^^^^^M^ 
 
 THE 
 
 MERCHANTS L BANKERS 
 
 MEGISTEE 
 
HG 1536.M55 °" ""'""^'^^ library 
 
LIN^US Y^LE^ JR. & CO., 
 
 120 Walnut Street, PhUadelphla, and 157 Fulton Street, New York, 
 
 Oflfer the-foUowing challenge— viz : $1,000 that their Burglar-Poof Safe, Door, &c., are the most secure 
 of any ever invented; and $3,000 to any one who can pick their Magic, Infallible Bank Lock. 
 
 In oonstrnctlnfT onr Safe Door, &c., wo first 
 made a skeleton of the Safe or Door by forming 
 a mesh work of wrought iron iocIb, the mealies 
 of ~^wh1ch are one inch apart Around and 
 through this mesh work we cast the body of 
 ohillea iron, 1 3-8 inch thick, which protects the 
 mesh work which binds the whole structure to- 
 gether, successfiilly resisting the most violent 
 merlglng. On this plan we make all sizes of 
 Safes, ^om the Bankers* Yunlt down to a small 
 Cash Chest, with intermediate sizes intended to 
 be placed inside brick vaults which are not of 
 themselves thief proof. 
 
 These we secure with out Magic, Tnftilliblo 
 Bank Lock, which has no springs to rust or fail, 
 and is Fire, "Water, Thief, and Powder proi'f 
 Capable of 4,000,000 different changes, it can be 
 changed on losing a key so that the lost key can 
 no Ionf;er open it It is made on an entirely 
 new principle, and not subject to the faults of 
 old locks at present in nse, many of which can 
 be easily picked, blown off with powder, && 
 
 Our Safes, Doors, «nd Locks have been ^ 
 adopted by the United States Treasury Depart- 
 ment for all the Mints, Sub-Treasuries, and New 
 Custom Houses, as well as by the principal 
 Banks and Meichants in New York and else- 
 where 
 
 LINUS YALB, JR. & CO., 
 
 120 Walnut Street, Phlla. 
 15T B'alton Street, N. Y. 
 
 Bbiogs* Bank, Cltdb, April 80, 1S56. 
 LINUS TALE, JE. & CO. 
 Qentlbmen : 
 
 About two months since^ during a dark and stormy nighty our Sank was entered hy burff- 
 lars^ through an adjoining cellar wall, and the vault, which was of brich, was pierced, which Uft us without 
 any other protection than one of your highly approved Oldtled Iron, Burglar-Poof Safes, with your Magic In- 
 fallible Lock attached; these we deem sufficient, for they successfully resisted all the various devices and expe- 
 dients known and practised by burglars. We liave the most implicit confidLence in their strength and safety, 
 and feel assured that when once locked, we are more secure than we should be with any other safe and lock ever 
 yet invented. Yours respectfully. 
 
 (Signed,) WM. H. COFFIN, Cashier. 
 
 B. HOMANS, Jr., 
 C»icinnati. 
 
 E. M. SHIELD, 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 J. SMITH HOMANS, Jr., 
 Hew York. 
 
 HOMA]^rS & COMPAN^Y, 
 ANKERS AND DEALERS IN EXCHANGE, 
 
 No. 13, West Third Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 We are prepared to remit promptly for coUectiong payable in Cincinnati, or its vicinity. Kctums are 
 invariably forwarded by first mail after receipt of funda to be remitted for, charging only current rate 
 of exchange. 
 
 REFER TO 
 
 St. Kioholas Baxk, New York. 
 
 C. Baestow, Esq., " 
 
 P. GiBSOK, Esq., Cashier, Baltimore. 
 
 Samuel Harris & Sons, Bankers, Baltimore. 
 Ceonisb & Co., " Philadelphia, 
 
 CouHERCiAL Bane, Cincinnati. 
 
KIRTLAND &. COMPANY, 
 
 BROKERS AND NEGOTIATORS OF BUSINESS PAPER, 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Particular attention given to Collections in all parts of the conntry. Commercial paper bought and sold- Stocks 
 and Bonds negotiated. Orders for Land Warrants promptly filled. 
 
 EEFEEENCES. 
 Bank of the Manhattan Co., New York. I Messrs. Henetb, Smith & Townsend. 
 
 Bank of tub Commonwealth, " i *' Halsted, Haines &■ Co. 
 
 H. 
 
 LE HURAY &. COMPANY, 
 
 No. 9 Wall Street, 
 NEW YbRK CITY. 
 
 We deal largely In Bank Notes, Exchanges, and United States Treasury Notes, and make Collections on all 
 ftCcesBible parts of the United States and Canadas. 
 
 Wo also deal lai'gely in Land Warrants, and are always prepared to fill orders by return of mail, at the lowest 
 market rates. 
 
 EEFEE TO 
 Meteopolitan Bank, Bank of New York, Atlantic Bank, New York, 
 And to Bankers generally. 
 Feb. 1858. R. 
 
 E DWA R D L. LEE, 
 
 UAMEllj, 
 
 DEALBE IN FOEEIGN AND DOMESTIC EXOHANGB, BANK NOTES AND COIN, 
 
 No. 11 Ezchange Street, 
 BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 
 
 Collections made in all parts of the United States and Canadaa. 
 
 EEFER TO 
 
 Messrs. WnrrE & Stoem, No. 45 Wall Street, N. Y. | Manupactu-ebes and Teadees' Bank, Euffklo, N. T. 
 
 Hon. B. W. Hatmond, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Jan, 1S58. li. 
 
 H. K. LOVE &. COMPANY, 
 
 (8UCCES30ES TO DEMI^G & LOEE.) 
 
 KEOKUK, IOWA. 
 
 Give particular attention to Collections, and remit promptly on the day of payment, 
 
 EEFEE TO 
 
 Bank OF North Ameeioa, New York. Bank of PiTXSBUEa. Pittsburg. Geo. Smith & Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 WooDKUFK & Co., " 8. Brady, Cashier, Wheeh'ng, Va. State Savings Institution, St 
 
 Washington Bank, Boston. Bkanch State Bank op Ohio, Zanes- Louis, Mo. 
 
 Drexel & Co., Philadelphia. "ville, Ohio. Noethebn Bank of Kentucky, Lex- 
 
 CiTizKN^' Bank, Baltimore. Commebcial Bank, Cincinnati, O, ington, Ky. 
 
 Jan. 1S58. li. 
 
 WILLIAM A. WHEELER, 
 
 STATIOXEK, PKINTEK, AND MANCFACTUKEE OF ACCOU.VT BOOKS, 
 
 Comer of Nassau and Pine Streets, 
 
 {Duncan, Slierman & Co.^s Building,) 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF WHITNEY'S INKSTANDS, 
 
 New York City. 
 
 \^~ Particular flttection given to Account Books for Banks and Bankers. Orders will receive prompt attention. 
 Jan. 1858. E. 
 
BANKING OFFICE OF THE OHIO INSURANCE CO., 
 
 (cash capital, $200,000,) 
 
 NEW ALBANY, INDIANA. 
 
 Will make Collections in thia and adjoining towns, and remit on day of payment at the current rate of Exchange, 
 without additional charge. 
 
 C. B. APPLEGATE, Secretary. 
 
 REFER TO 
 Bane or Noktu America, New York. 
 
 BANKOFQUINCY, 
 
 (COKNER MAINE AND FOXTltTn BTREBT,) 
 
 QUINCY, ILLINOIS. 
 
 .A.T7TI3:ORIZE3D aj<^I>IT-A.L, $1,000,000. 
 
 John MoGinnis, Jr., President ] Maitland Boon, Cashier. 
 
 The Bank of Qaincy, organized under the General Banking Law of Illinois, and the only Bank in the City of 
 Quincy, will give particular attention to Collections, in Illinois, etc., and remit, at all times, at the very lowest rates 
 of Exchange. 
 
 Jl. 
 
 STATE SAVINGS INSTITUTIOIsr, 
 
 [adthorized capital, $1,500,000. subscribed capital, $750,000.] 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 This institution, as anthorized by its charter, receives deposits of Specie and Currency, and allows interest; buys 
 and sells Exchange ; makes Collections in all parta of the United States, at lowest rates; and reuiits for St Louis 
 Collectiona on day of maturity, Free of Charge. 
 
 Board of Directors. 
 John How, I Henry Ames, 
 
 e. j. lockwcod, i juun j. rok. 
 
 Officers. 
 John How, President | Isaac Robenfield, Jr., Caehier. 
 
 SILAS C. HERRING &. COMPANY, 
 
 MAUUFAOTUEEES AND SOLE PEOPEIETOES OP 
 
 HERRING'S PATENT CHAMPION SAFES, 
 
 AND 
 
 SOLE PEOPPJETOES OF 
 
 JONES'S PATENT PERMUTATION BANK LOCK, 
 
 135, 137 & 139 Water Street, and 251 Broadway, comer of Murray, 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 H. O. BREWER &. CO., 
 
 MOBILE, ALABAMA. 
 
 Particular attention given to the Collection of Noten, Drafts^ &c. Prooeede promptly remitted. 
 
 BREWER & CALDWELL, 
 SO Old Slip, I\ew York. 
 
 GET<rEE,.A.iL. coAdinvcissioisr iva:Eiici3:.A.isrTS. 
 
MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 OF NEW YORK. 
 
 OFFICE, TRINITY BUILDING, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 -A-ccxji-a:xTijA.TBr) fxtistj:>, s-ijSOOjOoo, 
 
 TEEDEEIC S. WINSTON, 
 MILLAED FILLMOEE, 
 DAYID HOADLET, 
 WILLIAM T. BKADT, 
 IIENET A, SMYTHE, 
 EOBEET H. McOtJEDT, 
 JOHN V. L. PRUYN, 
 WILLIAM BETTS, 
 ISAAC GEEEN PEAESON, 
 WILLIAM MOOEE, 
 JOHN H. SWIFT, 
 GEOEGE S. COE, 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 EICHAED PATRICK, 
 JOSEPH BLUNT, 
 NATHANIEL HAYDEN, 
 JONATHAN MILLEE, 
 ABBAHAM BININGEE, 
 JOHN WADSWOETII, 
 JOHN P. Y'ELVEETON, 
 WM. J. BUNKER, 
 SAMUEL M CORNELL, 
 SAMUEL E. SPEOULLS, 
 JOHN U. STUART, 
 HAMLIN BLAKE, 
 
 ALFEED EDWAEDS, 
 LUCIUS ROBINSON, 
 SAMUEL D. BABCOCK, 
 WILLIAM E. DODGE, 
 CHAS. J. STEDMAN, 
 CEPHAS H. NOETON, 
 JOHN P. TEEADWELL, 
 EZEA WHEELEE, 
 WILLIAM H. POPIIAM, 
 LYCUEGUS EDGEETON, 
 W. SMITH BEOWN, 
 GEOEGE E. CLARKE. 
 
 FREDERIC S. WINSTON, President. 
 ISAAC ABBATT, Secretary. 
 
 iHEPPAED H0MAN3, Aeluart/. 
 MINTUEN POST, M.D., Medical Advisev. 
 
 n. H. HYDE, General Agent. 
 
 BUY THE BEST!!! 
 
 iiitiSi^s iiw iiii iiiiiiii 
 
 "^^^^^^ 
 
 MANUFAOTUEED BT 
 
 [ BRAMHALL, HEDGE & CO., 
 
 WAREROOM, 
 398 Broadway, corner of Walker Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 JAMES M. DEAKE, E. B. LITTLE, Special Partner. 
 
 DRAKE 8l carter, 
 
 GALEN A. CAETEE. 
 
 (of the new YORK STOCK KXCHANGe), 
 
 No. 49 Merchants' Exchange, Wall Street, 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 Buy and Sell Stocks and Bonds on Commission. 
 
 OV.DKKS KKSfKCTFULI.V BOLICITKD. 
 
 F. Deming. Esq., President, Uni(in Bank, New York. 
 
 John E. Williams, Esq., President Metropolitan Bank, New York, 
 
 B. 
 
A. M. PERRY &. COMPANY, 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Collections remittod for on day of payment, at current rate of Exchange. 
 Draw on Msohakios' and Tbadebs' Bake, New York, and refer to 
 
 Clapuh, Millin & Co., New York. Contersb, Habding & Co., Boston. 
 
 Baokett, Bxloheb & Co., " Collins, Bbotbbbs ic Co., Hartford, Conn. 
 
 E.&N. Daet, " Day, Owen * Co., " 
 
 Stbaioht, Beuiho & Co., Cincinnati. Fobebt City Bank, CleTeland, Ohio. 
 
 Auffuet, 1857. li. 
 
 GWYNNE &. DAY'S BANKING HOUSE, 
 
 No. 12 Wall Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Dealers in Exchange, Bank Notes, Certificates of Deposit, Coin, <fcc 
 
 Dralts on Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Chicago, St Louis, &c. A general Banking businoes 
 transacted. 
 
 BEFEB TO 
 
 Continental Bank, New York. | Manhattan Compant, New York. 
 
 January, 1858. Ji. 
 
 E. MORRISON, 
 
 No. 51 William Street, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 ■ Sells Drafts ujou England, Ireland, Scotland, and Frankfort, Germany. Buys and Sella Specie, 
 makes Collections in all parts of the United States, Canadas, and Europe. 
 Stocks Bought and Sold on Commission. 
 
 DRAWS XJPON 
 Bank of Nokth Ameeica, New York. | Amehican Exchange Bane, New York. 
 Bank op Jeeset Citt. 
 January, 1858. i?. 
 
 Geo. C. Smallet. William C. Weed. Alfeed W. Baetlett. 
 
 BANKING AND COLLECTION OFFICE, 
 
 SMALLEY, WEED &. BARTLETT, 
 
 64 Wall Street, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Make Collections on all accessible points in the TJnited States and Canadas— attend daily at the Board 
 of Brokers for the Purchase and Sale of Bonds and Stocks, only on commission. Correspondents will 
 receive prompt attention. 
 
 BEFEB TO 
 
 MosES Taylob, Esq., New York. [ William B. Astoe, Esq., New York. 
 
 January, 1858. Ji. 
 
 REDMOND, LOVELL &. COMP AN Y, 
 
 IBAEmMMj 
 
 (SUOCBSSOES to MESSES. F. S. JESUP & OOMPANT,) 
 
 DUBUQUE, IOWA. 
 
 EEFEE TO 
 
 Ameeioas Exchange Bane, New York City. I. H. BtiKon ft Co., Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Cakpentee & Vekmilye, " Exchange Bank, Boston. 
 
 Samuel Bowne, Esq., " Washington Bank, Boston. 
 
 Philip Datbe & Co., " Phcenix Bank, Hartford, Conn 
 
 Petke Coopee, Esq., " Illinois Centeal Eaileoad ' 
 
 Jl. 
 
BAMM JOBBERY IMPOSSIBIiE ! 
 IMPREGNABILITY AND CHEAPNESS COMBINED. 
 
 4i 
 
 Bankers will find it for their pecuniary interest to provido 
 themselves at vnoe with 
 
 Bacon's Burglar-Proof Bank Safe, 
 
 Which is universally acknowledged to be the cheapest, and, in 
 every respect^ tbe best, moat convenient, and only reUahle secu- 
 rity for bank notes, bills receivable, gold, silver, etc., extant. 
 These Sates are more particularly designed to be placed inside of 
 a vault or fire-proof sale, being composed, not of " Cast or Chilled 
 Iron," (which can easily be drilled and broken,) but of the best 
 I quality of EnglUh Spring Steel, hardened, and Wrought Iron — 
 
 tlhe only materials the world has yet produced as a sure protection 
 against all grades of " Daring Modem Burg! ars,» with their drills, 
 jimmies, jack screws, saws, sledge-hammers, etc., etc, 
 J This engraving represents a sate, with an open doon In addi- 
 
 ^'^T linn to the lock, there are four heavy, round, wrought-iron bolts, 
 I which, with two iron dogs on back edge of doors, secure it in 
 I nine different places. (Bee engraving.) 
 
 I The interior of the safe is arranged with movable boiler-iron 
 shelves, which can be elevated, lowered or removed, at pleasure. 
 The Lock, ** TALE'S PATENT IMPKOVED DUPLEX," is 
 unparalleled in point of simplicity, strength, and perfect pro- 
 tection against picking or explosion by gun-cotton or pnwder.f 
 These Locks and Safes are in use by nearly all the principal Banking Institutions throughoui this coun- 
 try; and in no instance has a robbery occurred through them, notwithstanding frequent daring attempts by 
 burglars have been resorted to. 
 
 These Safes are mads to order, of any dimensions desired; the size, however, usually adopted by 
 Banks is lour feet high, two feet six inches wide,onefoot four inches deep, inside measure— the oulside dimen- 
 sions being aboui three inches larger. They are ih^nephts ultra of security; in short, Ihey are just (Ae arti- 
 cle that no 15ank should be without. 
 
 All orders for the above -also fiir Iron Vaults, Vault Doors and Frames, made in a superior nlanner, 
 of any desired dimensions, titled with Locks of variooa sizes— shall have early attention, if addressed, 
 
 ^^l<r 
 
 
 PREVENTED BY THE USE OF 
 
 BACON'S FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF BANK SAFE. 
 
 ' lis Safe ia expressly 
 
 igned for Bankers 
 ing no Tanlt. It 
 
 PERFEOTLT BB0T7BB 
 
 inst " mBE AND 
 ROLAES:' (See 
 raving of Steel Mo- 
 Safe at bottom.) 
 3 ecnvenient and 
 'an% freo from 
 apneas, and the 
 St complete article, 
 1.1 every particular, «o- 
 tant. 
 
 For List of Sizes, Prices, Ac, Bankers are referred to my circnlar, Just issued, (July 1, 185T,) to every Bank 
 xMd Banker in the United States and Canada. Nearly all the principal Bankers in the country are using my 
 ^^^r Proof Bank Safe, (see Circular,) to only a few of whom, for want of space, you are respcctMly referred. 
 
 !88 WILLIAM W. BACON, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 i 
 
€OMMIi]E(DEA]L IBAWK OF (DAMADA, 
 
 (FOTtMSRLY OOMMBRCIAL BAUK, MIDLAJID DISTBIOT.) 
 
 OAFITAIi, dG 1,000,000, Provincial Currency $4,000,000. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 EON. JOHN HAMILTON, President. 
 DOUGLAS PRENTISS, Esq., Tice-President. 
 THOMAS W. EOBISON, Esq. 
 FRANCIS A. HARPER, Esq. 
 JOSEPH BRUCE, Esq. 
 
 HON. JOHN A. MACDONALD. 
 HON. JOHN H. CAMERON. 
 LUTHER H. HOLTON, Esq. 
 MAXWELL W. STRANGE, Esq. 
 ARCHIBALD J. MACDONELL, Esq. 
 
 BE^D OFFICE, KIJTGSTOJT, C. W*. 
 
 CHARLES S. EOSS, Cashier. | A. H. CAMPBELL, Inspbctoh. 
 
 :]B xi uA. 3Nr o zx x: s . 
 
 CANADA EAST.— Montreal, THOMAS KIRBY Manager. 
 
 " Quebec, JOSEPH WENHAM Agent. 
 
 CANADA WEST.— Toronto, C. J. CAMPBELL, Manager. 
 
 " London, J. G. HARPER, Manager. 
 
 " Hamilton, W. H. PARK Manager. 
 
 " Belleville, A. TEDMSON Manager. 
 
 « BrockviUe, JAMES BANCROFT Manager. 
 
 " Port Hope WILLIAM F. HARPER, Manager. 
 
 " Gait, WILLLA.M COOKD, Manager. 
 
 Prescott, JOHN PATTON,. . . Agent. 
 
 Peterborough, WM. CLUXTON,. . . Agent. 
 Chatham, THOMAS McCEAE, Agent. 
 
 Ingersoll, W. M. SAGE, Agent. 
 
 Port Stanley, E. E. WARREN,.. Agent. 
 Stratford, ... U. C. LEE, Agent. 
 
 England THE LONDON JOINT STOCK BANK, London. 
 
 Scotland THE COMMERCIAL BANK OF SCOTLAND,... Edinburgh. 
 
 « THE CLYDESDALE BANKING COMPANY, Glasgow. 
 
 Ireland, Messrs. BOYLE, LOW, PIM & Co. Dublin. 
 
 United States, ... THE MERCHANTS' BANK, New York. 
 
 « THE NEW YORK STATE BANK, Albany. 
 
 " THE MERCHANTS' BANK, Boston. 
 
 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes collected at all the above points, and at every 
 other town in Canada, where there is a Bank or Banli Agent. 
 
 Drafts issued and credits negotiated on the United States, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, 
 Dublin, etc. 
 
 January, 1858, one year. 
 
IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL WORKS, 
 
 FOR SALE AT THE OFFICE OF THE BANKERS' MAGAZINE, 
 Wew Yorlc, 162 Pearl-street. 
 
 I. McCULLOCH'S DICTIONAEY, Practical, Theoretical and Historical, of 
 Commerce and Navigation. Eepublished, with additions, by Professor Heney Veihake, 
 LL. D., with the United States Tariffs of 1842 and 1846, and the new British Tariff, Table 
 of Foreign Gold and Silver Coins; Sub-Treasury, 'Wareliousing and Canadian Transit Bills 
 of 1846. Tsvo volumes, octavo. Price, $6. 
 
 *,* This work, containing large ntlditions to the original yrork, is nearly out of print. The remaining copies 
 may be had on application at the office of the Cankera' Magazine. 
 
 II. HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE FOREIGN 
 
 Commerce of the United States, and of each State, for each year, 1820 — 1856; Tlie Ex- 
 ports to and Imports from every Foreign Country, each year, 1820 — 1856; Commerce of 
 the Early Colonies; Origin and Early History of each State. 8vo., pp. 200. Price, $1 50. 
 *»* This work, added to the Dictionary of Commerce, by McCulIoeh, furnishes the most complete exhibit 
 of the Commercial Statistics of Europe, the United States, Asia, South America and other parts of the world. 
 
 III. A MANUAL FOR CONSULS ; including Regulations prescribed by the 
 President of the United States for Consular Officers of the United States, and a Preliminary 
 Sketch of the Consular System. Price, $3 00. 
 
 *** This work is essential to every sea captain, and to every merchant engaged in foreign trade. Is'o other 
 work published in Ibis country fiiniishes the intnrmation which it contains in relerence to Consuls, Commer- 
 cial Agents, Duties of Captains and Ship-owners, Commercial usages of other Nations, &c. 
 
 IV. THE MERCHANTS AND BANKERS' REGISTER FOR 185Y. (In 
 
 lieu of the Bankers' Almanac.) One Yolnme. 8vo., pp. 200. Price, §1 12. 
 
 *** This work comprises recent and valuable details as to (he Cotton Trade and Manufacture. 2.Mr.McCul- 
 locli's hcvf Treatise on the '■ Principles of Exchange;" 8. Revenue and Public Debt of European Stales. 4. 
 Commercial StalisUcs of the TTnited States. 5. On Decimal "Weights and Measures. G. On the Origin and 
 Duties of Consuls. 7. List of Private Bankers in all parts of the W orld. 
 
 V._ MANUAL FOR NOTARIES PUBLIC AND BANKERS. New edition, 
 
 ■with important additions and recent decisions, published Ma}'', 1857. Price, $2. 
 
 *#* This v,-OTk is useful not merely to Bankers, Banking Institutions and Notaries Public, but to a large 
 clnsd of merchants who have frtqu' nt occasion to inquire into the foreign and domestic law as to Bills of Ex- 
 change, Damages, Protcsls, &c. This volume cr-ntaiTin a complete hi^lory of Negotiable Paper, with the Law 
 
 ol Damages in each Slate on protested Domeatic and Foreign Bills, 
 
 VI. THE ELEMENTS OF ]\IERCANTILE LAW. By Theophilus Par- 
 sons, LL. D., of Cambridge, Mass. One volume. 8vo., pjj. 618. Price, $3 50. 
 
 *,* This elaborate Troalise is as -n-cll fitted for the Counting Eoom as the Law Library. It contains a 
 f.imiliar Summary of the Law relating to Mercantile Contracts. 2, Agreement and assent. 8. Of Consiilera- 
 tion. 4. Of tiales of Personal Property. 6. Of Qioppapo in transitu. 6. Of Guaranty. 7 Of the Statute of 
 Frauds. 8. Of Payment. 9. Of Negotiable Paper. 10. Of Agency. 11. Of Parlneiship. 12 Of tlie Car- 
 riage of Goods. 13. Of Limitations. 14. Of Interest and Usury. 16. Of Bankruptcy and Insolvency 16 
 Of Iha Law of Place. IT. Of llio Law of Shipping. 18. Of Marine Insurance. 19. The Law of i'lro insu- 
 rance. 20. Of Life Insurance. 
 
 VII. THE NEW TARIFF ACT OF THE UNITED STATES, passed 
 
 March, 1857 ; wil,!! an Alpbabetioal nrrangement of subjects, sliowing the comparative 
 rales of duty for 1846 and 1857 ; witli tlie Tariff Act of 1846. 8vo. Price, 50 cents. 
 
 *** In addition, a tabular view of the comparative rates of duty levied by the Acfa of 1S46 and 1S57 
 This edition contains a summary view of the Foreign Commerce of Massachusetts, New York Pennsylvania' 
 Maryland and Louisiana for each year — 1S20 to lS5(j. ' ' * 
 
 Copies of all tlie above works, transmitted by mail, will be charged ten per cent, 
 additional for postage. 
 
 J. SMITH EOMAHS, Jr., PubUsher of the Bankers' Magazine, 
 
 JVb. 162 Pcarl-slreet, Ntw York. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014541282 
 
Desi(,7is for Buukniff Hoa-'H's. 
 
 . \-^ v *^ -^ 1^ 
 
 ll.~METROPOLITAN BANK, NEW YORK CITY, 
 
 Erected 1S58 
 
 Engraved for the Ban/cers' Jfa(j<isni,e, X Y. 
 
Designs for Banhiny Houses. 
 
 III.— MECHANICS' BANK, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Erected 1865-C. 
 
 BiouARD Upjohn, Architect. 
 
 Engraved for the Sankers' Magazwie, y. Y. 
 
THE 
 
 MERCHANT'S AND BANKER'S 
 
 REGISTER 
 
 roE 
 
 18 5 8. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 I. A List of the Banks, arranged alphabetically, In every State and City of the Union, December. IS57— 
 
 President and Ca£liier — Capital of eacb. 
 II. A List of Private Banl^ers in Three Hundred and Fifty Cities and Towns of the United States anf 
 Canada, December, 1857. 
 
 III. A List of the Banks in Canada and their Foreign A(?ents. 
 
 IV. A List of Banks and Private Bankers in London, November, 1857. 
 T. An Alphabetical List of Cashiers of the Banks in the United States. 
 
 VI. The Usury Laws of the States, with the damages allowed in each State on Bills of Exchange returned 
 
 under Protest— The Law of Sight Bills, etc. 
 VII. A Prize Essay on Banking and Bank Architecture. By Geanvule Bhakpe. 
 VIIL An Essay on Paper Money and Banking. By J. E. M'Cni.Loon, Esq. 
 IX. A List of Private Bankers in Europe, Asia, South-America and West-Indies. 
 X. Premium Plans for Banking Houses. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 J. SMITH HOMANS, Jr., OFFICE OF THE BANKER'S MAGAZINE, 
 
 NO. 162 PEARL STREET, NEW ■StORK. 
 The Trade Supplied by Derby & JAOKaoN, 119 Nassau St. 
 
 1868. 
 
\ASS 
 
 Entered According to Act of Congress, ia the year 16 18, 
 
 By J. Smith Houansi, Jb., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the DiBtrict Court, of the Southern Difltrict of New York. 
 
 FOR THE CASHIER^S DESK 
 
 COPIES CAN BE SUPPLIED OF 
 
 THE BAKKEK'S AIMANAC, 1851. ContaiBing Commercial and Financial Tables of 
 
 the United States, Tables of Stocks for fifty years, Foreign Coins, etc., . . . . .f 1 12 
 
 THE BANKER'S ALMANAC, 1852. Containing Tables of Gold and Silver Coins of 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, and other Countries, Forms of Bills of Exchange in eight 
 European languages, Coinage, Revenue and Expenditures of the United States each year 
 since 17S9, Laws of the Mint of the U. S., etc., 1 13 
 
 THE BANKER'S ALMANAC, 1853. Containing Commercial and Exchange Tables of 
 
 all Nations, Facsimiles of new Coins, Condensed Returns of ihe Census, * . . 1 13 
 
 THE BANKER'S ALMANAC, 1854. Containing Banking Laws of the State of New 
 York, List of Banks in England, Scotland and Ireland. (This is an indispensable work 
 of reference for New York Bankers.), 1 13 
 
 THE BANKER'S ALMANAC, 1856. Containing the Usury Laws of each State, Dam- 
 ages on Bills of Exchange (revised to 1854), List of Private Bankers in Europe, Asia, 
 South America, etc., 1 13 
 
 THE MERCHANT'S AND BANKER'S REGISTER for 1857. With J. R. McCulloch'b 
 Essay on Exchange ; History of the Cotton Trade ; Finances of European States ; On the * 
 Eights and Duties of Consuls 1 12 
 
 A MANUAL FOR THE USE OF NOTARIES PUBLIC AND BANK OFFICERS. 
 
 Comprising a Summary of the Law of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes, both 
 of Europe and the United States. By Beenakd IIoelkee, Esq., a Member of the Bos- 
 ton Bar. New Edition, with important additions, .1 vol. 8vo, 1857, 2 00 
 
 NEW MANUAL OF COINS. COINAGE, BULLION, COUNTERFEIT COINS, Etc. 
 By J. E. EcEFELDT and W. E. Dr Bois, Assayers United States Mint. 1 vol. 8vo., 
 with 65 fine cuts, * . 1 13 
 
 THE BANKER'S COMMON-PLACE BOOK. Compiled from the writings of A. B. John- 
 son, J. E. MoCuLLOon, and J. "W". Gilbaet. "With a Numismatic Dictionary. 12mo., . 1 00 
 
 REMARKS ON BANKS AND BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES. By Henet 
 
 F. Bakeb, Esq., of Cincinnati. Parts I. and II. 8vo., 1 00 
 
 ^^ Copies forwarded hy mail, postage pre-paid. 
 
 J. SMITH ROMANS Jr., 162 PEARL STREET, N. T. 
 
THE MERCHANT'S AND BANKER'S REGISTER 
 
 FOR 1858. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOl 
 
 I, List of Banks in the United States — ^Arranged in States, and alphabeti- 
 cally in Cities — Names of President and Cashier of each — Capital of 
 each, with the amount of Capital, Circulation and Specie of each 
 State, 1 
 
 II. List of Prirate Banliers in the several Towns and Cities in the United 
 
 States and Canada, 25 
 
 III. List of Banks in Canada — Name of Manager, Cashier, or Agent of each, 
 
 and their Foreign Agents in London, New York, Boston, &c., . 37 
 
 rV. List of Foreign Bankers — including those in the Cities and Towns of 
 
 Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia ... 40 
 
 V. List of Banks and Bankers in London, November, IBS'?, ... 43 
 
 VI. Alphabetical List of Cashiers in the United States (embracing fourteen 
 
 hundred names), 60 
 
 VII. A Prize Essay on Banking. — ^The Adaptation of Recent Inventions to 
 the Purposes of Banking. By Gbanvihe Sharp. 
 
 Doors and Shutters for Bank buildings, 64 
 
 Acoustic Tubes for use of Bank officers, 67 
 
 Wind Guards and Cowls for Chimneys, 61 
 
 Fire-proof Floors, Ceilings and Roofs 68 
 
 Light — Gas — Candles — ^Window Shades, 69 
 
 Heat — ^Furnaces — Stoves, 70 
 
 Ventilation, Principles and Importance of, 74 
 
 Health and Comfort of Bank Clerks, IS 
 
 Interior Decorations of Bank buildings, 77 
 
 Door Balances — Self-acting Door Balances, 78 
 
 Floor Cloths — Scrapers — Foot Brushes, 79 
 
 Fire Annihilator, on the use of, 7Q 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Venetian Blinds — Bank Counter — Money Drawers, 
 Safety Boxes — Specie Travelling Trunks, . . . 
 ImproTementa in Paper for use of Banks, 
 Check Paper — Metallic Paper — ^Brown and Blotting Papers, 
 Envelopes — Polychrest Envelopes, .... 
 
 Metallic Pens — Inks, 
 
 Account Books — Binding, 
 
 Weighing Machines — Decimal Balances, 
 Letter Copying Machines — Screw Copying Presses, 
 Patent Autographic Press — Paper Damper, . 
 Stamping and Printing Presses — Seals — ^Letter Clips, 
 Numerical Stamping Machines — Embossing Presses, 
 Improvements in Printing and Engraving, 
 
 Cutting Notes, Machines for, 
 
 Notes in Duplicate, 
 
 New Inventions in the Construction of Locks and Safes, 
 
 Guarded Tumbler Looks, 
 
 Iron and Steel Safes, 
 
 American Safes, 
 
 VIII. The Usury Laws of each State : and the Laws relating to Sight Bills, 
 Damages on Bills of Exchange. 
 
 1 Maine, 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 17 Arkansas, 
 
 2 New Hampshire, 
 
 
 115 
 
 18 California, 
 
 3 Vermont, . 
 
 
 116 
 
 19 Florida, . 
 
 4 Massachusetts, 
 
 
 
 IIV 
 
 20 Illinois, . 
 
 5 Rhode Island, 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 21 Indiana, . 
 
 6 Connecticut, 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 22 Iowa, 
 
 1 New York, 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 23 Kentucky, 
 
 8 New Jersey, 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 24 Louisiana, 
 
 9 Pennsylvania, 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 25 Michigan, 
 
 10 Delaware, 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 26 Mississippi 
 
 11 Maryland, 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 27 Missouri, . 
 
 12 Virginia, . 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 28 Ohio, 
 
 13 North Carolina, 
 
 
 126 
 
 29 Tennessee, 
 
 14 South Carolina, 
 
 
 127 
 
 30 Texas, 
 
 15 Georgia, . 
 
 
 128 
 
 31 Wisconsin, 
 
 16 Alabama, . 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 
 PASS 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 1S5 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 
 IX. Essay on Paper Money and Banking. By John Kamsay McCulloch, Esq. 145 
 
BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 LOCATION, NAME, PRESIDENT, CASHIER, AND CAPITAL OP EACH. 
 
 JANUARY, 185 
 
 PAQB 
 
 Maine, 1 
 
 New- Hampshire, 2 
 
 Vermont, 8 
 
 Massachusetts, 3 
 
 Rhode- Island, 6 
 
 Connecticut, 7 
 
 New-Yorlc, 8 
 
 Kew-Jersey, 13 
 
 PenusylvaDla, 13 
 
 Delaware, 15 
 
 PA&B 
 
 Maryland, 15 
 
 District of Columbia, 15 
 
 Virginia, 16 
 
 North Carolina, 17 
 
 South Carolina, 17 
 
 Georgia, 17 
 
 Alabama, 18 
 
 Illinois, ...; 19 
 
 Indiana, 19 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kentucky, 20 
 
 Louisiana, 21 
 
 Michigan, 21 
 
 Mississippi, 21 
 
 Missouri, 21 
 
 Nebraska 22 
 
 Ohio, 22 
 
 Tennessee, 28 
 
 Texas, 28 
 
 Wisconsin, 28 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Locatioit, 
 Alfred 
 
 Name of Bank. 
 Alfred Bank 
 
 Auburn 
 
 AiiLfusta 
 
 a 
 
 Auburn Bank 
 
 Augusta Bank 
 
 Freeman's Bank 
 
 Granite Bank. 
 
 u 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Bangor 
 
 « 
 
 Bk. of the State of Me. 
 
 Eastern Bank 
 
 Fanners' Bank 
 
 Kenduskeag Bank 
 
 Market Bank 
 
 u 
 (( 
 
 (; 
 
 Bath. ........ 
 
 Mercantile Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Norombega Bank 
 
 Traders' Bank 
 
 Lincoln Bank .... 
 
 u 
 
 Long Reach Bank 
 
 Sagadahoek Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 tl 
 
 C( 
 
 (( 
 
 Bath Bank 
 
 Belfast 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 Belfast Bank 
 
 Biddeford 
 
 Biddeford Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Bowdoinliam. 
 
 Villa<^e Bank 
 
 Brunswick. . . 
 u 
 u 
 
 Maine Bank 
 
 Pejepscot Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Bnekspoi-t . . . 
 Calais 
 
 Buoksport Bank 
 
 Calais Bank 
 
 Damariscotta . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Eastport 
 
 Farmington... 
 Gardiner 
 
 (( 
 
 If 
 
 Hallowell.'.;."; 
 
 11 
 
 Kennebnnk.. . 
 
 Frontier Bank 
 
 Sandy River Bank .... 
 
 Gardmer Bank 
 
 Oakland Bank 
 
 Cobbossee Contee Bk. . 
 
 Northern Bank 
 
 American Bank 
 
 Ocean Bank. . 
 
 Lewiston 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Old Town.... 
 
 Lewiston Falls Bank. . 
 
 Newcastle Bank 
 
 Lumberman's Bank . . 
 Orono Bank 
 
 Portland 
 
 Atlantic Bank 
 
 Bank of Cumberland.. 
 
 Pre»idenl. 
 .Tames 0. Mclntyre . . . 
 J.H. Roak 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 John N. Stimson 
 
 WUliam Libby 
 
 Joseph J. Eveleth 
 
 Daniel Pike 
 
 Silas Leonard 
 
 William K. Smith.... 
 William S. Dennett... 
 
 William H. Mills 
 
 WilUam H. Parsons . . 
 Theodores. Dodd.... 
 
 Capital. 
 $50,000 
 76,000 
 
 Samuel Cony 
 
 88,000 
 
 Benjamin Davis 
 
 ■William A. Brooks . . . 
 George "W. Stanley . . . 
 
 Geo. K. Jewett 
 
 Amos M. Roberts 
 
 James Dunning 
 
 George W. Pickering. 
 
 Samuel F. Hersey 
 
 James Walker 
 
 W.A.Blake 
 
 U 100,000 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 
 JohnS. Ricker 
 
 M. T. Stickney 
 
 (i. R. Smith 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 
 Tho. \. White . 
 
 50,000 
 
 Walter Brown 
 
 George F. Patten 
 
 D. C. Magoun 
 
 Thomas D. Robinson . 
 J. H. M'Clellan. .. 
 
 Ebenezer Trask 
 
 John Shaw 
 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 D. N. Magoun 
 
 Daniel F. Baker 
 
 Otis Kimball 
 
 51,200 
 100,000 
 250,000 
 
 
 F. Partridge 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 C. Palmer 
 
 75,000 
 
 Thomas Marshall 
 
 William P. Haines.... 
 
 Charles C. Sawyer 
 
 R, Purvington 
 
 S. R. Jackson 
 
 Joseph Badger 
 
 Nathaniel H. Bradburj' 
 
 Seth S. Fairfield 
 
 S. A. Boothby 
 
 B. Buttei-field 
 
 Augustus C. Bobbins . 
 
 100,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 87,500 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 60,000 
 
 E^ Barnard 
 
 E. Swazey 
 
 75,000 
 
 George Downes 
 
 Beninmin D. Metealf. . 
 WUliam M. Brooks . . . 
 
 Samuel Belcher 
 
 W. B. Grant 
 
 Joseph A. Lee 
 
 B. F. Shaw 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 
 Enoch J. Noyes 
 
 Joseph A. Lmscott. . . 
 James F. Patterson. . . 
 
 75,0(10 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 N. Wood 
 
 50,000 
 
 Edward Swan 
 
 J. Gai'dner 
 
 Joseph Adams 
 
 Ichabod Nutter 
 
 A. H. Howard 
 
 Christopher Littlefleld 
 Albert H. Small 
 
 D. W. Chapman 
 
 E. B. Pierce 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 Calvin Spaulding 
 
 Joseph Titcomb 
 
 Daniel Holland 
 
 Joseph Haines 
 
 W H Smith 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 E. P. Butler 
 
 John M.Wood 
 
 William Moulton 
 
 George D. Willes 
 
 Samuel Small, Jr 
 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
Maine — New-Hampsh ire. 
 
 Location. 
 Portland 
 
 Richmoiul . . 
 Kockland . . . 
 
 Saco. 
 
 Searsport . . . 
 Skowncgan . 
 
 S.Berwick.. 
 Tliomaston.. 
 
 Waldoboro.. 
 
 WaterviUe... 
 
 Wintlirop . . 
 Wiscasset . . . 
 
 Olaremont... 
 Oliarlestown 
 Concord . . . . 
 
 NameofSank.\ 
 
 Canal Bank 
 
 Casco Bank 
 
 Manuf. & I'l-aders' Bk. 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Eichmond Bank 
 
 Lime Eock Bank 
 
 North Bank 
 
 Eookland Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank . 
 
 York Bank 
 
 Searsport Bank 
 
 Skowlie^au Banlc 
 
 Bank of Somerset . . . . 
 Smith Berwick Bank. . 
 
 Tliomaston Bank 
 
 Georges Bank 
 
 Medomak Bank 
 
 Waldoboro Bunk 
 
 Ticonic Bank 
 
 I'cople's Bank 
 
 Waterville Bank 
 
 Bank of "Wintbrop 
 
 Mariners' Bank 
 
 DeiTy . , 
 Dover . 
 
 East Jeffrey . 
 
 Epping 
 
 Kxeter 
 
 Farmington. 
 Francestown. 
 Keene 
 
 Total 69 Sanies 
 
 President. 
 William W. Thomas. . 
 
 Eliphalet Greely 
 
 Ennis Horton 
 
 Wm. Woodbury 
 
 Allen Ilaines 
 
 William Patten 
 
 H. G.Berry 
 
 John Bird 
 
 A. I-I. Kimball 
 
 Tristam .Jordan, Jr... . 
 
 Daniel 'Cleaves 
 
 Jeremiah Merithew... 
 
 Abncr Coburn 
 
 Vv'illiam RowcU 
 
 Theodore F. Jewett.. . 
 
 William Singer 
 
 Edward O'Biien 
 
 J. II. Kennedy 
 
 IsaflC Eeed 
 
 Joscpli Eaton 
 
 JolinE. Philbrick.... 
 
 D. L. Millikcn 
 
 C. M. Baiicy 
 
 Henry Clark 
 
 Circulation, !;:■<,()(«) fiW) 
 
 NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Lancaster. . . . 
 
 Laconia 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 llanch ester . . 
 
 Milford, . 
 Nasliua . . 
 
 New-Ips^vieh 
 NcwMarlvCt.. 
 
 Newport 
 
 (Jssipce 
 
 Fftterboro . . . . 
 
 Pittsfleld 
 
 PortsmOLitli. . 
 
 Rochester . . . 
 
 Claremont Bank 
 
 Connecticut Eivcr Bk.. 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merrimac County Bk. . 
 
 State Capitol Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Derry Bank 
 
 Strafford Bank 
 
 Dover Bank 
 
 Cochecho Bank 
 
 Langdon Bank 
 
 Monadnoc Bank 
 
 Pawtuckaway Bank. . . 
 Granite State Bank. . . 
 
 Exeter Bank 
 
 Farmington Bank 
 
 Francestown Bank. . 
 
 Ashuelot Bank 
 
 Cheshire Bank 
 
 Clicsliire County Bank 
 White Mountain Bank 
 Belknap County Bank 
 
 Lebanon Bank 
 
 Ainoskeag Bank 
 
 Manchester Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 I Merrimac Kiver Bank 
 
 Souliegan Bank 
 
 Nasliua Bank 
 
 ; Indian Head Bank. . . 
 PennichuokBank. . . 
 New-Ipswicli Bank. . 
 New Market Bank.. . 
 Sugar Eiver Bank . . . 
 Pine Eiver Bank .... 
 Peterborough Bank.. 
 
 Pittsfleld Bank 
 
 Mechanics & Traders 
 Bk. of New-Hampshire 
 Piscataqua Exch'ge Bli 
 
 Eockingham Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechs' Bk. 
 Eochcster Bank . 
 
 Canlder. 
 
 Josiah B. Scott 
 
 Edward P. Gcrrish . . 
 
 Edward Gould 
 
 Charles Payson 
 
 Wm. H. Stephenson. 
 F.E.Theobald 
 
 A. D. Nichols 
 
 S. N. Hatch 
 
 William II. Titeorab. 
 Tristam Scanimon . . . 
 John C. Bradbury . . . 
 
 Charles Gordon 
 
 William Philbrick. . . 
 
 E. Kidder 
 
 Eaward Huyman . . . . 
 Jolin D. Barnard. . . . 
 J. G. Levensaler . . . . 
 George Allen 
 
 B. B. Haskell 
 
 S. Eediugton 
 
 S.Percival 
 
 Augustus Perkins. . . 
 
 David Stanley 
 
 S. P. Baker 
 
 Specie SC60,000. 
 
 Ambrose Cossit 
 
 Hope Lathrop 
 
 George Minot 
 
 Francis N. Fisk 
 
 S. Butlerlield 
 
 G. B. Chandler 
 
 .John Ordway 
 
 W^illiam Woodman. . . 
 
 Joseph H. Smith 
 
 Thomas Stackpole 
 
 Andrew Peirce, Jr. . . . 
 
 John Fox 
 
 John II. Pearson 
 
 Moses Sanborn 
 
 John Scammon 
 
 Hiram Barker 
 
 Daniel Fuller 
 
 Thomas M. Edwards.. 
 
 Levi Chamberlain .... 
 
 Zebina Newell 
 
 James B. Sumner 
 
 Warren Lovell 
 
 Eobert Kindjall 
 
 John S. Kidder 
 
 James U. Parker . 
 
 Isaac C. Flanders .... 
 
 William G. Means . . . 
 
 Thomas Chace 
 
 Isaac Spalding 
 
 William D. Beason . . 
 
 Aaron W. Sawyer. . . 
 
 .Jonas M. Melville . . . 
 
 L. D. Creightou 
 
 Ealph Metcalf 
 
 L. D. Sawyer 
 
 A. C. Cochran 
 
 .James Drake 
 
 Eichard Jenness 
 
 Peter Jenness 
 
 William II. Y. Hackett 
 
 Jonathan M. Tredick 
 
 N. V. Whitehouse... 
 
 John McDuffie 
 
 John L. Farwell 
 
 George Olcott 
 
 Charles Minot 
 
 Ebcnezer S. Towle . . . 
 
 Edson Hill 
 
 A. C. Pierce 
 
 David Currier 
 
 Asa A.Tults 
 
 Tliomas L. Smith 
 
 Ezekiel Ilurd 
 
 Calvin Hale 
 
 Peter Upton 
 
 Cliarles W. Sargent. . . 
 Samuel H. Ste\cns . . . 
 
 James M. Lovering.. . 
 
 .John D. Lyman 
 
 PaulH. Bixby 
 
 Thomas H. Leverett. 
 
 E. II. Porter 
 
 G. W. Tilden 
 
 George C. Williams.. 
 
 N. B.Gale 
 
 James H. Kendrick. . 
 
 Moody Currier 
 
 Nathan Parker 
 
 E. W. Harrington . . . 
 
 Frederick Smyth 
 
 H. A. Daniels 
 
 John M. Hunt 
 
 A. McKean 
 
 Harrison Hobbs 
 
 George Barrett 
 
 S. A. Ilalev 
 
 Paul J. Wliceler 
 
 William Sawyer, Jr.. 
 
 C. G.Cheney 
 
 John L. French 
 
 James F. Shores 
 
 J. P. Bartlctt 
 
 Samuel Lord 
 
 John J. Pickering. . . 
 
 T.E. Sawyer 
 
 Franklin McDuffie. . . 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $600,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 225,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,un0 
 
 50,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 ■,586,700 
 
 $100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,ou0 
 
 80,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 10U,IIOO 
 
 100,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 141,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 80,000 
 
New-Hampshire — Vermont — Massachusetts. 
 
 3 
 
 Location. 
 Eollinsford... 
 Sanbomton . . 
 
 Saudwicli 
 
 Somersworth 
 
 Warner , 
 
 Winchester. . 
 Wolfboro... 
 
 Bellows Palls. 
 Bennington. . . 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Brandon 
 
 Brattleboro. . . 
 
 u 
 
 Burlington . . . 
 
 Castleton .... 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 Danby 
 
 Danville 
 
 Derby Line . . 
 Hyde Park... 
 
 Irasburg 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Lyndon 
 
 Manchester . . 
 Middlebnry. . 
 Montpelier . . . 
 
 Northfield '.V. 
 
 Orwell 
 
 Ponltney 
 
 ProctorsvUle.. 
 
 Eoyalton 
 
 Entland 
 
 Sprinrfield. . . 
 St. Albans . . . 
 tt 
 
 St. Johnsbury 
 Sheldon . . . 
 Swanton Falls 
 
 Vergennes 
 
 Waterbury. 
 Wells Eiver.. 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Woodstock. . . 
 
 Abington.. . . 
 
 Andover 
 
 Athol 
 
 Attleborough 
 Beverly 
 
 Blackstone... 
 Brighton 
 
 Cambridge . . . 
 
 iTame o/Banh, 
 Salmon Falls Bank . . 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Carroll County Bank. 
 
 Great Falls Bank 
 
 Somersworth Bank... 
 
 Warner Bank 
 
 Winchester Bank 
 
 Lake Bank 
 
 Total 51 Banix. 
 
 Bank of Bellows Falls. 
 
 Stark Bank 
 
 White Eiver Bank. . . . 
 
 Bradford Bank 
 
 Brandon Bank 
 
 Bank of Brattleboro,.. 
 Windham Co. Bank . . 
 Bank of Burlington. . . 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Bank of Castleton 
 
 Orange County Bank. 
 
 Danby Bank 
 
 Bank of Caledonia 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 Lamoille County Bank 
 
 Bank of Orleans 
 
 West Eiver Bank 
 
 Bank of Lyndon 
 
 Battenkni Bank 
 
 Bank of Middlebuiy. . 
 Bank of Montpelier. . . 
 
 Vermont Bank 
 
 Northfield Bank 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Bank of Poultney 
 
 Bank of Black Eiver. . 
 Bank of Eoyalton. . 
 Bank of Eutland . . 
 E.xchange Bank . . . 
 St. Albans Bank. . . 
 FrankUn County Bank 
 Passumpsic Bank. . 
 Missisquoi Bank. . . 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Bank of Vergennes. . . 
 Bank of Waterbury 
 Bank of Newbury. . . . 
 
 Ascutney Bank 
 
 Woodstock Bank.. 
 
 Total a Banhs. 
 
 Abington Bank 
 
 Andover Bank 
 
 Miller's Eiver Bank.. 
 Attleborough Bank . . 
 
 Beverly Bank 
 
 Bass Eiver Bank 
 
 Worcester County Bk. 
 Bank of Brighton. . 
 Brighton Market Bank 
 Charles Eiver Bank. . . 
 
 Market Bank 
 
 Cambridge City Bank. 
 
 President, 
 Hiram E. Eoberts. . . 
 
 Asa P. Cate 
 
 Daniel Hoitt 
 
 William T. Cass..., 
 Oliver H. Lord...., 
 Jason H. Ames...., 
 Henry Kingman. . . . 
 John M. Brackett . , 
 
 Oirculatkm $3,400,000. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Nathaniel Fullerton . , 
 
 Isaac Weeks 
 
 Augustus P. Hunton. . 
 George W. Prichard. . 
 
 John A. Conant 
 
 Samuel Eoot 
 
 N. Williston 
 
 Philo Doolittle 
 
 Lucius E. Chittenden, 
 Fi'ederiek Fletcher . . . 
 
 Henry P. Hickok 
 
 Timothy W. Eiee 
 
 Lement Bacon 
 
 L J. Vail 
 
 Lewis H. Delano 
 
 Portus Baxter , 
 
 Lucius H. Noyes 
 
 Elijah Cleveland 
 
 James H. Phelps. ... 
 Epaphras B. Chase . . 
 
 Major Hawley 
 
 Paris Fletcher 
 
 E. P. Jewett 
 
 Geo. W. Collamer... 
 Calvin Ainsworth . . . 
 
 J. H. Thomas 
 
 Samuel P. Hooker . . . 
 
 E.F.Parker 
 
 William Skinner 
 
 George T. Hodges . . . 
 Joseph W. Colburn.. 
 
 Hiram B. Sowles 
 
 Oscar A. Burton 
 
 Barron Moulton 
 
 William Green 
 
 Joseph Blake 
 
 Samuel P. Strong 
 
 Leander Hutchings . . 
 
 Robert Harvey 
 
 Allen Wardner 
 
 Oliver P. Chandler . . 
 
 Circulation $3,700,000. 
 KASSACHXrSETIS. 
 
 Asaph Dunbar 
 
 .John Flint 
 
 Seth Hapgood 
 
 E. Ira Eichards 
 
 Samuel Endicott 
 
 Henry Kitfield 
 
 Henry S. Mansfield. . 
 Stephen H. Bennett.. 
 
 Life Baldwin 
 
 Charles C. Little 
 
 George Meacham 
 
 John Livermore 
 
 Cashier, 
 William H. Morton. . 
 
 William T. Cass 
 
 Stephen Beede 
 
 David H. Bufifum..., 
 George L. Dearborn 
 Francis WUkins. ... 
 
 Erastus Snow 
 
 Abel Haley 
 
 Specie $200,000. 
 
 James H. Williams. . . 
 George W. Harman. . . 
 
 F. W. Anderson 
 
 Benjamin T. Blodgett. 
 
 Lorenzo Bixby 
 
 Philip Wells 
 
 S.M. Waite 
 
 Eichard G. Cole 
 
 Vernon P. Noyes 
 
 Charles F. Warner. . . . 
 
 S. M. Pope 
 
 Cyrenius M. WiUard. . 
 
 Preston S. Smith 
 
 J.H.Vail 
 
 G. A.Burbank 
 
 Stephen Foster 
 
 Carlos S. Noyes 
 
 Isaac N. Cushman 
 
 John E.Butler 
 
 S. B. Mattocks 
 
 WiUiam P. Black 
 
 Joseph Warner , 
 
 George Howes 
 
 John A. Page 
 
 Henry M. Sites 
 
 Stephen C. Bull 
 
 Merritt Clark 
 
 Georges. Hill 
 
 WiUiam H.Baxter... 
 
 John B. Page 
 
 Albert Brown 
 
 Henry Howes 
 
 Marcus W. Beardsley 
 Edward C. Eedington 
 Homer G. Hubbell... 
 Norman A. Lasell. . . 
 
 Joseph D. Atwell 
 
 Benj. H. Dewey 
 
 George Leshe 
 
 Henry Wardner 
 
 Eliakjm Johnson 
 
 Specie $200,000. 
 
 J. K. Farrar 
 
 Moses Foster, Jr.. 
 
 A. Harding, Jr 
 
 W. D. Cotton 
 
 Eobert G. Bennett 
 
 Jonathan Nichols. . 
 
 M. Earnnm 
 
 Eobert N. Woodworth 
 
 Abner J. Benyon 
 
 John B. Dana 
 
 Warren Sanger 
 
 Edward Eichardson . . 
 
 Capital,' 
 
 $50,0CO 
 50,000 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 75,000 
 
 $4,956,000 
 
 $100,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 S3,785,000 
 
 $150,000 
 250,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 250,000 
 250,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 
Massachusetts. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Ifame of Sank. 
 
 Leckmere Eank 
 
 Cambridge Eank 
 
 Neponset Bank 
 
 Bunker Hill Bank.... 
 
 Monument Bank 
 
 Tradesman's Bank 
 
 Fr-esident. 
 Lewis Hall 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 John Savage, Jr 
 
 Lucius E. Paige 
 
 F. W. Deane 
 
 Thomas Mar.-hall 
 
 George L. Foote 
 
 William E. Pcarmain. 
 
 Ilcnry H. Harris 
 
 John'M. Cheney 
 
 William C. Eobinson.. 
 William L. AVcston . . . 
 
 L. II. Kingsbury 
 
 Edward J. Eispham.. . 
 William B. Erooks . . . 
 Joseph T. Pease 
 
 Ciipilal. 
 $100,000 
 
 Cambridgep't 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Charlestown . 
 
 u 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 Chicopce 
 
 Concord 
 
 Conway 
 
 Thomas Whittemore . . 
 
 (.'harles H. French 
 
 Edward Lawrence 
 
 Peter Hubbell 
 
 Isaac Stebbins 
 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 300, "00 
 Io0,o00 
 150,000 
 15O,nO0 
 
 Concord Bank 
 
 Conway Bank 
 
 Village Bank 
 
 Daniel Shattuck 
 
 Luther Bodman, Jr.. . 
 
 Daniel Eiehards 
 
 Jeremy Stimson 
 
 H. Temple 
 
 100,000 
 1.50,000 
 200,000 
 
 Dedham 
 
 Dedham Bank 
 
 Blue Hill Bank 
 
 Mattapan Bank 
 
 Martha's Vineyard Bk. 
 
 Fairhaven Bank 
 
 Fall Eiver Bank 
 
 Massasoit Bank 
 
 Mctacomet Bank 
 
 Wamsutta Eank 
 
 Falmouth Bank 
 
 Fitchburg Bank 
 
 EoUstone Bank 
 
 Framiugham Bank . . . 
 Bank of Cape Ann... . 
 
 Gloucester Bank 
 
 Grafton Bank 
 
 Mahawie Bank 
 
 Franklin County Bank 
 
 Greenfield Bank 
 
 Banlv of Cape Cod 
 
 Haverhill Bank 
 
 Merrimac Bank 
 
 300,000 
 150,000 
 
 (( 
 
 Oliver Hall 
 
 100,000 
 
 EdgartoT\Ti.... 
 
 FairhtLVon 
 
 Fall Kiver.... 
 
 D. Fisher 
 
 EzekielSawin 
 
 David Anthony 
 
 Israel Buffinton 
 
 Jefferson Borden 
 
 S. A. Chase 
 
 lll0,00O 
 300,000 
 
 Henry H. Fish 
 
 Leander Borden 
 
 Azariah S. Tripp 
 
 C. J. Holmes, Ji- 
 
 350,(100 
 200,000 
 60(1,000 
 loo.ooO 
 lOfi',000 
 
 Fitchbarg.... 
 
 Francis Perkins 
 
 Ebenezer Torrey 
 
 William B. Wood 
 
 Francis Jaijues 
 
 Samuel J. Giles 
 
 Benjamin F. Somes. ., 
 
 Jonathan ( 'ary 
 
 J. B. Prindle. . . 
 
 250,000 
 250,000 
 
 
 Sullivan Fay 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 G. P. Low 
 
 150,000 
 
 a 
 
 Isaac Somes 
 
 300,000 
 
 Grafton 
 
 Gt. Barringt'n 
 
 Greenfield . . . 
 
 Harwich 
 
 Haverliill.... 
 
 J. W. Slocumb 
 
 John L. Dodge 
 
 Henry W. Cushman . . 
 
 Franklin Eipley 
 
 Prince S. Crowell 
 
 John A. Appleton 
 
 E. J. M. Hale 
 
 100,000 
 
 ^'00 (HJO 
 
 Charles I. Fuller 
 
 Edmund W. Eussell. . 
 
 Obcd Brooks, Jr 
 
 James E. Gale 
 
 Eleazar A. Porter 
 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 180,000 
 
 a 
 
 George Cogswell 
 
 200,000 
 
 u 
 
 Essex Bank 
 
 Hingham Bank 
 
 Holiiston Bank 
 
 Hadley Falls Bank . . . 
 
 Hopkinton Bank 
 
 Lancaster Bank 
 
 Bay State Bank 
 
 Pemberton Bank 
 
 Lee Bank 
 
 William Caldwell 
 
 John 0. Lovett 
 
 Eufus F. Brewer 
 
 Charles W. Eaiilet.... 
 
 James S. Tileston 
 
 Cak-lj T. Symmes 
 
 Nathaniel White 
 
 Samuel tj. Woodward. 
 
 Edward A. Bhss 
 
 David E. Merriam 
 
 J. F. KimbaU 
 
 J. L. Ordwav. 
 
 Hingham 
 
 Holiiston 
 
 Holyoke 
 
 Hopkinton . . . 
 
 Nathaniel Eiehards . . . 
 William S. Batchelder 
 
 Eufus D. Woods 
 
 L. II. Bowker 
 
 14-0,000 
 lo0,000 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Charles S. Storrow. . . . 
 Levi Sprao-ue 
 
 500,000 
 100 01)0 
 
 Lee 
 
 Thomas Sedgwick 
 
 Cheney Hatch 
 
 John A. Knowles 
 
 Nathaniel AY right .... 
 Ilarlin Pillsbury 
 
 300 000 
 
 Leicester 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Leicester Bank 
 
 Appleton Bank 
 
 Lowell Eank 
 
 200,0o0 
 
 200,000 
 
 200 000 
 
 (( 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Prescott Eank 
 
 Eailroad Bank 
 
 Wamcsit Bank 
 
 Laighton Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 John N. Pierce, Jr... . 
 
 Artemas S. Tyler 
 
 John F. liogers 
 
 JohnH. Buttrick 
 
 E. W. Mudge 
 
 Benj. V. French, Jr.. . 
 
 William Bas^ett 
 
 Charles Merrill 
 
 100,000 
 
 Lynn 
 
 Samuel W. Stickney. . 
 
 Horace Howard 
 
 F. S. Newdiall 
 
 .John C. Abbott 
 
 Isaiah Breed . 
 
 600,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 
 u 
 
 Lynn Mechanics' Eank 
 Maiden Bank. 
 
 o5(i 000 
 
 IsLaklen 
 
 ElishaS. Converse 
 
 Knott Martin 
 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 120,000 
 
 a 
 
 Marblehead Bank 
 
 Spicket Falls Bank. . . 
 
 Millbury Bank 
 
 Milford Bank 
 
 Monson Bank 
 
 J. Sparhawk, Jr 
 
 G.Foot 
 
 Methuen 
 
 J. W. Carlton 
 
 Simon Farnsworth 
 
 A. C. Mayhew 
 
 W. N. Flynt 
 
 John W. Bai'rett 
 
 Moses Dax-cjiport 
 
 Micajah Lunt 
 
 William Stone 
 
 Edw. Mott Eobinson. . 
 
 Joseph Grinnell 
 
 Thomas Mandell 
 
 Charles E.Tucker.... 
 
 Millbury .... 
 
 Milford 
 
 Monson 
 
 David Atwood 
 
 A. G. Underwood 
 
 J. E. Flynt 
 
 100,000 
 250,000 
 
 
 M'iUiani Mitchell 
 
 John Andrews 
 
 Gyles P.Stone 
 
 Jacob Sti>nc 
 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 210,000 
 1 ,50 000 
 
 Newburyport 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Ocean Bank 
 
 New-Bedford 
 ft 
 
 (( 
 Newton 
 
 Bedford Commercial. . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Newton Bank 
 
 Holyoke Eank 
 
 Northarnpton Bank. . . 
 Adams Bank 
 
 Thomas B. AVhite 
 
 John P. Barker 
 
 E. AVilliams Hervev. . 
 P. C. Howland ,..."... 
 
 Daniel Kingsley 
 
 William B. Haie 
 
 Charles White 
 
 Charles E.Littlefleld.. 
 Eufus P. Kingman 
 
 600,000 
 600,000 
 600,000 
 600,000 
 150,000 
 20i},000 
 200,000 
 350,000 
 100,000 
 
 Northampton 
 
 Samuel Williston 
 
 J. H. Butler 
 
 North- Adams 
 
 William E. Brayton. . . 
 Martin Wales 
 
 N.Bridgew't'r 
 
 N. Bridgewater Bank. 
 
Looation. 
 
 Nortliboro'... 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 a 
 
 Plymoutli . . . 
 
 Provincet'wn 
 Quincy 
 
 Kaudolph 
 
 Kockport . . . . 
 Eoxbury 
 
 Salem 
 
 II 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 Salisbury 
 
 Slielburne. . . . 
 Springfield . . , 
 
 Soutbbridge. 
 
 S. Danvers. . 
 
 it 
 
 S. Eeading.. 
 Stockbridge . 
 Tannton 
 
 a 
 
 c{ 
 
 Townsend . . 
 Uxbridge . . . 
 
 "Waltham 
 
 "Ware 
 
 Warebam 
 
 Westfield... 
 
 "Weymouth . 
 
 Woburn 
 
 "Worcester . . 
 
 "Wrentham . . . 
 Yarm'th Port 
 
 8 Kilby street 
 8 " " 
 
 83 State street 
 65 " " 
 Blackstone st 
 48 State street 
 Boylston " 
 South-Boston 
 61 State street 
 40 " 
 
 70 " " 
 23 Kilby st. 
 28 State" street 
 
 jra»i« ofBanlc. 
 Northboroufi'h Bank. . 
 
 Oxford Bank 
 
 Agricultural Bank 
 
 Pittsfield Bank 
 
 Old Colony Bank 
 
 Plymouth Bank 
 
 Provincetown Bank.. . 
 Quincy Stone Bank. . . 
 Mt. "WoUaston Bank. . 
 
 Eandolph Bank 
 
 Eoekport Bank 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 Eocldand Bank 
 
 Asiatic Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Mercantile Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Naumkeag Bank 
 
 Salem Bank 
 
 Powow Eiver Bank . . . 
 Shelburne Falls Bank. 
 
 Pynchon Bank 
 
 Agawam Bank. . . , 
 
 Cnicopoe Bank 
 
 John Ilancock Bank. . 
 
 Springfield Bank 
 
 "\^'estern Bank 
 
 Southbridge Bank . . . 
 
 Danvers Bank 
 
 "Warren Bank 
 
 South-Eeading Bank. 
 Housatonic Bank .... 
 Bristol County Bank. 
 
 IVIaohinists' Bank 
 
 Taunton Bank 
 
 Townsend Bank 
 
 Blackstone Bank .... 
 
 "Waltham Bank 
 
 Hampshire Manufac.'s 
 
 "Warebam Bank 
 
 Westfield Bank 
 
 Hampden Bank 
 
 Union Bk. of "W. & B. 
 
 "Woburn Bank 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Quinsigamond Bank. . 
 
 "Worcester Bank 
 
 "Wrentham Bank 
 
 Barnstable Bank 
 
 Total 137 Banks. 
 
 Atlantic Bank 
 
 Atlas Bank 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 Bank of N. America. . 
 
 Blackstone Bank 
 
 Boston Bank 
 
 Boylston Bank 
 
 Broadway Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Columbian Bank 
 
 Eagle Bank 
 
 EUot Bank 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 JT resident. 
 
 George 0. Davis 
 
 Emory Sanfurd 
 
 G. "W. Campbell 
 
 D. Carson 
 
 Jacob H. Loud 
 
 Isaac L. Hedge 
 
 Nathan Freeman 
 
 Josiah Brigham 
 
 Charles F. Adams 
 
 Royal Turner 
 
 E. Eames 
 
 Samuel Guild 
 
 Samuel "Walker 
 
 Joseph S. Cabot 
 
 "Wilham Sutton 
 
 John "Webster 
 
 John Dwyer 
 
 Benjamin H. Silshee. . 
 
 David Pingree 
 
 George Peabody 
 
 Seth Clark 
 
 C. Hotclikiss 
 
 James Ku'kham 
 
 Theodore Stebbins . . . 
 
 Philo F. "Wilcox 
 
 James M. Thompson. . 
 
 Edward A. Morris 
 
 Caleb Eioe 
 
 Jacob Edwards, Jr... . 
 
 Eben Sutton 
 
 Lewis Allen 
 
 T. Emerson 
 
 C. M. Owen 
 
 Theodore Dean 
 
 "William Mason 
 
 Lovett Moree 
 
 "Walter Fessenden 
 
 Paul "Whiting 
 
 Charles Bemis 
 
 Orrin Sage 
 
 J. B. Tobey 
 
 "W. G. Bates 
 
 E. B. Gillett 
 
 MinotTirrell 
 
 Abijah Thompson 
 
 Francis T. Merrick . . . 
 
 Thomas Kinnicutt 
 
 George AV. Eichardson 
 Alexander De"Witt. . . . 
 
 Isaac Davis 
 
 Stephen Salisbm-y 
 
 D. A. Cook 
 
 Isaiah Crowell 
 
 Circulation $16,400,000 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Nathaniel Han'is . . . . 
 Charles H. Brown . . . 
 Benjamin E. Bates. . . 
 George "W. Crockett . 
 
 Frederick Gould 
 
 Eobert Hooper 
 
 Timothy Gilbert 
 
 Isaac Adams 
 
 "Wilham T. Andrews. 
 
 John T. Coolidge 
 
 "Waldo Fhnt 
 
 "William A. Howe . . . 
 George "W. Thayer... 
 
 • Cashier. 
 
 A. \f. Seaver 
 
 "W. Olney 
 
 John E. "Warriner. . . . 
 
 J. D. Adams 
 
 George G. Dyer 
 
 Isaac N. Stoddard 
 
 Elijah Smith 
 
 John C. Eandall 
 
 Lewis Congdon 
 
 Seth Turner 
 
 J. E. Gott 
 
 Baman Stone 
 
 Samuel Little 
 
 William H.Foster 
 
 Edward H. Payson. . . . 
 
 J. Chadwick 
 
 Joseph H. Phippen . . . 
 Nathaniel B. Perkins . 
 
 J. Hardy Towne 
 
 Charles M. Endieott. . 
 
 John B. Webster 
 
 E.S.Francis 
 
 li. Alexander, Jr 
 
 Frederick S. Bailey. . . 
 
 T.Warner, Jr 
 
 Edmund D. Chapin. . . 
 
 Lewis Warriner 
 
 J. L. Warriner 
 
 Samuel M. Lane 
 
 George A. Osborne. . . 
 
 Francis Baker 
 
 L. Eaton 
 
 D. R. Williams 
 
 William Bi'cwster 
 
 Charles E. "Vickery . . . 
 Charles J. li. Bassett . 
 
 Edward Ordway 
 
 Ebenezer W. Hay ward 
 
 D.A.Kimball 
 
 William Hyde 
 
 Thomas E.'Miles 
 
 Henry Hooker 
 
 E. W'eller 
 
 John W^. Loud 
 
 E. J. Jenks 
 
 Geo. A. Trumbull .... 
 
 George C. Bigelow 
 
 Nathaniel Pame 
 
 Scott Berry 
 
 J. S. Farnum 
 
 William Cross 
 
 Calvin Fisher, Jr 
 
 Amos Otis 
 
 ^1,050,000. 
 
 Benjamin Dodd 
 
 Joseph White 
 
 Caleb Henry Warner, 
 
 John K. HaU 
 
 Joshua Loring 
 
 James C. Wild 
 
 John J. Soren 
 
 Horace II. White 
 
 (Jharles C. Barry 
 
 Albert Drake 
 
 Eobert S. CoviU 
 
 E. L. Day 
 
 Joseph M. Marsh 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $100,000 
 
 1011,000 
 
 200,000 
 500,000 
 186,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 1.50,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 815,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 600,000 
 250,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 250,000 
 300,(100 
 1511,000 
 3110,000 
 250,000 
 151.1,000 
 150,000 
 250,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 850,000 
 200,000 
 400,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 850,000 
 100,000 
 150,(j00 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 350,000 
 400,000 
 350,000 
 250,000 
 800,000 
 150,000 
 350,000 
 
 28,476,000 
 
 $500,000 
 500,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 750,000 
 750,000 
 900,000 
 400,000 
 150,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 750,000 
 700,000 
 600,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
Boston — Rhode-Island. 
 
 Location, 
 
 43S.M'rk'tst. 
 217 Federal st. 
 22 State stroet 
 
 Ifame of Bank. 
 Faneuillliill Bank.... 
 
 Freeman's Bank 
 
 Globe Bank . ... 
 
 PresidenV, 
 
 Nathan Eobbins 
 
 Solomon Piper 
 
 Ignatius Sargent 
 
 Alpheus Hardy 
 
 Daniel Denny 
 
 Lee Claflin 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 J onas Bennett 
 
 Jeremy Drake 
 
 Charles Sprague 
 
 Archibald Foster 
 
 S. S. Blanchard 
 
 John S. March 
 
 George E. Hersey 
 
 Jonathan Brown, Jr. . . 
 James Dodd 
 
 Capital. 
 $500,000 
 400,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 900,000 
 500,000 
 500,000 
 
 61 " 
 66 " 
 
 (I (C 
 
 Granite Bank 
 
 Hamilton Bank 
 
 Hide and Leather Bank 
 Howard Banking Co. . 
 
 97 " " 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 1 Mer. Exch. . 
 
 Josiah Stiekney . . , 
 
 John J. Dixwell 
 
 Samuel Hall 
 
 560,000 
 800,000 
 400,000 
 
 66 fttritn street 
 
 Massachusetts Bank.. 
 
 Maverick Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 National Bank 
 
 New-England Bank. . . 
 North Bank 
 
 75 " " 
 
 Samuel Phillips, Jr. . . 
 
 Alvan Simonds 
 
 John K. Fuller 
 
 Charles B. Hall 
 
 Seth Pettee 
 
 95 Doroh'r av. 
 28 State street 
 40 " " 
 67 " " 
 
 James "W. Converse . . 
 
 Franklin Haven 
 
 John II. W^ilkins 
 
 Thomas Lamb 
 
 Charles G. Nazro 
 
 William Bramhall 
 
 Caleb Stetson 
 
 Samuel Frothingham . 
 
 J. Amory Davis 
 
 Isaac Parker 
 
 250,000 
 4,000,000 
 
 750,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 750,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 ISKilhy " 
 41 State street 
 ISKilby " 
 40 State " 
 
 John B. Witherbee. . . 
 
 Stephen G. Davis 
 
 Samuel ^ 'arr 
 
 Shawmut Banlv 
 
 Shoe & Leat'r Dealers' 
 State Bank 
 
 
 1,800,000 
 1,000,000 
 600,000 
 1,250,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 00 " " 
 91 " " 
 
 Siillulk Bank 
 
 Tradere' Bank 
 
 Tremont Bank 
 
 Union Bank. . 
 
 Edward Tyler 
 
 Jeremiah Gore 
 
 A. T. Frothingham . . . 
 
 Lemuel Gulliver 
 
 Charles A. Putnam. . . 
 Solomon Lincoln 
 
 Specie ^3,500,000. $ 
 J. B.Potter 
 
 41 " 
 
 40 " " 
 
 Andrew T.HaU 
 
 Thaddeus Nichols 
 
 Almon D. Hodges .... 
 WiUiam Thomas 
 
 Circulation $7,600,000. 
 
 KHODE-ISLAND. 
 
 E.B.Segnr 
 
 J. E.Wells 
 
 Byron Diman 
 
 Jacoli Babbit . . . 
 
 47 " 
 
 13 E.\cli'ge St. 
 
 Alton 
 
 Wasliington Bank 
 
 Webster Bank 
 
 Total 37 Banls. 
 
 Eichmond Bank 
 
 Ashaway Bank 
 
 Bank of' Bristol 
 
 1 'ommercial Bank 
 
 Eagle Bank 
 
 750,000 
 1,500,000 
 
 32,460,000 
 
 $50,000 
 75,000 
 
 Ashaway 
 
 Bristol 
 
 
 Martin Bennett 
 
 J. Frederic Baars 
 
 J. E. French 
 
 150,000 
 62,50C 
 
 u 
 
 Eobert Eogers 
 
 Nathaniel I5ullock 
 
 D. M. Salisbury 
 
 E.G. Hazard 
 
 Horace Kimball 
 
 Caleb Congdon 
 
 W. Y. Daboll 
 
 Pelcg Wilbur 
 
 C. A. Whitman 
 
 John Ellis 
 
 50,000 
 
 u 
 
 Freeman's Bank 
 
 Granite Bank 
 
 AVasliington Co. Bk.. . 
 
 Franklin Bank 
 
 Cranston Bank 
 
 Elmwood Bank 
 
 Bank ol' Kent 
 
 Coventrv Bank 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Greenwich Bank 
 
 E. I. Exchange Bank. . 
 Exeter Bank . 
 
 L. C. Eichmond 
 
 J. S. Cook 
 
 65,000 
 60,000 
 
 Carolina ,MilK 
 Chepachet . . . 
 
 Cranston 
 
 a 
 
 Coventry 
 
 u 
 
 Cumberland.. 
 
 J. H.Babcock 
 
 H.A.Kimball 
 
 W. H. A. Aldrich .... 
 
 C. H. Bassett 
 
 Anthony Tarbox 
 
 T. A. Whitman 
 
 J. F. Brown 
 
 50,000 
 50,000 
 84,125 
 79,600 
 
 50,000 
 
 10n,nOO 
 
 5(! 1100 
 
 
 S. M. Knowles 
 
 
 u 
 Exeter . 
 
 J. B. Peirce 
 
 Christopher C. Greene 
 Nathaniel B.Bordon.. 
 Oliver Chace. . . . 
 
 D. C. Kenyon 
 
 Tliomas Phillips 
 
 William CoggcshalL. . 
 
 W. H. Braciiett 
 
 John W. Vose 
 
 Cliarles D. Ilammett. . 
 
 George T. Weaver 
 
 Ileniy ( '. Stevens 
 
 David W. HoUoway . . 
 
 Eobert P. Lee 
 
 Williani A. Clarke.... 
 Benjamin Mumford. . . 
 Pardon T. Hammond . 
 Nicholas N. Spink.... 
 A. Potter 
 
 60,(1UO 
 '^'1 '100 
 
 FallEiver.... 
 
 Fall Eiver Union Bank 
 
 Pocasset Bank 
 
 Aqnidneek Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 New-Eng. Commercial 
 
 Newport Bank 
 
 Newport Excli'nge Bk. 
 
 E. L Union Bank 
 
 Bank of Ehode Island. 
 
 Traders' Bank 
 
 North-Kingstown Bk. . 
 Narragansett Bank . . . 
 Landholders' Bank . . . 
 People's Exchange Bk 
 
 Wakeiield Bank 
 
 New-Eng. Paoiiic Bk. , 
 North-Providence Bk 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 Slater Bank 
 
 200,000 
 '^on 000 
 
 Newport 
 
 Eufus B. Kinsley 
 
 S. H. Cottrcll 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 George Bowen 
 
 "William Vernon 
 
 Nathan Hanimct 
 
 Charles Devcns 
 
 Peleg Clarke 
 
 75,000 
 120,000 
 
 60,000 
 165,000 
 100 000 
 
 a 
 "N. Kingstown 
 
 S. Kingstown 
 
 Edwin Wilbur 
 
 John J. Eeynolds 
 
 Ezra D. Davis 
 
 Elisha E. Potter 
 
 Carder Hazard 
 
 vSylvester Eobinsou. . . 
 
 Joseph Metcalfe 
 
 G. L. Spencer 
 
 S. Benedict 
 
 Lewis Fairbrother 
 
 William B. Spencer. . . 
 
 Isaac Saunders 
 
 Elisha Smith 
 
 100,000 
 75,000 
 
 50, 000 
 l.",[i 000 
 
 N.Providence 
 
 Attmore Eobinson. . . . 
 
 Thomas P. Wells 
 
 R.Cooke 
 
 70,000 
 100,000 
 ISO 000 
 
 a 
 
 John C. Tower 
 
 Olney Arnold 
 
 J. 0. Starkweather . . . 
 H. D.Brown 
 
 134,750 
 175,000 
 122,000 
 
 Phcnix 
 
 Pho3nix Village Bank. 
 Citizens' Union Bank . 
 Smithflekl Exchange 
 Villac-'e Bank 
 
 Seituate 
 
 Smitlilield . . . 
 
 John A. Harris 
 
 William Winsor 
 
 William H. Seagrnve.. 
 Thomas C. Williams.. 
 William T. Freeborn. . 
 George W. Carr 
 
 53,325 
 
 u 
 
 William S. Slater 
 
 (Jharles Smith 
 
 George Lewis Cooke. . 
 Nathan M. Wheaton. . 
 
 100,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 71,300 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 
 
 Sewamset Bank 
 
 Warren Bank 
 
Rhode-Island — Providence — Connecticut. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Warwick 
 u 
 
 Westerly 
 
 Woonsocket. 
 
 21 Market sq.. 
 Weytosset st 
 48 " " . . 
 N. Main street 
 Weybosset st. 
 Market square 
 Weybosset st. 
 6 What-oheer 
 Weybosset st. 
 41 W'strains'r 
 148 S. Main.. 
 8 What-oheer 
 23 Market sq . 
 55 W'stmins^r 
 27 S. Main 
 Weybosset st. 
 154 High. St.. . 
 Weybosset st. 
 
 3 Canal street. 
 21 W'stmins'r 
 27 Sonth Main 
 207 N. Main.. 
 27 S. Main . . . 
 W'stmins'r st. 
 Meroh.Bk.Bg 
 11 Market sq. 
 Weybosset st. 
 
 41 W'stmins'r 
 W't-cheerBg. 
 48 S. Main... 
 23 Market sq 
 Weybosset st. 
 32 W'stmins'r 
 
 4 Union Bg... 
 4 't t' 
 
 42 Weybosset 
 ooW'stmins'r. 
 4 Union Bldg. 
 
 Same of Bank. 
 
 Centreville Bank 
 
 Warwick Bank 
 
 Phenix Bank 
 
 Washiogton Bank .... 
 
 Niantio Bank 
 
 Cumberland Bank 
 
 Eailroad Bank 
 
 Globe Bank 
 
 Producers' Bank 
 
 Smithiield Union Bank 
 Woonsocket Falls Bk. 
 
 Total 54 Banli. 
 
 Betbel 
 
 Birmingham , 
 Bridgeport... 
 
 Brooklyn . . . 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Colchester . . 
 Danbury . . . 
 
 Deep Eiver . 
 
 American Bank 
 
 Arcade Bank 
 
 Atlantic Bank 
 
 Atlas Bank 
 
 Bank of America. . . 
 Bank of Commerce . 
 Bank of N. America 
 Blackstone Canal Bank 
 Butchers and Drovers 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank .... 
 Continental Bank.. 
 
 Eagle Bank 
 
 Exchange Bank . . . 
 
 Globe Bank 
 
 Grocers & Producers' . 
 High-Street Bank. . 
 
 Jackson Bank 
 
 Liberty Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Mechanics & Manuf.'s 
 Mechanics' Bank. . 
 Mercantile Bank. . . 
 Merchants' Bank . . 
 
 National Bank 
 
 Northern Bank 
 
 Pawtuxet Bank. . . . 
 
 Phenix Bank 
 
 Providence Bank 
 
 Eo^er WilliamB Bank. 
 Smithfleld Lime Eock 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Traders' Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Westminster Bank 
 
 Weybosset Bank 
 
 What^cheer Bank .... 
 
 Total 38 Hanks. 
 
 Hatters' Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank.. 
 
 Bridgeport Bank 
 
 Connecticut Bank 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Pequonnock Bank. . . . 
 Bridgeport City Bank . 
 Windham County Bk. 
 
 Clinton Bank 
 
 Colchester Bank 
 
 Danbury Bank 
 
 Pahquioquo Bank .... 
 Deep Eiver Bank 
 
 President. 
 
 Cyrus Han-is 
 
 William D. Brayton 
 
 Eowse Babcock 
 
 Nathan F. Dixon 
 
 H. N. Campbell 
 
 Davis Cook 
 
 Edward Harris 
 
 Spencer Mowry 
 
 Libeus Gaskill 
 
 John Osborne 
 
 Ezekiel Fowler 
 
 Circulation $2,700,000. 
 
 Providence, B. I. 
 
 Shubael Hutchins 
 
 Earl P. Mason 
 
 Hiram Hill 
 
 Henry J. Angell 
 
 Adnah Sackett 
 
 Amos D. Smith 
 
 Elisba Harris 
 
 Tully D. Bowen 
 
 H. J. Burroughs 
 
 A. C. Barstow 
 
 William P.Bullock... 
 Ehodes B. Chapman. . 
 
 W.Sheldon 
 
 John Barstow 
 
 W. Sprague 
 
 John E. Baleh 
 
 Eobert Knight 
 
 Alfred Anthony 
 
 D. Evans 
 
 W. A. Eobinson, Jr. . 
 0. A. Washburn, Jr. . 
 
 James II. Ecad 
 
 Amasa Mantou 
 
 William II. Greene. . . 
 
 Josiah Chapin 
 
 George W. Hallet. . . 
 Stephen T. Olney. . . 
 Christopher Ehodes 
 
 Edward Pearce 
 
 Eobert H. Ives 
 
 Jabez C. Knight. . . . 
 
 Thomas J. HUl 
 
 John P. Meriam. . . . 
 
 Earl Carpenter 
 
 John H. Ormsbee. . . 
 William B. Lawton . 
 Alexander F. Adic. 
 Henry A. Hidden. . . 
 
 Oirculation $1,600,000. 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Ezra Morgan 
 
 Edward N. Shelton. 
 Sherman HartweU . . 
 Philo C. Calhoun... 
 Stephen Tomlinson. 
 Charles B. Hubbell. 
 
 Ira Sherman 
 
 John Gallup 
 
 .J. D. LeffingwcU. . . 
 
 A. B. Isham 
 
 Samuel Tweedy 
 
 A. Seeley 
 
 Ulysses Pratt 
 
 OaaMer. 
 
 Moses Fifleld, Jr 
 
 J. Wcatcott 
 
 Capital.';, 
 
 $100,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 
 Charles Perry 
 
 James M. Pendleton. . 
 George Cook 
 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 125,000 
 
 E. G. EandaU 
 
 E. P.Smith 
 
 103,850 
 100,000 
 
 Elijah B. Newell 
 
 Elisha T. Bead 
 
 L.W.BaUou 
 
 200,000 
 125,000 
 164,650 
 
 
 
 Speoie $150,000. 
 
 William H. Dart 
 
 Benjamin W. Ham 
 
 C. M. Stone 
 
 $5,492,900 
 
 $1,006,250 
 792,000 
 130,000 
 
 Harvey F. Payton 
 
 E. N. Davis 
 
 100,000 
 195,600 
 
 Joseph H. Bourn 
 
 Henry E. Hudson 
 
 1,308,100 
 800,000 
 500,000 
 246,450 
 301,050 
 767,250 
 222,950 
 
 WiUiam Knight 
 
 Amos W. Snow 
 
 David Andrews 
 
 A. G. Durfee 
 
 Stephen S. Wardwell. 
 Henry G. Gladding. . . 
 T. Salisbury 
 
 500,000 
 500,000 
 600,000 
 
 H. J. Steere 
 
 153,800 
 
 James E. Butts 
 
 J. A. Bosworth 
 
 0. E. Drowne 
 
 William S. Patten.... 
 
 George E. Drowne 
 
 A. G. Stillwcll 
 
 John A. Field 
 
 C.H.Tompkins 
 
 Charles T. Bobbins . . . 
 
 Henry C. Cranston 
 
 Peter H. Brown 
 
 T. E. Green 
 
 120,000 
 209,150 
 121,160 
 500,000 
 140,100 
 2SS,'.M)0 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 750,000 
 100,009 
 221,500 
 150,000 
 
 Benjamin Wiiite 
 
 323,850 
 500,000 
 
 William H. Waterman 
 J. W. Angell 
 
 500,000 
 228,900 
 
 Fayette P. Brown 
 
 Edwin Knight 
 
 James B. Hoskins 
 
 F.W.Anthony 
 
 WiUiam C. Townsend. 
 Albert C. Greene 
 
 Specie $450,000. $ 
 
 William A. Judd 
 
 .Joseph Arnold 
 
 George Burroughs.... 
 
 Charles Foote 
 
 Charles Webb 
 
 W E. Higby 
 
 150,009 
 200,000 
 600,000 
 109,600 
 1 500jOOO 
 (157,550 
 
 14,544,050 
 
 $100,000 
 305,300 
 210,000 
 338,100 
 300,000 
 200,000 
 
 E T. Clarke 
 
 117,540 
 104,000 
 
 A. F. Fisher 
 
 A.Hall 
 
 100,000 
 
 Theodore F. Sharpe.. . 
 
 Jabez Amsbury 
 
 William P. Seeley.... 
 Gideon Parker 
 
 100,000 
 324,000 
 250,800 
 168,900 
 
Connecticut — iVew- York. 
 
 Location, 
 
 Eiist-riciddara 
 
 Essex 
 
 Falls Village. . 
 Hartford 
 
 II 
 a 
 It 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Jewett City . . 
 Litchfield.... 
 
 mcriden 
 
 iliddletown.. 
 
 Mystic 
 
 " Kivcr. 
 Ke\v-Il;Lven .. 
 
 New-London 
 
 Ne-H'-Milford 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Nonvalk 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 Eockville . . . . 
 
 Seymour 
 
 Suuthport 
 
 Staff d SprV's, 
 
 Stamford 
 
 Stoninglou, .. 
 
 Thompson.. 
 Tolland.... 
 
 Waterbury... 
 
 W.Meridcn'.' 
 
 AVctport... . 
 W. Wiustcd. 
 
 Windham. . . 
 Woodbury. . 
 
 Adams . 
 Addison 
 Albany. . 
 
 ITame of Bank. 
 East-IIaddam Bank . . . 
 Bank of New-England 
 
 Saybrook Bank 
 
 Iron Bank 
 
 Connecticut River Bk. 
 
 City Bank 
 
 E.xchange Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 
 Hartford Bank 
 
 Merchants & Manuf . . 
 
 Phoenix Bank 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Cliarter Oak Bank 
 
 Mercantile Bank 
 
 Jewett City Bank 
 
 Litchfield Bank 
 
 Meriden Bank 
 
 Middlesex County Bk. 
 
 Middletown Bank 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 Mystic Bank 
 
 Mystic Kiver Bank . . . 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 New-Haven Bank. . . . 
 New-Haven Co. Bank . 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Quinnipiac Bank 
 
 Elm City Bank 
 
 Tradesmen's Bank. . , . 
 New-London Bank. . . 
 Bank of Commerce. . . 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Whaling Bank 
 
 Bank of Litchfield Co. 
 
 Norfolk Bank 
 
 Bank of Norwalk 
 
 Fairfield County Bank 
 Merchants' Bank 
 Norwich Bank . . 
 Quinebang Bank 
 Tiiames Bank . . . 
 Uncas Bank 
 
 Shetneket Bank. 
 
 Eockville Bank. . 
 
 Bk. of North America 
 
 Routhport Bank 
 
 Stafford Bank 
 
 Stamford Bank 
 
 Stonington Bank 
 
 Ocean Bank 
 
 Pawcatnck Bank 
 
 Thompson Banlc 
 
 Tolland County Bank 
 
 Waterbury Bank 
 
 Citizens' I^ank 
 
 Home Bank 
 
 Saugatuck Bank 
 
 Hurlbut Bank 
 
 Winstcd Bank 
 
 Windham Bank 
 
 Woodbury Bank 
 
 President. 
 
 S. Arnold 
 
 George E. Goodspeed. 
 
 Edward N. Pratt 
 
 Lee Canfleld 
 
 Alfred Smith 
 
 G. F. Davis 
 
 Elisha Colt 
 
 Charles Boswell 
 
 Henry A. Perkins 
 
 George Beach, Jr 
 
 George Beach 
 
 T.Belknap 
 
 Charles T. Hillyer. . . . 
 
 J. W. Seymour 
 
 David Smith 
 
 .J. G. Beckwith 
 
 Joel H. Guy 
 
 Cliarles E. Sebor 
 
 John PL Watkinson. . 
 
 Edwin Stearns 
 
 John W.Hull 
 
 Charles Mallory 
 
 EzraC. Eead 
 
 John Kteh 
 
 Plervey Sanford 
 
 Henry Hotehkiss 
 
 Nathan Peck 
 
 W. S. Charnley 
 
 E. C. Serauton 
 
 M. G.Elliott 
 
 A. N. E. EamsdcU..., 
 
 Aeors Barns 
 
 Eobert Coit 
 
 Peter C. Turner 
 
 Daniel Marsh 
 
 E. T.Butler 
 
 Ebenezer Hill 
 
 Charles Isaacs 
 
 William Williams 
 
 Charles Johnson 
 
 Samuel C. Morgan 
 
 Franklin Nichols .... 
 
 James A. Hovey 
 
 Charles Osgood 
 
 Allen Hammond .... 
 
 T. Eansom 
 
 Jessup Alvord 
 
 George M. Ives 
 
 John W. Leeds 
 
 Ephraim Williams. . . 
 
 Stiles Stanton 
 
 Otho M. Stillman.... 
 
 Talcott Crosby 
 
 Alvan P. Hyde 
 
 J. P. Elton 
 
 S. W. HaU 
 
 Eli Bntler 
 
 Horace Staples 
 
 William H. Phelps . . 
 
 George Dudley 
 
 S. H. Wallcott 
 
 Daniel Curtis 
 
 Total 75 Banls 
 
 Circulalion 89,540,000, 
 NEW-YOEK. 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 Thomas C. Bordman . 
 
 Thomas Gross, Jr , . . . 
 
 JaredE. Eedfleld 
 
 A. C. Eandall 
 
 John A. Butler 
 
 Phineas S. Kiley 
 
 A. G. Hammond 
 
 .John C. Tracy 
 
 George Eipley 
 
 James S. Tryon 
 
 John L. Bunce 
 
 ^N. H. D. Callender. . . 
 
 J. F. Morris 
 
 James B. Powell 
 
 Lemuel Tyler 
 
 E. L. Houghton 
 
 O.B.Arnold 
 
 William S. Camp 
 
 Melvin B. Copeland. . . 
 
 Geo. W. Harris 
 
 Elisha D. Wightman. . 
 
 G.W.Noyes 
 
 Henry C. Young 
 
 John W. Fitoh 
 
 Amos Townsend 
 
 Eansom Burritt 
 
 H.B.Smith 
 
 A. McAlister 
 
 D. E. Satterlee 
 
 W. Atwater 
 
 E. N. Belden 
 
 Charles Butler 
 
 Charles G. Si stare 
 
 Joseph (\ Douglass. . 
 
 John J. ' 'onklin 
 
 A. G. Pettibone 
 
 E. B. Oraufurd 
 
 John A. Moorhead. . . 
 
 J. M. Meeoh 
 
 Frank Johnson 
 
 Lewis A. Hyde 
 
 Charles Bard 
 
 Edward H. Learned . 
 
 .J. L. Devotion 
 
 Elliot B. Preston.... 
 
 H. F. Noreross 
 
 Francis D. Perry 
 
 S. Newton 
 
 Francis E. Leeds. . . . 
 
 Francis Amv 
 
 W.J. IL Pollard.... 
 
 James A. Morgan 
 
 Joseph P.. Gay 
 
 GeorLTC 1). Hastings.. 
 
 A. S.Tjhasc 
 
 F. J. Kingsbury 
 
 S. Dodd, Jr 
 
 Benj. L. Woodworth. 
 
 Eiifus E. Holmes 
 
 Henry Gay 
 
 Samuel Bingham . . . . 
 
 W. S. Curtis 
 
 Ilungcrford's Bank . . . S. D. Hungerford. 
 
 Addison Bank i William K. Smith . 
 
 * Albany City Bank. . . \ Erastus Corning. . . 
 Albany Exchange Bk. ' C. P. Williams. . . . 
 Bank of Albany 'Jacob H.Tca Eye 
 
 Speckf}\fl(Mfi(\(). 
 
 George W. Bond. . 
 C. H. Henderson. . 
 Henry H. Martin . . 
 Joseph M. Lovctt . 
 Edward E. Kcndi'ick. . 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $71,400 
 
 130,000 
 
 0.3,600 
 
 200,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 550,000 
 
 585,000 
 
 915,000 
 
 1,132,800 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,285,-500 
 
 440,000 
 
 550,000 
 
 541,200 
 
 62,100 
 
 50,000 
 
 305,000 
 
 348,700 
 
 309,300 
 
 150,000 
 
 52,950 
 
 100,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 464,800 
 
 561,300 
 
 500,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 625,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 150,875 
 
 i^nri^ono 
 
 l."n,0(iO 
 
 103,750 
 
 125,000 
 
 50,500 
 
 300,000 
 
 292,000 
 
 218,160 
 
 219,500 
 
 350,000 
 
 582,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 103,000 
 
 155,000 
 
 201,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 86,800 
 
 510,000 
 
 192,600 
 
 152,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 225,700 
 
 116,800 
 
 100,000 
 
 20,701,475 
 
 SI 25,000 
 
 500,0110 
 311,100 
 540,000 
 
New- York. 
 
 9 
 
 Location. 
 
 Albany . . . . 
 
 Albion 
 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Attica 
 
 Auburn 
 
 BallstonSpa. 
 Batavia 
 
 Bath 
 
 Binghamton. . 
 
 Brockport. 
 Brooklyn . 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Coming, 
 
 Kam^qf Bank. 
 
 BanK of the Capitol. 
 Bank of the Interior. . 
 Commercial Bank . , . 
 Mechanics & For. Bk. 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 National Bank 
 
 New-York State Bank 
 Union Bank of Albany 
 
 Bank of Albion 
 
 Farmers' Bank of A.. . 
 Farmers' Bank .... 
 Auburn City Bank 
 Auburn Exeh. Bk. 
 Bank of Auburn. . . 
 *Cayuga County Bank 
 
 Ballston Spa Bank 
 
 Bank of Genesee 
 Exc'ge Bk. of Genesee 
 
 Bank of Bath 
 
 *Steuben County Bank 
 Bank of Binghamton. 
 Broome County Bank . 
 Susquehanna Valley B. 
 BrocKport Exch'ge'Bk. 
 *Atlantio Bank . . 
 *Brooklyn Bank. 
 Central Bk. of Brookl'n 
 City Bank of Brooklyn 
 Eoug-Island Bank . 
 Mechanies' B., Br'kl'n 
 
 Bank of Attica 
 
 Buffalo City Bank.. 
 
 Clinton Bank 
 
 Far.cfcMech.B.ofGen. 
 International Bank . . . 
 Manuf. & Traders' Bk, 
 Marine Bank of Buffalo 
 New-York & Erie Bk. 
 White's Bk. of Buffalo 
 
 Canajoharie Bank 
 
 Spraker Bank 
 
 Bank of Canandaigua. 
 
 Canastota Bank 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 
 Catskill Bank 
 
 *Tanncrs' Bank 
 
 *Madison County Bk. 
 Bank of Cazenovia. . . . 
 Central B. of Cherry V. 
 
 Chester Bank 
 
 Chittenango Bank . . 
 Briggs' Bank of Clyde 
 Commercial Bank of C. 
 Bank of Cooperstown. 
 Otsego County Bank. . 
 Worthington Bank. . . 
 
 Bank of Corning 
 
 Geo. Washington Bk. . 
 
 Bandall Bank 
 
 Bank of Coxsackie 
 
 Far. Bk. of Saratoga Co. 
 
 Cuba Bank 
 
 Bank of Dansville 
 
 Delaware Bank 
 
 Dover Plains Bank. . . 
 
 Deposit Bank 
 
 J. T. Eaplee's Bank.. 
 
 Lake Shore Bank 
 
 Bank of Chemung .... 
 *Cheraung Canal Bk. . 
 
 I Elmira Bank 
 
 * Chartered (or Safety Fund) Banks. 
 2 
 
 Canajoharie . . 
 
 Canandaigua.. 
 Canastota.. . 
 
 Carmel 
 
 Catskill 
 
 Cazenovia . . 
 
 Cherry Valley 
 
 Chester 
 
 Chittenango . 
 Clyde 
 
 Cooperstown , 
 
 Cortland 
 
 Coxsackie ... 
 
 Crescent 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Dansville . . . 
 
 Delhi 
 
 Dover Plains 
 
 Deposit 
 
 Dundee 
 
 Dunkirk 
 
 Elmira 
 
 Praiident. 
 
 John G. White 
 
 John B. Plumbe 
 
 John L. Schoolcratf.. 
 Thomas W.Olcott... 
 
 John Twoddle 
 
 William E. Bleeeker. 
 
 Rnfus H. King 
 
 Billings P. Learned.. . 
 Eoswell S. Burrows. . . 
 
 Isaac Jackson 
 
 L. Doty 
 
 F.L.Sheldon 
 
 W. T. Graves 
 
 James S. Seymour 
 
 Nelson Beardsley 
 
 John W. Thompson.. 
 Hayden U. Howard. . . 
 
 D."W. Tomlinson 
 
 Constant Cook 
 
 John Miigee 
 
 Ammi Doubleday .... 
 
 Cyrus Strong 
 
 Sherman D. Phelps. . . 
 
 J. S.Thomas 
 
 Daniel Embury 
 
 Thomas Messenger... 
 
 Edward Copland 
 
 John Skillman 
 
 ^\'il]iam S. Herriman . 
 
 Conklin Brush 
 
 Andrew J. Rich 
 
 John L. Kimberly 
 
 Gibson T.Williams... 
 Elbridge G. Spaulding 
 
 M. S. Hawley 
 
 Henry Martin 
 
 George Palmer 
 
 John S. Ganson 
 
 George C. White 
 
 John C. Smith 
 
 James Spraker 
 
 Theodore E. Hart 
 
 Daniel Crouse 
 
 Ebenezer Kelley 
 
 E. H.King 
 
 S. Sherwood Day 
 
 William M. Burr 
 
 Charles Stebbins 
 
 Horatio J. Olcott 
 
 James Burt 
 
 Damon Wells 
 
 Samuel S. Briggs 
 
 Isaac Miller 
 
 Theodore Keese 
 
 W. H. Averell 
 
 J. E. Worthington.... 
 Hiram W. Bo.stwick . .' 
 
 J. N. Hungerford 
 
 William E. Eandall... 
 Wm. B. V. Heermance 
 
 Alfred Noxon 
 
 Benjamiu Chamberlain 
 
 Lester Bradner 
 
 Charles Marvine 
 
 David L. Belding 
 
 Charles Knapp 
 
 J. T. Eaplee 
 
 Truman E. Colman. . . 
 
 S. Benjamin 
 
 John Arnot 
 
 John Parmenter 
 
 The others are established 
 
 Caehier. 
 Horatio G. Gilbert.. 
 John F. Batchelder. 
 Powers L. Green. .. 
 
 Thomas Olcott 
 
 John Sill 
 
 E. C. Martin 
 
 John H. Vim Antwerp 
 Adam Van Allen .... 
 Lorenzo Burrows .... 
 
 Marquis Barnes 
 
 E.P. Taylor 
 
 George W, Leonard . 
 
 W. C. Beardsley 
 
 Corydon H. Merriman 
 
 Josiah N. Starin 
 
 John J. Lee 
 
 Trumbull C. Kimberly 
 
 M. L. Babcock 
 
 H. H. Cook 
 
 Daniel C.Howell.. 
 William R. Osborn... 
 Tracy E. Morgan. . 
 
 George Pratt 
 
 J.Henry Markell. . 
 William C. Eushmore. 
 Peter S. Henderson .. . 
 
 John K. Pruyii 
 
 Robert P. Perrin 
 
 George L. Sampson. . . 
 
 Geo. W. White 
 
 Cliarles Town.tend.... 
 Joseph Stringham .... 
 
 James M. Smith 
 
 C'l'rneal E. Ganson 
 
 Charles T. Colt 
 
 F. F. Fairman 
 
 James M. Ganson . . . 
 
 Edward Pierson 
 
 F. Gridk-y 
 
 Walstine Moyer 
 
 D.II. Fonda 
 
 H. J. Mcssenjrcr 
 
 Geo]"ge Crouse 
 
 W. Townsend 
 
 John A. Cooke 
 
 Frederick Hill 
 
 Benj. Rush Wendell. . 
 Benianiin F. Jorvis . . 
 William H. Baldwm. . 
 
 J. T.Johnson 
 
 D. H. Rasbaoh 
 
 W. H. Coffin 
 
 B. M. Vanderveer .... 
 
 Dorr Enssell 
 
 Henry Scott 
 
 none 
 
 Laurin Mallory 
 
 Geo. W. Patterson, Jr. 
 Jonathan Hubbard... 
 Jacob C. Van Dyck. . . 
 
 -lames Peters 
 
 M. J. Green 
 
 Lauren C. Woodruff. . 
 Walter H. Griswold . . 
 
 Edgar Vincent 
 
 Bolivar Radeker 
 
 S, S.Raplee 
 
 Langley Fnllagar 
 
 Tracy Beadle 
 
 John Arnot, Jr 
 
 Anson C. Ely 
 
 under the General Banking 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $526,000 
 
 700,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 860,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 360,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 117,500 
 
 64,533 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 126,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 296,400 
 
 260,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 62,820 
 
 128,965 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 125,600 
 
 150,000 
 
 62,611 
 
 56,639 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 104,500 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 142,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 150,2.50 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 50.000 
 
 69,800 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 Law. 
 
10 
 
 Zooation. 
 Fayetteville.. 
 
 Fishkill 
 
 Fonda 
 
 Kams of Bank. 
 Bank of Fayetteville.. 
 
 Bank of Fishkill 
 
 Mohawk Kiver Bank.. 
 Bank of Fort Edward. 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Fort Plain Bank 
 
 Frankfort Bank 
 
 Fredonia Bank 
 
 H.J.Miner's, of Utioa 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Oswego Eiver Bank. . 
 Genesee Valley Bank. 
 
 Bank of Geneva 
 
 Fulton County Bank.. 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Glen's Falls Bank.... 
 *Bank of Orange Co . . 
 
 Goshen Bank 
 
 "Washington Co. Bank 
 
 Hamilton Bank 
 
 Bank of Havana 
 
 Farmers' Bank of H. . . 
 Hudson Eiver Bank . . 
 Hion Bank 
 
 New - York. 
 
 President 
 
 Hervey Edwards 
 
 Joseph I. Jackson. . . . 
 
 Daniel Spraker 
 
 Joseph Parry 
 
 George Harvey 
 
 John H. Moyer 
 
 "William Bridenbecker 
 
 E. Green 
 
 Hiram J. Miner 
 
 Sands N. Kenyon 
 
 J. J. "Wolcott 
 
 James S. "Wadsworth. 
 
 William T. Scott 
 
 Isaac Le Fever 
 
 "William McDonald . . . 
 Benjamin P. Burhans . 
 Ambrose S. Murray. . . 
 
 "William Murray 
 
 Henry Holmes 
 
 CaiMer. 
 Hiram Eaton 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $115,400 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 
 Jas. E. Van Steenbergh 
 E S Gillett 
 
 Fort Edward. 
 
 u 
 
 Fort Plain 
 
 Asahel Wing. 
 
 George Clements 
 
 D F. Youno' 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 E Ethridgo 
 
 105,000 
 
 Fredonia 
 
 S. M. Clement 
 
 H. D. Miner 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Geneseo 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Gloversville.. 
 Glen's Falls . . 
 
 Amos A. Bradley 
 
 D, W. Gardner 
 
 James S. Orton 
 
 S. H. Verplanck 
 
 John McLaren, Jr 
 
 166,100 
 114,300 
 150,000 
 205,000 
 150,000 
 136,40C 
 
 ti 
 
 John Alden 
 
 112,000 
 
 Goshen 
 
 u 
 
 Greenwich . . . 
 
 Charles J. Everett.... 
 William T. Eussell . . . 
 
 Edwin Andrews 
 
 D. B. West 
 
 105,660 
 110,000 
 200,000 
 110,000 
 
 
 Charles Cook 
 
 E. Gilford 
 
 T. L. Minier 
 
 60,000 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Albert E.Holmes 
 
 Aaron B. Scott 
 
 H. H. Devendorf 
 
 Charles E.Hardy 
 
 Nathan T. Williams.. 
 
 300,000 
 
 u 
 
 Eobert A. Barnard 
 
 George Tuckerman. . . 
 Josian B. "Williams . . . 
 C. L. Grant, V.P 
 
 250,000 
 100 000 
 
 Ithaca 
 
 Merch. & Farmers' Bk. 
 *TompkinsCo. Bk.... 
 Bank of Ellicott 
 
 80,000 
 250,000 
 
 11 
 (( 
 Johnstown . . . 
 
 *Chautauque Co. Bk. . 
 
 Jamestown Bank 
 
 Montgomery Co. Bk.. 
 *Essex County Bank . . 
 Bank of Kinderhook. . 
 Union B. of Kindorh'k 
 
 *Kingston Bank 
 
 State of New- York Bk. 
 *Ulster County Bank. 
 Merch. Bk. of Erie Co. 
 Bank of Lansingburgh 
 Farmers' Bank of L. . . 
 Ecnsselaer County Bk. 
 Leonardsville Bank. . . 
 Genesee County Bank. 
 
 Samuel Barrett 
 
 Alonzo Kent 
 
 Edward "Wells 
 
 Silas Arnold 
 
 Robert Newland 
 
 J. E. Mayhew 
 
 Nathan P. Wells 
 
 Andrew Thompson .. . 
 
 Franklin G. Guion 
 
 William H. Eainey . . . 
 Com. H. Van Gaasheek 
 Beiij. M. Hasbrouck.. 
 C. D. Bruyn 
 
 100,000 
 
 98,635 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 Kinderhook . . 
 
 a 
 
 Kingston 
 
 (f 
 
 John P. Beekman 
 
 "William H.Tobey.... 
 Jona. H. Hasbrouck . . 
 
 Jacob Burhans 
 
 Cornelius Bruyn 
 
 George Bruce 
 
 Frederick B. Leonard. 
 Daniel Fish 
 
 250,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 125,000 
 100,000 
 
 T<an caster 
 
 Lansingburgh 
 
 William "«V. Bruce.... 
 
 Alexander Walsh 
 
 Anson Groesbeck 
 
 Henry W. Mosher 
 
 Dennis Hardin 
 
 S. T. Howard 
 
 H.W.Hamlin 
 
 Albert G. Story 
 
 Eenssel'r S. Wilkinson 
 S. R. Daniels 
 
 50,000 
 150,000 
 171,300 
 
 Leonardsville 
 Le Eoy 
 
 Edward Tracy 
 
 Nathan T. Brown 
 
 Miles P. Lampson 
 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 50,000 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 
 Little Falls . . 
 Lockport 
 
 *Herkimer County Bk. 
 Exch. Bk. at Lockport 
 
 Niagara Co. Bank 
 
 Bank of Lowville 
 
 Bank of Kent 
 
 Lyons Bank 
 
 Lake Mahopae Bank. . 
 Bank of Malone 
 
 Henry P. Alexander. . 
 
 William Keep 
 
 Willard J. Daniels . . . 
 
 James L. Leonard 
 
 D. Kent 
 
 Lowville 
 
 Ludingt'ville. 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Mahopac 
 
 Cornelius P. Leonard. 
 
 Geo. Ludington 
 
 P. R. Westfall 
 
 111,940 
 48,600 
 56,050 
 
 D. W. Pai-shall 
 
 E. D. Baldwin 
 
 S. C. Wead 
 
 William A. wnieeler.. 
 
 Eiley M. Goddard 
 
 William M. Graham.. 
 C.T.King 
 
 145,800 
 
 
 Henry Flagler 
 
 Joseph Davis 
 
 E. P. Wheeler 
 
 Elias Eoote 
 
 50,000 
 
 Middleto^vn.. 
 
 Middletown Bank 
 
 "Wallkill Bank 
 
 Mohawk Valley Bank. 
 
 125,000 
 125,000 
 
 
 E. H. Pomeroy 
 
 George Bennett 
 
 E. C. Galusha 
 
 E. W. Hayes 
 
 150,000 
 
 
 N. S. Hammond 
 
 John Vernam 
 
 Fletcher Williams.... 
 
 George W. Kerr 
 
 George Cornwell 
 
 H. Eamsdell 
 
 150,000 
 
 Mount Morris 
 
 Genesee Eiver Bank. . 
 
 Bank of Newark 
 
 Bank of Newburgh . . . 
 
 *Highland Bank 
 
 Powell Bank 
 
 130,000 
 100,000 
 
 Newburgh... 
 
 Francis Scott 
 
 300,000 
 
 Alfred Post 
 
 200.000 
 
 a 
 
 Thomas C. Eing 
 
 Jonathan N. "Weed. . . 
 N. Le Fever 
 
 
 Li 
 
 New-Paltz '. '. '. 
 
 Quassaick Bank 
 
 Huguenot Bk. of N. P. 
 Cambridge Valley Bk. 
 
 Bank gf Chenango 
 
 Bank of Norwich 
 
 Eben. W. Farrington . 
 
 Eoelif Eltinge 
 
 Orin Kellogg 
 
 300,000 
 125,000 
 
 N Wh. Creek 
 
 James Thompson 
 
 William B. Pellet 
 
 Warren Newton 
 
 Daniel Judson 
 
 Collins A. Bumham. . 
 
 E. N. Merriam 
 
 Theodore F.Hand.... 
 
 Delos De Wolf 
 
 E. B. Judson 
 
 139 392 
 
 Nonvich 
 
 Ogdensburgh 
 
 Oneida Depot 
 Oswego 
 
 Walter M. Conkey . . . . 
 
 James H. Smith 
 
 John D. Judson 
 
 James Averell 
 
 A. Chapman 
 
 N. Higinbotham 
 
 Hamilton Murray 
 
 James Piatt 
 
 120,000 
 125,000 
 122 000 
 
 *0gden8burgh Bank . . 
 
 OswegatchieBank 
 
 Oneida Valley Bank. . 
 
 The City Bank 
 
 Lake Ontario Bank. . . 
 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 105,000 
 300,000 
 250,000 
 
Location,. 
 Oswego 
 
 Name of SamTc. 
 Luther Wright's Bank 
 Marine BanK 
 
 New-York. 
 
 PreHdent. 
 
 Lather Wright 
 
 Ellas Eoot 
 
 OaaMer. 
 
 S. H. Lathrop 
 
 John K. Noyes 
 
 Edward W.Warner.. 
 J. Wright 
 
 11 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $300,000 
 186,000 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 
 Owego 
 
 *Bank of Owego 
 
 Bank of Tioga 
 
 Bank of Cayuga Lake. 
 
 Cuyler's Bank 
 
 Bank of Pawling 
 
 ♦Westchester Co. Bk. 
 Smith's Bank of Perry 
 
 Pine Plains Bank 
 
 Iron Bank 
 
 Mercantile Bank of P.. 
 Bank of Port Jervis... 
 
 Frontier Bank 
 
 *Bk. of Poughkeepsie 
 FallkillBank 
 
 Lyman Truman 
 
 John J. Taylor 
 
 Cephas Piatt 
 
 Painted Post. 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 Palmyra 
 
 Pawling 
 
 PeeksfiU .... 
 Perry 
 
 George W. Cuyler 
 
 A. J. Akin 
 
 Charles A. G. Depew . 
 
 Eufus H. Smith 
 
 Eeuben W. Bostwiok. 
 
 P. F. Bellinger 
 
 Julius M. Noyes 
 
 Thomas King 
 
 Bloomfleld Usher 
 
 Thomas L. Daviea 
 
 W. C. Sterling 
 
 William A. Davies 
 
 James Emott 
 
 Stephen P. Seymour. . 
 
 J. W. Bowdish 
 
 Dorin F. Clapp 
 
 Anson D. Smith 
 
 100,000 
 175,000 
 200,000 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 
 Plattsbargh.. 
 
 Port Jervis. . . 
 Potsdam 
 
 H. Walworth 
 
 50,000 
 
 F. C. Bellinger 
 
 A. P. Thompson 
 
 Luke Usher 
 
 100,000 
 130,000 
 100,000 
 
 Poughkeepsie 
 
 Eeuben North 
 
 John F. Hull 
 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 
 *Far. & Manufact'rers' 
 Merchants' Bank in P. 
 
 Pulaski Bank 
 
 Bank of Ehinebeok... 
 Commercial Bank of E. 
 Eagle Bank of Eoch'er 
 Farmers' & Meoh. Bk.. 
 
 Flour City Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank. . 
 Monroe Co. Bank . 
 
 Frederick W. Davis. . 
 
 Joseph C. Harris 
 
 E. L. Ingersoll 
 
 John T. Banker 
 
 Hobart F. Atkinson.. . 
 Ealph Lester 
 
 300,000 
 150,000 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Ehinebeok... 
 Koehester 
 
 G. A. Wood 
 
 Henr^ De Lamater . . . 
 Asa Sprague 
 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 500,000 
 
 u 
 
 W.H. Cheney 
 
 200,000 
 
 (< 
 
 William E.Seward... 
 E. H. Vredenburgh. . . 
 James W. Eussell.... 
 
 L. W. Clarke 
 
 H. J. Perrin 
 
 125,000 
 
 tt 
 u 
 
 F. Gorton 
 
 George H. Mumford . . 
 
 Freeman Clarke 
 
 Darius Perrin 
 
 John W. Dwindle.... 
 Thomas H. Eochester. 
 Aaron Erickson 
 
 300,000 
 
 205,800 
 
 100,000 
 
 67,300 
 
 tt " [[ 
 
 Eochester Bank 
 
 *Eochester City Bank. 
 Union Bank of Eoch'r 
 
 *Bank of Eome 
 
 Fort Stanwix Bank. . . 
 Oneida Central Bank. 
 Eome Exchange Bank 
 
 Bank of Eondout 
 
 Suffolk County Bank . 
 
 Bank of Salem 
 
 Bk. of Saratoga Springs 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Bank of Ulster 
 
 Mohawk Bk. of Schen 
 ♦Schenectady Bank. . . 
 Schoharie County Bk. 
 
 Bk. Old Saratoga 
 
 Bank of Seneca Falls. . 
 Bank of Silver Creek.. 
 
 Bank of Sing Sing 
 
 Farm. & Drovers^ Bk 
 Croton Eiver Bank. . . 
 
 Bank of Syracuse 
 
 *Bank of Salina 
 
 Edward M. Smith .... 
 Benjamin F. Young. . . 
 
 Oliver L. Terry 
 
 George E. Thomas 
 
 Samuel Wardwell 
 
 G. F.Bioknell....:... 
 
 F.H. Thomas 
 
 Edgar B.Newkirk.... 
 6. S. Adams 
 
 200,000 
 400,000 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 
 (t 
 
 David Utley 
 
 150,000 
 
 (C 
 
 Daniel Cady 
 
 150,000 
 
 fiondout 
 
 Sag Harbor . . 
 
 Salem 
 
 Saratoga Spr.. 
 
 Edward Huntington.. 
 
 Jansen Hasbrouok 
 
 William Adams 
 
 Bernard Blair 
 
 J. Beekman Finlay. . . 
 
 John Willard 
 
 J. Kiersted, Jr 
 
 James R. Craig 
 
 Jay Cady 
 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 20,000 
 139,538 
 100,000 
 125.000 
 
 B. F. Bancroft 
 
 John S. Leake 
 
 Isaac Fowler 
 
 Sangerties . . . 
 Schenectady . 
 
 Andrew J. Ketcham. . 
 
 Nicholas Switz 
 
 William L. Goodrich . 
 E. C. Martin 
 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 
 Scboliaiie .... 
 
 Charles Goodyear 
 
 William Wilcox 
 
 Erastus Partridge 
 
 George W. Tew 
 
 Benjamin Brandreth. . 
 Gerard Crane 
 
 100,000 
 
 Schuylerville . 
 Seneca Falls . 
 Silver Creek . 
 
 Sing Sing 
 
 Somers 
 
 G. S. Brisbin 
 
 104,163 
 
 L. C. Partridge 
 
 Clarke. Swift 
 
 Warren J. Wixson . . . 
 H. M.Bissell 
 
 100,000 
 100,800 
 150,000 
 111,150 
 
 South-East... 
 Syracuse 
 
 Thomas Drew 
 
 Horace White 
 
 Thomas H.Eeed 
 
 Orrin Ballard 
 
 James Munroe 
 
 John J. Peck 
 
 A. T. Butler 
 
 134,000 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 97,400 
 127 200 
 
 n 
 
 
 N. F.Graves 
 
 (t 
 
 Central City Bank . . . . 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Onondaga Bank 
 
 Onondaga County Bk . 
 Salt Springs Bank.... 
 Syracuse City Bank.. . 
 Niagara Eiver Bank . . 
 Bank of Trov 
 
 E. W. Leavenworth . . 
 
 Thomas B. Fitch 
 
 John D. Norton 
 
 Bur Burton 
 
 Hamilton White 
 
 ti 
 11 
 
 Edward B. Wicks .... 
 
 P. Cutwater, Jr 
 
 George J. Gardner — 
 
 140,000 
 180,000 
 115,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 260,000 
 104,000 
 440,000 
 
 n 
 
 William Clark 
 
 George F. Comstock.. 
 
 John B. Griffin 
 
 Joseph M. Warren . . . 
 J. L.Van Schoonhoven 
 Elias Plum 
 
 C. L. Alvord 
 
 u 
 
 
 Tonawanda . . 
 Troy 
 
 Gordon Bailey 
 
 Tracy Taylor ■ 
 
 Central Bank of Troy. 
 Commercial Bank of T 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank. . 
 Market Bank of Troy. 
 Mer. & Mech. Bk. of T 
 Mutual Bank of Troy. 
 State Bank of Troy ... 
 
 *Troy City Bank 
 
 Union Bank of Troy. . 
 Bank of Utioa 
 
 John B. Kellogg 
 
 Frederick Leake 
 
 Charles P. Hartt 
 
 C. M. Willington 
 
 A. C. Gunnison 
 
 Francis Sims 
 
 300,000 
 300,000 
 
 11 
 
 JohuT. McCoun 
 
 Eoger A. Flood 
 
 Hiram Miller 
 
 350,000 
 255,000 
 300,000 
 
 a 
 
 D. T. Vail 
 
 300.000 
 
 It 
 
 John P. Albertson.... 
 
 Alfred Wotkyns 
 
 John A. Griswold 
 
 L. A. Battorshall 
 
 Thomas Walker 
 
 George A. Stone 
 
 Willard Gay 
 
 234,450 
 250,000 
 
 11 
 
 Silas K. Stow 
 
 300,000 
 
 it 
 
 Utica! ....... 
 
 Phny M. Oorhin 
 
 Publius V. Sogers 
 
 300,000 
 600,000 
 
12 
 
 New -York City, 
 
 Location, 
 
 Utioa 
 
 (( 
 
 Unadilla. . . 
 Vernon . . . . 
 Warsaw . . . 
 Waterford . 
 Waterloo . . 
 Watertown 
 
 Waterville . 
 Waverly . . . 
 
 Weedsport 
 Westfleld.. 
 
 West-Troy. . 
 W. Winfield 
 WhitehaU... 
 
 Whiteatown. 
 W'msbnrtrh . 
 
 Youkers . 
 
 60 Wall street 
 117 Nassau st. 
 Wm.&Beav'r 
 46 Wall street 
 31 Nassau st. . 
 Nassau &Pine 
 48 Wall street 
 4i " 
 2 " 
 Wm.&E.x:.Pl. 
 237 Broadway 
 338 Third av.. 
 12i Bowery.. 
 Ch'm&Duane 
 270 Broadway 
 
 68 Bowery.. 
 52 Wall street 
 
 12 Wall street 
 
 13 William st, 
 
 87 Fulton St. . 
 402 Hudson . . 
 
 69 Barclay st. 
 37 Nassau st. . 
 245 Broadway 
 295 Greenw'h 
 45 William st. 
 40 Wall street 
 Wall & Water 
 286 Pearl st. 
 35 Wall street 
 
 88 Wall St.... 
 398 Grand st. 
 182 Broadway 
 42 Wall street 
 185 Greenw'h 
 110 Broadway 
 11 Beekman . . 
 86 Wall street 
 8th av. & 14th 
 Av. D & 10th 
 
 Name of Bank. 
 
 *Oneida Bank 
 
 Oneida County Bank. . 
 
 Utica City Bank 
 
 Unadilla Bank 
 
 Bank of Vernon 
 
 Wyoming County Bk. 
 Saratoga County Bk. . . 
 *Seneca County Bank. 
 Bank of Watertown.. . 
 
 Black Eiver Bank 
 
 Jefferson County Bank 
 Union Bk. of Watert'n 
 Wat'rt'nB.&LoanCo, 
 Wooster Sherman's B. 
 Bank of Waterville . 
 
 Waverly Bank 
 
 Weedsport Bank. . . 
 Bankof Westiield.. 
 Merchants' Bank of W. 
 Bankof West-Troy... 
 West-Winfield Bank . 
 *Bank of Whitehall . . 
 Commercial Bk. of W. 
 Bank of Whitestown 
 Far. &Cit. Bk. ofL. I. 
 Mechanics' Bk. of W.. 
 Williamsburgh City B. 
 Bank of Yonkers 
 
 Total 247 Banhs. 
 
 American Exch'ge Bk. 
 
 Artisans' Bank 
 
 Atlantic Bank 
 
 Bank of America 
 
 Bank of Commerce. . . 
 Bk. of Commonwealth 
 Bank of New- York . . . 
 Bk. of North America 
 Bank of the Eepublic. 
 *Bank State of N.Y'... 
 
 Broadway Bank 
 
 Bull's Head Bank .... 
 Butchers & Drovers' . 
 
 Chatham Bank 
 
 Chemical Bank 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Continental Bank 
 
 Corn Exchange Bank . 
 
 Fulton Bank 
 
 Greenwich Bank 
 
 Grocers' Bank 
 
 Hanover Bank 
 
 Importers & Traders' . 
 
 Irving Bank 
 
 *Leather Manufact . . . 
 "^Manhattan Company 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 'Market Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank. . 
 
 " Banking Asso. 
 Mechanics &> Traders' 
 
 Mercantile Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Exchange 
 Metropolitan Bank . . . 
 
 Nassau Bank 
 
 National Bank .... 
 New-York County Bk. 
 *N.YorkDry Dock Co. 
 
 PresidenU 
 Charles A. Mann 
 
 C. H. Doolittle 
 
 H. Denio 
 
 Arnold B. Watson 
 
 John J. Knox 
 
 J. H. Darling 
 
 John Kniekerbacker. . 
 
 David S. Skaats 
 
 William H. Angel 
 
 Loveland Paddock. . . . 
 Norris M. Woodruft'. . 
 
 Abnor Baker 
 
 G. C. Sherman 
 
 W. Sherman 
 
 Julius Candee 
 
 Francis Tyler 
 
 Lyman Soule 
 
 S. H. Hungerford 
 
 Hugh Johnston 
 
 J. M. HasweU 
 
 D. E. Carrier 
 
 Dennis Jones 
 
 A. H. Griswold 
 
 Joseph Bruce 
 
 Samuel W. Lowere . . . 
 
 Graham PoUey 
 
 N. Waterbury 
 
 John Olmsted 
 
 GvKulation%2ifi()Q,00Q 
 
 New-York City. 
 
 WiUiam A. Booth... 
 
 Nathan C. Piatt 
 
 James E. Soutliworth 
 
 George Newbold 
 
 John A. Stevens .... 
 
 Edward Haight 
 
 Anthony P. Halsey. . 
 William F. Havemeyer 
 
 James T. Soutter 
 
 Eeuben Withers 
 
 Francis A. Palmer 
 
 Ei chard Williamson.. 
 
 Jacob Aims 
 
 John Leveridge 
 
 John Q. Jones 
 
 Jay Jarvis 
 
 Moses Taylor 
 
 William t. Hooker. . . 
 
 Eben W. Dunham 
 
 Joseph Kernochan 
 
 Benj. F. Wheelwright 
 
 William H. Johnson 
 Lucius Hopkins .... 
 
 John Thomson 
 
 William H. Macy . . . 
 Caleb 0. Halstead . . . . 
 Thomas Williams, Jr. 
 Eichard S. Williams. . 
 Shepherd Knapp 
 
 Oaahier, 
 
 George Langford 
 
 J. M. Butler 
 
 C. S.Wilson 
 
 Clark I. Hayes 
 
 Everett Case 
 
 E. Maynard 
 
 W. T.Seymour 
 
 William V. \. Mercer 
 
 Louis L. Angel 
 
 James P. Lee 
 
 Orville V. Brainard . . 
 Samuel B. Upham . . . 
 
 G. H. Sherman 
 
 none 
 
 Daniel B. Goodwin . . 
 G. PL Fairchild 
 
 E. L. Mack 
 
 L. A. Skinner 
 
 William Johnston 
 
 F. J. Suydam 
 
 Alonzo Wood 
 
 E. W. Parker 
 
 S. W. Bailey 
 
 Israel J. Gray 
 
 Oren M. Beach 
 
 E. E.Phelps 
 
 George Field 
 
 Egbert Howland 
 
 Speoie $1,200,000. $ 
 
 EobertS. Oakley... 
 Eichard A. Tooker . 
 George D. Arthur.. 
 
 James Punnett 
 
 Henry F. Vail 
 
 George Ellis 
 
 William B. Meeker. 
 
 Isaac SCTmour 
 
 Eobert H. Lowry . . . 
 George W. Duer. . . 
 John L. Everitt .... 
 
 J. H. Eldredge 
 
 Benedict Lewis, Jr 
 
 Osmond H. Schreiner . 
 George G. Williams 
 Sylvester E. Comstock 
 
 Eobert Strong 
 
 Benjamin F. Warner. . 
 Frederick A. Piatt... 
 
 William J. Lane 
 
 William Hawes 
 
 Capital, 
 
 1400,000 
 125,000 
 200,000 
 130,900 
 100,000 
 
 60,000 
 147,225 
 200,000 
 
 47,779 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 187,900 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 120.000 
 106,100 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 40,000 
 250,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 108,200 
 120,000 
 200,000 
 222,400 
 495,850 
 160,000 
 
 43,373,448 
 
 Ephraim D. Brown 
 
 D.H. Arnold 
 
 Augustus E. Silliman . 
 
 James Barnes 
 
 John Earl Williams. . . 
 Hamilt'n Blydenburgh 
 
 James Gallatin 
 
 Francis Leland 
 
 David Palmer 
 
 Thomas L.Taylor.... 
 
 James Buell . " 
 
 Daniel V. H. Bertholf. 
 
 Thomas E. Acly 
 
 James M. Morrison. . 
 
 James C. Beach 
 
 Eobert H. Haydock. . 
 Gideon De Angelis . . . 
 
 J.H.Fonda 
 
 George W. Youlee 
 
 Edwin J. Blake 
 
 Jacob D. Vcrmilye. . . 
 
 Edward J. Oakley 
 
 George I. Seney 
 
 F. M. Harris 
 
 F. D. Tappen 
 
 Alex. Masterton, Jr. . . 
 Frederick T. Hayes . . . 
 
 ;4,800,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 8,400,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 173,300 
 
 800,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 2,050,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1,235,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 200,000 
 
New-Jersey — Pennsylvania. 
 
 13 
 
 Location, 
 187 Greenw'h 
 Greenwich st. 
 Sll E. Br'way 
 461 Broadway 
 Bcekman st. , 
 Canal street. 
 45 Wall street 
 WaU & New 
 234 Pearl St.. 
 272 Broadway 
 177 Chatham. 
 34 WaU street 
 
 Belvidere.. . . 
 
 Bordentown. 
 Bridgeton. . . 
 Burhngton . . 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Clinton 
 
 -Deokertown... 
 
 Dover 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Flemington . . 
 
 Freehold 
 
 Frenohtown., 
 Hackettstown 
 Hightstown. . . 
 
 Hoboken 
 
 Jersey City . . 
 
 Lambertville . 
 
 Medford 
 
 MiUvUle 
 
 Morristown . . 
 Mount Holly. 
 
 Middlet'n Pt. 
 Newark 
 
 N. Brunswick 
 
 Newton... , 
 Orange . . . 
 Paters on.. 
 
 Perth Amboy. 
 Philipsburg.. 
 Princeton.... 
 
 Eahway 
 
 Eookaway. . . . 
 
 Salem 
 
 Somerville 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Woodbuiy. 
 
 SarMqf Bank. 
 New-York Exch.Bk.. 
 
 Ocean Bank 
 
 Oriental Bank 
 
 Paciflo Bank 
 
 Park Bank 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 Phenix Bank 
 
 Saint Nicholas Bank. . 
 *Seventh Ward Bank 
 Shoe and Leather Bk. 
 
 Tradesmen's Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Total 52 Banks. 
 
 Belvidere Bank . . . 
 Bordentown Bk'g Co. 
 
 Cumberland Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Burlington Bank 
 
 Farm.& Mechanics Bk 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Clinton Bank of N.J. 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Hunterdon County Bk 
 Freehold County Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Hackettstoivn Bank. . . 
 Central Bank of N.J. 
 Hoboken City Bank.. 
 Bk. of Jersey City. . . . 
 Hudson County 6ank. 
 Mech.& Traders' Bk.. 
 Lambertville Bank. . . . 
 Burlington County Bk. 
 
 MillvilleBauk 
 
 Morris County Bank . . 
 Farmers' Bank of N. J. 
 
 Mount HoUy Bank 
 
 Farmers & Merchants' 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Newark Bk. & Ins. Co. 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Newark City Bank . . . 
 Bank of New Jersey. . 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Sussex Bank 
 
 Orange Bank 
 
 Cataract City Bank 
 
 Passaic County Bank . 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Philipsburg Bank .... 
 
 Princeton Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 
 Iron Bank 
 
 Salem Banking Co. . . . 
 Somerset County Bank 
 Meeh. & Manufact'rs'. 
 Trenton Banking Co . . 
 Gloucester Cormty Bk. 
 
 Total 47 Banks. 
 
 Allegheny . . . Allegheny Bank 
 
 Allentown ... AUentown Bank 
 
 Bristol Farmers' B., Bucks Co. 
 
 Brownsville . . I Monongahela Bank . . . 
 
 Preaidtnt. 
 Solah Van Duzer 
 
 D. Kandolph Martm . . 
 
 Joseph M. Price 
 
 Jacob Campbell, Jr. . . 
 Ecuben W. Howes . . . 
 
 Charles F. Hunter 
 
 Thomas Tileston 
 
 Caleb Barstow 
 
 William Halsey 
 
 Andrew V. Stout 
 
 William H. Falls 
 
 Frederick Doming 
 
 Circulation $6,000,000. 
 
 NEW-JERSEY. 
 
 John I.Blair 
 
 John L. MoKnight . . . 
 
 James B. Potter 
 
 William K. Allen 
 
 George W. South 
 
 N. NStokes 
 
 John Gill 
 
 Eobert Foster 
 
 James C. Havens 
 
 Guy Hinchman 
 
 Keen Prudcn 
 
 George A. Allen 
 
 James S. Lawrence. . . 
 
 Henry Lott 
 
 William Eea 
 
 E. E. Morrison 
 
 Benj. S. Taylor 
 
 John Cassedy 
 
 John Griffith 
 
 M. B. Bramhall 
 
 Samuel D. Stryker 
 
 William Irick 
 
 Nath'l Stratton 
 
 H.A.Ford 
 
 John Black 
 
 Moses Wills 
 
 Asbury Fountain . . . 
 Joseph A. Halsey. . . 
 James B. Pinneo. . . 
 
 Samuel Meeker 
 
 Samuel H. Pennington 
 
 John Van Dyke 
 
 John B. Hill 
 
 David Kyerson 
 
 Daniel fiabbit 
 
 Charles Sanford 
 
 George M. Stimpson . . 
 
 Benjamin D. Stelle 
 
 Charles Sitgreaves 
 
 E.S. Field 
 
 Beni'amin M. Price . . . 
 
 N. Mott 
 
 Calvin Belden 
 
 Joshua Doughty 
 
 Joseph G. Brearley. , . 
 Philemon Dickinson. . 
 William E. Tatum 
 
 Circulation |3,700,000. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Hopewell Hepburn. 
 
 Jacob Dillinger 
 
 A. Burton 
 
 James L. Bowman . . 
 
 Cashier. 
 Daniel B. Halsteod . . 
 
 Parker Handy 
 
 Washington A. Hall . 
 
 Kobert Buck 
 
 Charles A. Macy 
 
 G odfrey W. Leake. . . 
 
 Peter M. Bryson 
 
 Archibald Parkhurst 
 
 Alfred S. Eraser 
 
 William A. Kissam. . 
 
 Eichard Berry 
 
 Edward H. Arthur . . 
 
 Specie $25,000,000. $ 
 
 Israel Harris 
 
 S. C. Forker 
 
 William G. Nixon. 
 James Sterling. . . . 
 
 John Eodgers 
 
 Benj. P. Sisty 
 
 Thomas Ackley . . . 
 N. W. Voorhees . . . 
 J. A. Whitaker.... 
 Elisha C. Segur. . . . 
 A. S. Woodruff.... 
 William Emery . . . 
 
 Jacob B. Eue 
 
 Newbury D. Williams. 
 
 George Eoe 
 
 Thomas Appleget . . . 
 John W.Van Boskerck 
 
 A. S. Hatch 
 
 Lewis C. Condit 
 
 John S. Fox 
 
 Martin L. Eeeve 
 
 Jonathan Oliphant . . . 
 
 Lewis Mulford 
 
 Theodore T. Wood. . . 
 
 JohnBeatty 
 
 T. D. Armstrong 
 
 H. W. Johnson 
 
 Matthias W. Day 
 
 Charles G. Eockwood. 
 
 James D. Orton 
 
 Charles S. Graham . . . 
 
 Moses F. Welib 
 
 Moses Coddington 
 
 Samuel D. Morford . . . 
 William H. Vermilye. 
 F. M. Cochran 
 
 S. V. E. Patterson .... 
 
 Lewis C. Eeese 
 
 George T. Olmsted . . . 
 
 Frederick King 
 
 William J. Wood .... 
 
 Henry B. Ware 
 
 William G. Steele 
 
 Jonathan Fisk 
 
 Thomas J. Stryker 
 
 James W. Caldwell. . . 
 
 Specie $850,000. 
 
 J.W.Cook 
 
 Charles W. Cooper . 
 Eobert C. Beatty.... 
 David Smyth Itnox. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $130,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 300,000 
 422,700 
 
 2,000,000 
 412,500 
 
 1,800,000 
 750,000 
 500,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 800,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 66,873,500 
 
 $176,650 
 
 50,125 
 
 102,100 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,700 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 180,400 
 
 200,000 
 
 37,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 90,500 
 
 100,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 508,650 
 
 600,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 135,000 
 
 221,500 
 
 50,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 146,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 280,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 $7,223,625 
 
 $252,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 92,220 
 
 200,000 
 
14 
 
 Pennsylvania — Philadelphia. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 Cliambersb'rg 
 Catasauqua . . 
 
 Chester 
 
 Coatsville 
 
 Columbia.. . . 
 
 Danville 
 
 Doylestown.. 
 Easton. 
 
 Gettysburg.. 
 Hanover . . . . 
 Harrisburg. . 
 
 Hollidaysbu'f 
 Honesdale . . 
 Kittaning... 
 Lancaster . . . 
 
 Lebanon. . 
 Lewisburg. .. 
 Lock Haven.. 
 Mauch Chunk 
 Middletown.. 
 New Brighton 
 Newcastle.. 
 Norrlstown 
 North umb. 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 Pottstown 
 
 Pottsville 
 
 (( 
 
 Heading 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 Shrewsberry.. 
 
 Tamaqua 
 
 Warren , 
 
 Washington. . 
 Waynesburg., 
 Westchester . 
 Wellsboro . . . 
 Wilkesbarre . 
 WiUiamsport, 
 York 
 
 Chestnut st. . 
 
 Vino street.. 
 Main street. . 
 Chestnut st. . 
 Vine street. . 
 Sixth street. 
 Chestnut st, . 
 
 Sd,near Wood 
 Third street . . 
 
 Name of Bank. 
 Carlisle Deposit Bank 
 Bank of Chambersburg 
 Bank of Catasauqua . 
 Bank of Delaware Co. 
 Bank of Chester Valley 
 
 Columbia Bank 
 
 Bank of Danville 
 
 Doylestown Bank 
 
 Easton Bank 
 
 Farmers &, Mechanics' 
 Bank of Gettysburg.. . 
 Hanover Saving Fund 
 Daujjhin Deposit Bank 
 
 Harrisburg Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Sav'gs Bk. 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 Honesdale Bank 
 
 Bank of Kittaning 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Lancaster County Bk. 
 Lancaster Sav'gs Inst. 
 
 Lebanon Bank 
 
 Lewisburg Bank 
 
 Lock Haven Bank 
 
 Mauch Chunk Bank. . 
 Bank of Middletown. . 
 
 Bank of Beaver Co 
 
 Bank ol Lawrence Co . 
 Bk. of Montgomery Co. 
 B. of Northumberland. 
 Bank of Pittsburgh. . . 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Farmers' Deposit Bk. . 
 
 Iron City Bank 
 
 Mereh. & Manufact'rs' 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Pittsburgh Trust Co.. 
 Bank of Pottstown. . . . 
 
 Miners' Bank 
 
 Farmers' Bk. of S. Co. 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Beading Savings Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Shrewsberry Sav. Inst. 
 
 Anthracite Bank 
 
 Warren County Bank . 
 
 Franklin Bank 
 
 Farm. & Drovers' Bk. 
 Bank of Chester Co. . . 
 Tioga County Bank. . . 
 
 Wyoming Bank 
 
 West Branch Bank. . . 
 
 Yqrk Bank 
 
 York County Bank. . . 
 
 Total 59 Banhs. 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . 
 Bk. of North America 
 B. Northern Liberties . 
 Bank of Germantown, 
 Bank of Pennsylvania. 
 Bk. of Penn Township 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Commercial Bk. of Pa. 
 Far. & Mechanics' Bk. 
 Commonwealth Bank. 
 Consolidation Bank. . . 
 Girard Bank 
 
 President. 
 
 Eichard Parker 
 
 Joseph Culbertson. . . . 
 
 Eli J. Saeger 
 
 Jesse J. Maris 
 
 Abram Gibbons, Jr. . . 
 
 Barton Evans 
 
 Edward H. Baldy 
 
 Charles E. Dubois 
 
 David D. Wagener . . . 
 
 Peter S. Micliler 
 
 G. Swope 
 
 Jacob Wirt 
 
 James McCormick 
 
 William M. Kerr 
 
 Philip Dougherty 
 
 Richard L. Seely 
 
 James E. Brown 
 
 Christ. Hager 
 
 John Landes 
 
 Emmanuel Schaifer. . . 
 John W. Gloninger.. . 
 
 William Cameron 
 
 L. A. Maokey 
 
 Hiram Wolf. 
 
 George SmuUer 
 
 Silas Merrick 
 
 David Sankey 
 
 John Boyer 
 
 John B. Packer 
 
 John Graham 
 
 Thomas M. Howe 
 
 James Marshall 
 
 James McAuley 
 
 H. L. BoUman 
 
 Oliver Blackburn 
 
 Eeuben Millerj Jr 
 
 James Laughhn 
 
 Henry Potts 
 
 John Shippen 
 
 Henry Sayler 
 
 Isaac Eckert 
 
 A.F.Boas 
 
 David McKnight 
 
 Henry Latimer 
 
 William Donaldson. . . 
 
 J. Y. James 
 
 Colin M.Eeed 
 
 JesBo Hook 
 
 William Darlington. . . 
 
 T. L.Baldwin 
 
 George M. HoUenback 
 
 0. Watson 
 
 Michael Doudel .... 
 Eli Lewis 
 
 Circulation $10,400,000 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Adolph E. Borie.. 
 John N. Dickson. 
 
 Isaac Koons 
 
 Charles Magarge . 
 
 Elijah Dallett 
 
 William F. Hughes. . . 
 
 Joseph Jones 
 
 Singleton A. Mercer. . 
 
 Robert Morris 
 
 James V. Watson 
 
 Charles S. Boker 
 
 Cashier, 
 
 Wm. M. Beetem 
 
 James Lesley 
 
 M.H.Horn, Jr...... 
 
 James G. McCollin . . 
 
 Francis F. Davis 
 
 Samuel Shooh 
 
 George A. Frick 
 
 William Haekett . . 
 McEver.s Forman . . 
 Joseph B. MePherson. 
 E. A. Eiehelberger . , . 
 
 Eobert J. Eoss 
 
 James W. Weir 
 
 Jacob C. Bombergcr. . 
 
 Stephen D. Ward 
 
 Jolin B. Finlay 
 
 Henry R. Reed 
 
 William L. Peiper. , . . 
 
 A. E. Roberts 
 
 Edw. A. Uhler 
 
 William Pollock 
 
 Philip Krebs 
 
 A. W. Leisenring 
 
 Simon Cameron 
 
 Edward Hoops 
 
 Cyrus Clark 
 
 "V^filliam H. Slingluff.. 
 
 Joseph R. Priestly 
 
 John Harper 
 
 Henry M. Murray 
 
 A.P.MeGrew 
 
 John Magoffin 
 
 William H. Denny. . . . 
 
 Edward D. Jones 
 
 George D. McGrew. . . 
 
 John D.Scully 
 
 William Mintzer 
 
 Charles Loeser 
 
 Joseph W. Cake 
 
 Henry H. Muhlenberg 
 
 Adam Leize 
 
 Charles B. McKnight. 
 
 John Hoshour 
 
 John Hendricks 
 
 EufusP. King 
 
 James Mcllvaine 
 
 .Jesse Lazear 
 
 William W. Jefferis. . 
 John W. Guernsey. . . 
 
 Edward S. Loop 
 
 S. Jones 
 
 Samuel Wagner 
 
 William Wagner 
 
 Specie 12,000,000. % 13,548,668 
 
 James C. Donnell . . 
 
 John Hockley 
 
 William Gummere . 
 Samuel Harvey, Jr.. 
 
 James Russell 
 
 Joseph S. Riley, Jr. . 
 
 S. C. Palmer 
 
 Edwin M. Lewis 
 
 Joseph N. Piersol . . . 
 Waiiam L. Sohaffer. . 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $72,000 
 256,838 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 75,000 
 322,600 
 200,000 
 105,000 
 400,000 
 280,000 
 138,195 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 300,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 160,000 
 100,000 
 350,000 
 267,945 
 
 50,000 
 180,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 893,170 
 200,000 
 1,142,700 
 1,000,000 
 150,000' 
 200,000 
 600,000 
 200,000 
 500,000 
 200,000 
 
 50,000 
 486,320 
 100,000 
 500,000 
 
 10,000 
 100,000 
 
 12,800 
 
 72,380 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 225,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 
 $250,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,875,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
Delaware — Maryland — Bintrict of Columbia. 
 
 15 
 
 Location. 
 Beach street. . 
 Vine " 
 Third " 
 Chestnut st. . . 
 Second street. 
 
 Chestnut " 
 
 Delaware City 
 
 Dover 
 
 Georgetown . . 
 NewcasJe. 
 Newark . . 
 Odessa. . . . 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 Wilmington... 
 
 Annapolis. . . 
 Chcstertown 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Easton 
 
 Frederick... 
 
 Hagerstown . . 
 
 Port Deposit. 
 
 Westminster. 
 
 Williamsport. 
 
 Baltimore St.. 
 South street. . 
 North " .. 
 Pratt " . . 
 Howard " . . 
 South " . . 
 South " . . 
 
 Broadway 
 
 North street.. 
 Howard " . . 
 Gay " .. 
 N. Calvert St.. 
 Gay street . . . 
 N. Charles st. 
 Eutaw street. 
 
 Georgetown . 
 Washington. 
 
 Namt of Bank. 
 Kensington Bank. . . . 
 Manuf. & Mechanics' 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Philadelphia Bank. . . 
 
 Southwark Bank 
 
 Tradesmen's Bank. . . 
 Western Bank 
 
 Total 19 Sanha. 
 
 Delaware City Bank . . 
 
 Farmers' Bank of Del, 
 Do. do. Branch 
 Do. do. do. 
 
 Bank of Newark 
 
 Newcastle County Bk, 
 
 Bank of Smyrna 
 
 Farmers' Bk., Branch 
 
 Bank of Delaware 
 
 Union Bank of Del.. . . 
 
 Wilmington & B'wine. 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Total 12 Banks. 
 
 Farmers' Bk. ofMd. 
 Farm, and Mech. Bk. . 
 
 Cumberland Bank 
 
 Cumb. Savings Bank. . 
 
 Easton Bank 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 Frederick Countv Bk.. 
 
 Hagerstown Bank 
 
 Washington Co. Br. B. 
 
 Cecil Bank 
 
 Bank of Westminster. 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 Washington Co. Bank. 
 
 ToUiX 14 Bamlcs. 
 
 Bank of Baltimore 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 
 Chesapeake Bank 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Com. & Farmers' 
 
 Far. and Merchants' . . 
 Farmers & Planters' . . 
 Fells Point Savings B. 
 
 Franklin Bank 
 
 Howard Bank 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Union Bank of Md 
 
 Western Bank 
 
 Total 15 Banks. 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 Bank of Commerce. . . 
 Bank of Washington. . 
 Bk. of the Metropolis . 
 Patriotic Bank 
 
 Total 5 Banks. 
 
 President. 
 
 John T. Smith 
 
 John Jordan^ Jr. . . 
 Joseph B. Mitchell . . . 
 
 Thomas Eobins 
 
 John B. Austin 
 
 Charles H. Rogers . . . . 
 Joseph Patterson 
 
 Circulation $1,060,000. 
 
 DELAWABE. 
 
 G. Maxwell 
 
 Henry Eidgely 
 
 James Anderson 
 
 Andrew C. Gray 
 
 Daniel Thompson .... 
 
 Charles Tatman 
 
 Ay res Stockly 
 
 David C. Wilson 
 
 Henry Latimer 
 
 E. W.Gilpin 
 
 George Bush 
 
 Mahlon Betts 
 
 QircvlatvJn $1,000,000. 
 
 UABYLAND. 
 
 George Wells , 
 
 George B. Westoott. . , 
 
 Joseph Shriver 
 
 James M. Schley 
 
 William H. Groome . . 
 
 Eiohard Potts 
 
 William Tyler 
 
 Alexander B. Hanson . 
 J. Dixon Eoman 
 
 Jacob Tome 
 
 John K. Longwell. 
 
 J. LWarfield 
 
 Daniel Weiscl 
 
 Circulation $1,700,000. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 C. C. Jamison 
 
 James W. Alnutt . . . . 
 
 John S. Gittings 
 
 John Clark 
 
 Jesse Slingluff 
 
 J. Hanson Thomas 
 
 William E. Mayhew. . 
 
 James Frazier 
 
 John I. Donaldson... . 
 
 James F. Purvis 
 
 Jacob Bier 
 
 John B. Morris 
 
 Johns Hopkins 
 
 John M. Gordon 
 
 Chaunoey Brooks 
 
 Circulation $3,000,000. 
 
 DIST. or COLUMBIA 
 
 Eobert Eead 
 
 Charles E. Eittenhouse 
 William Gunton... 
 
 Thomas Carbery 
 
 JohnPurdy 
 
 Circulation $350,000. 
 
 Cashier. 
 Charles T. Yerkes. 
 M. W. Woodward. 
 Joseph G. Mitchell 
 B. B. Comegys .... 
 Francis P. Steel... 
 
 John Castner 
 
 George M. Troutman 
 
 /§)«»« $4,000,000. $ 
 
 William W. Ferris 
 
 James P. Wild 
 
 Isaac Tunnell 
 
 Howell J. Terry 
 
 John Miller 
 
 Benjamin F. Chatham 
 
 William M. Bell 
 
 Eobert D. Hicks 
 
 Samuel Floyd 
 
 J.T.Warner 
 
 W. S. Hagany 
 
 Samuel Biddle 
 
 Specie $250,000. 
 
 N. Hammond 
 
 Samuel W. Spencer. 
 Edwin T. Shriver . . 
 William O.Spayth.. 
 
 Eichard Thomas 
 
 Godfrey Koontz. . . . 
 Thomas W. Morgan 
 John H. Williams . . 
 
 Elie Beatty 
 
 George Kealhofer. . . 
 Thomas G. Bond . . . 
 
 John Fisher 
 
 Jacob Eecse 
 
 E.C.Dubois 
 
 Specie $500,000. 
 
 Patrick Gibson 
 
 George C. Miller 
 
 H. Cnamberlaine, Jr. . 
 William L. Richardson 
 
 Trueman Cross 
 
 James Mott 
 
 Thomas B. Eutter 
 
 John W. Randolph. . . 
 
 John M. Buck. 
 
 John G. Lester 
 
 Philip Littig, Jr 
 
 Charles E. Coleman. . . 
 
 D. Sprigg 
 
 Robert Mickle 
 
 James Harvey 
 
 Specie $2,200,000. $ 
 
 William Laird, Jr, 
 Hugh B. Sweeney 
 James Adams .... 
 Eichard Smith ... 
 Clmuncey Eestor . 
 
 Specie $300,000. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $250,000 
 800,000 
 800,000 
 
 1,150,000 
 250,000 
 150,000 
 418,600 
 
 12,993,600 
 
 $50,000 
 186,000 
 120,000 
 138,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 236,000 
 110,000 
 300,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 
 $1,740,000 
 
 $251,700 
 100,000 
 112,937 
 51,560 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 125,430 
 150,000 
 250,000 
 
 100,000 
 91,112 
 66,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 il,848,740 
 
 $1,202,200 
 600,000 
 364,400 
 500,000 
 512,560 
 718,200 
 800,000 
 350,000 
 600,000 
 160,800 
 397,900 
 600,000 
 1,500,000 
 1,258,200 
 600,000 
 
 10,164,260 
 
 $300,000 
 100,000 
 279,000 
 353,300 
 250,000 
 
 $1,282,300 
 
16 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Location 
 Abingdon. . . 
 Alexandria. . 
 
 Blacksburg . 
 Buchanan.... 
 Charleston . . 
 Charle.stown 
 Charl'ttesvillc 
 
 Christ'nsburg 
 Clarkesville . . 
 Danville 
 
 u 
 
 Fairmont 
 
 Farmville 
 
 Fincastle 
 
 Fredericksb'g 
 
 Harrisonburg 
 HowardsviUe 
 Jeffersouville 
 
 Lccsburg 
 
 Lewisburg. 
 Lexington . . 
 Lynchburg. 
 
 Maiden 
 
 Martiusburg 
 Moorfleld. . . . 
 Morgantown . 
 Norfolk... 
 
 Parkersburg . 
 
 Pearisburg, 
 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Philippi 
 
 Point Pleas'nt 
 Portsmouth. . 
 Richmond 
 
 Eomnoy . . 
 Salem . . . . 
 Scottsville 
 Staunton. . 
 u 
 
 Union . . . . 
 
 Weston 
 
 Wellsburg 
 Wheeling. 
 
 Winchester.. 
 
 Winchester.., 
 Wytheville... 
 
 Name of Bank. 
 Exchange Bank of Va, 
 Excliange Bank of Va. 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. 
 B. of the Old Dominion 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Bank of Virginia 
 
 Bank of Virginia 
 
 Bank of the Valley . , . 
 
 Monticello Bank 
 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. . 
 Bank of the Valley . , . 
 Exchange Bank of Va, 
 
 Bank ot Virginia 
 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. . 
 
 Fairmont Bank 
 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. . 
 Farmers' Bk. Fincastle 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. 
 Bank of Virginia .... 
 Bank of Commerce . . 
 Bank of Rockingbara 
 Bank of HowardsviUe 
 Nortb-Western Bank 
 Trans- Alleghany Bank 
 Bank of the Valley. . . 
 Farmers' Bank ot Va. 
 Bank of Rockbridge. 
 Bank of Virginia .... 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. 
 Exchange Bank of Va. 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Bank of Kanawha .... 
 
 Bank of Berkeley 
 
 Bank of the Valley . . . 
 Merch. & Mechanics' . 
 
 Bank of Virginia 
 
 Exchange Bank of Va 
 Farmers' Bank of Va. . 
 North- Western Bank. 
 B. Old Dominion Br. . 
 
 Bank of Virginia 
 
 Exchange Bank of Va. 
 Farmei-s' Bank of Va. . 
 Bank of Pliilippi. . 
 Merch. & Mechanics'. 
 Bank of Virginia . . 
 Bank of Virginia . . 
 Exchange Bank of Va. 
 Farmers' Bunk of Va.. 
 Bank of the Valley. . . 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Bank of Scottsville . . . 
 Bank of the Valley . . . 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 Bank of Virginia 
 
 Exchange Bank of Va. 
 Nortli- Western Bank . 
 Merch. & Mechanics'. 
 North- Western Bank . 
 Man. & Farmers' Bank 
 Bank of Wheeling .... 
 Bank of the Valley. . . 
 Bank of Winchester. . 
 Farmers' Bank of Va, . 
 Farmers' Bank of Va.. 
 South Western Bank. 
 
 Total 66 Banks. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Pr esident. 
 
 J. C. Greenway 
 
 Robert Jamieson 
 
 William Crregory 
 
 William N. McVeigh. 
 
 James R. Kent 
 
 Charles T. Beale 
 
 James C. McFarland . . 
 
 Andrew Kennedy 
 
 N. H. Massie 
 
 John R. .Tones 
 
 David Wade 
 
 E. A. Williams 
 
 Thomas P. Atkinson . . 
 Nathaniel T. Greene. . 
 
 John P. Chisler 
 
 C. C. Read 
 
 James McDowell 
 
 John H. Wallace 
 
 Walker P. Conway . . . 
 
 J. B. Ficklen 
 
 A. B. Iriek 
 
 W. A. Tnrncr 
 
 John W. Johnston . . . 
 
 Wm. P. Floyd 
 
 John Janhey 
 
 James H. Nesmith 
 
 E. F. Paxton 
 
 Chesweli Dabney 
 
 William Radford 
 
 John G. Meem 
 
 Charles R. Slaughter.. 
 
 Heni-y Fitzhugh 
 
 John Blair Hoge . . 
 Thomas Maslin. . . . 
 
 Matthew Gay 
 
 Mver Myers 
 
 William W.Sharp. 
 Duncan Robertson. 
 
 James Cook 
 
 A. G. Pendleton.. . 
 
 Joseph Bragg 
 
 Thomas S. Gholson 
 
 John Kevan 
 
 U. W. Parrott 
 
 James Capehart. . . 
 John G. Hatton . . . 
 
 -James Caskie 
 
 John C. Hobson. . . 
 WilliamH.MaeFarland 
 
 David Gibson 
 
 William Watts 
 
 J. W. Eraser. 
 
 Kenton Harper 
 
 William Kinney 
 
 John Echols 
 
 J. M. Bennett 
 
 Adam Kuhn 
 
 Samuel Ott 
 
 John C. Campbell 
 
 T. Sweeney 
 
 CD. Hubbard 
 
 A. Stuart Baldwin 
 
 Robert Y. Conrad 
 
 Robert L.Baker 
 
 Stephen McGavock. . . 
 Robt. Gibboney 
 
 Circuial'n $12,000,000. 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 Robert E. Preston 
 
 John Hooflf. 
 
 W. H. Marburji; 
 
 James McKenzie 
 
 W.H. Peek 
 
 Jordan Anthony 
 
 Samael Hannah 
 
 Cato Moore 
 
 B. C. Flannagan 
 
 William A. Bibb 
 
 C.B.Gardner 
 
 Augustus C. Finley. . . 
 
 George E. Welsh 
 
 George W. Johnson. . 
 
 G.H.Sprigg 
 
 Archibald v aughan. . . 
 William MeCreery. . . . 
 
 Arthur Goodwin 
 
 William K. Gordon . . . 
 John M. Herndou , . , , 
 
 C. C. Strayer 
 
 D. J. Hartshook 
 
 John A. Kelly 
 
 Thomas H. Gillespie. . 
 William A. Powell . . . 
 
 Thomas Mathews 
 
 J. H. Myers 
 
 John M. Otey 
 
 Alexander Tompkins. 
 William M. Blackford. 
 
 Robert C. Mitchell 
 
 A. Spencer Nye 
 
 D. Burkhart 
 
 Samuel H. Alexander. 
 
 William Wagner 
 
 Robert W. Bowden. . . 
 
 George W. Camp 
 
 A. Tunstall 
 
 Beverly Smith 
 
 Andrew H. Johnston. 
 George W. Stainback. 
 
 C. F.Fisher 
 
 Pleasant C. Osborne . . 
 
 S. D. Morrall 
 
 James D. Thompson. . 
 William H. Wilson... 
 
 Samuel Marx 
 
 William P. Strother . . 
 John Adams Smith... 
 
 William A. Vance 
 
 John B. J. Logan 
 
 William D. Davis 
 
 Edwin M. Taylor 
 
 W. H. Tams 
 
 M. McDaniel 
 
 E.J. MoCandlish 
 
 Samuel Jacob 
 
 Sobieski Brady 
 
 Daniel Lamb 
 
 J. R. Dickey 
 
 Daniel C. List. 
 
 Henry M. Brent 
 
 Robert B. Wolfe 
 
 Joseph H. Sherrard.. 
 
 W.W.Hanson 
 
 T. J. Morrison ; 
 
 Specie $4,000,000. % 15,100,700 
 
 Capital. 
 $150,000 
 265,800 
 300,000 
 382,100 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 150,000 
 160,000 
 200,000 
 116,000 
 150,000 
 300,000 
 125,000 
 120,000 
 
 57,700 
 153,100 
 100,000 
 260,000 
 290,000 
 203,000 
 217,300 
 150,000 
 190,800 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 300,000 
 325.000 
 375,400 
 500,000 
 300,000 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 400,900 
 290,000 
 103,100 
 100,000 
 325,000 
 592,100 
 270,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 225,000 
 861,250 
 748,300 
 804,000 
 130,000 
 101,500 
 
 77,000 
 225,000 
 237,200 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 140,000 
 440,000 
 517,800 
 182,500 
 137,700 
 410,000 
 113,000 
 250,000 
 130,000 
 
 70,000 
 
North Carolina — South Carolina. 
 
 17 
 
 Location, 
 Aahoville.. 
 Charlotte .... 
 
 Elizabeth City 
 
 Fayetteville.. 
 (( 
 
 i( 
 
 (( 
 
 Greensboro. 
 
 Milton 
 
 Morganton.. 
 
 Newbern . . . 
 (I 
 
 Ealeigh 
 
 u 
 
 Salem 
 
 Salisbury . . . 
 Tarboro 
 
 Wadeaboro . 
 Washington. 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Windsor.. ... 
 Yancey ville., 
 
 Camden . . . 
 
 " Branch 
 Charleston. 
 
 Name of Bank. 
 
 Bank of Cape Fear 
 
 Bank of State of N.C. 
 Bank of Charlotte .... 
 Bank of State of N.C. 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Bank of Stixte of N. C. 
 Bank of Cape Fear. . . . 
 Bank of Fayetteville . . 
 Bank of Clarendon.. . . 
 Bank of Cape Fear ... . 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Bank of State of N. C 
 Bank of State of N. C 
 Bank of State of N. C 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Bank of State of N. C, 
 Bank of Cape Fear .... 
 Bank of Cape Fear. . . . 
 
 Bank of Cape Fear 
 
 Bank of State of N. C 
 Bank of Wadesboro. . . 
 Bank of Cape Fear. . . . 
 Bank of Washington. . 
 
 Bank of Cape Fear 
 
 Bank of State of N. G 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Bank of Wilmington . . 
 Bank of State of N. C. 
 Bank of Yancey ville. . 
 
 Total 29 Banks. 
 
 WORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 President. 
 
 John Irwin 
 
 John J. Blackwood. . . 
 
 William F. Martin 
 
 Robinson White 
 
 Augustus W. Steel .. . 
 
 Charles T. Haigh 
 
 John D. Starr 
 
 John D. Williams 
 
 Chester... 
 
 Cheraw. . . 
 
 Columbia .... 
 
 " Branch 
 
 u a 
 
 Georgetown , . 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Newberry 
 
 Winnshoj'o. . . 
 
 Albany 
 
 {( 
 (( 
 
 Americua . . . 
 
 (b 
 
 Atlanta 
 
 (( 
 Alliens 
 
 Bank of Camden 
 
 Bank of State of S.C. 
 Bank of State of S.C. 
 Bank of Charleston. . . 
 Bk. of South-CaroUna. 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 Plantera & Mechanics' 
 S. Wcstei-n Railroad B, 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Union Bank of S. C. . . 
 Farm. & Exchange Bk. 
 Bank of Chester. . . 
 Merchants' Bank. . 
 Exchange Bank of Col. 
 Bank ol State of S.C. 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Bank of Georgetown. . 
 
 Bank of Hamburg 
 
 Bank of Newberry. . . . 
 Planters' B. of Fairfield 
 
 Total 20 Banks. 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Meoh. & Planters' Bk. 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Savannah 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Bank of Fulton 
 
 Bank State of Georgia. 
 Geo. R. B. & Bank. Co. 
 Bank of State of Geo.. 
 
 Samuel Watkins 
 
 Thomas Walton 
 
 George S. Attmore . . 
 
 Cliarles Slover 
 
 George W. Mordeoai . . 
 
 R. R. Bridgera 
 
 W.R.Leak 
 
 John Myers 
 
 Jamea E. Hoyt 
 
 Thomas H. Wright. . 
 
 Edward P. Hall 
 
 Oscar G. Parsley 
 
 .John MoRae 
 
 Jonathan S. Tayloe . . 
 Thomas D. Johnson . 
 
 Oircalation $4,500,000. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William E. Johnson. . 
 
 C. J. Shannon 
 
 Charles M. Furman. . . 
 
 J. K. Sass 
 
 William Birnie 
 
 Donald L. McKay 
 
 Daniel Ravenol 
 
 James Rose 
 
 Edward Sebring 
 
 Henry Ravenel 
 
 William M. Martin . . . 
 George S. Cameron. . . 
 
 J. Eli Gregg 
 
 J. S. Scott 
 
 Robert H. Goodwyn . . 
 John A. Crawford .... 
 
 James G. Henning 
 
 J.W.Stokes 
 
 Benjamin D. Boyd 
 
 James R. Aiken 
 
 Glreulation 16,300,000, 
 
 GEORGIA, 
 Agency 
 
 Amherst W. Stone. 
 Agency 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 J. F. E. Hardy 
 
 Thomas W. Dewey. 
 
 John C. Ehringhaus 
 Reuben F. Overman 
 Henderson C. Lucas 
 Archibald McLean.. 
 William G. Broadfoot. 
 John W. Sandford. 
 Jesse H. Lindsay. . 
 W.A. Caldwelh... 
 William E. Hill . . . 
 
 E. J. Erwin 
 
 John M. Roberts . . 
 WiUiam W.Clark.... 
 
 Charles Dewey 
 
 William H. Jones . 
 
 Israel G. Lash 
 
 Dolphin A. Davis . 
 
 R. Chapman 
 
 Hampton B. Hammond 
 W. R. S. Burbank.. 
 
 M. Stevenson 
 
 Henry R. Savage . . . 
 William Eeaton .... 
 Timothy Savage. . . . 
 Stephen Jewett .... 
 
 L. S. Webb 
 
 Joseph J. Lawson. . 
 
 Specie $1,500,000. 
 
 W. H. R. Workman . 
 Joaeph W. Doby . . . . 
 Thomas R. Waring. . 
 •John Cheesborough. 
 
 George B. Reid 
 
 H. G. Loper 
 
 C. H. Stevens 
 
 J. Clarence Cochran . 
 
 B. M.Lee 
 
 William D. Clancy . . 
 William C. Brcese . . . 
 
 John A. Bradley 
 
 WiUiam Godfrey . . . . 
 
 Jesse Drafts 
 
 John Fisher 
 
 E. J. Scott 
 
 R. E. Fraser 
 
 A. C. DeCott 
 
 R. L. MoCaughrin . . . 
 H. L. Elliot 
 
 Specie $1,000,000. $ 
 
 Y. G.Eust 
 
 G. C. Carmichael.a(/'«»t 
 K. II. D. Sorrel.. '' 
 
 F. M. Coker ' 
 
 G.M.Taylor.... ' 
 Wm. M. Williams.. 
 
 A. J. Brady agi 
 
 Perino Brown 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $125,000 
 125,000 
 300,000 
 125,000 
 800,000 
 150,000 
 825,000 
 880,000 
 400,000 
 100,000 
 120,000 
 125,000 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 225,000 
 300,000 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 125,000 
 150,000 
 300,000 
 175,000 
 375,000 
 400,000 
 800,000 
 350,000 
 541,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 $6,591,000 
 
 $400,000 
 
 1,123,460 
 
 3,160,800 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 872,475 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 800,000 
 200,000 
 500,000 
 300,000 
 300,00ft 
 
 14,956,735 
 
 Blanton M. Hill | Henry HuU, Jr. 
 
 $178,000 
 
 100,000 
 
18 
 
 Georgia — A labama. 
 
 Location. 
 Athens .... 
 Auffusta.... 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 Bainhridge. 
 Brunswick . 
 Carteraville 
 Columbus . 
 
 Dalton , 
 
 Dublin'.'.'.'!!, 
 
 Eatonton 
 
 Forsyth 
 
 Greensboro . , 
 (( 
 
 Griffin !! 
 
 it 
 (t 
 
 La Grange... 
 t( 
 
 Macon 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 t( 
 
 ({ 
 
 Madison 
 
 Milledgeville 
 
 Newnan 
 
 Einggold — 
 
 Rome 
 
 tt 
 
 Sandersville. 
 Savannah 
 
 Bparta 
 
 Thomasville. 
 Washington. 
 
 Hunts ville 
 
 Mobile 
 
 t( 
 
 Montgomery . 
 Selma 
 
 Name of Bank, 
 Bank of Athens .... 
 Augusta Ins. & Bk. Co. 
 
 Bank of Augusta 
 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 Geo. E. E. & Bank. Co. 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Southern Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Eailroad Bank 
 
 Bank of Columbus 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 Bank of Savannah 
 
 Cherokee Ins. & B. Co. 
 Planters' &Meo'sBk. 
 
 Bank of Savannah 
 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 Bank of Greensboro. . 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Augusta 
 
 La Grange Bank 
 
 Bank of Middle Geo. . 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Manufacturers' Bank. . 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Bank of Savannah .... 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Augusta 
 
 Northwestern Bank. . . 
 
 Eailroad Bank 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Empire State. 
 
 Bank of Savannah 
 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 Bank of State of Geo.. 
 
 Bank of Savannah 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Mech. Savings Bank. . 
 Meroh. & Plant'rs Bk. 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Eailroad Bank 
 
 Planters' Bank 
 
 Bank of Savannah. . . . 
 Bank of State of Geo. . 
 
 67 BanJcs and Agencies. 
 
 Northern Bank of Ala. 
 
 Bank of Mobile 
 
 Southern Bank of Ala. 
 Bank of Montgomery 
 Central Bk. of Alabama 
 Commer. Bk. of Ala. . 
 
 Total 6 Banks. 
 
 President. 
 
 Stevens Thomas 
 
 Wm. M. D'Antignac. 
 
 John Bones 
 
 Thomas Barrett 
 
 John P. King 
 
 Thomas S. Metcalf. . . 
 
 Edward Thomas 
 
 Artemas Gould 
 
 N. L. Cloud 
 
 P.J. Phillips 
 
 Agency 
 
 William H. Young.. . 
 Agency 
 
 N. B. Curtiss.. 
 James Morris. 
 
 Agency 
 
 John fludson . 
 Agency 
 
 F.H.Cone.... 
 
 Agency 
 
 P. E.Bearden. 
 Agency 
 
 Thomas Burch . 
 
 Isaac Scott 
 
 iAgency 
 
 Wm. H.'Sray!! 
 
 Elijah Bond 
 
 Agency 
 
 W. H. Juman. 
 Agency 
 
 A. E. Smith. 
 Agency 
 
 G. B. Lamar , 
 
 Anthony Porter 
 
 Lewis F. Harris 
 
 Charles F. Mills 
 
 John S. MontmoUm . . 
 
 Hiram Koberts 
 
 George W. Anderson, 
 Eichard E. Cayler. . . , 
 Agency 
 
 Samuel Barnett 
 
 Circulation $5,000,000 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 J. J. Donegan 
 
 William E.Hallett.... 
 
 H. A. Schroeder 
 
 E. C. Hannoii 
 
 William Knox 
 
 W. J. Norris 
 
 Circulation $4,000,000. 
 
 Cashier. 
 Albin P. Bearing.. . 
 
 Eobert Walton 
 
 James W. Davies. . . 
 Greenville Simmons 
 Joseph Milligan .... 
 
 Milo Hatch 
 
 John Craig 
 
 W. J. Sams 
 
 B.H.Gee 
 
 W. W. Barker 
 
 John S. Eowland.o^i. 
 
 David Adams 
 
 J. D.Carter 
 
 P. J. Semmes 
 
 L. G. Bowers 
 
 H. H. Epping 
 
 S. M. Farrar 
 
 James H. Bard 
 
 T. B. Thompson 
 
 Freeman H. Eowe 
 
 D. E. Adams 
 
 Benier Pye agent 
 
 C. A. Davis 
 
 J. L. Thompson 
 
 M. G. Dobbins ..age 
 
 H. L. MoClung 
 
 A. Fleming agent 
 
 A. Merritt " 
 
 B. B. Amoss " 
 
 W. H.TuUer 
 
 H. M. North. 
 
 J. H. E.Washington, a. 
 
 I. C. Plant 
 
 Edward J. Stow 
 
 Geo. W. Hardie, acting 
 N. C. Monroe. . . agent 
 
 J. E. Jones 
 
 John W. Porter. ae'c-ni 
 A. M. Nisbet.... '' 
 
 J. J. Pinson ' 
 
 A. B. Cowan 
 
 H. J. Sargent agent 
 
 N.J. Bayard.... " 
 
 C. J. Cunningham 
 
 A. M. Sloan agent 
 
 W. E. Alexander " 
 William Hodge.. " 
 
 J. C. Ferrill 
 
 J. K. Teffl 
 
 William B.Tinsley... 
 William P. Hunter. . . 
 
 J. B. Williams 
 
 Augs. Barie 
 
 Hugh W. Mercer 
 
 George A. Cuyler 
 
 Thomas M. Turner. . . 
 Edw. Eemington, ag''t 
 3. J. Eobertson 
 
 Specie $1,500,000. $ 
 
 Theo. Lacy 
 
 J. S. Green 
 
 Daniel C. Sampson . . . 
 
 E. M. Burton 
 
 H.W. Cater 
 
 W.T.Hatchett 
 
 Specie $2,000,000. 
 
 Capital. 
 100,000 
 600,000 
 600,000 
 400,000 
 500,000 
 500,000 
 300,000 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 125,000 
 250,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 150,000 
 125,000 
 
 200,000 
 125,000 
 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 500,000 
 1,500,000 
 500,000 
 1,000,000 
 250,000 
 417,000 
 535,400 
 205,790 
 
 100,000 
 
 10,711,190 
 
 $200,000 
 1,500,000 
 600,000 
 100,000 
 700,000 
 300,000 
 
 $3,300,000 
 
Illinois — Indiana. 
 
 19 
 
 Location. 
 
 Alton 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Belleville . . . . 
 Belvidere . . . . 
 
 Benton 
 
 Bloomington. 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Charleston. .. 
 
 Chester 
 
 Chicago 
 
 a 
 
 Decatnr 
 
 Elgin 
 
 Equality 
 
 Fan-field 
 
 (ialena 
 
 Galesburg. . . . 
 
 Grayville 
 
 u 
 
 Griggs ville. . . 
 Hutsouville.. 
 Jacksonville., 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Marion 
 
 McLeansboro 
 
 Monmouth. . 
 Naperville.. . 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Paris 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Peru 
 
 Quiucy 
 
 Baleigh 
 
 Bobinson .... 
 
 Eush ville 
 
 Shawneetown 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Washington. . 
 Waukegan . . . 
 W. Urbana... 
 
 Bloomington. 
 Cambridge... 
 Columbus. . . . 
 Evansville . . . 
 ** 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Goshen 
 
 tt 
 
 Gosport 
 
 Greencastle . . 
 
 Lima 
 
 Madison 
 
 Ifimu qfBanh. 
 
 Alton Bank 
 
 Bank of Aurora 
 
 Bank of Belleville 
 
 Belvidere Bank 
 
 I"rontier Bank 
 
 Bank of Bloomington . 
 McLean County Bank . 
 Bank of Southern 111. . 
 Farm. & Traders' Bk.. 
 
 Bank of Chester 
 
 Bank of America 
 
 Marine Bank , 
 
 Chicago Bank 
 
 Railroad Bank 
 
 Bank of Elgin 
 
 National Bank 
 
 Corn Exchange Bank. , 
 
 Bank of Galena , 
 
 Eeed's Bank , 
 
 Grayville Bank 
 
 Southern Bank of 111. 
 Bank of Pike County. 
 Bank of HutsonviUe . . 
 Morgan County Bank. 
 Merchants & Drovers' 
 Agricultural Bank. . . . 
 E.I.Tinkham&Co.'sBk 
 Bank of Republic. , 
 Hamilton County Bank 
 Warren Co. Bank. . 
 Bank of Naperville. . . 
 Bank of Ottawa. . . 
 Mississippi Eiver Bk. 
 Edgar County Bank.. . 
 
 Central Bank 
 
 Bank of Peru 
 
 Bank of Quinoy 
 
 American Exon. Bank 
 
 Bank of Ealeirfi 
 
 International Bank. . 
 Bk. of Commonwealth 
 
 Eushville Bank 
 
 State Bank of Illinois. . 
 Grand Prairie Bank.. . 
 
 Prairie State Bank 
 
 Bk. of Northern lU. . . 
 Cattle Bank 
 
 Total 45 iJanfo. 
 
 Bloomington Bank 
 
 Cambridge City Bank . 
 Kentucky Stock Bank. 
 
 Canal Bank 
 
 Crescent City Bank. . . 
 Indiana Farmers' Bk.. 
 
 Bank of Goshen 
 
 Salem Bank 
 
 Bank of Gosport 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 La Grange Bank 
 
 Indiana Bank 
 
 ILLIirOIS. 
 
 Free Banks. 
 
 President. 
 
 E. Marsh 
 
 M. V.Hall 
 
 Eugene Miltenberger. 
 
 Alex. Neely 
 
 C.D.Chase 
 
 A. H. Moore 
 
 A. Gridley 
 
 W.W.Wright 
 
 Thomas A. Marshall. 
 
 W. Poulterer 
 
 George Smith 
 
 J. Y. Scammon 
 
 Thomas Buroh 
 
 P. D. Kline 
 
 M. C. Town 
 
 E. D. Humphrey .... 
 
 Henry Corwith 
 
 A. D. Eeed 
 
 E.Chase 
 
 Eusaell Hinckley 
 
 Thomas L. Luders.. . 
 William H. Marston. 
 
 H.E.Eeed 
 
 William Smith 
 
 S. B. Wheelock 
 
 Smith Tinkham 
 
 Chas. H. Eockwell.. . 
 
 John A. Gwynne 
 
 T. L. Mackey 
 
 Willard Scott 
 
 B. C.Cook 
 
 M. H. Merriman 
 
 Hiram Sandford 
 
 E. B. Elwood 
 
 Theron D. Brewster. 
 John McGinnis, Jr. . 
 WiUiamH. Pariah... 
 
 W. Stadden 
 
 E. C. Spain 
 
 W. A. S. Van Dusen. 
 
 William H.Eay 
 
 Joseph Bowles 
 
 W. N.Coler 
 
 A. H. Danforth 
 
 Davids. Smith 
 
 Oireidation $6,198,000. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Free Bakes. 
 
 E. A. Akin 
 
 Isaac Myer 
 
 W. F. Pidgin 
 
 John S. Hopkins. . . 
 Willard Carpenter . . 
 
 S. Harriott 
 
 J. H. Barns 
 
 Thomas G. Harris. . 
 W. D. Alexander.. . 
 William D.Allen... 
 
 J. B. Howe 
 
 E. G. Whitney 
 
 Cashier. 
 Charles A. Caldwell . . 
 
 B. F. HaU 
 
 S. E. Mandlebaum 
 
 Chas. Neely 
 
 Edward Thorp 
 
 Theron Pardee 
 
 Wm. S. Joiner 
 
 John W. True 
 
 C. Miltenberger 
 
 E. W. Willard 
 
 Benjamin F. Carver. . 
 
 I. H. Buroh 
 
 H. B. Durfee 
 
 A. J. Waldron 
 
 W.H.Crawford 
 
 Joseph W. Lewis. . . . 
 Charles G. P. Hunt. . 
 
 E. S. Chapman 
 
 L. B. Clark 
 
 Charles D. Affleck... 
 E. MoK. Ludlow.... 
 
 Abram Brewer 
 
 W.W. Wright 
 
 E. E. Goodell 
 
 E. M. Handley 
 
 William Eickords. . . . 
 
 John EockweU 
 
 A.G. Cloud 
 
 J. Quinby 
 
 C.W.Keith 
 
 George S. Fisher 
 
 C. C. Merriman 
 
 Geo. E. Levings 
 
 C. S. Matteson 
 
 Fred. S.Day 
 
 Maitland Boon 
 
 O.H.Miner 
 
 E.C.Spain 
 
 J. Gilbert Smith 
 
 J.H.Low 
 
 CM. Wheelock 
 
 A. B. Safford 
 
 T.S.Hubbard 
 
 A. G. Danforth 
 
 Charles D. Bickford.. 
 C.M.Sherfy 
 
 Speck $635,000. 
 
 W. C. Tnrkington 
 
 Tho. Newby 
 
 B. F. Jones 
 
 William T.Page.. 
 
 W.Baker 
 
 E. L. Overstreet. . 
 
 J. H. Defrees 
 
 John Cook, Jr. . . . 
 
 L. M. Hays 
 
 A. D.Wood 
 
 S. P. Williams... 
 H.H.Barton 
 
 Otra'tation 
 
 $60,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 230,000 
 
 23,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 292,000 
 
 126,000 
 
 55,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 156,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 91,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 472,000 
 
 105,000 
 
 144,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 78,000 
 
 137,000 
 
 69,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 210,000 
 
 64,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 75.000 
 
 94,000 
 
 63,000 
 
 65,000 
 
 208,000 
 
 291,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 32,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 53,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 $6,198,000 
 
 $50,000 
 81,000 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 71,000 
 90,000 
 25,000 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 
 123,500 
 
20 
 
 Indiana — Kentucky. 
 
 Location. 
 Michigan City 
 Mt. Vernon . . 
 New- Albany . 
 
 Paoli 
 
 Eockville 
 
 Salem 
 
 Terre Haute.. 
 
 u u 
 
 "Wabash 
 
 Westfield.... 
 
 Indianapolis. 
 Bedford .... 
 Connersville .. 
 Evansville . . . 
 Fort Wayne. . 
 Indianapolis . 
 Jeffersonville. 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Laporte . . . 
 Lawrenceb 'rg 
 
 Lima 
 
 Logansport . . 
 
 Madison 
 
 Muncie 
 
 New-Albany 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Eichmond . . 
 Eusliville . . . 
 South Bend. 
 Terre Haute. 
 Vinoeunes . . 
 
 Ashland .... 
 
 Shelby ville.. 
 Louisville . . 
 Bowl'e Green 
 
 Danville 
 
 Frankfort.. 
 
 Greensburff. 
 
 • Hopkinsviile . 
 
 Lexington . 
 
 Mayaville 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Flemin^sburg 
 Paduoah . . 
 
 Harrodsburg . 
 Versailles . . . 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Covington . . 
 Henderson. . 
 Georgetown . 
 Maysville . . . 
 Mt. Sterling. 
 Princeton . . . 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Lexington . . 
 Barbourville 
 Covington . . 
 
 Kami of Bank. 
 Bank of Indiana. . . . 
 Bank of Mt. Vernon 
 
 Bank of Salem 
 
 Bank of Paoli 
 
 Parke County Bank. 
 
 Bank of Salem 
 
 Prairie City Bank . . 
 
 Southern Bank 
 
 Bank of Eockville . . 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 Total 22 Banhs. 
 
 Bank 
 
 Parent Bank 
 
 Branch Bank 
 
 (( u 
 
 u u ' " " " 
 
 a i( ' * * ' 
 
 (( ti 
 
 .. (( 
 
 (i li ' ' 
 
 (( (( 
 
 (t (( 
 
 (( (( 
 
 U It 
 
 it *' . . . 
 
 (( (( 
 
 U (( 
 
 (( .. 
 
 (( (C 
 
 a (( 
 
 (( ti 
 
 (( u 
 
 Total 21 Banhs. 
 
 Bank of Ashland . . 
 
 " " Branch 
 
 Bank of Kentucky. . 
 
 " " Braneli 
 
 Bk. of Kentucky, Br'cb 
 
 Franklin Savings Ins . 
 Louisville " " 
 Mechanics' Bank . . 
 Bk. of Louisville... 
 " " Branch 
 
 t( it u 
 
 Commercial Bk. of Ky. 
 
 Farmers' Bank of Ky. 
 *' " Branch 
 
 Northern Bk. of Ky.. . 
 " " Branch! 
 
 PreHdeni. 
 
 C. B. Blair 
 
 G.G.Baker 
 
 L. Bradley 
 
 James M. Haines. . . . 
 
 Geo. K. Steele 
 
 W. C. De Paw 
 
 C. W. Barbour 
 
 J.H.Williams 
 
 A. W. Brockway 
 
 W. Eobson 
 
 Circulation |1,300,000. 
 
 State of Indiana. 
 
 Hugh McCulloch 
 
 Elijah Sabiu 
 
 Newton Olavpool 
 
 George W. liathbone. 
 
 Hugh McCulloch 
 
 George Tousey 
 
 James Montgomery. . . 
 
 Moses Fowler 
 
 David G. Eose 
 
 Elzey G. Burkam 
 
 John B. Howe 
 
 William C. Haney 
 
 Joseph M. Moore 
 
 John Marsh 
 
 John S. McDonald 
 
 William J. Walker.... 
 Albert C. Blanchard. . 
 
 George Hibben 
 
 John Brownfield 
 
 Levi G. Warren 
 
 JolmEoss 
 
 Circulation $2,800,000 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Hugh Means 
 
 Josephus H. Wilson. 
 
 Virgil McKnight 
 
 J. E. Underwood .... 
 
 James Kinnaird 
 
 A. W. Dudley 
 
 John Barrett 
 
 J.P.Campbell 
 
 Henry Bell 
 
 Andrew M. January. 
 Charles Gallagher . . . 
 G. W. Mcrriwether. . 
 
 John M. Stokes 
 
 Joshua B. Bowles . . . 
 
 D. K. Stockton 
 
 James Campbell 
 
 L. M. Flournoy 
 
 Peter E. Dunn 
 
 David Thornton 
 
 John H. Hanna 
 
 John W. Stevenson. 
 
 Owen Glass 
 
 James F. Eobinson. . . 
 
 Harrison Taylor 
 
 Eichard Apperson . . . 
 
 W.D.Tinsley 
 
 Cyrenius Waite 
 
 Matthew T. Scott 
 
 George M. Adams . . . 
 James M. Preston 
 
 CaaJiier. 
 W. W. Higgins. . . 
 A. S.Curtis 
 
 E. Newland 
 
 A.M. Black 
 
 C. W. Levings . . . 
 J. L. Monaugh... 
 Jno. S. Beach 
 
 F. S. Williams . . . 
 
 J. L. Knight 
 
 J. J. Eeeve 
 
 160,000. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $50,000 
 23,000 
 75,000 
 50,000 
 86,000 
 50,000 
 82,700 
 59,000 
 59,000 
 70,000 
 
 James M.Eay 
 
 George A. Thornton. 
 Edward F. Claypool. 
 
 Samuel Bayard 
 
 Charles D. Bond 
 
 C. S. Stevenson 
 
 William H.Fogg.... 
 J. C. Brockenbrough 
 
 Samuel Burson 
 
 Henry K. Hobbs 
 
 Thomas S.Beals 
 
 James Cheney 
 
 George D. Fitzhiigh. 
 
 John W. Burson 
 
 V. A. Pepin 
 
 B. P. Walker 
 
 Charles F. Cotfin.... 
 W. C. MoEeynolds . . 
 
 Horatio Chapin 
 
 Preston Hnssey 
 
 J. F. Bayard 
 
 ^^ecie $1,069,000. 
 
 11,455,200 
 
 1100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 E. W. Martin 
 
 Shelby Vannatta 
 
 S. H.'Bullen 
 
 Thomas C. Calvert 
 
 Thomas Mitchell 
 
 Edmund H. Taylor.. 
 
 Henry C. Wood 
 
 Isaac H. Caldwell 
 
 Horace B. Hill 
 
 James Barbour 
 
 John D. O'Leary . 
 
 J. H. Ehorer, Treas . 
 
 H. S. Julian 
 
 Charles Tilden 
 
 D. K. Stockton 
 
 Samuel B. Hughes. . . 
 
 J. L. Dallam 
 
 Thomas P. Mitchell.. 
 
 Eichard D. Shipp 
 
 John B. Temple 
 
 Thomas B. Page 
 
 David Banks 
 
 Fabricius C. McCaUa. 
 James A. Johnson. . . 
 
 William Mitchel 
 
 Calebs. Henry 
 
 John 6. Lair 
 
 A. F. Hawkins 
 
 William McClanahan 
 William Ernst 
 
 $2,100,000 
 
 $400,000 
 200,000 
 
 1,480,000 
 176,000 
 220,000 
 350,0', 
 125,000 
 250,000 
 650,000 
 450,000 
 200,000 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 880,000 
 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 250,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 800,000 
 400,000 
 250,000 
 200,000 
 400,000 
 200,11(10 
 300,000 
 100,000 
 680,000 
 100,000 
 400,000 
 
Louisiana — Michigan — Minsissippi — Missouri, 
 
 21 
 
 Location, 
 
 Louisville . . . 
 
 Paris 
 
 Eiehmond . . . 
 Eussellville... 
 Smithland . . . 
 CarroUton... . 
 
 Hickman 
 
 Louisville. . . . 
 Owonsboro . . 
 
 Baton Eouge 
 New-Orleans 
 
 Petroit . 
 
 Mt. Clemens. 
 Tecumseh. . . . 
 
 Aberdeen . . 
 Columbus. . 
 Holly Springs 
 Yazoo City. 
 
 St. Louis 
 Fayette.. 
 Cape Girard'u 
 Chilioothe.... 
 Jefferson City 
 Louisiana. . 
 Springfield 
 jjexington . . . 
 St. Louis. 
 
 ITamt of Bank. 
 Nor. Bk. of Ky., Bran. 
 
 (t u (t 
 
 Southern Bk. of Ky.... 
 " " Branch 
 a (( i( 
 It u „ 
 a (( (( 
 ti it tt 
 
 Total 89 Banls. 
 
 La. State Bank, Br.... 
 
 Bank of Louisiana 
 
 Louisiima State Bk.. . . 
 
 " " Branch 
 
 Mechanics & Traders' 
 
 N.O.Can'l&Bank.Co. 
 
 Union Bank of La 
 
 Bank of New-Orleans . 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Southern Bank 
 
 Bank of James Eobb. . 
 Bank of America 
 
 Pr evident. 
 "William Eichardson. . 
 
 John B. Eaine 
 
 Daniel Breck 
 
 George W. Norton 
 
 T.M.Davis 
 
 Caahier. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $600,000 
 870,000 
 150,000 
 400,000 
 800,000 
 
 Thomas Kelly 
 
 E. L. Shackelford 
 
 M. B. Morton 
 
 W.B. Winslow 
 
 E. C. Prather 
 
 John A. Crawford 
 
 William Owens, Jr. . . 
 Junius B. Alexander . 
 James B. Anderson. . . 
 
 ;S^ea« $5,000,000. $ 
 
 William S. Pike 
 
 Robert M. Davis 
 
 Chas. A. F. Eondeaux. 
 
 Eobert J. Palfrey 
 
 Gustavns Cruzat 
 
 Alfred H. Kernion 
 
 George A. Freret 
 
 Mortimer Belly 
 
 Eugene Eousseau 
 
 Thomas Lay ton 
 
 William B. Mount 
 
 200,000 
 150,000 
 
 A. A. Gordon 
 
 S. M. Wing 
 
 500,000 
 300,000 
 
 arcuUfn $13,500,000. 
 
 LOTTISIANA. 
 
 J. B. Kleinpeter 
 
 Wm. W. Montgomery 
 
 J. M. Lapeyre 
 
 W H. Avery . . . 
 
 
 12,930,000 
 
 $2,793,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 U. H. Dudley 
 
 H. A. Eathbone 
 
 Alfred Penn 
 
 1,000,000 
 3,164,000 
 1,600,000 
 
 Frank Williams 
 
 James D. Denegre 
 
 Frederick Eodewald. . 
 Phcenix N. Wood 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 Crescent City Bank . . . 
 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 Total 13 BanJcs. 
 
 Michigan Insurance. . . 
 
 Peninsular Bank 
 
 Farmers & Mechanics' 
 Bank Macomb County 
 Bank of Tecumseh 
 
 Total 5 Banhe. 
 
 Miss. Mutual Ins. Co. . 
 Columbus Ins. Co 
 
 Circulation. $4,000,000. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 John Owen 
 
 /§)<!(!i« $10,000,000. $ 
 
 Henry K. Sanger 
 
 Henry H. Brown 
 
 C. M. Davison 
 
 
 16,567,000 
 $200,000 
 
 Charles Howard 
 
 850,000 
 400,000 
 
 H. C. Kibbe 
 
 100,000 
 
 James A. Eaynor 
 
 Circulation $1,000,000. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 W. A. Sykes 
 
 Wedworth W. Clarke. 
 Specie $850,000. 
 
 James Carlisle 
 
 150,000 
 
 $1,200,000 
 
 
 $336,000 
 
 Northern Bank Miss. . 
 Com. Bk. Manchester. 
 
 Total 4 Banks. 
 
 Bk. of State of Mo 
 
 " " Branch 
 
 (( tt u 
 it tl (t 
 tt tt a 
 ti a (( 
 u (( u 
 
 Farmers' Bank, Mo . . . 
 
 Bank of St. Louis 
 
 City Bank 
 
 F. W. Lucas 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 Jos. H. Johnston 
 
 Circulation $1,000,000 
 
 JUISSOUBI. 
 
 James M. Hughes 
 
 Gerard Robinson 
 
 J. E. Wathan 
 
 Sam. V. Mitchell 
 
 Specie $50,000. 
 
 Antoine S. Eobinson. . 
 
 William C. Boon 
 
 Alfred T. Laoey 
 
 300,000 
 
 $836,000 
 
 $2,100,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 John W. Hancock 
 
 Eobert AuU 
 
 James R. Danforth . . . 
 Charles E. Morehead. . 
 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 
 John J. Anderson 
 
 John Simonds 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Mechanics' Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Southern Bank 
 
 Total 14 Banks, 
 
 Louis V. Bogy 
 
 Joseph Charless 
 
 John A. Brownlee — 
 James S. Watson 
 
 Circulation $1,200,000 
 
 Joseph S. Pease 
 
 J. W. WUls 
 
 300,000 
 
 R F. Barry 
 
 300,000 
 
 James H. Britton 
 
 Specie $1,600,000. 
 
 300,000 
 $4,700,600 
 
22 
 
 Nebraska — ( hio. 
 
 N£BBASEA. 
 
 Location. 
 DeSoto.... 
 Florence . . . 
 Nebraska City 
 Omaha City 
 
 AsMabnla . 
 Athena .... 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Canton .... 
 Chillicothe . 
 
 Cincinnati . 
 Circleville.. 
 Cleveland. . 
 
 Columbua . 
 
 C'yahogaF'lls 
 Dayton 
 
 Delaware . . 
 
 Eaton 
 
 Elyria 
 
 Fr'nklin Mills 
 
 Ironton 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Logan 
 
 Mansfield .... 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Marion 
 
 Massillon 
 
 Mt. Pleasant . 
 Mt. Vernon . . 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 PainesviUe . . . 
 
 Piqua 
 
 Portsmouth. . 
 
 Eavenna 
 
 Eipley 
 
 Salem 
 
 Springfield.... 
 
 SteubenvUle . 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Troy 
 
 Urbana 
 
 "Warren 
 
 Washington . 
 
 Wooster 
 
 Xenia 
 
 Youngstown . 
 Zanesville 
 
 Name of Bank, 
 
 Bank of DeSoto 
 
 Bank of Florence 
 
 Platte Valley Bank . . , 
 
 Bank of Nebraska 
 
 Western Mar. Ins. Co. 
 Bank of Tekmeah 
 
 President. 
 
 Geo. B. Sargent 
 
 S.F.Nuckolls 
 
 B. F. Allen 
 
 Thos. H. Benton, Jr . 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 O.H. Fitch 
 
 John Ballard 
 
 "W. W. Holloway.... 
 
 C. Dewey 
 
 J. A. Saxton ." 
 
 Henry Massie 
 
 Noah L. Wilson 
 
 James Hall 
 
 Marcus Brown 
 
 Lemuel Wick 
 
 "William A. Otis 
 
 Tiiomas M.Kelly.... 
 
 Joseph Perkins 
 
 Ahira Cobb 
 
 William A. Piatt.... 
 David W. Deshler. . . 
 
 *Farraer8' Branch Bk 
 *Athens Branch Bank 
 *Belmont Branch Bk. 
 *Harrison Branch Bk.. 
 Stark County Bank 
 *Chimcothe Br'ch Bk. 
 *Ross County Branch . 
 Commercial Bk. of Cin. 
 Pickaway Co. Bank. . 
 City Bk. of Cleveland.. 
 *Commero'l Br'nch Bk 
 *Merchants' Branch B. 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 
 Forest City Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 *E.xchange Bank 
 
 *Franklin Branch Bk. 
 *Summit County Bank 
 *Dayton Branch Bank 
 
 Dayton Bank 
 
 *Delaware County Bk. 
 *Preble County Bank. 
 
 *Lorain Bank 
 
 Franklin Bank 
 
 Iron Bank 
 
 *Hocking Valley Bank 
 *Logan Branch Bank. 
 
 *Farmer3' Bank 
 
 *Marietta Branch Bk. . 
 
 Bank of Marion 
 
 *Union Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 *Mt. Pleasant Bank... 
 *Knox County Bank. . 
 *Norwalk Branch Bk. 
 
 Bank of Geauga 
 
 *Piqua Branch Bank . 
 *Portsm'th Br'nch Bk. 
 *Portage County Bank 
 *Farmers' Branch Bk 
 *Farmers' Branch Bk 
 *Mad Elver Valley Bk, 
 
 Springfield Bank 
 
 *Jefferson Branch Bk. 
 
 *Toledo Branch 
 
 *Miami County Bank. 
 Champaign Co. Bk — 
 "Western Eeserve Bk.. 
 *6uernsey Branch Bk 
 *"Wayne County Bank 
 ■■'Xenia Branch Bank . 
 Mahoning County Bk. 
 
 Franklin Bank 
 
 *Muskingum Branch . 
 
 Total 54 Bmhs. Oirmlatvm |6,400,000. 
 
 * Branches of the State Bonk of Ohio. 
 
 E. N.Sill 
 
 Peter Odlin 
 
 D. A. Haynes 
 
 Ko.'^ea Williams 
 
 Jonathan Harshraan. 
 
 Elijah Dewitt 
 
 Zeuas Kent 
 
 James Eodgers 
 
 D. Tallmadge 
 
 John Madeu'a 
 
 James Purdy 
 
 John Mills 
 
 W. W. Conklin 
 
 Daniel L. Collier 
 
 Isaac Steese 
 
 James Gill 
 
 Henry B. Curtis 
 
 Timothy Baker 
 
 Daniel Kerr 
 
 William Scott .^ 
 
 Washington Kinney. 
 
 F. W. Seymour 
 
 Thomas MoKaig 
 
 Joseph J. Brooks 
 
 John Bacon 
 
 John Ludlow 
 
 John Andrews 
 
 Amasa Stone, Jr 
 
 John G. Telford 
 
 S. A. Winslow 
 
 George Parsons 
 
 John McCurdy 
 
 E. Eobison 
 
 A. Hivling 
 
 William Ray en 
 
 Daniel Brush 
 
 H. J. Jewett 
 
 Cashier. 
 
 J. M. Parker.. . 
 
 J. Garside 
 
 S. Moffatt 
 
 Lo Eoy Tuttle. 
 
 Amos F. Hubbard . . . 
 
 L. H. Stewart 
 
 John C. Tallman .... 
 
 Wm. Phillips 
 
 E. P. Grant 
 
 James B. Scott 
 
 B. P. Kingsbury 
 
 Charles B. Foote . . . . 
 
 0. Ballard, Jr 
 
 Albert Clark 
 
 Truman P. Handy . . . 
 
 George Mygatt 
 
 H. B. Hurl but 
 
 William H.Stanley.. 
 
 Thomas Moodie 
 
 Charles J. Hardy 
 
 Joseph Hutcheson. . . 
 
 E. S. Comstook 
 
 Charles G. Swain 
 
 Daniel Beekel 
 
 S. Moore, Jr 
 
 H. C. Hiestand 
 
 J. W. Hulbert 
 
 Charles Peck, Jr 
 
 George Willard 
 
 C. F. Garaghty 
 
 J. Walker 
 
 H.Colby 
 
 Israel E. Waters 
 
 J. Ault 
 
 Lewis Hurxthal, Jr. . 
 
 S. Hunt.... 
 
 Jonathan Binns 
 
 J. Frank Andrews. . . 
 
 John Gardiner 
 
 Salmon S. Osbom . . . 
 
 Joseph G. Young 
 
 Peter Kinney 
 
 John H. Ebbert 
 
 Daniel P. Evans 
 
 P. S. Campbell 
 
 Thomas Y. McGrew . 
 William McMeen. . . . 
 William Spencer . . . . 
 
 Paul Jones 
 
 Eoswell Gibbs 
 
 Henry P. Espy 
 
 George Taylor 
 
 Geo. A. Endley 
 
 E. Quinby, Jr 
 
 A. Trader 
 
 E.W.Taylor 
 
 Charles E. Eobins . . . 
 
 D. C. Convers 
 
 Specie $1,269,000. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 $100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 25,000 
 250,000 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 103,550 
 
 50,000 
 175,000 
 125,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 125,000 
 175,000 
 100,000 
 107,000 
 100,000 
 
 94,500 
 10U,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 93,600 
 
 65,350 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 103,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,746 
 
 60,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 120,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 $5,413,746 
 
Tenneisee — Texas — Wisconsin. 
 
 23 
 
 Location, 
 Athens 
 
 ChattsKooii^a. . 
 if 
 
 Clarkesville . . 
 
 Cleveland . . 
 Columbia. . . 
 
 Dandridge . 
 
 Dresden . . . 
 Franklin... 
 Jackson . . . 
 Knoxville 
 
 Lawrenceb'gr 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 MoMinnsville. 
 Memphis .... 
 
 Murfreesboro 
 Nashville 
 
 Paris 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 EogersvUle.. 
 
 Bhelbyville . 
 « 
 
 Somerville . . 
 
 Sparta 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Galveston . 
 
 Baraboo 
 
 Beaver Dam. 
 
 Beloit . 
 
 i^amt o/Bank. 
 *Bk. of Tennessee .... 
 ♦Planters' Bk. of Tenu. 
 Bank of Chattanooga. . 
 
 Union Bank 
 
 tBank of America 
 
 tBank of Tennessee. . . 
 *Plantera' Bk. of Tenn. 
 Northern Bk.of Tenn. . 
 
 Ocoee Bank 
 
 *Bank o Tennessee. . . 
 *Union Bank of Term. 
 Dandridge Bank ... 
 Bank of Jefferson. . 
 Bank of America. . 
 ♦Planters' Bank... 
 ♦Union Bank of Tenn. 
 Bank of Knoxville. . . 
 
 Farmers' Bank 
 
 ♦Union Bk. of Tenn. , 
 Lawrenceburg Bank . 
 Bank of Middle Tenn . . 
 
 Buck's Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank . . . 
 
 Bank of Memphis 
 
 Bank of West Tenn.. 
 ♦Planters' Bk.of Tenn 
 Eiver Bank of Tenn. . . 
 ♦Union Bank of Tenn . 
 
 Citizens' Bank 
 
 Southern Bank 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 tBank of Tennessee. . . 
 tPlanters' Bk. of Tenn. 
 ■j-Union Bank of Tenn. 
 Bank of Commerce . . . 
 
 Bank of the Union 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 Bank of Paris 
 
 ♦Planters' Bk.of Tenn 
 ♦Bank of Tennessee. . . 
 Bank of America. . 
 ♦Bank of Tennessee. . 
 ShelbyvilleBank.. 
 ♦Bank of Tennessee.. . 
 ♦ *' " 
 
 Bank of Tazewell 
 
 Bank of Claiborne .... 
 Bunk of Tennessee. 
 Bank of Trenton. . . 
 
 Total 51 Bank'. 
 
 Comm. & Agrioiltural 
 
 Sauk County Bank. . 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Dodge County Bank. 
 
 Mercantile Bank 
 
 Bank of Beloit 
 
 Eock Eiver Bank 
 
 * Branch Banks. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 PreHdimt. 
 William H. Ballew. 
 James H. Eea^an . 
 
 William Williams 
 
 M.D.Davio 
 
 E. W. Humphreys. ... 
 
 H. F. Beaumont 
 
 D. N. Kennedy 
 
 Thomas H. Callaway. . 
 
 A. Mackey 
 
 William Park 
 
 John Eoper 
 
 W. H. Inman 
 
 J. H. Otev 
 
 Wm. B. Slarshall 
 
 Dver Pearl 
 
 W. B. Shapard 
 
 P. Dickinson 
 
 S. E. Eose 
 
 S. T. Mottley 
 
 William Wliite 
 
 Daniel B. Turner 
 
 John Overton 
 
 W. 0. Lofland 
 
 E. MoDavitt 
 
 W. E. Cunningham. . . 
 
 Samuel Mosby 
 
 S.P.Walker 
 
 W. J. Davie 
 
 William Spence 
 
 Cave Johnson 
 
 Orville Ewing 
 
 John Kirkman 
 
 J. D. James 
 
 Daniel F. Carter 
 
 Dyer Pearl 
 
 W. B. Shapard, 
 
 W. B. Dortch 
 
 A. M. Ballentine 
 
 William Hutchison . . . 
 
 M. D. Davie 
 
 Eobert Mathews 
 
 Edward Cooper 
 
 Alexander Williamson 
 Wm. P. Goodbare. . . . 
 
 E. H. Skaggs 
 
 E. J. Foster 
 
 John S. Davis 
 
 E. W. Hubbard 
 
 Circulation 14,500,000. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 Samuel M. Williams . . 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Simeon Mills 
 
 Daniel D. Bead 
 
 Samuel L. Eose 
 
 Washington Bidwell.. 
 George B. Sanderson. . 
 
 Lucius G. Fisher 
 
 t Parent Banks. 
 
 OatMer. 
 
 A. Blizard 
 
 David Cleage. . . 
 W.D. Fulton.. 
 
 C. M. Hiter 
 
 B. H. Wisdom 
 
 William P. Hume . . . 
 
 James L. Glenn 
 
 Thomas J. Campbell. 
 
 J. C. Eye 
 
 S. A. Hamner 
 
 William A. Branner . 
 
 W. P. Inman 
 
 E. Y. Johnson 
 
 William S. Campbell. 
 E. F. MoKnight 
 
 E. G. Pearl 
 
 William T.WhelesB. 
 
 John J. Craig 
 
 William Simonton. . . 
 
 C. W. Jackson 
 
 W. White 
 
 W. A. Jones 
 
 F. G. Eoche 
 
 C.D.Smith 
 
 James Penn 
 
 M. J. Wicks 
 
 Frederick W. Smith . 
 John A. Sannoncr. . . 
 
 W. C. McClure 
 
 J. Spence 
 
 James Morton 
 
 D. Weaver 
 
 James Correy 
 
 D. D. James 
 
 G. H. Slaughter 
 
 E. G. Pearl 
 
 J. Porterfleld 
 
 H.C.West 
 
 G. W. Petway 
 
 H. Fain 
 
 J. F. Foard 
 
 E. N.Wallace 
 
 W. S. Jett 
 
 James Pettit 
 
 Joseph G. Mitchell. . 
 
 C. Hitchings 
 
 I. L. Evans 
 
 John A. Taliaferro.. . 
 O. B. CaldweU 
 
 Specie $1,500,000. $ 10,476,150 
 
 H. Jenkins 
 
 T. Thomas 
 
 B. G.Bloss 
 
 K. V. Bogert 
 
 W. S. Huntington 
 Louis C. Hyde — 
 E. E. Wadsworth 
 
 Capital. 
 
 $249,150 
 
 150,000 
 
 212,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 225,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 225,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 $322,000 
 
 $50,000 
 25,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 
24 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Black E. Fall 
 Brjnkerhoff. 
 Columbus. . . 
 Conterelle . . 
 Delavan .... 
 
 De Pere 
 
 Eagle Point. 
 Eau Claire . . . 
 Elkhoru .... 
 Fond du Lac 
 
 Fox Lake . . 
 Green Buy. 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Janesville .. 
 
 Kenosha . . 
 La Crosse . 
 Madison... 
 
 li 
 
 It 
 Maranett. . 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Montello 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Neenah 
 
 North Pepin. 
 Oshkosh 
 
 Pepin 
 
 Platteville . . . 
 Portage City . 
 Prairie duCli. 
 Eaeine 
 
 a 
 
 ti 
 Eiehland .... 
 
 Eipon 
 
 Sheboygan . . . 
 
 Stevens' Point 
 
 Bt. Croi.x 
 
 Watertown . 
 
 Waukesha.. . 
 
 Waupun 
 
 JTame of Bank. 
 Marquette Co. Bank . . 
 
 Kankakee Bank 
 
 St. Croix Eiver Bank. . 
 Bank of Columbus... . 
 Lumbermen's Bank . . 
 Walworth County Bk, 
 
 Brown Co. Bank 
 
 Arctic Bank 
 
 Hull's Bank 
 
 Elkhorn Bank 
 
 Bank of Fond du Lac . 
 
 Exchange Bank 
 
 Bank ot Northwest. . . 
 Bank of Fox Lake .... 
 
 Northern Bank 
 
 Fox Eiver Bank 
 
 Hudson City Bank. . . 
 
 Farmers Bunk 
 
 Badger State Bank. . . 
 Eock County Bank . . 
 Janesville dity Bank 
 Central Bank of Wis 
 Producers' Bank .... 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Kenosha County Bank 
 B'k City of La Crosse, 
 
 Katanyau Bank 
 
 Bank of the Capitol . . . 
 
 Merchants' Bank 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Dane Connty Bank. . . 
 
 M'isconsin Bank 
 
 Green Bay Bank 
 
 Wis. Mar. & F.Ius. Bk. 
 Bank of Milwaukee. . . 
 
 State Bank 
 
 Farmers & Millers' Bk, 
 Second Ward Bank... 
 
 Marine Bank 
 
 Juneau Bank 
 
 Globe B.mk 
 
 Bank of Montello 
 
 Bank of Monroe 
 
 Winnebago Co. Bank. 
 
 Oakwood Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 
 Bank of Oshkosh 
 
 Chippewa Bank 
 
 Bank of Grunt Co 
 
 Columbia County Bank 
 Bk. of Prairie du Chien 
 
 Bank of Eaeine 
 
 Eaeine County Bank 
 
 City Bank 
 
 Commercial Bank . . 
 Pine Eiver Valley Bk. 
 
 Bank of Eipon 
 
 Bunk of Sheboygan. . . 
 
 German Bank 
 
 Northwestern Bank . . 
 St. Croix Valley Bk... 
 Bank of Watertown. . . 
 Jefferson County Bunk 
 
 Forest City Bank 
 
 Waukesha County Bk. 
 
 Waupun Bank 
 
 Corn Exchange Bank . 
 
 Total 73 Banlx. 
 
 President. 
 C. Cronkhite 
 
 Caf(hier. 
 
 D. B. Whitacre 
 
 H. W.Harwood 
 
 Enoch Totten 
 
 James C. Barnes 
 
 J. B. Kenere 
 
 Capital 
 
 A. W. Mack 
 
 Aaron Blank 
 
 50,000 
 150,000 
 
 Wm. L. Lewis 
 
 E. Barnes 
 
 William C. Allen 
 
 George A. Lawton 
 
 M. V. Hall 
 
 50,000 
 200,000 
 50,000 
 25,000 
 50,000 
 
 W. W. Dinsmore 
 
 John 0. Eoorbaok 
 
 B. F. Hull 
 
 D. E. Moore 
 
 50,000 
 
 Legrand Eockwell 
 
 Abram G. Butler 
 
 Geo. MoWilliams 
 
 Benjamin F. Moore. . . 
 
 John W. Davis 
 
 U. H.Peck 
 
 D. D. Spencer 
 
 Charles W.Whinfleld. 
 
 K. A. Darling 
 
 Augs. G. Euggles 
 
 William J. Dexter 
 
 Eobert Chappell 
 
 Geo. Aug. Lawton 
 
 M. S. Gibson 
 
 25,000 
 60,000 
 76,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 
 Francis Desnoyers 
 
 J. 0. Heuning 
 
 Otis Hoyt 
 
 26,000 
 25 000 
 
 C. E. Dexter 
 
 50 000 
 
 Edward L. Dimock . . . 
 Timothy Jackman. . . . 
 
 John W. Hobson 
 
 Otis W. Norton 
 
 William A. Barstow. . 
 
 Henry C. Matteson. . . 
 
 James L. Kimball 
 
 H. Eiehardson 
 
 J. D. Eexford 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 H.B. Towslee 
 
 .John C. Coleman 
 
 John M. Levy 
 
 Wilson Colwell 
 
 Edward B. Smith 
 
 L. H. Church 
 
 Samuel Marshall 
 
 N.B. VanSlyke 
 
 M. D.Miller 
 
 E. G. Durant 
 
 J.H.Kimball 
 
 Frank Hatch 
 
 60,000 
 26,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 100,000 
 
 George A. Beck 
 
 J. M. Dickinson 
 
 H. E. Church 
 
 J. Alder Ellis 
 
 Timothy Brown 
 
 Daniel Wells 
 
 N. Ludington 
 
 David Ferguson 
 
 T. E. B. Eldridge 
 
 Moses S. Scott 
 
 Hoel H. Camp 
 
 Wm. H. Jacobs 
 
 J. H. Skidmore 
 
 Samuel B. Scott 
 
 Wm. E. Freeman 
 
 C. S. Kelsey 
 
 36,000 
 
 Alexander Mitchell . . . 
 
 Charles D. Nash 
 
 John G. Inbuseh 
 
 Edward D. Helton.... 
 Angus. C. W^ilmans. . . 
 
 Jacob A. Hoover 
 
 James B. Cross 
 
 100,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 126,000 
 
 26 000 
 
 E. B. Kelsey 
 
 John A. Bingham 
 
 Aaron H. Cronkhite . . 
 
 Juhus B. (ialusha 
 
 C. C. Townsend 
 
 A. C. Allen 
 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 60,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 50 000 
 
 Henry Strong 
 
 John Fitzgerald 
 
 £. Lathrop 
 
 E.R.Hinckley 
 
 .John P. McGregor. . . . 
 
 Anson Eldred 
 
 Henry J. Ullraann — 
 
 Eenb'en M. Norton 
 
 Alex. McClurg 
 
 H. S. Durand 
 
 Nelson Fletcher 
 
 A. W. Kellogg 
 
 J. C. Mann 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 Fred. S. Hsley 
 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 50,000 
 
 200,000 
 50,000 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 75,000 
 
 Daniel Ullmann 
 
 George C. Northrop . . 
 
 James J. Ullman 
 
 Jacob W. Moore 
 
 D. Badger 
 
 Edward P. Brockway. 
 
 F. K. Townsend 
 
 James H. Mead 
 
 W. W. Wood 
 
 D. W. Armstrong 
 
 William H.Clark 
 
 Daniel Jones 
 
 Hiram H. Mead 
 
 W. W. King 
 
 Alonzo Wood 
 
 H. S. Winsor 
 
 Albert L. Pritchard. . . 
 Charles G. Harger .... 
 S. A. Bean 
 
 Geo. E. Sickels 
 
 0. Burroughs 
 
 L. B. Hills 
 
 Absalom Miner 
 
 SethB. Hills 
 
 100,000 
 26,000 
 
 Andrew Proudfit 
 
 Circulation 13,000,000. 
 
 William Hobkirk 
 
 Specie $530,000. 
 
 50,000 
 
 15,616,000 
 
LIST OF PRIYATE BANKERS 
 
 IN THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 AND CANADA. 
 
 Tlie cards and references of those bankers marked with a (*) may be found on the cover 
 of the Bankers^ Magazine, or in the advertising sheet of the Merchants and Samkers' 
 
 *Lee, Edward !<., 11 Exchange street. 
 
 Manchester & Rich, 
 
 Robinson & Co. 
 
 Brown & Keep. 
 
 Caryl, B. C. 
 
 Dann & Burtis. 
 
 Sanford & Co. 
 
 Yaw & Co., A. P. 
 
 Canandaigua. — Ontario Co., N. Y. 
 Gibson,, Henry B. 
 Beals, ThomaB, 
 
 Cape Vincent. — Jefferson Co., N. Y. 
 Hammond, L. S. 
 
 Daksville. — Livingston Co., N. Y. 
 Sweet & Co., fe. 
 
 Dundee — Yates Co., N. Y. 
 Raplee, J. P. 
 
 Friendship — AUeghany Co., N. Y. 
 
 Robinson, Geo. W. 
 
 Geneseo — Livingston Co. , N. Y.^ 
 Orton & Walker. 
 
 HoENELLsviLLE — Steubcn Co., N. Y. 
 Adsit, Martin. 
 
 Lyons — ^Wayne County, N. Y. 
 Chapman & Co., D. 
 
 LocKPORT — Niagara Co., N. Y. 
 
 Morse & Co., Daniel. 
 
 Medina.— Orleans Co., N. Y. 
 Brown, O. R. 
 
 NiAQAKA Falls. — Erie Co., N. Y. 
 
 Goddaid & Co., E. M. 
 Riddle & Co. 
 
 Oswego. — Oswego Co., N. Y. 
 Ames, Hewlett & Co. 
 
 Phelps.— Ontario Co.., N. Y. 
 
 *Hotchkis3 & Co., C. & L. B. 
 
 Rochester — Monroe Co., N. Y. 
 Powers, Daniel W. 
 Rochester & Bro., John H. 
 
 maiive;. 
 
 Portland. — Cumberland Co. 
 Brown, J. J. 
 Wood, W. H. 
 Payson, H. M, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Boston. — Suffolk Co. 
 
 *Blake, Howe & Co., 24 State street. 
 
 Clapp, FuUer & Browne, 1 Kilby st. 
 
 Davis, Joseph W., 25 State street. 
 
 Lee, Higginson & Co., Union Buildgs. 
 
 Brewster, Sweet & Co., 40 State street. 
 
 Curtis, Thos. B., 63 State street. 
 
 Fay, Mudge & Attwood, 9 Exchange street 
 
 Gilbert & Sons, 24 Kilby street. 
 
 Nevins & Co. 
 
 Spencer, Vila & Co., 22 Congress street 
 
 Thayer & Bro., J. E., 40 State street 
 
 Wetherbee, Jr., J., Union Building. 
 
 Salem. — ^Essex Co. 
 Pierce, Nathan. 
 
 RHODX: ISLAND. 
 
 Providence. — Providence Co. 
 
 Noyes, John L., 1 Post OiBce Court. 
 
 Dike, A. B. 
 Jaetram, George B. 
 Jackson & Butts. 
 Vaughan & Co., D. W. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Haktfoed. — Hartford Co. 
 Bissell & Co., Geo. P. 
 
 NEW XORK. 
 
 Albany. — Albany Co. 
 Watson & Co., W. 
 
 Bath. — Steuben Co. 
 Hallock, George W. 
 
 Buffalo. — ^Erie Co., N. Y. 
 *Blodget & Co. 
 Johnson, Hiram. 
 
 ■ Names of Subscribers to Bankers' Magazine in large type. 
 
26 
 
 List of Private Bankers. 
 
 Ward & Brother. 
 
 Amsden & Co., C. T. 
 Husbands Sc Shurtleff. 
 Keeler, Noi'throp & Co. 
 
 PENNSTI^VAJflA. 
 
 AiiLESTOWN. — Lehigh Co. 
 Blumer & Co. 
 
 Alleshany City. — AUeghanj' Co., Pa. 
 Alleghany Savings Fund Bank. 
 Mechanics'Savlngs Bank. 
 Merchants and Farmers' Bank. 
 
 Bellefonte. — Centre Co., Pa. 
 Humes, McAllister, Hale & Co. 
 
 Butler. — Butler Co., Pa. 
 Cummings, I. J. 
 
 Carbondale — Luzerne Co., Pa. 
 
 Gillespie, Pierce & Co. 
 
 DoYLESTOWN. — Bucks Co., Pa. 
 Hart & Co., J. 
 
 Ebie. — Erie Co., Pa. 
 
 Curry & Co., W. C. 
 Neiler & Warren. 
 Clark & Metcalf. 
 Cochrane it Beatty. 
 Sanford & Co., M. 
 Wright &. Co.,C. B. 
 
 Gee ENSBURG.— Westmoreland Co., Pa. 
 Barclay, Thomas J. 
 
 HoLLiDAYSEORG. — Blair Co., Pa. 
 Bell, Johnston, Jack <fe Co. 
 Bryan, Gardner .t Co. 
 
 HuifTiNGDON. — Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 Bell, Garrettson &. Co. 
 
 Johnstown. — Camhria Co., Pa. 
 Bell, Smith & Co. 
 
 Lancaster. — Lancaster Co., Pa. 
 Gyger and Co., John. 
 Reed, McGrann, Kelly & Co. 
 Reed & Co., John K. 
 
 Manchester. — Alleghany Co., Pa. 
 
 Manchester Savings Bank. 
 Meadville. — Crawford Co., Pa. 
 
 Deriokson, Charles A. 
 
 Dick, J. K. 
 Montrose. — Susquehanna Co., Pa. 
 
 Post, Cooper & Co. 
 
 Mountjot. — Lancaster Co., Pa. 
 Gerber & Co., Andrew. 
 Long, H. R. Jun. 
 
 Newcastle. — Lawrence Co., Pa. 
 Ferguson, John. 
 Watson & Patterson. 
 
 NoKRiaTOWN. — Montgomery Co., Pa. 
 Alberteon, J., Morton 
 
 Philadelphia. — Philadelphia Co., Pa. 
 Bayard, C. P., 209 Chesnnt street. 
 Brady, P. & Co., 125 Chesnut street. 
 Browns & Bowen, 211 Chesnut st. 
 Bullitt & Fairthorne. 
 Clark & Co., E. W., 35 S. Third st. 
 Cronise & Co., 40 South Third st. 
 *Davis & Bimey, 25 South Third st. 
 Drexel & Co., 34 South Third st. 
 Emory & Co., Charles, 15 S. Third st. 
 Lewars & Co., Jas. E., 30 S. Third St. 
 Manderson & Co., W. L. 
 *Eoss, K. J. & Co., 16 S. Third st. 
 *Tingley & Co., B. W. 37 South 
 
 Third street. 
 -Tuttle, & Co., 50 South Third st. 
 Whelen & Co., E. S., 309 Wahiut st. 
 Withers & Peterson, 39 S. Third st. 
 *Work, Young & McCouoh, 36 South 
 
 Third street. 
 Barker, Brothers &: Co. 
 Benson & Co., A., 6 South Third street. 
 Camblos & Brother, 47 South Third street. 
 Charter, H. A.. 1 South Third street. 
 Craven &, Co , J., 46 South Third street. 
 Fcrree & Sterrett, 33 South Third street. 
 Fox, John E., 11 South Third street 
 Miller & Co., Matthew T. 
 Morgan & Co., W. C, 27 South Third st. 
 Raley, R. F., 42 South Third street. 
 Scull, Camblos & Co., 33 South Third st. 
 Tener ic Davis, 
 
 U. S. Insurance, Annuity & Trust Co. 
 Wright & Co., 49 South Third street. 
 
 Pittsburgh. — Alleghany Co., Pa. 
 Bell & Co., Thompson. 
 Hfll & Co. 
 *Holmes & Sons, N. 
 Jtaes & Co., S. 
 Arthurs, Rodgcrs & Co. 
 Hanna, Hart & Co. 
 Harris & Co. 
 Kramer tt Ralim. 
 O'Connor, Brother & Co. 
 Patricks & Co., K. 
 Williams & Co., W. H. 
 
 Pittston. — Luzerne Co., Pa. 
 Jenkins & Bro. 
 
 PoTTSviLLE. — Schuylkill Co., Pa. 
 Thompson, William. 
 Whitney, L. F. 
 
 Reading. — Berks Co., Pa. 
 Earl, £. W. 
 
 ScRANTON. — Luzerne Co., Pa, 
 *Mason, Meylert & Co. 
 Sanderson & Co., George. 
 
 Tamaqua. — Schuylkill Co. 
 Leonard, Fry & Co. 
 
Delaware — A labama. 
 
 27 
 
 TowANDA. — Bradford Co., Pa. 
 
 Laporte, Mason & Co. 
 
 Washington. — Franklin Co., Pa. 
 Hazlett, Samuel. 
 
 Watekfokd. — Erie Co., Pa. 
 
 Taylor & Iving. 
 
 WiLKSBAKKE. — Luzerno Co., Pa. 
 Emly, A. H. 
 Di-ake, Charles B. 
 Sterlinj, Walter G. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPOET. — Lycoming Co., Pa. 
 Moelling & Co. 
 
 York.— York Co., Pa. 
 Weiser, Charles. 
 
 Wilmington. — ^Newcastle Co. 
 Robinson & Co., R R. 
 
 MAUXI/AIVD. 
 
 Baltimoke. — Baltimore Co. 
 ^Johnston Brothers & Co. 
 *Lee & Co., Josiah. 
 *McKim & Co. 
 Nicholson & Sons, J. J. 
 Purvis & Co. 
 Appleton & Co. 
 Benner, t^purrier & Co. 
 Gover & Co , Philip. 
 Harris & Son, Samnel, 
 Nicholson & Co., Isaac L. 
 Stokes & Lownds. 
 
 BISTKICT OF COIjUOTBIA. 
 
 Washington City. 
 
 Chubb Brothers. 
 
 Keller <fe McKenney. 
 
 Riggs & Co. 
 
 Snyder & Son, M. 
 
 ♦Washington City Savings Bank. 
 
 Suter, Lea *t Co. 
 
 Sweeny. Rittenhouee, Fant & Co. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Alexandria. — Alexandria Co. 
 Burke & Herbert. 
 Corse, Brothers. 
 
 FKEDEEicicgBUKG. — Spotsylvauia Co. 
 *Slaughter & Co., Franklin. 
 
 Lynchburg. — Campbell Co., Va. 
 
 *Peter3, Spence & Co. 
 iJolcombe & Co., J. E. 
 
 Norfolk. — Norfolk Co., Va. 
 
 Chamberlaine & Sons, R. H. 
 Gordan & Co., John D. 
 VVhitchurst & Co., J. W. 
 
 Petersburg. — Dinwiddle Co., Va. 
 Bnskerville &. Co. 
 Paul & Hinton. 
 
 Portsmouth. — Norfolk Co., Va. 
 
 Hodges & Baker. 
 Richmond. — Henrico Co., Va. 
 
 Hurley, WilUam. 
 
 *Isaacs & Taylor. 
 
 *Purcell & Co., C. W. 
 
 Enders, Sutton & Co. 
 
 Maury & Co., R H. 
 
 Pairo & Co. H. T. 
 
 Wellsbueg. — Brooke Co., Va. 
 Farr &. Curran. 
 
 NORTH CAROtlNA 
 
 Charlotte. — Mecklenburg Co., N. C. 
 
 McRone & Co., John. 
 Salisbury. — Rowan Co., N. C. 
 
 McRone, John. 
 
 SOUTH CAROI.INA. 
 
 Charleston. — Charleston District. 
 
 Conner & Co., H. W., 13 Broad St. 
 Martin, W. M. & J. C. 
 
 GEOROIA. 
 
 Atlanta. — Dekalb Co. 
 
 Holland, E. W. 
 
 Swan & Co., Samuel. 
 Augusta. — Richmond Co., Ga. 
 
 Barber, F. C. 
 
 Swan & Co., Samuel. 
 
 Savannah. — Chatham Co., Ga. 
 Bryan & Son, Joseph. 
 Cummings, Montgomery. 
 Lamar, C. A. L, 
 Withington, K. 
 
 AI>ABAOTA. 
 
 Mobile — Mobile Co. 
 Miller & Batre. 
 *Brewer & Co., H. O. 
 Uickey, C. D. 
 Lewis & Whitirg. 
 Mai-tin & Go,, George. 
 Phelps, T. VV. 
 St. John, Powers & Co. 
 
 Montgomery. — Montgomery Co., Ala. 
 Cullum & Co., S. 
 ' Morris, Josiah. 
 Swan, Samuel. 
 Henley & Co., John. 
 
28 
 
 List of Private Bankers. 
 
 Selma. — Dallas Co., Ala. 
 Butler &. Keith. 
 Hagood & Co. 
 Lewis, Charles. 
 
 WETmnKA. — Coosa Co., Ala. 
 Terrell, A. J. 
 
 AKIiANSAS. 
 Helena. — Phillips Co. 
 
 *Jackson & Co., John J. 
 
 CAIrlFOKlVIA. 
 
 CoLTiMBLA. — Tuolumne Co. 
 JMills & Co., D. O. 
 
 DowNiEViLLE. — Sierra Co., Cal. 
 Ladd & Co., W. H. 
 Langton, Samuel W. 
 
 Marysville. — Yuba Co., Cal. 
 Maoy, Low & Co. 
 Reynolds Brothers. 
 Fall & Eckman. 
 Loud & Co. 
 Wells, Fargo & Co. 
 Wilkinson & Co. 
 
 San Francisco. — San Francisco Co., Cal. 
 WeUs, Fargo & Co. 
 Alsop & Co. 
 Davidson & Co., B. 
 Parrott & Co. 
 Tall ant & Wilde. 
 
 Sacramento City. — Sacramento Co., Cal. 
 *Fiske & Co., Thomas S. 
 *MiUs & Co., D. 0. 
 Rhodes, John M. 
 Gift & Co., George W. 
 Grim. A. K. 
 Hastings & Co., B. F. 
 Wells, Fargo & Co. 
 
 Shasta. — Shasta Co., Cal. 
 Rhodes & Whitney. 
 
 Stockton. — San Joaquin Co., Cal. 
 Hobinson, Bours tfc Co., T. 
 
 FI^OBIBA. 
 
 Tallahassee. 
 Rutgers, H. L. 
 
 IlililNOIS. 
 
 Albany. — Whiteside Co., 111. 
 McMahan, O. 
 
 Amboy. — Lee Co. 
 
 Ambrose & Little. 
 
 Aurora. — Kane Co., lU. 
 Hall & Brothers. 
 ■ Jenks & Co., Albert, 
 
 Beardstown. — Cass Co., 111. 
 
 ♦Leonard & Co., J. C. 
 Belleville. — St. Clair Co., HI. 
 
 Hinckley, RtisseU. 
 
 Belviuere. — Boone Co., 111. 
 Neely &, Co., Alexander. 
 Fuller, Lawrence & Woods. 
 
 Bloomington. — McLean Co., El 
 
 Thorp, Smith & Co. 
 Canton. — Fulton Co., 111. 
 
 Maple, Stipp & Garside. 
 
 Carlinvlle. — Macoupin Co. 
 Chesnut & Blackburn. 
 
 Chicago. — Cook Co., 111. 
 Adams, F. Granger. 
 Adsit, J. M. 
 Ailfcn & Norton. 
 Bigelow & Lawrence. 
 Buroh & Co., I. H. 
 Hoffman & Gelpcke. 
 Keach & Co., E. 
 *Morford Brothers. 
 Smith & Co., Geo. 
 Tucker & Co., H. A. 
 WiUard & Young, E. K. 
 Barber, J. C. 
 Bryant & Watts. 
 Bunker & Co.,E. H. 1 
 Greenebaum Brothers. 
 Jones and Patrick. 
 Uichols & Co., J. A. 
 Officer and Brother, State Bank. 
 Quimby Sc Co. Benj. F. 
 .Sherman & Co., A. T, 
 Strong & Wylie. 
 Taylor & Kreigh. 
 Wadsworth fc Co. 
 White Brothers. 
 Whitney & Son, G. C. 
 Woodward & Co., P. 
 Wright & Brother, 
 
 Decatur. — Maoon Co., 111. 
 *Fuller & Hatch. 
 Peddidord & Burrows. 
 
 Dixon. — Lee Co., 111. 
 
 Robertson, Eels & Co. 
 Stiles, E. B, 
 
 Elgin. — Kane Co., El. 
 Davidson, O. 
 Bank of Elgin. 
 
 Freepoet. — Stephenson Co. 
 De Forest, Hyde & Co. 
 Everett, H. G. & Co. 
 Mitchell &. Co., James. 
 
 Fulton Ci'i-y. — Whiteside Co., 111. 
 Smith, Root & Co. 
 
 Galena. — Jo Davies Co., 111. 
 
 Corwith & Co., N. 
 Galesbukg Knox Co., lU. 
 
 Mackoy & Co., T. L. 
 
 Reed & Co., A. D. 
 Dunn & Co., J. F. 
 
Illinois — Indiana. 
 
 29 
 
 Geneseo. — Henry Co., HI. 
 
 Nouree, Wingnte, Blair & Co. 
 Perry, Spaulding & Co 
 
 Geneva. — Kane Co., 111. 
 
 West, Dearborn, Moore & Co. 
 
 Gkiggsville. — Pike Co., 111. 
 
 Poulterer, Wm. and E. F. 
 
 Havana. — Mason Co., lU. 
 Rupert, Haines & Co. 
 
 Henry. — Mars.haU Co., HI. 
 Green & Co., S. L. 
 
 Jacksonville. — Morgan Co., 111. 
 
 Ayres, Campbell & Co. 
 
 Elliott & Brown. 
 Jeeseyville. — Jersey Co., 111. 
 
 Blackburn, A. M. 
 
 JOLIET.— Will Co., lU. 
 
 Smith & GoodelL 
 
 Osgood, Uri. 
 Kankakee. — ^Kankakee Co., lU: 
 
 Mack & Co., A. W. 
 
 Knoxville. — Knox Co,, IH. 
 
 Smith & Hale. 
 La Salle.— La Salle Co., HI. 
 
 *Cruickshank, A. 
 LooKPOKT. — Will Co., 111. 
 
 McDonald & Co., J. S. 
 Macomb. — McDonough Co., HI. 
 
 Kandolph & Co. 
 
 Maeengo. — McHenry Co., 111. 
 Lansing & Sperry. 
 
 Mendota. — La Salle Co., lU. 
 
 Phillips & Co., B. W. 
 Mohne. — Rock Island Co., lU. 
 
 *Gould, Dimock & Co. 
 
 Marshall &. Drew. 
 MoHMOUTH. — Warren Co., lU. 
 
 Mackoy &. Quimby. 
 
 Oqhawka. — Henderson Co., HI. 
 Phelps, S. S. 
 
 Ottawa. — La Salle Co., HI. 
 Eames, Allen & Co. 
 True & Waterman. 
 
 Pekin, Tazewell Co., HI. 
 Rupert & Co., G. H. 
 
 Peetj.— La Salle Co., HI. 
 
 *Cruickshank, Alex. 
 
 *Day & Co., F. S. 
 
 Peoeia. — Peoria Co., HI. 
 *Goodell, Elwood & Co. 
 Hotchkiss & Co., J. P. 
 CurtisB & Co., N. B. 
 
 PlTTSFIELD. — ^Pike Co., lU. 
 Rosa »fc Co. Wm. 
 
 Polo.— Ogle Co., HI. 
 
 Barber, Frisbee & Co. 
 Phelps & Johnston. 
 
 PoKT Byeon. — Rock Island Co., lU. 
 
 *Williams, A. B. 
 Princetoic, Bureau Co., 111. 
 
 Hulburd, Sharp & Co. 
 
 Peophetstown. — Whiteside Co., HI. 
 Mattson, A. J. 
 
 Qdincy City. — Adams Co., lU. 
 *Flagg & Savage. 
 McGinniss, Jr. & Co., John 
 Quincy Savings & Insurance Bank. 
 
 RnsHviLLE. — Schuyler Co., HI. 
 Ray, Little & Co. 
 
 RocKPOED. — Winnebago Co., HI. 
 *Lane, Sanford & Co. 
 *Robertson, Coleman & Co. 
 SpafFord, Clark & Ellis. 
 Briggs, Spaffbrd &. Penfield. 
 Kitclicl &. Layton. 
 Potter & Co., E. H. 
 
 Rock Island. — Rock Island Co., lU. 
 *MltcheU & Cable. 
 Osbom & Co., M. B. 
 
 Speingfield. — Sangamon Co., 111. 
 
 Bunn, J. 
 
 Ridgely, N. H. 
 Sterling. — Whiteside Co., HI. 
 
 Henry & Co., M. S. 
 
 *Wheeler & Co., B. G. 
 St. Charles. — Kane Co., HI. 
 
 Freeman & Co., E. 
 
 Kerwin, F. M. 
 
 Sycamoee. — De Kalb Co., HI. 
 Waterman, J. S. 
 
 Warsaw. — Hancock Co., 111. 
 Pearson, Mellen & Co. 
 
 Waukegan. — Lake Co., IB. 
 Bickford & Co , C. D. 
 
 HVBIANA. 
 
 Clinton. — ^VermUlion Co., Ind. 
 Lyons, James M. 
 
30 
 
 List of Private Bankers. 
 
 Ceawfoedsville. — Montgomery Co. Ind. 
 Elston & Lane. 
 
 Delphi. — Carroll Co., Ind. 
 Spears, Case &^ Co. 
 
 EvAKSviLLE. — Vanderburg Co., Ind. 
 Copeland, Guild. 
 
 FoET Wayne. — Allen Co., Ind. 
 
 Hamilton & Co., Allen. 
 Geeensbueg, Decatur Co., Ind. 
 
 Forsyth, A. R. 
 Indianapolis. — Marion Co., Ind. 
 
 Fletcher, Stoughton A. 
 
 Harrison, A. & J. C. S. 
 
 Indianapolis Branch Banking Co. 
 Lafayette. — Tippecanoe Co., Ind. 
 
 Fowler & Earl. 
 
 Barbae, Brown & Co. 
 Reynolds, John C. 
 Spears, Pierce &. Co, 
 
 Mt. Veknon. — Posey Co., Ind. 
 James, E. R. 
 
 New Albany.- — Floyd Co., Ind. 
 *Ohio Insurance Co. 
 New Albany Ins. Co. 
 Sabin & Co., E. 
 
 Peru. — Miami Co., Ind. 
 Waldby, E. I. 
 
 Kensselaee. — Jasper Co., Ind. 
 McCoy & Sons, T. 
 
 EiCHMOND. — Wayne Co., Ind. 
 *Burk & Kramer. 
 *Morrison, Blanchard & Co. 
 
 Shelbyville. — Shelby Co., Ind. 
 Elliott, Hill &. Co. 
 
 SoDTH Bend. — St. Joseph Co., Ind. 
 Hine & Co., H. H. 
 
 Teeee Haute. — Vigo Co., Ind. 
 McKeen & Tousey. 
 
 lOTTA. 
 
 Adell. — Dallas Co. 
 Smith, E. D. 
 
 Bdelington City. — Des Moines Co., Iowa. 
 Coolbaugh & Brooks. 
 White, Cook & Co. 
 
 Camanche. — Clinton Co., Iowa. 
 Dunning, Martin. 
 
 Cedak Falls. — Blackhawk Co., Iowa. 
 
 Greene, McClure & Co. 
 Case, William P. 
 
 Cedar Rapids. — Linn Co., Iowa. 
 
 *Greene, Merritt & Co. 
 Baker &Co., Elibu. 
 Carpenter, Lehman & Co. 
 
 Chariton. — Lucas Co., Iowa. 
 
 *Temple & Bro. 
 CouisciL Bluffs. — Pottawatomie Co. 
 
 '^Baldwin & Dodge. 
 
 *Henn, Williams, Hooton & Co. , 
 
 Pegram & Co., B. R. 
 Everett, Horace. 
 Nutt & Co., H. 0. 
 Officer &L Pnsey. 
 
 Clinton. — Clinton Co. 
 
 *Greene, Weare, Dakin & Co. 
 
 Columbus City. — Louisa Co., Iowa.'' 
 Clark, Coulton & Co. 
 
 Davenport. — Scott Co., Iowa. 
 
 Blakemore & Lawes. 
 
 * Chubb, Brother, Barrow & Co. 
 
 *Macklot & Corbin. 
 
 Tallman, Powers & McLean. 
 Campbell, R. E. 
 Cook it Sargent. 
 Doolan &l Stump. 
 Nicholls, Slierman & Co. 
 
 Decorah. — Winnishiek Co., Iowa. 
 
 Weiser & FUbert. 
 
 Easton and Standing. 
 Des Moines. — Polk Co., Iowa. 
 
 Cook, Sargent & Cook. 
 
 *Rice & Co., B. 
 
 Sherman & Co., Hoyt 
 
 White & Smith. 
 Allen, B. F. 
 Cnllanan & Ingham. 
 Leas & Harsh. 
 
 Dubuque. — Dubuque Co., Iowa. 
 
 Gelpcke, Winslow & Co. 
 
 Langworthy & Brother, J. L. 
 
 *Redmond, Lovell & Co. 
 Barney &, Co., W. J. 
 Finley, Burton & Co. 
 Forbert, George L. 
 Markell, Darrow & Co. 
 Taylor, Richards & Burden. 
 
 Dyersville. — Dubuque Co., Iowa. 
 
 Randall, Brothers. 
 Fairfield. — Jefferson Co., Iowa. 
 
 *Henn, Williams & Co. 
 Fort Dodge. — Webster Co., Iowa. 
 
 *Greene, Weare & Co. 
 
 *Williams, Henn & Co. 
 
 Wilsons, McBane & Co. 
 Rees & Co., Samuel. 
 
Iowa — Kansas — Kentucky. 
 
 31 
 
 Fort Madison. — Lee Co., Iowa. 
 Knapp & Eaton. 
 
 Glenwood. — Mills Co., Iowa. 
 
 Remlck & Co., D. 
 Nuckolls & Co., L. 
 
 Independence. — Buchanan Co., Iowa. 
 Older, Lee & Co. 
 Bftrtle, White & Henshaw, 
 Roezell, O. II. P. 
 
 Indianola.— Warren Co., Iowa. 
 Smith, Jones & Myers. 
 
 Iowa City. — Jolanson Co., Iowa. 
 Cook, Sargent & Downey. 
 *Culbertson & Eeno. 
 *Gower, Brother & Co., J. H. 
 
 Keokuk. — Lee Co., Iowa. 
 *Ficklen & Lucas. 
 Ford, Gorham & Ford, 
 Hatch <Ss Thompson, 
 *Love <fe Co., H. K. 
 Anderson & Co., George C 
 Chapin & Lee. 
 Rix, Kendall & Hale. 
 
 Lansing. — AUomakee Co., Iowa. 
 Gray, George W. 
 
 Le Claire. — Scott Co., Iowa. 
 Davenport, Rogers, & Co. 
 
 Lyons. — Clinton Co. 
 
 Ilazlett & Co., Rand. 
 Root, Brothers &, Co- 
 
 Maquoketa. — Jackson Co., Iowa. 
 
 Schrader& Dunham. 
 Clark, Jonas. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 < *Greene, Weare & Graves. 
 
 McGregor's Landing. — Clayton Co. 
 
 Granger & Co.. H. S. 
 Lee & Klnnaird. 
 
 Mt. Pleasant. — Henry Co., Iowa. 
 Craig, James. 
 Clark & Whiting. 
 Barclay, Ogg & Swann. 
 Saunders, A. & W. A. 
 
 MnscATiNE. — ^Muscatine Co., Iowa. 
 
 * Green & Stone. 
 
 Isett & Brewster. 
 
 Abbott, Dutton & Patterson. 
 Newton, Jasper Co., Iowa. 
 
 Meek & Co., I. G. 
 
 Skiff & Co., H. J. 
 
 OsAOE. — Mitchell Co., Iowa. 
 Brush & Co., Jacob H. 
 
 OsKALoosA. — Mahaska Co. 
 Smith & Co. , William T. 
 White & Co., Join 
 
 Pella. — Marion Co., Iowa. 
 Nollen, John. 
 
 Sabula. — Jackson Co., Iowa. 
 Hall & Stiles. 
 
 Sioux City. — Woodbury Co., Iowa. 
 *Bigelow & Chamberlin. 
 Boslcr & Hodges. 
 Cassady & Clark, 
 Culver & Belts. 
 
 ^Greene, Weare, Graves & Ca 
 Henry & Campbell. 
 Means & Allison. 
 Moore Sl Clapp. 
 
 Tipton. — Cedar Co., Iowa. 
 Tuthill, WilHam H. 
 
 Vinton, — Benton Co., Iowa. 
 Douglas & Watson. 
 Green, Traer & Co, 
 
 Waterloo. — Black Hawk Co., Iowa. 
 
 Moore & Russell. 
 
 Hammond, William. 
 Ijeavitt, John H, 
 Miller, Georgs W. 
 
 WiNTERSET. — Madison Co., Iowa. 
 We,st, Vauter & West. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Leavenworth City. 
 
 Isett, Brewster .& Co. 
 
 Akers, Logan &i Co. 
 Blaser, McCausland &. Co. 
 Edes, Keller & Co. 
 Hemingway A: Co., J. C. 
 Smoot, Russell & Co. 
 Swilt & Co., J. C. 
 Whitney & Co., A. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Cynthiana. — Harrison Co., Ky. 
 Deposit Bank. 
 
 Danville. — Boyle Co. 
 
 Central Bank. 
 Flemingsbdrg, Fleming Co., Ky. 
 
 Smith, WiUson & Co. 
 
 Hickman. — Fulton Co., Ky. 
 Macrae & Co., W. S. 
 
 Lancaster. — Garrard Co., Ky. 
 Deposit Bank 
 
32 
 
 List of Private Bankers. 
 
 LExraGTON. — Fayfitte Co., Ky. 
 *Tilford & Barclay. 
 Sayre &. Co., David A. 
 
 Louisville. — Jefferson Co., Ky. 
 Browne & Co., Thomas. 
 Clifton, Davidson & Co. 
 Cnrtis & Warren. 
 «Hunt & Co., A. D. 
 *Slireve, Tucker & Co. 
 Quiglcy, Lyons & Co. 
 Smidt & Co., John 
 
 Maysville. — Mason Co., Ky. 
 Pearce, L. & H. 
 
 Mt. Sterling. — Montgomery Co., Ky. 
 Hoffman, Barnes & Co. 
 
 Newpoht. — Campbell Co., Ky. 
 Carr &. De Courcy. 
 Caldwell, Brothers & Co. 
 Finer & Berry, 
 
 Paducah. — McCracken Co., Ky. 
 Norton & Brothers, 
 Watts, Given & Co, 
 
 pAEis. — Bourbon Co., Ky. 
 Brent & Co., C. S. 
 
 Shabpsbhegh, — Batli Co,, Ky. 
 Boyd, Congleton & Co, 
 
 Shelbtyille. — Shelby Co., Ky. 
 
 Shelbyville Fire Life & M. In. Co. 
 Eginton, Charles. 
 
 Versailles. — Woodford Co., Ky. 
 Hord, Wilson & Co. 
 
 Winchestee. — Clarke Co., Ky. 
 Poston, H. G, 
 
 Vew Okleass. — Orleans Parish. 
 
 Conner & Son, H. W., 30 Camp st. 
 Judsoi^ (fe Co., Canal & Camp sts. 
 *Mcnard, Tesson & Co., 19 Camp st. 
 Barker, Jacob, 76 Gravjer St. 
 Barker, Thomas H., 44 Camp SL 
 Benoist, Shaw & Co., 31 Camp St. 
 Brown, Johnston &, Co., 38 Camp St. 
 Moise, Columbus, 9 Commercial PI, 
 Nicholson &. Co,, Sam'l, } x. Alley, 
 Robb &. Co,, James, 50 Camp st. 
 Smith & Co,, Samuel, Camp st. 
 Thorn &. Co,, E, H,, 37 Magazine st, 
 
 Sheevepoet. — Caddo Parish, La. 
 Johnson, B, M, 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Adrian, — ^Lenawee Co. 
 Berry & Co., L, G. 
 Waldby, W. H. 
 Lyon, John V. 
 
 Albion. — Calhoun Co., Mich. 
 Hannahs & Son, M. 
 
 Ann Aeboe. — Washtenaw Co., Mich. 
 Mclntyre & Co., Donald 
 Miller &. Davis. 
 
 Battle Creek. — Calhoun Co., Mich. 
 *Kellogg, L. C. 
 Leon & Sanborn, 
 Coleman, W, H, 
 Skinner, W, H, 
 
 Cassopolis. — Cass Co., Mich. 
 Kingsbury, A, & C, 
 
 Clinton. — Macomb Co., Mich. 
 
 Fisk & Co., W. V. 
 
 Coldwatee. — Branch Co., Mich. 
 Lewis, Bidwell & Miles. 
 
 CoNSTAKTiNE. — St, Joseph's Co,, Micli. 
 BaiTy, John S, 
 
 Copper Harbor, — Houghton Co,, Mich. 
 
 Mandelbaum & Co,, S, 
 
 Detroit City, — Wayne Co., Mich. 
 Butler & Co., W. A. 
 Andrews & Waterman, 
 Cargill & Co,, O. F, 
 Dey, Alex, H. 
 Hazelton &. Co., E, H, 
 Morris, B, B, 
 Scott, Vincent J, 
 Thompson, O, C, 
 
 DowAGiAC. — Cass Co., Mich. 
 Denman, H, B, 
 
 Eagle Harbor, — Houghton Co., Mich. 
 Morrison & Co,, L, P, 
 
 Eagle River, — Houghton Co., Mich. 
 Center & Co., John 
 
 East Sagix.vw. — Saginaw Co., Mich. 
 Little & Co,, W, L, P, 
 
 Flint. — Genesee Co., Mich, 
 
 Hazelton, E. H. 
 
 People's Bank. 
 Grand Kapids. — Kent Co., Mich. 
 
 ■Ball & Co., Daniel 
 
 ■■'Welles, William J. 
 
 Grass Lake. — Jackson Co., Mich. 
 Hale & Smith, 
 
 Haetland. — Lijingston Co., Mich. 
 Crouse, H, P. 
 
 Hastings, — Barry Co,, Mich. 
 Morton &. Skinner, 
 
 HILLSD.U.E. — Hillsdale Co., Mich. 
 Mitchell, Waldron & Co, 
 
 Hudson. — Lenawee Co., Mich. 
 Boies, Rude & Co, 
 
 loNLA, — Ionia Co., Mich. 
 Ball & Co,, Daniel 
 
Minnesota — Mississippi. 
 
 33 
 
 Jacksoit. — Jaclcson Co., Mich. 
 Coopers & Thompson. 
 Loomis &. Whitwell. 
 
 Joirasvn,i,E. — Hillsdale Co., Mich. 
 GroBvenor & Co. 
 
 Kalamazoo. — Kalamazoo Co., Mich. 
 Arnold & Co. 
 McNair & Co., D. A. 
 Seely, J. O. 1 
 Sheldon & Co., T. P. 
 Woodbury, Potter & Co. 
 
 Lansing. — Ingham Co., Mich. 
 Bailey & Co., J. C. 
 
 Lower Saginaw. — Saginaw Co., Mich. 
 Ferris & Co., E. E. 
 
 Manchestee. — Washtenaw Co., Mich. 
 
 Kief, J. D. 
 Marshall. — Calhoun Co., Mich. 
 
 Gorham, Charles T. 
 
 Perrin & Co., Horace J. 
 
 Monroe. — Monroe Co., Mich. 
 
 Wing & Johnson. 
 NiLES. — Berrien Co., Mich. 
 
 Paine, R. C. 
 
 Owosso. — Shiawasse Co., Mich. 
 Gould & Co., D. 
 
 Paw Paw. — Van Buren Co., Mich. 
 
 Stevens, French & Co. 
 PoNTiAC. — Oakland Co., Mich. 
 
 Weeks & Co., J. A. 
 Sablt St. Mabie. — Chippewa Co., Mich. 
 
 Barbeau, P. N. 
 Stcbgis. — St. Joseph's Co., Mich. 
 
 Reed, E. 
 White Pigeon. — St. Joseph's Co , Mich. 
 
 Camter & Co., G. L. 
 
 Ypsllanti. — Washtenaw Co., Mich. 
 Follett & Conklin. 
 Millington, C. 
 
 MINBTESOTA. 
 
 Chatfield. — Fillmore Co. 
 
 Edwards & Sharpe. 
 Dexter & Ripley. 
 Langworthy, O'Ferrall & Co. 
 
 Faekibaiilt. — Co., Min. 
 
 ' Hastings. — Dacota Co., Min. 
 Ennis & Plant. 
 Thome, FoUet & Thome. 
 Shields & McCutcheon. 
 
 Minneapolis — Hennepin Co., Min. 
 
 *Beede & Mendenhall. 
 
 Snyder, McFarlane & Cooke. 
 
 Wilcox, Carlos. 
 Red Wing. — Wabashaw Co., Min. 
 
 Wilder, H. & E. T. 
 St. Anthony's Falls. — Ramsey Co., Min. 
 
 *Day, Geo. E. H. 
 
 *Farnham, Sumner W. 
 
 Graves, Town & Co. 
 
 Pinney & Dorman. 
 
 Kelley, John H. 
 Martin, Richard. 
 
 St. Paul. — Ramsey Co., Min. 
 
 Borup & Bohair. 
 
 *Mackuhin & Edgerton. 
 
 *Marshall & Co. 
 
 Meyer & Willius. 
 
 Paine, Parker. 
 
 Banning & Co. Wm, L. 
 Bostwick, Pease & Co. 
 Bidwell & Son, Ira. 
 Caldwell & Co. 
 Irvine, Stone & McCormick. 
 Knox & Co., J. Jay 
 Taylor &. Co., D. C. 
 
 St. Peter. — Nicollet Co., Min. 
 
 Edgenon, Smith & Donahower. 
 Gorman & Aiken. 
 Lothrop &, Co., D. 
 
 Sack Rapids. — Benton Co., Min. 
 Hamlin, Edward O. 
 
 Stillwater. — Washington Co , Min. 
 
 Darliug, Carswell, Scheffer <k Co. 
 Winona. — Winona Co., Mia 
 
 Taylor, Bennett & Co. 
 
 Smith, Orin & Sons. 
 
 Webster & Lake. 
 
 [MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Canton. — Madison Co., Miss. 
 Winter, Richard 
 
 Grand Gulf. — Claiborne Co., Miss. 
 Person, J. J. 
 
 Grenada. — Yalabusha Co., Miss. 
 Adams, B. C. 
 
 Jackson. — Hinds Co., Miss. 
 Green, J. & T. 
 Adams & Home, State St. 
 
 Natchez. — Adams Co., Miss. 
 Britton & Co., W. A. 
 Butler, Meeks & Co. 
 
 ViOKSBURQ. — Warren Co., Miss. 
 
 Adams & Co., Wirt 
 
34 
 
 List of Private Bankers. 
 
 Yazoo Citv. — Yazoo Co., Miss. 
 Michie & Co., J. J. 
 
 MISSOUKI. 
 BooNvn-LE. — Cooper Co., Mo. 
 
 Betjsswick. — Chariton Co., Mo. 
 Dickey Si. Blue. 
 
 Canton. — Lewis Co., Mo. 
 
 Hoke, J. W. 
 Columbia. — Boone Co., Mo. 
 Prewitt & Parker. 
 
 FcLTON. — Calaway Co., Mo. 
 
 Willing Si. Bro, 
 Glasgow. — Howard Co., Mo. 
 
 *Bircli & Son, Weston F. 
 
 HiiNNiBAi City. — Marion Co., Mo. 
 
 "Richards, Joshua P. 
 
 Selmes, T. K. 
 Independence. — .Jackson Co., Mo. 
 
 Turner & Thornton. 
 
 Jefferson Cut. — Cole Co., Mo. 
 Cloney, Crawford & Co. 
 
 Kansas. — Jackson Go., Mo. 
 Northrup & Chick. 
 
 Lexington. — Lafayette Co., Mo. 
 *AuU, Rohert. 
 Limrick, William. 
 
 LiBEETT. — Clay Co., Mo. 
 Miller & Bird. 
 
 St. Josephs. — Buchanan Co., Mo. 
 Beattie, Annstroug 
 Corby, John 
 
 St. Louis. — St. Louis Co., Mo. 
 
 Anderson & Oo., John J. 
 
 Benoist & Co., L. A. 
 
 Haskell & Co. 
 
 Johnson, Phillips & Co. 
 
 *Loker & Brother, George H. 
 
 Simonds & Taylor. 
 
 *State Savings Institution. 
 
 Durkee & Bullock. 
 Poulterer & Co., Wm. 
 Presbury &. Co. 
 
 "Weston.— Piatt Co., Mo. 
 I-Iulse, George T. 
 
 MEBKASKA. 
 
 BBO'n'NviLLE. — Nebraska. 
 Brown & Hallara. 
 
 Florence — 
 
 Cook, Sargent & Parker. 
 
 Omaha Citt. — 
 
 Snyder & Dodd. 
 Chapman, Lockwood & Co 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Akron. — Summit Co 
 
 Bates i Co. 
 Ashland. — Ashland Co., Ohio. 
 
 Luther, Crall & Co. 
 
 Bellefontaine. — Logan Co., Ohio. 
 Bank of Belleibntaine. 
 Gardner, Thomas & Co. 
 Rutan, Reddle & Co. 
 
 Bryan. — Williams Co., Ohio. 
 Gilson, R. H. 
 
 BucYRUs. — Crawford Co., Ohio. 
 Bucyrus Bank. 
 Exchange Bank. 
 
 Cadiz. — Harrison Co., Ohio. 
 Lyons, Robert. 
 Rezin, Welsh & Co. 
 
 Canton. — Stark Co., Ohio. 
 
 Savings Deposit Bank. 
 Caedington. — Morrow Co., Ohio. 
 
 Trimble, Beatty & Wood. 
 
 CnAEDON. — Geauga Co., Ohio. 
 Randall, Burton & Co. 
 
 Cincinnati. — Hamilton Co., Ohio. 
 Burkam & Co., E. G. 
 Evans, Swift & Hughes. 
 Fallis, Brown & Co. 
 "*Gilmore & Brotherton. 
 Goodman & Co., T. S. 
 Groesbeck & Co. 
 *Homans & Co., 13 W. Third st. 
 Kinney, Espy & Co. 
 Lafayette Banking Co. 
 Larkm, J. F. 
 *Eamsay & Co., J. B. 
 *Wood, Lea & Co. 
 Wright & Co., Geo. S. 
 Adae & Co., C. F. 
 Burt & Co., A. J. 
 Bussing & Co , G. H. 
 Davis & Co , S. .«. 
 Meline & Co , James F. 
 Morton tfe Co., John R. 
 Nettleton, Lowry & Co. 
 Nourse & Co., C. E. 
 Smith & Gilbert. 
 
 Circleville. — Pickaway Co., Ohio. 
 Exchange Bank, H. N. Hedges, Cash 
 Marfleld, Son & Co., S. 
 Scioto Valley Bank, J. A. Moore. 
 
Ohio. 
 
 35 
 
 Cleveland. — Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. 
 
 Brown, Fayette. 
 
 Cleveland Insurance Co. 
 
 Hale, E. B. 
 
 *Perry & Co., A. M. 
 
 Whitman, Standart & Co. 
 
 *Brockway, Wason, Everett & Co. 
 
 Carver & Co., W. R. 
 
 Ebernlan, A, M. 
 
 Hall, Eells & Co. 
 
 Herdman & Co., J. 
 
 Lewis, G. F. 
 
 Markham & Co. 
 
 Read & Co., Charles A. 
 
 Stiirge, A. 
 
 Whitman & Co , H. L. 
 
 Wick & Co., H. B. & H. 
 
 Williams, Geo. 
 
 Columbus. — Franklin Co., Ohio. 
 Clinton Bank [without charter.] 
 Bartlit Sc Smith. 
 Miller, Donaldeon &. Co. 
 
 Coshocton. — Coshocton Co., Ohio. 
 Johnson & Co., William K. 
 
 Dayton. — Montgomery Co., Ohio. 
 Harshman & Gorman. 
 Winters & Son, V. 
 
 Defiance. — Defiance Co., Ohio. 
 Gilson, R. H. 
 
 Delawake. — Delaware Co., Ohio. 
 
 Andrews & Evans. 
 FiNDLAT. — Hancock Co., Ohio. 
 Fiudlay Bank. 
 Adams, Carlin &. Co. 
 Hazlett &, Co., C. 
 
 Fremont. — Sandusky Co., Ohio. 
 Burchard, MiUer & Co. 
 Nims, Tillotson & White. 
 
 Galeon. — Crawford Co., Ohio. 
 Atwood, Davis & Co. 
 
 Gallipolis. — Gallia Co., Ohio. 
 Henking, Charles 
 
 Gerjiantown. — Montgomery Co., Ohio. 
 Stump & Co., John 
 
 Hamilton. — Butler Co., Ohio. 
 
 Shaffer, Curtis & Potter. 
 HiLLSBORO. — Highland Co., Ohio. 
 
 Barrere & Co, 
 Ironton. — Lawrence Co., Ohio. 
 
 Kelly, W. D. 
 Jackson.- — Jackson Co., Ohio. 
 
 Bennet & Co. 
 
 Isham &, Dyer. 
 Kenton. — Hardin Co., Ohio. 
 
 Cary & Thompson. 
 
 Lancaster. — Fairfield Co., Ohio. 
 
 Fairfield Savings Institution. 
 
 Martin & Co. 
 Lebanon. — Warren Co., Ohio. 
 
 Parshall, Wiffiam F. 
 
 Boake and Egbert. 
 
 LiJiA. — Allen Co., Ohio. 
 Jacobs & Hard. 
 
 Manchester. — Adams Co., Ohio. 
 Ellison, John. 
 
 Mansfield. — Richland Co., Ohio. 
 
 Sturges, Sen. & Co., E. 
 Logan. — Hocking Co., Ohio. 
 
 Culver & Co., C. V. 
 
 Marion. — Marion Co., Ohio. 
 Marion Deposit Bank. 
 Hardy & Co., E. 
 Patten & Wallmer. 
 Reed ic Co., J. S. 
 
 Marysville. — Union Co., Ohio. 
 
 Bank of MarysviUe. 
 Massillon. — Stark Co., Ohio. 
 
 Cecil & Co., J. K. 
 
 McConellsville. — Morgan Co., Ohio. 
 Goodlive, McLain & Bell. 
 
 Medina. — Medina Co., Ohio. 
 
 Canfield & Ladd. 
 Mt. GilejU). — Morrow Co., Ohio. 
 
 House & Co., Eichard 
 
 Trimble, James. 
 
 Mt. Vernon. — Knox Co., Ohio. 
 Ramsey & Co., J. C, 
 Sturges ifc Co., Russell 
 
 Newark.— Licking Co., Ohio. 
 *Penney & Co., G. W. 
 
 New Lisbon. — Columbiana Co., Ohio. 
 McCoy & Sons, Thomas. 
 
 New Philadelphia. — Tuscarawas Co., 0. 
 Vinton, P. & A. 
 
 Painesville. — Lake Co., Ohio. 
 Wilcox, P. C. 
 
 PiKETON. — Pike Co., Ohio. 
 Collins, Reed & Co. 
 
 PoMEROY. — Meigs Co., Ohio. 
 
 Daniel & Rathburn. 
 PoRTSMoDTH. — Scioto Co., Ohio. 
 
 Means, Hall & Co. 
 
 Kinney & Waterhouse. 
 Ravenna. — Portage Co., Ohio. 
 
 Robinson, King & Co. 
 
36 
 
 EiPLEY. — Brown Co., Ohio. 
 ileynolda it Co., J. 
 
 Salem. — Columbiana Co., Ohio. 
 Thomas & Greiner. 
 
 SANDrsKT City. — Erie Co., Ohio. 
 ^Moss Brothers. 
 Barney, Hubbard & Durbin. 
 Converse, Henry. 
 
 Springfield. — Clark Co., Ohio. 
 Hertzler, Baker & Co. 
 
 Steubenville. — Jefferson Co., Ohio. 
 Citizens' Banlt, 
 
 Sydney. — Shelby Co., Ohio. 
 Casey, John W. 
 
 Tiffin. — Seneca Co., Ohio. 
 
 Hedges & Co., W. C. 
 
 Tomb, Huss & Co. 
 
 Toledo. — Lucas Co., Ohio. 
 *Beriy, Day & Co. 
 Earl & Co., T. & W. G. 
 Ketoham, Berdan & Co. 
 Williams & Co., W. S. 
 Kraus & Wood. 
 
 Upper SANDtrsKY. — "Wyandott Co., Ohio. 
 Harper, Ayres, Roberts & Co. 
 
 Uebana. — Champaigae Co., Ohio. 
 Farmers' Banlt. 
 
 ■\Vaterly. — PUce Co., Ohio. 
 Emmit &. Davis. 
 
 Wellsyille. — Columbiana Co., Ohio. 
 McCulIough & Co. 
 
 West Liberty.. — Logan Co., Ohio. 
 Runkle, Taylor & Miller. 
 
 WoosTEH. — Wayne Co., Ohio. 
 Stm-ges, Stibbs & Co. 
 
 Wilmington. — Clinton Co., Ohio. 
 Fife, w. c. 
 
 Xema. — Greene Co., Ohio. 
 
 Nunnemaker & Allen. 
 YouNGSTOWN. — Mahoning Co., Ohio. 
 
 Seely, George J. 
 Zanesville. — Muskingum Co., Ohio. 
 
 Peters & Son, John 
 
 Sturges & Co., Solomon 
 
 Van Home, A. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Clarksville. — Montgomery Co., Tenn. 
 Kennedy & Glenn. 
 
 JoNESEOEOuGH. — Washington Co., Tenn. 
 Gammon, William G. 
 
 List of Private Banhers. 
 
 Knoxville. — Knox Co., Tenn. 
 
 Morrow, S. 
 Memphis. — Shelby Co., Tenn. 
 
 Cherry & Co., C. W. 
 
 Folwell & Co., William M. 
 Gayoso Savings Institution. 
 Kirtland, Isaac B. 
 Richmond & Co., William B. 
 
 Nash^^ille. — Davidson Co., Tenn. 
 *Pearl &, Co., Dyer 
 Herriford, Slaughter & Co. 
 James & Co., John D. 
 Lusk, Robert 
 Shapard & Co., W. B. 
 Wheless & Co., A. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Austin. — Travis Co., Texas. 
 Swenson & Swisher. 
 
 Galveston. — Galveston Co., Texas. 
 *Hunt, E. P. 
 *Mi]:s, E. & D. G. 
 
 Houston. — Harris Co., Texas. 
 
 Shepherd, B. A. 
 San Antonio. — Bexar Co., Texas. 
 
 *French, John C. 
 
 ■WISCONSIN. 
 
 Baeaboo. — Sauk Co. 
 Baldwin, D. J. 
 
 Beloit. — Rock Co., Wis. 
 Carpenter & Co., A. B. 
 
 Eau Claire. — Eau Claire Co., Wis. 
 
 Gleason & Seler. 
 Hull, Brothers. 
 
 Fond du Lac. — Fond du Lac Co., Wis. 
 
 Baker & Co., Robert A. 
 
 *Darling & Co. 
 
 Geneva. — Walworth Co., Wis. 
 Richardson, E. D. 
 
 Hudson. — St. Croix Co., Wis. 
 
 Goss, Alfred 
 Janesville. — Rock Co., Wis. 
 
 Hoyt & Co., J. P. 
 
 Lacrosse. — Lacrosse Co., Wis. 
 Cole, Sumner & Co. 
 Grigg, Newland & Co. 
 Lathrop, Webb & Co. 
 Levy, J. M. 
 Pike, Bacon & Co. 
 
 Madison. — Dane Co., Wis. 
 
 Catlin, Williamson & Barmiee. 
 M ing & Co., H. C. 
 
Wisconsin — Canada. 
 
 37 
 
 Manitowoo. — Manitowoc Co., Wis. 
 
 Bach, William. 
 
 Wollmer & Co., K 
 Milwaukee. — Milwaulcee Co., Wis. 
 
 *Marsliall & Ilsley, 
 
 Bridge Bros. 
 Clarke & Co. 
 Hathaway & Belden. 
 Price, Farmer & Co. 
 Reeve & Roe. 
 
 Townsend, Bean & Burlock. 
 Wild & Co., H. 
 Wilmanns, Jacobs & Co. 
 
 Mineral Point. — Iowa Co., Wis. 
 
 *Whittlesey, Luther H. 
 
 MoNEOE. — Greene Co., Wis. 
 
 Ludlow, Bingham & Co. 
 OsHKOSH. — ^Winnehago Co., Wis. 
 
 Fletcher & Co., N. 
 
 Kellogg, Fitzgerald & Co. 
 
 OzANKEE, — Ozanliee Co., Wis. 
 Vail, James W. 
 
 Praieie du CniEN. — Crawford Co., Wis. 
 Chase Sc Bro. 
 
 RipoN. — Fond du lac Co., Wiss. 
 Catlin & Brockwny. 
 
 Stevens' Point. — Portage Co., Wis. 
 *Huyssen & Scheffer. 
 
 Sdpekiok City.^ Wis. 
 
 Holcombe & Co., George F. 
 
 Waupdn. — Fond du Lac Co., Wis. 
 Hills & Ware. 
 
 Whitewater. — Walworth Co., Wis. 
 
 MoDonell, Graham & Co. 
 Hall & Co., S. C. 
 
 BANKERS IN NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 The cards and references of tliose marked wiik a star (*) maij be seen in the Admrtising pages of this 
 work, or the Banker's Magazine, Those marked (t) arc Specie Brokers, 
 
 Allin & Co., E. C, 15 Wall Sti-eet. 
 *Amann & Greve, 29 Wall Street. 
 Ballin & Sander, 24 Exchange Place. 
 Benedict & Co., 63 Wall Street. 
 tBerend & Co., B., 1 Wall Street. 
 Belmont, August, 76 Beaver Street. 
 *Brewer & Caldwell, 20 Old SUp. 
 Brown, Brothers & Co., 59 Wall Street. 
 Camman & Co., 56 Wall Street. 
 Carpenter & Vermilye, 44 Wall Street. 
 Clark & WiUiamson, 1 WaE Street. 
 De Rham & Moore, 44 Exchange Place. 
 Decoppet & Co., 19 WiUiam Street. 
 *Duncan, Sherman & Co., Nassau. 
 Gelpecke & Co., 59 WiUiam Street. 
 Grant & Barton, 20 Merchants' Exchange. 
 *Gwynne & Day, 12 Wall Street. 
 Hawes, Wm. E., 142 Canal Street. 
 James &, Co., F. P., 36 Wall Street. 
 Jaudon Brothers, 54 Wall Street. 
 Keimedy, Eohert L., 63 Beaver Street. 
 Ketchum, Howe & Co., 45 WiUiam 
 King's, Sons, James G., 53 WiUiam Street. 
 *Kirtland & Co., 43 Wall Street. 
 Kissam & Taylor, 36 WaU Street. 
 *Le Huray & Co., 9 WaU Street. 
 Lee & Co., James, 61 WaU Street. 
 *Lewisson & Levy, Louis, 23 William st. 
 Lawrence & Co., L. S. 164 Nassau Street. 
 
 Maitland & Phelps, 45 Exchange Place. 
 Marie & Kanz, 29 AVUliam Street. 
 McLaren & Brown, 50 Cortlandt Street. 
 Moran Brothers, 1 Hanover Square. 
 Morford, Charles A., 185 Greenwich Street. 
 Morgan &Son, M., 37 WiUiam Street. 
 ■'Morrison, E., 51 WUliara Street. 
 ■►Peters, CampheU & Co., 52 Wall Street. 
 Biggs & Co., 56 WaU Street. 
 Bobbins & Son, G. S., 54 WiUiam Street. 
 SchaU & Co., W., 34 New Street. 
 Schuchardt & Gebhard, 9 Nassau Sti-eet. 
 Speyer cSc Co., Philip, 72 Broadway. 
 SeweU, Ferns & Co., 29 Wall Street. 
 *Smalley, Weed &Bartlett, 54 WaU St. 
 f Ten Eyck & Cochran, 2 WaU Street. 
 Taylor Brothers, 76 AVaU Street. 
 Thompson Brothers, 2 Wall Street, 
 f Trevor & Colgate, 49 WaU Street. 
 fThwing, E. AV., Wall Street. 
 Van Vleck, Bead and Drexel, 27 WaU St. 
 Vom Baur & Co., Gustavus, 44 Exchange 
 
 Place 
 Ward &' Co., 54 Wall Street. 
 Ward, CampbeU & Co., 42 WiUiam St. 
 Wheeler Brothers & Co., 10 WaU Street. 
 White & Storm, 45 WaU Street. 
 Whitehouse, Son & Morrison, 54 William. 
 Winslow, Lanier & Co., 52 Wall Street. 
 
38 Banks in Canada. 
 
 BANKS IN CANADA. 
 
 7%ose in Small Capitals are the Parent Banks. Tfce others are Branches. 
 
 Location. Name of Banlc. Officers, 
 
 Barrie Bank of Upper Canada E. Lally Agent. 
 
 " ...Bank of Toronto Angus Russell " 
 
 Belleville Bank of Upper Canada E. Holden " 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Andrew Thomson.... Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal Q. Maonider " 
 
 Berlin Bank of Upper Canada George Davidson.. ..Agent. 
 
 Boimnanville Ontario Bank D. Fisher. Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal G. Dyett Manager. 
 
 Bradford City Bank, Montreal A. McMaster Agent. 
 
 Branford Bank of British North America James C. Geddes... Manager. 
 
 " .. .Bank of Montreal A. Greer " 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada T. S. Shortt Agent. 
 
 BrocJcville Bank of Upper Canada R. F. Church Cashier. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada James Bancroft Manager. 
 
 ...Bank of Montreal F. M.Holmes " 
 
 Chatham Bank of Upper Canada George Thomas Cashier. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Thomas McCrae.. ..Agent. 
 
 Chippewa Bank of Upper Canada James Macklam " 
 
 Clifton Zimmerman's Bank J. W. Dunklee Cashier. 
 
 Cobourg Bank of Montreal C. H. Morgan Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of Toronto J. S. Wallace Agent. 
 
 Cornwall Bank of Upper Canada J. F. Pringle " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal W. Mattice " 
 
 bundas Bank of British North America William Lash Agent. 
 
 Gak Gore B.mk John Davidson Agent. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada William Cooke Manager. 
 
 Goderich Bank of Upper Canada John McDonald Agent. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal H. McCutchon " 
 
 Guelph Gore Bank T. Sandilands '• 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal R. M.Moore " 
 
 Hamilton Gore Bank W. G. Crawford Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada Alfred Stow " 
 
 ...Bank of British North America George Taylor Manager. 
 
 " .. .Banlc of Montreal Andrew Milroy " 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada W. H. Park Manager. 
 
 Ingersoll Commercial Bank of Canada W, M. Sage Agent. 
 
 " ...Niagara District Bank G. E.Chadwick " 
 
 Kingston Commercial Bank op Canada Charles S. Ross Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada W. G. Hinds " 
 
 " ...Bank of British North Americp Samuel Taylor Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal A. Drummond " 
 
 Lindsay Bank of Upper Canada J. McKibhin Agent. 
 
 London Bank of Upper Canada James Hamilton. ...Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of British North America Thomas Christian... Manager. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada J. G. Harper " 
 
 " ,. .Bank of Montreal William Dunn " 
 
 " ...Gore Bank Charles Monsarrat.Agent. 
 
Banks in Canada. 39 
 
 Location. Name of Bank. Officers. 
 
 Montreal Bank of Monteeal David Davidson Cashier. 
 
 " ...City Bank, Montreal F. MoCulloch " 
 
 " ...BanqdeduPeuple B. H. Lemoine " 
 
 " ...Molson's Bank W. Sache " 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada E. T. Taylor Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of Britisli North .America R. Cassels " 
 
 " ...Commevoial Bank of Canada Thonaas Kirhy " 
 
 Newcastle Bank of Toronto Samuel Wilmot Agent. 
 
 Niagara Bank of Upper Canada T. McCormick " 
 
 Oahville Bank of Toronto Jno.T. M. Burnside Agent. 
 
 Ottawa Quebec Bank H. V. Noel " 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada R. S. Cassels " 
 
 " . . .Bank of British North America A. C. Kelty " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal P. P. Harris Manager. 
 
 Paris Gore Bank James Nimmo Agent. 
 
 Perth Commercial Bank of Canada James Bell " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal John Mclntyre " 
 
 Peterboro Commercial Bank of Canada Wm. Cluxton " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal R. Nicholls " 
 
 " ...Bank of Toronto James Hall " 
 
 Picton Bank of Montreal James Gray. " 
 
 Part Scpe Bank of Upper Canada J. Smart Cashier. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Wm. F. Harper Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal R. Richardson Agent. 
 
 Port Stanley Commercial Bankof Canada E. E. Warren " 
 
 Prescott Commercial Bank of Canada John Patton " 
 
 Quebec Quebec Bank C. Gethings Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada J. F. Bradshaw Manager. 
 
 " .. .Bank of British North America F.W.Wood " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal James Stevenson... " 
 
 " ...City Bank, Montreal Daniel McGie " 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Joseph Wenham... .Agent. 
 
 Sarnia Bank of Upper Canada Alexander Vidal.. ..Agent. 
 
 Saidt Ste. ilarie Bank of British North America J. BaUenden " 
 
 Sherbaoke City Bank, Montreal W. Ritchie " 
 
 Simcoc. Gore Bank D. Campbell " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal S. Read " 
 
 Southampton Bank of Upper Canada Alexander McNab.. " 
 
 St. Catharines Niagara Distkict Bank C. M. Arnold, Asst.Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada H. C. Barwick " 
 
 St. Thomas Bank of Montreal E. M. Yarwood Manager. 
 
 " ...Bank of the County of Elgin Edw. Ermatinger.... President. 
 
 Stanstead .,, Provincial Bank J. W. Peterson Cashier. 
 
 Stratford Commercial Bank of Canada U. C. Lee Agent. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada • J. C. W. Daly " 
 
 St.Mary's Commercial Bankof Canada Thomas D. Tims Manager. 
 
 Three Rivers. Bank of Upper Canada De Moulin Agent. 
 
 " ...Bankof Montreal M. Stevenson " 
 
 " ...Quebec Bank John McDougall.... " 
 
 Toronto Bank of Upper Canada Thomas G. Eidout..Cashier. 
 
 " ...Bankof British North America W. G. Cassels Manager 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada C.J.Campbell " 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal R. Milroy " 
 
 " ...City Bank of Montreal Thomas Woodside.. " 
 
 " ...Quebec Bank W. W. Ransom " 
 
40 Banks in Canada. 
 
 Location. Name of Bank. 
 
 Toronto Banque du Peuple E.F. Whittemore.. .Agent. 
 
 " ...Bank of Toronto Angus Cameron Cashier. 
 
 " ...Colonial Bank OP Canada " 
 
 " ...Molson'sBank John Glass Agent. 
 
 Trenton Bank of Montreal J. Cumming Cashier. 
 
 Whithy. Bank of Montreal Thomas Dow Agent. 
 
 Woodstoch Gore Bank James IngersoU " 
 
 Woodstock Bank of Montreal W. P. Street " 
 
 Windsor Bank of Upper Canada Thomas E. Trew... " 
 
 FOREIGN agents OF TIIE CAN.M>A BANKS. 
 
 London (^Eng.') Bank of British North America Head Office. 
 
 " " ...Bank of Upper Canada Glyn, Mills & Co. 
 
 " " ...Banquedu Peuple Glyn, Mills & Co. 
 
 " " ...Bank of Toronto City Bank. 
 
 " " ...Commercial Bank of Canada London Joint Stock Bank. 
 
 " " ...Bank of Montreal Union Bank of London. 
 
 " " ...Quebec Bank Glyn, Mills & Co. 
 
 " " ...City Bank, Montreal Glyn, Mills & Co. 
 
 " " ...Gore Bank Glyn, MiUs & Co. 
 
 " " ...Niagara District Bank Bosanquet, Franks & Co. 
 
 " " ...Ontario Bank .....Glyn, MiUs & Co. 
 
 Liverpool {Eng.) Bank of Montreal Bank of Liverpool. 
 
 Edinhurgli{Seot.)......Tis!dk of Upper Canada British Linen Company. 
 
 " " ...Bank of Montreal British Linen Company. 
 
 " " ...Bank of British North America National Bank of Scotland. 
 
 " " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Commercial Bank of Soot- 
 land. 
 " " ...Gore Bank Union Bank. 
 
 Glasgow (Scot.) Bank of Montreal British Linen Company. 
 
 " " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Clydesdale Bank. 
 
 Dublin (Ireland) Commercial Bank of Canada Boyle, Low, Pirn & Co. 
 
 " " ...Banii of British North America Pro'v'incial Bank of Ireland. 
 
 " " ...City Bank, Montreal National Bank and Branches. 
 
 New York Bank of Upper Canada Bank of Commerce. 
 
 " ...Banli of British North America R. C. Fergusson, F. H. Gtrain, 
 
 and C. F. Smith, 
 
 '* . .Commercial Bank of Canada Merchants' Bank. 
 
 " ...Bank of Montreal Bank of Commerce in N. Y. 
 
 " . .Banque du Peuple Bank of the Republic. 
 
 " ...Quebec Bank Maitland, Phelps & Co. 
 
 " ...City Bank, Montreal Bank of the Republic. 
 
 " ...Gore Bank Merchants' Bank. 
 
 " ...Bank of Toronto Bank of Commerce in N. Y. 
 
 " ...Ontario Bank Bank of the Republic. 
 
 " ...Niagara District Bank Manhattan Bank. 
 
 Boston Bank of Montreal Merchants' Bank. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Merchants' Bank. 
 
 " ...Bank of Upper Canada Blake, Howe & Co. 
 
 " ...City Banlt, Montreal J. E. Thayer & Brother. 
 
Banks in Canada. 
 
 41 
 
 Location. Name of Bank. Officers. 
 
 Albany Bank of Upper Canada. Bank of the Interior. 
 
 " ...Commercial Bank of Canada Now York State Bank. 
 
 " . .Gore Bank New York State Bank. 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada Luther Wright's Bank. 
 
 Rochesler. Bank of Upper Canada Rochester City Bank. 
 
 St. John [N. jB.) Bank of British North America Bank of British N. America. 
 
 " ...Quebec Bank Commercial Bank of N. B. 
 
 Halifax [N. S.) Bank of Montreal Bank of Nova Scotia. 
 
 St. John's (TV. F.) Bank of Montreal Union Bank. 
 
 Fredericton {N.B.') ...Clxxehea Bank Central Bank. 
 
 CANADIAN BANKS. 
 
 DATE OF CHARTER AND AMOUNT OF CAPITAL. 
 
 Name. Act of Incorporation, 
 
 Class I. 
 
 St. Francis Bank 18 Vic. c. 201 
 
 Molsom's Bank 18 Vic. o. 202 
 
 Zimmerman Bank 18 Vic. u. 20.S 
 
 Niagara District Bank 18 Vic. u. 204: 
 
 Class II. 
 
 Commercial Bank of Canada 19 & 20 Vic. t-. 120 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada 19 & 20 Vic. c. 121 
 
 Union Bank of Canada 19 & 20 Vic. c. 122 
 
 Ontario Bank 20 Vic. c. 159 
 
 The Bank of Toronto 20 Vic. c. 160 
 
 International Bar.k of Canada 20 A^ic. c. 162 
 
 Bank of Brantford 20 Vic. c. 164 
 
 Class III. .g .^^ jy ^ ^g -, 
 
 Gore Bank i amended by 
 
 ( 12 Vic. c. 169 J 
 Class IV. 
 
 Eastern Townships' Bank 18 Vic. c. 206 
 
 The Bank of Montreal 19 & 20 Vic. u. 76 
 
 r 4 & 5 Vic. c. 97 
 
 City Bank, Montreal < amended by 
 
 { 18 Vic. c. 41 
 
 apital. Am 
 
 ^tper Share. 
 
 100,000 
 250,000 
 
 £ 25 
 
 12 
 
 
 10 
 
 250,000 
 250,000 
 
 12 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1,000,000 
 250,000 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 80,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 10 
 
 250,000 12 10 
 1,500,000 50 
 
 20 
 
 LIST OF PEIVATE BANKERS IN CANADA. 
 
 MosTEEAL. — Canada East. 
 Chapman & Co., H. 
 Dorwin & Co., C. 
 
 Hamiltox'. — Wentworth Co., Can. West. 
 Hamilton, Davis & Co. 
 4 
 
 Toronto. — Y''ork Co., Canada West. , 
 Cameron, John 
 Bull & Co., W. H. 
 
42 List of Bankers in London. 
 
 LIST OF BANKEES IN LONDON. 
 
 NOVEMBEE, 1857. 
 
 Agra and United Service Bant, Old Jewry. 
 
 Alliance Bank, 13 Threadneedle street. 
 
 Bank of Australasia, Threadneedle street. 
 
 Bank of Australia, 17 Cannon street. 
 
 Bank of British North America, 7 St. Helen's Place. 
 
 Bank of Kngland, Threadneedle street, and Burlington Gardens, 
 
 Bank of London, 52 Threadneedle street, and 450 West Strand. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, 37 Cannon street 
 
 Barclay, Bevan, Tritton & Co., 54 Lombard street. 
 
 Barnett, Hoare & Co., 62 Lombard street. 
 
 Bauer (A.) & Co., 113 Leadenhall street. 
 
 Biggerstaff, W. & J.. 8 West Smithfield. 
 
 Bosanquet, Franlcs, Whatman & Co., 73 Lombard street. 
 
 Brown, Janson & Co., 32 Abchurch Lane. 
 
 Brown, John & Co., 25 Abchurch Lane. 
 
 Call (Sir W. P., Bmi.,) Marten & Co., 25 Old Bond street. 
 
 Challis & Son, 37 West Smithfield. 
 
 Chartered Bank of India, Australia .and China, South-Sea House, 34 Gresham street. 
 
 Child & Co., 1 Fleet street. Temple Bar. 
 
 City Bank, Threadneedle street, comer of Finch Lane. 
 
 Cocks, Biddulph & Co., 43 Charing Cross. 
 
 Colonial Bank, 13 Bishopsgate street Within. 
 
 Commercial Bank of London, Lothbury, and 6 Henrietta St., Covent Garden. 
 
 Coutts & Co., 69 Strand. 
 
 Cunliffes & Co., 24 Lombard street. 
 
 Cunliffe (Roger) Son & Co., 24 Buoklershury. 
 
 Curries & Co , 29 CornhiU. 
 
 Davies, E., & Co., 187 Shoreditch. 
 
 Dimsdale, Drewett, Fowler & Barnard, 50 Comhill. 
 
 Dixon, Brooks & Dixon, 25 Chancery Lane. 
 
 Drummond & Co., 49 Charing Cross. 
 
 Feltham & Co., John, 42 Lombard street. 
 
 Fullers & Co., 66 Moorgate street. 
 
 Glyn (Sir E. P., Sart.,) Mills & Co., 67 Lombard street. 
 
 Goslings & Sharpe, 19 Fleet street. 
 
 Hanburys & Lloyds, 60 Lombard street. 
 
 Hankeys & Co., 7 Fenchurch street. 
 
 Herries, Farquhar & Co., 16 St. James's street. 
 
 Heywood, Kennards & Co., 4 Lombard street. 
 Hill & Sons, 17 West Smithfield. 
 Hoares, Messrs., 37 Fleet street. 
 
List of Bankers in London. 43 
 
 HopHnson & Co., Charles, 3 Regent street, Waterloo Place. 
 
 Ionian Bank, 6 Great Winchester street. 
 
 Johnston & Co., H. and J., 28 Cannon street. City. 
 
 Jones, Lloyd & Co., 43 Lothbury. 
 
 Lacy & Son, 60 West Smithfield. 
 
 London & County Joint Stock Banking Co., 21 Lombard street ; 441 New Oxford 
 
 street ; St. George's Place, Knightsbridge ; Connaught Terrace, Edgeware Road. 
 London & Westminster Bank, 41 Lothbury ; 1 St. James's Square ; 3 Wellington street, 
 
 Borough ; 214 High Holborn ; 87 High street, Whitechapel ; 4 Stratford Place, 
 
 Oxford street ; and 217 Strand. 
 London Joint Stock Bank, 5 Princess-street bank, and 69 Pall Mall. 
 Lubbock (Sir J. W., Bart.,') & Co., H Mansion House street. 
 Martins & Co., 68 Lombard street. 
 
 Masterman, Peters, Mildred & Co., 35 Nicholas Lane, Lombard street. 
 Mercantile Bank of India, 9 Broad street Buildings. 
 National Bank of Ireland, 13 Old Broad street. 
 National Provincial Bank of England, 112 Bishopsgate Within. 
 North-Westeru Bank of India, 1 Gresham House, Old Broad street. 
 Oriental Rank Corporation, 7 Wallbrook. 
 Olding, Sharpe & Co., 29 Clements. 
 Ottoman Bank, 26 Old Broad street. 
 Praed, Fane, Praed, Johnson & Co., 189 Fleet street. 
 Prescott, Grote, Cave & Co., 62 Threadneedle street. 
 Price (Sir C.,) Marryat & Co., 3 King William street, City. 
 Provincial Bank of Ireland, 42 Old Broad street. 
 Puget, Bainbridge & Co., 12 St. Paul's Churchyard. 
 Ransom, Bouverie & Co., 1 Pall Mall East. 
 Robarts, Curtis & Co., 15 Lombard street. 
 Royal Bank of Australia, 4 Sambrook Court. 
 Sapte, Muspratt, Banbury & Co., 77 Lombard street. 
 Scott (Sir Samuel, Bart.,) & Co., 1 Cavendish Square. 
 Shank, John, 76 West Smithfield. 
 Smith, Payne. & Smiths, 1 Lombard street. 
 Spooner, Atwoods & Co., 27 Grace Church street. 
 Stevenson, Salt & Sons, 20 Lombard street. 
 
 Stride, J. & W. S., 41 West Smithfield, and 8 Metropolitan Cattle Market. 
 Twinings (Richard) & Co., 215 Strand. 
 Union Bank of Australia, 38 Old Broad street. 
 Union Bank of Canada, 27 King street. 
 Union Bank of London, 2 Princess street Bank ; Argyle Place, Regent street ; 4 Pall 
 
 Mall East; and 73 Fleet street. 
 Unity Joint Stock Bank, 10 Cannon street. 
 Ward, T. G., 15 West Smithfield. 
 White & Co., 11 Haymarket. 
 
 Williams, Deacon, Lahouchere, Thornton & Co., 30 Bhrohiu Lane. 
 Willis, Percival & Co., 76 Lombard street. 
 
44 
 
 List of Foreign Bankers. 
 
 LIST OF FOEEIGN BANKERS. 
 
 December, 185 7. 
 
 AixlaChapelle, 
 
 Aleppo, 
 
 Alexandria, 
 AUona 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 Anconn, 
 Antwerp, 
 
 Aschajfenhurg 
 Athens, 
 
 Augsburg; 
 
 C. Wirtfjena-Oeder 
 
 Oedei- & Co. 
 
 Wm. & Rt. Black Sc Co. 
 
 Brifrc;3 & Co. 
 
 J. U:& G. F. Baur 
 
 Hesse, Newman &, Co. 
 
 Conrad II Donner 
 
 [. 0, Donner 
 
 Hope & Co. 
 
 Freres Oppenheim & Co. 
 
 Goll Sl Co. 
 
 J. Konigswarter 
 
 B. I. Hasenclever &, Co. 
 Veuve d'Ariese &. Co. 
 H. L Breltaucr 
 Frtii'ee Nottebohm, 
 
 P. Tcrwa^nc 
 
 C. J. M. De Wolf 
 J). Mauroy & Co. 
 Franz Deseauer 
 P. Schuludi 
 John Grern & Co. 
 Erzberger & Sone 
 Paul von Hrotten 
 
 C. H. von Fiulich &. Puhne 
 Johanu Lorenz Schiiztler 
 
 Baden-Baden, 
 
 Nachtolg-er & Aug. Klose 
 
 
 F. H. Meyer 
 
 Bagni de Lucca, 
 
 Miiquay & Pakenham 
 
 Barbadoes, 
 
 Samuel P. MussoD 
 
 " 
 
 Colonial Bank 
 
 Barcelona, 
 
 Gnrona, Brothers 
 
 " 
 
 Truveria A Co. 
 
 Barm a; 
 
 Gohr. Fischer 
 
 Basle, 
 
 Eliinger & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Bischof zu .St. Alban 
 
 " 
 
 Paseavant &:, Co. 
 
 Batavia, 
 
 Paine, Strieker &, Co. 
 
 Beiruiit, Syria, 
 
 Wm. & Robert Black &. Co. 
 
 " " 
 
 C. Uoqucrbe Sz. Cje. 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 Schickltr Fieres 
 
 " 
 
 Batik ofPruedfi 
 
 " 
 
 S. Bleichroeder 
 
 " 
 
 J. Jaques 
 
 (( 
 
 Meyer &■ Co. 
 
 *' 
 
 H. C. Plant 
 
 " 
 
 N. Heltfc & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Gebr. Berend i Co. 
 
 *' 
 
 Djsconto (ieeellfichaft 
 
 " 
 
 Birachfeia & WoltF 
 
 '* 
 
 F. N. von Afrnus 
 
 « 
 
 Mendele-ohn & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Anlialt &. Wagencr 
 
 " 
 
 Wolff & Co. 
 
 Bermuda^ 
 
 James W. Mueson 
 
 Berne, 
 
 JIarcunrd & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Louie F. Schraid 
 
 t* 
 
 Cantonal Bank 
 
 " 
 
 Wagner <S: Co. 
 
 Bomhay, 
 
 Oritntfll Bank Corporation. 
 
 Bonn, 
 
 Jouns Cahn 
 
 Bordeaux, 
 
 Barton *fc Gnestier 
 
 " 
 
 W. & D. Johnston 
 
 " 
 
 Narti<2uee, Rigourdan Sl Co 
 
 Bologna, 
 
 F. &, E. Rocker 
 
 Boalogne-sur-jSIcr, 
 
 Alex. Adam &. Co. 
 
 Bremm, 
 
 St. Liiiman & Sohn 
 
 " 
 
 Bank of Bremen 
 
 Breslau, 
 
 Brody, 
 Brushes, 
 Brunn, 
 Brunswick, 
 
 C. F. Plump & Co. 
 Agency of the Bank of Bruns- 
 wick 
 I. S Cohen • 
 
 Eicliborn & Co. 
 I. A Frank 
 
 C. T. Lobbeckc & Sohn 
 Buffer &Co. 
 
 Branch of Bank of Prussia 
 Job. Ferd. Kraker 
 Gebr. Schicklcr 
 
 E. Heyniann 
 
 S. Fraukel, Pen. 
 
 Felix du Jardin 
 
 T. Bauer 
 
 Brothers Lobhecke & Co. 
 
 Bi^aunechweiger Bank 
 
 Heimann Al Jiidell 
 
 F. Briigmanii (fc Co. 
 Simon Salter 
 Rablenbeck & Co. 
 
 Cadiz, 
 
 John D. Shav/ 
 
 >' 
 
 Larios Herraanos 
 
 Caii-o, 
 
 BrigfTs & Co. 
 
 Calais, 
 
 Ph. Devot & Co. 
 
 Calcutta, 
 
 Oiiental Bank Corporation 
 
 Canton, 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 
 Wetmore ct Co. 
 
 Carlsruke, 
 
 G. Wuller & Cons. 
 
 Casscl, 
 
 L. Pfeiffer 
 
 " 
 
 Levy Feidel 
 
 '' 
 
 Gebr. Biidingor 
 
 Chemnitz, 
 
 Ilaase i:. Sohn 
 
 Chrisiiania, Nor'y, 
 
 Jacob Dybwad 
 
 " " 
 
 A. Gruning & Co. 
 
 Chvr, 
 
 Laurer & Co. 
 
 Cobhntz, 
 
 Leopold Seligmann 
 
 " 
 
 Joh. Pet. Clenjt'ns 
 
 Cohiirg, 
 
 Schraidt & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Coburg Gothaische Credi 
 
 
 Gesellschafc 
 
 Cologne, 
 
 Frederick Gei.-=lor 
 
 
 A. & L. Champhausen 
 
 " 
 
 J. D. Hcrstatt 
 
 " 
 
 D. Leiden 
 
 *' 
 
 Sal Oppenheim, Fr. A Co. 
 
 *' 
 
 A. Schaffhauscn, Bank Vcrin 
 
 <' 
 
 Leopold Seligmann 
 
 " 
 
 Caesel, Kiichberg &. Co. 
 
 " 
 
 L H. Stein 
 
 " 
 
 Bank of Cologne 
 
 " 
 
 Seydlitz &L Merkena 
 
 Colombo, Ceylon, 
 
 Oriental Bank Corporation 
 
 Constantinople ^ 
 
 Charles S. Hanson Sc Co. 
 
 Cope7ihag6n, 
 
 Frolich &. Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Larson & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 M. R. Hcnriqucs 
 
 *' 
 
 G A. Gedalia &. Co. 
 
 Corfu, 
 
 J- Courage 
 
 Cracow, 
 
 Robert Keller 
 
 " 
 
 F. A. Wolff 
 
 Crefeld, 
 
 Von Beckerath-Heilmann 
 
 " 
 
 Branch of the Bank of Prus- 
 
 
 sia 
 
 Damasctjh, (;. H. Gibb & Co. 
 
 Bautzic, Gibsone & Co. 
 
 " Levin Hirsch Goldbchmidt 
 
 Sons 
 
List of Foreign Bankers. 
 
 45 
 
 Darm^tatlt^ 
 
 Aaron Messel 
 
 n 
 
 Bank of Darmstadt, 
 
 >t 
 
 Bank fuer Sued Deutachland 
 
 Demerara, W. I. 
 
 British Guiana Bank 
 
 Dessau ^ 
 
 Landes Bank 
 
 '• 
 
 Credit Anstalt 
 
 Dieppe, 
 
 Urmont, Dcttdae & Co. 
 
 Dresden, 
 
 H. G. Bassenge &. Co. 
 
 '* 
 
 Gunthers & Rudolph 
 
 " 
 
 Grorge Mensel & Co. 
 
 " 
 
 J. A. Bondi 
 
 ** 
 
 M Kaskol 
 
 Dunkirk, 
 
 Charles Cnrlier 
 
 Vusseldorff 
 
 Guillaume Cleff 
 
 EDrNBUBGH, 
 
 Elberfeid, 
 
 Elbing, 
 Emden, 
 
 Erfurt, 
 Eupe?i, 
 
 Florence, 
 
 Frankfort, O. M., 
 
 Frankfort, O. O. 
 
 Furtli Bavaria, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 Genoa, 
 
 Gera, 
 
 Gfunt, 
 
 Gibraltar, 
 GoUenhurg, 
 
 Goitingen, 
 iireiz, 
 
 ITagite, 
 
 Halberstadt, 
 
 Ualle, 
 Hamburg, 
 
 Union Bank of Scotland 
 \'on der lieydt, Kersten & 
 
 Soehne 
 J. H. Brinck & Co. 
 L. S. Hirsch 
 Y. & B.Brona 
 Ad. Stureke 
 J. E. Beissel 
 
 Em. Feni & Co. 
 
 Plowden &. French 
 
 Maquay &. Pakenham 
 
 C. Ileinzmann & Co. 
 
 Baijk of Frankfort 
 
 Gogel, Koch & Co. 
 
 Gebhard & Hauck 
 
 M. A. de Rothschild &File. 
 
 ].. Speyer Ellisen 
 
 Brothers Bethman 
 
 J. Gul! &, .Scjns 
 
 I>e Neuville, Mertens & Co. 
 
 M. H. Goldschmidt 
 
 Philipp Nicol tichmidt 
 
 W. F. Jaeger 
 
 M. Konigswtierter 
 
 JI A. Gruenbaum & Ballin 
 
 H. Gontard & Co. 
 
 B. Metzler, eel. Sohn Si. Co. 
 
 B. Nicderhofheim 
 Gebr. Reies 
 
 Branch of Bank of Prussia 
 
 M. Mendc 
 
 J. E. Wertheimer 
 
 Lombard, Odier &. Co. 
 
 Banque Generale de Suisse 
 
 Gibbs & Co. 
 
 Kind, Brolhi^r & Co. 
 
 Geraer Bank 
 
 Eduard GIiieB 
 
 The Bank of Flanders 
 
 Verhnegher, Denayer & Co. 
 
 Archbold & Co. 
 
 A. Barclay & Co. 
 
 Michael ri. Warburg 
 
 H. F, Klettwig Si. Reib.=tein 
 
 Filial of the Bk. of Weimer 
 
 Scheurlecr & File 
 
 C. Kux, senior 
 S. L. Sussmann 
 
 A. W. Barnitson & Son 
 
 J. Berenberg, GoBsler & Co. 
 
 P. Mendelssohn Bartholdy 
 
 L. Konigswartcr 
 
 Solomon Heine 
 
 Lutteroth A.: Co. 
 
 M. M. Warburg & Co. 
 
 Verrins Bank 
 
 Norddcutsche Bank 
 
 De Chapeauroiige & Co. 
 
 D. Jacques & Fils 
 H. 1. Merck & Co. 
 
 G. H. Kaemmerer & Sohne 
 Martin Job. Jaenisch 
 
 Hamburg, 
 Hanover 
 
 Havana, 
 Havre, 
 
 Heidelberg, 
 Hamburg, 
 Hong Kong, 
 
 Jerusalem, 
 
 Kanda, Ceylon, 
 Konigsberg, 
 
 Lacsannb, 
 Leghorn, 
 
 Leipsic, 
 
 Lemherg 
 Liegnitz, Silesia, 
 
 Liege, 
 
 Lima, 
 Lisbon, 
 
 Liverpool, Eng. 
 Luheck, 
 
 Lucerne, 
 
 Luxemburg, 
 
 Lyons. 
 
 Madeira, 
 
 Madras, 
 
 Madrid, 
 Magdeburg, 
 
 Malmo, 
 Malta, 
 
 Manilla, 
 Manalieim, 
 
 Marseilles, 
 
 Mayaguez, P. 
 Mayence, 
 
 Mciningcn, 
 Melbourne, 
 
 Peter Siemsen & Co. 
 
 Biancone & Co. 
 
 Levi Heinemann 
 
 Ez. Simon 
 
 L. Sl a. H. Cohen 
 
 Ad Meyer Sl Co. 
 
 Drake &. Co. 
 
 Zangroniz Frftres & Cio. 
 
 Dubois Sc Co. 
 
 J. B. Greene & Co. 
 
 D' Aliens & Co. 
 
 Fr6res Zlramern 
 
 Landgr. Hess, Landes Bank 
 
 Oriental Bank Corporation 
 
 "W. T. Young. 
 
 Oriental Bank Corporation 
 Oppenheim & Warschauer. 
 
 Felix Marcel 
 
 William McBcan & Co. 
 
 Maquay, Pakenham Sc Co. 
 
 Hcinzmann &. Rubner 
 
 Becker & Co. 
 
 Frege & Co. 
 
 M. Kaskel 
 
 Heinr. Kuestner & Co. 
 
 Leipziger Bank 
 
 Gebr. Dulour <fe Co. 
 
 C. i: G. Harkort 
 Credit Institut 
 Sieland & Co. 
 Hammer & Schmidt 
 Knauth, Nachod, &. Kijhne 
 Haussner & Violland 
 Brannh of Bank of Prussia 
 R.G. Prausnitzcis Nachiblger 
 M. J. Vercour & Co. 
 Nagelmackers & Ceafon- 
 
 tainc 
 Alsop &. Co. 
 J. E. Martin 
 H. G. Scholtz 
 Fred. Schlosecr 
 Bank of Liverpool 
 Guion A: Co. 
 
 D. G. Witte 
 
 G. F. Noelting & Sohne 
 tf. Crivelli & Cie 
 Wagner & St-hoemann 
 Veuve, Guerin &. Fila 
 
 John Blandy Sc Son 
 Murdoch, Shortridge <k Co, 
 Bank of Madras 
 Binny & Co. 
 
 Oiiental Bank Corporation 
 Henry O'Shea Sc Co. 
 Margarit, Navarro & Co. 
 Dingel & Bandelow 
 M. S. Meyer 
 L. Maquet 
 H. L. Bank 
 C. Bennewjtz 
 Brunch of Bank of Prussia 
 Spir Sl Richter 
 Owenius Sl Co. 
 James Bell & Co. 
 R. Duckworth & Co. 
 Pcele, Hubbell &l Co 
 H. Ladenburg & Sona 
 S. Ftilsch & Co. 
 Salavy, Son & Co. 
 ii£co,I,atiraer, Fernandez & Co. 
 Frederick Korn 
 Branch of the Bank ot 
 
 Darmstadt 
 Credit Institut ' 
 
 Caldwell, Train & Co. 
 
40 
 
 List of Foreign Bankers. 
 
 Melbourne, Ausira- Oriental Bank Corporation 
 
 Memel, \lia Dicsse &. Hahn 
 
 " Henry Fowler & Co. 
 
 Mcssinc, Cailler & Co. 
 
 " V. Gonzenbach 
 
 Milart, Thomas & Co. 
 
 '* Carli di'Tommaso »fc Co. 
 
 " E. Mylius 6c Co. 
 
 Moscow. J. L. Burckhardt 
 
 •' A. ^larc &. Co. 
 
 " Zenker Sl Co. 
 
 Mulhausen, R. A. Blacbetein 
 
 Midhouse, Ferdinand Koechlin &■ Co. 
 
 Munich, A. \i. d'Eichthiil 
 
 " Bank of Bavaria 
 
 '* Jsidor Neustaedter 
 
 Munster, A. Schmedding it Soehne 
 
 Nantes, Gouin, Son 6c Co, 
 
 Tiapla>, James Hartley &. Co. 
 
 '* Iggulden & Co. 
 
 De Kothechild & Sons 
 
 '* Rogers, Bros. & Cie. 
 
 « W. J. Turner & Co. 
 
 " J. U. Brandels 
 Ncustadt 0. Haardt,ljOuiB Dacque 
 
 JS^F.ufchatd, F. Henri Nicolas 
 
 l^icc, Avigdor 1/Ain6 &- Fils 
 
 " Dalmas Frfires 
 
 Nuremberg, Leonard Kalb 
 
 •' Sclimitt Brotlior 
 
 « J. C. Cnopf 
 
 Odessa, F.. Malis & Co. 
 
 OLeron, Davantes Froi'cs 
 
 Ol>ortOt Burmcetcr &l Co. 
 
 " Sandemau &l Co. 
 Oppeln, SiLslcf, Brancli of Bank of Prussia 
 
 Osteiid, F. a. Belleroche 
 
 Racli .t Co. 
 
 Osnahiicl:^ Wcsterkamp <t Fortlago 
 
 Palhrmo, Brown, Franck & Co. 
 
 " Ciias. Ficclier 
 
 " Prier, Turners &- Thomas 
 
 Paiwma, Garrison & Fretz 
 
 Paris, Callaghan &. Son 
 Alliez & Grand 
 
 *' Hottinguer & Co, 
 
 •' B, L. Fould & Fould &: Op- 
 pen iieim 
 
 " Livingston, Wells &, Co. 
 
 " U, Zellweger ifc Co. 
 
 " A. Marcuard Sc Co. 
 
 " F. S. Ballin & Co. 
 
 *' J. J. de Uribarren &: Co. 
 
 " Lopez tS: Guenet 
 
 " Rcugemont do Loewenberg 
 
 Fillet, Will <feCo, 
 
 " De Rothschild, Fr6res 
 
 " Genicoud &^ Marignac 
 
 " Comptoir National d'Es- 
 [ncej, compte 
 Pau Basse, I'l/rc- Merellon Ain6 
 
 Pan. Davnntes, Frcres 
 
 pestk, S, Sl D, Flcischl 
 
 *' National Bank 
 
 *' G. Groseinger 
 
 •' J. G. Halbauer 
 
 Pisa, Maquoy, Pakenham Sz. Smith 
 
 " Ferdinand Pevcrada 
 Porto/Spain, Trin. Colonial Bank 
 
 Prague, C. A. Feidler, Sons 
 
 '• Lnnpold Lacmel 
 
 Poscn, Moritz 6^ Hartwig Mamroth 
 
 EnKT.MS, 
 
 Riga, 
 
 Ruinart & Son 
 Wm. Ructz &L Co, 
 
 Rio dc Janeiro, 
 Rome, 
 
 Rouen, 
 
 Seville, 
 
 Shanghai, 
 
 Sinna, 
 
 Singapore, 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 S ondershausen, 
 
 Stettin, 
 
 Stockholm, 
 
 St. John's For. Rico. 
 St. G alien. 
 
 St. Petersburg, 
 
 St. Thomas, W. I. 
 
 Strafburg, 
 Stuttgart 
 
 Sydney, N. S. ir., 
 
 Tilsit 
 Toulon, 
 Toulouse, 
 Trier, 
 
 Trieste, 
 
 Turin, 
 
 Freeland. Ker, Collins &■ Co 
 McRean &. Co, 
 
 C. Kolb 
 
 Pakenham, Hooker & Co, 
 Plowden, Cholraely fc Co, 
 Torlonia &. Co. 
 
 D. &c C. Blankenheym 
 Freros Nottebohm 
 
 J. Faucon Sc Co. 
 
 Cahill, White, &: Beck 
 Oriental Bank Corporation 
 Wetmore & Co. 
 Waquay &. Pakenham 
 Oriental Rank Corporation 
 G. Conturier & J. Rostand 
 Salzani, Lochner &, Cie. 
 Thuring Bank 
 S. Abel, Jr. 
 Tottie 6c Arfwedson 
 Schuen & Co. 
 C. D. Arfwedson 
 Kreszmann & Co, 
 Latimer &: Fernandes 
 J, J. Mayer, Sohn 
 Steinmann & Recknagel 
 Valoren Pocieiact 
 Cayley, Moberly Su Co. 
 Blessig & Co. 
 Wilson &^ Co. 
 Robert Swift 
 Bank of St. Thomas 
 Colonial Bank 
 Renouard do Bouissierre 
 Charles Staehling 
 Stahl & Federer 
 F. Arledter 
 Royal "Wcrtemb. Bank 
 F. G. Schultzsen 
 Schnabel & Haertel 
 Caldwell, Train &. Co. 
 Bank of New touth Wales 
 
 S. M. Lowenbcrg 
 Franchiere, Perc & Co. 
 Courtois i*c Co. 
 Reverc'hon & Co. 
 J, Collinud 
 J, C. Ritter & Co. 
 F. S. Long & Fils 
 Nigra, Brothers 
 
 Ulm, 
 
 Gcbr. Kindervatter 
 
 Utrecht, 
 
 Vlner & Kohl 
 
 Valparaiso, 
 
 Alsop & Co. 
 
 Venice, 
 
 H. E. Becker 
 
 " 
 
 A. Sl M. Coen Fratelli 
 
 " 
 
 L. Foehr 
 
 " 
 
 Jacob Karrer 
 
 J'cvay, 
 
 Gorton 6c Co. 
 
 Vienna, 
 
 Arnstein 6c Eskelos 
 
 " 
 
 S. M. de Roihschild 
 
 " 
 
 J. H. Stamentz &c Co. 
 
 
 M. H Weikersheim 6c Co. 
 
 " 
 
 Nicderoestr. Escomple Ges. 
 
 " 
 
 G. S. von Sina 
 
 " 
 
 Sal. Comando, Eidam & Co 
 
 " 
 
 Credit Bank 
 
 Wahsaw, 
 
 S. A. Fraenkel 
 
 " 
 
 Jan Epstein 
 
 JVi-imar, 
 
 Bank of Weimar 
 
 if'rishaden. 
 
 Mrircufl Berlc 
 
 tVurtzburg, 
 
 F. Bciikert ^'ornborge^ 
 
 ZuKicn, Gaspard, Schultresa & Co. 
 
 R. D, VVarbuig &. Co. 
 " Bank of Zurich 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 47 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CASHIERS 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Pullisher requests that any errors in the names, err any omissions, may be 
 reported immediately. 
 
 AcKLEY, Thomas, Camden, N. J. 
 Acly, Thomas R., Now York City. 
 Adams, D. R., Eatonton, Geo. 
 Adams, G. S., Sag Harbor, N. Y. 
 Adams, James, Washington City, D. C. 
 Adams, Joseph, Gardiner, Me. 
 Adams, J. D., Pittsfield, Mass. 
 Affleck, Charles D., Gravville, III. 
 Alden, John, Glen's Falls, N. Y. 
 Aldrioh, W. H. A., Cranston, K. I. 
 Alexander, jr., H., Springfield, Ma«s. 
 Alexander, Junius B., Louisville, Ky. 
 Alexander, Samuel H., Moorfield, Va. 
 Alexander, W. E , Rome, Geo. 
 Allen, A. C, North Pepin, Wis. 
 Allen, George, Waldoboro, Mo. 
 Alvord, C. L., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Alvord, George, West Winsted, Conn. 
 Amoss, B. B., La Grange, Geo. 
 Amshnry, Jabez, Danbury, Conn. 
 Amy, Francis, Stonington, Conn. 
 Anderson, F. W., Bethel, Vt. 
 Anderson, James B., Owensboro, Ky. 
 Andrew?, David, Providence, R. I. 
 Andrews, Edwin, Greenwich, N. Y. 
 Andrews, J. Frank, Mount "Vernon, 0. 
 Andrews, John, Newhuryport, Mass. 
 Angel, Lewis L , Watertown, N. Y. 
 Angell, J. W., Providence, R. I. 
 Anthony, F. W., do. do. 
 
 Anthony, J., Buchanan, Va. 
 Appleget, Thomas, Hightstown, N. J. 
 Armstrong, D. W., St. Croix, Wis. 
 Armstrong, T. D., Mt. Holly, N. J. 
 Arnold, Joseph, Birmingham, Conn. 
 Arnold, Olney, North Providence, R. I. 
 Arnold, 0. B., Meriden, Conn. 
 Arnot, John, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Arthur, Edward H., New York City. 
 Arthur, George D., do. do. 
 Atkinson, Hobart F., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Atwater, W., New Haven, Conn. 
 Atwell, Joseph D., Vergennes, Vt. 
 Atwood, D., MiUbuiy, Mass. 
 Ault, J., Marion, Ohio. 
 
 Baars, J. Fred., Bristol, R. I. 
 Baboock, J. H., Carolina Mills, R I. 
 Babcock, M. L., Batavia, N. Y. 
 Badger, D., Richland, Wis. 
 Bailey, Frederick S., Springfield. Mass. 
 Bailey, Gordon, Tonawanda, N. Y. 
 Bailey, S. W., Whitehall, N. Y. 
 Baker, Daniel F., Bath, Me. 
 Baker, Francis, South Danvers, Mass. 
 Baker, S. P., Wiscassct, Me. 
 Baker, W., Evansville, Ind. 
 Baldwin, \Ym. H., Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 Ballard, Orrin, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Ballard, Jr., 0., Circloville, O. 
 Ballou, L. W., Woonsockct, R. I. 
 Bancroft, B. F., Salem, N. Y. 
 Banker, John T., Rhinebcok, N. Y. 
 Banks, David, Henderson, Kv. 
 Barbour, James, MaysviUe, Ky. 
 Bard, C, Norwich, Conn. 
 Bard, James H., Dalton, Geo. 
 Barie, Augustus, Savannah, Geo. 
 Barker, John P., New Bedford, Mass. 
 Barker, W. W., Brunswick, Ga. 
 Barnard, John D., Thomaston, Me. 
 Barner, B., Smithland, Ky. 
 Barnes, James C, Columbus, Wis. 
 Barnes, J. F., Clarksville, Tenn. 
 Barnes, Marquis, Amsterdam, N. Y. 
 Barrett, George, New Ipswich, N. H. 
 Barry, Charles C., Boston, Mass. 
 Barry, R. F., St. Louis, Mo. 
 Bartlett, J. P., Portsmouth, N. H. 
 Barton, H. H., Madison, Ind. 
 Bassett, Charles J. H., Taunton, Mass. 
 Bassett, William, Lynn, Mass. 
 Bassett, C. H., Cranston, R. I. 
 Batchelder, John F., Albany, N. Y. 
 Bates, Henry M., Northfield, Vt. 
 Baxter, Wra., H., Royalton, Vt. 
 Bayard, N. J., Rome, Geo. 
 Bayard, J. F., A'incennes, Ind. 
 Bayard, Samuel, Evansville, Ind. 
 Beach, James C, New York City. 
 Beach, John S., Terro Haute, Ind. 
 
48 
 
 List of Cashiers. 
 
 Beacli, Oren M., Williamsburg, N. Y. 
 Beadle, Tracy, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Beals, Thom.is S., Lima, Ind. 
 Beardsley, Marcus W., St. Albans, Vt. 
 Beardsley. W. C, Auburn, N. Y. 
 Beatty, Eli, Hagerstown, Md. 
 Beatty, John, Mount Holly, N. J. 
 Beatty, Eobert C, Bristol, Pa. 
 Beck, George A., La Crosse, "Wis. 
 Beckel, Daniel, Dayton, 0. 
 Beede, Stephen, Sandwich, N. H. 
 Beetem, William M., Carlisle, Pa. 
 Belden, R. X., New London, Conn. 
 Bell, William M., Sujvrna, Del. 
 Bellinger, F. C, Platt'sburgh, N. Y. 
 Belly, Mortimer, New Orleans. 
 Bennett, George, Monticello, N. Y. 
 Bennett, Jonas, Boston, Mass. 
 Bennett, Martin, Bristol, E. L 
 Bennett, Robert G., Beverly, Mass. 
 Benyon, Abner J., Brighton, Mass. 
 Berry, Richard, New York City. 
 Beriy, Scott, Worcester, Mass. 
 Bertholf, Daniel V. H., New York City. 
 Be-stor, Chauncy, Washington, D. C. 
 Bibb, William A., Charlottesville, Va. 
 Bickford, C. D., Waukegan, 111, 
 Bicknell, G. F., Rome, N. Y. 
 Biddle, Samuel, Wilmington, Del. 
 Bigclow, George C, AVorcestor, Mass. 
 Bingham, Samuel, Windham, Conn. 
 Binns, Jonathan, Mount Pleasant, 0. 
 Bispham, Edward J., Dorchester, Mass. 
 liissell, H. M., Somers, New York. 
 Bixby, Lorenzo, Brandon, Vt. 
 Bixby, Paul H., Francestown, N. H. 
 
 Black, William P., Manchester, Vt, 
 
 Blackford, William M., Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Blake, E, J,, New York City. 
 
 Blauchard, S. S., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Bliss, Edward A., Lee, Mass, 
 
 Blizard, J. , Athens, Tenn. 
 
 Blodgett, Benjamin T., Bradford, Vt. 
 
 Bloss, B. C;., Beaver Dam, Wis. 
 
 Boardman, Thos. C, East Haddam, Conn, 
 
 Bogert, R. V,, do. do. 
 
 Bomberger, Jacob C, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Bond, Charles D., Port Wayne, Iiid. 
 
 Bond, George W,, Adams, N. Y. 
 
 Bond, Thomas C, Port Deposit, Md. 
 
 Boon, Maitland, Quincy, lU. 
 
 Boon, William C, Fayette, Mo. 
 
 Boothby, S, A., Biddeford, Me. 
 
 Borden, Leander, Fall River, Mass. 
 
 Bostwick, l;., Pine Plains, N. Y. 
 
 Bosworth, J. A., Providence, R, L 
 
 Bourn, Joseph H,, do. do. 
 
 Bourne, Samuel P., Falmouth, Mass, 
 
 Bowden, Robert W,, Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Bowdish, J, ^V., Pawling, N. Y. 
 
 Bowers, L. U., Columbus, Geo. 
 
 Bowman, S., Gardiner, Me. 
 
 Brackett, W. H,, Fall River, R, I. 
 Bradbury, John C, Saco, Me. 
 Bradbury, Nathaniel H. Belfast, Me. 
 Kradlej', Amos A., Fulton, N. Y. 
 Bradley, John A., Chester, S, 0. 
 Brady, A, J., Atlanta, Geo, Agent. 
 Brady, Sobieski, Wheeling, Va. 
 Brainard, Or\'ille V., Watertown, N. Y. 
 Branner, William A., Dandridge, Tenn. 
 Breese, Wm. C, Charleston, S. C, 
 Brent, Henry M., Winchester, Ya. 
 Brewer, Abram, Hutsonville, 111. 
 Brewer, Rufus F., Holliston, Ma«.-i. 
 Brewster, A\'illiarn, Taunton, Mass, 
 ]5risbin, G, S., Schuylerville, N, Y, 
 Britton, James H., St, Louis, ^lo. 
 Broadfoot, A\'illiam G., Fayetteville, N. C. 
 Brockenbrough, J. C, Lafayette, Ind. 
 Brockway, Edw. P., Ripon, Wis. 
 Brooks, jr., Obed, Harwich, Mass. 
 Brooks, William B., Dorchester, Mass. 
 Brown, Albert, Springfield, Vt. 
 Brown, Fayette P., Providence, R. I, 
 Brown, H, D., Phenix, R. I. 
 Brown, Henry H., Detroit, Mich. 
 Brown, Isaac, Providence, R. I. 
 Brown, John, St. Louis, Mo. 
 Brown, Jr., Jonathan, Boston, Mass. 
 Brown, J. F., Coventry, R. I. 
 Brown, Perino, Atlanta, Geo., Agent. 
 Brown, P, H., Providence, R. I. 
 Brown, Timothy, Madison, ^\'is, 
 Brace, William W., Lancaster, N. Y. 
 Bruyn, C. D., Kingston, N, Y. 
 Bryson, Peter M., New York City. 
 Buck, John M,, Baltimore, Md. 
 Buck, Robert, Now York City. 
 Buell, James, New York City. 
 Buft'um, David H., Somersworth, N. H. 
 Bull, Stephen C, Orwell, Vt. 
 Bullen, S. H., Louisville, Ken. 
 Bunce, John L,, Hartford, Conn. 
 Burbank, G. A., Danville, Vt. 
 Burch, I. H., Chicago, 111. 
 Burkhart, D., Martinshurg, Va. 
 Burnham, Collins A., Ogdcnsburgh, N. Y. 
 Burritt Ransom, New Haven, Conn. 
 BuiTOughs, G., Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Burroughs, 0., Waukesha, Wis. 
 Bun'owes, Lorenzo, Albion, N. Y. 
 Burson, John W., Muneie, Ind, 
 Burson, Samuel, Laporte, Ind. 
 Burton, E. M., Montgomery, Ala. 
 Butler, A. T., Syracuse, N Y. 
 Butler, Charles, New London, Conn, 
 Butler, E. P., Orono, Me. 
 Butler, John A., Hartford, Conn. 
 Butler, John E., Jamaica, Vt. 
 Butler, ,1. U., Utica, N. Y. 
 Buttci-field, B., Bowdoinham, Me, 
 Buttrick, John H., Lowell, Mass, 
 Butts, James E,, Providence, R. I. 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 49 
 
 Take, Joseph, "W., Pottsville, Pa. 
 Ciildwell, Charles A., Alton, 111. 
 Caldwell, Isaac H., IlopkinsviHe, Koii. 
 Caldwell, James \V., "Woodbury, N. J. 
 Caldwell, 0. B., Trenton, Tenn. 
 Caldwell, 'W'm , Haverhill, Mass. 
 Caldwell, W. A., Greensboro, N. C. 
 Calleuder, W. H. D., Hartford, Con. 
 Calvert, Thos. C, Bowling Green, Ky. 
 Cameron, Simon, Middletown, Pa. 
 Camp, George W., Norfolk, Va. 
 Ciunp, Hoel H., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Camp, William S., Middletown, Conn. 
 Campbell, P. S., Salem, 0. 
 C!ampboll, Thomas, J., Cleveland, Tenn. 
 Campbell, William S., Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 Carlisle, James, Aberdeen, Miss. 
 
 Carmichael, G. C, Albany, (^iio., Ar/ent. 
 Carr, George W., Warren, R. I. 
 
 Carr, Samuel, Boston, Mass. 
 
 (,'urtor, J. D., Columbus, Geo. 
 
 Carver, Benjamin P., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Cary, Jonathan, Grafton, Mass. 
 
 Case, Everett, Vernon, N. Y. 
 
 Cass, Wni. T. , Sanbornton Bridge, N. H. 
 
 Castner, John, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Cater, H. W., Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Chadwiok, J., Salem, Mass. 
 
 Chamberlalue, Jr., H, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Chapin, Edmund D., Springfield, Mass. 
 
 ( 'hapin, Horatio, South Bend, Ind. 
 
 (Jhapman, D. W.. Newcastle, Me. 
 
 Chapman, E. S., Galesburg, 111. 
 
 Chapman, R., Tarboro, N. C. 
 
 Chappell, Robert, Green Bay, Wis. 
 
 Chath.am, Benjamiu P., Odessa, Del. 
 
 Cheney, C. (i., Peterboro, N. H. 
 
 Cheney, John il.. Concord, Mass. 
 
 Cheney, James, Logansport, Ind. 
 
 Cheeseborough, John, Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Church, H. R , Madison, Wis. 
 
 (.llapp, Dorin P., Peekskill, N. Y. 
 
 Clark, Albert, Cleveland, 0, 
 
 Clark, Cyrus, Newcastle, Pa. 
 
 Clark, L. B., Grayville, 111. 
 
 (!'lark, Merritt, Poultney, Vt. 
 
 Clark, William H., Watertown, Wis. 
 
 Clark, William W., Newborn, N. C. 
 
 Clarke, L. W., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Clarke, R. T., Bridgeport, Conn. 
 
 Clarke, Wedworth W., Tecumseh, Mich. 
 
 Clarke, William A., Newport, R. I. 
 
 Claypool, E. P., Connersville, Ind. 
 
 Cleage, David, Athens, Tenn. 
 
 Clements, George, Fort Edward, N. Y. 
 
 Clement, S. M., Fredonia, N. Y. 
 
 Cloud, A. G., McLeansboro, lU. 
 
 Cochran, F. M., Paterson, N. J. 
 
 Cochran, J. Clarence, Charleston, S. G. 
 
 Coddington, Moses, New Brunswick, N. J. 
 
 Coffin, Charles T., Richmond, Ind. 
 
 Coffin, W. H., Clyde, N. Y. 
 
 Coggeshall, William, Fall River, R. I. 
 Coit, Charles T., Bnffiilo, N. Y. 
 Coker, F. M., Aniericus, Geo., Agent. 
 Colby, H., Mansfield, 0. 
 Cole, Richard G., Burlington, Vt. 
 Coleman, Charles R., Baltimore, Md. 
 Coraegys, B. B., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Comstock, E. S., Cuyahoga Falls, 0. 
 Comstock, Sylvester R., New York City. 
 Condit, Lewis C, Jersey City, N. J. 
 Congdon, Lewis, Quinoy, Mass. 
 Conklin, John J., New Milford, Conn. 
 Convers, D. C, Zanesvillc, 0. 
 Cook, J. W., Allegheny City, Pa. 
 (^ook, George, Woonsocket, R. I. 
 Cook, H. H., Bath, N. Y. 
 Cook, J. S., Burrillville, R. I. 
 Cook, Jr., .John, Goshen, Ind. 
 Cook, S., North Providence, R. I. 
 Cooke, John A., Catskill, N. Y. 
 Cooper, Charles W., Allentowm, Pa. 
 Copeland, Melvin B., Middletown, Conn. 
 Corbin, Pliny M., Troy, N. Y. 
 Correy, James, Nashville, Tenn. 
 Covin, Robert S., Boston, JIass. 
 Cotton, W. D., Attleboro, Mass. 
 Cowan, A. B., Ringgold, Geo. 
 Craig, John, Augusta, Geo. 
 Craig, John J., Knoxvillc, Tenn. 
 Cranston, Henry C, Providence, R. X. 
 Crawford, John A., Can'olton, Ky. 
 Crawford, W. H., Equality, 111. 
 Cross, Trueman, Baltimore, Md. 
 Cross, William, Worcester, Mass. 
 Crouse, George, Canastota, N. Y. 
 Cruzat, Gustavus, New Orleans, La. 
 Cunningham, C. J., Rome, Geo. 
 Currier, David, Derry, N. H. 
 Currier, Moody, Manchester, N. H. 
 Curtis, A. S., Mount Vernon, Ind. 
 Curtis, W. S., AA^oodbury, Conn. 
 Cushman, Isaac N., Irasburg, Vt. 
 Cuyler, George A., Savannah, Geo. 
 
 Dallam, J. L., Paddcah, Ky. 
 Dana, John B., Cambridge, Mass. 
 Danforth, James R., Spring-field, Mo. 
 Daniels, H. A., Milford, N. H. 
 Daniels, S. R., Lockport, N. Y. 
 Davies, James W., Augusta, Geo. 
 Darling, Keyes A., Fond du Lac, Wis. 
 Dart, William H., Providence, R. I. 
 Davis, C. A., Greensboro, Geo. 
 Davis, Dolphin A., Salisbury, N. C. 
 Davis, E. N., Providence, R. I. 
 Davis, Frederick W., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 Davis, Francis P., Coatsville, Pa. 
 Davis, Robert M., New Orleans, La. 
 Davis, Stephen G., Boston, Mass. 
 Davis, William D., Scottsville, Va. 
 Davison, C. M., Detroit, Mich. 
 Day, F. S., Pera, lU. 
 
50 
 
 List of Cashiers. 
 
 T)ay, Matthias W., Newark, N. J. 
 I>ay, R. L , Boston, Mass. 
 Deane, F. \V., Canton, Mass. 
 De Angelis, Gideon, New York City, 
 Dearborn, Geo. L., Somerswortli, X. 11. 
 Dcaring, Albion P., Athens, Ge". 
 Pcfrcc^, J. H., Goslien, Ind. 
 Dennett, Wilham S., Bangor, Me. 
 Denny, "Williana H., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Dcvendorr, H. IT., Ilion, N. Y'. 
 Devotion, J. L., Norwich, ('mm. 
 Dcwcy, Benjamin H., \\'ati_'rl)ury. Conn. 
 Dewey, Charles, Kaleigh, N. ('.■ 
 1 Icwcy, Thomas W., Charlotte, N. C. 
 De Wolf, Delos, Oswego, N. Y. 
 Dexter, C. E. Dexter, Hudson, Wis. 
 Dexter, William J., Fox Lake, Wis. 
 Dexter, William J., Providence, I;. I. 
 Dickey, J. R., Wheeling, Va. 
 Dinsmore, W. W., Delavan, Wis. 
 ]:)obbins, M. G,, Griifin, (ito. 
 Dodd, Benjamin, Boston, Mass. 
 Dodd, James, Boston, JIass. 
 Dodd, Jr. ,S. West Meriden, Conn. 
 Dodd, Theodore S., Bangor, Me. 
 Donnell, James C, Philadelphia, Va. 
 Doolittle, Harvey, Herkimer, N. Y. 
 Douglas, Joseph C, New London, Coan. 
 Drafts, Jesse, Columbia, S. C. 
 Drake, Albert, Boston, Mass. 
 Drake, Jeremy, Boston, Mass. 
 Drowne, C. E., Providence, R. I. 
 ])rowne, George R., Providence, R. I. 
 Dubois, E. C, Williamsport, Md. 
 Ducr, Geo. W., New York City. 
 JJurant, E. G., Janesville, A\'is 
 Durfee, A. G., Providence, R. L 
 Durfce, H, B., Decatur, 111. 
 Dyer, George G., Plymouth, }ila-s. 
 
 Eaton, Hiram, Fayetteville, N. C. 
 Eaton, L., South Reading, Mas^. 
 Ebbert, John H., Ravenna, 0. 
 Edgar, Vincent, Dover Plains, N. Y. 
 Ehringhaus, John C, Elizabeth City, N.C. 
 Eichelberger, R A., Hanover, I'a. 
 Eldredge, J. H., New York City. 
 Eldridge, T. It. B., Milwaukee," Wis. 
 Elliott, H, L., Winnsboro, S. C. 
 Ellis, George, New York City. 
 Ellis, J. Alder, Madison, Wis. 
 p;iy, Anson C, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Emery. William, Flemington, N. -T. 
 Endicott, Charles M., Salem, Mass, 
 Endley, George A., Wa.bhington, (}. 
 Epping, H. II,, Columbus, Gm. 
 Ernst, William, Covington, l\y. 
 Espy, Henry P., Urbana, (I, 
 Eth'ridge, R., Frankfort, N. Y. 
 Evans, Daniel P., Ripley, 0. 
 Evans, J, L., Tazewell. Tenn. 
 Eveleth, Joseph J., Augusta, Me. 
 
 Everett, Charles J., Goshen, N. Y. 
 Everitt, John L., New York City. 
 
 Fain, H., Rogersville, Tenn. 
 Fairchild, G. H., Waverly, N. Y. 
 Fairfield, Seth, S,, Biddeibrd, Me. 
 Fairman, ]•', F., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Fargo, J, C, Augusta, Geo. 
 Farnum, J. S . Worcester, Ma.-^. 
 Farnum, M., Blackstone, Mil.^s 
 Farrar, J. N., Abiugton, Mass. 
 Fan-ar, S. M., Columbus, Geo. 
 Farwell, John L. Claremont, N". II. 
 I'erguson, David, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Ferrill, J. C, Savannah, Geo. 
 Ferris, William W., Delaware City. 
 Field, George, Williamsburgh, N. Y. 
 Field, John A., Providence, R. I. 
 J'ifield, Moses, Wai-wick, R. I. 
 Finlay, John B., Kittanning, Pa. 
 Finley, Augustus C, ClarkesviUe, Va. 
 Fish, Henry PL, Fall River, Mas=. 
 Fisher, Jr., Calvin, Wrentham, Mas.<.. 
 Fisher, A. F. Brooklyn, Coun. 
 Fisher, C. F., Petersburg, Va. 
 Fisher, George S., Ottawa, 111. 
 Fisher, John, Westminster, Md. 
 Fisher, John, Columbia, S. C. 
 Fisk, Jonathan, Trenton, N. J. 
 Fitch, John W., New Haven, Conn. 
 Fitzhugh, George D., Madison, Ind. 
 Flannagan, B. C., Charlottesville, Va. 
 Fleming, A., GrifKn, Geo,, Agent. 
 Fletcher, Nelson, Oshkosh, Wis. 
 Floyd, Samuel, Wilmington, Del. 
 Fogg, ^\illiam IL, Jeffersonville, Ind. 
 Flviit, J, R,, Monson, Mass. 
 Fonda. D. H., 'Canajoharie, N. Y. 
 Foot, G., Methuen, Mass. 
 Footp, (Jliarles, Bridgeport, Conn. 
 I'oole, Charles B,, Cincinnati, 0. 
 Foote, George L , Charlestown, Mass, 
 Forker, S. C , Bordentown, N. .1. 
 I'Vjrman, McEvers, Easton, Pa, 
 Foster, Archibald, Boston, Mass. 
 Foster, Ethan, Westerly, R. I. 
 Foster, Jr., Moses, Andover, Mass, 
 Foster, Stephen, Derby Line, Vt. 
 Foster, Wm. IL, Salem, ,\iass. 
 Fowler, Isaac, Saratoga Springs, N, Y. 
 Fox, John S., Jersey ( 'ity, N. J. 
 Francis, E. S,. Shelburne, Mas.s. 
 Eraser, Alfred S,, New York City. 
 l''r;iscr, R. E., Georgetown, S, C, 
 Freeborn, William T,, Warren, R. I. 
 Freeman, William 1,'., Milwaukee, Wis, 
 French, Jr., Benjamin Y., Lynn, Mass. 
 I'rench, J. E., ]5ristol, R. I. 
 French, John L,, Pittsfield, N. H. 
 Freret, George A., Njiw Orleans, La. 
 Frick, George A., Danville, Pa. 
 Frothingham, A. T,, Boston, Mass. 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 51 
 
 Fullagar, Lanijley, Dunkirk, N. Y. 
 Fuller, C. J., Greenfield, Mass. 
 Fuller, John K., Boston, Mass. 
 Fulton, W. D., Chattanooga, Tonn. 
 
 Gale, James E., I-Taveeiiill, Mass. 
 Gale, N. B., Laoonia, N. 11. 
 Galusha, E. C, Mount Morris, N. Y. 
 Galusha, Julius B., Monroe, "Wis. 
 Ganson, Corneal R., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Ganson, James M., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Oaraghty, C. F., Lancaster, 0. 
 Gardner, Georgo, J., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Gardner, C. B., Christiauhurg, Xa. 
 Gardner, D. W., Fulton, N. Y. 
 Gardner, John, Norwalk, 0. 
 Garside, J., Nebraska City, Nebraska. 
 Gay, Henry, AVest Winsted, Conn. 
 Gay, J. B., Thompson, Conn. 
 Gay, Willard, Troy, N. Y. 
 Gee, B. H., Bainhridge, Geo. 
 Gerrish, Edward P., Portland, Me. 
 Gibbs, Roswell, Troy, Ohio. 
 Gibson, Patrick, Baltimore, Md. 
 Gibson, M. S., Hudson, Wis. 
 Gilbert, Horatio G., Albany, N. Y. 
 Giles, Samuel J., Gloucester, Mass. 
 Gillespie, Thomas H., JefforsonviUo, Va. 
 Gillett, E. S., Fonda, N. Y. 
 Gladding, Henry G., Providence, E. I. 
 Glenn, James L., Clarkesville, Tenn. 
 Godfrey, William, Clieraw, S. C. 
 Goddard, Riley M:, Medina, N. Y. 
 Goodell, R. E., Joliet, HI. 
 Goodricli, William L., Schenectady, N. Y. 
 Goodwin, Arthur, Fredericksburg, V.i. 
 Goodwin, Daniel B., Waterville, N. Y. 
 Gordon, Charles, Searsport, Me. 
 Gordon, William K., Fredericksburg, Va. 
 Gore, Jeremiah, Boston, Mass. 
 Gott, James R., Rockport, Mass. 
 Gould, Edward, Portland, Me. 
 Graham, Charles S., Newark, N. J. 
 Graham, Wilhara M., Middletown, N. Y. 
 Grant, E. P., Canton, 0. 
 Gray, Israel J., Whitestown, N. Y. 
 Green, Albert C, Providence, R. I. 
 Green, J. S., Mobile, Ala. 
 Green, M. J., Cuba, N. Y. 
 Green, Powers L., Albany, N. Y. 
 Green, T. R., Providence, R. I. 
 Griswold, Walter H., Delhi, N. Y. 
 Groesbeok, Anson, Lansingburgh, N. Y. 
 Gross, Jr. Thomas, East Haddam, Conn. 
 Guion, Franklin G., Kinderhook, N. Y. 
 Gulliver, Lemuel, Boston, Mass. 
 Gummere, Wm., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Guernsey, John W. Wellsboro, Pa. 
 Gunnison, A. C, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Hackett, William, Easton, Pa. 
 
 Ilagany, W. S., Wilmington, Del. 
 Hale, Calvin, Dover, N. H. 
 llalc, William B., Northampton, Mass. 
 Haley, Abel, Wolfsboro, N. H. 
 Haley, S. A., Newmarket, N. H. 
 Hall, B. F., Aurora, HI. 
 Hall, Charles B., Boston. Mass. 
 Hall, John K., Boston, Mass. 
 Hall, "Washington A., New York ("'ity. 
 Halstead, Daniel B., New York City. 
 Ham, Benjamin W., Providence, Ri L 
 Hamlin, H. W., Lima, N. Y. 
 Hammett, Charles D., Newport, R. I. 
 Hammond, A. G., Hartford, Conn. 
 Hammond, Hampton B., Wadesboro, N. C. 
 Hammond, N., Annapolis, Md. 
 Hammond, Pardon .L N., King.ston, R. I. 
 Hamner, S. A., Columbia, Tenn. ' 
 Hand, Theodore F., Oneida Depot, N. Y. 
 Handley, R. M., Marion, 111. 
 Handy, Parker, New York City. 
 Handy, Truman P., Cleveland, O. 
 Hannah, Samuel, Charleston, Xa. 
 Hanson, M'. W., Wytheville, Ya. 
 Hardie, George W., Macon, Geo. 
 Hardin, Dennis, Lconardsville, N. Y. 
 Harding, Jr., A., Athol, Mass. 
 Hardy, Charles E., Ithaca, N. Y. 
 Hardy, Charles J. , Columbus, 0. 
 Hardy, J. F. E., Ashevillc, N. C. 
 Harman, George W., Bennington, Vt. 
 Harper, John, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 HaiTington, E. W., Manchester, N. H. 
 Harris, F. M., New York City. 
 Harris, CJeoro-e W., Mi.ldletown, Conn. 
 Harris, Henry K., Chicopee, Mass. 
 Harris, Israel, Belvidcrc, N. J. 
 Harris, John A. Scituatc, R. I. 
 Harris, Joseph C , Poughkec|j-ie, N. Y. 
 Hartt, Charles P., Troy, N. Y. 
 Harvey, James, Baltimore, Md. 
 Harvey, Jr., Samuel, Germantown, Pa 
 Harwood, H. W., Black River Falls, Wis 
 Hasbrouck, Benjamin M., liingston, N. Y. 
 Haskell, B. B., Waldoboro, Me. 
 Hastings, George D., ToUand, Conn. 
 Hatch, A. S., Jersey City, N. Y. 
 Hatch, Frank, La Crosse, Wis. 
 Hatch, Milo, Augusta, Geo. 
 Hatch, S. M., Rockland, .Me. 
 Hatchett, W. T., Selma, Ala. 
 Hartsook, D. J., Howardsville, Va. 
 Hawes, William, New York City. 
 Hawkins, A F., Lexington, Ky. 
 Haydock, Robert H., New York City. 
 Hayes, Clark I., Unadilla, N. Y. 
 Hayes, E. W., Newark, N. Y. 
 Hayes, Frederick T., New York City. 
 Hays, L. M., Gosport, Ind. 
 Hayman, Edward, South Berwick, Me, 
 Hayward, Ebenezer W., Uxbridge, Mass. 
 Henderson, C. H., Addison, N. Y. 
 
52 
 
 Lisi of Cashiers. 
 
 Henderson, Peter S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Hendricks, John, Tamaqua, Pa. 
 Henry, Caleb B., Princeton, Ky. 
 Herndon, John M., Fredericksburg, Va. 
 Horsey, Georpje E., Boston, Mass, 
 Hervey, E. Williams, New Bedford, Mass, 
 Hicks, Robert D., Wilmington, Del, 
 Hiestand, H, C, Eaton, 0. 
 Higby, W, R,, Bridgeport, Conn, 
 Higgin.s, W. W,, Michigan City, Ind. 
 Hiil, Edson, Concord, N, H, 
 Hill, Frederick, Catskill, N. Y. 
 Hill, (Jeorge, S., Proctorsville, Vt, 
 Hill, Horace B,, Lexington, Kv, 
 Hill, William R,, Milton, N, C, 
 Hills, L, B,, Waupun, Wis. 
 Hitcliings, C,, Tazewell, Tenn, 
 Hoard, J. F,, Rogersville, Tenn. 
 Hobbs, Harrison, Nashua, N. II, 
 Hohbs, Henry K,, Lawrenceburg, Ind, 
 Habkirk, William, AVaupun, Wis, 
 Hockley, John, Philadelphia, Pa, 
 Hodge, William, Sandersville, G.i. 
 Holbrook, H. P., Plymouth, Ind. 
 Holloway, David W., Newport, R. I. 
 Holmes, Albert R., Hudson, N. Y. 
 Holmes, C. J,, Fall River, 
 Holmes, llufus E., A\ est Winsted, Conn, 
 Hooff, John, Alexandria, \^a. 
 Hooker, Henry, Westfield, Mass, 
 Hoops, Edward, New Brighton, Pa, 
 Hopkins, C. H., Newport, N, Y, 
 Horn, M, H,, Catasaqua, Pa, 
 Hoshaur, John, Shrewsbury, Pa, 
 Hoskins, James B., Providence, R, I. 
 Houghton, ]•;. L., Litchfield, Conn. 
 Howard, A. H., Hallowell, Me. 
 Howard, S. T., Le Roy, N. Y. 
 Howell, Daniel C, Bath, N. Y. 
 Howes, George, Montpelier, Vt. 
 Howes, Henry, St. Albans, Vt. 
 Howland, Egbert, Yonkers, N. Y. 
 Howland, P. C, New Bedford, Mass. 
 Hubbard, Amos F., A.shtabula, 0. 
 Hubbard, Jonathan, Cortland, N. Y, 
 Hubbard, T, S , Urbana, 111, 
 Hubbell, Homer G., Sheldon, Vt, 
 Hudson, Henry E., Providence, R, I, 
 Hughes, S, B,, Padnc.ah, Ky, 
 Hulbort, J. W,, Elyria, 0. 
 Hull, A,, Clinton, Conn. 
 Hull, Henry, Jr,, Athens, Geo, 
 Hull, John F., Poughkeepsie, N, Y, 
 Hume, William P., Clarksville, Tenn. 
 Hunt, John M,, Na.shua, N, H, 
 Hunt, C, C, P,, Galena, lU, 
 Hunt, S., Massillon, 0, 
 Hunter, '\\']lliani P,, Savannah, Geo, 
 Huntington, W, S., Beaver Dam, Wis. 
 Hurd, Ezekiel, Dover, N. H. 
 Hurlbut, H. B., Cleveland, O. 
 Hurxthal, Jr., Lewis, Massillon, 0. 
 
 Hussey, Preston, Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Hutcheson, Joseph, Columbus, O. 
 Hyde, Lewis A., Norwich, Conn. 
 Hyde, Lewis C, Beloit, Wis. 
 Hyde, William, Ware, Mass. 
 
 Ilsley, Feedekick S., Portage Citt, 
 
 ■Wis. 
 Ingersoll, R. L., Pulaski, N. Y. 
 Inman, W. P., Dandridge, Tenn. 
 
 Jackson', C. W. Lebanon, Tenn. 
 Jacob, Samuel, A\'ellsburg, Va. 
 Jacobs, William H., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 James, J. D., Nashville, Tenn. 
 Jaques, Francis, Framingham, Mass. 
 Jefferis, William W., Westchester, Pa. 
 Jenkins, H., Galveston, Texas. 
 Jenk.s, E. J., Woburn, Mass. 
 Jcrvis, Benjamin E., tiazenovia, N. J. 
 Jett, W. S.| Shelbyville, Tenn. 
 Jewett, Stephen, Wilmington, N. C. 
 Johnson, Eliakim, Woodstock, Vt. 
 Johnson, Frank, Norwich, Conn, 
 .lohnson, George W., Danville, Va. 
 Johnson, J. T., Chester, N. Y. 
 Johnson, H. W., Middletown Point, N. Y. 
 Johnson, James A., MaysviUe, Ky. 
 Johnson, R. Y., Dresden, Tenn. 
 Johnston, Andrew K., Pearisburg, Va. 
 Johnston, William, Westfield, N, Y. 
 Joiner, William S., Bolton, 111. 
 Jones, B. F., Columbus, Ind. 
 Jones, Daniel, Watertown, Wis. 
 Jones, Edward D., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Jones, J. E., Macon, Geo. 
 Jones, Samuel F. , Colchester, Conn. 
 Jones, S,, Williamsport, Pa, 
 Jones, Paul, Toledo, 0, 
 Jones, W, A,, Memphis, Tenn, 
 Jones, \\'illiam H., Raleigh, N. C, 
 Judd, William A., Bethel, Conn. 
 Judson, Daniel, Ogdensbnrg, N. Y. 
 Judson, Edward B., Oswego, N. Y, 
 Julian, H, S,, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Kf.aijiofer, Geoege, Hagerstown, Mo. 
 Keith, C, W., Naperville, 111. 
 Kellum, J. Smith, La Porte, Ind. 
 Kellogg, John B., Trov, N. Y. 
 Kellogg, A. W., Oshkosh, Wis. 
 Kelly, Thomas, Paris, Ky. 
 Kelly, John A., Jeffersonville, Va. 
 Kel.sey, V. S. Montello, Wis. 
 Kendrick, Edward E., Albany, N. Y. 
 Kendrick, James H., Lebanon, N. H. 
 Kenere, J. B., Conterelle, Wis. 
 Kennan, John M , Medina, N, Y. 
 Keteham, Andrew J,, Saugerties, N. Y. 
 Kenyon, D, C, East Greenwich, R, I. 
 Kernion, Alfred H.. New Orleans. 
 Kidder, R., Skowhegau, Me. 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 53 
 
 Kimball, H. A., Chepaohet, R. I. 
 Kimball, James L., Janesville, Wis. 
 Kimball, D. A,, Waltbnm, Mass. 
 Kimball, J. F., Lowell, Mass. 
 Kimball, J. H., Kenosha, Wis. 
 Kimball, Otis, Bath, Me. 
 Kimberly, T. C, Batavia, N. Y. 
 
 King, C. T., Middletown, N. Y. 
 
 King, Frederick, Rahw.ay, N. J. 
 
 King, Rufus P., Warren, Pa. 
 
 Kingman, Rufus P., N. Bridgewater, Mass. 
 
 Kingsbury, B. P., Chillicothe, Ohio. 
 
 Kingsbury, F. J., Waterbury, Conn. 
 
 Kingsbury, L. H , Dedham, Mass. 
 
 Kingsley, Daniel, Newton, Mass. 
 
 Kinney, Patrick, Portsmouth, Ohio. 
 
 IGssara, William A., New York City. 
 
 Knight, William, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Knight, Edwin, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Knight, J. L., Wabash, Ind. 
 
 Knowles, S. M., East Greenwich, R. I.J 
 
 Knox, David Smyth, Brownsville, Pa. 
 
 Koontz, Godfrey, Frederick, Md. 
 
 Krebs, Philip, Lookhaven, Pa. 
 
 Lacey, Alfeed T., Cape Girardeau, Mo. 
 
 Lacey, Theodore, Huntsville, Ala. 
 
 Ladd, E., Washington, III. 
 
 Lair, John G., Somerset, Ky. 
 
 Laird, Jr., William, Georgetown, D. C. 
 
 Lamb, Daniel, Wheeling, Va. 
 
 Lane, Samuel M., Southbridge, Mass. 
 
 Lane, William J., New York City. 
 
 Langford, George, Utioa, N. Y. 
 
 Lash, Israel G., Salem, N. C. 
 
 Lasell, Norman A., Swanton Falls, Vt. 
 
 Lathrop, S. H., Oswego, N. Y. 
 
 Lawson, Joseph J., Yanccyville, N. C. 
 
 Lawton, Geo. Augustus, Green B.'i,y,'\Vis. 
 
 Layton, Thomas, New Orleans. 
 
 Lazear, Jesse, Waynesburg, Pa. 
 
 Leake, Charles T., New York City. 
 
 Leake, Frederick, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Leake, John S., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 
 Learned, Edward H., Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Lee, James P., Watertown, N. Y. 
 
 Lee, John J,. Ballston, Spa, N. Y. 
 
 Lee, Joseph A., Calais, Me. 
 
 Lee, Noah, Madison, Wis. 
 
 Lee, Robert P., Newport, R; I. 
 
 Leeds, Francis R., Stamfbrd^onn. 
 
 Le Fever, N., New Paltz, NTY. 
 
 Leisenring, A. W., Mauch Chunk, Pa. 
 
 Leize, Adam, Reading, Pa. 
 
 Leonard, Cornelius P., Lowville, N. Y. 
 
 Leonard, George W., Auburn, N. Y. 
 
 Leonard, Silas, Augusta, Me. 
 
 Lesley James, Chambersburg, Pa. 
 
 Leslie,' George, Wells River, Vt. 
 
 Lester, John G., Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Lester, Ralph, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Levensaler, John C, Thomaston, Me. 
 
 Leverett, Thomas H., Keone, N. H, 
 Levings, C. W., Rockville, Ind. 
 Levings, George E., Paris, 111. 
 Lewis, Jr., Benedict, New York (^ity. 
 Lewis, Edwin M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Lewis, Joseph W., Fairfield, 111. 
 Libby, William, Auburn, Me. 
 Lincoln, Solomon, Boston, Mass. 
 Lindsay, Jesse H., Greensboro, N. C. 
 Linscott, Joseph A,, Farmington, Me. 
 List, Daniel C, Wheeling, Va. 
 Littig, Jr., Philip, Baltimore, Md. 
 Little, Samuel, Roxbury, Mass. 
 Littlefield, Christopher, Kennebunk, Me. 
 Littlefield, Chas. R., North Adams, Mass. 
 
 Loeser, Charles, Pottsville, Pa. 
 
 Logan, John B. J., Salem, Va. 
 
 Loop, Edward S., Wilkesbarre, Pa. 
 
 Loper, H. G., Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Lord, Samuel, Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Loring, Joshua, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Loud, John W., Weymouth, Mass. 
 
 Levering, James M., Exeter, N. H. 
 
 Lovett, Joseph M., Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Lovett, John 0., Hingham, Mass. 
 
 Low, J. H., Robinson, 111 
 
 Lowry, Robert H., New York City. 
 
 Lucas, Henderson C,,Fayetteville, N. C. 
 
 Ludington, George, LudingtonviUe, N. Y. 
 
 Ludington, N., Maranett, Wis. 
 
 Ludlow, R. McK., Griggsville, 111. 
 
 Luther, John, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Lyman, John D., Farmington, N, H. 
 
 McAllisteb, a.. New Haven, Conn. 
 McCalla, Fabrioius C, Georgetown, Ky. 
 McCandlish, R. J., Weston, Va. 
 McCarn, L., Plattville, Wis. 
 McCaughrin, R. L , Newberry, S. C. 
 McClanahan, W., Barbourville, Ky. 
 McClure, W. C, Memphis, Tenn. 
 McCoUin, James G., Chester, Pa. 
 McCreery, William, Fincastle, Va. 
 McClung, H. L., Griffin, Ga. 
 McDaniel, M., Union, Xa. 
 MoDuffie, Franklin, Rochester, N. H. 
 McGrew, A. P., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 MeGrew, George D , Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 McGrew, Thomas F., Springfield, 0. 
 Mollvaine, James, Washington, Pa. 
 McKean, A., Nashua, N. H. 
 McKenzie, James, Alexandria, Va, 
 McKnight, Charles B., Reading, Pa. 
 McKnight, F. H., Jackson, Tenn. 
 McLaren, Jr , Jolm, Cloversville, N. Y. 
 McLean, Archibald, Fayetteville, N. C. 
 McMeen, William, Springfield, 0. 
 McPherson, Joseph B., Gettysburg, Pa. 
 McReynolds, W. C, Rushville, Ind. 
 Mack, R. L., Weedsport, N. Y. 
 Macy, Charles A , New York City. 
 Magoffin, John, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
54 
 
 List of Cashiers. 
 
 Magoim, D. N., Bath, Mo. 
 Mallory, Laurin, Corning, N, Y. 
 Mann, J. C , Pepin, Wis. 
 Marbury, W. H., Alexandria, Va. 
 Marltell, Henry, Brockport, N. Y. 
 Marsii, Joseph M., Boston, Mass. 
 March, John S., Boston, Mass. 
 Marshall, Thomas, Charlestown, Mass. 
 Martin, E. W., Ashland, Ky. 
 Martin, Henry H., Albany, N. Y. 
 Martin, E. C, Albany, N. Y. 
 Martin, R. C, Schoharie, N. Y. 
 Marx, Samuel, Richmond, Va. 
 Masterton. Jr., Alexander, New York City. 
 Mathews, Thomas, Lewisburg, Ya. 
 Matteson, C. S., Peoria, 111. 
 Matteson, Henry C, Janesville, Wis. 
 Mattocks, S. B., Lyndon, Vt. 
 Mayhew, J. E., Jamestown. N. Y. 
 Maynard, E., Warsaw, N. Y. 
 Mead, James H., Sheboygan, Wis. 
 Meeker, William B., New York City. 
 Meech, J. M., Norwich, Conn. 
 Mercer, Hugh W., Savannah, Geo. 
 Mercer, William V. J., Waterloo, N. Y. 
 Merriam, David E., Leicester, Mass. 
 Mcrriam, E. N., Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
 Merriman, C. G , Oxford, 111. 
 Merriman, Corydon H., Auburn, N. Y. 
 Merrill, Charles, Maiden, Mass. 
 Merritt, A., Griffin, Geo. 
 Messenger, H. J., Canandaigua, N. Y. 
 Mickle, Robert, Baltimore, Md. 
 Miles, Thomas E., Wareham, Mass. 
 Miller, George C, Baltimore, Md. 
 Miller, John, Newark, Del. 
 Milligan, Joseph, Augusta, Geo. 
 Mills, William H., Bangor, Me. 
 Miltenberger, C. Chester, 111. 
 Milton, John, Louisville, Ky. 
 Miner, H. D., Fredonia, N. Y. 
 Miner, 0. H., Raleigh, 111. 
 Minier, T. L., Havana, N. Y. 
 Minot, Charles, Concord, N. H. 
 Mintzer, William, Pottstown, Pa. 
 Mitchel, William, Mount Sterling, Ky. 
 Mitchell, Joseph G., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Mitchell, Joseph G., Sparta, Tenn. 
 Jlitchell, Robert C, Lynchburg, Va. 
 Mitchell, Samuel V., Yazoo City, Miss. 
 Mitchell, Thomas, Danville, Ky. 
 Mitchell, Thomas P., Harrodsburg, Ky. 
 Mitchell, William, Nantucket, Mass. 
 Moffatt, S., Omaha City, Neb. 
 Monaugh, J. L., Salem, Ind. 
 Monroe, N. C, Macon, Geo. 
 Moodie, Thomas, Columbus, 0. 
 Moore, Cato, Charlestown, Va. 
 Moore, D. R., Eau Claire, Wis. 
 Moore, Jacob W., Racine, Wis. 
 Moore, .Jr., S., Delaware, 0. 
 Moorhead, John A,, Norwalk, Conn, 
 
 Morehead, Charles R., Lexington, Mo. 
 Morford, Samuel D., Newton^ N. J. 
 Morgan, James A., Stonington, Con. 
 Morgan, Thomas W., Frederick, Md. 
 Morgan, Tracy R., Binghamton, N. Y. 
 Morrall, S. D., Phillippi, Va. 
 Morris, J. F., Hartford, Conn. 
 Morrison, James M., New York City. 
 Morrison, T. J., Wytheville, Va. 
 Morton, James, Nashville, Tenn. 
 Morton, M. B., Russellville, Ky. 
 Morton, William H., Rollinsford, N. H. 
 Mosher, Henry W., Lansingburg, N. Y. 
 Mott, .James, Baltimore, Md. 
 Mount, William S., New Orleans, La. 
 Moyer, Walstine, Canajoharie, N. Y. 
 Mudge, E. W., Lynn, Mass. 
 Mulford, Lewis, Millville, N. J. 
 Muhlenberg, Henry H,, Reading, Pa. 
 Mumford, Benjamin, Newport, R. I. 
 Munroc, James, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Murray, Henry M., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Mygatt, George, Cleveland, 0. 
 Myers, J. H., Lexington, Va. 
 
 Neely, Charles, Belvidere, III. 
 Newby, Thomas, Cambridge, Ind. 
 Newell, Elijah B., Woonsocket, R. I. 
 Newkirk, Edgar B., Rondout, N. Y. 
 Newland, E. W., New Albany, Ind. 
 Newland, Robert, Jamestown, N. Y. 
 Newton, S., Stafford Springs, Conn. 
 Newton, Warren, Norwich, N. Y. 
 Nichols, A. D., Rockland, Me. 
 Nichols, Jonathan, Beverly, Mass. 
 Nisbet, A. M., Milledgeville, Geo. 
 Nixon, William G. , Bridgeton, N. J. 
 Norcross, H. F., Seymour, Conn. 
 North, H. M., Macon, Geo. 
 North, Reuben, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 Northrop, George C, Racine, Wis. 
 Noyes, Carlos S., Hyde Park, Vt. 
 Noyes, Enoch J., Eastport, Me. 
 Noyes, G. W., Mystic, Conn. 
 Noyes, James, Haverhill, Mass. 
 Noyes, J. R., Oswego, N. Y. 
 Noyes, Vernon P., Burlington, Vt. 
 Nutter, Ichabod, Hallowell, Me. 
 Nye, A., Spencer, Maiden, Va. 
 Nye, Reuben, Fairhaven, Mass. 
 
 Oakley, Edwaed J., New Yoek City. 
 
 Oakley, Robert S., New York City. 
 Olcott, George, Charlestown, N. H. 
 Olcott, Thomas, Albany, N. Y. 
 Oliphant, Jonathan, Medford, N. J. 
 Olmstead, George T., Princeton, N. J. 
 Olney, W., Oxford, Mass. 
 Ordway, Edward, Townsend, Mass. 
 Ordway, J. L., Lowell, Mass. 
 Overstreet, R. L., Franklin, Ind. 
 Orton, James Douglass, Newark, N. J. 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 65 
 
 Orton, James S., Genesee, N. Y. 
 Osborne, George A., South Danvers, Mass. 
 Osborne, Pleasant C, Petersburg, Va. 
 Osborn, Salmon S., Painesville, 0. 
 Osborn, WiHiam R., Binghamton, N. Y. 
 Otey, John M., Lynchburg, Va. 
 Otis, Amos, Yarmouth Port, Mass. 
 Outwater, Jr , P., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Owens, Jr., William, Hickman, Ky. 
 
 P.iCE, Joilff A., MONTPELIEE, Vt. 
 
 Page, John B., Eutland, Vt. 
 Page, Lucius R , Cambridgeport, Mass. 
 Page, Thomas B., Covington, Ky. 
 Page, William T., Evansville, Ind. 
 Paine, Nathaniel, Worcester, Mass. 
 Palfrey, Robert J., New Orleans, La. 
 Palmer, C, Belfast, Me. 
 Palmer, S. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Pardee, Theron, Bloomington, EL 
 Parker, E. W., Whitehall, N. Y. 
 Parker, Gideon, Deep River, Conn. 
 Parker, J. M. , Florence, Neb. 
 Parker, Nathan, Manchester, N. I-I. 
 Parkhurst Archibald, New York City. 
 Parsons, William H., Bangor, Me. - 
 Partridge, L. C, Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
 Patten, William S., Providence, "R. I. 
 Patterson, Jr., George W., Corning, N. Y. 
 Patterson, James F., Gardiner, Me. 
 Patterson, S. V. R., Perth Amboy, N. J. 
 Payson, Charles, Portland, Me. 
 Payson, Edward H., Salem, Mass. 
 Payton, Harvey F., Providence, R. L 
 Pearl, E. G-, Knoxville, Tenn. 
 Pearmain, William R., Chelsea, Mass. 
 Pease, Joseph T., Edgartown, Mass. 
 Pease, Joseph S., St. Louis, Mo. 
 Peck, Jr , Charles, Franklin Mills, 0. 
 Peck, John J., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Peck, W. H., Blacksburg, Va. 
 Peiper, William L., Lancaster, Pa. 
 Pellet, William B., Norwich, N. Y. 
 Pendleton, James M., Westerly, R. I. 
 Penn, James, Memphis, Tenn. 
 Pepin, Victor A., New Albany, Ind. 
 Percival, S., Waterville, Me. 
 Perkins, Augustus, Waterville, Mc 
 Perkins, Nathaniel B., Salem, Mass. 
 Perrin, H. J., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Perrin, Robert P., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Perry, Charles, Westerly, R. I, 
 Perry, F. D., Southport, Conn. 
 Peters, James, Crescent, N. Y. 
 Pettee, Seth, Boston. Mass. 
 Pettit, James, Somerville, Tenn. 
 Pettiboae, A. G., Norfolk, Conn. 
 Petway, 6. W., Pulaski, Tenn. 
 Phelps, E, R , Williamsburg, N. Y. 
 Philbrick, William, Skowhegan, Me. 
 Philhps, Jr., Samuel, Bo.ston, Mass. 
 Phillips, Thomas, Exeter' R. I. 
 
 Phillips, William, Cadiz, 0. 
 Phippen, Joseph H., Salem, Mass.' 
 Pickering, John J., Portsmouth, N. H. 
 l^icrcc, A. C, Concord, N. H. 
 Pierce, E. B., Oldtown, Me. 
 Pierce, Jr., John N., Lowell, Mass. 
 Piersol, Joseph N., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Pierson, Edward, Buffalo. N. Y. 
 Pike, Daniel, Augusta, Me. 
 Pike, William S., Baton Rouge, La. 
 Pinson, J. J., Newman, Geo. 
 Plant, I. C, Macon, Geo. 
 Piatt, Frederick A., New York City. 
 Plume, Isaac, Eagle Point, \\'i.s. 
 Pollard, W. .J. H., Stonington, Conn. 
 Pollock, William, Lewisburg, Pa. 
 Pomeroy, R. H., Mohawk, N. Y. 
 Pope, S. M., Burlington, Vt. 
 Porter, Eleazer A, Haverhill, Mass. 
 Porter, John W., Madison, Geo. 
 Porter, R H., Keene, N. H. 
 Porterfield, J , Nashville, Tenn. 
 Post, Alfred, Newburgh, N. Y. 
 Potter, A., South Kingston, R. I. 
 Potter, J B., Alton, R. I. 
 Powell, James B., Hartford, Conn. 
 Powell, William A , Lecsburg, Va. 
 Powers, Hiram, Fleraingsburg, Ky. 
 Pratt, George, Binghamton, N. Y. 
 Preston, Elliot 13 , Rockville, Conn. 
 Preston, Robert R., Abingdon, Va. 
 Priestly, Joseph R., Northumberland, Pa. 
 Prindle, J. B., Great Barrington, Mass. 
 Pruyn, John IC, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Punnett, .James, New York City. 
 Putnam, Charles A,, Boston, Mass. 
 
 QniMBY, J, MONMOCTH, IlL. 
 
 Quinby, Jr., E., Wooster, O. 
 
 Radekek, Bolivar, Deposit, N. Y. 
 Rainey, WiUiam H., Kinderhook, N. Y. 
 Randall, A. C , Falls Village, Conn. 
 Randall John C, Quincy, Mass. 
 Randall, R. G., Woonsocket, R. I. 
 Randolph, John W., Baltimore, Md. 
 Ranlet, Charles W., Ilolyoke, Mass. 
 Eaplee, S. S., Dundee, N. Y. 
 Rasbaoh, D. H., Chittenango, N. Y. 
 Ray, Charles, Prairie du Chien, Wis. 
 Ray, James M. , Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Read, Elisha, T., Woonsocket, R. L 
 Reed, T. H., South East, N. Y. 
 Redfield, J. E., Esse.x, Conn. 
 Redington, Edward C, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 
 Redington, S., Waterville, Me. 
 Reed, Henry R., Lancaster, Pa. 
 Reese, Jacob, Westminster, Md. 
 Reese, Lewis C, PhiUipsburgh, N. J, 
 Reeve, J J., Westfield, Ind. 
 Reeve. Martin L. Lambertville, N. J. 
 Reid, George B., Charleston, S. C. 
 
56 
 
 List of Cashiers. 
 
 Remington, E., Thomasville, Geo. 
 Reston, William, "Wilmington, N. C. 
 Rexford, J. D., Janesvills, Wis. 
 Rhorer, I. H., Louis\nlle, Ky. 
 Richardson, Edward, Cambridge, Mass. 
 Ricliardson, H., .Tamesville, Wis. 
 Richardson, William L., Baltimore, Md. 
 Richmond, L. C, Bristol, R. I. 
 Rickords, William, McLeansboro, 111. 
 Ricker, John S., Bangor, Me. 
 Riley, Jr., Joseph S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Riley, Phineas S., Hartford, Conn. 
 Ring, Thomas C, Newburgli, N. Y. 
 Ripley, George, Hartford, Conn. 
 Robert J., Harrisburg, Pa. 
 Roberts, A. E., Lancaster, Pa. 
 Roberts, John M., Newbem, N. C. 
 Robertson, J. J., Washington, Geo, 
 Robins, Charles E., Zanesville, 0. 
 Robbins, Augustus C, Brunswick, I\Ie. 
 Robbins, Charles T., Providence, R. I. 
 Robinson, Antoine S., St. Louis, Mo. 
 Robinson, Attraore, S. Kingston, R. I. 
 Robinson, William C, Conway, Mass. 
 Roche, F. G., Memphis, Tenn. 
 Rockwell, John, McLeansboro, 111, 
 Rockwood, Charles G., Norwalk, Conn. 
 Roe, George, Hackctt^to^\•n, N. J. 
 Rogers, John, Burlington, N. J. 
 Rogers, John, Brunswick, Me. 
 Rogers, John F., Lowell, Mass. 
 Rogersj Publius V., U.tioa, N. Y. 
 Rondcaux, Charles A. F., New Orleans. 
 Roorback, John 0., De Pere, Wis. 
 Rousseau, Eugene, New Orleans, La. 
 Rowe, Freeman H., Dublin, (i-eo. 
 Rowland, John S., Cartersville, Geo. 
 Rue, Jacob B., Freehold, X. J. 
 Ruggles, Augustus G., Fond du Lac, Wis. 
 Rushmore, William C, Bi'ooklyn; N. Y. 
 Russell, Dorr, Cooperstown, N. Y. 
 Russell, Edmund W., Greenfield, Mass. 
 Russell, James, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Russell, James W., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Russell, William T., Goshen, N. Y. 
 Rust, Y. G., Albany, Geo. Agent. 
 Euttcr, Thomas B., Baltimore, Md. 
 Rye, J. C, Columbia, Tenn. 
 
 Saffoed, a. B., Sha-wneetown, III. 
 Salisbury, T., Providence, R. I. 
 Sampson, Daniel C, Mobile, Ala. 
 Sampson, Geo. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Sandford, John W., Fayetteville, N. C. 
 Sanger, Henry K., Detroit, Mich. 
 Sangei-, ^^'arren, Cambridge, Mass. 
 Sanuouer, James A., Memphis, Tenn. 
 Sargent, (Jharles W., Epping, N. II. 
 Sargent, H. J., Newnan, Geo. 
 Satterlee, D. R., New Haven, Conn. 
 Savage, Hcmy R., Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Savage, Timothy, Wilmington, N. C. 
 Savage, Jr., John, Cambridge, Mass. 
 Sawyer, T. E., Rochester, N.H. 
 Sawyer, Jr., William, Ossipee, N. H. 
 Scammon, Tristam, Saco. Me. 
 Schaffer, William L., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Schreiner, Osmond H., New York City. 
 Scott, Aaron B., Hudson, N. Y. 
 Scott, E. J., Columbia, S. ('■. 
 Scott, Francis, Newburgli, N. Y. 
 Scott, Henry, Cooperstown, N. Y. 
 Siott, Isaiah, Glen's Falls, N Y. 
 Scott, James B., Chillicothe, 0. 
 Scott, Josiah B,. Portland, Me. 
 Scott, Samuel B., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Scott, Moses S., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Scully, John D., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Seagreave, William H., Smithfield, R. I. 
 Seney, George I., New York City. 
 Seaver, A. W., Northboro', Mass'. 
 Seelej'', Wiliam, Danbury, Conn. 
 Segur, Elisba C, Dover, N. J. 
 Semmes, P. J., Columbus, Geo. 
 Seward, William R., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Seymour, Isaac, New York City. 
 Seymour, Stephen P., Palmyra, N. Y. 
 Seymour, W. T., Waterford, N. y. . 
 Shackelford, E. L., Richmond, Kentucky. 
 Sharpe, Theodore F., Colchester, Conn. 
 Shaw, B. F., D.araariseotta, Me. 
 Sherfy, (J. M.. Urbana, 111. 
 Sherman, G. H., Watertown, N. Y. 
 Sherman, J., Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Sherrard, Joseph H., Winchester, Va. 
 Shipp, Richard D., Versailles, Ky. 
 Shoch, Samuel, Columbia, Pa. 
 Shores, James F., Portsmouth, N. H. 
 Shriver, Edwin T., Cumberland, Md. 
 Sickels, George E., Waukesha, ^\'i■>. 
 Sill, John, Albany, N. Y.j 
 Simmons, Greenville, Augusta, Geo. 
 Simonds, Alvan, Boston, Mass. 
 Simonton, William, Lawrenceburg, Tenn. 
 Sims, Francis, Troy, N. Y. 
 Si-tare, Charles G., New London, Conn. 
 Si-ly, Benjuniin P., Camden, N.J. 
 Sivret, James, Boston, I\lass. 
 Skidmore, J. H., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Skinner, L. A., Westfield, N. Y. 
 Slaughter, G. H., Nashville, Tenn. 
 Slingluff, William H., Norristown, Pa. 
 Sloan, A. M., Rome, Geo. 
 Small, Albert H., Lewiston, Me. 
 Small, Jr., Samuel, Portland, Me. 
 Smith, Anson D., Perry, N. Y. 
 Smith, Beverly, Parkersburg, Va. 
 Smith, C. D., Memphis, Teiin. 
 Smith, Edward M., Rochester, N. Y, 
 Smith, Elijah, Provincetown, Mass. 
 Smith, Frederick W., Memphis, Tenn. 
 Smith, (.;. R., Bangor, Me. 
 Smith, H. B., New Haven, Conn. 
 
Jjist of Cashiers, 
 
 51 
 
 Smitli, Jolin Adams, Richniond, Va, 
 Smith, J. Gilbert, Ealei<rh, 111. 
 Smith, James M., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Smith, Preston S., Chelsea, Vt. 
 Smitli, Richard, Washington City. 
 Smith, R. P., Woonsocket, R. I. 
 Smith, Thi.mas L., Dover, N. H. 
 Smith, William R., Aufjusta, Me. 
 Smyth, Frederick, Manchester, N. H. 
 Snow, Amos W., Providence, R. I. 
 Snow, Erastus, '\\'inchester, N. H. 
 Somes, Benjamin F., Gloucester, Mass. 
 Soren, John J., Boston, Mass. 
 Sorrel, R. H. D., Albanv, Geo. Agent. 
 Spain, R. C, Raleigh, 111. 
 Sparhawk, Jr., J. i\[arljlehead, Mass. 
 Spayth, W. 0., Cumberland, Md. 
 Spence, J., ilurfreeshoro, Tenn. 
 Spencer, D. D., Elkhorn, "Wis. 
 Spencer, J. L., Ashaway, R. I. 
 Spencer, !^amuel W., Chestertown, Md. 
 Spencer, William, Steubenville, 0. 
 Spink, Nicholas N., North Kingston, R. I. 
 Sprague, Charles, Boston, Mass. 
 Sprigg, Daniel, Baltimore, Md. 
 Sprigg, G. H., Fairmont, Va. 
 Staiuback, Geo. W., Petersburg, Va. 
 Stanley, David, Winthrop, Me. 
 Stanley, William H., Cleveland, 0. 
 Starin, Josiah N., Auburn, N. Y. 
 Starkweather, J. 0., N. Providence, R. I. 
 Steel, Francis P., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Steele, AViUiam G., Somerville, N. J. 
 Stephenson, William II., Portland, Me. 
 Sterling, James, Burlington, N. J. 
 Stevens, C. H., Charleston, S. C. 
 Stevens, Henry C, Newport, R. I. 
 Stevens, Samuel H., Exeter, N. H. 
 Steven.son, Columbus S., Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Stevenson, M., Washington, N. C. 
 Stewart, L. H., Athens, 0. 
 Stickney, M. T., Bangor, Me. ' 
 Stillwell, A. G., Providence, R. I. 
 Stimson, John K, Alfred, Me. 
 Stoddard, Isaac N., Plymouth, Mass. 
 Stone, Baman, Roxbury, Mass. 
 Stone, C. M., Providence, R. I. 
 Stone, George A., Troy, N. Y. 
 Stone, Giles P., Newhuryport, MaSs. 
 Stone, Jacob, Newhuryport, Mass. 
 Story, Albert G., Little Falls, N. Y. 
 Stow, Edward J , Macon, Geo. 
 Stow, Silas K, Troy, N. Y. 
 Strayer, C. C, Harrisonburg, Va. 
 Stringham, Joseph, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Strong, Robert, New York City. 
 Strother, William P., Richmond, Va. 
 Strj'ker, Thomas J, , Trenton, N. J. 
 Suydam, F. J., West Troy, N. Y. 
 Swain, Charles G., Dayton, 0. 
 Swazey, E., Bucksport, Me. 
 Sweeney, Hngh B , Georgetown, D. C. 
 
 Swift, Clnrk C, Silver Creek, N. Y. 
 Switz, Nicholas, Schenectady, N. Y. 
 Symmes, Caleb T., Lancaster, Mass. 
 
 Taliaferro, Joi-in A , Trenton, Tenn. 
 Tallmann, John C, Bridaeport, 0. 
 Tams, W. H Staunton, Va. 
 Tappen, F. D., New York City. 
 Tarbox, Anthony, Coventry, R. I. 
 Taylor, Edmund H., Frankfort, Ky. 
 Taylor, Edwin M., Staunton, Va. 
 Taylor, George, Warren, 0. 
 Taylor, G. M , Americus, Geo. Agent. 
 Taylor, R. P., Attica, fj. Y. 
 Taylor, R. W., Youngstown, 0. 
 Taylor, Thomas L., New York City. 
 Taylor, Tracy, Troy, N. Y. 
 Tefft, J. K., Savannah, Geo. 
 Temple, J ,hii B. Frankfort, Ky. 
 Terry, Howell .]., Newcastle, Del. 
 Terry, Oliver L., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Theobald, F. R., Richmond, Me. 
 Thomas, F. H., Rome, N. Y. 
 Thomas, George R., Rome, N. Y. 
 Thomas, Richard, Easton, Md. 
 Thomas, T., Baraboo, ^Vis. 
 Thompson, Andrew, Kecseville, N. Y. 
 Thompson, A. P., Port Jervia, N. Y. 
 Thompson, J. L., Greensboro', Ga. 
 Thompson, James N., \A'hite Creek, N Y. 
 Thompson, J. D., Point Pleasant, Va. 
 Thompson, T. B., Dalton, Geo. 
 Thorp, Edward, Bloomington, 111. 
 Thornton, G. A., Bedford, Ind. 
 Tilden,' Charles, Louisville, Ky. 
 Tilden, G. W., Keene, N. H. 
 Tileston, James S., Hopkinton, Mass. 
 Tinsley, A\'illiam B., Savannah, Geo. 
 Titoomb, Wm. H., Rockland, Me. 
 Tompkin.'s, Alexander, Lynchburg, Va. 
 Tompkins, C. II., Providence, R. I. 
 Tooker, Richard A., New York City. 
 Torrey, Ebenezer, Fitchburg, Mass. 
 Totten, Enoch, Brinkerhoff, Wis. 
 Tower, John C., North Providence, R. I. 
 Towle, Ebenezer S., Concord, N. II. 
 Towne, J. Hardy, Salem, Mass. 
 Townsend, Amos, New Haven, Conn. 
 Townsend, Charles, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Townsend, C. C, Neenah, Wis. 
 Townsend, F. R., Sheboygan, Wis. 
 Townsend, William C, Providence, R. I. 
 Townsend, W. Carmel, N. Y. 
 Tracy, John C, Hartford, Conn. 
 Trader, A., Xenia, 0. 
 Trask, Ebenezer, Bangor, Me. 
 Trippe, A. S., Fall River, Mass. 
 Troutman, George M,, Philadelph'a, Pa. 
 Trambull, George A., Worcester, Mass. 
 True, John W., Charleston, 111. 
 Tryon, James S., Hartford, Conn. 
 Tufts, Asa A., Dover, N. H. 
 
58 
 
 List of Cashiers. 
 
 Tuller, W. H-, La Grange, Geo. 
 Tunnell. Isaac, Georgetown, Del. 
 Tunstall, A., Norfolk, Va. 
 Turkington, W. C, Bloomington, Ind. 
 Turner, J. P., Marblehead, Mass. 
 Turner, Seth, Randolph, Mass. 
 Turner, Thomas M., Sparta, Geo. 
 Tnttle, Le Roy, Omaha City. 
 Tyler, Artemas S., Lowell, Mass. 
 Tyler, Charles H., Boston, Mass. 
 Tyler, Edward, Boston, Mass. 
 Tyler, Lemuel, Jewett City, Conn. 
 
 Uhlek, Edward A., Lebanon, Pa. 
 Ullmann, Daniel, Racine, Wis. 
 UUmann, James J., Racine, Wis. 
 Underwood, A. G., Milford, Mass. 
 Upham, Samuel B., Watertown, N. Y. 
 Upton, Peter, East Jaffrey, N. H. 
 Usher, Luke, Potsdam, N. Y. 
 
 Vail, Henry ¥., Nirsv York City. 
 Vail, J. H., Danby, Vt. 
 Vance, William A., Romney, Va. 
 Vanderveer, B. M., ('lyde, N. Y. 
 Vannatta, Shelby, Shelbyville, Ky. 
 Van Allen, Adam, Albany, N. Y. 
 Van Antwerp, John H., Albany, N. Y. 
 Van Boskerck, John W., Hoboken, N. J. 
 Van Dyck, Jacob C, Cosksackie, N. Y. 
 Van Gaasbeck, Cornelius H., Kingston, N.Y. 
 Van Steenberg, James E., Kishkill, N. Y. 
 Vaughan, Archibald, Farmville, Va. 
 Vermilye, Jacob D., Newark, N. J. 
 Vermilye, William H., Orange, N. J. 
 Verplanck, S. H., Geneva, N. J. 
 Vickery, Charles R., Taunton, Mass. 
 Voorhees, A. W., Clinton, N. J. 
 Vose, W., Newport, R. I. 
 Vredenburgh, E. H., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Wadsworth, E. R., Beloit, Wis. 
 AVagner, Samuel, York, Pa. 
 AVagner, William, York, Pa. 
 Wagner, William, Morgantown, Va. 
 AVaite, S. M., Brattleboro', Vt. 
 AValdron, A. J., Elgin, 111. 
 AValker, B. P., Plymouth, Ind. 
 AValker, J., Logan, Ohio. 
 Wallace, R. N., Shelbyvaie, Tenn. 
 AYalsh, Alexander, Lansingburgh, N. Y. 
 Walton, Robert, Augusta, Geo. 
 Walworth, H., Plattsburgh, N. Y. 
 AVard, Stepl.en D., Honesdale, Pa. 
 AA'ardner, Henry, Windsor, Vt. 
 AVardwell, Samuel, Rome, N. Y. 
 AA'ardwell, Stephen S., Providence, R. I. 
 AVare, Henry 1$., Salem, N. J. 
 AA'aring, Thomas R., Chaibston, S. C. 
 AVarner, Benjamin F., New York City. 
 A\'arner, Caleb Henry, Boston, Mass. 
 AVarner, Charles F., Burlington, Vt. 
 
 Warner, Edward AV., Owego, N. Y. 
 Warner, Joseph, Middlebury, Vt. 
 Warner, J. T., Wilmington, Del. 
 AVarner, Jr., T., Springfield, Mass. 
 Warriner, John R., Pittsfield, Mass. 
 Warriner, J. L., Springfield, Mass. 
 AA'arriner, Lewis, Springfield, Mass. 
 Washington, J. H. R., Macon, Ga. 
 Waterman, William H., Providence, R. L 
 Waters, Israel R., Marietta, 0. 
 Weaver, D., Nashville, Tenn. 
 Weaver, George T., Newport, R. I. 
 Webb, Charles, Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Webb, L. S., Windsor, N. C. 
 Webb, Moses F., New Brunswick, N. J. 
 Webster, John B., Salisbury, Mass. 
 AVeed, Jonathan N., Newburgh, N. Y. 
 Weir, James AV., Harrisburg, Pa. 
 Welch, George E., Danville, Va. 
 Weller, R., Westfield, Mass. 
 Wells, Nathan P., Johnstown, N. Y. 
 Wells, Philander, Troy, N. Y. 
 AVells, Philip, Brattleboro', Vt 
 Wells, Thomas P., South Kingston, R. I. 
 Wendell, Ben. Rush, Cazenovia, N. Y. 
 AVest, D. B., Hamilton, N. Y. 
 AA''est, George, Holly Springs, Miss. 
 West, H. C, Paris, Tenn. 
 AA'estcott, J., AA'arwick, R. I. 
 Westfall, P. R., Lyons, N. Y. 
 Weston, Wm. L., Danvers, Mass. 
 AVheeler, Paul J., Newport, N. H. 
 Wheeler, AVilliam A., Malone, N. Y. 
 AVheelock, C. M., Rushville, 111. 
 AVheless, William T., Knoxville, Tenn. 
 Wliiiiiield, Charles AV., Fond du Lac, Wis. 
 AVhitacre, D. B., Berlin, AA^s. 
 Wbitaker, J. A., Deckertown, N. J. 
 AVhite, Benjamin, Providence, R. I. 
 White, Charles, Northampton, Mass. 
 AVhite, George AV., Brooklyn, N Y. 
 AVhite, Hannilton, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 White, Horace H., Boston, Mass. 
 AVhite, Joseph, Boston, Mass. 
 White, Nathaniel, Lawrence, Mass. 
 AVhite, Thomas B.. New Bedford, Mass. 
 AVhite, AV., McMianville, Tenn. 
 AVhitman, T. A., Coventry, R. I. 
 AA'icks, Edward B., Syracu.se, N. Y. 
 AVightman, Elisha D., Mystic, Conn. 
 AVild, James C , Boston, Mass. 
 Wild, James P., Dover, Del. 
 Wilkins, Francis, AA''arner, N. H. 
 AA^ilkinson, Rensselaer S., Lockport, N. Y. 
 AViUard, Cyrenius .AI., Castleton, Vt. 
 Willard, E. W., Chicago, 111. 
 Willard, George, Ironton, Ohio. 
 AVilliams, D. R., Stockbridge, Mass. 
 AVilliams, F. S., Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Williams, George C, Lancaster, N. H. 
 AVilliams, George G., New York City. 
 Williams, J. B., Savannah, Geo. 
 
List of Cashiers. 
 
 59 
 
 Williams, Nathan T., Itliaca, N. Y. 
 Williams, James H., Bellows Falls, Vt. 
 Williams, N. D., Frenchtown, N. J. 
 Williams, S. P., Lima, Ind. 
 Williams, Thomas C, Warren, R. I. 
 Williams, John H., Frederick, Md. 
 Williams, William, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Williams, William M., Atlanta, Geo. 
 Willis, George D., Portland, Me. 
 Wills, T. W., St. Louis, Mo. 
 Wilson, C. T., Utica, N.Y. 
 Wilson, William H., Portsmouth, Va. 
 Wing, Asahel, Fort Edward, N. Y. 
 Winsor, William, Smithfield, R. I. 
 Wisdom, B. H., Clarkesville, Tenn. 
 Witherbee, John B., Boston, Mass. 
 Wixson, ^\'arren J., Sing Sing, N. Y. 
 Wolfe, Robert B., Winchester, Va. 
 Wood, Alonzo, West Winfield, N. Y. 
 Wood, A. D. Greeucastle, Ind. 
 
 Wood, Theodore T., Mon-istown, N. J. 
 Wood, W. W., Stevens' Point, Wis. 
 Wood, William B., Fitchburg, Mass. 
 Wood, William S., Rookaway, N. J. 
 Woodruff, A. S., Elizabethtowu, N. J. 
 Woodruff, Lauren G., Dansville, N. Y. 
 Woodward, M. W., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Woodward, Samuel C., Lawrence, Mass. 
 Woodworth, Benjamin L., Westport, Conn. 
 Woodworth, Robert N., Brighton, Mass. 
 Wright, J., Owego, N. Y. 
 Wright, W. W,, Jacksonville, lU. 
 Wyman, J., Bangor, Me. 
 
 Yerkes, Charles T., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Youlee, George W., New York 1. ity. 
 Young, Benjamin F., Rochester, N. Y. 
 Young, D. F., Fort Plain, N Y. 
 Young, H. C , New Haven, Conn. 
 Young, Joseph G., Piqua, 0. 
 
 THE BANK OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The bank commenced business in 1694, with fifty-four assistants, the 
 salaiies of whom amounted to £4,350. Tiie total number employed in 
 the year 1850 was upwards of nine hundred, and their salaries exceeded 
 £210,000, or $1,000,000. According to Francis' History of the Bank of 
 England, the supreme management of the bank is vested in the whole 
 court of directors, which meets weekly, when a statement is read of the 
 position of the bank in its securities, bullion and liabilities. The directors 
 have equal power, and should a majority disapprove of the arrangement, 
 they might reconstruct it. Eight of them go out and eight come in an- 
 nually, elected by the court of proprietors ; and the system on which the 
 affairs of the bank are conducted is of course liable to change, as new di- 
 rectors may exert their individual influence on it. A list of candidates is 
 transmitted to the court of proprietor ; and the eight so recommended 
 uniformly come in. Quakers and Hebrews are not eligible, although many 
 areso well versed in monetary matters. When an individual is proposed 
 as a new director, inquiry is always instituted concerning his private char- 
 acter. The qualification is the possession of bank stock to the amount of 
 £2,000, of the Deputy Governor, £-3,000, ard of the Governor, £4,000. 
 For many years the directors have adhered io the practice of possessing 
 only the amount of qualification, and when the twenty-five per cent, bonus 
 on stock was given to the proprietors, they merely retained their previous 
 amount. They are responsible for the management of the affairs of the 
 bank, and penalties attach to their conduct, individually or collectively upon 
 certain occasions ; but by the cliarter they are not responsible for the 
 management of the monetary department to government, and the whole 
 security which the public have for that management depends on their dis- 
 cretion, subject to the new charter. 
 
60 
 
 The Banlc of England. 
 
 Edward TTe-jry Chapman, [1840.] 
 Robert Wigram Crawford, [1850.] 
 
 fWiLLiAM Cotton, [1?22.] 
 Benjamin Buck Gkeese, [1850.] 
 Charles Pascoe Grexb-ell, [1830.] 
 Henry Hijcics Giees, [1853]. 
 
 ■[Thomson Hankey, Jr. [1835.] 
 John Oliver Hanson, [1829.] 
 
 fJoiiN Benjamin Heath, [1823.] 
 
 The following are the names of the directors of the Ban"'v of England, 
 elected on 14th and 15th April, 1857, with the dates when they were first 
 elected directors : 
 
 Governor, Sheffied Neave, [1830.] Heputi/ Governor, Bonamy Dobree, [1835.] 
 
 Directors for the Tear endivg April, 1858. 
 *Thomas Baring, [1848.] Kirkman Daniel Hodgson, [1840.] 
 
 'i Henry WoLLASTON Blake, [1848.] Henry Lancelot Holland, [1844] 
 
 *T. Buxton. [-John Gellibrand Hubb.vrd, [I838.J 
 
 Thomas Newman Host, [1844.] 
 Alfred Latham, [1838.] 
 *George Lyall, [1849.] 
 *Thomas Mastkrman, [1848.] 
 ♦Alexander Matheson, [1848.] 
 fjAMES Morris, [1827.] 
 
 George Waf.de Noem.in, [1848.] 
 *Thomas Charles Smith, [H3S.'| 
 jThomas Matthias Weguelin, [1838.] 
 
 The following gentlemen retired from the directory in 1857: Henry 
 
 Hiilse Berens, James Pattisnn Currie, Charles Frederick Huth, James Mal- 
 
 comson, John Hoi'sley Palraer, Thomas Tooke, Jun., Arthur Edward 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Governors and Deputy Governors of the Bank of England since 1808, 
 
 with the dates when they were first elected as Directors. 
 
 J'"'' , Governor. Deputy Governor. 
 
 I^lcrlid. 
 
 1828, Samuel Drewe, 1806. 
 
 1829, do. 
 
 1830, John Horsley Palmer, 1811. 
 
 1831, do do 
 183l', do do 
 
 1833, JRicHARD Mee Kaikes, 1812. 
 
 1834, James Pattison, 1813. 
 
 1835, do 
 
 1836, do 
 
 1837, Timothy Abraham Curtis, 1820. 
 1888, do 
 lf39. Sir John Eae Reid, 1820. 
 
 1840, do do 
 
 1841, Sir John Henry Pelly, 1821. 
 1812, William Cotton, 1822. 
 
 1843, do 
 
 1844, do 
 
 1845, John Benjamin Heath, 1823, 
 
 1846, do do 
 
 1847, James Morris, 1827. 
 
 1848, do 
 
 1849, Henhy James Phescott, 1835. 
 
 1850, do do 
 
 1851, Thomson Hankey, Jr., 1835. 
 
 1852, do do 
 
 1853, John Gellibrand Hubbard, 1838. 
 18.54. do do 
 
 1855, Thomas Matthias Weguelin, 1838. 
 
 1856, do do 
 
 1857, Sheffield Neave, 1830. 
 
 John Horsley Palmer. 
 
 do do 
 
 A. H. TiioiH'SON, 1811. 
 
 do do 
 
 Richard Mee Raikes. 
 J.AMES Pattison. 
 Timothy Abraham Curtis. 
 
 do do 
 
 do do 
 
 Sir John Rae Reid, M. P. 
 
 do do 
 
 Sir John Henry Pelly". 
 
 do do 
 
 William Cotton. 
 John Benjamin Heath. 
 
 do do 
 
 do . do 
 William R. Robinson, 1825. 
 
 do do 
 
 Henry James Peescott. 
 
 do do 
 
 Thomas Hankey, Jr. 
 
 do do 
 
 John Gellibrand Huebaed. 
 
 do do 
 
 Thomas Matthias Weguelin. 
 
 do do 
 
 Sheffield Neave. 
 
 do 
 Bonamy Dobree. 
 
 * New I^!rmbp^?, ]8"i7. Mr. .loiiN Horslut Pal.mee, who was elected a director of the bank 
 in 181 1, retired Ironi the directory in lt57. 
 
 t FunuerlygoverDors of the bank. % Failed October 1, 1834. 
 
Finances of European States. 61 
 
 FINANCES OF EUROPEAN STATES. 
 
 In financial importance, Britain stands at the head of all these States, 
 for not only is her annual revenue the largest, excepting that of France, 
 but she enjoys besides the unenviable pre-eminence of being burdened wiih 
 the largest debt. The bad practice of anticipating revenue by borrowing 
 money is common to them all ; and, as will be seen in the table, only some 
 of the less important have escaped the ever-growing evil. Within the 
 last twenty years, the debt of Austria has increased more than threefold, 
 and now the French emperor is borrowing largely to pay the current ex- 
 penses of the war in which the French and the British governments were 
 recently engaged with Russia. The govei'nments of Spain and Greece are 
 virtually bankrupt, being neither able nor willing to pay either principal or 
 interest of their large debts. Norway, on the contrary, the poorest country 
 in Europe, has set the bright example of paying off that portion of the 
 Danish debt with which she was burdened when separated from that 
 monarchy in 1814, while the Danish portion has gone on increasing. The 
 Ottoman Sultan has comparalively escaped by virtue of his want of credit. 
 
 Country/. Annual lieoenue. Debt. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland £56,000,000 £760,000,000 
 
 France 62,0fl0,000 275,000,000 
 
 Austria 25,000,000 180,000 000 
 
 Russia 35,000,000 170,000,000 
 
 Prussia 15,000,000 32,000,000 
 
 Spain 15,000,000 120,000,000 
 
 Turltey 6,500,000 6,000,000 
 
 Netherlands .' 6,000,000 100,000,000 
 
 Belo-ium 5,000,000 29,000,000 
 
 Denmark 1,500,000 13,750,000 
 
 Bavaria 3,000,000 16,146,000 
 
 The Two Sicilies 4,500,000 16,800,000 
 
 Sardinia 5,000,000 24,000,000 
 
 Hanover 1,300,000 5,474,000 
 
 Baden 1,680,000 6,485,000 / 
 
 States of the Church 2,381,000 20,000,000 
 
 Portu<ral 2,850,000 18,000,000 
 
 Kingdom of Saxony 1,650,000 6,500,000 
 
 Sweden 1,040,000 
 
 Norway 650,000 None. 
 
 Tuscany 1,250,470 
 
 Greece 860,000 4,176,030 
 
 Modena 340,000 
 
 Parma 76,000 380,000 
 
 •Wirtembero- 1,000,000 4,842,000 
 
 Smaller German States together 5,500,000 17,000,000 
 
 The Swiss Cantons all together 650,000 
 
 Their annual revenues and the amount of their debts are stated in the 
 above table, in the nearest round numbers, and in sterling money, which 
 will give a sufficiently near approximation to sums that are constantly 
 varying, and in many instances not certainly known. 
 
PKIZE ESSAY ON BANKING. 
 
 THE ADAPTATION OP RECENT INVENTIONS TO THE 
 PURPOSES OF PRACTICAL BANKING. 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY. 
 
 By Gkanville Shaep, of Noewich, England. 
 
 The following is a large portion of the Banking Essay, by Mr. Granville Sharp, 
 of the East of England Bank, at Norwich, to whom was awarded the prize of £100, 
 offered by J. "W. Gilbaet, Esq., of the London and "Westminster Bank. The author 
 has divided his essay into the following subjects : 
 
 I. Architectural Models that may suggest Ijipeotements is the Bankixg- 
 HousE OR Office. 
 
 II. Light, Heat, and Tentilation. 
 
 in. Discoveries in the Fine Arts by which the Interior of a Bank may be 
 Decorated. 
 
 IV. Discoveries by which the Bank Furniture may be rendered more Com- 
 modious. 
 
 V. Improvements in ■Writixg-Paper, Pens, Ink, Account-Books, Scales, Let- 
 TEE-CoPYiNQ Machines, and other Instruments used in carryinu on the Busi- 
 ness. 
 
 VI. Improvements in Printing and Engraving. 
 
 VXI. ISTew Inventions in the Construction of Locks and Safes. 
 
 " Every new development of Science maybe looked upon as the opening of a fresh mine of wealth, 
 awakening moral industry and sagacity, and employing, as it were, new capital of mind." 
 
 Perhaps there are few men (if there be any), since tlie days of Adam 
 Smith, who have done so much to advance Banking, as a science, and to 
 promote its cultivation and practical development, as Jambs William 
 Gilbart, F.R.S., the originator of this humble Essay, who has for many 
 years presided over the executive of the London and Westminster Bank- 
 ing Company, a commercial establishment, of recent origin indeed, but in 
 the magnitude and importance of its operations inferior only to the Bank 
 of England. Mr. Gilbart has announced in the Bankers^ Magazine for 
 January, 1851, that he will present the sum of £100 to the author of the 
 best Essay which shall be written in reply to the following question : — 
 
Prize Essay. 63 
 
 " )■". T^^* ^*y '^^'^ ^^y °^ *® articles collected at the Industrial 
 Exhibition of 1851 be rendered especially serviceable to the interests of 
 practical banking?" 
 
 And in the same announcement is contained an intimation of what 
 such articles may consist, viz. : — 
 
 Architectural models that may snggest improvements in the bank 
 house or office. 
 
 Inventions by which lights heat, and ventilation may be secured, so 
 as to promote the health and comfort of bank clerks. 
 
 Discoveries in the Fine Arts, by which the interior of the bank may 
 be decorated, or the bank furniture rendered more commodious. 
 
 Improvements in writing-paper, pens, ink, account-books, scales, let- 
 ter-copying machines, or other instruments used in carrying on the busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Improvements in printing and engraving, by which banks may get 
 their notes, receipts, letters of credit, and other documents, of a better 
 kind, at a less expense, or so as to prevent forgery. 
 
 New inventions in the construction of locks, cash-boxes, and safes, 
 which shall render property more secure against fire or thieves. 
 
 And, generally, all articles of every kind, which can be so applied as 
 to improve, cheapen, or facilitate any of the practical operations of 
 banking. 
 
 This announcement appears to have a twofold object ; — first, to secure 
 to a large class of men a great advantage, by inducing them to give 
 that amount of intelligent and careful attention to the scientific and really 
 useful objects displayed at the Great Exhibition, which, without some 
 such stimulus, would probably not have been elicited ; and secondly, to 
 promote the convenience and welfare of the banking community, by 
 pointing out, through the medium of a familiar and practical Essay, any 
 objects which may seem calculated to assist its members in the prosecu- 
 tion of their business. 
 
 Although the proffered prize can be obtained by only one, the many 
 unsuccessful competitors will have the consolation of not laboring in vain, 
 inasmuch as they will have reaped a considerable share of practical and 
 scientific knowledge, and have become the subjects of that wholesome 
 mental influence which invariably accrues from the energetic direction 
 of the mind to any object that widens its comprehensive faculties or di- 
 lates its powers. For this, at the least, every unsuccessful candidate 
 will have to tender his sincerest thanks to the liberal originator of his 
 essay, unsuccessful though it be. Another subject for great thankfulness 
 is also found in the striking parallel which exists between the religious 
 advancement of the several countries and the state of science and manu- 
 facture there pi-evailing, as indicated by their productions, which they 
 have respectively sent over, — so prominently marked by our own posi- 
 tion in the affair, establishing at once the fact that England's leligious 
 privilege and position stands intimately connected with England's pro- 
 ductiveness and power. 
 
 As an essay of practical utility is the liberal founder's object, and as 
 objects of practical utility. are the subject of the writer's essay, the reader 
 
64 Practical Banking. 
 
 will, it is presumed, expect to find plainness and perspicuity of expres. 
 sion, rather llian studied elegance and purity of style. 
 
 So much having been most ably written upon the Great Industrial 
 Exhibition supplies, it is hoped, a sufficient apology for the absence of 
 any further introduction of the subject ; one remark, however, maj^ per- 
 haps not improperly be here introduced, in reference to the apparent in- 
 consistency between the avowed object of the royal founder of the Na- 
 tional Exhibition, which was to promote closer and more intimate rela- 
 tions between our own and foreign countries, by affording encourage- 
 ment to international trade and reciprocity of commerce ; and the still 
 continued fiscal burden of our duties of customs and inland revenue, 
 especially when those duties are imposed between the mother country 
 and her colonies. 
 
 The announcement of Mr. Gilbart's prize having been accompanied 
 by a very comprehensive framework for the essay, it seems highly suit- 
 able to make that in some degree a guide as to the order of proceeding, 
 and, without confining the writer strictly to its limits, to class the objects 
 of remark as much as may be under its several heads. It must, of 
 course, be apparent that many, perhaps most, of the inventions and 
 articles which will be referred to have not an exclusive bearing upon 
 banks or banking, or upon the comfort and convenience of those en' 
 gaged therein ; but this exclusive adaptation is not required in the an- 
 nouncement, and it is therefore submitted, that the following observations 
 are perfectly within its scope, if the objects referred to can be shown to 
 possess advantages in which the banking community may share, con- 
 jointly with other sections of the people generally. 
 
 I. The essayist's attention is, first of all, directed to "architectural 
 models that may suggest improvements in the bank house or office." 
 
 The principal features and more substantial parts of banking-house 
 architecture will generally be much affected by local circumstances, as 
 well as by the character and amount of business to be transacted in the 
 building. 
 
 These, therefore, may perhaps be deemed, though in themselves con- 
 siderations of paramount importance, yet, for the present purpose, as 
 somewhat subordinate to those internal details and minor arrangements, 
 upon which the comfort and convenience of the occupants of such 
 buildings as are at present existing so materially depend ; and which, 
 it is presumed, the proposer of the essay primarily contemplated. 
 
 Amongst these may be suggested the character and style of windows ; 
 the sort of shutters ; the arrangement of acoustic tubes, as well as stoves 
 or warming apparatus, wind guards, and cowls for chimneys ; — not omit- 
 ting, although more connected with the original construction of the 
 \}m\Aiag, fLre2'>roof floors and ceilings, windows and sashes. 
 
 The architecture, however, of a banking-house, more especially if it 
 be of a national character, or expected to assume an important position 
 from the magnitude of its operations, should be marked externally, in- 
 ternally, and everywhere, hy stability, as its leading feature; which a 
 builder of intelligence will take care shall be combined with taste. 
 
Prize Essay. 65 
 
 In the present highly enlightened and civilized state of society in Eng- 
 land, It may, at first sight, be thought by some unseemly to erect a 
 banking-house on the principle adopted at the Bank of England, where 
 the whole of the four .external faces of the building present to the ob- 
 server a regular series of fortification, having all its windows facing in- 
 wards, and accessible from the four streets w ilh which it is surrounded 
 only by massive gates and doors ; but when it is remembered that the 
 Bank of England is intended and expected (and what contemplated 
 banking-house is not intended) to endure for centuries, and to witness 
 possibly political convulsions, as well as ihe wear and waste of time, it 
 will be seen to be wise, even in such peaceful times as these, to found it 
 on a rock, and rear it like a rock — of granite ; and supplied with means 
 for the location and protection, in cases of emergency, of a constabu- 
 lary, or even military force, upon its roofs and ramparts. 
 
 The ground floor and the basement will be obiects of the first impor- 
 tance ; and in digging for the latter, and in the construction of the areas, 
 it will be well to prevent the possibility of the '■'■screw'''' being used in 
 any attempt to force the shutters. This has been attempted where the 
 areas are too much confined, — the soil serving as a rest or fidcrum for 
 the '•'■ double screw'''' to act upon, — an instrument of prodigious force, 
 before which almost any shutter must give way. For the same reason, 
 iron palisading, when placed in front of windows, should be so con- 
 structed that, whilst calculated to resist pressure from without, it may 
 not be needlessly strong in the opposite direction ; otherwise it will only 
 afford the means of using a powerful invading force, which is impotent 
 when unsupported. The chief protection for windows should be sought 
 in substantial shutters, which will be referred to hereafter. 
 
 The external doors should be of the very strongest character; and, if 
 wood be used, it should be lined with iron, or thickly studded with rivets 
 of the same material. There seems also a strict propriet}' in protecting 
 the doors at night (in accordance with the windows) by revolving iron 
 shutters, of which more will be said hereafter. 
 
 The inner doors, forming the more immediate access to the public 
 counter, it is submitted, should not be, as at present, a pair of folding- 
 doors, one adapted for entrance and the other for departure ; but should 
 be two distinct and separate openings, as far removed from each other 
 as circumstances will admit of; so that the approach to the counter 
 should be at one end, and the exit at the other, — the public always 
 passing in the same direction. 
 
 Several improvements have presented themselves in windows and 
 window-sashes ; and Barrow''s patent sash, exhibited by Mr. Thomas 
 Turner, is extremely good, and adapted for first-rate windows of plate- 
 glass, which, since the recent abolition of the duty, has become consider- 
 ably reduced in price. This sash is made in bronze metal, and the cost 
 per foot is regulated by the size of the sash required. They are said to 
 be extensively used, and that the Bristol and Manchester branches of the 
 Bank of England have adopted them. Each sash slides up and down, 
 so that the window can be opened both at the top and bottom ; and the 
 meeting bars are so constructed that the sashes when closed are perfect- 
 
66 Practical Banking. 
 
 ly flush on both sides, instead of the lower one, as is the case with com- 
 mon sashes, projecting its own thickness into the room ; — both sashes 
 being in the same plane gives a far neater appearance to the window, 
 and presents less lodgment for dirt or dust. It has, moreover, a self- 
 acting latch in the sill-bar, so arranged that the sash cannot be closed 
 without being securely fastened. The lines are concealed, and it is re- 
 markably free from vibration. 
 
 The specimen exhibited was most beautifully executed, and would 
 form a very suitable window for handsome buildings. 
 
 Mr. G. Harwood, the inventor, exhibits a patent apparatus for " mov- 
 ing and fastening windows,'''' the various applications of which are very 
 ingenious. He has published an illustrated pamphlet, containing a full 
 description. One principal feature in the. invention is the application of 
 the screw, the worm of which, working into a rack or pinion, acts as 
 a prime mover, — dispensing with all pulleys, weights, cords, springs, 
 setopes, fastenings, &c. ; and is particularly adapted to pivot windows, 
 and to situations where the windows are above ordinary reach, as in 
 lofty buildings. This invention has been very satisfactorily adopted in 
 some of the public buildings in Norwich, and was availed of to regulate 
 the ventilators in the Great Exhibition. ' It most effectually does away 
 with the harsh and noisy friction of sash pulleys, which it is almost im- 
 possible to oil ; and overcomes, by the mechanical power of the screw, 
 the difficulty frequently experienced in opening and shutting windows. 
 The speed and power of the motion communicated can be readily regu- 
 lated by the diameter of the rack or pinion employed to produce it. 
 
 Mr. George Anderson's model of an improved window has some ex- 
 cellent properties ; and he intends shortly to publish a full description, 
 together with the prices. 
 
 Much inconvenience having arisen from dirty windows, and no small 
 amount of danger having attended the cleaning of them, many have at- 
 tempted to obviate the necessity for getting on the outer side for this 
 purpose ; among the most successful essays is, perhaps, that of Mr. C. 
 Herring, who exhibits a. patent sash, which can most easily be taken out 
 to be cleaned. The arrangement is extremely simple, and consists of a 
 metal rod dovetailing into the sides or sash frame, and sliding up and 
 down with the sash ; this rod is connected with the sash by two small 
 flush bolts at top and bottom of it ; the lines and weights are attached to 
 this rod ; when the bolts are withdrawn, the rods slide up and the sash is 
 released, and may be removed from the frame. A similar model, upon 
 the same general principle, is exhibited by Mr. B. E. Roberts, of Nelson 
 Place, Clifton, who also claims the invention. As we shall have occa- 
 sion to make a few additional remarks upon windows in our allusion to 
 the important question of ventilation, we direct our attention to 
 
 Shutters. — Shutters, as a means of protection, form an important 
 feature in the fittings of a banking building, and, as some degree of 
 solidity and strength, and consequently weight, is necessary, the ar- 
 rangements for placing and removing them should be as scientific as 
 possible, in order to economize both time and labor. For this purpose, 
 the revolving iron shutters, now coming into general use, seem very de- 
 
Prize Essay. 67 
 
 sirable ; by it, the antiquated plan of putting up and faking down, one 
 by one, separate external shutters, is avoided, and the expense of repla- 
 cing broken glass and repaired shutters (ofttimes shattered by uncareful 
 handling of them), as well as the inconvenience, and sometimes acci- 
 dent, arising from the long bars by which they are fastened, entirely re- 
 moved. 
 
 The revolving shutters formed of curvilinear iron lath, and manufac- 
 tured by Messrs. Bunnett &, Co., Deptford, are very excellent in their 
 construction, and work most easily. The curving of the iron lath, of 
 which this shutter is composed, gives additional strength, without adding 
 very materially to its weight, or much augmenting its expense. Their 
 cost is usually from 6s. to 7s. per foot superficial, according to the size 
 of the window, and, if kept well painted, they are extremely durable. 
 
 The shutters seem only a modification of the principle adopted by Mr. 
 Harcourt Quincey, in his patent convex revolving iron shutters. 
 
 These are made of convex laths, and are said to be twelve times 
 stronger than those composed of flat laths of the same substance. 
 
 These revolving shutters can be applied either horizontally or verti- 
 cally, and are valuable from the facility with which they may be closed 
 in cases of popular tumult. 
 
 Mr. Archibald Horn is also the inventor of an iron shutter for bank- 
 ers; and, in cases where it may be desirable to retain the old detached 
 shutters, Jenning's joints and shutter shoes are by no means without their 
 use. 
 
 Acoustic Tubes. — Among the most useful means of saving unne- 
 cessary labor in offices may be placed the speaking tubes or telegraphs 
 and communicators, by which messages may be sent from room to 
 room ; and thus the necessity of running to and fro to answer bells 
 lessened by at least one half. Mr. VVhishaw's Telekonphonon is a plain 
 gutta percha tube, with a mouth-piece and whistle at each end ; there 
 are some additional arrangements for communications from several 
 rooms ; but the gutta percha pipe, mouth-pieces, and whistles seem all 
 that are necessary for ordinary purposes. Gutta percha is a most desir- 
 able substance for the tubing, as it possesses a remarkable sound-trans- 
 mitting quality ; and speaking-tubes, (Sic. are made by the Gutta Per- 
 cha Company. The manner of calling attention to the pipe is by blow- 
 ing into the whistle at one end, when the sound is immediately transmit- 
 ted to the other, and conversation may be commenced. When this is 
 ended, the whistles, which are movable, should be replaced. Messrs. 
 Bryden and Sons have invented a self-closing mouth-piece, which would 
 be a very desirable addition to these speaking tubes ; by it the removal 
 of the whistle is rendered unnecessary. Perhaps these tubes might form 
 a most useful means of communication between the board room and the 
 several offices in the bank, as well as from the counter to the leger 
 office, by which any inquiry might be immediately answered, without 
 either loss of time or noticeable conference between the leger clerk and 
 the counter. 
 
 Wind-Guards and Cowls fok Chimneys. — In few matters have 
 there been so many different attempts to accomplish the same result as 
 
68 Practical Banking. 
 
 in the cure of smoky chimneys; and it is very desirable that, if tolerat- 
 ed at all, the nuisance of smoke should be kept out of doors. 
 
 Tins subject is very intimately connected with ventilation, in the con- 
 sideration of which it will be again referred to. One important means 
 of obviating this nuisance is to prevent the free passage of the smoke, 
 caused by the current of rarefied air up the chimney, being interfered 
 with by the force of the wind striking the top of the chimney. To avoid 
 this, Mr. J. E. Grisdale has invented a wind guard, consisting of a cap 
 poised upon a point on the top of the chimney. This cap, the moment the 
 wind strikes it, turns its back to the current, and closes that side of the 
 opening. The principal objection appears to be in the extreme facil- 
 ity with which it vibrates. Mr. Grisdale has registered this invention 
 provisionally, and, not having the means himself, is anxious to meet with 
 some one to assist him in bringing it out. From its extreme simplicity 
 it would be very inexpensive. 
 
 Mr. Stafford's interceptor cowl, for the same purpose as that last men- 
 tioned, is very well arranged, but would be more costly, on account of 
 its construction. 
 
 These contrivances will be veiy useful in situations where a chimney 
 is overtopped by lofty buildings ; but we imagine that, in the majority of 
 cases where inconvenience is experienced, the evil exists near the fire- 
 place, or in the " throat" of the chimney, rather than at the lop of the 
 flue. This will be more fully exhibited in our reference to stoves and 
 fireplaces. 
 
 Fireproof Floors, Ceilings, and Eoofs of Buildings. — Speci- 
 mens of this improved construction of fireproof floors are exhibited by 
 Messrs. Fox and Barrett ; and one is certainly struck with the assertion, 
 that the expense of these substantial and massive floors is not greater 
 than the ordinary timber construction. This is surprising, on account of 
 the great weight that has to be sustained, the floor and ceihng being 
 about nine inches thick, of solid material. The small cost may, how- 
 ever, be in some degree accounted for by the extreme lightness of the 
 iron joists, the cheapness of the material employed in each successive 
 layer, as well as from the very little amount of skilled labor required in 
 their construction. 
 
 In cases of fire, the floors, composed chiefly of timber, afford, from 
 their very construction, a supply of air to feed the flame ; and, from the 
 combustible character of the material, present very little hope of its prog- 
 ress being stayed. This invention will afford the means of diminishing 
 the present extensive use of timber in buildings, by the almost universal 
 adoption of which considerable danger is incurred. Mr. Braidwood, the 
 Superintendent of the London Fire Engine Establishment, has stated, in 
 evidence before a committee of the House of Lords, that, by exposure , 
 for a few years to heat not much above that of boiling ivater, timber is 
 brought into a condition somewhat resembling that of spontaneous com- 
 bustion ; and for the fire which occurred a few years since at Day and 
 Martin's blacking manufactory no other cause could be assigned than 
 the ignition of the wooden casing in which the hot-water pipes were in- 
 closed. If these facts be correct, the character of the floors through 
 
Prize Essay. 69 
 
 which warming apparatus are generally oiacle to pass must be a matter 
 of importance. Considerable strength and solidity are given to the 
 building generally by these floors ; the iron bearing the tensile strain, and 
 the concrete resisting the force of compression. A paper upon the 
 subject, read at a meeting of the Society of Arts, has been pubhshed, 
 which contains a full account of the arrangement. 
 
 This invention seems well adapted to those rooms in which books that 
 have been filled and banking documents are kept ; where security from 
 fire is so necessary a desideratum, not very readily obtained above 
 ground. 
 
 II. We now consider, secondly, those inventions by which " Light,' 
 " Heat," and "Ventilation," may be secured, and which so materially 
 promote the health and comfort of bank clerks. 
 
 Light, — Gas, Candles. — Like many of the discoveries of modern 
 times, gas has not only great capacities for contributing to men's con- 
 venience, but also for their annoyance and injury, and this is most fully 
 exemplified when this most valuable substitute for the solar ray is em- 
 ployed excessively. 
 
 Most jets are adapted by their form and size to burn well a certain 
 quantity of gas, and if less be turned on inconvenience is sure to arise, 
 and if more is allowed to pass incomplete combustion ensues, producing 
 rapidly a most injurious and painfully oppressive condition of the air in 
 the apartment. Burners are frequently somewhat inaccessible, or in 
 the press of business they are disregarded until the smell of half-con- 
 sumed gas is insupportable, and in order to regulate the light it may be 
 necessary to adjust the cock several times in the course of an hour. To 
 obviate this evil, Mr. Biddell has invented a self-regulating gas-burner, 
 which adapts itself to all variations of pressure, preventing the flame 
 from either rising or falling above or below any desired height to which 
 it may be adjusted, thus saving gas and preventing smoke. Its self-act- 
 incr property depends upon the expansion and contraction of a com- 
 pound rod in the centre of the flame, which, by means of a small lever 
 and simple valve, shuts off or lets on the gas according as its pressure 
 may be increased or diminished. This invention can be adapted to the 
 button-burner, which gives a whiter light; a light, however, which is 
 more expensive than the red on account of its rapid consumption of gas, 
 although the objection of cost would be perhaps overruled, when it is re- 
 membered that the whiter the light the less prejudicial it is to the eye, 
 and the more complete the combustion of the gas the purer will be the 
 atmosphere of the apartment. 
 
 Mr. Biddell's burner is furnished with a gauze covering at the bottom, 
 which insures great steadiness of the flame by preventing any sudden 
 ■ draught from disturbing it. This addition of wire-gauze has also been 
 used with some other burners recently introduced, amongst others with 
 that of Mr. Winfield, which is a beautiful burner, and with the opal shades 
 is becoming now very generally used ; the only inconvenience of this 
 improvement is the necessity of removing the chimney to light the gas, 
 otherwise the gauze, if fine, while the chimney is cold frequently pre- 
 
70 Practical Banking. 
 
 vents the immediate admission of air necessary to support the combus- 
 tion of the gas. It may be remarked, in passing, that gas-burners are 
 treated somewhat inconsiderately ; they are lighted night after night for 
 months together without any attention being paid to their condition, and 
 thus, from some of the holes becoming partly closed, an inequality in 
 flame is a necessary result. And then, in order to produce the same 
 amount of light, the gas is turned on higher, and incomplete combus- 
 tion, in some parts of the flame at least, is sure to ensue. Might it not 
 be well to have an annual or half-yearly inspection of all gas-burners in 
 a bank ? 
 
 The introduction of pipes leading from the gas-burner shades into the 
 flue of the fire-place would very materially assist ventilation, and carry 
 away the impurities those burners generate. The shade invented by 
 Mr. Winfield merits attention on account of its reflecting qualities, its 
 durability, and cleanly surface, and the pleasant light which it diffuses. 
 This will probably entirely supersede the copperplate reflector, which, 
 being quite opaque, has a tendency too much to darken the room. 
 
 The cost of this burner is about 7s. 6d., and they are issued regulated 
 to a 2^ inch flame. Mr. Biddell has some very flattering testimonials 
 from Slessrs. Ransome & Co., Ipswich, the Gas Fitters' Mutual Associa- 
 tion of London, and others, to the value of his invention, which appears 
 especially adapted to the counters of banking establishments, as well as 
 other places where the proper amount of flame from the burner cannot 
 be made the subject of frequent attention. 
 
 Some of the inconveniences attending the use of candles may be con- 
 siderably lessened by a little invention of the Rev. W. H. Jones, — 
 the "Acolyte," or patent safety candle cap; which, being placed upon 
 the top, descends as the candle burns, and insures regularity in the melt- 
 ing of the wax or tallow, thereby preventing the guttering and the drip- 
 ping of the grease. Price's Patent Caudle Company are the licensees 
 for its manufacture, and it is intended more especially to be used with 
 their article denominated the " Composite." 
 
 It may not have been generally observed what an amount of smoke 
 some candles produce, causing the same unpleasant smell, as well as 
 painful effect upon the lungs, as that arising from the smoke of gas. 
 The best composite candles, of which there were some beautiful speci- 
 mens e.xhibited, smoke the least, — the additional expense of which is 
 indeed very little, and no doubt, if more attention were directed to the 
 subject, even common candles might be materially improved. 
 
 Heat. — So large a portion of civilized society, and especially those 
 employed in banks, being engaged in pursuits of a sedentary kind, the 
 means of obtaining artificial heat in this variable climate are of much 
 importance, and it is very interesting to observe the various improve- 
 ments which have been recently made. 
 
 With all these, however, and some of the fireplaces are exceedingly 
 attractive, the question of stoves and open fires does not seem quite settled 
 in favor of the latter, and Mr. Edwards steps forward in defence of 
 Dr. Arnott's invention, against the many who, in professedly copying the 
 stove, have not adopted the principle upon which it acts, and thus 
 brought both into disrepute. 
 
Prize Essay. 71 
 
 The real Arnott stove is upon the principle of an extensive and mod- 
 erately warm heating metal surface at about 200° Fahrenheit ; it con- 
 sists of a sheet-iron box, which may be of any dimensions, in proportion 
 to the size of the room to be heated ; it is divided by a partition into 
 two chambers of unequal dimensions, which communicate freely at the 
 top and bottom. A fire-box, composed of iron lined with fire-brick, rests 
 at the bottom of the larger chamber; access is obtained to it by a door 
 which must fit closely. The refuse of the fire falls into an ash-pit below ; 
 here also is a valve for the supply of air to the fire-box. The fumes 
 and heat of the fire pass up and down, over and under the partition, giv- 
 ing warmth to the outer case ; the smoke finally passes off by a flue into 
 an adjoining chimney. The heat is regulated by the valve for admitting 
 air ; when this is opened widely a large stream enters and combustion 
 becomes active ; when, on the contrary, the aperture is reduced, a com- 
 paratively small stream is admitted, and combustion languishes. The 
 temperature of the outer case is raised or depressed accordingly by the 
 revolution of the heat and smoke round the division of the chambers, 
 their power of giving forth warmth is expended as far as possible on the 
 plates of the outer case, so as to be serviceable for the end in view, and 
 it might be possible to exhaust the whole for that end by lengthening the 
 flue or causing a greater extent of it to pass through the air of the 
 room before entering the chimney. This apparatus certainly makes the 
 most economical use of fuel of any species of contrivance for producing 
 artificial heat yet known. Six pounds of Welsh coal or coke, of the 
 value of one penny, will, it is said, supply an ordinary one for a day. 
 
 The prevalent fault in the Arnott stoves generally manufactured has 
 been a diminution of the heating surface in proportion to the strength of 
 the furnace. 
 
 All metal surfaces, however well the principle of a large superficies 
 moderately warmed may be observed, raise the temperature by two 
 means, namely, by radiation and by conduction. Radiated heat, which 
 is that given by a common fire, is perfectly safe, but the heat produced 
 by the air coming in contact with a warmed surface is more injurious. 
 The air which forms the medium of heating the rest has been altered in 
 its character, particularly in being desiccated or deprived of its humidity. 
 It is necessary to counteract this result by artificial infusion of humidity 
 into the atmosphere. Perhaps the best possible arrangement for this 
 purpose is that consisting in a trough of water with a roller moving in it, 
 and a similar roller forming a windlass about two feet above. Between 
 the windlass and the roller an endless piece of towelling revolves. The 
 bottom of the piece of towelling passing, of course, through the water, 
 it is only necessary to turn the windlass a few times in order to make 
 the whole wet, and this process may be repeated as often as necessary. 
 The vapor constantly arising from the cloth will, if sufBcient in quan- 
 tity, make good the want of humidity in the stove-heated air. 
 
 It is rather singular that Mr. Edwards makes no allusion in his little 
 pamphlet to this desiccation of the air by stoves, nor to the means of 
 removing it. 
 
 In the stoves exhibited by Mr. Juckes and Mr. Pierce, together with the 
 
'72 Practical Banking. 
 
 great advantage of heating by earlhen instead of metal surfaces, a prin- 
 ciple is announced, which is but rarely used, aUhough it has been occa- 
 sionally adopted for many years, viz. the introduction of the air from the 
 outside of the building by a flue or pipe. This, upon a little considera- 
 tion, will be shown to be very important, and it is possible that neither 
 of these gentlemen has fully recognized the value of the principle which 
 they have adopted ; we shall, however, refer to this again. 
 
 Gas has been asserted to be an economical heating agent, — and 
 l\Iessrs. Feetham and Co. exhibit a very elegant stove of white porcelain. 
 In many of the gas stoves, by other manufacturers, the deterioration of 
 the air, and the smoke caused by combustion, are entirely overlooked, 
 and the stoves are made without any provision for a chimney at all. 
 
 The white porcelain will not, however, conduct the heat so rapidly as 
 a surface dark and rough. 
 
 In the construction of some of the open fireplaces, an effort has been 
 made to bring the body of fire forward into the room as much as pos- 
 sible, without diverting the passage of the smoke. This object appears 
 to be very happily obtained in a grate exhibited by Messrs. Dean & Co., 
 which is the exact reverse of many, even recently constructed. The 
 back is quite flat, the bars projecting outwards, like a section of an ellip- 
 sis. The surface of the fire is thus increased, and the whole is placed in 
 front of the four reflecting cheeks. This appears manifestly superior to 
 the round back and flat-fronted fireplaces in common use. The execu- 
 tion of these specimens is very elaborate, and, for ordinary purposes, 
 would be too expensive, the plain black being about ,£9 10s., and if with 
 ash-pan and ornamental side =£ 25 ; but the principle might be recog- 
 nized in a much cheaper form. It has been questioned above, whether 
 the principle of introducing a fresh current of air to the grate and chim- 
 ney by communication with the external atmosphere has been fully ap- 
 preciated, or its value rightly understood. Open fires have been object- 
 ed to, for causing draughts, and close stoves have been substituted, air 
 being introduced under them from without to ventilate the room ; but the 
 one great cause of these draughts, as well as that of many smoky chim- 
 neys, and the frequent failure of attempts to carry off smoke from gas- 
 burners, by pipes, into the open air, has been altogether overlooked, viz. 
 mechanical exhaustion of the air in the apartment by excessive rare- 
 faction in the chi?nney. 
 
 For the purpose of drawing attention to the improvement adopted in 
 Mr. Juckes's and also Mr, Pierce's stove, to which the jury have awarded 
 a medal and "special approbation," it may not be unsuitable here to 
 copy a paper which we brought to London on visiting the Exhibition, in 
 order to submit it to some manufacturers of stoves, supposing its sugges- 
 tions to be wholly new. 
 
 For the well-being of fires generally, a constant draught or supply of 
 air is necessary, not merely to support combustion, but also to supply the 
 partial vacuum at the bottom of the chimney., caused by the ascent of 
 the air, it being highly rarefied by excessive heat. The air in the chim- 
 ney being thus rarefied and heated, to a degree far above that in the 
 iO'jm, the atmosphere is exhausted, and in fact pumped out of the apart- 
 
Prize Essay. 73 
 
 ment. Thus the pressure of the external air is much increased, and this 
 is perceived by a strong current entering at every hole and crevice ; 
 when a door is opened the draught is extremely inconvenient, and has 
 the effect of immediately reducing the temperature, causing, of course, 
 much waste of heat. To obviate this is the object of the present sugges- 
 tion, viz. to introduce the air necessary to support combustion in the 
 grate, and to supply the rarefaction in the chimney, not from the front 
 of the fireplace, as is now universal (thereby drawing out of the room 
 the air which has just been warmed), but from the atmosphere outside 
 the apartment, by means of a pipe or flue laid beneath the floor, and 
 under the hearth-stone, and opening behind the grate, a space being left 
 here, carefully covered at the top, so as to prevent any direct communi- 
 cation between the pipe beneath the floor and the flue of the chimney. 
 In order to introduce air into the chimney, to carry up the smoke, without 
 making so large a demand upon the warmed air in the apartment, which 
 now, under the present arrangement of open fireplaces, as soon as heat- 
 ed in the grate, rushes wastefully up the chimney, the front edge of the 
 stove or fireplace opening should be perforated, or have a narrow space 
 wholly or partially round it. From these perforations or spaces at the 
 back of the face of the stove, and between the outer edge of the face 
 and the surrounding slips, would flow a constant current of cold air ; this 
 would constantly direct itself towards the fire and chimney, and thus be- 
 come the upward current. The reason for having the perforation round 
 the front edge of the fireplace opening is this, that the smoke from the 
 fire may be embraced by the draught of air and carried up the chimney ; 
 if they were in any other position this might not be accomplished, and 
 the smoke might be sometimes driven into the room. 
 
 A double set of grate-bars under the fire would be very useful, one 
 set to be withdrawn and replaced by the other at intervals, when the 
 bottom of the fire gets choked with dust ; thus allowing the small ashes 
 to fall through without the wasteful application of the poker or the shovel, 
 which pulverizes the coal. This double set might work upon a rod like 
 a hinge, and pass one through the other, thus shifting the support of the 
 fire without at all disturbing its position, but merely removing the dust 
 from under it. In reference to the general questions of close stoves and 
 open fires, perhaps for banks the Arnott stoves would really be the 
 more suitable. The circulation of the blood in some gentlemen is so 
 much more rapid than in others, that in an office there is rarely perfect 
 unanimity in managing the fire ; one opening the windows, whilst an- 
 other puts on coals. The coldness of the office on winter mornings is 
 objectionable, to say nothing of the half-hourly attention required by an 
 open fire. Whilst the Arnott stoves exhibited by Mr. Edwards need re- 
 plenishing but twice in twenty-four hours, and yet preserve a uniform 
 temperature for months together. 
 
74 Prize Essay. 
 
 PART SECOND 
 
 Ventilation. — This subject is one of such vast importance, and yet 
 one so generally and almost entirely disregarded, that considerable dif- 
 fidence is felt in endeavoring to point out some of the facilities offered at 
 the Great Exhibition for its accomplishment. Fresh air has been well 
 described as the food, as well as the breath, of life ; and to those who, 
 owing to their inactive pursuits, breathe less than others, it is more im- 
 portant that the quality of the air should be most unexceptionable. 
 Within the last two or three years only has this subject been at all gen- 
 erally considered, although lately numbers of interesting books and 
 pamphlets have been published upoif it. Ventilation seems to divide it- 
 self into two parts, quite distinct in themselves, yet bearing one upon the 
 other ; viz. the introduction of fresh air, and the carrying off that which 
 is exhausted, or foul. The latter has been long recognized, and in pub- 
 lic buildings to some extent provided for by openings in roofs, &c. ; al- 
 though in most banking establishments even this seems to have been too 
 frequently overlooked. The former has been overlooked in the archi- 
 tecture of buildings generally, and neglected on account of the difficulty 
 of accomplishing it without producing inconvenience. In summer, the 
 evil is lessened, as windows and doors can then be opened with impunity, 
 and the draught up the chimney is less. In winter, every precaution is 
 ' taken to exclude the air by double windows and doors, and other appli- 
 ances, and just in proportion to the success of these expedients, and the 
 amount of fire kept up, is the rush of cold air when a door or window 
 is necessarily opened. Thus a change of rooms becomes essential, and 
 when this cannot be obtained, or when at busy periods the banking hours 
 are much prolonged, great inconvenience is experienced from the vi- 
 tiated air. 
 
 Perhaps at the present time there is not one room in a thousand pro- 
 vided with any means of continuous ventilation ; indeed, with our pres- 
 ent fireplaces, this seems impossible ; but with some other plan for sup- 
 plying the chimney draught, it is presumed we might with great comfort 
 employ Lockhead's perforated glass, manufactured by Swinburn &, Co., 
 for some of the window squares ; or Naylor's new glass ventilator, very 
 suitable for a window square, and almost frictionless. Moore's patent 
 lever ventilator is admirably adapted to the same purpose. 
 
 Other kinds are designed to be fixed in the wall. The little ventilat- 
 ing window by Hart &. Sons is deserving of notice ; it has a self-acting 
 safety bar to prevent its being opened or shut violently by the wind. 
 
Practical Banking. 76 
 
 The ventilating bricks and windows manufactured by Warner & Sons 
 are made ready to be built into a wall, and, the frames being of iron 
 form with the glass most durable ventilators. 
 
 The specimen exhibited by Mr. J. H. Boobyer, of Harrison's registered 
 Venetian ventilator, is extremely ornamental, and well suited to a 
 papered or a colored wall. The ventilating facilities afforded by the use 
 of Ridgeway's hollow bricks must not be overlooked ; the wall being 
 thus formed of a complete series of air passages, a communication may 
 readily be opened in any part with the external atmosphere ; and for this 
 purpose some little iron valves are used in Prince Albert's model cot- 
 tages. Sherringham's ventilators, manufactured by Hayward Brothers, 
 would be applicable to this purpose ; although it may be questioned 
 whether the air will be found to take the precise direction desired. 
 
 But one other ventilator demands attention, viz. Dr. Arnott's chimney- 
 valve, which is really valuable. All attempts to ventilate rooms as at 
 present constructed, by the occasional opening of a door or window, are 
 insufficient, the warm air being lighter than the cold. Just as a bottle of 
 oil inverted in a stream of water remains full, because the oil is lighter 
 than the water, so the part of the room above the level of the chimney 
 opening remains full of a poisonous gas, because it is lighter than the 
 current of pure air which passes from the door to the fireplace ; and it 
 will be remembered that the portion of the air which is breathed by all 
 but children is that part above the fireplace. 
 
 For the complete working of these ventilators, which are manufac- 
 tured in great variety by Mr. Edwards, it is obvious that an increased 
 supply of air is necessary ; this it is proposed to bring from a valve in 
 the door, which may be very well, when the exhaustion by the chimney 
 is otherwise supplied ; but at present some susceptible folks might well 
 object to sit midway in such a draft, if there be any truth in the Chinese 
 proverb, — "Avoid a current of cold air from a narrow passage as you 
 would the bite of a serpent." It should be borne in mind that every 
 man requires four cubic feet of fresh air every minute, or a quantity 
 twice his own size, and that a common candle destroys as much, and gas- 
 burners much more ; and we trust that such a happy combination of ven- 
 tilating expedients may be adopted in banks generally, that fresh air 
 may be obtained, and no one inconvenienced. 
 
 Health and Comfort of Bank Clerks. — It has been found to be 
 very necessary to change the air of rooms as frequently as may be, and 
 upon the same grounds it might be shown to be desirable to avoid all 
 sources of unnecessary contamination ; one very frequent source is the 
 smell arising from drains, cesspools, sinks, &,c. Some very efficient efflu- 
 via traps were exhibited. That made by Messrs. Bunnett is self-acting and 
 self-cleansing, and with a fine grating would act very well in situations 
 where there is a considerable flow of water, and where the fall of the 
 drain is sufficient to carry every thing away. The trap made by Messrs. 
 Wilson and Woodfin is admirably adapted to cases where some amount 
 of sand or sediment has to be removed, and where the fall of the drain 
 is not sufficient to carry it away. For the same situations, and especial- 
 ly for sinks, and also for lavatories, Lowe's patent effluvia-trap gratings, 
 
76 Prixe £ssay. 
 
 or stench-trap grids, are very useful ; by these the usual syphon benQ in 
 the pipes from hand-basins, which is adapted as a cheap means of form- 
 ing a trap, might well be dispensed with ; thus avoiding the evil arising 
 from sand being washed down the basin and lodging immovably in this 
 bend, whereby the pipe is obstructed. 
 
 Clark's self-acting valve trap is also very good, and exceedingly sim- 
 ple in its construction, being specially adapted for sinks, &c. 
 
 This very comprehensive division of " Health and Comfort of Bank 
 Clerks " seems to invite a suggestion as to whether it might not be de- 
 sirable in all establishments where the persons employed are numerous 
 (and why not in banks ?), to have fitted up, for occasional use, a warm- 
 bath apparatus. This may cause some to smile, but, upon a little con- 
 sideration, it may appear by no means unreasonable. The desirability 
 of such an indulgence occasionally will not be disputed. Then it will 
 be remembered that a large proportion of bank clerks are in lodgings, 
 thatt;he expense of warm-bath furniture is very considerable, and that, 
 practically, very few houses are so supplied. Also, that the occasions 
 when a warm bath is most useful are those of slight cold, or some other 
 little ailment, which requires attentionj although a diligent and active 
 clerk would not wish to be detained at home by such complaints. In 
 such cases, perhaps, a cold would be increased by walking to a distance, 
 and returning afterwards, and the expense of a cab added to that of the 
 bath would probably amount to four or five shillings, which, in many 
 cases, would be prohibitory. 
 
 The bath would be but an adjunct to the usual lavatory, and the same 
 room might sufiice for both. The heating apparatus is so simple, that 
 very little contrivance is necessary for that. It may be connected with 
 the warming arrangements for the bank, or a little stove may be applied 
 purposely, as in some of the baths referred to below. 
 
 The most delightful bath at the Exhibition is made by Mr. Finch, lined 
 with porcelain tiles, the edges and corners of the bath being all turned 
 and rounded, presenting a surface necessitating cleanliness. 
 
 Mr. Benham's copper bath is beautifully fitted up, with polished 
 mahogany case, and combines facilities for hot, cold, shower, and vapor 
 bath, price jC23 ; but it may be questioned how far polished mahogany 
 is suited for the purpose. 
 
 Those made by Messrs R. & W. Wilson are intended to save the cost 
 of a wood frame, in which all baths with taps and levers for hot and 
 cold supply, and waste-pipes, have hitherto been fitted, whilst at the 
 same time an ornamental character is given them ; indeed, the ten 
 different specimens exhibited are well deserving of attention. They are 
 made of the best " charcoal iron plates " tinned by themselves. The 
 most suitable for the purpose alluded to would be the " Grecian bath, 
 with taps and levers," square, white inside, and imitation Sienna marble 
 outside. 
 
 Where no facility exists for obtaining hot water, the baths combining 
 heating apparatus with their construction may be employed. Messrs. 
 Tyler &. Son have given much attention to the construction of bath ap- 
 paratus, and have published a little pamphlet of their various contriv* 
 
Practical Banking. Tj 
 
 ances for heating. Their " villa " warm bath, with small heating stove, 
 is very compact ; price £ 15 15s., subject to five per cent, discount, and is 
 completed for connection to the cold and waste-water pipes. Mr. R 
 Dale also exhibits an improved warm bath and heating apparatus, and 
 Messrs. Warner & Sons the same. 
 
 The lavatories in the retiring rooms at the Exhibition have been so 
 much appreciated, that it is almost needless to call attention to them, ex- 
 cept to point out the superiority of those having the back and horizontal 
 slabs, to prevent the water from splashing the walls, &c. These are 
 termed " complete fountain hand-basins." 
 
 The hand-b£isins exhibited by Mr. Jennings have a very elegant ap- 
 pearance. The cocks are self-closing and exceedingly simple, and the 
 waste-cock prevents the possibility of impure air rising. They work be- 
 low, so that nothing is visible but the engraved " pulls." The water 
 rises from the bottom of the basin like a fountain. In connection with 
 these the glass pipes with patent joints, manufactured by Messrs. Swin- 
 burn, may be noticed, as very suitable for rain-water, with which hand- 
 basins should be supplied, and for the conveyance of which lead is un- 
 suitable, the rain-water, on account of its comparative purity, acting 
 more powerfully on the lead than that from springs or rivers, and caus- 
 ing a poisonous quality in the water, which, if accidentally drank, might 
 be attended with serious injury. 
 
 IIL There are worthy of notice one or two " discoveries in the Fine 
 Arts, by which the interior of a bank may be decorated^ Few persons 
 can have passed round the Colored Glass Gallery without being struck 
 with the imposing decorations, consisting of full-sized representations of 
 distinguished individuals, by Mr. Norwood. The figures apparently in 
 carved oak upon a crimson ground ; the skirting and cornice being quite 
 consistent with the rest ; so that it is difficult to realize the fact of its be- 
 ing a perfectly plane surface. These figures are printed fi'om blocks, 
 at a very cheap rate. Mr. Norwood has eleven figures, viz. : — Her 
 Majesty the Queen, H. E. H. Prince Albert, Lord Nelson, Sir Robert 
 Peel, Shakspeare, Milton^ Lord Byron, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, 
 Ceres and Mercury — emblems of Agriculture and Commerce. These, 
 although the execution is by no means rude or coarse, are printed at 3s. 
 6d. each ; and it would seem that, if arrangements could be made with Mr. 
 Norwood for the representation, in this way, of some eminent and dis- 
 tinguished bankers, such portraits might form a very suitable decoration 
 for the board room ; and thus, at a trifling cost, perpetuate the memory 
 of those who ought not to be forgotten. Horn's carved oak decorations, 
 with knotted oak panels, are magnificent, and are an excellent imita- 
 tion of polished oak of the finest grain. These can be had of any tint 
 or color; and are said to be extremely durable, — the varnished surface 
 admitting of the wall being cleaned. Price, from 21s. to 30s. per piece. 
 
 As an interior decoration, the imitation marbles, painted upon wood 
 and slate, might be used. The coloring surface upon the slate seems 
 very firm ; and the specimens exhibited by Mr. Hopkins, Mr. Smith, and 
 Mr. T. Stirling, Jr., are especially worthy of notice, on account of their 
 
78 Prize Essay. 
 
 beautiful resemblance and fineness of grain. A variety of circumstan 
 ces have lately conspired to make a general and comprehensive knowl- 
 edge of geography extremely necessary, if not in the daily routine, at 
 least in the occasional varieties of a banking business ; and maps, used 
 as decorations of a room, tend greatly to facilitate its acquisition. 
 
 Their size and their selection would, of course, be dictated by the 
 situation, and by taste and other circumstances. If intended to hang 
 constantly, they should be well varnished ; and Mr. Manning's varnish, 
 made without the aid of heat, looks very well upon the maps exhibited. 
 
 For embellishments generally, and for ornamenting ceilings, the patent 
 earthenware, for which Mr. Hayes is agent, is recommended by its im- 
 perishable and cleanly character, — requiring no renewal; and, when 
 fixed, not likely to get chipped and broken, like plaster. It admits of a 
 very high degree of ornament, and in color is perfectly unchangeable. 
 The specimens, in sharpness of outline, appeared equal to any wood- 
 carving or plaster impressions, if not to gutta percha. 
 
 This same material, in a plainer character, as also glass, seems well 
 adapted for external use ; — for lettering, for bell-pulls, and a variety of 
 small matters, for which brass, &c. are at present used, — necessitat- 
 ing daily labor in polishing their surface. 
 
 Some of the letters exhibited by Mr. Lee are quite elegant. 
 
 IV. Discoveries hj which the lank furniture may le rendered more 
 commodious. 
 
 This subject comprehends much of the minute ; which, however, 
 should not pass altogether unnoticed. The first object which presented 
 itself was an alarum bedstead, — suggesting to bank officials the idea of 
 punctuality in the morning, and the thought may not be altogether 
 worthless for the winter of 1851. 
 
 Door Balances. — Mr. John McClufe has invented a very great im- 
 provement upon our common door-springs. 
 
 These are usually weakest when the door is shut, and stifliest when 
 the door is opened wide ; just the very reverse of what they should be. 
 " The balances " are heaviest when the door is shut, and quite light 
 when open. These are not in the market yet, having only recently been 
 registered ; but, from the models exhibited, they bid fair to supersede 
 the springs. The A balance, with double connection, for bank doors, 
 would be the best ; they can be applied in various positions ; the best 
 place would be at the bottom hinge. The apparatus will be contained in 
 a cast-iron box, about nine inches square and five inches deep, which is 
 to be sunk into the floor ; and the balance-weight requires a depth of 
 from nine to eleven inches to work in. 
 
 For ordinary light doors, Scott's silent spring, of vulcanized India- 
 rubber, may be useful, on account of its cheapness, viz. 2s. 
 
 The passing from one room to another may be much facilitated by 
 Windle and Blyth's registered bevel lift-latch, which, by simply pulling 
 the knob towards you on one side, or pushing it from you on the other, 
 opens the door ; the words " Pull," " Push," being engraved on little 
 ivory plates on either side 
 
Practical Banking. 19 
 
 Self-acting Door Fastenings. — In a retired comer of Class 22 was 
 placed the model of a door fitted with improved fastenings, made by Mr. 
 Greenfield expressly for the Great Exhibition. These fastenings are 
 modifications of those at present in use, with some slight additions. He 
 has arrived rather scientifically at the conclusion, that his latch re- 
 quires only one eighth of the force usually necessary to close a door ; 
 and asserts, that these fastenings are not liable to get out of repair for 
 many years, however rusty. The door is made to close without noise or 
 vibration, and cannot be left ajar. When the fastenings are attached 
 for the night, the shutting of the door locks them, and they then require 
 two hands to operate at different parts to open them, — this being a 
 security against the plan of cutting a hole through the door to shoot the 
 bolts. It is to be regretted that these fastenings cannot possibly be de- 
 scribed intelligibly without an illustration ; but they will well repay the 
 trouble of inspection. Mr. Greenfield offered to put the additional fit- 
 tings te a lock and two bolts adapted to an ordinary size front door for 
 5s. The principal value seems to be additional security without addi- 
 tional trouble. 
 
 Floor Cloth. — For quietness and durability the " Kamptlicon Floor 
 Cloth," manufactured by Walter & Gough, is peculiarly distinguished. 
 The price, however, is very high. 
 
 Scraper and Foot Brush. — That which tends to promote cleanli- 
 ness in an office where a number of gentlemen pass so large a portion 
 of their lives, cannot be called trifling or useless. The " improved hall 
 foot-brush," registered by Thompson & Co., is of this class ; and it may 
 be well to notice here the importance of daily sprinkling the floors be- 
 fore sweeping, to avoid the needless accumulation of dust upon book- 
 shelves, papers, books, &.C., whence it is very unpleasantly transferred 
 to the fingers of those who handle them. There is a prejudice against 
 this method, because it stains the floor ; but better stain the floor than 
 spoil the books and soil one's hands. The " hand pressure table 
 bells" should also be noticed, as being very suitable for a manager's 
 room, manufactured by Simcox, Pemberton, &. Sons ; as may also the 
 German thermometers, to be had of Mr. Pritchard, Fleet Street, for 
 which our Continental neighbors are so famous. 
 
 Harcourt Quincey's " patent pedestal coal-vase " is deserving of at- 
 tention, — saving the trouble of lifting a heavy coal-scuttle, and the oc- 
 casional inconvenience of an empty one. The " folding library steps," 
 made by Mr. Ell, would be found very serviceable, on account of their 
 lightness, strength, and firm standing ; well adapted for bank rooms with 
 high shelving. The sides are bowed, and the steps, which are dove- 
 tailed into them, have risers tongued to their backs. These make a thin, 
 light piece of wood, as strong as a thicker and heavier niece would be 
 without them. Those at the Exhibition, French-polished, with lacquered 
 hinges, price ,£ 3 10s. ; same in American ash, £ 2 5s. ; and in deal, 
 £ 1 15s. ; and if made higher, proportionately more. 
 
 Fire Anwhilator. — Phillips's patent fire annihilator, unless its 
 power is greatly exaggerated, would form a very valuable adjunct to the 
 
80 Prize Essay. 
 
 furniture of banks, where the destruction of books might be irreparable. 
 Its great advantage seems to lie in immediate readiness for action, there- 
 by affording the opportunity of checking a fire at its commencement. 
 
 Venetian Blind. — The new Venetian blind, made by Hopkins and 
 Son, is a great improvement on those in ordinary use. It is drawn up 
 and lowered by one single cord. By drawing the cord a little '■'■from " 
 the window, the blind drops to any position you may require, and be- 
 comes fixed by bringing the cord again into a perpendicular position ; 
 thus dispensing with the knots and hooks necessary hitherto. 
 
 For an ornamental table or slab, the imitation marble on glass, exhib- 
 ited in Class 24, Nos. 37, 38, 39, and 40, appeared very suitable, and 
 would probably be cheaper than real marble. The Sienna sample. No. 
 37, is an excellent imitation. 
 
 Bank Counter and Money Drawers. — There is in the new office 
 of the National Bank of Scotland, Glasgow, a beautiful counter, of novel 
 construction, having a sort of demarcation line between that porflon ap- 
 propriated to the customer, and that retained exclusively by the bank 
 ofiicials ; and in connection with the various specimens of glass exhibit- 
 ed in the Crystal Palace, the idea occurred, whether the friction, in tell- 
 ing coin upon wood, might not be diminished by substituting some min- 
 eral or metallic surface ; possibly of glass, which would admit of being 
 easily cleaned. The quality of the " ring " produced would be of 
 much importance, and this could only be discovered by experiment. 
 But whether glass counters would do or not, there can be little doubt 
 that moulded glass or glazed earthenware money boxes for counter 
 drawers would answer well, and might be made much cheaper than the 
 elliptical mahogany boxes, turned by an eccentric lathe. 
 
 Safety Collecting Boxes. — In the press of business, a place of 
 safety, immediately accessible, is necessary, for bags of coin, paid in 
 by customers, and set aside to be told at leisure. The railway collect- 
 ing boxes, made by Mr. Fisher, seem applicable to this purpose ; the 
 bags being put into the top, the shutting of the lid causes an open cylin- 
 der to revolve, and the bag falls to the bottom ; it cannot then be seen 
 or touched from the top opening, but can be removed by unlocking a 
 door in 'the side. It will be observed that small " bags " of coin offer 
 such peculiar facilities for appropriation, that they should not be un- 
 necessarily exposed. 
 
 Fixture for Tin Boxes. — The daring robbery at the London and 
 Westminster Bank, in June last, suggests the necessity of some ready 
 method of securing the tin boxes in which specie, notes, bills, &c. may 
 be kept, in the immediate vicinity of the counter. These boxes might 
 have some slight projection behind, fitted to a corresponding recess in 
 the back of the ledge or shelf on which they stand. Several, being 
 thus placed in a row, may be secured by a rising and falling iron bar in 
 front, locked at one end. 
 
 Specie Travelling Trunk. — For the conveyance of specie from 
 place to place, nothing, perhaps, unites ready portability»and safety so 
 well as a small thick leather or gutta percha trunk. That made by Mr. 
 Motte, out of one piece, would seem suitable for this purpose. 
 
Practical Banking. 81 
 
 The American riveted portmanteaus, Canada Department, No. 196, 
 in which no thread or sewing is employed, obtain great strength and 
 durability, by the rivet-heads projecting slightly from the surface ; and 
 for travelling with papers, &c., for the inspection of branches, or other- 
 wise, the commodious bags, with improved fittings, exhibited by Mr. 
 Meller, would combine many conveniences. It is lined throughout with 
 best Morocco leather, has metal knobs at bottom to prevent wear, im- 
 proved secret fastenings, four pockets, &c. ; price 5| guineas. This is 
 of course made in the very first style. They may be of enamelled 
 leather, and lined after the same design, for two guineas. 
 
 Improvement in Paper. — The quantity of writing-paper used in 
 banking business is such, that the price at which it can be obtained is of 
 considerable importance; and this, together with the quality, would 
 greatly determine as to its merit. The specimen-books of writing- 
 paper by Mr. Ralph are deserving of attention, as uniting cheapness 
 with good quality. Some improvements have been exhibited in peculiar 
 kinds of paper, by which additional security may be obtained against 
 fraud, and for the transmission of cash, &c. There are also some in- 
 ventions for preventing fraud, which will be pointed out under the head 
 " Engraving " ; but Saunders^s water mark claims attention here. Hith- 
 erto (with the striking exception of the Bank of England and a few 
 others) bankers have sought to protect themselves from the imitation of 
 their notes solely by expensive, elaborate, and extremely difiicult en- 
 graving ; and although the Bank of England protects herself by cer- 
 tain secret and almost invisible marks, yet the public at large are con- 
 stantly exposed to danger from taking bank-notes which, for want of 
 these secret marks, are afterwards detected to be forged. The advan- 
 tage, therefore, of obtaining additional protection from a watermark in 
 the paper, difficult or impossible of Imitation (except by a very few manu- 
 facturers), is manifest. The expense of a variety of elaborate water- 
 mark designs for different bankers is not necessary, it not being so much 
 a matter of taste as of bare utility ; and one very complete and rare de- 
 sign might serve, in the manufacturer's hands, for bankers'' note-paper 
 generally. This might then become a sort of guarantee with which the 
 public would be acquainted, and would prevent the palming off of forged 
 notes upon individuals who cannot at present judge, at a glance, of their 
 genuineness. An additional security would be thus obtained at a very 
 small additional expense, and one in the benefits of which the public 
 would participate ; and notes, instead of going out after breakfast and 
 coming back to dinner, might not go home till the morning. The pro- 
 cess has been patented by Mr. Saunders, and its principal feature is, 
 that designs in outline and in shade can be introduced as watermarks 
 into paper, they having hitherto been confined to words in Roman char- 
 acters, or devices of the simplest kind, and in outline only. 
 
 Mr. Wilde''s '■'■ Jloreated writing-paper'''' is also a very good specimen 
 of watermark, and although a different process to that of Mr. Saunders, 
 for all purposes of mere outline, seems sufficient. It is remarkable that 
 this unequal thickness, by which we suppose the watermark is produced, 
 should be imperceptible to the pen ; practically, however, the surface of 
 the paper cannot be improved by it for writing. 
 
82 Prize Essay. 
 
 Check Paper. — For business purposes, although not quite so hand- 
 some as an elaborately engraven check, printed in vegetable colors, the 
 paper made by Nissen do Parker from chemically prepared pulp may 
 answer well, especially as it immediately betrays the action of chemical 
 agents. Thirty-two specimens of chemical application to this paper are 
 exhibited, the effects of all being sufficiently obvious. The color of 
 these checks renders the tracing of a signature impossible, two checks 
 laid one upon another being quite opaque. The process is cheaper also ; 
 and these checks, although not so ornamental, have an advantage over 
 some heavily engraved, which, if written on with pale ink, are hardly 
 legible. The difference, of almost 20 per cent., between the cost of 
 checks from the plate and those printed from type, seems rather consid- 
 erable, and if some uncommon type were used, perhaps the security 
 would be as great as in using engraved checks. Moreover, cases of 
 forgery by an imitation of the check are very rare, the facilities for ob- 
 taining genuine forms being far too great ; and until customers will co- 
 operate with their bankers to prevent fraud, by rendering their check- 
 books less accessible, the inimitable character of the check is of com- 
 paratively small importance. 
 
 Metallic Paper. The indelible character of style writing, upon 
 Penny's improved metallic paper, may recommend it for some purposes 
 where the use of ink is inconvenient ; and being nearly, if not quite, as 
 permanent, it might be useful for exchange and clearing books. The 
 paper exhibited was remarkably easy to write upon, the unpleasant fric- 
 tion of the style being entirely absent. 
 
 Brown Paper. — The glazed brown paper exhibited by Venables, 
 Wilson, &, Tyler has some valuable properties. Its smoothness renders 
 it very pleasant in use, and it is firm, strong, and light : this latter qual- 
 ity is of much importance ; for the price of brown paper being very much 
 regulated by its weight, the thinner the paper, compatible with the 
 strength required, the more advantageous to the purchaser. The sample 
 is fifty inches wide, and may be had in any length. It would be well 
 suited to <£ 5 silver parcels, and banking purposes in general. 
 
 Mr. Martin has invented a non-absorbent paper size, which he has 
 patented. Instructions for its application can be obtained, at a moderate 
 charge ; and it might be very usefully employed for the brown paper 
 used for bankers' parcels, which are often endangered by exposure to 
 wet. In the specimens exhibited of prepared and unprepared blotting 
 paper, the difference was most remarkable, — the one instantly absorbing 
 the water placed upon it, and the other throwing it off immediately. 
 
 Blotting-Paper. — This, being an article of large consumption in bank- 
 ing business, is of much importance. Its present condition seems capa- 
 ble of much improvement, and would well repay a little attention. The 
 blotting-roUers are ineffectual, and the blotting sheet and hand seem the 
 only alternative. Blotting-paper seems generally to be good in propor- 
 tion to its rottenness, and vice versa. It therefore is important to lessen 
 the friction of the hand upon it, which progressively injures its absorbent 
 quality, and causes it to tear before half saturated. 
 
Practical Banking. " 89 
 
 It would afford much facility if some glazed surface could be readily- 
 attached to a fold of blotting paper, of some twelve or sixteen thick- 
 nesses. These might be torn off as used. 
 
 Envelopes. — Notwithstanding the well-founded objections which 
 have been raised against the use of envelopes, they are generally adopt- 
 ed ; and, on account of their convenience, are especially adapted for 
 inclosures. Much time is also saved in using them, as unnecessary fold- 
 ing is avoided. The newly invented paper cloth is well suited to parcels 
 containing money or valuable documents. 
 
 Stone^s patent bankers'' safety or parchment paper, manufactured by 
 Mr. Saundei-s, may answer the same purpose, although the expense 
 would be too great for ordinary use (^7 10s. the ream of 500 sheets). 
 It is light, and very strong. Many persons must have observed the sheet 
 at the Great Exhibition, sustaining a weight of 4| cwt., and attached to 
 which was the following certificate : — " We hereby certify that a sheet 
 of paper, of the same substance as the one exhibited, weighing less than 
 14 oz., sustained, without fracture, 5 cwt. and 24 lbs., being the utmost 
 weight we could attach to the apparatus! (Signed) Wm. Williams &, 
 Sons, Scale-Makers, Cannon Street, City. 19th April, 1851." 
 
 This is a very remarkable paper ; and when wet it will stretch consid- 
 erably before breaking. The process might, with advantage, be applied 
 to bank-notes, and similar documents, which have to endure great wear. 
 
 The envelope machines of De la Rue &- Co., and of Waterlow & 
 Sons, have deservedly received much approbation, and to these and 
 other improvements is to be attributed the striking reduction in the price 
 of envelopes within the last few years. The machines have been so 
 well described already, that a repetition is unnecessary ; by a very slight 
 difference, however, in the dies of the two machines, one important vari- 
 ation in the form of^the envelopes is produced. In those by De la Eue 
 & Co., the ends are first folded down, then the bottom and top flaps. In 
 Waterlow's envelope, the bottom flap is first folded, then those at the 
 ends, and then all are covered by the lop flap. This is, obviously, the 
 most useful envelope for business purposes, and especially for inclos- 
 ures, as the seal catches all four flaps ; whereas, in all envelopes (and 
 they are the greater number) made like De la Rue's, the seal very fre- 
 quently only connects the top and bottom folds, in which case, the gum 
 being first softened by steam or moisture, the ends may be drawn out, 
 the remittance abstracted, and the envelope restored to its original ap- 
 pearance. This has been done in the specimen, although the cement 
 seems very good. 
 
 The Polychrest envelope, invented by Mr. Ralph, is well adapted for 
 security. The bottom flap is cut long, and when folded it reaches be- 
 yond the opposite side of the envelope ; it is then turned back, and thus 
 embraces the two ends, and lastly, the top fold covers all closely. This 
 envelope, however, might be improved by cutting away the end flaps a 
 little at the bottom, so as to allow the seal to hold all four. The price 
 for large letter size is 15s. per thousand. 
 
 For the transmission of " crossed checks" the adhesive envelopes save 
 much trouble in sealing, and there seems no reason why post paper 
 might not be prepared in the same manner, for ordinary letters. 
 
84 Prvie Essay. 
 
 Great facilities have recently been gained by the use of envelopes 
 with printed directions, for transmitting to other bankers checks drawn 
 upon their firms, in the benefit of which the post-office has participated, 
 by the facility with which such directions are read. It would be well if, 
 in return, an opportunity were afforded of obtaining postage envelopes 
 at a fairly remunerating price. 
 
 Pens. — The quill has become practically superseded by the steel 
 pen, and unless some means can be devised of rendering ink and steel 
 pens less antagonistic, the latter in turn must be displaced by something 
 better adapted to the purpose. For many years the price of a gold pen 
 was ,£1 Is. ; recently, indeed, by the competition amongst retail dealers, 
 a Mordan's pen may be got for 19s. ; but this has been found too much, 
 and a cheaper,_although effectually anti-corrosive pen has been extensive- 
 ly introduced, and now gold pens, although not so godd as the £ 1 Is. 
 pen, may be got for one fourth of the money. Some of these are made 
 by the first makers, and it is veiy desirable that, in a thing of this kind, 
 so much depending upon the care bestowed upon its manufacture, the 
 maker's name should be permitted to appear. If the price is not first- 
 class, no one would expect a guarantee of A 1 excellence. These pens, 
 although little influenced by ink or friction, are not indestructible by the 
 pressure of legers, or the opening of desks, or falling pointedly upon the 
 floor. Some means are requisite for their protection. These may con- 
 sist either of some kind of rest, in which to place the pen for a moment 
 when laid aside, or of a holder, such as that exhibited by Mr. Mallett, which 
 draws in like a pencil-case, and which might be further improved by be- 
 ing slightly weighted at the end farthest from the pen, that in falling the 
 nibs might not be first to come in contact with the ground. The rest, 
 however, would be far preferable, as in some departments of book-keep- 
 ing the pen is perpetually laid down and taken up, and the only safe 
 position for it is between the lips, where the bitter varnish immediately 
 reminds one of its impropriety. Indeed, the unpolished cedar is better for 
 pen-holders ; its absorbent quality rendering it more pleasant to handle 
 in warm weather. 
 
 Mr. Mallett's gold pens are made to screw into the holder, and are 
 provided with a little fork underneath to prevent the nibs from crossing. 
 Prices Gs. 6d. for the " platina pens," and 13s. for those with " ruby 
 points." The little fork would somewhat interfere with the cleaning 
 of the pen, for which gold offers such delightful facilities, and which 
 should be further assisted by both sides of the gold pen being polished. 
 
 Mr. Myers exhibits some excellent gold pens, in quill holders, which, 
 on account of their lightness, are very pleasant to use, and, excepting the 
 halfpenny cedar holder, perhaps the best. His steel pens are also very 
 good. The splendid display of steel pens by Mr. Gillott was sufficiently 
 striking. It seems a pity that such elaborate and excellent workman- 
 ship should be dipped into ink, only to be presently destroyed ; for, 
 notwithstanding such vaunted excellence of many pens, including those 
 of Albata metal, they do corrode, and that in any ink, requiring to be 
 continually scraped upon the " coupon " of a check-book, or something 
 else, to keep them in usable condition. The nibs being so soon spoiled, 
 
Practical Banking. 86 
 
 the use of barrel pens, which are much more expensive, seems undesir- 
 able. The idea of a bank providing all its clerks, once in two or three 
 years, with a gold pen each, sounds rather extravagant, but it might not 
 cost more in the end ; and Mordan's pencils, at 6s. a dozen, with black- 
 lead and soft cedar, are really cheaper, if used with care, than others 
 at 2s. 
 
 Ink. — In consequence of the general use now of steel pens, ink re- 
 quires to be made much thinner than formerly, and this very much les- 
 sens its durability. * 
 
 This will be very obvious on looking through the court rolls of any 
 manor, or other ancient manuscripts, extending consecutively over a 
 long series of years ; and the evil is still incre&sed in the case of letters, 
 which, by the copying-machine process, are robbed of half the ink put 
 upon them. 
 
 This failure and deterioration of ink is a very serious evil, and, it is 
 feared, must arise either from the absence of some important ingredient, 
 dispensed with, perhaps, from a penny-wise economy, to which the 
 manufacturer is goaded by the competition of his brethren, or else from 
 the contact of steel pens in writing. 
 
 The truth appears to be, that whereas ink used to be composed of gall 
 nuts, the object is now, amongst ink manufacturers, by chemical appli- 
 ances, to produce a black fluid at the least possible expense. 
 
 If, upon consideration, it seem desirable that more attention should 
 be paid to the inks which are used in banks, might it not be a good ar- 
 rangement to purchase the best ink of the first maker (its carnage being 
 very trifling), giving him notice that a memorandum of its purchase 
 would be made in the stationery account, together with a note that all 
 the books in the office would be written with it, thus furnishing a lasting 
 record of its durability. 
 
 We have in our possession an ancient deed, 506 years old, and yet the 
 ink shows but slightly any deterioration in its colors ; whereas some of 
 the modern ink, sold by respectable manufacturers, and used but six 
 years since, looks far less black and bright. From the great importance 
 of the durability of ink, it is desirable that much attention and long ex- 
 perience should be brought to bear upon its manufacture ; and to re- 
 munerate this care, the best ink should not be considered dear at the 
 price of the best of wine. 
 
 Although desirable to have all inks as fluid as may be, yet, for copy- 
 ing, some degree of " body " is required ; and this, for the sake of du- 
 rability, should not consist mainly of glutinous material. 
 
 Mr. Todd has made it his business to manufacture ink scientifically ; 
 and the " Perth writing-inks " are justly celebrated. Some writing in 
 this ink, dated 1830, is shown. This," although in very fair condition, 
 is not at all equal to those of olden time. 
 
 The copies produced from the Perth copying-ink point it out as desir- 
 able for this purpose, being very black and legible. The distinctive fea- 
 ture of the ink manufactured by Mr. Lovejoy is its capability of resisting 
 the influence of the ordinary chemical reagents, by which other inks 
 are obliterated. In the samples exhibited, the acids seem to have given 
 
86 Prize Essay. 
 
 additional strength and permanence to the writing, although in some 
 cases the texture of the paper itself was destroyed. There were speci- 
 mens tried by nitric, muriatic, and sulphuric acid, fourteen times dilut- 
 ed ; by iodide of potass, one part to six of water ; by citric acid, or salt 
 of lemons, one part to four ; and by liquor potassse and oxalic acid, one 
 part to three of water. This ink would be very valuable for writing 
 checks, bills of exchange, and letters of credit, to alter the amount of 
 which there may be a temptation ; and a double security would be ob- 
 otained, by using the indestructible ink upon the sensitive tinted paper. 
 
 Ink-Bottles. — The ink-bottles, with a lip for conveniently pouring, 
 made by Mr. Isaac, are a considerable improvement upon the old stone 
 bottles, from which it is almost impossible to take ink cleanly. 
 
 Account-Books. — Binding. — The same remark which was made 
 in reference to writing-paper applies also to account-books, — that con- 
 sistent economy should be studied, as well as superior quality ; and it is 
 quite as true that some books are made at a needless expense, as that 
 others are not nearly so substantial and strong as they should be. Some 
 of the subsidiary banking books are practically done with when once 
 filled, and that will be sometimes in six months or less. Others, such as 
 current account legers, are never done with; and although, when filled, 
 sometimes in one year, sometimes in five or six, they may not have to 
 sustain much heavy wear and tear, they are frequently referred to. A 
 third class, such as character and personal record books, may be in use 
 for twenty years, or even longer periods ; the renewal of these is attend- 
 ed with great and protracted labor. It is manifest, therefore, that the 
 style of binding for these several kinds may widely differ. The first 
 class should be bound as cheaply as may be, consistently with comfort, 
 during the short period they are in use. The second class should be 
 very strongly bound, considering not merely the time they are in daily 
 use, but the indefinite period during which they may be required for ref- 
 erence ; and for the third class no binding can be too good, as far as 
 materials and strength may be concerned, — the giving way of the bind- 
 ing sometimes rendering weeks of labor necessary in transcribing, or 
 the perpetual annoyance of a disjointed book. These remarks were 
 suggested by the samples of account-books exhibited by Messrs. Sibel & 
 Mott ; one set being made to order, for the City Bank, New York. The 
 binding of these is super-excellent, and the ruling most elaborate and 
 beautifully executed. The marginal lines, consisting of four colors, 
 mitred at the corner, and the books are gilt-edged ; the folio being put 
 in the middle ! of the page, instead of the corner. 
 
 The trade account books were bound in very handsome style indeed, 
 and for such binding, paper, ruling, &/C., the price may be considered 
 very low. One set foolscap, 3s. per quire ; one set demy, paged, 8s. 
 per quire ; and one set medium, paged, 9s. per quire. 
 
 The account-books exhibited by Mr. Moller are deserving of especial 
 notice, both on account of their character and price. Three books were 
 exhibited, two of which were of practical utility, although rather 
 " ultra " in their style of ornament They opened remarkably well, 
 
Practical Banking. 87 
 
 and the indices, being only half width, were fixed with brass hinges to 
 the middle of the cover, so as to be more readily referred to. One of 
 them, with extra ruling and printed head, nine quires demy, very good 
 paper, and strongly bound in " Jucht " skin imported from Russia, price 
 £2 (see Hamburg Priced Catalogue, page 3). The other, very hand- 
 somely bound in "Jucht" skin, with Russia bands, and of thicker paper, 
 ruled, and with printed head and gilt edges ! price £ 2 10s. These are 
 quite equal to our very good English binding, and are exceedingly 
 cheap. Mr. MoUer further offers, if an order be given him to a large 
 extent, say £ 200, to make similar books at a discount for cash of 20 to 
 25 per cent, from these prices. Until the duty is repealed, however, 10 
 per cent, must be added to the price. 
 
 It seems that, if some plan could be invented for securing the backs 
 of books, without the stiff half-cylinders of iron and leather at present 
 used, a great convenience in writing would be obtained, from the facility 
 in opening, and the much flatter surface they would present to write 
 upon. Knight & Co. exhibited some account-books which lie very flat 
 when open ; this is caused, apparently, by some degree of pliancy being 
 imparted to the back. 
 
 There seems a sort of usage in favor of vellum for customers' pass- 
 books, otherwise the pliant backs of the books issued by the Savings 
 Banks might be advantageously copied, if they could be written on 
 at all. 
 
 An improvement is shown by Mr. Wadderspoon, which, although 
 not new, is little practised, except by some of the first makers, viz. the. 
 insertion of linen bands along the sections of books, by which they are 
 prevented from breaking away and the leaves from coming out ; this 
 material is useful, also, for protecting indices from wear. 
 
 The plan adopted in many banks, of transferring their current ac- 
 counts into new legers every year, has many advantages, especially in 
 the facility which a " dictionary " arrangement affords for posting ; but 
 one serious evil is the loss of continuity in an account, it being neces- 
 sary, in case of reference, to move about a number of large and cum- 
 brous volumes. 
 
 The thought occurred whether the vulcanized India-rubber, recently 
 introduced and exhibited by Mr. Mcintosh, might not be rendered avail- 
 able in the binding of a book, by inserting removable smooth India-rub- 
 ber bands, in corresponding holes punched through the paper, close to 
 the back, in such a manner that, at stated intervals, the full sheets might 
 be abstracted and replaced by new. This, or some other plan, might, 
 perhaps, be successfully adopted, and, if so, it seems to be all that is re- 
 quired to obtain continuity of account for any length of time. 
 
 The binding should be so arranged as to form a convenient book, with 
 stout boarded sides, as usual. 
 
 The book, thus composed of separate sheets, may be divided and 
 headed as usual, leaving spaces between the accounts, according to their 
 usual requirements, and between the letters in proportion to the existing 
 accounts. The only difference would be that the sheets should not be 
 folioed, and therefore no index would be used. The leaves of the indi- 
 vidual accounts, however, might be numbered as they advanced. 
 
88 Prize Essay. 
 
 When new accounts were opened, they would be put at the end of the 
 division, as at present, these misplacements only being (in the absence 
 of an index) noted at the beginning of the ' leger. Any accounts which 
 required moving during the year would be treated in the same manner, 
 and noted accordingly. 
 
 The absence of an index, in a leger rearranged in strict " diction- 
 ary " order once a year, would be attended with little inconvenience, it 
 being found in practice that such indices are rarely referred to. At the 
 end of the year, the full sheets may be abstracted and replaced by blank 
 sheets, ready ruled, the order being made correct and the back adjusted. 
 
 Thus a book is ready for the coming year. The trouble of unneces- 
 sary " heading " and indexing will be saved, and all the paper, also, 
 which is unfilled, will be applicable again for use. 
 
 We are now just where we should have been with the old plan, as to 
 continuity and facility of reference ; at the end, however, of the second 
 year the advantage would be felt, in incorporating the full leaves of the 
 second year with those of the first, thus having the two years' accounts 
 accessible in one book. 
 
 By this means, an account might be referred to for a long period, 
 without the laborious necessity of handling a number of heavy books, at 
 the same time causing unnecessary wear and tear of valuable records. 
 
 Various suggestions may occur to the mind, as to the most convenient 
 and referable disposition of the removed sheets. After being arranged 
 in exact " dictionary " order, they might be placed on their backs in a 
 long frame or case, fitting them exacdy. 
 
 The interior of the case (the grain of the wood running with its 
 length) should be very smooth, especially the bottom. The ends might 
 be made to slide, so as to admit of the quantity of paper being, from 
 time to time, increased. The names of the accounts might appear at 
 the top, on vellum slips, inserted in their proper places. For reference 
 a division might immediately be made, in any part, by means of an iron 
 square, thus, — 
 
 p^B^m^BO^BMB o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o 
 
 attached by a chain to a screw, at the end of the case. The reference 
 being completed and the sheets replaced, by inserting a bar of wood 
 between the screw point and the sliding end, the whole may be again 
 compressed, thereby restoring the screw to its original position. 
 
 The length of the box would vary according to the expected require- 
 ment, and the fire-proof accommodation available, and when one case 
 was full, another would be made, and the alphabet divided. 
 
 If this plan were adopted, a saving would be effected in binding, which 
 is, in heavy books, a considerable item ; but the chief advantage would 
 be facility of reference, and the value is well known of that information 
 of a man's character and circumstances, which is, sometimes, alone to 
 be obtained from a careful observation of the working of his account, 
 for a consecutive and considerable period. The labor of putting the 
 sheets away would be merely mechanical, although requiring care, and 
 might be performed by secondary intelligence. 
 
Practical Banking. 89 
 
 An objection, as to genuineness, on the production of a book in cases 
 of legal evidence, might perhaps give way before general usage, should 
 the practice be adopted; and it might be modified by care, as to uni- 
 formity of writing and of ink, in carrying forward from page to page. 
 
 AccouNT-BooK Ruling. — The printing of headings and ruling of 
 books, although attended with considerable expense, possesses such ad- 
 vantages, in insuring accuracy and neatness, that it is well repaid. Our 
 Continental and Transatlantic brethren, from the system by which they 
 keep their accounts requiring more money columns than we do, have 
 taken greater pains with the ruling of their books. Considering the 
 great importance of this department of bank book manufacture, it may 
 be well to refer to two or three of the most striking specimens. 
 
 Messrs. Gaymard & Gerault exhibited some ponderous books, most 
 beautifully ruled. 
 
 Messrs. Carl Kuhn & Sons also exhibited eight books, which for their 
 beautiful ruling and printing are very deserving of notice. In binding, 
 they are, however, very inferior to those from Hamburg, wanting finish, 
 and their price, ranging from £ 1 Is. 6d. to ^3 10s. 6d., is high, owing 
 to their elaborate ruling and dotted lines. 
 
 The specimen book of paper ruling by Messrs J. & W. McAdams is 
 also very excellent, and is distinguished by the clearness of the execution. 
 
 In concluding this part of the subject, attention should be called to the 
 new ruling-machine of M. Bauchet Verlinde, of Lisle. This machine 
 is provided with an arrangement by which several sets of lines may be 
 printed at the same time, of different colors, without the danger of their 
 running into each other. It is a modification of what in this country 
 would be called a " drawing ruling-machine," as opposed to the " cyl- 
 inder machine " in common use. By this plan, the usual hinderance, 
 while one color is drying, is saved, and all the lines running in one di- 
 rection are at once completed. 
 
 Some sheets from an account-book were exhibited, measuring 3 ft. 
 6 in. X 2 ft. 3 in., and containing 328 perpendicular lines of various 
 lengths, in six different shades and colors, and all done at one drawing. 
 
 This is not the only superiority in this ruling. The lines are beautifully 
 fine and perfectly unbroken, free from all irregularities. The difference 
 in this respect is most marked, and is one at which this man has aimed 
 for years to attain, by a superior construction of his " pens." They are 
 of a different form to those in use here ; instead of the long point in our 
 ruling-pens, admitting of contuiwai rubbing and filing, these pens seem 
 as if not intended to be " meii'U.il" at all, but are made more in the 
 shape of our steel pens, and with finer ink-channels than the ordinary 
 ruling-pens ; the consequence is, that the lines are such as are not seen 
 m this country, and two or three paper-rulers have expressed great sur- 
 prise at the execution. Although such fine lines are not absolutely re- 
 quired for our wider money columns, yet as fine lines look better than 
 coarse they are to be desired ; and as writing looks better without any 
 horizontal lines at all, the nearer the approach to a mathematical line the 
 better, and these lines of M. Bauchet Verlinde's are almost entitled to 
 that appellation. 
 
PART THIRD. 
 
 I. — Wbighino Machines. 
 n. — Lkttbr-Coptino Machines. 
 ni. — Screw Copying Presses. 
 IV. — Paper Damper. 
 V. — Patent Autographic Press. 
 VI. — Manifold Writer. 
 VII. — Stamping Presses. 
 Vin. — Stamping Machines. 
 IX. — Embossing Presses. 
 X. — Seals. 
 XL — Letter Clips. 
 
 XII. — Engraving and Printing Notes. 
 Xin. — Cutting Notes. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 XrV. — Notes in Duplicate. 
 XV. — Construction of Locks and Safes. 
 XVI.— Bank Safes. 
 XVn. — Foreign Safes. 
 
 Weighing Machines. — The sovereign being not merely the repre- 
 sentative of value, but value itself, it is highly important that its intrinsic 
 character should be preserved, and, as a check to the fraudulent prac- 
 tices of " sweating " and " drilling," it is very proper that gold coin 
 should be at all times liable to the ordeal of weighing. The excitement 
 resulting from the proclamation of June, 1842, has long since subsided. 
 For the most part the public look upon a sovereign as worth 20s., 
 whether it be a " horseman " or a " Victoria," and few persons think of 
 weighing gold, except when it is to be sent to the Bank of England, when 
 the new gold is all gathered together, and, if enough cannot be found, a few 
 of the best of the old ones are weighed and put with them, the old being 
 considered good enough for practical purposes. It is evident that this 
 cannot go on long, and, as some of the gold of the present reign is get- 
 ting depreciated below the standard, the weighing must shortly be again 
 resorted to. In these days of competition it is found that the seller, 
 rather than displease his customer, is willing, generally, to risk the loss 
 an gold, so that the trouble of weighing and cutting falls entirely upon 
 
Prize Essay. 91 
 
 the banks. It is desirable, therefore, that this labor should be performed 
 as readily as may be, and that, when it is commanded by authority to cut 
 all light gold, all gold discovered to be light should be cut. The prac- 
 tice of bankers weighing sovereigns, and when found to be light giving 
 them back to their customers, is evidently injurious, as it involves the 
 labor of weighing the same money over and over again, until some poor 
 unfortunate brings these sovereigns to take up an acceptance, or on 
 some other urgent necessity, and, not having any sovereigns to change 
 for the light ones, is compelled to submit to the deduction. Would it 
 not be for our mutual advantage if all the banks were to unite together 
 to cut all light gold on presentation, in which a royal proclamation cer- 
 tainly warrants them, although it may not warrant their neglect to do so. 
 It is very desirable, before any general weighing becomes necessary, 
 that some improvements should be made upon the scales now in common 
 use, the very best of which are liable to great objections, arising from 
 currents of air acting unequally upon the scales, constant irregularity 
 caused by placing and displacing the sovereigns to be weighed, by which 
 the equipoise is every moment destroyed, adhesion of the scale-pans to 
 the counter, difference in the judgment of the weighers, failing of the 
 eyesight, difference in the weights of no small amount, considering the 
 great degree of accuracy required. 
 
 These and many other objections are overcome by the valuable and 
 ingenious " automaton balance," or gold-weighing machine, invented 
 by William Cotton, Esq., which seems to have resulted from the discov- 
 ery tliat the weighing by ordinary scales is extremely unsatisfactory ; one 
 clerk rejecting as light that which another accepted as current weight, 
 as is proved by the fact, that, on reweighing three millions of sovereigns 
 in the Bank of England at one time, which had been taken from the 
 public as current weight, one tenth of them were found to be deficient, 
 and were melted. 
 
 This machine, however, beautiful as it is, and suitable as an adjunct 
 to the counter of every considerable bank, is too expensive for any ex- 
 cept those who have a very large amount of gold to weigh. They are 
 capable of weighing ten thousand coins per day ; the price of these ma- 
 chines was ,£210, it is now ,£200, and £ 10 goes to the Clerks' Wid- 
 ows Fund, the remainder to Mr. David Napier, who has Mr. Cotton's 
 consent to make these machines. Mr. Cotton very properly took out a 
 patent to prevent others from bringing the machine into disrepute. 
 
 There are two or three improvements in the one shown at the Ex- 
 hibition, and the price of such a one to weigh one size of coin, Mr. 
 Napier says, is two hundred guineas ; and if required with parts and ad- 
 justments to suit both sovereigns and half-sovereigns, the additional ex- 
 pense would be about £ 30 ; and he thinks that, to retain accuracy in the 
 weighing, one could not be made cheaper, or of a commoner material. 
 This must be matter of considerable regret, for their value is established by 
 the fact, that the second machine made has been in constant use for six or 
 seven years, and Mr. Cotton believes it has never made a mistake of one 
 fiftieth part of a grain. They are in use not only at the Bank of England, 
 in London, but at its branch in Liverpool, and at the Bank of Ireland in 
 
92 Practical Banking. 
 
 . Dublin ; and as the cashier affirms, they have weighed eighty millions 
 of pieces without a single case of error having been discovered. 
 
 There is a slight inaccuracy in the account given of this machine in 
 Hunt's "Hand-book," Vol. I. p. 377. It should be thus: — "If the 
 j)iece is heavy it remains stationary ; if light, the beam is raised by the 
 balance, the first hammer goes under it, and the other hammer then 
 strikes it into the light box." 
 
 The best description is contained m the Illustrated London News foi 
 22d March, 1845. And it may be well to give here Mr. Cotton's opin- 
 ion as to the care required in using it : — " So delicate a machine of 
 course requires attention ; dust or dirt on the beam will of course inter- 
 fere with accurate weighing ; unless some person will look carefully to 
 the machine, it will soon be out of order. At the bank, the clerk has 
 two sovereigns, one one fiftieth of a grain lighter, and the other one fifti- 
 eth of a grain heavier, which he passes through the machine, to test its 
 accuracy, every morning. In London, the machines are driven by 
 steam, and in Dublin by a weight. If they are driven by hand, it should 
 be a steady one." 
 
 The cost of this machine is certainly very high, and, allowing for deteri- 
 oration, repairs, and interest of money, would not cost less probably than 
 rfSO a year; many, therefore, must be content with modifications of the 
 old scales, and as improvements are suggested by those exhibited, by 
 which some of the objections to the common scales may be lessened or 
 removed, it will be well to refer to them. The complete inclosing of 
 the scales in a glass case, as is done with testing-scales and assay-bal- 
 ances, would, for the purposes of weighing gold, be quite impossible ; but 
 the evils arising from currents of air may be materially lessened by pro- 
 tecting the scales on five sides out of the six ; this glazed frame might 
 stand on the further side of the counter, and, running on slides or 
 wheels, be drawn readily towards the cashier when required, and at 
 night a little blind might be drawn down, to protect the scales from dust. 
 
 In the use of scales, the silk cords are very much in the way, and 
 frequently, by striking them, a rotatory motion is given to the scale ex- 
 ceedingly incompatible with perfect accuracy. Perhaps the " balance " 
 action might be preferable, made to work flush or level with the coun- 
 ter, thus dispensing with the scale strings. The balances exhibited by 
 Beranger & Co., the patent-right of which, for England, has been pur- 
 chased by Messrs. Pooley & Son, on account of its delicacy, seems 
 well adapted to this purpose. The patentees are making one, with some 
 little modification, for Messrs. Cunliffe, Brookes, & Co., of Manchester. 
 The working parts, being concealed beneath the counter, would be pro- 
 tected from injury, and a little lid put over the scale-pans at night would 
 eflTectually keep them from dust, &.c. Perhaps this principle, on account 
 of the increased number of " bearings," is not so well adapted for very 
 e,\;act weighing, but considering that bank scales are scarcely ever in a 
 condition to weigh very accurately, these might really be better suited 
 for practical purposes. 
 
 An improvement which might be adapted to these balances, and which 
 might rectify the errors arising from an occasional failure pf sight, is 
 
Prize Essay. 9B 
 
 suggested by the position of the index-rod in the assay-balances and 
 testing-scales which are exhibited. In all of these the rod is brought 
 from the scale-beam downwards, and the index-plate is fixed to the bot- 
 tom of the pillar. In gold-weighing scales, the pointing-rod is always 
 put above the beam, so that at each action the eye has to quit the scale, 
 and be raised to the top ; this is very fatiguing, and no advantage at all 
 seems to be gained by it ; but the evil attending it is, that the eye is 
 wearied, and the exact position of the scale is frequentl)' missed in pla- 
 cing the coin upon it, thus causing vibration, and the equipoise is lost. 
 
 The importance of an index and pointing-rod at the bottom of the pil- 
 lar was suggested to Messrs. Chambers & Co., who intend shortly to 
 bring out something of the kind for money scales. 
 
 Messrs. NichoU & Co. exhibited a very superior balance constructed 
 in this way, with indicating-dial half way down, though not intended for 
 weighing coin. 
 
 M. L. Reimann, of Berlin, exhibits some delicate scales, and one of 
 them is provided with a screw, by which the scales are raised, thus in- 
 suring greater steadiness than can be obtained by the application of the 
 finger to the lever ; but much gentleness of touch is acquired by prac- 
 tice, and those with a lever and a little wheel raising a sliding bar are 
 perhaps the best scales in use. 
 
 Lelune & Co., of Berlin, also manufacture some beautifully delicate 
 scales, with an index at the bottom. 
 
 Decimal Balances. — Much time and trouble would be saved by the 
 use of decimal balances, of which Mr. Broemel is an excellent maker. 
 He says that 4,620 patent weighing-machines have been made at his 
 establishment in the course of eighteen years ; one beautifully executed 
 little decimal balance, which was stated to weigh 100 lbs. (of course with 
 a 101b. weight), is very deserving of attention. This would be just the 
 thing for bankers' counters. Price, £5 5s.; and with it, the weighing 
 of gold in bulk would be greatly expedited. For instance, in weighing 
 1,000 sovereigns, it is usual to count 100 first; then follow three shift- 
 ings from scale to scale, and four weighings ; or if you begin with the 
 100 sovereign weight, then five weighings and four shiftings are re- 
 quired ; whereas with the decimal balance the operation is performed 
 by once raising the scale, with the 100 sovereign weight on the one side, 
 and the gold on the other. This would do very well for full-weight 
 gold. 
 
 A letter balance of Messrs. De Grave &■ Co. deserves notice in this 
 place. This method for letter weighing seems far preferable to the scales 
 in ordinary use ; the letters, being of various shapes and sizes, are 
 not conveniently placed within the cords of a scale, — still less so upon 
 the balance-plates with a single suspending-rod ; the balance surface, on 
 the other hand, admits of any thing being placed upon it, of whatever 
 shape, and being, fixed, the parcel is not in danger of falling oflT. 
 
 In concluding this division of the subject, it may be desirable to call 
 attention to the propriety of provincial banks employing provincial 
 tradesmen in the manufacture of account-books and the provision of sta- 
 tionery materials. In all districts of the country the trades and profes 
 
94 Practical Banking. 
 
 sions are supported in a measure by each other, and it is manifest that 
 the prosperity of its own locality is of more importance than that of the 
 metropolis. 
 
 The practice of sending to London for stationery and account-books, 
 which are the chief if not the only articles consumed by bankers, as such, 
 of course arises from an expectation of being better served ; and with 
 the constant applications of London houses, of high respectability, for 
 orders, presented through travellers, with the most polite assiduity, it is 
 perhaps difficult to do otherwise. The consequence, if immediately bene- 
 ficial, is ultimately injurious ; it causes and perpetuates the evil which 
 is named as a reason why London firms should be employed, viz. that a 
 good book cannot be made in the provinces ; the reason of this is manifest, 
 that a good binder cannot get a living elsewhere than in London. The 
 country towns and the cities also become, as it were, importers, instead 
 of exporters ; the labor is employed elsewhere, attended by the profit, 
 and is of course followed in a measure by the capital, drawing all after 
 it. The intelligent workman who has served his time, and saved his 
 money, and who would, in ordinary cases, attempt to start in business 
 for himself, with recent plans and new machinery, is discouraged, and 
 goes to one of the great London houses ; the effect of this is that trades- 
 men suffer ; they are obliged to send to London through their stationers 
 for books. London has a monopoly, and prices are raised. Thus the 
 stationery business of a county is affected by the arrangements of a 
 single establishment. It will be remembered that a bank with ten or 
 twelve branches, spending between i6J200 and .£ 300 a year in station- 
 ery, would, with a few other principal establishments, he sufficient to 
 support a first-rate man, and enable him to procure adequate machin- 
 ery ; and this is one principal difficulty, the expense of machinery, which 
 country tradesmen cannot meet, unless they have all, or nearly all, the 
 work. As a simple illustration, one may generally tell a country-made 
 book, by observing that the edges are cut by the old horizontal plough 
 knife, instead of Wilson's excellent perpendicular cutting-machine. Class 
 6, No. 112. This, and many other valuable facilities in account-book 
 manufacture, including folioing machines and powerful presses, are 
 only to be obtained by tradesmen who have a considerable amount of 
 business. The obvious course would appear to be, to begin with those 
 books which are least important, and order these in the country, also all 
 articles of general stationery. It will be found that the paper may be 
 just as good, and the materials generally ; only there will be less " fin- 
 ish " about the books, and the "lettering" may be a little irregular; 
 this, however, will improve. Then in reference to important books, 
 those requiring to sustain long wear, and some which it is desired should 
 be especially good, — they may be ordered at the provincial establishment, 
 just giving a hint that they must be Thomas's make. This will be under- 
 stood ; the provincial tradesmen will share with them in the advantage, 
 and there will be no difficulty in recognizing the book when it arrives, 
 even without their label. 
 
 Letter-Copying Machines. — At a period when all copying of let- 
 tere had to be performed by hand, and by the process of transcription, 
 
Prize Essay. 95 
 
 some solicitors and commercial firms found it answer their purpose, as a 
 rule, not to copy their letters. Now, however, when the facilities of 
 presses are so great, the least troublesome and the safest way is to copy 
 every thing. This saves much time in consideration, and with proper 
 arrangement of several books for distinct classes, letter copies may be 
 kept in a very fairly accessible form. Since the adoption of the penny 
 postage, the letter department in banks has of course been much in- 
 creased, and the copying of letters assumes much of importance as a 
 daily labor, and should be in every way facilitated, otherwise some of 
 the advantage will be sacrificed in the delay. 
 
 The merits of the various machines exhibited may be noticed in three 
 divisions. 
 
 1st. Those the construction of which is calculated especially to save 
 time. 
 
 2d. Some combinations by which more power is obtained. 
 
 3d. The form most calculated for endurance. 
 
 Some of the presses unite all these, but are, perhaps, generally more 
 distinguished by one particular. 
 
 1st. The press exhibited by Mr. Perry is almost the only one upon an 
 entirely new principle, and combines very considerable power with great 
 rapidity of execution. It is a combination, apparently, of the mechan- 
 ical powers of the lever and the inclined plane. The pressure is ob- 
 tained by means of a lever handle of moderate length, by suddenly 
 bringing into an upright position two leaning bars ; thus their length is, 
 in the position which they occupy, practically increased, and this in- 
 creased length is at the expense in the thickness of the copy-book which 
 is proportionably diminished. This possesses an advantage in the im- 
 mediate application of the power, and is better than the ordinary lever 
 presses, as the horizontal action of the handle, which is in the same 
 manner as ordinary printing-presses, is less fatiguing to the hand and 
 arm. 
 
 In the ordinary lever presses, the surface between the handle and the 
 perpendicular pressure bar, from extreme friction, becomes much cut 
 and worn, by which the friction is much increased and the handle be- 
 comes liable to fly up. It is to be feared that this press is carried back 
 to Montreal, but it might answer the purpose to obtain some from thence, 
 even against a ten per cent, duty, if upon trial they should be found to 
 answer. The price Mr. Perry asked for it was £ 5. 
 
 2d. The principle of the press exhibited by the Coalbrook Dale Iron 
 Company, with double screw, is capable of exerting very considerable 
 power, and may be useful, perhaps, in copying ten or twenty letters at a 
 time, and if thought desirable to keep two presses, in case of one get- 
 ting out of order, this might be tried ; but the mechanical principle, " that 
 what is gained in power is lost in time," is here most fully exemplified. 
 The construction is not nearly so massive as seems to be required by 
 such a principle. The price, however, is only 55s. 
 
 3d. The construction of some of the presses which attract attention 
 under a third class, are those which seem specially adapted to wear long, 
 in connection with other valuable qualities. " The newly improved 
 
96 Practical Banking. 
 
 copying press," made by Barrett &, Co., is very well and strongly made 
 Its principal advantage consists in the diminished friction at the point 
 of pressure, where, instead of the two rubbing surfaces, a wheel is 
 introduced, this greatly facilitating the application of the power, and 
 rendering the press more lasting ; as in all machinery, where there is un- 
 due pressure on very limited surfaces, there must be corresponding 
 wear. It is found practically important that presses, whether screw or 
 lever, should be fixed, their weight being insufficient when used rapidly, 
 and of course this press, from the lever-pivot being on one side, and the 
 lever being longer, will be more likely to tilt up than those with the lever- 
 handle working in the middle. The prices of these machines without 
 the "et ceteras" are moderate, — those 9x13^ inches, .£3; those 
 11 Xl8 inches, =£3 10s. 
 
 There is one important feature in Pierce's imperial copying press, viz. 
 that the pressure is not exerted upon the machinery of the press during 
 the whole time the letter is in process of transfer, but merely for 
 the moment of applying and removing the power, in order to place and 
 displace the book ; this is calculated to make it last much longer. The 
 construction is extremely simple : the two plates are connected together 
 by four stout rings of vulcanized India-rubber, two at each end ; the 
 lever is employed in the same manner as in Messrs. Barrett & Co.'a 
 press, to separate the plates ; the copy-book is then inserted, and when 
 sufficiently pressed the power is again applied and the book removed. 
 The price of this press is such as to recommend a trial of it. For press 
 11 X 9 inches, 30s. 
 
 Screw Copying Presses. — One prominent defect marks the majority 
 of the screw copying presses, and after being in use for a year or two 
 they remind one strongly of an exploded steam-boiler, or a young blind 
 horse. They are too powerful for themselves, and their construction does 
 not recognize the mighty principle which they contain, and thus in the 
 attempt to make them ornamental their efficiency is sacrificed ; and 
 although perfectly firm when new, the nuts, however tightly screwed, 
 will move, and the pillars shake and totter, and this notwithstanding fre- 
 quent attention and repair. As a striking exception to this, however, 
 the presses of Messrs. Ransome & May are peculiarly distinguished for 
 solidity and strength. The lower plate and the arch in which the screw 
 works, are cast in one piece ; this imparts a degree of firmness which 
 cannot be obtained by screws and nuts. But even these do not seem to 
 come up to the mark of what is required for actual every-day and all- 
 day-long service. The screw should be larger, to prevent its wearing 
 out in twelve months, and the whole thing still more massive. If the 
 handle ends were heavily weighted also, the screw, if well oiled, with one 
 pull would work itself, and save much manual labor. Of course, these 
 remarks are not intended to apply to ordinary presses, or for branch 
 banks, where only a small number of letters may be copied daily ; but 
 where the number is considerable, some improvement is necessary. 
 Perhaps it may be considered that the screw, under favorable circum- 
 stances, is the most useful application for letter copying, remembering 
 the advantages it affords of regulation in pressure, according to the time 
 
Prize Essay. 9'( 
 
 available for procuring a copy ; and of screw presses, those lastly men- 
 tioned are certainly the best. Prices, — folio, £3 5s. ; large post 
 £ 2 7«. 6d. ; and three other sizes. 
 
 The presses by Messrs. Shenstone &. Mills are deserving of distinc- 
 tion, on account of their style of execution, especially the large folio 
 press, price ^£4 4s. ; and although elegance may not be of much impor- 
 tance in such a utilitarian commodity as a copying press, it is but right to 
 point out the very beautiful workmanship of those by M. L. Poirier, 
 
 Paper Damper. — There seems to be at present some difficulty in the 
 process of damping the copying paper. The plan of sponging a plate 
 of canvas-covered copper, and then pressing it first in the book to 
 moisten the sheet, is attended with twofold trouble, and to avoid this, the 
 plan has been adopted of sponging the paper itself with a flat-sided 
 sponge, and then drying with a fold of linen. An ingenious instrument 
 for avoiding this loss of time is to be obtained of Mr. M'Corquodale, 
 whose patent damper consists of a hollow iron cylinder, about a foot long 
 and an inch and a half in diameter, in which is a piece of cloth. In the 
 cylinder there is an aperture the whole length the thickness of the cloth, 
 which is by a screw at the end capable of being drawn out or in ; it 
 generally protrudes half an inch or so. Near the centre of the cylinder 
 is a small air-hole, protected by a key, which, on being raised, admits 
 the air into the cylinder, and this imparts wet to the cloth, which is then 
 drawn over the copying paper; on the key being closed, the wetting of 
 the cloth immediately ceases, being air-tight. The damper costs 10s. 
 6d. Perhaps this is not the best plan which could be devised for the pur- 
 pose, and it seems important that press manufacturers should turn their 
 attention to the subject. 
 
 Patent Autographic Press. — Messrs. Waterlow &. Sons have re- 
 cently patented an invention under this name, which professes to afford 
 great facilities to bankers for multiplying copies of letters, circulars, &c. 
 It appears to differ from the old lithographic system, in the transfer 
 being made to a highly polished metallic plate, instead of the litho- 
 graphic stone hitherto used, and the press is in the form used for copy- 
 ing presses some years ago. The great practical difficulties with the 
 old lithographic press were, first, in writing upon the transfer paper, re- 
 quiring a special pen and ink and special care, it being somewhat of a 
 greasy nature ; then, secondly, considerable practice was found to be 
 necessary in successfully transferring the subject to the stone ; these ob- 
 jections to the old, may perhaps be quite removed in the new system 
 adopted. It is, however, rather remarkable that, in the testimonials pub- 
 lished, they are entirely " opinions " of the " press," and newspapers 
 are not, upon such matters, generally a very practical authority. As 
 this press has now been before the public for fifteen months, it may be 
 expected that some testimonials of its worth from those who have used 
 it will shortly appear. 
 
 The type-paging of letter copying books by steam-power by Messrs. 
 Waterlow & Sons, will afford a great facility in indexing and in refer- 
 ence, the date being longer to write in the index than the folio ; and for 
 
98 Practical Banking. 
 
 reference, the date of the letter not being close at the corner of the 
 sheet, and many letters being copied in one day, the difficulty of finding 
 any one is very considerable. 
 
 Manifold Writer. — On ordinary occasions, it is desirable that let- 
 ters should not be copied by the same party who writes them, the pro- 
 cess being purely mechanical ; but for the managers' private correspond- 
 ence, " Wedgwood's improved manifold writer" would be very useful; 
 this requires little arrangement. The registered clip desk would add to 
 the facility. It may not be generally known, that, with care and prac- 
 tice, as many as six copies may be written at once by this means. The 
 smooth glass style seems well adapted to this purpose. 
 
 Two or three other instruments used in carrying on the business of a 
 bank will now be pointed out, including 
 
 Stamping and PEiNfiNG Presses, Seals, and Letter Clips. — The 
 " crossing " of checks may be considered as an important operation, 
 both as regards the prevention of fraudulent misappropriation and the 
 facility it affords in the tracing of money transactions, which is fre- 
 quently of use. The block upon which the printer's ink is sometimes 
 insufficiently " distributed" being formed of a composition of treacle 
 and glue, generally used by the printers for their rollers, is liable to be- 
 come hard, and unless kept scrupulously clean and frequently renewed, 
 the ink adheres to it, and the impression from the stamp becomes thick 
 and unsightly. A very general defect in the impression thus produced 
 by the hand is, that there is too much ink and too little pressure ; they 
 become rubbed as soon as pressed, and the checks are subsequently 
 very unpleasant to handle. As a general rule, it may be said, that for 
 stamping checks the ordinary printers' ink is too thick for hand pressure. 
 The printing apparatus registered by Harrild & Sons is well adapted 
 to supersede the old plan of stamping by hand. It is self-inking, and the 
 raising of the handle causes a composition roller to pass over the type ; 
 and then, when the handle is brought down, a leverage is obtained, causing 
 a very effectual impression. The price of this, if complete, is ,£ 2 6s. 
 
 The press made by Schlesinger dz. Co. is superior to the last-named in 
 some respects. The arc of the circle described by the hand in working 
 it, is not much more than half the former, viz. about 45 degrees, by 
 which much greater rapidity of action may be gained ; the composition 
 of the roller is peculiarly adapted to its purpose. The printers' com,' 
 position is only suitable where a constant and active movement is going 
 on, when, in fact, it is in full work, and where it can be well washed 
 and renewed repeatedly. In this press, the inking roller is of a differ- 
 ent construction ; it is a hollow cylinder, bound with cloth on the out- 
 side. There are some fine communications between the inside and the 
 outside ; the roller being filled with fluid but substantial ink, it gradually 
 works through to the outside, as the demand is made upon it, and the 
 makers say that, for ordinary use, the roller will contain a six months' 
 supply. By raising the handle, the roller is brought in contact with the 
 die ; by pushing down the handle, the impression is then transferred to 
 the paper. The price of this machine is if 3 3s., complete, with die not 
 
Prize Essay. 85 
 
 cut ; and any sort of stamp can be made to order for it, cut in brass, at 
 3^d. per letter. 
 
 It has often been remarked how well all the foreign bills are stamped 
 and marked ; and the manner in which they make their stamps is very 
 peculiar. The letters are not cut out of the solid metal, as ours are, but 
 they are built up with fine thin plate-brass or copper, with beautiful neat- 
 ness and regularity ; the outline of these letters is most acute, and those 
 brought over from Vienna by Carl Dinkier are especially beautiful. 
 
 Consecutive Numerical Stamping Machines. — Now that the pag- 
 ing of books is so small an addition to their ordinary cost, the best way 
 is to have them paged by the maker ; the same may be said of notes, 
 lodgment receipts, checks, letters of credit, &c. There are, however, 
 some other purposes for which these machines may be found useful, 
 amongst which the stamping of bills of exchange may be noticed ; in 
 some banks, where a great deal of discounting is done, it might be as 
 well to have such a press as Harrild's or Schlesinger's, both of which 
 are very compact and convenient, but the expense would be a heavy 
 consideration, viz. £ 25. Harrild's combines the numbering machine 
 and the above-mentioned stamping machine in one. For those banks 
 which issue Bank of England notes with their own stamp upon them, 
 the "stamp-counter" apparatus, invented by M. C. de la Baume, may 
 be useful ; by this means, the number of notes which had been stamped 
 would be checked ; also, in despatching letters or circulars, the " date 
 on which posted " might be stamped in the corner, just before placing 
 in the post bag, and the number indicated by the dial, then compared 
 with the number in the despatch book, should correspond ; this would be 
 a check upon all the letters written being actually despatched. The ex- 
 pense is very inconsiderable, without the die ^2, and of course one or 
 many dies might be adapted to it. 
 
 The folioing machine sent over from Boston by W. & J. M'Adam is 
 deserving of notice, on account of its extreme singularity. It consists 
 of a long chain of type numbers, each group apparently cast in one 
 piece. This chain, which is perhaps twelve feet long, is made to re- 
 volve round rollers, a Irak, or number plate at a time, by a motion of 
 the foot, and, the whole chain having been inked, at each movement an 
 impression is produced upon the book or paper placed upon the plat- 
 form. Unless the type can be very cheaply made, it would seem that 
 this must be an expensive construction, although some of the apparatus 
 is dispensed with. 
 
 Embossing Presses. — It would be well if some way could be dis- 
 covered by which the exceedingly neat and clean impression of these 
 machines could be rendered permanent and irremovable. At present, 
 although exceedingly adapted in some respects for stamping checks, the 
 possibility of obliterating the impression by pressing and rubbing is a de- 
 cided objection, as a " crossing " once made should not be liable to be 
 erased in any way. 
 
 As at present used, they may perhaps be applicable for some pur- 
 poses, and the suggestion having been made to some of the manufactur- 
 
100 Practical Banking. 
 
 ers that permanence in the impression was very desirable, it is quite 
 possible that some improvement may be the result. Two or three 
 makers may be mentioned, whose presses manifest considerable care 
 and judgment in their construction. Mr. Muir's India-rubber spring 
 press is very much adapted for rapid use, the weighted end of the 
 handle merely requiring a single pull from the hand ; this causes the 
 pressure, and the spring immediately returns the screw to its former 
 position. The whole of Mr. Muir's assortment seem constructed in a 
 very scientific manner, which may also be said in reference to the em- 
 bossing presses exhibited by Mr. Jarrett, Messrs. T. Wells, Ingram & 
 Co., and Mr. CoUett. 
 
 Seals. — The watch-ribbon and • pendant seals . are now but rarely 
 seen, and the enormous wax impressions upon letters have almost dis- 
 appeared. These have been replaced by smaller seals, and very re- 
 cently, in a majority of cases, by adhesive gum. 
 
 The latter, however, is not suitable, perhaps, for many occasions occur- 
 ring in banking business, where there is either security for value to be in- 
 sured, or secrecy in reference to matters of a confidential character neces- 
 sary ; and there are means of opening adhesive envelopes, which make 
 them sometimes unfitting inclosures. In many cases, however, the adhe- 
 sive envelopes, or letter-paper, which might be made as readily adhesive, 
 may be used, and now that letters are carried for one penny it is desira- 
 ble that every facility should be afforded for their convenient transmis- 
 sion ; and a thick seal, whether small or large, is a most inconvenient 
 thing in a letter-carrier's budget. Seals, too, if well mixed, take much 
 time to make. Even whilst regarding it as a duty to diminish by all 
 means the unnecessary thickness of letters, it is difficult to reconcile 
 one's self all at once to the abandonment of the highly ornamental wax 
 impression ; and the temptation is irresistible to call attention to the rare 
 specimens of skill exhibited in Mr. Martin's " Tomography." This is 
 certainly a most beautiful manner of cutting seals, and the sharpness 
 and depth of the impression are highly ornamental ; but, as has been 
 already said, the gratification at this invention must, however, be quali- 
 fied by the fact, that the post-office (to whom the public are greatly in- 
 debted) does not like thick seals; and as a matter of security, a thin, 
 well-pressed seal is always a greater protection than a thick one, for 
 there are curious devices for removing seals, which are very difficult of 
 execution where there is little depth of wax. 
 
 Letter Clips. — Much convenience may be found in the use of let- 
 ter clips, not so much for confining letters as for holding checks durjng 
 the entry of them in the day-book, &.c. The process may be consider- 
 ably assisted thereby, as they may be turned over readily with the left 
 hand, without fear of damaging the position of the pile ; the most con- 
 venient plan will be to confine them at the upper left-hand corner with 
 one of Whitehouse &; Sons' registered square clips, with spring and 
 wheel, — price Is. 
 
 For confining letters, " circulars to bankers," or pamphlets, the clip- 
 book exhibited by De la Rue &, Co. would be very suitable ; or, better 
 still, the screw leaf-holder by Charles Knight. 
 
Prize Essay. 101 
 
 Imi'Kovements in Pkinting and Engraving. — The engraving and 
 printing at present required for a bank-note and for a check differ some- 
 what materially. As has been already remarked, the danger of fraud 
 with regard to checks consists jiot so much in the imitation of the en- 
 graving or the paper, as in the alteration of the " amount " ; this offence, 
 although amounting to the crime of " forgery," being more lightly pun- 
 ished than the imitation of a signature. For the purpose of preventing 
 this, therefore, the "vegetable color" is well adapted for checks, 
 whether embodied in the pulp from which the paper is made, producing 
 the "tinted" check paper, or composing the ink with which the check 
 is printed ; therefore, for all purposes of safety, a plain check-plate is 
 practically as good as an elaborate one. 
 
 Some remarks upon the tinted paper will be found under heading 
 " Paper for Checks." 
 
 The plan adopted by some banks of having their checks engraved, 
 and then the name of the branch, &c. inserted in letter-press, is rather 
 an expensive mode, requiring a double process. Additional prominence is 
 frequently desirable in some parts of an engraved or printed document, 
 and this is not always sufficiently obtained by a greater size of letter, 
 but is more effectually produced by the use of a different color ; this hcis 
 usually necessitated two processes, but in the samples of printing exhib- 
 ited by Mr. Mackenzie, two distinct colors are impressed by one " form " 
 at one time. This is done by using materials of two different heights. 
 
 An invention, corresponding somewhat in effect with the last named, 
 though very superior in principle, has been made by Mr. Fisher, the in- 
 ventor of the postage-stamp color, &c. The specimens exhibited are 
 apparently printed in two colors, a neutral tint for the background, and 
 black for the letters ; and yet these two are produced at one printing, 
 from one plate, at one press, and with one inking. This is certainly 
 very singular. It is caused by a peculiar property in the color used, 
 which is extremely sensible to alteration by the quantity placed upon the 
 paper. The engraving is on steel, and in the process a hackground is 
 worked upon the plate extremely fine, the letters being engraved much 
 more heavily ; when finished, to all appearance it presents one smooth 
 and even surface, and is inked at one operation. This invention pos- 
 sesses a threefold advantage.' 1st. The greater distinctness in the im- 
 pression, having two colors without additional labor. 2d. The vegetable 
 color, being highly sensitive, prevents its being tampered with by acids, 
 &,c. 3d. The secret composition of the color would prevent the imita- 
 tion of documents printed in it. The first and second may be consid- 
 ered as bearing upon the printing of checks, the third may be valuable in 
 reference to notes, the object being to preclude their imitation, rather 
 than prevent their being altered. 
 
 Engraving and Printing Notes. — The usual custom of engraving 
 notes in a manner extremely elaborate and minute has some advan- 
 tages, and the end in view, viz. to prevent correct imitation, is certainly 
 obtained ; for there are very few engravers capable of such execution, 
 and those few are too fully employed by Messrs. Perkins & Co., and 
 some of the leading tradesmen, to fiad any time for mischief; the ulti- 
 
102 Practical Banking. 
 
 mate object is, however, to prevent loss, and in this particular the mi- 
 nute engraving might not be equally successful. This minute engrav- 
 ing partakes rather of the character of the secret marks of the Bank of 
 England notes, and to themselves alone these marks may be very useful, 
 and are so, for it is veiy seldom that the loss of forgeries falls upon them. 
 
 It seems desirable that in bankers' notes the minutely engraved 
 groundwork sometimes seen, and consisting of the repetition, hundreds 
 of times over, of the name of the bank, should not be entirely relied 
 upon. Not one in one thousand of the public, perhaps, is aware of its 
 existence ; much of this work is hardly legible by the naked eye, and a 
 person unaccustomed to scrutinize it at the counter would not observe 
 its absence. For the purpose, therefore, of the public's participation in 
 the advantage the banker secures to himself, it might be well to accom- 
 pany this minute work with a fully engraved note on both sides, in such 
 a manner that persons of ordinary intelligence may judge whether they 
 have a good note in their hands, or a woithless strip ; thus the value of 
 our paper currency will be enhanced. Mr. Fisher's ink color, referred 
 to above, will be veiy suitable for printing the notes ; by this means ad- 
 ditional prominence may be given to the amounts, &.C., although its sus- 
 ceptibility as a vegetable tint would be most available for checks. Mr. 
 Fisher has not, at present, introduced his color for sale, being desirous 
 to dispose of his invention. 
 
 The patent process exhibited by Messrs. Royston & Brown will be 
 very useful for minute engraving ; the charge for 20,000 notes of the 
 usual size, in strong bank-note paper, including extras for watermark, 
 numbering plate, &c., would be about £ 3 15s. per thousand ; a larger 
 number would be proportionably less. 
 
 Cutting Notes. — In .connection with the engraving of notes, a refer- 
 ence may be made to the very considerable expense attending their cir- 
 culation ; of course the advantages derived from a paper currency are 
 mutually shared by bankers and by the public, and the interests of both 
 are closely identified. It is to be regretted, therefore, that the apparent 
 interest of one should in any way be sought at the expense of the other, 
 as in the case of " cutting notes " ; the expense of prematurely renewing 
 these, the engraving, paper, &c., being alone considered, is something; 
 but when the trouble of cancelling, writing off, entering, and re-enter- 
 ing, examining of numbers, signing, countersigning, dating and check- 
 ing, is all considered, the labor is very great indeed. It is difficult to 
 account for the great number of cut notes, now that commercial travel- 
 lers so uniformly take drafts on London, unless it be that some bank, 
 with a very large number of branches, may have thought it right to 
 adopt this plan for safety, bankers being, of course, obliged to send notes 
 by post. There seems to be an idea upon the public mind, that, if half a 
 note comes safely, that is all they require. It may be well for them to 
 understand that bankei's do not pay single halves of notes upon demand, 
 and that drafts on London, or even post-office orders, are a far prefer- 
 able mode of remittance. 
 
Prize Essay, 103 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Notes in DnPLiCATE. — In considering the subject of cutting notes, 
 and the amount of trouble caused thereby to banks of issue, in some 
 localities, the question has arisen, What would be the amount of incon- 
 venience attendant upon the issue of paper in duplicate, and what would 
 be its advantage ? The additional trouble of printing would be very 
 small, as they need be no larger than at present, and in fact, printed at 
 the same time, and cut afterwards, only requiring a completed margin ; 
 indeed, the present plates might merely be divided ; the number is at 
 present in duplicate, the date is frequently so, the signature and counter- 
 signature are on different halves ; in fact, they seem as if intended to 
 be divided. An objection is, however, immediately raised, that the 
 labor of " telling " will be double too. This, however, may perhaps be 
 overruled and be found to possess an advantage. No cashier thinks of 
 issuing notes without telling them twice, and that at opposite corners, 
 thinking it possible that an adhering note may be twice passed in the 
 same position, and so it may, and occasionally thrice ; if, however, the 
 cashier has to pay £ 60 out of a ^ 100 parcel of notes, he would usual- 
 ly be content with counting the £ 60 once, leaving them to be checked 
 by the customer, and having counted eight remaining notes confidently 
 replaces them in the drawer. 
 
 Supposing the pile of notes to be cut in two, and placed in two sepa- 
 rate divisions in the cash drawer, a check being presented, and the notes 
 counted once from each pile, a comparison of the number at the top of 
 the piles would be an equal security with the transaction just described, 
 with this additional advantage, that a note may be more easily passed 
 twice in the same, than twice in separate parcels ; the smallness of the 
 notes would, of course, be inconvenient at first, but the plan which 
 might be adopted of throwing them up separately with the thumb from 
 the counter into the hand, by which the light is seen through them, in a 
 measure, and by which a more extended contact with the paper is ob- 
 tained, would be soon more speedily performed than the ordinary move- 
 ment of holding the parcel with the left hand, and raising the corners 
 with the right. The principal objection to this mode would be in the 
 necessity it would involve for the comparison of notes received at the 
 counter ; this might not be very great, it being insisted on that the halves 
 be presented in corresponding order, they might be set aside until a leis- 
 ure moment, when, with each hand, the separate halves might be turned 
 over, and would then be fit for reissue. 
 
 New Inventions in the Constrttction of Locks and Safes. — T he 
 
104 Practical Banking. 
 
 recent "lock controversy" has much increased the public interest in 
 this subject, and some may perhaps expect that much will be said in 
 reference thereto; but it is conceived that the abundant information 
 already elicited by that interest from abler writers on this subject, ren- 
 ders any further disquisition thereupon unnecessary. It will be right, 
 however, to allude to some of the locks which seem to occupy a prom- 
 inent position, either from their superiority of construction, or novelty 
 of design. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the mechanical spirit which has recently 
 been awakened may be productive of still greater efforts in the improve- 
 ment of this important piece of mechanism for protecting property. 
 Lock-picking will henceforth be more fully contemplated and provided 
 against, in connection with lock-making. For this we may thank ouj" 
 brethren in America. And perhaps it is fortunate that the picking of 
 the Bramah lock has been accomplished at so opportune a moment by 
 Mr. Hobbs, through whose courtesy some light has been thrown upon 
 this mystery, in the lectures at the Banking Institute and before the So- 
 ciety of Arts. 
 
 The circumstances under which the lock was opened are well known. 
 It was in the hands of the operator sixteen days, who made use of a 
 fixed apparatus, screwed to the wood-work in which the lock was in- 
 closed, together with the assistance of a reflector, a trunk of tools, and 
 four or five other instruments made for the purpose, having been allowed 
 six or seven weeks previously to take wax impressions of the key hole. 
 The only legitimate way for Messrs. Bramah to obtain " satisfaction " 
 from Mr. Hobbs, will be to pick his lock, U. S. A. No. 298, capable of 
 1,307,654,358,000 permutations. For a time, Mr. Hobbs's locks (apart 
 from their expense) will stand preeminent ; considering that the lock 
 picked was fifty years' old, should a second challenge upon similar 
 terms, in reference to a modern lock, be declined by Mr. Hobbs, the 
 case will then appear materially altered. Mr. Hobbs will, of course, be 
 willing to offer similar facilities for opening his prize locks, and if Messrs. 
 Bramah cannot accomplish this within sixteen days, it may be probable 
 that they cannot accomplish it at all. There can be no doubt that the 
 principle of Mr. Hobbs's locks is most excellent, and their execution is 
 highly creditable to America, whose locks at present stand A 1. It will 
 be remembered, however, that his best lock is £50, whilst Chubb's best 
 lock, with thirty tumblers, is only £ 15. 
 
 Some good must certainly result from this " controversy," and prob- 
 ably the credit of the Bramah principle and execution will in no way 
 suffer, but eventually be advanced, by those improvements which will be 
 consequent upon the fact of a highly accomplished American artist hav- 
 ing succeeded, after an arduous struggle, in opening them, the facilities 
 afforded him being such as no thief could ever possess, even if he had 
 the necessary ability. 
 
 The case, however, has been one of no ordinary picking, and we are 
 much indebted to the perseverance and ability of Mr. Hobbs for the 
 stimulus which, in all probability, will be given to lock manufacture in 
 this country. 
 
Prixe Essay. 105 
 
 The Messrs. Bramah will, of course, improve their lock, and increase 
 its present high reputation. Indeed, the position of the vanquished in 
 such a struggle is far from discreditable. 
 
 Whilst all locks should be distinguished by security, strength, sim- 
 plicity, and durability, a very large proportion are not intended, and 
 need not to be constructed with a view to resist actual violence. This 
 class is useful in the prevention of petty fraud and prying curiosity, and 
 is applicable to all those cases where the certainty of detection would 
 deter from robbery. For the security of valuable treasure, another 
 character of lock should be employed ; one calculated not only to resist 
 the secret attempts at tampering, but also the desperate application of 
 main force. The discovery by the metropolitan police, in the early part 
 of 1845, of the burglar's instrument called the " jack in the box," may 
 well shake our confidence in the apparent security of an iron strong- 
 room door. This instrument is so small in compass, that it might be 
 easily carried about the person, and yet it has the power of lifting three 
 tons' weight. This is accomplished by the power of the screw ; a turned 
 iron being inserted in the key-hole, a purchase is then gained upon the 
 surface of the door, and either the lock or a portion of the door itself is 
 torn away. Another plan occasionally adopted for opening safes is 
 by the insertion into the keyhole of a burglar's " brace " ; this instru- 
 ment is then forced round, the lock is by this means entirely destroyed, 
 and then the bolt is readily shot back by some instrument, or sometimes 
 by gunpowder. In some cases the " stub " which holds the bolt when 
 it is thrown has been drilled out (its position being generally known) ; 
 the bolt is thus at liberty. In other cases, burglars have avoided the 
 door altogether, and obtained an entrance to the strong room by excava- 
 tion. Time, therefore, being granted, it is possible for men to get through 
 almost any thing ; therefore, in addition to locks, and bars, and bolts, and 
 doors, it is essential that some one or more individuals should be day 
 and night on the premises, wherein property to a large amount is kept. 
 A secure room should be arranged, as near the safe as may be, where- 
 in some one should sleep, with closed and fastened doors ; fire-arms 
 forming part of its furniture. The room also should be so constructed, 
 that the shutting of the door may not impede the ready perception 
 of the slightest noise ; a person in such a case cannot be suddenly 
 surprised by any one concealed within the building, but would have 
 time for thought and preparation should he be disturbed. In addi- 
 tion to this arrangement, of course the strongest available defence in 
 stone and iron should be used ; but it is evident, for the protection of 
 valuable property, they alone are insufficient. A useful addition to the 
 safe door-locks will be found in the sliding rod, occasionally adopted, 
 which may be lowered from the room above through the safe door. 
 
 Some delicate machinery has been constructed for the purpose of 
 alarms, which are frequently attached to doors and windows, bank safes, 
 and even locks. It has, however, been found, that the trouble of nightly 
 adjusting all these instruments, together with the attention necessary to 
 in'iure their action, and the annoyance caused sometimes by false 
 alarms, form a serious objection to their use, and it is thought that, if a 
 
106 Practical Banking. 
 
 safe is sufficiently secured, no successful efTort could be made to enter 
 it without the person sleeping near it being aroused, especially if aided 
 by a little dog. 
 
 It may be well to notice in this place the peculiar suitability of the 
 locks constructed by Mr. Marr for all safe doors ; these are so con- 
 structed that they cannot be affected by the burglar's brace, and no one 
 can open them, even if intrusted with the keys, without being instructed 
 as to the secret of doing so. In Mr. Marr's arrangement, two locks are 
 contained ; one is placed behind the other ; the hinder one serves to 
 lock the bolt, it having been thrown by the handle. The outer lock, 
 with a second key, then throws a strong hardened steel plate over the 
 keyhole. This is far preferable to the ordinary brass escutcheon locks. 
 The keyholes are placed at right angles with each other, thus making 
 the introduction of picklocks impossible ; and the outer keyhole of the 
 door is at right angles with the outer lock. The keys are small, thus 
 preventing the facility afforded by large keyholes for the use of force 
 or cunning. Mr. Marr has very wisely abstained from advertising the 
 principle of his lock, thinking, the less that is publicly known of it the 
 better. In the construction of safe doors, Mr. Marr protects his locks 
 from being drilled by riveting a number of old files on the back of the 
 door, thus gaining additional strength. 
 
 Mr. Hobbs has not had the opportunity afforded him of earning 
 200 guineas in sixteen days, by exercising his talents upon the locks of 
 Chubb & Son. A lock, however, bearing their name, has been picked 
 by him in the presence of Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, Mr. Gal- 
 loway, and other engineers. Messrs. Chubb affirm that this was an old 
 lock of their father's, made under a former patent, without the modern 
 miprovements. One particular feature in the Chubb lock is the " de- 
 tector." This consists of a simple arrangement which is brought into 
 action when either of the " tumblers " is overlifted by a false key or 
 picklock ; when this is done, the true key will not unlock it until it has 
 been released. This is done by " reversing the key." This detector 
 system, which is adopted in many locks, may be useful for the dis- 
 covery of fraud, but the ready manner of releasing the detector appears 
 decidedly objectionable, as, on attempting to unlock the door by the prop- 
 er key, the hinderance would probably be thought to be accidental, or 
 arising from some misplacement, and in a moment, without reflection, 
 the key would very probably be reversed, and the idea never occur that 
 the detector had been thrown at all. This principle of reversing the 
 ordinary key, in order to reinstate the de,tector, appears to be adopted in 
 all the detector locks, and its extreme readiness appears a great ob- 
 jection. 
 
 The plan adopted in the Chubb locks at the Westminster Bridewell, 
 where 1,100 locks are fixed, forming one series, is far superior, when, 
 in case of any surreptitious attempt being made to open a lock, and the 
 detector being thrown, the governor alone has the power, with his key, 
 to replace the lock in its original state. 
 
 The detector arrangement, although possessing some advantages, ia 
 not without its evils, especially in locks where the detector is liable to be 
 
Prize Essay. 107 
 
 thrown by the tumbler being very slightly overlifted, as in this case ; the 
 pressure of the detector, commencing ahuost immediately upon the 
 tumbler being raised to its proper elevation for allowing the bolt to pass, 
 may indicate to the lock-picker the character of instrument to be used , 
 and in such locks, when by long use the tumbler-springs are consider- 
 ably weakened, the detector may be sometimes started by a sharp move- 
 ment of the proper key. Where there exists the remotest possibility of 
 this occurring, the detector were far better absent, as the discovery of a 
 detector being thrown is one of great importance ; this danger will be 
 obviated by placing the detector some distance above the ordinary range 
 of the tumblers, and although not so much skill may be required for its 
 manufacture, yet the lock exhibited by Tann &, Sons, which requires 
 that the tumbler should be raised considerably beyond its proper height 
 in order to throw the detector, may be, for that reason, the more really 
 useful lock. It seems that detectors generally should neither be too 
 readily thrown, nor too readily adjusted. 
 
 Guarded Tumbler Locks. — Messrs. Tann & Sons' locks are also 
 provided with a "flange," or "guard," affixed at right angles to the 
 edge of one or more of the " tumblers," thereby covering and entirely 
 protecting the edge of the " tumbler " above it from the action of a 
 " pick," and supposing all the " tumblers " but this one to be success- 
 fully raised, the bolt could not be moved. 
 
 It is very desirable that keys should be made as small as possible, con- 
 sistently with the power required, that they may be conveniently carried 
 in the pocket ; and these locks are distinguished in this particular, the 
 heavy bolts being first shot by a handle in the door. 
 
 Where the workmanship of locks is very fine, small keys can be 
 made to shoot large bolts, as is beautifully exemplified in the lock ex- 
 hibited by M. Grangoir, 2 inches thick, 10 inches long, and 6 inches 
 deep, having a bolt 1| inch by IJ inch ; this bolt is shot out two inches 
 at two revolutions of the key, the key being only 1 inch long and J inch 
 thick, the handle ring \ inch diameter, and the stub of the key is only 
 ■^■^ of an inch long ; the whole being no longer than a small watch-key. 
 
 The lock exhibited by Messrs. Barron & Son, with eleven tumblers, 
 appears to correspond very materially in principle with those by Messrs. 
 Chubb ; the original patent being, however, for a lock with two tumblers 
 moving in a racked bolt, these tumblers are placed in different radii, and 
 the key " bitted " accordingly. In both cases, the bolt is released by the 
 raising of tumblers to a certain height. The detector is also regulated 
 by the proper key, when it has been thrown. 
 
 The detectors of the locks exhibited by Mr. Gibbons are upon the 
 same principle. Those made by Mr. Woolverson are distinguished by 
 the delicate poising of the detector, by which it is rendered very sus- 
 ceptible. 
 
 An apparently superior method of " detection " is affbrded in the lock 
 constructed by Mr. Huffer. If a false key is inserted, it is immediately 
 secured by a revolving wheel immediately behind the face of the lock, 
 closing the keyhole entirely ; the lock is provided with a second keyhole, 
 naving a series of " sliders," which are operated upon by the true key 
 to release the false one. 
 
108 Practical Banking. 
 
 In this lock, and also in that exhibited by Mr. Foster, there is a curi- 
 ous arrangement for " protection " as well as " detection," for, on at- 
 tempting to tamper with them, lancets are shot from the sides of the 
 keyhole, calculated to inflict considerable injury on the hand that would 
 invade it. 
 
 Mr. Cotterill's locks are made very scientifically, being, in fact, fitted 
 to the keys, which are all cut unlike one another. The key-cutting ma- 
 chine, Mr. Cotterill asserts, is constructed on a scale of a million to the 
 inch, two keys only being cut whilst the machine is in one position. If 
 the locks are made upon a scale equally exact, it would appear that the 
 alteration in the size of the keys from variation of the weather (.') must 
 inconveniently affect their action, and that a key which, at a temperature 
 of 40 degrees, would pass the lock, would, if raised to 70, throw the de- 
 tector, which is " easily" released in the ordinary way. It is very desir- 
 able that keys should be varied in size, although the value of the differ- 
 ence does not consist in its minuteness. 
 
 Mr. Cotterill has some very high testimonials from practical engineers, 
 and machinists, in reference to the general construction of his locks; 
 and from the indentation in the key being so varied in depth and in- 
 clination, it would be extremely difficult to take an accurate impression. 
 
 The locks exhibited by Mr. Taylor, called " Improved Balance Detec- 
 tor Lever Locks," have no detector, although called by the name (and 
 perhaps they are as well without). The tumblers are capable of varia- 
 tion, by whicH a great many " changes may be rung," amounting in one 
 lock, it is said, to two million. The permutation principle, however, is 
 not contained in the key. 
 
 Messrs. Gray & Son's may also be called a " permutating " lock, the 
 construction admitting of infinite variations ; in the specimen exhibited, 
 to which the prize medal of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts was 
 awarded in 1850, there are two bolts, each operated upon by a different 
 set of " players " ; the lock has four players for one bolt, and three for 
 the other ; and the distinct positions in which these players may be 
 placed, by fine workmanship, is said to be 30 for each player; and the 
 committee of the Society report that, allowing 30 distinct positions for 
 each player, the number of different locks which might be constructed 
 would be upwards of 22,540,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, thus afford- 
 ing security against false keys ; these locks have at present only been 
 made for bank-safes, in which case the size is generally about 20 inches 
 square. A twelve-lever lock of this description would cost ^7 10s. 
 
 Mr. Parke's beautiful padlock is a modification of the Bramah slider 
 lock. 
 
 The Lever Bolt Safety Lock, exhibited by Windle and Blyth, is very 
 peculiar ; in addition to racked tumblers, it has a set of " lever Dolt 
 guards." The key is in two connected pieces ; the " nose end " is pro- 
 vided with a " bit" on one side, and the handle part with a " bit " on 
 the other side ; the key, being placed in the keyhole, on being partly 
 turned, assumes a different shape, and in this condition, by one bit, 
 withdraws the " bolt-guards," whilst the other shoots the bolt itself. 
 
 A peculiar principle is also observable in the key of the lock manu- 
 
Fiize Essay. 109 
 
 fectured by Bryden & Sons, which extends outwards after it is inserted 
 in the keyhole, operating upon distant " players." An essential part 
 of the key is also made removable at pleasure, without which the key 
 is useless. 
 
 The elaborate keyholes observed in some of the old locks are aban- 
 doned in those of modern date ; and thus, the form of the key being 
 more simple, its imitation is perhaps facilitated, and at the same time the 
 lock is more readily examined by a reflector. A beautifully worked 
 specimen of a key and keyhole was exhibited by Mr. Raab ; and this 
 may possibly suggest the idea of greater precaution against the imitation 
 of keys, — their possession for a time by a good workman being all 
 that is required for a fac-simile to be produced. Such a key as that 
 above referred to would, however, be exceedingly difficult to copy. 
 
 Where it is not required that doors should be locked from both sides, 
 there is little advantage in having a keyhole through ; this only causing 
 the lock to get sooner dirty, by the constant current of air carrying dust 
 into it. The tampering with a key with burglars' nippers, on the out- 
 side of a door, is prevented by the " safety key," exhibited by Mr. 
 Hanley, the end or point of which is made to turn upon a pin, so that 
 the " nippers " are useless. 
 
 Messrs. W. & J. Lea have invented some very useful little key-rests, 
 consisting of a brass bracket, about an inch square, to which are attached 
 two pliant pieces of steel, curved to receive the barrel of the key ; these 
 may be screwed up in a cabinet or closet, one under the other, and keys 
 fixed and removed in a moment, thus admitting of more compact ar- 
 rangement than the ordinary hooks ; prices, according to size, As. Qd. to 
 9s. per dozen. 
 
 The splendid lock exhibited by Mr. Downes must not be overlooked ; 
 its mechanism is peculiarly beautiful, and for strength and security is 
 very valuable. It is to be placed upon the centre of the door, shooting 
 three bolts from each side ; these twelve bolts are secured by " rising 
 bolts," worked by spiral springs ; the " rising bolts " also secure four 
 " fly bolts," which are confined by two elliptic springs ; the key is in the 
 form of a cross, and, by means of a number of " secret wards," forces 
 the " fly bolts " from their fastenings, at the same time working an ec- 
 centric lever wheel, by which the twelve bolts are thrown. The key 
 cannot be withdrawn until the lock is fastened. A lock on this principle 
 might be also made for bank outside doors, shooting two long bolts, one 
 up and one down. For a door three or four feet wide, and seven high, 
 the price would be £ 18 or .£20. 
 
 As a specimen of for<!)gn manufacture, the lock exhibited by M. Berg- 
 strom is worthy of atter tion, and although of rough exterior, on being 
 opened, the interior woik is found to be ej;tremely good. It has eight 
 tumblers, and is without detector; price ^3. 
 
 Letter Locks. — Th« principle of these locks is very fully carried 
 out on the Continent ; most of their iron safes being fitted with them. 
 In some of these, several alphabets are Used, and by this means an 
 almost endless "permutation" is obtained. These locks, when of a 
 common deseiiption, are any thing but safe. From reposing confidence 
 
110 Practical Banking. 
 
 m the secret of the lock, less care is naturally taken of the key, which 
 being improperly obtained, the lock may not unfrequently be opened by 
 attaching a weight to one side of the key, and severally turning round the 
 rings until their correct position is discovered. The Continental locks, 
 however, are of most excellent construction, but it is quite possible that, 
 if, in haste, a person after having locked the door should forget to dis- 
 connect the letters of the secret word, the " sesame " may be dis- 
 covered. 
 
 This subject must not be concluded without an expression of astonish- 
 ment and admiration at the exceedingly curious principle adopted in the 
 locks of Mr. Hobbs's invention, manufactured by Day & Newell, and 
 those of Mr. G. Shmedlier, of Vienna ; here the " permutations " are 
 not caused by any variations in the construction of the locks, but are 
 produced by the action of the key. It is pretty well known, that the 
 part of the key corresponding with that which, in other keys, is usually 
 termed the bit, is in these keys formed of a number of flat rings of iron 
 of various sizes, — the relative position of these rings can easily be 
 altered, by removing the end of the key. In the process of locking, the 
 key forms the lock according to its own shape, and then no other key 
 will open it. The process by which this is accomplished is not easily 
 •nderstood, much less easily described ; a set of steel bars or plates is 
 operated upon by the rings, which, in the passage of the key, are thrown 
 into certain corresponding positions. The key may be varied almost in- 
 finitely, and a fac-simile lock will be produced. 
 
 Safes. — For the purpose of awakening attention to the importance 
 of locks and safes, it may be suitable here to quote a passage from the 
 Bankers'' Magazine for April, 1845 : — 
 
 "In a country where a large class subsist by robbery, and where the means of effect- 
 ing it securely is the constant study of sliilful and ingenious thieves, the only means 
 of baffling them, and of protecting the ordinary depositories of valuables from their 
 felonious attacks, are to call in the aid of the greatest mechanical skill with respect to 
 locks and fastenings, and to exercise unceasing care and vigilance. The bank rob- 
 beries during late years show that they have been planned with extraordinary saga- 
 city, and have been eflfected with a degree of skill which proves that they are not 
 undertaken by ordinary thieves. The large amount of money which the housebreak- 
 ers are confident of obtaining, in the case of a successful burglary at a bank, induces 
 them to act with a degree of skill and caution proportionate to the expected booty, and 
 it is for this reason that an unsuccessful attempt to rob a bank is seldom heard of; 
 when " a set " is made at a bank, every information is, in the first place, sought for by 
 the burglars, of the means of security adopted, and it has been ascertained that many 
 weeks, and even months, have been occupied in this manner. Attempts are made to 
 tamper with the servants, and an acquaintance is formed, if possible, with some of the 
 female domestics. If, upon inquiry, it is found that the means of security are so nu- 
 merous and inviolable as to give no chance of success, the matter is quietly dropped; 
 but if any opportunity presents itself, no time is deemed too long to wait for the proper 
 moment when the bank may be entered, the misnamed safe, or strong room, be opened, 
 and a clean sweep made of all the convertible securities and money it may contain." 
 
 The discoveries in chemistry have done much to promote security 
 from fire ; and the sides of safes, when constructed with highly non- 
 conducting chemical preparations, are capable of withstanding a great 
 amount of heat for considerable periods. Many persons have been sur- 
 prised at the amazing thickness of the safe exhibited by Mr. Lead- 
 
Prize Essay. Ill 
 
 beater. This thickness of nearly 12 inches is not generally necessary, 
 and is intended for cases where, for convenience, it may be placed in 
 the centre of a warehouse containing large quantities of inflammable 
 matter ; the sides are filled with non-conductors. A safe, similar to that 
 exhibited, affording 6 cubic feet of clear space inside, viz. 36 inches 
 high, 24 inches wide, and 12 inches deep, would be £100. Mr. Lead- 
 beater would, however, furnish a safe 3 inches thick at all parts for £75. 
 He has supplied several banks with safes of this description, including 
 London and County Bank, Royal British Bank, Messrs. Walter, Haver- 
 fordwest, Mr. Adams, Ware, &c. 
 
 No one should purchase a fire-proof safe without first reading the 
 interesting pamphlet of fire-proof statistical detail, published by Messrs. 
 Milner <fe Son, safe-manufacturers, with full particulars of their patent 
 principle, which is founded upon the use of chemical non-conductors, 
 together with the use of water, which, in case of fire, by its gradual con- 
 version into vapor, has a powerful influence in resisting heat. The cost 
 of an outside size banker's safe, 6 feet square, and 8 feet deep, would be 
 £200. 
 
 The patent fire-proof strong room of wrought-iron is particularly worthy 
 of attention. This is exhibited by Mr. Marr, whose peculiar success in the 
 construction of his locks has been already alluded to. This room, or safe, 
 is 6 feet cube, and the sides, 4 inches thick, are made upon chemical 
 principles of resistance. 
 
 Mr. Marr's workmanship is distinguished by stability and care in its 
 execution, and his safes are used by some of the first bankers in the 
 country. One of these was taken red-hot from the rums of the Royal 
 Exchange, in 1838, when the documents contained were found in a state 
 of perfect pieservation. 
 
 Foreign Safes. — The fire-proof safe of Mr. Kolesch, from Stettin, 
 is singular in appearance, no keyholes being visible, and the locks are 
 60 arranged that they cannot be opened, with the right key, by any one 
 unacquainted with the secret. These secrets appear generally objec- 
 tionable, on the ground that great reliance may be placed upon them, 
 whilst all the while, perhaps, their existence is known and understood, 
 although the party interested may not be aware of it. The price of this 
 safe is £82 10s. 
 
 A beautiful iron safe is exhibited by Mr. Arnheim, from Berlin ; this is 
 especially adapted for a money safe, on account of its great strength. It 
 is fitted up with iron drawers. 
 
 The splendidly burnished safe by Sommermeyer & Co. is very at- 
 tractive and finely executed, as are also those of M. Verstaen and M. 
 Paublan, from Paris. In these the fire-proofing consists in the side being 
 constructed of double iron with wood between ; this, as a slow conductor, 
 is very well, although not equal to the chemical combinations in English 
 safes. The price of the two safes exhibited by M. Verstaen is £80 and 
 £140. 
 
 The American Salamander Safes seem to possess .an equa,l notoriety 
 in America with Milner's safes here. A very long list of testimonials is 
 presented in their favor, and on many occasions they have been sub- 
 
112 Practical Banking. 
 
 jected to severe fiery tests. The price of the small specimen exhibited 
 is £ 40. 
 
 Locks, and especially safes, being considered as amongst the most im- 
 portant articles in the Exhibition connected with banking, will, it is 
 thought, justify their having been thus somewhat lengthily discussed ; it 
 must, however, be observed, that the " safes " of the Great Exhibition, 
 as a whole, are distinguished rather by ornament and beautiful workman- 
 ship than by stability and practical utility for banking purposes ; they 
 are too small and they are too handsome, and, as a consequence, they 
 are (proportioned to the accommodation afforded) far too costly. 
 
 Chemical compounds, which are prepared with great labor and ex- 
 pense, are extremely valuable for safes, when these safes are liable to be 
 exposed to fire ; but when the property to be secured is so valuable as 
 in banks, it may be desirable to incur some slight inconvenience to 
 place it in a position which is in itself fire-proof. It is therefore sug- 
 gested, that bankers' safes, especially money safes, should always be 
 under ground. If this cannot be arranged, then they should have fire- 
 proof floors above and under them, and be so placed that a passage or 
 space should run round or about them, and that no wooden fittings or fur- 
 niture occupy the intermediate space. The safe wall should, of course, 
 be constructed of stone and iron. The next wall to it might be built of 
 hollow bricks, or these hollow bricks filled with sand. A safe by this 
 means must be entirely fire-proof, and, if arranged at the time of build- 
 ing, might be but a slight expense. In case such a room was proposed 
 to be built, as an addition to a bank, the floors being already made, a 
 security from fire might be obtained by adopting Mr. Macbay's inven- 
 tion. This consists of '■'■fusible heads " attached to the ends of pipes 
 leading from a cistern of water, or a constantly charged main ; the pipe 
 is made to terminate in several of these sealed '■^fusible heads " which 
 may be placed in any desired position. In case of fire, if the heat is 
 raised to a certain height, these heads are fused, and the water immedi- 
 ately gains vent and deluges the surrounding parts. If for the mere 
 security of books, the stone walls might be dispensed with, and brick 
 used, as it seems hardly necessary that a book-safe should be made 
 specially thief-proof The strong room just described will be principally 
 suitable for those books of a valuable character which have been filled. 
 These must be kept dry, which is not easy in the case of papers confined 
 for years under ground, except by constant fires ; and although Mr. 
 Clifford's valuable invention for restoring books and papers may do 
 much, it is a better plan to prevent the necessity for its use. Although 
 the "strong" room mentioned above may be deemed a sufficient security 
 for even valuable books when filled, and on account of its superior dryness 
 be preferred, it seems that books in use should be kept beyond the possi 
 bility of fire, as much as bills and bank-notes. These, therefore, should 
 go below, and for this purpose it is suggested that a cellar room or well, 
 lined and arched with Ridgway's hollow bricks, should be constructed, 
 and, for convenience, as nearly in the centre of the bank as possible 
 having a square opening at the top, some distance underneath the floor. 
 That a cubical frame, or cage, of flat bar-iron should be formed to corre- 
 
Prize Essay. 113 
 
 spond in size with the opening, a powerful tackle and windlass being 
 fixed above it. This " cage " might then, by means of " sliding bars," 
 be raised and lowered through the opening into the room below. One 
 side of this cage should be open, into which, when drawn up level with 
 the floor, a barrow might be wheeled, containing the books in daily con- 
 stant use. The three other sides might constitute a series of book- 
 shelves, extei'nally accessible for those books most frequently referred to 
 by clerks in its immediate vicinity. If the hollow bricks were not found 
 sufficient to keep the room from damp, a stream of hot air from a flue 
 might be occasionally driven through it. 
 
 We have thus grouped together such of the productions of human 
 skill, exhibited in the Crystal Palace, as appeared peculiarly subservi- 
 ent to the purposes for which this essay. was originated. 
 
 While diligently engaged in this selection, and testing in some degree 
 the relative merits of various designs, we have often been astonished at 
 the wonderful works of man, and irresistibly led to the conviction, that 
 "his God doth instruct him to discretion," and, while devoutly echoing 
 the very appropriate motto of the general catalogue, — " The earth is 
 the Lord's, and the fulness thereof," — to acknowledge, " This also com- 
 eth from the Lord of hosts, who is wonderful in council and excellent in 
 working." 
 
 THE PRIZE ESSAY. 
 
 The Essay of which the above is the conclusion was written in pursuance of a 
 notice in the Lmdon Bankers' Magazine for January, IS.'il, viz. : — 
 
 " We are authorized to announce that J. W. Gilbart, Esq., F. E. S., will present the 
 sum of one hundred pounds to the author of the best essay which shall be written in 
 reply to the following question : — 
 
 " In what way can any of the articles collected at the Industrial Exhibition of 1851 68 
 rendered especially serviceable to the interests of Practical Banking 9" 
 
 The following gentlemen consented to act as adjudicators in the case : — 
 
 P. P. Aiken, Managing Director of Stuckey's Banking Company, Bristol. 
 
 C. Brown, a Director and (the late) Manager of the Cumberland Union Bank, 
 Workington. 
 
 P. M. James, a Director and the Manager of the Manchester and Salford Bank, 
 Manchester. 
 
 The writer of the Essay to which the prize has been awarded is Mr. Granville 
 Sharp, an accountant in the East of England Bank, at Norwich. The author has di- 
 vided his Essay under the following heads : — 
 
THE USURY LAWS OF THE STATES. 
 
 1. Maine, 
 
 2, New Hampbhieb, 
 8. Veemont, 
 
 i. MASSAcnuaBTre, 
 
 5. Khode Island, 
 
 6. CoNNEOriCUT, 
 
 7. New Yokk, 
 S. New Jersey, 
 
 9. Pbnnstltanta, 
 
 10. Delawabe, 
 
 11. Mabtland, 
 
 12. VlRQlNLA, 
 
 13. NoBTii Cabolina, 
 
 14. South Caeolina, 
 
 15. Geoboia, 
 
 16. Alabama, 
 
 17. Abeansab, 
 IS. Fl0E[DA, 
 
 19. Illinois, 
 
 20. Indiana, 
 
 21. Iowa, 
 
 22. Kentitokt, 
 
 23. LoinsiANA, 
 
 24. MloniGAN, 
 
 25, MissiBsippi, 
 
 26. MiflsouKi, 
 2T. Ohio, 
 
 28. Tennessee, 
 
 29. Texas, 
 
 SO. Wisconsin, 
 81. Calipoenla, 
 
 I. Maine, 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Maine is six per cent,, and 
 no higher rate is allowed on special contracts, R. S. 317, 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — ^Excess of interest 
 not recoverable, nor costs where excess of interest has been taken ; but 
 the defendant may recover costs of the party taking the excess. Excess 
 of interest may be recovered back by the party having paid it, provided 
 the action is commenced within a year from the transaction. E. S. 317. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Maine, payable in other States, and returned under protest, 
 are as follows, (R, S, 610 :) 
 
 1. New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- 
 ticut, New York, 3 per cent, 
 
 2. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, District 
 of Columbia, South Carolina, Georgia, , . .6 per cent. 
 
 3. All others, namely. North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, 
 Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, W^isconsin, California, 9 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange re- 
 turned under protest are 10 per cent, 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed on bills, drafts, checks, &c., pay- 
 able at .light, but not on those payable on demand. R, S, 264, 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 The legislature of a State may constitutionally impose a tax on the capital 
 stock, &c., of a bank previously incorporated by it, unless the right has been 
 expressly relinquished. Portland Bank vf. Apthorp, 12 Mass. 252; Providence 
 Banktw. Billings, 4 Pet. 514; Judson vs. State, Minor, 150. 
 
 When the interest on a note is payable annually, so much as has accrued 
 more than six years before the commencement of an action tliereon, will be 
 barred by the statute of limitations, if the note be not witnessed, though the 
 note being payable on time, be recoverable, with the interest which has become 
 due within six years. 5 Green R. 81. 
 
 The law does not authorize the recovery of interest upon interest, though 
 a promissory note is made payable with interest annually, (7 Green E. 48 ;) 
 bat the taking compound interest is not usury. 1 Fairfield's R. 315. 
 
Usury Laws of the Stales. lis 
 
 II. New-Hampshire. 
 Interest. — The legal rate of interest in New-Hampshire is six per 
 cent, and no more is allowed on contracts, direct or indirect. 
 
 n. Penally for Violation of the Usury Laws. — ^The person receiving 
 interest at a higher than the legal rate, shall forfeit for every such 
 offence three times the sum so received. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — No statute in force in New-Hampshire. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — No statute in force in New-Hampshire allow- 
 ing dami^es on foreign bills returned under protest. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — No bill of exchange, negotiable promissory note, 
 order, or draft, except such as are payable on demand, shall be pay- 
 able until days of grace have been allowed thereon, unless it appear 
 In the instrument that it was the intention of the parties that days of 
 grace should not be allowed. (Eevised St. 389, § 10.) 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 A protest by a notary at the place of payment, duly authenticated, is the regular 
 evidence of the dishonor of a foreign bill ; but a protest is not competent evidence 
 of the dishonor of an inland bill of exchange. 9 N. H. R. 558. 
 
 The dishonor of a promissory note need not be proved by a protest, even if the 
 maker and indorser reside in different governments. 10 N. H. R. 526. 
 
 Interest. — Any interest on money lent was, at common law, unlawful ; but that 
 doctrine has never been adopted here, and no rate of interest is unlawful here at 
 common law unless so great as to be unconscionable. 2 N. H. R. 42. 
 
 "When a promissory note has been paid and discharged, it ceases to be negotiable. 
 
 2 K H. R. 212 ; 5 ib. G3. The prmciple of the case in 2 N. H. B. 212 is to be re- 
 strained to cases where the party to the bill or note is prejudiced by a subsequent 
 transfer. 1 IS. H. B. 202. But the note ceases to be negotiable, except against 
 those by whom a new indorsement has been made, and those who are bound to 
 pay at all events. Ibid. 
 
 A promissory note imports a consideration until the contrary appears, (6 N. H. R 
 511 ;) and the acknowledgment of value received in a note not negotiable is i>nmd. 
 facie evidence of a consideration. 5 N. H. R. 315. 
 
 The time when a note payable on demand shall be considered as dishonored, de- 
 pends on the cu-oumstanoes of the case ; but in general it will be considered so in 
 ten months from its date, (5 N. H. R. 159 ;) and a note indorsed four montha and 
 twenty-two days from its date was treated as dishonored. 6 N. H. R. 369. 
 
 Although a note be payable at a particular time and place, no demand is neces- 
 sary at the time and place. 3 K H. R. 333 ; 10 ib. 433. 
 
 The want of a demand upon the maker may be excused by evidence of a diligent 
 inquiry for him vrithout success. 3 K H. R. 34G. 
 
 A note payable on demand, with interest after sixty days, is payable on demand, 
 and the words "after sixty days" refer only to the interest. 5 N. H. R. 99. 
 
 A note payable on contingency, may be declared upon as a note strictly nego- 
 tiable. 5 N. H. R. 315 ; 10 ib. 447. 
 
 A contract for the delivery of specific articles cannot be declared on as a bill 
 
 3 NT. H. R. 299. See also 5 ib. 316 ; 10 ib. 447. 
 
 Bills drawn upon inhabitants of other States are foreign bills. 9 N. H. R. 558. 
 
 A negotiable promissory note will not be a discharge of a preexisting debt, unless 
 there be an express agreement to receive it as such in payment. ION. H.R. 505. 
 
 If the holder of a note receive an acceptance, to be collected and applied in pay- 
 ment, he must exercise reasonable diligence in the collection ; and If he does nal, 
 his debt will bo discharged. 8 N. IT R. 6a 
 
116 Damages on Bills. 
 
 III. Vermont. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Vermont is six per cent, 
 and no higher rate of interest is allowed on special contracts, except 
 upon railroad notes or bonds, which may bear seven per cent. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — The excess of interest 
 received beyond six per cent may be recovered by action of assumpsit. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills of Exchange. — ^There is no statute in force in 
 Vermont in reference to damages on protested bills of exchange. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — There is no statute in force in Vermont in 
 reference to damages on protested foreign bills of exchange. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed on bills, drafts, checks, etc., 
 payable at sight. (R. S. xxiii. § 1, annexed.) 
 
 Revised Statutes. Chap. 73. 
 
 Sbo. I. All bills of exchange, drafts, and promissory notes, executed in any 
 other State, and payable in this State, and all such bills, drafts, and notes, executed 
 in this State, and payable in any otiier State, shall be entitled to the usual mercan- 
 tile privilege of three days' grace. 
 
 Sec. II. The provisions of the foregoing section shafl not extend to any con- 
 tract payable on demand, or in any way but in money. 
 
 Sec. III. Whenever any bill or note, or other contract, not subject to grace 
 ghai fall due on the Sabbath, the same shall, for every purpose, be taken and con 
 sidered as due on the Monday next following. 
 
 No. XXIII. An Act relating to the Time of Payment of Bills of Exchange, Drafti 
 Checks, and Notes. Approved November G, 1850. Took effect Janua/ry, 1, 1851. 
 
 Sec. I. The provisions of the first section of the seventy-third chapter of the 
 Revised Statutes shaU not extend to any contract, made after this act shall takt 
 effect, payable at sight. 
 
 Seo. II. The following days, to wit, the first day of January, commonly called 
 Kew Year's day ; the fourth day of July ; the twenty-fifth day of December, com- 
 monly called Christmas; and any day appointed or recommended by the Governor 
 ot this State, or by the President of the United States, as a day of fast or thanks- 
 givnig, shall for all purposes whatsoever, in regard to the presenting for acceptance, 
 or payment, and to the protesting and giving notice of the dishonor of bUls of ex- 
 change, drafts, checks, and promissory notes, made after this act shall take effect, 
 06 treated and considered as is the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday. 
 
 Sbo. III. Whenever any bill or note or other contract not subject to grace 
 made after this act shall take effect, shall fall due on either of the days designated 
 Dy the second section of this act, the same shall for every purpose be taken and 
 considered as due on the first day next following, which shall not be Sunday, oi 
 one of the days designated as aforesaid. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 A note under seal becomes a specialty, and no action can be maintained upon it 
 In the name of an indorsee. 1 D. Ch. 244. 
 
 A promissory note, given and received in payment of an antecedent account, it 
 a bar to an action on that account, whether the note be paid or not, if there bo no 
 fraud or deception in giving the note. 4 Vt. 549. 
 
 Usury. — A bond-fide debt, or demand, contracted upon a legal consideration, ia 
 not destroyed by being mingled with an usurious transaction, or being made in 
 whole or in part the consideration of an usu-ious contract. 6 Vt. 551. 
 
 The insolvency of the maker wiU not oxc aso the uidorseo from giving notice to 
 the indorscr. 2 Aik. 9. 
 
Usury Laws of the Slates. j 7 <^ 
 
 IV. MABSACnnSETTS. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Massachusetts is six per 
 cent, and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — No contract for the 
 payment of money with interest greater than tsix per cent shall be 
 void ; but in an action on such contract the defendant shall recover 
 his full costs, and the plaintiff shall forfeit three-fold the amount ol 
 the whole interest reserved or taken. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills of Exchange. — The damages on bills of ex- 
 change negotiated in Massachusetts, payable in other States, and re- 
 turned under protest, are as follows : 
 
 1. Bills payable in Maine, New-Hampshire, Vermont, Ehode-Island, 
 Connecticut, or New-Yorlc, 2 per cent. 
 
 2. Bills payable in New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, or Dela- 
 ware, 3 per cent. 
 
 3. Bills payable in Virginia, District of Columbia, North-Carolina, 
 South-Carolina, or Georgia, . . . . .4 per cent. 
 
 4. Bills payable elsewhere within the United States or the territo- 
 ries, 5 per cent. 
 
 5. Bills for one hundred dollars or more, payable at any place in 
 Massachusetts, not within seventy-five miles of the place where 
 drawn, ......... 1 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange re- 
 turned under protest are as follows : 
 
 1. Bills payable beyond the limits of the United States (excepting 
 places in Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope, and places in Asia 
 and the islands thereof) shall pay the current rate of exchange when 
 due, and five per cent additional. 
 
 2. Bills payable at any place in Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope, 
 or any place in Asia or the islands thereof, shall pay damages, 20 
 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Bills of exchange, drafts, etc., payable at sight or 
 at a future day certain, within this State, are entitled to three days' 
 grace. But not bills, notes, drafts, etc, payable on demandt 
 
 VI. Notes on Demand. — In order to charge an indorser, payment 
 must be demanded within sixty days from its date, without grace, on 
 any note payable on demand. 
 
 Decisions and Statute. 
 
 Interest is to be computed at the rate established by the law of the place where 
 the debt of which it is an incident is contracted and is to be paid. 9 Metcalfi 210. 
 
 Money lent without any stipulation for interest does not necessarily draw interest 
 antil neglect or refusal of payment, after demand made, or some other default of 
 the borrower. Ibid. 124. 
 
 Whenever any bank sliall charge or receive more than six per cent per annum, 
 and the existing rate of exchange, the Bank Commissioners, upon information, shall 
 jeport such fact to the Treasiu-er, who shall forthwith prosecute said bank. — 1840 
 
118 Damages on Bilk. 
 
 V. Rhode-Island. 
 
 I. Interest — The legal rate of interest in Rhode-Island is six pei 
 cent, and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of the 
 excess taken above six per cent. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills.- — ^The damages, on hills of exchange, pay a. 
 ble in other States and returned under protest, are uniformly 5 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, re- 
 turned under protest, are ...... 10 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — There is no statute in Rhode-Island upon this sub- 
 ject. The banks do not allow grace on bills, drafts, checks, etc., pay- 
 able at sight. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 If any aciion shall be brought upon any bond, mortgage, specialty, agreement, 
 contract, promise, or assurance whatever, which shall he made within ihii State, and 
 the defendant shall allege by a special plea, that a higher or greater interest than 
 the rate aforesaid was taken, or was therein or thereby secured or agreed for, the 
 court shall and may admit the defendant as a legal witness, upon the issue joined, 
 and also, on motion of the plaintiff, admit such plaintiff as a legal witness in like 
 manner; and if on the whole evidence such agreement shall be found usurious, the 
 plaintiff shall have judgment for the principal sum of money, or real value of the 
 goods, wares, or other commodity, with legal interest thereon, with costs. " Pro- 
 vided always that nothing in this act shall extend to the letting of cattle, or other 
 visages of the like nature in practice among farmers, or to maritime contracts among 
 mercliants, as bottomry, insurance, or course of exchange, as hath been heretofore 
 accustomed " 
 
 In an action for usury, the defendant may be admitted as a legal witness, upon 
 issue joined in such action or suit, to testify relative to the nature and circumstances 
 of such agreement, and on motion of the plaintiff, the court shaU also admit him in 
 like manner. Public Laws of R. I. 286. 
 
 If any bank, or any officer of any bank, or other person in behalf thereof; shall, 
 directly or indirectly, knowingly demand or receive from the maker, indorser, or 
 liolder of any promissory note or bill of exchange, or obhgation of any description, 
 for the payment of money at a future day, upon the discount thereof, by or on ac- 
 count of such bank, any greater interest or discount, under any form or pretence 
 whatever, than at the rate of six per cent per annum, the officer or other person 
 knowingly demanding or receiving in behalf of such bank such excessive interest 
 or discount shall forfeit and pay for each offence the sum of five hundred dollars, to 
 and for the use of the State; to be recovered by action of debt in the name of the 
 General Treasurer before any court proper to try the same ; provided, however, that 
 it shaJl not be construed to be any violation hereof to demand or receive interest or 
 discount for periods less than one year, at the rate of six per cent for three hundred 
 aud sixty days ; provided, further, that nothing in this act shall prohibit any bank 
 from demanding or receiving the existing rate of exchange on drafts, bills of ex- 
 change, promissory notes, payable at other places than the town wherein the bank 
 discounting the same shall be located. lb. 293. 
 
 Damages. — ■ It shall be lawful for any person having a right to demand any sum 
 of money upon a foreign protested biU of exchange as aforesaid, to commence and 
 prosecute an action for principal, damages, interest, and charges of protest against 
 the drawers or indorsers, jointly or severally, or against either of them separately ; 
 and judgment shall and may be given for such principal, damages, and charges, and 
 interest upon such principal after the rate aforesaid, to the time of sucli judgment 
 together with costs of suit. R. S. 287. 
 
Usury Laws of the States, ng 
 
 VI. CONNEOTICTJT. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest in Connecticut is six per cent, 
 and no higher rate is allowed on special contiaots. Banks are for 
 bidden, under penalty of $500, from taking directly or indirectly over 
 6 per cent. Law passed May, 1854. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of all the 
 interest received. In suits on usurious contracts, judgment is to be 
 rendered for the amount lent, without interest. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Connecticut, payable in other States, and returned under prO' 
 test, are as follows : 
 
 1. Maine, New-Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Khode-Island, 
 New-York (interior,) New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary 
 land, Virginia, District of Columbia, . . .3 per cent. 
 
 2. New- York City, 2 per cent. 
 
 3. North-Carolina, South-Carolina, Georgia and Ohio, . 5 per cent. 
 
 4. All the other States and Territories, ... 8 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — There is no statute in force in Connecticut in 
 reference to damages on foreign bills of exchange. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed by statute or usage on checks. 
 )iUs, etc., payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes. — BiUa or notes, to be negotiable, must 
 le drawn payable to the payee or order, or bearer, or to the order of the payee. 
 
 By statute, notes to be negotiable must be for the payment of thirty-five dollars 
 ir upwards. 
 
 A bill or note payable to a man's own order is payable to himself if he did not 
 irder it paid to any other. Hosmer, Ch. J., 4 Conn. E. 247. 
 
 A parol acceptance is sufficient ; and this may be express or implied. Baldwin, 
 T., 5 Day, 615. 
 
 As between the original parties to a bill of exchange, the want of a consider-h- 
 •ion, total or partial, may be shown, and though a subsequent holder bond fide, and 
 OT value paid, shall not be affected by a want of consideration between the prior par- 
 ties, yet if he received the bill without consideration, he is in privity with the first 
 flolder, and the want of consideration is equally provable and available against him. 
 6 Conn. E. 521. 
 
 If a partner of a firm draw a bill in his own name upon the firm of wliich he is a 
 laember, for the use of the partnership concern, it is in contemplation of law an ac- 
 ceptance of the bm by the drawer in behalf of the firm ; and the holder of the bill 
 may sustain an action thereon agatnst the firm as for a bill accepted. 5 Day, 511. 
 
 An agreement to pay interest upon interest, which has become due, is not usu- 
 rious. 11 Conn. R. 487. 
 
 A parol promise to pay more than lawful interest, made at the giving of a note, 
 and to induce the creditor to take it, and which is part and parcel of the contract, 
 will make the note usurious and void. 2 Root, 37. 
 
 "Where an instrument contaminated with usury is taken up, and a new one sub- 
 Btitated by the parties to secure to the creditor the original debt, the substituted as 
 well as the original security is usurious and void. 5 Conn. E. 154. And it makes 
 no difference whether the party in whose name the substituted security is given 
 was privy to, or ignorant o£ the original corru"t agreement Ibid. 
 
120 Damaffcs on Bills. 
 
 VII. New York. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in New Tork is seven per cent., and 
 no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of the contract in 
 civil actions. In criminal actions, a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ; or 
 imprisonment not exceeding six months; or both. All bonds, bills, notes, assur- 
 ances, conveyances, all other contracts or securities whatsoever, (except bot- 
 tomry and respondentia bonds and contracts,) and all deposits of goods, or other 
 things whatsoever, whereupon or whereby there shall be reserved or taken, or 
 secured, or agreed to be reserved or taken, any greater sum, or greater value 
 for the loan or forbearance of any money, goods or other things in action than 
 seven per cent, shall be void. (Rev. Stat. Vol. II., p. 182.) For the purpose of 
 calculating interest, a month shall be considered the twelfth part of a year, 
 and as consisting of thirty days; and interest for- any number of days, less 
 than a month, shall be estimated by the proportion which such number of days 
 shall bear to thirty. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — ^The damages on bills of exchange, negotiated in 
 New York and payable in other States, and returned under protest for non 
 acceptance or non-payment, are as follows : 
 
 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, District of Colum- 
 bia and Ohio, 3 percent 
 
 2. North Carolina, South Carolina, Reoi^la, Kentucky and Tennessee, 5 " 
 
 3. If drawn upon parties in any other State, . . . . 10 " 
 
 The following days, namely, the first day of January, commonly called New 
 Year's day ; the fourth day of July ; the twenty-fifth day of December, com- 
 monly called Christmas day; and any day appointed or recommended by the 
 Governor of the State, or the President of the United States, as a day of fast 
 or thanksgiving, shall, for all purposes whatsoever, as regards the presenting 
 for payment or acceptance, and of the protesting and giving notice of the dis 
 honor of bills of exchange, bank checks and promissory notes, made after the 
 passage of this act, be treated and considered as is the first day of the wa«k, 
 commonly called Sunday. (1849, oh. 261.) 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, returned un. 
 der protest, are 10 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills — Grace is not allowed by the banks of the city of New York 
 and of the interior, upon bills, drafts, checks, &c., payable at sight. 
 
 Sight Bills, Act of April, 1857. 
 
 Skotion. 1. All bills of exchange or drafts, drawn payable at sisht, at any place within this 
 State, shall be deemed due and payable on presuQtation, without anyda\s of grace beiog 
 allowed tliereon. 
 
 Sec. 2. All checks, bills of exchange or dratls, appearing on their face to have been drawn 
 upon any bunk or upon auy banking association or inJividua! banker, carrying on hanking 
 business under the act to authorize the t>usinp.ss ot banking, which are on their face payable on 
 any specified day, or in any number of days after the date or sight thereof, shall be deemed due 
 and payable on the day mentioned for the payment ot the same, without any days oi: grace 
 being allowed, and it shall not be necessary to protest the same for non-acceptance. 
 
 Sbo. o. Whenever the residence or place of busiinss of tlie endorser of a promissory note, or 
 of the drawer or endorser of a check, draft or bill of exchange, shall be in the city or town, or 
 whenever the city or town indicated under the endorsement or signature .of such endorser or 
 drawer, as his or her place of residence, or whenever in the absence of suctiK.Kiication, the 
 city or town where such endorser or drawer, from the inlorination obtained by diligent in- 
 quiry, is reputed to reside or have a place of business, shall be the same city or town where 
 such promissory note, check, draft or bill of exchange is payable or legally presented for pay. 
 ment or acceptance, all notices of non-payment anol of non-acceptance of such promWs.iry note, 
 check, draft or bill of exchange may be served by depositing them, with the pijstage thereon 
 prepaid, in the post office of the city or town where such promissory note, clieck, drall or bill of 
 exchange was payable or legally presented for paymeilt or acceptance, directed to the endorser 
 or drawer at .«ueh city or town. 
 
 Sko. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of .Tuly next, but sballnot apply to any bilU 
 of exchange, checks, drafts or promissory notes bearing date prior to that time. 
 
Usury Laws of the States. 121 
 
 Vm. Nkw-Jerset. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in New-Jersey is six per cent., 
 and no higher rate of interest is allowable on special contracts, except 
 as provided in the following act. 
 
 The legislature of New-Jersey passed the following Special Act in 
 March, 1852, supplementary to an act against Usury, approved April 
 10, 1846, thejprovisions of which act now apply also to the counties 
 of Hudson and Essex, and to the town of Paterson, in Passaic County : 
 
 Be it enacted, etc.. That upon all ooatracts hereafter made in the City of Jer- 
 sey City, and in the township of Hoboken, in the County of Hudson, in this 
 State, for the loan of or forbearance, or giving day of payment for any money, 
 wares, merchandise, goods or chattels, it shall be lawful for any person to take 
 the value of seven dollars for the forbearance of one hundred dollars for a year, 
 and after that rate for a greater or less sum, or for a longer or shorter period, 
 any thing contained in the act, to which this is a supplement, to the contrary 
 notwithstanding: Provided, such contract be made by and between persons 
 actually located in either said city or township, or by persons not residing in 
 this State. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws, — The contract is 
 void, and the whole sum is forfeited, 
 
 III. Damages on Bills of Exchange. — There is no statute in force 
 in reference to damages on bills of exchange. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — There is likewise no statute in force in refer- 
 ence to damages on protested foreign bills. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is, by some banks in this State, allowed on 
 bills, drafts, etc., payable at sight. There is no statute on the subject 
 in New-Jersey. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 When there have been partial payments, the interest must be calculated to 
 the time of payment, then deduct the sum paid from the amount, and calculate 
 the interest on the residue to the next payment. 1 Hal. B. 408. 
 
 The sale by one person of the note or bond of another, at any rate of discount, 
 is not usurious; but if the note or bond was made for tlie express purpose of 
 being sold at greater discount than legal interest, it is usurious and void. A 
 note void for usury when made, is void in the hands of an innocent holder. 
 Chan. Williamson, July Term, 1825. 
 
 Where a bank discounts a note, upon condition that the person offering it 
 shall take post notes payable at a distant day as cash, the note is usurious and 
 void. But if part of the usurious note be paid and a new note given for the 
 balance, the new note is good. 2 HaL 180. A contract to take for a loan oi 
 money more than legal interest, though none is actually taken, is usurious and 
 void ; but the lender does not subject himself to the penalty of the statute un- 
 less he actually receives more than legal interest, and it is immaterial whether 
 the illegal interest is secured by the same instrument as the principal debt, oi 
 by another. 3 Hal. 233. And a note ante-dated for the purpose of securing 
 more than legal interest, is usurious and void; but the taking such a note will 
 not destroy the antecedent debt not affected with usury. 3 Gr. 255. 
 
 The law of the place where the contract is made determines the rate of in- 
 terest when the contract specifically gives interest, and this will be tlie case 
 though the loan be secured by mortgage on lands in another State, unless there 
 be circumstances to show that the parties had in view the law of the latter 
 place in respect to interest. 3 Gr. 328. 
 
122 Damages on Bills, 
 
 IX. Pennsylvania. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Pennsylvania is six per 
 cent., and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts, except as pro- 
 vided in the following act, which was passed 1857 : 
 
 Seo. 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That commission mercliants and agents of parties 
 not residing in this common-w'ealth be, and they are hereby authorized to enter 
 into an agreement to retain the balances of money in their hands, and pay fur 
 the same a rate of interest not exceeding seven per centum per annum, and 
 receive a rate of interest, not exceeding that amount, for any advance of money 
 made by them on goods or merchandise consigned to them for sale or disposal : 
 Provided, that this act shall only apply to moneys received from or held on 
 account of any advances made upon goods consigned from importers, manufac- 
 turers and others, living and transacting business in places beyond the limits of 
 the State. 
 
 In investments by building associations, in loans to members there- 
 of, the premium given for preference or priority of loan shall not be 
 deemed usurious. Act of 8 May, 1855, § 1, P. L. 519. 
 
 Loans to rail-roads or canal companies, and bond taken for a larger 
 sum than the amount of money advanced, not usurious. Act of July 
 26, 1842, § 11, P. L. 434. 
 
 n. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — " Shall forfeit the 
 money and other things lent ; one-half thereof to the Governor for the 
 support of the government, and the other half to the person who shall 
 sue for the same." (March, 1723.) 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Pennsylvania, payable in other States, and returned under 
 protest, are as follows, (May 13, 1850:) 
 
 1. Upper and Lower California, New Mexico and Oregon, . 10 per cent. 
 
 2. All other States, 5 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, re- 
 turned under protest,' are as follows, (May 13, 1850 :) 
 
 1. Payable in China, India, or other parts of Asia, Africa, or islands 
 
 in the Pacific Ocean 20 per cent 
 
 2. Mexico, Spanish Main, "West Indies, or other Atlantic islands, East 
 
 Coast of South America, Great Britain, or other parts of Europe, 10 per cent. 
 
 8. West Coast of South America, 15 per cent. 
 
 i. All other parts of the world, 10 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — By a law passed May 21, 1857, all diafts and bills 
 of exchange, payable at sight, " shall be and become due on pre- 
 sentation, without grace ; and shall and may, if dishonored, be pro- 
 tested on and immediately after such presentation. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 A man may lonafide purchase of a third person any security for the payment 
 of money, at the lowest rate he can, without incurring the penalties of usury. 
 2 Dallas, 92. 
 
 Interest is a legal incident to every judgment. 4 Dallas, 252 ; 5 Watts, 464; 
 6 Watts, 53 ; 6 Einney, 437 ; 5 Wliarton, 280 ; or decree of the Orphan's Court, 
 < Harris, 151. Where a judgment is revived by sci.fa. the amount of principal 
 and interest then due constitutes a new principal, and the plaintiff has a right 
 to ohiiige interest on the aggregate amount of principal and interest due at the 
 time uf rendering judgment on each ««. /a. 5 Sergeant ARawle, 220; 5 Bin- 
 oey, 56; 5 Watts, 318. 
 
Uiury Laws of the States, 120 
 
 X. Delaware, 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest is six per cent, and no more 
 is allowed on direct or indirect contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of the 
 money and other things lent, one half to the Governor for the support 
 of government, the other half payable to the person sueing for the 
 same. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — ^There is no statute in force in Delaware in 
 reference to damages on domestic or inland bills of exchange. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — ^The damages upon biUs of exchange drawn 
 upon any person in England, or other parts of Europe, or beyond the 
 seas, and returned under protest, are . . . .20 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — ^There is no statute with reference to bills, drafts, 
 checks, etc., at sight. They are not, by usage, entitled to grace. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Merest — Seven per cent interest was allowed on a note drawn in New-Tork. 1 
 Harring. 232. Interest on damages is discretionary with the jury. 1 Harring. 
 234, 449. 
 
 The principle of calculating interest and deduotmg payments on bonds, running ac- 
 counts, and for and against administrators or guardians, is stated in 3 Harring. 469. 
 
 Interest is allowable on the ground of contract, or by custom, (3 Harring. 528;) 
 but where there is no contract, usage, time fisied for payment, or account rendered, 
 it is not usual to allow it. Ibid. It may be allowed on money due for work and 
 labor. Ibid. 
 
 The sheriff held liable for interest on mqney levied by a sale of land from the 
 time it was payable. 3 Harring. 25. 
 
 BiUs or Notes. — A partial failure of the consideration of a bill of exchange cannot 
 be set up as a defence to an action on the bill ; but a total failure may. 2 Har- 
 ring. 32. 
 
 Fraud will vitiate the contract ; and to show fraud, the worthlessness of the article 
 bought may be proved in an action on a bUl accepted for the price of it. Ibid. 
 
 Bank-notes, though not money, have a certain legal character as money, and 
 though not a legal tender they are a good tender unless objected to. 2 Harrmg. 235. 
 
 If at the time of the contract a bank-note be paid without indorsement, guarantee, 
 or agreement, it is received as money, and the risk of the solvency of the bank ia 
 on the receiver. 2 Harring. 235. 
 
 "Where a negotiable note is taken in the usual course of trade, before maturity, by 
 an innocent party, bond fide, and for a valuable consideration, without notice, neither 
 fraud nor want of consideration, as between the origuial parties, can be set up as a 
 defence against the indorsee. 8 Harring. 385. A party cannot recover on an 
 altered negotiable note without explaining the alteration. 3 Harring. 404. The 
 payment of an antecedent debt is a good consideration for the assignment. Ibid. 
 
 Notice. — Notice of protest through the post-ofiSce is not sufBcient if the indorser 
 reside in the same town, unless there be a penny-post by wliich he is in the habit 
 of receiving letters. 3 Harring. 419. The notice ought to be personal, or by 
 writing left at the house or place of business. Ibid. 
 
 Demand. — If a note is payable at a certain place, demand at the place must be 
 averred. 1 Harring. 10, 331. Demand must be made on the last day of grace. 
 1 Harriog. 331. 
 
 A bank depositor must make an actual demand for his deposit before suit if 
 brought. 1 Harring. 117, 496. 
 
124 Usury Laws of the States. 
 
 XI. Martland. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The revised constitution of Maryland provides that the 
 rate of interest in the State shall not exceed six per cent, per annum, 
 and no higher rate shall be taken or demanded. And the legislature 
 shall provide by law all necessary forfeitures and penalties against 
 usury. 
 
 II. Penalties. — The law of 1804, imposing penalties for usury, was 
 repealed on the 10th March, 1846, and the legislature has not since 
 discussed the point. But Chief Justice Tanet, at the November 
 term, ]854, of the Circuit Court of the United States, decided, 
 
 1. All uaurioua contracts in this State are void, and cannot be enforced in a 
 court of justice. 2. That the constitution repeals the act of 1846, and other 
 legislative enactments at variance with it. 3. That the last words of the sec- 
 tion of the constitution do not make valid usurious contracts until the legisla- 
 ture shall provide penalties or forfeitures. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Maryland, payable in other States, and returned under pro- 
 test, are uniformly 8 per cent. The claimant is entitled to receive a 
 sum sufBcient to buy another bill of the same tenor, and eight per 
 cent, damages on the value of the principal sum mentioned in the bill, 
 and interest from the time of protest, and costs. The protest of an 
 inland bill must be made according to the law or usage of the State 
 where it is payable. Practice includes the District of Columbia in 
 this law of damages; (Act of Assembly, 1785, ch. 38;) but it is ques- 
 tionable whether the District be within the law, which provides only 
 for Stales. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange re- 
 turned under protest are 15 per cent. The claimant is to receive 
 a sum sufficient to buy another bill of same tenor, and 15 per cent, 
 damages on the value of the principal sum mentioned in the bill, and 
 interest from the time of protest, and costs. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed by the banks on bills, drafts, 
 checks, etc., payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 1. Under the statute of Maryland of 183*7, ch. 253, the certificate of a public 
 notary \9. prima facie evidence of the presentment by him of an inland as well 
 as a foreign bill of exchange or note, and of his protest of a bill for non-accept- 
 ance or non-payment, and also of the sending or delivery of notice in the 
 miinner stated in the protest. 1 Gill, 127. 2. If a party receive notice of the 
 dishonor of a bill in due time, he cannot object to the mode of conveyance. 
 Ibid. 3. In Maryland, interest is not only given in all cases where it is in Eng- 
 land, but in many others also. 2 Bland's C. R. 306. 4. It is not usurious in a 
 bank to take interest in advance. 10 G. and J. R. 299. 
 
 .5. Compound interest may be charged in three kinds of cases; first, where, 
 with the knowledge and permission of the debtor, his whole debt, principal and 
 interest, has been paid by a third person or his surety ; secondly, where the 
 holder of money has been directed or undertakes to invest money in his hands 
 to make it productive, and fails or refuses to do so ; and thirdly, where a trus- 
 tee has received rents and profits, and retains and uses the money as his own, 
 he will be cliarged with the profits or with interest, considering each year's in- 
 terest as an addition to the capital sum. 2 Bland, 166. 
 
Usury Laws of the States. 125 
 
 XII. Virginia, 
 
 \. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Virginia is six per ce:at, 
 
 and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — All contracts for ii 
 greater rate of interest than six per cent per annum are void. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego 
 tiated in Virginia, payable in other States, and returned under protest, 
 are uniformly .....;.. 3 per cent 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, re 
 turned under protest, are uniformly . . . .10 per cent . 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed by statute or by usage oi' 
 bills, etc., payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 A trustee accountable for rents and profits, is chargeable with interest thereoD 
 
 3 Grattan, 518. 
 
 It is not usvirious for a bank to take interest for the first day on which a note i» 
 discounted, and also for the last day on which It is payable, inclusive. 5 Leigh, 251. 
 
 Where one resorts to equity for relief against usurious debt yet unpaid, he shall 
 be required to pay only the principal advanced to him, without oven lawful interest, 
 according to the statute ; yet where debtor seeks, in equity, an account of| and de- 
 cree for, money already paid on usurious contract, the measure of relief is the ex- 
 cess paid above principal and lawful interest ; and if liis payments exceed principal 
 and lawful interest, the surplus, with interest, shall be decreed to him. 1 Leigh, 
 HI; 5 Leigh, 478; see also 1 Paige, 429. 
 
 "What interest is allowable upon any contract, is always a question of law ; and 
 it is sometimes an intricate question as it respects the time or the place of the con- 
 tract. 1 Rand. 35. And the court may instruct the jury with regard to the inter- 
 est. 6 Call, 16. 
 
 Unsettled and disputed accounts ought not, in general, to bear interest. 1 Wash. 
 172 ; 2 Call, 366. 
 
 A legacy carries interest (no time for payment being specified) only from the end 
 of the year after the death of the testator. 3 Munf. 10. 
 
 As to compound interest, etc., under what cfrcumstances it may be taken. 
 
 4 Yates, 220-230. 
 
 The practice in Tirginia is favorable to the recovery of interest ; and it was held, 
 in an action on a penal bill, payable on demand, not necessary to aver a special 
 demand. An obligation to pay money on demand is evidence of a present debt, 
 payable rnstanter, and the writ a sufficient demand to entitle plaintiff to the pen- 
 alty, and interest is allowed, not because of the forfeiture of the penalty, but be- 
 cause the debt was due and payable from the beginning. 6 Rand. 101. 
 
 Notary Public. — A certificate of a notary public, of a sister State, duly certified 
 according to the usual notarial form, that a release was acknowledged by a party 
 to be his act and deed, will not be received in evidence of the fact in the courts of 
 Virginia. Tho deposition of the notary, or some equivalent testimony, should be 
 produced. 1 Rand. 456. 
 
 BiUs. — A protest of a foreign bill of exchange, in a foreign country, is proved 
 by the notarial seal ; but the protest is only primd facie, not conclusive evidence of 
 the dishonor of the bill. 1 Leigh, IT 9. 
 
 It is not enough to charge the indorser on a bill of exchange, whereof tho drawer 
 has refused acceptance when presented, and payment when demanded, to provo 
 protest for non-payment and due notice thereof to indorser ; it is necessary to prove 
 due notice to him of the dishonor of the bill by the non-acceptance. 2 Leigh, 321 ; 
 4 Wash. C. C. R. 467. 
 
126 Damages on Bills. 
 
 XIII. North-Carolina. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest iu North-Carolina is six per 
 cent, and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — A forfeiture of the 
 principal and interest; and if usurious interest is collected, a liability 
 to pay double the amount of principal and interest paid — one half of 
 the amount recovered for the use of the State, the other half for the 
 claimant. 
 
 III. Damages ott Bills. — ^The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in North-Carolina, payable in other States, and returned under 
 protest, are uniformly ...... 3 per cent. 
 
 IV. Fweign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange 
 returned under protest are as follows : 
 
 1. Bills payable in any part of North-America, except the North-west Coast and 
 the "West-Indies, . . . . . . 10 per cent. 
 
 2. Bills payable in Madeira, the Canaries, the Azores, Cape de Terd Islands, 
 Europe, and South- America, . . . . . 15 per cent. 
 
 3. Bills payable elsewhere, . . . . . 20 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — By virtue of an act of the legislature, passed in 
 January, 1849, grace is allowed on bills at sight, unless there is a 
 stipulation to the contrary. Prior to that date the usage was, not to 
 allow grace on such bills. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 1. What Notes negotiable. — 1. Bonds are negotiable as weU as promissory notes 
 uot under seal. Rev. Code ch. 13, sec. 
 
 2. A memorandum reciting the assignment of a note and promising to pay on 
 demand therefor a certain price, is a promissory note; and negotiable, and no 
 proof of want of consideration can be admitted against an indorsee for value, belbra 
 its dishonor. Elliott v. Smithermau, 2 D. & B. 338. But where there is no pro- 
 mise to pay money, 2 D. & B. 239 ; or where the promise is to pay money and do 
 other things, 1 Jones, 357 ; or to pay iu bank stock or any thing besides 
 money, 2 D. & B. 513 ; or where the payment is contingent; it is not negotiable. 
 3 Hawks, 458. 
 
 3 A promissory note payable to a blank or fictitious payee is negotiable, and 
 may be indorsed in the name of the fictitious payee. EUiott v. Smithermau, 2 D. & 
 B. 338. Otherwise of a bond. Marsh «. Brooks. 11 B.. 409. 
 
 I r. Indorsement. — 1. An indorsement to enable an indorsee to sue in his own 
 name must be of the whole not a part of the note. Martin v. Hayes. 1 Bus. 423. 
 
 2. Any holder may fill up a blank indorsement to himself 1 R. 219; 4 R. 
 2G6. An executor may indorse a note payable to his testator. 1 Mur. 133. 
 
 3. The indorsee of a note or bill, for value or for a precedent debt, before it is 
 due, and without notice, is unaffected by any equities between the other parties. 
 Reddich u. Jones. 6 R. lOT. Turner u. Beggorly. 11 R. 331 ; Bus. 40. 
 
 III. Liabilities of Jndorsers of Notes and Bonds. — ^Indorsers of notes, bonds, and 
 inland bills, are sureties for the maker. Rev. Code, ch. 13, § 10, and it is not ne- 
 cessary to charge them to prove any demand on maker or notice to indorser. Wil- 
 liams V. Runi, 3 D. & B. 74. But as to bills, see Hubbard v. Troy, 2 R. 134. 
 This act applies only when all the indorsements were made in this State. IngersoU 
 V. Long. 4 D. & B. 293. But in Reddich v. Jones, 6 R. 107, it was held to apply 
 to an indorsement made in Virginia on a note made in N. Ca. And it appUes 
 where the note is made in Virginia and the indorsement iu N. Ca. 1 R. 122. 
 
tJsury Laws of the States. 
 
 XrV. Sokth-Carolina. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest in South-Carolina is sevem 
 per cent, and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Loss of all the 
 interest taken. 
 
 in. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in South-Carolina, payable in other States, and protested for 
 
 non-payment, are uniformly 10 per cent. 
 
 together with costs of protest. 
 
 A bill drawn in South-Carolina, payable in another State, is deemed 
 a foreign bill, and damages may be claimed, although such bill be not 
 actually returned after protest. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — ^The damages on foreign bills of exchange, 
 negotiated in South-Carolina, are as follows : 
 
 1. On bills on any part of North- America other than the Unite« 
 States and on the West-Indies, .... 12^ per cent. 
 
 2. On bills drawn on any other part of the world, 15 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills.— The statute of 1848 enacts that " bills of exchange, 
 foreign or domestic, payable at sight, shall be entitled to the same 
 days of grace as now allowed by law on bills of exchange payable on 
 time." 
 
 By a statute passed in 1831, it is enacted that if money or other 
 commodity be lent or advanced upon unlawful interest, the plaintiff 
 shall be allowed to recover the amount or value actually lent, but 
 without interest or cost. 
 
 By an act passed in 1839, it is enacted that a debtor by bond, note, 
 or otherwise, about to leave the State, the debt not being yet due, 
 may be sued and held to bail. The plaintiff" must swear to the debt, 
 and that he did not know the debtor meant to remove at the time 
 the contract was made. But the writ must be made returnable to 
 the term next succeeding the maturity of the note, etc. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Where a sealed note was given for the payment of $2500, three years after date, 
 " with interest from the date, to be paid punctually at the end of each year," it was 
 Jield, that the interest which fell due at the end of each of the three years, and 
 remained unpaid, became principal also, and bore interest ; but not so the annual 
 interest which accrued afterwards, because there was no express or implied con- 
 tract to that effect. 1 StrobMrt, 115. 
 
 Where one contracts to pay a certain sum and interest on a certain day, the 
 interest on that day becomes a part of the principal, and bears interest from that 
 time. 3 Eicha/rdson, 128. 
 
 Judgments do not bear interest at common law. But in debt on a judgment, 
 interest may be recovered by way of damages. 3 Richardson, ZIQ. By act of the 
 egislature, all demands bearing interest before judgment, continue to bear interest 
 after judgment recovered, till the judgment is paid. 
 
 Where the drawee of a bill, payable at sight, accepted it, " if presented at a particu- 
 lar time, he will be liable on it although not presented at that time." 3 Sich. 311. 
 
128 Damages on Bills. 
 
 XV. Gkorgu 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Georgia is seven per cent., 
 and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. Open accounts, 
 unliquidated, do not bear interest. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of only 
 the excess of interest over seven per cent. Principal and legal interest 
 are recoverable. (Acts of 1855-6, page 259.) 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange, nego- 
 tiated in Georgia, payable in other States, and returned under protest, 
 are uniformly 5 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, re- 
 turned under protest, are 10 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — "Three days, commonly called the three days of 
 grace, shall not be allowed upon any sight drafts or bills of exchange 
 drawn payable at sight, after the passage of this act ; but the same 
 shall be payable on presentation thereof, subject to the provisions of 
 the first section of this act. The first section designates the Holi- 
 days." — Act passed Feb. 8, 1850. [See Cobb's New Digest of the 
 Laws of Georgia, pp. 519-522.] 
 
 VI. Endorsers. — Endorsers are not entitled to notice of dishonor, 
 except upon notes and bills payable at bank, or negotiated in bank, or 
 placed in bank for collection. 
 
 Decisions in Georgia. 
 
 1. The endorsee of a negotiable promissory note, drawn in Georgia, payable 
 in New-York, and returned protested for non-payment, is entitled to charge 
 five per cent, damages against the endorser, as provided by the act of 1823, in 
 cases of protested bills of exchange. Howard v. Central Bank, 3 Kelly's Re- 
 ports, 314. 2 A note for valuable consideration, transferred before due, and 
 without notice of any equities, as collateral secui-ity for an existing debt, is not 
 liable, in the hands of the transferee, to any of the equities between tlie maker 
 and the payee. Gibson v. Conner, lb. 47. 
 
 3. Bills and Ifotes. — The holder of a bill may, in default of payment, sue all 
 the parties liable thereon at the same time, and may maintain an action against 
 the drawer without previously suing the acceptor. 1 E. M. Charlt. 53. 
 
 4. The Georgia statute of 1799, in making promissory notes negotiable, 
 whether given for money or other things; ipso facto made them exempt from 
 the necessity of proving consideration. Dudley, Geo. 157. 
 
 5. Failure of consideration is no defence to an action by a bona fide holder 
 without notice, unless the note is transfei-red after due. Geo. Decis. Part II, 163. 
 
 6. Usury. — Usury may be set up in defence to a proceeding to foreclose a 
 mortgage. 1 Kelly, 392. 
 
 7. Where a surety on a debt tainted with usury paj"s the same, knowing the 
 debt to be usurious, he cannot recover the amount paid from the principal. 
 But he may recover it back from the creditor. 1 Kelly, 140 ; 3 Kelly, 162. 
 
 8. The maker of a usurious note is a competent witness for the defendant to 
 prove usury, in an action by an endorsee against an endorser, on being relcnsed. 
 Eenewals of a usurious contract carry the taint of usury with them. 1 Kelly, 
 108. 
 
 9. A note, void as being given in direct violation of statute, is valid against 
 the maker in the hands of an innocent endorsee, and the original consideration 
 cannot be inquired into. Dudley, Geo. 249. 
 
Usury Laws of the States. 129 
 
 XVI. Alabama. 
 
 L Interest. — ^The rate of interest in AlalDama is eight per cent per 
 annum. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — All contracts made 
 at a higher rate of interest than eight per cent are usurious, and can- 
 not be enforced except as to the principal. 
 
 III. Bamages on Bills. — Damages on inland hills of exchange pro- 
 tested for non-payment, are 10 per cent ; on foreign bills of exchange, 
 15 per cent on the sum drawn for. 
 
 IV. All bills drawn and payable within this State are termed 
 inland bills ; those drawn ia this State and payable elsewhere, are 
 considered foreign bUls. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed on bUls, drafts, etc., payable at 
 sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 TJswy. — The offence of usury is not complete, so as to enable a common infonuer 
 to sue for the penalty given by the statute of Alabama of 1819, until the money, etc. 
 has been taken, accepted, or received. 4. Alabama, 124 
 
 The statutes of usury confer a personal privilege upon the borrower, which he 
 may waive, and if he does no third party can take advantage. 3 Alabama, 643. 
 
 Inierest. — In Alabama, interest will be allowed as well upon debts contracted 
 abroad, if the Iktj hci contractus authorizes it, as in the State. 1 Port. 110. 
 
 A note discounted by the Bank of Mobile carries the legal rate of interest, eight 
 per cent, after its maturity.* 1 Alabama, 490. 
 
 Where a partial payment is made and indorsed upon a promissory note before 
 maturity, interest will not run upon the payment up to the maturity of the note, 
 without a special agreement, express or implied. 7 Alabama, 359. 
 
 Bills and Notes. — The statutes of AJabami require the negotiability and character 
 of biUs of exchange, foreign and inland, and promissory notes, payable in bank, to 
 be governed by the general commerical law. 4 Howard's U. S. E. 404. 
 
 It is incumbent on an indorser of negotiable paper, if he would prevent usury 
 from being set up against him, to show that he became the mnocent holder of the 
 paper for a valuable consideration, before its maturity. 9 Port. 9. 
 
 Successive accommodation indorsers of a bUl are not co-sureties, in the absence of 
 any agreement to that effect, and any circumstance raising such presumption. 5 
 Alabama, 683. 
 
 An indorser of a bill of exchange is not discharged by the mere forbearance of 
 the holder to sue the acceptor for any length of time. 8 Port. 108. 
 
 A promise, in writing, to accept a bUl of exchange not in esse, is in law a suffi- 
 cient acceptance, if the bill be taken on the faith of such promise ; and a collateral 
 written or more verbal promise to accept it, made aiter it was drawn, may also 
 amount to an acceptance. But a mere verbal promise to accept a bill of exchange 
 not yet drawn is not such an acceptance as will in law bind the acceptor, even if 
 made to the person in whose favor it is drawn. 8 Port. 263. 
 
 Where a bill is made payable at a particular place, presentment for payment at 
 that place is sufficient to hold the indorser. 9 Port. 186. 
 
 Where the holder of a bill of exchange and the parties sought to be charged upon 
 its dishonor reside in different towns, notice of non-payment may be given through 
 the post-ofSce, although the agent of the holder and the party to be notified resides 
 in the same town. 1 Alabama, 324. 
 
 In Alabama, damages other than interest cannot be recovered of an acceptor of 
 K bill, as acceptor merely. 8 Port. 539, 
 
1 30 Damages on Bills. 
 
 XVII. Arkansas. 
 
 I. Intcresl. — ^The legal rate of interest in Arkansas is six per cent. 
 Special contracts in writing will admit an interest not to exceed ten 
 per cent. Ail judgments or decrees upon contracts bearing more 
 than six per cent shall bear the same rate of interest originally agreed 
 ipon. (i?. ;S'., chap. 90, § 1, 2, etc., 1848.) 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — All contracts for 
 reservation of a greater rate of interest than ten per cent are void. 
 The excess taken or charged beyond ten per cent may be recovered 
 back, provided the action for recovery shall be brought within one 
 year after payment. (B. S., chap. 90, 1848.) 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — ^The damages on bills of exchange drawn 
 or negotiated in Arkansas, expressed to be for value received, and pro- 
 tested for non-acceptance, or for non-payment after non-acceptance, 
 are as follows, {B. S. 1848, chap. 25:) 
 
 1. If payable within the State, . , . . 2 per cent 
 
 2. If payable in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Ken 
 tucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, or Missouri, or at any point on the 
 Ohio River, ........ 4 per cent. 
 
 3. If payable in any other State or territory, . . 5 per cent. 
 
 4. If payable within either of the United States, and protested for 
 non-payment, after acceptance, . . . . .6 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange, expressed 
 for value received, and payable beyond the limits of the United States, 
 {R. S. 1848, chap. 25,) are 10 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — There is no statute in force in Arkansas in refer- 
 ence to grace on sight bills. Section 15, Digest of 1848, p. 218, says, 
 " Foreign and inland bills shall be governed by the law merchant as 
 to days of grace, protest, and notices." 
 
 Decisions and Statutes. 
 
 Protest — The protest made by the notary pubUo, under his hand and seal of ofBoe, 
 shall be allowed as evidence of the facts therein contained. Digest, 1848, p. 217. 
 But the certificate of a notary who protested a biU, though under his notarial seal, 
 is no evidence of the fact. Real Estate Bank v. Bizzell, 4 Ark. 189. 
 
 Interest. — "Where a note is given, bearing interest at the rate of ten per cent per 
 annum, the payment of the interest as well as the principal, must be negatived in the 
 breach, or it wiU be too narrow. 3 Pike's Arkansas R. 261. 
 
 In Arkansas, a promissory note, payable on demand, draws interest from date, 
 without a demand. 4 Pike, 210. 
 
 Where there is a legal liability to pay interest on a money bond or note, by the 
 non-payment thereof according to its tenor, such liability need not be alleged in an 
 action on the bond or note. 2 Pike, 375. 
 
 The 4th section of ch. SO of the Revised Statutes of Arkansas, which provides 
 that judgments shall bear the same rate of interest as the contract upon which 
 they are recovered, gives such rate of interest upon the damages recovered as well 
 as upon the original debt. 4 Pike, 150. 
 
 In an action upon u note bearing interest at a rate greater than is allowed by 
 law, except on special agreement, it is necessary to allege that the interest as weU 
 «a the principal has not been paid. 3 Pike, 261. 
 
Damaqes on Billi, I'^l 
 
 XXXI. California. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest in California is, by statute, 
 fixed at TEN per cent. On special contracts any rate of interest may 
 be agreed upon or paid. 
 
 III. Penalty for Violation of the Interest Law. — There is no law in 
 California fixing any penalty for charging any rate of interest above 
 ten per cent. The matter is thus left entirely free between the con- 
 tracting parties. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — ^The damages on bills of exchange drawn 
 or negotiated in California, payable in any State east of the Eoclcy 
 Mountains, and returned under protest for non-acceptance or non-pay- 
 ment, are uniformly 15 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange 
 returned under protest are 20 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed by the bankers on bills, 
 checks, drafts, etc., payable at sight. The notarial fees for protesting 
 a bill of exchange or promissory note are $5. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Interest — Sec. 1, When there is no express contract in writing, fixing a different 
 rate of interest, interest shall be allowed at the rate of ten per cent per annum, for 
 all monies after they become due on any bond, bill, promissory note, or other instru- 
 ment of writing, on any judgment, recovered before any court in this State for 
 money lent, for money due on the settlement of accounts, from the day on whioli 
 the balance is ascertained for money received to the use of another. 
 
 Skc. 2. Parties may agree in writing for the payment of any rate of interest 
 whatever on money due, or become due, on any contract. Any judgment rendered 
 on such contract shall conform thereto, and shall bear the interest agreed upon by 
 the parties, and which shall be specified in the judgments. 
 
 Seo. 3. The parties may agree, on any contract in writing whereby any debt is 
 secured to be paid, that if the interest on such debt is not punctually paid, it 
 shall become a part of the principal, and thereafter bear the same rate of interest 
 as the princijial debt. 
 
 Bills of Exchange. — By the statute of April 16, 1850, it is provided that no 
 acceptance of a bill of exchange shall be valid unless such acceptance be in writing ; 
 and if the acceptance be on a paper other than the bill, it shall not bind the acceptor, 
 except iu favor of a person to whom the acceptance shall have been shown, and 
 who shall purchase the bill for a valuable consideration. 
 
 Seo. 18. In aU cases where a non-acceptance of a bill of exchange or non-pay- 
 ment of a bill of exchange, promissory note, or other negotiable instrument, may 
 be given by sending the same by mail it shall be sufficient if such notice bo 
 directed to the city or town where the person sought to be charged by such notice 
 resides at the time of drawing, making, or indorsing such bill of exchange, 
 promissory note, or other negotiable instrument, unless such person at the time of 
 affixing his signature to such bUl, or note, or negotiable instrument, shall, in 
 addition hereto, specify thereon the post-ofBce to which he may require the notice 
 to be addressed. 
 
132 Usury Laws of the States. 
 
 XVIII. Florida. 
 
 L Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest is six per cent. On special 
 contracts eight per cent may be charged. 
 
 n. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of the 
 whole interest paid. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange, nego- 
 tiated in Florida, payable m other States, and returned under protest 
 for non-payment, are uniformly .... 5 per cent. 
 
 tV. Foreign Bills. — Damages on foreign bills of exchange 5 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed on bills, drafts, etc., payable 
 at sight. There is no statute in Florida upon this subject. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Usury. — In Florida, where illegal interest is reserved in a contract, it is void to 
 the extent of the whole interest reserved, including as well legal as illegal interest. 
 1 Branch's Reports, 356. 
 
 A contract not usurious is not invalidated by a subsequent receipt of a contract 
 for illegal interest. But where a usurious contract is substituted for one not 
 usurious, in an action on the substituted contract, the plaintiff will be entitled to 
 recover only according to the terms of the original contract. Ibid. 
 
 In respect of usury, a contract is to have effect according to the law at the time 
 when it is made. Ibid. 
 
 Where a usurious conti'act is made void by statute at the time it is entered into, a 
 subsequent repeal of the statute does not make the contract valid. Ibid. 
 
 The actual receipt of illegal interest is necessary to subject one to the penalty for 
 usury under the statute of Florida. Ibid. 
 
 A contract to pay more than legal interest for past forbearance is usurious. Ibid. 
 
 Notes. — It seems that notice of protest to an indorser would be good if it be sutE- 
 oient to put the party on inquiry, and prepare him to pay it or to defend himself. 
 Even if there be some uncertainty in the description of the bill or note, if it does not 
 tend to mislead the party, it will be good. 1 Branch, 301. 
 
 The original protest of demand and non-payment of a note made by a notary, 
 where the notary testifies that it was made at the time of the demand of payment, 
 and that he believes the facts stated therem are true, and have occurred, is admissi- 
 ble in evidence, although the notary does not reiv^ember any of the facts stated 
 therein, independently of the protest. Ibid. 
 
 A part payment of a note by the indorser, not e.fplained or qualified by any 
 accompanying circumstances, will be held sufficient evidence of waiver of notice. 
 But where the payment is made with the money of the maker, and by his request, 
 the indorser acts as mere agent of the maker, and the transaction is so qualified 
 and explained as to preclude all idea of an actual or intended waiver on the part 
 of the indorser. 1 Branch, 25. 
 
 A plea filed under oath, in accordance with the Florida statutes, alleging the 
 failure or want of consideration of a bond, note, or other instrument of writing 
 throws the onus of proving the consideration of the instrument sued on upon the 
 plaintiff; but the consideration can be inquired into only between such parties as it 
 might have been at common law. 1 Branch, 94. As between the indorsee and 
 the maker, the consideration cannot be inquired into. Ibid. 
 
 A note in the words, " On demand, the lirst day of January next, I promiae," 
 lie, is payable on demand, and the clause, "the first day of January," applief only 
 U) the time when interest was to commence. 1 Branch. 447. 
 
Damages on Bills 133 
 
 XTX. Illinois. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legislature, in 1857, passed the following act: 
 
 Sec. 1. That from and after the passage of this act, the rate of interest upon 
 all contracts and agreements, written or verbal, express or implied, for the 
 paynaent of money, shall be six per cent, per annum upon every one hundred 
 dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. That in all contracts hereafter to be made, whether written or verbal, 
 it shall be lawful for the parties to stipulate or agree that ten per cent, per 
 annum, or any less sum of interest, shall be taken and paid upon every one 
 hundred dollars of money loaned, or in any manner due, and owing from any 
 person or corporation to any person or corporation in this State. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — If any person or 
 corporation in this State shall contract to receive a greater rate of in- 
 terest than ten per cent, upon any contract, verbal or written, such 
 person or corporation shall forfeit the whole of said interest so con- 
 tracted to be received, and shall be entitled only to recover the prin- 
 cipal sum due to such person or corporation. (Act of 1857.) 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Illinois, payable in other States or territories, and returned 
 under protest for non-payment, are uniformly {by act of March 3, 
 1845) 5 per cent., in addition to the interest. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages payable on foreign bills of ex- 
 change, returned under protest, are {by act of March 3, 1845) 10 per 
 cent., in addition to the interest. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — There is no statute in force in reference to bills, 
 drafts, &c., payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions and Statute 
 
 Bills of Exchange. — In addition to the damages on bills of exchange allowed 
 by the act of March 3, 1845, six per cent, interest is payable from the maturity 
 of such bills, together with cost and charges of protest; provided the bill ex- 
 presses ^br value received. 
 
 A note and agreement, made at the same time, must be taken together aa 
 forming one entire conti'aot. 3 Scammon, 72. 
 
 Although no particular form is necessary to make a note, yet the writing 
 must show an undertaking or engagement to pay, and to a person named in it, 
 or to bearer, or holder of the instrument. Breese's Rep. 2. 
 
 The legal effect of a bond or note payable on or before the day, is different 
 from one payable on the day — in the one case the obligor having the right to 
 pay before the day, but notin the other. 2 McLean, 402. 
 
 By the rule of the common law, a note under seal imports a valuable consid- 
 eration, and no inquiry could be had in relation thereto. So a note not under 
 seal, expressing on its face to have been given for value received, imports a 
 sufBcient consideration, and leaves it open to be impeached by the defendant. 
 1 Scam. 208. 
 
 Interest. — ^Held, that when a judgment is obtained upon a contract, that con- 
 tract ceases to be, and is merged in the judgment, and such judgment, as re- 
 gards the interest, is operated upon and conti'oUed, not by the contract, but by 
 the statute Breese 52. 
 
134 Usury Laws of the States. 
 
 XX. Indiana. 
 
 1. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest in Indiana is six per cent. 
 No higher rate of interest is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 n. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — A fine in five times 
 the interest unlawfully bargained for, taken or reserved upon the con- 
 tract ; m au action brought upon an usurious contract, the plaintiff 
 shall recover only his principal, without interest, and the defendanj 
 shall recover costs, and if interest shall have been paid thereon, judg- 
 ment shall go for the principal, deducting interest paid. If interest 
 be paid at a higher rate tlian allowed by law, the payer, or his personal 
 representative, may recover such interest, with ten per cent damages 
 thereon, by suit, if commenced within one year after payment thereof! 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — Damages, payable on protest for non-pay- 
 ment or non-acceptance of a bill of exchange drawn or negotiated 
 within the State of Indiana, if drawn upon any person at any place out 
 of this State, are 5 per cent. Beyond such damages no interest or 
 charges accruing prior to protest, shall be allowed, and the rate of 
 exchange shall not be taken into account. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages payable on protest for non-pay- 
 ment or non-acceptance of a foreign bill of exchange, are, on the prin- 
 cipal of such bill, 10 per cent. No damages beyond the cost of pro- 
 test are chargeable against the drawer or the indorser of either species 
 of bill, if, upon notice of protest and demand of the principal sum, the 
 «ame is paid. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed on all bills of exchange payable 
 in Indiana, whether sight or time bills. 
 
 Decisions, etc. 
 
 Notes payable to order or bearer in a bank in this State, shall be negotiable aa 
 inland biUs of exchange, and the payers and indorsers thereof may recover aa in case 
 of such bills. 
 
 Upon any instrument of writing, made within this State or elsewhere, containing 
 a promise to pay money without relief from valuation laws, judgment shall be ren- 
 dered, and excution had, accordingly ; otherwise, property seized upon execution 
 must be sold for two thirds of its appraised value. 
 
 It is no defence to a note in the hands of a hond-fide assignee, that it was origin- 
 ally given for an illegal consideration. The assignment is a contract which primd 
 facia imports a good consideration. 1 Blackford, 256. 
 
 The law is very well settled with regard to promissory notes payable at a par- 
 ticular place, that the place of payment is a substantial part of the contract ; that 
 before suit is brought, a demand of payment must he there made ; and that such 
 demand must be averred in the declaration, and proved at the trial. 1 Blackford, 
 329 The same doctrine applies to bills of exchange with acceptances to pay at a 
 particular place. Ibid. 
 
 Interest — Whenever a payment is made, the interest must be discharged first; 
 but if a sum less than the interest is paid, the balance of the interest does not thereby 
 hecomp orincipal. 3 Blackford, 21. 
 
Damages on Bills. 135 
 
 XXI. Iowa. 
 
 I. Interest. — ^The legal rate of interest in Iowa is six per lent. Ten 
 per cent may be charged on special contracts. On judgments, interest 
 is chargeable as on the contract. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of the ex- 
 cess of interest paid, for the benefit of the School Fund. The borrower 
 is by law a competent witness to prove usury. 
 
 m. Damages on Bills. — The rates of damages allowed on non-accept- 
 ance or non-payment of bills drawn or indorsed in this State, are as 
 follows : If drawn upon a person at a place out of the United States, 
 or in California, or in the territory of Oregon, Utah, or New-Mexico, 
 ten per cent upon principal, expressed in the bill, with interest from 
 time of protest. If drawn upon a person at a place in Iowa, Missouri, 
 Illinois, Wisconsin, or in Minnesota, three per cent, with interest. If 
 upon a person at a place in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennes- 
 see, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, District of Columbia, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Maryland, New-Jersey, New- York, Massachusetts, Ehode-lsland, 
 or Connecticut, five per cent, with interest. If drawn upon a person 
 at a place in any other State, eight per cent, with interest. Code, § 965. 
 
 IV. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed on bills and notes, according to 
 principles of the law merchant, and notice to indorsers, etc., according 
 to the rules of the commercial law. Laws, 1852-3. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 BiUs of ExcJumge amd Notes. — A person cannot be rendered liable on a bill of ex- 
 change or promissory note, unless Ms name, or the style of the firm of which he ia 
 a member, is attached to some portion of it as a party. 1 Green's Iowa, R. 231. 
 
 A bUl of exchange drawn in one State upon a person residing in another State 
 is treated as a foreign biU. 1 Iowa, 388. 
 
 When no time of payment is mentioned in a note, it is in contemplation of law 
 payable on demand. 1 Iowa, 582. 
 
 The lex loci contractus will govern the liability of indorsers, and it wiU be pre- 
 sumed that the to mercatoria prevails in those States, rendering the indorsers liable 
 on demand and notice, without suit against the makers. 1 Iowa, 388. 
 
 Where a lost promissory note, which was made payable to bearer, ia the ground 
 of an action in chancery, to enable the complainant to recover, he must indemnify 
 the defendant by bond and security agamst all claims on the note ; such indem- 
 ■_lty may be required by decree of the court, and the complainant authorized to 
 recover on compliance therewith, and on payment of costs. 1 Iowa, 48. 
 
 Where a person, not a party, writes Ms name on the back of a negotiable pro- 
 missory note, the law presumes that he is a strictly commercial indorser, even 
 when Ms indorsement cannot be made operative without the aid of another. 1 
 Iowa, 331. 
 
 Interest By a provision of statute, an account bears interest from the time of 
 
 its liquidation; and that will be presumed from the day the account was presented 
 for payment, if no objection is made to its correctness. 1 Iowa, 336. 
 
 In order to recover interest on an account, it should be averred in the declara- 
 tion, and specified in the bill of particulars. Ibid. 
 
 Under the statute authorizing parties to contract for interest not exceeding 
 twenty per cent per annum, it was legal to make a note drawing twelve per cent, 
 and if not paid when due, fifteen per cent. It will not be considered by a court of 
 equity as a contract for a penalty, but for interest after a given day. 1 Iowa, 180 
 
136 Usury Laws of the States. 
 
 XXII. Kentucky. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Kentucky is six per cent. 
 No higher rate of interest is allowed even on special contracts. All 
 contracts made, directly or indirectly, for the loan, or forbearance of 
 money, or other thing, at a greater rate than legal interest, (6 per cent 
 per annum,) shall be void for the excess of legal interest. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — If any discount or 
 interest greater than the legal interest or discount, is taken by any 
 bank, or other corporation, authorized to loan money, the whole con- 
 tract for interest shall be void, and any thing paid thereon for interest 
 may be recovered back by the person paying the same ; or any credi- 
 tor of his may receive the same by bill in equity. 
 
 Banks, or other monied corporations, or individuals, are not pre- 
 vented, in discounting bills of exchange, from taking a fair rate of 
 exchange between the place where it is bought and the place where it 
 is payable, in addition to the discount for interest. But such privi- 
 lege of buying bills of exchange at less than par value, shall not be 
 used to disguise a loan of money at a greater rate of discount than 
 the legal interest or discount, 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — No statute is in force in Kentucky upon 
 the subject of damages on inland bills of exchange. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — Where any bill of exchange, drawn on any 
 person out of the United States, shall be protested for non-payment 
 or non-acceptance, it shall bear ten per cent per year interest from 
 the day of protest, for not longer than eighteen months, unless 
 payment be sooner demanded from the party to be charged. Such 
 interest shall be recovered up to the time of the judgment, and the 
 judgment shall bear legal interest thereafter. Damages on all other 
 bills are disallowed. Eevised Statutes, pages 193 and 194. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed, by some banks, on bills, drafts. 
 etc., payable at sight, but the point is not yet fully settled in this State, 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 1. Partial payment on a debt bearing interest shall be first applied to the 
 extingnishinent of the interest then due. 
 
 2. The notarial protest, under the notarial seal, of the non-acceptance or 
 non-payment of a foreign bill, shall be evidence of its dishonor; but the protest 
 may be disproved. 
 
 3. A suit may be maintained against all, or some, or any of the parties to a 
 bill of exchange ; and a failure of proof as to one or more defendants cannot 
 prevent judgment against the others or either of them. 
 
 4 Where a bill is payable to the drawer's order, and endorsed to his agent, 
 the endorsement is virtually to himself, and no averment of his having paid it 
 is necessary. 8 Dana, 1S3. 
 
 5. In on action upon a foreign bill, the protest is competent evidence to prove 
 presentment of the bill to the acceptor, and non-payment. 3 B. Monroe, lo. 
 
 6. Protest of a foreign bill is necessary to a recovery thereon against the 
 drawer or endorsers; and in Kentucky the demand and noting for protest 
 must be made by the notary himself; it is not sufficient that this was done by 
 his clerk, unless it appear that such delegation of authority is sanctioned by 
 the custom of the place where the presentment was made. 6 B. Mom-oe, 60. 
 
Damages on Bills. 137 
 
 XXIII. Louisiana. 
 
 Interest. — 1 . All debts shall bear interest at the rate of five per 
 cent from the time they become due, unless otherwise stipulated. — 
 Act March 15, 1855. 
 
 2. Article two thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, of the Civil 
 Code, shall be so amended that the amount of conventional interest 
 shall, in no case, exceed eight per cent, under pain of forfeiture of the 
 entire interest so contracted. — Ibid. 
 
 3. If any person hereafter, shall pay on any contract a higher inter- 
 est than the above, as discount or otherwise, the same may be sued 
 for and recovered within twelve months from the time of such pay- 
 ment. — Ibid. 
 
 4. All laws contrary to the provisions of this act, and all laws on 
 the same subject matter, except what is contained in the Civil Code 
 of Practice, are repealed. — Ibid. 
 
 II. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Louisiana, payable in other States, are uniformly 5 per cent, 
 
 III. Foreign Bills. — The damages on foreign bills of exchange, re- 
 turned under protest, are uniformly {Statute of 1838) . 10 per cent- 
 
 IV. Sight Bills. — ^There is no statute upon this subject in Louisiana, 
 A decision has been made in one of the inferior courts allowing three 
 days' grace on sight bills, but the usage is to pay on presentation. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 By the laws of Louisiana, a notary ia required to record, in a book kept for tliat 
 purpose, all protests of bills made by him, and the notices given to the drawers or 
 indorsers, a certified copy of which record is made evidence. 6 Howard's U. S. R. 53. 
 
 Under these laws, therefore, a deposition of the notary, giving a copy of the 
 original bill, and a copy of his record, stating a demand of payment, subsequent 
 protest, and notice to the drawers and indorsers respectively, is good evidence. lb. 
 
 Where a bank in which a note Has been deposited for collection places it, in case 
 of non-payment, in the hands of the notary to whom its own business is uniformly 
 intrusted, to be protested, it will not be responsible for the failure of the notary to 
 protest the note, or to notify the proper parties, having shown the same care and 
 attention in the management of the business intrusted to it which men of common 
 prudence bestow on their own affairs. Baldwin v. Bank of Louisiana, Supreme 
 Court, La., 1846. 
 
 If the principal be sued for and recovered, the interest cannot be afterwards 
 claimed in a separate suit. 2 Martin's R. 83. 
 
 Interest on interest cannot be allowed. 5 Louisiana R, 33. 
 
 Interest cannot be allowed on an unUquidated claim, and a claim is unliquidated 
 when no act of one of the parties alone can render it certain. 6 Martin's R. 6 ; 1 
 Martin's New Series, 130; 6 ib. "IIS, 10 ; 7 Louisiana R. 599, 134. 
 
 A parol agreement to pay conventional interest is not void ; parol proof cannot 
 be offered to prove such a convention ; but if a party, when interrogated, confess 
 that he did make such a convention, it will bind him. 6 Martin's R. 279. 
 
 Interestmust be allowed on bills of exchange and promissory Botes from the 
 date of protest. 6 Martin's New Series, 572. 
 
 Banks cannot in any case take more interest than at the rate fixed by their 
 charters. Where the bank-charter fixes tlie rate of interest at nine per cent, and 
 ten is agreed upon, it will be reduced to the rate fixed by the charter. 8 Louisi- 
 ana R. 261. 
 
138 Usury Laws of the States, 
 
 XXIV. MiCHIGAK. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Michigan is seven per 
 oent. But it is lawful for parties to stipulate in writing for any sum 
 not exjeeding ten per cent. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — ^Parties suing upon 
 contracts reserving over ten per cent interest, may recover judgment 
 for the principal and legal rate of interest. There is no provision for 
 recovering hack illegal interest paid, and no penalty for receiving it. 
 Bona-fide holders of usurious negotialjle paper taken before maturity, 
 without notice of usury, may recover the full amount of its face. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — Damages on bills drawn or negotiated in 
 Michigan and payable elsewhere and protested are as follows : 
 
 1 . If payable out of the United States, 5 per cent. 
 
 2. If payable in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
 or New- York, 3 per cent. 
 
 3. If payable in Missouri, Kentucky, New-England, New-Jersey, 
 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, or District of Columbia, 5 per cent. 
 
 4. If payable in any other State or Territory, 10 per cent. 
 
 IV. Sight Bills. — Grace is allowed on all paper not payable on 
 demand. 
 
 Decisions. 
 The following instrument is not a promissory note : 
 
 [S60.] Plymouth, July 11, 1841 
 
 " Two years from date, for value received, we, or either of us, promise to pay 
 E. \V., or bearer, sixty dollars with use. Said "W. agrees that if lilty dollars be 
 paid oil the 1st day of January, 1,843, it shall cancel this note." Signed by the 
 malcers. Proleck ei al, vs. Norton, et al, 2 Mich. Eep. (G-ibbs.) 
 
 The law of the place where a promissory note is made payable, determines the 
 time and mode of presentment and of proceedings upon non-payment, but notice to 
 the indorser must be according to the law of the place where the indorsement was 
 made. Snow vs. Perkins, 2 Mich. Rep. (Gibbs,) p. 238. 
 
 When the law of a State in which a promissory note is made payable, authorizes 
 its protest for non-payment, notice to the indorser residing in another State in which 
 the indorsement was made, that it has been protested for non-payment and that the 
 holder looks to him for payment, is a sufficient notice of presentment and non-pay- 
 ment to charge him as indorser. Snow vs. Perkins. Ibid. 
 
 The case of Piatt vs. Drake, (1 Doug. Mich. Rep.,) noticed and commented 
 upon. 
 
 A mistake in describing a promissory note in a notice of protest, as in amount, 
 etc., does not necessarily vitiate the notice ; the question in such case being 
 whether or no the indorser was misled by the mistake. Ibid. 
 
 The object of a notice of protest of a promissory note is to inform the indoreer oi 
 ifeVe non-payment of it by the maker, and that the indorser is liable for the payment 
 ■of it; and if the notice aceom_plishes this object it is sufficient, althougli it mia- 
 de^^sribe the note in some particulars. Ibid. 
 
 A draft made payable to the bearer, no payee being named therein, is, neverthe- 
 les.s, an order for money in the meaning of the Revised Statutes of Michigan 
 Pe^^ik.jw. Brigliam, 2 Mich. Rep. 
 
Damages on Bills. 139 
 
 XXV. Mississippi. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Mississippi is six per cent. 
 The following act was passed in March, 1856 : 
 
 Be it enacted, &e.. That it shall be lawful for parties fjo contract in writing 
 for the payment of any rate of interest not exceeding ten per cent, per annum, 
 upon any debt after the maturity thereof. Sec. 2. That this act shall be in 
 force from the time of its passage. Sec. 3. That the provisions of this act shall 
 not be applied to any contract heretofore made. 
 
 II. Damages on Bills. — No damages are allowed for default in the 
 payment of any bill of exchange drawn by any person or persons 
 within the State on any person or persons in any other State. On 
 all domestic or inland bills, (drawn on persons within the State,) and 
 protested for non-payment, five per cent. (See act of May 11, 1837.) 
 
 III. Foreign Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange drawn on 
 persons without the United States, returned under protest, are 10 per 
 cent., with all incidental charges and lawful interest. 
 
 IV. Sight Bills. — Grace is not allowed on bills of exchange, d)'afts, 
 &c., payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Under the statute of Mississippi, protest of an inland bill of exchange is not 
 necessary to enable the holder to recover the amount of it of the drawer ; 
 that is necessary only to enable him to recover interest and damages. 6 How- 
 ard's S. C. R. 23. 
 
 It is not necessary that the notary should make out his formal protest of a 
 bill at the time of presenting it for acceptance or payment, which is refused ; 
 but it is sufficient if he makes a note of the facts at the time, and draws up his 
 protest afterwards. Ibid. 
 
 Bills. — An order payable out of a particular fund is not a bill of exchange. 
 1 Smedes & Marshall, 393. 
 
 An indulgence granted to the acceptor until the drawer should be heard from, 
 based upon a sufficient consideration, exonerates the endorser. 6 Smedes & 
 Marshall, 433. 
 
 An accommodation endorser is not discharged upon notice to the holder of 
 the paper to sue the drawer, and proof of his failure to bring suit until after 
 the drawer became insolvent. 6 Howard, 689. 
 
 Where the dwelling-house or place of business of the drawee of the bill is 
 shut up, it seems that there must be inquiry in the neighborhood, in order to 
 excuse presentment. Y Howard, 294. 
 
 The notary who fills up and certifies the protest must present the bill him- 
 self; it cannot be done by an agent. 4 Howard, 567. 
 
 A bill of exchange, payable at a certain time, need not be presented for ac- 
 ceptance until maturity ; but if it is, notice and protest are necessary if accept- 
 ance be refused. 4 Howard, 667. See, also, 12 Verm. 401 ; 8 Miss. 268. 
 
 It seems that demand and protest must be made according to the laws of the 
 place where the bill is made payable. In Mississippi, a demand of payment 
 of ii foreign bill is not good unless made by the notary himself. 7 Howard, 294. 
 
 An agent of the holder is allowed one day to give notice to his principal of 
 a default, and the principal is entitled to one day, after he receives notice, to 
 give notice by mail to the drawer or endorser. 7 Howard, 294. 
 
 The last endorser of a bill, in order to hold the prior endorsers, must give 
 notice to them of its dishonor on the next day after he himself receives such 
 notice. 4 Smedes & Marshall, 177. 
 
140 Usury Laws of the States, 
 
 XXVI. Missouri, 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Missouri is six per cent 
 when no other rate is agreed upon. Parties may agree in writing for 
 any larger rate, not exceeding ten per cent. Parties may so contract 
 as to compound the interest annually. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of th 
 entire interest : but judgment to be rendered for the principal witli 
 ten per cent interest, the interest to be appropriated to the school fund. 
 
 III. Damages on Mils. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Missouri, payable in other States, and returned under protest, 
 
 are uniformly 10 per cent. 
 
 On bills payable within the State, .... 4 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages allowed on foreign bills of ex- 
 change, protested for non-payment, are . . .20 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — A statute of 1853-4, provides that on bills of 
 exchange payable at sight, grace shall not be allowed. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 Bills. — Tho notary's protest is evidence of presentment and refusal to pay in 
 Missouri. 4 Missouri, 62. 
 
 A bill of exchange payable at a time certain need not be presented for ac- 
 ceptance until maturity, but if it is, notice and protest are necessary. 8 Missouri, 
 268. But if the bill is presented for acceptance before that time, and acceptance 
 refused, notice must be given in order to fix the liability of indorsers. Ibid. 
 
 In demanding payment of a bill, it should be produced. 4 Missouri, 52. And 
 in Missouri demand of payment is properly made on the third day of grace. A 
 demand made at the counting-roo.Ti of the acceptor of a bill of exchange, by tho 
 clerk of the holder, is sufficient, without showing a special authority in the clerk 
 for that purpose. Ibid. 
 
 It is not indispensable for the notice of the dishonor of a bill to be sent to the 
 post-office nearest to the residence of the party, nor even to the town in which 
 he resides, if it be in fact sent to the post-office to which he usually resorts for 
 his letter.=!. 8 Missouri, 443. To hold an indorser, personal notice of the dishonor 
 of the bUl, or notice left at his dwelling-house or place of business, is neces- 
 sary, where tho parties reside in the same place. 1 Missouri, 467. 
 
 To entitle a party to damages upon a protested inland bill of exchange in 
 Missouri, the bill must express to be for value received. 1 Missouri, 438. 
 
 The Missouri statute making promissory notes assignable vests the legal 
 property in the assignee, and a suit cannot be maintained in the name of the 
 payee for the use of an assignee. 5 Missouri, 433. The statute provision in the 
 Revised Code of Missouri of 1835, that the holder of a negotiable note, in order 
 to fix the liability of an indorser, shall, with due diligence, institute proceedings 
 nfcainst the maker, was intended to supersede the necessity of demand and notice. 
 G ilissouri, 338. 
 
 A note bearing "ten per cent interest from date" will be construed as bearing- 
 ton per cent interest per annum. 9 Missouri, 841, And a note payable "in tlie 
 currency of this State" is payable in gold or silver coins, or the notes of tho 
 Bank of Missouri. Ibid. 697. But a note payable " in the current money of 
 Missouri"' is payable in gold or silver alone. Ibid. 
 
Damages on Bills. 141 
 
 XXVII. Ohio. 
 
 I. Interest. — In the absence of any agreement as to the rate of in 
 terest, the law fixes it at six per cent per annum. 
 
 Contracts stipulating for any other rate not exceeding 10 per cent 
 per annum, are lawful, and may be enforced. 
 
 II. Penalties. — ^There are no penalties for usury. Contracts for 
 greater rates of interest are void as to the excess only, and if interest 
 beyond the rates established have been paid, the debtor has a right 
 to have such excess applied as payments on the principal. 
 
 in. Bills of Exchange. — Bills drawn by a citizen of the State of 
 Ohio on a person or body corporate in any other State of the Union, 
 and returned under protest, are subject to the payment of 6 per cent 
 damages. 
 
 IV, Foreign Bills. — Bills drawn on any person or body corporate 
 beyond the jurisdiction of the United States, and protested, 12 per 
 cent damages. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — No grace is allowed on bank-checks payable at 
 sight. A statute is in force providing that " all bonds, notes, or bills, 
 negotiable by this act, shall be entitled to three days' grace in the 
 time of payment." The practice throughout the State is not uni- 
 form. In some places the banks allow grace on bills drawn upon in- 
 dividuals and payable at sight. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 1. Where the drawer of a bill of exchange haa paid the bill to the payees, after 
 the acceptors have refused to pay it, he has the right to sue the acceptors, in the 
 name of the payees, for his own benefit. 3 McLean, 391. 
 
 2. A protest must be made by the notary, and if his name is used by his clerk, 
 it is improper, and cannot make the protest valid. 3 McLean, 481. 
 
 3. A bill drawn in another State payable in Ohio, is entitled to grace, and a de- 
 mand and notice on the second day of grace is not sufficient. 10 Ohio, 496. 
 
 4. A note for a certain sum, payable in bank paper, is negotiable under the 
 statute. 1 Ohio, 189. 
 
 5. The putting a seal to a note does not change the commercial character of the 
 paper. 5 Ohio, 222. 
 
 6. In an action by the assignee against the maker of a single bill, under seal, thp 
 indorsement is necessary to be proved. 1 Ohio, 261. 
 
 7. Every indorsement of a bill of exchange is anew contract, and each indorser 
 becomes to the subsequent holder a new drawer. 10 Ohio, 180. 
 
 8. "Where a note is payable at a certain place, no demand is necessary in order 
 to charge the maker; but if the maker be there, ready to pay the money, and no 
 one be there to receive it, the duty to pay still remains, but no action can be sus- 
 tained until a subsequent personal demand be made. 1 Ohio, 483. 
 
 9. No protest of the dishonor of a bill drawn by a citizen of one State ou a 
 citizen of another is necessary, except to recover statute damages. 10 Ohio, 496. 
 
 10. Where a bill is drawn in New-York upon a person residing in that State, and 
 is subsequently indorsed in Ohio, and suit brought by the holder against the indor- 
 ser, the plaintiff is entitled to six per cent damages ; and in such case a protest is 
 necessary, and is competent to prove a demand. 10 Ohio, 180. 
 
 11. Interest. — ^Where one agrees to pay interest annually, but fails to do it, tlie 
 interest itself becomes principal, and bears interest from the time it becomes due. 
 4 Ohio, 373. 
 
142 Usury Laws of the States. 
 
 XXVIII. Tennessee. 
 
 I. Interest. — The legal rate of interest in Tennessee is six per cent, 
 and no higher rate is allowed on special contracts. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Liable to an indict- 
 ment for misdemeanor. If convicted, to be fined a sum not less thar. 
 the whole usurious interest taken and received, and no fine to be less 
 than ten dollars. The borrower and his judgment creditors may also, 
 at any time within six years after usury paid, recover it back from the 
 lender. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange nego- 
 tiated in Tennessee, payable in other States, and protested for non- 
 payment, are . . ^. . . . . . 3 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — ^The damages allowed on foreign bills of ex- 
 change, returned under protest, are as follows : 
 
 1 . If upon any person out of the United States, and in North- America 
 bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico, or in any part of the West- 
 India Islands, ........ 15 per cent. 
 
 2. If payable in any other part of the world, . . 20 per cent. 
 
 V. Sight Bills. — The legislature has passed an act providing that 
 bills at sight shall not be entitled to days of grace. By law, all nego- 
 tiable paper due July 4, December 25, January 1, or on any day 
 appointed by the Governor as a day of Thanksgiving, or as a public 
 holiday, shall be payable the day preceding either of those days. 
 
 Decisions. 
 
 The certiueate of a notary that ho gave due notice to an indorser is not admissible 
 evidence, anless it be made at the time of the protest, and be made in or on the 
 protest. 4- Humphreys, 51. 
 
 Merest. — The rule of calculating interest in Tennessee, where payments have 
 been made, is to calculate the interest upon the sum due from the time it was due 
 up to the time payment was made, and to deduct the payment from the principal 
 and interest at that time, and so till the whole is paid. 5 Yerger, 310. 
 
 Promissory Notes, — A due bill is in legal effect a promissory note, and as such 
 assignable, and, where for a money demand, negotiable. 4 Humphreys, 247. 
 
 "Where there are joint promisors, a release of one, to effect the discharge of tlie 
 others, mnst be a release under tlie seal of the party, and must he pleaded by tlie 
 party wishing to discharge himself by such act of the plaintiff 4 Humphreys, 449. 
 
 Where a note is made payable in property at a given day, the tender must be 
 made in good faith, and in pursuance of the terms of the contract Any substan- 
 tial variation from its terms will subject the payer to the payment of money. 5 
 Humphreys, 423. 
 
 A note for money, which may be paid in cotton, is not a negotiable instrument 
 iu Tennessee, and the indorser or assignor of such paper is not liable on his indorse- 
 ment. But if such a note is not discharged in cotton at the stipulated time, it 
 becomes a money demand, ar,d debt and detinue will lie against the maker. B 
 Yerger, 436. 
 
 In Tennessee, where a note under seal was given, and a covenant entered iutc 
 by the payee for the delivery of the articles wliich wore the consideration for whict 
 tlie note was given, it was held, that the maker of the note, under ',he act of 1817 
 e, 16, could inquire into its consideration. 6 Yergtir, 515. 
 
Damages on Bills. 143 
 
 XXIX. Texas 
 
 I. Interest. — On all written contracts ascertaining tlie sums due, 
 when no rate of interest is expressed, interest may be recovered at the 
 rate of eiglit per cent per annum. 
 
 The parties to any written contract may stipulate for any rate of 
 interest, not exceeding twelve per cent per annum. 
 
 Judgments bear eight per cent interest, except where they are re- 
 covered on a contract in writing which stipulated for more, not exceed- 
 ing twelve, in which case they bear the rate contracted for. 
 
 No interest on accounts, unless there be an express contract ; but 
 only eight per cent can be recovered on a verbal contract. 
 
 Contracts to pay interest on account will not be presumed from 
 previous course of dealing. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Forfeiture of all 
 the interest paid or charged. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills. — An act giving damages upon protested 
 drafts and bills of exchange drawn upon persons living out of the limits 
 of the State, passed December, 1851. 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the Ler/islature of the State of Texas, 
 That the holder of any protested draft or bill of exchange, drawn 
 within the limits of this State, upon any person or persons living 
 beyond the limits of this State, shall, after having fixed the liability 
 of the drawer or indorser of any such draft or bill of exchange, as pro- 
 vided for in the act of March 20, 1848, be entitled to recover and 
 receive 10 per cent on the amount of such draft or bill, as damages, 
 together with interest and cost of suit thereon accruing. Provided, 
 that the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to embrace 
 drafts drawn by persons other than merchants upon their agents or 
 factors. 
 
 IV. Sight Bills. — Hj usage, grace is not generally allowed on bills, 
 drafts, etc., payable at sight, but the rule is not invariable in this 
 State. 
 
 Bills of Exchange. — The general rule is that the holder of any bill 
 of exchange may fix the liability of the drawer (where bill has been ac- 
 cepted) or any endorser, without protest or notice, by instituting suit 
 against the acceptor before the first term of the district court to which 
 suit can be brought, (or, if the amount do not exceed $100, exclusive 
 of interest, by instituting suit before Justice of the Peace, within sixty 
 days,) after the right of action accrues ; or by instituting suit before 
 the second term of said court, and showing good cause why the suit 
 was not instituted before the first term. 
 
 The drawer of any bill of exchange which shall not be accepted 
 when presented for acceptance shall be immediately liable for the pay- 
 ment thereof. 
 
144 Usury Laws of the States. 145 
 
 XXX. Wisconsin. 
 
 I. Interest. — All bonds, bills, notes, assurances, conveyances, and al! 
 other contracts or securities whatever, Whereby there is reserved cr 
 secured a rate of interest exceeding twelve per cent., shall be valid 
 and effectual to secure the payment of the principal sum loaned, but 
 no interest shall be recovered on such securities, or other thing loaned 
 by such contract. Act, March, 1856. 
 
 II. Penalty for Violation of the Usury Laws. — Whenever any per- 
 son shall apply to any court in this State to be relieved in case of a 
 usurious contract or security, or when any person shall set up the plea 
 of usury in any action or suit instituted against him, such person, to 
 be entitled to such relief or the benefit of such plea, shall prove a 
 tender of the principal sura of money or thing loaned, to the party 
 entitled to receive the same. Act, March 29, 1856. 
 
 III. Damages on Bills of Exchange. — The damages on bills of ex- 
 change, drawn or endorsed in Wisconsin, payable in either of the 
 States adjoining that State, and protested for non-acceptance or non- 
 payment, are 5 per cent. 
 
 If drawn upon a person, or body politic or corporate, within either 
 of the United States, and not adjoining to that State, the damages 
 are ......... 10 per cent. 
 
 IV. Foreign Bills. — The damages on bills of exchange, drawn or 
 endorsed in Wisconsin, payable beyond the limits of the United States, 
 and protested for non-acceptance or non-payment, are (R. S., 1849, p. 
 263) . . . . . . . ... 5 per cent. 
 
 Together with the current rate of exchange at the time of demand. 
 
 V. Sight Bills.— On all bills of exchange payable at sight, or at a 
 future day certain, grace shall be allowed, (R. S. 1849, p. 203,) but 
 not on bills of exchange or notes payable on demand. 
 
 Decisions and Statute. 
 
 J-'rotnissort/ Notes. — Wliei'e in an action brouglit upon a promissory note, exe- 
 cuted by the defendant as trustee of a compnnj-, whereby he promised to pay, 
 and also upon another note which he subscribed with his own proper name, 
 but adding his representative name of trustee, a general demurrer to tlie de- 
 tlaration will not be sustained. Rupert vs. Madden, 1 Chandler's Supreme 
 Court Reports, 1850, p. 146. 
 
 The addition in the body of the notes, as appended to the name of tlie maker 
 subscribed thereto, is a mere descriptio personce of tlie party making the note, 
 and cannot be so oonstrned as to exempt him from personal liabilitj-. The de- 
 Ecription which he gives of liimself, either in tlie note or in subscribing the 
 fame, is to be regarded as merelj' dcsori[itive of his person ; but cannot be con- 
 Etrued as relieving him from personal liability. Ibid. 
 
 Partnership. — Where a partnership exists between two persons, one of whom 
 is a dormant partner, and the creditors of tlie firm have obtained judgments 
 against tlie ostensible partner, founded upon debts created upon the partner- 
 ship accounts, upon wliicli executions have been issued nulla bond, a bill in 
 equity, against both partners, will be sustained upon the allegation that the 
 dormant partner had, by fraudulent connivance of the ostensible one, obtained 
 the possession, and laid claim to all tlie partnership assets, in fraud of the cre- 
 ditors: the relief which equity will give is to subject the whole assets to the 
 payment of such debts. Ibid., Vol. II. p. 222. 
 
ESSAY ON PAPER -MONEY AND BANKS. 
 
 BY J. E. McCLTLLOCH. 
 
 PART FIEST. — PAPER-MONEY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 UTILITY OF PAPEE-MONET. 
 
 We endeavored to explain, in the fifth chapter of the Essay on Money, 
 the reasons why paper has been used as a substitute for coins in the 
 ordinary transactions of society, and the piinciples on which its value is 
 maintained. It is consequently unnecessary to enter at length, on this occa- 
 sion, on either of these subjects ; but, to facilitate the understanding of 
 ■what is to follow, we may shortly observe, that the employment of paper 
 as a medium of exchange is an obvious means resorted to by society foi 
 saving expense and facilitating payments. 
 
 An individual or an association, in whose wealth and discretion the public 
 have confidence, issues promissory notes, binding himself or themselves to pay 
 certain sums on demand, or at some specified period after the date of the 
 notes. And it is obvious, that so long as these notes are punctually paid 
 when due, and are not issued in excess, their circulation, besides being a 
 source of profit to the issuers, is a great public accommodation. The weight 
 of 1000 sovereigns exceeds twenty-one pounds troy, so that to pay or re- 
 ceive a large sum in metal, would be exceedingly inconvenient ; while there 
 would be a great risk from loss, as well as a heavy expense incurred in 
 the conveyance of specie from place to place. But with paper this may be 
 effected with extreme facility, and payments of the largest sums, and at the 
 greatest distances, may be made with almost no inconvenience or expense. 
 And while the interest of individuals is thus consulted by the introduction 
 and use of paper, it is of the greatest service to the public. Its employ- 
 
146 Paper- Money. 
 
 ment, and the various devices for the economizing of currency to which it 
 has led, enable the business of a commercial country like England to be 
 carried on with a tenth part, perhaps, of the gold and silver currency that 
 would otherwise be necessary. The cheapest instruments by which ex- 
 changes can be effected are substituted in the place of the dearest ; and, be- 
 sides doing their work better, this substitution enables the society to employ 
 the various sums they must otherwise have employed as money, as capital 
 in industrious undertakings, by which the public wealth and comforts are 
 largely augmented. Of the various means, whether by the introduction of 
 machinery or otherwise, that have been devised for promoting the progress 
 of wealth and civilization, it would not be easy to point out one better 
 calculated to attain its end than the introduction of a properly organized 
 paper-money. 
 
 Definition of Paper-Money. 
 
 But paper-money, like many other highly useful inventions, is liable to 
 great abuse, and, if not issued on sound principles, may become the cause 
 of much mischief. By paper-money, we mean notes issued by individuals 
 or associations for certain sums, and made payable on demand, or when 
 presented. This description of paper is known in this country by the name 
 of bank-paper, or bank-notes, from its being issued only by bankers. Bills 
 of exchange, or bills issued by bankers, merchants, or other individuals, 
 and payable some time after date, perform, also, in some respects, the func- 
 tions of money ; and being transferred from individuals, make payments 
 much in the same way as if they consisted of bank-notes for the same 
 amount. 
 
 LHstinction between Paper-Money, or Bank-Notes, and Bills of Exchange. 
 
 But though there are many points in which a bill of exchange and a 
 bank-note closely resemble each other, there are others in which there is a 
 distinct and material difference between them. A note bears to be payable 
 on demand ; it is not indorsed by a holder on his paying it away ; the 
 party receiving has no claim on the party from whom he received it, in the 
 event of the failure of the issuers. Practically speaking, this is the 
 fact ; but a person paying away a bank-note is liable to be called upon for 
 repayment, should the bank fail before it was in the power of the party to 
 whom it was paid, using ordinaxy diligence, to present it. The responsi- 
 bility seldom exceeds a couple of hours, and can hardly in any case exceed 
 a couple of days. In practice, it is never adverted to. And evei-y one is 
 thus encouraged, reckoning on the facility of passing it to another, to ac- 
 cept bank-paper, " eve7i though he should doubt the ultimate solvency of the 
 issuers." (Thornton on Paper Credit, p. 172.) Bills, on the contrary, are 
 almost all drawn payable at some distant period ; and those into whose hands 
 they come, if they be not in want of money, prefer retaining them in their 
 possession in order to get the interest that accrues upon them. But the prin- 
 cipal distinction between notes and bills is, that every individual, in passing 
 a bill to another, has to indorse it, and by doing so makes himself responsible 
 
Utility of Paper-Money. 1 47 
 
 for its payment. " A bill circulates," says Mr. Thornton, " in consequence 
 chiefly of the confidence placed by each receiver of it in the last indorser, 
 his own correspondent in trade ; whereas the circulation of a bank-note is 
 owing rather to the circumstance of the name of the issuer being so well 
 known as to give it an univeisal credit." {Ibid., p. 40.) Nothing, then, 
 can be more inaccurate than to represent bills and notes in the same point 
 of view. If A pay to B £100 in satisfaction of a debt, there is an end of 
 the transaction ; but if A pay to B a bill of exchange for £100, the trans- 
 action is not completed ; and in the event of the bill not being paid by the 
 person on whom it is drawn, B will have recourse upon A for its value. It 
 is clear, therefore, that a great deal more consideration is always required, 
 and may be fairly presumed to be given, before any one accepts a bill of 
 exchange in payment, than before he accepts a bank-note. The note is 
 payable on the instant, without deduction, — the bill, not until some future 
 period ; the note may be passed to another without incurring any risk or 
 responsibility, whereas every fresh issuer of the bill makes himself respon- 
 sible for its value. Notes form the currency of all classes, not only of those 
 who are, but also of those who are not, engaged in business, as women, 
 children, laborers, etc., who in most instances are without the power to re- 
 fuse them, and without the means of forming any correct conclusion as to 
 the solvency of the issuers. Bills, on the other hand, pass only, with very 
 few exceptions, among persons engaged in business, who are fully aware of 
 the risk they run in taking them. There is plainly, therefore, a wide and 
 obvious distinction between the two species of currency ; and it cannot be 
 fairly argued, that, because government interferes to regulate the issue of 
 the one, it should also regulate the issue of the other. 
 
 When, therefore, we speak of notes, or paper-money, we mean notes 
 issued by banks, and payable on demand. And unless when the contrary 
 is mentioned, it is to these only that the subjoined statements apply. 
 
 Regulations with respect to the Issue of JVotes. 
 
 To obviate the endless inconveniences that would arise from the circula- 
 tion of coins of every weight and degree of purity, were there no restric- 
 tions on their issue, all governments have forbidden the circulation of coins 
 not of a certain specified or standard weight and fineness. And the recur- 
 rence of similar inconveniences from the issue of notes for varying sums, 
 and payable under varying conditions, have led, in all countries in which 
 paper-money is made use of, to the enacting of regulations forbidding the 
 issue of notes below a certain amount, and laying down rules for their pay- 
 ment. In England, at this moment, no note payable to bearer on demand 
 can be issued for less than five pounds, and the/ must all be paid the mo- 
 ment they are presented. In Scotland and Ireland, the minimum value of 
 bank-notes is fixed at one pound, the regulations as to payment being the 
 same as in England. In order to preserve the monopoly of the London 
 circulation to the Bank of England, no notes payable to bearer on demand 
 are allowed to be issued by individuals or associations, other than the Bank 
 of England, within sixty-five miles of St. Paul's. But beyond these limits 
 every one who complies with the above regulations, as to the minimum 
 
148 Paper- Money. 
 
 amount of notes, and who promises to pay them on demand, may, on pay- 
 ing the stamp-duty, and making returns of the issues to the stamp-office, 
 circulate any amount of notes they can succeed in getting the public to 
 take off. 
 
 Regulations as to the Issae of Notes Defective. 
 
 We think it might be safely inferred, even if we wanted experience of 
 the actual working of a currency so issued, that a system like this must un- 
 avoidably lead to the greatest abuse. The public is very apt to be deceived, 
 in the first instance, in giving confidence to or taking the paper of an in- 
 dividual or an association ; and though that were not the case, the condi- 
 tion of the individual or company may subsequently change from bad or 
 expensive management, improvident speculation, unavoidable losses, and 
 fifty other things of which the public can know nothing, or nothing certain. 
 The fact that any particular banker who issues paper enjoys the public 
 confidence, is, at best, a presumption merely, and no proof that he really 
 deserves it. The public believes him to be rich and discreet ; but this is 
 mere hypothesis ; the circumstances which excite confidence at the outset, 
 and which preserve it, are often very deceptive ; and in the vast majority 
 of instances the public has no certain knowledge, nor the means of ob- 
 taining any, as to the real state of the case. But it is unnecessary to argue 
 this point speculatively. There have, unfortunately, been innumerable in- 
 stances in which it has turned out that bankers who had long been in the 
 highest credit, and whose notes had been unhesitatingly accepted by the 
 public, have been found to be, on the occurrence of anything to excite sus- 
 picion, quite unable to meet their engagements. 
 
 The confining of tlie Issue of Notes to Joint-Stock Associations would not give them 
 additional Security or Value. 
 
 It has been supposed that the objections to the issue of notes on our 
 present system, because of the risk of non-payment, might be obviated were 
 they issued only by associations or joint-stock companies. But it is not easy 
 to see on what principle leave should be granted to fifty or sixty individuals 
 to do that which is to be denied to five or six. And though this difficulty were 
 got over, the measure would not have the effect supposed. A single indi- 
 vidual may possess more wealth than a number of individuals associated 
 together ; and the chances are, that if he engage in banking, or any other 
 business, that it will be better managed than by a company. Under our 
 present system — and in fact it is impossible to prevent it under any sys- 
 tem — the partners in joint stocks, as in other banks, may be men of straw, 
 or persons without property, and unable to fulfil their engagements. It is 
 of the essence of a secure and well-established paper currency, that the 
 notes of which it consists should be of the exact value of the gold or silver 
 they profess to represent, and that, consequently, they should be paid the 
 moment they are presented. But it is not enough to order that this condi- 
 tion shall be uniformly complied with. Such order is obeyed only by the 
 opulent, prudent, and conscientious banker, and forms little or no check on 
 
Utility of Paper-money. 149 
 
 the proceedings of those of a contrary character. It is the latter class, 
 however, that it is especially necessary to look after ; and it is needless to 
 say that any system that permits notes to be issued without let or hin- 
 drance by speculative, ignorant, or unprincipled adventurers, must be es- 
 sentially vicious. 
 
 IVie Ts.su3 of Notes affords ^eal temptatior. to, and fadtitiei for, the commission of Fraud. 
 
 The issue of notes is, of all businesses, that which seems to hold out the 
 greatest prospect of success to the schemes of those who attempt to get 
 rich by preying on the public. The cost of engraving and issuing notes is 
 but an inconsiderable item compared with the sums for which they are 
 issued ; and provided they be got into anything like extensive circulation, 
 they become at once considerably productive. They are not issued, except, 
 as explained in the Essay on Money, Chapter V., on the deposit of bills or 
 other securities, yielding a considerable rate of interest ; so that if an in- 
 dividual or set of individuals, with little or no capital, contrive, by fair 
 appearances, promises, and similar devices, to insinuate himself or them- 
 selves, into the public confidence, and can maintain £20,000, £50,000, or 
 £100,000 in circulation, he or they secure a good income in the mean time ; 
 and when the bubble bursts, and the imposture is detected, they are no 
 worse off than when they set up their bank. On the contrary, the pre- 
 sumption is, that they are a great deal better off ; and that they have taken 
 care to provide, at the cost of the credulous and deceived public, a reserve 
 stock for their future maintenance ; hence, seeing the facilities for commit- 
 ting fraud are so very great, the propriety or rather necessity of providing 
 against them. 
 
 Bank-Paper substantially Legal Tender. 
 
 It has sometimes been contended, in vindication of our present system, 
 that bank-notes are essentially private paper ; that the accepting of them 
 in payment is optional ; and that, as they may be rejected by every one 
 who either suspects or dislikes them, there is no room or ground for inter- 
 fering with their issue ! But every body knows that, whatever notes may 
 be in law, they are in most parts of the country practically, and in fact, 
 legal tender. The bulk of the people are totally without power to refuse 
 them. The currency of many extensive districts consists in great part of 
 country notes, and such small farmers or tradesmen as should decline taking 
 them would be exposed to the greatest inconveniences. Every one makes 
 use of, or is a dealer in, money. It is not employed by men of business 
 only, but by persons living on fixed incomes, women, laborers,^minors, and 
 in short, by every class of individuals, very many of whom are necessari- 
 ly, from their situation in life, quite unable to foi'm any estimate of the 
 solidity of the different banks whose paper is in circulation. Such parties 
 are uniformly severe sufferers by the failure of banks. The paper that 
 comes into their hands is a part of the currency or money of the country, 
 and it is quite as much a part of the duty of government to take measures 
 
150 Patper-Money. 
 
 that this paper shall be truly and substantially what it professes to t 
 as that it should take measures to prevent the issue of spurious coins, or 
 the use of false or deficient weights and measures. 
 
 Security ought to he taken from the Issuers of Notes. 
 
 Now, it will be found, should the circulation of provincial notes be 
 allowed to continue, that there is but one means of making sure of the sol- 
 vency of the issuers, and of providing for their being paid when presented ; 
 and that is, by compelling all issuers of such notes to give security for their 
 payment. This, and this only, will hinder the circulation of spurious paper, 
 and afford a sufficient guarantee that the notes the public are obliged to 
 take are, really and in fact, what they profess to be. The measure, too, is 
 one that might be easily enforced. To carry it into effect, it would merely 
 be necessary to order that all individuals or companies, on applying for 
 stamps, should be obliged, previously to their obtaining them, to lodge in 
 the hands of the commissioners an assignment to government, stock, mort- 
 gages, landed or other fixed property, equivalent to the amount of the 
 stamps issued to them, to be held in security for their payment. 
 
 It has been objected to this plan, that it would be injurious, by locking 
 up a portion of the capital of the banks ; but this is plainly an error. Its 
 only effect in this respect would be to force such banks as issued notes to 
 provide a supplemental capital as a security over and above the capital re- 
 quired for conducting their business. But this supplemental capital would 
 not be unproductive. If it consisted of lands, the owners would receive 
 the rents ; and if it consisted of government securities, they would receive 
 the dividends or interest due upon them, precisely in the same way that 
 they are received by other persons ; while the fact being known that they 
 possessed this supplemental capital, or that they had lodged security for 
 the payment of their notes, would, by giving the public perfect confidence 
 in their stability, enable them to conduct their business with a less supply 
 of floating or immediately available capital than would otherwise be nec- 
 essary. 
 
 It is absurd to object to this plan on the ground of its interfering with 
 the private pursuits of individuals. It is the duty of government to inter- 
 fere to regulate every business or pursuit that might otherwise become pub- 
 licly injurious. On this principle, it interferes to prevent the circulation 
 of spurious coins, and of notes under a certain sum, and not payable on 
 demand ; and on the same principle it is called on to interfere to prevent 
 the act ordering the payment of notes becoming again, as it has very fre- 
 quently done already, a dead letter, by making sure that it shall be com- 
 plied with. The interference that would take place under the proposed 
 measure is not only highly expedient, but would be of the least vexatious 
 kind imaginable. All that is required of the persons applying for stamps 
 for notes is, that they should deposit in the hands of the commissioners a 
 certain amount of exchequer bills, or other available securities, according 
 to their demand for stamps. They are not asked to state how they mean to 
 dispose of these stamps, — to whom or in what way they are to be issued. 
 They are merely required to give a pledge that they shall be paid, or that 
 
Utility of Paper-Money. 151 
 
 they shall not be employed as so many others have been, to deceive oi de- 
 fraud the public. It is little else than an abuse of language to call this an 
 interference with private affairs. 
 
 The taking of security in the way now suggested, from the issuers of notes, 
 would effectually provide for their payment when presented. Adventurers 
 without capital, and sharpers anxious to get themselves indebted to the 
 public, would find that banking was no longer a field on which they could 
 advantageously enter. Notes would be made, in fact as well as in law, 
 equivalent to the specie they profess to represent ; and the paper currency 
 would acquire a solidity of which it is at present wholly destitute. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 The exacting of Secnrittj from the Issuers of Paper loould not obviate Fluctuations in 
 its Amount and Value, and would not, therefore, place the Currency on a proper Footing. 
 
 But though the plan of taking security would completely obviate the 
 risk of loss from the circulation of worthless paper, or of paper issued by 
 parties without the means, and probably also the inclination, to pay it on 
 presentation, it would not touch another abuse inherent to the present sys- 
 tem, that is, it would leave the currency exposed, as at present, to all those 
 constantly recurring fluctuations in its amount — those alternations of glut 
 and deficiency — by which it has been affected since provincial banks be- 
 came considerably multiplied, and which are in the last degree injurious. 
 A paper currency is not in a sound or wholesome state, unless, ls<, means 
 be taken to insure that each particular note or parcel of such currency be 
 paid immediately on demand ; and unless, 2d, the whole currency vary in 
 amount and value exactly as a metallic currency would do were the paper 
 currency withdrawn and coins substituted in its stead. The last condition 
 is quite as indispensable to the existence of a well-established currency as 
 the former ; and it is one that cannot be realized otherwise than by con- 
 fining the issue of paper to a single source 
 
 All local Issues of Paper-Money should be suppressed. 
 
 It is supposed by many, that there can be no greater fluctuations in a 
 paper than in a metallic currency, provided the paper rest on an undoubted 
 basis, and be regularly paid the moment it is presented. But this is 
 an error. Wherever there are numerous issuers, there may be, and the 
 chances are fifty to one there will be, perpetually recurring fluctuations in 
 the amount and value of the currency. An over issue of convertible pa- 
 per is not, of course, indicated by any difference between the value of such 
 paper and gold at home, but it is indicated by a fall of the exchange, and 
 
152 Paper-Money. 
 
 by an efflux of bullion to other countries. If paper were only issued by 
 the Bank of England, or some one source in London, and then only in ex- 
 change for bullion, the currency would be in its most perfect state, and 
 would fluctuate exactly as it would do were it wholly metallic. But at 
 present it is quite otherwise. The currency is supplied by hundreds of 
 individuals and associations, all actuated by different, and frequently con- 
 flicting views and interests. 
 
 Issues of Country Bankers not dependent upon the Excliange, 
 
 The issues of the Bank of England, though not always, are generally 
 governed by the state of the exchange, or rather by the influx and efflux 
 of bullion ; increasing when it flows into, and decreasing when it flows out 
 of, the country. But it is quite otherwise with the provincial bankers. 
 Their issues are not regulated by any such standard, but by the state of 
 credit and prices in the districts in which they happen to be situated. If 
 their managers suppose that these are good or improving, they rarely hes- 
 itate about making additional issues. Hence, when the state of the ex- 
 change, and the demand on the Bank of England for bullion, show that the 
 currency is redundant, and ought to be contracted, the efforts of the bank 
 to effect its diminution are often impeded, and met by a contrary action on 
 the part of the country banks. This is not owing to the ignorance of the 
 latter. Under the supposed circumstances, the country bankers see, speaking 
 generally, that they ought also to contract ; but being a very numerous 
 body, comprising several hundred establishments, scattered over all parts 
 of the country, each is impressed with the well-founded conviction, that 
 all that he could do in the way of contraction would be next to imper- 
 ceptible ; and no one ever thinks of attempting it, so long as he feels satis- 
 fied of the stability of those with whom he deals. On the contrary, every 
 banker knows, were he to withdraw a portion of his notes, that some of his 
 competitors would most likely embrace the opportunity of filling up the 
 vacuum so created ; and that, consequently, he should lose a portion of his 
 business, without in any degree lessening the amount of paper afloat. 
 Hence, in nineteen out of twenty instances, the country banks go on in- 
 creasing tlieir aggregate issues long after the exchange has been notorious- 
 ly against the country, and the Bank of England has been striving to 
 pull up. 
 
 Efforts of the Bank of England to stop the Efflux of Bullion, in 1836, counteracted hy 
 
 the Country Banks. 
 
 The circumstances now stated were strikingly exemplified in the course 
 of 1836 and the early part of 1837. The excessive multiplication of joint- 
 stock banks in 1836, the great additions they made to the number of notes 
 afloat, and the still greater additions they made to the number of bills, 
 checks, and other substitutes for money, occasioned a redundancj' of the 
 currency, a fall of the exchange, and a drain upon the Bank of England 
 for gold. But while the latter was narrowing her issues by supplying the 
 
Ulility of. Paper-Money. 153 
 
 exporters of bullion with gold in exchange for notes, the country banks 
 ■went on increasing their issues. "What the former did by contracting on 
 the one hand, the latter more than undid by letting out on the other. The 
 vacuum created by the withdrawal of Bank of England paper was imme- 
 diately filled up, and made to overflow, by the issue of a more than equal 
 amount of provincial paper ; so that had it not been for the rise in the rate 
 of interest, and the other repressive measures adopted by the Bank, the 
 probability is that she might have gone on paying away buUion for notes 
 till she was drained of her last sixpence without in any degree affecting 
 the exchange. But this is not all. Not only do the country banks almost 
 universally increase their issues when they ought to be diminished, but the 
 moment they are compelled to set about their reduction, they run headlong 
 into the opposite extreme, and unreasonable suspicion takes the place of 
 blind, unthinking confidence. The cry of sauve qui pent then becomes all 
 but universal. It is seldom that a recoil takes place without destroying 
 more or fewer of the provincial banks ; and provided the others succeed in 
 securing themselves, little attention is usually paid to the interests of those 
 they have taught to look to them for help. It may be worth while, in order 
 to exhibit the truth of what has now been stated, shortly to advert to the 
 destruction of country-bank paper in 1792-93, 1814, 1815, and 1816, 
 1825-26, and more recently in 1836-37. 
 
 Destruction of Country Banks and Paper in 1792-93. 
 
 1. Previously to 1759, the Bank of England did not issue any notes for 
 less than £20 ; but having then commenced the issue of £10 notes, her paper 
 was gradually introduced into a wider circle, and the public became more 
 habituated to Its employment in their ordinary transactions. The distress and 
 embarrassment that grew out of the American war proved exceedingly 
 unfavorable to the formation of country banks, or of any establishments 
 requiring unusual credit and confidence. No sooner, however, had peace 
 been concluded, than everything assumed a new face. The agriculture, 
 commerce, and still more, the manufactures of the country, into which Watt 
 and Arkwright's inventions had been lately introduced, immediately began 
 to advance with a rapidity unknown at any former period. In consequence, 
 that confidence which had either been destroyed or very much weakened 
 by the disastrous events of the war was fully reestablished. The ex- 
 tended transactions of the country required fresh facilities for carrying 
 them on ; and a bank was erected in every market-town, and almost in 
 every village. The prudence, capital, and connections of those who set up 
 these establishments were but little attended to. The great object of a large 
 class of traders was to obtain discounts ; and the bankers of an inferior 
 description were equally anxious to accommodate them. All sorts of paper 
 were thus forced into circulation, and enjoyed nearly the same degree of 
 esteem. The bankers, and those with whom they dealt, had the fullest 
 confidence in each other. No one seemed to suspect that there was any- 
 thing hollow or unsound in the system. Credit of every kind was strained 
 to the utmost ; and the available funds at the disposal of the bankers were 
 reduced far below the level which the magnitude of their transactions re- 
 quired to render them secure. 
 
154 ^Paper-Money. 
 
 The catastrophe which followed was such as might easily have been fore« 
 seen. The currency having become redundant, the exchanges took an unfa" 
 vorable turn in the early part of 1792 ; a diiBculty of obtaining pecuniary 
 accommodation in London was not long after experienced ; and notwithstand- 
 ing the efibrts of the Bank of England to mitigate the pressure, a violent re- 
 vulsion took place in the latter part of 1792 and the beginning of 1793. The 
 failure of one or two great houses excited a panic which proved fatal to 
 many more. When this revulsion began, there were about three hundred 
 and fifty country banks in England and Wales of which about a hundred 
 were compelled to stop payments, and upwards of fifty were totally de- 
 strojed, producing by their fall an extent of misery and bankruptcy till 
 then unknown in England. 
 
 " In the general distress and dismay, every one looked upon his neighbor 
 with caution, if not with suspicion. It was impossible to raise money upon 
 the security of machinery, or shares of canals ; for the value of such prop- 
 erty seemed to be annihilated in the gloomy apprehension of the sinking 
 state of the country, its commerce and manufactures ; and those who had 
 any money, not knowing where they could place it with safety, kept it un- 
 employed and locked up in their coffers. Amid the general calamity, the 
 country banks, which had multiplied greatly beyond the demand of the 
 country for circulating paper currency, and whose eagerness to push their 
 notes into circulation had laid the foundation of their own misfortunes, 
 were among the greatest sufferers, and, consequently, among the greatest 
 spreaders of ruin and distress among those connected with them ; and they 
 were also the chief cause of the drain of cash from the Bank of England, 
 exceeding any demand of the kind for about ten years back. Of these banks 
 above a hundred failed, whereof there were twelve in Yorkshire, seven in 
 Northumberland, seven in Lincolnshire, six in Sussex, five in Lancashire, 
 four in Northamptonshire, four in Somersetshire, etc." {Macpherson's An- 
 nals of Commerce, vol. iv. p. 266.) 
 
 Attempts have sometimes been made to show that this crisis was not oc- 
 casioned by an excess of paper-money having been forced into circulation, 
 but by the agitation caused by the war then on the eve of breaking out. 
 But there do not seem to be any good grounds for this opinion. The un- 
 erring symptoms of an overflow of paper, a fall of the exchange, and an 
 efflux of bullion, took place early in 1792, or about twelve months before 
 the breaking out of hostilities. Mr. Chalmers states, that none of the 
 great houses that failed during this crisis had sustained any damage from 
 the war. The efforts of the country bankers to force their paper into cir- 
 culation occasioned the redundancy of the currency, and it was on them, 
 and on the country dealers and farmers dependent on them, that the storm 
 principally fell. (^Comparative Estimate, p. 226, ed. 1812.) It is of im- 
 portance to remark, that the Bank of England had no notes for less than 
 £10 and the country banks for less than £5 in circulation, when the crisis 
 of 1792-93 took place. 
 
 2. During the period from 1800 to 1813, the number of country banks 
 had increased from about 400 to 922 ; and in consequence partly of this 
 rapid increase, and partly of the suspension of cash payments at the Bank 
 of England, in 1797, and the issue of one-pound notes by that establish- 
 lishmeut and the country banks, the amount of paper afloat was vastly in- 
 
ililj/ of Paper-Money. 155 
 
 creased, particularly after 1808, when it sunk to a heavy discount as com- 
 pared with bullion. Mr. Wakefield, whose extensive employment in the 
 management of estates in all pai'ts of the country gave him the most fa- 
 vorable opportunities for acquiring correct information, stated to the agri- 
 cultural committee of 1821, that " down to the year 1813, there were banks 
 in almost all parts of England, forcing their paper into circulation at an 
 enormous expense to themselves, and in most instances to their own ruin. 
 There were bankers who gave commission, and who sent persons to the 
 markets to take up the notes of other banks ; these people were called 
 money-changers, and commission was paid them." {Report, p. 213.) And 
 among the various answers to the queries sent by the Board of Agricul- 
 ture, in 1816, to the most intelligent persons in different parts of the coun- 
 try, there is hardly one in which the excessive issue of country-bank paper 
 is not particularly specified as one of the main causes of the unprecedented 
 rise of rents and prices previously to 1814. 
 
 Destruction of Country Banks and Paper in 1814, 1815, and 1816. 
 
 Influenced partly by this extraordinary increase of paper, and partly by 
 deficient harvests and the exclusion of foreign supplies, the price of corn 
 rose to an exorbitant height during the five years ending with 1813. But, 
 owing partly to the luxuriant crop of that year, and partly and chiefly, 
 perhaps, to the opening of the Dutch ports, and the renewed intercourse 
 with the Continent, prices sustained a very heavy fall in the latter part of 
 1813 and the beginning of 1814. And this fall, having produced a want 
 of confidence and an alarm among the country bankers and their customers, ' 
 occasioned such a destruction of country-bank paper as has not been paralleled 
 except by the revulsion of 1825-26. In 1814, 1815, and 1816, no fewer than 
 240 country banks stopped payment, and eighty-nine commissions of bank- 
 ruptcy were issued against these establishments, being at the rate of one 
 commission against every ten and a half of the total number of banks 
 licensed in 1813 1 This destruction of bank paper is said to have produced 
 an extent of wretchedness and misery never equalled in any European 
 country by any similar catastrophe, except, perhaps, by the breaking up 
 of the Mississippi scheme in France. 
 
 Destruction of Country Banks and Paper in 1825-26. 
 
 3. The destruction of country paper during the period now referred to, 
 by reducing the amount of the currency, raised its value in 1816 nearly to 
 a par with the value of bullion, and enabled measures to be taken for re- 
 verting to cash payments at the Bank of England, which was effected by 
 the act 59 Geo. III. cap. 78. But notwithstanding the ample experience 
 that had been supplied by the occurrences of 1792-93 and 1814-16, of the 
 mischievous consequences of the issue of paper by the country banks, and 
 of their want of solidity, nothing whatever was done, when provision was 
 made for returning to specie payments, to restrain their issues, or to place 
 them on a better footing. The consequences of such improvidence were not 
 
156 Paper-Money. 
 
 long in manifesting themselves. The prices of com and other agricultural 
 products, which had been greatly depressed in consequence of abundant har- 
 vests, in 1820, 1821, and 1822, rallied in 1823 ; and th'e country bankers, 
 true to their invariable practice on similar occasions, immediately began to 
 enlarge their issues. It is unnecessary to inquii* into the circumstances which 
 conspired along with the rise of prices, to promote the extraordinary rage 
 for speculation exhibited in 1824 and 1825. It is sujBScient to observe, that, 
 in consequence of their operation, confidence was very soon carried to the 
 greatest height. It did not seem to be supposed that any scheme could be 
 hazardous, much less wild or extravagant. The infatuation was such, that 
 even the most considerate persons did not scruple to embark in the most 
 visionary and absurd projects ; while the extreme facility with which dis- 
 counts were procured upon bills at very long dates, afforded the means of 
 carrying on every sort of undertaking. The most worthless paper was 
 readily negotiated. Many of the country bankers seemed, indeed, to have 
 no object other than to get themselves indebted to the public. And such 
 was the vigor and success of their efforts to force their paper into circula- 
 tion, that the amount of it afloat in 1825 is estimated to have been nearly 
 fifty per cent, greater than in 1823. 
 
 The consequences of this extravagant and unprincipled conduct are well 
 known. The currency having become redundant, the exchange began to 
 decline in the summer of 1824. But the directors of the Bank of England 
 having entered, in the early part of that year, into an engagement with the 
 government to pay off such holders of four per cent, stock as might dissent 
 from its conversion into a three and a half pei* cent, stock, were obliged to 
 advance a considerable sum on this account after the depression of the ex- 
 change. This tended to counteract the effect of the drain on the Bank 
 for gold, and in consequence, the London currency was not very materially 
 diminished till September, 1825. This reduction was accompanied by a 
 repetition of the events of 1793, but on a larger and more magnificent 
 scale, and with more destructive consequences. The country banks began to 
 give way the moment they experienced a considerably increased difficulty of 
 obtaining accommodation in London, and all confidence and credit were im- 
 mediately at an end. Suspicion having awakened from her trance, there 
 were no limits to the run. Paper was not carried to the banks to obtain 
 gold, in the view of exporting it as a mercantile adventure to the Conti- 
 nent, but for the purpose of escaping the loss which it became obvious a 
 large portion of the holders of country notes would have to sustain. The 
 destruction of country paper was so sudden and extensive, that in less than 
 six weeks above seventy banking establishments were swept off, and a 
 vacuum was created in the currency which absorbed from eight to ten 
 millions of additional issues by the Bank of England ; at the same time 
 that myriads of those private bills that had previously swelled the amount 
 of the currency, and added to the machinery of speculation, were wholly 
 destroyed. 
 
 Bfeasures for estahlishing Joint-Stock Banks in 1826. Inadequacy of these Measures. 
 
 4. Notwithstanding nations are proverbially slow and reluctant learners, 
 the events of 1825-26, taken in connection with those of the same sort 
 
Vtility of Paper-Money. 157 
 
 that had previously occurred, produced a conviction of the necessity of 
 taking some steps to improve tlie system of country banking in England. 
 But we regret to have to add, that the measures adopted in this view were 
 very far indeed from being effectnal to their object. In 1708, a law had been 
 passed limiting the number of partners in banking establishments to six. 
 This law was now repealed ; and it was enacted that banks with any num- 
 ber of partners might be established for the issue of notes anywhere be- 
 yond sixty-five miles from London ; and that banks not issuing notes might 
 be established in London itself with any number of partners. The circu- 
 lation of notes for less than five pounds in England and Wales was at the 
 same time forbidden. 
 
 Much benefit was expected, but without any sufficient reason, to arise 
 from these measures. So long as every one is allowed to issue notes with- 
 out check or control, a thousand devices may be fallen upon to insure the 
 circulation of those that are most worthless. Besides, there is no founda- 
 tion whatever for the supposition, that the mere fact of a bank consisting 
 of fifty or a hundred, instead of five or ten partners, renders it more worthy 
 of confidence, or is any security that it will be better managed. The prob- 
 ability seems, in fact, to be rather the other way. A few wealthy individu- 
 als engaged in banking, or any other sort of business, must, if they would 
 protect themselves from ruin, pay unremitting attention to their concerns, 
 and act in a discreet and cautious manner. But the partners and managers 
 of a great joint-stock company act under no such direct and pressing re- 
 sponsibility. The former, indeed, seldom take the trouble to inquire care- 
 fully into the business of the company ; and the responsibility of their 
 managers is of a very different kind from that of an opulent individual 
 whose fortune is answerable for every error and false step he may commit. 
 The recent history of the Northern and Central Joint-Stock Bank, and of 
 various other associations, sufficiently establishes the truth of what has 
 now been stated. The fact that there is a number of partners in a joint- 
 stock bank, and the consequent notion, that though its affairs were to get 
 into disorder, some of them would be able to make good the claims upon 
 it, tends to procure a circulation for the notes of these establishments to 
 which they may be very little entitled. They in truth afford very great 
 facilities for the perpetrating of fraud both upon the partners and the pub- 
 lic. And even when best managed, and resting on an impregnable foundar 
 tion, they may and do issue in excess ; and thus produce those fluctuations 
 in the amount and value of the currency that are everywhere most disas- 
 trous, but especially in a commercial country. 
 
 The pi-ohibition of the issue of one-pound notes has gone far to shut up 
 one of the most convenient channels by which the inferior class of country 
 bankers formerly contrived to get their notes into circulation ; but there are 
 many other channels still open to themp and of these they have not failed 
 to avail themselves. We have already seen that there were no notes for 
 less than five pounds in circulation in 1792-93, and yet fully a third part of 
 tlie country banks then in existence stopped payments. This is enough to 
 show how little security can be expected from this limitation. 
 
158 Paper-Money. 
 
 Progress of the Joint-Stock St/stem. 
 
 Those who supposed that joint-stock banks would be immediately set on 
 foot in all parts of England, were a good deal disappointed with the slow- 
 ness with which they spread for some years after the act permitting their 
 establishment was passed. The heavy losses occasioned by the downfall 
 of most of the joint-stock projects set on foot in 1824 and 1825, made all 
 projects of the same kind be looked upon for a considerable period with 
 suspicion, and deterred most persons from embarking in them. But this 
 prejudice gradually wore off; and the increasing prosperity of the country, 
 and the dilficulty of vesting money so as to obtain from it a reasonable re- 
 turn, generated a new disposition to adventure in hazardous projects. A 
 mania for embarking in speculative schemes acquired considerable strength 
 in 1835, and during the first six months of 1836 it raged with a violence 
 but little inferior to that of 1825. It was at first principally directed to rail- 
 road projects ; but it soon began to embrace all sorts of schemes, and among 
 others, joint-stock banks, of which an unprecedented number were pro- 
 jected in the course of the year. The progress of the system has been 
 as follows : — 
 
 Banks. Banks. 
 In 1826, there were regis- In 1832, there were regis- 
 tered 3 tered 7 
 
 In 1827 4 In 1833 9 
 
 In 1828 In 1834 10 
 
 In 1829 7 In 1835 9 
 
 In 1830 1 In 1836 45 
 
 In 1831 9 
 
 Total 104 
 
 In point of fact, however, the number of banks created in 1836 was 
 vastly greater than'appears from this statement. "We believe that, at an 
 average, each of the forty-five banks established in that year, like those 
 previously established, has from five to six branches ; and as these 
 branches transact all sorts of banking business, and enjoy the same 
 credit as the parent establishment, from which they are frequently a great 
 distance, they are, to all intents and purposes, so many new banks ; so that, 
 instead of forty-five, it may safely be affirmed that about two hundred new 
 joint-stock banks were opened in England and Wales in 1836, and mostly 
 in the first six months of that year ! 
 
 Over Issue by the Mint-Stock Banks in 1S36, 
 
 In January, February, and March, 1836, when the rage for establishing 
 joint-stock banks was at its height, the exchange was either at par, or but 
 slightly in our favor, showing that the currency was already up to its level, 
 and that if any considerable additions were made to it, the exchange would 
 be depressed, and a drain for bullion be experienced. But these circum- 
 stances, if ever they occurred to the managers of the joint-stock banks, do 
 
Utility of Paper-Money. 15n 
 
 not seem to have had, and could not in truth be expected to have, the least 
 influence over their proceedings. Their issues, which amounted on the 
 26th of December, 1835, to £2,799,551, amounted on the 25th of June to 
 £3,588,064, exclusive of the vast mass of additional bills, checks, and other 
 substitutes for money they had put into circulation. The consequences 
 were such as every man of sense must have foreseen. In April, 1836, the 
 exchange became unfavorable, and bullion began to be demanded from the 
 Bank of England. The latter, that she might the better meet the drain, 
 raised the rate of interest in June from four to four and a half per cent., 
 and this not being suilicient to lessen the pressure on her for discounts, she 
 raised it in August from four and a half to five per cent. But during the 
 whole of this period, the country banks went on increasing their issues. 
 "We have already seen that, on the 25th of June, 1836, their issues, were 
 £788,513 greater than they had been on the preceding 26th of December; 
 and notwithstanding the continued drain for bullion, and the rise in the rate 
 of interest by the Bank of England in June and August, and the reduc- 
 tion of her issues, the issues of the joint-stock banks increased from 
 £3,588,064 in June, to no less than £4,258,197 on the 31st of Decem- 
 ber, being an increase of nearly twenty per cent, after the exchange 
 was notoriously against the country ; and the most serious consequences 
 were apprehended from the continued drain for bullion on the Bank of 
 England ! 
 
 It may, perhaps, be imagined that the increased issue of the joint-stock 
 banks would be balanced by a corresponding diminution of the issues of 
 the private banks, and that, on the whole, the amount of their joint issues 
 might not be increased. This, however, was not the case. Some private 
 banks were abandoned in 1836, and others incorporated with joint-stock 
 banks ; and it is further true, that those which went on managed their 
 affkirs with more discretion than their associated competitors. But, from 
 the 26th of September, 1835, to the 31st of December, 1836, the issues of 
 the private banks were diminished only £159,087, whilst those of the joint- 
 stocks were increased during the same period £1,750,160, or more than 
 ten times the falling off in the others. 
 
 Reasons why there should be only one Issuer of Paper-Money. 
 
 These statements show conclusively the extreme inexpediency of having 
 more than one issuer of paper. Its issue ought in all cases to be govern- 
 ed exclusively by the state of the exchange, or rather, as already stated, 
 by the influx and efflux of bullion. But the provincial banks may go on 
 over-issuing for a lengthened period without being affected by a demand 
 for bullion, or even for Bank of England paper. A drain for bullion al- 
 ways operates in the first instance on the Bank of England ; and were she 
 the sole issuer, she might always check the drain at the outset, by narrow- 
 ing her issues, or by ceasing to replace the notes brought to her in exchange 
 for bullion. But the country banks, not being immediately or speedily 
 affected by the drain, take no steps to get rid of that redundancy of the 
 currency by which it is occasioned ; and, provided their credit be good, 
 they may and do frequently go on for a lengthened period adding to their 
 
1 60 Paper-Money. 
 
 issues, and aggravating all the bad symptoms in the state of the currency. 
 Thus we have seen the joint-stock banks, in the early part of 1836, making 
 large additions to their issues when the currency was already quite full ; 
 and, not stopping there, vve have next seen them persisting, for more than 
 six months, in increasing their issues in the teeth of a heavy and continued 
 drain for bullion, a rapid rise in the rate of interest, and great apprehen- 
 sions in the public mind. This conduct has nothing to do with the solidity 
 of the banks. There is no reason whatever to think, supposing they had 
 all given security for their issues, they would have been in any degree 
 diminished. On the contrary, the jDrobability is, that by putting an end to 
 every doubt as to their stability, it would have materially facilitated their 
 issues, and tempted them to increase them to a still greater extent. 
 
 But, in the end, an efflux of bullion is sure, by rendering money and all 
 sorts of pecuniary accommodation scarce in the metropolis, to affect the 
 country banks as well as the Bank of England; and then the shock given 
 to industry, and the derangement of prices and transactions of all sorts, is 
 severe in proportion to the previous over-issue. A revulsion of this sort 
 seldom occurs without destroying some of the provincial banks, and exciting 
 a panic, as was the case in 1792-93, and in 1825-26. But even when this 
 is not the case, the check given to the practice of discounting, and the 
 withdrawal of their accustomed accommodations from vast numbers of in- 
 individuals, necessarily occasion a great deal of inconvenience and distress. 
 The Bank of England, by bolstering up the Northern and Central Bank 
 in November, 183G, averted the bankruptcy of that establishment, which 
 had no fewer ih&a forty branches, and by doing so prevented the occurrence 
 of a panic, and a run that would most likely have proved fatal to many 
 other joint-stock and private banks. Still, liowever, the shock given to all 
 sorts of industrious undertakings, by the revulsion in the latter part of 
 183G, although unaccompanied with any panic, was very severe. All sorts 
 of commercial speculations were for a while completely paralyzed, and 
 there were but few districts in which great numbers of individuals were 
 not thrown out of employment. In Paisley, Birmingham, and various 
 other towns, the distress occasioned by the revulsion was very general and 
 long-continued. The following memorial, subscribed by all the leading 
 manufacturers, merchants, and traders of Birmingham, was presented to 
 Lord Melbourne in March, 1837. It sets the disastrous influence of fluc- 
 tuations in the amount and value of the currency in a very striking light. 
 
 "My Lord: AVe, the undCi-iigned, merchants, manufacturers, and 
 other inhabitants of the town of Birmingham, beg leave respectfully to sub- 
 mit to your Lordship the following facts : 1. During the last two or three 
 year.*, a very great improvement has taken place in the trade and commerce 
 of the town and neighborhood. The workmen have generally been placed 
 in a condition of full employment and good wages, producing a general 
 state of sarisfaction and contentment among them. Their employers also 
 have enjoj'cd a condition of ease and security which might he. called 
 affluence when compared with the losses, difficulties, and anxieties which 
 tliey endured fur several years before. No stock of goods was accumu- 
 lated, no overtrading of any kind existed ; the products of one man's in- 
 dustry were readily exchanged for those of another ; and all the products 
 of industry in every trade were carried off into the absolute consumption 
 of the people quite as fast as they could be produced. 
 
Utility of Paper-Money, 161 
 
 " 2. Suddenly, within the last three months, with all the elements of 
 general prosperity remaining unimpaired, this gratifying state of things 
 has disappeared, and has been succeeded by a general state of difficulty 
 and embarrassment, threatening the most alarming consequences to all 
 classes of the community. Orders for goods are countermanded and dis- 
 continued, both for the foreign and home trade. 
 
 " The prices of goods are falling, so as in many cases to occasion a loss 
 instead of a profit on their production. The process of production is thus 
 obstructed ; the workmen are beginning to be discharged, or to be placed 
 upon short emplo3Tnent ; and we are confident that, unless remedial meas- 
 ures be immediately applied, a large proportion of our population will 
 shortly be thrown entirely out of employment. 
 
 " 3. "We earnestly solicit the serious and immediate attention of his 
 majesty's government to this alarming state of things, confidently hoping 
 that they will forthwith adopt decisive and effectual measures for its 
 relief." 
 
 Certainly, the legislature will most strangely neglect its duty, if it allow 
 a system productive of such fatal consequences to continue to spread its 
 roots and scatter its seeds on all sides. As long as any individual or set 
 of individuals, may usurp the royal prerogative, and issue money without 
 let or hindrance, so long will it be issued in excess in periods when prices 
 are rising and confidence high, and be suddenly and improperly withdrawn 
 when prices are falling and confidence shaken. All the causes of fluctu- 
 ation inherent in the nature of industry are aggravated a thousand fold by 
 this vicious system, at the same time that it brings many new ones into ex- 
 istence. There is not, in fact, any reason for supposing, that if our cur- 
 rency had been either metallic, or made to fluctuate exactly as it would 
 have done had it been metallic, that the difficulties in which we were in- 
 volved in 1836 and 1837 would ever have been heard of. The inordinate 
 increase of banks, of money, and of the facilities for obtaining money, in 
 the spring of 1836, contributed powerfully to the rapid and uncalled-for 
 increase of prices, the multiplication of wild and absurd projects, and the 
 excess of confidence which distinguished that period; at the same time 
 that, by bringing on a fall of the exchange and a drain for bullion, they 
 insured the subsequent revulsion. If it be wished that the country should 
 be kept forever under an intermittent fever, — now suffering from a hot 
 and then from a cold fit, now in an unnatural state of excitement, leading 
 to, and necessarily ending in, an unnatural state of depression, — the pres- 
 ent money system is the best possible. But we believe the reader will 
 agree with us in thinking, that a fever of this sort is not more injurious to 
 the animal than to the political body. So dangerous a disorder is not to 
 be trifled or tampered with. This is not a case in which palliatives and 
 anodynes can be of any real service. If a radical cure be not effected, it 
 will go far to paralyze and destroy the patient. 
 
 Now, to accomphsh this radical cure, that is, to make sure that the Jluctu- 
 ations of the currency shall not exceed those which would occur were it 
 wholly metallic, it is indispensable as already stated, that all local notes 
 should be suppressed, and the issue of paper confined entirely to one 
 body. 
 
 The exacting of security previously to the issue of notes would guaran- 
 
1 62 Paper-Money. 
 
 tee the holders from loss, and be in so far advantageous ; but it would not 
 hinder that competition among the issuers that is so very injurious, nor 
 prevent the supply of paper being at one time in excess, and at another 
 deficient. If we would provide for that unity of action and thut ecjuality 
 of value that are so indispensable, we must make an end of a plurality of 
 issuers. If one body only were intrusted with the issue of notes, it would 
 be able immediately to narrow the currency when bullion began to be ex- 
 ported, and to expand it when it began to be imported ; and it would be 
 easy for the legislature to lay down and enforce such regulations as would 
 effectually prevent the fluctuations in the amount and value of the cur- 
 rency ever exceeding those that would take place if it consisted wholly of 
 the precious metals. But nothing of the sort need be attempted, so long 
 as it is supplied by more than one source. Everything must then be left to 
 the discretion of the parties. And it will certainly happen in time to 
 come, as it has invariably happened in time past, that some of them will 
 be increasing their issues when they should be diminished, and diminishing 
 them when they should be increased. 
 
 Mr. S. J. Loyd, whose authority on all questions of this sort is so de- 
 servedly high, states distinctly, that " an adherence to sound principle would 
 certainly lead to the conclusion, that the issues of paper-money should be 
 confined to one body, intrusted with full power and control over the issues, 
 and made exclusively responsible for the due regulation of their amount." 
 (^Reflections on the Pamphlet of Mr. Horsley Palmer, p. 52.) He is, however, 
 disposed to think that the practice in this country, of individuals and asso- 
 ciations issuing notes, has been so long established, and become so inti- 
 mately connected with the habits and prejudices of the people, as to leave 
 but little hope of its eradication. We do not, however, think that the dif- 
 ficulties in the way of the suppression of local notes would be found 
 to be nearly so great were it set seriously about, as Mr. Loyd seems 
 to infer. Were parliament to enact that all local or provincial notes pay- 
 able on demand in England and Wales should cease to circulate some two 
 or three years hence, their withdrawal might, we apprehend, be effectei 
 with very little trouble and inconvenience. The circulation of notes, now 
 that those for less than £5 have been suppressed, is far from being one of 
 the principal sources of banking profits. The stamp duty, the expense of 
 engraving, and the still heavier expense necessary to keep notes afloat, and 
 to provide for their payment when they may happen to be presented, cut 
 deep into the profits made by their issue. Our readers are no doubt gen- 
 erally aware that several country banks have, within the half dozen years 
 ending with 1837, withdrawn their own notes from circulation, and issued 
 in their stead those of the Bank of England, according to certain terms 
 agreed on with the latter. The banks in question would not certainly have 
 done this, had it made any serious inroad on their profits. But it has not 
 sensibly diminished them ; and the proof of this is, that the banks which 
 have made this arrangement realize quite as large profits as are realized 
 by those that continue to issue notes of their own. We submit that this is 
 decisive of the whole question. It proves that the profits of the provincial 
 banks are not sensibly impaired by the substitution for their own, of Bank 
 of England notes. Had the project for suppressing local notes been pro- 
 ductive of any considerable loss to the issuers, it would have furnished a 
 
Utility of Paper-Money. 163 
 
 plausible, though by no means a valid, argument against it ; for it would 
 bo contradictory and absurd to pretend that any set of persons can be en- 
 titled permanently to enjoy a privilege injurious to the community. But 
 there is no room nor ground even for an appeal ad misericordiam on the 
 part of the private issuers. Tlie fact that numbers of them have sponta- 
 neously, and without solicitation of any Icind, abandoned the privilege of 
 issue, and replaced their own notes with those of the central issuer in Lon- 
 don, shows conclusively that the privilege in question is worth little or. 
 nothing, and, consequently, that it may be withdi-awn without entailing any 
 considerable hardship on any one. It is essential to the placing of the 
 currency on a proper footing, that all local notes should be suppressed ; and 
 as their suppression would not be injurious to the issuers, what possible 
 reason can be alleged for continuing their circulation ? 
 
 Mode in which a single Issuer of Paper should act so as to maJce the Amount and Value 
 of the Currency vary exactly as if it were Metallic, 
 
 TVe have said that it would be easy, were there only one issuer, to en- 
 force compliance with such rules and regulations as would make the amount 
 and value of the currency vary at all times exactly as if it were metaUic. 
 This has been doubted ; but nothing could be more facile. Suppose that 
 all local notes are withdrawn, and that there is only one issuer of paper ; 
 all that would be necessary to maintain an identity <j{ amount and value 
 between gold and paper would be to regulate the currency exclusively by 
 the influx and efflux of bullion ; that is, never to issue an additional note 
 except it be paid away for an equivalent amount of bullion brought to the 
 office, nor to withdraw a note except when it is received in payment of an 
 equivalent amount of bullion demanded from the office. The business of 
 such an office would be entirely routine. Its managers would have no 
 sort of discretion ; their duty being merely to give paper for gold and gold 
 for paper, according to the demands of the public. It has been frequently 
 objected to the establishment of a national bank, that it would become a 
 focus of intrigue and jobbing, and would be prostituted, or supposed to be 
 prostituted, for the advancement of mere party purposes ; and this, no 
 doubt, would be the case, were it allowed to discount and to transact ordi- 
 nary banking business. A national bank for such purposes would be a 
 national nuisance, that would very soon require to be abated. But were it 
 confined as it should be, to the mere issue of paper on the principle and in 
 the way now stated, it could not be perverted to any sort of sinister object. 
 Its conductors would be restricted to a sort of mill-horse path, and it would 
 be impossible for them, even if so disposed, to show favor or partiality 
 to any one. All would depend on an invariable rule ; and the amount and 
 value of the paper afloat would never exceed nor fall short of the amount 
 and value of the bullion that would circulate in its stead were it with- 
 drawn. 
 
 Supposing the average amount of paper afloat with a single issuer to be 
 from thirty to forty millions, a stock of ten or twelve millions of bullion 
 would be more than sufficient to begin with ; for it is hardly possible to 
 imagine, under such a system, that anything should ever occur to lessen 
 
164 Paper-Money. 
 
 the paper currency so much as twenty per cent., or consequently to occa« 
 sion a demand for so much as six or eight millions of bullion. 
 
 Principle on wliich the Sank of England endeavors to govern her Issues : Counteracting 
 agencies to which she must attend. 
 
 The Bank of England has endeavored, for a considerable number of 
 years past, to govern her issues nearly in the way now pointed out. But, 
 in her present situation, having her operations frequently contracted by 
 other issuers, she neither can nor ought always to regulate her conduct by 
 a regard to strict principle. She must look to the proceedings of others, by 
 which she may be deeply compromised ; and she must not only consider 
 what may be the effect of the measures she may adopt on the exchange, or 
 on the influx and efflux of bullion, but how they may be regarded by the pro- 
 vincial banks, and expected to influence them. Hence the bank may fre- 
 quently be justified in narrowing lier issues when, had she been the sole 
 issuer, she ought to have increased them, and conversely. But it is needless 
 to say that this is a most unsatisfactory state of things, both as respects the 
 bank and the country. The former is obliged to exercise a discretion which 
 cannot be safely confided to any set of individuals, whilst the latter is sure 
 to suffer from all the errors into which the directors may fall, as well as 
 from the disastrous consequences resulting from that competition of rival 
 and conflicting issuer^, against which no degree of intelligence on the part 
 of the directors of the Bank of England can possibly guard. In fact, we 
 have no idea that it will be practicable for the latter and the country banks 
 to go on together on their present footing. As matters now stand, the 
 Bank of England may be brought at any time, and frequently is brought, 
 into the greatest jeopardy by the proceedings of parties over whom she has 
 no sort of control. The over-issue of the provincial banks, by depressing 
 the exchange, drains the bank of gold ; and then their discredit, and per- 
 haps failure, may, by exciting a panic, bring her to a stand still ! Provided 
 banks of deposit be established on sound principles, there cannot be too 
 many of them. But it is quite otherwise with banks of issue. The more 
 they are multiplied, the greater is the chance of fluctuation in their issues, 
 and consequently in prices, credit, etc. Had the Bank of England been 
 the sole issuer of paper, the crashes of 1792-93 and of 1825-26, and the 
 revulsion of 1 836-37, would not have occurred. They grew entirely out of 
 the competition and proceedings of the provincial banks, and are in no de- 
 gree whatever ascribable to anything else, domestic or foreign. 
 
 According to existing arrangements, the charter of the Bank of England 
 must continue on its present footing till 1845. But we have no doubt, that 
 were parliament to set about suppressing local issues, — an improvement 
 that must precede every other, — the bank would readily concur in any 
 arrangement by which the proper regulation of her issues might be pro- 
 vided for and secured. But the suppression of local paper is indispensable 
 as a preliminary to pave the way for other measures. Fluctuations in its 
 amount and value are of the essence of a currency supplied by different 
 issuers. If the country continue to tolerate the latter, it will unavoidably 
 continue to suffer the perpetual recurrence of the former. 
 
Classes of Banks. \G5 
 
 PART SECOND. — BANKS 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 CLASSES OF BANKS. 
 
 Banks are commonly divided into banks of deposit and banks of issue ; 
 that is, banks that take care of other people's money, and banks that issue 
 money of their own. But there are very few banks of issue that are not 
 at the same time banks of deposit. This class of banks, as they exist in 
 this and most other countries, are places where the money of individuals is 
 received in deposit, payment being also made on their account, and loans 
 made to the public. The managers of such banks are sometimes accus- 
 tomed, as in most parts of England and Scotland, to pay interest at about 
 one or two per cent, under the market-fate for the money deposited in their 
 hands ; but when the business to be transacted in the receipt and payment 
 of money on account of depositors is very large, it is not the practice for 
 bankers, unless the deposits be proportionally great, to allow interest. The 
 latter is the case in London. It is there customary for merchants and other 
 people to send all the bills and drafts payable to them to their bankers, who 
 make themselves responsible for their regular presentation for payment, and 
 for their noting if not paid ; and it is there also the practice to make all con- 
 siderable payments by checks on bankers. Banking business is conducted 
 in London at a heavy expense, and no little risk ; and the London bankers 
 do not, therefore, except in special cases, allow interest on deposits. They 
 are in the habit of stipulating, in order to indemnify themselves for their 
 trouble and outlay, that the individuals dealing with them should keep an 
 average balance of cash in their hands, varying according to the amount 
 of business transacted on their account. The bankers then estimate, as 
 well as they can, the amount of cash they must keefi in their coffers to 
 meet the probable demands of their customers, and employ the balance in 
 discounting mercantile bills, in the purchase of government securities, or in 
 some other sort of profitable adventure ; so that their profits consist of the 
 sum they realize upon such parts of the money lodged in their hands as 
 they are able to employ in an advantageous way, after deducting the vari- 
 ous expenses attendant on the management of their establishments. A 
 bank of deposit would never be established if it had to depend on its own 
 capital. It makes no profit, in its capacity of bank, till it begins to employ 
 the capital of others. 
 
168 Paper-Monet/, 
 
 Introduction and Growth of Private Banking. 
 
 The business of banking was not introduced into London till the seven- 
 teenth century. It was at first conducted by the goldsmiths, who borrowed 
 money from their customers at a certain rate of interest, and lent it to 
 government and to private individuals at a higher rate. In the course of 
 time, the business came to be conducted by houses who confined themselves 
 to it only, and nearly in the mode in which we now find it. From 1708, 
 as already stated, down to 182G, with the exception of the Bank of Eng- 
 land, no company with more than six partners could be established, either 
 in London or anywhere else in England and Wales, for conducting bank- 
 ing business ; and by far the largest portion of that business is still con- 
 ducted in the metropolis by firms with a small number of partners or by 
 what are called private banks. 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 In 1 775, the London, or rather the " city," bankers established the " clear- 
 ing house." This is a house to which each banker who deals with it is in the 
 habit daily of sending a clerk, who carries with him the various bills and 
 checks in the possession of his house that are drawn upon other bankers ; 
 and liaving exchanged them for the bills and checks in the possession of those 
 others that are drawn upon his constituents, the balance on the one side or 
 the other is paid in cash or Bank of England notes. By this contrivance, 
 the bankers connected with the clearing house are enabled to settle trans- 
 actions to the extent of several millions a day, by the employment of not 
 more, at an average, than from £200,000 to £500,000 cash or Bank of 
 England notes. 
 
 Regulations to which Banks for Deposit only should be subjected. 
 
 The security afforded by a bank of deposit is a matter as to which there 
 must always be more or less of doubt. When, indeed, a banking company 
 confines itself to its proper business, and does not embark in speculations 
 of unusual hazard, or from which its funds cannot be easily withdrawn 
 in the event of any sudden run or demand, it can hardly ever fail of being 
 in a situation to meet its engagements ; whilst the large private fortunes 
 that most commonly belong to the partners afford those who deal with it 
 an additional guarantee. Much, however, depends on the character of the 
 parties and on a variety of circumstances with respect to which the public 
 can never be correctly informed ; so that though there can be no doubt 
 that the security afforded by many private banks of deposit is of the most 
 unexceptionable description, this may not be the case with others. 
 
 All joint-stock banks, or banks having more than six partners, whether 
 for deposit and issue, or for deposit merely, are ordered, by the act 8 and 4 
 Will. IV. cap. 83, to send quarterly returns of the number and names of 
 their partners to the stamp-office. We see no g«od reason why similar re- 
 turns should not, and several why they should, be requu'cd from all banks ; 
 
Bank of England. 167 
 
 and provided means were adopted for the proper publication of such re- 
 turns, so that everybody might know with whom they were dealing, but 
 little if any farther information would be required with banks not issuing 
 notes. There is in this respect a wide difference between them and banks 
 of issue. It is the duty of the government to take care that the value of 
 the currency shall be as invariable as possible ; but it has never been pre- 
 tended that it is any part whatever of its duty to inquire into the security 
 given by the borrowers to the lenders of money, any more than into the 
 security given by the borrowers to the lenders of anything else. Gov- 
 ernment very properly obliges a goldsmith to have his goods stamped, this 
 being a security to the public that they shall not be imposed on in buying 
 articles of the quality of which they are generally ignorant ; but it does not re- 
 quire that the persons to whom the goldsmith sells or lends his goods should 
 give him a guarantee for their payment. This is a matter as to which indi- 
 viduals are fully competent to judge for themselves ; and there neither is 
 nor can be any. reason why a lender or depositor of bullion or notes should 
 be more protected than a lender or depositor of timber, coal, or sugar. Gold 
 being the standard or measure of value, government is bound to take ef- 
 fectual precautions that the currency shall truly correspond in the whole 
 and in all its parts with that standard, that every pound-note shall be worth 
 a sovereign, and that the amount and value of the aggregate notes in circu- 
 lation shall vary exactly as a gold currency would do were it substituted in 
 their stead. But this is all that government is called upon to do. If A 
 trust a sum of money in the hands of B, it is their affair, and concerns no 
 one else. Provided the money afloat correspond with the standard, it is of 
 no importance, in a public point of view, into whose hands it may come. 
 The bankruptcy of a deposit bank, like that of a private gentleman who 
 has borrowed largely, may be productive of much loss or inconvenience to 
 its creditors. But if the paper in circulation be equivalent to gold, such 
 bankruptcies cannot affect either the quantity or value of money ; and are, 
 therefore, injurious only to the parties concerned. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 BANK OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Bank of England, which has long been the principal bank of de- 
 posit and circulation, not in this country only, but in Europe, was founded 
 in 1694. Its principal projector was Mr. William Paterson, an enterprising 
 and intelligent Scotch gentleman, who was afterwards engaged in the ill- 
 fated colony at Darien. Government being at the time much distressed 
 for want of money, partly from the defects and abuses in the system of 
 taxation, and partly from the difficulty of borrowing, because of the sup- 
 posed instability of the revolutionary establishment, the bank grew out of 
 a loan of £1,200,000 for the public service. The subscribers, besides re- 
 
168 Paper-Money. 
 
 oeiving eight per cent, on the sum advanced as interest, and £4,000 a year 
 as the expense of management, in all £100,000 a year, were incorporated 
 into a society denominated the Governor and Company of the Bank of 
 England. The charter is dated the 27th of July, 1694. It declares, 
 amongst other things, that they shall " be capable, in law, to purchase, en- 
 joy, and retain to them and their successors, any moneys, lands, rents, tene- 
 ments, and possessions whatsoever ; and to purchase and acquire all sorts 
 of goods and chattels whatsoever, wherein they are not restrained by act 
 of parliament ; and also to grant, demise, and dispose of the same. 
 
 " That the management and government of the corporation be committed 
 to the governor and twenty-four directors, who shall be elected between 
 the 2oth of March and the 25th day of April each year, from among the 
 members of the company duly qualified. 
 
 " That no dividend shall at any time be made by the said governor and 
 company, save only out of the interest, profit, or produce arising by or out 
 of the said capital stock or fund, or by such dealing as is allowed by act of 
 parliament. 
 
 " They must be natural-born subjects of England, or naturalized subjects ; 
 they shall have in their own name, and for their own use, severally, viz : 
 the governor at least £4000, the deputy-governor £3000, and each director 
 £2000, of the capital stock of the said corporation. 
 
 " That thirteen or more of the said governors and directors (of which 
 the governor or deputy-governor must be always one) shall constitute a 
 court of directors, for the management of the affairs of the company, and 
 for the appointment of all agents and servants which may be necessary, 
 paying them such salaries as they may consider reasonable. 
 
 " Every elector must have, in his own name, and for his own use, £500 
 or more capital stock, and can only give one vote. He must, if required 
 by any member present, take the oath of stock, or the declaration of stock, 
 in case he be one of the people called Quakers. 
 
 " Four general courts to be held in every year, in the months of Sep- 
 tember, December, April, and July. A general court may be summoned 
 at any time, upon the requisition of nine proprietors duly qualified as elec- 
 tors. 
 
 " The majority of electors in general courts have the power to make and 
 constitute b3'-laws and ordinances for the government of the corporation, 
 provided that such by-laws and ordinances be not repugnant to the laws of 
 the kingdom, and be confirmed and approved, according to the statutes in 
 such case made and provided." 
 
 The corporation is prohibited from engaging in any sort of commercial 
 undertaking other than dealing in bills of exchange, and in gold and silver. 
 It is authorized to advance money upon the security of goods or merchan- 
 dise pledged to it ; and to sell by public auction such goods as are not re- 
 deemed within a specified time. 
 
 It was also enacted, in the same year in which the bank was established, 
 by statute 6 William and Mary, c. 20, that the bank " shall not deal in 
 any goods, wares, or merchandise (except bullion), or purchase any lands 
 or revenues belonging to the crown, or advance or lend to their majesties, 
 their heirs or successors, any sum or sums of money, by way of loan or an- 
 ticipation, or any part or parts, branch or branches, fund or funds, of the 
 
Barik of England. 169 
 
 revenue now granted or belonging, or hereafter to be granted, to their 
 majesties, their heirs and successors, other than such fund or funds, part or 
 parts, branch or branches, of the said revenue only, on which a credit of 
 loan is or shall be granted by parliament. And in 1697, it was enacted, 
 that the " common capital or principal stock, and also the real fund, of the 
 governor and company, or any profit or produce to be made thereof, or 
 arising thereby, shall be exempted from any rates, taxes, assessments, or 
 impositions whatsoever, during the continuance of the bank ; that all the 
 profit, benefit, and advantage from time to time arising out of the manage- 
 ment of the said corporation, shall be applied to the uses of all the members 
 of the said association of the governor and company of the Bank of Eng- 
 land, ratably and in proportion to each member's part, share, and interest 
 in the common capital and principal stock of the said governor and com- 
 pany hereby established." 
 
 In 1696, during the great recoinage, the bank was involved in great 
 difficulties, and was even compelled to suspend payment of her notes, which 
 were at a heavy discount. Owing, however, to the judicious conduct of the 
 directors, and the assistance of the government, the bank got over the 
 crisis. But it was at the same time judged expedient, in order to place 
 her in a situation the better to withstand any adverse circumstances that 
 might afterwards occur, to increase her capital from £1,200,000 to £2,201,- 
 171. In 1708, the directors undertook to pay off and cancel one million 
 and a half of exchequer bills they had circulating two years before, at four 
 and a half per cent., with the interest upon them, amounting in all to 
 £1,775,028, which increased the permanent debt due by the public 
 to the bank, including £400,000, then advanced in consideration of the 
 renewal of the charter, to £3,375,028, for which they were allowed six 
 per cent. The bank capital was then also doubled, or increased to £4,402,- 
 343. But the year 1708 is chiefly memorable in the history of the bank 
 for the act previously alluded to, which declared, that during the continu- 
 ance of the corporation of the Bank of England, " it should not be laivful 
 for any body politic, erected or to be erected, other than the said governor 
 and company of the Bank of England, or of any other persons whatsoever, 
 united or to be united in covenants or partnership, exceeding the number 
 of six persons, in that part of Great Britain called England, to borrow, 
 owe, or take up any sum or sums of money on their bills or notes payable 
 on demand, or in any less time than six months from the borrowing there- 
 of. " This proviso, which has had so powerful an operation on banking in 
 England, is said to have been elicited by the Mine-Adventure Company 
 having commenced banking business, and begun to issue notes. 
 
 The charter of the Bank of England, when first granted, was to con- 
 tinue for eleven years certain, or till a year's notice after the 1st of August, 
 1705. The charter was further prolonged in 1697. In 1708, the bank 
 having advanced £400,000 for the public service, without interest, the ex- 
 clusive privileges of the corporation were prolonged till 1733. And in 
 consequence of various advances made at different times, the exclusive 
 privileges of the bank have been continued by successive renewals, till a 
 year's notice after the 1st of August, 1855, under the proviso that they 
 may be cancelled, on a year's notice to that effect being given on the 1st of 
 August, 1845. 
 
170 
 
 Paper-Money. 
 
 Renewals of Bank Charter, with the Conditions. 
 
 We subjoin an account of the successive renewals of the charter, of the 
 conditions under which these renewals were made, and of the variations in 
 the amount and interest of the permanent debt due by government to the 
 bank, exclusive of the dead weight. 
 
 Date of 
 Renewal. 
 
 1694 
 
 1697 
 
 1708 
 
 1713 
 
 1742 
 
 ConditionB under which RenewalB were made and Permanent 
 Debt contracted. 
 
 Charter granted under the act 5 and 6 Will. HI. c. 20, 
 redeemable upon the expiration of twelve months' 
 notice after the 1st August, 1705, upon payment by 
 the public to the bank, of the demand therein spec- 
 ified. 
 
 Under this act the bank advanced to the public 
 ^1,200,000, in consideration of their receiving an 
 annuity of £100,000 a year, viz. eight per cent, in- 
 terest, and £4,000 for management 
 
 Charter continued by 8 and 9 "Will. III. c. 20, till 
 twelve months' notice after 1st of August 1710, on 
 payment, etc. 
 
 Under this act the bank took up and added to 
 their stock £1,001,171 exchequer bills and tallies. 
 Charter continued by 7 Anne, c. 7, till twelve months' 
 notice after 1st of August, 1732, on payment, etc. 
 
 Under this act the bank advanced £400,000 to 
 government without interest ; and delivered up to 
 be cancelled £1,775,027, 17s. lOd. exchequer bills 
 in consideration of their receiving an annuity of 
 
 £106,501 13s. being at the rate of six per cent 
 
 Charter continued by 12 Anne, stat. 1, cap. 11, till 
 twelve months' notice after the first of August 1742, 
 on payment, etc. 
 
 In 1716, by the 3d Geo. I. e. 8, the bank advanced 
 to government, at five per cent 
 
 And by the same act, the interest on the ex- 
 chequer bills cancelled in 1780 was reduced from 
 six to five per cent. 
 
 In 1721, by 8 Geo. X. c. 21, the South Sea Com- 
 pany were authorized to sell £200,000 government 
 annuities, and corporations purchasing the same at 
 26 years' purchase were authorized to add the 
 amount to their capital stock. The bank pur- 
 chased the whole of these annuities at 20 years' pur- 
 chase 
 
 Kve per cent, interest was payable on this sum 
 to mid-summer 1727, and thereafter four per cent. 
 
 At different times between 1727 and 1738, both 
 inclusive, the bank received from the public, on ac- 
 count of permanent debt, £3,275,027, 17s. lOd. and 
 advanced to it on account of ditto £3,000,000 : Dif 
 ference 
 
 Debt due by the public in 1 738 
 
 Charter continued by 15 Geo. II. c. 13, till twelve 
 months' notice after the 1st of August, 1764, on 
 payment, etc. 
 
 Carry forward 
 
 Permanent Debt. 
 
 £. B. d. 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 2,175,027 17 10 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 9,375,027 17 10 
 
 275,027 17 10 
 
 9,100,000 
 
 9,100,000 
 
Bank of England. 
 
 171 
 
 Date of 
 Seufiwal. 
 
 1764 
 
 1781 
 
 1800 
 
 1833 
 
 Conditions under which Renewals wore made, and Permanent 
 Debt contracted. 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 Under this act the bank advanced £1,600,000 
 without interest, which being added to the original 
 advance of £1,200,000, and the £400,000 advanced 
 in 1710, bearing interest at six per cent., reduced the 
 interest on the whole to three per cent 
 
 In 1745, under the authority of 19 Geo. IT. c. 6, 
 the bank delivered up to be cancelled £986,000 of 
 exchequer bills, in consideration of an annuity of 
 £39,472, being at the rate of three per cent 
 
 In 1749, the 23d Geo. II. c. 6, reduced the interest 
 on the four per cent, annuities, held by the bank, 
 to three and a half per cent, for seven years from 
 the 25th of December, 1750, and thereafter to three 
 per cent. 
 Charter continued by 4 Geo. III. c. 25, till twelve 
 months' notice after the 1st of August, 1786, on pay- 
 ment, etc. 
 
 Under this act the bank paid into the exchequer 
 £110,000 free of all charge. 
 Charter continued by 21 Geo. HI. c. 60, till twelve 
 months' notice after 1st of August, 1812, on payment, 
 etc. 
 
 Under this act the bank advanced £3,000,000 for 
 the public service for three years at three per cent. 
 Charter continued by 40 Geo. III. c. 28, till twelve 
 months' notice after the 1st of August, 1833, on pay- 
 ment, etc. 
 
 Under this act the bank advanced to govern- 
 ment £3,000,000 for six years without interest ; but 
 in pursuance of the recommendation of the com- 
 mittee of 1 807, the advance was continued, vrithout 
 interest, till six months after the signature of a defin- 
 itive treaty of peace. 
 
 In 1816, the bank, under authority of the act 56 
 Geo. III. c. 96, advanced at three per cent., to be re- 
 paid, on or before the first of August, 1833 
 
 Charter continued by 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 98, till 
 twelve months' notice after the first of August, 
 1855, with a proviso that it may be dissolved on 
 twelve months' notice after the 1st of August, 1845, 
 on payment, etc. 
 
 This act directs that in future the bank shall de- 
 duct £120,000 a yeai- from their charge on account 
 of the management of the public debt ; and that a 
 fourth part of the debt due by the public to the 
 bank, or £3,638,250 be paid off 
 
 Permanent advance by the bank to the public, 
 bearing interest at three per cent., independent of 
 the advances on account of dead weight, or other 
 public securities held by her 
 
 Permanent Debt. 
 
 £. B. d. 
 
 9,100,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 986,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 14,686,000 
 
 3,638,250 
 
 11,047,750 
 
 For further details as to this subject, see the Appendix, No. 1, of the Ke- 
 port of 1832, on the Eenewal of the Bank Charter, and the acts of par- 
 liament referred to in it. See also James Postlethwayt's History of the 
 
172 Paper-Money. 
 
 Revenue, pp. 301-310 ; and Fainnan on the Funds, seventh edition, pp, 
 85-88, etc. 
 
 The capital of the bank on which dividends are paid has never exactly 
 coincided with, though it has seldom differed very materially from, the per- 
 manent advance by the bank to the public. We have already seen that it 
 amounted in 1708 to £4,402,243. Between that year and 1727, it had in- 
 creased to near £9,000,000. In 1746, it amounted to £10,780,000. From this 
 period, it underwent no change till 1 782, when it was increased eight per 
 cent., or to £11,642,400. It continued stationary at this sum down to 1816, 
 when it was raised to £14,553,000, by an addition of twenty-five per cent, 
 from the profits of the bank, under the provisions of the act 56 Geo. HI. 
 c. 96. The act for the renewal of the charter, 34 Will. IV. c. 98, 
 directed that the sum of £3,638,250, the portion of debt due to the 
 bank to be repaid by the public, should be deducted from the bank's 
 capital ; which, in consequence, is now £10,914,750. (Report on Bank 
 Charter, Appen. No. 33.) 
 
 Runs upon the Bank. 
 
 The Bank of England has been frequently affected by panics amongst 
 the holders of her notes. In 1745, the alarm occasioned by the advance 
 of the Highlanders, under the Pretender, as far as Derby, led to a run 
 upon the bank ; and in order to gain time to effect measures for averting 
 the run, the directors adopted the device of paying in shillings and six- 
 pences ! But they derived a more effectual relief from the retreat of the 
 Highlanders, and from a resolution agreed to at a meeting of the principal 
 merchants and traders of the city, and very numerously signed, declaring 
 the willingness of the subscribers to receive bank-notes in payment of any 
 sum that might be due to them, and pledging themselves to use their utmost 
 endeavors to make all their payments in the same medium. 
 
 During the tremendous riots in June, 1780, the bank incurred consider- 
 able danger. Had the mob attacked the establishment at the commence- 
 ment of the riots, the consequences might have proved fatal. Luckily, 
 however, they delayed their attack till time had been afforded for providing 
 a force sufficient to insure its safety. Since that period, a considerable 
 military force is nightly placed in the interior of the bank as a protection 
 in any emergency that may occur. 
 
 Suspension of Cash Payments in 1797. 
 
 The year 1797 is the most important epoch in the recent history of the 
 bank. Owing partly to events connected with the war in which we were 
 then engaged ; to loans to the emperor of Germany ; to bills drawn on 
 the treasury at home by the British agents abroad ; and partly, and chiefly, 
 perhaps, to the advances most unwillingly made by the bank to gov- 
 ernment, which prevented the directors from having a sufficient control 
 over their issues, the exchanges became unfavorable in 1795, and in that 
 and the following year large sums of specie were drawn from the bank. 
 In the latter end of 1796 and beginning of 1797, considerable apprehen- 
 
Bank of England, , 173 
 
 sions were entertained of invasion, and rumors were propagated of de- 
 scents having been actually made on the coast. In consequence of the 
 fears that were thus excited, runs \iiere made on the provincial banks, in 
 different parts of the country ; and some of them having failed, the panic 
 became general, and extended itself to London. Demands for cash poured 
 in upon the bank from all quarters ; and, on Saturday the 25th day of 
 February, 1797, she had only £1,272,000 of cash and bullion in her coffers, 
 with every prospect of a violent run taking place on the following Monday. 
 In this emergency, an order in council was issued on Sunday the 26th, 
 prohibiting the directors from paying their notes in cash until the sense of 
 parliament should be taken on the subject And after parliament met, and 
 the measure had been much discussed, it was agreed to continue the re- 
 striction till six months after the signature of a definite treaty of peace. 
 
 As soon as the order in council prohibiting payments in cash appeared, 
 a meeting of the principal bankers, merchants, traders, etc., of the me- 
 tropolis, was held at the Mansion-house, when a resolution was agreed to, 
 and very numerously signed, pledging, as had been done in 1745, those 
 present to accept, and to use every means in their power to cause bank- 
 notes to be accepted as cash in all transactions. This resolution tended to 
 allay the apprehensions that the restriction had excited. 
 
 Parliament being sitting at the time, a committee was immediately ap- 
 pointed to examine into the affairs of the bank ; and their report put to 
 rest whatever doubts might have been entertained with respect to the sol- 
 vency of the establishment, by showing that, at the moment when the order 
 in council appeared, the bank was possessed of property to the amount of 
 £15,513,690, after all claims upon her had been deducted. 
 
 "Much difference of opinion has existed with respect to the policy of the 
 restriction in 1797 ; but considering the peculiar circumstances under 
 which it took place, its expediency seems abundantly obvious. The run 
 did not originate in any over-issue of bank-paper, but grew entirely out 
 of political causes. As long as the alarms of invasion continued, it was 
 clear that no bank-paper immediately convertible into gold would remain 
 in circulation. And as the bank, although possessed of ample funds, was 
 without the means of instantly retiring her notes, she might, but for the in- 
 terference of government, have been obliged to stop payment ; an event 
 which, had it occurred, must have produced consequences in the last de- 
 gree fatal to the public interests. 
 
 Resumption of Cash Payments in 1S21. 
 
 The error of the government did not consist in their coming to the as- 
 sistance of the bank, but in their continuing the restriction after the alarm 
 of invasion had ceased, and there was nothing to hinder the bank from 
 safely reverting to specie payments. We have already pointed out (see 
 article Monet, pages 128, 129) the influence of the suspension upon the 
 conduct of the bank, and the depreciation to which it led. But the de- 
 struction of country-bank paper in 1814, 1815, and 1816, having, by 
 reducing the amount of currency, raised its value nearly to a level with 
 that of gold, the legislature was able to revert with comparatively little difii- 
 
174 Paper-Money. 
 
 culty to the old standard. The act for this purpose, 59 Geo. III. cap. 78, 
 has been commonly called Peel's bill, from its having been introduced and 
 carried through parliament by Mr. (now Sir Robert) Peel. To facilitate 
 the return to specie payments, the ban£ was authorized in the first instance, 
 to pay in bars of standard bullion. She, however, recommenced payments 
 in coin in May, 1821, and has since continued them without interruption. 
 
 BanTc-Notes made Legal Tender everywhere except at the Bank. 
 
 Having already given some account of the derangements of the currency 
 in 1825-26, and in 1836-37, it is needless again to allude to them here. 
 "When the charter was renewed in 1833, the notes of the Bank of England 
 were made legal tender everywhere except at the bank. Of the wisdom 
 of this regulation no doubt can be entertained. Bank-notes are necessa- 
 rily always equivalent to bullion ; and by making them substitutes for coin 
 at country banks, the demand for the latter during periods of alarm or runs 
 is materially diminished, and the stability of the bank and of the pecuniary 
 system of the country proportionally increased. Since 1826, the bank has 
 established branches in some of the great commercial towns. 
 
 Principle on wTiich the BanJc endeavors to regulate her Conduct. 
 
 The principle which the bank endeavors to keep in view in conducting 
 her business is, that she should so manage her affairs as to have always on 
 hand a stock of coin and bullion equal to a third part of her liabilities ; 
 that is, to a third part of the gross amount of her issues and deposits. ' But 
 in practice, she is obliged frequently to depart from this rule ; and we have 
 already seen that the circumstances under which the bank is placed, in 
 consequence of their being hundreds of rival issuers, are such as to make it 
 impossible for her to abide constantly by any system in the regulation of 
 her issues, or to act in the way that it would be for her interest as well as 
 her duty to act were she the sole issuer of paper. 
 
 Bank of England in connection with the Government. 
 
 The bank of England transacts the whole business of government. " She 
 acts not only," says Dr. Smith, " as an ordinary bank, but as a great engine 
 of state. She receives and pays the greater part of the annuities which 
 are due to the creditors of the public ; she circulates exchequer bills ; and 
 she advances to the government the annual amount of the land and malt 
 taxes, which are frequently not paid till some years thereafter." Previously 
 to 1834, the bank received about £270,000 a year from the public for her 
 trouble in managing the national debt, paying dividends, transfering stock, 
 etc. But the act renewing the charter having directed that £120,000 
 should be deducted from this charge, it now amounts to about £150,000 
 a year. 
 
Bank of England. 175 
 
 Assistance rendered by Hie Bank to the Mercantile Interests. 
 
 The greater part of the paper of the bank has generally been issued in 
 the way of advances or loans to government, upon the security of certain 
 branches of the revenue, and in the purchase of exchequer bills and other 
 government securities, and bullion. But her issues through the medium 
 of discounts and loans to individuals have, notwithstanding, been at all times 
 considerable, while during periods of distress they are often very large. 
 Generally speaking, however, the directors do not think it advisable to en- 
 ter into competition with private bankers in the transacting of ordinary 
 banking business, or in the discounting of ordinary mercantile paper ; and 
 for this reason the interest charged by them is usually one or one and a 
 half per cent, higher than that charged by private bankers and dealers 
 in discounts. When, however, any circumstances occur to occasion a pres- 
 sure in the money market, the market rate of interest immediately rises to 
 the rate fixed by the bank, and on such occasions the private bankers and 
 the public generally resort to her for aid. She then becomes as it were a 
 point (Tappui, a bank of support, and has frequently rendered in that 
 capacity essential service, as in the famous instances of 1792-93, 1815-16, 
 1825-26, and 1836-37. The interference of the bank on the latter occasion, 
 in propping up the Northern and Central Bank, though in some respects 
 objectionable, and in supporting the American houses till they got their 
 engagements greatly reduced, no doubt averted a severe pecuniary crisis. 
 
 The Bank of England allows no interest, either at the head office in 
 London, or at the branches, for deposits. She is, we believe, influenced in 
 this respect by an apprehension, that were she to allow interest, she might 
 be incumbered with too great an accumulation of deposits, which it might 
 be difficult to employ advantageously, and which in a period of alarm, 
 might endanger her security. It is not to be denied that there is great 
 weight in these considerations. 
 
 The dividends on bank stock, from 1767 to the present time, have been : 
 From 1767 to 1781, five and a half per cent, per annum ; from 1781 to 
 1788, six per cent.; from 1788 to 1807, seven per cent.; from 1807 to 1823, 
 ten per cent.; and from 1823 to the present time (1838), eight per cent. 
 The sums paid as dividends, are exclusive of those which have occasion- 
 ally been advanced as bonuses : the latter amount, since 1799, to £3,783,- 
 780, over and above the increase of the bank's capital in 1816, which 
 amounted to £2,910,600. 
 
176 
 
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Joint-Stock Banks. 177 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 JOINT-STOCK BANKS OP GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 _ It will be unnecessary, after the principles laid down and the details 
 given in the previous parts of this article, to enter at any considerable 
 length into an examination of the constitution of the joint-stock banks, 
 which combine With the business of deposit banks that of banks for the 
 issue of paper. They consist of bodies or partners, varying from seven 
 to nearly 1500, each holding one or more shares of the company's stock ; 
 and they are uniformly managed by boards of directors appointed by, and 
 generally responsible to, the body of shareholders. The conditions of co- 
 partnery vary materially in different associations ; but the above are dis- 
 tinguishing features common to them aU. There can be no doubt that 
 several of these banks are discreetly managed, possess adequate capital, 
 and afford the amplest security to their customers and the public. But it 
 is very doubtful whether this can be truly said of the greater number of 
 these establisliments. The shares in many joint-stock banks are very small, 
 few being above £100, the greater number not exceeding £50, whilst many 
 are only £25, and some not more than £10, and even £5 ! Generally, too, 
 it is understood, or rather it is distinctly set forth in the prospectus, that 
 not more than five, ten, or twenty per cent, of these shares is to be called 
 for, so that an individual who has ten or twenty shillings to spare may be- 
 come a shareholder in a bank. And, owing to a practice, or rather a 
 flagrant abuse, introduced into the management of various banks, by which 
 they make large advances or discounts on the credit of the stock held by 
 the shareholders, not a few individuals in doubtful or even desperate cir- 
 cumstances take shares in them, in the view of obtaining loans, and 
 bolstering up their credit ! The great danger arising from such banks is obvi- 
 ous ; and were one of them to stop payment, it is plain, even though the claims 
 on it should be ultimately made good, that they could be so only at the cost, 
 and perhaps ruin, of such of its proprietors as had abstained from the 
 abusive practices resorted to by others. It may well, indeed, excite aston- 
 ishment, that any one who can really afford to make a hona fide purchase 
 of shares in a bank should be foolhardy enough to embark in such con- 
 cerns. 
 
 A knowledge of the circumstances now stated, and of the sort of agency 
 by which certain joint-stock banks have been established and conducted,* 
 having been generally diffused, a secret committee was appointed by the 
 House of Commons in 1836, to inquire into the operation of the act 7 Geo. 
 IV. cap. 46, permitting the establishment of joint-stock banks ; and whether 
 it was expedient to make any alteration in its provisions. The repqrt of 
 this committee, and of a second committee appointed in 1837, with portions 
 of the evidence taken before them, have since been published, and confirm 
 
 * See Edinburgh Review, No. 128, art. 6 ; and the accounts of the Norwich Bank, 
 and of the Northern and Central Bank, in the Reports of the Committees of 1836 
 and 1837. 
 
178 Paper-Mmey. 
 
 all the conclusions of those who had contended that the existing system 
 required material amendment. The committee of 1836 stated, that : — 
 
 Statements hy the Committee of 1836. 
 
 " Subject to the local restrictions imposed for the protection of the priv- 
 ilege of the Bank of England, it is open to any number of persons to form 
 a company for joint-stock banking, whether for the purpose of deposit, or 
 of issue, or of both. 
 
 " 1. The law imposes on the joint-stock banks no preliminary obligation 
 beyond the payment of a license duty, and the registration of the names 
 of shareholders at the stamp-office. 
 
 " 2. The law does not require that the deed of settlement shall be consid- 
 ered or revised by any competent authority whatever ; and no precaution 
 is taken to enforce the insertion, in such deeds, of clauses the most obvious 
 and necessary. 
 
 " 3. The law does not impose any restrictions upon the amount of nom- 
 inal capital. This will be found to vary from £5,000,000 to £100,000 ; 
 and in one instance an unlimited power is reserved for issuing shares to any 
 extent. 
 
 " 4. The law does not impose any obligation that the whole or any cer- 
 tain amount of shares shall be subscribed for before banking operations 
 commence. In many instances banks commence their business before one 
 half of the shares are subscribed for, and 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 shares 
 are reserved to be issued at the discretion of the directors. 
 
 " 5. The law does not enforce any rule with respect to the nominal 
 amount of shares. These will be found to vary from £1,000 to £5. The 
 effects of this variation are strongly stated in the evidence. 
 
 " 6. The law does not enforce any rule with respect to the amount of 
 capital paid up before the commencement of business. This will be found 
 to vary from £105 to £5. 
 
 " 7. The law does not provide for any publication of the liabilities and 
 assets of these banks, nor does it enforce the communication of any balance- 
 sheet to the proprietors at large. 
 
 " 8. The law does not impose any restrictions by which care shall be 
 taken that dividends are paid out of banking profits only, and that bad or 
 doubtful debts are first written off. 
 
 " 9. The law does not prohibit purchases, sales, and speculative traflSc 
 on the part of these companies in their own stock, nor advances to be made 
 on the credit of their own shares. 
 
 " 10. The law does not provide that the guarantee fund shall be kept 
 apart and invested in government or other securities. 
 
 " 11. The law does not limit the number of branches, or the distance of 
 such branches from the central bank. 
 
 " 12. The law is not sufficiently stringent to insure to the public that the 
 names registered at the stamp-office are the names of persons bona jlde 
 proprietors, who have signed the deed of settlement, and who are responsi- 
 ble to the public. 
 
 " 13. The provisions of the law appear inadequate, or at least are dis- 
 
Joint-Slock Banks. 179 
 
 regarded, so far as they impose upon banks the obligation of making their 
 notes payable at the places of issue. 
 
 " All these separate questions appear to your committee deserving of 
 the most serious consideration, with a view to the future stability of the 
 banks throughout the united kingdom, the maintenance of commercial 
 credit, and the preservation of the currency in a sound state." 
 
 Remedial Measures that should be adopted. 
 
 "We do not, however, think that it would be at all necessary in providing 
 for a secure system of joint-stock banking, to make any regulations with 
 respect to many of the points noticed by the committee, as to which the 
 law is silent. At present, every partner in a joint-stock bank is liable to 
 the public for the whole debts of the firm ; and this may be truly said to 
 be the saving principle of the system, and without which it would be an 
 unmixed intolerable evil. No individual should, however, by merely with- 
 drawing from a joint-stock concern, get rid of his liabiUties in connection 
 with it. To prevent fraud, and to insure due caution, these ought to con- 
 tinue for a period of three years at least after he has publicly withdrawn 
 his name. The public, too, are clearly entitled to know the partners in 
 joint-stock associations, that is, to be informed who the individuals are with 
 whom they are dealing, and who are responsible to them. But, unluckily, 
 no effective means are taken for supplying the pubUc with this necessary 
 information, and, consequently, of properly discriminating between one es- 
 tablishment and another. The act of 1333 (3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 83) di- 
 rected, as previously stated, that an account of the places where they carry 
 on business, and of the names and residences of the partners, should be 
 quarterly transmitted to the stamp-office. But doubts have been entertained 
 as to the correctness of these returns, and comparatively little use has been, 
 or indeed can be, made of them. The accounts of the names and resi- 
 dences of the proprietors are not published ; but are carefully secluded 
 from the public eye, in the repositories of Somerset House ! It is true that 
 these lists may be seen by those who choose to apply at the office, for a 
 small fee, and that certified copies may be procured at no great expense. 
 But few know that such returns exist, and still fewer have the opportunity 
 or think of availing themselves of them as sources of information. To 
 render them of any real utility, they should be brought under the public 
 eye, by being hung up in the offices of the banks to which they refer, and 
 periodically published in the newspapers of the places where they carry 
 on business. By this means the public would know exactly to whom 
 they had to look, and would act accordingly. They would not be deceived, 
 as they are liable to be at present, by supposing that, because a bank has a 
 number of partners, some of them must be opulent and trustworthy. They 
 would know the precise state of the fact ; and if it were seen from the 
 quarterly returns, that opulent and intelligent individuals were withdraw- 
 ing from any bank, every one would be put on his guard, and would natu- 
 rally conclude that the parties had very sufficient reasons for quitting the 
 concern. Thus far publicity may be made effectual, and would be of the 
 very greatest importance. Neither is it possible to allege a single plausible 
 
180 Paper-Money. 
 
 objection to this proposal. It interferes in no degree, nor in any way, with 
 the proceedings of the parties ; all that it does is to declare who and what 
 they are, and to this degree of publicity no honest man will object. But 
 we have great doubts whether it be possible to carry publicity farther 
 than this. The committee state, that " the law does not provide for any 
 publication of the liabilities and assets of these banks, nor does it enforce 
 the publication of any balance-sheet to the proprietors at large ; " and it 
 has been proposed to compel the periodical publication of a statement of 
 this sort. But it is very questionable whether any such publication would 
 not be a great deal worse than useless. It is not proposed that commis- 
 sioners should be appointed to inspect the accounts of the different banks, 
 and to see that the returns are accurate. This would be too inquisitorial, 
 too cumbrous, and too costly a plan to be thought of for a moment. There 
 would be nothing for it, in fact, but to trust entirely to the honor of the 
 parties. Hence, in all cases in which a disclosure would be really useful, 
 the publication of an account of assets and liabilities would afibrd the 
 means of deceiving the public, and of representing a bankrupt concern as 
 being in a prosperous condition. Supposing, however, that the parties 
 were in all instances perfectly honest, still, the publication of a balance- 
 sheet would be good for nothing. Every one knows how sanguine people 
 are in relation to their own affairs ; and that debts and obligations which 
 other parties would hardly reckon worth anything, are estimated by them 
 as if they were so much bullion. But, independently of this, the futility of 
 the thing is obvious. A bank with a capital of £100,000 discounts bills and 
 other obligations to the extent, perhaps, of £300,000 or £400,000 ; the 
 fact that it has discounted them shows that it believes these bills and ob- 
 ligations to be good ; and they will, consequently, be reckoned amongst its 
 assets. But should a revulsion take place, or any circumstance occur to 
 shake credit, these bills may not be worth £100,000 ; and those who have 
 dealt with the bank on the hypothesis of its having capital and assets more 
 than enough to meet all its obligations will iind, to their cost, that it is not 
 possessed of a single shilling, but is, on the contrary, some £200,000 or 
 £300,000 worse than nothing. 
 
 The committee seem to think that some regulation should be enacted, 
 providing that a certain portion of its capital should be paid up before a 
 bank begins business. But we incline to think that the better way would be 
 to prohibit all advertising of nominal capitals ; and to enact that the capital 
 actually paid up, whatever its amount, shall always be represented as, and 
 held to be, the capital of the bank. But although such a regulation were 
 made, there would be no security that the capital said to have been paid up 
 had really been paid into the coffers of the bank, or that, if received, it 
 had not again been lent out, in one way or other, to the partners. Perhaps 
 it might be good policy to enact that no shares should be issued under a 
 certain sum, as £50 ; and that no loans should be made to the partners on 
 the credit of their stock. But we should not be inclined to lay much 
 stress on the former regulation ; and the latter might, and no doubt would, 
 be defeated in a thousand ways. 
 
 We are decidedly hostile to a proposal we have heard made, and which 
 seems to be countenanced by the committee, for obliging all banks to estab- 
 lish a guarantee fund; that is, for obliging them- to accumulate a portion 
 
Joint- Stock Banks. 181 
 
 of their profits as a reserve stock. But where is the security that such 
 reserve would be always deducted from the profits ? The truth is, that 
 bankrupt and fraudulent concerns, and none else, would gain by such a 
 regulation ; inasmuch as it would enable them, by appearing to be prosper- 
 ous, the better to deceive the public, and to blind them as to the real state 
 of their affairs. It is plainly worse than absurd to teach the public to de- 
 pend on guarantees that cannot be enforced, and which consequently mus- 
 be good for nothing, unless it be to tempt to and conceal fraud. The knowl- 
 edge of who the partners are in a bank, and their unlimited responsibility, 
 are the only securities that, speaking generally, are worth anything. If 
 these cannot protect the public from fraud and loss, nothing else will ; and 
 the question will come to be, not whether the system should be reformed, 
 but whether it should be entirely abolished. 
 
 We have already noticed the extraordinary multiplication of branch- 
 banks all over the country ; and it is not very difiicult to discover why 
 banks of issue, at least, are so very anxious about the establishment of 
 these outworks. They are bound, it seems, by the present law, to pay 
 their notes only at the parent establishment ; so that, by issuing them at a 
 branch-bank, perhaps a hundred miles distant from the head bank, the 
 chances are ten to one that they will continue for a much longer period in 
 circulation, and that they will consequently be able to carry on business with 
 a much less amount of capital, than if they were, as they ought to be, 
 obliged to pay their notes at the branches as well as at the principal office. 
 It is obvious, indeed, that the convertibility of the paper, even of first-class 
 banks, into either cash or Bank of England notes, is at present exceedingly 
 imperfect ; and that very great facilities are afforded for getting the worst class 
 of notes into circulation, and for keeping them afloat, even after their quality 
 may be suspected. This defect in the law ought undoubtedly to be amended 
 by obliging all banks that issue notes to pay them indifferently at any of 
 their offices. But we incline to think that parliament might go farther 
 than this, and that it should enact that no branch be established, whether 
 for the issue of notes or otherwise, beyond a certain distance (say fifty 
 miles) from the head office. 
 
 Several of the points recapitulated by the committee, as to which the 
 law is silent, respect the rights and interests of the partners in joint-stock 
 banks, in relation to each other, and not as between them and the public. 
 But it is always a very difficult matter to interfere to dictate the footing on 
 which parties in any undertaking should stand amongst themselves. Much 
 should, in such cases, be left to the judgment of the parties ; and public 
 regulations, if enforced at all, should only go to prevent obvious and ac- 
 knowledged abuse. The parties may in most cases be safely left to take 
 care of themselves. The protection of the public interest is the paramount 
 consideration ; and we do not well know what can be done to effect this, 
 in the case at least of such banks as do not issue notes, other than the 
 making known who their partners are. 
 
 The committee, like the manager who overlooked the part of the prince 
 in casting the play of Hamlet, have omitted all reference to by far the most 
 important matter connected with their inquiry, — the suppression of the 
 issues of private and joint-stock hanks. Though the regulations proposed 
 or hinted at by the committee were adopted, and were as effectual as they 
 
182 Paper-Money. 
 
 are sure to be ineffectual and mischievous, they would do nothing to pre 
 rent those oscillations in the amount and value of money inherent in a cur 
 rency supplied by different issuers, and which periodically overspread the 
 sountry with bankruptcy and ruin. Even the exacting of security for" 
 their issues, the only regulation it is possible to adopt in regard to them 
 which can be of any real value, though it would mitigate their violence, 
 would not get rid of these destructive fluctuations. Nothing, as has already 
 been fully shown, can do this short of the suppression of all local issues ; 
 and all schemes for the improvement of banking in England which do not 
 proceed on this assumption, savor more of quackery and delusion than of 
 anything else, and deserve but little attention. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE SCOTCH BANKS. 
 
 The act of 1708, preventing more than six individuals from entering 
 into a partnership for carrying on the business of banking, did not ex- 
 tend to Scotland. In consequence of this exemption, several banking com- 
 panies, with numerous bodies of partners, have always existed in that part 
 of the empire. The Bank of Scotland was established by act of parliament 
 in 1695. By the terms of its charter it enjoyed, for twenty-one years, the 
 exclusive privilege of issuing notes in Scotland. Its original capital was 
 only £100,000. But it was increased to £200,000 in 1744, and now 
 amounts to £1,500,000, of which £1,000,000 has been paid up. 
 
 The Royal Bank of Scotland was established in 1727. Its original cap- 
 ital was £151,000. At present it amounts to £2,000,000, which has been 
 all paid up. 
 
 The British Linen Company was incorporated in 1746, for the purpose, 
 as its name implies, of undertaking the manufacture of linen. But the 
 views in which it originated were speedily abandoned, and it became a 
 banking company only. Its paid-up capital amounts to £500,000. 
 
 Exclusively of the above, there are two other chartered banks in Scot- 
 land ; the Commercial Bank, established in 1810, and the National Bank 
 of Scotland, established in 1825. The former has a paid-up capital of 
 £600,000, and the latter of £500,000. 
 
 None of the other banking companies established in Scotland are char- 
 tered associations ; and the partners are jointly and individually liable to 
 the whole extent of their fortunes for the debts of the firms. Some 
 of them, as the Aberdeen Town and County Bank, the Dundee Com- 
 mercial Bank, the Perth Banking Company, etc., have very numerous 
 
The Scotch Banks. 183 
 
 bodies of partners. Generally speaking, they have been eminently suc- 
 cessful. An original share, £150, of the stock of the Aberdeen Banking 
 Company, established in 1767, is now (1838) worth no less than £2,500! 
 Their affairs are uniformly conducted by a board of directors chosen by 
 the shareholders. 
 
 There are very few banks with less than six partners in Scotland. 
 Almost all the great joint-stock banks have numerous branches, so that 
 there is hardly a town or village of any consequence without two or more 
 banks. 
 
 The Bank of Scotland began to issue one-pound notes as early as 1704, 
 and their issue has since been continued without interruption. With only 
 one exception, all the Scotch banks issue notes ; and, taking their aggregate 
 circulation at from £3,500,000 to £4,000,000, it is supposed that from 
 £2,000,000 to £2,500,000 consists of notes for £1. In 1826, it was proposed 
 to suppress one-pound notes in Scotland as well as in England ; but the 
 mea||ire having been strongly objected to by the people of Scotland, aa 
 being at once oppressive and unnecessary, was abandoned. 
 
 Seasons for the few Failures among Scotch Banks. 
 
 There have been very few bankruptcies among the Scotch banks. This 
 superior stability is to be ascribed to a variety of causes ; partly to the 
 great wealth of the early established banks, which had a considerable in- 
 fluence in preventing an inferior class of banks acquiring any hold on the 
 public confidence ; partly to the comparatively little risk attending the 
 business of banking in Scotland ; partly to the facilities afforded by the 
 Scotch law for attaching a debtor's property, whether it consist of land or 
 movables ; and partly and principally, perhaps, to the fact of the Scotch 
 banks being but indirectly and slightly affected by a depression of the 
 exchange and an efflux of bullion. 
 
 Suppression of local Notes in Scotland unnecessary. 
 
 The circumstances now mentioned render it unnecessary to enforce that 
 suppression of local issues in Scotland, which is so indispensable in Eng- 
 land, where the system of provincial banking is of a very inferior descrip- 
 tion, the risk attending the business much greater, and where any excess 
 in the amount of the currency necessarily occasions a fall of the exchange 
 and a demand for bullion. The commerce and population of Scotland are 
 too limited, and that country is too remote from the metropolis, or from the 
 centre of the moneyed world, the pivot on which the exchanges turn, to 
 make it. of importance that her currency should be identical with that of 
 England. We believe that the Scotch attach much more importance than 
 it deserves to the issue of paper, and especially to the issue of one-pound 
 notes ; still, however, we do not think that the circumstances are at present 
 such as to call for or warrant any attempt to introduce any material changes 
 in their banking system. 
 
184 Paper-Money. 
 
 Deposits. 
 
 All the Scotch banks receive deposits, even of the low amount of £10, 
 and allow interest on them at from one to two per cent, below the market 
 rate. But should a deposit be unusually large, as from £5,000 to £10,000, 
 a special agreement is usually made with regard to it. This part of the 
 system has been particularly advantageous. It in fact renders the Scotch 
 banks a sort of savings' banks for all classes ; and their readily receiving 
 all sorts of deposits at a reasonable rate of interest, has tended to diffuse a 
 spirit of economy and parsimony among the people that would not otherwise 
 have existed. The total deposits in the hands of the Scotch banks are be- 
 lieved at present (1838) to exceed £25,000,000, of which fuHy a half is 
 understood to be in sums of from £10 to £200. 
 
 Cash Accounts. 
 
 The Scotch banks make advances in the way of discounts and loans, and 
 on what are called cash-credits, or cash accounts. By the latter, are meant 
 credits given by the banks for specified sums to individuals, each of whom 
 gives a bond for the sum in his account, with two or more individuals as 
 sureties for its payment. Persons having such accounts draw upon them 
 for whatever sums within their amount they have occasion for, repaying 
 these advances as they find opportunity, but generally within short periods. 
 Interest is charged only on the average balance which may be found due 
 to the bank. The total number of these accounts in Scotland, in 1826, 
 was estimated at about 12,000 ; and it may now, perhaps, be taken at 
 about 14,000. They are believed to average about £500 ; few are for less 
 than £100, and fewer still above £5,000. 
 
 It has been contended, and by no less an authority than Adam Smith, 
 that this species of accommodation gives the Scotch merchants and traders 
 a double command of capital. " They may discount their bills of exchange," 
 says he, " as easily as the English merchants, and have besides the addi- 
 tional conveniency of their cash-accounts." ( Wealth of Nations, book ii. 
 cap. 2.) But this is an obvious error. The circulation will take off only 
 a certain quantity of paper ; and to whatever extent it may be issued 
 by means of cash-accounts, so much the less can be issued in the way of 
 discounts. The advantage of a cash-account does not really consist in its 
 enabling a banker to enlarge his advances to liis customers, but in the ex- 
 treme facility it affords of making them. An individual who has obtained 
 such an account may operate upon it at any time he pleases, and by drafts 
 for any amount ; an advantage he could not enjoy to anything like the same 
 extent, without an infinite deal of trouble and expense, were the loans or 
 advances made to him through the discounting of bills. 
 
 The Scotch banks draw upon London at twenty days' date. This is de- 
 nominated the par of exchange between London and Edinburgh. 
 
 The following table, extracted from a very useful publication {Oliver 
 and Boyd's Almanack, for 1838), exhibits the partners, branches, capital, 
 prices of shares, dividends, etc., in the five chartered banks, in December, 
 1837 ; and it also shows the aggregate partners, branches, capital, etc., of 
 the other joint-stock banks th«n existing in Scotland. 
 
Hie Irish Banks, 
 
 185 
 
 Bank of Scotland... 
 
 Koyal Bank 
 
 BritUh Linen Co... 
 
 Commercial Bank. . 
 
 NalioualBank 
 
 Twelve other Joint- 
 Stock Co's 
 
 Total 
 
 Part. 
 
 Bran. 
 
 Paid-up 
 Capital. 
 
 Dividend. 
 
 Shares Paid. 
 
 Pres. 
 Price. 
 
 Rate per 
 Cent. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Payable. 
 
 672 
 764 
 164 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 42 
 
 £ 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 6 
 
 51-2 
 
 8 
 
 £ 
 
 60,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 April & Oct. 
 Jan. & July. 
 June & Dee. 
 
 Jan. & July. 
 Ditto. 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 83 6 8 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 10 
 
 £ 
 159 
 161 
 236 
 
 173 
 16 
 
 1600 
 
 521 
 
 1238 
 
 4128 
 
 74 
 48 
 33 
 
 72 
 
 3,500,000 
 600,000 
 600,000 
 
 1,937,700 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 6.04 
 
 210,000 
 36,000 
 30,000 
 
 116,995 
 
 7487 
 
 227 
 
 6,637,700 
 
 6.01 
 
 392,985 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 THE nsiSH BANK. 
 
 " In no country, perhaps," says Sir Henry Pamell, " has the issuing of 
 paper-money been carried to such an injurious excess as in Ireland. A 
 national bank was established in 1783, with similar privileges to those of 
 the Bank of England, in respect to the restriction of more than six part- 
 ners in a bank ; and the injury that Ireland has sustained from the repeat- 
 ed failure of banks, may be mainly attributed to this defective regulation. 
 Had the trade of banking been left as free in Ireland as it is in Scotland, 
 the want of paper-money that would have arisen with the progress of trade, 
 would in all probability have been supplied by joint-stock companies sup- 
 ported with large capitals, and governed by wise and effectual rules. 
 
 " In 1797, when the Bank of England suspended its payments, the same 
 privilege was extended to Ireland ; and after this period the issues of the 
 Bank of Ireland were rapidly increased. In 1797, the amount of the notes 
 of the Bank of Ireland in circulation was £621,917 ; in 1810, £2,266,471, 
 and in 1814, £2,986,999. 
 
 " These increased issues led to corresponding increased issues by the 
 private banks, of which the number was fifty in the year 1804. The con- 
 sequence of this increase of paper was its great depreciation; the price of 
 bullion and guineas arose to ten per cent, above the mint price ; and the 
 exchange with London became as high as eighteen per cent, the par being 
 8}. This unfavorable exchange was afterwards corrected, not by any re- 
 duction in the issues of the Bank of Ireland, but by the depreciation of 
 the British currency in the year 1810, when the exchange between 
 London and Dublin settled again at about par. (See article Exchange.) 
 
 " The loss that Ireland has sustained by the failure of banks may be de- 
 scribed in a few words. It appears, by the Eeport of the Committee on 
 Irish Exchanges in 1804, that there were at that time in Ireland fifty reg- 
 istered banks. Since that year a great many more have been established, 
 
186 Paper-Money. 
 
 but the whole have failed, one after the other, involving the country from 
 time to time in immense distress, with the following exceptions : First, a few 
 that withdrew from business; secondly, four banks in Dublin ; thirdly, three 
 at Belfast ; and, lastly, one at Mallow. These eight banks with the new 
 Provincial Bank, and the Bank of Ireland, are the only banks now (1827) 
 existing in Ireland. 
 
 " In 1821, in consequence of eleven banks having failed nearly at the 
 same time, in the preceding year, in the south of Ireland, government suc- 
 ceeded in making an arrangement with the Bank of Ireland, by which joint- 
 stock companies were allowed to be established at a distance of fifty miles 
 (Irish) from Dublin, and the bank was permitted to increase its capital 
 £500,000. The act 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 72, was founded on this agreement.- 
 But ministers having omitted to repeal in this act various restrictions on 
 the trade of banking that had been imposed by 33 Geo. II. c. 14, no new 
 company was formed. In 1024, a party of merchants of Belfast, wishing 
 to establish a joint-stock company, petitioned parliament for the repeal of 
 this act of Geo. II.; and an act was accordingly passed in that session, 
 repealing some of its most objectionable restrictions. (5 Geo. IV. c. 73.) 
 
 " In consequence of this act, the Northern Bank of Belfast was converted 
 into a joint-stock company, with a capital of £500,000, and commenced 
 business on the first of January 1825. But the restrictions of 33 Geo. II., 
 and certain provisions contained in the acts 1 and 2 Geo. III., and 5 Geo. 
 IV., obstructed the progress of this company, and they found it necessary to 
 apply to government to remove them ; and a bill was accordingly intro- 
 duced, which would have repealed all the obnoxious clauses of the 83d 
 Geo. II., had it not been so altered in the committee as to leave several of 
 them in force. In 1825, the Provincial Bank of Ireland commenced bus- 
 iness w^ith a capital of £2,000,000 ; and the Bank of Ireland has of late 
 established branches in all the principal towns. 
 
 " The losses that have been sustained in Ireland by abusing the power 
 of issuing paper have been so great, that much more is necessary to be 
 done by way of protecting the public from future loss, than the measure 
 proposed last session (1826) by ministers, of abolishing small notes, and the 
 measure already adopted, of allowing joint-stock companies to be establish- 
 ed in the interior of the country. As the main source of the evil consists 
 in the interference of the law in creating a national bank with exclusive 
 privileges, the first step that ought to be taken for introducing a good 
 system into Ireland, is the getting rid of such a bank, and opening the trade 
 of banking in Dublin. The next measure should be the requiring of each 
 bank to give security for the amount of paper that is issued ; for after the 
 experience of the ignorance with which the Irish banks have conducted 
 their business, and the derangement of the natural course of the trade, by 
 the long existence of the Bank of Ireland, it would be unwise to calculate 
 upon a sound system of banking speedily supplanting that which has been 
 established. 
 
 " Under the circumstances in which Ireland is placed, nothing would so 
 much contribute to her rapid improvement in wealth, as the introducing of 
 the Scotch plan of cash credits, and of paying interest on deposits. By 
 cash credits, the capital which now exists would be rendered more efficient, 
 and the paj'ing of interest on small deposits, would lead to habits of econ- 
 omy, and to the more raoid accumulation of new capital. 
 
TTie Irish Banks. 
 
 187 
 
 « The charter of the Bank of Ireland has still to run till the year 
 1838." (Observations on Paper-Money, etc., by Sir Henry Pai-nell, pp. 
 
 Since Sir Henry Parnell published the valuable pamphlet from which 
 we have taken the foregoing extract, several joint-stock banking companies 
 have been founded in Ireland. The provincial Bank, to which Sir Henry 
 alludes, has a paid-up capital of £500,000, and has been well and profitably 
 managed. But others have been less fortunate. The Agricultural and 
 Commercial Bank of Ireland, established in 1834, with 2,170 partners, a 
 paid-up capital of £352,790, and many branches, stopped payment during 
 the_ pressure in November, 1836, and by doing so involved many persons 
 in great distress. It would appear from the statement of the auditors ap- 
 pointed to audit the accounts, etc., of this bank, given in the Appendix to the 
 Commons' Eeport of 1837, that it had, to say the least, been very ill man- 
 aged. « We have found," say the auditors, " that there was no efficient con- 
 trol over the branches, and that the system of inspection was most imperfect. 
 A complete absence of plan for checking the accounts existed at the head 
 office in Dublin ; and the book-keeping has been so faulty, that we are con- 
 vinced no accurate balance-sheet could at any time have been constructed. 
 We have looked in vain for an account of ' outfit,' or of ' premiums' re- 
 ceived ; and we must add, that the personal accounts at the head office 
 require a diligent and searching revision." 
 
 More than half of the existing Irish joint-stock banks, amounting to 
 eighteen, were established in 1836 and 1837. It is to be hoped that these 
 establishments wiU take warning by the disasters in which the Agricultural 
 Bank has been involved, and adopt a safer course. But if the power to 
 issue paper-money be continued to these establishments, it is clear that no 
 time should be lost in compelling them to give security for its payment. 
 Unless this measure be enforced, or the issues be entirely suppressed, we 
 run little risk in affirming that Ireland has not seen either the last or most 
 severe of those violent oscillations in the amount and value of money 
 which produce so much bankruptcy and ruin. 
 
 The capital of the Bank of Ireland amounts to £2,769,230. The rate 
 of dividend from 1830 to 1836 was nine per cent.; in 1836, it was eight 
 and a half per cent. The charter, which expires in the course of the 
 present year, has not as yet been renewed. It is almost needless to add, 
 that there is no room or ground whatever for the continuance of the exclu- 
 sive privilege the Bank of Ireland has hitherto enjoyed. We subjoin an 
 
 Account showing the Circulation of the Sank of Ireland from 1823 to 1836, 
 
 both inclusive. 
 
 Trs. 
 
 Large 
 Notes 
 
 Small 
 Notes. 
 
 Post 
 BiUs. 
 
 Total Aver. 
 Circulation 
 
 yrs. 
 
 Largo 
 Notes. 
 
 Small 
 Notes. 
 
 Post 
 Bills. 
 
 Total Aver, 
 circulation 
 
 1823 
 1824 
 1825 
 1826 
 1837 
 1828 
 1S2& 
 
 £ 
 
 1,827,700 
 1,938,200 
 1,969,300 
 1,502,700 
 1,460,300 
 1,540,200 
 1,615,200 
 
 £ 
 1,383,600 
 1,461,600 
 1,677,500 
 2,644,200 
 1,491,800 
 1,668.800 
 1,459,300 
 
 £ 
 1.869,100 
 2,190,800 
 2,662,500 
 1,768,000 
 1,411,800 
 1,876,900 
 1,362,700 
 
 £ 
 6,070,600 
 6,679,700 
 6,309,800 
 4,906,000 
 4,863,600 
 4,.586,000 
 4,437,800 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 1832 
 1833 
 1834 
 1885 
 1836 
 
 £ 
 
 1,541,800 
 1,488,600 
 1,634,400 
 1,600,600 
 1,608,400 
 1,623,400 
 1,708,600 
 
 £ 
 
 1,885,100 
 1,399,300 
 1,519,600 
 1,472,800 
 1,363,300 
 1,249,800 
 1,087,400 
 
 £ 
 
 1,147,700 
 
 1,026,000 
 
 1,028,900 
 
 943,100 
 
 862,700 
 
 76.3,600 
 
 6.33,200 
 
 £ 
 4,074,700 
 8,913,000 
 4,083,100 
 4,016,600 
 3,834,600 
 3,636,900 
 8,429,800 
 
For Bank Directors, Bank Officers, Bank Clerks. 
 
 THE 
 
 BAIKERS' COMMON PLACE BOOK. 
 
 [new edition.] 
 200^^. Duodecimo, price $1, containing : 
 
 I. A Treatise on Banking. By A. B. Johnson, Esq., President Ontario Bank, 
 
 Utica. 
 II. Ten Minutes' Advice on Keeping a Banker. By J. W. Gilbart, Esq., of 
 tlie London and Westminster Bank. 
 
 III. Bylss on the Law of Bills of Exciiange and Promissory Notes. 
 
 IV. Remarks on Bills of Exchange. By J. Hamsay M'Culloch, Esq. 
 V. Forms of Bills of Exchange, in eight European Languages. 
 
 Vr. Forms of Notice of Protest of Bills and Notes, with Remarks. 
 VII. Synopsis of the Bank Laws of Massachusetts, in force January, 1S51. 
 VIII. Decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in reference to 
 Banking. 
 IX. On the Duties, Omissions and Misdoings of Bank Directors. By A. B. 
 
 JoHNSov, Esq., of Utica. 
 X. A Prize Essay on Banking. "Suggestions to Young Cashiers, on the 
 Duties of their Prufession." By Lorenzo Sabine. [This JUs'ay ob- 
 tained the premium of one hundred dollars, offered by the editoi of the 
 Bankens' Magazine, for the best contribution on the subject.} 
 XI. A Numismatic Dictionary, or List of all the Coins known in all Ages. 
 
 " Miiny excellent ■works on Banking, and a still greater number of nrtieles on Banking, in 
 magazines and other pejiodicul jmblieations, have Appeared in America. We have befoi'e 
 133 one of noooimnoii merit. It is entitled A Treatise on B&nking — The Puties of a Banker, 
 and his personal requisites therefor. By A. B. Johnson, President of the Ontario Branch 
 Bank, at Qtiea, in the State of New York The first part — 'The Bank' — eojitains » clear 
 cxpo-ition of some imi)ortant principles of Banking and Cnrrency, and a comparison between 
 tlie Safety Fnnrl System and the Free Bank system established in New York. The second 
 part — ' The Banker' — 'n of a highly praatioal character ; and it shows that however widely 
 the banks of England and of America may dilfer in their principles, the fields oC their opera- 
 tions, their constitutions and their privileges, yet the practical operations, the qualifications 
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 are macli the same in both countries." — London Bankers' Magazine. 
 
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IMPORTANT BANKING DOCUVIENTS 
 
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 OontainadinthenewVoluineof the Bankers' Magazine, July, 1855 — June, 1856, 
 
 Copies of tlie Volume supplied to order, in Numbers, $5, or substantially bound, $5 75. 
 
 I. FOREIGN" BANKS.— 1. An Account of the French " Societe de Credit Mobilier." 2. Bank 
 of British North America. 3. Bank of Connmerce and Industry, Darmstadt. 4. Bank of Frankfort, 0. M. 
 6. TUe Landes Bank, Dessau. 6. Canada Banks. 7. London and Westminster JJank. S. New .->oiUh Wales. 
 9, Bank of ..^ortliern Germjiny, Hamburg. 10. Bank of France. 11. Banks of Ireland. 12, Banks of Scot- 
 land. 13. Austrian Bank du Credit Mobilier. 14. The Koyal Bank of Prussia. 15. Bank of San Fernando, 
 Madrid. 
 
 IL CURREIsrCT OR MONEY.— Its Nature and Uses, and the Effects of the Circulation 
 of Bank Notes as Currency. By XioBBRT Hooper, Esq., of Boston. 
 
 III. BANK REDEMPTION.— Proceedings ..f a Convention of Bank Officers at Syracuse, 
 New York, to establish a " Bank of Mutual Redemption" for the Banks of the State. 
 
 IV. LOCAL BANK HISTORY.— L Livingston County Batik, Genesee, N. Y. 2. Frank- 
 lin Bank, of Baltimore. 
 
 V. RAIL-ROADS. — Decision of rhe Superior' Court of New York, in the Case of Meclian- 
 ica' Bank, N. Y., v^. New York and New Haven Rail-Road Co. 2. Plan for a Clearing House fcr Railways. 
 
 VI. LIFE INSURANCE. — Principles of Life Insurance. By Gkorge Sheppard, Aclnary, 
 Toronto, Canada 2. Proceedings of the London " Society of Actuaries." *3. Births, Marriaffes and Deaths of 
 White and Free Colored in each Stale, and ratio to Population. 4, Sketch of the Tontine, New York. 
 
 VII. BANK ARCHITECTURE.- 1. Engraved Views of recent Bank Buildings in the 
 City of New York. 2. Premium Plans for Banking Houses. 3. .V Description of the new Banking Houses 
 In New York. 4. Remarks on Bank Archilecture, and the principles that should be followed in the conslrue- 
 tion of Banking Houses. 5. Prizu Essay on Banking — Suggestions to young Cashiers on the Dulles of their 
 Profession. By Hon. Lorenzo Sabinp;, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Vin. STATE FINANCES.— 1. Jliss.niri. 2. Te.\'a.s. 3. Tennessee. 4. Illinois. 5. Mas- 
 sachusetts. 6. Pennsylvania. 7. M;iryland. 8. Kentucky. 
 
 IX. COINS, COINxVGE AND HULLION.— 1. Report of the United States Mint for llie 
 year 1355. 2. Rates for the Purchase of Silver liy the Mint. 8. Is Silver a Legal Tender by tlie Laws of the 
 United States? 4. New Jersey iiurse-head Coins. 5. Trial of the I'yx. 6. Anrmal Report on Brilisli Coin- 
 age. 7. Proceedings of the Numiftmatic Society. London. 8 Gold an<l Silver in Circulation each year since 
 1790. 9. Notes on the History oftlie English Coinage. By Professor Dr MoaoAS. 
 
 X. THE UNITED STATE-.— 1. Annual Wheat Crop of. 2. Colonial Populalinn. 3. 
 Population. 4. Cotton Crop of, each year since 1S24. 5. Imports and Exports, 6. Progress of, since the 
 yearlSOO, 7. Tonnage of. S. Foreign Wool consumed in. 9. Rail-Koads of. 10. Report nn the Sub-Trea- 
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 13. An Account of the si'veral Executive Departments of the United Stales, Washington. 
 
 XI. BANK FRAUDS. — Proceedings in the late Case of Davidson and Gordon, London, 
 Messrs. Strahan, I'auls At Bates, Cankers, London. 
 
 XII. THE CLEARING HOUSE OF NEW YORK.— Annual Report upon. 
 
 XIIL LEGAL MISCELLANY— Recent Cases in reference to. 1. Notice of Protests 
 Defective Notice. 2. Agency. 3. Bank Notes — Insolvency. 4. Promissory Notes. 5. Law of Set-Off— Bank 
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 9. Bank Balances. 10. Liability of Banks for Stolen Notes. 11. Banks and Banking. 12. Bills ol Exchange. 
 13. Corporations. 14 Rail-Roads. 15. Marine and Fire Insurance. 16. Life Insurance. 17. Kail-Road Tax. 
 IS. Rail-Road Bonds-Usury. 19. Illegal I3ank Contracts. 
 
 XIV. THE STOCK MARKET— Tables of the Fluctuations of the New York Stock 
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 XV. CASHIERS. — On the Riglits, Duties and Liabilities of a Cashier. 
 
 XVI. GRAIN. — Tabular Details of the Production of Wheat in each State of the Union 
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 XVIIL NEW BANK LAWS.— 1. Maryland. 2. Tennessee. 3. Ohio. 
 
 XIX. THE COTTON CROP.— I. Production— Stocks— Exports and Domestic Consump- 
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 XX. COMMERCE. — The History of Conimcrce from the Earliest Times to the Present. 
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 XXI. PRIVATE BANKERS IN THE UNITED STATES.— List of Private Bankers in 
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 XXII. FINANCIAL REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1855.— Embracing the leading Financial 
 events of eacli month. 
 
 XXIII. EUROPEAN STATES.— 1. Their Public Debts. 2. Annual Revenue. 3. Mili- 
 tary Strength. 4. Area and Population. 
 
 XXIV. BANK OF ENGLAND.— 1. Stock and Dividend for each year, from 1694 to 
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 J. SMITH HOMANS, EDITOK BANKERS' MAGAZINE, 
 
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1^^ For Bank Officers, Private Bankers and Notaries Public. 
 
 THE MvERCHANTS AND BANKERS' REGISTER, 
 
 For 1857. 
 
 PubUshed by J. SMITH HOMANS, Jr., 162 Pearl-street New-York. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Ijst of Banks in the United States — ai'ranged in States, and alphabetically in Cities 
 
 — Name of President and Cashier of each — Capital of each. 
 II. List of Private Bankers in the several Towns and Cities in the United States and 
 
 Canada. 
 III. List' of Banks in Canada — Name of Manager, Cashier or Agent of each, and their 
 
 Foreign Agents. 
 rV. List of Foreign Bankers — including those in the Cities and Towns o' Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, South America and Australia. 
 V. List of Banks and Bankers in London. 
 VI. List of Members of the Board of Stock Brokers, New York. 
 VII. Statistics of the Bank of England and the Bank of France. 
 
 VIII. Banks of the City of New York — Name of President, Vice-President, Cashier, Assist- 
 ant Cashier, and Notary of each. Discount Days — Dividend Months — Dividends 
 for Four Yeara, of each. 
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 United States.] . 1. Inland Exchange. 2. Foreign Exchange. 3. Nominal Ex- 
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 T. Real Exchange. 8. Balance of Payments. 9. Effects of Real Exchange upon 
 Imports and Exports. 10. Computed Exchange. 11. History ajd Influence of 
 Bills of Exchange. 12. Negotiation of Bills of Exchange. 13. Law of Bills of 
 Exchange. 
 X, European States. Revenue, Expenditure and Public Debt of each. 
 XL Commercial Statistics of the United States. 1. Tonnage. 2. Imports and Exports 
 of each State. 3. General Imports and Exports. 
 XIL Cotton and the Cotton Manufacture. 1. Species and Places of Production of Cotton. 
 2. Cotton Trade. 3. Cotton Manufacture: Origin and Introduction into Europe. 
 4. Inventions and Improvements. 6. Cotton Manufacture in Foreign Countries. 
 6. Statistics of the Cotton Manufacture. 1. Cotton Manufacture in the United 
 States. 
 
 XIII. Decimal Weights and Measures. 1. Introduction of the Decimal System. 2. Tlie 
 
 Natural Standard or Unit for the Base of the System. 3. Tables of the Proposed 
 System. 4. Advantages of the New System. 
 
 XIV. Tlie Consular System. 1. Consuls — their Origin, and Laws respecting them. 2. Duties 
 
 of Consuls. 3. Diplomatic and Consular Law of the United States. 
 XV. Alphabetical List of Cashiers in the United States, and location of each — {prepared 
 expreatly for the use of Notariet Public and Bank Ojpcert.) 
 
 Price $1 12, postage prepaid^ to all -parts of the United 
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 Sixth Volume, New Series, July, 1856, to July, 1857, inclusive. 
 
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 I. ENGRAVED PLANS OF BANKING HOUSES— $160, PREMIUMS, WAS PAID 
 for these plans, to distinguished architects. 
 
 IT. REPORT AND SKETCH OF THE CREDIT MOBILIER BANK OF PARIS— 
 with Statistics of Operations since its Commencement. 
 
 IH. LEGAL 5IISCELLANY.— IMPORTANT DECISIONS IN THE COURTS OP NEW 
 York, Connecticut, Ohio, Virginia, Alabama, Michigan, Maine, in reference to Banking, Bills of Exchange, 
 Promissory KolPs, Trotest, Interest, Itighta and Liabilities of Stockholders — Liabilities of Note Brokers in the 
 Kegoiiation of i'orged Paper — Interest — Application of Payments. 
 
 IV. HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF BANKING IN THE SEVERAL STATES. By H 
 F. Bakek, of Ohio, 'this series embraces Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachu- 
 setts, ^ow Yorli, Pennsjlvauia, and other States. 
 
 V. SAVIXGS BANKS.— TABULAR STATEJIENTS OF THOSE IN THE CITY OF 
 New Ynrk. On tlio Origin of Friendly Societies— Their Objects— Their History — Their Importance— Princi- 
 ples of Compulation—Their Progress — importance of a Sound Constitution — Legislation. 
 
 VI. COUNTERFEIT BILLS.— REPORT ON THE PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE 
 Prevention o I' Altered Bank Bills. By I he Committee of the New England Association for the Suppression of 
 Counterltiiling- Kemarks on the Report of the Committee on Alteration of Bank Bills. By Professors Silli- 
 JIAH and Dana. Kemarks on the Prevention of Photographic Counterfeiting. 
 
 VIL REPORT UPON THE OPERATION OF BRITISH RAILWAYS, FOR THE YEAR 
 1855, with copious Statistics. 
 
 VIH. ACCOUNT OF FOREIGN BANKING INSTITUTIONS.— LONDON AND 
 ■Westminster Bank— Union Bank of London— Imperial Bank of Austria — New Banks established in Ger- 
 many—Bank of Turkey— The Ottoman Bank— The Bank of Agriculture— International Bank, Paris. 
 
 IX. COINS, COINAGE AND BULLION.— REPORT OF THE MINT FOR THE 
 year lS5G-'Pn)iluction .nd P^xport of Gold and Silver, 19th Century— New Coinage Law of the United 
 states— An Act Itelaliog to Foreign Coins and to the Coinage of Ceuta at the Mint of the United Stales, 1S5T. 
 
 X. THE USURY LAWS.— DEBATE AND REPORT ON THE OPERATION OF THE 
 Usurv Laws in New York— On the Rate of Interest in Ancient Times — Eemarks on Usury in the Inception 
 and Transler of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes. 
 
 XL THE FLAX AND LINEN TP.ADE.— REPORT TO THE REFORM CONGRESS 
 at Brussels, in behalf oftbe Belfast Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 XH. MORTGAGE^.— THEIR ORIGIN AND HISTORY— PRINCIPLES PRESIDING 
 over their application to lieal and Personal Property. 
 
 XIH. THE CURRENCY QUESTION.— PROPOSED CHANGE OF THE BANKING 
 Principle— History and I'rincipics of Banking. By IIeney D. McLeod. Annual Eedemption of Uncurrent 
 Money at Now York and Boston. 
 
 XIV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.— THE ROTHSCHILD FAMILY. 
 
 XV. BANKING STATISTICS.— BANK RETURNS OF THE SEVERAL STATES— 
 B.ank Capital and Number of Banks in each Town and City of the United States— List of Banks in every 
 Stale Town and City— Barnes of President and Cashier of each— Capital of each. 
 
 x'vL NOTARIES PUBLIC— SUPPLEMENT TO THE MANUAL FOR NOTARIES 
 Public, Conlaining chapters and lieccnt Decisions on Bills of Exchange— Promissory Notes — Sight Bills — 
 Bank Checks- Forms of Protest. 
 
 XVIt FINANCES OF THE STATE OF OHIO. —STATE DEBT— ANNUAL INTEREST 
 —Taxable Properlv—Gro«s Annual P.evenue and Expenditure fok sach teak— 1S83-18S6. (To le followed 
 hij iimildf Tables of all, the other Slates in tlie Union.) 
 
 XVIII. NEW BANKING LAWS.— MISSOURI— MAINE— NEW YORK— LOUISIANA, 
 
 XTX. FOREIGN COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES, EACH 
 year, 1 -20-1 ^.'l(!. Imports, Exports, Tonnage, &c., of each Slate, with a Preliminary View of the Progress of 
 Commerce during the Nineteentli Century. 
 
 XX. STOCKS AND BONDS— REVIEW OF THE MARKET FOR THE YEAR 1856— 
 Monthly Prices of Stale, City, County and Bail-Eoad Bonds— Eail-Eoad Shares lor each month, 1S5C— 1S67. 
 
 PUBLISHED MONTHLY— r I VE DOLLARS PEK ANi\UJtI. 
 
 J. SMITH HOMANS, Jr., Publisher Bankers' Magazine, 
 
 1G2 Pearl-street, JV. T. 
 
^t jankers' Itappe anli Statistical "gt^isin. 
 
 Published monthly at No, 162 Pearl Street, New-YorL Terms, Five Dollars 
 per annum. All orders and subscriptions to be forwarded per wail to the Editor 
 and Publisher^ 
 
 J, SMITH ROMANS. 
 
 The following are a few of the many voluntary and favorable opinions expressed by Bank 
 officers, as to the value of this work to Banking Institutions • 
 
 MoHTicBLLO Bakk, GHAKLOTTBaviLLs. Virginia, Dec. 8, 1855. 
 J. Smith Homans, Esq., 163 Pearl Street, New-York : 
 
 DBA.R SiE : — ^I eDcIose a check for subscription to your work to Juoe next. It affords me pleasure to make 
 thi3 remittance, feeling satisfied it is by far the most projitdble investment we have ever made. I feel amply re- 
 paid by the single article in the December No^ " Suggestions to young Oaahiers on the duties of their proliession," 
 and w^re the subscription price Jive times the tumy I should consider this article a good set oj for the whole 
 amount Very Respectfully, 
 
 B. 0. FLA.NNAaA.M, CoshicT. 
 
 Albant City Bans — I am surprlned to learn that there are s» many banks in oar State not on your subscrip- 
 tion list. Now F might almosi add my amazement that there ehould be a solitary one of sound character not 
 availing itself of a work so useful and valuable as I regard your Magazine. It will give me pleasure to promote 
 its ciiculation by any means in my power. 
 
 I heard it very highly spoken of in Loudon when there recently, and especially so by Mr. Gllbart, whose praise 
 in that regard is worth having. 
 
 Watts Shsruah, Ceishier Albany City Bank. 
 
 April, 1851. 
 
 From a Massachusstts Cashibu. — I read your work with great interest, and I know that I have profited by 
 it I am confldent that my success is owing la a. great measure to the Information which your pages have 
 given me. 
 
 Naw-YoRK Stati Bajtk, Albaht. — E consider your work a very valuable one, and highly deserving the sup- 
 port of bankers, and of the business community. You have my best wishes for your success. 
 
 J. B. Fldub, CoBhier* Albany. 
 April, 1S5I. 
 
 Your periodical is one of the most valuable of the day. 
 April, 1851. 
 
 J. 8. GiBBOirs, Cashi^ Ocean Bank. 
 
 AoRicuLTDKAL Bank, Herkimer^ JV*. T, 
 We prize the work very highly, and are very desirous of having it complete, that it may be bound and pre- 
 served. The information it contains on the subjects of banking and finance is invalaable to the banlier, the 
 merchant, and the financier. 
 
 September, 1850. -^— 
 
 Baltimore and PHrt.ADELPHTA. — The undersigned, subscribers to the Banker^ Magazine^ have carefblly 
 exaroiced the plan and execution of the work, and cordially approve of the manner in which it is conducted , 
 believing that it is a medium of interesting and Important information, and fully entitled to the support of 
 banking institutions throughout the United States. 
 
 C. C. Jamison, Cashier Bank of Baltivtore, R. Miokle, Cashier Union Bank of Maryland, 
 
 D. SpRioo, Cashier Merchants Bank^ " John S. Gittinos, President Chesapeake Bank, 
 Jacob Bieb, President Marine Bank^ " 3. B. Trevor, Cashier Philadelphia Bank, 
 
 J. II. Carter, Cashier Western Sank^ " W. Pattok, Jr., Cashier Farmers' and Mech. Bank, 
 
 T. Cross, Cashier Commercial and farmers' Bank^ Jambs Kusbbll, Cashier Bank of Penn Township, 
 
 Boston. The undersigned coincide with the opinion above expressed, and cordially unite in recommending 
 
 the Bankers* Magazine to all banking institutions, as well worthy the attention of the presidents, eashiers, di- 
 rectors, and officers generally, of the banks throughout the United States. 
 
 Jamks Do»d Cashier Massachusetts Bank^ Boston* W. H. Foster, Cashier Bank of Commerce^ Boston. 
 
 S P. GhAMK^ Cashier JVew-England Bank " Oharles Spraoue, Cashier Globe Bank, •• 
 
Bankers^ Magazine Advertising Sheet. 
 
 Fi^Dii m i^iK km ifiiKiEi! 
 
 The Bankkb8' Magazwk for September, 1854, contains, entire, the noted case of Ellis k 
 Morton vt. Thb Ohio Lifk iNsnEANoi and Tkdst Company, with the decision of the Shfebiok 
 CouET OF CtNOiNNATi, aa delivered by Judge Stoeek, revised by him, and furnished for paliliea- 
 tionin the Bankers' Magazine. Also, a summary of all the cases (forty in number) referred to by 
 the Court, from the English and American reports ; these have now been brought together for the 
 first time, and form a valuable series of cases for the Banker, upon the subject of Fraudulent 
 Bills, Bank Checks, Bank Notes. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CASES. 
 
 Enqlibh Cases.— 1. Young is. Grote ; 2. Snow ya. Peacock ; 3. Beckwithva. Corrall ; 4. Slater r». Wat, 
 5. Aibouinyt. Anderson; 6. Goodman vs. Harvey; 7. Uthtr rs. Rich; 8. Foster vs. Pearson; 9. Bramak rs, 
 Roberts; 10. Price va. Neat ; 11. Wilkinson vs. Lutwidge ; 12. Jenyns vs. Fawltr ; 13. Bass vs. Clwe ; 14. 
 Smith rs, Mercer ; 15. Jonts va. Ryde ; 16. Brace vs. Bruce ; V, Smith vs. Chester ; 1 8. Lickbarrow vg. Mason ; 
 19. Wilkinson T». Johnson; 20. Cook va. Masterman; 21. Gill vs. Cuhitt; 22. Dovm vs. Hailing; S3. Hall 
 Tfl. Fuller ; 24. Lawson va. ^Vf 5h)n ; 25. Crook vs. yarfi5 ; 26. Backhouse va. Harrison. 
 
 Amekicah Casks. — 1. Levy vs Bank U. S. ; 2. Bank U. S. vs. .BanA; State of Georgia; 3. Gloucester Bank 
 T9. Salem Bank ; 4. .ffanA q/ S/. Albans vs. ii'armer*' anrf Mechanics' Bank ; 5. ^anA; o^ Commerce va. Union 
 Bank, N. Y. ; 6. Goddard va. Merchants' Bank ; 7. J/ars4 vs. Smail ; 8. Ci(y .Sant, JV. O., va. Girard Bank ; 
 9. ifer/ ^ Co., vs. Schultz ; 10. Powell va. /one* ; 11, Talbot va. ifanA: o/" Rochester ; 13. Cano/ .ffanA vs. .ffan* 
 of Albany; 13. Cone vs. Baldwin; 14, Wheeler vs. Guild; 15. Adams vs. Otterback ; 16. H^eij«r va. JVor/A 
 Riiier Aini, Jf, y. 
 
 Every Bank and Private Banker, Bank Officer and Bank Director should have a copy o/ 
 these decisions. 
 
 The present volume of the Bankers' Magazine will contain a History of Bankingin Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Louisiana, and other States ; an alphabetical list of cashiers in the 
 United States; a list of private bankers in every town and city of the United States. 
 
 Monthly, Five Dollars per annum. All orders to be addressed 
 
 J. SMITH HOMANS, 70 Wau Street, N. Y. 
 
 FroWi » MasMachusetts Cashier. — I read your work with great interest, and I know that I have proflted by 
 it, I am confident that my bucccss ia owing in a great ineassre to the Infonnatlua which your pages have 
 giren mo. 
 
 I consider your work a very valuable one, and highly deserving the support of bankers, and of the buainesa 
 community. You have my best wishes for your success, 
 
 April, 1851. J- R- Plums, Ca»hi$r, Albany. 
 
 Tour periodical is one of the most valuable of the day, 
 
 Aprity 1851. J. S. GiBBOsa. Ca^Mer Ocerm Bank, N. Y. 
 
 AgruiUltuiai hank^ Herkimer^ N. Y, 
 We prize the work very highly, and are very desirous of having It comjtleie, ti-ii li may be bound and pre- 
 
 ierveiL The information it contains on the subjects of banking and finance is irra'uable to the banker, th» 
 
 merchant^ and the financier. 
 
 September, 1850, 
 
 1 am flurprised to learn that tnere are so many banks In our State not on your subscription list. Now I 
 might almost add my amazement that there should be a solitary onu of sound character, not eagerly availing 
 itself of a work so useful and valuable as I regard your Magazine. It will give me pleasure to prumote its cir< 
 culation by any means in my power, 
 
 I heard it very highly spoken of in Loadoa when there recently, and especially so by Mr. Gilbart, whow 
 praise in thai rn**"^ *- '"vrtU havinf. 
 
IMPORTANT WORK FOR BANKERS. 
 
 (^Formerly Almanac,) 
 
 One Volume, octavo, pj^. 200, contains information which should 
 he on every Cashier's and Banker's deslc, viz. : 
 
 I. List or all thk Banks in the United States, Name of President and Cashier. II. I^ames 
 OF Private Bankers in all tue Towns and Cities of the United States. III. Alphabeti- 
 cal List of Cashiees in the United States. IV. Members of the New York Board of 
 Stock Brokers. V. New Essay on Exchange, by J. R. McCulloch, author of the Commer- 
 cial Dictionary. YI. List of Private Bankers in all parts of the World. YII. Cotton 
 Statistics of the whole World to the present time. VIII. On the Eights and Duties 
 of Consuls. IX. Finances of European States. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE WORK BY BANKERS, 
 
 From the Bank ofOwego. — I enclose $1 12 for a copj' of the Merchants and Banters' 
 Register. It is a very convenieut and desirable boolc for the cashier's Ueslc. Tho=» who do not get one are 
 penny -wise and $1 12 foolish. E. "W. "Waenee, Cashier. 
 
 From the Branch Bank of Tennessee, Columbia. — I am delighted with your Magazine 
 and recommend it to every banker and bank officer "who deserves to succeed in his profession. I deem it 
 indispensable to the attainment of a correct view of the principles of good banking. 
 
 Prom the Troy City Bank. — I think the Bankers' Register grows more interesting as 
 its numbers increase. It is ffot up with great taste, and edited with much ability. Could some of its 
 " stjggestionb" have met my eye whilst I was indeed a " TonxG cashibr," I should have been saved much 
 trouble and mortification, and thousands of money. God speed your invaluable work! 
 
 S. K. Stow, CaeUer. 
 
 The Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1855. J. Smith Unmans. — It isdifiipult 
 to Imagine a more usettd or convenient appendage to any office, in which exchange and money transactions 
 fail within the line of business. The amount, indeed, of valuable information is great, and its arrangement 
 most judicious, and there are some bits of knowledge that we do not remember to have seen in previous pub- 
 lications. Thus, within the compass of thirty pages, is a summary of the laws of each State respecting interest 
 and usury, and elsewhere a list of private bankers in the principal cities and towns of the United States and 
 Canada. Perhaps our eye more naturally wanders to the copious statistics of Great Britain ; but the truth is 
 there is something to be gleaned from every page. — N. Y. Albion. 
 
 The Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1855 — For a merchant, a mechanic or a 
 firmer to make himself acquainted with the financial affairs of our country and the world, has heretofore been 
 thought waste time, or about as important as the study of architecture, medicine, or Greek and Hebrew ; but 
 let any business-man look over the " Merchants and Bankers' Almanac," published by J. Smith Ilom.ins, 70 
 "Wall-street, and he will soon be satisfied that sapractical use can be made of the valuable information therein 
 contained. It furnishes a financial review of the past year ; a list of all the Banks and Bankers in the country ; 
 a statistical history of Great Britain for the past fifty years ; a statement of the revenue, expenditures and 
 public debt of the United States; many statistical tables, etc., etc. One volume, octavo, 200 pages. Price 
 one dollar.—^. Y. Independent. 
 
IMPORTANT WORKS OF REFERENCE, 
 
 FOB BAKE OntSCTOKa, CASHISB3, CLEKKS AKD MEBCEANTS. 
 
 THE MERCHANTS & BANKERS' REGISTER, (formerly Almanac,) 
 For the years 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857. 
 
 I. The Kegistee or Almaitao fok 1861 contains Coinage — Pul)lic 
 
 Debt — Revenue Expenditures of the United States for each year, 1789-1851. 2. Official 
 Value of Foreign Coins. 3. Fluctuations of English and United States Stocks for the year 
 18S0. 4. Rates of Exchange between London and New York for each montli, 1822-1850. 
 
 II. The Register or Almanac foe 1852 contains Abstract of the 
 
 Laws for the United States Mint. 2. Laws of the State of New York for a Bank Depart- 
 ment — Bank Note Redemption Law — New Insurance Laws. 3. Notes on Coins in General 
 Use. 4. McCulloch's Tables of Gold, Silver and Copper Coins of all Nations. 5. Fluctuations 
 of Stocks in the year 1851. 6. Decisions in various States upon Bills of Exchange and Notes. 
 
 1. Table of Foreign Coins Current in the United States. 8. Forms of Bills of Exchange, in 
 eight European languages. {^N^one of the above matters appear in the subsequent volumes.'^ 
 
 III. The Kegister or Almanac foe 1853 contains Commercial and 
 
 Exchange Tables of all Nations. lOondensed from Tail's Modern Cambist.^ 2. New Varie- 
 ties of Gold and Silver Coins and Bullion. By J. R. Eckfeldt and W. E Du Bois, of the 
 United States Mint. 3. Elaborate Essays from the "London Quarterly Review" and 
 " London Economist," on the Production and Consumption of Gold and Silver throughout 
 the AVorld. 4. Engravings of Sixty-five Recent Gold Coins. 5. Census Returns of the 
 United States — relating to Property — Mortality — ^The Blind — Insane, Ac. [N^one of these 
 matters are contahied in tlie subsequent volumes.'\ 
 
 IV. The Register or Almanac for 1854 contains : 1. An Alpha- 
 betical List of all the Banks in England, Scotland and Ireland — their Managers and Agents. 
 
 2. Laws of the State of New York, in relation to Banking Associations and Individual 
 Bankers — including the Currency Laws passed in 1854, with an Alphabetical Inde,^ to 
 Subjects 3. What Shakspeave says about Gold and Silver. [None of these matters are con- 
 tained in any of the other volumes j^ 
 
 "V". The Register or Almanac foe 1855 contains : 1. Description 
 
 and Ten Engravings of the New Bank Buildings of New York. 2. The Free Banking Law 
 of Illinois. 3. Statistical History of Great Britain for fifty years. (1.) Vital Statistics. 
 (2.) Food. (3.) Stimulants. (4.) Textile Manufactures. (5.) Imperial Parliaments. (6.) 
 Ministers of the Crown. (7.) National Debt of Great Britain, each year, 1800-1850. (8) 
 Taxation, Income, Expenditure, Loans, Ac, of Great Britain, each year, 1800-1850. (9.) 
 Customs, Postage Revenue, Ac, each year, 1800-1850. 4. History of the Stock Exchange. 
 6. Financial Review of the year 1854. 6. History of the Coal Trade of the United States. 
 1. The Relative Values of Gold and Silver. By Du. Michelsen. [None of these matters are 
 contained in the other volumes of this series.^ 
 
 VI. The Register OE Almanac foe 1856 contains: 1. The Usury 
 
 Laws and Law of Damages on Protested Bills of each State in the Union. 2. Prize Essay 
 on Bankii'g — Suggestions to Young Cashiers on the Duties of their Profession. By Hon. 
 Lorenzo Sabi ne, of Massachusetts. [This Essay obtained the premium of one hundred dollars, 
 offered by the Editor of the Bankers' Magazine, for the best contribution on the subject.^ 3. 
 The History of Commerce, from the earliest period to the present time. 4. Recent Bank 
 Arcliitecture of New York — Engi-avings (by the best New York artists) of the New Bank 
 Buildings of the year 1855. 5. History of Foreign Banking Institutions. 6. Financial 
 Review of the year 1855. 1. Chronology of the year 1855. 8. On the Standard of Gold and 
 Silver. [None of the above matters are contained in eitlier of the other volumes of this series.^ 
 
 VII. The Registee or Al^ianac for 1857 contains: 1. A List of 
 
 all the Banks in each State — arranged alphabetically in Cities and States — names of Presi- 
 dent and Casliier of each. 2. List of Private Bankers in Three Hundred Towns and Cities 
 of tlie United States — and in Europe, Asia, South America, &0. 3. Alphabetical List of 
 all the Casliiers in the United States — residence of each. 4. Members of the New York 
 Board of Brokers. 5. Statistics of the Bank of England and Bank of France. 6. Banks of 
 the City of New York — President, Vice-Pre-ident, Cashier, Assistant Cashier, Notary, Divi- 
 dends Discount Daj'S of each. 7. Revenue, Expenditure, Debt of European States. 8. 
 Giimmereial Statistics of the United State'. 9. Cotton and the Cotton Manufacture of the 
 World. 10. The Consular System of the United States. 
 
 Frirfl ofFacJi, $1. C'omjilete Sets oftheWorln, $7. 
 J. SMITH HOEIAKS, Jr., No. 162 Pearl-street, New York. 
 
THIRD EDITION— Published May, 1857. 
 
 FOR THE CASHIER'S DESK. 
 
 MANUAL FOR NOTARIES PUBLIC AND BANKERS. 
 
 A Manual for the l'se of Notaries Pl'blio and Baxkers. coMrnisiNG a Stimmart of the Law 
 OF UiLLS OF Exchange and Pkomissoky Notes — both in Eukope and the United States. 
 Checks on Bankers and Sigut Bills, with approved ror.MS of Protest and Notice of Pro- 
 test, AND KEFEKENCF^ TO IMPORTANT LEGAL DECISIONS. ADAPTED TO THE IISE OF NOTARIES 
 
 Public and Bank Officers. By Bernard Roelkek, Es(J., of the New- York Bab. New 
 edition, April, 1857, with extensive additions. 
 
 By J. SMITH HO MANS, 
 Editor of "The Bankers' Magazine," akd Notary Public. 
 
 The new edition of ISST contains the following new subjects, with all the new oases in the 
 
 United States and Great Britain, in reference to the Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory 
 
 Notes, Protests, etc. : 
 
 CHAPTER I— Or Bills of ExonANQE.— 1. W!iat is a Sillt 2. HUIk and Jfotes Accepted and Made hy 
 Agentx. 8. Time of I'f estnlment. i. Exxmen far Dm Presentment, b. J'lirol Aactptimce. 6. De- 
 struction of a Bill. 7. Statutes as to Acceptance. 8. Acceptaiuie of a N'm-etriMnq Bill. 9 Eraiwe of 
 an Acceptance. ]0. Waiver of Acceptance, '['i. VnwJitiimal Acceptance. Vl.ltiglitsofanAcceiitor, 
 Supra Protest. 13. Wkatis aPromiesory Notet 14 Notes Payable to a Fictitious I'erxi.n. 15. Where 
 ii Ike Place of Payment f li. Bank Oheclrs. 17, JMys of Grace on Si(lht BiU-i. Is. t ircumstances to 
 JSmnise Presentment. 19. Presentment— liy whom to t/e meide. in. Mode of Preinitmeiit. 21. Merle 
 of Demand. VI. Exceptions to Demand. 23. Waiver of Protest, li. Protect of Foreign Billn. i^. lex 
 Loci. 26. Jt^iitice to Xiulorsers in the same Totcn. 27. When Notice to he GIren. 23. Notice to Non- 
 residents. 29. An Endorser Bound to Give Notice. 80. Notice hy Sprcied M ssenqer. 81. Nvtlce to 
 Joint Endorsers. Si. Death of Endorser. S3. Acceptor, Supra Protest. 84. To ichut Place shovld No- 
 tice he Serdt 85. Decifiorm in Neio York. 86. Persons l:y whom Notice is Given. 87. Agents. 
 
 CHAPTEK II.— 33. The IJahilily of Banks as Agents. 89. Can a Demand lie made legnlli/ hy a No'nry's 
 Clerk T W. Form, of Notice. 41. I'se of Printed Signatures, ii. Ercn-es for want of PrLsentmenl. 
 43. Waiver rif Notice. 44. Gua: anty of Bills. 45. Lost Bills. 40. Forged Bills and ^ otes. 41. Days 
 of Grace on Ciiecks. 
 
 CHAPTEB III.— OrTnE.TKANSFEBOFBiLLSANDNoTF.s— I. "U'no MAY Teansf™.— 1. Tronsfcrshy Infovls. 
 2. Transfershy Marri-ad Women. 8. Transfers hy Erecnttirs, Assi.(/nee^, T^ it^tees. I'urtners, t&c. J I. To 
 ■\Tiio\i thbTransfeii maybbmade. — Transfers to prior Etalor^ers. III. MoiifSoFTiiANsFKB. — 1. Trans- 
 fers if Non-Negotiitlle BiUs or Notes. 2. Transfers of Negotiable Bills or Kates. S. Transfer of Bills, 
 t&cpayaJdeto aJletitioiLsperson. 4. Assignment if Negotiable Bill^. 5. Efi'ectof Omi'<sionto Ewlorse. 
 6. Form of Endorsement, 7. Formof En/Iorsemenil>y Agent. 8. Kinds of Endorsement. 9. Blank En- 
 dorsement. 10. Endorsements in fnU and partly in. full. 11. Jiestrirtire Endormmenti. 12 Qualijieil 
 ETUiorsements. 18. Conditional Endorsements. IV. Time op Tit anrfer.— 1 . E/fect of Transfer he/ore 
 maturity. 2. Endorsements upon Blank Paper. V. Obligations of Endorseks. — 1. Obligations upon 
 Transfer by Endorsement. 2 Obligations upon Trammer by Delivery, .1. Jievocation of Endorsement. 
 CHAPTER IV.— Of Letteis of Ckedi*. 
 
 ClIAPTEH v.— Of Bank Hmm.—Forgerv. LiaHlity for Iledemption of Stolen Hills. 
 CHAPTER VI.— 77i« Laws of each State in reference to Interest and Damage on Bills of Excluin(ie. 
 One volume, octavo, pp. 232. frice $2 00. ( Copies will be mailed to order, price $2 00, 
 
 inelvding postage, pre-paid.) 
 
 J. SMITH HOMANS, Editor of the Bankers' Magazine, 
 
 No. ] 62 Pcarl-atreet, New York City. 
 
 Mamialfor Bankers.— 'V\iR title of this hook, wliich ivc transcribe at length above, indicates with snfllcient 
 (lislinctiiess its nature ami objects. Thougli wo possess in general the professional dislike to Manuals and 
 other Short-Hand Methods of cramming law into laymen, which "enterprising Publishers" occasionally in- 
 flict on society, we must except from the rule of condemnation this accurate and convenient liltle treatise, 
 bolti on account of lis aubjecla and its manner of preparation. A work of Ihe kind is coriliuually needed hy 
 that class to which it addresses itself. From the eb.aractcr of Iheir busini S3 they mn.it frequently bo 
 called upon to solve, in action, questions upon the loss of bills and notes, which even a well-read hiwyer would 
 hesitate to answer off-hand. This being so, the Notary Pul;lic, who very rarely has had any legal training, 
 must need at his elbow some safe guide to wliicli he can turn with confidence in an emergency tor the requi- 
 site information. Such, we can stale from examination, is the work before us. U is a compact and careful 
 summary of Ihe law on subjects which it treats, Willi a collection of the statistics and Notes of Ihe Principal 
 Decisions bearing thereon. A resume of the Law of the (Jonlinent ot Europe, with regard to bdls and notes, 
 is prefixed, and will be found of very considerable ^&\wq.— American Law Magazine. 
 
 I have not examined carefully the " Manual for Not.aries Public," but as far as I have had occasiori to refer 
 to it, have found it a valuable work, and one almost indispensable to every B.inker and Notary Piihlio. 
 
 II. 8. Flynt, Cashier Sandusky City Bank. 
 
 From snch examination as I have been enabled to give your " Manual for Notaries Public," I urn of opinion 
 that it is a convenient and highly useful aid to Bank Officers and Notaries.very many of whom are unskdkd in 
 the forms and not versed lu the legal questions which are so irapnrinnt and of frequent occurrence in llie dis- 
 charge of their duties. J- B. Temple, Cashier Farmers' Bank, of Ky. 
 
 Tour "Manual for Notaries Public." from the partial examination given, we lake pleasure in saying, is Iho 
 most satisfactory and concise work of the kind we have ever examined, and we think it admirably adapted to 
 the Durooses intended ; not only convenient to the Banker and non-professional man, but a work \ve iliiiik 
 calculated to save great labor and investigation of Ihe more ponderous works on that ^ul;|ect, to the legal 
 profesaion Tuokeu, Bra.-ikin & Co., Bankers, fo^imdle, hy. 
 
BANK LIBRARIES. 
 
 Every well managed Banking Inslitution ha« a Library, small or large, of standard works on Banking, Bills, 
 Notes, and upon collateral topic«, for the use oC the president, cashier, otficers and directors. Such works should 
 be accesaibie bj every Bank officer, and are especially useful to the Bank clerk who aims at advancement in 
 his profession, and whose services thereby are more valuable to the institution in which he is employed. 
 
 For the convenience of subscribers to the Bankers' Magazine, the following works are kept on hand at No. 
 162 PearUstreet, and copies will be furnished, either by mail or express, to order: 
 
 I. HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE FOREIGN COMMERCE 
 of the United States, and of each State, fot- each year, 1820—1856; The Exports to and, 
 Imports from every Foreign Country, each year, 1820 — 1856 ; Commerce of the Early Colo- 
 nies; Origin and Early History of each State. 8vo., pp. 200. $1 50. 
 
 II. THE BANKING SYSTEM OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, with notes and 
 references to adjudged cases; including an account of thcNew-Yorli Clearing House. 2. 
 A Historical Sketch of the former and present Banking Systems of the State. 3_. All the 
 existing Statutes relating to Banking. 4. A List of all Banks chartered or established be- 
 tween the years 1791 and 1856. OneTol. 8vo., pp. 440. Jl4 00. 
 
 in. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BANK BOOK-KEEPING, and Joint Stock 
 Accounts ; exemplified and elucidated in a complete set of Bank Account Books, (printed^ in 
 colors,) arranged in accordance with the principles of double entry, and embracing the routine 
 of business from the organization of a company to the declaration of a dividend ; with all the 
 forms and details, and an original diagram. By C. C. Marsh, Accountant. 1 vol. 4to. $4. 
 
 IV. A MANUAL FOR CONSULS; including Regulations prescribed by the President 
 of the United States for Consular Officers of the United States, and a Preliminary Sketch of 
 the Consular System. $2 50. 
 
 V. GILBART'S PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BANKING. Last ed. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 
 600. $2 50. 
 
 VL THE MERCHANTS' AND BANKERS' REGISTER FOR 1857. (In lieu of the 
 Bankers' Almanac,) with MoCulloch's New Essay on Exchange, Alphabetical List of Cashiers, 
 List of Private Bankers, Ac. $1 12. 
 
 VII. MANUAL FOR NOTARIES PUBLIC AND BANICERS. New edition, with im- 
 poi-tant additions and recent decisions, published March, 1857. $2 00. 
 
 VIII. THE BANKERS' MAGAZINE AND STATISTICAL REGISTER, monthly, 8vo. pp. 
 84, making an annual volume of one thousand pages, with the latest decisions and informa- 
 tion generally for Banks, Bankers, Bank Directors, Bank Clerks, Notaries, ifec. $5 00. 
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