BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 189X ..A'^MZ-iZ. ::^^: Cornell University Library UF350 .K72 The elements of field artillery : olin 3 1924 030 759 223 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030759223 THE ELEMENTS OF FIELD AETILLEEY THE ELEMENTS OF FIELD -AETILLEEY DESIGNED FOR THE USE OP INFANTRY AND GAYALRT OFFICERS BY HENEY KNOLLYS CAPTAIN ROYAL ARTILLERY Author of ' Prom Sedan to Saarbrilck ' Editor of ' Incidents in the Sepoy War,' &c. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCOOLXXVII PEEFACE. Opficees of infantry and cavaby, especially those belonging to the Staff, to whom some elementary knowledge of the practical working of field-artillery is absolutely necessary, have frequently requested me to recommend to them a text-book, wherein they might study the sub- ject. Of standard, scientific works of this nature there is no lack — amongst them Colonel Owen's 'Modern Artillery' is pre-eminent; and I beg leave to express my acknowledgments to this officer for the assistance I have received from his treatise, from which I have ventured to borrow largely, and which I strongly recom- mend to those who wish to obtain a thorough knowledge of the science. For amateur artillerists, however, who enter on this subject as a collateral, not a main object of their profession, the standard books supply vi Preface. information in excess of what is required. They are a little too lengthy, and a great deal too abstruse. The student is at a loss to sift what will be of practical use to him from what is in- tended for highly-trained Artillery officers, and to draw the line between the departments of field and garrison artillery. He is puzzled with the technical expressions, and dismayed at the intro- duction of highly interesting but intricate calcu- lations ; and in nine cases out of ten he gives up the task in despair, believing that it can be grappled with successfully by members of " the scientific corps " only. With a view of obviating these difficulties, I have compiled the present volume. The bulk of it is old matter, and well-informed artillerists are warned off ; but I have endeavoured to put it in such a shape that it may be easUy under- stood by non - artillery officers, and to insert nothing but what is of direct, practical utility to officers of other branches of the service, or what is absolutely necessary to a comprehension of the elementary principles. HENEY KNOLLTS, Copf. Boyal Artillery. 17 Eaton Square, London, January 1877. CONTENTS, PART I. GUNS— AMMUNITION— CAEEIAGES. CHAP. PiOE I. Guns, ....... 3 ■ Different parts of a gun. — Construction of muzzle-loading rifled 9 -pounder guns. — Breech-loading field-guns. — Method of working breech - loading guns. — Machine guns. — The mitrailleur. — The Gatling gun. — Definitions of terms used in gunnery. — Principles of laying a gun. —The tangent-scale. — Range-finder. ^Tables of field- guns. II. Ammunition, . . .; . . .16 Projectiles for muzzle-loading field-guns : Case — Com- mon shell — Water shell — Double shell — Shrapnel shell — Action of shrapnel shell — Solid shot — Hot shot. — Projectiles for breeoh-loading field-guns : Case — Common sheU — Segment shell — Shrapnel shell. — Rockets. — ^Explanation of the action of a rocket. — Ad- vantages and defects of rockets. — Fuzes. — Time-fuzes for muzzle-loading field-guns. — Action of time-fuzes. — Time- fuzes for breeoh-loading field-guns. — Percussion-fuzes. — ^Action of the percussion-fuze. — Comparative advan- tages of time and percussion fuzes. — Means of firing guns.— The friction-tube.— Port-fires, &o. — Gunpowder. — Tests for gunpowder. — Gun cartridges. viii Contents. III. COMPAEATIVB AdVAKTAGBS AND DEFECTS OF BeEBCH- LOADING AND MUZZLB-LOADINO FlELD-GTJNS, . 43 IV. Caeeiagbs, . . . . . . .49 The gon-cajiiage. — The gun-Umber, — The ammunition- ■waggon. — Small stores. — Carriages for guns of position. — Carriages for mountain-guns. — Spare carriages. — Com- parative advantages of shaft and pole draught. — Amount of ammunition carried with a battery. — Tables of ammu- nition. — Models. PAET IL DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FIELD-ARTILLERY- DRILL— ADMINISTRATION. I. CoMPOSiTioiT OF Battebibs OF Field-Artillbkt, . 59 Field-batteries. — Duties of the various ranks. — Pace of field-batteries. — Horse-artillery batteries. — Batteries of position. — Mountain-batteries. — Tables showing the establishment of batteries of field-artillery. II. Peinoiples of Fibld-Aetillbet Deill, . . .67 Definitions and explanations of terms. — Intervals, front- age, distances, and depths. — Positions of ofScers and Nos. 1 when in line. — Commands and signals. — General rales for manoeuvres. — Drill movements. — Camps. III. Administration and Inteeioe Economy, . . 76 Composition and strength of the Royal Artillery. — First appointments and subsequent transfers. — The brigade organisation. — Lieutenant - colonels. — Majors. — Cap- tains. — Lieutenants. — Sergeants. — Corporals, bombar- diers, and acting-bombardiers. — Gunners and drivers. Staff-sergeants.— Artificers. — Rough-riders. — Duties of the orderly ofiicer. — General duties of ofiScers. — Barraek- room duties. — Tables of pay. Contents. PAET III. PRACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF FIELD-ARTILLERY. I. Working of a Single Batteky in the Field, . . 91 Definitions of difierent descriptions of fire. — Rules for the selection of positions. — Nature of projectile to be fired under various ciroumstances and ranges. — CommoD shell. — Shrapnel shell. — Case. — Rate of firing. — Rockets. — Mitrailleurs and Gatlings.— Supply of am- munition and replacement of casualties in the field. — Marching. — Transport of artUlery by railway. — Fords. 11. "Working Aktilleet in the Field in conjunction WITH other Arms, ..... 116 Distribution of the artillery of an army corps. — Frequent sources of error in the employment of artillery. — Ex- amples of the employment of artillery. — Reserve artil- lery. — Duties of the brigadier-general commanding the artillery of an army corps. — A division of artillery working with other troops. — Duties of lieutenant-colo- nels of artillery in the field. — Transmission of orders for artillery.— The individual battery in the field in conjunction with other troops. — Duties of horse-artil- lery working with cavaliy. — Escorts for artillery. — Position of artillery on the line of march with other branches of the service. — Outposts. — Means of render- ing guns unserviceable. — Means of rendering disabled guns fit for use. III. — Examples from Modern Warfare illustrating the Employment of Artillery, . . .141 Friedland. — Wagram. — Fuentes d'Onor. — Sobraon. — Inkerman. — Malakoff. — Sedan. — The Carlist War, 1875. X Contents. IV. GrEADlTAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT CONDITION OF Aetillbey, ...... 164 Early history and subsequent progress. — Eecent remark- able improvements in artillery. —Practical application of the science of artillery. — Eeqnisites for the efiFective * employment of artillery. -^Comparison between English and foreign field-artillery. Indkx, ..... 177 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. "Wkought-Iron Rifled Muzzle-loading 9-Pottnder, 6 cwt. To face page 4 12-PoirNDBE Bkeech-loading Rifled Gun (Aemsteong), TofoAiepage 8 Gatling Batteey-Gun, . . . . .10 To Illitsteate Definitions, . . . To f axe page 12 Tanuent-Soalb, . . . . . . .13 Shot, R.M.L. Case, 9-Poundee, . . . 17 Shell, R.M.L. Common, Q-Pounder, . . . .17 Shell, R.M.L. Boxee Sheapnel, Q-Poundee, . 20 Segment Shell, B.L., . . . . 23 Hale's Rocket, .... . . 24 Fuzes, Time, Wood, Boxee M.L. Oednance, 9 Seconds, . 28 Time-Fuze fixed in Shell, . . . . .30 Peeoussion-Fuze, ... . . 32 Feiction-Tube, . . .... 38 Weought-Ikon Fibld-Gun Caeeiage foe 16-Poundee Gun, To face page 50 Ammunition-Waggon, ... n 52 Formations of Aetilleey, . . • " 70 Aktilleet Encampment by Subdivisions, . 75 Effects of Shrapnel, .... . 104 WOEKS EEFEEEED TO IN THIS VOLUME. The Principles and Practice of Modem Artillery. By Lieutenant- Colonel Owen, B.A. The Manual of Artillery Exercises. The Manual of Field- Artillery Exercises. The Soldier's Pocket-Book. Third Edition. By Major-General Sir Garnet Wolseley. Short Notes on Field-Batteries. By Captain Orde Browne, R.A. The Blue-Book Eeport of Artillery Experiments carried on at Oke- hampton, 1875. Army Estimates, 1876 and 1876. Instructions for Infantry Outposts, issued provisionally for the Autumn Manoeuvres of 1872. &c., &c., &c. PAET I. GUNS-AMMUNITION-CAEEIAGES NOTE. The various subjects treated of in this volume have been classified into Three Parts, each of which may be studied inde- pendently of the others, though of course a more thorough knowledge will be gained by a perusal of the whole. THE ELEMENTS OF FIELD-AETILLEEY. CHAPTEE I. GUNS. DIFFEMNT PARTS OV A GTTN — CONSTIlirCTION OP MtrZZl;E-LOADING EIFLED 9-POTJNDBK GUTTS ■ — BREECH - LOADING FIELD-GUNS — METHOD OF WORKING BREECH-LOADING GUNS— MAOHf^B GUNS — THE MITRAILLEUR — THE GATLING GUN — DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN GUNNERY — PRINCIPLES OF LAYING A GUN — THE TAN- GENT-SCALE — RANGE-FINDER — TABLES OF FIELD-GUNS. DiFFEEENT PAETS OF A GUN. The muzzle-loading field-gun now in use in the British service is divided into the following prin- cipal parts (fig. 1, Plate I.) : " Cascable," A B, " Breech-con," ^ B G, " Chase/' C B, " Muzzle," D B. 1 In the old smooth-boTe gun the space between L T was marked off into two portions by a surface ring, and these portions were called the " First and Second Reinforces." In modem guns the ring has been discontinued, and no recognised term has been adopted to desig- nate this part of the gun. 4 Guns. The projection in rear is called the " Button," F ; the " Breech," F H, strictly speaking, extends from the bottom of the bore to the junction of the button. The gim is supported in its carriage by projections called "Trunnions," ^X, placed a little in front of the centre of gravity of the piece, in order that it may rest steadily on the carriage. This excess of weight in rear of the trunnions is the " Preponderance," and should be as small as possible, to facilitate raising the breech when additional depression of the muzzle is required. The " Vent," L, is the small channel by means of which the gun is fired. The increased thickness at the muzzle, adopted to check its tendency to droop after long - continued firing, is called the "Swell of the Muzzle," and the patch immediately above it the " Dispart Patch," M. It does not, how- ever, exist in heavier guns than the 9-pounder. In the 16-pounder a trunnion-sight (see p. 12) is substi- tuted. It forms one of the sights, a Hne, L M, called the " Line of Metal," drawn from the breech to the dispart patch, being parallel to the axis of the bore, 5 0, and thus facilitatiag aiming, or " laying " the piece. The " Dispart " is half the difference between . the thickness of the gun at the breech and the muzzle — that is to say, it equals P M. The bore has three " Grooves," a ; the intervening portions are called the " Lands." The " CaUbre," R S, is the diameter of the bore measured across the lands, and the slight WROT IRON RIFLED MUZJ 12 P? B, L. RIFLED 01 Tig. 2, Santion,of Grooves of 12 Pr. twice. fiM size^. - V SECTION w//,v///y///^ ''''''''''''''''''y ' ''''''^''^ ^z2l_ 72'^_Lertg0i '■^ MUZZLE LDADINC 9 P P B CWT. liM7:E -/. |^/t^i.(T5:55rs ?i^p^;;;?:g^^^ ■^>»»,v/-v: , .7m^/z^m:m'v ////y>yy/////>7777Y^^ tm VIEW. L JIFIED GUN ARMSTRONG. PLAN sitnoN A. A. Barrel. JB. a&rj). Coils. T. TruruiipivJiinff I t'/'y.'///M/////777777?'7y>. A yM////////////////2 /^ if ]Mli a g.^ to gl tH M g^^g gg-^-^ !S o bb a !x( ^ PqfilpH « » O » nO^ - CO '2 g CO -^ Bi (8 O i,-^ ^ r-[ C?0 Cm ^-q^nai •H rH r-l ^ tq 4^ '^ !M iO ^ QO CO fl ^ 03 'WSiaAV I'O 3^ 00 Eh * 1 'fi^ « II S 8 i6 Ammunition. CHAPTER II. AMMUNITION. PROJECTILES FOE MUZZLE - LOADING FIELD-GUNS — CASE — COMMON SHELL — WATEE SHELL — DOUBLE SHELL — SHEAPNEL SHELL — AOTION OP SHEAPNEL SHELL — SOLID SHOT — HOT SHOT — PEOJEO- TILES FOE BEBEOH-LOADING FIELD-GUNS — CASE — COMMON SHELL — SEGMENT SHELL — SHEAPNEL SHELL — EOCKETS — EXPLANATION OF THE AOTION OF A EOOKET — ADVANTAGES AND DEFECTS OF EOCKETS— FUZES— TIME-FUZES FOE MUZZLE-LOADING FIELD-GUNS — ACTION OF TIME -FUZES — TIME-FUZES FOE BEEECH- LOADING FIELD-GUNS — PEECUSSION-FUZES — AOTION OF THE PEECUSSION- FUZB — OOMPAEATIVE ADVANTAGES OF TIME AND PEECUSSION- FUZES — MEANS OF FIEING GUNS — THE FEICTION-TUBE — POET- FIEBS, ETC. — GUNPOWDEE — TESTS FOE GUNPOWDEE — GUN OAET- EID6ES. Peojeotiles job Muzzle-loading Field-Guns. Case (fig. 6) is a tin cylinder filled with bullets of lead hardened "with antimony, of about the same size as the old smooth-bore musket-balls, and varying in number accordiag to the calibre of the gun for which they are designed. The 9-pounder case contains 110 bullets. The interstices between them are filled with clay and sand. When the gun is fired, the tin cyUn- der breaks up in the bore, and the liberated balls are Projectiles for Muzzle-loading Field-Guns. 1 7 scattered at the muzzle. Case is effective up to about 350 yards, or, if fired with an extra charge of powder, a l^^^^^^^rt in^ ^y ^1 I^B^SI ^Bl I^^J J ^^^^H b^.rH|^^gl|| ls?^^J^A'^'3 \ Fig. 6.— Shot, E.M.L. Case, 9-poiinder. Fig. 7.— Sliell, E.M.L. Common 9-pauiider. little further ; the bullets quickly lose their velocity. It is used against infantry or cavalry at very close quarters. Common Shell (fig. 7) is a hoUow cast-iron pro- B 1 8 Ammunition. jectile filled with gunpowder called a " bursting- charge." In form it is cyUndro-ogival (pronounced ojival; Prencli, pointed arch), the ogive head beiag found to give superior range and penetration to the conoidal head. Its length is about three times its calibre — for iastance, the diameter of the 9-pounder shell being 3 inches, its length is 9 iuches. With the old spherical projectile, it is evident that to in- crease the weight of the shot, it was also necessary to increase the calibre of the gun ; but with elongated pro- jectiles, the weight can be increased simply by adding to the length. For instance, the 12-pounder and the 9- pounder Armstrong guns are of the same calibre, but the 9-pounder projectile is shorter than that for the 12- pounder. The bursting-charge of the common shell is ignited at the required moment in the flight of the projectile by means of a fuze, A, either " time " or " per- cussion," whereupon the sheU is scattered into frag- ments with great violence. Its interior is made smooth by lacquer, as otherwise premature explosions are liable to occur, owing to the friction of the bursting- charge against the rough surface of the interior iron. As explained in page 6, it is made to take the rifling by three rows of metal studs, 6, 6, 5. Common shell may be used with advantage against troops at long ranges, especially in column or under cover, and against buildings and obstacles. They are distinguished by being painted black. Projectiles for Muzzle-loading Field- Guns. 1 9 Water Shell. — This projectile has been lately experimented on with excellent results. It consists of a common shell, fitted with a small cylinder, con- taining about a quarter of an ounce of compressed gun-cotton and a detonating fuze screwed into the head — the space unoccupied below this cylinder being filled with water. Thus the interior is more com- pletely filled than can be insured by the ordinary bursting-charge, which is always liable to " set up," and leave interstices ; and in consequence, the shell breaks up into a larger number of fragments with greater destructive effects. The Special Committee on Eifled Field-Guns, 1875, reported that "the water shell, as used by them at Okehampton, is capable of producing a greater effect against troops as a percus- sion-shell than any projectile with which they are acquainted. It possesses the advantage of extreme simplicity and cheapness." The following was the result of rapid firing with the 16 -pounder gun at a range of 2000 yards : — Bounds. Hits per shell. 36 Shrapnel — ^time, 52 36 Shrapnel — ^percussion, .... 43 36 Water — percussion, 117 Its drawback is, that the gun-cotton being smokeless, no puff is produced on graze — a serious defect, because at long ranges the gunners would have great difficulty in correcting for those errors of laying which are almost inevitable on first opening fire. 20 Ammunition. Double Shell is a shell of increased length, strengthened internally by three longitudinal bars, and containing a bursting- charge larger than that used with the ordinary shell. It weighs 12 lb., and is iired from a 7-pounder gun, gen- erally with a very great ele- vation and a small charge. Under these circumstances, it fulfils to some extent the purposes of mortar or vertical fire, and can search out ob- jects which would be other- wise completely under cover. Sheapnel Shell (fig. 8) differs from common shell in having its interior filled with bullets embedded in rosin — 63 bullets in the 9-pouDder shrapnel. A small bursting- charge is placed in a tin chamber, A, at the base. The Fig. 8. -Shell, R.M.L. Boxer ^^^^> ^» is of elm, covered Shrapnel, g.pounder. ^^^.j^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ Wrought iron, and riveted to the body. A fuze, C, is fitted to the head, as with common shell ; and in order to conduct the fuze flame to the bursting -charge, a Projectiles for Muzzle-loading Field- Guns. 2 1 wrpuglit-iron tube, D, in wHoli is placed a metal primer, E, filled with mealed powder, passes down the centre of the projectile. The shell is cast with four longitudinal grooves inside, forming "lines of least resistance," and facilitating its being opened by the bursting-charge. It is distinguished from the common sheU by having the head painted red. Dur- ing transport, both natures have their tops closed with metal plugs, which are im screwed on coming into action, and replaced by fuzes. Shrapnel as well aa common shell, for field service, are always carried " loaded " — that is, with their bursting-charges inside them, ready for instant use. Action of Shbapnbl Shell. — ^At a certain point in the range, the fuze, bored according to calculation, ignites the bursting-charge, which opens out the shell, and sets free the bullets, which gradually spread, but proceed forward in nearly the same direction, and with nearly the same velocity possessed by the shell at the moment of explosion. The bursting-charge is very small — only just sufi&cient to open the projectile — as otherwise it would interfere with the direct flight of the bullets. Shrapnel is used against scattered troops and skir- mishers in open, fairly level ground, beyond the effective range ' of case. It is, in fact, merely case adapted to long ranges. Solid Shot are obsolete for field-guns, shell being 22 A mmunition. employed in lieu. The latter, however, filled with sand instead of a bursting-charge, and plugged with conical pieces of wood instead of with fuzes, may he employed in the improbable event of solid shot being required. Hot Shot, which are useful in setting fire to build- ings and exploding magazines, cannot, unfortimately, be fired from rifled ordnance. Peojectiles foe Beeeoh-loading Field-Guns. Case differs from that used with muzzle-loaders in having three solder studs at the base, which jam in the chamber of the gun, and prevent its being rammed too far up the bore. Common Shell differs from the muzzle-loading shell chiefly in being coated with lead and being slightly larger than the bore of the gun. The force of the explosion drives the soft coating into the rifling, as explained in page 8. Segment Shell (fig. 9) consists of a thin cast-iron shell, inside which cast-iron segments are built up, leaving a hollow space in the centre, where the burst- ing-charge is placed. The outside is coated with lead, which flows between the segments and binds them together. This construction on the principle of the arch is very strong against external pressure, but readily yields to the inside, opening pressure of the Projectiles for Breech-loading Field-Guns. 23 Section. bursting-charge, especially since grooves are cast in the skeleton of the shell. Segment may be used as solid shot, as common shell, as case, or as shrapnel. In the first case, it has no fuze ; in the second instance, the fuze is arranged so as to explode the bursting-charge on striMng the object. As shrapnel, the fuze is adjusted so as to cause explosion when within 30 yards of the object; or if employed as case, so as to burst within 150 yards of the muzzle of the gun. The projectile is gener- ally too complicated and unre- liable to be satisfactory in its action ; and as soon as the shell is burst, the released seg- ments, from their peculiar shape, fly very wild, and quickly lose their velocity. It is not issued to muzzle-loading guns. Sheapnel Shell differs from muzzle-loading shrap- nel principally in being coated with lead. For the special purposes for which the various descriptions of projectiles above described are suitable, see also pages 103-109. Fig. 9. Base. -Segment Shell, B.L. 24 Ammunition. EOCKETS. The service rockets are Hale's 24-pounders and 9-pounders. Hale's Eooket. (fig. 10) consists of a cylindrical case of Atlas metal, to which is riveted a cast-iron Section. Fig. 10.— Hale's Eooket. head, A, plugged mth oak. Pormerly the head was of the nature of' a shell, and was fitted with a fuze ; hut the operation of preparing, in the field, the pro^ jectile for action, was so dangerous, and the results were so unreliable, that the shell head was discon- tinued : it wiE, however, be resumed on an improved construction. A comparatively slowly-burning com- position is pressed into the case over a conical spindle, which, on being withdrawn, leaves a cavity, B, in the composition. The base of the case is closed by a cast- iron ring with three conical vents, a, a, a ; and round Rockets 25 one side of each vent is a circular " half-shield," D, pro- jecting about \\ inch. The gas of the burning com- position, rushing through the vents, presses obliquely against these half - shields, and causes the rocket to rotate, whereby a greater accuracy of flight is attained, and the necessity for a steadying stick is done away with. The inside of the case is corru- gated — ^in the form of folds — so as to give the compo- sition a hold, and to prevent the latter twisting away from it — a contingency which would render their use very dangerous. Eockets are painted red. They are discharged from very light tubes, or from light V- shaped troughs, or they may be fired from the ground, the heads being slightly tilted up. The composition is lighted by a port-fire or a friction-tube : the pro- jectile instantly starts forward, and, with an acceler- ating force, flies over a varying range of about 1800 yards, until the whole of the composition is consumed. During its flight it acquires a rotatory motion through the action of the vents. Explanation of the Action of a Eocket. — ^The generally-received explanation of the motion of a rocket is, that by reason of the cavity B, and the consequent large surface of the composition inflamed at once, the amount of gas thereby generated cannot escape through the vent-holes as quickly as formed. A pressure is therefore exerted in every direction inside the case, E (fig. 10). The pressures against the sides balance 26 Ammunition. each other ; but that against the head is greater than that on the base, owing to the escape through the vents. The surplus pressure imparts a forward motion. The armies of almost all civUised nations have in turn introduced rockets into their service, and have gradually abandoned them owing to their being so unmanageable and unreliable. In the English army we still cling to them, and attempt, occasionally with success, to employ them in active warfare. Advantages and Defects of Eockets. — Sockets are one of the unsolved problems in the science of gun- nery. The subject is still in its infancy, and is beset with difficulties; and whoever succeeds in solving them, will probably be the greatest Artillery inventor of the day. On the one hand, the projectile, when success- fully managed, produces very striking results, either as a solid shot, a shell, or an incendiary missile. Its moral effects are enormous, especially against cavalry; it requires no gun, and a mere fraction of the men, appliances, and expense involved in -the use of other descriptions of projectiles ; each rocket -detachment consists of five men only. " It is," to use the expression of Sir William Congreve, the practical adapter of them, "the soul of artniery without the body." On the other hand, the practical difficulties militating against their use have thus far been found insuperable. The burning composition deteriorates by being kept ; the projectile is extremely dangerous to handle; and prem- Fuzes. 27 ature and unexpected explosions are of such frequent occurrence that the detachments never become used to their duties, get hopelessly nervous^ and hate the sight of a rocket, which at last they regard as a dangerous kind of wUd beast, to be got rid of as safely as pos- sible. Again, all attempts to insure for them accuracy of flight have failed, simply beca;iise-^ e^edientSr to steady them by giving them a rapid rotation, have answered only after they have accomplished a great part of their trajectory, while on iirst starting they fly very wild. This objection applies to a certain extent even to Hale's rockets. A very slight wind blowing across the range affects their accuracy most injuriously. In actual practice, rockets have some- times been deflected to such an extent by wind, or by having struck some chance interposing obstacle, that their original direction has become completely reversed, and without exaggeration they have flown back to the party firing them, of course scattering them in dismay.'^ Fuzes. ' Fuzes are employed for igniting the, bursting-charges of shells at the required moment. They may be clas- sified into Time-fuzes and Percussion-fuzes. Time-Fuzes foe Muzzle -loading Field -Guns. — ' See a\sopost, page 106. B 2 28 Ammiinition. The " 9-seconds time-fuze " (fig. 11) consists of a tran- cated cone of beech-wood, about 3 inches long. An Section {full size). Plan. ' H B O 2 o4 of o o C <> o o oi8 B • 3 • 5 • 7 C • 1.9 Fig. 11.— Fuzes, Time, Wood, Boxer M.L. Ordnance, 9 seconds. inflammable substance, called fuze composition,^ A, ^ Its ingredients are : saltpetre, ground, 3 lb. 4 oz. ; sulphur, sub- limed, 1 lb. ; powder, pit-mealed, 2 lb. 12 oz. — total, 7 lb. Fuses. 29 burning at the rate of one inch in five seconds, runs down the interior ; and parallel to it are two powder- channels, of which one only, B, is seen in the section. Side holes, C, likewise filled with powder, are bored into the channels, and are marked in odd and even numbers, representing the half -seconds occupied by the burning of the successive lengths of the fuze com- position. They are covered .over externally with var- nished paper. The top of the composition channel is enlarged to hold the quick-match priming, D, which is wound round a copper pin, E, and passing through two fire-holes (not seen in section) to the outside, are pro- tected by a strip of varnished paper, H. The head is closed by a gun-metal plug, F, to diminish the rapidity with which the composition would otherwise burn, owing to the air pressing against it in flight, and also to prevent its being extinguished should the projectile strike point first. " 9 -seconds " fuzes are painted drab and black. " Five-seconds " fuzes are specially designed for use with shrapnel shell, which are almost thrown away unless they can be exploded at the precisely required point in the range. It is considered that these fuzes can be adapted to a greater nicety. They differ from the 9-seconds fuzes chiefly in having the large chan- nel filled with mealed powder — i.e., powder reduced to dust — instead of with fuze composition, and in having the side holes marked off into half and quarter seconds. They are painted drab and red. 30 Ammunition. The Okehampton Committee have recently recom- mended that these two different descriptions of time- fuzes be merged into one. To prepare time-fuzes for use (figs. 11 and 12) a gimlet is forced through a side hole, C, corresponding to the number of seconds for the estimated range, scales for which are attached to each gun-carriage, into the composition, A. The metal plugs are then unscrewed from the shell openings, and the fuze driven into the fuze -hole with two or three sharp taps of a mallet. The paper band, H, is torn off from the head, the ends of the quick- match, D, being thus exposed, and the projectile is rammed into the gun. Action of Time -Fuze. — (The course of the flame is indicated in the figures by red lines with arrow- heads.) The flash of the discharge of the cartridge rushing over the sides of the shell ignites the ends of the quick-match, D, which quickly communicates with the composi- tion. When the latter has blazed down to the hole, C, through which the gimlet was inserted, the flame bursts into the powder-channel, B, fires the powder Pig. 12.— Time-Fuze fixed in Sliell. Fuzes. 31 in it, flashes downwards, ignites the bursting-charge, and explodes the shell. Should the boring of the side-hole have been im- perfectly executed, the ultimate explosion of the shell is, nevertheless, insured by a piece of quick-match, L, which connects the fuze composition with the bottom hole of each row. The use of the small side powder-channels may not at first be apparent ; for it might be supposed that the flame could rush directly through the side hole and ignite the burster. A reference to figure 12 will, however, show that some of the side holes, such as C, press directly against the metal of the shell ; and thus the egress of the fire through this passage is prevented. Should a projectile impinge upon a hard substance before exploding, the time-fuze will usually be driven into it, and instantaneously explode the bursting-charge, acting as what is termed a " percussion-fuze." Time-Fuze foe Beeech-loading Field-Guns. — Its general construction is similar to that of the time-fuze for muzzle-loaders; but as in breech-loading guns there is no windage, the flame of the cartridge cannot rush over the sides of the projectile, and therefore the fuze must be ignited in the first instance by a special de- tonating arrangement fixed in the head. The shock of the explosion of the charge breaks a suspended hammer, which, falling on some detonating powder, 32 Ammunition. ignites the quick -matcli strand and sets the fuze burning. Its subsequent action resembles that of fuzes for muzzle-loaders. Owing, however, to its in- creased complication, its results are very uncertain ; and for breech-lpading guns percussion-fuzes can alone be relied on. PEECUSSiON-ruzES 1 (fig. 13). — The body is of gun- metal. Inside the top plate a small needle. A, is fixed, pointing downwards. A metal collar, called the " guard," B, fits inside next the top ; a " safety- pin," C, runs through it. A lead " pellet," D, to the N Fig. 13. — Percussion- Fuze. top of which a detonating cap, E, is fixed, fits inside the edge of the guard, and is kept in its place when at rest by four " feathers," F. Below the detonating cap, E, is the powder, H, pressed into a hard cake, with a hollow space, K, down the centre. ' This fiize is so complicated, that to thoroughly understand its construction without having previously examined a model of it is a matter of extreme difBculty. See also p. 49. Fuzes. 33 The object of the safety-pin, C, is to guard against accidental jexplosions in travelling, &c., by keeping the detonating tap, E, from jerking' against the needle, A ; but as the flash of the gun would be liable to ignite the fuze through the withdrawn pin-hole, a second pellet, L, is placed so as to drop over the aperture as soon as the safety-pin has been removed. When the fuze is required for use, it is merely screwed into the head of the shell, and the safety-pin pulled out by the tape, 0. Action of the Peecussion-Puze. — On the shock of the discharge, the guard-collar, B, crushes down the feathers, F, slips to the baze of the fuze, M, and dur- ing flight remains at rest. When the shell, on strik- ing an object or the ground, causes a second shock, pellet and collar fly forward, the detonating cap, E, comes into contact with the needle, A, and explodes the fuze. The thin plate, E", is driven out, and the bursting-charge ignited. This fuze, though open to improvement in point of simplicity, is less complicated than might be supposed from any written description, and has been used with excellent results. They were reported on by the Special Committee of 1875 as "the safest and most ef&cient percussion-fuze for field service with which the committee are acquainted." The percussion-fuze for breech-loaders varies but slightly from those used with muzzle-loaders. 34 Ammunition. COMPAEATIVE ADVANTAGES OF TiME AND PERCUS- SION Fuzes. — ^The present regulated number of fuzes supplied to eacli 9 -pounder gun is 96 percussion and 120 time ; but it is probable that tbe majority of prac- tical artillery officers are of opioion that this proportion is excessive, at any rate for field service, and that time- fuzes should either be altogether abolished, or that a very small proportion of them should be retained for exceptional emergencies. For many years past un- ceasing efforts have been made, especially in England, to improve them by rendering them more simple, and more certain in their results — and our efforts have unquestionably met with a large measure of success ; but the conditions under which time-fuzes are gen- erally used, and which render them uncertain, are altogether beyond human control. They can, in fact, be relied on only when favoured by a combination of circumstances which can seldom or never be looked for in war. For instance, their action, if at all prem- ature or retarded, will render the projectile compara- tively harmless as an explosive missile, wiU discour- age the gunners firing, and by frequent failure wiU weaken the moral effect of artillery against the enemy. And let not this moral effect be lightly considered. Napoleon used to declare that in war the moral is to the physical as three to one ; and Marshal Marmont argued that a battle is won, not by the number of men killed, but by the number of men frightened. Now, Fuzes. 35 this uncerlainty as to the moment of explosion, this failure of results, may be caused by a small error in the elevation of the gun ; by a naiscalculation of even 80 yards in the range — for with time-fuzes it is absolutely necessary to know the exact distance in order that they may be accurately bored ; by an im- perceptible twitch of the hand boring the fuze ; by its age, and the joltiag to which it may have been sub- jected in transport ; and by the dryness of the weather, — all of which affect the burning of the composition. On one occasion the practice of the battery to which I belonged was exceptionally bad, the fuzes all being " long ; " and on investigation it appeared that this was due to the cylinder in which they had been kept hav- ing been opened for purposes of instruction, and when closed again having been insufficiently "lutened" — i.e,., rendered air-tight with a kind of solder In con- sequence, the contents had become slightly damp. Again, for effective firing with time-fuzes, there must be facilities for observing the value of each sheU, as regards height and distance of the point of burst from the object. Percussion-fuzes are liable to none of these sources of error. They are perfectly reliable under all cir- cumstances, except over very soft marshy ground. They are more generally applicable than time-fuzes, and, as stated in p. 104, may frequently be used with advantage even with shrapnel shell. 36 Ammunition. The Special Committee on Eifled Pield-Guns, 1875, while advocating the retention of both time and per- cussion fuzes for our artillery, nevertheless remarks : "The extreme simplicity of the service of percus- sion-sheUs, and the valuable aid they offered in readily picking up and varying the range, are advantages that cannot be overestimated, and render a projectile of this nature especially valuable for use in the excite- ment and heat of action." The opinion I have urged seems to be justified by the lessons taught us by the, wars of the last six years. In 1870, time-fuzes were not used by the Prussians at Sedan, Gravelotte, Forbach, &c. — were completely ignored by them. "They are worthless, and worse than worthless," said General von Bothmer, in command of the German forces investing Verdun, " because from their uncertainty they give rise to dis- trust. In the recent battles, the French at first used them largely, and at least four out of five shells fired with them burst ineffectually; until after a short time our men began to despise them, and the moral effect of their artillery - fire was in consequence greatly weakened. They are gradually falling into disuse among our opponents. For our own part, we will have nothing whatever to say to them. We restrict ourselves entirely to percussion-fuzes."^ In September 1870 took place the opening bom- ' From Sedan to Saarbriiok, p. 130. Fuzes. 37 bardment of Verdun. The Prussians poured into the place a hot fire of percussion-fuzed shells, which burst ■with unfailing certainty ; and in about two hours the principal buildings were riddled, the town was on fire in seyeral places, and the destruction wholesale. The French guns replied from their fortifications vigor- ously, but generally with time-fuzed shells, the major- ity of which, though ei^ceUently aimed, either burst high in the air, or harmlessly buried themselves in the ground. The result was, that the losses in the Prussian batteries were quite insignificant. • On the afternoon of May 27, 1871, the Govern- ment troops in Paris posted on Montmartre were cannonading, almost without intermission, the despair- ing Communists crowded together with their artillery in the Buttes de Chaumont; and by degrees the latter, which had at first replied furiously, was completely silenced. Now, it is true that on this occasion the Government gunners had recourse largely to time- fuzes, but they were bored so long that they rarely exploded iti the air, and percussion-fuzes would have answered the purpose more effectually. Again, during the Carlist war, in October 1875, both sides restricted themselves entirely to percussion- fuzes, both in the vicinity of Estella and likewise about San Sebastian. The Alphonsist artiQery, the maMriel of which was apparently good, wafe blazing from morning to night, but not a sign of time-fuzes, c 38 Ammunition. although the country occtipied by their opponents, especially about Oyarzun, was, with its numerous dips and woods, singularly well adapted to the supposed requirements for their use. The Carlists, amongst whom was a great dearth of ammunition, were chary of every shot. Every gun was laid with the greatest care, the ranges were all acciurately known, and yet time-fuzes were only nominally exist- ent in their stores, although the great pro- portion of their artillery materiel had been carefully selected in and imported from Eng- land, from whence, of course, the most per- fect of time-fuzes could have been obtained in any number. Meaits of rmrsTG Guns. n^ The Eeiction-Tube (fig. 14), whereby guns are usually iired, consists of a copper barrel two-tenths of an iach in diameter, and usually 3 iaches long, driven with mealed powder and pierced with a central hoUow in order to increase its explosive action. A hole is bored near the top of the barrel, and a short length of tubing called the " nib - piece " fastened on. Inside the nib - piece is placed a roughened copper " friction - bar," to which Fig. 14.— Friotion- Tufce. Gunpowder. 39 axe gummed two patches of detonating composition. The edges of the nib-piece are pinched together against the friction-bar. The friction-tube is dropped into the vent, and the friction -bar being pulled out by a lanyard, A, the detonating patches explode and ignite the composition, from whence the flame strikes the cartridge. PoET-FiEES, &c. — Should there be a deficiency of friction -tubes, paper-tubes filled with powder first damped and then dried can be easily manufactured, or a little loose powder may be poured by hand into and around the vent. The charge must then be ignited by a port -fire, a stick of inflammable com- position which burns sqmewhat after the fashion of a squib. A certain number are supplied to each battery. If no service port-fire is available, " slow port-fire " — a roU of paper soaked in a solution of gun- powder — forms a fair substitute. Under these circum- stances, a piece of "slow-match," or Hghtly-twisted rope boiled in water and wood -ashes, should be con- stantly kept smouldering with the battery when in action, whereby the port-fires may be lighted. On a push, slow-match itself can be applied to explode the charge. Gunpowder. The service gunpowder for field-artillery is that known as " Eifled Large Grain " (marked E. L. G.) It 40 Ammunition. is angular, and irregular in shape and in bulk — about equal to grains of barley. It must be remembered that gunpowder does not explode instantaneously, like detonating composition, but tkat its burning is rapidly progressive. The deflagration of the rifle large grain is comparatively slow ; and though it subjects the gun to a less strain than the finer-grained powders, it imparts to the projectile a higher velocity — i.e,., it exerts a slighter blow, but a greater mean pressure. The much - talked - of pebble powder is used for very heavy rifled ordnance only. Each grain, pebble- like, approaches a cubical form, with sides about half an inch long. The pebble powder used for the 81- ton gun is considerably larger. Tests foe Gunpowder. — The foUowiag may be applied even by the most inexperienced : — 1. The grain should be firm, crisp, black, but not too shining, leaving no marks when rubbed between the hands, and not friable when pinched between the nails. 2. "When poured from one bowl into another from a height of two or three feet, it should show an en- tire freedom from dust. 3. It should not be caked. 4. When a small quantity is flashed on a piece of glass there should be little or no residue; above all, no small white lumps. Gunpowder. 41 5. A small quantity moistened, worked into a paste, spread on a piece of white paper and dried, should present a perfectly black, and not a rusty, reddish- black appearance. The importance of ammunition being made up of the best powder, and the expediency of testing it, is illustrated by the following circumstance : At the out- break of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, the French Government, being iu urgent need of further supplies of powder, entered into contracts with private manu- facturers in England for large quantities of the same, and,, amongst others, with a certain Mr of .' This individual bought up stores of damaged and blast- ing powder, caused it to be reglazed in a mill with black-lead, whereby it presented a brilliant shining appearance, and then sold it to the French as powder of the best quality. Manifestly its shooting powers must have been most inferior, and this may partly account for the exceptionally bad practice of the French artUlery in some of the earlier engagements. An English artillery officer picked up on the field of Gravelotte some French small -arms cartridges, the powder of which, on examination, proved to be of a very inferior description. Gtjn-Caeteidges. — ^The bags of service cartridges are of white serge, which packs and resists the wear and tear of travelling better than paper, and is less 1 The name is suppressed, for obvious reasons. 42 Ammunition. likely to leave sparks in the gun. As an additional protection, they are generally wrapped ia waterproof paper-bags, out of which they are taken previous to being inserted in the bore. Exercising cartridges will in future be made up with sUk cloth, which reduces to a minimum the possibility of leaving any smoul- dering residue. When the cartridge is attached to the projectile, the two together are called "fixed ammimition." It is supposed that the process of loading is thereby ac- celerated; but it is troublesome to pack, and is not in use in our service. After long-continued firing, the numerous smaE grooves of a breech-loading gun are apt to " lead" and to become foul. This evil is met by choking into the cartridge a small tin cup filled with grease, called a lubricator. The cartridge is placed in the bore with the lubricator pressing against the base of the projectile. The shock of the discharge breaks the tin cup, and the grease being splashed throughout the bore, the clogged dirt is thereby re- moved. Lubricators are not required for muzzle- loading guns. Breech-Lodders versus Muzzle-Loaders. 43 CHAPTER III. COMPAEATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DEFECTS OF BEEECH- LOADING AND MUZZLE-LOADING FIELD-GUNS. The mucli-vexed. question of Breecli-loaders versm Muzzle-loaders is in reality so intimately bound up witli that of time-fuzes and percussion-fuzes, tliat the various 'pros and cons may be most appropriately dis- cussed immediately after the preceding chapter on ammunition. In our service, muzzle-loading guns for field-artillery are practically the almost imiversal rule; for in the few instances abroad where the Armstrong breech-loader is retained, the muzzle-loader wUl doubt- less be substituted on the first opportunity. The comparative advantages of the two systems have in this country given rise to much heated argu- ment. The superiority claimed for the muzzle-loader is, that it possesses greater strength with the same weight of metal as the breech-loader ; that it is more simple in its construction and free from the compli- cations of the breech-closing apparatus ; that a simpler time-fuze can be used with it ; and that it is cheaper. 44 Breech-Loaders versus Muzzle- Loaders. The force of any one of these arguments is, however, strongly contested by a large number of experienced and practical field-battery of&cers. It is argued that the strength of the breech-loader is as great as can possibly be required for every practical purpose, and that the difference in the cost of gun and ammuni- tion is too trifling to be of weight in a matter of such overwhelming importance. The breech-closing ap- paratus doubtless involves a slight mechanical com- plication, but even in the complicated Armstrong system, the evil is not of great proportion; while iu others — that of Krupp, for instance — ^it is reduced almost to a vanishing-point. The greater simplicity of time-fuzes for muzzle- loaders at first sight may appear an overwhelming argument in favour of the weapon. Windage admits of their being ignited by the flash of the cartridge ; whereas breech-loaders, having no windage, their time-fuzes must first be set in action by a deton- ating arrangement. To this, however, it may be replied, that percussion - fuzes are, owing to their almost unfailing certainty of effect, infinitely prefer- able to the best time -fuzes ever invented either for breech-loaders or muzzle-loaders, save under special circumstances — for example, in the defence of a position where the required ranges can be accurately estimated beforehand to within a few yards, and the time -fuzes carefully prepared, or against troops com- \ Breech-Loaders versus Muzzle-Loaders. 45 pletely under cover or retired behind the crest of a hill. A sigaaU percentage of time-fuzes might there- fore he issued, whether the gun were breech-loading or muzzle-loading; but, as a rule, their action is so uncertain, as explained in page 34, that percussion- fuzes are almost invariably preferable. A serious objection to muzzle-loaders which has not, I think, been sufficiently taken into consideration, is the liability of their projectiles to jam when beiag rammed into the bore. This evil is of frequent occur- rence to 16 -pounders, and probably arises from the studs having been damaged or deformed ia travelling. The gun is, of course, for the time absolutely useless; and before it can be rendered once more serviceable, great trouble and delay are involved. Casualties of this nature frequently happened in the battery to which I recently belonged — B. 14 — armed with 9- pounders, when at practice in Dublin in May 1875. We had previously marched upwards of 100 nules; and although the shell were carefully examined, and the studs equally carefully filed down when biilged, cases of jamming in loading continually occurred. Other batteries made similar complaints, and it some- times happened that the jammed projectile could only be extracted by the tedious expedient of drowning the cartridge by pouring water dovm the muzzle, and then, by the introduction of a little loose powder into the vent, and firing it, forcing the shell out. 46 Breech-Loaders versus Muzzle-Loaders. Breech-loading guns, on the other hand, possess certain absolute, indisputable advantages, foremost amongst which is the increased cover afforded to the gunners. No reasonable individual can deny that the men serving them are greatly concealed by the smoke iu their front ; whereas the moment a muzzle- loader is discharged, the gunners, stepping up to the muzzle, stand out sharply defined, with the smoke as a background " picking them out," an easy mark to the enemy's riflemen. To a certain extent the de- tachment of a breech-loader are protected by then- gun and carriage from the effects of projectiles which would be fatal were the men told off to their places for muzzle-loaders ; and practical experience has demonstrated beyond doubt that, cceteris paribus, breech-loading batteries lose fewer men in action than muzzle - loading batteries. These advantages are stiU. more apparent when guns are fired from gun-pits or from behind earth-works. Breech-loaders can then be served with the greatest ease, and are almost completely under cover; whereas muzzle- loaders must be run back from the parapet, and the gunners are terribly exposed. Again, there being no windage in breech-loaders, there is an entire absence of the " wabbUng " motion in the projectile ; the prac- tice is, on the whole, more accurate, and the charge is smaller. Another disadvantage of the wiudage necessary with muzzle-loading rifled guns, is that Breech-Loaders versus Muzzle-Loaders. 47 the rush of the gas generated by the discharge over the projectile injures the upper surface of the bore, producing scoring. A breech-loader, too, can be worked in a smaller space, its bore can be more readily cleaned and ignited substances removed, thus diminishing the chance of accidental explosions ; and there is no danger of the shot not being home. As regards rapidity of loading and firing, there is little difference between the two, though the breech-loader possesses a shght advantage. There is, in fine, little doubt that if the opinions of field-battery of&cers of our Eoyal Artillery were polled, the majority would express a preference for the breech- loader. This opinion is backed up by the armies of nearly all civilised nations. The Prussians, whose ex- perience on the subject has been almost unequalled, consider that the superiority of the breech-loader is utterly beyond cavil. The- French, Austrians, Eus- sians, Spaniards, Swedes, and some minor European states, hold similar views; and it would surely be unwise in the highest degree to persist in ignoring opinions so imanimous emanating from such collective weight of authority and such practical experience. In concluding this subject, I may quote the opinion of a French artillery of&cer with whom I was dis- cussiag it while the Communist rasurrection was stiU raging, and who had been serving during the then recent war with Prussia. " The Krupp breech- 48 Breech-Loaders versus Muzzle-Loaders. loader," he said, " is as admirable for its simplicity as ours is detestable for its complication ; and through- out the campaign their artniery-fire was far superior to any we could bring to bear. Then their vent- pieces can be more easily removed than ours, which are alike useless to friends and foes if, through fear of the guns falling into the hands of the enemy, we too precipitately throw them out of gear by striking them sharply with hammers. The advantage, too, of the men being able to work their pieces under more effec- tual cover than is possible with muzzle-loaders has been so clearly illustrated, that on the whole I give my opinion in favour of the Krupp system. At the same time, I have a horror of working breech-loaders with time-fuzes, always uncertain in their action, and rendered far more so by the elaborate arrangements necessary in this case for ignition. I would there- fore restrict myself generally to percussion-fuzes, and would retain a few smooth-bore guns for ricocAei-fire and for the service of time-fuzes at very short ranges." In the above argument the advantages of the breech- loading system are claimed for field-artillery only. For the heavier natures of ordnance they are not equally applicable. Carriages. 49 CHAPTER IV. CAEEIAGES. THE GUN-CARRIAGE — THE GUN-LIMBER— THE AMMUNITION-WAGGON — SMALL STORES — CARRIAGES FOR GUNS OF POSITION — CAR- RIAGES FOR MOUNTAIN-GUNS — SPAKE CARRIAGES — COMPARA- TIVE ADVANTAGES OF SHAFT AND POLE DRAUGHT — AMOUNT OF AMMUNITION CARRIED WITH A BATTERY — TABLES OF AM- MUNITION — MODELS. Teatelling-cajreiages for field-artillery consist of two principal parts — tlie body (fig. 15 or 16, Plates III. and IV.), which carries two-thirds of the load; and the limber (fig. 16, Plate IV.), which carries the re- maining one -third, takes the draught, and helps to form a four-wheeled carriage. The newest pattern carriage is chiefly composed of iron. The Gun-Caeeiage (fig. 15, Plate III.) — Its most important parts are : The trail, a, made up of two iron brackets, connected together by bolts, and meeting at the trail-eye, 6 — at the other end of the trail are cut the trunnion-holes, c, wherein the gun rests ; the trail-handles, d, for lifting the trail ; the trail-eye, &, whereby the carriage is hooked on to its limber, or " limbered up " (fig. 1 6). 50 Carriages. The axle-tree bed, e, of wood, which supports the brackets, and the axle-tree arms, /, on to which the wheels are fitted. The axle-tree boxes, h, each of which contains two case-shot, two cartridges, spikes for spiking a gun, and some small stores. Each box can be utilised as a seat for a gunner, a foot -step, Tc, beiag proYided for that purpose. The elevating-screw, I, which, worked by a wheel, m, elevates or depresses the breech for the purpose of laying the gun. . The skid or drag-shoe and chain, n, to be used when going down steep hills. The wheels — the different parts of which are the iron nave, o, the spokes, p, and the felloes, q (pro- nounce "fellies"), with a ring-tire, r, around them. The spokes have a dish (fig. 1 6, }i), or inclination out- wards, the better to resist the strain on the wheel going over rough or uneven ground. The wheels of field-artillery carriages are aU of the same size, and interchangeable, thus offering facilities for replacing any damaged ones belonging to the most important carriages — the gun-carriages, for instance. The Gun-Limbee is identical and interchangeable with the waggon-limber (fig. 16). Its most import- ant parts, in addition to the corresponding portions of the gun-carriage, are : The futchells. m. and platform boards, e, on which rest two ammunition-boxes, I, con- WROUGHT IRON FIELD GUN Tig. 15. ElO Gun CARRIAGE FOR 16 POUNDER GUN. -Pf.jiF m. SIDE ELEVATION. Carriages. 5 1 taining shells, cartridges, and small stores. Between the ammunition-boxes is the fuze-hox (not seen in plate), holding fuzes. The ammunition-boxes are provided -with gUard-irons, c, by which the gunners hold on when being jerked over rough ground. The limber-hook, g, connecting the gun carriage or waggon with the limber. The spHnter-bar, n. The shafts, r, which can be arranged for single, double, or treble draught. Before the gun can be loaded, its carriage must be unhooked from its limber, or " unlimbered ; " and before it is in a condition for travelling, it must be " limbered up " again. The Ammunition-Waggon (fig. 16) is made up of a limber, as already described, and a body, connected with the limber by a perch, a, the end of which hooks on to the Umber-hook. A wheel-block, g, is fixed to the framework, and conveys a spare wheel. The general construction of the body resembles that of the limber, being merely of greater length, that it may carry four ammunition-boxes instead of two. The ammunition-boxes of the gun-carriage and limber and waggon furnish seats for a full detachment of eight gunners, the No. 1 being mounted. On an emergency, fourteen men can without difficulty be con- veyed on them and on the axle-tree boxes. Small Stoees. — A vast number of small stores are 52 Carriages. carried on the gun-carriage and ammunition-waggon in addition to what has heen already mentioned. Amongst them are sponges and rammers, for cleaning out the gun and ramming home the charge ; hand- spikes for traversing the trail when in action ; water- buckets, camp-kettles, spare shafts, drag-ropes, spades, hOl-hooks, felhng-axes, pickaxes, saws, reapiag-hooks, spare tangent-scales, spare sights, mauls, picket-posts, ropes, hfting-jacks, boxes of grease, scissors, screw- drivers, &c. &c. Chests containing materials for repair, and complete sets of carpenters', saddlers', and farriers' implements, are conveyed with the battery in a general service waggon ; and altogether the whole equipment of an English field-battery is as admirably perfect and complete as is possible to imagine. Carriages of the above description are supplied to field-artiQery batteries only, not to garrison artillery. Caeeiagbs fok Guns of Position. — 40-pounder guns are mounted on carriages which are generally similar to the above, but are of stronger construction. Each carriage has two pairs of shafts, so arranged that it can be drawn by four horses abreast. The total number of the team is twelve. CAEELA.GBS FOE MouNTAiN-GuNS are fumished with shafts which fit on to the trail, and so, on an emer- gency, can be transported by single draught. They have no limbers. The ammunition is invariably carried in boxes on the backs of mules, by which Bg.B. A M M U N ITION BODY -Fig. 16. UNITION WAGGON. rZATE W LIMBER Trrclx. T'razl erc: (:}iLCud_ iroiw . ^-Ijclc-Ove fxnd. hrj^. I'fxLtforrfi. boards. J'ijothoa.7y{s, rVkc^lhlock. 7)ish of it/ie-c'l. SkJjd.dictirL pan aJuL shoe for flo. fljii^nxxinitiort hnjces. FuUJieUs. Spli^Urr hai: Jjurtlx-^ /oyof fjtn/jt kjcv Shaft. Carriages. 5 3 means, also, both gun and carriage are usually conveyed. The piece can be taken off the pack- animal and mounted on its carriage in a very few minutes. These carriages were employed in the Abyssinian expedition. Spare Caeeiages. — On the peace establishment one general service waggon accompanies each battery. It contains amongst other articles the forge, with bel- lows, hearth, anvil, coal, &c. On active service, 'three such waggons are allotted to every battery, one only of the three being provided with forge equipment. Under these circumstances, several spare carriages also are attached to the divisional reserve column, and are temporarily told off to batteries as occasion may require. These spare carriages are store-carts and store-waggons, some extra ammunition-waggons, small-arm ammunition -waggons, , spare gun-carriages and rocket-waggons. The spare gun-carriage is an ordinary gun-carriage without a gun, but carrying instead four axle-trees, ironwork for a spare carriage, shafts, sponges, &c. On service, the proximity of a spare gun-carriage is a matter of great importance to facilitate the repair of the other carriages in the battery which may have sustained injury. The rocket-waggon differs from the ammunition- waggon in having its boxes so constructed that it carries its rockets, 150 in number, with their heads D 54 Carriages. downwards, so that in the event of any one of them being accidentally ignited, it will plunge harmlessly down into the ground. COMPAEATIVE ADVANTAGES OF SHAFT AND POLE Deaught. — In our service the draught is taken by shafts, excepting in India, where the pole has been adopted. The advantages of shafts are, that the car- riage is better under control, that it can " lock " or turn round in a smaller space, and that it can more easily cross ditches or " pitches " in the groimd, where a pole woTild be liable to snap or to jar down on the horses, especially if moving at a rapid rate. On the other hand, with the pole, the weight of the carriage bears more evenly on the two wheelers, iastead of pressing almost entirely on the shaft-horse — a great evil in going down a steep hill, when the shaft-horse must be of great strength. Pole-harness, also, is a little sim- pler. On the whole, with very powerful horses, such as we are able to obtain in England, shafts are most convenient; with a more weakly stamp of animal, the pole, which is in exclusive use with foreign na- tions, is preferable. Amount of Ammunition caeeied with a Batteet. — ^The experience of warfare does not enable us to judge of the number of rounds which wiU probably be fired away by a battery in a hotly-contested action, because the expenditure varies greatly according to circumstances. Thus, at the Alma, our field- artil- Carriages. 5S lery fired an average of 18 rounds per gun, and at Inkerman 53 rounds per gun. In 1870, the artillery of tlie 12tli German corps expended on the average 14 J rounds per gun during each of eleven engage- ments, while at Sedan one of the Prussian batteries fired away 126 rounds per gun. The supply, there- fore, as laid down in the following tables, would meet any ordinary demand. On extraordinary emergencies, it would he necessary to bring up fresh supplies of ammunition from the reserve columns. IfuMBBR OP Shell, Caeteidgbs, and Fuzes oaeried by 9-PoUNDER AND 16-Po UNDER BATTERIES. PEK GnN-LlMBEB AOT) AlIMUNITION- GO Waqqon. 1 Shell. °9 Fuzes. P I g 1 03 CO t 1 i 1 i 1 9-pounder ) battery ) ^ m o '-' H " "^ (2 H 48 96 4 148 148 120 96 216 8881 16-pounder ) battery ) 34 62 4 100 100 85 48 133 600 In addition to the above, a supply of artillery 1 In a battery of horse-artillery, 564 only— there heing but three ailimunition-waggons, instead of six. 56 Carriages. reserve ammunition is carried into the field, making tlie total number of rounds per gun as follows : — With battery — ^gun, limber, and waggon, .... Ist Eeserve — Division Reserve, . 2d Eeserve Corps — Column Ee- serve, ... Total, 9-pounder battery. 16-pomider battery. 148 108 44 100 72 108 300 280 Models.— The student is strongly recommended, after he has studied the foregoing chapters, to examine the various objects described therein either in a gim- park, or in one of the numerous model-rooms which have of late years been established. Without doing so, he will have but an imperfect idea of the mat6- riel of artillery. The United Service Institution in Whitehall Yard, London, contains an admirable collection of models. PART 11. DIFFERENT DESCEIPTIONS OF FIELD -AETILLERY- DEILL-ADMINISTRATION NOTE. This Part can be studied independently of the others. See Note, Part I. CHAPTER I. COMPOSITION OF BATTEKIES OF FIELD-AETILLERY. riBLD-BATTBEIBS — DUTIES OF THE VABIOTTS RANKS — PACE OP FIELD- BATTERIES — HORSB-AKTILLBKY BATTBEIBS — BATTBEIBS OF POSI- TION — MOUNTAIN-BATTEaiES — TABLES SHOWING THE ESTABLISH- MENT OF BATTERIES OF FIELD-ARTILLERY. Field- Aetilleey may be classified" into Pield-Bat- teries, Horse-Artillery Batteries, Batteries of Position, and Moimtain-Batteries. Field-Batteries are subdivided into light field- batteries armed -with the 9-poimder gun, and possess- ing great mobility; and into heavy field-batteries pro- vided with 16 -pounders, which have a greater range, but being more ponderous, are less frequently required to change their positions. The regulated gun detach- ment or number of gunners to each gun is 9 — 1 non- commissioned officer and 8 men. This estimate is calculated to meet casualties ; for a field-gun can be fairly worked by 5 gunners, and on an emergency by even less. Each gun is, on peace service, drawn by 6 horses, and each ammunition - waggon by 4. 6o Composition of Batteries of Field- Artillery. The foremost pair are called the " lead-horses," those behind them the "centre-horses," and those in the shafts the " wheel-horses." In each battery there are two or three spare pairs of horses, and also several extra gunners and drivers, who do not accompany their battery into the field, literally speaking, but remain in camp or quarters, available if their services are re- quired. Gunners are armed with sword-bayonets — thoroughly useless weapons by themselves ; 1 2 car- bines are also supplied to every battery, but are reserved exclusively for picket and guard purposes. The gunners' knapsacks, when their owners are on the march, are strapped on to the carriages. The drivers carry their kits in valises attached to the off horses, and in their saddle-wallets. They are not provided with any description of weapon. On service, the number of horses is generally raised to 8 per gun, and 6 per ammunition-waggon. The power of draught does not increase in direct proportion to the number of horses, as it is impossible to make them all pull simultaneously;" and though the above provision of horses may at first sight appear excessive, it is not so in reality. Casualties amongst them are inevitable and incessant, and under-horsed artillery loses half its power, both of offence and defence, of which a notable instance occurred in the French Metz army, when the possibility of its breaking through the investiag army was mooted, and when one of the main reasons for Composition of Batteries of Field- A rtillery. 6 1 abandoning the project was the crippled condition of the artillery transport. Light field-pieces temporarily deprived of their horses may be dragged for a short distance by men with drag-ropes, several pairs of which are issued to each battery. Duties of the Vaeious Eanks. — The duties of gunners and drivers are entirely distinct in their nature. The former are required to work and keep in order the guns, and to look after the ammunition and stores ; though, these duties performed, they are available for assisting to groom the horses, or for other purposes. They must be of a minimum height of 5 ft. 6 J ia. ; ^ and unless fairly strong, they cannot be efficient in all their duties, some of which, such as limberiag up and un limbering a 16 -pounder, require the exercise of much muscular power. The duties of drivers are to drive, and to look after the horses. They must be under 5 ft. 6 J in., with a minimum chest - measurement varying according to height. Wheel- drivers should be sturdily built, that they may be strong enough to bring their horses round in limbering up, reversing, &c., the latter, when in this position, being apt to hang back in the breeching, or to jam against each other and their driver. The centre and lead drivers may with advantage be light. On the lead -driver depends, to a great extent, the ^ Since the above has been in the press, a " short-ganner " standard of 5 ft. 54 in. has been introduoed as a tentative measure. 62 Composition of Ba,tteries of Field- A rtillery. " pluck " with which a team is driven, and the accu- racy in drill. A thoroughly efficient driver is an invaluable man, and can be rendered perfectly con- versant with his duties only after the exercise of much time and trouble. A Field-Battery in our service consists of six guns with their limbers, and six ammunition Waggons, be- sides spare carriages.^ One gun, with its waggon and proper complement of men, horses, and stores, is called a subdivision. There are therefore six subdivisions in a battery : they are designated " No. 1 subdivision," "'No. 2 subdivision," and so on. Two subdivisions form a,' division. Consequently, in a battery there are three divisions, and these are designated the right, centre, and left divisions. A battery may also be divided into two half-bat- teries, called the right and the left half-battery, each of which is composed of three gims, &c. A " No. 1," usually a sergeant, is in command of each subdivision. He lays the gun, and, under the officers, is responsible for its drill and general working. A lieutenant commands a division. He is respon- sible to the major for its efficient working, ia the same manner as Nos. 1 are responsible to the subaltern. The captain dresses the line, takes up points, helps to select suitable positions, is specially charged to look after the ammunition-waggons ; and if a half-battery ' See page 66. Composition of Batteries of Field- Artillery. 63 is detached for any particular duty, be usually takes charge of it. In fact, he aids the commandiiig officer generally in working the hattery, is second in com- mand, and ia the absence of the major assumes chief command. The major is the commanding officer of the battery, and is responsible for its efficiency in every respect. Pace of Field -Batteries. — Field-batteries are usually required to act in conjunction with infantry, and their normal pace must therefore be considered a walk, when the detachments may either march along- side their guns, or they may be mounted — ^two gun- ners on each gun-limber, and six on each ammunition- waggon. The ITos. 1 are always mounted on their own chargers. Should the battery be moved at an increased pace, the gunners should not be required to double, but should invariably be mounted on the carriages, as otherwise they will be exhausted when the gims are brought into action. Sometimes the ammunition-waggons are detached from the battery, and the guns required to proceed at a trot. The emergency can be met by mounting two men on the axle-tree boxes, and three on the gun-limber, who, with the No. 1 on his horse, will be amply sufficient to work the piece for a short time. In the Indian artillery the gunners are sometimes carried on the off horses, which are provided with saddles instead of with the useless, clumsy old pads. This method of 64 Composition of Batteries of Field- Artillery. equipment "will in course of time be adopted ia the home artillery. Horse- Artillery Batteries are generally supposed to act with cavalry, towards which they hold the same relative position as field-batteries to infantry. Some- times they form part of the reserve artillery. Under any circumstances they must be prepared to execute their movements more rapidly and over a greater extent of ground than is required of field-batteries, from which they consequently differ in the following respects : — They are more lightly equipped, being armed with the 9-poimder gun — never with the 16 -pounder. They have only three ammunition-waggons, instead of six. On the war establishment, however, they have the full number of six. Their gun detachments at full strength consist of fourteen men, the whole of whom are invariably mounted — two on the gun-limber, two on the waggon- Hmber or gun axle-tree boxes, and ten on horses. Of these latter, three are horse-holders ; while the remain- der, on coming into action, dismount and serve the gun. A superior class of horse is purchased for their use. Their strength in men and horses actually in the field is in excess of that of field-batteries. All their gunners are armed with swords. In other respects they resemble field-batteries. Batteries of Position are equipped with 40-poun- Composition of Batteries of Field- A rtillery. 6 $ der guns, and are employed when heavy projectiles or extreme ranges are required — for instance, to batter substantial buildings, or to sweep distant and ex- tended areas over which the enemy must pass. They possess less mobility, are seldom required to shift their positions, and are generally posted with the reserve until their services are called into play. They have only four guns per battery, with a proportion of wag- gons ; and each gun is drawn by twelve horses, four abreast, which, as well as the men, should be of the most powerful stamp. Batteries of position are specially fitted for the attachment of farmers' harness, so that they may be drawn by country cart-horses, if these are available. Mountaiist-Batteeies are designed to accompany light troops acting in a country too rugged or too precipitous for any other description of artillery. A mountain-battery is armed with four steel 7-pounder guns. They can be fired at an elevation of 34°; and being supplied with shells of increased length, called double shells,^ are capable of carrying on a species of vertical fire, and thus can be utilised as mortars. Guns, ammunition, stores, and carriages are, in the case of mountain-batteries, usually conveyed on the backs of mules. When required for action, guns and carriages can be rapidly and easily taken off the pack- animals and put together. 1 See a,n,ie, p. 20. 66 Composition of Batteries of Field- A rtillery. Establishment of Pield-Aetilleet Batteries. Peace 1 War 2 Establishment. Establishment. , ■CI i ■i □9 "^ "3 EO 3 "S ll H^ It 15 i" || 'V p? to PM «V d> e» s o d. rt Opficers and Men — Officers, . 5 5 5 73 78 73 N.-C. Officers, . 18 18 18 20 20 20 Gunners; . 70 66 66 70 72 87 Drivers, . 56 61 62 70 62 73 Trumpeters, . 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 Artificers, Total, . Horses — 7 7 7 10 9 9 158 159 160 179 172 198 Eiding, . 58 18 18 77 30 30 Draught, . Total, . Carriages — 54 66 74 102 98 124 112 84 92 179 128 154 Gun, 6 6 6 6 6 6 Ammunition, . 3 6 6 6 6 6 Forage or Store, Total, . 1 1 1 3 3 3 10 13 13 15 15 15 ' Estimates, 1876. ° Army Circular, August 1875. ' Including one surgeon and one veterinary surgeon, both of whom in peace time are only temporarily attached to the battery. Definitions and Explanations of Terms. 67 CHAPTEE II. PEmOIPLES OF FIELD-AETIbLEEY DRILL. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF TERMS — INTERVALS, FRONTAGE, DISTANCES, AND DEPTHS — POSITIONS Of' OFFICERS AND NOS. 1 WHEN IN LINE— COMMANDS AND SIONALS— GENERAL RULES FOR MANCEUTRES — ^DRILL MOVEMENTS — CAMPS. Definitions and Explanations of Terms. (Pig. 17, Plate V). A subdivision consists of one gun with its waggon ; a division, of two guns with waggons ; a half-battery, of three guns with waggons ; a battery consists of six guns with its six waggons, spare carriages, &c. A brigade consists of two or more hatteries. A coVwmn of batteries, half-batteries, oi: divisions. — The above bodies placed in rear of each other cor- responds to column formations in infantry drill. Column of route (the ou pronounced as in " lout "). — ^A column formed with a front of only one carriage — i.e., with the carriages all formed in a string, one behind the other. It is invariably adopted on the Une of march. 68 Principles of Field- A rtillery Drill. Right or left take, ground. — ^Each carriage wheels independently to its right or left. Bight or left reverse. — ^Each carriage wheels about independently. Bight or left incline. — Each carriage inclines inde- pendently to its right or left. Bight or left wheel. — ^The gun wheels to the right or left, and its waggon follows in its wake. When the guns are Umbered up, the front of the battery is supposed always to be in the direction to which the horses' heads are pointed; when in action the front is in that direction to which the muzzles of the guns are pointed. To come into action means that the gun-carriages are unhooked from their limbers, or " unlimbered," so that the guns are in a position to be loaded and fired. Action front, rear, right, or left. — The guns are un- limbered and the muzzles pointed in the direction named. The limbers drive to the rear, so as to be ten yards clear from the guns. Front,rear, right, or left limter up. — The limbers drive close up to the guns according to the word of command. The gun-carriages are then hooked on to the limbers. Intervals, Feontage, Distakcbs, Depths (Fig. 17). These measurements will slightly vary according as the waggons have four or six horses. In the ' Manual Intervals, Frontage, Distances, Depths. 69 of Field-Artillery Exercises,' it is assumed that they have six; but in the follomng calculations four only are allowed, for that number generally corresponds to actual conditions. Intervals and distances are measured from Nos. 1 to Nos. 1 when the guns are limbered up, and from muzzle to muzzle when in action. Intervals — Yds. Between subdivisions in line at full interval, 19 „ „ „ half interval, Q\ „ „ „ close „ 3 „ batteries, 28J , , a battery and a battalion (gun axle- \ trees in line with, front rank except for I parade purposes, when the horses' \ 28i heads are usually dressed with the I front rank), j Frontage — The front of a battery is generally reckoned in round numbers as 95 yards ; more accurately, it extends over five intervals plus three yards, the front of a subdivision. It therefore equals— Yds. A.t full interval 5 x 19 + 3, . =98 At half interval, . . . . = 50J At close interval, . . . . =18 The frontage of three batteries at full intervals : 3 X 95, =285 2 X 28J (battery intervals), . = 57 Front of one subdivision, . . . = 3 Total, .... 345 The frontage for three batteries at half or close interval may be calculated in the same way. E ^o Principles of Field- Artillery Drill Distances (measured from No. rear) — 1 to the No. 1 ia Yds. = 123^ = 57 Column of batteries, .... Oolunm of half-batteries, The following closer formations are sometimes useful : Half-colunm of batteries, . . . = 61f Half-column of half-batteries, . . = 28^ Quarter-column of batteries or half-batteries, = 38 Distance between the rear of one carriage and the horses' heads of that behind it when in column of route, . . . . = 4 Depths — Depth of a carriage with six horses, . = 15 Depth of a carriage with four horses, . =11 Depth of a subdivision 15 -f- 4 -|- 11, =30 Depth of a single battery in column of route without spare carriages or spare horses : Guns 6 (15 -f 4), . . . . = 114 "Waggons 6 (11 + 4), . . . =90 Plus 4, =4 Position of Officers ast> Nos. (Fig. 17.) 208 1 WHEN IN Line. Major. — Three horses' lengths in front of the centre of his battery, but during the progress of mancEuvring his post is wherever he can best superintend the movements. Captain. — Two horses' lengths in rear of the centre. FLATi: Y E R Y. 30 K3 s> 11 4 15 < ■ K-*-! > A ■■■* 1 (0 ;^ \^= ■fr=^- ■■■i 1 4 J|== 4|>== y M ^ []>= 40--= 1 ^ ?^ V ;^*— > ^ ]]== -fO==" \ ^ (A ''k [EN -fr • V V • tn rt S '^ b ^ fe H i 1 30 n3 ^ CM M ^^ S ?v r-. ^ a ^" ^ t^ T^ ?» c- ^.j?! b II I 3 H-f-t H-H H-H H-H H-H H-H 11 4 15 s> fi^.17. FORMATIONS OF 123 i Y?-? H-hi^ H-H H-H i- H-H I? H-H i HlH y 34. 8. 34. 8. 34. ^ ARTILLERY. 30 ^ I 1 1\J 11 4 IS |]]==CN== ' ■ «0 i o "> , .V 2i^ 1 :5 0]== CN== ■1 to U]^_ ^ — -• V \ f 1 • « O S ^ 1 II ^ 1 1. ?■ Co 5! General Rules for Manoeuvres. 7 1 Lieutenants. — Between their subdivisions in a line with the leading horse's head. If the guns are at close interval, one horse's length in front of the centre of their divisions. Nos. 1. — On the left of the lead-drivers of their, guns. A horse's length is eight feet. Commands and SiaNAis. The commanding officer's words of command are repeated by all the other officers. So great is the noise made by a battery in motion, especially if the pace is a trot, that to render the voice audible is some- times a matter of great difficulty. Except for instruc- tional purposes, the bugle should seldom be used — never if other troops are present. Simple signals, by waving the hand or the sword, may occasionally be resorted to. Geneeal Eules foe Manceuvees. For field-batteries the trot is the pace of manoeuvre ; although, as a matter of fact, commanding officers more frequently move at a walk, in order to save their horses. They should never gallop, except on very special emer- gencies. Horse-artUlery may always move at a gallop — a rate of progression, however, which should not be unnecessarily resorted to. 72 Principles of Field-Artillery Drill. Artillery cannot be wheeled about on its own ground. Additional space on either flank must be allowed for the purpose. Batteries usually remain in rear of any intended alignment until the other troops are finally formed, unless ordered to the front to cover the forma- tion. The usual position of a battery on parade is on the flanks of the line. It is most desirable that the battery as a unit should be as little broken up as pos- sible. All formations should be at full interval when- ever practicable. Guns should be brought into action as rapidly as possible, with little regard to dressing, except on parade. Every advantage should be taken of cover. When the word for " Action " is given, the gunners rapidly jump off the carriages and unlimber the gun. The Nos. 1 and the subalterns dismount, and giving their horses to one of the gunners or drivers, superin- tend the working of the guns. At the word " Cease firing," they mount again. No gun must on any account be limbered up when loaded. Should " Cease firing " be ordered when the gun is haK loaded, the process must be completed as quickly as possible, and the piece discharged. Tiring may be carried on independently, or the order may be given to fire a definite number of rounds from right to left. The range and the description of projectile and fuze must always be mentioned by the commanding of&cer. Drill Movements. 73 In order to meet certain emergencies in the iield, arising from damages occurring to carriages, &c., a def- inite drill to make them good is laid down — such, for instance, as to replace a damaged wheel (making use of a spare wheel or of a waggon-wheel), to dismount gim and carriage, to make good a disabled gun axle- tree arm, to move disabled ordnance by slinging and lashing the gun below the limber, or by hoisting gun and carriage on to the waggon, to shift shafts from double to single draught, &c. Drill Movements. For purposes of instruction, two or more batteries are frequently drilled together as a brigade of artillery under a lieutenant-colonel; but when workiag with other troops, each battery almost invariably moves independently, practically. The lieutenant - colonel should, however, endeavour to regulate the fire of his entire command, so as to effect a common object. The following are the principal drill movements of a field-battery. They correspond closely to infantry manoeuvres, expressed in nearly the same terms. The details of their execution are here omitted, being purely technical, and consequently not required by other than artillery of&cers : — From line, — "Action front," &c.; "Advance," "Ee- tire," "Eight, take ground," &c. ; "Eight wheel," " Eight incline," &c. 74 Principles of Field- Artillery Drill. Guns cannot come into action, retire, or take ground at close intervals. They must first be opened out to half or fuU intervals. From line at full intervals, to diminish the front by " Half" or " Close interval," and vice, versd. Prom line to " Advance " or " Eetire in column of of route," or of " divisions,'' or of " half-batteries," from a flank. From line to " Advance in echelon of subdivisions," or " divisions," or " half-batteries." From line to "Advance" or "Eetire by alternate half-batteries in action " — a most useful manoeuvre to cover the retreat or support the advance of other troops. From line to " Change front to the rear," to " Change front to the right " or " left," or to " Change position to the right " or " left." From column of route to " Form column of divi- sions '' or of " half-batteries," or to " Form line." From column of divisions or half-batteries to " De- ploy outwards " or to " Form line." Camps. The annexed figure (fig. 18) shows the form of en- campment, amongst the five examples given in the official regulations, usually preferred by artillery offi- cers. It differs slightly from the regulation plate (compare PL XI. : Kegulations and Instructions for En-: campments) in having the establishment of only two Camps. 75 rows of carnages, and in forming the latter at full intervals. If space is an object, they can be com- pressed to half-intervals. eUARD^ TENT WAOaONS JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ SERVTtl SPARER ^ jr^ <" n:e SUB n:4 n:3 n:2' OFFICERS TENTS .STAFF SPARE « t I CARRIAGES tic. Total ireadth, 133 yards. When necessary to compress the camp, the tents at gide to he formed in two rows, and the gwns amd waggons at half-intervals. Fig. 18. — ^Artillery Encampment by Subdivisions. The guns must not be unlimbered — picturesque though such an appearance may seem in the eyes of non-artniery men — so that they may be ready for instant march. It should be remembered that one of the first requi- sites for an artillery camp is abundance of water. ^6 Administration and Interior Economy. CHAPTEE III. ADMINISTRATION AND INTERIOR ECONOMY. COMPOSITION AND STKENGTH OF THE ROYAL AKTILLEEY — PIKST APPOINTMENTS AND SUBSEQUENT TBANSFBRS — THE BRIGADE ORGANISATION — LIBUTBNANT-OOLONELS — MAJORS — CAPTAINS — LIEUTENANTS — SBEGEANTS — CORPORALS, BOMBARDIERS, AND ACTING-BOMBAEDIERS — GUNNERS AND DRIVERS — STAFF-SER- GEANTS — ARTIFICERS — ROUGH-EIDERS— DUTIES OF THE ORDERLY OFFICER — GENERAL DUTIES OF OFFICERS — BARRACK - ROOM DUTIES — TABLES OF PAY. "The Eoyal Eegiment of Artillery" is composed of 6 brigades of horse-artillery, of 5 batteries each; of 12 brigades of field-artillery, and 13 of garrison- artillery, of 7 batteries each ; of a depot brigade, and riding establishment; and of the coast brigade, — 1159 men and 25 officers, broken up into small detachments to look after the coast defences of the United Kingdom. Occasionally, to meet the require- ments of foreign service, a garrison brigade is trans- formed into a field-brigade by the transfer of a certain number of drivers and horses ; but this practice is much to be deprecated, so different is the nature of the duties of the two branches. Administration and Interior Economy. yy The strength of the Eoyal Artillery (1876) is as follows : ^ — - OfiSoers (ezolusive of surgeons). All ranks. Horse.s. Approximate numter of field-guns. Home and Colonies, India, . 834 596 22,791 12,233 5964 7400 366 348 Total, . . 1430 35,024 13,364 714 Since 1860, the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Artillery have been amalgamated "with the Eoyal Artillery for the roster of duties. Promotion is still carried on in separate lists, until the various grades of the old Indian Artillery shall have been absorbed. No fresh appointments are made to the latter, the newly-commissioned lieutenants being all gazetted to the old Eoyal list. First Appointments and Subsequent Teansfbrs. — Cadets who have passed through the Eoyal Mili- tary Academy at Woolwich are alone eligible for commissions in the artillery, except as regards riding- masters, quartermasters, and the of&cers of the coast brigade, all of whom are ex-non-commissioned officer artillerymen. 1 Army Estimates, 1876. 78 Administration and Interior Economy. A young of&cer, on first joining, is posted indiffer- ently to a field or a garrison brigade as the exigencies of the service may require. He may continue in the same brigade during the whole of his service as lieu- tenant, or he may be transferred from field to garrison, and vice versd, as a matter of inclination or aptitude — exchanges in the' artillery involving no loss of seni- ority. On each occasion of his beiag promoted to a higher grade, he takes his chance of " falliag " to a field-artillery or garrison -artUlery vacancy. This arrangement is doubtless a Tery wholesome one, and has worked admirably up to a certain point. If, how- ever, a captain, promoted to be a major, chances to fall to a field-battery, and if the whole of his previous service has been with garrison artillery, his want of experience vnth horses, and with the working of artil- lery in the field, will cause him to be at sea in his novel and most important position ; and unless he be a man of superior abiUtiea, woe, indeed, to his battery ! Shortly after an of&cer is gazetted, he can, if he please, apply to be placed on the list of candidates for horse-artillery ; and should his application be granted, he will in his turn — at the present time, after about six years' service — be appointed to that branch, where he remains until he is promoted, when he must revert to a field or a garrison brigade. In course of time he may be reappointed to the horse-artiUery ; but on each occasion of obtaining a step of rank, he resumes duty, Administration and Interior Economy. y(^ either temporarily or permanently, with one of the other departments. The expenses of a horse-artiUery officer are a little higher than those of a field-battery officer. His first appointment thereto involves an expenditure of £300 for the purchase of horses, equipment, and uniform ; and he can scarcely live -with comfort on a smaller private income than £150 a-year. A field-battery officer is provided with a charger from his battery and with saddlery at the public expense. The Brigade Oegakisation. — The grouping to- gether of batteries into brigades is unconnected with tactical considerations, and is solely designed to meet administrative requirements. ' Changes of stations, promotions of non-commissioned officers, and channels of correspondence, are all carried on by brigades, each of which was formerly under the command of a colonel; but subsequent to 1875 the colonels have been detached from brigades, and have been appointed to command the whole of the different branches of artillery in various districts, such as Alder- shot, Dover, Portsmouth, Manchester, Chatham, Ire- land, &c. Lieutenant-Colonels. — In each brigade there are four lieutenant-colonels, the senior of whom commands the brigade. He is stationed at its headquarters, and is assisted by an adjutant, paymaster, quartermaster, riding-master, &c. . Through his hands passes the 8o Administration and Interior Economy. brigade business above alluded to as having been formerly transacted by the colonels. The remaining Heutenant-colonels of the brigade are each made available to command divisions of two or more batteries, either at headquarters or at out- stations : strictly speaking, two batteries should be the minimum of his command, whether with reference to tactical or administrative organisation ; but as the number of lieutenant-colonels is, for the purpose of insuring a fair flow of promotion, in excess of those actually required, they are occasionally quartered at out-stations with single batteries. Their duties as regards interior economy — for duties in the field, see page 126 — comprise the general supervision of discipline and " driU," the disposal of prisoners confined for serious offences, and the trans- mission of correspondence between the battery com- manders and the senior lieutenant-colonel commanding the brigade. In illustration of the foregoing, a colonel commands the whole of the artillery in the Ireland district, which comprises a brigade of horse-artillery, a field-brigade, some garrison batteries, and some detachments of the coast brigade. The senior lieutenant-colonel of the horse-artUlery commands the horse-artillery brigade, the headquarters of which are at Dublin, with out-stations at New- bridge and Ballincolig. Administration and Interior Economy. 8i The senior lieutenant-colonel of the field-brigade commands his brigade, the headquarters of which are at E"e-wbridge, with out-stations at Clonmel, Kil- kenny, &c. Junior lieutenant-colonels are posted at Limerick, BaUincolig, &c. &c. Majors. — The major of a battery holds a some- what analogous position to that of the commanding of&cer of a battalion, especially if at an out-station, but with greatly-curtailed powers should there be a lieutenant - colonel of artillery present. Under all circumstances, however, he is the maiaspring of the battery. From him emanate the whole of the bat- tery correspondence, returns, and pay and clothing accounts. He is responsible for the tone of his officers, for the discipline of his men, and for the proper performance of the duties of both ; for their knowledge of drill, and for the general efficiency both of personnel and maUriel : all recomm endations for the promotion of his non-commissioned officers ema- nate from him, and all applications for leave must be . submitted through him. In fact, it is scarcely too much to say that no battery can be in first-rate order unless commanded by a first-rate major. Captains.- — -The captain of a battery holds the same position to his major as the major of a battalion to his lieutenant - colonel. According to his own capabilities, and to the course of administration pur- ^2 Administration and Interior Economy. sued by the major, he may be either a superfluity and a nonentity, or he may be a very valuable adjunct. Second in command of the battery, he assumes the chief direction when the major is absent ; and at other times he may be a most useful channel for carryiag out the orders of his commanding officer, whether as applied to the subalterns or the men, and for assist- ing him generally in the administration of the bat- tery. He is expected to paiy particular attention to the clothing, equipment, harness, and gun-stores — to the preliminary drills of the gunners and drivers — to riding-school and to stable duties. Lieutenants. — The lieutenants of a field-battery hold nearly the same position with regard to then- major as the captains of an infantry regiment to their lieutenalit-colonel. In every field and horse-artOlery battery there are three lieutenants, each of whom has charge of a division of two guns, with the same rela- tive authority in barracks as in the field. They are directly responsible to the major for the general well- being of their divisions as regards men, horses, stores, ammunition, harness, and equipment, and are bound to bring under his notice any important incidents connected therewith. They have, however, little con- cern with questions affecting pay. They inspect kits weekly, and use their discrimination in backing the leave-lists of the men of their divisions. Sergeants. — The connecting - link between the Administration and Interior Economy. 83 lieutenants and their men are the sergeants, or Nos. 1. A No. 1 is in charge of each subdivision, and is responsible to his lieutenant in the same way as the lieutenant is responsible to his major. On him de- pends the real efficiency of his subdivision. The Nos. 1 are aided by COKPOEALS, BOMBAEDIERS, AND ACTING -BOMBAE- DIERS, one of each per subdivision. The two former rank, according to date, with corporals of other corps ; acting-bombardiers with lance-corporals. Acting-bom- bardiers are selected both from the gunners and the drivers, and in the first instance are appointed at the discretion of the major ; but their subsequent promotion is carried on, not according to a battery list, but ac- cording to a brigade list. A corporal, for instance, on being made a sergeant, usually falls to another battery. Gunners and Drivers. — The general duties of gunners in barracks are — guards, escort duties, fatigues, and the care of the guns and stores. Those who are not so employed are required to assist the drivers in the stables. They are instructed in gun, marching and carbine drill, but, except in the horse- artillery, are not taught riding. The general duties of drivers comprise the care of their horses and harness, and furnishing stable guards — duties which are so laborious as to leave them very little spare time. In theory they are supposed to be not only instructed in marching, riding, driving, and 84 Administration and Interior Economy. battery drill, but in gun and carbine drill. In prac- tice this is seldom or never practicable. One driver is permanently told off to each pair of horses, both in the field and iu stables, and he should be shifted from them as seldom as possible. The spare drivers are utilised in the general duties connected with the stables. Should a young driver grow to a height above the regulated standard — i.e., above 5 feet 6 J inches — ^he may be converted into a gunner. A driver appointed acting-bombardier is at once put through a course of gun-drill ; and, under similar circumstances, a gunner is instructed in riding. The pay of gunners and drivers, and the terms of their engagements, are identical, except that a horse- artUlery gunner receives a penny a-day more. The two classes are supplied with a different set of equip- ments ; gunners with knapsacks, drivers with vaHses. They are enlisted for the following periods : 1st period, 1 2 years — or, at option, 8 years with their bat- teries and 4 years with the army reserve ; 2d period, 9 years in addition to the above — the whole of this latter term to be passed with their batteries. Stapf-Seegeants. — ^A sergeant-major and a quarter- master-sergeant are attached to each battery, and are among the main aids of the major ; the first-named for discipline, drill, and general administration — the second for pay, clothing, and stores. Artificees. — The artificers are the farrier and Duties of the Orderly Officer. 85 shoeing-smiths, the wheeler, and two collar-makers or harness-makers. They are selected from among those men who have been accustomed to work at the above trades previous to enlistment. Wheelers and collar- makers are, after a preluniQary trial, sent to Woolwich to go through a regular course of instruction ; and if they show any aptitude for their work, are regularly appoiated, with extra pay, and with the relative rank of non-commissioned of&cers. They are termed bom- bardier collar-makers, corporal coUar-makers, &c., and hold relative rank according to their seniority. Shoeing- smiths receive their instruction at the battery forge. They do not rank as non-commissioned officers. The EouGH-KiDEE is the instructor of riding ap- pointed to each battery. He is a non-commissioned officer who must have passed through a course of equitation at the Eiding Establishment, Woolwich, and must have received a certificate of proficiency. His duties include breaking in the remount horses. Duties of the Oederlt Officer. It is the custom in every battery for the three sub- alterns to take their tour of duty week by week, not day by day. A field-battery subaltern's work is far more severe than in other branches of the service, as may be judged from the following detail of the routine under ordinary circumstances : — F 86 Administration and Interior Economy. 8 o'clock A.M. — examines and signs morning states. 8.30 to 10.15 — superintends the exercising of the horses. 10.45 — inspects the forage, causes it to be in part weighed in his presence, and then issued. 11.45 to 12.45 — mid-day stable-hour. 12.50 — ^visits the men's dinner-rooms and cook- houses. 2 P.M. — mounts the guard. 2 to 3 — attends afternoon driU. 5 to 6 — evening stable-hour. 6 — mounts the stable-picket. 10 — ^receives tattoo report. He is also required to inspect occasionally the rations, teas and breakfasts ; to visit daily the hospital, schools, workshops, canteen, and the prisoners in the guard-room ; and to turn out the guard once by day, and the guard and stable-picket once by night. On the latter occasion he should go round the stables, accompanied by a non-commissioned officer with a lan- tern, to make sure that the horses are properly tied up. When under canvas there are various additional duties, such as superintending morning stable-hour, from 6 A.M. until 7 A.M., and the watering of the horses — duties which in barracks are carried on under the sergeant-major. Under certain circumstances there may be a slight relaxation of the above requirements ; and when there General Duties of Officers. 87 are two or more batteries quartered together, a small portion of the work is performed by the subaltern on brigade duty. Geneeal Duties of Officees. In addition to general parades, brigade and bat- tery parades, office work, courts -martial and barrack routine, every officer in every battery is required to be present at mid-day stables from 11.45 to 12.45. This in the mounted services corresponds to the daily morning parades of infantry. There is scarcely any department of duty on the careful performance of which the efficiency of the battery more depends. The subalterns should pass the greater part of the hour actually in the stables — ^not in the yard outside — and, aided by their Nos. 1, superintend the groom- ing ; occasionally " pass " a horse ; investigate the causes of chafes, galls, and illnesses; see that the stables are kept tidy and well ventilated ; and, in fact, insure the stable duties being carried out in an orderly, efficient manner. The major and the captain should make a complete tour throughout the stables, the subalterns bringing under their notice any unusual occurrence or casualties. By 12.40, when the trum- peters sound " feed," all the horses should have been " passed " — i. e., individually examined by the No. 1 and pronounced clean. Any gunner or driver who 88 Administration and Interior Ecotiomy. has failed to pass his horse should he required to continue grooming it until the work has been pro- perly performed. The surgeon and the veterinary surgeon are tem- porarily attached to the battery, and do not, strictly speaking, belong to it. When two or more batteries are quartered together, one surgeon and one veterinary surgeon perform the duties for aU. the batteries. The officers in a battery, in addition to the foregoing, con- sist of 1 major, 1 captain, and 3 lieutenants. Baeeack-Eoom Duties. — The system carried out by the Eoyal Artillery differs but little from that pursued by other branches of the service, except that greater neatness is required and attained. Pay per Diem of Non-Commissioned Officers and Men of the Royal Artillery. Battery sergeant-major, . Battery quartermaster-sergeant, Sergeant, Corporal, Bombardier, . Acting-bombardier,' Gunner, Driver, Farrier, Shoeing-smith, Collar-maker, Wheeler, Boys, until they attain the age of 15, Horse- Artillery. s. d. 4 3 2 2 2 1 i 3 2 2 2 Field- batteries. s. d. 3 10 2 11 2 2 2 1 11 1 2i 1 ^ 3 4 2 1 10 1 10 9 ^ Only four per battery receive this extra rate of pay. PART III. PEACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF FIELD-ARTILLERY NOTE. This Part can be studied independently of the Others. See Note, Part I. CHAPTER I. WORKING OF A SINGLE BATTERY IN THE FIELD. DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF FIBE — RULES FOR. THE SELECTION OF POSITIONS — NATURE OF PROJECTILE TO BE FIRED UNDER VABIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES AND RANGES — COMMON SHELL— SHRAPNEL SHELL— CASE — RATE OF FIRING — ROCKETS — MITRAILLEURS AND CiATLINGS — SUPPLY OF AMMUNITION AND RE- PLACEMENT OF CASUALTIES IN THE FIELD — MARCHING — TRANS- PORT OF ARTILLERY BY RAILWAY — ^FORDS. Definitions of Different Descriptions of Piee. Enfilade-Fire. — A fire raking the enemy's line of troops or works. The battery so firiag must occupy a position in prolongation or nearly so of such line. Bicochet-Fire. — Its direction is enfilading, but the guns beiQg fired with reduced charges, the projectiles bound along the ground, clearing interposing obstacles in their frequent hops, and, of course, causiag devasta- tion in their path. Eicochet-fire can only be carried on with smooth-bore guns, and is, therefore, obsolete. Elongated projectiles are apt to spia away m a vague direction as soon as they touch the ground. The term " ricochet" is, however, stiU in use. 92 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. Curved Fire or Indirect Fire is the modern sub- stitute for ricocliet-iire. In its direction it is not en- filading tut perpendicular to the enemy. The gun is fired with a reduced , charge and a high elevation, so that the projectile may just curve over an interposing obstacle and descend upon the object of attack shel- tered behind. EULBS FOR THE SELECTION OF POSITIONS. The following are the principal requirements, though it will rarely be practicable to combine all of them : — 1. The battery should command the greatest pos- sible sweep of range. 2. The height of the position above the plane of site should not be excessive. 3. The position should, if possible, admit of the guns enfilading some portion of the enemy's lines. 4. The position should not itself be Hable to be en- filaded by the enemy's artillery. 5. There should be no cover within easy range from whence the enemy's riflemen could pick off the gunners. 6. There should be every facility in point of open ground for retreat, and no probability of the battery being cut off. 7. If possible, the guns should be concealed until they open fire, and the ground should admit of Um- Rules for the Selection of Positions. 93 bers and horses being sheltered while the guns are in action. 8. A battery in action should not be immediately in front or in rear of its own troops. 9. Stony positions should be avoided. 1. The Battery- should command the greatest POSSIBLE Extent of Eange. — ^A great point will be gained if the guns command not only the ground in their immediate front, but also the roads in the vicin- ity along which the troops must march when moving to the attack. This advantage especially applies to guns of position. I cannot but think, however, that very erroneous ideas prevail in theory with respect to the effective zone of rifled artillery-fire; for it is not unfrequently asserted that infantry cannot move dehberately within a range of 4000 yards of guns, if the ground be at aU open. Firstly, an uninter- rupted tract of this extent is a very rare exception ; and secondly, greatly as has the range of guns of late years been increased, the range of human vision has remained unaltered. To open fire beyond the limit at which the effects of projectiles can be ascertained by long-sighted men, aided with good telescopes, is to a great extent to throw away ammunition.^ Under the most favourable circumstances, large objects over 3000 yards distant dwindle into almost imperceptible ' See also Sir Garnet Wolseley's ' The Soldier's Pocket-Book,' p. 281. 94 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. points, and the results of even common shell are with difficulty distinguished. Every artilleryman knows that with the best gunners in the world one or more trial shots are necessary to correct for inevitable errors. An appreciation of these errors is indispensable, and therefore, extent of range beyond a certain point be- comes useless. During the recent civil war in Spain, the Carlists used to boast that their tiuy 4^-pounder Whitworths, weighing only 150 lb., and carried on mules, were effective at 7400 yards; and doubtless these guns, perched on a Pyreneean peak, could send their pro- jectiles to the above distance. But their artillerymen, on beiag further pressed, were forced to admit that their fire was then of little value, the necessary eleva- tion being 30°, and the gunners being unable to judge of effects and rectify errors. As a matter of fact, they almost invariably allowed their opponents to approach to within 2000 yards before opening fire, ammunition in Don Carlos' army being scarce and of great value. In November 1875, the Alphonsists freq[uently pitched their shells haphazard into the straggling open town of Estella from their batteries on Monte Es- quinza, about 4 J miles distant; but the projectiles flew so wild that they were only dangerous to the innocent townspeople. On the other hand, the effective range of guns may be put at a much higher figure when firing into Rules for the Selection of Positions. 95 a camp, fortress, or large area of earthworks, or into a considerable body of troops in column. The Carlist batteries, apparently 16-pounders, between San Mar- cos and Andouain, played havoc with the San Sebastian works, distant, on an average, 5 miles. It therefore seems reasonable to fix 3000 yards as the utmost useful range of artillery in the field — the different calibres ranging as follows : — Guns of position from 1500 to 3000 yards. 16-pounder guns „ 1000 „ 2500 „ 9 „ „ „ 800 „ 2000 „ Eight hundred yards may be considered the mini- mum range, as within that distance the enemy's riflemen could pick off the gunners. Theory — ^but theory merely illustrated by the niusory experiments on the practice -ground, with nerves undisturbed by the sense of danger — would assign a much higher minimum. Of course, on emergencies a battery might be required to engage at much closer distances. In opposition to the foregoing, I am bound to state that the Special Committee on Eified Field- Artillery, 1875, have reported that they '' are of opinion that bodies of troops cannot with impunity remain sta- tionary, or even move deliberately in front of guns at any distance under 4000 yards, if the ground is at aU open, the artillery posted so that they can see that distance, and the atmosphere clear. Villages or depots of stores would be unsafe at longer ranges." 96 Workifig of a Single Battery in the Field. It is indeed difficidt to demur to an opiaion ema- nating from so authoritative and eminent a soiu"ce; yet I would venture to suggest that the maximum possible range has become a question of eyesight rather than a question of artillery science ; and that, moreover, the Committee themselves indicate groimds' for hesitation in the following argument, which is strikingly applicable to aU practice - ground experi- ments : — " In estimating the value of artUlery-fire against troops in different formations, from the experiments carried out at Okehampton, the Committee thoroughly recognise the fact that these trials do not really represent what takes place in action. It is impossible to represent by dummy troops in motion, crouch- ing, or taking advantage of cover or inequalities of ground during an advance ; and it may be urged with reason, that no body of troops would remain patiently standing in one spot for several minutes under the deliberate fire of artUlery. Moreover, it must be borne in mind that the accuracy of the artillery-fire was not discomposed or impeded by the effect of an enemy's fire, or by the excitement or smoke of an action. Indeed it is not too much to say, that if the result of these experiments really represented at their full value the effects of artil- lery-fire in action, it would be difficult for troops to show themselves in the open.'' Rules for the Selection of Positions. 97 2. The Height of the Position abotte the Plane of Site should not be excessive. — A steep, high hill, by no means always constitutes a good position for a battery — ^very frequently the fire from it would be too plunging, especially at short ranges, and its destructive effects consequently small; and the enemy advancing to the attack will be com- pletely sheltered on reaching the foot of the accli- vity if it be very steep, as the muzzles of the guns cannot be depressed more than 10° A more -gentle slope of about 1 in 15 is to be preferred. This maxim was illustrated at the Alma, where the Eussian guns, posted on over-high ridges, were able to inflict comparatively little loss on our troops as they crossed the valley. It is worth remembering, as a practical measure under fire, that if troops posted on ground sloping towards their enemy are suffering severely from his artillery, their losses will often be more effectually diminished by advancing lower down towards their adversary than by retiring up the slope; because, in the former case, the enemy will for some time fire his shot harmlessly over his opponents' heads before he has learned the requisite altered elevation. This was strikingly illustrated in the case of Captain Anderson's field-battery at the battle of the Alma. The battery was posted in action a short distance down the slope on the brow of which the English were formed up, and was 98 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. suffering severely, both in men and horses, from the enemy's artillery on the opposite range. In conse- quence, the commanding of&cer limbered up, advanced lower down the hill closer to the Eussians, and once more opened fire. The beneficial results of this movement were at once apparent; for the enemy, not at once distiaguishing our change of position, his projectiles for some time afterwards passed high over our gunners' heads.-^ 3. The Position should, if possible, admit ob' THE Guns enfilading some portion of the Enemy's Lines. — This advantage will almost, ip&r se, constitute a favourable position; for it is evident that a single successful enfilading shot will cause greater damage and confusion than a dozen merely pierc- ing the line at right angles. At the Alma, Lord Eaglan ordered two guns from Turner's battery to be brought up to a kaoU considerably in advance of the general hne of the English position at that moment, from whence they were able to enfilade 18 Eussian guns which on the opposite range were playing heavily on our troops. A very few shot raking the enemy caused them such loss, and so dis- concerted them by threatening their flanks, that the Eussian " Causeway " batteries, unduly apprehensive, moreover, of losing a single gun, quickly limbered up, ^ My authority for this incident is Sergeant-Major Beezley, who served as a gunner with the battery on the occasion. Rules for the Selection of Positions. 99 and, together -witli four battalions, withdrew to the rear, leaving the centre or " Pass " open. This circumstance conduced materially to the victory of the Allies. ^ 4. The Position should kot itself be liable to be ENFILADED BY THE Enemy's Aetilleey. — This maxim naturally springs from the preceding one. Such a de- fect, quickly taken advantage of by an adversary, would be fatal, and the commander of a battery woidd be com- pelled to withdraw his guns immediately. The Floing Spur near Sedan was literally strewn with the (Z^&m of French batteries, smashed woodwork, dead horses, and the mounds where the gunners had been buried.^ The position of two Prussian batteries on the opposite side of the Meuse, on a knoll called the Mamelon d'Atoi, scarcely 1200 yards distant, teaches an instructive and most interesting lesson to all artillerists. Here we see 12 field-guns posted with a judgment amount- ing to genius ; so that while they themselves, on the reverse brow of the hOl, were in a great measure pro- tected from fire, their enemy was forced to choose between the alternative of being made a target of by the direct fire in their front, or of being sheltered from the latter by retiring to the west crest, where they would have been enfiladed from their right. Another portion of the. Moing Spur, to the north, and nearly facing Saint Menges, furnished a personifi- ' Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea, ii. 233 and 398. ' Three weeks after the battle. 1 00 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. cation of a hopelessly fatal position for artillery. It consisted of a narrow ledge, about 40 yards wide, with the ground iu rear perpendicular to a height of about 12 feet; and a French battery had been here posted in a perfect sheU-trap, the scarp in rear catch- ing all the " high " Prussian projectiles. The battery dared not withdraw higher up the hill, for fear of beiag subjected to enfilade-fire from another quarter. Not a shell from its opponents could have missed its mark ; and the riddled condition of the site, together with the ruined limbers, led to the conclusion that the battery had been very nearly annihilated.^ 5. There should be no Cover within east Eange from whence the enemy's elflemen could pick OFF THE Gunners. — This maxim almost speaks for itself. It is very difficult to shell an enemy out of a wood; though, as an instance to the contrary, duriag the early part of Waterloo the English howit- zers, with the clumsy old pattern time-fuze, on our right, played havoc with Jerome's infantry in the coppices above Hougomont. StOl, good rifle-shots, numbering, -for instance, 200 men, posted under cover within 800 yards of a battery, their nerves unshaken, knowing that they are fairly sheltered from danger, should always be able to silence the gunners before the guns can silence them. 6. There should be every Facility in point of ' From Sedan to SaarbrUck, pp. 39 and 60. Rules for the Selection of Positions. loi OPEN Geound for Eetkeat, and no probability of THE Battery being gut off. — Should the ground in rear of the position he much iatersected with banks, ditches, or streams, or checkered with wooded, marshy, or rough, impracticable ground, the battery might be much hampered and delayed in its retreat, and exposed to the danger of being cut off. For this reason, too, the site should not be unduly detached from the main position. 7. If possible, the Guns should be concealed until they open Fire, and the Ground should ad- mit of Limbers and Horses being sheltered while THE Guns are in Action. — This can often be attained by taking advantage of the inequalities of ground, by posting the guns a few yards back from the edge of the plateau or down the reverse slope ; with the muzzles just peering over the crest. The recoil on discharge might expose the gun to the danger of running back with violence down the slope ; but this risk can be entirely removed by fixing on the drag-shoe, when the recoil will be slight, and the carriage not damaged. The guns may also be concealed or " masked " with a troop of cavalry, an operation especially easy with horse-artillery, since their mounted detachments can be employed for the purpose. The presence of a gun shoidd be hardly sus- pected by an enemy, until just before it opens fire. The above principle was apparently carefully acted up to by the French in their demonstration — futile as it G . 102 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. -was — against Saarbriick on 6th August 1870. Their batteries •were placed so that the muzzles just looked over the range fronting the town — they followed the curvature of the crest ; and narrow trenches, parallel to the guns, about 2 feet 6 inches deep, were cut close to the wheel and trails, wherein the gunners stood when not actually serving their pieces. Under some circumstances it may be desirable to throw up gun-pits or a slight epaulment to protect the battery, especially if it be a battery of position. This can be done by means of the spades carried with the limbers. 8. A Battery in Action should not be imme- diately IN Front or in Eear of its own Troops, as not only might it impede their advance or retreat, but would offer a double mark to the enemy. More- over, it would tend- to' demoralise friendly troops in front, see p. 105. 9. Stony Positions should be avoided ; for on such a locality the enemy^s shells would burst with their maximum effect, and the fragments of flint might cause a great deal of annoyance. Marshy ground, on the contrary, in front of a battery, -wiU save the men from the effects of the ricochet of the enemy's shot, as the projectiles -will bury themselves in the soft earth. Even a ploHighed field wiU much deaden their effects, although they burst -with a considerable fuss and thro-wing up of dirt. Nature of Projectile to be Fired. 103 Battery commanders, when expecting to be shortly- engaged, should ride a little in advance of their guns, for the purpose of selecting positions in accordance with the above maxims. Similarly, when a retreat is anticipated, a battery of&cer should be sent to the rear for the same purpose. NATtrEE OF Peojectile to be Fired under VARIOUS Circumstances. Common Shell is effective at short ranges, but is specially useful at maximum ranges where shrapnel would be useless. It may be advantageously em- ployed against troops posted in hoUows and woods, against troops in column, or even in line, if they can be enfiladed or taken obliquely ; also to batter down bmldings and obstacles, and to set on fire combus- tible materials. It is usually fired with percussion- fuzes, but occasionally with time-fuzes (see p. 18), particularly against troops in woods or under cover; or against magazines, earthworks, or buildings, when the fuzes should be bored long, so that the projectile may penetrate before exploding. When firing against troops, the moral effect of the shell wiU be much increased if some of the fuzes be bored very long. The few moments of dread, waiting for the bursting of the projectile after it has pitched, are very trying. Shrapnel Shell is fired against skirmishers and I04 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. troops mucli scattered, if in open, fairly level ground. It is totally useless against men under cover, as the released buUets have not sufiS.cient velocity to pass through interposing obstacles. It is scarcely available beyond 1800 yards, and even at that range it is not easy to judge of residts. Shrapnel may be employed with good effect with percussion-fuzes, especially at short ranges and over hard ground ; but in our service time-fuzes are con- sidered peculiarly appropriate to this description of missile, and should be bored so as to burst about 50 yards short of the object. It is, however, extremely Tuze short Tf,,^^ „„^j Trooj)S Fig. 19.— Effects of Shrapnel. difficult to hit off the precise range and consequent length of fuze ; ^ and if the explosion be premature or 'retarded, the results of the projectile as a shell will be almost nugatory, as illustrated in the accom- panying sketch, fig. 19. Case may be resorted to to repel a sudden charge of cavalry — as a parting discharge previous to a hand- 1 See also page 34 Nature of Projectile to be Fired. 105 to-hand fight with infantry — or to check a rush across a bridge, through a gap, or a defile. It is a rude kind of projectile, only to be used at a crisis, and almost harmless beyond 350 yards. Withia that distance, however, it is extremely effective, especially if fired over hard, stony ground, for the ricochet is then con- siderable. The spluttering of the dust and pebbles looks very formidable, and the confusion caused amongst cavalry is great. The noise of the balls glancing on the earth and cleaving the air is such as to convey the impression that the atmosphere is fiUed with them. At a very close range — say 100 yards — double charges of case may be fired as a final blow. There is no fear whatever of thereby bursting the gun. Eemember that case is kept handy for instant use in the gun axle-tree boxes. It is worth remeniberiag that on an emergency shrapnel can be used as a fair substitute for case, by being introduced into the bore point first, when the head will be blown off and the bullets released at the muzzle. Case must never be fired over the heads of friendly troops, as the scattered bullets would be liable to cause casualties. Shrapnel and common shell may be so employed, but with extreme care, as a single mishap to the men in front wiU tend to render them unsteady. Time -fuzes under such circumstances would never be desirable. io6 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. Eate of Firing. — Under favourable circumstances field-guns, wlietlier breech-loaders or muzzle-loaders, served by -weU-drilled gunners, can be loaded with shell and accurately laid and fired twice in one min- ute, though generally the fire would be much more deliberate. Four rounds of case cam be fired in the same time. EocKETS may be used with astonishing results over a perfectly level hard plain.^ Their moral effects are then even greater than their physical effects, horses especially being terrified by them beyond measure. Over hilly ground or a site much intersected with obstacles they are of little use. Eockets have been tried by almost every nation in turn, with occasional brilliant success ; but ultimately they have been in- variably abandoned as too unreliable for practical purposes. In 1864, while the American civil war was raging, the Inspector -General of Artillery at Wasliington, General Barry, informed me that shortly after the outbreak of hostilities the Federals formed a rocket -battery, the effects of which were on one occa- sion so destructive, that a brigade of six rocket-bat- teries was at once organised. On the next occasion, however, when their services were called into requisi- tion, one of the missiles twisted back actually amongst the detachment who fired it ; and the nervousness to which this incident gave rise was so great and uncon- 1 See ante, ■pa.ge 26. Nature of Projectile to be Fired. 107 querable, that the whole brigade was shortly after broken up. In 1813, at the battle of Leipsic, the British Eocket-Troop (horse-artillery), the sole representative of our troops in that action, rendered itself very con- spicuous by the good service it performed. The French used rockets with great success against the Eussians in the battle of the Tchernaya, 1855. The late Sir John Aitchison told me that when he was serving with the Guards in 1814 in the vicinity of Bayonne, two companies of his regiment were pushed across the Adour by boats to act as an ad- vanced-guard to the remainder of the British force. Before, however, they could be reinforced, a JFrench brigade, consisting of either three or four battalions, pounced on them from the direction of Boucau ; and their capture or wholesale destruction seemed inevi- table, when a rocket-battery on the English side of the river suddenly opened fire, and sent their missiles with such singular success amongst the French, that the whole brigade broke and fled, leaving a vast number of killed and wounded behind them.^ This locality, it must be remarked, is extremely favourable for the use of this projectile, the . Adour here being 1 General Sir William KnoUys, -who a few days after marched with a detachment .of his regiment over the site of the above engage- ment, bears witness to the remarkable havoc caused by these projec- tiles, as evidenced by the number of corpses of French soldiers which cumbered the shore. io8 Working of a Single- Battery in the Field. atout 500 yards broad, and the open sandy banks sloping very ^adually for a considerable distance fi'om the river. Twenty miles south, among the Py- renees, rockets would be almost useless. They had no existence among the Carlists, although, from their portability, they would have been invaluable if avail- able. Eockets were used with excellent effect in the Gold Coast war of 1873-74. It would appear advis- able that a colonial power like England should always retain a certain number of these missiles in the service, on account of their moral effect on barbarous nations. MiTEAiLLEUES AND Gatlings. — Df late years popu- lar fancy has inclined strongly towards weapons of this description, but it is doubtful whether on actual service they will fulfil the expectations formed of them. In 1870-71, the French were apparently seldom able to turn them to much account ; and the only striking traces of their effects during the early part of the war which I succeeded in hearing of and in authenticating, were on a mamelon about 900 yards north of the Floing Spur. Here, innumerable num- bers of graves of Prussian soldiers attested the truth of the assertions that they had suffered severe loss from the mitraiUeurs posted opposite to them and near Ploing, where old mitraiUeurs' cartridge-cases were lying about the ground literally in heaps. Pro- bably the Prussians had been unduly crowded on to the mamelon for some temporary tactical reason. Mitrailleurs and Catlings. 109 After Sedan, the Prussians huddled 80 of these captured weapons into a large public square in the town, without attemptiag to turn them to account, although they had plenty of ammunition and equip- ment. Since their first introduction, they have doubtless been much improved, and the GatHng is probably one of the best ; but the objections are inherent to the very nature of the weapon. Boguslawski, in his admirable work, 'Tactical Deductions,' says, p. 104, — "This mongrel weapon possesses neither the advantage of infantry in being able to get under cover and to move rapidly, nor the power or range of artillery." He also remarks that mitrailleur-fire is in fact " case' at long range — of itself a contradiction." It is then impossible to judge of the effects of the bullets, and shell could be used with much greater success. With mitrailleurs, either the balls are uselessly concentrated, siace one will kiLL a man as well as twenty; or if, by a special arrange- ment of the breech-handle, a horizontal movement can be imparted at wiU to the barrels during the process of firing, some of the bullets wiU be caught in the folds of the ground, unless it be as flat as a bUhard-table. For short ranges, case fulfils every ordinary require- ment. A mitrailleur requires appliances, and occupies space in a similar manner as does a piece of artillery. 1 10 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. while for general purposes it is far inferior to the latter, and for breeching or smashing is quite useless. Perhaps mitrailleurs can be used to best advantage in street-fighting. During the final struggle of the Commune in Paris in May 1871, they were much used by the VersaiQes troops, and evidently held in high value by them. Supply of Ammunition and Eeplacement of Casuaities in the Field. — ^When a battery takes up a position for action, the waggons, spare men, and horses, should be drawn up under charge of the captain or second in command in the most sheltered spot in rear at any distance varying from 100 to 500 yards, according as cover is available, and, if possible, entirely protected from the enemy's fire. As the ammunition in the gun-limbers becomes exhausted, the commanding of&cer should communicate with his captain, and cause one or more waggons to be brought up to replace the expended ammunition. Under special circumstances, when a speedy completion of the process is necessary, some of the gun-limbers may be exchanged bodily for the waggon-limbers. Casualties in men and horses with the guns must be made good from the reserves with the waggons. A disabled horse with its fellow can be quickly disengaged from the rest of the team ; and as a temporary measure, four or even two horses are suf&cient to drag a gun a considerable distance, provided the ground is fairly level and unobstructed. Marching. 1 1 1 I was told by a Prussian artillery officer, the Baron de Grumphenberg, that towards the close of Sedan, the battery to which he belonged was suddenly thrust forward to the front, on that part of the ground which hes between Balan and the south side of Sedan to resist De Wimpfenn's attempt to break out towards Douzy. Owing to casualties, his battery had but two horses per gun ; yet it galloped forward, and remained in action for about fifteen minutes, when the efforts of the French were frustrated. Had they been suc- cessful, the Prussian guns must have fallen into the hands of the enemy; as owing to the losses the former had sustained at such close quarters, they had not even two horses per gun at the end of the quarter of an hour, and were totally imable to move. It is recognised as a sacred principle in field-artil- lery, that if a gun be disabled, whatever the cause, its waggon must remain with it to assist in its repair and supply it with ammunition. If, on the other hand, a waggon be disabled, its gun abandons it, and pursues its work independently. Mahohing. — The invariable formation of a battery marchiag along a road is that of " column of route," which extends over a distance of 208 yards (see p. 70). At a walk, its maximum rate is a little under 4 mUes an hour — or, including a halt of ten minutes every two hours, an average of 3 J miles an hour. 24 miles is a good day's march for a battery in training ; and on an emergency, the battery with which I served 112 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. accomplislied 34 miles in the day witliout any extra- ordinary effort. When the word " March at ease " is given, the gunners are allowed to mount the carriages, or to walk alongside at their option, except in going up or down hill, when they shoidd always be on foot. The distances between the carriages are then lengthened out, so that each team may work more independently and with less fatigue. Going down a steep hill the drag- shoe should be applied, and going up hill the bearing- reins cast free. During the halts, the coUars and straps are carefully examined ; and if there is any appearance of galls, the chafed places are eased by spare paddings. When marching in an enemy's country, a battery should have an escort either of infantry or cavalry ; or if no escort be available, the gunners with their car- bines, of which there are 12 per battery, must make good the deficiency. A battery marching by itself should always have an advanced and rear guard. In a. hiUy or enclosed country it should explore the ground in front, so as to guard against ambuscades and surprises. A defile should be passed as quickly as possible, as guns can seldom be used in it. In a retrograde movement the ammunition-waggons should be sent to the rear, one or two only being retained at hand to supplement the supply of the gun-limber ammunition. In case of an attack en, route, the carriages should close up, and the battery should continue its march, Transport of A rtillery by Railway. 113 while the escort shows front to the enemy. If closely pressed, a square should be formed of the carriages, with the guns at the angles, the escort sheltering itself behind the carriages, and from thence keeping up a fire on the attacking party. In night marches through an enemy's country, strict silence should be maintained, and the men must not be allowed to crack their whips or light any matches. Teanspoet of Aetilleey by Eailway. — Field- artillery is, owing to the heavy and extensive nature of their equipment, generally required to proceed from one destination to another by march-route. If, how- ever, they are to be transported by railway, an officer should precede the battery, and in concert with the station-master should mark off on the carriages with a piece of chalk the subdivision of the battery allot- ted to them, and the number of men, horses, or car- riages each win hold. As a rule, each compartment will hold eight soldiers with their arms and accoutre- ments ; a horse-box will convey 3 horses ; a cattle- truck, 8 horses ; and a goods-truck, a gun-carriage and limber, or waggon and limber. One train should con- sist of from 24 to 30 carriages, and therefore two trains wiU. be required for the transport of a complete battery. By using cattle-trucks instead of horse-boxes, one train with a powerful engine would suffice. The flooring of the horse-trucks should be carefully 1 14 Working of a Single Battery in the Field. inspected, to guard against any loose or unsound planks. A battery can generally be most conveniently em- barked from a freigbt-shed. If tbere be not suf&cient length of platform for the horses and guns, rough " ramps " or slopes must be constructed, by means of skidding or rails and some planks. The battery should arrive at the station about \\ hour previous to the time fixed for departure. It should first be drawn up in some handy, adjacent spot. The drivers •will dismount, take off their accoutrements, and, assisted by the gunners, wiU unhook and file their horses off to the trucks indicated for each subdivision. The gunners wiEL then embark the guns, carriages, wag- gons, and stores. Finally, aU the men will be marched to their respective carriages. A reaUy good battery, however, accustomed to the work, and with suitable appliances and sufficient length of platform, will be able to complete the embarkation in about half an hour after the drivers have dismounted and begun to unhook. The rate at which the engine may be expected to travel will not exceed 25 miles an hour. On the arrival of the train at its destiaation, the men quit their carriages at the trumpet-sound and fall in. The horses wiU be then disembarked, straw being placed over each lowered truck -side, on which they may step, though this is not absolutely essential. They Fords. IIS are then formed up at the discretion of the command- ing officer, the drivers remaining in charge of them. The gunners next proceed to take off the guns, car- riages, and stores, and the battery is finally hooked ia. If there is ample length of platform, and abundance of hand labour, horses and guns may be disembarked simultaneously, and the whole operation should be completed in about twenty minutes. FoEDS. — The maximum depth for artillery is 3 feet. 3.6 is usually laid down; but practical experi- ence shows that this depth is excessive, and would, moreover, spoU the ammunition. Even with a ford 3 feet deep, the current must be gentle, and the bottom sound, level, and free from boulders. The leader of the column should keep his eyes steadily fixed on a point on the opposite bank, which may serve to mark the direction of the ford ; otherwise he is Ukely to be deceived by the appearance of the current, which, seeming to carry him down, might induce him to keep too high up. No carriage should be allowed to swerve in the least from the line marked out by the leader ; nor should any horses be allowed to halt, trot, or drink wMle crossing. Ii6 Working Artillery in the Field. CHAPTEE 11. WOEKING AETILLEET IN THE FIELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER ARMS. DISTBIBTTTION OF THE AETILLBRT OP AN AEMY COUPS — FEEQTTENT SOUKOES OF BEEOE IN THE EMPLOYMENT OF ABTILLEBT — EX- AMPLES OF THE BMPLOTMBNT OF ABTILLEBT — EBSEEVB ABTIL- LEBT — DUTIES OF THE BBIQADIEE-GENEEAL COMMANDING THE ABTILLEBT OF AN ABMT OOBPS — A DIVISION OF AETILLEET WOBKING WITH OTHEE TROOPS — ^DtTTIBS OF LIEtTTENANT-OOLO- NELS OF ABTILLEBT IN THE FIELD — TRANSMISSION OF OBDEES FOE AETILLEET— THE INDIVIDUAL BATTEBT IN THE FIELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHEE TBOOPS — ^DUTIES OF HOESE-AETIL- LEET WOBKING WITH OAVALET — BSOOETS FOB ABTILLEBT — POSITION OF ABTILLEBT ON THE LINE OF MAEOH WITH OTHEE BBANCHES OF THE SEBVICB— OUTPOSTS — MEANS OF EENDBBINO GUNS UNSEBVIOEABLB — MEANS OF KBNDEBING DISABLED GUNS FIT FOB USE. Distribution of the Artillery of an Army Corps. — In order that the utmost possible benefit may be derived by an army in the field from its artUlery, as well as for convenience of organisation, a certain num- ber of batteries are allotted to each division of infantry and brigade of cavalry. These are called the Divi- sional Artillery. The remaining batteries are called the Working Artillery in the Field. 1 17 Reserve Artillery, and are kept as far as possible together in one body, at the disposal of the chief of artillery, to be used by him subject to the approval of the general in chief command, as circumstances may require. In»our service, the necessary proportion of artillery is apparently estimated at about 3 guns for every 1000 fighting-men. — See Army Circular, Aug. 1875. The regulated strength of one of our army corps is 36,800 men; but in calculating for the necessary number of guns, we must deduct from the above grand total the artillerymen themselves, the engineers, medical, control, and police departments, &c., — or, in round numbers, we have to allow for — Men. 3 infantry divisions of 7670 infantry men each, . . 23,010 Cavalry — 3 regiments : one regiment attached to ' each infantry division, 1850, J- 3,700 1 brigade of cavalry, 1850, Total, in round numbers, . . 27,000 The artillery provided for the above consists of 1 5 batteries with 9 guns, which are thus distributed — Guns. 1st infantry division, 3 field-batteries, . . 18 2d „ „ 3 „ „ ... 18 3d „ „ 3 „ „ ... 18 Cavalry brigade — 1 battery horse-artillery, . . 6 ■D _i-n ( 3 batteries horse -artillery, ) on ^^^^'^^^^^^^^y-i 2 field-batteries, \ _^ Total artillery per corps, 15 batteries, . 90 H 1 1 8 Working A rtillery in the Field. It is, however, a moot question whether the whole , of the horse-artillery shall not be attached to the reserve artillery, one or more horse-artniery batteries being temporarily told off to the cavalry brigade, as the circumstances of the moment may require. The proportion of the different natures of* field- artOlery will, however, depend in a great measure on the character of the country. Flat, open countries are advantageous for the employment of heavy guns and horse-artOlery ; hiUy, enclosed districts for light iield- batteries and mountain-artUlery. Frequent Soueces of Eeeoe in the Employ- ment OE Abtillebt.^ — ^Non -artillery officers have a constant tendency to utilise guns placed at their dis- posal, by merely supplementing with them the fire of an infantry brigade, battalion, or even line of skir- mishers ; they forget' that, owing to the increased range and accuracy of smaU-arms, artillery cannot now, as formerly, accompany the attacking colimms during their advance for the purpose of opening fire within a short range of the enemy's lines ; and they seem to ignore the fact that by requiring guns to march on the flanks of infantry they inflict on them the enormous evil of constant changes of range and ^ In the following remarks I haye quoted largely from a memoran- dum issued by Colonel Eadcliffe, commanding the Eoyal Artillery in Ireland in 1874 ; and from instructions issued in Divisional Orders, Aldershot, July 1874, by General Sir Hope Grant, for the guidance of artillery employed in autumn manoeuvres. Working A rtillery in the Field. 1 1 9 position — a greater or lesser range of 400 or 500 yards, however important to infantry, teiag of little moment to modern artillery. Hence it constantly happens that batteries are split up into sections of two guns each, whereby their iire is frittered away. Even when the battery is marutained intact, the leading idea of the ofi&cer in command of the combined force seems to be " artillery to conform." It caimot be disputed that the chief superiority of artillery over other arms consists not only in the more destructive effects of its projectiles, but in its greater powers of range; yet if it is to " conform to the movements of the infantry," this latter advantage is entirely nullified. For in- stance, it is not uncommon to see guns ranged side by side with a line of infantry, and maintaining with it a simultaneous fire. In Prussia, notwithstanding the alleged perfection of their peace manoeuvres, the prac- tice is flagrantly prevalent. It is evident that in nine- teen cases out of twenty this must be an absurdity. Either it must be assumed that the infantry is firing at an enemy not more than 8 or 9 yards distant, in which case the greater part of the artillerymen and horses would be picked off and the guns silenced, or else the infantry must be wasting their ammunition at im- possible ranges. A fortiori, should the latter be firing, artillery should never be in action in advance of them. Now it is not for one moment disputed that artil- lery is purely an auxOiary branch, and that the other 120 Working Artillery in the Field. arms are the backbone of the fighting strength. Without their aid, artillery alone can never carry on the most insignificant operations ; while, of course, im- portant achievements are continually being effected where artillery is entirely unrepresented. On the other hand, no decisive blow on a large scale can be struck without the aid of guns ; and, bearing in mind the increased power of modern ordnance, the following general principle appears to be sound : — "ArtiQery should be employed in conjunction with other arms to accomplish an object common to all; but the means to be adopted by each arm for attain- ing this object should differ materially in detail, and should, in a great measure, be carried out independ- ently." This maxim may be illustrated by the fol- lowing Examples of the Employment of Aetillery. 1. In the attack, the objects of artillery at the out- set are to prepare the way for the other arms by creating disorder" in the enemy's ranks, by dismount- ing his guns, by destroying obstacles, and by rendering cover untenable. At a later period it should support the advance of other troops directly, and should form a raUying-point in case of repulse. 2. On the defensive, artillery should direct its fire against the advancing cavalry or infantry of the enemy. Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 121 so as to check, harass, and threaten his attacking columns, cover the retreat of the defenders, or defend the key of the position. Jomini's maxim is, that " ar- tillery in battles ought never to forget that its princi- pal mission is to hatter the troops of the enemy, and not reply to his batteries." A departure from it to some extent would be judicious in example 1 ; but in the present example the defenders' artillery must be particularly careful not to turn their fire against the hostile guns, because by so doing the enemy will have succeeded in diverting fire from his attacking columns, and ■will have effected his purpose as effectually as though he had for the time silenced his antagonists' pieces. It is difficid.t to insist too strongly on the great im- portance of a superiority of artiUery-fire at the begin- ning of an action, so as to crush the enemy's batteries in detail as they advance into action, and so as to prevent the deployment of a hostile force. 3. Artillery may be of the utmost aid in deciding an action by the concentration of the fire of a number of batteries against a vital point. In the three above examples the objects of artillery wUl be best attained by causing the batteries to be partially detached from their infantry division, and by relieving them from following closely iu its wake, instead of rec[uiriQg them literally to " conform." For by conforming they would be compelled to change 122 Working A rtillery in the Field. their positions incessantly, so as to post themselves a little in advance or in rear of the troops they are supporting. Eeservb AUTlliLEEY. — The Eeserve artillery — or, as it might be more fitly called, the Corps artillery — exists as a distinct body apart from the divisional artillery, and consists of a certain mimber of batteries placed at the disposal of the chief of artillery, who in an army corps would hold the rank of brigadier-general. The reserve batteries are at his entire disposal for detached duties, for strengthening the divisional guns when required, and, above all, for combining the fire of a large number of pieces as an artillery mass for a decisive effort, and must never be employed except yith his direct sanction — subject, of course, to the authority of the general in command. They should consist of horse-artillery and heavy field- batteries. The former is employed when rapidity of movement is required for sudden emergencies of sup- port or concentration; the latter are brought to the front when weight of metal is desirable in addition to a mere number of pieces. . The reserve artUlery should generally be posted in rear of the centre, or in some position from whence the batteries could be quickly despatched to spots where their services would prob- ably be required. Duties of the Beigadier-Geneeal commanding THE Aetillery oe AN Aemy Corps. — The brigadier- Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 1 2 3 general royal artillery is responsible to the general officer commanding the army corps for the general efficiency of his arm. It is his special duty to take care that all casualties amongst officers, men, horses, and matiriel are promptly made good, and he is responsible for aU reserves of ammunition and ma- Uriel. Therefore, although the batteries of divisional artillery are, under their lieutenant-colonels, subject to the general officer of the division in the same manner as the other arms under his orders, yet it is the duty of the lieutenant-colonels to keep the general officer of artillery constantly informed as to the state of dis- cipline and general condition of the various batteries. He will exercise jurisdiction both for discipline, and to some extent for manoeuvres, over the whole of the artillery in the field — whether horse or field, divi- sional or reserve — and will hold the same relative position to the commander of the army as does a Heu- tenant-eolonel to his division-general. He is a mem- ber of the staff of the commander of the army corps, and should be thoroughly in the confidence of his general with regard to the plan of operations. A Division of Artillery working with other Troops. — ^A division of artillery — to be distinguished from a battery division of two guns and waggons — consists of two or more batteries under the command of a lieutenant-colonel ; and therefore the three bat- teries attached to each infantry division, and called 124 Working Artillery in the Field. the divisional artiQery, will, when working together, compose a division of artillery. On the march with other troops, one of the batteries should be near the head of the column, and the others distributed between brigades. In the field, batteries may be posted ap- proximately on either flank of the infantry division to which they are attached, provided the occupation of the ground be such that they are not unduly separ- ated from each other. It. is not here intended to advocate the Prussian theory, that the Abtheilung of three batteries must never be allowed to slip away from- the immediate grasp of the officer commanding it, nor the clumsy practice of his moving them and giving the word of command as though he were handling a single battalion, whereby long lines of artillery sometimes formed into columns are advanced and retired in a mass. This involves the loss of much time — in a close country the delay becomes serious — and many brilliant opportunities. But it must be borne in mind that in proportion as the several bat- teries can be made to respond to the general guidance of one hand, the more effectually will they be able to support the operations of the other troops. Lieuten- ant-colonels, therefore, should be constantly on the watch for opportunities of concentrating the fire of their guns upon vulnerable points. In opposition to this principle, it is the fashion to argue that the bat- tery is the tactical unit of artillery, and that it should Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 125 be worked under the sole and independent command — so far as regards the jurisdiction of artillery officers — of its own major. This is true only to a very limited extent, chiefly in point of interior economy. It is a valuable unit for making up a valuable total, but in the majority of cases it is a unit insufficiently powerful to obtain singly decisive results. Officers commanding batteries are generally tenacious of their authority ; they are apt to tacitly assert their right to work with their infantry or cavalry division, subject only to the orders of their general, and are frequently inclined to regard those emanating from their lieu- tenant-colonel when in the field as undue interference. If detached for the purpose of performing any special duty, they often delay rejoining the main body of artniery at its conclusion, and reporting their arrival to their lieutenant-colonels, preferring their semi-inde- pendent commands. This practice is objectionable. It should be clearly recognised that the lieutenant- colonel is responsible for the general correctness of the movements of his batteries, especially when the efficacy of their fire is involved, " and that it is his bounden duty to rectify promptly all errors which may come under his notice. On the other hand, the less he interferes with their iaterior economy, except when discipline is manifestly going astray, the better. It may be assumed that rarely more than two bat- teries should be massed together for action, as a greater 126 Working Artillery in the Field. number would be beyond the thorough supervision of the lieutenant-colonel, and would offer too conspicuous a mark for the enemy's notice ; but this limit of con- centration of guns does not preclude the convergence of fire at critical moments from as many points as may be practicable and desirable. The most import- ant distinction between convergence of fire and mass- ing does not appear to be sufficiently recognised. Duties of the Lieutenant-Colonel of Aetilleey IN THE Field. — ^The lieutenant-colonel should accom- pany his infantry division-general as a member of his staff, should be taken into counsel by him, and be in- formed of the objects sought to be obtained, and the probable share which his artillery will be required to take ia carrying them into effect. He should communicate this latter point only to battery com- manders ; and while maintaining his communication with his general, should take care that the instructions are being acted up to. When it is necessary to break up the divisional artillery into batteries separated by comparatively wide intervals, he should see that their fire is so directed" as best to support the general design. It is the Ueutenant-colonel's special duty to take the initiative, if necessary, in pointing out to the divisional general any opporfmnities which may occur for availing himself of the superior powers possessed by the artillery for striking a decisive blow by concen- trating its fire ; and in this case especially he should Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 1 27 personally superintend the measures for carrying the same into effect rapidly and simultaneously, without which half the effect will be lost. With this view, application may be made to the officer commanding the combined artillery of the army corps for permis- sion to employ, in addition, one or more batteries from the reserve. Teansmission of Oedees foe Aetilleey. — Orders should always be transmitted through the lieutenant- colonel ; otherwise conflicting instructions may be is- sued, and his authority becomes weakened. Sometimes commanders of batteries are completely bewildered by receiving simultaneously contradictory orders from three or four different sources ; for instance, from the general-in-chief, from' the infantry division-general, from the officer commanding the combined artillery, and from the lieutenant-colonel. The Individual Batteey woeking in the Field TS. CONJUNCTION V7ITH OTHEE Teoops. — ^The command- iag officer of a battery is responsible, under his heutenant-colonel (see p. 124), for aiding with his guns in carrying out the intentions of his division- general. He should select his own positions, subject to general instructions ; and in the absence of special orders, should not hesitate to act instantly, to the best of his judgment, in supporting any change in the disposition of the troops, or in meeting the sudden emergencies of the moment. Whenever practicable, 128 Working Artillery in the Field. he should keep his battery at full interval, there- by diminishing the chance of casualties from the enemy's fire. The fact should never be lost sight of that guns limbered up are impotent for offence or defence, and are then even a source of weakness and anxiety to the force to which they are attached. They should therefore be kept out of fire, and con- cealed to the very last moment. All superfluous movements and display should be avoided, and even the presence of a gun should hardly be guessed at until it opens fire. When, however, a battery is ordered into action, it should move with the utmost celerity. Whenever it is about to advance or retire through a line of infantry, notice should be sent to the officer ia command of the latter, in order that passages may be opened for the guns without con- fusion or delay. Field - batteries being generally required to work with infantry, the walk has been laid down as their normal pace ; but the necessity for proceeding at a trot is of constant occurrence — and a blind, stupid ignoring of this necessity would mate- rially cripple the value of the arm. For example, in supporting an advance, in covering a retreat, or in preparing a way for other troops, it may be of para- mount importance to open fire as quickly as possible, and to continue it up to the last moment. Can it be seriously maintained that it is unlawful for the field- batteries to move at a brisk trot, and so gain a few Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 1 29 precious moments, and that they must in lieu plod along at a snail-like walk on the flank of the infantry ? The pace should he left to the discretion of com- mandiag officers, leaving them unfettered by short- sighted orders. Any one can abide by a hard-and- fast rule ; it is for the wise man — and such we must assume a man holding an important command — to decide when it is expedient to depart from the rule. Commanding officers may be relied on not to abuse this discretion — ^indeed their usual tendency is to err in moving too slowly, so anxious are they to spare their horses. To ascertain the required elevation and to hit off the exact range is of so great importance, and involves so much delay, that the officer commanding the bat- tery should be careful to avoid changing his position oftener than is absolutely necessary. For this reason one battery should never be ordered to relieve an- other actually in action, unless the one to be relieved is nearly Iwrs de comiat, or unless the heavier metal of the relieving guns renders the change desirable. Sup- posing guns in action against an enemy 1500 yards distant, he might advance 500 yards or retire 700 yards ; and yet it might not be expedient for the bat- tery to limber up — assuming, of course, the field of view to remain unobstructed — for field-guns are per- fectly effective at either range of 1000 yards or 2200 yards. 1 30 Working Artillery in the Field. Ammuiution should not be expended on the off- chance of hitting one or two of the enemy. Irrespec- tive of the consideration of waste, it gradually causes the artillery-fire to be held cheap. The priQciple that the loss of a gun is disgraceful, and must be avoided at every cost, should be aban- doned as a vicious tradition tending to cause guns to be withdrawn at the most critical moments. A battery may be bound to cling to the very last to a position, if from thence it be pouring in a deadly fire on the enemy; and it may thereby be rendering a service of such inestimable value, that even if its guns be event- ually captured, it may have more faithfully complied with the requirements of duty and honour than by having ceased fire, limbered up, and saved its pieces. An instance of the vice of the priaciple occurred at the Alma. The Emperor Nicholas, an enthusiastic admirer of the Duke of Wellington, had for years dinned into the heads of his of&cers the glory of our great captain in never having lost a gun throughout his military career, and had impressed on them the disgrace he considered attached to such a loss. As stated in page 98, the opposition of the Eussians to the Allies' advance at the Alma was much hampered and curtailed by the apprehension lest by any possible contingency one of their guns should fall into our hands. _ Consequently, when Turner's two pieces began to partially enfilade them from the ad- Examples of the Employment of A rtillery. 1 3 1 vanced knoll, they prematurely limbered up and with- drew their guns when the persistence of their fire was essential to the defence of the position. In the event of a sudden and unexpected attack against any portion of the position, the brigadier or other of&cer in command of the troops on the spot is entitled on his own responsibility to give such orders as he may deem necessary to repel it to any battery at hand, and the commander of the battery is bound to obey them without delay or reference to his lieu- tenant-colonel. A report of the measure should at once be made by the ofiS.cer who has taken it to the heutenant-general commanding the division. A battery should, as far as possible, be maintained intact, and not broken up into detached portions. This rule is not absolutely invariable. Occasion- ally retirements and advances under fire may be made advantageously by alternate half-batteries, each half-battery rapidly advancing or retiring in turn to previously-selected positions about 500 yards' per- pendicular distance apart. This movement is very suitable in covering a retreat. A battery may also be broken up when a portion of it only is required for some special or detached duty — such as to strengthen an outpost, or to cover a bridge-head, road, or defile. Two guns should be the smallest fraction. To post a siagle gun by itself can scarcely ever be ad- visable; its fire would be too intermittent to be very 132 Working Artillery in the Field. effectual even in defending a bridge, as the assailants could rush forward with impunity between the inter- vals of the discharge. The Duties of Hoese-Abtilleet woeking with Cavaley are to protect the mancEuvres of the latter, to shake the enemy's troops previous to their being charged, and to support pursuit or cover retreat. The fdlly of horse - artillery " conforming to the cavalry movements " by galloping hither and thither with a great amount of display, sometimes actually charging full tilt on the flanks of the troops they should sup- port, needs only to be alluded to to be conderoned. The principles laid down for field- batteries, p. 92, are in the main applicable to horse-artiUery hkewise, thorough advantage being taken of their superior powers of mobility. Great care must be exercised that they are never posted directly in front or in rear of their own cavalry, as not only do they present a double mark to the enemy, but the gunners might be ridden down by the troopers advancing or retiring in confusion through the gun intervals — a casualty which has actually taken place both in war and in home ser- vice. Such a mishap occurred at ChOlianwallah, where the teams and gunners of a battery of horse-artiQery were ridden down by some British cavalry retiring in disorder from an unsuccessful charge. Horse-artiUery, by means of their detachments, can generally " mask" their own guns — i.e,., by making the mounted gunners Escorts for A rtillery. 133 ride in line in front of their pieces, they can so effec- tually conceal them that an enemy at a moderate dis- tance can discern nothing more apparently formidable than a squadron of cavalry. ESCOETS FOR Aetillbey. — Since artillery cannot provide for its own security against attack, it seems desirable that an escort of cavalry or infantry should be told off to each battery, to resist any possible attempt to capture it by a cou;p-de-main. The escort should not be less than a company of infantry or a troop of cavalry, which should be attached to the battery duririg the entire progress of active operations, remaining with it under all circumstances, and being entirely under the direction of the senior artillery officer. The Prussians consider such a provision a mere waste of troops, arguing that the nearest infantry or cavalry is sufficient to obviate the risk of capture, provided due vigilance be exercised on the part of the major, and that in exceptional instances it is prefer- able to detach a temporary escort. Judging by their peace manoeuvres — which, after aU, should be a close approximation to the practice of war — this method is faulty. Through fear of losing the guns, there is a con- stant fidget to limber-up and retire into the background; and their batteries may not unfrequently be seen to cease firing and withdraw, when, by the occupation, pro- longed even for a few minutes, of an advanced position, they might have inflicted serious losses on an enemy. I 134 Working Artillery in the Field. In practice, a field-battery escort is with us gener- ally composed of infantry — that for horse-artillery of cavalry. The sounder rule would he to detail infantry in an enclosed, wooded country, or where a moderate pace only would be required ; and cavalry in an open country, or where the movements must be rapid. In the former case, a proportion of the escort can on emergency be carried by the battery. With a detach- ment of six gunners per gun, and by utilising the axle- tree boxes, each subdivision could convey nine infantry, or the whole battery fifty-four infantry, supposing the waggons to accompany the guns. The movements of the escort must depend entirely on those of the guns — the battery commander, of course, being bound to be careful for the safety of his defend- ers. A cavalry escort should remain echeloned about 200 yards in rear of the exposed flank of the battery if in action — one of infantry about 100 yards in rear. Sentries or vedettes should be posted so as to keep a sharp look-out, and give warning of any impending irruption on the part of the enemy. The infantry may be sometimes required to keep down the fire of his riflemen. In forward movements the escort should march in front of the battery, throwing out patrols and flankers. In retiring, it should allow the guns to pass it, and then move steadily in their wake, as close as cover and other circumstances will allow. If the commanding of&cer of a battery finds him- Position of A rtilkry on the L ine of March. 1 3 5 seK unprovided with an escort, he should apply for one if necessary, and under pressing circumstances may even claim to be so supported from the nearest detachment of troops. Position of Artillery on the Line of March WITH OTHER Branches of the Service. — Sir Garnet Wolseley, in his 'The Soldier's Pocket-Book,' third edition, p. 230, lays down the foUowiag as the nor- mal order of march of a division of infantry moving independently : — Advanced-guard. General and staff. Troop of divisional cavalry.^ Leading battalion of leading brigade. Divisional artillery — three batteries.^ The two remaining battalions of leading brigade. Small-arm ammunition-carts of leading brigade. Tool-carts of leading brigade. The second brigade. Small -arm ammunition - carts, and tool -carts of second brigade. Infantry and artillery reserve ammunition column. Ambulance, led horses,' baggage, commissariat, and military police. 1 The remainder of the cavalry is with the advanced-guard. ' Minus two or more guns, as the case may be, in front with the advanced-guard. 1 36 Working A rtillery in the Field. The horse-artillery batteries attached to the cavalry- will, of course, inarch with their respective brigades. The reserve artillery should, when practicable, march under escort on a different road from the other bat- teries, so that they may be easily and quickly moved to the front to cover the formation of troops for action. Outposts. — Guns required for detached or outpost service should, when practicable, be detailed from the reserve artillery, and will generally consist of horse- artillery; and on the conclusion of the duty, the officer in command of them should at once rejoin the main body from which he was detached, and report his arrival to his superior. In peace manoeuvres, this principle is by no means sufficiently regarded. The officer in command of a battery or portion, of a battery ordered on outpost duty, must be careful to ascertain before marching that he has a proper supply of am- munition. Circumstances will determine whether or not he should take with him any of his waggons. Usually there wUl be a sufficient supply of ammuni- tion in the gun-limber boxes. The guns are generally stationed with that portion of the troops called " the reserve of the outposts ; " but it may sometimes be advisable to post two or more of them in an advanced position — for instance, to guard a defile or bridge, or to sweep a causeway. Great care must then be taken that they are adequately pro- tected, that they are not liable to be cut off, and that Means of rendering Guns unserviceable. 1 37 they can effect a rapid retreat. When the senior officer arrives on the ground he is to occupy, he should at once select, in conjunction with the officer com- manding the outposts, a favourable position for his guns, and improve any natural existiag cover by digging gun-pits or throwing up an epaulment or slight parapet. He shoiild also endeavour to ascer- taia the range of aU objects within fire ; and after a careful study of the nature of the ground, should make up his mind what description of projectile he will use under possible circumstances. The guns will, as usual, be protected by infantry or cavaby. Means of eendeking Guns unsbeviceablb. — In actual warfare an officer may sometimes be called on to render guns unserviceable either because the enemy is on the poiut of gaining possession of them, or be- cause a temporary capture has been made of the hos- tile artillery, although there is every prospect that the prize must be shortly abandoned. To the uninitiated, to disable guns is not quite so easy as might perhaps at first appear. If it is probable that they will be shortly recaptured, they may be rendered useless for the time by plugging up the vents with spring spikes, which are manufactured expressly for the purpose, and which can afterwards be withdrawn with but little delay; or a shell may be rammed home without a cartridge. Should the guns be breech-loaders, they can easily be rendered perfectly useless by taking 138 Working A rtillery in the Field. away the vent-pieces. If the guns are to be perma- nently abandoned, common spikes, a supply of which is with us always kept in the gun axle-tree boxes, or large nails, to be obtained from the farrier or shoeing- smith, should be hammered into the vents ; the tan- gent-scales, elevating screws, and handspikes should be removed and concealed, and the wheels destroyed by snapping the felloes. If time admits, the bores should be half filled with powder, jammed with two or three shell and some nails, tamped — i. e., bunged up — with earth, and fired by means of a long piece of quick-match or traia of damped powder plastered on to the breech. To burst EngKsh guns, however, of modern manufacture, is by no means easy, so great is their strength. Finally, a cannon-shot may be fired against the muzzle at a short distance from it. Guns should not be abandoned untU the very last extremity. It by no means follows that they are per- manently lost, even though the enemy may be wan- dering at will for a time among them. Should a battery be charged by cavalry, the gunners, by creep- ing underneath the carriage or between the pairs of horses, will be fairly out of reach of cut and thrust ; but if attacked by infantry, they may be compelled to take refuge elsewhere — in rear of their own troops or within their own squares, holding themselves in readi- ness to sally forth at the first opportunity and once more serve their pieces. Means of rendering disabled Guns fit for Use. 139 Towards the close of "Waterloo, the English guns frequently fell into the hands of the French for short periods, who were, nevertheless, unable to carry off their capture. The gunners took refuge ia the nearest squares, and as soon as the enemy had retired, they quickly resumed serving their guns. At Balaclava, five regiments of English cavalry rode through two Eus- sian batteries of six guns each, and theoretically were in complete possession of them, the Eussian supports haviag retired, although they kept up a galling flank- ing fire. Nevertheless, the English were unable to carry off or to spike a single piece, and were finally obliged to relinquish their prize, the captors them- selves having been almost annihilated. Means of eendeeing disabled Guns fit foe Use. — The spikes may be drawn out by the shoeing-smiths, the process being facilitated by pouring vitriol, or even common oil, into or around the vent, so that the liquid may penetrate into the interstices. They may also be blown out or loosened by loading the piece with a large charge, and firing it by means of quick-match running down the bore. It is possible to drOl a fresh vent ; but this is a tedious process. If the gun be a breech-loader, and the vent-pieces have been removed, there are no means whatever for making good the defi- ciency. Should shot be jammed into the bore, drown the charge, if there be a cartridge in rear of the pro- jectile, by pouring water into the vent or the muzzle ; 140 Working Artillery in the Field. drop a little powder into the vent, and explode it. The drowned cartridge will burn like a squib, and will combine with the fresh powder to force the shell slowly out of the piece. The handspike and a rough kind of tangent-scale can be made good by planking. To replace the ele- vating-screw, fix a block of wood crosswise on the trail and beneath the breech. Above the block place a slowly-tapering wedge, or " quoin." By being thrust in or out it will give the required elevation. If a wheel be only partially damaged, the gun can be dragged along for a short distance by putting on the drag-shoe, and thus preventing the wheel revolv- ing. Should the damage be more serious, it must be made good by a spare wheel or a waggon-wheel, or a wheel from any military carriage at hand. The pro- cess of shifting is a very easy one, and the height of the replaced wheels is of no great moment, provided, of course, that the substitute forms a pair of the same height. The pipe-boxes must, however, be of a size to fix on to the axle-tree arms. If the ammunition-waggons are at hand, a damaged gun-limber should be bodily exchanged for a waggon- Umber, for the two are as nearly as possible identical. Examples from Modern Warfare. 141 CHAPTEE III. EXAMPLES FEOM MODERN WAEFAEE ILLUSTEATING THE EMPLOYMENT OF AETILLEKY. rniEDLAND — ^WAGKAM — rUENTBS D'ONOK — SOBKAON — INKEEMAN — MALAKOFF — SEDAN — THE CARLIST WAK, 1875. The following are some of the most celebrated examples in modem warfare illustrating the great results which can be obtained by powerful artillery ef&ciently handled : — Feiedland,^ June 14, 1807. — Gained by the French under Napoleon, over the Eussians and Prus- sians under Benningsen. In the night of the 13th June, Benningsen received information that the corps of Lannes, consistiag of 12,000 infantry and 3000 cavalry, had arrived at the village of Posthenen, three miles from Friedland, where the Eussian general was encamped with an army of 4500 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. The exposed situation of Lannes' corps, which formed the advanced -guard of the French 1 For a more detailed account, see Jomini, Thiers, Alison, &c. 142 Examples from Modern Warfare. army, inspired Benmiigseii witli the hope that, hy a sudden attack, it might be destroyed before the main body of Napoleon's forces, about thirteen miles dis- tant, could be brought up in support. Between Benningsen and Lannes the river AUe interposed; and by four o'clock in the morning of the 14th June the Eussian troops were defiling over the bridge of Friedland to the enemy's side, and without delay attacked the French advanced posts, who slowly fell back. The corps of Mortier arrived to the sup- port of Lannes a short time after the firing had commenced; and the resistance thus opposed was so considerable, that Benningsen, who had at first crossed the Alle with only a single division, found himself imder the necessity of passing over another and another to its support, until by degrees his whole army had been brought over. Thus was the Eussian general, who at first contemplated only a partial operation, insensibly drawn into a general action in the most disadvantageous of situations, with a supe- rior force of the enemy in front, and a deep river, traversed only by a few bridges, in his rear. Meanwhile Napoleon, at the first sound of4 the distant cannonade, had despatched orders for the rapid concentration of his various army corps on the scene of the partial conflict before Friedland, and by 4 P.M. 70,000 French infantry and 10,000 cavalry were there collected ; while Benningsen, now aware of Friedland. 143 the straits in whieli he had placed himself, had long since abandoned his original intention of surprising Lannes, and was desirous only of maintaining his ground until the darkness of night should enable him to recross the Alle. At five o'clock p.m. the general action was begun by Ney's corps on the right advancing against the Eussian centre and left. After a brilliant but ephemeral success, the attack was repulsed — Ifey's right was enfiladed by some Eussian guns on the opposite side of the river, and the Eussian Imperial Guard pushed him back at the point of the bayonet. As, however, they hurried on in pursuit, they were checked by the corps under Victor, which had been brought forward from the reserve into the gap in the first Une originally occupied by Ney. Here occurred that brilliant manoeuvre in artillery tactics carried out by the French general Senarmont — a manceuvre which, in point of success, and as illustrating the irresistible power of artillery masses skilfully direct- ed, has no parallel in the annals of military history. Senarmont, who commanded the whole of the French artillery, collected all the guns of Victor's corps, in number 36, that general having first acquiesced in the operation. He then told them off into two masses of 15 pieces each, with a reserve of 6 pieces. One mass was posted on the right of Victor's corps, one on the left, and the reserve in rear of the centre. 144 Examples from Modern Warfare. The guns opened at 470 yards, and after a few rounds advanced to 235, and finally to 130 yards, at whicli range only case-shot were fired. The fire of the French guns, playing without iatermission on the crowded ranks of the slowly-retiring Eussians, was terrific. Senarmont passed from one battery to another, directing their movements and gradually pushing them forward. The Eussian cavalry attempted to check his advance,, but Senarmont quickly changed front, and, unaided by cavalry or infantry, with ease repulsed the attack, solely by the overwhelming fire of his guns. The ground over which the batteries moved being in the form of a triangle, they at last formed a junction. The site was particularly favour- able for the manoeuvre, the Eussians being driven into a confined space formed by the river in their rear, which rendered retreat difficult. The French artOIery losses in this portion of the field were only 3 officers and 52 men killed and wounded, and 53 horses. Each piece fired 72 round-shot or shell, and 12 case. The total number, therefore, fired by the artillery mass, was 3124 rounds.^ In consequence of the decisive success of Senar- mont's artillery manoeuvres, Benningsen's left wing was completely defeated, and compelled to fall back in disorder to the banks of the Alle. Meanwhile the Eussian right and centre had kept their ground with 1 Owen's Modem Artillery, p. 427. Friedland. 145 undaunted firmness. But when the retreat of the left had uncovered their flank, and when the French, pushing their advantage, gained possession of Friedland in their rear, and the bridges over the river, it was evident that the battle was irretrievably lost, and that the whole Eussian army was ra. a condition of weU- nigh desperate peril. ISTevertheless, slowly and in solid order, they retired towards the Alle, keeping up a fire on the enemy, and turning on him with the bayonet whenever hard pressed. Benningsen, without losing his presence of mind in the midst of this ter- rible disaster, did aU that prudence could suggest to repair the consecLuences of the error into which he had been drawn in the early part of the day. Hav- ing discovered a ford lower down the river, his army was drawn to the spot, and, by means of it, crossed over to the other side, suffering, however, fearful losses from the French artUlery, which played heavily on the retiring masses. His losses were 17,000 men and 17 guns. Those of the French were 8000 men and 2 eagles. The next day, the 15 th June, the Eussian army retreated to Wehlau, and on the 18th reached Tilsit. On that day, however, the Emperor Alexander made overtures to Napoleon for an armis- tice, which ultimately resulted in the celebrated peace of TiLsit. Wageam,! July 6, 1809. — Gained by the French ' See Joimni, Thiers, Alison, Oweu's Modern Artillery, &c. 146 Examples from Modern Warfare. under Napoleon, over the Austrians under the Arch- duke Charles. The Austrian army, 140,000 strong, occupied a position about ten nules north-east of Vienna, with its left on the elevated plateau of Wagram, its centre about the village of Aderklaa, and its right stretching towards Stammersdorf. It thus formed an immense concave semicircle, with its strength thrown into the two wings. The French were drawn up on the in- terior convex quadrant, nearly parallel to their enemy, with their columns issuing, like the folds of a fan, from the centre. Their total numbers were 180,000 men, and their maia strength was concentrated on their centre and right. At daybreak the right wing of the Austrians descended the slopes on which it was posted, and advanced against the left flank of the French army. The attack was completely successful. By 10 A.M. the assailants, preceded by 60 guns, had swept the whole of the ground in their front, and had captured several pieces of artillery. They then proceeded to drive back the French to the very edge of the Danube, and even pushed their advanced troops so close to Napoleon's bridges as seriously to endanger his liae of retreat. In fact, his defeat appeared already effected. But while this splendid success attended the efforts of the Austrian right, their left, against which Napoleon had accumulated his forces under Wagram. 147 Davoust, had undergone a serious reverse. The latter, having received the Emperor's directions to attack their enemy on the Wagram plateau, carried out these instructions with such skiO. and energy, that the Austrian left flank was compelled to fall back and to take up a position nearly at right angles to their original front. Thus the Archduke's line on the plateau was enfiladed, and the fire of the French artOlery was so effectual that a large proportion of the Austrian guns on that flank were dismounted or silenced. During the progress of these alternate successes and disasters, Napoleon had been making preparations for a crushing blow agaiast his opponent's centre at Aderklaa, where an intermittent but fierce strife had been carried on since the beginning of the battle For this purpose he had collected, in a convenient central spot, Kaschdorf, a vast body of troops, consist- ing of Eugene's corps, strongly supported by cavalry, and preceded by 100 guns. These were launched straight against the centre of the Archduke, who, perceiving the danger with which he was menaced, promptly reinforced the threatened point. iNever- theless, the 100 pieces of French artUlery, under the artUlery officers Lauriston and Drouot, regardless of the cross-fije from the hostile batteries with which they were encountered, advanced at a trot to within about 1100 yards of their enemy, and then opened a crush- 148 Examples from Modern Warfare. ing fire, -which was sustained with such rapidity for half an hour that it forced back the Austrian line immediately in front and dismounted several of their guns. Napoleon, takiag advantage of the confusion, instantly pushed forward his infantry ; and although the Archduke's centre was not actually broken, it was bulged in to a perilous extent. Once more the French attacking column resumed its forward movement, pre- ceded, as before, by its terrible batteries ; and then the Austrian general, despairing of maintaining his position — -his left having been turned by Davoust, as already explained — ^gave directions for a general retreat. His right wing, whose success in the early part of the day had been so signal, "was withdrawn from the posts they had so gallantly gained almost in rear of the French left, and the whole army fell back, slowly and in perfect order, towards Brunn. The French and Austrian losses were nearly equal, about 25,000 men killed, wounded, or missing on either side. Although the grand artillery attack alluded to failed to break the Austrian centre, its success was sufficiently decisive to induce the Archduke Charles to withdraw from the contest. It may be mentioned, that but for the failure of the Archduke John, thirteen rmles distant, with 30,000 men, to comply with his brother's orders, and to march to his assistance as speedily as possible, the battle would doubtless have terminated in a glorious victory for the Fuentes d'Onor. 149 Austrians. In consequence of their defeat, they demanded an armistice a week after, which ultimately resulted in a peace, signed at Vienna, October 1809. Fuentes d'Onor, May 3, 1811. — An indecisive victory gained by the English under the Duke of Wellington, over the French under Marshal Mas- sena. The French attacked the British right with extreme vehemence ; and a body of 3000 guerillas there posted having given way, our own regiments were thrown into disorder, and our flank pierced and turned. Under these perilous circumstances the Duke adopted that most delicate operation under fire of " changing front, right back," with the whole of his right wing, the cen- tre and left holding their original positions. This operation saved the day, and ended ia the repulse of Massena ; but in carrying it out, Captain Norman Eamsay's troop of horse-artiUery was cut off and entirely surrounded by large bodies of cuirassiers under Montbrun. The occurrence, which has become a household word in the annals of the British Eoyal Artillery, is thus described in Ifapier's 'Peninsular War : '— " Montbrun charged the British cavalry. The com- bat was unequal. By an abuse too common, so many men had been drawn from the ranks as orderlies to general officers and other purposes that no more than 1000 English troopers were in the field. The French, K ISO Examples from Modern Warfare. therefore, with one shock drove in all the outguards, cut off Norman Eamsay's battery of horse-artillery, and came sweeping in upon the reserves of the seventh division. Their leading squadrons approaching in a loose manner were partially checked by the British, and then a great commotion was observed in their main body. There troopers were seen closing with disorder and tumult towards one point where a thick dust arose, and where loud cries, and the sparkling of blades, and the flashing of pistols, indicated some ex- traordinary occurrence. Suddenly the crowd became violently agitated ; an English shout pealed high and clear ; the inass was rent asunder, and Norman Eam- say burst forth, sword in hand, at the head of his battery. His horses, breathing fire, stretched Like grey- hounds along the plain; the guns bounded behind them like things of no weight; and the mounted gunners followed close, with heads bent low and pointed weapons, in desperate career." SoBEAON, February 10, 1846. — Gained by the English, under Sir Henry Hardinge, over the Sikhs. The Sikh intrenched camp was bombarded by 36 heavy English guns for two hours before the infantry advanced to the assault. With regard to the effect produced by their fire, Sir Henry Hardinge thus ex- pressed himself : " In confidence, I will say that if the 36 heavy guns had not been brought to bear, we should have been repulsed." Inkerman. 151 Inkerman,^ November 5, 1854. — Gained by the allied EngHsh and French forces over the Russians. The Russians surprised the British army early in the morning under cover of a fog, planting 22 pieces of position, so that they completely enfiladed a portion of our camp before the troops could be assembled for its defence. They ultimately brought into line 94 guns. The British field-pieces, greatly inferior in number, and of a smaller calibre, only arrived gradu- ally, and were compelled to come into action under a storm of shot, shell, and bullets, concentrated on a very narrow space. By degrees 36 of our guns were en- gaged, and this number was ultimately increased to 54 guns, of which 2 were 18 -pounders and 12 were French pieces. The English guns were weU posted, most of them just behind the crest of the ridge, so that little but their muzzles could be seen ; and some of them were sheltered behind a low, half-finished breastwork, which accounted for these, few escaping with only slight injuries to several carriages. The losses of most of the batteries were, however, severe ; and the horses with the limbers and waggons in rear suffered heavily, the slope of the ground behind the ridge being nearly parallel with the path of any pro- jectile passing over the crest. The front engaged was so narrow, and sb constantly exposed to infantry at- tacks, as well as to pressure on the flanks, that it was ' See Owen's Modern Artillery, p. 440. 152 Examples from Modern Warfare. necessary to keep the horses and ammunition close at hand. Six British guns were captured by the Eus- sian infantry, and three of them were spiked, but they were all retaken. Todleben says : " The English ar- tillery in general sustained its infantry perfectly. It followed them everywhere, and opened fire at suffi- ciently close distances against the assailing columns of the Eussians." In this engagement the large artOlery mass of the Eussians failed to accomplish its object fully from not having been skilfully handled. They succeeded in bringing a large number of guns unobserved into position by dawn and had their light guns been pushed forward early ia the battle, the Engliah posi- tion would probably have been carried. Capture of the Maiakoff at Sebastopol by the French, September 1855. — Two French field-batteries received the order to advance towards the curtain to support the attack. They galloped up and came into action in the most gallant and self-devoted manner, firing several rounds, and only retiring when they had lost the greater number of their men and horses, and were almost annihilated under the terrible fire of the more powerful Eussian guns. Sedan, September 1, 1870. — Gaiaed by the Prussians under the King of Prussia, over the French under Marshal MacMahon. This battle has often been quoted as a striking ex- Sedan. 153 ample of the power of large masses of modern artil- lery ; and doubtless the conquerors chiefly owed their victory to the decisive and terrible effects produced by their guns. At the same time, it is to be remarked that, owing to the numerous tactical advantages pos- sessed by the Prussians, together with their enormous superiority in point of numbers and of artillery, the defeat of the French was a foregone conclusion before a shot had been fired. The Prussians had only to pour a sustained fire from their vast assemblage of guns — ^posted in positions naturally the most favour- able — into the masses of their opponents, cooped up into a small space, to inflict on them crushing losses, although, had their operations been less skilfully com- bined, a portion of the French army might perhaps have cut its way out either in the direction of Metz or M^ziferes. Therefore Sedan, unlike Priedland and Wagram, offers no example of a decisive success due solely or chiefly to the skilful employment of an equally-matched artillery force ; for at Sedan this arm possessed in the first instance overwhelming advan- tages of numbers and position. The Prench army, a little more than 100,000 strong, with about 440 guns, including 70 of those feeble weapons, mitrailleurs, occupied a position of an elongated horse-shoe shape, with its left resting on Givonne, its centre on Bazeilles, Balan, and Sedan, and its right sweeping round to Illy. In the time of 154 Examples from Modern Warfare. old smooth-bore guns, Sedan would have been a strong fortress; but to modern artillery occupying the heights around, it is to all intents and purposes an open town. The Prussian forces, consisting of 220,000 men, with from 600 to 700 guns, were thus disposed : The Saxon army, under -the Crown-Prince of Saxony, oc- cupied the ground parallel to the French from before Givonne to BazeiUes. The army of the Crown-Prince of Prussia, taking up the line, extended from a poiut opposite Bazeilles, on the south side of the Meuse, to Donchery. At the same time, two Prussian corps were marched in the direction of Ploiag and Fleig- neux, immediately opposite lUy, in order to attack MacMahbn's right flank. The river Meuse flowed between the centres of the two contending armies. The action was commenced at about 6.30 A.M. by a simultaneous attack by the Saxons against the French left, especially at Givonne, and by part of the Crown- Prince of Prussia's army against the centre at Bazeilles. After a brief but decisive combat, the French left wing was turned and driven in, crowds of fugitives hurry- ing into the woods, while others fell back on the now pressed centre ; and by ten o'clock the victorious Saxons were pushing forward in the direction of Fleigneux to effect the concerted junction with the left wing of the Prussian army. Meanwhile Bazeilles had been attacked by a bri- gade of Bavarians, who, being unsupported by artillery. Sedan. 155 were repulsed. Then the town was vigorously shelled by the German batteries on the opposite side of the Meuse ; and after it had been judged that its defenders were sufficiently shaken, the Bavarians once more ad- vanced to the assault, supported by guns so posted as to be able to pour in a destructive cross-fire. The French, conscious of the vital importance of this point, clung to it with desperate tenacity, and repulsed their assailants with severe loss again and again, and for seven hours the fight surged backwards and forwards. At last, when the town had been reduced to a wreck, and had been set on fire in numerous places by the shells of the Prussians, and when the positions on the right and left rear were faUing into the hands of the fast-accumulating Germans, the gallant defenders, fear- fully thinned, relinquished their hold on Bazeilles, and gradually fell back on Sedan. The turning movement of the two Prussian corps against the French right was also completely success- ful. The main defensive point of the French on this part was the Floing Spur. Here they had intrenched themselves, and had placed six mitraUleurs, which completely commanded the valley in front, so that, as the enemy advanced to the attack, whole masses of them were swept away. "The numerous Prussian graves on the slope .... attest the severe loss they suffered; and in this solitary instance the effects of the mitraUleurs were confessedly superior to any which IS6 Examples from Modern Warfare. could have been inflicted by comnion shell." ^ No- thing could withstand a fire so murderous, and the Prussians at first fell back in confusion. Almost ex- actly opposite the French, however, and at a distance of about three-fourths of a mile, was a conical hill named the Mamelon d'Atoi, and "the position, of the two Prussian batteries stationed here teaches an instructive and most interesting lesson to artillerists. Here we see that twelve field-guns were posted with a judgment amounting to genius ; so that while they themselves were in a great measure protected from fire on the reverse brow of the hill, their enemy was forced to choose between the alternative of being made a target of by the direct fire in their front, or of being sheltered from the latter by retiring to the crest, when they would have been enfiladed from their right. It is not too much to say that the successful attack on the Floing Spur, and consequently the decisive results of the battle, was in a great measure due to the effec- tive fire from these two batteries."^ The Germans plied their artillery with vigour, and silenced the French guns ; in consequence of which the Prussians once more advanced to the attack, and succeeded in gaining the position. About the same time the Prussians turned the ex- treme right of the French near Illy, and pushing for- ward, joined hands with the Saxons advancing from ^ From Sedan to Saarbruck, p. 40. Sedan. 157 Givonne, thus completing the circle and deciding the battle. The suhsequent events are too well known to need description. BoguslawskL says that the artillery of the Prussian left wing pushed on in front of the advanced-guards, notwithstanding the difdculty of ground, and sur- rounded the enemy before the infantry came. up. The Prench masses advancing against the guns were brought to a standstill over and over again at 2000 yards. The ranges at which artillery-fire was em- ployed ia this battle varied from 700 to 3000 yards. In support of the statement that the result of the battle could never really have been doubtful for an instant, may be quoted the following extracts from the Prussian official account : " Seventy-one German batteries (426 guns) in all combiued their fire from three diiferent sides upon the Prench army, which was now crowded together in a confined space. Not only their batteries and foremost liaes of infantry, but also their reserves, moving backwards and forwards, and the masses of cavalry vainly seeking cover, were over- whelmed with such an iron hail that they felt more and more iato disorder, and found their power of re- sistance weUnigh broken before they were even able to engage ia the struggle. The fate of the battle was already to a certain extent decided by this deploy- ment en masse of the German artillery, even without the further advance of the infantry So 158 Examples from Modern Warfare. annihilatiag was the fire of the artillery, that the French were scarcely capable of any organised resist- ance when the German infantry, towards 4 P.M., moved forward from all sides against the wood [of La Garenne]." The great lesson of this battle is plain. It displays in a practical manner the extraordinary innate power of modern field-guns under favourable circumstances. The Aetillbey Force Of the Caelist Aemy. — The following extracts from notes written during a residence with the CarHst army in the month of November 1875, may perhaps not be altogether un- interesting, as bearing on points coimected with the most recent employment of artillery in the field — actually carrying on the operations of war : — At Estella, near Pampeluna, the scene of a good deal of desultory fighting, Don Carlos' artillery officers gave every facility for examining their bat- teries. Close to one of their outposts "is a de- tachment of gunners with some mountain-artillery — miserable little 3 -pounder pieces weighing 150 lb., but which their owners regarded with a pride and confidence, I venture to think, far beyond their deserts. StiU, their extreme lightness renders their transport along the rockiest paths and over the steepest mountains a mere bagatelle, the gun being carried on the back of one mule, the carriage on that of a second. On the breech are stamped the words Carlist War. 159 ' Joseph Whitworth.' .... Other three 9-pounders are of iron, rifled muzzle-loaders. I am not surprised to learn that they are importations from England, for both guns and ammunition are such an exact counter- part of the present Woolwich gun, that were a certain English hattery with which I am acquainted to mount the Carlist weapon I am now alluding to upon our own carriages, the exchange would not be discovered, except from a little absence of finish about the breech I am informed that many of their artillery officers come over from time to time to England, and are in constant communication with private firms at Birmingham, with Sir "William Arm- strong and Sir Joseph Whitworth. They declare that the foundry of the latter is, as a private establish- ment, the finest of all that they have seen in Europe. As a matter of course, the vexed question of muzzle- loaders versus breech-loaders crops up ; the latter for field-guns bears away the palm. The Carlist artil- lerymen urge, amongst other objections, that the muzzle-loading shell sometimes jams in the bore, and that the gunners are more easily picked off while loading." On another occasion " I obtained permis- sion to examine a Carlist field-battery more in detail than was possible during my visit to the outposts. The guns, six in number, had on the breech the usual engraving — 'Joseph Whitworth, Manchester, 1874, Patent, C. VII.' [Charles VII.] They were i6o Examples from Modern Warfare. breech-loaders, calibre lyVths inch, iron projectile, hexagonal, elongated, nearly flat-headed, fitting the bore mechanically, and weighing about 6 lb. The elevatiag-serew, sights, side-arms, and fittings are of the most primitive description; but the carriage, though rough, combines lightness with a considerable amount of strength. The gun-limber contains 102 rounds of ammunition ; there are no ammunition- waggons, but in lieu each battery is accompanied by one ' general service waggon ' conveying another 102 rounds per gun. The draught is pole, and is performed almost exclusively by mules, for which animals my appreciation increases with every day's experience. The complement of the gun detachment is six, the sergeant being mounted, two gunners seated on the axle-tree boxes, and three on the Hmber-boxes ; and they declare this number to be amply sufficient. The maximum range is stated to be 6800 metres — 7400 yards nearly; but as this involves an elevation of 3 0°, the range may be considered a fancy one. More- over, owing to the very elevated positions above the plane of site from which these mountain-guns are fired, their projectiles sometimes attain exceptional distances. Theoretically, the time-fuze is in use with the Carlists ; but practically, they restrict themselves entirely to the percussion-fuze, of which their pattern is simple and effective, though without the elaborate ingenuity of our own. Don Carlos' artillery officers swear by Car list War. i6i their Whitworths, and of the two systems much pre- fer the hreech-loading. There is a special keenness to model their batteries after those of the English artillery. The respect in. which this branch of our service is held is remarkable ; and even the private gunners, when they see a chance Englishman, inquire eagerly, ' Is he an artilleryman?' and if so, 'Is he going to take service with us ? ' . . . . How can we account for the want of further decisive success on the part of Don Carlos' army ? Firstly, I imagiae, because no general of conspicuous ability has been forthcoming to take the lead ; while among the exist- ing chiefs, incompetence, petty jealousy, and double- deaUng reign supreme. Secondly, because the regi- mental of&cers are relatively inferior to their men. Thirdly, because Don Carlos is hampered to a max- imum degree through want of funds — as a conse- quence, his artillery is crippled, and his power of assuming the offensive at critical moments fataUy restricted." As regards the wasteful expenditure of artillery ammunition, it was noticed that " the CarHsts, unlike the Alphonsists, are reasonable enough to recognise the folly of throwing away cannon-shot on individual wayfarers. The practice embitters the peasants ; and even if they do succeed in blowing a head off now and then, how can this in the slightest possible degree affect the results of the war ? . . . . 1 62 Examples from Modern Warfare. The enemy [occupying the Alphonsist forts during the siege of San Sebastian] suddenly opened so prolonged and continuous a fire that at last the Carlists gave heed to it, and then I perceive how fully justified "were Colonel de Cordova's assertions respecting their promptitude iu emergencies. The shrill bugles re- echo amongst the mountains, signalmen stand up clear against the sky-liiie, the warning is waved from each peak, ' The enemy are advanciug ;' and in a few minutes, from every mountain-side, path, and road, knots of ten or twelve men are seen hurrying to the point indicated. The shells fly thickly ; . . . . but in course of time the CarHst bugles are again heard, but in a different note. The Carlists have discovered that all this tumult is an empty display, and their men are being summoned to dinner. I take advantage of a projecting ledge of rock to ex- amine Oyarzun with my glass at my leisure. The rattle continues, and puffs of smoke throw a mist about the houses. But against what respectable Carlist force is all this directed? Against a few stragglers or outposts ' at the utmost. This day, indeed, has been thoroughly characteristic of the Al- phonsist method of carrying on warfare. In order to avoid capture, we have been compelled to make a detour of nearly forty miles, although our line, from point to point, did not extend over haK that distance. From 6.15 a.m. until 1.30 p.m., when I lost sight of Carlist War. 163 the comlDatants, the Alphonsist batteries have main- tained as furious a cannonade as though they were putting forth their strength for some end which must be attained at aJl hazards. High and low, right and left, far and near, their shells were flying about in every direction. In vain did I endeavour to ascer- tain at what they were firing. True, at one time eight or ten of these missiles would come thumping against some massive Carlist earthwork, and, ill directed, would cause chance wayfarers like ourselves to hurry their steps — true, a chance shot might drop amongst a small picket and disable two or three men; but the Alphonsists, though strong in comparative numbers and concentration, never backed up this flashy display by quitting the shelter of their para- pets, and by a rough onset against the scattered defences of their, foes. Surely this prodigal expendi- ture of the most costly munitions of war is against the very first principles of artUlery practice, and can but result in a justly daily increasing contempt on the part of the CarUsts for the powers of destruction of their enemy." [It is to be noted that the Carlist troops were ulti- mately defeated and dispersed, not owing to any defi- ciency of bravery or skill in their gallant army, but because they were absolutely crushed by the over- whelming superiority of force brought against them by the Alphonsist Government.] 1 64 Gradual Development of A rtillery. CHAPTER IV. GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT AND PEESENT CONDITION OF ARTILLERY. BAKLT HISTORY AND SUBSEQUENT PROGRESS— RECENT REMARKABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTILLERY — PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF ARTILLERY — REQUISITES FOR THE EFFECTIVE EM- PLOYMENT OF ARTILLERY — COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGLISH AND FOREIGN FIELD-ARTILUBRY. " I shall therefore close this paper with predicting that whatever State shall thoroughly eomprehend the nature and advantages of rifled barrel-pieces, .... will by this means acquire a superiority which will almost equal anything that has been done at any time by the par- ticular excellence of any one kind of arms, and will perhaps fall but little short of the wonderful effects which histories relate to have been formerly produced by the first inventors of firearms." — Extract &om Robins' ' New Principles of Gunnery/ 1742. The history of artillery may be divided into three ages — ^the dark, the middle, and the golden age. For many years after the invention of gunpowder, the value of its application for warlike purposes was little appreciated. Tradition states that cannon were first used at Crecy, 1346; but even admitting the fact, it is probable that they were so rude in their construe- Gradual Development of A rtillery. 165 tion as to have been scarcely more effective than a dozen smooth-bore muskets of the nineteenth century. Indeed, for many generations afterwards, there seems to have been a contempt and hatred for " vUlanous ■ saltpetre digged out of the harmless earth" akia to the feelings with which we now regard the use of explosive bullets or Greek fire. Gradually, howeyer, the new science made its way. Bows, bills, and, last of all, the dearly-loved weapon the pike, were dis- carded, and firearms were adopted in their place. It is siQgular that among the earlier types were many breech-loaders, and that " organ guns " were in use resembling in principle the modern mitraiUeur. Thus have the first glimmerings of invention and the per- fect development of mechanical science joined hands. The great obstacles to the vigorous development and application of artillery arose less from the im- perfections of the weapon itself — which in essential features differed little in 1650 from that of 1850 — than from its imperfections in maUriel and method of transport. So destitute were the guns of our ances- tors of mobility, that to drag them forward in the field of battle at a foot's-pace in front of the infantry, to limber them up after they had once come into action, or to shift them to new positions, were Her- culean tasks ; so that troops once beaten back in any engagement generally lost a large proportion of their artillery. In point of mobility the English were even L 1 66 Gradual Development of A rtillery. behind their neighbours. Macaulay, in his ' History of England,' says, that when, in 1688, WOliam III. marched from Devonshire to London, the apparatus for transporting artillery which he brought with him, though such as had long been in constant use on the Continent, and such as would now be regarded at Woolwich as rude and cumbrous, excited in our an- cestors an admiration resembling that which the Indians of America felt for the CastiHan harque- buses. Again, at Blenheim in 1704, Marlborough having taken up a position with his left wing to attack the French right, was forced to remain inactive from 8 A.M. until 12.30, because his right wing under Eugene, which had marched at the same hour, and had to accomplish four or five miles extra, was unable to bring up sooner his cumbersome artillery into the line of battle. At this date the appliances for serving guns were rude to a curious degree. Cartridges for cannon were not in use, the powder being shoved in with an iron ladle ; there were no handspikes and no elevating-screws ; and when elevation was recLuired, the point of the trail was lowered into a hole dug for the purpose. About the middle of the eighteenth century, Fred- erick the Great applied himself with such energy to the improvement of his artillery, and other nations, England excepted, so actively followed his example, that the middle age of the science may be said to Recent Improvements in Artillery. 167 have begun at this period. By degrees guns were formed into batteries, though there was still a certain number of battalion guns — ^two per regiment j light field-batteries, with greatly-increased mobUity, and horse-artiUery (Prussia, 1759), were established; a distinct corps of artillerymen was told off to serve them, and their general equipment was much im- proved. The English artillery, however, continued much neglected ; and it was not until the beginning of the present century that it was organised on an efficient footing. Then it made a sudden start ; and after having been trained by the long and valuable experience of the Peninsula war, attained a high de- gree of efficiency. During the long peace subsequent to the battle of Waterloo it was reduced to a condi- tion of atrophy and inefficiency — to a mere shadow of its former vigorous strength — ^but which has rendered more striking the era of unexampled improvement by which it was to be succeeded. Eecbnt eemarkablb Impeovements in Aetilleet. — The golden age began to dawn upon us about the year 1854. The requirements of the war with Eus- sia then caused aU the departments of field-artillery to be brought up to a strength and standard of per- fection never before attempted, and which, with some improvements and modifications, are maintained at the present day. At the same time, rifled small-arms were universally introduced; and hence the absolute 1 68 Gradual Development of A rtillery. necessity of adopting some system of rifled ordnance which should restore the superiority in range of guns over small-arms became apparent to the minds of most artillery officers. Here theory — and a theory which subsequently proved sound — had been for many years in advance of practice. It had been proved that the power of guns would be immeasurably increased by imparting to their projectiles a rotatory motion ; and it was confidently asserted that this desideratum de- pended simply on improvements in our manufacturing science which were well within our grasp. On the other hand, it was argued that an essential property of iron being a capricious uncertaiaty of strength, guns could never be made sufficiently strong to resist invariably the strain on them caused by giving rota- tion to an iron projectile ; while the expense of leaden projectiles altogether excluded them from considera- tion. This problem — the problem of an advance in manufacturing knowledge— was practically solved by Mr (now Sir William) Armstrong. By his iuvention of constructing barrels for ordnance by coiling bars of heated wrought-iron round a mandrel, as explained in page 6, and by shritiking on hot tubes over the cold inner barrel, he built up a weapon sufficiently strong to resist any strain to which it could be sub- jected ; and by coating an iron projectile with lead, he disposed of the question of ruinous expense. In 1860 the first Armstrong guns were introduced into Practical Application of the Science of Artillery: 169 our service, and gave results, on the practice-ground, as ■well as against an enemy in New Zealand and Cliiaa,^ whicli exceeded the most sanguine anticipa- tions, and which, in spite of a few defects, still con- stitute it an admirable weapon. During the sixteen years which have since elapsed, many modifications and improvements have been introduced into the ori- ginal Armstrong gun ; and at the present date even the system has been altered, studded iron projectiles and muzzle-loaders having been substituted for lead- coated projectiles and breech-loaders. But it should not be forgotten that to Sir William Armstrong is due the great honour of having taken the initiatory suc- cessful steps in the introduction of rifled ordnance into the British service, of having thrown light on many points of practical gunnery previously enveloped in darkness, and of having solved perplexing mechan- ical difficulties, after much patient and laborious in- vestigation. Sir "William Armstrong may, in fact, be justly called the father of English rifled ordnance. Peactical Application of the Science of Aetil- LEEY. — There is reason to believe that since the year 1860 the science of the practical application of artfllery in the field has by no means kept pace — ^in England,^ at all events — with the improvements in its ' See Incidents in the China War of 1860. ^ In Prussia, the shortcomings of any branch of their service is barely admitted. Vide their current military publications for the last five years. 1 70 Gradual Development of A rtillery. construction and organisation. True, we look to our artillery to accomplish much ; hut we employ it in a cramped, limited method, and are far from making full use of it. We have, as it were, called up a stupend- ous power ; but we are apt to daily with it, and seem to ignore its efficiency for performing the mighty deeds of which it is capable. I do not presume to attempt to propound the details of the manner in which this deviation of principle should be rectified. I would merely urge that the examples of warfare, and espe- aUy those of the present century, all teach us that the most effectual means of striking a decisive tactical blow, of obtaining a briUiant tactical success, are to be discovered in the skilful employment of artillery masses, or, to speak more precisely, in the sudden con- vergence of an overpowering artillery-fire upon a vital point. In support of this assertion may be quoted Napoleon's successes at Priedland and Wagram — see pp. 141, 145 ; and from what he then accomplished with his comparatively feeble smooth-bore guns, which stood in the same relation to the old musket as the modern rifled pieces bear to modem small-arms, may it not be fairly deduced that similar results would attend similar tactics ? Napoleon's leading idea in all his great battles was to bring to bear an overwhelming force against a decisive point — a principle the sound- ness of which is still fully recognised. Now, is it possible to turn to a more effectual agent for this Practical Application of the Science of Artillery. 171 purpose than to the artillery ? Yet, instead of thus utilising this source of giant strength, our wont is to fritter it away in fragments amongst infantry brigades — unquestionably effecting somewhat here and some- what there, but at no one point concentrating its full powers. Of all armies in the world, it behoves us to make the utmost possible use of our artillery. Our infantry and cavalry, however excellent in quality, will in quantity never be more than a mere fraction of the vast hosts of the Continental armies with whom we shall be called on to contend if we are engaged in a European war. But we may to a great extent compensate for this enormous disproportion by our powerful artillery, which, by no means con- temptible in numerical strength, is admirable in point of mobUity, efficiency of equipment, service in the field, and destructive effects of fire. Thus it is espe- cially capable of bringing aU its powers to -bear so as to paralyse the enemy in one vital point, relegatuig chiefly to the infantry the duty of keeping the enemy at bay in the less vulnerable parts of the field. Here I cannot forbear from suggesting that for an infantry or cavalry officer to handle a mixed force efficiently, it is surely essential that he should have previously turned his attention in some degree to the science of artillery — not, indeed, to the theories of initial veloci- ties and resistance in vacuo, nor to the details of fuzes and friction-tubes, but to its practical service. Surely 172 Gradual Development of A rtillery. a man can no more intuitively comprehend the work- ing- of this arm than he can intuitively comprehend the working of a telegraph machine or the manage- ment of a steam-engine ; yet, practically, this necessity has hitherto heen almost ignored. Eequisitbs foS the effective Employment of Ae- TILLERY. — For the due development of artillery there are three essentials, which in the British service have hitherto practically been Uttle recognised. 1st, The provision ■ of a reserve of batteries as a separate body, to be at the disposal of the chief of the artillery, imder the commander of the army. 'To rely in any great measure on the power of collecting the divisional artillery for the purpose would be unsafe, because the delay which might ensue must deaden the force and mar tte suddenness of the blow, even if by giving the enemy time for preparation the attempt be not rendered altogether nugatory. 2d, A readiness on the part of aU artillery offi- cers, especially those in the higher ranks, but extending even to the juniors, to take the initiative of action, and to assume imhesitatingly a weight of respon- sibility at the critical moment. At present, their frequent practice seems to be, to acquiesce in being " lumped together " with a number of infantry battal- ions — in " conforming to their movements " — in being bound by their rules — and in igiioring the superior powers of their own weapon. If an artOleryman, chaf- Requisites for effective Employment of Artillery. 173 ing at these vicious principles, seeks to treak througli them, he is not nnfrequently made to subside from the cold water thrown on him, at the implied' opinion that he is ofl&cious and obstructive, that he wants to swamp the other troops, and that " the artillery are always in the way." It is scarcely too much to assert that it is for the interest of the service and the success of our arms that gunners should steadily insist on their superior knowledge ia all that concerns the working of their special arm. 3d, The maintenance of our field-artillery on a footing ef&cient in numbers, equipment, and organi- sation. An infantry soldier can, under pressure, be drilled fairly into shape in a comparatively short time by an extra amount of instruction compressed into the twenty-four houis ; with artillery recruits this is not equally applicable. It is evident that to teach a man merely to load and fire a gun is the work of a few days ; but this automaton faculty will not consti- tute him an artilleryman. He will be worse than useless unless he has been taught, in addition to the elementary duties of a soldier and the first principles of foot-drill, the whole of the diverse duties of an entire gun detachment, and the uses of the numerous and complicated natures of ammunition ; and unless he has been so thoroughly habituated to work his gun, that under aU the circumstances of smoke, turmoil, and excitement inseparable from artiUery in action. 1 74 Gradual Development of A rtillery. he can perform his functions with steadiness and pre- sence of mind, without which guns hecome simply elements of disorder. No amount of driU crammed into a short time by instructors, however intelligent and zealous, wiU impart the above qualifications ; they are to be acc[mred only by a long familiarity with the use of guns and the practice of gunnery, until at last it becomes part of the man's nature to perform his duties almost unconsciously. This training cannot be effected under ordinary circumstances in a shorter period than one year. Mutatis mutandis, the same argument applies to the teaching of drivers. COMPAEISON BETWEEN ENGLISH AND FOREIGN FlELD- Aetillbry. — We may justly regard with feehngs of pride the present condition of our artillery, which, in point of general efficiency, is unsurpassed by that of any other nation. This statement would be presumptuous were it not supported by an irrefraga- ble amount of testimony both from friends and foes. Of late years the numerous foreign officers who have visited England for the purpose of making themselves acquainted with our army, many of them by no means prejudiced in our favour, have admitted that our bat- teries have in almost every respect attained a pitch of excellence closely akin to perfection. At the Salis- bury manoeuvres of 1872, the representatives of Prus- sia gave as their verdict of our troops : Infantry, good; cavalry, very good ; artillery, absolutely incomparable. Comparison between English and Foreign. 175 In 1874, when in Prussia, I expressed to an ex- perienced Prussian officer, in answer to his inquiries, my admiration for their infantry and cavalry ; but I plainly stated that I did not consider their artillery quite up to the mark, whereat he was somewhat rufSed — the usual consequence, I have noticed in Germany, of the most delicate hint that there is ever so smaU an imperfection in any portion of their army. When, however, a bystander asked, " Then, is the English artillery really so very good ? " his sense of justice prevailed ; and after an evident mental struggle he replied, — " Yes j I must confess that it is most excellent. Men, horses, and equipment are turned out in a condition of perfection. Not a single article is out of its place or is ill-fitting. The guns and the horses are a marvel of cleanliness, while the iron- work on the latter is made to glitter like silver. In fact, to properly appreciate a battery of English artillery, you must yourself have seen it. Their working in the field is equally good." The above opinion was further confirmed by a somewhat unfriendly article in the ' Militair-Woch- enblatt' of 25th December 1874, wherein it was ad- mitted, with reference to our artiQqry : " It is cer- tainly an incontestable fact that in their dress and equipment a splendour reigns of which our means do not admit An eye which is accus- tomed to the really graceful appearance of an English 176 Gradual Development of Artillery. battery on parade wiH certainly miss much ia ours. We have not time to polish the trace-links and head- coUar chains, the axle-tree arms, and all the iron-work of the equipment, so that they shine like silver. Our horses must he more used, and owing to the insuffi- cient establishment of our batteries, cannot be saved so as to be as fat as they are in England ; our method of draught, in addition to being suitable to the coun- try, offers many advantages over the English. With regard to the treatment of the leather-work, there is certainly something to be required, and the English method might be tried." I must now leave the reader to determine whether I have made good my statement that by more care- fully turning our attention to the value of an arm which we possess in such perfection, by a more care- ful appreciation of the capacity of artillery skilfully handled, we may develop its innate power to an ex- tent which we can as yet scarcely realise, and may be enabled to compensate to no inconsiderable degree for the numerical inferiority of the other branches of our seivice. INDEX. Acting-lioni'bardieTs, 83. Alma, 97, 98, 130. Ameiican civil war, 106. Ammunition, supply in the field, 110. II waste to be avoided, 130, 160. M waggon, 51. II amount of, carried with battery, 54. II fized, 42. Angle of elevation, 11 . Armstrong system, 7, 8. Armstrong, Sir William, his inven- tions, 168. Army corps, distribution of artillery of, 116. Artificers, 84. Artillery, Eoyal Regiment of, 76. II sources of error iu the employment of, 118. II first appointments and subsequent transfers, 77. II examples in the employ- ment of, 120. II history of, 164. II requisites for the effective employment of, 172. II improvements in, 167. Axis of gun, 11. Axle-tree bed, 50. Axle-tree boxes, 50. Balaclava, 139. Batteries of position, 64. Battery, iadividual, working with other troops, 127. II to be maintained intact, 131. Bayonne, 107. Blenheim, 166. Boguslawski, tactical deductions, 109, 157. Bombardiers, 83. Breech, 4. Breech-coil, 3. Breech-loading guns, construction of, 8. ,1 ti II method of working, 8. II II and muzzle-loading guns, comparative advantages, 43- Brigade organisation, 79. Brigadier-general commanding ar- tillery of army corps, 122. Button, 4. Calibre, how measured, 4. Camps, 74. Captains, duties of, 81. Carlist war, 37, 94, 109, 168. Carriage, gun, 49. ,, for mountain-guns, 52. II spare, 53. „ travelling, 49. Carriages for guns of position, 52. 1/8 Index. Cartridges, gnn, 41. Caacable, 3. Case, 16, 22, 104. Casualties, replacement in the field, 110. Chamber, 6, 7. Chase, 3. ChUUanwallah, 132. Committee, Okehampton, 30, 36, 95. Commvmist insurrection, 47, 109. Construction of muzzle - loading guns, 5. II II breech - loading guns, 7. Corporals, 83. Curved fire, 92. Deflection, 11. Derivation, 11. Dispart, 4. Dispart patch, 4. Division of artillery vforking -with other troops, 123. Double shell, 20. Drag-shoe, 50, 101. Drift, 11. Drill, artillery, terms used in, 67. M intervals and distances, 68. II position of officers, 70. II commands and signals, 71. II general rules for manoeuvres, 71. II movements, 73. Drivers, 83. Duties of the various ranks, 61. Elevating-screw, 50. Employment of artUlery, frequent sources of errors in, 118. Employment of artillery, examples, 120. II II II requisites for the effective, 172. Enfilade-fire, 91. Escorts for artillery, 183. Establishment of field - artillery batteries, 66. Field-artillery, how classified, 69. II batteries, their composition, 62. M II It pace, 63. Fixed ammunition, 42. Fords, 115. Foreign and English artillery, com- parisons between, 174. Friction-tubes, 38. Friedland, 142. Fuentes d'Onor, 149. Futchells, 50. Fuzes, time, 27, 30, 31. IT percussion, 32. II comparative advantages of time and percussion, 34. II time, during the war of 1870; 36. II II II II Carlist war, 37. Gatling gun, 9, 108. Grant, Sir Hope, instructions for autumn manoeuvres, 118. Grooves, 4, 6. Gun, different parts of, 3. II cartridges, 41. II carriage, 49. Gunners, 83. Gui^owder, tests for, 40. II importance of quality, 41. II fraud during the war of 1870, 41. Guns, construction of, 5, 7. II smooth bore, 8. II table of, 15. II how measured, 6, 15. 11 proportion of, to fighting men, 117. II means of rendering unservice- able, 137. II disabled, means of rendering fit for use, 139. Index. 179 Handspikes, 62. Horse-artillery batteries, how com- posed, 64. II n duties of, 132. Hot shot, 22. Improvements in artillery, 167. Inkerman, 161. Lands, 4. Laying a gun, principles of, 12. Leipsio, 106. Lieutenant-colonels, duties of, 79, 126. Lieutenants, duties of, 82. Limber, gun, 50. M waggon, 51. Line of metal, 4. 11 sight, 11. II fire, 11. Loss of guns, exaggerated principle of, 130. Lubricators, 42. Pace of field-batteries, 128. Pay, tables of, 88. Pebble-powder, 40. Percussion-fuzes, 32. II II action of, 33. Platform boards, 60. Point-blank, 11. II II range, 11. Pole and shaft draught, comparative advantages of, 64. Port-fires, 39. Positions, rules for the selection of, 92. 11 changes to be avoided, 120. Powder-chamber, 7. Preponderance, 4. Projectiles for muzzle-loading guns, 16. II 11 breech-loading guns, 22. M nature of, to be fired, 103. Eadcliffe, Colonel, instructions for working artillery, 118. Majors, duties of, 81. Malakoff, 152. March, position of artillery on the Eailway, transport of artillery by, line of, 135. 113. Marching, 111. Eamsay, Norman, battery of horse- MitraiUeur, 9, 108. artiDery at Fuentea d'Onor, 150. Models, 56. Eange-finder, 14. Muzzle, 3. Kate of firing, 106. II swell of the, 4. Eeinforces of a gun, 3 (note). Muzzle-loading and breech-loading Eeserve artillery, 122. guns, comparative advantages of. Ricochet-fire, 91, 43. Offtcera, general duties of, 87. Okehampton Committee, report of, 30, 36, 96. Orderly ofiicer, duties of, 85. Orders for artillery, transmission of, 127. Outposts, 136. Eocket, Hale's, 24. II action of, 25. II advantages and defects of, 26. I. waggon, 53. Eockets, when used, 106. Eough-rider, 85. SaarbrUck, 101, 110, 152. Owen's, Lieut.-colonel, 'Modem Science of artillery, practical appli- Artillery,' 12, 144, 146, 151, &c. cation, 169. i8o Index. Sedan, 99, 108, 110, 152. Segment shell, 22. Sergeants, 82. Shafts, 51. Shaft and pole dranght, comparative advantages, 54. SheU, common, 17, 22, 103. ir water, 19. „ double, 20. „ shrapnel, 20, 23, 103. Shot, solid, 21. „ hot, 22. Shrapnel shell, action of, 21. „ n when used, 21. Sights, 12. Skid, 50. Slot, 7. Slow-match, 39. Smooth-hore gnns, 8. Sobraon, 150. Spare carriages, 53. M gun-carriage, 53. Splinter-bar, 51. Staff-sergeants, 84. Stores, small, 51. Studs, 6. Table of guns, 15. Tangent-scale, 12. Tappet-ring, 7. Time-fuzes, 27. It II during the war of 1870, 36. n II It II Carlist war, 37. Trail, 49. Travelling carriages, 49. Trunnion-holes, 49. Trunnions, 4. Twist of grooves, 6. Vent, 4, 6. Vent-piece, 7. Waggons, ammunition, 51. Wagram, 145. Waterloo, 100, 139. Water-sheU, 19. Wheels, 50. II dish of, 60. Whitworth-shot, 12. Windage, why necessary, 5. Woolwich system, 6. PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND BONa MESSES BLACKWOOD & SONS HA VE LATELY PUBLISHED : ME KINGLAKE'S HISTORY OF THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA. Cabinet Edition. Now publishing in Monthly Volumes, with Maps and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, price 6s. each/ THE OPERATIONS OF WAR EXPLAINED AND ILLUS- TRATED. By EDWARD BRUCE HAMLEY, Colonel in the Royal . Artillery, Companion of the Bath, Commandant of the Staff College, &o. Third Edition, 4to, with numerous Maps and Plans. 30s. ON OUTPOSTS. By tlie Same. Second Edition. 2s. THE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF SBBASTOPOL. By the Same. Written in the Camp. With Illustrations. 8vo, 21s. ESSAYS WRITTEN FOR THE WELLINGTON PRIZE. Selected for Publication, by his Grace's desire, from those specially mentioned by the Arbiter. 8to, 12s. 6d. List of Auilurrs :—lA6ut. J. T. Hn,TAEn — Lieut. Staniee Waller— Capt. J. C. Russell— General Sir Gaknet J. WoLSELET— General J. R. Ceahifued- Lieut. C. Coopee King. i THE BATTLE OF DORKING : Reminiscences of a Volunteer. From ' Blackwood's Magazine. ' Second Hundredth Thousand. 6d. INCIDENTS IN THE CHINA WAR OF 1860. Compiled from the Private Journals of the late Geneeal Sie HOPE GRANT, G.C.B. By HENRY KNOLLYS, Captain Royal Artillery; Author of ' From Sedan to Saarbriiok,' &o. Crown 8vo, with Maps, 12s. INCIDENTS IN THE SEPOY WAR OF 1857-8. Compiled from the Private Joiimals of the late General Sir HOPE GRANT, G.C.B. ; together with some Explanatory Chapters by Captain HENRY KNOLLYS, R.A. Crown 8vo, with Map and Plans, 12s. GREAT CAMPAIGNS. A Succinct Account of the principal Military Operations which have taken place in Europe from 1796 to 1870. By the late Majoe C. ADAMS, Prolessor of Military History at the Staff College ; Edited by Captain C. COOPER KING, R.M. Artillery, Instructor of Tactics Royal Military College. 8vo, with Maps. [In the press. THE WAR FOE THE RHINE FRONTIER, 1870 : Its Politi- cal and Military History. By CoL. W. EUSTOW. Translated from the German by John Latland Needbam, Lieutenant R.M. Artillery. Three vols. 8to, with Maps and Plans, £1, lis. 6d. SIR ARCHIBALD ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. I. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLU- TION TO THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. Library Edi- tion, 14 vols., with Portraits. Demy 8vo, £10, 10s. Another Edition, in 20 vols, crown 8vo, £6. People's Edition, 18 vols, crown 8vo, £2, lis. II. CONTINUATION TO THE ACCESSION OF LOUIS NAPO- LEON. Library Edition, 8 vols. 8vo, £6, 7s. 6d. People's Edition, 8 vols, crown 8vo, 34s. III. EPITOME OP ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. Seven- teenth Edition, 78. 6d. IV. ATLAS TO ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. By A. Keith Johnston. Library Edition, demy 4to, £3, Ss. People's Edition, 31s. 6d. THE ABODE OF SNOW. Observations on a. Journey from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Caucasus, through the Upper Valleys of the Himalaya. By ANDREW WILSON, Author of ' The Ever- Vic- torious Army.' New Edition. In crown 8vo, with Map, 10s. 6d. TALES AND TRADITIONS OP THE ESKIMO. With a Sketch of their Habits, Religion, Language, and other Peculiarities. By Dr henry rink, Director of the Royal Greenland Board of Trade, and formerly Inspector of South Greenland. Translated from the Dan- ish by the Author. Edited by Dr Robert Brown, F.L.S., F.E.G.S. With numerous Illustrations, drawn and engraved by Eskimo. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. JOURNAL OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE. By J. H. SPEKE, Captain H.M. Indian Army. With a Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa by Captain Speee ; numerous Illus- trations, chiefly from Drawings by Captain Grant ; and Portraits, engraved on Steel, of Captains Speke and Grant. 8vo, 21s. WHAT LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE NILE SOURCE. By the Same. 8vo, with Maps, &c., 14s. A WALK ACROSS AFRICA ; or, Domestic Scenes from mt Nile Journal. By JAMES AUGUSTUS GRANT, Captain H.M. Bengal Army, Fellow and Gold Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society. 8vo, with Map, 15s. ANCIENT CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS. Edited hjr the Rev. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. In 20 Vols., cloth., 2s. 6d. each. Or in 10 Vols., neatly bound with calf or Tellum back, £2, 10s. CONTENTS. Homer : The Iliad. By the Editor. Homer : The Odyssey. By the Editor. Herodotus. By George C. Swayne, M.A. Xenophon. By Sir Alex. Grant, Bart. Euripides By W. B. DoTine. Aristophases. By the Editor. Plato. By Clifton W Collins, M.A. LnciAN. By the Editor .SscHYLUS. By R S. Copleston, M.A. Sophocles. By Clifton W Collins, M.A. Hesiod and Theognis. By the Rev. J. Bavies, M.A. Greek Anthology. By Lord Neaves. Virgil. By the Editor. Horace. By Theodore Martin. Juvenal. By Edward Walford, M.A Plautus and Terence. By the Editor. The Commentaries op C^sar. By An- thony Troll ope. Tacitus. By W. B. Donne. Cicero. By the Editor. Pliny's Letters. By the Rev. Alfred Church, M.A., and the Eev. W. J. Brod- ribb, M.A. "In the advertising catalogues we sometimes see a book labelled as one 'without which no gentleman's library can be looked upon as complete.* It may be said with truth that no popular library or mechanic's institute will be properly furnished without this series. Here the intelligent working man may possess himself of as good a general idea of the lives and writings of Xenophon and Cicero as remains in the heads of nine out of ten old Cam- bridge or Oxford graduates. These handy books to ancient classical literature are at the same time as attractive to the scholar as they ought to be to the English reader. We think, then, that they are destined to attain a wide and enduring circulation, and we are quite sure that they deserve it." — Westminster Review. Now Publishing in Quarterly Volumes, price 2s. 6d. each. ANCIENT CLASSICS. FOR ENGLISH READERS. Supple- mentary Series. Edited by the Rev. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. To be completed in 8 or 10 vols., 2s. 6d. each. The Volumes published contain— 1. LiVT. By the Editor. II. OviD. By the Rev. A. Church, M.A. . III. Catullus, Tibullus, and Peopertius. By the Rev. James Davies, M.A. IV. Demosthenes. By the Rev. W. J. Brod- ribb, M.A. THE. WORKS OF PROFESSOR AYTOUN. LAYS OF THE SCOTTISH CAVALIERS, ahd othee Poems, Twenty-fifth Edition. Fcap., 7s. 6d. BOTHWELL ; A Poem. Third Edition. Fcap., 7s. 6d. FIRMILIAN ; OE, The Student or Badajoz. A Spasmodic Tra- gedy. Fcap., 5s. POEMS AND BALLADS OP GOETHE. Translated by Professor Attoun and THEODORE Martin. Third Edition. Fcap., 6s. BON GAULTIER'S BOOK OP BALLADS. By the Same. Twelfth Edition. With Illustrations by Doyle, Leech, and Crowquill. Post 8vo, gilt edges, 8s. 6d. AN ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE LAYS OF THE SCOT- TISH CAVALIERS. From designs by Sir Noel Paton. Small 4to, 2l3., in gilt cloth. New and Cheaper BDraiON. DANIEL DEEONDA. By George Eliot. In 4 vols., small crown 8vo, £1, Is. Bt the same Author. ADAM BBDB. With Illustrations, Ss. 6d., cloth. THE MILL ON THE FLOSS. With Illustrations, 3s. 6d., cloth. SCENES OP CLERICAL LIFE. With Illustrations, 3s., cloth. SILAS MARNER : The Weaver oe Raveloe. With Illustrations, 2s. 6d. FELIX HOLT, THE RADICAL. With Illustrations, Ss. 6d., cloth. MIDDLEMARCH. One volume, 7s. 6d. Also, a Library Edition, in Four Volumes, small 8vo, 21s., cloth. THE SPANISH GYPSY. Fifth Edition. Crown 8to, 7s. 6d., cloth. THE LEGEND OF JUBAL, AND other Poems. Second Edition. Foap. 8to, 6s., cloth. WISE, WITTY, AND TENDER SAYINGS, in Prose and Veesb. Selected from the works of Geoeqe Eliot. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. EECENT POPULAR NOVELS. ■ THE DILEMMA. By the Author of the 'Battle of Dorking.' Second Edition, crown 8vo, 6s. BESSIE LANG. A Story of Cumberland Life. By Alice Coekran. Crown 8to, 7s. 6d. MISS MOLLY. By Beatrice Mat Butt. Third] Edition, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. MR SMITH : A Part of his Life. By L. B. Walford. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. THE MAID OF SKER. By R. D. Blaokmoeb. Sixth Edition, crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. FAIR TO SEE. A Novel. By L. W. M. Lockhart. New Edition, 6s. PICCADILLY : A Fragment of Contemporary Biography. By Laurence Oliphaht. Fifth Edition, 2s. 6d., or in cloth, ^. 6d., with 8 Illustrations by Richard Doyle. GIANNETTO. By Lady Margaret Majehdie. Crown 8to, 5s. WENDERHOLME. By P. G. Hamerton. Crown 8vo, 6s. EDINBURGH AND LONDON. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS' PUBLICATIONS. SIR ABCHIBALD ALISON, Baxt., D.C.L. The History of Europe, from the Commencement OF THE French Revolution in 1789 to the Battle op Waterloo. Library Edition, 14 vols, demy 8vo, with Portraits and a copious Index, £10, 10s. On Large Paper, 14 vols. , £14, 14s. Crown Svo Edition, 20 vols., £6. People's Edition, 12 vols., closely printed in double columns, £2, 8s. ; and Index Volume, 3s. "An extraordinary work, which has earned for itself a lasting place in the literature of the country, and within a few years found innumerable readers in every part of the globe. There is no book extant that treats so well of the period to the illustration of which Mr Alison's labours have been devoted. It ejdiibits great knowledge, patient research, indefatigable industry, and vast power." — Times. "There is much in Mr Alison's History of the French Eevolution against which we intend to record our decided protest ; and there are some pEffts of it which we shall feel compelled to notice with strong disapprobation. We therefore hasten to preface our less favourable remarks by freely acknoT^Jedg- ing that the present work is, upon the whole, a valuable addition to European literature, that it is evidently compiled with the utmost care, and that its narration, so fax as we can judge, is not perverted by the slightest partiality." -Mdiribwrgh Review. " Alison's ' History of Europe,' and the States connected with it, is one of the most important works which literature has produced. Years have elapsed since any historical work has created such an epoch as that of Alison ; his sources of information and authorities are of the richest and most compre- hensive description. Though his opinions are on the Conservative side, he allows every party to speak for itself, and unfolds with a master's hand how far institutions make nations great, and mighty, and prosperous." — Preface to the Qe/rman Translation. Continuation of the History of Europe, from the YajL op Napoleon to the Accession of Louis Napoleon. Uniform with the Library Edition of the foregoing, 9 vols., £6, 7s. 6d. People's Edition, 8 vols, crown 8vo, 34s. Atlas to Alisons History of Europe ; containing 109 Maps and Plans of Countries, Battles, Sieges, and Set-Fights. Con- structed by A. Keith Johnston, P.E.S.E. With Vocabulaiy of Mili- tary and Marine Terms. Library Edition, £3, 3s. ; People's Edition, £1, lis. 6d. 2 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BT SIE ARCHIBALD ALISON — continued. Epitome of Alison's History of Europe. Seven- teenth Edition, 7b. 6d. bound. Atlas to Epitome of History of Europe. 4to, "js. L ife - of John Duke of Marlborough. With some Account of his Contemporaries, and of the War of the Succession. Third Edition, 2 vols. 8vo. Portraits and Maps, 30s. Essays : Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous. 3 vols, demy 8vo, 45s. Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewabt, Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry. From the Original Papers of the Family, and other sources, embracing a full Account of the Campaign of 1813 and 1814 in Germany and France, and of the Congresses of Vienna, Laybaoh, and Verona. 3 vols. 8vo, £2, 2s. Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland. 8vo, 183. Practice of the Crim-inal Law of Scotland. Zvo, cloth boards, 18s. The Principles of Population, and their Connec- TION WITH HUMAH HAPPINESS. 2 vols. 8vo, 30s. The Late PROFESSOR ALISON, M.D. On the Management of the Poor in Scotland, and ITS Effects on the Health op the Great Towns. Crown 8vo, 5s. 6d. PATRICK P. ALEXANDER, M.A. Moral Causation ; or. Notes on Mr MilVs Notes to the Chapter on " Freedom " iu the Third Edition of his ' Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy.' Second Edition, revised and ex- tended. Crown 8vo, 6s. MAJOR C. ADAMS, Professor of Military History at the Staff College. Great Campaigns. A Succinct Account of the Principal Military Operations which have taken place in Europe from 1796 to 1870. Edited by Captain C. Cooper King, R.M. Artillery, In- structor of Tactics Royal Military College. 8vo, with Maps. In tM press. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 3 PROFESSOR AYTOUN. Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems. Twenty-fifth Edition. Foap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. " Mr Aytoun's ' Lays ' are truly 'beantiful, and are perfect poems of their class, pregnant with fire, with patriotic ardour, with loyal zeal, with exquisite pathos, with nohle passion. Who can hear the opening lines descriptive of Bdmhurgh after the great battle of Flodden, and not feel that the minstrel's soul has caught the genuine inspiration ?"^Jfo?m»g'Poi<. "Professor Aytoun's 'Lays of the Scottish Cayaliers' — a volume of verse > which shows that Scotland has yet a poet. Full of the true fire, it now stirs and swells like a trumpet-note — ^now sinks in cadences sad and wild as the wail of a Highland dirge. " — Q;iw,rterly Heview. An Illustrated Edition of the Lays. From de- signs by Sir J. Noel Paton and W. H. Paton, E. S.A. Engraved by John Thomson, W. J. Linton, W. Thomas, Whymper, Cooper, Green, Dalziels, Evans, &c. In small Quarto, printed on Toned Paper, bound in gilt cloth, 21s. " The artists have excelled themselves in the engravings which they have furnished. Seizing the spirit of Mr Aytoun's ' Ballads ' as perhaps none but Scotchmen could have seized it, they have thrown their whole strength into the work with a heartiness which others would do well to imtate. Whoever there may be that does not know these ' Lays ' we recommend at once to make their acquaintance in this edition, wherein author and artist illustrate each other as kindred spirits should." — Standard. Bothwell : A Poem.. Third Edition. Fcap. %vo, 7s. 6d. The Ballads of Scotland. Edited by Professor Aytoun. Fovirth Edition. 2 vols., fcap. 8vo, 12s. vols., fcap. ?vo, 12s. " No coimtry can boast of a richer collection of Ballads than Scotland, and no Editor for these Ballads could be found more accomplished than Professor Aytoun. He has sent forth two beautiful volumes which range with Percy's ' EeUques ' — which, for completeness and accuracy, leave Uttle to be desired — which must henceforth be considered as the standard edition of the Scottish Ballads, and which we commend as a model to any among ourselves who may think of doing like service to the English Ballads." — the Times. Norman Sinclair. A Novel. 3 vols., 315. 6d. Firmilian; or, the Student of Badajos. A Spas- MOBio Tbagedy. By T. Percy Jones (Professor Aytoun). In small 8vo, 6s. Memoir of William E. Aytoun, D.C.L. Author of ' Lays of -the Scottish Cavaliers,' &c. By Theodore Martin, With Portrait. Post Svo, 12s. LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BY PROFESSOR AYTOUN and THEODORE MARTIN. The Book of Ballads. Edited by Bon Gaultier. Twelfth Edition, ■mUh numerous Illustrations ty DoTLE, Leech, and Crowquill. Gilt edges, post 8vo, 8s. 6d. The Late THOMAS AIRD. Poetical Works. Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. The Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village. Fcap. 8vo, 4s. " The hook is full of a quiet sustained humour, genuine pathos, simple un- affected poetry, and displays not only line imaginative power, hut a nearty sympathy with nature in all her aspects, and with the simple tastes and pleasures of rustic life. A more delightful book we cannot imagine." — Man- cheitev Advertiser. ANCIENT CLASSICS Eor English Readers. By Various Authors. Edited by Eev. W. lucaa CoUms, M.A. 20 vols. fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. each. Supplementary Series of Ancient Classics for English Headers, now in course of pubUoation. To be completed in 8 or 10 vols., price 2s. 6d. each. AUTHOR OF THE BATTLE OF DORKINa. The Dilemma. By the Author of ' The Battle of Dorking.' Cheap Edition. In one vol. crown 8vo, 6s. " When the author of the ' Battle of Dorking' writes on war, he is very sure to command attention, and his literary talent can weave his military . knowledge into fiction that is fascinating as well as instructive. . . . We can only repeat that there is at least as much sensation, although of a different kind, In the closing chapters as in those which describe the Mutiny ; and if the story swings along briskly throughout, it certainly does not hang at the finish." — Times. ' A True Reformer. 3 vols, crown Zvo, £1, lis. 6d Battle of Dorking. Reminiscences of a. Volunteer. i'rom ' Blackwood's Magazine.' Second Hundredth Thousand, 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 5 BLACKWOOD'S STANDARD NOVELS. Uniform in size and legibly printed. Each Novel complete in one Volume. Florm Series, Illustrated Boards. Tom Cringles Log. By Miohael Scott. Cruise of the Midge. By the Author of ' Tom Cringle's Log. ' Cyril Thornton. By Captain Hamilton. An,nals of the Parish. By John Gait. The Provost, and other Tales. By John Gait. Sir Andrew Wylie. By John Gait. The Entail. By John Gait. Reginald Ballon. By J. G. Lockhart. Pen Owen. By Dean Hook. Adam Blair. By J. G. Lockhart. Lady Lee's Widowhood. By Col. Hamley. Salem Chapel. By Mrs Oliphant. The Perpetual Curate. By Mrs Oliphant. Miss Marforibanks. By Mrs Oliphant. John ; A Love Story. By Mrs Oliphant. Or in Cloth Boards, 2s. Sd. Shilling Series, Illustrated Cover. The Hector and the Doctor's Family. By Mrs Oliphant. Tlie Life of Mansie Wauch. By D. M. Moir. Peninsular Scenes and Sketches. By F. Hardman. Sir Frizde Pwmphin, Nights at Mess, ka. The Subaltern. Life in the Far West. By G. P. Euxton. Valerius : A Roman Story. By J. G. Lockhart. Or in Cloth Boards, Is. 6d. OTHER WORKS IN PREPARATION. THE BAIRD LECTURES. The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures. Being the Baird Lecture for 1873. By the EeT. Robert Jamieson, D.D. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. The Mysteries of Christianity. By T. y. Craw- ford, D.D., P.E.S.E., Professor of Divinity in the University of Edin- burgh, &c. Being the Baird Lecture for li;74. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. Endowed Territorial Work: Its Supreme Im- PORTANOB TO THE CHURCH AND COUNTRY. By William Smith, D.D., Minister of North Leith ; Convener of the General Assembly's Endow- ment Committee. Being the Baird Lecture for 1875. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY TALES FROM "BLACKWOOD." 12 Volumes. Sewed, \2s. Bound in cloth, \Zs. The volumes are sold separately, Is. and Is. 6d., and may be had of most Booksellers in Six volumes, handsomely half-bound in red mo- rocco, 28s. 12 volumes in 6, half Eoxbuighe, 21s. 12 volumes, half- calf, richly gilt, 30s. OOKTENTS. Vol. I. The Glenmutchkin Bailway.— Vauderdecken's Message Home. — ^The Floating Beacon. — Colonna the Painter. — Napoleon. — ^A Legend of Gib- raltar. — The Iron Shroud. Vol. II. Lazaro's Legacy. — A Story without a Tail. — Faiistus and Queen Elizabeth. — How I became a Yeoman. — Devereux Hall. — The Metempsy- chosis. — College Theatricals. Vol. III. A Beading Party in the Long Vacation. — Father Tom and the Pope. — La Petite Madelaine.^Bob Burke's Duel with Ensign Brady. — The Headsman : A Tale of Doom. — ^The Wearyful Woman. Vol. IV. How I Stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs. — First and Last. — ^The Duke's' Dilemma : A Chronicle of Niesenstein. — The Old Gentleman's "Teetotum. — "Woe to us when we lose the Watery Wall." — My College Friends : Charles Eussell, the Gentleman Commoner. — The Magic Lay of the One-Horse Chay. Vol. V. Adventures in Texas. — How we got Possession of the Tuileries. — Captain Paton's Lament. — The Village Doctor. — A Singular Letter from Southern Africa. Vol. VI. My Friend the Dutchman. — My College Friends — No. II. : Horace Leicester. — The Emerald Studs. — My College Friends — No. III. : Mr W. Wellington Hurst.— Christine : A Dutch Story. — ^The-Man in the Bell. Vol. VII. My English Acquaintance. — The Murderer's Last Night. — Narra- tion of Certain Uncommon Things that did formerly happen to Me, Her- bert Willis, B.D.— The Wags.— The Wef Wooing : ANarrative of '98.— Ben-na-Groich. Vol. VIII. The Surveyor's Tale. By Professor Aytoun. — The Forrest-Race Romance. — Di Vasari: A Tale of Florence. — Sigismund Fatello. — The Boxes. Vol. IX. Rosaura : A Tale of Madrid. — Adventure in the North- West Terri- tory. — Harry Bolton's Curacy. — The Florida Pirate. — The Pandour and His Princess. — The Beauty Draught. Vol. X. Antonio di Carara. — The Fatal Repast. — The Vision of Cagliostro. — The First and Last Kiss. — The Smuggler's Leap, — ^The Haunted and the Haunters. — The Duellists. Vol. XI. The Natohan Story-Teller.— The First and Last Crime.— John Ein- toul.— Major Moss.— The Premier and his Wife. A'^OL. XII. Tickler among the Thieves ! — The Bridegroom of Bama. — The Involuntary Experimentalist. — ^Lebrun's Lawsuit. —The Snowing-up of Strath-Lugas. — A Few Words on Social Philosophy. M. E. GUMMING BRUCE. Family Records of the Bruces and the Cumyns. With an Historical Introduction and Appendix from authentic Public and Private Documents. Quarto, cloth, £2, 10s. Large-paper Edition, medium quarto, cloth, £3, 10s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 7 THE BOSCOBEL TRACTS Relating to the Escape of Charles the Second after the Battle of Worcester, and his suhseqaent Adventures. Edited hy J. Hughes, Esq.., A.M. A New Edition, with additional Notes and Illustrations, including Communications from the Eev. E. H. Barham, Author of the ' Ingoldsby Legends.' In 8vo, with Engravings, 16s. " The Bosoohel Tracts ' is a very curious book, and about as good an ex- ample of single subject historical collections as may be found. Originally undertaken, or at least completed, at the suggestion of the late Bishop Cop- plestone, in 1827, it was carried out with a degree of judgment and taste not always found in works of a similar character." — Spectator, HENRY LORD BROUGHAM. Memoirs of the Life and Times of Henry Lord BBOnoHAM. Written by Himself. 3 vols. 8vo, £2, 8s. The volumes are sold separately, 16s. each JAMES BROWN, Forester. The Forester : A Practical Treatise on the Planting, Bearing, and General Management of Forest-trees. Fourth Edition. Eoyal Svo, with Engravings, £1, lis. 6d. " What we have often stated in these columns we now repeat, that the book before us is the most useful guide to good arboriculture in the English language." — Remew of Third Mditionin Gardeners' Chroniclehy Dr lAndUy. "Beyond all doubt this is the best work on the subject of forestry extant." —Jo/wmal of EorticuUure. R. E. BROWN The Book of the Landed Estate: Containing Directions for the Management and Development of the Eesources of Landed Property ; detailing the Duties of the Landlord, Factor, Tenant, Forester, and Labourer. With numerous Engravings. Half-bound, 21s. R. D. BLACKMORE. Author of ' Lorna Doone.' The Maid of Sker. Fifth Edition. Crown Zvo, 7s. 6d. "A work which reads in some parts like the famous autobiographies of Defoe, and in others contains descriptions of natural beauty worthy of Kingsley, and nautical adventures not inferior to the best things in Marryat. 8 LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BT ALEXANDER BUCHAN, M.A. F.R.S.B. Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological Society, &c. Handy Book of Meteorology. A New Edition, being the Third. \In the press. In this edition the charts of the distrlhntion of atmospheric pressure and of terrestrial temperature will be thoroughly revised ; and charts of diurnal barometric range, and of oceanic temperature wiU be added ; the relations of temperature and weather to atmospheric pressure and winds will, with the aid of Illustrative Charts, be more fully discussed, and the principle will be applied in explanation of unusually hot and cold seasons, as well as seasons of excessive drought or excessive rainfall ; charts will be given show- ing the distribution of rain over the continents of the globe, and its con- nection with the distribution of atmospheric pressure and temperature. The prevailing winds over the globe will be laid down on charts; the relations of climate and weather to health will be discussed ; several practical appli- cations of the science and Hues of research will be indicated ; and otherwise the book will be revised throughout. Introductory Text-Book of Meteorology. Crown 8vo, with 8 Coloured Charts and other Engravings, pp. 218. 4s. 6d. "A handy compendium of Meteorology by one of the most competent authorities on this branch of science." — Petermmm's Qeographische Mittheil- ungen. " An exceedingly useful volume." — AtMnceam. DR. GEORGE CROLY. Memoir of the Political Life of the Right Hon- ooBABLB Edmund Bubke, with Extracts from his Writings. 2 vols, post Svo, 18s. R. S. BURN. Handbook of the Mechanical Arts concerned in the Construction and Arrangement of Dwelling-Houses and other Build- ings ; with Practical Hints on Road-making and the enclosing of Land. Second Edition, crown Svo, 6s. 6d. F. W. BURBIDGE. Domestic Floriculture, Window-Gardening, and Floral Decorations. Being Practical Directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants and Flowers as Domestic Orna- ments. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown Svo, with numerous Illustrations, 7s. 6d. Cultivated Plants: Their Propagation and Im- PROVEMENT . A Book for Professional and Amateur Gardeners. In 1 vol. , with numerous Illustrations on wood In the press. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 9 The Rev. J. CAVE-BROWN, Chaplain of the Punjab Movable Column. The Punjab and Delhi in 1857 : Being a Nar- EATIVE OF THE MEASURES BT WHICH THE PtrlfJAB WAS SATED AND Delhi reooveked durino the Indian Mutiny. ' With Plans of the Chief Stations and of the different Engagements, and Portraits of Sir J. Lawrence, Bart., Sir H. Edwardes, Sir R. Montgomery, and Brig.-Gen. J. Nicholson. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. "This is a work which will well repay the trouble of perusal. Written by one who was himself present at many of the scenes he narrates, and who has had free access to the papers of Sir J. Lawrence, Sir &. Montgomery, and Sir H. Edwardes, it comes with all the weight of official authority, and all the vividness of personal narrative." — Press. FREDERICK CLIFFORD, Of the Middle Temple. The Agricultural Lock- Out of 1874. With Notes upon Farming and Farm Labour in the Eastern Counties. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. JOHN COLQUHOUN, Author of ' The Moor and the Loch,' &c. Sporting Days. Crown 8vo, ^s. Rocks and Rivers ; or, Highland Wanderings over Crag and Correi, " Flood and Fell." 8vo, 6s. 6d. Salmon-Casts and Stray Shots. Being Fly-leaves from the Note-Book of John Colquhoun, Esq. Second Edition, foap. 8vo, 5s. ALICE CORKRAN. Bessie Lang. A Story of Cumberland Life. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. W. J. COURTHOPE, Author of ' Ludibria Lunse.' The Paradise of Birds : An old Extravaganza in a Modem Dress. Second Edition, 3s. 6d. 10 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BT JOHN HILL BURTON, Historiograpter-Koyal for Scotland. The History of Scotland: From Agricola's In- vasiou to the Extinction of the Last Jacobite Insurrection. New Edi- tion, Revised. 8 vols, crovfn 8vo, with Index volume, £3, 3s. "The best account that has yet been vraitten of the national life and being of Scotland. " — Times. "One of the completest histories that we ever saw of any country." — Satwdcuy Renew. History of Scotland from the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection — 1689-1748. 2 vols. 8vo, 20s. The Cairngorm Mountains. In crown Svo, 3s. 6d. " One of the most complete as well as most lively and intelligent bits of reading that the lover of works of travel has seen for many a day." — Saturday Remew. BEATRICE MAY BUTT. Miss Molly. Third Edition. Crown Svo, ys. 6d. The Very Rev. PRINCIPAL CAIRD. Religion in Common Life:A Sermon preached in Crathie Church, October 14, 1865, before Her Majesty the Queen and Prince Albert. Published by Her Majesty's Command. Bound in cloth, 8d. Cheap Edition, 3d. Sermons. Fourteenth Thousand. Fcap. Svo, ^s. " They are noble sermons ; and we are not sure but that, with the culti- vated reader, they will gain rather than lose by being read, not heard. There is a thoughtfulness and depth about them which can hardly be appreciated, unless when they are studied at leisure ; and there are so many sentences so felicitously expressed that we should grudge being hurried away from them by a rapid speaker, without being allowed to enjoy them a second time." — Fraser's Magazine. The Rev. DR ALEXANDER CARLYLE. Aiitobiography. Containing Memorials of the Men and Events of his Time. Edited by John Hill Bniton. In Svo. Third Edition, with Portrait, 14s. " This book contains by far the most vivid picture of Scottish life and man- ners that has been given to the public since the days of Sir Walter Scott. In bestowing upon it tliis high praise, we make no exception, not even in favour of Lord CockbUrn's Memorials — the book which resembles it most, and which ranks next to it in interest. " — Edvnbnrgh Review. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 11 The Late THOMAS J. CRAWFORD, D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University of BdintuTgh. The Fatherhood of God : Considered in its General and Special Aspects, and particularly in relation to the Atonement ; vfith a Review of Eeoent Speculations on the Subject. Third Edition, revised and enlarged, with a Eeply to the Strictures of Dr Candlish. 9s. The Doctrine of Holy Scripture respecting the Atonement. Third Edition, 8vo, 12s. " This addition to the latest contributions to the elucidation of the doctrine of the atonement must inevitably take a high rank among them. It collates and analyses the teachings, not only of the apostles, but of all Scriptural authors on the subject. The work is done in a critical, thorough, exhaustive manner, and gives us an exhaustive thesaurus of Scriptural doctrine on the subject." — Jr'rinceton Memew. The Preaching of the Cross. And other Sermons. 8vo, 7s. 6d. Presbyterianism Defended against the Exclusive Claims of Prelacy — ^Presbyterianism or Prelacy, which is more Conformable to the Apostolic Churches. Foap. 2s. RENE DESCARTES. On the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences ; and his Meditations and Selections from his Principles of Philosophy. In one vol. post 8vo, 4s. 6d. JAMES CRANSTOUN, LL.D. The Elegies of Albius Tibullus. Translated into English Verse. With Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. The Elegies of Sextus Propertius. Translated into English Verse. With Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. In crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. " In Mr Cranstoun's work free play is given to the poet's mood and tone at the time of writing, and a sound judgment is shown for the most part in the forms chosen to render passionate and pathetic love elegies, on the one hand, and archaeological poems on Eoman history and mythology, such as those of his later years, on the other. The result cannot fail to be a wider acquamt- ance with and appreciation of the Umbrian bard. . . . Glancing back over the whole ground, we find such good work predominating in this trans- lation, that, coupling it with Mr Cranstoun's ' Tibullus,' we augur increased credit to Scottish scholarship."— SaJJWtfctJ/ Review. 12 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY The Right Rev. HENRY COTTERILL, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh. The Genesis of the Church. Demy Svo, i6s. " The book is strikingly original, and this originality is one of its great charms — the views of an able and cultivated man whom long stiidy has made fully master of his subject."' — Scottish Guardian. " His book breathes the spirit and is stamped with the character of the present age. It requires, and will amply repay, the most careful and atten- tive reading ; and it is likely to carry conviction to many a mind which has been merely repelled by the ordinary quoting of tezts or appeals to Church History to prove the existence of the three Orders, and the necessity of the apostolical succession." — IMerary Churchman. WALTER DICKSON. Japan : Being a Sketch of the History, Govern- ment, and OfScers of the Empire. 8vo, 15s. " The entire work is not only pleasant and instructive reading, but one that ought to, be read and re-read by all who wish to attain anything like a co- herent idea of the real condition of Japan. Its value can hardly be over- estimated." — London and China Express. "Mr Dickson's work gives a general account of the History of Christianity in Japan more accurately than any preceding writer in the English language. . . . . His work is the most valuable one that has yet appeared." — Quarterly Remew. LADY DUNBAR of Northfield. A Family Tour round the Coasts of Spain and POETUQAL DUEINQ THE WINTER Off 1860-61. Post 8vo, 5s. Rev. JOHN EAGLES, A.M., Oxon. Essays. Originally published in ' Blackwood's Magazine.' Post 8vo, 10s. 6d. Contents : — Church Music, and other Paroohials. — Medical attendance, and other Parochials. — A few Hours at Hampton Court. — Grandfathers and Grandchildren. — Sitting for a Portrait. — Are there not Great Boasters among us ?— Temperance and Teetotal Societies. — ^Thackeray's Lectures : Swift. — The Crystal Palace. — Civilisation : the Census. — The Beggar's' Legacy. The Sketcher. OrigiTtally published in ' Black- wood's Magazine.' 8vo, 10s. 6d. "This volume, called by the appropriate name of 'The Sketcher,' is one that ought to be found in the studio of every English landscape-painter. . . . More instructive and suggestive readings for young artists, especially landscape-painters, can scarcely be found."— TAe Qlohe. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 13 GEORGE ELIOT. Adam Bede. With Illustrations, ^s. 6d., cloth. The Mill on the Floss. With Illustrations. 3s. 6d., cloth. Scenes of Clerical Life. With Illustrations. 3s. 6d., cloth. Silas Marner. With Illustrations. 2s. 6d., cloth. Felix Holt. With Illustrations. 3^-. 6flf., cloth. Middlemarch : A Study of English Provincial Life. With Illustrated Title ty Birket Foster, Engraved by C. H. Jeens. Crown 8yo, 7s. 6d., cloth. Daniel Deronda. Complete in 4 vols, crown 8vo, 21s. The Legend of Jubal and other Poems. Second Edition. Ecap. 8to, 6s. The Spanish Gypsy. Sixth Edition, crown %vo, 7s. 6d. " It is emphatically a great poem, great in conception, great in execution." — SlaclDmooas Magazine. ' ' She is a great writer, and in the ' Spanish Gypsy ' she has achieved a great work." — Times. " It is impossible, indeed, to speak too highly of the intellectual concep- • lion at the basis of the poem, and the finish and power with which it is worked out and adorned." — Spectator. Wise, Witty, and Tender Sayings, in Prose and Verse. Selected from the Works of George Eliot. By Alexander Main. Handsomely printed on Toned Paper, bound in gilt cloth. Second Edition, 6s. " But undoubtedly George Eliot is the only woman of our time whose writ- ings would be remembered for their humour alone, or whose sayings, just now collected into a volume by themselves, are at all likely, like Shakespeare's savings, to pass into the substance of the language." — Spectator. THE CHURCH SERVICE SOCIETY. A Book of Common Order: Being Forms of Worship issued by the CJhurch Service Society. A New and Enlarged Edition, 6s. 6d. "We know of no book which could be recommended as likely to be of greater use to the clergyman, especially to the young and inexperienced, than this second edition of ' Euohologion. ' " — Scotsman,. 14 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ALEXANDER CHARLES EWALD, F.S.A. The Crown and its Advisers : Or, Queen, Minis- ters, Lords, and Commons. Crown 8vo, 5s. "A commendaMe attempt to ezplain in simple and popular language the machinery of the English Government." — Pall Mall Gazette. " May be regarded in some respects as a Constitutional Manual." — Standard. The Late PROFESSOR FERRIER. Philosophical Works. New Edition. Edited hy Sir Alex. (Jrant, Bart., D.C.L., and Professor Lnshington. 3 vols, crown 8vo, 34s. 6d. Institutes of Metaphysic. Third Edition, los. 6d. Lectures on the Early Greek Philosophy. Second Edition. 10s. 6d. Philosophical Remains, including the Lectures on Early Greek Philosophy. 2 vols., 24s. Field-Map, Lothians Hunt; with List of the Meets and Distances from General Post-Offioe, Edinburgh, and from the nearest Eailway Stations. Bound in leather, 5s. The Late GEORGE FINLAY, LL.D., Athens. Greece under the Romans. a.d. 146 to b.g. 717. A Historical View of the Condition of the Greek Nation from its Conquest by the Romans until the Extinction of the Eoman Power in the East. Second Edition, 16s. History of the Byzantine Em,pire. a.d. 716 to 1204. 12s. 6d. Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. A.D. 1453 to 1821. 10s. 6d. History of the Greek Revolution. 2 vols. 8vo, £1, 4s. " His book is worthy to take its place among the remarkable works on Greek history which form one of the chief glories of English scholarship. The history of Greece is but half told without it."— Loridon Guardian. "His work is therefore learned and profound. It throws a flood of light •upon an important though obscure portion of Grecian history. ... In the essential requisites of fidelity, accuracy, and learning, Mr Finlay bears a favourable comparison with any historical writer of our day."— Nortli Ameri- can Review, WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 15 CHARLES STUART FORBES, Commander, R.N. The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies : A Personal Narrative. Post 8vo, -with Portraits, 12s. " A volume -which contains the test sketch hitherto published of the cam- paign which put an end to Bourbon rule in the Two Sicilies. It is accom- panied with plans of the chief battles ; and its honest unexaggerated record contrasts very favourably with the strained and showy account of the Gari- baldians just published by M. Dumas." — Examiner.^ PROFESSOR FLINT. The Philosophy of History in Europe. Vol. /., containing the History of that Philosophy in France and Germany. Svo, 15s. HUGH FRASER. Handy Book of Ornamental Conifers, and of Ehododendeons, and other Ameeioan Flowering Sheubs suitable for the Climate and Soils of Britain ; with descriptions of the best Kinds, and containing Useful Hints for their successful Cultivation. Crown Svo, 6s. THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. A Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. Com- prising an Ample Vocabulary of Gaelic Words, and Vocabularies of Latin and English Words, with their translation into Gaelic, to which is prefixed a Compendium of Gaelic Grammar. Compiled and published under the direction of the Highland Society of Scotland. 2 vols, quarto, cloth, £5, 5s. JOHN GALT. Annals of the Parish. The Provost. Sir Andrew Wylie. The Entail, or the Laird of Grippy. 4 vols. fcap. Svo, 2s. each. 16 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. 1. — FamUy Prayers. Authorised ty the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. A New Edition, crown 8vo, in large type. 4s. 6d. Anothee Edition, crown 8vo. 2s. 2.— Prayers for Social and Family 'WorsMp. For the Use of Soldiers, Sailors, Colonists, and Sojourners in India, and other persons at home and abroad, who are deprived of the ordi- nary services of a Christian Ministry. Cheap Edition, Is. 6d. 3. — The Scottish Hymnal. Htmns fob Public Woeship, Published for Use in Churches by Authority of the General Assembly. 1. Large type, cloth, red edges. Is. 6d. ; French morocco, 2s. 6d. ; ca6, 6s. 2. Bourgeois type, cloth, red edges, Is. ; French morocco, 2s. 3. Minion type, limp cloth, 6d. ; French morocco. Is. 6d. 4. School Edition, in paper cover, 2d. No. 1, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 3s. ; French morocco, 48. 6d. ; calf, 7s. 6d. No. 2, bound with the Psalms and Paraphrases, cloth, 2s. ; French morocco, 3s. 4. — The Scottish Hymnal, with Knsic. Selected by the Committees on Hymns and on Psalmody. The har- monies arranged by W. H. Monk. Cloth, Is. 6d. ; French Morocco, 3s. 6d. The same in the Tonic Sol-fa Notation, Is. 6d. and 3s. 6d. 5.— The Children's Hymnal, Id. The Rev. G. R. GLEIG, M.A., Prebendary of St Paul's. The Great Problem : Can it be Solved ? In 8vo, 10s. 6d. "We do not scruple to recommend this popular and practical treatise as likely to be of great service to a vast number of wavering and unstable minds." — English Cfm/rchman. " We sincerely recommend the book, which, if it does not contain anything strikingly original, at least sums up with force and clearness the main con- siderations which almost compel a belief in the substantial truth of Christ's mission and teaching." — Spectator. The Subaltern. Originally published in ' Black- wood's Magazine.' Library Edition. Revised and Corrected, with a New Preface. Grown Svo, 7s. 6d. " The volume, though as interesting as any novel, is in all respects the actual record of its author's own experience, and it is in fact the day-to-day journal of a young officer who embarked at Dover with his battalion in 1813, joined Lord Wellington's army a few days before the storming of San Sebas- tian, just as the French, under Soult, were being driven back through the Pyrenees on to their own soU, and had his share of the fighting on the Bidassoa. . . . We must not omit to notice the new preface which gives an additional interest to the present issue of 'The Subaltem,' and which recounts the present-day aspect of the tract of country where were fought the last battles of the PeninsuJ.ar War."— fAe Times. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 17 GOETHE. Faust. Translated into English Verse by Theodore Martin. Second Edition, post 8vo, 6s. Cheap Edition, fcap., 3s. 6d. " The test translation of ' Faust' in verse we have yet had in England "— Spectator. ° " Mr Theodore Martin's translation is unquestionably the best in the lan- guage, and will give to English readers a fair idea of the greatest of modern poems. — Press. Poems and Ballads of Goethe. Translated by Professor Aytoun and'Theodore Martin. Second Edition, fcap. 8vo, 6s. "There is no doubt that these are the best translations of Goethe's marvel- lously-cut gems which have yet been published."— TAe limes. COLONEL E. B. HAMLEY, C.B., Commandant of the Staff College. The Operations of War Explained and Illustrated. Third Edition, 4to, with numerous Illustrations, 30s. " Colonel Hamley's treatise on the ' Operations of War' is, we do not hesi- tate to say, the best that has been written in the English language." — The " On all matters relating to the practice of the profession, it forms the most perfect book of reference that has been published." — United Semce Magazine. The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol. Writ- ten in the Camp. With Illustrations drawn in Camp by the Author. 8vo, 21s. " We strongly recommend this ' Story of the Campaign' to all who would gain a just comprehension of this tremendous struggle. Of this we are per- fectly sure, it is a book unlikely to be ever superseded. Its truth is of that simple and startling character which is sure of an immortal existence ; nor is it paying the gallant author too high a compliment to class this masterpiece of military history with the most precious of those classic records which have been bequeathed to us by the great writers of antiquity who took part in the wars they have described." — The Press. Wellington's Career ; A Military and Political Summary. Crown 8vo, 2s. Our Poor Relations. A Philozoic Essay. With Illustrations, chiefly by Ernest Griset. Crown 8vo, cloth gUt, 3s. 6d. " This is a charming little book, such as may be read through in half an hour ; nor would it be easy to spend half an hour more pleasantly, or indeed to more profit. Slowly, very slowly iodeed, but still by a sure progress, we are struggling out of the merely selfish and masterly view of the relations be- tween ourselves and the lower animals ; and Colonel Hamley's Essay, with its wide, Mndly sympathies and delicate fancy, will help it on." — Spectator. 18 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GENERAL SIR HOPE GRANT. Incidents in the China War of i860. Compiled from the private Journals of the late Genbeal Sir Hope Geant, G.C.B. By Henry Knollys, Captain Eoyal Artillery ; Author of ' From Sedan to Saarhnick,' and Editor of Sir Hope Grant's ' Incidents in the Sepoy War.' Crown 8vo, with Maps, 12s. Incidents in the Sepoy War of 1857-58. Compiled from the Private Journals of General Sie Hope Geant, G.C.B. ; together with some Explanatory Chapters hy Captain Heury Euollys, E. A. Crown 8vo, with Map and Flans, 12s. ■ PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON, Author of ' A Painter's Camp,' &c. Wenderholme : A Story of Lancashire and York- shire Life. New Edition, crown 8vo, 6s. SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON, Bart., D.C.L. Lectures on Metaphysics. Edited by the Rev. H. L. Hansel, B.D., 11.1)., Dean of St Paul's; and Jolin Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Ehetoric, Glasgow. Fifth Edition. 2 vols. Svo, 24s. Lectures on Logic. Edited by Professors Mansel and Veitcli. Third Edition. In 2 vols., 248. Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Edu- cation, and University Reform. Third Edition. Svo, 21s. Memoir of Sir William. Hamilton, Bart. By Professor Veitch, of the University of Glasgow. Svo, with Portrait, 18s. " Professor Veitch has succeeded in hlending the domestic with the intel- lectual life of Sir W. Hamilton in one graphic picture, as hiographers rarely do succeed." — Satv/rday Review. CAPTAIN THOMAS HAMILTON. Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns. A New Edition, Edited by P. Hardman, Svo, 16s. Atlas of Maps to illustrate the Campaigns, 12s. Men and Manners in America. Second Edition. With Portrait of the Author. Fcap., 7s. 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 19 The Handy Horse-Book: or. Practical Instruc- tions in Biding, Driving, and the General Care and Management of Horses. By " Magenta." A New Edition, with 6 Engravings, 4s. 6d. "As cavalry officer, hunting horseman, coach-proprietor, whip, and steeple- chase-rider, the author has had long and various experience in the manage- ment of horses, and he now gives us the cream of his information." — AtJien- (eutn. "He propounds no theories, but emhodies in simple unteohnical language what he has learned practically." — Sporting Oazette. The Treatment of our Domesticated Dogs. By the Same. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. Rev. J. B. HARBORD, M.A., Assistant Director of Education, Admiralty. A Glossary of Navigation. Containing the Defini- tions and Propositions of the Science, Explanation of Terms, and De- scription of Instruments. Crown 8vo. Illustrated with Diagrams. 6s. Definitions and Diagrams in Astronomy and Navigation. Is. 6d. Short Sermons for Hospitals and Sick Seamen. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d. LADY FLORA HASTINGS. Poems. Edited by Her Sister, the late Mar- chioness of Bute. Second Edition, with a Portrait. Fcap., 7s. 6d. The Right Rev. DR GEORGE HAY, Bishop of Edinhurgh. Works. Edited under the Supervision of the Eight Sev. Bishop Strain. With Memoir and Portrait of the Author. Uniform Edition. Seven Volumes, crown Svo, hound in extra cloth, &\, Us. 6d. The Sincere Christian Instructed in the Faith of Cheist from the Written Word. 2 vols., 8s. The Devout Christian Instructed in the Law of Christ prom the Written Word. 2 vols., Ss. The Pious Christian Instructed in the Nature and Peaotiob of the Pkinoipai. Exercises of Piety. 1 vol., 4s. The Scripture Doctrine of Miracles Displayed. 2 vols., 10s. 6d. 20 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY MRS HEMANS. The Poems of Felicia Hemans. Complete in One Volume, royal 8vo, wltli Portrait by Finden, Cheap Edition, 5s. Another Edition, with Memoir by her Sister, Seven Volumes, foap., 35s. Another Edition, in Six Volumes, cloth, gilt edges, 24s. The same, 6 vols, bound in three, 12s. 6d., or cloth, extra gilt edges, 15s. The following Works of Mrs Hemans are sold separately, bound in cloth, gilt edges, 4s. each : — Reooeds op Woman. FOKEST SaUOTUABT. Songs op the Appeotions. Deamatio Wobks. Tales and Histoeic Scenes. MoEAL AND Religious Poems. Select Poems of Mrs Hemans. In one Vol., fcap. 8vo, 3s. Memoir of Mrs Hemans. By her Sister. With a Portrait, fcap. 8vo, 5s. The Rev. S. REYNOLDS HOLE. A Book about Roses: How to Grow and Show Them. A New and Enlarged Edition, being the Fifth, 7s. 6d. "It is the production of a man who boasts of thirty ' all England' cups, whose roses are always looked for anxiously at flower-shoWs, who took the lion's share in originating the first rose-show pwr et dmple, whose assistance as judge or amicus cwrice is always courted at such exhibitions. Such a man ' ought to have something to say worth hearing to those who love the rose,' and he has said it." — Ocumener's C^'onicle. " We cordially recommend the book to every amateur who wishes to grow roses as at once the pleasautest and the best yet written on the subject." — The Meld. "A very captivating book, containing a great deal of valuable information about the rose and its culture, given in a style which cannot fail to please." — Jowmal of Uortkndtwe. HOMER. The Odyssey. Translated into English Verse in the Spenserian Stanza. By Philip Stanhope Worsley. Third Edition, 2 vols, fcap., 12s. "If the translator has produced a work which, having caught the spirit of the poem, can delight those to whom the original is a sealed book, he can de- sire no higher praise : and this praise belongs justly to Mr Worsley. . . . He has placed in the hands of English readers a poem which deserves to out- live the present generation. "—Bdmbwrgh Remew. " We assign it, without hesitation, the first place among existing English translations. — Westndnster Review. The Iliad. Translated by P. S. Worsley and Pro- fesBOr Coningtdn. 2 vols., crown 8vo, 21s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 21 JOHN HOSACK, Barrister-at-Law. Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers. Con- taining a variety of Documents never tefore published. A New and En- larged Edition, Vfith a Photograph, from the Bust on the Tomh in West- minster Ahbey. 2 vols. 8vo, £1, Us. 6d. The Second Volume may he had separately, price 16s. 6d. " A careful study of Mr Hosacls's hook will show that he has explicitly or i]nplicitly answered every one of the fifteen argnments in the famous Note L. of Hume s History of this reign." — Quarterly Meview. "Whatever surmises maybe formed about Mary's knowledge or assent, there can now be no doubt that the murder was contrived, not by Mary, but by her accusers." — Scotstrum. " He has confuted those who, by brilliant writing and a judicious selection of evidence, paint the Queen of Scots as an incarnate fiend, and who are dra- matic poets rather than historians." — I'he Times. " Mr Hosack's elaborate and painstaldng defence is the most important hitherto produced." — Spectator. INDEX GEOGRAPHIOUS. Being a List, Alphabetically Arranged, of the Principal Places on the Globe, with the Countries and Subdivisions of the Countries in which they are situated, and their Latitudes and Longi- tudes. Applicable to all Modem Atlases and Maps. In 1 vol. Imperial 8vo, pp. 676, 21s. PROFESSOR JOHNSTON. The Chemistry of Common Life. A New Edition. Edited by G. H. Lewes, Author of ' Sea-side Studies,' &c. With 113 Illiistrations on Wood, and a Copious Index. 2 vols, crown 8vo, Us. 6d. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. The Tenth Edition, Revised and brought down to date. By Charles A. Cameron, M.D., F.E.G.S.I., &c., 6s. 6d. Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry. Seventy- HFTH Thousand. Edited by Professor Voelcker. With Engravings. Is. A. W. KINGLAKB, Esct. History of the Lnvasion of the Crimea. Vols. I. to IV., demy Svo, £3, 6s. ; Vol. V., The Inkerman Vol., 17s. A New Edition is in course of publication, in crown Svo, 6s. ; of which Six Volumes will comprise the Five Volumes of the demy Svo Edition. 22 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN KNOX. John Knoxs Liturgy: The Book of Common Order, and the Dieeotort por Public Worship of the Church OP SOOTLAHD. With Historical Introductions and Illustrative Notes ty the fier. George W. Sprott, B.A., and the Rev. Thomas Leishman, D.D. Handsomely printed, in imitation of the large editions of Andio Hart, on toned paper, bound in cloth, red edges, 8s. 6d. LEONCE DE LAVEBGNE. The Rural Economy of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Translated from the French. With Notes by a Scottish Farmer. In 8vo, 12s. The Late PRINCIPAL LEE. Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland, FROM THE Reformation to the Eevoltjtion Settlement. With Notes and Appendices from the Author's Papers. Edited by the Rev. William lee, D.D. 2 vols, 8vo, 21s. GEORGE HENKY LEWES. The Physiology of Common Life. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. 2 vols., 12s. Contents : Hunger and Thirst — Food and Drink — Digestion and Indi- gestion — The Structure and Uses of the Blood — The Circulation — Res- piration and Suffocation — ^Why we are warm, and how we keep so — Feeling and Thinking — The Mind and the Brain — Our Senses and Sensations — Sleep and Dreams — The Qualities we Inherit from our Parents — Life and Death. MAJOR LOCKHART. Fair to See : A Novel. New Edition in i vol. post Svo, 6s. " The interest never flags, for the story is as full of ' situations ' as a good play." — Times. " ' Fair to See ' is something better than a clever novel. It shows no little artistic power ; and as you read it you feel that there is much more in the book than at first you fancied. . . . The scenes on the moors, in the barracks, and the ball-rooms are all dashed off by an expert." — Pall Mall Gaxette. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 23 The Late LORD LYTTON. Speeches Spoken and Unspoken. With a Memoir by his son, Robert lord lytton. In two volumes, 8vo, 24s. " Nothing could he better as to size, type, paper, and general getting up." — Athstueum. Walpole; or, Every Man has his Price. A Comedy in Rhyme. Foap. 8vo, 5s. The Boatman. By Pisis trains Caxton. 8vo, sewed, Is. WILLIAM M'COMBIE, Tillyfour. Cattle and Cattle-Breeders. A New and Cheaper Edition. 2s. fid., cloth. " Much as we enjoy the first part of the book, which is mainly a record of trading incident, tide hints on breeding and care of capital are most useful. The student will do well to carefully study this section of the book ; every sentence, being the result of practical experience, is thoroughly reliable." —FiM. The Rev. THOMAS M'OKIB, D.D. Works. Four vols, crown 8vo, 2^s. Life of fohn Knox. Containing Illustrations of the History of the Reformation in Scotland. Crown 8vo, 6s. Life of Andrew Melville. Containing Illustra- tions of the Ecclesiastical and Literary History of Scotland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Crown Svo, 6s. History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Italy in the Sixteenth Century. History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century. Crown Svo, 6s. Sermons, and Review of the ' Tales of My Land- LOED.' 6s. Lectures on the Book of Esther. Fcap. Svo, s^- Life of John Knox. Cheap Edition, ■^s. 6d. 24 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHARLES M'INTOSH. The Book of the Garden. In two large vols. royal 8vo, embellished witli 1350 Engravings. The work is divided into two great sections, each occupying a volume — the first comprising the formation, arrangement, and laying out of gardens, and the construction of garden huildings ; the second treating of the theory and practice of horticulture. Sold separately — viz. : Vol. I. On the Formation of Gardens and Construction op Gar- den Edifices. 776 pages, and 1073 Engravings, £2, 10s. Vol. II. Practical Gardening. 868 pages, and 279 Engravings, £1, 17s. 6d. LORD MACKENZIE. Studies in Roman Law, with Comparative Views of the Laws of France, England, and Scotland. Fourth Edition, Edited hy Jolm Kilpatrick, Esq., M.A., Cantab. ; Dr Jur. Heidelb. ; LL.B., Edinburgh, Advocate. 8vo, 12s. ' ' A new edition of Lord Mackenzie's well-known book calls for little com- ment upon the bulk of the work. It is the accepted elementary text-book for students of comparative Jurisprudence. . . . The contributions to the present edition are of three kinds. First, there is the addition of very numerous references to the original authorities of antiquity, in addition to the indirect method of referring to modern text-writers, mainly French and German, upon the different branches of the Corpus Juris. This is wholly good, and constitutes a distinct addition to the value of the book. Secondly, there is a large contribution of additional notes by the present editor, filling in to some extent the details of the original sketch. They are most numerous in that part of the work which deals with the law of civil procedure — a branch of Eoman law upon the complex nature of which modern research and dis- covery have thrown much light." — Pall Mall Gazette. Rev. ALEXANDER MACKAY, LL.D., F.R.G.S. Manual of Modern Geography; Mathematical, Physical, and Political ; on a new plan, embracing a complete de- velopment of the River Systems of the Globe. Sixth Thousand, revised and brought down to the present time. Crown 8vo, pp. 688. 7s. 6d. This volume — ^the result of many years' unremitting application — is speci- ally adapted for the use of Teachers, Advanced Classes, Candidates for the Civil Service, and proficients in geography generally. LADY JOHN MANNERS. Gems of German Poetry. Translated by Lady John Manners. Small quarto, 3s. 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 25 FREDERICK MARSHALL. French Home Life. By " an English Looker-on, who has lived for a quarter of a century in France amidst ties and affec- tions which have made that country his second home." — Preface. Contents : Servants. — Children. — Furniture. — Pood. — Manners. — Lan- guage. — Dress. — Marriage. Second Edition. 5s. "This is a work of singular loiowledge, written by a man possessing rare powers of ohservation and social tact. That the writer has resided long in I^ance, the most superficial glance into the hook will make clear ; for, what- ever the passing traveller can do, he cannot attain to such result of clear pic- ture, vivid contrast, and firm hold on general causes, as we have here." — British Quarterl/y Remeiw. International Vanities. Originally published in 'Blackwood's Magazine.' 8vo,'10s. 6d. "The general puhUc would hardly he led to anticipate from the title selected the amount of entertainment and quaint information that is pre- sented in this volume." — Spectator. LADY MARGARET MAJENDIE. Giannetto. Crown %vo, ^s. THEODORE MARTIN, C.B. Goethe's Faust. Second Edition, crown Svo, 6s. Cheap Edition, 3s. 6d. The Odes of Horace. Translated, with Life and Notes. Second Edition, post 8vo, 9s. The Poems of Catullus. Translated into English Verse. With an Introduction and Notes. A New Edition, Eevised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, printed on Papier Vergl, 7s. 6d. The Vita Nuova of Dante. With an Introduc- tion and Notes. Second Edition, crown 8vo, 5b. Alladin: A Dramatic Poem. From the Ger- man of OeMenscUaeger. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. Corregio : A Tragedy. From the Same. With Notes. Fcap. 8vo, Ss. King Rene's Daughter: A Danish Lyrical Drama. By Henrik Hertz. Second Edition, fcap., 2s. 6d. 26 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY JOHN CLABK MABSHMAN, C.S.I. History of India. From the Earliest Period to the Close of the India Company's Government, with an Epitome of Sub- sequent Events. Abridged from the Author's larger work. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. " ' There is only one History of India, and that is Marshman's,' exclaimed a critic when the original three-volume edition of this book appeared some years ago. He had read them all, and a whole library of books referring to periods of the history, and this was his conclusion. It is a wise and a just verdict. . . . No library, private or public, should be without this history. There should be no school, for boys or girls above ten, in which it is not taught. No man or woman in the kingdom can profess to be educated who is not acquainted with its subject." — Daily JReview. GENERAL CAVALIE MERCEK yournal of the Waterloo Campaign : Kept throughout the Campaign of 1815. 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. '* No actor in the terrible scene ushered in by the following day has ever painted it in more vivid colours than the ofiBcer of artillery who led his troop into the very heart of the carnage, and escaped to write a book more real, more lifelike, more enthralling, than any tale of war it has ever been our lot to read." — Athencewm. W. MINTO, M.A. A Manual of English Prose Literature, Bio- graphical and Critical : designed mainly to show Characteristics of Style. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. "It is a work which all who desire to make a close study of style in Eng- lish prose will do well to use attentively." — Standard. Characteristics of English Poets, from Chaucer to Shirley. 1 vol. crown 8vo, 9s. " Altogether this is a most faithful and thorough piece of work, iitted to be largely useful, and may take rank among the best educational efforts which have recently issued from the press." — Nonccmformist. MAJOE-aENEKAL JOHN MITCHELL. Biographies of Eminent Soldiers of the last Four Centuries. Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, by Leonliard Schmitz, II. D. 8vo. 9s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 27 DAVID MACBETH MOIR (A.) Poetical Works. With Memoir by Thomas Aird, and Portrait. Second Edition. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo, 12s. Domestic Verses. New Edition, fcap. %vo, cloth gilt, 4s. 6d. Lectures on the Poetical Literature of the Past Half-century. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. THE SOURCE OP THE NILE. JourTial of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By J. H. Speke, Captain H.M. Indian Army. 8vo, 21s. With a Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa by Captain Speke ; numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Drawings hy Captain Grant ; and Portraits, engraved on Steel, of Captains Speke and Grant. A Walk across Africa ; Or Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal. By Colonel J. A. Grant. Svo, mth Map, 15s. What led to the Discovery of the Nile Source. By Captain Speke. Svo, with Maps, &c., 14s. Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa. With Explorations from Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator. By John Petherick, F.E.6.S. In Svo, with a Map, 16s. Lake Victoria. A Narrative of Explorations in Search of the Source of the Nile. Compiled from the Memoirs of Captains Speke and Grant. By George C. Swayne, H.A., Late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Illustrated with Woodcuts and Map. Crown Svo, 7s. 6d. ADMIRAL SHERARD OSBORN. The Discovery of a North - West Passage by H.M.S. INVESTIGATOB, Capt. R. M'Cluee, duking the Years 1850-54. A New Edition, with Map, 3s. 6d. Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal; or, Eigh- teeu Months in the Polar Regions in Search of Sir John Franklin, 1850, 1851. A New Edition, to which is added The Careeb, Last Voyage, AND Fate of Sir John Franklin. With Map, 3s. 6d. A Cruise in Japanese Waters. Quedah ; or stray Leaves from a Journal in Malayan Waters. The Fight on the Peiho in 1859. A New Edition, with Map, 5s. 28 LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BT The Hon. LORD NEAVES. Songs and Verses : Social and Scientific. By an Old Contributor to ' Maga.' Fourth Edition, ■with Music of some of the Songs. Cloth extra, 4s. " The productions thrown off by this eccentric muse have all the merits of originality and variety. ... He has written songs, not essays — such a hotch-potch of science and humour, jest and literature, gossip and oritioism, as might have been served at the Nootes Ambrosianse in the blue parlour at Ambrose's."— Satwday JRemew. A Glance at some of the Principles of. Compara- TIVE Philology. As illustrated in the Latin and Anglican Forms of Speech. Crown 8vo, Is. fid. The Uses of Leisure: An Address delivered to the Students of the School of Arts, Edinburgh. Sewed 6d. On Fiction as a Means of Popular Teaching. A Lecture. 6d. PROFESSOR HENRY ALLEYNE WIOHOLSON. A Manual of Zoology^ for the Use of Students. With a General Introduction on the Principles of Zoology. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo, pp. 732, with 300 Engrav- ings on Wood. 12s. 6d. " It is the best manual of zoology yet published, not merely in England, but in Europe." — Pall Mall Gazette. "The best treatise on Zoology in moderate compass that vre possess."—^ Lancet. Text-Book of Zoology, for the Use of Schools. Second Edition, enlarged. Crown 8vo, with 188 Engravings on Wood. 6s. Introductory Text-Book of Zoology, for the Use OF JtJNiOE Classes. A new Edition, revised and enlarged, with 156 En- gravings, 3s. Outlines of Natural History for Beginners ; being Descriptions of a Progressive Series of Zoological Types. 52 Engravings, Is. 6d. Introduction to the Study of Biology. Crown 8vo, with numerous Engravings. 5s. A Manual of Palceontology, for the Use of Stu- DENTS. With a General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology. Crown 8vo, with upwards of 400 Engravings. 15s. "This book will be found to be one of the best of guides to the principles of Palaeontology and the study of organic remains."— ^i/ierairam. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 29 MRS OLIPHANT. Memoir of the Count de Montalembert. A Chap- ter of Recent French History. In 2 vols, crown 8vo, £1, 4s. " It is to Mrs Oliphant that we owe the very beautiful English translation of the ' Monks of the West.' The author has written to her : — ' What I must insist upon is — the exact reproduction of all the passages in my book, which, to you, must seem the most offensive to English and Protestant ears ' (p. 336.) And when it was completed, he bore witness to • the good faith and straight- forward equity of a most Uteral translation ' (p. 337). We are happy to be able to say that Mrs Oliphant has shown equal ' good faith and straightfor- ward equity ' in translating the character of Count de Montalembert so as to make him known and appreciated by English readers. . . . Would that all biographies were written in such good taste and In such a generous spirit!"— TaWei. Count de Montalembert'' s History of the Monks OF THE West. From St Benedict to St Bernard. Translated by Mrs Oliphant. 5 vols. 8vo, £2, 12s. 6d. Historical Sketches of the Reign of George Second. Third Edition, in one vol., 6s. "Her aim has simply been, by means of judicious selection and careful and sympathetic painting, to form a portrait-gallery which shall illustrate the characters of a given age. We think that she has been, on the whole, very successful." — Saiv/rday Heview. " The most graphic and vigorous Historical Sketches which have ever been published. It is indeed difSoult to exaggerate the interest which attaches to these two volumes, or the high literary merit by which they are marked." — John Bull. Salem Chapel. 2S. in boards, or 2s. 6d. cloth. The Perpetual Curate. 2S. in boards, or 2s. 6d. cloth. Miss Marjoribanks. 2s. in boards, or 2S. 6d. cloth. The Rector and the Doctors Family, is. sewed, or Is. 6d. cloth. Brownlows. 3 vols. post Svo. ^is. 6d. The Story of Valentine ; and his Brother. Orig- inally published in ' Blackwood's Magazine.' New and Cheaper Edition, crown Svo, 5s. Katie Stewart: A True Story. New and cheaper Edition, in Illuminated Cover, fcap. Svo, 2s. 6d. John : A Love Story. Cheap Edition, 2s. 30 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY LAURENCE OLIFHANT. Piccadilly: A Fragment of Contemporary Bio- graphy. Fifth Edition, in Illuminated Cover, 2s. 6d. ; also with 8 illus- tiations by Eichard Doyle, cloth, 4s. 6d. " The picture of ' Good Society ' — meaning thereby the society of men and women of wealth or rank — contained in this book, constitutes its chief merit, and is remarkable for the point and vigour of the author's style." — Atherugum,. " The real interest of ' PiccadUIy ' Ues in the clever morceaux with which it is literally jewelled. They sparkle in every page. Mr Oliphant is one of the wittiest Jeremiahs of his time." — Pall Mall Gazette. Narrative of Lord Elgin s Mission to China and Japan. Illustrated with numerous Engravings in Chromo-Lithography, Maps, and Engravings on Wood, from Original Drawings and Photographs. Second Edition. In two vols.'Svo, 21s. " The volnmes in which Mr Oliphant has related these transactions will be read with the strongest interest now, and deserve to retain a permanent place in the literary and historical annals of our time." — Edimbmrgh Review. Russian Shores of the Black Sea in the Autumn of 1852, with a Voyage down the Volga, and a Tour through the Country of the Don Cossacks. 8vo, with Map and other lEustrations. Fourth Edition, 14s. OSSIAN. Poems in the Original Gaelic, with a Literal Translation into English, and a Dissertation on the Authenticity of the Poems. By the Eev. Archibald Clerk. 2 vols, imperial 8vo, ^t., iis. 6d. "The most thoughtful and able book in connection with Celtic literature that has appeared for a long time." — Perthshire Jcm/mal. "We feel assured that the present work, by the well-condensed information it contains, by the honest translation of the Gaelic it gives, by the mere weight of its fair statements of fact, will do more to vindicate the authenticity of Caledonia's Bard from the pompous ignorance of Johnson, the envious spite ofcPinkerton, the cold incredulity of Laing, and even the self-asserting vanity of Macpherson, than any champion that has yet appeared." — Glasgow Mail. GEOBGE OUTRAM, Advocate. Lyrics, Legal and Miscellaneous. Edited, with Introductory Notice, by Henry Glasaford Bell.. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 4s. 6d. SIR J. NOEL PATON, R.S.A. Spindrift. Fcap., cloth, ^s. Poems by a Painter. Fcap., cloth, ^s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 31 DAVID PAGE, LL.D., Professor of Geology in the Durham University of Physical Science, Newcastle. Introductory Text-Book of Geology. With En- gravings on Wood and Glossarial Index. Tenth Edition. 2s. 6d. Advanced Text-Book of Geology, Descriptive and Industrial. With Bngi'avings and Glossary of Scientific Terms. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 7s. 6d. " We have carefully read this truly satisfactory hook, anjl do not hesitate to say that it is an excellent compendium of the great facts of Geology, and ■written in a truthful and philosophic spirit." — Ediiibmgh Philosophical Journal. "As a school-book nothing can match the 'Advanced Text-Book of Geo- logy ' hy Professor Page of Newcastle." — Mechanic's Magazine. Handbook of Geological Terms, Geology and PhtsioaIi Geogkapht. Second Edition, Enlarged, 7s. 6d. Economic Geology; or, Geology in its Relations to the Arts and Manufactures. With Engravings and Coloured Map of the British Islands. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. Geology for General Readers. A Series of Pop- nlai Sketches in Geology and Palseontologj'. Third Edition, Enlarged, 6s. " This is one of the best of Mr Page's many good books. It is written in a flowing popular style. Without illustration or any extraneous aid, the narrative must prove attractive to any intelligent reader." — Geological Magazine, Chips and Chapters. A Book for Amateurs and Young Geologists. 5s. The Past and Present Life of the Globe. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. The Crust of the Earth : A Handy Outline of Geology. Sixth Edition. Is. Geology : Its Influence on Modern Beliefs. Being a Popular Sketch of its Scientific Teachings and Economic Bearings. Is. Introductory Text-Book of Physical Geography. With Sketch-Maps and Illustrations. Eighth Edition, 2s. 6d. Advanced Text-Book of Physical Geography. Second Edition. With Engravings. 5s. " A thoroughly good Text-Book of Physical Geography." —Saiwday Remew. 32 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OVID. The Metamorphoses. Translated in English Blank Verse. By Henry King, ffi.A., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8to, 10s. 6d. " Turning to Mr King's version of the poet's Metamorphoses, we have very much to say in its praise. He has given us by far the most elegant and trust- worthy version of the Metamorphoses in the English language Cordially do we commend this version of Ovid's Metamorphoses to our readers as by far the best and purest iu our language." — Graphic. "The execution is admirable. . . . It is but scant and inadequate praise to say of it that it is the best translation of the Metamorphoses which we have." — Observer. JAMES BALFOUR PAUL. History of the Royal Company of Archers. The Queen's Bodt-Guabd poe Scotland. Crown 4to, with Portraits and other Illustrations. £2, 2s. "The history of the Royal Society of Archers, albeit a somewhat massive tome, will be a welcome addition to the toxophUite's library, inasmuch as it sketches in detail the life of the oldest and, at the same time, one of the most vigorous of existing archery societies. . . . We cannot refrain from giv- ing Mr Paul our unqualified praise for the very able and perfect manner in which he has fulfilled his undertaking, bearing as it does upon the face of it unmistakable evidence of literary ability and acumen." — Meld. A. PBTTIGREW. The Handy Book of Bees, and their Profitable Management. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, with Engravings, 3s. 6d. " The author of this volume is evidently a practical man, and knows a great deal more about bees and their habits than most of the kee-keepers in England ; indeed he may be said to be a very master in the art of bee myster- ies," — BeWs lAfe m London. ROBERT POLLOK, A.M. The Course of Time : A Poem. SttmU fcap. 8vo, cloth, gilt, 2s. 6d. The Cottage Edition, 32mo, sewed, 8d. The Same, cloth, gilt edges, Is. Another Edition, with Illustrations by Birket Foster and others, fcap. gut cloth, 3s. 6d., or with edges gilt, 4s. ROBERT 0. PRINGLE, The Live Stock of the Farm,. Second Edition, Revised, crown 8vo, 9s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 33 A. W. POTTS and CHARLES DARNELL. Aditus Faciliores : An easy Latin Construing Book, with Complete Vocabulary. By A. W. Potts, M.A., IL.D., Head-Master of tlie Fettes College, Edinburgh, and sometime Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge; and the Eev. C. Darnell, M.A., Head- Master of Carpfilfield Preparatory School, Edinburgh, and late Scholar of Pembroke and Downing Colleges, Cambridge. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d. COHTENTS.— Part I. stories and Fables.— II. Historical Extracts : a. The Fall of Pabii ; 6. The Capture of Veil ; c. The Sacrifice of Decius.— III. The First Roman Invasion of Britain.— IV. The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great. JOHN PAGET, Barrister-at-Law. Paradoxes and Puzzles : Historical, Judicial, and LlTBEABT. Now for the first time published in Collected Form. In 8vo, 12s. Inquiry into the Evidence relating to Certain Passages in Lord Macaulay's History. —Nelson and Caraociolo. — Lady Hamilton. —The Wigtown Martyrs. — Lord Byron and his Calumniators. —Elizabeth Canning.— The Annesley Case.— Eliza Fenning. - Spencer Cowper's Case. — Essays on Art. R. H. PATTERSON. Essays in History and Art. %vo, \2S. "A volume which no discerning reader will open only once. Fine appre- ciative taste, and original observation, are found unitedwithrange of thought and rare command over the powers of the English language." — Athenceum, The Economy of Capital; or Gold and Trade. 12s., cloth. "It displays throughout a thorough acquaintance with our Monetary System, and is written in the lucid and graceful style which distinguishes Mr Patterson's works." — Morning Post. REV. WILLIAM PAUL, AM. A nalysis and Critical Interpretation of the Hebrew Text or the Book op Genesis. Preceded by a Hebrew Grammar and Dissertations on the Genuineness of the Pentateuch, and on the Structure of the Hebrew Language. 8vo, 18s. 34 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY The Port Royal Logic. Translated from the French. By Thomas Spencer Baynes, IL. B. With Introduction, Notes, and Appendix. Seventh Edition, 12mo, 4s. " Through his excellent translation of the Port Royal, his introduction and notes, Professor Baynes has rendered good service to logical studies in this country ; for if the student desires to understand something of the raUonale ai the rules laid down in ordinary texts, he could not have recourse to a tetter work." — Londori, Quarterly Remew. The Public General Statutes Affecting Scotland, FEOM 1707 TO 1847, WITH Chronoloqical Table and Index. 3 vols., large 8vo, £3, 3s. Collection of Public General Statutes Affecting Scotland. Published Annually with General Index. The Volumes are supplied at the following prices : — 11° & 12° VlCTOEliE, 1848, 8vo, cloth boards, 5s. ; 1849, 2s. 6d. ; 1850, 5s. 6d. ; 1851, 2s. 6d. ; 1852, 2s. 6d. ; 1853, 7s. : 1864, 4s. 6d. ; 1855, 6s. ; 1856, 6s. 6d. ; 1857, 5s. 6d. ; 1858, 6s. ; 1859, 3s. 6d. ; 1860, 10s. ; 1861, 6s. ; 1862, 9s. 6d. ; 1863, 6s. ; 1864, 6s. ; 1866, 4s. ; 1866, 5s. ; 1867, 9s. ; 1868, 10s. 6d. ; 1869, with General Index to all the Public Acts of Parliament relating to Scotland, 1800 to 1868, 9s. 6d. ; 1870, 8s. ; 1871, 8s. ; 1872, 9s. ; 1873, 6s. 6d. ; 1874, 6s. 6d.; 1875, 10s. 6d. ; 1876, 6s. 6d., 8vo, cloth boards. The Public Schools: Winchester — Westminster — Shrewsbury— Harrow — Rugby. Notes of their History and Traditions. By the Author of 'Etoniana.' Crown 8vo, 8s. 6d. " In continuation of the delightful volume about Eton, we have here, by the same author, a volume of gossip as delightful concerning five other public schools. Neither volume professes to be history, but it is history of the best sort." — Pall Mall Gazette. VERY KEV. DEAN RAMSAY. Two Lectures on the Genius of Handel, and the DisTiNOTivi! Character of his Sacred Compositions. Delivered to the Members of the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution. In crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. HENRY DARWIN ROGERS, F.R.S., F.G.S. The Geology of Pennsylvania : A Government Survey ; with a General View of the Geology of the United States, Essays on the Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a Description of the Coal-Fields of North America and Great Britain. With Seven large Maps, and numerous Illustrations engraved on Copper and on Wood. In three Volumes, Royal 4to, £8, 8s. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 35 SAMUEL WARREN, D.C.L. Diary of a late Physician. 3^. dd. Ten Thousand A-Year. ^s. Now and Then. Lily and Bee. Intellectual and Moral Development of the Present Age. 1 vol., 4s. 6d. Essays, Critical, Imaginative, and juridical. 1 vol., 5s. The Moral, Social, and Professional Duties of Attomies and Solicitors. Fcap. 8vo, 9s. L. B. WALFORD. Mr Smith; A Part of His Life. Stereotype Edition. One vol. crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. "This is the most readable book that has come into our hands for some time. It is short, is written in a perfectly natural tone, and, being a story of domestic life in the upper middle classes, it offers opportunity for many quaint descriptions and happy remarks, which are abundantly forthcoming. • There is no display of habitual reference to Lemprifere or to the ' Dictionary of Quotations,' but there is about the work a great deal of good sense, good feeling, and what, for want of another word, we will call wisdom." — Pall Mall Qazette. Wellington Prize Essays. Selected for Publica- tion, by His Grace's desire, from those specially mentioned by the Arbiter. 8vo, 12s. 6d. List of Authors. I. By Lieut. J. T. Hildtaed, 71st Highland Light Infantry. II. By Lieutenant Stanieb Waller, Eoyal Engineers. III. By Captain J. C. Russell, 10th Royal Hussars. IV. By Colonel Sir Garnet J. Wolsblet, C.B., K.C.M.G. V. By General J. R. Craufhrd. VI. By Lieutenant C. Cooper King, Royal Marine Artillery. CAPTAIN T. P. WHITE, R.E. Archceological Sketches in Scotland — Kintyre and Rnapdale. With numerous Illustrations. 2 vols., folio, £i, 4s. Vol. I., Kintyre, sold separately, £2, 2s. 36 LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BY MICHAEL SCOTT. Tom Cringles Log. A New Edition, with Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. Another Edition, 2s. Cruise of the Midge. Fcap. Svo, cloth, is. Joiirnal of Agriculture, and Transactions of the Highland and Agbioultueal Sooiett 0"p Scotland. Old Series, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols, bound in cloth, £3, 8s. New Series, 18i3 to 1866, 22 Tols., £4, 4s. PRINCIPAL TULLOCH. Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century. Author of ' Leaders of the Eefomiation,' &c. 2 vols. 8vo, 28s. The Christian Doctrine of Sin; Being First Series of Cboall Lectures. In crown 8vo, 6s. "We know of no other single treatise or manual in English that covers exactly the same area, or furnishes so comprehensive a survey of it, or is so well adapted as a handbook or guide for readers who are not ' experts ' in theological science." — Guardian. Theism. The Witness of Reason and Nature to an All-Wise and Beneiicial Creator. 8vo, 10s. 6d. "Dr TuUooh's Essay, in its masterly statement of the real nature and diffi- culties of the subject, its logical exactness in distinguishing the illustrative from the suggestive, its lucid arrangement of the argument, its simplicity of expression, is quite unequalled by any work we have seen on the subject." — Christian Remsmhrancer. Some Facts of Religion and of Life. Sermons Preached before her Majesty the Queen in Scotland, 1866-76. M. PHASER TYTLER. The Wonder Seeker. Or the History of Charles Douglas. A New Edition. Fcap., 3s. 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 37 Kev. JAMES WHITE. The Eighteen Christian Centuries. Seventh Edition, post 8vo, with Index, 6s. ' ' He has seized the salient points— indeed, the governing incidents — in each century, and shown their received hearing as well on their own age as on the progress of the world. Vigorously and briefly, often hy a single touch, has he marked the traits of leading men ; when needful, he touches slightly their biographical career. The state of the country and of society, of arts and learn- ing, and, more than all, of the modes of living, are graphically sketched, and, upon the whole, with more fulness than any other division." — Spectator-. History of France, from the Earliest Times. Fifth Edition, post 8vo, with Index, 6s. ANDREW WILSON, F.A.S.L. The " Ever- Victorious Army." A History of the Chinese Campaign under Lieut. -Col. C. G. Gordon, and of the Sup- pression of the Tai-ping Eebellion. In 8vo, with Maps, 15s. " In addition to a good deal of information respecting China and its recent history, this volume contains an interesting account of a brilliant passage in the military career of an English officer of remarkable promise, and of the important results of his skill and heroism. ... It brings out clearly the eminent qualities of Colonel Gordon, his intrepidity and resources as a mili- tary leader, his rare aptitude for a difficult command, his dauntless courage, calmness, and prudence, his lofty character and unsullied honour." — Times, The A bode of Snow. Observations on a Journey from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Caucasus, through the Upper Valleys of the Himalaya. With Map of the Author's Route, &o. New Edition. In crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. "A thrilling story of adventure, and an instructive account of picturesque regions which are very little known to Europeans." — Times. "One of the most attractive books of travel it has been our fortune to meet with in a long course of years." — Major-Oeneral Sir F. Goldsmid m tJie ' Acadeiny.' PHILIP STANHOPE WORSLEY, M.A. Poems and Translations. Edited by Edward Worsley. Second Edition, enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, price 6s. "Mr Worsley's poetry is always full of healthy spirit : he is tender as vfell as vigorous, and blends a deep religious spirit with classic grace. —Saturday " The ' Poems and Translations ' before us are worthy of the translator of Homer, and just what might have been expected from him. They show a cultivated mind, a sensitive appreciation of the beautiful, a profound study of classical models, and a very considerable command of poetical expression. — Scottish Guardian. 38 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY DAVID THOMSON. Handy Book of the Flower - Garden. Being Practical Directions for the Propagation, Culture, and Arrangement of Plants in Flower-Gardens all the Year Round. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged to the Present time. Crown 8vo, with Engravings, 7s. 6d. " Its author is entitled to great praise for the simple and clear manner in which he has explained the cultural directions, which, if carefully complied with, will enable the non-professional floriculturist to grow plants as well as any gardener." — Oardener^ Chronicle. A Companion Volume to the 'Handt-Book of the Plowee-Gabden. The Handy Book of Fruit Culture iinder Glass. Being a series of Elaborate Practical Treatises on the cultivation and forcing of Pines, Vines, Peaches, Figs, Melons, Strawberries, and Cucum- bers. With Engi-avings of Hothouses, &c., most suitable for the cultiva- tion of and forcing of these fruits. In crown 8vo, with Engravings. 7s. 6d. WILLIAM THOMSON, Of Tweed Vineyards. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine. Eighth Edition. 8vo, 5s. " We cannot too strongly recommend Mr Thomson's treatise as a thor- oughly practical and sure guide to the cultivation of the vine." — Jov/rnal of HorHcTUtwre, " We urge our readers to procure the work, and they will get so clear an insight into vine-growing that a vinery will become one of the necessaries of existence. " — Fidd. JAMES CRANSTOUN, B.A. The Elegies of Albius Tibulhis. Translated into English Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. In crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. " We may congratulate Mr Cranstoun on having occupied a place for which his poetical skill, no less than his manifest classical training and acquire- ments, abundantly fits him." — Saturday Reiyiew. "He comes nearer the originals than any of his predecessors that we are acquainted with. . . . The notes are scholarly and really illustrative. " — Mxaminer. "By far the best of the few versions we have of this sweet and graceful poet." — Standard. The Elegies of Sextus Propertius. Translated into English Verse, with Life of the Poet, and Illustrative Notes. Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 39 HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E. The Book of the Farm, Detailing the Labours of the Farmer, Farm -Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, Hedger, Farm- Lahourer, Field- Worker, and Cattleman. Illustrated with Portraits of AiLimals painted from the life ; and with 557 Engravings on Wood, re- presenting the principal Field Operations, Implements, and Animals treated of in the Work. A New and Revised Edition, the third, in great part Rewritten. 2 vols., large 8vo, £2, 10s. " The hest practical hook I have ever met with." — Professor Johnston. "We assure agricultural students that they will derive both pleasure and profit from a diligent perusal of this clear directory to rural labour. . . . We have thoroughly examined these volumes ; but to give a full notice of their vai'ied and valuable contents would occupy a larger space than we can conveniently devote to their discussion ; we therefore, in general terms, com- mend them to the careful study of every young man who wishes to become a good practical fanner." — Times. The ^Book of Farm-Buildings ; their Arrange- MENT AND CoNSTEUOTloif. Illustrated with 1045 Plates and Engravings. In 1 vol., large 8vo, uniform with 'The Book of the Farm, &c. £1, lis. 6d. The Book of Farm Implements and Machines. By J. Slight and' R. Soott Burn, Engineers. Edited by Henry Stephens, F.R.S.E., Author of 'The Book of the Farm,' &c. In 1 vol., large 8vo, uniform with ' The Book of the Farm,' £2, 2s. Catechism of Practical Agriculture. Nineteenth Thousand. With Engravings. Is. Physiology at the Farm. In Aid of Rearing and Feeding Live Stock. By Dr Sellar and Henry Stephens. Post 8vo, with Engravings, 16s. JOHN STEWART, V.S. Advice to Piirchasers of Horses. 2s. 6d. To the farmer, the sportsman, and all interested in obtaining a sound and well-conditioned animal, calculated either for work or pleasure, this work will be found to be eminently useful. It is the result of the experience of a first-rate authority on the subject. Stable Economy. A Treatise on the Management of Horses in relation to Stabling, Grooming, Feeding, Watering, and Working. Seventh Edition, fcap. 8vo, 6s. 6d. JOHN STARFORTH. Villa Residences and Farm Architecture: A Series of Designs. 102 Engravings. Second Edition, medium 4to, £2, 17s. 6d. 40 LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM SUTHERLAND. Handbook of Hardy Herbaceous and Alpine Flowees, foe geneeal Garden Decoration. Containing Descrip- tions, in Plain Language, of upwards of 1000 Species of Ornamental Hardy Perennial and Alpine Plants, adapted to all classes of Flower-Gar- dens, Eockwork, and Waters ; along with Concise and Plain Instructions for their Propagation and Culture. Crown 8vo, 73. 6d. " This is an unpretending but Taluable work, well adapted to furnish infor- mation respecting a class of plants certainly rising in popular estimation. . . We cordially recommend this book to the notice' of our readers, as likely to be, from a gardening point of view, the standard work on Herbaceous Plants." — Gardener^ Chronicle. "The best book of its class available for English readers." — Gardeners' Magazine. F. W. H. SYMONDSON. Two Years Abaft the Mast ; or, Life as a Sea Apprentice. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. "Much information respecting a sea-life is given here not readily to be attained by landsmen, and the writer makes some statements which are of no small significance at a time when the difficulty of manning English ships with English seamen is increasing day by day. . . Is an earnest and instructive book, but it is none the less entertaining ; and readers, young and old, in want of amusement wiU not look for it here in vain."— PaH Modi Gazette. CAPTAIN MEADOWS TAYLOR. Tara ; A Mahratta Tale. 3 vols, post Svo, £1, lis. 64 "A picture of Indian life which it is impossible not to admire. We have no hesitation in saying, that a more perfect knowledge of India is to be ac- quired from an attentive perusal and study of this work, than could be gleaned from a whole library." — Press. Ralph Darnell. A Novel. 3 Vols, piist Svo, £1, lis. 6d. A. THOLTJCK, D.D. Hours of Christian Devotion. Translated from the German by the Eev. Robert Menzles, D.D. With a Preface wi-itten for this Translation by the Author. New and cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. " To many of these meditations four or five great texts are prefixed, and the reader feels that the gentle pressure of a powerful hand has crushed these sacred fruits, and handed him the fragrant wine of the kingdom in a golden goblet. . . The abundance and variety of the material furnished in this volume for quiet pondering render farther characterisation difficult. We are thankful for the introduction of this wise, thoughtful, helpful book in this dark, sad season." — British Quarterly Review. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 41 THE SCOTS MUSICAL MUSEUM. Consisting of upwards of Six Hundred Songs, with proper Basses for the Pianoforte. Originally published by James Johnson; ajid now accompanied with Copious Notes and Illustrations of the Lyric Poetry and Music of Scotland, by the late William Steu- houSe ; with additional Notes and Illustrations, by David Laing and C. K. Sharpe. 4 vols. 8vo, Eoxburghe binding, £2, 12s. 6d. LIEUT. -COL. R. BAIRD SMITH, F.G.S. Italian Irrigation: A Report on the Agricul- tural Canals of Piedmont and Lombardy, addressed to the Hon. the Directors of the Bast India Company ; with an Appendix, containing a Sketch of the Irrigation System of Northern and Central India. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, with Atlas in folio, 30s. WILLIAM SMITH. Thorndale ; or, the Conflict of Opinions. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. Gravenhurst I or. Thoughts on Good and Evil. Second Edition ; to which is added. Knowing and Feeling : a Contri- bution to Psychology. With a Memoir of the Author, and Portrait. Crown 8vo, 8s. " ' Thorndale ' and ' Gravenhurst ' are very charming books. They do not, it is true, settle any of the great questions, philosophical, theological, scien- tific, among which they move with a step at once so light and so firm ; but they present all these problems in beautiful and engaging aspects ; they bring down lofty abstractions into concrete and palpable forms ; they invest hard arguments with a glory of transparent ether, and conceal the absence of con- clusions by the pleasing device of dialogue. And all this is done in the purest and most exquisite English, with a delicate play of wit and fancy, and with the transfiguring power of a poetic imagination." — Guardian. "One of those rare books which, being filled with noble and beautiful thoughts, deserves an attentive and thoughtful perusal." — Westminster Review. A Discourse on Ethics of the School of Paley. 8vo, 4s. Dramas. i. Sir William Crichton. 2. Athel- WOLD. 3. GuiDONE. 24mo, boards, 3s. MRS CAROLINE BOWLES SOUTHEY. Poetical Works. Complete Edition, In i vol. fcap. 8vo, 5s. '• We do not remember any recent author whose poetry is so unmixedly native ; and this English complexion constitutes one of its characteristic charms. No purer model of our genuine home feeling and language."— Qiiarterly Review, 42 LIST OP BOOKS PUBLISHED BY W. W. STORY. Graffiti d'ltalia. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. " As a sculptor's sketches in a kind of poetic neutral tint, they are of great value, quite apart from their intrinsic value as poems." — Athenceum. " In the present volume he has translated the marble for us into poetry. Goethe used to say that sculpture was the most poetical of all the arts. And in a certain high transcendental sense he is perfectly right. Those who are Interested in the question should certainly study the Cleopatra of Story in marble, and the Cleopatra as we find her translated in the present volume into verse." — Wesiminsier Review, Nero ; An Historical Play. Fcap. 8vo, 6s. The REVS. J. STORMONTH and P. H. PHELP. An Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary OF THE English Lakguage. Including a very copious selection of Scientific, Technical, and other Terms and Phrases. Designed for use in Schools and Colleges, and as a Handy Book for General Eeference. Third Edition, with a Supplement of many additional words ; and a list of Scripture proper names, and other names, all respelt for pronunciation. Crown 8vo, pp. 785, 7s. 6d. The School Etymological Dictionary aud Word- BooK. Combining the advantages of an ordinary pronouncing School Dictionary and an Etymological Spelling-Book. Fcap. 8vo, pp. 254. 2s. MISS AGNES STRICKLAND. Lives of the Queens of Scotland, and English Princesses connected with thS Eeqal Succession op Great Britain. With Portraits and Historical Vignettes. 8 vols, post 8vo, £4, 4s. " Every step in Scotland is historical ; the shades of the dead arise on every side ; the very rocks breathe. Miss Strickland's talents as a writer, and turn of mind as an individual, in a peculiar manner fit her for painting a historical gallery of the most illustrious or dignified female characters in that land of chivaby and song." — BlackwooSs Magazine. REV. C. SWAINSON, M.A. Hand- Book of Weather Folk- Lore. Being a Collection of Proverbial Sayings in various languages relating to the Weather, with Explanatory and Illustrative Notes. Fcap. 8vo, Kox- burghe binding, 6s. 6d. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 43 DR HENRY RINK, Director of the Koyal Greenland Board of Trade, and formerly Eoyal Inspector of Souti Greenland. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo. With a Sketch of their Hahits, Eeligion, Language, and other Peculiarities. Translated from the Danish by the Author. Edited by Dr Robert Brown, F.L.S., P.E.G.S. With numerous Illustrations, drawn and en- graved by Eskimo. Crown 8vo, 10s. 6d. " We have rarely seen a more interesting volume, and we therefore recom- mend it to onr readers as a help by which they may arrive at some concep- tion of the manners and customs of the simple race among which our ooimtry- men, under Captain Nares, are at this moment thrown." — Times. COLONEL W. RUSTOW. The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History. Translated from the German by John Layland Needham, Lieutenant E.M. Artillery. 3 vols. 8vo, with Maps and Plans, £1, lis. 6d. " The work is faithfully and intelligibly executed ; and it is of importance that the work of one who was once himself a Prussian Officer, and who is con- fessedly one of the first military critics of the day, should be placed ready at hand for the perusal and consultation of that great mass of Englishmen who do not read German works in the original." — Saturday Meview. J. LANGTON SANDFORD and MEREDITH TOWNSEND. The Great Governing Families of England. 2 vols., 8vo, 15s. "In the ' Great Governing Families of England' we have a really meritori- ous compilation. The spirit in which it is conceived, the care expended on the collection and arrangement of the material out of which the various memoirs are fashioned, and the vigorous and sometimes picturesque state- ment which relieves the drier narrative portions, place it high above the ordinary range of biographical reference books." — Fortnightly Review, SATURDAY REVIEW. Essays on Social Subjects. Originally published in the ' Saturday Ee view. ' A New Edition. First and Second Series. 2 vols., crown 8vo, 6s. each. " Two remarkable volumes of occasional papers, far above the average of such miscellanies. They are the production of a keen and kindly observer of men and manners, and they display a subtle analysis of character, as well as a breadth of observation, which are remarkable. With much of occasional force, these Essays have sufficient solidity to make a book ; and while they recall the wit of Montaigne and the playfulness of Addison, they are animated by a better moral tone, and cover a larger range of experience."— CArisfe'am RememhraTicer. 44 LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY PROFESSOR WILSON. Works. Edited by Ms Son-in-Law, Professor Ferrier. In Twelve Vols. Crown 8yo, £2, 8s. The Nodes Ambrosiance. With Notes and a Glossary. In Four Vols. Crown 8vo, 16s. Recreations of Christopher North. In Two Vols. New Edition, with Portrait, 8s. " Welcome, right welcome, Christopher North ; we cordially greet thee in thy new dress, thou genial and hearty old man, whose ' Amhrosian nights ' have so often in imagination transported us from solitude to the social circle, and whose vivid pictures of ilood and fell, of loch and glen, have carried us in thought from the smoke, din, and pent-up opulence of London, to the rnsliing stream or tranquil tarn of those mountain-ranges," &o. — Times. Essays, Critical and Imaginative. Four Vols. Crown 8vo, 16s. Tales. Comprising ' The Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life ; ' ' The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay ; ' and ' The Fores- ters.' In One Vol. Crown 8vo, 4s., cloth. Cheap Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. Poems. Containing the ' Isle of Palms,' the ' City of the Plague,' ' Unimore,' and other Poems. Complete Edition. Crown 8vo, 4s. Homer and his Translators, and the Greek Drama. Crown 8vo, 4s. The Comedy of the Nodes AmbrosiancB. By Christopher North. Edited hy John Skelton, Advocate. In crown 8vo, with a Portrait of Professor Wilson, and of the Ettrick Shepherd, en- graved on Steel, 73. 6d. " Readers who wish to see the famous Christopher at his hest should make themselves acquainted with the volume so skilfully arranged for them by Mr Skelton." — Pall Mall Gazette. Portrait of Professor Wilson as " Christopher in his Sporting Jacket." By Thomas Duncan, R.S.A. Engraved iu Mezzotint by Langstaff. 24 x 17 inches. £1, Is. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 45 PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION. UNIFORM WITH ANCIENT CLASSICS FOE, ENGLISH EBADERS. FOREIGN CLASSICS ENGLISH READERS. EDITED BY MRS OLIPHANT. PBOSPEGTUS. rriHE cordial reception given by the public to the Series of " Ancient Classics for English Readers " has confirmed the intention of the Publishers to carry out a kindred Series, which it is believed will not be less useful or less welcome, and iu which an attempt will be made to introduce the great writers of Europe in a similar man- ner to the many readers who probably have a perfect acquaintance with their names, without much knowledge of their works, or tjieir place in the literature of the modern world. The Classics of Itaty, France, Germany, and Spain are nearer to us in time, and less sepa- rated in sentiment, than the still more famous Classics of antiquity; and if foreign travel is, as everybody allows, a great means of en- larging the mind, and dispersing its prejudices, an acquaintance with those works in which the great nations who are our neighbours have expressed their highest life, and by which their manners of thinking have been formed, cannot but possess equal advantages. A man who would profess to know England without knowing something of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, and the great writers who have fol- lowed them, could form but an imperfect idea of the national mind and its capabilities : and so no amount of travel can make us ac- 46 quainted with Italy, wliile Dante, Tasso, and her great historians remain unknown to us ; nor can the upheavings of French society and the mental characteristics of the nation be comprehended with- oxit Voltaire, MoUfere, Eousseau, and other great names beside. Neither is Germany herself without Goethe and Schiller : nor Spain recognisable deprived of that noble figure of Cervantes, in whom lives the very genius of the nation. This great band it is our design to give such an account of as may bring them within the acquaint- ance of the English reader, whose zeal may not carry him the length of the often thankless study of translations, and whose readings in a foreign language are not easy enough to be pleasant. We are aware that there are difficulties in our way in this attempt which did not lie in the path of the former Series, since in the section of the world for which we write there are many more readers of French and German than of Greek and Latin: but on the other hand, there is no educated class supremely devoted to the study of Continental Classics, as is the case in respect to the Ancient ; and even the greatest authority in the learned matter of a Greek text might be puzzled by Jean Paul Richter, or lose himseH in the mysteries of Dante's ' Paradise' The audience to which we aspire is, therefore, at once wider and narrower than that to which the great treasures of Hellenic and Roman literature are unfamUiar; and our effort wUl be to present the great Italian, the great French- man, the famous German, to the reader so as to make it plain to him what and how they wrote, something of how they lived, and more or less of their position and influence upon the literature of their country. The assistance of writers distinguished in the various walks of literature has been secured, which leaves no doubt as to the efficient carrying out of the scheme. Details of future volumes will be given shortly, and the Series wUl commence with an account of Dante and his works, by the Editor. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON ANCIENT CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH BBADEES. Edited by the Kbv. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. lu 20 vols., price 2s. 6a. each, in cloth (sold separately) ; or bound in 10 vol.?., with calf or vellum back, for £2, 10s. CONTENTS. HOMER : THE ILIAD. By the Editor. aOMER : THE ODYSSEY. By the Edi- tor. HERODOTUS. XBNOPHON. Bart. ByG. C. Hwayne, MA. By Sir Alexander Grant, EURIPIDES. By W. B. Donne. ARISTOPHANES. By the Editor. PLATO. By C. W. Collins, M.A. LUCIAN. By the Editor. iESCHYLUS. By Reginald S. Odple- ston, M.A. (now Bishop of Colombo). SOPHOCLES. By CUtton W. Collins, M.A. HBSIOD AND THEOQNIS. By the Rev. J. Davies, M.A. GREEK ANTHOLOGY. By Lord Neaves. VIRGIL. By the Editor. HORACE. By Theodore Martin. JUVENAL. By Edward Walford, M. A. PLAUTU8 AND TERENCE. By the Editor. THE COMMENTARIES OP C^SAR. By Anthony Trollope. TACITUS. By W. B. Donne. CICERO. By the Editor. PLINY'S LETTERS. By the Bev. Alfred Chm-eh, M.A., and the Rev. W. J. Brodribb, M.A. Now publishing in Quarterly volumes, price 2s. 6d. eacli. SUPPLEMENTAL SERIES. Ancient Classics for English Readers, Edited by the Rev. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. This Series will appear, like the preceding, in quarterly volumes, at half-a-erown each, and in the same size and type. It wUl not be extended beyond eight or ten such volumes. These will include the works of Aristotle, Thucyuides, Demosthenes, LivY, Ldoeetiub, Ovid, Catullus (with Tibdllus and Peopebtius), Anaoreon, IPINDAR, &0. The volumes now pvhlished contain : — 1. LIVY. By the Bditob. 2. OVID. By the Rev. Alfred Church, M.A. 3. CATULLUS, TIBULLUS, and PROPERTIUS. J By the Rev. James Davies, M.A. 4. DBMOSTHENES. By the Rev. W. J. Brodribb.