 
 
 3. — The facileness of an outline depends upon. a. The 
 
 ■NATUEB OF THE ANGLES MADE IN JOINING ITS LETTERS. b. THE 
 HOMOGENEOUSNESS OF THE CURVES THAT UNITE. C. THE READ- 
 INESS WITH WHICH THE WORD-FORMS MAY BE JOINED INTO 
 PHRASES. 
 
 Sec. 07. THE Nature op the Angles. 
 
 1. — When the hand is in rapid moticni, any change of direc- 
 tion hinders the speed of the writer. If the first stroke glides 
 into the second without an angle, the highest rate of speed 
 can be secured. 
 
 2. — When an angle must be formed, the more acute it is the 
 more easily it can be made. 
 
 Rem.— For illustration of the angles, right, acute and obtuse, and facing 
 and opposing curves, see pp. 10 and 17. 
 
 3.-0btuse angles are relieved : a. By use of half-length signs. 
 b. By skillful use of the variable signs, c. By the insertion 
 of vocal signs where it is convenient, as in bog, bag, dog, dock. 
 
 Sec. 68. The IIomogeneousness of the Curves. 
 
 1.— Curves are homogeneous when they face the same way, 
 or form any portion of a circle that may be made by tracing 
 the circle in the same direction. Opposing curves are made 
 by tracing the circle in opposite directions 
 
 Rem.— The curves Mil, Es, Ith, Ef and El, are homogeneous ; so are the 
 curves Tha, La, Ish and En ; but the curves in the first exampleare, each 
 and all, opposed to the curves in the second example 
 
124 The Hand-Book 
 
 3. — When an angle occurs between them, facing curves are 
 made much more easily than opposing curves ; for the pen traces 
 a second curve in the same direction without an entu-e loss of 
 motion ; and when an opposing curve is made, the direction 
 of the stroke must be reversed. 
 
 3.— When opposing curves lie in the same direction, they 
 unite without an angle, and are made with perfect freedom. 
 
 Rem. 1.— As a general rule, when a variable curve follows a curve of tlie 
 same length, it may be turned so as either to unite without an angle or to 
 face the same way as the curve to which it is joined. The union without 
 an angle takes the precedence where it is equally convenient. 
 
 Kem. 2.— When curves of different lengths unite, those facing are always 
 to be preferred, as an angle must in these cases always be formed. 
 
 4. — These principles apply equally to vocal curves, and to 
 the union of vocal and consonantal curves. 
 
 Rem.— We have Ma after H, and Hm after A. El follows E, and La fol- 
 lows a-short ; and we have the forms La-md, land, and El-i-enl, lint, 
 and many others that will be noticed, where the direction of the letters 
 T/ie, Ith, Em and El are varied on account of a preceding or following cuive. 
 
 5. — These principles apply also to the union of curves with 
 straight lines or dashes. If a curved letter lies in the same 
 general direction as the straight line, though an angle is needed, 
 there is a continuous movement in the same direction favor- 
 able to speed ; and if, added to this, thej' unite without an 
 angle, the gain is still greater. 
 
 Rem. 1.— Some exceptions to the principles given in this and preceding 
 sections are unavoidable, for in many cases a curve occurs between two 
 letters, with one or both of which it will unite with a greater or less degree 
 of diffloulty. If any of the letters are variable, as in most cases one or more 
 of them will be, the difficulty can easily be reduced to a single bad angle ; 
 but even in case of variable letters, a change that aids the joining with a 
 preceding letter may increase the difBculty of joining with the following 
 letter, and vice versa. Cases of this kind will afford scope for the ingenuity 
 of the writer. 
 
 Rem. 2.— So in other ways one principle may influence or over-ride the 
 operation of another principle. Such details cannot be given here ; but the 
 teacher of the art is advised to add to the illustrations given, so as to 
 adapt them to different classes of his pupils. Such instruction will bear 
 good fruit in the increased beauty and faeilenss of the outlines. 
 
 Sec. 69. LiNEALITY AND PHRASING. 
 Word-forms should have, so far as possible, a forwax'd instead 
 of a backward tendency. If the outline runs downward or 
 
OF' Takigrafy. 125 
 
 backward, away from the line of writing, it frequently hinders 
 phrasing, and time is lost in bringing the pen back to the 
 proper place for commencing the next word-form. 
 
 Rem. 1.— The variable letters and the contractions may be so used as to 
 favor linear word-forms. Such words, for instance, as public, publication, 
 aggregate, aggregation, and others, may be relieved from running too far 
 below the line by using La and Sa instead of the compounds Bla and Gra. 
 
 Rem. 1.— So much regard has been paid to this principle in the arrangement 
 of the alfabet that it will be easy to secure good outlines by a little atten- 
 tion and care on the part of the writer. In any extreme case of difficulty, 
 the word-form may be divided, as in the compound word book-keeper. 
 
 Sec. 70. The Requirements op Legibility. 
 The requirements of legibility presuppose, as a basis, a fair 
 degree of accuracy of penmanship, and regard to the proper 
 distinctions in the length and shading of the letters. 
 
 Rem. — The student shoud be drilled on all the elements introduced into 
 this style, contrasting half-length and full-length characters, fiiU-length and 
 double and treble-lengths, &c., till he can make the new distinctions as 
 readily as those introduced into the first style. 
 
 1. — The first special requirement of legibility as applied to 
 word-forms is CONSISTENCY OF OUTLINE. When the reader has 
 become accustomed to see a given word written in a given 
 way, he reads it from memory, without looking through the 
 characters to see what they spell. If the form be changed at 
 random, he will read with slowness and uncertainty. 
 
 3.— Another requsite of legibility is an observance of the 
 LAWS OF analogy. This will greatly aid the memorj' of forms, 
 and the reader, becoming accustomed to see a given combina- 
 tion of sounds expressed in a given way, will read with cer- 
 tainty and ease. 
 
 Rem.— It will be observed that full, long vowels and diphthongs separate 
 consonants, and that they generally accompany full and open outlines, 
 while small and short vowels more frequently accompany contracted forms. 
 This is especially true in regard to the use of the circle and the compounds 
 of the L and i? series, and to some extent of the half-length signs. 
 
 3. — A third thing essential to a legible style of writing is 
 A PROPER DISTINCTION OP WORDS containing the same conso- 
 nants. If the words in question are of such meaning that 
 they cannot be confounded, there is no danger ; but if they 
 are of like or opposite significations, there is need of a dis- 
 tinct difiference in the word-forms. 
 
126 The Hand-Book 
 
 4. — A PROPER T7SE OP VOCAUZATION may be named as a 
 fourth requisite of a legible style. A proper regard for brevity 
 will lead the writer to omit all vowels that are not necessary ; 
 but it is unwise economy to add to the labor of reading to 
 save a far less labor in writing. 
 
 o. Vowels ai-e necessary in some words containing only 
 one consonant, as boy, bow, boiigh, ape, ope, pie, pew, &c. 
 
 b. Besides these there are a larger number of words of two 
 consonants, comprising nearly all uncommon words that may 
 be written in full, as in the common style. The following 
 will serve as specimens of the words alluded to : bag, sag, cap, 
 gap, map, rap, tap, mob, sob, jog, job, dame, cape, cake, wake, 
 tall, gall, &c. 
 
 c. In addition to these, many words of three or four con- 
 sonants, with or without a contraction of consonant outline, 
 may be vocalized, as in blab, slab, clod, plod, trod, shad, clog, 
 \log, grog, brine, swine, twine, stripe, strap, blame, jlame, 
 bloom, flume, broom, brim, trim,, &c. 
 
 Eem.— To these words In which the vocal sign is used for the sake of 
 greater ease in reading should be added those mentioned under the rules 
 for the requirements of speed. Sec. 67 c. 
 
 d. The sign for I is frequently contracted by omitting one of 
 the strokes, and words ending in wj/ may be written in analogy 
 with any, by adding the tick. The last remark applies to 
 such words as bony, stony, cony, funny, honey, briny, &c. 
 
 e. When two vocal sounds occur together, as in the words 
 aerial, pean, pious, science, &c., one or both of the vowels 
 Bhould be written. The former, which is in most cases the 
 accented vowel, is to be preferred when equally convenient. 
 
 /. Vocalization will be frequently necessary in the follow- 
 ing cases : — 
 
 1. — In writing proper names of persons and places. 
 
 2. — In quotations from the Latin, Greek, German, French, 
 and other foreign languages. 
 
 3.— In technical terms used in the arts and sciences. 
 
 4. — In all unusual words, or words used in an unusual con- 
 nection, or in a peculiar sense. 
 
 Eem. 1.— Words generally considered technical or uncommon may be 
 sufficiently familiar to some persons to be treated like ordinary words : 
 
OF Takigrafy. 127 
 
 and some quotations from foreign languages are so familiar that they may 
 be contracted like ordinary phrases, as, for instance, vice versa^ viva voce. 
 The purpose of the writing, and the knowledge of the subject, will deter- 
 mine the amount of vocalization necessary to perspicuity. It is only neces- 
 sary that the manuscript be easily read by the persons, and for the pur- 
 poses, for which it was written. 
 
 Rem. 2. —The careless writing of bare skeletons of consonant letters, with- 
 out any reference to their legibility, so common among amateurs in Phonog- 
 raphy, should be discouraged by the teacher. 
 
 5. — A fifth requirement of legibility is A peoper regard to 
 
 THE RELATIONS of WORDS IN THE SENTENCE. 
 
 Words that are used in familiar phrases, or in constructions 
 that are familiar, become more easily legible from the connec- 
 tion in which they stand. But words that are isolated, or used 
 in unusual connections, or in peculiar senses, demand moi-e 
 care in the writing to render them easily legible. 
 
 Eem. 1.— The power of position in a sentence to add to the legibility of 
 word-forms is illustrated in nearly all the phrases given in Tables and 
 Reading Lessons. Properly made phrase-signs will aid the reader bymaking 
 the connection of the words more noticeable. The word same, for instance, 
 becomes definite in the phrase t/iesaine, since the word some is never pre- 
 ceded by the article </«. The joining of words, however, not associated 
 in sense, would lesson rather than Increase the ease of reading by intimating 
 a connection between the words that did not exist. 
 
 Rem. 2.— Where words are isolated in construction, as in the following 
 sentences, they need to be distinguishable in form. Sut t/ie fruit of the 
 spirit is love, joy, peace, long-mffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, 
 temperance. Can youth, or health, or strength, or honor, or pleasvre satisfy the 
 soul f I have seen the effects of love and hatred, joy and grief, hope and despair. 
 
 Even in these cases, the reader is aided somewhat by the context, for he 
 would not look for any evil affection or passion among the fruits of the 
 spirit ; and in the last example, the contrast suggests the contrasted word. 
 So in nearly all cases the ctmtext will aid the reader to a greater or less 
 extent ; but he should not rely too much upon it, but take care that all iso- 
 lated words be written clearly and definitely. 
 
 Rem. 3.— Uncommon words, and those of doubtful signification, with 
 words from foreign languages, mentioned in the preceding section, cannot, 
 from the nature of the case, be referred with safety to the context for 
 explanation, but must be legible independent of their connection. 
 
 4. —Proper names that are mentioned amorig words needing vocalization 
 may also be considered as isolated words, as they are not generally inferable 
 from the sense of the passage in which they stand. 
 
 5,— Outlines chosen for autographs should be easily legible, 
 
128 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 A , >" 11. 
 
 D - v^. ^^ "^^^ r^ L^ ■) ^ ^ 
 
 
 .^n^ _ V^^'/ ^^ ^, >^ 
 i/^ .-4^ 1 v^ n^ c^ /^ v^ 
 
OF Takigrafy. 129 
 
 Writing Exercise 19. 
 
 Note.— The list of words given in tliis and tlie following Exercise, may be 
 indefinitely increased. 
 
 Words in which each syllable is written by a single stroke. 
 
 App-li-ca-ble tre-men-dous-ly pros-per-ous des-pi-oa-ble ob- 
 sti-nate occ-u-py ra-mi-fy re-me-dy di-gress-ive vul-can-ize 
 oo-rro-bo-rate de-lu-sive coU-apse pro-pri-e-ty dis-ori-min- 
 ate de-press-ing dis-grace-ful ar-o-ma na-vi-ga-tor. 
 
 Contract or omit the italicised syllables: In-ves-h'-gate en-a- 
 mor sen-st-tive a-nal-a-gous man-ip-ittore reg-n-larity dex- 
 terity pre-rog-a-tive in-con-sol-a-ble nh-ne-gation resusci- 
 tate ne-cessi-ty in-def-i-nite un-con-sti-tu-itonaZ. 
 
 The vocal sign may be used in these words : 
 
 Bee bay obey bah 1 boo ! boy bough pea pay pa pooh ! 
 poe paw pie pew ape ope. Gay guy ague. Key coo Co. 
 caw cue coy cow. Eke ache oak auk. Day dough daw 
 die dew owed awed adieu idea. Tea tow toe tie toy eat 
 oat iota eight. 
 
 Ere vie view vow. Fee fie few shay shy Asia ease 
 ooze owes awes. Thaw thigh thew ma moo maw mow 
 (o) mow (ou) aim ohm knee nay no know gnaw nigh e'en 
 awn lee lay loo la ! law lie lieu eel ale awl isle ail owl 
 ear ore ire woo woe. 
 
 Babe baby bake bib bob booby peep pipe pip pap pop 
 poppy big bag bog back pig pick pack pike peak beam 
 boom bean bane boon pawn pean piano pviny poach. Gab 
 gap cab cob cape cap gig kick gag cog cake keen cane 
 gain couch. Deep dupe tap top dig tick dock tack tag. 
 Fib fob fop fugue file fuel fowl feel fool foal vile vowel 
 veal vine fine fawn. Sheep shape shake shale. Deal dale 
 doll teal tale tile toil towel tear tier tore tower door dyer 
 dower. Shear shore shower. 
 
 Meek maim main mayor mire meal mail mall mile 
 nail Nile lean lane loon line lion. Blab clad clod crib 
 crab creep crape croup crop drab drip droop drop trip 
 trap troop tripe trick track freak shriek streak strike sleep 
 sloop slip slab slap slag slack slake sleek. Bream broom 
 brawn bruin brine bloom blain cream groom. 
 
130 The Hand-Book 
 
 Writing Exercise 20. 
 
 Abner Albert Aurelius Aaron Anderson Antony Arnold 
 Arthur Auerbach Augustine. Biddle Baldwin Bierstadt 
 Byron Brainard Bryan. Cathcart Cheever Clark Cleopatra 
 Caleb Cyprian Conway Confucius. Daguerre Dayton Darius 
 Dahlgren Delancey Dickerson DeWitt Dryden Dumas 
 Dwight. Eleazar Eliliu Elijah Enoch Ephriam. Fabius 
 Fahrenheit Faraday Fernando Fowler, liallileo Galvani 
 Garrison Gavazzi Guyot Gabriel Garret Geoffrey Gideon 
 Griffith. 
 
 Habakkuk Haldeman Hancock Hahnemann Hardee Have- 
 meyer Harvey Hawthorne Hezekiah Hiram Heintzelman 
 Horace Hayne Heliodorus Horatio Hosca Hilary Hoadley 
 Holmes Homer Howells Howard Hopkins. 
 
 Ingraham Ivison Ichabod Ingelovv Isaac Isaiah Iscariot 
 Israel Ishmael. Jackson Jacob Jairus Jabez Jedekiah 
 Jeremiah Jeroboam Josiah Judah Joab Joel. Knowlton 
 Karl Kavanagh Kilpatrick Kossuth. 
 
 Lafayette Lamartine Lapham Larrabee I/azarus Lewis 
 Lawrence Lambert Leander Levi Lewellyn Longfellow 
 Lucius Latham Lathrop Liebig Lincoln Livermore Luther 
 Linnaeus Lippincott Lowenstein Loyola Lyell Lyon Luke 
 Lyman Lubin Lucian Lycurgus. 
 
 Mahomet Marryat Macaulay Marmaduke Malachi Maury 
 Maohiavelli Maccabees Martineau Matthias Mayor Meyer- 
 beer Moses. Nathan Neal Naaman Naomi Neander Newton 
 Nehemiah Nero Norman. Obadiah Oliver Orlando Owen 
 O'Leary O'Reilly O'Rourke O'Dowd. Packard Patrick Paley 
 Parker Parnell Patti Peabody Pharaoh Philander Philip 
 Pierpont Pizarro Pitman Plato Porter Proctor Ptolemy. 
 
 Ralph Rudolph Roland Ransom Raphael Randolph Randall 
 Raymond Reviere Rollm Rousseau Rupert Rufus. 
 
 Saul Silas Simon Simeon Sullivan Spinosa Shakspeare 
 Schuyler Talleyrand Taylor Tallmage Thaddeus Theodore 
 Thackeray Tilford Tpbiah Tybalt Tyndall Tiberius Thiers 
 Uriah Volney Victor. 
 
 Waldo Warren Walter Warner Willard Wagner Wyatt 
 Way laud Whiteflold Wilkinson Whittier Winslow Wayne 
 
OF Takigrafy. 131 
 
 Williams WyclifEe. Yanoy Youatt Zaohariah Zedekiah. 
 
 Abigail Adaline Adelaide Agatlia Agnes Almira Amabel 
 Angelica Angelina Arabella Aurelia. Barbara Beatrice 
 Belinda Blanche. Catharina Charlotte Celia Chloe Clara 
 Claudia Clementina Clarice Cora. Delia Diana Dora Edith 
 Elizabeth Elvina Eudora Eugenia Euphemia Evangeline 
 Evelina. Fanny Fidelia Flora Frances Fredrica. 
 
 Georgiana Grace Gratia Griselda Henrietta Hortensia 
 Helena Hannah Honora. Ida Inez Irene Joyce Justina 
 Jaqueline Leonora Letitia Lilian Lois Louisa Lydia Laura 
 Lavina. Mabel Magdalena Marcia Maria Matilda Mildred 
 Mary Maud Miriam Miranda. Nina Nora Octavia Olive 
 Ophelia Olympia Patience Paula Phebe Phillipa Polly. 
 Rhoda Rosa Rosalind Sabina Salome Selina Serena Sophia 
 Theodora Tryphosa Victoria Vida Viola Vivian Una. 
 
 Alabama Alaska Iowa Adelphi Adrian Agawam Ains- 
 worth Albany Albion Alexandria Algeria Algiers Alton 
 Algona Alleghany Allendale Alliance Almira Amesbury 
 Andalusia Angola Annapolis Ann Arbor Anoka Ansonia 
 Antietam Antrim Applegate Appleton Arabia Arapahoe 
 Ararat Arcadia Areola Argyle Ashborough Ashford Ashta- 
 bula Aspinwall Ashton Astoria Auburn Augusta Aurora 
 Austria Avondale. 
 
 Babylon Bagdad Bangor Batavia Bavaria Belleview 
 Bayfield Beloit Belvidere Blackburn Bracketville Brainard 
 Buffalo Cairo Calais Canaan Canada Cape May Cayuga 
 China Cincinnati Cleveland Clinton Coffeeville Cresco 
 Cuyahoga. Darien Delhi Des Moines Dixie. 
 
 Writing Exercise 21. 
 
 Quotations from the Latin, Greek, and French languages. 
 
 Latin. -Ab origine. Ab uno disce omnes. ADeoetrege. Ad 
 captandum vulgus. A fortiori. jEre perrenius. Aliatentanda 
 via est. Alieni appetens, sui profusus. A mensa et thoro. 
 Bis dat qui cite dat. Certioi'ari. Dum spiro, spero. Ex nihilo 
 nihil fit. Faber suae fortunae. Vi et armis. Una voce. Toto 
 coelo. Suum cuique. Sine odio. Sic volo, sic jubeo. 
 
 French. — A la belle etoile. Amidecour. Amour fait beau 
 coup, mais argent fait tout. Honi soit qui mal y pense, 
 
132 The Hand-Book 
 
 Greek. — To prepsn. Hoi poUoi. To kalon. Ariston metron. 
 Technical Terms. — Adulai-ia amphilogy anthoid autotypy 
 biparietal Calceolaria exuviae heliotype. 
 
 A Universal Alfabet. — We cannot but render homage to 
 the efforts made by the .powerful minds of those who have 
 striven to reduce to a satisfactory unity the lamentable diver- 
 sity of signs (alphabets) which have thrown such obstacles in 
 the way of truth, and either by fortuitous or designed resem- 
 blance, have so long retarded the progress of the comparative 
 study of languages, and their etymological affinity, so impor- 
 tant to their philosophical development, and, consequently, the 
 knowledge of their real origin, as well as of the characters 
 employed in Writing, — fundamental pi-inciples which, in re- 
 ferring each language to its true source, would enable us to 
 study each group of languages at the same time, and thus to 
 obtain (if it were possible to devote sufficient time to each) a 
 universal knowledge of languages. 
 
 To illustrate this proposition by an example, the study of the 
 languagesnamed Arabic, Hebrew, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Syriac 
 and Chaldean might, to a certain extent, be reduced to the 
 study of only one, and a knowledge of the alphabets of each 
 of^ the others, — alphabets founded, for the most part, upon 
 circumstances which have wholly past away, but which, never- 
 theless, have given, and still continue to give, to each of the 
 above-named languages an appearance of individuality which 
 they do not in reality possess, but which will subsist until this 
 appearance shall vanish, and all these languages be writteii 
 with the same alphabet, whereby it would at once be apparent 
 that' they are really dialects of one and the same mothei'-lan- 
 guage, — the Arabic. An able professor, who should occupy 
 his scholars in this wide field of inquiry, explaining the rules 
 of the mother-tongue, and the exceptions and peculiar char- 
 acter of its dialects, might teach six languages, or rather an 
 entire "family of languages at the same time. 
 
 An analagous idea, but of less easy execution, has been sug- 
 gested, namely, the composition of a universal alphabet, or 
 one embracing at least all the languages of Europe. 
 
 Sylvestre's Palaeography. 
 
Chapter XII. — Miscellaneous Contractions. 
 
 Sec. 71. Consonant Letters Omitted. 
 
 1. — Pe is frequently omitted when it follows Ka ; and Ka 
 when it follows Te and Jn.gr, as in description distinction. 
 
 2. — Te is omitted after the circle in some cases, as in mostly. 
 
 3. — -En, El, Ar, "Ya, and Ha, are omitted in some words, 
 though Ha is more frequently contracted to a tick. 
 
 4. — Other letters may be omitted where brevity or conven- 
 ience requires it, though such omission should be restricted to 
 cases where the regular form is especially inconvenient. 
 Examples. 
 
 ^ \ }> 
 
 1. Description subscription destruction instruction sanction distinction. 
 S. Post-boy plastic domestic rustic vastly listless mostly restlessness. 
 G. Continue attenuate unionist identical companion behave. 
 4. Behavior behoof hopeful happy unhappy reprehend compr'nd appr'nsion. 
 
 Additional Wobds in which Lbttbes are Omitted. 
 
 Omit P: Prescription proscription reScription. 
 
 Omit K: Production productive induction inductive 
 seduction seductive reduction function conjunction. 
 
 Omit T : Sophistic elastic mystic majestic paraphrastic 
 bombastic postpone postage fastness justly lastly jesticulate 
 investigate testament testimony testimonial. 
 
 Omit N, L, R, H or Y: Tenement attainment atonement. 
 Million billion millionaire. Tolerable toleration venerable. 
 Behave behoove behoof reprehend convenient conveniently 
 convenience, and their derivatives. 
 
 133 
 
134 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 Additional Word-Signs. 
 
 We give below a few additional word-signs. They do not 
 
 comprise all that may be employed. Eaoh special department 
 
 of Reporting will have its own special class of word-and 
 
 phrase-signs, in addition to those gi.en in the Hand-Book. 
 
 
 1_ 
 
 \ > > 
 
 <o 
 
 KEY. '~' 
 Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Canada, 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.— U. S. New Bng. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Canada, Ontario, 
 Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Prince Edward I. 
 
 2.~Ala. Alaska Arizona Ark. Cal. Colo. Conn. Dakota Del. 
 
 3.— Fla. Ga. Idaho 111. Ind. Indian Ter. Iowa Kansas Ky. La. 
 
 4.— Me. Md. Mass. Mich. Minn. Miss. Mo. Montana Neb. Nevada. 
 
 B.— N. H. N. J. New Mex. N. Y. N. C. Ohio Oregon Pa. R. I. S. C. 
 
 6.— Tenn. Texas Utah Vt. Va. Wash. W. Va. Wis. Wyoming. 
 
 7.— Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday. 
 
 8. —Occupation occupant occupy correspond correspondence gold 
 doubt acquaint tenement testament Pentateuch stupendous. 
 
 Duplicate Word-Signs. 
 We give new signs for the words were,, where,, what, would. 
 The signs for were and where may be used to the exclusion of 
 the old signs ; but the signs for what and would should be 
 regarded as only additional signs, those previously introduced 
 being employed when more convenient. You, and you wUl, 
 have also duplicate forms. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 135 
 
 
 Additional 
 
 , Word- Signs. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Before 
 
 j) convenient 
 
 \^ 
 
 perfect-ion 
 
 L 
 
 behind 
 
 -] 
 
 enough 
 
 
 proclaim 
 
 J 
 
 belieTe 
 
 3 
 
 influence 
 
 privilege 
 
 J 
 
 beneath 
 accept 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 acknowledge 
 large 
 
 \ 
 
 economy 
 
 ,f 
 
 Iniquity 
 
 'V 
 
 ascribe 
 advertisement 
 
 .3>_ 
 
 therefore 
 
 
 call 
 
 
 r 
 
 amount 
 
 catastrophe 
 
 „ 
 
 distinguish 
 
 ^-D 
 ^ 
 
 never 
 neglect 
 
 ^ 
 
 acoordinglj. 
 
 -> 
 
 differ 
 
 dominion. 
 
 '—, 
 
 Almighty 
 
 -^ 
 
 anything 
 
 ""\ 
 
 Takigrafy 
 
 ^ 
 
 astonish 
 
 --V. 
 
 nothing 
 
 -3 
 
 Fonografy 
 
 ■^ 
 
 toward 
 
 ■) 
 
 virtue 
 
 ^ 
 
 sublime 
 
 c 
 
 were 
 where 
 
 ^-0 
 J 
 
 life 
 year 
 
 a 
 
 image- ine 
 
 c 
 
 member 
 
 D 
 
 would 
 
 ^ 
 
 beyond 
 
 r 
 
 elsewhere 
 
 3 
 
 what 
 
 ^ 
 
 change 
 
 s 
 
 behol^ 
 
 ? 
 
 whatsoever 
 
 - 
 
 judge 
 
 A 
 
 resemble 
 
 <y 
 
 whence 
 
 
 church 
 
 ^ 
 
 railr. ad 
 
 1 
 
 whensoever 
 
 X 
 
 catholic 
 
 /^ 
 
 railway 
 
 1 
 
 whosesoever 
 
 c^ 
 
 question 
 
 cT 
 
 her 
 
136 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 72. Derivative WoRD-SiaNS. 
 
 These signs follow principles already explained ; and will be 
 understood from the table on the opposite page. In many 
 cases the termination ed is omitted, and ly may be disjoined. 
 
 KEY. 
 The wards commcncing-each line in the engraved page are capitalized. 
 
 Accept-ed acceptance acceptation acceptable unacceptable 
 accompanied accompanying accompaniment unaccompanied. 
 Accomodate-ed accomodating unaccomodating accordingly 
 account-ed accounting accountable accountant acknowl- 
 edge-ed acknowledging unacknowledged. Advantage-ed ad- 
 vantageous disadvantage disadvantageously ambiguously 
 applicability apprehend-ed ascribe-ed assurance assures 
 astonishingly. Beforehand behindhand believing believ- 
 ingly benevolently benignantly briefer unbusinesslike capa- 
 bility incapable. Interchange characterize characteristic 
 companionable committee noncommital confederate-ed con- 
 federation. Congratulation nonconductor inconsequent con- 
 spicuously noncontemporaneous contradictory uncontra- 
 dict-ed conversational. Uncorrect-ed culpability defioient-cy 
 deliverer denominational undenominational delinquency 
 discontinuance. Undistinguishable employed employer un- 
 employed disestabliih unexampled externality extraordi- 
 narily Disfigured disfiguration phonograflc out-general-ed 
 glorify-ed government ungovernable ingratitude habitual. 
 Habituated holiness short-hand hand-writing unhandy un- 
 happiness heartlessness disheartened. Imaginary imagination 
 immediately unimportant infatuation iniidelity inheritance 
 iniquities-ous uninstructed. Enlarged longer longest what- 
 ever whatsoever wherever wherefore. Wherein whereof 
 (vhereon whereunto justice injustice larger largest man- 
 ufacturer monopolize. 
 
 Dismeraber-ed remember unremembered probability im- 
 probable proclamation prognostication unproductive. Privi- 
 leged republican unpublished unquestionable rulable repre- 
 sentation iiTegularity respectability resemblance. Eemark- 
 able satisfaction unsatisfactory secretaryship school-master 
 school-district school-house signification insignificant 
 strengthened. Sublimity suggested suggestive suggestively 
 suspected tachygraphic university universali*^y valuation. 
 
OP Takigrafy. 
 
 137 
 
 7 J^. 
 
 
 H 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^--7 
 
 
 "V c^" 
 
 z^ 
 
 -f ^ ? ^ S ^/ ^ ^ 
 
138 The Hand-Book 
 
 Sec. 73. Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline. 
 
 {See Remark at the bottom of page 140.) 
 
 Key to Opposite Page. 
 
 Th£ words commencing each line in Oie engraved page are capitalized. 
 The words to be contrasted are not separated by comniaa : 
 Abandoned abundant, abase base bias, beast boast biased 
 bestow beset, bindery boundary binder. Bright broad, 
 brightens broadens, brightness broadness, broth breatli 
 birth, barrel burial barley. Absolute obsolete, compatible 
 computable, pitiable potable, patted petted pitied puttied, 
 probation approbation prohibition. Persecute prosecute, 
 persecution prosecution, apportion portion, pi-eparation 
 proportion appropriation, proportioned proportionate, prop- 
 erty propriety appropriate. Perspective pi'ospective, pre- 
 scribe proscribe, petrify putrify, petrifaction putrifaction, 
 patron pattern, pester poster pasture. Apology pillage 
 pledge, pulse police policy, planet plenty pliant com- 
 pletion compulsion compilation, placid pellucid. Per- 
 haps propose, part port, party pretty purity, protection 
 production prediction, pertain appertain, pretend portend. 
 Parade i^arody period, approach preach parch perch porch, 
 prefer proffer, pervious previous, peruse. Pursue pierce, 
 perspire prosper, priest pressed, poorest purest pursuit, 
 person parson, percent personate^ presents Parcel parasol 
 parsley, Prussia Persia, Persian Parisian Prussian, operation 
 oppression, permanent preeminent prominent. Permanence 
 preeminence prominence, perilous peerlees powerless, precise, 
 process spirit separate support, separating spiriting supporting. 
 God good guide, garden guardian, cost caused, collision 
 collusion coalition, corporal corporeal, creature creator. 
 Sacred secret, exterminate extremity data date dote debt 
 doubt diet duet ditty duty. Auditor daughter debtor 
 deter editor doubter, auditory dietary, defense defiance 
 defines. Defer differ defray devour, adverse diverse divers 
 divorce, decease disease diocese. Deceased diseased dis- 
 tribute disturbed, adultery idolatry, diligent indulgent 
 indigent. Diligence indulgence indigence, damnation domi- 
 nation dimension, desolate dissolute, adorns durance, 
 
OF Takigrafy. . 
 
 139 
 
 . Words Distinguished by Difference op Outline. 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ~^- 
 
 -^ 
 
 
140 The Hand-Book 
 
 Key to Opposite Page. 
 Tartar traitor trader territory, tariff terrify trophy, tor- 
 rent tyrant truant. City set seat sight sought, steady study 
 stead stood staid. Train turn, vileness violence villainous, 
 evolution volition violation, valuable available, violent 
 valiant. Avocation vocation, invasion innovation, ever every 
 over very, fiscal physical vesicle, fence fans feigns fines. 
 Offense afiiaiice, farce force furious, fallen flown form 
 farm frame firm, fairness furnace. Flail, furl furlow, funeral 
 funereal, fretful fruitful, shortly shrevs^dly, assist essayest 
 society. Thee they though thou thy, man men, impas- 
 sioned impassionate impatient, machine mission motion 
 emotion. Machinery missionary, cemetery symmetrj'-, emi- 
 grant immigrant, minister monster, ministry monaster}'. 
 Necessity incest insist, inconcealable inconsolable, incon- 
 vincible invincible invisible, inebriate inbred imbrued, end- 
 less needless. Indefinite undefined, ingenious ingenuous, 
 inevitable unavoidable, center centaur sentry. Signs sense 
 science, assignees assigns, sinner sooner snare snore sneer 
 scenery. Sinless sunless, star store starry story stray astray, 
 elaborate labored, altitude latitude. Latter later letter 
 lighter loiter lottery ultra, likely luckily locally, learnt 
 learned. Reparation repression, orator writer, oratory artery, 
 arrive review, arrival rival reveille. Rebel re-bel, resume 
 reassume, round ruined renewed wronged, earlier railer 
 roller ruler. Revelation revolution i-evulsion, leave live 
 lave love, lead led load lad, gentle genteel. Raid read red 
 road rude, rate right write rote root rout, equality quality. 
 
 Bemark. —In applying the principles of contraction, a difference of out- 
 line is possible in many cases. Words of the same consonant letters can be 
 written with or without vowels, and with a greater or less degree of con- 
 traction. The forma chosen, as taught in the previous chapter, should be 
 such as to best indicate the nature of the vowel, and its place in the outline. 
 An observance of these principles leads of itself to a sufficient difference of 
 outline in most cases to insure legibility. It Is not necessary that all words 
 should be distinguished by a difference of outline. If two words are writ- 
 ten alike, ther nature and use frequently make them sufficiently intelligible ; 
 but In some other cases the context will not serve to make the meaning 
 clear without a difference of outline. The preceding list embraces words 
 that it is wejl generally to distinguish. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 141 
 
 Words Distinguished by Difference of Outjne. 
 
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142 The Haxd-Book 
 
 Sec. 74. Special Methods of Abbreviation, etc. 
 
 In most kinds of work the student will be able to make 
 abbreviations not given in the text-books. Frequently recur- 
 ring phrases maybe shortened to any desirable extent, though 
 they might be quite unintelligible used in any other connec- 
 tion. In a rail-road office, for instance, the nariie of the com- 
 pany, and of the leading connecting lines, may be used so 
 frequently as to be intelligible with the slightest indication ; 
 and in the dictation of letters, the employer may be partial to 
 certain modes of expression, which recur with such frequency 
 that to write them in full would be quite unnecessary. Ex- 
 amples of this kind are given with key. 
 Initial Letters. 
 
 In some cases the long-hand initials may be found conven- 
 ient, especially where the letters occur that are not used with 
 their proper phonetic significance ; as, C. B. and Q., for Chi- 
 cago, Burlington and Quincy -Railroad. A. B. C. F. M. for 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, etc. 
 If, however, the initials are written in Takigraflc letters, C 
 may be indicated by Es-E, and Q by Ka-Ew, G soft by Ja-E, 
 hard G by Ga, Ph by P, etc. See illustrations. 
 Sec. 75. Transcription. 
 
 Having acquired facility in writing, and in reading what 
 he has written, the student will need, before engaging in pro- 
 fessional work, to be able to transcribe his writing in a correct 
 manner. He must understand paragraphing and punctuation, 
 and the art generally of reproducing in a readable form, 
 speeches, debates, ti-ials, etc., which are in many cases, full 
 of errors to be corrected, and redundancies to be eliminated. 
 
 Rem. 1. — In some kinds of work the student will have no difficulties of this 
 kind. If a corresponding clerk in a business house or office, his employer 
 will be quite likely to dictate letters and other memoranda in the form in 
 which he wishes them written. Lectures also and set speeches of a polished 
 character may generally "be reproduced without alteration. Now if the 
 student wishes to reproduce what he has written accurately, he must indi- 
 cate in his manuscript every full pause, ev ry abrupt transition, and may 
 frequently mark the paragraphs, which will be more readily understood 
 when listening to the discourse than when reading the notes. If, how- 
 ever, the work is of a different nature, as in reporting extemporaneous 
 speeches, which abound in repetitions, and in which the language is chosen 
 
OF TakigraIfy. 143 
 
 with little regard to Htness or perspicuity, it is often necessary to condense 
 the language, or in many cases to change it altogether ; and in such cases, 
 the reporter who can produce the "best report in the fewest number of 
 words," is the best reporter. 
 
 Hem. 2.— Whether the reports of our judicial pi'oeeediiigs shall be con- 
 densed, is a question for the courts themselves, or for the lawyers who 
 employ reporters, to decide. The present practice is not uniform, though 
 some condensation is, we think, necessary and generally allowed. 
 
 Sec. 76. Punctuation. 
 The common marks for punctuation may be used in Takig- 
 rafy, as in common manuscript. In note-taking only the 
 principal pauses need be inserted. The following additional 
 marks may be found of service. 
 
 Doubt, Parentheses, Applause, Dash, Laughter, Index, Paragraph, Hyphen. 
 
 Sec. 77. Aids. 
 1. — The student has already been advised of the importance 
 of providing himself with dictionaries, cyclopedias and 
 gazetteers, for reference. In some kinds of work he will need 
 other books. A library of miscellaneous works might, on 
 occasion, be serviceable ; but this is a luxury that every stu- 
 dent cannot expect to command, unless he is in connection 
 with some public institution ; and in that case he ought, at 
 least, to know the worth of books, and how to use them. 
 
 Rem. 1.— Suppose, for instance, you are writing out the deposition of 
 witnesses, and have failed to get the proper spelUng of the names of the 
 witnesses ; if in a city, you may find them in the City Directory. Or, suppose 
 that a lawyer has ended a brilliant speech with a still more brilliant quo- 
 tation from some well-known author, which was delivered too rapidly for 
 perfect writing ; it is then convenient to have the work at hand from which 
 the selection was made. 
 
 These are mere hints, which the student will improve, by availing himself 
 of all aids and means of information that come in his way. He should not 
 trust too much to his own memory, or acquired sources of information, 
 though the more he can do to render these trust-worthy, the better it will be 
 for him in his work. 
 
 Rem. 2.— There are other special aids which the young reporter or aman- 
 uensis can avail himself of, such as the short-hand magazines published 
 in the interest of his profession. If he neglects to take these, he deprives 
 himself of aid and assistance peculiarly appropriate. Takigrafers will 
 
144 The Hand-Book 
 
 naturally take the TaMgraflo publications ; they should also take, if possible, 
 the leading magazines devoted to Phonography. Some of the Phonoeraphio 
 works will also be found useful in giving eugge^tloiis of a miscellaneous 
 character. If lawyers, physicians and clergymen have their libraries, and 
 magazines devoted to their profession, why should the young reporter re- 
 gard himself as independent of such aids ? His profession is no less exten- 
 sive than theirs and if his present position does not call for any great skill or 
 tor much information, it certainly cannot be amiss for him to be pre- 
 pared (or one higher and and more exacting. 
 
 Sec. 78. Concluding Instructions. 
 
 The instruction given in the preceding pages, if well and faithfully fol- 
 lowed, win lead the student to a correct and sufficiently brief reporting 
 style. Should he, however, reach this portion of the work before gaining 
 sufficient speed to follow a moderate speaker with accuracy, he should 
 consider carefully in what his deficiencies consist. If he has neglected 
 the manual drills prescribed in the Elements and in the Manual, he 
 should go back to the beginning and commence right. Until a pupil has 
 learned to write the alphabet, the vocal and the consonantal signs, in ten 
 seconds, and has learned to write two letters joined with nearly the same 
 facility as one, he has no foundation on which to build a rapid style of writ- 
 ing. Even more than this, the hand itself must be trained to skill in the 
 use of the pen by varied exercise ; and long continued practice. 
 
 If this preliminary work has been well done, the student should review 
 the work, and see that every special feature of contraction is thoroughly 
 mastered. No student, we presume, will neglect the tables of word and 
 phrase-signs, which should be made as familiar as the alphabet. But, in 
 addition to this, the writing exercises throughout the work, after the pro- 
 per outlines are once secured, should be written from dictation repeatedly, 
 until they can be written with great freedom, as well as accuracy. 
 
 The student who is desirous of reaching the highest measure of success 
 will avail himself of every opportunity tc iraotioe what he has thus ac- 
 quired. He should not leave this text boc k until he has approximatsd a, 
 speed of 150 words a minute, and until he is able to write certain portions 
 of it at a n ore rapid rate than this. 
 
 Having accomplished so much, he should settle down upon some special 
 line of study and practice. If he attempts to apply the the art to all 
 branches of literature and science that may chance to come in his way, 
 without any method, he win waste much valuable time, and gain but little 
 advantage. We do not object to the practice of reporting sermons, lectures, 
 and speeches, on almost any subject that may chance to come in h's way. 
 This will do no harm and may do much good. But this should not be re- 
 garded as serious study. In addition to this, he must statedly and persist- 
 e tly follow some special line of study that will fit him for the practical 
 work in which he expects to engage. This work may be determined for 
 him by circumstances, as in the case of students in our professional schools. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 145 
 
 or of those who are already acquainted with some professional practice, or 
 have some special scientific acquirements. But if the students are young 
 men or young ladies with no classical or professional training, they can 
 select some special field for culture until actual employment settles this 
 question for them. 
 
 When actually settled- in.any kind of work, study the best outlines for the 
 words and phrases, of frequent occurrence. As these words and phrases 
 differ indefinitely in different kinds of employment, they cannot be fully 
 treated in the text-books ; but any competent itstructor can furnish con- 
 tracted outlines for them. If such assistance is not at hand the student 
 should learn to rely on his own invention to devise contractions for special 
 cases as they arise. These contractions should be formed in harmony with 
 the principles of the system, and form a natural part of It. Such contrac- 
 tions are expected and provided for : and the student that uses them need 
 not feel that he goes beyond the system. He is only using in new and 
 special ways, the principles previously acquired. However, the student 
 should observe that an excess of invention will rather hinder than help him 
 In getting speed. The contracted outlines need not be vei? numerous. 
 They ghonld never be allowed to become burdensome.. 
 
146 
 
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OF Takigkafy. 149 
 
 Writing Exercise 22. 
 
 Writing. — Whatever be the fate of this or that system, 
 though every author perish: without a name, yet the art of 
 writing is not only commanding in its origin and history, but 
 is beautiful in its graceful perfections, and imposing in its 
 proper imagery. The true imagery of writing is culled, then, 
 from the sublime and beatiful in nature ; and here the mind 
 cannot but contemplate its advent among the Hebrews with 
 mingled emotions of veneration, awe, devotion, admiration, 
 and pleasui-e. The summit of Sinai is clad with vivid light- 
 nings, and rocked by the awful thunders of the Eternal, while 
 amid the conflicting elements and blazonry of heaven's artil- 
 lery the pen of the Law-giver is put forth to give his divine 
 law, and the first tracings of this proud art to man. There 
 he grouped in lessened lines the sun in his glory, and the 
 moon in her unshorn majesty, the varied shore, the straits, 
 the indentations, the sparkling islands, and culminating waves 
 of the ocean. He blent the windings of the Euphrates and 
 Jordan with the oaks of Bashan and the cedars of Lebanon ; 
 with the rainbow of the cloud he capped the tall pines of 
 Idumea, and mingled the rich shrubbery of Paradise with the 
 spiral furs of Sidonia. Every dot was a star, and every cross 
 [dash] a line of light from the eternal hills ; and when the 
 whole was finished, this wondrous art flamed out from the 
 bosom of the rock, bearing the solemn and divine injunction 
 
 of the moral law, as rules of action for all mankind. Key to 
 
 Spencer's Penmanship. 
 
 I WRiTiNa Well.— When a man would speak well, he must 
 conceive clearly the ideas which he desires to express ■ and if he 
 would write well, he must have distinctly impressed on his mind 
 the characters which he means to exhibit. To illustrate the 
 second essential of good writmg, viz., power of execution, by 
 the same analogy, however just and clear a man's conceptions 
 may be, if his utterance be labored, slow, and timid, his dis- 
 course will be imperfect and unsatisfactory. In like manner 
 if the letters be well formed, but combined and arranged with- 
 out ease or gracefulness, the writing will never be thought 
 beautiful or pleasing. By long experience and observation in 
 
150 The Hand-Book 
 
 teaching, we are induced to believe that but a small proportion 
 of minds are deficient in the faculty of apprehending propor- 
 tionate forms and happy blending of imagery, reflected through 
 the medium of the eye. Such apprehension is generally devel- 
 oped with the greatest quickness, particularly when the judg- 
 ment is assisted in its decisions by the active power and happy 
 opportunity of comparison presented. Imagery, commended 
 to our favorable notice and selection when young, by those we 
 love, andon whose judgment we depend, or left unforbidden to 
 voluntary selection amid our school-boy scenes, when the young 
 heart first begins to revel amid Nature's varied charms, and 
 drink the smiles from friendship's sun-lit brow, makes a deep 
 and lasting impression, which time and toil and age can scarce- 
 ly mar, and never obliterate. Such is our nature. It is the 
 poetry as well as the reality of our existence, embalming the 
 scenery we loved in the innocent days of untried being. 
 
 Better is it for the novitiate in the art of writing to sit down 
 alone with his materials and copy the moon in all her phases, 
 borrow from the serpentinings of the brook that meanders at 
 his feet, bring the Lombardy poplar to his aid, follow the curve 
 of the pendent willow from tendril tp stamen, and bind the 
 whole with the undulating folds of the woodbine, and then 
 call it chirography, than depend for a model of his hand on 
 those miserable productions that, without form or comeUness, 
 pain and perplex, and against the worship of which there is no 
 command, either specified or implied. He would thus have 
 more of nature, and therefore more of the true art of writing. 
 
 Thus, the proper images of writing being implanted in the 
 mind, by having them early before the eye, are adopted by the 
 judgment after comparison has done its labor, and doubt has 
 
 C^HSGd 
 
 The power to bring forth such imagery on paper is latent in 
 the arm, forearm, hand, and fingers, and can only be devel- 
 oped by exercises that affect these auxiliary locahties, and 
 bring a four-fold power to act conjointly with ease and skill. 
 
 Without a free and unobstructed constant horizontal move- 
 ment from right to left, through the whole line, the wntmg 
 will be wanting in harmony of slope, ease, and truthfulness 
 of combination. But when all these movements are practiced 
 
OF Takigrafy. 151 
 
 fully and systematically, all the muscles from the shoulder 
 downwards develop themselves rapidly, and power is gained 
 over the pen to bring forth the adopted imagery of the mind 
 in all the grace and elegance that spring from just proportions 
 and easy execution. 
 
 Practice, to be sure, is indispensable in bringing to perfection 
 any art, science, or profession. 
 
 The pupil must not expect to be able at once to execute what 
 he fully comprehends. Patience and energy are required to 
 attain a thorough and perfect command of hand. There is 
 no royal road by which idleness and indifference may find 
 their way to a goal which is only to be reached by diligent and 
 well-directed application. The only process really short is 
 such as is made so by commencing in a right manner from the 
 outset, securing the advantage of the instructions of an ex- 
 perienced teacher till the object is accomplished. And when 
 the object is accomplished, how beautiful and imposing are 
 the specimens of art which the proficient is able to produce ! 
 The eye glances along the well-written page with as much 
 pleasure as it rests on a beautiful grove when nature and art 
 have unitedly tasked themselves to blend the greatest variety 
 with the utmost symmetry.— Spencer's Penmanship. 
 
 Writing Exercise 23. 
 
 The Akmor or Ebic. 
 There was deep and wondrous meaning 
 
 In that northern legend, old. 
 That when Eric forged his armor 
 
 From his lips an anthem rolled, 
 
 Eolled above the sounding anvil 
 Diapasons high and brave, 
 
 Telling of the victors laurel. 
 
 Telling of the heroes grave. 
 
 There he stood, the swart and earnest, 
 Turning in his brawny hands. 
 
 Many an helmet on his anvil. 
 
 For the knights of many lands. 
 
 And the high heroic music, 
 
 Mingling with the hammer's peal. 
 Gave to Eric's armor virtue 
 
 Never known before to steel. 
 
152 The Hand-Book 
 
 Over all shone Eric's helmets 
 
 In the van like vsrarrior stars, 
 
 Dazzling flashed the sacred armor 
 On the battles sounding cax's. 
 
 Helm and Hauberk were enchanted 
 In that old and wondrous time, 
 
 For he made his siniple smithy 
 
 Glorious with the martial rhyme. 
 
 There's a nobler, grander armor. 
 
 Than the north-men ever made, 
 
 That the human soul must fashion 
 When her battle is arrayed, 
 
 When the lists of life are open, 
 
 When the demon shadow falls. 
 
 When the trump of truth is sounding 
 Many a charge on errors walls. 
 
 Let us. when we forge that armor 
 
 Think and whisper holy thought. 
 
 Hymns to which the Pauls and Stephens 
 Many a mighty armor wrought. 
 
 Helm and Hauberk then enchanted 
 By the high and holy rhyme. 
 
 Shall forever bear us scathless 
 
 On the battle field of time. 
 
 BEEVITIES. 
 
 We make laws, but we follow customs. 
 
 A good man will never teach what he does not believe. 
 
 They never find God who seek Him solely by reasoning. 
 
 A clear conscience is the best law, and temperance the best 
 physio. 
 
 The human heart is like heaven, — the more angels the more 
 room for them. 
 
 Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful, we 
 must carry it with us, or we find it not. 
 
 Let us at least commence the day with words of kindness, 
 for even the birds sing praise to their Creator every morning. 
 
 Anecdote. — " How do you know," said a traveler to a poor, 
 wandering Arab of the desert, "that there is a God?" "In 
 the same manner," he replied, "that I trace the footsteps of 
 of an animal, — by the prints it leaves upon the sand." 
 
OF Takigbafy. 153 
 
 Writing Exercise 24. 
 
 Freedom and Patriotism. God has stamped upon our very 
 humanity, the impress of freedom. It is the unchartered pre- 
 rogative of human nature. A soul ceases to be a soul, in 
 proportion as it ceases to be free. Strip it of this, and you 
 Strip it of one of its essential and characteristic attributes. 
 Every people is attached to its country just in proportion as 
 it is free. No matter if that country be in the rocky fastnesses 
 of Switzerland, amidst the snows of Tartary, or on the 
 most barren and lonely island-shore ^ yet, when the songs of 
 those free homes chance to fall upon the exile's ear, no soft 
 and ravishing airs that wait upon the timid f eastings of Asiatic 
 opulence ever thrilled the heart with such mingled rapture 
 and agony as those simple tones. Sad mementos might they 
 be of poverty and want and toil ; yet it was enough that they 
 were mementos of happy freedom. 
 
 I have seen my countrymen, when a fellow wanderer in 
 other lands ; and little did I see or feel to warrant the appre- 
 hension, sometimes expressed, that foreign travel would 
 weaken our patriotic attachments. One sigh for home — home, 
 arose from all hearts. And why, from palaces and courts^ 
 why, from gallei'ies of the arts, where the marble softens into 
 life, and painting sheds an almost living presence of beauty 
 around it — why, from the mountain's awful brow, and the 
 lonely valleys and lakes, touched with the sunset hues of old 
 romance — why, from those venerable and touching ruins to 
 which our very heart grows — why, from all these scenes, were 
 they looking beyond the swellings of the Atlantic wave, to a 
 dearer and holier spot of earth — their own, own country? 
 Doubtless, it was in part because it is their country ! But it 
 was also, because they knew that there was no oppression, no 
 pitiful exaction of petty tyranny, no accredited and in-esist- 
 ible religious domination, no odious soldier at every corner, 
 or swarms of imploring beggars, the victims of misrule ; be- 
 cause there was liberty — upon all the green hills, and amidst 
 all the peaceful villages — liberty, the wall of fire around the 
 humblest home ; the crown of glory, studded with her ever- 
 blazing stars, upon the proudest mansion ! Oeville Dewey. 
 
154 
 
 The Hand-Book 
 
 
 
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 155 
 
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156 The Hahd-Book 
 
 specimens of business letters. 
 
 (Key to Opposite Page.) 
 
 New Yobk, Oct. 31, KSi 
 Mr. James Blanceiaed, Chicago. 
 
 • Dear Sir :— We take pleasure in sending this day, 
 
 by your order, the enclosed invoice o( goods, amounting to One Thousand 
 Dollars ; subject to 10 per cent, discount. 
 
 Tour references being entii'ely satisfactory, we have no hesitation in 
 opening an account, and allowing you our best terms. Trusting that the 
 £Oods, which are sent by express, will arrive safely, and meet your favor, 
 K e are Yours Truly, 
 
 ALEXANDER SMITH & CO. 
 
 Buffalo, Nov. 10, 18B2. 
 Mesbbs. a. B. Harkis & Co., New York. 
 
 Dear Sir :— Enclosed find P. O. Order for $33.00, for which please send 
 by the American Express, the following goods : 
 
 ' Lancaster Table Spreads, at $1.50 $ 6.00 
 
 10 Yds. Waterproof Cloth, 5 black, and 5 blue, 1.00 10.00 
 
 ao Yds. Calico, brown, with small figure, 10 2.00 
 
 30 " " white, with small pink dot, 15 4.50 
 
 i lA&eii Handkerchiefs .25 .50 
 
 Yours, 
 
 Total $23.00 
 
 J. HAMMERSMITH. 
 
 Messrs. J. L. Merritt & Co., 
 
 We beg to acknowledge receipt 
 bf your esteemed favor of the 15th inst., by which we note that First of 
 Exchange for £900 remittance per " Western Empire," reached you ia due 
 course. 
 
 Second of Exchange was forwarded to you on the 10th inst., per " City of 
 Berlin." 
 
 We have had no tidings of the " City of Berlin " since her departure from 
 this port ; but as the weather has been favorable, we hope soon to hear of 
 her safe arrival on your side. 
 
 As soon as the claims for short delivery have been finally adjusted, we 
 will forward you closed accounts, together with remittance for the balance. 
 London, September 25, 1882. 
 
 BARING BEOS. 
 

 
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 Te8timo¥y Reported by Samuel Purkell, op San Francisco, Cal. 
 (Contributed in Takigrafy to Browne's Phonographic Monthly.) 
 Mr. C. Ston^^ examined by Commissioner Goyle. 
 
 Question.— Can you, sir, state any principle establishing commutation 
 rates, monthly ticket, or other tickets entitling parties to ride without 
 payment in advance for each ride, except what you have already given as 
 to the established rules about rates of fare ? 
 
 Mr. Stone. — ^We have no universal rule governing commutation rates, 
 round tiip tickets, &c., but they are made usually where people dwelling in 
 the country can go into large cities and out the same .day, where hotel bills 
 do not have to be incurred. Low rates are based a good deal on that idea, 
 also on the number of persons or commuters to be accommodated. 
 
 Question.— Then no ruleoan be given concerning them, you think. They 
 are fixed with reference to the general character of the business, and its 
 magnitude, with some consideration tor the speedy and healthy develop- 
 ment of the country, also keeping a sharp look-out for the treasury of 
 the road f 
 
 Answer.— Yes, that Is it exactly. I know of no rule by which such things 
 can be calculated. It is a matter of good judgment for each individual 
 case as it arises. 
 
 Question.— Is there economy in taking a through-ticket, to your ultimate 
 destination? If so, how much, what percentage is that economy, may I 
 inquire f " * 
 
 Answer.— The saving is perhaps equal to some 85 per cent, or more, all 
 round. But one road does not stand all the reduction ; it is shared by all 
 the roads proportionally, generally according-to their mileage, but some- 
 times other elements creep in which vary that somewhat. As I have said 
 before, I do not know how to tell you .these things in rules, because it is a 
 matter of judgment, of friendly compromise and the like. 
 
 Question. — When charges of rates are varied how do they change, are 
 they mostly in favor of a reduction ? 
 
 Answer.— Almost always. I cannot at this moment remember that we ever 
 voluntarily raised rates. Such an act would generally not be a position 
 based on good policy. It might also be ineffective as a finality, and the 
 public would be pretty sure to look upon it as declaratory of an overmas- 
 tering desire to get rich too suddenly, and hostUe legislation would be 
 invited. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 
 
 159 
 
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160 The Hand-Book 
 
 specimen op law reporting. 
 
 Address of Hon. Chas. S. May; furnished by E. P. Goodrich. 
 If your Honor please, — Oentlemen of the Jury i-r- 
 In my whole experience-as an advocate and public speaker I have seldom 
 if ever, felt impressed with such embarrassment as I now feel in rising to 
 close the argument for the people in this most important cause. Called 
 here vrithout previous knowledge of the facts farther than as a citizen I had 
 read in the public points, I do not enjoy the advantage of that intimate 
 acquaintance with all the ramifications of this evidence, that knowledge 
 of witnesses, their history, their character, which my brothers on either side 
 have enjoyed throughout this trial. Coming here in the line of my pro- 
 fessional duty, I find a most extraordinary case. I find that a great crime 
 has been committed by somebody : a crime that imperils your habitations, 
 your public structures, the. veiy lives of your citizens. I say I find that a 
 great crime has been committed, because it is not claimed here by my 
 brothers on the other side that the burning of Armory Hall was acciden- 
 . tal. The fire was set by somebody. Whosetit? That is the question which 
 •you are to decide. Gentlemen of the jury, I am here to assist you in the 
 discharge of this duty, and I beg you to believe that what I shall say to you 
 to-night is prompted by no spirit of m :lice or persecution against anybody. 
 I am here to assist the prosecution, which I believe has been conducted as 
 carefully, as candidly, as any prosecution that was ever commenced in the 
 State of Michigan. I have seen prosecutions, as you may have seen, as all 
 lawyers and men of experience have seen, prosecutions marked by bitterness 
 prosecutions that have degenerated into mere persecutions ; but such is not 
 the case here, and I am glad to be able to say this much upon my respon- 
 sibility as a man and a lawyer in your presence to relieve, if it should be 
 thought necessary, this prosecuting officer from all imputations that have 
 been cast upon him. Under such facts as have been divulged before you, 
 what was the duty of the prosecuting officer of this county? Can any man 
 say that he would have been justified under his oath of office, on his public 
 duty and conscience in passing this case by, in entering a nolle prosequi in 
 the court upon it? As he told you to-day, and I cannot doubt his word 
 when I see this mass of work he has accomplished ; he has spent nearly a 
 year of work in bringing this case to your attention, and yet, gentlemen, 
 in the discharge of this duty, in the performance of this Herculean labor, 
 lie could have been actuated by no motive except the motive of the pub- 
 lic good and the public safety. 
 
OF Takigbafy. 
 
 161 
 
 
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164 The Hand-Book 
 
 declaration of independence. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary tor one people 
 to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, 
 and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal sta- 
 tion to which the laws of Nature, and Nature's God entitle them, a decent 
 respect to the opinions of mankind requnes that they should declare the 
 causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; 
 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; 
 that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
 secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
 just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of 
 government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
 to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun- 
 dation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to 
 them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
 indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed 
 for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown 
 that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than 
 to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
 But when a lon^ train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
 same ob.1ect,.evinceB a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
 is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide 
 new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
 of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
 alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
 of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
 in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
 To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
 the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
 importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
 obtained ; and when so suspended* he has utterly neglebted to attend to 
 them. He has refused to pass other laws for the a'ccomraodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
 sentation in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
 tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
 able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole 
 purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative nouses repeatedly for opposing, with 
 manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolution, to cause others to 
 be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihil ition, have 
 returned to the people at large for their exercise, the state remaining, in 
 the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and 
 convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States : for that 
 purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
 pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
 of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to 
 laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
 oiDces, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
 consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has effected to render the military ind^ipendent of, and superior to, the 
 civil power. 
 
OF Takigrafy. 1G5 
 
 Declakation of Independence. 
 
 iP/X ?^ -57-/^/- 'V='l I . y>^ '^ J^ -^ ^epP^ V ^ "^ . 
 
166 The Hand-Book 
 
 He has combined with oth3rs to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our 
 Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giying his assent to their 
 acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 . For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders 
 which thay should commit on the inhabitants of these states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws m a neighboring province, 
 establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlargmg its boundaries, 
 so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
 same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering, fundamentally, the forms of our government : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaiing themselves invested 
 with power to legislate for us in aU cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, 
 and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundereh our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
 destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
 complete the works of deatn, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with 
 circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
 barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
 to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
 friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to 
 bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
 sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the 
 most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
 repeated injui'y. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant is unfit to be tlie ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have 
 warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend 
 an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have remmded them of the 
 circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
 to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured tnem by 
 tlic ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would 
 inevitably interrupt our connections .and correspondence. Tney, too, have 
 been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
 acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, 
 as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, In 
 General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
 for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of 
 the good people, of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these 
 United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States : 
 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
 political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and 
 ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, 
 they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alhances, estab- 
 lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States 
 may of right do And for the support of this declaration, with a firm 
 reliance on the protection of Dlvme Providence, we mutually pledge ts 
 eacli Qti)$r OUT lires, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
OF Takigbafy. 
 
 167 
 
 Declaration of Independence. (Concluded.) 
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