CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ■r ir-,^^ £?r"*" University Library F 57C5 R21 + olin 3 1924 028 837 536" Overs Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028837536 HISTORY OF CHITTENDEN COUNTY VERMONT WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF SOME OF ITS PROMINENT MEN AND PIONEERS EDITED BY W. S. RANN SYRACUSE, N. Y. D. MASON & CO., PUBLISHERS 1886 D. MASON & CO., BOOK AND JOB PRINTEBS, 63 WEST WATEB ST., SYRACUSE, N. Y. INTRODUCTORY. WHILE it may seem to the uninitiated a task involving but little difficulty to prepare for publication a work no more comprehensive in character than this volume, and containing the history merely of a single county, still it is not out of place here to assure all such readers that the work is one demand- ing a vast amount of labor and research, watchful care, untiring patience, and great discrimination. This need not be said to any person who has had experience in similar work. In attempting the production of a creditable his- tory of Chittenden county, the publishers and the editor did not underestimate the difficulties of their task, and came to it fully imbued with a clear idea of its magnitude, and a determination to execute it in such a manner that it should receive the commendation of all into whose hands it should fall. It is believed that this purpose has been substantially carried out, and that, while a perfect historical work has never yet been published, this one will be found to contain so few imperfections that the most critical reader will be satisfied. It has been a part of the plans of the publishers in the production of this history to secure, as far as possible, assistance from parties resident in the county, either as writers, or in the revision of all manuscripts; the conse- quence being that the work bears a local character which could not otherwise be secured, and, moreover, comes from the press far more complete and per- fect than could possibly be the case were it intrusted wholly to the efforts of comparative strangers to the locality in hand. In carrying out this plan the editor has been tendered such generous co-operation and assistance of various kinds, that merely to mention all who have thus aided is impossible ; the satisfaction of having assisted in the production of a commendable public enterprise must be their present reward. But there are some who have given so generously of their labor and time towards the consummation of this work that to leave them unmentioned would be simple injustice. Among these Introductory. should be mentioned Professor George H. Perkins, of Burlington, for the first two chapters in the book, and for much assistance in the revision of other chapters ; Mr. T. C. Pease, of Burlington, for the civil list of the county, and also of the city of Burlington ; Professor John E. Goodrich, of Burlington, for the chapter on Educational Institutions; Robert Roberts, esq., for the History of the Bench and Bar, the biographical sketches of the Hon. E. J. Phelps, and the Hon. George F. Edmunds, and other matter, besides much valuable assist- ance in other directions ; Dr. H. H. Atwater, of Burlington, for the chapter on the Medical Profession ; Mr. James Buckham, for the admirable History of the Press of Chittenden county ; Mr. W. H. S. Whitcomb, for the History of Free- masonry; and Mr. C. A. Castle, for the History of Odd Fellowship, and of Life Insurance ; the Hon. Charles E. Allen, of Burlington, for the chapter on Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade ; Dr. A. H. Brush, of Fairfax, Vt, for the names of many soldiers of the War of i8i2; Right Rev. Louis de Goes- briand, and Very Rev. Thomas Lynch, of Burlington, for the History of the Catholic Church in Chittenden county; L. C. Butler, M. D., of Essex, for the History of that town ; Professor J. S. Cilley, of Jericho, for the History of that town ; J. J. Monahan, of Underhill, for the History of that town ; the Rev. J. E. Bowen, of Milton, for the History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in that town ; Gen. T. S. Peck, Judge Torrey E. Wales, Miss Jennie Stacy, and others in Burlington, for general assistance and an active interest in the work. To all these, to the entire press and clergy of the county, the town clerks and other officials, and to so many others that it is impossible to mention them in detail, the gratitude of editor, publishers, and readers is alike due. With these words of introduction, the work is commended to its readers. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GEOLOaiCAL FORMATION OP THE COUNTT. Topographical Features — Action of Geological Forces — Divisions of Geological Time — Former Treatises — Champlain Valley During the Archaean Period — Layers of Sand- rock, Marble, Etc. — The Chazy Epoch — Limestone Formations — Origin of the Green Mountains — The Great Glacier — Glacial, Champlain and Terrace Periods of the Quaternary Age — Natural Forces do not Act Haphazard 13 CHAPTER II. INDIAN OCCUPATION AND EELICS. Unsettled Condition of American Archeeology — -Evidences of Indian Occupation in this Vicinity — Iroquois and Algonkins — Ancient Settlements in Chittenden County — How Indian Villages were Made — Origin and Relative Age of Vermont Implements — Materials of Implements — Earthenware — Stone — Varieties of Axes — Pipes, Arrows, and Spear Points — Importance of Preserving Specimens 45 CHAPTER III. LAKE CHAMPLAIN BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. Discovery and Voyage of Champlain — French Forts and Settlements — Occupation of this County — Seigniories Annulled — War Between French and Enghsh — Expeditions Against the French — Massacre of Fort William Henry — Campaign of 1758 — Attack on Fort Ticonderoga — Events of 1759 — Rogers's Expedition — Reduction of Montreal,- 78 CHAPTER IV. THE CONTROVERSY WITH NEW YORK. Settlement Retarded by the French Wars — The Impending Strife — Proclamations and Counter-Proclamations — Interpretations of the Royal Decree— Organized Opposition to New York — Ethan Allen at Albany — First Military Company — Rewards Offered Contents. for the Capture of the "Rioters" — The Beech Seal — Governor Tryon's Attempted Eeconcihation — DifiSculties with Colonel Reed — The Durhamites — Despotic Legisla- tion of New York — Reply of the Green Mountain Boys — Disturbance at Westmin- ster — Vermont Declared Independent — Allen's Address to the People — Controversy with New Hampshire and with Congress — Territory of Vermont Extended — Nego- tiations with the British — New York Become Lenient — Disturbances by Malcon- tents — The Controversy Settled — Vermont Admitted into the Union 91 CHAPTER V. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. Chittenden County in 1776 — Disadvantages of the Colonies — Ethan Allen at Ticonder- oga — Surrender of St. Johns — Capture of Allen — Siege of Quebec — Repulses in the North — Arnold's Defeat — Campaign of 1777 — Advance of Burgoyne — His Compact with the Indians — Americans Retreat from Ticonderoga — Battle of Hub- bardton — Schuyler's Timidity — Battle of Bennington — Engagements at Behmus's Heights — Capture of Burgoyne — Return of Ethan Allen 124 CHAPTER VI. ORGANIZATION OP THE COUNTY. The Old County of Albany — Charlotte— Bennington — Washington and Rutland — Addi- son — Chittenden — Civil List of Chittenden County — County Buildings — Court- Houses and Jails 145 CHAPTER Vn. THE WAR OP 1812. Growth of the County — Relations Between the United States and Poreign Countries Party Peeling — Beginning of Hostilities — The British at Plattsburgh — American Porces on the Lake — Action at St. Armand — Governor Chittenden's Proclamation — MacDonough's Pleet — The Battle of Plattsburgh ]^59 CHAPTER Vni. EARLY CUSTOMS. Value of Historical Study — Making a Home in the Wilderness --Pot and Pearl Ashes— The Cat-Whipper — The Primitive Store — Lumbering — Religious Observances — The Sign Post — The Schoolmaster — The Doctor— Amusements — A Practical Joke — Meager Traveling Facilities — Material Progress— Comparative Morality 179 Contents. CHAPTER IX. HISTORY OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Methods of Constructing Early Roads — Movements Towards the Building of Post and Stage Roads — Turnpike Roads — Plank-Road Companies — Railroads 186 CHAPTER X. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. First Proceedings Towards the Establishment of a College in Vermont — Dartmouth's Proposition — Offer of Elijah Paine— The Liberal Offer of Ira Allen— Finally Effect- ive and the University Established at Burlington — The Vicissitudes of its History — The Vermont Agricultural College — The University Buildings — Billings Library — PubUc Schools of Burlington — Female Seminary — Young Ladies' School — Ver- mont Episcopal Institute — Academies, Etc., at Charlotte, Colchester, Essex, Hines- burg, Underbill, and Williston 193 CHAPTER XI. HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR. The Bar of Chittenden County a Strong One — List of Attorneys, Past and Present — Early Courts and First Trials — Decrease of Litigation Since the Settlement of Cases Under the National Bankrupt Act of 1867 — Biographical Sketches 222 CHAPTER XII. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. The Medical Department of the University of Vermont -The Mary Fletcher Hospital - The Mary Fletcher Hospital Traming School for Nurses -Lake View Retreat - Health Department of the City of Burlington - The Burlington Medical and Surgical Club -Surgeons-General -Commissioners and Boards of Supervisors of the Insane -Boards of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensions - Biographical Sketches ^^^ of Deceased Physicians of Burlington CHAPTER XIII. THE PRESS OF CHITTENDEN COUNTY. Tewer Newspapers than Formerly - PoHtical Energy the Condition -Permanence -The Earlier Journals were of a Literary Type - Sketches of Early Papers, Including the Contents. Sentinel — The Burlington Free Press and Times — Influence of the Telegraph — The Burlington Clipper — The Burlington Independent — The Autograph and Remarher — Value of Stale News in Early Days — Curious Editorials — Interesting Advertise- ments — Humor — Early Customs and Manners — PoUtioal History of the Press 267 CHAPTER XIV. FEBEMASONRY AND ODD FELLOWSHIP. Introduction of Freemasonry into Chittenden County — Washington Lodge No. 7 — Friendship Lodge — McDonough Lodge — Seneca Lodge — North Star Lodge — Patriot Lodge — Webster Lodge — Burlington Lodge No. 100 — Army Lodges — Grand Lodge — N. B. Haswell's Manifesto — Royal Arch Masons — Royal and Select Masters — Knights Templar — The Scottish Rite — Other Organizations — Growth of Odd Fellowship in the County — Green Mountain Lodge — Winooski Lodge — Hamil- ton Lodge — Fayette Uniformed Encampment 287 CHAPTER XV. LAKE COMMERCE AND THE LUMBER TRADE. Discovery and Early Events — Major Skeene's Sloop — Admiral Gid King and his Com- panions — Construction of Boats Before 1800 — Vessels Built Before 1815 — The Champlain Canal — Introduction of Long-Boat Lines Through to New York ^ Mer- chants' Line — Business Injured by the Opening of Railroads — Table of Vessels Saihng from or Owned by Citizens of Chittenden County — The First Steamboats — Steamboat Companies — The Champlain Transportation Company — Its Competition with the Railroads — List of Its Officers — Table of Steamboats on the Lake — The Lumber Trade — Other Interests 307 CHAPTER XVI. CHITTENDEN COUNTY IN THE REBELLION. Introduction — Names of Volunteers from the Towns of the County — Table of Enlist- ments — Miscellaneous Enlistments and Drafts — The First Company to o-q Out — The Second Regiment — Third Regiment — Fifth Regiment— Sixth Regiment The Vermont Brigade — Seventh Regiment — Ninth Regiment — Tenth Regiment Twelfth Regiment — Thirteenth Regiment — Fourteenth Regiment — Seventeenth Regiment — Other Regiments — Artillery and Cavalry ooa CHAPTER XVII. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF BOLTON 384 Contents. CHAPTER XVIII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN AND CITY OF BURLINGTON 392 CHAPTER XIX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CHARLOTTE 534 CHAPTER XX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF COLCHESTER 553 CHAPTER XXI. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF ESSEX 568 CHAPTER XXII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF HINESBURG 592 CHAPTER XXIII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF HUNTINGTON 613 CHAPTER XXIV. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF JERICHO 623 CHAPTER XXV. HISTORF OF THE TOWN OP MILTON 636 CHAPTER XXVI. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF RICHMOND 656 CHAPTER XXVII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF ST. GEORGE 6*56 lo Contents. CHAPTER XXVIII. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF SHBLBURNE 670 CHAPTER XXIX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF SOUTH BURLINGTON 684 CHAPTER XXX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF UNDERHILL 687 CHAPTER XXXI. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OP WESTFORD 695 CHAPTER XXXII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OP WILLISTON 704 CHAPTER XXXIII. BIOORAPHICAL SKETCHES 7^9 BRIEF PERSONALS oz2 INDEX 861 Contents. 1 1 ILLUSTRATIONS. Ballard, Henry, facing 498 Burdick, M.D., L. F., facing 560 Barnes, Lawrence facing 720 Borrowdale, Henry, facing 722 Barstow, Hon. John L., facing 676 Burgess, Lyman, facing 636 Barrett, H. W., facing 820 Canfield, Thomas H., facing 188 Crombie, William A., . . .between 326 and 327 Cannon, Le Grand B., facing 320 Carpenter, M.D., Walter facing 240 Clark, Jed P., facing 648 Chessmore, A. H., facing 620 Dow, Isaiah, facing 604 Fletcher, Mary M., facing 246 Q-alusha, Truman, facing 746 G-illett, Henry, facing 656 Goodrich, Blossom, facing 662 Hopkins, E,ev. Theodore A., facing 216 Indian Relics, 56-65 Lyman, Edward, facing 482 Morgan, Edward J., facing 788 Morse, Georae H., between 326 and 327 Peck, General T. S., facing 456 Parker, S. J., facing 700 Peck, Cicero G., facing 760 Pomeroy, John N., facing 198 Roberts, Daniel, facing 496 Root, Elijah, facing 764 Sparhawk, M.D., G. E. B., facing 770 Smith, John, facing 626 Smith, John B., facing 686 Stone, Alney, facing 696- Stevens, A. J., facing 556 Talcott, L. H., facing 706. Thayer, Dr. Samuel W., facing 264 Wales, Judge Torrey E., facing 780 Wells, General William, facing 796 Whitcomb, John, facing 810 Whitcomb, Lorenzo, facing 814 Whitney, Edmund, facing 816 Wright, Smith, facing 804 Whitcomb, Joshua, facing 812 Woodruff, John, facing 690' Weston, S. H., facing 564 BIOGRAPHICAL. Allen, Charles E., ''■^O Ballard, Henry, ■'^l' Burdick, M.D., John L. F., 79 1 Barnes, Lawrence, ' ^" Borrowdale, Henry, i'^'^ Barstow, Hon. John L., '■'^2 Burges.s, Lyman, ' •^"^ Barrett, PL W., 820 Canfield, Thomas H., 72S Crombie, William A., 795 Cannon, Colonel Le Grand B., 724 Carpenter, M. D., Walter, 807 Chessmore, M.D., Alwyn H., 742- Dow, Isaiah, 743 Fletcher, Mary M., 745 Galusha, Truman, 74T 12 Contents. Gillett, Henry, 760 Goodrich, Blossom, 749 Hopkins, The Rt. Rev. John Henry, D.D., LL.D., 799 Hopkins, Rev. Theo A., 803 Johnson, John, 751 Lyman, Edward, 756 Meeoh, Hon. Ezra, 756 Morgan, Edward J., 789 Morse, George H., 815 Peck, Theodore S 764 Parker, Seymour J., 757 Peck, Cicero G, 761 Pomeroy, John N., 758 Roberts, Daniel, 767 Root, Elijah, 765 Sparhawk, M.D., George E. E., 770 Smith, John, 774 Smith, John E., 773 Stone, Alney, 775 Stevens, Alonzo J., 772 Talcott, Lewis H., 779 Thayer, Dr. Samuel W., 264 Town, Albert, 777 Wales, Judge Torrey E., 781 Wells, Wilham, 796 Whitcomh, John, 811 Whitcomb, Lorenzo Dow, 814 Whitney, Edmund, 816 Wright, Smith, 805 Whitcomh, Joshua, 813 Whittemore, Albert G., 787 Woodruff, John, 789 Weston, Sidney H., 793 HISTORY OF Chittenden County. CHAPTER I. aEOLOGIOAL FORMATION OF THE COUNTY.i Topographical Features — Action of Geological Forces — Divisions of Geological Time — Former Treatises — Ohamplain Valley During the Archaean Period — Layers of Sandrock, Mar- ble, etc. — The Chazy Epoch — Limestone Formation's — Origin of the Green Mountains — The Great Glacier — Glacial, Ohamplain and Terrace Periods of the Quaternary Age — Natural Forces do not Act Haphazard. Chittenden county, although irregular in form, may yet be for the most part included within a rectangle about twenty-five miles from north to south and twenty from east to west. The extreme length of the county, from the southern end of Avery's Gore to a point in the northern line of Mil- ton is thirty-five miles, and the greatest width, from the Chin on Mansfield to the lake, near Colchester Point, is twenty-nine miles. The area is given as five hundred and twenty square miles. This is a very insignificant area as com- pared with the whole country, but geologically it is by no means insignificant or unimportant. It would be very difficult to find a territory of so small extent that exhibits so great a variety of both surface features and geological phenomena as does this small county. In greater or less degree all the ordi- nary topographical features of the globe are to be found within its limits, as are also the prominent geological phenomena. For this reason a study of this county will necessarily bring out facts bearing upon the geology and topog- raphy of the whole continent, and even of the globe itself In ageonly a 1 Prepared by Professor George H. Perkins. 14 History of Chittenden County. few areas of limited extent exceed that of this county, for, with the exception of the Archaean rocks of Canada and the Adirondacks, and the few small areas of Acadian, or the lowest beds of the Cambrian, none older than the lowest strata of our red sandrock are known anywhere in the world, and not only the oldest, but also the newest. beds are found, in the clays and sands. Moreover, these latest beds and their arrangement in hills and valleys, clay- beds and gravel banks, lakeshore and river terrace, and also the rock ledges, headlands and mountain masses, all have a history, and this history, when known, tells us the reason for*all that is now seen, and shows that it is as it is, not at all by accident, but as the result of definite and constantly working laws. The ancient record is far less easily read in this region than it is in many, for it is very complex and in some of its parts obscure, but it has been very care- fully and diligently studied by many able observers, and we are, through their labors, able to give a tolerably certain account of the growth and formation of the State and county. I suppose that hundreds of persons stand upon the summit of Mansfield every year ; but how few of these understand, as they look westward and see the varied country stretching to the lake, which it meets with such irregular shore, that mighty forces and ages of time were needed to bring all these varied features to their present condition. The mountain mass of folded and transformed rock, the undulating plain here, the rough and broken country there, alluvial river terrace, barren sand plain, river channel, gorge, ravine, meadow, hill and vale, brook and pond, clay-bank and gravel knoll, all of these are as they are, and where they are, because of the action in certain directions of those geological forces that built up the world. Interesting and beautiful as is the view from the mountain summit even to the most superficial observer, how much more complete is the view and how much more profoundly does it impress us when we see not merely that which at first appears, but, seeing below the surface and far behind the present, regard it all as having a history that reaches back to that mysterious and awful time which was the Beginning ! Very imperfectly can this history be traced, but traced in part it can be ; and it is a history most strange — a history of vapor and mist, of fire and earthquake, of ice masses and glaciers, of torrents and overwhelming floods, of upheaval of continental masses into mountain ranges,, or their subsidence far beneath the surface of the ocean. In the rocks, clays and sands of Chittenden county we find evidences of all these phenomena and more, and the geology of the county will be the interpretation, so far as is possible, of the story which its rocks tell. Only in part, however, can we hear their story, for, were we to wait for the whole a long life would not suffice for the hearing. The dust of the commonest high- way has a geological tale to tell which it would need many a long day to hear Only in its more salient outlines then must we try to sketch the history of the Geological Formation of the County. 15 rock masses found in our county, adding only so much of the geology of the whole country as is necessary to the proper understanding of that of the region in which we are especially interested. As any one who has sailed along the western border of this county, or even looked over a large map, must know, the lake shore is very irregular, in- dented by many bays and thrust out into the lake in points and promontories, with only here and there a bit of comparatively straight beach. In the bays the shore is usually sandy, but the points and headlands are often marked by the outcrop of masses of rock. As the lake is about one hundred feet above the level of the sea, when we start at its shore we are already at so much of an altitude ; and as we go from the lake eastward the ground rises until the lower slopes of the Green Mount- ains are reached, and if we keep on we may finally reach the Chin on Mount Mansfield, which is the only part of the mountain within the boundaries of the county, and here we are on the highest point in the State, 4,430 feet above the sea. Most of this mountain is in Lamoille county, but one corner of Under- bill reaches up the mountain side and just takes in the " Chin." Camel's- Hump, the next highest peak of the Green Mountains, is wholly inside the county. Between the Green Mountains and the lake, although the ground is broken by ravines and ridges, there are but few hills of any considerable height. There are a few, such as Cobble Hill, at Milton, 827 feet high ; Snake Hill, 912; Sugar Loaf, 1,003. The streams of the county are numerous and supply abundant water for agricultural purposes. The Winooski River runs directly across the county, entering it at Bolton, then flowing on through Richmond, Jericho, Essex, and after forming the boundary between Burlington and Col- chester, it empties into the lake about four miles north of the business part of Burlington. A small part of the Lamoille River also comes into the county, running through Milton and a part of Colchester, and enters the lake a few miles north of the Winooski. Brown's River is an important tributary of the Lamoille, running through Jericho, Essex and Westford. Several ponds are also found in the county, but none of any considerable size except Shelburne. Some of the river valleys are rich in alluvial soil and very valuable for agricul- tural purposes. In former times, as old records plainly show, much of the county was covered by forests of various kinds of trees ; but for the most part these are of the olden time and not of the present. As has been noticed, to write of the geology of this or any other region, is to write of the processes by which it has come to be what it is ; and this is our present undertaking. It must be remembered that we cannot study Chittenden county entirely by itself Geological forces are not only vast in power, but also wide in extent. Very rarely can we isolate a small area and write out its geology as distinct from that of the surrounding country. This is eminently true of any i6 History of Chittenden County. part of New England. Chittenden county must be studied as a part of West- em Vermont and this latter as a part of the great Champlain valley, and in sf)me measure this valley as a part of the North American continent, for in some cases the same agencies have affected all of these. The history of the greater must, of course, include that of the less, and not seldom the history of the less throws much light upon the perplexities presented by that of the greater, while this in turn interprets many a riddle offered by that. Geological time is subdivided into several periods of unequal duration and importance, and each period is again divided into lesser spaces, and perhaps these again, and so on. Each of these subdivisions is determined by various •conditions, as kinds of rock, relation to other adjacent groups, fossils, etc. ; but the chief basis of the classification is found in the fossils, that is, in the life of the period or age. Accordingly, we find each of the greater or lesser divisions characterized mainly by a certain group of animals, which are found in that and in no other. The very early history of the globe is wrapped in mystery. We may look towards the origin of the world and wonder and long to know how it all came about ; but our keenest gaze penetrates but very slightly those unknown regions, and we can only conjecture as to what was. So far as positive knowl- edge is concerned, there is little else for us to do except to bow in reverent wonder, as the only tidings that come to us from that remote past tell us in those sublime words with which the book of Genesis opens, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form and void." Let me add that years of geological training are needed to enable one to comprehend, even approximately, the amazing dignity and majesty of these words and the wonderful depth of meaning which is in them. Truly the earth was without form and void, if the beliefs of most geologists are true; for, reason- ing from what is known of the constitution of the earth and of various heavenly bodies, they suppose that at some time far back in the past the solid earth was a huge mass of vapor moving through space and that, as heat radiated from it into the intensely cold space around it, it slowly condensed and became a liquid, and of course molten mass, flashing like a sun through the sky. As the heat continued to radiate, the molten mass, after passing through most aston- ishing changes, became solid — in fact a huge cinder or mass of slag — black, rugged, desolate, without water or life. By and by the cooling pr^'ocess had gone on until water, before this held as vapor in the air, would descend in tor- rents upon the earth and probably cover it completeh-; for even now the waters of the ocean would cover all the land if this were to sink a few hundred feet The earth, however, is not homogeneous, but is made up of many substances" and these cool unequally. For this reason, as the earth went on coolina some parts would contract, and therefore sink, faster than others; that is depressions of vast extent perhaps, would appear here and there, and the water would col' Geological Formation of the County. 17 lect in these and leave the rest dry land, and thus the first oceans and conti- nents came into existence. At first there could have been only water and solid rock on the earth, but as soon as the water began to move in waves against the rocky shores, sand was formed; for sand is merely ground-up rock, and thus we have the beginning of dry land. Thus in its briefest outlines was the earth formed, or rather developed, during its earliest stages. Of all this there is no record, but there are many facts which give great probability to such a hypothesis. The subdivisions of geological time spoken of above begin at the end of this first period, taking into account only those ages which are represented by rocks. Nowhere on the face of the globe are there exposed masses of rocks which are parts of the original crust of the earth, that which came from the cooling of the molten mass ; for the oldest known contain fragments of yet older rocks and other proofs that before they were formed rock masses existed. The following are the larger subdivisions used by most American geolo- gists: I, Archcean. 2, PalcBOzoic. 3, Mesozoic. 4, Cenozoic. These are again divided each into several periods. Of these only two are represented in this county, the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic. The Archaean is finely exhibited in plain sight of many of the inhabitants of the county, for the Adirondacks are composed wholly of Archaean rock, and according to some geologists there are patches of the same age in this county on the flanks of the Green Mountains; but it seems most probable that these are of a later age. It is indeed possible that the Archaean rocks may extend under the lake and underlie some or all of our later formations; but it seems most likely that if this were so there would somewhere be at least one, if no more, tell-tale outcrop. The second grand division of geological time, the Palaeozoic, is di- vided first into three ages, viz., the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. The Silurian is divided into Lower and Upper. The Lower Silurian, which alone is found in this county, is divided into periods. These are: i, Primordial, or Cambrian. — A. Acadian. B. Potsdam. 2, Canadian. — A. Calciferous. B. Quebec. C. Chazy. 3, Trenton. — A. Trenton. B. Utica. C. Cincinnati. It may be noticed at this point that Chittenden county has, so far at least as has been discovered, no wealth in mines or ores. Galenite, several vari- eties of iron ore, manganese, and some other metals are found, but in very small quantities, not at all in such masses that mining for them could be made to pay. So far as the county is rich in its rocks it is because of their value as building materials, not for any metal they contain. We now come to the study of the development of this region from the time when its first beds of sedimentary rock were laid down, until the present. This is not by any means a simple task. Probably there is no region of equal size which has been more thoroughly discussed and concerning which so few defi- nite conclusions have been reached as Western Vermont. And although, as 1 8 History of Chittenden County. seems, order is being brought out of this disorder, yet wide disagreement as to facts and the meaning of facts exists among American geologists. Almost ever since there was any American geology, for more than forty years at any rate, the age of the Green Mountains and of some of the terraces lying be- tween them and the lake, has been debated, and I do not suppose that all geol- ogists would admit that it is yet settled. Indeed no one can assert that the whole range can be shown to be of one age or another, whatever he may think as to the probability that it is this or that. Until within a few years our knowledge of the age of many of our Vermont rocks was exceedingly uncer- tain, but, through the labors of Professor C. H. Hitchock, and much more those of Professor Dana and Rev. A. Wing, very much information has been obtained and many important facts discovered, so that by the aid of these we may be- heve that the age of most of our rocks has been satisfactorily determined. It is rather remarkable that after many trained geologists had gone over the ground and given few facts to help us solve the difficult problems which the rocks presented, a quiet, unknown minister and teacher should have taken up the work, and, persistently keeping at it season after season, should have made discoveries of the highest value and importance. Of this Professor Dana says: "Mr. Wing, by the use of his spare time amid the duties of teaching, accom- plished vastly more for the elucidation of the age of Vermont rocks than had been done by the Vermont Geological Survey. The Vermont Report presents diverse opinions about the Eolian limestone and the formations adjoining, but settles nothing ; while Mr. Wing's discoveries shed light not on these rocks alone, but also on the general geology of New England and eastern North America." 1 The Vermont Report alluded to above was published in 1861 in two quarto volumes, and is quite as good as the State deserved, considering the amount of money appropriated to carry on the survey, but it is nowise worthy of the State and not at all trustworthy in regard to the age of many of the rocks of which it speaks; and scarcely a single one of the many problems which the study of Vermont rocks calls up is solved, or even helped towards solution by the explorations of those in charge of the survey. The Report does, how- ever, give many valuable details as to the distribution of rocks. In the second volume of Miss Hemenway's Gazeteer there is quite an extended paper by Rev. J. B. Perry, on "The Geology of Northwestern Vermont." In this an attempt is made to solve.'some of these problems; but the author seems to have been captured by his theories, which are many and peculiar, and the result is that the geology of the article is very visionary and unsatisfactor)-, and such as no geologist, I think, would for a moment accept. It may seem quite ungra- cious and possibly in bad taste for the writer of this article to find such fault with his predecessors, and he would gladly speak in a less unpleasant wa)- if it were possible ; but I think that most geologists would justify- the above state- 1 For a full .iccomit of Mr. Wing's discoveries, by Professor Dana, see America,, J.mrnalof Scimce and Arts, Vol. xiii, pp. 332, 405. Geological Formation of the County. 19 merits. And they are made not for the sake of criticism, but simply to pre- vent any one who may seek information on the works named from being greatly misled, as he certainly would be if he put his trust in either. About all that has been pubHshed concerning the geology ^f Western Vermont that is of much value, so far as the age and relative position of the strata go, is to be found in various articles published by Professor J. D. Dana in the volumes of the The American Journal of Science and Arts, published during the years 1 872-1 880. After what has been said above, it is scarcely necessary to add that the views of Professor Dana and Mr. Wing will be followed in general through- out this chapter ; for it is believed by the writer that they are the only ones which rest upon a substantial basis and which will stand the test of future in- vestigations. The geological history of this county and of nearly the whole State begins with the beds of Cambrian rock. In Southern Vermont there are limited areas of rocks probably older than these, but I think there are none older in the northern part of the State. At this time most, perhaps all, of not only this region but New England, was covered by the well-nigh universal ocean. The <;ontinent of North America was very small, and chiefly north of the present United States in Canada, with a long, narrow southern prolongation along the Adirondack region, and isolated islands here and there over the present terri- tory. Probably the Champlain valley was not marked out, except on its west- ern border, and Lake Champlain did not exist until long after this. Possibly beneath the schists, slates and gneiss of the Green Mountains there is an axis of Archaean rock; but it is not shown by any evidence now obtainable. If there were such an axis it would have been a low reef at the time of which we are speaking, dimly marking out the eastern border of the valley which was to €xist later. The waves of the great Archaean ocean dashing against the Ad- irondacks, and whatever other rocky shores there were, ground them to sand, and this sand scattered over the bottom of what was probably a shallow sea, gradually became sandrock, in which some bits of sea-weeds, a few shell-fish, and now and then a trilobite were imbedded ; but for the most part no living beings were added to the forming beds of rock. This rock is now found at Keeseville and the Ausable Chasm, as well as in many other localities on the western side of the lake; and on this side it is our red sandrock, so largely ex- posed in this county, such as is seen at Willard's Ledge, Red Rocks, etc. The red sandrock of Western Vermont — for it extends from Shoreham north- ward through the State to Canada— belongs to the Cambrian period. It is usually a hard, silicious stone of a dark red color, but this is very inconstant ; for although great masses may be found which are throughout of this dafk red, there are also frequent outcrops of all shades from dark red to the most delicately tinted flesh color. Other layers are buff" or even gray. Nor is the rock always a sandstone, as the following section will show. Although this 20 History of Chittenden County. section is taken north of the county near Swanton, yet I give it, since it shows the whole structure of the formation better than any section that could be ob- tained here. This section was taken by Sir WiUiam Logan, geologist-in-chief of the Caijada survey. Feet, r. White and red dolomites ( Winooski marble) with sandy layers ; some of the strata are mottled, rose red and white, and a few are brick red or Indian red. Some of the red beds contain Conocephalites adamsi and C. vulcanus - 370' 2. Gray argillaceous limestone, partly magnesian, holding a great abundance of Palceophycus incipiens - _ 1 10 3. Buff sandy dolomite 40- 4. Dark gray and bluish-black slate, partially magnesian, with thin bands of sandy dolomite. The slate contains fossils, as Obollela cingulata, Orthisina festinata, Camerella antiquata, Conocephalites teucer^ Paradoxides thompsoni, P. vermontana 130 5. Bands of bluish mottled dolomite, mixed with patches of pure gray limestone and gray dol- omite and bands of gray micaceous flagstone with fucoids 6o' A mile or so north of the above section other strata occur, as follows : 6. Light gray more less dolomitic sandstones and " some of which are fine grained, others are fine conglomerate." These are interstratified with binds of white sandstone 63a 7. Bluish thin bedded argillaceous flagstones and slates, containing Conocephalites arenosus and fucoids 60 8. Bluish and yellowish mottled dolomite 120 \ 9. Yellowish and yellowish-gray sandy dolomite 600 Still further north, on the Canada line, there are additional strata, though not well exposed; but in general Sir William gives them as follows: 10. Buff and whitish sandy dolomite, holding a great amount of Wack and gray chert in irreg- ular fragments of various sizes up to a foot in length and six inches wide. There are also masses of white quartz. Thickness (conjectured) 790- In some ledges near Burlington the sandrock becomes an impure, dark brown limestone, or if not replaced by it, it is interstratified with it. North of Burlington, at Mallet's Bay, it becomes calcareous and brecciated and is the Wi- nooski marble. In Milton it is a calcareous sandrock, while in Hinesburg it is a clearly defined limestone, so much so that it serves a good purpose for the manufacture of lime. As in many of the ledges stone can be readily obtained which spHts and breaks into fairly regular rectangular masses, the red sand- rock is a very valuable building stone. It is also very durable and handsome, though its color is not always unchanged after exposure to the weather. The entire formation is about two thousand feet thick, but in no one locality does it show any such thickness. The strata of red sandrock dip easterly at varying angles in different localities. At Red Rocks the dip is 90° ; but usually the dip is much less, as in New Haven it is but S° ; in Monkton different strata dip 15° 20°, 50° ; in Charlotte the dip varies from 15° to 80°. In Monkton the layers are found upheaved so that they slope each way from a central ridge. These anticlinals all have north and south ridges, the strata of course dipping east and west. It may be well to explain that in geology by the term " dip " is meant the inclination of the strata to the horizon. It is sometimes of value to know the strike, and this is the general direction of the outcrop or mass and is Geological Formation of the County. 21 always at right angles with the dip. Stratified rocks are believed to always re- sult from the deposit of sediment in water, and hence the strata must have been originally horizontal or nearly so ; therefore the amount of dip and strike indi- cate somewhat the extent of upheaval, displacement, etc., which has taken place since the strata were deposited. As a whole the red sandrock formation seems to be more silicious in its southern portion and more calcareous in its northern. The individual strata vary greatly in thickness, some of them being but an inch or so, while the thickest are several feet. The color is due largely to iron ox- ide, and the rock also contains magnesia, lime, potassa, soda and alumina. The composition, however, is far from uniform in different layers. As a building stone the red sandrock will probably always have its chief value ; but the char- acter of some of the beds is such that more than a passing mention is deserved. I refer to the layers known as the Winooski, or Wakefield, marble. These beds begin between Burlington and Mallet's Bay, and extend beyond St. Albans, where, between that place and Swanton, the Messrs. Barney have quarried it for many years. The " marble " layers differ from the sandrock, into which, how- ever, they pass by imperceptible gradations, in that they contain much more lime and less silica. An average specimen contains ten per cent, of silica, forty per cent, of lime carbonate, thirty per cent, of magnesia carbonate, with a smaller percentage of iron and alumina. Several times during the last thirty years at- tempts have been made to quarry, saw and polish the stone from Mallet's Bay. So far as the beauty of the slabs is concerned these attempts have been most completely successful ; but the cost of working so hard a material has in all cases proved an insuperable obstacle to carrying on the work extensively. And this very difficulty has its offsets, for, being hard, the stone takes a brilliant polish and it is not so easily scratched or otherwise marred as is a softer marble. Probably there is nowhere a finer deposit of ornamental marble than this, nor one which affords so great a variety in shade and pattern. It has been used in some of the largest and finest public buildings, as the capitol at Albany, Astor Library, and others, for inside decoration. It is not to be recommended for outside work, since its brilliant colors fade when exposed to all weathers. The marble crops out on the shores of Mallet's Bay as bold headlands from one hundred to two hundred or more feet above the bay, and also forms islands in the bay, and hills back from it. So near the water are some of these cliffs of marble that boats could be loaded by the same derrick that swung the blocks from the quarry. Some of the masses are regulariy stratified, and thus easily separable into blocks, while others are not so ; but blocks from which large slabs, sound throughout, may be sawn, are abundant. No one can form an adequate idea of the unend- ing variety which is found in this marble, unless he has visited the locality and seen it with his own eyes. The range of color is not very great, but of shades and combinations there is no end. Red in all possible shades and tints is per- haps the predominant color ; while common, though less abundant, are various 22 History of Chittenden County. olive tints, drab, yellow and brown, all of them more or less mingled with pure white. There are in the Report of the Tenth Census, Vol. X, four colored plates which give a very excellent idea of this marble, though of course showing only four of the many varieties. The slabs may be very different, as they are sawn transversely or perpendicularly to the plane of bedding, and any change of direc- tion given to the saws as they go through a block changes, sometimes very re- markably, the appearance of the marble, and not infrequently opposite surfaces of the same slab may differ not a little. This is possible partly because many of the layers are brecciated, white or light fragments of older rock being im- bedded in a red sandy mud, and the whole hardened to stone. As these in- cluded fragments are of all shapes and sizes and very irregular, it is obvious that no two slabs can be precisely alike. Not all the stone shows this feature. In some the colors are more or less shaded or clouded, showing that the various components of the stone were thoroughly pulverized before consolidation. In some cases it is evident that a large included mass was broken after it was im- bedded, but before the paste became hard ; for the several fragments may be seen near each other, though not quite in contact. It is very difficult to describe such a stone as this in such a vivid manner as shall bring it clearly before the reader; but as most of my readers will be resi- dents of Chittenden county and presumably more or less familiar with the stone, I may hope to at least call attention to the more prominent varieties. In the first place we may arrange our specimens in several series, though without en- tire accuracy, for that is impossible in so variable a material. In one series we may include such varieties as present the red shades clearly and decidedly. In this group there are many varieties, from those in which the red is like jasper or Indian red, to those in which it is a delicate rose, or pink, like the hning of a shell. In a second group we may place numerous specimens in which the red is always of a brownish or chocolate hue, sometimes very dark, and from this graded through lighter shades until it becomes almost white. In a third series we may place such specimens as exhibit the red shades to a much less degree and have mingled with them other shades, as olives, greenish-drab and lavender. It is easy to understand how the great variety already mentioned is produced by these shades in constantly varying combinations and proportions, mingled with white in the blotched, shaded or brecciated masses. We find light colors mingled with a greater amount of dark or the reverse, large blotches or small. €tc., etc. Nearest Burlington— that is, nearest the layers of the typical red sandrock— the layers of marble are nearly all red with a few clear white veins of lime car- bonate, and sometimes sprinkled with little bits of translucent quartz. This variety is harder than any other and has been very little used. A softer though similar variety is not veined, but clouded and blotched with the lime carbonate. Another mixture of red and white is one of the richest and handsomest of all Geological Formation of the County. 23 the varieties. In this the well-defined red shades are in many bands, dark and light, and these bands are intermingled in very complex patterns, and across them are numerous fine lines of clear white lime carbonate. I have seen slabs of this eight feet long and over five feet wide. Such a slab when brilliantly polished, as it may be, is unequaled in elegance by any marble that I have -ever seen. Those specimens which would come under the second head are col- lectively called by the marble workers " chocolate." These lack the brightness ■of the other classes ; nevertheless some of them are very handsome. In delicacy of shading and exquisite combination of tints the lighter varieties excel. In •some of these the darker shades are mostly lacking and the stone presents a surface blotched and mottled with small irregular patches of pink or flesh color, light tan, lavender and white. In some cases the effect is heightened by irreg- ular lines of dark green or olive, sometimes so dark as to be almost black. In some the dark shades of red appear, but only as lines or small spots ; and with these pink, salmon, rose and white are delightfully blended. One of the most charming slabs I have seen was daintily mottled and blotched with lavender and "ashes of roses " so abundantly that these tints gave tone to the whole surface, while mingled with them were bits of salmon and rose-flecked white. Another peculiarly beautiful variety shows the red largely replaced by drab tints and white. But one famiHar with this marble might go on until he had wearied his readers beyond endurance, and yet not exhaust his material, al- though very likely his stock of adjectives would soon grow small. All of these varieties that I have mentioned are found at Mallet's Bay. Other parts of the ■same formation are somewhat different. Some of the pieces remind one of ag- ates and jasper, which stones they quite closely resemble both in color and brilliancy of polish. At present no large quantities of this marble are used for, owing to its silicious character, the marble workers do not like to saw it ; but it seems wholly improbable that so wonderfully varied and so beautiful a marble, and withal so durable, shall be left unused for a great length of time. We may hope that the time will come when one of the important industries of this county will be quarrying and working the Winooski marble. The red sandrock as a formation has not yielded many fossils and those that have been found have been obtained in a few localities. By far the greater part of the formation appears to be destitute of fossils. I am inclined to think that this absence of fossils is apparent rather than real. The fossils that are found at Highgate and elsewhere, are casts and only seen when the rock has been weathered for a long time. Hence there may be layers full of fossils which we do not see, because the fossil is so exactly the color of the rock, but which might be made evident by years of weathering. At WiUard's Ledge the surface ■of the layers is glossy and undulating as if the rock were hardened mud, as it is, and this appearance, together with various seams which show where cracks made by drying in the sun have been filled, show us that the formation origi- 24 History of CHrrTENDEN County. nated in shallow water. At Willard's Ledge and elsewhere sea-weeds are not uncommon. The most prolific locality is at Highgate, near the springs, where trilobites and mollusca of the genera conocephalites, camerella, orthisina, orbol- lela, etc., are found, and in a ledge of brown shale at Georgia great trilo- bites, paradoxides, etc., are found. In the dolomitic limestone, which we have called Winooski marble, there was discovered a few years ago a little cyl- indrical fossil known as salterella pulchella. This occurs very rarely, but in those slabs in which it is found it is usually quite abundant. It is impossible to find it except as the slabs are sawn. In the Archaean rocks some evidences of life are found, but they are for the most part meager and uncertain. At the commencement of Lower Silurian times, however, there seems to have been, a great variety of animal forms. If we let our imagination carry us back over millions of years, to the time when beneath the waters of the Silurian ocean the various beds of the Cambrian were being laid down, when Vermont was not yet above the water, we may see creeping over the Adirondack shore, or the shal- lows on this side, the trilobites, ancient representatives of crabs and lobsters, some of them six inches or more in length, sponges growing on the rocks, a few snail-like mollusks creeping hither and thither, and a few orthocerata — the high- est forms of life then existing — swimming through the waters. These ortho- cerata are conspicuous throughout the Silurian. They were animals much like the cuttle-fish, except that they had long, straight, chambered shells, in the last chamber of which they lived. Could we have looked over that landscape our eyes would have rested on no green thing ; for no land plants appeared till long after this. We should have seen only an almost limitless waste of waters, with here and there small masses of land rising above it. And yet a varied, and very probably abundant, life inhabited the desolate ocean. It is very remarkable that life should, to all appearance, have come upon the globe almost at a bound. Instead of a few of the lowest forms such as we should expect to find, after the meager beginnings in the Archaean rocks, we find, not the highest animals cer- tainly, but a great variety of forms, many of them by no means the lowest in the scale, and representing all the great groups of animals except the highest, the vertebrates. A mere list of all the Cambrian species would occupy much space. During this period the climate was probably mild and not given to change ; thick fogs and mists hung over the ocean, obscuring the sun, though that there was light seems to be shown by the trilobites, for they have well- formed eyes, compound and prominent ; and these organs could have been of no use had there been no light. Besides the rocks mentioned there is another series of metamorphic rocks, which have been placed belew the Silurian by some geologists, but which ap- pear to belong to the Cambrian. The series includes several kinds of rocks, of which the most common is talcose schist and talcose sandstone. The other rocks are a coarse conglomerate, quartz, limestone and sandstone. The whole Geological Formation of the County. 25 is called in the Vermont Report " Talcose conglomerate." It is found in Huntington, Hinesburg, Jericho, Milton and Essex. In the Vermont Report the red sandrock is made to be of an age very much later than the Cambrian. Indeed the geologists in charge at that time placed it above the Silurian alto- gether, while we have placed it almost at the bottom of the series ; and here all geologists now agree that it belongs. Thus, during the Cambrian period, where now the red sandrock beds are found the water was in general shallow ; the worm-tracks, ripple-marks and other evidences of shallow water origin, found in the sandstones, show that these are simply the hardened beaches of the pri- mordial sea. Where there are slates and limestones the water was deeper, for these are not formed in shallow water. There does not appear to have been any great disturbance of the strata at the end of this period, and yet there must have been some change, very possibly in the character of the water, for the animals of the Cambrian became extinct at the close of the age, or at any rate before the beginning of the next, when an entirely new group of animals appears. After the Cambrian was finished, all that portion of Vermont now covered by rocks of that age was dry land, and the eastern border of the present Champlain valley was marked out. The ocean about this new land was deeper than that in which the rocks of the first age were formed., and also clearer, and not only a new, but a more extensive fauna inhabited it. Higher and more complex forms now existed, though the life of the globe was no- where at this time of the highest, or very near it. The Canadian period is much less widely represented in this county than the Cambrian. Of the three epochs into which the period is divided, the middle is lacking here, but the lowest, the Calciferous, and the highest, the Chazy, are both found. The Cal- ciferous includes various sorts of rocks from coarse gritty sandstone to lime- stone. It extends along the western side of Vermont from West Haven north to Canada. The southern portion of Lake Champlain has cut a channel for " twenty miles through the rocks of this formation." A portion of the Green Mountains is made of metamorphosed Calciferous rock and a part of a very extensive formation, called in the Vermont Report the Eolian limestone, is of this formation, as shown by Mr. Wing's researches. South of Shoreham rocks of this age are well exposed, but north of this they occur in more or less iso- lated patches. In this county they are found, at least in an unchanged form, only in a few places, and in these only in comparatively small masses. They form the extreme end of Thompson's Point, from which place they run under the lake and reappear on the New York side near Essex. The strata dip slightly to the east. The most common rock of the Calciferous is a hard, gritty limestone, of a gray or drab color ; but there are also sandrocks, some of them very pure, and equally pure limestone is also found. The formation seems to be intermediate between the quartz and sandstones of the Cambrian and the limestones of the Chazy and Trenton. Of the life of the Calciferous, 26 History of Chittenden County. so far as this county is concerned, there is very little to be said, for only a few- sea- weeds, mollusks, and trilobites, and a few species of each, have been found. In other localities, however, west of us, where the rocks are more fully devel- oped, the fossils are much more abundant. This life is of the same gen- eral sort as that of the Cambrian, but, as has been noticed, it shows progress- in number and rank of species. The famous copper mines of Lake Superior are in Calciferous rocks, and at this point they are not less than 10,000 feet thick. Again a change in the life of the globe and in the character of the rocks occurred. The sea bottom sank still more, and deeper and clearer waters allow yet further advance in life. Up to this time all the strata seem to be of shallow water origin, though some of the layers were evidently de- posited in deeper water than others, but yet none of them bear evidence of very deep seas, and it is most probable that the sea bottom was gradually sink- ing, while layer after layer of sand, clay, etc., was laid down, the deposition somewhat nearly keeping pace with the subsidence, until thousands of feet were deposited. The Chazy epoch brings us to clearer and deeper waters than had before existed, and the progress in life, which the geologist notes as he passes from age to age throughout geological time from the dawn of life on, is strik- ingly manifested as he passes from the Calciferous to the Chazy. There are no plants except sea- weeds, but animals of many sorts grew and flourished ; corals, crinoids, or stone lilies, mollusca in great abundance, and a few trilo- bites, are some of the forms found. In every formation there are more or less unique forms found only in that age, or period, or epoch. These are guides, landmarks which the geologist gladly recognizes, for by them, after they have once been recognized, he determines the age of the rocks containing them. In the Chazy the characteristic fossil, as these are called, above all others, is mac- lurea magna, a large coiled shell, which is the sign of the Chazy. In section this shell is often seen as a narrow spiral line, two or three inches across the outer whorl, and in this form it is common in Burlington on doorsteps or window-sills. The Chazy limestone is usually gray or bluish gray, sometimes- light, sometimes dark. It is well shown at McNeil's Point in Charlotte ; it forms nearly all of Thompson's Point — all except the little tip of Calciferous- mentioned above. From here south it is well developed all along the lake. Its finest outcrop, however, is on Isle La Motte, the southern end of which is almost wholly of this formation. At Fisk's quarry magnificent beds are ex- posed, and they furnish a very compact, durable stone for building purposes. It also occurs near Plattsburgh, and from there north through the town from- which it takes its name. The strata are not usually much disturbed, and hence the dip is not great. At Thompson's Point it is only 8°, at Larabe'e's 12° and in few places is it more than 20°. The dip is usually towards the east but in some place it is northeast or northwest. A few of the outcrops of the' Chazy Js^ Geological Formation of the County. 27 limestone are filled with fossils which are colored pink or red, and these, con- trasting with the gray of the main mass of the stone, are very conspicu- ous. In other beds the fossils are some of them red and some white, and some of these layers are almost entirely composed of fossils, either whole, or broken and comminuted. Many of the fossils are stems of crinoids, and these show as disks or rings in the stone. The marble which the Burlington Manufactur- ing Company sell under the name " Lepanto," is this highly fossiliferous rock sawn into slabs and polished. It is a very excellent rharble, as it is handsome, strong, not easily stained, and most admirably adapted for mantels, furniture, or interior decorations, for which purposes it is very extensively used. There is a very good colored plate of this marble in Vol. X of the last Census Re- port, Plate 32. The entire mass is made up of comminuted fossils, and min- gled with the paste thus formed are numerous larger fragments, many of which are red, of different shades, others are white, and others are black. The gen- eral color of the marble is light gray in some slabs, and darker in others, and the effect of the fossils, all of which are small and of the colors just mentioned, upon this ground color is very fine, and the various slabs differ considerably in appearance. Not only in the beds used for marble, but in all the strata of the Chazy, the fossils are very small. There are a few exceptions. The maclurea and one or two orthocerata and corals are found of large size, but very few are more than a fraction of an inch in diameter. No strata of any age could con- tain more fossils than do some of those of this formation. Crinoids especially appear to have been very abundant, and as these animals are only found in clear, deep water now, we may believe that in ancient times they required the same conditions, and that the limestones of the Chazy were formed in such water, and other indications add probability to this view. Not always, however, or at least not in every locality, for, according to the Vermont Report, some of the strata on Isle La Motte have on their surfaces ripple-marks, mud- cracks, etc., which could only have been formed in shallow water ; but this is probably ex- ceptional. According to the same Report there is at Ferrisburgh and Panton a layer of Chazy limestone which is in part " a conglomerate formed from the ruins of Calciferous sandrock." Were there no other proof, this would be suf- ficient to show that the sand and mud of Calciferous time had, by this time, hardened into stone and fragments been torn away and mingled with the newly formed deposits of the Chazy. The subsidence which began with the Cam- brian period, and perhaps before, continued, probably with little or no inter- ruption, on through the whole of the Silurian, and it appears to have increased toward 'the latter part of the age, and, as epoch after epoch passed by, the seas deepened and the water grew clear, and with this change of condition a change took place in the rocks, sandstones and gritty limestones ; shallow water formations gave place to the deep water formations, shales and lime- stones, and in the Chazy and the following epoch, the Trenton, these rocks- 28 History of Chittenden County. form the chief part of the rock mass. Over the United States the Trenton is more widely developed and a more important formation that the Chazy, but in the Champlain valley the reverse is the case ; yet in many places here this period is well displayed. The Trenton period is subdivided into three epochs, the Trenton, the Utica, and the Cincinnati, or, as it used to be called, and is still by some writers, the Hudson River. These three epochs are probably all of them represented in Chittenden county ; I say probably, because there may be some doubt about the last, though very little I think. The Trenton epoch is still further subdivided into the Black River and Trenton. The Black River formation is a dark limestone, and is found in this county only at McNeil's Point, I think, although narrow bands of it stretch southward as for as Lara- bee's, and on Isle La Motte there is an outcrop. This stone is often so dark that when polished it makes a jet black marble, and is used for that purpose. The fossils of the Black River are so similar to those of the Trenton that it will not be worth while to consider them separately. This Trenton formation is found outcropping in many localities all over the State from West Haven to Highgate. Some of the strata dip very little, while some dip very greatly, and some are almost vertical. Plicated and folded strata occur, especially in the northern beds. The most characteristic rock is a dark gray or black limestone, but a variety of other rocks is found in the formation, as the following list, taken from the Vermont Report, shows : — " I. Black, shaly limestone. 2. Black limestone, compact and schistose. 3. Slaty layers, sometimes argillaceous. 4. Light blue, compact, schistose Hmestone. 5. Grey, thick bedded strata. 6. Ordinary limestone metamor- phosed into white, grayish white and dirty looking ferruginous strata, frequently with a net-work of calcite or quartz. 7. Bituminous and fetid layers. 8. Sandy limestones." In this county the Trenton shows itself at Charlotte, at McNeil's Point. Here the strata have not been very much disturbed, and the dip is only from 9° to 15°. The Trenton runs along just east of the Calciferous from south of Shoreham to Charlotte where it comes to the lake ; from this point it extends un- der the lake and reappears on the New York side in large masses and at many points. It also appears on Grand Isle, and forms a considerable part of the north- ern end of Isle La Motte. So far as the rocks show, there was no great disturb- ance between the Chazy and the Trenton, and yet there must have been some change, for the life of the Chazy became extinct, and though in so many re- spects similar, the Trenton opens with a new array of animals. The continent was still small and no evidence has been discovered that there was any terres- trial life. Sea-weeds are tjie only plants, and even they are rare, and all the an.mals are marine. Many species have been discovered representing almost all of the lower orders. Corals, some of them of large size, are found Mol- lusk abound so that some of the layers of rock are made up of shells cemented Geological Formation of the County. 29 together, as if the ancient sea bottom was completely covered with them and then hardened to stone. Trilobites lived in great numbers in some parts of the seas, and huge orthocerata swam about, the largest and strongest of all, like huge shelled cuttle-fish, devouring all about them. Perhaps as common and characteristic a fossil as any found in the Trenton is a hemispherical coral two or three inches in diameter, looking somewhat like a puff-ball cut across. This is common at McNeil's. Another coral looks like a petrified honeycomb. The Vermont Report gives fairly good figures of some of the more common species of our Trenton fossils. The orthocerata attract much attention when seen, from their form and appearance. Some of them have been taken for petrified snakes, because of the long, tapering, cylindrical form, banded by the walls of the many chambers, in the outermost of which the animal lived, the rest of the shell forming a sort of float. Some of the trilobites of the Trenton are quite handsome, at least they are so to the eye of a collector. They are somewhat like gigantic pill-bugs, divided into three longitudinal portions and ' transversely ridged and ribbed. Some were ornamented with bosses and tubercles innumerable, others were decorated, if not armed, with spines. Some of them were very large ; the asaphusgigas, which is found in several of our Vermont localities, being sometimes eight or ten inches long and four or five inches wide. Most of these creatures, however, were only three or four inches long, and some were only a fraction of an inch. They probably resembled our modern crabs in their habits, as they did in structure. Sometimes they are found rolled up head and tail together. Entire specimens are not common, but portions, especially the hinder part, are quite abundant in some layers. In very few respects does the life of this period resemble that of the present. A few of the fossil shells remind one of those of moUusks now living ; but most of the forms were long since destroyed, and their like has never been seen since. The Utica is a much less extensive formation everywhere, and in this county it is exposed in not very large masses. It is especially a formation in which shale was formed. It is found as a black, slaty rock, readily splitting into thin layers, for the most part rather soft and brittle, and in some places, besides the change due to the lamination of the rock, there is a jointed struct- ure — due to lateral pressure, in all probability — a mass of strata when soft and yielding being squeezed by pressure from each side or end ; and thus fine cracks are formed, and the strata themselves more or less folded. The regu- larity of some of these joints is very remarkable. The strata break crosswise into squares, triangles, and other shapes as evenly and regularly as if cut with a sharp knife when soft. At Ladd's, on Grand Isle, this structure is most admirably shown. Masses of iron pyrites are common in some of the layers of the Utica shale, sometimes deluding the unwary, by their golden color and metallic luster, with the idea that there is a deposit of the precious metal at 3 30 History of Chittenden County. hand. Calcite is found in veins running through the shale, and some of these calcite veins are of considerable extent, and are very noticeable, since the lime carbonate is usually pure white ; and of course this shows distinctly on the black surface of the shale. Of these the Vermont Report remarks : " The veins of calcite form a marked feature of this rock. There are three varieties of them — the large veins or dikes, the smaller ones, that twist and branch in every direction, frequently like the branches of a tree ; and thirdly, those small veins that occupy the cleavage seams, and are parallel to one another over large areas." The Utica shale is found in this county in Shelburne, Charlotte, Bur- lington, and Colchester. Juniper Island is chiefly of rock of this formation, and so is Rock Dunder ; and there is no doubt that other now isolated masses of this and other formations were once parts of a wide sheet, which has been all eroded except the small masses now found widely separated. Elsewhere in the State the Utica slate, or shale, is fairly well developed as far south as West Haven, and north to Isle La Motte and Alburgh. The rock is slaty in some places, shaly in others, and more rarely there is a little limestone ; and it is chiefly in this latter that the pyrite mentioned above is found. It does not appear to be conformable to the Trenton — at least not always — and is usually more disturbed, the strata having a greater dip. In Charlotte this is 58°, and at Shelburne Point 41° 45', on Appletree Point 85°, and, as we go north from here, it is less until in some places the strata are nearly horizontal ; on North Hero they are but 5°. Rock Dunder seems to be an upheaved mass ; at least there has been some upheaval, very likely, however, from lateral pressure ; for the rock composing it is folded, and therefore dips both east and west. The size of this mass of rocks of course varies with the state of the water. The Vermont Report gives the height, taken in July, at thirty- six feet, and the cir- cumference of the base three hundred and ten feet. At very low water these figures would need increasing, and at high water they would be too large. The life of the Utica is not extensive, though there are several very character- istic fossils. At the close of the Utica the shore of this county extended some- what farther west than now, the shore line reaching from Shelburne Point through Rock Dunder, Juniper Island, Appletree and Colchester Points, to South Hero and North Hero, swelling out to include Isle La Motte, and going on to Alburgh. All these islands and points were then joined to the mainland. The shore may have been still farther west, for we cannot know how far the rocks extend beneath the lake. The formation extends on from Alburgh to Montreal, and, following the north shore of the St. Lawrence, to the ocean. Not only this formation made a different shore line for this county, but time and again, as age after age passed, its contour and extent changed, now reced- ing from the lake, now extending farther into it; and thus although, as has been indicated, the deposits of the Cambrian largely determined what the county was to be, the present outline is by no means what it was during the past ages. Geological Formation of the County. 31 The next and last epoch of the Trenton period is known as the Cincinnati, or Hudson River. This formation is probably an extensive one in the State and includes many kinds of rocks, some of them changed wholly, both in char- acter and appearance, by the metamorphic influences to which they have been exposed. A clay slate is perhaps the characteristic rock of the period, but limestone, sandstone, and various sorts of slate are all found, besides the meta- morphic rocks which occur in the Green Mountains. The various beds vary in color from hght drab to black. Zadock Thompson thus describes its appear- ance in this county : " The black slate is generally contorted and crushed and abounds in seams of white calcite, varying from a line to a foot in thickness ; still there are places where the lamination has never been disturbed ; but all this slate doubtless contains too much lime and is too brittle to be used for any better purpose than making roads. This slate in many places, particularly where it is fragmentary, has its surface covered with a black glazing, giving it very much the appearance of anthracite." The veins of calcite spoken of by- Mr. Thompson are very familiar to any who have visited the shore of the lake at Appletree and Shelburne Points, or many other places where the beach is. completely covered with pebbles of this rock ; and they are also much used for covering walks. Any one who has chanced upon such a mass of these peb- bles or, better, seen a ledge of the rock from which the pebbles came, must have been amazed at the great variety and delicacy of this veining. Mr. Thompson puts the smaller veins at a line in width, but it is not at all difficult to find pebbles with much finer lines of the white than this ; some can hardly be seen, they are so very slender. In this county the Cincinnati group is found at Charlotte, Shelburne — especially on the point — Rock Point, near Mal- let's Head in Colchester, at Stave Point north of Mallet's Bay, where it is a limestone and has been used for the manufacture of Hme ; from here it goes on to Milton, Georgia, St. Albans, and Highgate, into Canada. Many of the smaller islands in the lake are of this formation, and probably more or less of what is now covered by the waters of Lake Champlain was at the close of this epoch dry land, for a time at least. It extends south of this county to the southern border of the State. In this county it usually, if not always, imme- diately overlies the red sandrock, showing that after the sandrock had been formed it remained above the sea where elevation of the sea bottom had placed it. During all the intermediate periods until before the Cincinnati, either dur- ing or at the end of the Utica, it again sank, in part, and upon it was deposited the material which made the later rocks. It should perhaps be noticed here that some of the beds which are included in the Cincinnati, or, as it is there called, the Hudson River, in the Vermont Report, do not belong to this forma- tion, as indeed the geologists writing the report appear to have suspected. The strata, like those of all the other formations in this county, dip in the main to the east. The amount of dip is very variable. In Milton it is 10°, in Shel- 32 History of Chittenden County. burne i5°-20°, in Colchester, 70°. The strike is chiefly northeast. Of the metamorphic rocks belonging to this group more will be said when we con- sider the formation of the Green Mountains. It is enough for the present to quote the following paragraphs from Professor Dana {^Manual of Geology, 2d edition, page 195): "In the Green Mountains there are strata of mica, schist, gneiss, and qt^artzite, overlying the great Stockbridge limestone ; and since they are quite certainly Lower Silurian, and at the same time newer than this hmestone, they probably belong to the Cincinnati epoch." As we shall see later. Professor Dana has confirmed this opinion by further investigations, so that we may regard it as settled in his own mind. The Cincinnati period shows us a great variety of living forms' — corals, cri- noids, star-fish, mollusks, trilobites. With the close of this epoch we reach the close of the great Lower Silurian age. Although this is by no means a mod- ern time, yet all the solid rocks of this county and most of those of the State and of New England were formed before this period closed. Slowly, age by age, the rock masses that we now find in our ledges were laid down. The Silurian was a very long period, occupying millions of years ; and during the slow passage of these ages the land was outlined, rose above and fell beneath the sea; group after group of strange animals appeared, hved out their cycle of existence, and gave place to new ; change, progress, development — exceed- iiigly gradual, perhaps, but none the less sure — were the ruling conditions. During all this time there is no evidence of the growth of any land plants or that any animals roamed over the bleak continent. All life was marine. Nor were there any animals of a higher grade than trilobites and orthoceratites. But this is not all ; vaster changes took place at the close of the Lower Silurian, which culminated in the Green Mountain range. The history of the Champlain valley and of that portion of it which makes up this county is like the history of the globe, one of commotion and change, of rock masses raised perhaps hundreds of feet, or sunk as many ; of masses of rock of almost continental extent crushed, folded, and even overturned, so that the lower strata becartie the upper, sedimentary rocks, as limestones and sandstones are crystallized and changed beyond recognition, becoming schists, gneiss, marble, etc. In this county less violent upheavals and distortions of the strata have taken place than are found in many regions, and yet gigantic operations have been carried on here. During the ages of the Silurian and also of the Cambrian everything' seems to have gone on quietly. The different groups of strata are not in all cases quite parallel, or, in geological phrase, conformable, showing, as in the case of the Utica and Trenton, that there was some upheaval after the deposi- tion of the lower and before that of the upper group ; but in all cases, I believe, such phenomena are limited in extent and are not very pronounced— that is^ the difference in the dip and strike of the strata of the two epochs is not great And yet, although during the Lower Silurian no great display of the dynamic Geological Formation of the County. 33 agencies of the globe was made, preparations were going forward which made this inevitable after a time. And here I come to debatable ground. I pre- sume that many geologists would strongly object to locating the upheaval of the Green Mountain ridge at the close of the Lower Silurian. The age of these mountains has been very warmly discussed, and the discussion has by no means brought the ideas of the disputants into harmony. Some would make them much older than the Silurian, even placing them in the Archaean ; but it seems to me that more than all the rest Professor Dana has reason and fact on his side in placing them where he does, and all subsequent investigations go to sustain him in his views. I have already quoted a paragraph which expressed these in general ; but as the matter is of importance I would like to add one or two more extracts from the Manual of Geology. On page 196 we find the statement that — " In the Green Mountain region there are 2,000 or 3,000 feet or more of mica schist and slate, hydromica slate, gneiss, quartzite, and con- glomerate, which are probably of the Cincinnati series." Again, " Previous to the epoch of revolution the Green Mountain area had been a region of accu- mulating limestones through the Cambrian and Trenton periods, and of beds of quartzose sands and probably some limestone through the Cincinnati era. But here the rock-making over the region ended. Next came the upturning, in which the same rocks were lifted and folded and crystallized, and the Green Mountain region became dry land" (page 212). In the American Journal of Science and Arts for May, 1880, Professor Dana further says, as he sums up evidence given on previous pages: " It thus appears that on the mass of land which topographically belongs to the Green Mountain range that part which is already proved to be Lower Silurian in age and of one orological system, con- stitutes nearly one-half of the whole range." In this and subsequent articles Professor Dana shows that it is extremely probable that the rest of the Green Mountain range is of the same age. Professor Dana evidently does not sup- pose that the material out of which the Green Mountains were made was accu- mulated in a single period, but that " the limestones of the Green Mountain region include the limestones of successive periods from the Calciferous, and probably Primordial, to the Trenton." And again. Vol. XX, page 455, of the same journal — " The limestones and conformably associated rocks of the Green Mountain region from Vermont to New York Island are of Lower Silurian age." In a most valuable monograph on The Azoic System, by Professors J. D. Whitney and M. E. Wadsworth, these views of Professor Dana are quoted, and the authors remark: " Of the correctness of these statements in regard to the' Lower Silurian age of the rocks in question, it seems to us that there can be no possible doubt " (page 462). It has seemed necessary to be thus full and explicit in this matter because of the wide diversity of opinion which has existed, and in some measure still exists, among geologists respecting the age of these rocks. The question also directly concerns the geology of this county, 34 History of Chittenden County. for not only does a large part of the rocks of the county belong to the Green Mountain system, but one corner of Underbill reaches up along the west side of Mansfield and just takes in the Chin, which is the highest point of the whole range — 4,430 feet above tide water, or 4,340 above the lake. Nearly the whole mass of Camel's Hump is included in Huntington and Bolton, and this mount- ain is 4,088 feet above sea level. There is a considerable degree of uniformity in the constitution of most of the Green Mountains, though there are some conspicuous differences. The two peaks with which in the geology of this county we have to do, are similar. Mansfield is made up of mica schist, hydromica schist, and chloritic hydromica schist. Camel's Hump is chiefly mica schist. It may seem hardly creditable to some that the stratified lime- stones and sandrocks of the Silurian can by any means have become the unstratified crystalline gneiss, schist, etc., of the Green Mountains. For a full discussion of this matter the reader must be referred to any recent treatise upon general geology ; and I may recommend those who care for more information concerning many matters necessarily passed by with very brief notice in this chapter, to read Dana's Manual of Geology or Le Conte's Elements of Geology. The old theory of mountain making was, that through some great crack in the earth's crust, molten matter was thrown out, which hardened into rock, and now and then a hill or mountain has been so formed; but these are the excep- tions. Later it was believed that mountain chains were great upheavals, inter- nal forces thrusting up portions of the earth's crust. Now the common view is that mountain masses are due to lateral pressure, and that a mountain mass is not an arching up of the earth's crust, but a thickening. The pressure is due to subsidence, so that as one part of the earth's crust rises in mountain masses another part sinks in ocean abysses. What then was the process in the case of the Green Mountains ? They probably began in a subsidence, by which a gigantic trough several hundred miles long was formed. This trough began before the Cambrian, and in it were deposited the layers of sandstone, etc., of this period. Through the various epochs of the Silurian this trough sank deeper and deeper, sedimentary deposits at the same time filling it up, so that, although actually growing deeper, it really was all the time very shallow, or if the deposits were coextensive with the subsidence, it was not a trough at all on the surface. In time the accumulating deposits would become very deep, so deep that the lower part of the trough would be warm, if not hot, from the in- terior heat of the earth. By this heat, aided probably by moisture contained in the rocks, the lowest part of the trough would be softened and weakened. All this time the Atlantic Ocean bottom was sinking and thus a strong lateral pressure brought to bear upon the coast, and in time this pressure became so great that wherever in the neighborhood the crust of the earth was weakest it must yield to this push from the east. The Green Mountain trough is such a weak area and it breaks, rock masses slide over and upon each other, and by Geological Formation of the County. 35 the friction great heat is produced, and the rocky masses not only rise in folds and ridges, but they are transformed into non-stratified, non-fossiliferous rocks, in short the limestone, sandstone and shale have become gneiss, mica schist, €tc. Thus the elevation of the Green Mountains, which began in a depression and for ages continued such, has fairly taken place. The various kinds of rock found in metamorphic regions may be produced by a different amount of moisture, heat, etc., from the same original beds. Professor Dana says: "The differences between mica schist, mica slate, hydromica slate and clay slate appear to have arisen largely from differences of temperature attending meta- morphism." During metamorphic action soft rocks become hard, color and <:hemical character may be changed, and often the rocks are cracked and fis- sured, and these crevices may be filled with some mineral. All this is not done in a moment, but slowly, often extending through ages. In the case of the Green Mountains it occupied the interval between the Lower and Upper Silu- rian. At first a mere reef extending through the Silurian Ocean, the Green Mountain axis slowly rose above the water and finally was very much higher and larger than now, for the storms of millions of years cannot have raged against these rocky masses in vain, but must have worn them down greatly, and the great glacier must also have ground them and broken them, as we shall see presently. The metamorphism of the originally stratified rocks was not confined to the more elevated parts of this county. Scattered over the county and the State, also, are large masses of metamorphic rock which Mr- Wing has shown to be of this Cincinnati epoch. Under the headings "Talcoid Schists " and " Talcose Schists '' the Vermont Report speaks of certain rocks which are abundant in some parts of the State. These rocks are now included under the name hydromica slates. These slates are quite abundant through the eastern part of this county and include a variety of rocks. The Vermont Report gives no less than fifty-four varieties, found in following this formation from Montpelier to Duxbury. In some parts of Vermont the formation in- cludes very extensive and important beds of steatite, or soapstone, and also of serpentine ; and a long list of minerals, few of them, however, of economical value, occur in these slates and schists. Although the mountains are not made I of this rock, it occurs abundantly along their flanks. In this county it abounds in Underbill, about the lower slopes of Mansfield, and it extends through Jericho, Huntington and Bolton, varying in character more or less in each locality. There is another group of rocks which are largely developed in many parts of the State, though not found in large outcrops in this county. This is the Taconic system, once famous in geological discussions, but now abolished and placed under the Silurian. Under the rocks of this system the formerly called Taconic rocks have been treated, and it is mentioned here only because it occupies an important place in the Vermont Report as a distinct group, and some might wish to know why it was left out here. Another extensive forma- 36 History of Chittenden County. tion, or rather so-called formation of the Vermont Report, is what that report calls the Eolian limestone, to which the limestone at High Bridge is referred, also other limestone in Burlington, Milton, Colchester and elsewhere. The ledge at the Lime Kilns extends from Colchester south to South Burlington, Shelburne and Hinesburg. Some of the outcrops of this have been quarried for white marble, and it is so far changed from ordinary limestone that it is in places a clear white marble, but so far it has been found full of flaws and seams. As to the age of this limestone the Vermont Report says : " We quite despair of satisfying ourselves on these points [the age, etc.] in respect to the Eolian limestone." And this is about where the matter rested until Mr. Wing worked out the problem and found, after much study in the field, that the formation was not one, but several, including rocks of the Calciferous, Trenton and vari- ous intermediate epochs. At some time after the Lower Silurian rocks were completed the strata were cracked and fissured, possibly as a part of the commotion which occurred when the mountains were rising. Into these cracks molten matter, like the lava of a volcano, was forced from below, filling them, and to-day we find here and there the black limestone or shale cut sharply across by a band of very different material, much harder and usually of lighter color. Such intrusions from be- neath of melted matter are called dikes. Nowhere in the State is there such a display of these formations as in this county, and here they are mostly near the lake. They are most numerous in Shelburne, but they are found in Burling- ton, Charlotte, Colchester, Hinesburg, Williston, Essex, Richmond and Bolton. At Red Rocks is a dike twelve feet wide. There are two on Spear street about half a mile south of the Williston road. There is a trap- dike at Willard's Ledge. A dike crosses the north end of Juniper Island. There are about twenty-five dikes in Shelburne and not less than sixty in the county, and the hill south of the depot at Charlotte is of the same igneous rock. The material which fills the dikes is usually homogeneous and hard, compact and, of course, not stratified. In this region the dikes are trap and porphyry. Mr. Z. Thomp- son thus describes the system of dikes at Nash's Point, Shelburne : " The por- phyritic dikes at Nash's Point and vicinity are so numerous and irregular that I shall not attempt to particularize them. The whole surface of this point, embracing several acres, is strewn with fragments of porphyry, and it seems to be cut up by dikes traversing it in all directions. On the southeast side of Nash's Bay the bank is formed by a porphyry dike about twenty feet high for the distance of twelve rods. The slate has all been removed on the side next the bay down almost to the surface of the water, and the dike stands out like a huge wall about five feet thick built to support the bank." Sometimes, though, this phenomenon is rare everywhere. Dikes of diff-erent kinds of rock alid different ages are found. Mr. Thompson describes a case of this sort on Shel- burne Point. He says that there is " a perpendicular face of porphyry about Geological Formation of the County. 37 eleven feet high and soipe rods in length, resting upon black slate and soil, cut- ting through the slate in an easterly direction. Beneath the porphyry are two parallel trap dikes, about eight feet apart and each about one foot wide; por, tions of these trap dikes are also found in the slate overlying the porphyry." From this statement we see that the porphyry dike was of later origin than the trap dikes across which it cut its way. The end of the Lower Silurian is, as one who will glance at the list of formations given in the early part of the chapter may see, only a little way from the beginning of the series, and yet by this time the sohd foundations and the mountains and hills of Vermont were finished and the character of Vermont as an agricultural State was largely determined, for soil must come from the decomposition and the grinding of rocks, chiefly the former; hence the kind of rock, whether it be limestone, sandrock, schist, or some other sort, affects the fertility of the soil and also its moisture and drainage. The scenery of the State, the form of its mountains, the number and char- acter of its valleys, gorges, cliffs, etc., all depend upon the kind or kinds of bed-rock. A very long interval, probably many millions of years, now elapsed, during which many minor changes may have taken place; land may have been upheaved and sunk, strata deposited and washed away, whole groups of living creatures have come into existence and been annihilated, but of all this we know nothing so far as nearly the whole State is concerned, and certainly in this county we have no record of any event between the beginning of the Upper Silurian and the end of the Tertiary. During this great interval the North American Continent grew southward beyond Pennsylvania. Thousands of feet, not less than forty thousand and probably more, of limestone, sandstone and shale, were formed, and great beds of it upheaved, crystallized and otherwise changed. The great coal beds east of the Mississippi grew, as generations and hundreds of generations of plants were deposited, as great beds of vegetable debris, and were slowly changed from this into hard coal. After this was the whole of the great middle period, the Mesozoic, and the first part of the last great era, the Cenozoic. In some parts of the State, notably at Brandon, there is a lignite formation, of great interest to geologists, which is of Tertiary age, and similar lignite has been found in small quantities in Colchester, and I be- lieve at one or two other places in this county. If any of this should be found to be of Tertiary age, then we should modify our statements somewhat. Im- agination might easily run wild through this vast unknown between the Cin- cinnati and the Quaternary, but its conclusions would have but little scientific value. There is* much, which, reasoning from what we know took place in southern New York and the Middle and Western States, might have happened, but we know very little of what actually took place. There is one thing, how- ever, of which we may feel sure — that during all this time the elements were not idle. The powers of the air are far more potent than we are apt to think. 38 History of Chittenden County. and when they have almost indefinite time in which to act, the results may be astonishing. As soon as any rock mass rises near the surface the waves at- tack it most relentlessly, and when it rises above the surface it is worn by both waves, and rain and frost. When the land was all elevated and mountains and plain were wholly above the sea, the work of erosion went on, rain drop and rill, rivulet and stream, all wore and furrowed the sides of the mountains and the surface of the plains. Slowly, but constantly, the wearing went on, and little by little the mountains and plains were borne to the sea, and the Ver- mont of to-day has been carved from the Vermont of Silurian days by these tireless agencies. But while vast changes, both in the physical character and also in the life of Chittenden county, occurred before the closing era of geolog- ical time, the Quaternary, there were very great changes still to come, and they were changes wholly unlike any that had heretofore taken place. The reign of fire and of water had for a time passed, and now came a reign of ice- The warm and equable climate which had prevailed for ages gave place to cold and, especially in Canada and the northern part of the continent, the whole country was raised, and upon it accumulated the snow and ice of a win- ter ages in duration. Just as modern glaciers come from snow masses, so from this continental snow mass a great glacier formed, and at last began to slowly creep south over the continent across the St. Lawrence, down over New England, year after year reaching farther south. Irresistible, relentless, it moved on, crushing, grinding, tearing all that opposed it. It was of such enormous thickness that it moved right on over valley and mountain, covering all except the highest peaks of the White Mountains. Hence, when this period was at its height all New England was one unbroken sheet of ice, with only a few mountain summits like islands along the White Mountain ridge. As this great ice sheet passed by and over ledges and hills, it must break off and rub off irregularities of all sorts, and grind the bits of rock so broken to sand or, finer still, to mud. The glacier has left its mark everywhere it went so plainly', that any one may trace its course and the direction of its motion. In many a place where a ledge has been uncovered by removing the sand or gravel that had been deposited over it, its surface is found strangely smooth, perhaps even polished, and scratched so evenly that it seems a work of design. The polish- ing and scratching were done by fragments of rock held in the bottom of the great ice mass. Great stones were carried a long distance by the same means, and whenever we find a more or less rounded mass of rock unlike any that is found about it, we may be sure that it came from some northern locality and that It was brought thence by the glacier. Some of these boulders, as such stones are called, are of great size and weigh thousands of tons. They are found not only on low lands, but on mountains. Between the Nose and Chin on Mansfield there are several. On these places the same sort of scratches are found that we see below, and it is partly because of this that we know that the glacier went over Geological Formation of the County. 39 the tops of our mountains. Scratches have been found as high as 5>SOO f^et on the White Mountains. Such an ice sheet, thousands of feet thick, and pressing upon the rocks below with enormous force (Professor -Dana estimates the pressure of a glacier 4,500 feet thick at two thousand pounds on every square inch) — such a mass moving over the irregular mountain sides, already grooved and worn, would certainly wear them down very rapidly, and it is quite likely that the rounded form of many of our hills and mountains is due in part to this cause. The scratches, or striae, are a very certain and unmistakable proof of the great glacier ; modern glaciers make the same on a small scale. They do not occur anywhere and in any confusion, but exhibit a certain degree of -order. They vary from fine lines, which are very common, to coarse lines or small grooves, and occasionally wide and deep grooves appear, such as one which I have in mind in the Connecticut river sandstone, which is about two feet wide and eight feet deep. The striae may be all in one direction or they may cross, and on Isle La Motte eight distinct sets were made out by Pro- fessor Adams. They are usually directed, according to Professor Dana, south- east. The Quaternary age is divided into three periods: i. Glacial; 2. Cham- plain ; 3. Terrace ; and all of these are represented over the whole county. It was in the early part of the Glacial period that the land was raised over the northern half of North America until it was several hundred feet higher than now in this region, and during this age the great ice sheet, hundreds of miles in length and breadth and hundreds, — yes, thousands of feet in thickness, moved over the surface of the country. At some time during the great interval, which, -as we have seen, came between the Silurian and the Quaternary, plants began to grow over the land. Very likely here, as elsewhere, one great groUp of plants flourished for a time and then gave place to another, to be in turn replaced by still newer forms. However this may have been, we have no reason to doubt that over the whole State an abundant vegetation was growing before the cold of the Glacial period came upon it ; and as this came gradually, the plants would be gradually driven southward to a more congenial climate, and animals as well as plants were driven out before the terrible icy foe that was to conquer ■everything that could not flee before its destructive march. After a time an- other great change came ; the upraised continent began to subside, the cold grew moderate and the ice mass began to melt. As the great glacier melted away northward, local glaciers from Mansfield and Camel's Hump ran across the oounty towards the Adirondacks ; but these small glaciers would not produce any very great effects. The sinking of this region (and the rest of New Eng- land sank with it) went on until the land was not only brought to its former level, but carried much below it. This is the Champlain period. From the melting of the ice mass great floods formed over the country, and in their course these would meet with vast masses of sand, gravel and other material accumu- 40 History of Chittenden County. la ted by the glacier, and would seize them and distribute them over the coun- try. The coarser material appears to have been moved during th§ first p^irt of the period, and the finer later, when the flow of the stream was less turbulent. Some of the material deposited by these torrent streams was arranged iii defir nite layers ; some of it was simply piled up in a solid mass. That the material is of different sorts any one may see who will notice the variety of clays and sand thrown up in digging for sewers in most of our streets in Burlington, for all the soil upon which this city is built is of the Champlain age. In some of the beds the material was very nicely sorted by the stream which bore it on. Of course the larger and heavier stones and pebbles would sink soonest, and then that which was a little finer, and then the finest, and beds made up in just this way are found. It is believed that Lake Champlain was at this time 400 feet lower than now, and was not a body of fresh water, but a part of the St. Lawrence Gulf, which reached down the valley of the Hudson even to New York Bay, and was wider than now. As the climate grew milder plants, either such as had been here or new species, appeared. The climate was still much colder than now and the plants were such as now live in Labrador and Greenland, and we find their descendants on the top of the White Mountains. There are about a dozen of these now living on or near the top of Mansfield, never descending to less bleak regions. They are all small plants, easily cov- ered and protected by snow in winter, and growing most dehcately and prettily in summer. On Mount Washington there are thirty-seven species of these cold- loving plants. In the latter part of the Champlain there were vast banks of clay deposited, and these Champlain clays are found very high above the pres.- ent sea level ; great banks of sand and gravel were also deposited along the streams, lakes and oceans. Sand and gravel are often found mixed in the same banks, as is the case with the ridge on which the university buildings stand. This ridge is 367 feet above the sea, Essex Center is 452 feet, Williston 402 feet, Colchester Center 225 feet, Charlotte, at the base of Sugar Loaf, 407 feet, Rutland 500 feet, Northfield 724 feet, and all of these towns stand upon de- posits of the Champlain period. That Lake Champlain was at this time an arm of the sea is shown by beds of marine shells found on what were its shores. In some places these shells, which are the same species as are now found in salt water, most often macoma fusca, saxicava riigosa, mya arenaria and mytilus edulus, though some other species have been found. These are found both in sand and clay. Just before reaching the Heineberg bridge the road goes through a cut in the sands of this period, and on the west side of this road in the sandy bluff the white shells may often be seen without leaving the carriage, and beyond the Mallet's Bay House are similar banks in which there are many of these fossils. Other localities might be given, for they are quite common. From' the height of the Champlain clays, which are certainly of aquatic, and, as shown by the fossils, of marine origin, we infer the depth of the ocean at this Geological Formation of the County. 41 time and are forced to conclude that the whole region, except the tops of the monntains, was under water at some time during the Champlain period ; and that this sea was inhabited by whales, and probably, if by these, by other ani- mals, we know from the bones which were found in Champlain clays at Char- lotte. These bones, which when placed in order, make up a fairly complete skeleton of a small whale, were in a layer of clay 150 feet above the present sea level. In the early part of the Champlain period, as we have seen, the whole surface of the country sank, but towards its close, probably, it was rising again and continued to rise in the next or Terrace period. By this elevation some of the river channels were changed, and many changes in the surface of the county brought about. The Winooski River before this ran, not by the Lime Kilns and under High Bridge, but took a shorter cut, running through a depression which, though very much above the present channel, is still depressed below the sur- rounding country, and may be noticed where it crosses the road southeast of High Bridge. By following this old channel from the road northwest, a gorge is reached where the river cut its way through the rocks, and on one side the cliffs are so plainly water-worn as to attract even a casual observer. Now this old channel has been raised and the river cut a new one since the beginning of the Terrace epoch. The formations which give the name to this epoch may be seen along any of our rivers and larger streams, as regular steps or terraces, rising one above another. At present they are more or less covered with turf, whose green, fresh growth often renders them very attractive. They vary greatly in size, number and regularity, even on the opposite sides of a stream. They are made of the drift of the former periods. In Essex the upper terraces on the Winooski are 250 feet above the lake, or 340 feet above the sea. In Hines-' burg there are terraces 390 feet above the sea. On the Lamoille River there is a terrace 1,120 feet above the sea. Terraces increase in height and numbef as we go north, for the elevation of the continent was greatest to the southward. And this brings us to the theory of terrace formation. In examining the present river courses there is often found an old river bed very much wider and deeper than the present, and these beds were filled by the deposits of the Champlain period. As the land was re-elevated after the close of this period, the rivers would cut their channels through the sands and clays, forming each a bank or terrace. As the elevation continued, and with it the rapidity of the current increased, and as also the supply of water grew less, a new and narrower channel would be cut, and by a continuation of the same causes a third would be formed later, and so on. The same condi- tions would account for terraces anywhere in soft material, as well as in old river beds. With change of elevation in the land through which the river flowed, change in the velocity of the current and in the amount of water, a stream would, whether these conditions changed continuously or intermittently, from time to time change its channel and cut it deeper, if the changes were in 42 History of Chittenden County. the direction mentioned ; and the banks of the new channel would be lower and nearer together than were those of the old. In this way five or six ter- races have been formed along some of our rivers. The terraces do not always correspond each to a distinct period of elevation, for they may be formed, even several of them, during a long-continued elevation, or in other ways — as changes in the stream, or different degrees of firmness in the material. Any one of the conditions named, as those which have produced terraces, is by itself sufficient to form them. Necessarily the upper terraces are the oldest, since, from the manner in which they are formed, these must have come first, when the stream was largest and its flood plain most extensive. These are usually of coarser material than those lower. Dr. E. Hitchcock thus describes the general structure of terraces : " The most perfect terrace is an alluvial meadow, annually more or less overflowed and increased by a deposit of mud or sand. Except in rough mountain streams the material is rarely as coarse as pebbles, over an extensive surface, and they are distinctly stratified. Ascending to the second terrace, we almost invariably find it composed of coarser materials — clay beneath and sand or fine gravel above. The third terrace is usually a mixture of sand and gravel, the latter not very coarse, the whole imperfectly stratified, and also sorted — that is, the fragments in each layer have nearly the same size. The fourth terrace differs from the last by its coarser materials and more irregular surface. Above the terrace in our ascent from the river we find other accumulations of decidedly water-worn materials, generally coarser, the fragments of rolled and smoothed rock being sometimes a foot or two in diameter ; coarse sand, however, constitutes the greater part of the deposit. Its outline is rounded. In its longest direction it maintains essentially the same level, and often may be seen for many miles " {Geology of Vermont, Vol. I. page 94). These are supposed to be ancient sea beaches. Some of the upper terraces cover many acres, or even miles. All the more important facts respecting terraces may be advantageously observed on the Winooski River. Here, as on most rivers, the terraces occur in groups or basins scattered along the course, and between these they may be either wanting or at least inconspicuous. Along the Winooski we find the lowest and last-formed terrace in the intervale north of the railroad track between the bridge and the tunnel, and other meadows similarly situated. This terrace is still forming, since at every flood deposits of sand, alluvium, etc., are left upon it. The next, or second terrace, is less extensive and appears only in places along the river. It occurs between the mouth of the river and Appletree Point above the first, and it extends in a southerly direction to Rock Point. The road from North avenue to Mallet's Bay crosses the terraces for a short distance, but it runs mainly along the fourth terrace, which is much larger than the second or third, until it descends at Heineberg bridge to the first which it crosses, and rises from this to the third, which forms the hiah bank Geological Formation of the County. 43. beyond the Mallet's Bay House. On the road to Colchester, beyond Mallet's Bay, the fourth terrace is soon reached and may be followed for miles. Again these four terraces are crossed in going from the depot in Burlington to the college, although the original form is well-nigh obliterated by grading. The depot, lumber yards and shops are on the first terrace. Battery street runs along the second, Church street is on the third, and the high-school building on the fourth ; while the university buildings, and indeed Prospect street, is on a ridge of modified drift rising above the highest terrace. The fourth terrace is of great extent. Concerning it Dr. Hitchcock remarks: "This great terrace may be regarded as a delta terrace, extending from Richmond to Rock Point. When the lake was at the level of its summit this terrace must have occupied, besides its present situation, the whole of the valley of the Winooski below Richmond, so that, had the water dried up suddenly, there would have been presented to the eye a vast unbroken plain of sand from Rock Point to Rich- mond, and from Mallet's Bay, Colchester, and Milton on the north to Williston and South Burlington on the south. Since that period the Winooski has cut out its present channel and formed the lower terrace, and also tributary streams have done their part in excavating their own beds and forming their terraces, while the level of the lake and of the channel of the Winooski were gradually sinking." Inasmuch as the marine shells already mentioned are found in the clay just beneath the sands of the upper terrace, it seems not improbable that it was formed at the delta of the Winooski in the ocean or that part of the ocean which extended down the Champlain valley, and, as the channel of the river sank, the current cut its way through the previously deposited delta. Following the Winooski, five specimens of terrace formation are seen between High Bridge and Essex Junction, and at intervals from there on to Montpelier and beyond. At some time in the Quaternary, exactly when we may not be able ta state, the country was sufficiently settled to afford a habitation to great beasts, the largest land animals that have ever lived. Both the elephant and the mastodon roamed the forests of Vermont, for remains of both have been found in the State, at Richmond and Mount Holly. As these animals browsed the twigs of trees, we know that trees must have existed at the same time, and we also know that this was the case from bits of fossil wood which are found in the drift. It is probable that the vegetable life of the Quaternary was substan- tially like that which now grows over northern North America, and the same, it is beUeved, is true of the lower forms of animal life ; but the highest animals- were different in many respects from those now living in this region. We have seen how, in the first period of the Quaternary, valleys were plowed out, mountains were ground down, rock masses torn and pulverized by the onward movement of the great glacier. Many lake basins were also excavated. Then in the Champlain period this material was distributed over the country, valleys- 44 History of Chittenden County. filled, bare ledges covered, and the surface made less rugged and uneven. Then, in the Terrace period, the finishing process went further ; the rivers, reduced from their previous gigantic proportions, excavate and flow in their pfesent channels. All this brought the earth into something like its present condition and fitted it as it probably never had beert for the abode of man. By the ordinary processes of weathering ages upon ages must pass before great masses of soil could have been formed from the solid ridges of the Silurian or any other time, but the titanic forces engaged during Quaternary time in a comparatively short time accomplished this great service. We have seen how this region rose during the first period, then sank, so that for a time all except the mountain tops was under water, and it should be noticed that at this time great masses would break off from the glacier and float over the country as icebergs, which in their own way would transport, scratch and tear oflf the rock masses against which they came. Then this country rose again to its present height. We have seen how all vegetation, driven away or destroyed in the early Quaternary, returned at last, and elephants and allied beasts fed upon the fresh twigs of those ancient forests. At the close of the Quaternary, Lake Champlain was defined about as it is at present. The land on the north had risen so high that all communication with the sea was cut off, the present system of rivers was established, and marine life either perished or accommo- dated itself to the new order of things, as did some of the fishes and some maritime plants which still linger even from those remote days ; for, although latest of geological time, they are far more ancient than the oldest written his- tory. The life of the entire globe has its exponent in the life of Chittenden county, which we have seen developing from a few sea-weeds and sundry species of worms, mollusks and trilobites in the Cambrian — interesting and wonderful animals for those so near the beginning of life — through the increas- ing variety and complexity of form found in the Trenton, and over the im- mense silence of the intervening time when this county was dry land and undoubtedly inhabited, but of which there is no record, to the Quaternary, when vegetation like the present, and animals of the highest grade, perhaps including man himself, lived here, and the county was, so far as physical feat- ures are concerned, completed. Is not that true, which was said at first, that the history of this small area is a strange one? And yet every step has its evi- dent meaning ; and when, in those remote Silurian times, limestone, or sand- stone, or shale was being slowly deposited, it was in accordance with the far- reaching plan which included the whole. Chittenden county is what it is to- day, because it was what it was then and during all the ages since. Each con- tributed its share towards the completed whole ; nothing was haphazard, nor without design. Indian Occupation and Relics. 45 CHAPTER II. INDIAN OCCUPATION AND RELICS." Unsettled Condition of American AroliEeolog-y — Evidences of Indian Occupation in this Vicinit.v — Iroquois and Algonkins— Ancient Settlements in Cliittenden County — How Indian Tillages were Made — Origin and Relative Age of Vermont Implements — Materials of Imple- ments — Earthenware — Stone — Varieties of Axes — Pipes, Arrows, and Spear Points — Impor- tance of Preserving Specimens. THE profound past of geology is connected with the recent past of history by a period of unknown extent, our knowledge of which is somewhat vague and uncertain. Its story is recorded in a manner wholly unlike that of geology or history, and is to be interpreted by methods peculiar to itself This history, which is prehistoric, is archaeology. American archaeology is, as a science, in a somewhat crude and unsettled condition. Before even a toler- ably complete system can be arranged for this country, years of investigation and discovery must pass away. Nevertheless very much that is valuable has been obtained, and this must lead to that which is still more important. Few parts of the North American continent are older, geologically, than is the re- gion in which this county is located, but it may be doubted whether this is true archseologically, and when we compare the probable age of even our oldest relics with that of similar specimens from the Old World, it does not seem likely that they are of so great antiquity. And yet some of our stone objects have been obtained from yellow subsoil, two feet or more below a surface which shows no sign of ever having been disturbed, so that it is not impossible that future study and discovery may lead us to refer our most ancient stone imple- ments to a much more remote period than we have been accustomed to do. How long a time after the close of the Quaternary period, when this region was fully prepared for the residence of man, it remained unoccupied, we do not know and may never know. Most probably the interval between historic and geological time is much less in the Old World than in the New, for in the former history reaches back not two or three hundred, but more than as many thousand years, and archaeology has there been far more completely developed and reduced to order than has been possible here, so that the interval between the present and the geological past is well-nigh bridged. Because of our lack of such historical aids as well as from the nature of the region it is not prob- able that we shall ever be able to present the archjeology of the Champlain valley in such regular and orderly array as may be done in the case of some parts of Europe. We may not even say with confidence which of our imple- ments are oldest. 1 Prepared by Professor George H. Perkins. 46 History of Chittenden County. When America is compared with India, Egypt, or other parts of the East, its antiquities seem of little importance or interest, and they have not attracted very much attention, certainly not from European students, until comparatively recent years ; and if the archaeology of America as a whole appears barren and uninteresting, what shall we say of that region which is perhaps its most barren portion ? Certainly one might travel over our State, going through every part, or even live many years within its borders, and not so much as suspect that there were any materials for archaeological study. Probably many have done so. There are in Vermont no ruins, no mounds, nothing to attract the attention of the casual observer, nothing that can be pointed out to strangers ; nevertheless there is a history of Vermont which has as yet been written only in part, and cannot be without further study and discovery, although it is a history which is full of strange interest. It is a history written, not on paper or parchment, but on flakes of stone, bits of corroded copper and fragments of earthenware. Its records are stored, not in government archives, but in the ground beneath our forests and meadows. They are to be opened by means of the shovel and pick used with unlimited patience and labor. Such records can only be deciphered slowly and laboriously, and when read we cannot always be sure that they are read aright. When we first begin our task, these bits of stone and burnt clay seem very indecipherable characters from which to glean a history of prehistoric Vermont, and to learn the manners and customs of the savage tribes who occupied this region before white men ever set foot upon it. Yet by diligent and careful study of this apparently unpromising material we may gain not a little that shall prove interesting and valuable. No one at all familiar both with the habits of the Indian tribes of this country and with the physical features of the Champlain valley, especially that portion of it which is now Western Vermont, can doubt that at some time it was occu- pied by these people, because here are found all the conditions required by the ordinary life of either roving tribes or village Indians. On this account we should expect to find in Chittenden county and over the adjacent region abun- dant evidence of former occupation. In this expectation, however, we are dis- appointed in some measure. We do find some such evidence, but by no means is it so conclusive and abundant as might be desired. The earliest historical evidence we have is that of Champlain, who explored the lake which now bears his name in 1609, sailing from the mouth of the Sorel with a party of Algonkins. These Indians occupied Canada and were subject to frequent and troublesome raids which the Iroquois made upon them from the north, these latter holding the territory which is now Vermont, New York, and farther west. In Champlain's time, because of the hostility of the Algonkins, the Iro- quois had abandoned many of their settlements in the Champlain valley. He says that " four beautiful islands," which, from his account, must have been Grand Isle and the neigboring islands, were, according to his guides, formerly Indian Occupation and Relics. 47 inhabited, but because of wars, not then. The region was not wholly deso- late, for this explorer tells us that as he sailed on beyond these islands he saw towards the east very high mountains capped with snow, and these could have been no other then Mansfield and Camel's Hump. He asked if the country about these mountains was inhabited, and his savage friends told him that they were by Iroquois, who cultivated fields of grain and vegetables. However, if we may judge by the evidence of the stone implements, etc., that we now find, Vermont for the most part was not generally inhabited in 1600. It was a battle-field and a hunting-ground rather than the home of peaceful tribes. Undoubtedly many a Httle fleet of canoes glided along its shores, and many a band of dusky warriors crept through its forests, but they did not come to settle ; the sounds that broke the silence of the forest were not those of home life, the noise of labor or the cries of children, but rather the horrid revelry about the stake of some tortured captive, or the war whoop and death yell. The first settlers did not enter this region until more than a hundred years after Champlain's visit, and no permanent settlement was established here until 1749. If the Iroquois ever had permanent settlements here they were given up by this time, although roving bands of various tribes doubtless crossed the State from time to time. But there were at this time, or somewhat later, set- tlements of St. Francis Indians, a minor tribe of Algonkins. It does not seem probable that the Iroquois ever crossed the Green Mountains, unless it may be that now and then a hunting party wandered beyond them. The Algon- kins, however, were as numerous east of this range as west. In the history of Coos county Rev. G. Powers mentions a settlement at Newbury which was probably Algonkin. He says, quoting from a letter the accuracy of which he affirms : " On the high ground east of the mouth of Cow Meadow Brook, and south of the three large projecting rocks, were found many indications of an old and extensive Indian settlement. There were many stone implements. Heads of arrows, large quantities of ashes, and the ground burnt over to a great extent, are some of the marks of a long residence there. On the meadow, forty or fifty rods below, near the rocks in the river, was evidently a burying ground. When the first settlers came here the remains of a fort were still visible on the Ox Bow. The size of the fort was plain to be seen. Trees as large as a man's thigh were growing in the circumference of the old fort. A profusion of white flint-stones and heads of arrows may yet be seen scattered over the ground." {Historical Sketches, etc., of Coos County and Vicinity ; by Rev. Grant Powers; 1841, PP- 39-40.) In V^o%Vm%'s History of Vermont v^^ find the following : " The Mohicans, a minor tribe of the Iroquois, . . . claimed jurisdiction and had an occasional residence in Vermont. Antiquities of an Indian character are discovered in many parts of the State, particularly upon the largest rivers and Lake Champlain. On the island of South Hero they had a settlement near the sand bar that crosses the lake into Milton ; 48 History of Chittenden County. and another in Colchester, on what are denominated Indian Fields. The St. Francis Indians had a settlement of about fifty huts, and a considerable quan- tity of cleared land, on which they raised corn, in Swanton." {^History of the State of Vermont, etc. Nathan Hoskins; 183 1, p. 23.) This last named set- tlement appears to have been of considerable duration, and to have been well and painfully known to the settlers even as far away as Massachusetts and Connecticut, for from it bands were continually setting forth seeking scalps and booty, both of which they too often succeeded in getting. These settlements are mentioned, although outside of the limits of this county, because their oc- cupants had more or less to do with the region, coming here to hunt and fish, passing back and forth through it on their forays, and in many ways identifying themselves with it. As to the ancient settlements our knowledge is necessarily less definite ; but that there were such there can be no doubt, for, besides Champlain's testimony, we find here and there evidence suflScient to convince us that there was a time, and it appears to have been wholly prehistoric, when a considerable population inhabited Western Vermont. How many places there are in this county in which there are indications of ancient habitation is not known ; for there are undoubtedly some, perhaps many, that have not been noticed ; but we find them here and there in every part of the area. In Essex there are several sandy knolls, over which flint chips, bits of pottery, and occasionally wrought bits of stone, or even perfect implements, are scattered. Sometimes the sand is filled with these witnesses of former occupation, to a depth of several inches. I think we may regard any locality in which fragments of pottery are numerous as a probable village site ; for earthenware as made by the Indians was fragile and cost much labor, and it is not supposable that they carried much of it with them when off on a short expedition, but only when they intended to establish a more or less permanent camp. At Porter's Point, in Colchester, there was another settlement; for here we find, besides the flint chips, earthenware, etc., evidences of ancient hearths in charcoal layers and burnt stones. At this place large fragments of earthenware— indeed we have nearly all the fragments of two large jars— were buried several feet in the sand. Some of these I took from the side of a bank where the river had removed the land, five or six feet below the surface, and over them, that is at the surface, was a layer of black earth several inches in thickness, upon which were pines growing, All this shows that the settlement here was very ancient. About Mallet's Bay so many implements have been found that we must believe that somewhere in the neighborhood there was a settlement. And one may say the same of Colchester Point. So, too, on the intervale near the railroad bridge at the foot of Prospect street there are simi- lar indications of a former village. There may liave been a settlement nearer the mouth of the river, on the Van Ness farm ; for there is a clump of chest- nut trees, the only ones growing in this part of the State, though they are Indian Occupation and Relics. 49 found abundantly in the southern part ; and these were probably planted by Indians, who used the nuts for food. Near the mouth of the Lamoille, in Mil- ton, there must have been one or more settlements. A very ancient settle- ment near Swanton village, just over the town Hne in Highgate, should be briefly mentioned, although for a full account the reader must be referred to Vol. XXXIV, page 75, of Proceedings of American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. It is one of the most interesting localities ever studied in New England. It is far more ancient than the settlement of the St. Francis Indians mentioned, and these people had no knowledge concerning it, and all the objects found and the circumstances attending their discovery indicate great antiquity. On a low, sandy ridge, covered by a pine forest when the first settlers came into the region, but which was afterward removed, so .that the wind had free access to the sandy soil, several graves were first discovered about twenty years ago. Some of these graves were found to be directly be- neath the stumps of large trees. f Exploration has shown that there were prob- ably many graves, of which twenty or thirty have been found and the contents removed. Many interesting specimens have been taken from the graves, or from the sand above them, some of them showing exceedingly fine workman- ship. These are of shell, copper and stone. The bones found were most of them so fragile that they could not be preserved. A very interesting fact respecting these specimens is the close resemblance of many of them to those taken from the mounds of the Ohio valley ; and it seems to me probable that, at some ancient time, a small band of the mound-building tribes wandered from place to place toward the east, until finally they reached the banks of the Missisquoi, where they settled and lived for perhaps many years, carrying on the arts of life and performing their strange religious ceremonies. They were probably of a higher civilization and of greater skill in stone work than the tribes about them or which succeeded them. The same people also appear to have roamed into this county ; for here one or two peculiar objects, such as have been found nowhere else in the State except in the ancient graves, have been picked up. Some of the village sites which have been named may very likely have been those of temporary settlements, for these were common among the early tribes, many of whom did not occupy any one place throughout the year. In the spring bands consisting of a greater or less number of persons set out from their winter quarters and, after spending a few weeks in replenishing the ex- hausted larder by hunting and fishing, finally reached a location that seemed to them suited to their purpose; a hillock or well-drained piece of lowland, always near clear water. The location of the camp or village once chosen, the sturdy warriors throw down their weapons and lay themselves by them on the ground to rest, while the squaws, laying down their heavier burdens, begin at once to build the huts. Saplings, either found growing in the right place. 50 History of Chittenden County. or cut from the neighboring forest and thrust into the earth, are bent together and tied at the top by bands of bark. Over this light framework the covering is placed. This consists either of tanned skins, large pieces of bark, or mats of plaited rushes and reeds. A hole is left at the top of the tent, through which so much of the smoke from the fire below it as does not prefer to sweep about over the eyes of the inmates and escape in some other way, can make its exit. Another opening left in the side, and more or less fully closed by a hanging skin, serves as the door. Such huts, or lodges, were often conical, but sometimes rectangular. A day or so of vigorous exercise on the part of the squaws, and of meditation and laziness on that of the men as they watch oper- ations, suffices to transform a silent, desolate field into a busy village. The huts having been erected, and all necessary household arrangements completed, the cultivation of a few crops in a rude manner next occupies the attention of the squaws. A clearing is chosen or made near the village, and the soil not very thoroughly stirred, and the seed planted. The implements are hoes and spades, often of wood, sometimes of bone, such as the shoulder blade of an elk or bison, and more rarely of stone. Champlain mentions the following kinds of vegetables raised by the New England tribes among whom he traveled : Corn, which appears to have been the chief crop, beans, squashes, gourds, melons, tobacco, and various roots and herbs. The corn was planted in hills, and on the coast a fish was put into each hill as a fertilizer. Once planted, the crops did not receive much attention until harvest. Then such as had not been used as they ripened were dried and either stored in underground chambers or packed for transportation. In these agricultural labors the men sometimes assisted, though they spent most of their time in hunting, fishing and idleness, when not on the war-path. As the cold autumn weather drew near, the village was taken down and packed in bundles, and the occupants retired into a dense evergreen forest, where they would be sheltered from the severest winds. Im- provident and thoughtless as these people were, they often spent the first part of the winter in feasting and revelry and the last in starving and wretchedness, until the return of spring enabled them to obtain new supplies. It is doubtful if we shall ever be able to determine the relative age of our Vermont stone implements ; and still more so that we can ever tell absolutely how ancient this or that is. We may believe, and with reason, that those found several feet below the surface are older than those found on it, but this is about all we can say. Nor can we know with much certainty which of our speci- mens should be referred to the Algonkins, and which to the Iroquois, and whether there are any that do not belong to either tribe, but to more an- cient people, as some have thought. I do not myself believe that we have here, or anywhere else in the United States, any positive proof that anv other peo^ pie than the Red Indians ever occupied any part of it. I should, therefore, be inclined to assign even our most ancient specimens to the ancestors of the In- Indian Occupation and Relics. 51 dians. There is no doubt that many of our specimens were made by the Iro- quois, who probably Hved for centuries in this region ; nor is there any doubt that since the region was part of the great thoroughfare from Canada to the set- tlements south, many implements were lost by bands passing to and fro, aside from any settlements which existed. Probably our oldest and finest specimens are of Iroquois origin. Had any large collection of the implements of the St. Francis tribe been gathered at either Newbury or Swanton, it would be of the greatest value for comparison ; but this we have not. The only means available is the comparison of our Vermont specimens with those found in Canada and New York ; for we know that the former was long occupied exclusively by Al- gonkins, and the latter by Iroquois. As we make this comparison it soon be- comes evident that the more elaborate and attractive of our specimens are mostly like those found in the Mohawk valley and other parts of New York. In no part of New England, I think, are so many relics found which remind us of those found in the West, as in this region. I suppose that this indicates that after the Iroquois retired from the Champlain valley westward, it was not generally occupied by settled tribes, but was merely, as was noticed in the early part of this chapter, a hunting ground over which numerous bands of savages roamed, but in which very few settled. As it is about camps, and especially places where villages have been, that the richest treasures of the relic hunter are found, of course that people who longest and most abundantly occupy any territory leave behind them the largest record. The Iroquois appear to have been much more in the habit of settling permanently than most other tribes. In the Mo- hawk valley they built log houses, sometimes of large size, and surrounded them with stockades and other defenses, and they may, very probably, have done so on this side of the lake. There is no doubt that some of the places in which we find implements were occupied much longer than others ; neither is there any doubt that many village sites have been wholly obHterated by grad- ing, excavation, and other changes in the soil. Very brief inquiries by a col- lector will convince him, to his sorrow, that this is true, and also that a very great deal of most valuable material has been irretrievably lost, because those who chanced upon it saw no value in it, and either lost or even destroyed it. As we have seen, we have evidence abundant and undoubted that formerly there were villages in this county occupied by the aborigines, but there is, so far as I can find, neither record nor tradition that any existed here when the white men came ; and this indicates the greater antiquity. One of the most in- teresting of these village sites, although it is just over the border of this county, I wish to describe a little more particularly, that it may serve as an example for all. It is in Monkton on the border of Bristol Pond, and about fifteen miles from the lake shore. This pond is approximately a mile long, half as wide, deep and with a muddy bottom ; a good place for eels and catfish, both of which were sought by the Indians for food. Immediately adjacent to the pond is a 52 History of Chittenden County. cedar swamp, west and north of which the ground rises to the uplands in a series of knolls and ridges. In some parts of these fields the soil is clay, in others sand or even gravel. The clay is almost wholly free from stones, except such as have been brought and thrown upon it, and of these there are many. Acres of the uplands when I first visited the place were covered with flakes^ chips and even large masses of gray quairtzite, such as is found in many parts of the State, though not in this locality ; and also many implements of the same material, some of which are large and rude. Hundreds of what were probably agricultural implements have been picked up, as well as numerous arrow and spear-points, knives, axes, pestles, etc. What are known to collectors as ham- mer-stones, were especially abundant. I presume that literally cart-loads of these have been removed from the region. These hammer-stones are simply water-smoothed pebbles, such as any gravel-bank affords, weighing from half a pound to two or three pounds, and sometimes more. That they were brought to this locality is known by the fact that none such occurs in either the clay or sand, and that they were used by the pitted sides or ends ; moreover, a few are somewhat wrought. Not only on the surface are these things found, but, as the plow turns its furrows, we see that as deep as the plowshare reaches, the soil is full of flakes, etc. It seems evident that we not only have here the location of an ancient village, but of one that was occupied for a long time. The amount of quartzite and other stone which was transported from a distance to these fields is very great. I was told by Mr. H. B. Williams, whose farm includes a portion of the ground described, that some fifty years ago, in digging for road material in a part of the ground occupied by the Indians, several skeletons were found, but none of them was saved, and at the time no further explorations were undertaken. There are few data upon which to estimate the age of the objects found in these fields, but it almost certainly antedates the coming of the St. Francis Indians, for, if the village which once existed here had been oc- cupied so recently, certainly some account of it would have come down to us. Probably no county in the State has afforded so rich returns to relic hunters as has this, unless it may be Franklin, which is also a most interesting region for study and exploration. It is fortunate, too, that the largest collections ever made in the State are in the museum of the University of Vermont, where those interested may study them at any time. I refer to the superb collection of the late Judge Halbert, presented to the college by Mrs. Halbert, and the equally valua- ble, though somewhat different, collection made at Milton by Mr. -P. C. Demincr, which was purchased by Mr. E. B. Taft, of Burlington, and by him given to the college. These two collections, together with a considerable number of speci- mens obtained from Mr. D. B. Griffin, of Essex, and those already in the col- lege museum when these were secured, render this museum able to present a very complete series of the ancient implements, ornaments, etc., of the county. It is interesting to note that Judge Halbert's specimens were mostly obtained Indian Occupation and Relics. 53 from the valleys of Brown's River, and the Winooski ; Mr. Deming's from the Lamoille valley, and in addition there is the large collection recently obtained from Mr. Truax, of Swanton, which is from the Missisquoi valley. It is prob- ble, though this must be somewhat conjectural, that in the Halbert and Dem- ing collections Iroquois work is chiefly represented, while in the Truax collec- tion Algonkin work would predominate ; although in this collection there are numerous objects from the ancient graves mentioned previously, and these may very likely belong to neither, but be the work of a different tribe. We are now prepared to turn from this general study of the archaeology of this county to an inquiry respecting the character of the various objects which have been found. In order to a complete discussion of this portion of my sub- ject, a very extensive series of illustrations would be required ; but this is not practicable, nor will it be possible to describe fully even the leading types of objects, without extending the chapter far beyond reasonable limits. Probably the great majority of those who will read these pages will be able, if they choose to do so, to visit as often as they need the college museum, and examine the collection of stone implements. These illustrate far better than any engravings could the leading groups mentioned in the following pages. ^ Here, as elsewhere, the very large majority of our archjeological material consists of objects made from stone, but we also find numerous fragments of earthenware, or pottery, a few of copper, fewer still of shell, and one solitary specimen of worked bone. This latter is simply a prong of a deer's horh, which has been somewhat smoothed and notched around the base. I found it just under a large stump, with some bits of pottery and arrow-points, at the village site in Monkton, described above. It is quite remarkable that bone im- plements, such as awls, needles, etc., have not been found in this region, espe- cially when we consider that just across the lake they have been discovered, though not in great abundance. Fresh water clams are common enough in our streams and lake, and some of them grow to a large size ; but we find little evidence that their shells were much used by the early tribes. Occasionally more or less decayed shells are found, with bits of pottery, etc., but not often, and I do not know that any specimen of a shell that was worked to serve as an implement has ever been found here. Shell beads, quite a number of them, have been found in the Swan- ton graves, but curiously they are all made from shells found only in the south, and sea shells at that. It may be that valves of fresh-water clams were used just as they were found, for scrapers, spoons, trowels, etc., and when done with thrown away, in which case we could not know that they had ever been used. Implements and ornaments made of copper, though rare, are not wanting in 1 Through the courtesy of the publishers of The American Naturalist, we are able to give the illus- trations which accompany this chapter, all of which are from drawings made by the writer to illustrate articles published in Vols. V, XIII, XV, XIX and XX, of that periodical. To these articles those de- siring more complete accounts of the objects named are referred. 54 History of Chittenden County. our collections. They are found in various parts of the State, but more, I think, have been found in this county than anywhere else. Most of our cop- per specimens are knives and spear-points, or perhaps they are all knives ; but a gouge, one or two chisel-shaped objects, small bars and tubular beads, have also been found. The gouge (shown one-half full size. Figure i, Number 5) which is one of the rarest of implements in copper, was found in Milton. It weighs just a pound ; is seven inches long, and nearly two inches wide at the edge. The knives vary from two to four, or five inches in length. The beads have been found only in Swanton. They are made by rolling sheet-copper into cylinders. All of our specimens are of native copper, hammered into the de- sired form. It is most likely that this copper was obtained, by some sort of traffic, from the tribes about Lake Superior, or it may have been captured in battle; but in any case it shows intercourse of some sort with the northern tribes, just as the beads, made from southern sea-shells, shows the same with south- ern tribes. I suppose that in all, about a dozen copper specimens have been found in this county. Specimens of earthenware are always of great interest to archaeologists, and especially in localities where they are rarely found. Such objects are very uncommon everywhere in New England, but in the Champlain valley they are more frequent. At present there are only four entire jars known that were found in New England, and two of these, and they are by far the largest and finest, were found in this county. Besides these two entire jars, we have nearly all the pieces of four more, and large fragments of many others, from which we can gain a very complete and accurate idea as to the character of the pot- tery used by our predecessors. There is evidence enough to show that earth- enware jars were very commonly used by the Indians. The present scarcity of pottery is due, not to its former rarity, but to the fragile nature of the ma- terials of which it was made. All our pottery is of the same general nature, a paste of clay in which were mixed angular bits of quartz, feldspar, mica, and sometimes pounded clam-shells. The coarseness of the ware of course depends largely upon the size of these bits of stone. In some cases they were ground fine, so that an almost homogeneous paste was formed ; in others they are large enough to be very readily seen wherever there is a fracture. Sometimes they show on the surface, but usually they do not, because, after the jar was shaped, it received a coating, both inside and outside, of smooth clay. When we remember that the squaws, in making their pottery, had no wheel to aid in shaping it, the regularity of the globular forms is very wonderful. It will be readily seen that earthenware made as has been described, when buried in the ground, soaked and dried, frozen and thawed, would usually soon become a shapeless mass of mud. Unless well burned it would be destroyed ; but sometimes it was burned so thoroughly that it has withstood all destructive agencies, and is as firm and hard to-day as when first made. In most cases the rim was Indian Occupation and Relics. 55 FIGURE 1. 56 History of Chittenden County. thicker and more completely burned than any other part, and this is most for- tunate, because if there were any decoration upon a jar it was always upon the rim, even when nowhere else ; and this portion of the jars being that which is preserved, even when all the rest has crumbled, we are able to form a much better idea as to the variety and style of ornament used, than would otherwise be possible. Whatever adornment was used it always consisted of indented or impressed figures. We never find raised designs, nor those painted ; neither are jars found moulded into the form of men or animals, as is so common in the pottery found in the West. Our jars are of very variable color, owing in part to the different effect of burning upon different materials, and in part to difference in degree of heat to which different parts were exposed. Some are black, some are reddish-brown, some are buff or light brown. The decoration is very variable, and often really elegant, when all things are taken into ac- count. It consists of many designs, simple in themselves, but often combined into elaborate designs. Lines are especially common. They usually appear to have been drawn on the moist clay with a smooth, blunt point, since the line, or it is rather a fine groove, is not V-shaped, at least not often, but U-shaped. The width of the grooves is quite different in different jars, but they are never wide, and rarely coarse or carelessly drawn. They not uncommonly are car- ried entirely around the upper edge of a jar, and also a few inches below, the intervening space being filled with a different marking or pattern. Very com- monly the rim bears two or three, or more, of these continuous grooves around it. By means of groups of short lines drawn parallel, and either horizontally, perpendicularly, or obliquely, one group being at an angle with the next and often perpendicular to it, very neat and variable designs are readily obtained by sim- ply changing the inclination of the lines. Rarely the lines cross, thus making squares or diamonds. Certain figures, or patterns, were used with the lines. These were stamped with a tube, or other object, making circles, rings, cres- cents, triangles, squares, dots, key-shaped or ziz-zag figures, and other inde- scribable forms. Stamps made for the purpose appear to have been used, for we sometimes find a pattern, like saw teeth perhaps, which shows at the end of each inch or two a break or a lap, where the stamp was not exactly placed. Some of the figures are very small and delicately stamped, others may be a fourth of an inch long or more, and deeply stamped. As the lines are often arranged in groups, so are these figures, though they are quite as often in rows, or bands made of several rows. I do not remember that any specimen is ornamented with lines alone, but some are covered with figures alone, without lines, unless it be one or two about the upper edge. A singular feature of many, indeed I think it is true of most jars, is that these figures are much more deeply stamped on one side than the other. This was intentional, be- cause, in any jar it is always the same side that is deepest, and from this the figure slopes up to the general surface. The larger and coarser jars were not Indian Occupation and Relics. 57 usually ornamented except just about the rim, the remainder of the surface be- ing left smooth ; but the smaller were covered with lines or figures over the up- per half or two-thirds. A few were even ornamented over an inch or two of the inside of the rim. The lower portion of all the jars seems to have been more or less globular. Very large jars were probably not used. The largest of which I have heard is one mentioned in Thompson's Vermont, which is said to have held twenty quarts ; but I think that they were rarely larger than the largest in the college museum, which holds twelve quarts, and many held only three or four quarts. It is very difficult to describe the various shapes of our jars without the aid of illustrations. Some were, like the Pomeroy jar, nearly spherical, others were compressed to a rectangular form above, as is the Col- chester jar; some were higher than wide, others the reverse. In some the rim was vertical, in others flaring, and somewhat recurved in a few. Occasionally its edge is notched or scalloped, and now and then holes were punched an inch or so below it, presumably that thongs might be tied in them so that it could be readily hung up. Enough has been said, I think, to prove very conclusively that the ladies of prehistoric Vermont had no little skill in decorating such pottery as they had; and in judging of its beauty and merits we must be careful not to use wrong standards. It must be judged by itself, and the purposes for which it was designed should not be overlooked, nor the material of which it was made. When we remember the rude, unsettled life of the makers and the very simple style of their domestic arrangements, it is well-nigh marvelous that we find so much real elegance of form, gracefulness and regularity of design, variety of pattern, and general attractiveness in their earthenware. The smaller and more beautiful jars were usually for storing dried fruit, or whatever might be placed in them, while the larger and coarser jars were cooking-pots. When Mis-to-ga-be gave a grand feast the table service and the kitchen utensils were all one. Into a large pot hung over the fire was poured water, into which the chief cook threw, apparently at random, bear's meat and fat, venison, fish, corn, beans, garlic, and whatever else might be in the lodge at the time. The guests squatted about the stewing mess, and when it was done each fished out whatever he could lay hold of; and as the supplies diminished they were renewed, enormous quantities of food being disposed of. Indeed, early travel- ers describe these feasts and their sufferings in being compelled by courtesy to join in them, with great minuteness and ludicrous pathos, enumerating among their sufferings in the new country the stuffing which an Indian feast required. For such a repast the thinnest and most delicate ware was not sought, but rather the thickest and strongest, else the whole menu would, by an unfortu- nate cracking of the pot. fall into the ashes below and become rather too gritty for even an Indian's taste. Strong, therefore, they made their cooking jars, so far as they were able, and some of them were nearly half an inch thick, though 58 History of Chittenden County. most were less. In closing this discussion of our ancient pottery I think I can do no better than, by way of illustration of what has been said, describe briefly the two entire jars in the university museum. The smaller jar is probably the most elaborate specimen of ancient ceramics ever found in the eastern United States. It is poorly figured in Thompson's Vermont, and very much better in Harper's Magazine for August, 1882, page 354. It is of a form which, though peculiar, is not unique in this region, for there are fragments of several other jars which were apparently of the same general form, and the ornamentation of these is similar to that of this. The usual globular form is found only in the lower part of this jar. Above this the form changes to rectangular and the sides incline toward each other, so that they are nearer above than below. From the bottom to the beginning of the square portion is about two and a half inches, and the sides above are about the same width. Above this the circular form is again seen, in a neck or wide groove, above which the square form reappears. This time the sides incline outward to the rim, which is about two inches above the neck. The ornamenting is done entirely in rings and lines. Beginning at the lower portion, we find the globular part plain. About the bottom of the quadrangular part is a row of rings deeply stamped, which extends around the jar. These rings are rather less than half an inch in diameter and are of nearly uniform size. They appear as if stamped with a cyhndrical, hollow bone. Just above the rings are two lines. Above these the surface of each side is covered with diagonal, vertical, and horizontal lines so arranged as to make a V-shaped figure in the center, filled in with short horizontal lines, while oblique and vertical lines fill the space between it and the outer sides. Above these are two horizontal lines. The corners where these four sides meet are flattened, and ornamented by a vertical row of circles. A row also runs around that portion which has been called the neck. The flat sides above this neck are ornamented in a manner similar to that of the sides below, though the arrangement of lines is somewhat different. Around the inner edge of the rim there is a band of short lines. The entire height of the jar is seven and a half inches, the diameter across the top about six inches ; capacity, as before stated, nine pints. It was found in Colchester, under the roots of a large decayed oak. Our other jar is almost wholly destitute of deco- ration, nor has it the peculiar form of the first-mentioned jar, since it is nearly spherical, with a short, vertical rim or neck. About this neck is a band of oblique parallel lines about an inch wide, below which is a line of notch-like grooves ; and another band is about the top, and still another inside of the rim. This jar was found in Bolton. It is about nine and a half inches high and its diameter at the largest part is very nearly the same, although at the neck it is only seven and a half inches. It is about one fourth of an inch thick at the bottom, twice as much at the top, and holds twelve quarts. Not only jars were made of earthenware, but pipes. Some of these were Indian Occupation and Relics. 59 quite rough on the outside, others very smooth and of fine material. They are generally shaped very much like the large end of a cornet — that is, they are straight and cylindrical, with one end flaring. They are three or four inches long and about one inch in diameter, except just at the flaring end, which may be two inches across. These earthenware pipes are very rare. The finest of these pipes is shown in Figure i, Number 3. Not only dishes of pottery were used by the people we are studying, but they also used those made of soapstone, or freestone. These dishes do not appear to have been very common, and they were heavy and clumsy compared with the earthenware jars. Probably they were not ornamented as a rule though we have fragments of one which bears rectangular figures arranged in a double row. These soapstone dishes were heavy and shallow and generally of an oval form, if we can judge from the few large pieces which have been found. Everywhere the greater part of archaeological collections consists of ob- jects made of stone, and this is especially true of this region, where metal was used so little by the early inhabitants. People too rude to manufacture some sort of tools from the pebbles that He within their hands' reach, are rude in- deed, and rarely found. Probably no material has been wrought so universally and with so much labor and patience as stone, and it is chiefly from their work in stone that we must learn what we can of any prehistoric people. Accord- ingly we turn with interest to the thousands of stone ornaments and imple- ments which have been found within the Hmits of the county, although, because of the abundant record which the earthenware gives us, we are not so wholly shut up to the testimony of the stone work as we should be in some localities. We shall do well to remind ourselves and our friends, especially those who are confident that they can accurately assign its use to each article found, that it is not possible to conjecture even, much less know, the purpose for which stone implements, etc., were designed by their makers, unless one is famihar both with the accounts of the pioneers of the white race in America, those who saw the red men in the condition in which they lived before the in- fluence of civihzation reached them, and also with the customs of modern sav- age tribes. Very often these people accomplish an object in a different way and by the aid of different tools from any known to civilization, and one who fails to remember this will surely be misled. New England is not looked to by archaeologists as a rich field for prosecuting their studies ; nor is it. Yet by dint of diligent search this county and those north and south of it have been forced to yield a harvest which, if not rich, is certainly very well worth the gathering. I think that even archoeologists may be surprised to learn that some of the stone implements found here are as elegant in form, material and workmanship, as far as it goes, as any of those found in either Europe or America ; but I am sure that we have in our college collection specimens that 6o History of Chittenden County. Indian Occupation and Relics. 6i 62 History of Chittenden County. justify such a statement. In variety this may be inferior to many regions, and we have no carving equal to that found on the pipes from the Ohio mounds^ but there are no finer celts, gouges or gorgets than are some of those from Essex and Colchester. There is no class of implements found in this county which is more characteristic of the locality than the so-called "gouges'' (Fig- ures 2—10). By this I do not mean that this implement is not found elsewhere, but that nowhere is it found in such relative abundance and so great variety as in Western Vermont. Here the gouges form a very important part of our col- lections, and not even the ornaments are more beautifully wrought or of hand- somer material. They are of all sizes, shapes and kinds of stone, yet they are very rarely ill- formed or rudely finished, but in most specimens are regular in shape and smooth, if not polished, over the whole surface (as is Figure 9), and this notwithstanding the fact that not infrequently they were made from gran- ite or basalt, or some similarly hard and intractable material. In length they are from three to nineteen inches. The groove, which is, of course, the char- acteristic feature, is as variable as the size and form. Some of the gouges are deeply grooved throughout their entire length, as in Figures 2, 3, 9, while oth- ers are only so much grooved as to save them from being celts or chisels. The groove may be wide and shallow, as in Figure 10, or narrow and deep, as in Figure 21, Number 2. The body of the gouge may also be much wider than thick, as Figure 6, or it may be cylindrical, or triangular, or square, in cross sec- tions. Besides the hard material mentioned, softer rock, such as talcose schist, slate or Hmestone, was used. Some specimens are furnished with a gouge end and a chisel end, as Figure 7, and some have an edge at each end, as Figure 3. It is not reasonable to suppose that an instrument so varied in all its char- acteristics (scarcely any two among them all are alike) was always used for one definite object, but rather that different gouges served different uses. Some may have been used for excavating dug-out canoes, which we know were used; some for dressing skins, removing fat, etc.; others for other uses. Because gouges have been most abundantly found in maple-sugar making regions, some have guessed that they were used in tapping the trees ; but I see no reason for accepting this view, and the form of a large number of our specimens renders it highly improbable. It is noticeable and very singular that few of our gouges appear to have been used for any sort of work, since they are as perfect as when they first left the hands of the maker. So far as I can discover, we have no account of the gouge and its use in the narratives of early explorers. Champlain must have seen many of them used, but he rarely speaks of the implements of the savages with much detail, and not at all of this. We know that some of the Southern tribes used shell or bone gouges for removing the charred wood from the log that was to be transformed into a canoe. In any case we must admit that, considering the facilities which the aborigines pos- sessed for working stone, the amount of labor expended upon some of our Indian Occupation and Relics. 63 FIGURE 1*. FIGURE 16. FIGURE 17. FIGURE 15. ^m 'E'.'iV'-'hl.' ... ,.\'*lVl'..'>. FIGURE 13. FIGURE 12. FIGURE 18. History of Chittenden County, FIGURE 11. FIGURE 19. FIGURE 20. largest gouges was simply prodigious.^ Another very interesting class of ob- jects are the celts, often popularly called chisels. They may have served as chisels sometimes, but not usually ; they were for the most part, undoubtedly, used as axes. Very likely the first implement which primitive men used was a pebble, which they made serviceable as a hammer for cracking nuts or break- ing heads. From a pebble used just as it was found, they advanced to one which was hammered with another pebble until it was more easily held or in any way better served its purposes. Then after a time it occurred to some one to rub a flat pebble upon another until a blunt edge was produced. A very rude instrument this, but as it was his one implement with which he must perform much of the labor which the rude necessities of his life required, man would learn to accomplish very much by its aid. With it he felled trees and hewed them into canoes, built huts, slew his enemies, or dug in the earth for roots. A simple beginning, indeed, \vas this rudely-edged pebble ; and yet it was the first step in the long and toilsome series by which man has risen from savagery to civilization. The man of the rude stone axe was a man, and therefore he was the forerunner of the man of the steam-engine 1 Figures 2-10 .show some of the more common forms of gouges. Figure 1 is of basalt, well formed and finished; 2 A shows a cross section, giving the peculiar form of this specimen. 3 is a double-edged gouge, also an uncommon form. 4 and 5 show the back and front sides, reduced one- half This is of a fine-grained, greenish talcose rock; the surface is finely polished. 6 is a chisel gouge, shown full size, of polished talcose schist. 7 is a ruder specimen, with a very peculiar edge. 8 shows, one-half size, a very finely-made gouge in which the groove is pointed above. 9 is a superb gouge, the full length of which is i\]i inches. It is beautifully made and polished, i A shows a transverse, and I B is a longitudinal section, from which the form can be well made out. 10 shows a specimen of the wide and short gouges. 21, No. 2, shows a much reduced figure of a most elegant gouge of cylindrical form, ll is very rcgulai in form, finely imlislicd, and in e\erv way a most admira- ble piece of stone work, ll is over a foot long, of light green stone. Indian Occupation and Relics. 65 FIGURE 21. 66 History of Chittenden County. and the telegraph. Doubtless the first axes were used without handles, simply held in the hand. It would seem that no long experience of this sort of chop- ping would be necessary to impress upon the workman the need of something to spare the hand the shock of the blows, and at length handles were used, at least upon some of the axes. Possibly the pitch from pine or spruce was col- lected from the forests, and a mass of it attached to the end of the celt, thus furnishing it with a substitute for a handle, as modern Australians sometimes do. Very probably the ingenious mode of attaching a handle to a stone axe, which was known to more southern tribes, was in use here. Having, by per- haps years of labor, brought the stone axe to the desired form, the owner went to the forest, and selected a suitable branch vigorously growing on a tree. This branch was cleft and the axe inserted into it and bound in place. It was then left for weeks, or even months, until the wood had grown firmly about the stone. The branch was then severed from the tree and shaped as the owner chose. That such a method was possible shows the honesty of the people. Would it be practicable to obtain an axe with a well-fixed handle in this way now? Would not the modern inhabitant of Chittenden county be very likely to leave his axe, never to see it again, should he try the experiment? And yet these old stone axes were far more valuable to the owner than any modern steel axe could be. Stone axes are found all over the world, and some of the forms are common to all localities. Each has, however, some peculiar form, and many varities of celts are found in Vermont, and most of them are found in this county. Most are ungrooved, some are grooved, and a few are notched. Some of the celts were made, obviously, to be used without a handle as hand-axes, as Figure ii.i These are short, thick celts, with the upper end rounded so as to fit into the palm of the hand. They are small and well made. Something of the same variety in form, material, etc., already noticed in the gouges is seen in the celts, though not to so great an extent Some are very rude, being little more than either water-worn pebbles or bits spHt from a larger mass, one end of which is ground to an edge, the rest of the stone remaining untouched. From these rudest of all our implements we can gradually pass to finer and finer specimens, until we reach in our best celts those which are are well-nigh unsurpassed in excellence of material or finish- Very many celts are not polished, and, though more or less regular in form, they still show either the irregularities of surface caused by fracture from a large mass or by some instrument which left little pits, or both. Our best celts, however, are not only smooth, but finely polished. All the more common rocks', hard and soft, found in the State, were used in the manufacture of celts, as well as some of the rarer kinds. Granite, trap, sandstone, mica schist were often used, while less commonly slate, quartz, prophyrj', and serpentine were chosen. Some of the serpentine celts are very handsome, and it is remarkable that a lAU these figures are one-lialf full i Indian Occupation and Relics. 67 material so well suited to the purpose and so beautiful when wrought, should not have been more frequently used, since there are large beds of it in several parts of the State ; but with the exception of the few celts mentioned, I have seen no implements made of serpentine. Apparently the celt and gouge were intimately connected, for we find not only, as we have seen, in the same imple- ment at opposite ends as in Figure 6, but from the straight-edged celt to the concave-edged gouge, there is a regular and gradual series. Even when the whole implement is very rude the edge is true and smooth. Its curvature is different in different specimens, never exactly straight, although sometimes very nearly so, it bends more or less strongly from side to side. The inclina- tion, or bevel, is always very variable. In a few instances this is very short and abrupt, but usually there is a very gradual slope from the general surface to the edge, as in a modern axe. In size our celts vary from little hand-axes or hatchets two or three inches long, to large, and often, though not always* clumsy specimens ten or twelve inches long, the more common size being five or six inches long. There is no evident relation between length, breadth and thickness. Some of the longest celts are thinner than most of those which are much shorter, and some of the shorter are wider than some that are longer. In most cases the length is much greater than the width (as in Figure 12) and always much more than the thickness. In cross-section some are oval, some quadrilateral, some circular. All of our specimens may be conveniently placed under four heads, those that are much longer than wide or thick, those quadrangular in outline, those narrower at one end than at the other, and those that are triangular. Most of our longest and largest celts are of the first class. Figures 12, 13 and 14. Some of them are rude, some very well finished, oc- casionally they were ground at each end, and some may possibly have had a handle attached in the middle, as a few are narrowed at that point, though not -so decidedly as to make it certain that this was intentional In one specimen, Figure 13, from Addison county, the edges at either end are transverse, and in Figure 14 we have the section diamond-shaped. Usually of small size, though now and then a larger specimen occurs, are what we may call quadrangular celts, those in which the length does not greatly exceed the width. These celts are less carefully made and finished, as a whole, than those of other classes, and seem to have been designed for rough work. They are not usually large, though one in our collection is nine inches long and rather more than four inches wide; but most are not half so large. Another group is similar in form to the last named, but in these one end is narrower than the other, and often both ■ends are sharpened (Figure I s). Some of our handsomest specimens belong to this class, and most of them are well made and of fine-grained material, such as could be polished readily. Some of them closely resemble some of the axes found in the Swiss, lakes and other parts of Europe. It is an interesting proof of the fact that the human mind tends to work in much the same manner 68 History of Chittenden County. everywhere, that we find almost exact dupHcates of the stone axes found in this county, not only in other parts of North America, but also in Europe,. Asia, and Pacific Islands. In studying stone implements in a comparative way the student is often almost startled by the similarity of objects found in widely different localities. Other celts are triangular in outline. These are, some of them, beautiful specimens of stone work. The form is not a common one among our celts, and when found they are usually of iron-stone, porphyry, quartz, or some very hard, compact material. Most of our celts are much wider than thick. They do not appear to have been made as often of a water- worn pebble as from a bit of a ledge or boulder split off for the purpose. Some authors speak of globular celts, wrought from a thick pebble, but we do not find such here. Lafiteau tells us that some of the stone axes which he saw were not made in one lifetime, but were handed down from father to son, and some of our Vermont specimens might well be of this sort. Perhaps the curi- ous specimen shown in Figure 21, Number 6, should be regarded as a sort of double-edged celt. Notched and grooved axes are found in this county, as they are in other parts of the State, but nowhere commonly. It is interesting to notice how we can arrange series of specimens showing what we may call the evolution of the grooved axe from the celt, just as we have done in the case of the gouge. In one implement the groove is longi- tudinal, in the other transverse ; and in each case the change from the simple,, rude celt involved skill and labor. What I have called notched axes are inter- mediate between celts and regularly grooved axes (Figures 16 and 17). They are celts in which the sides are drawn in so that they are broadly and deeply- notched, presumably that a handle may be more firmly or conveniently attached. As the notches are only on the side, it may be that some of them were used as adzes, and this may be said of many of the celts ; or the notches may have been made merely to enable one holding the implement in the hand to grasp it more readily and firmly. They are nearly all small axes — that is,, from four to six inches long, two or three wide, and from three-fourths of an inch to an inch thick. When the notches extend entirely around the axe they form a groove, and we have the typical grooved axe. This, in this section, is always of considerable size. Elsewhere little axes, the so-called " toy axes," are found ; but we never find a grooved axe here less than five or six inches long. On the other hand, we never find such large and heavy axes as are many of those found in the West and South, where they are sometimes picked up weighing ten or even fifteen pounds. The Vermont axes (Figures 18, 19, and 20) are most commonly from five to seven inches long and two to four pounds in weight. The largest which I have seen is rather more than nine inches long and weighs four pounds. The groove is a little above the middle and parallel with the edge, as a rule. There are specimens, however, in which the groove is oblique, as in Figure i8, and a few in which both groove and Indian Occupation and Relics. 69 edge are oblique, in opposite directions. There can be no doubt that this posi- tion of the groove was intentional ; but that of the edge may be due to re-sharp- ening after a bit had been broken from one corner. Some of our grooved axes were made from flat, water- worn pebbles, and the upper portion is left untouched, though most appear to have been ground and picked from rough pieces broken from a ledge or large mass. In general outline our axes are wider and shorter than most Western axes, and, as has been seen, lighter. We do not find grooved axes so finely smoothed and polished as are the best celts and gouges. The edge is always smooth and so, often, is the groove ; but the rest of the surface is covered with little pits, made as if by a pointed hammer. One side is often much less convex than the other and this flat surface is smoother than the other, a feature we can readily understand when found in hand- axes and skin-dressers, in which one side might have been held down and thus become smoother ; but it is quite difficult to understand the reason for it in large axes. Some of our stone axes have very good edges for stone axes, but not such as to encourage a white man to do much chopping; and many archseologists have supposed that the Indians did not use them for cutting, but only attempted to bruise a tree or log, depending upon fire to do most of the work. Others have thought that they were largely used to break ice in winter fishing. Certainly the best stone axe compares poorly with a fine steel axe ; but yet I think the stone axe was a far more efficient instrument in the hands of a stalwart Indian than many have supposed. Early travelers speak of the stone axe as a cutting instrument. Champlain mentions the felling of trees often in his narrative, and by stone axes, although iron ones had already begun to be used. In describ- ing the usual mode of arranging the camp when the enemy is supposed to be near, he tells us that one evening, as soon as the Indians had chosen a place for their camp — and this was probably on Grand Isle — they began at once to cut down trees to make a barricade ; and he says that they know how to do this so well that in two hours they make so strong a defense that five hundred of their enemies would not be able to break through without a great loss of life. These were Algonkins ; but elsewhere he speaks of tree cutting by Iro- quois in a similar way, and nowhere mentions fire as an aid in the process. Corn, acorns, nuts, seeds, and similar substances formed an important part of the ordinary diet of an Indian family. That these might be readily cooked they were pounded in a stone mortar with a stone pestle until a coarse meal was obtained, which was undoubtedly often re-enforced by bits of the mortar and pestle. The mortars were made by digging out a bowl- shaped cavity in any large stone and sometimes several, and on either side, so that in some cases the bottoms broke through and the mortar became useless. These mortars must have been common in ancient villages, but we find very few of them now. Pestles are more numerous, though they are prized as among the most precious of our archaeological treasures. I think that many of the so-called pestles were 70 History of Chittenden County. never intended or used for pounding, but rather that they were stone clubs. These latter are long, slender, carefully made, and in this region often have the upper end more or less rudely carved, so that it bears a resemblance to the head of some animal (Figure 21, Number i). The longest are from twenty- five to thirty inches from end to end. They are always cylindrical and well made. The undoubted pestles are of various forms ; some are nearly square, others oval, others cylindrical ; some are flat on two sides and convex on the other two ; some are of nearly uniform size throughout ; others are largest in the middle and taper toward the ends, which are rounded and smooth. They are always much shorter than the clubs and usually of greater diameter. Some appear to have been used not as pestles for pounding, but as rollers, for crush- ing and rolling, since we find both ends worn and polished, as if by long fric- tion with the hands. The use of tobacco in pipes (there is no evidence that it was used in any other way) must have originated in America in very early times, for all over the United States, wherever stone relics occur, pipes are found ; and perhaps no objects exhibit such skill and care in their workmanship as do these. No one who has seen them can have failed to admire the exquisite carving of some of the pipes from the mounds. Such work as this we do not find in Vermont ; but we do find besides earthenware pipes a few of stone of different sorts, some of them shaped much like the modern clay pipe, others quite unlike this (Figure I, Number 4). They are all polished and of compact, handsome material. One of these is shown in Figure i. Number 3. Although we cannot doubt that the prehistoric Vermonter smoked his pipe, the practice does not appear to have been very universal, for a dozen pipes sufficed, apparently, for the whole State ; so that either very few used the weed or else there must have been an amazing activity in borrowing and lending. Or perhaps the ancient Vermonter discovered that a very serviceable pipe could be made from a corn- cob ; and thus the lusty warriors, when they were about home in their every- day clothes — which in their case meant almost none at all — regaled themselves with a common and inexpensive cob pipe ; but when they had daubed them- selves with ochre, soot, clay, or whatever else was needed to make them attractive, and gathered together for a grand pow-wow, the stone pipe was brought out and passed around. I think it most probable that to our stock of undoubted stone pipes should be added certain curious stone tubes which have been found chiefly in the graves near Swanton, mentioned previously. They are, like many Indian pipes, more like a large cigar-holder than a pipe, being straight, and shaped (at least some of them are) much like a base-ball club, from seven to thirteen inches long, and an inch or less in diameter. They are beautifully regular and smooth, and the labor of making them, and especially of boring through them from end to end, must have been great. There is a group of stone objects found in many portions of the United States, as well as Indian Occupation and Relics. 71 this county, which have always greatly puzzled students of stone implements. They are, so far as appears, of no practical use, but are very carefully made, finely polished, and often of very pretty material. By common consent they are regarded as ornaments, badges of office, or amulets. The rarest form of this sort of object is the " bird's-head stone," so called because it is carved stone resembling, generally rather remotely, the head and neck of a bird. Only two typical specimens of this have been found in the 5tate, both at Swanton ; but several of the same general character have been found, one of them in South BurHngton. There are, at the base of the neck, holes drilled at each end, showing that they were tied or suspended. Probably of the same sort are the "boat-stones." As the name indicates, these are canoe-shaped objects ; some long and slender, others short and deep. These, too, are pierced with holes near each end. Some very beautiful examples of this class have been found in Essex and Colchester. Gorgets, or "two-hole stones," are thin, flat, more or less quadrangular objects, often made in this region of red or purple slate. They are sometimes convex on the sides; some- times the corners are cut off. They are from three to six inches long, and two to four inches wide, and from one- fourth to one-half of an inch thick. Adair tells us of a priest among some of the Southern Indians who wore what he •calls a breast-plate during certain ceremonies, and the description of this shows that it was much like our two-holed stones, except in material, for it was made of shell. What are called sceptres, or " banner-stones," are also found here and there in this county. They must have cost a greater amount of labor than either of the other groups of ornamental stones, for they are larger, less simple in form, and are perforated through the middle by a hole which may be half an inch in diameter. The labor of drilling a hole of this size through three or four inches of granite, or some such rock, in itself could not have been small. The banner- stones are of many shapes ; often more or less crescent- shaped, some like a modern pick-ax in miniature, and of beautifully veined and pol- ished stone ; others are more or less oval, or quadrangular, with rounded cor- ners and so on. Some of them are made of easily worked stone, but most are of slate or a harder material. Whatever may have been the use of these ob- jects, whether for a personal decoration, or ceremonial observances, or batons of office, they were certainly carefully and laboriously fashioned. It is strange that with all the evident care in the making of these objects, many kinds of our most attractive stone were left unnoticed. Serpentine was used in the celts, but in no other implement or object. Marble, in all its abundance or variety, was almost entirely overlooked; a single " bird's-head stone " is all that I have seen made from it. The same may be said of the finely- veined slates found all along the shore of the lake, from Shelburne Point to Alburgh Perhaps we should class with ornamental objects one or two ovoid specimens with a knob at one end of each. These may have been sinkers of fishing-lines or nets, or 72 History of Chittenden County. pendants. A very interesting class of specimens, which seem to be very rare everywhere outside of the Champlain valley, includes certain knives, or possi- bly some may have been spear-points, made from a thin plate of slate, red and purple roofing slate usually. They are sometimes polished, but not always, and of very regular form, and their special peculiarity is found in the haft, as shown in Figure 21, Number 7, along each side of which is a series of notches, large in one specimen, small in another. Some of them are so long and slen- der that it is difficult to understand how they could have been used for any purpose. The longest is nine inches and the shortest is about two inches long. The width is from an inch to an inch and a half These slate knives are found in about equal abundance on both sides of Lake Champlain, and they are also found in the Mohawk valley, and very rarely elsewhere. Knives of slate of other shapes are found in many localities, but these, shaped like large spear heads, are not. All of the various objects hitherto mentioned were fashioned according to the taste of the maker by rubbing or grinding ; but there are many implements, found in all localities in which hard, brittle rock occurs, which were not ground, but flaked or chipped into the desired form. For some purposes this is better than grinding. A knife or arrow-point can be made from a block of quartz in this way not only more easily, but with a far keener edge than could be obtained by grinding. Therefore flaked or chipped objects, usually of silicious material, form an important part of our collections. Among chipped implements we find the uniformity already noticed in imple- ments from widely separated localities, and made by different races, displayed in a remarkable degree. Chipped flint arrow-points and other larger objects found in Madras and other parts of the East, are exactly duplicated in form in this county, and this similarity extends through a very considerable series of specimens. However, here as elsewhere, many of the specimens found are more or less characteristic of the particular locality in which they occur, for every maker had his own idea of form and proportion, which controlled his work and gave to it a certain degree of individuality. DifTerent tribes and nations also, while shaping their utensils, etc., very much alike in many respects, manifest some inclination to work in certain directions and produce certain forms rather than others. Hence a skilled observer can usually tell with at least approximate accuracy the locality of any large collection of stone objects which may come to his notice. The classes or groups into which chipped or flaked implements may be separated are very numerous ; and besides those that can be assigned to some special group, there are not a few which perplex us greatly and which cannot be placed in any group. It should perhaps be noticed that, although American archaeologists speak often of flint implements, true flint is not found in this countr)-. The term, however, is a convenient one, and includes a variety of quartzose or silicious rocks, some of which very closely resemble the flint of Europe. In most places the arrow, spear or other Indian Occupation and Relics. 73 points are made of some stone that is found in ledges, or at least in abundance near by ; and in Vermont a very large number of our specimens of this sort are made of a very pretty bluish-gray quartzite, varying in shade from almost white to dark gray. On this account a collection of our chipped specimens does not present so varied and, possibly, so attractive an appearance as one found in a region where mottled or variously colored stone was used. I sup- pose we must admit that as a whole our collections are of duller and more uniform color than those from western or southern regions. Nevertheless we find single specimens as perfectly formed, delicately edged and pointed, and of as beautifully hued material as can anywhere be seen ; and there are many of these, although they do not make up the greater part of our collections. There can be no doubt that the Indians who occupied Vermont in former times cultivated the soil, nor that they used some sort of hoes and spades ; but unquestioned agricultural implements are not common. It may be that we do not recognize them, and that some of our knives or axes were hoes or spades; it may be that these tools were most often of wood or bone, as we know they were sometimes, and have perished. There are some large flaked specimens, seven or eight inches long and three or four wide, the use of which, if they are not spades, is not known ; and there are many smaller, oval or quadrangular specimens, which most probably were also hoes and spades. Some of these would try the patience of a modern farmer sorely ; but we must remember that a very slight spading and hoeing satisfied these ancient agriculturists, and they may have used much smaller tools than we should naturally suppose. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that in several localities where we know there were permanent villages no large spades or hoes have been found, although numerous small ones, or what may have been such, do occur. We are told that small flint hatchets, some of them not more than half an inch long, were in use at the coming of the first Europeans, and we find speci- mens which were probably used as hatchets all over the State. In finishing arrows, and in other tasks, scrapers were used ; and we find a great variety of these, some of them not more than half an inch in either diameter, some sev- eral inches. The scraper, once known, is easily recognized ; for it has a pecu- liarly beveled edge, very abrupt, with the bevel all on one side, and in many specimens it is worn by use and presents a rounded, polished border. The most common form is oval, but several others are not infrequently found. Some of them are simply flakes, used as they flew from the mass from which they were struck ; others are finely re-chipped. We have seen that the art of drilling stone was well known to the aborigmes, and of course they must have had drills. In making holes several inches long, such as we find in some of the pipes and banner-stones, stone drills would not have served the purpose, and we find stria., which show that these were made either by means of a reed or stick with sand ; but holes, such as those found in 74 History of Chittenden County. the gorgets, were evidently made by a different sort of drill, and this we find among our chipped specimens ; a slender, pointed instrument, the end often worn smooth with perhaps a T-shaped handle. Some of the drills were shaped like arrow-points, but the rounded and worn point reveals their true character. Clumsy and coarsely made drills are common, but many are very nicely made and must have been very serviceable articles, although they are brittle and easily broken ; and this often happened, for broken drills are more commoni than entire ones everywhere. Most of the drills are only an inch or so long,, but now and then we find one which is three or four inches and not more than half an inch wide. Knives including all forms were very commonly used in an- cient as well as in modern times, but the form of the old stone knife is often very unlike that of the modern steel blade. There is no doubt that very many- specimens which are called spear-points because of their form, were really knives ; indeed, the spear-point or lance-head and knife may often have been made in the same way and be indistinguishable. The edge of the stone knife was often not only along one side, but about the entire margin, and especially across the end away from the handle, as is the stone knife of some modern savage tribes. Some of the stone knives were attached to handles, many were not. The more common forms are oval, oblong, triangular, crescentic, leaf-shaped, circular, and almost any form may be found among these tools. Some are rude, mere flakes of quartz or hornstone, wholly unwrought, others, are very carefully made ; some are several inches long, some are not more than one ; the edge is not always very keen, but specimens are found which could in lack of anything better, be made quite serviceable even by a white man. Here, as everywhere, in our judgment of savages and their arts we must be careful not to decide upon the utility of any implement by trying it ourselves, and if useless in our unskilled hands, condemning it as of necessity useless in any hands. There is no doubt at all that the hard stoUe knives were exceed- ingly serviceable in hands that had learned how to use them. We find that sav- ages sometimes prefer their stone implements to those of steel and iron which the white trader carries to them. This is not a common experience, but it has. happened more than once. An African traveler tells us that a tribe among whom he journeyed cut up a rhinoceros more neatly and quickly with their stone knives than his men could with their steel knives. And some of the northwest coast tribes of America could hollow their canoes with the shell and stone adzes to which they had long been accustomed, better than with those of English steel. While no one would think of denying the obvious fact that iron and steel are much better than shell and stone for the manufacture of tools, yet it has sometimes happened that the iron in the hands of the savage was less to- his liking than the long-used stone, and that not from mere prejudice; but be- cause actually less efficient. The knives as a class are of less beautiful material than the spear-points, although, as has been pointed out, it is probably not pos- Indian Occupation and Relics. 75. sible to distinguish between them in all cases, and on that account we cannot speak with entire certainty concerning either. Some of the spear and lance- points are made from milky or smoky quartz, others from yellow or red jasper or other handsome material ; and these are very attractive specimens and really ornamental in themselves, aside from the interest which the archaeologist feels in them. Some of our finest spear-points are among the largest, and may well have been used not merely as weapons, but as ornaments, in the ceremonies of which the early occupants of this country were so fond. That the Indians used large spear-points we know from trustworthy testimony. Our largest specimens are six or seven inches long and of variable width, some being very narrow and slender, others wide at the base. This base is sometimes cut off abruptly, some- times prolonged in a stem or haft, and this latter is the usual form. Some are barbed, though this feature is not common, and still less commonly do we find the base notched once or twice on each side. Some of the spear-points are very thin, others thick and strong. It has been suggested that some of these were used as fishing-spears, some for hunting and some for war-spears ; but, while it is quite likely that all of these kinds were used, yet we have not I think any suffi- cient basis for a classification of this sort, and, doubtless, if an Indian on the war- path saw occasion his battle-spear went whizzing after a deer or splashing after a large fish. As it is not always possible to separate the spear- points from the knives, so it is also impossible to draw the line between spear-points and arrow- points. So far as all modern observations go the arrow-point was always small, that is, half an inch or at most an inch long ; and it is altogether probable that ancient archers used no heavier bows nor larger arrows than modern. On this account I am always inclined to doubt the accuracy of a classification which in- cludes among arrow-points anything more than an inch long, unless it be an exceptionally light and slender specimen. Peter Kalm, Travels in North Amer- ica, London, 1771, says: " At the end of their arrows they fasten narrow, an- gulated pieces of stone ; these points were commonly flints or quartzes, but sometimes likewise another kind of stone. Some employed the bones of ani- mals or claws of birds and beasts. Some of these ancient harpoons are very blunt and it seems that Indians might kill birds and small quadrupeds with them, but whether they could enter deep into the body of a great beast or of man by the velocity they get from the bow, I cannot ascertain ; yet some have been found very sfiarp and well made." Probably the blunt points, and they are found everywhere, were used to kill or at least stun by the force of impact, and could be used only in hunting birds or small animals; but we know that modern savages are able to give tremendous force to a well-pointed arrow and there is no reason to doubt its power in the hands of their ancestors. In discussing our arrow-points we are embarrassed by the great number and variety of the specimens, and it is wholly impossible to convey any satis- factory idea by verbal description merely. Only as one looks over a large col- -je History of Chittenden County. lection can he gain an adequate conception of the great diversity in form, fin- ish and material which is found among our arrow-points. Many persons have wondered how it was possible for the Indians to make so slender and fragile points, as some of our specimens are, from so hard and brittle material. We guard our finest treasures as if they were made of glass, in danger of destruc- tionj from any slight fall, or at least of losing their sharp point and narrow barb. The perplexity arises from a wrong idea as to the method followed by the ancient arrow-makers. While very probably any Indian in need of a spear or arrow would be able to chip from a bit of quartz something which would answer his immediate need, the finer points were made by expert workmeni and the arrow-maker was an important man in many tribes when the first set- tlers reached the country, and undoubtedly had been for a long time. Prob- ably not only arrow-points, but knives, drills, scrapers, and all the smaller chipped or flaked implements were made in much the same manner, and in ancient, as in modern times, the first large flakes were struck from a mass of quartz or flint by sharp, quick blows, or very likely the larger mass was heated and then plunged into water, and thus shattered. After this the process was carried on, not by blows, but by a steady, even pressure against the edge of the piece that was to be an arrow-point. Mr. Paul Schumacher, in one of the Bulletins of the United States Geological Survey, describes this in an account of a visit to the Klamath Indians, when he met the last arrow-maker of the tribe, and saw him at his work. After reducing a block of stone to flakes, these were sorted according to size ; one was then chosen, wrapped in buckskin, and held in the palm of the left hand. In the right was a stick about eighteen inches long, like the shaft of an arrow. To the end of this was fastened a blunt, somewhat curved point, brought to a sharp edge on one side, made of the tooth of a sea lion, a bit of elk horn, or some other hard, tough material. The buckskin covering the flake is removed from the edge to be worked, and chip after chip is broken by a firm, steady pressure now in one direction, now in another. The first chips are largest, then as the work approaches comple- tion, finer and finer chips are removed. The barbs and points are finished by the use of a bone needle, in the same manner as the larger implement. The worker begins at the point and chips from that towards the base. Other tribes made their points in a somewhat diff'erent manner, though the difference is in the minor details of the process, rather than in its general principles. As a whole our arrow-points are larger than those found in many localities, espe- cially those of the Pacific coast. We rarely find a point less than half an inch long, and very few so small as this. The most common form is a simple tri- angle, without stem or barbs, and very probably this was the original form of the arrow and spear-point the world over, for it seems that which primitive man would most naturally hit upon ; and from this all the other forms could have been gradually developed, until the graceful and eff-ective sharp-pointed and Indian Occupation and Relics. "j-j barbed specimens that adorn our collections were attainable. Between the ■simple, straight-edged point, and the most elaborate, with stem and barbs, we find in this county all grades. Some are of translucent quartz, others of pure white quartz, and very handsome they are, though for some reason, best Tfnown to the makers, these beautiful materials were not commonly used. Still more rare and very pretty are points made of smoky quartz. Variously hued and veined jasper was also used ; some of it was probably obtained from the West, where it occurs, as it does not in this State except very rarely, in the boulder drift. Different localities are characterized by a predominance of specimens of a •certain form which is, perhaps, very rare elsewhere. For example, over a few acres of meadow or upland most of the points found are broad, thin, and well formed ; in another field they are more clumsily made, narrow and thick ; here many barbed and stemmed points are found, there these are rare, though oth- ers are common. These localities may not be very near each other, but they are all to be found within the limits of the county. There are also other lo- calities where all sorts of points are found, with no single or few forms notice- ably common. During the last ten years the western portion of Vermont, especially that portion of it included in Chittenden and Franklin counties, has been much more diligently and systematically studied than has any other part of the State before, and as a result we have a much more complete knowledge of the arch- aeology of this region than has been possible heretofore. The more thoroughly this county has been searched, the more abundant and varied have the objects discovered proved, and the more complete and interesting the story which they tell. Had there been enthusiastic collectors who recognized the value of the stone implements which were from time to time picked up, only to be thrown away as worthless, a hundred years or more ago, a very large amount of most valuable material would have been preserved, which, through ignorance and thoughtlessness, has been wholly lost. One of the sorest trials which the col- lector meets is the oft-repeated and detailed account of this or that specimen which would have been of great value to him, but which has been lost or act- ually thrown away by the inappreciative finder. Were all, or a part, of this lost material at hand, the ancient history of this county might be more satis- factorily written. Without doubt new specimens, many of them, will yet be found ; our soil is proving much less barren in these things than has been sup- posed, and it may contain unexpected treasures for the reward of the diligent searcher. Every forest- covered hillside, every turfy meadow, even the sand- banks and barren plains of our county, may conceal beneath their surface much that we would very gladly have, and some of which we shall have sooner or later. Any chance thrust of the spade, or furrow turned by the plow, any wind-swept sand-ridge or freshet-washed ravine, may add something impor- tant to our ancient history, something which we shall be glad to read ; neverthe- 78 History of Chittenden County. less, we may well believe that the general outlines of this history, as they have been sketched in the preceding pages, will not be essentially changed by any future discoveries ; and yet, who knows ? CHAPTER HI. LAKE CHAMPLAIN BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. Discovery and Voyage of Champlain — Frencli Forts and Settlements — Occupation of this County — Seigniories Annulled — War Between French and English — Expeditions Against the French — Massacre of Fort "William Henry — Campaign of 1758 — Attacli on Fort Ticonderoga — Events of 1759 — Rogers's Expedition — Reduction of Montreal. FOR more than one hundred years after the discovery of the American con- tinent by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, this beautiful Champlain valley lay concealed from sight of the civilized peoples of the earth. In 1534 James Cartier, in the service of France, discovered the gulf and river to which he afterward gave the name of St. Lawrence. In the following year he returned with three ships, which he left at anchor between the Island of Orleans and the shore, and ascended the St. Lawrence two hundred miles farther with his boats, to the Indian town of Hochelaga, to which he gave the more euphonious name of Mont-Real (Mount-Royal). Two days afterward (October 4, 1535) he de- parted, and passed the winter with his party at the Island of Orleans. In 1540 Cartier visited Canada the third time and attempted to found a colony; but the attempt resulted disastrously. In the year 1603, Samuel de Champlain, a nobleman of France, visited the several places which Cartier had described, and returned to his country filled with the burning zeal of an explorer, determined to procure assistance and establish a colony. In 1608 the French court fitted out a fleet and placed it under his command. He arrived at Quebec in the early part of July. Here he remained until the following spring, clearing the land, building houses, and preparing the soil for cultivation. Learning from the Indians, the Algonkins, who inhabited the territory north of the St. Lawrence, that there was a large body of water to the south between them and a powerful tribe of Indians, the Iroquois, .who were their enemies, he resolved to explore it. He set out on the lOth of April, 1709, in his ckaloupe, accompanied by several of his friends and a number of Indians in their birch-bark canoes, and arrived at the Falls of Chambly in June. Here he was joined by a war party of sixty Algonkins and Hurons. All but two of his French companions left him, however, and he was obliged to trust to the fidelity of his copper-colored friends during the rest of his journey. Notwithstanding these discouragments he pushed on, passing the Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. 79 Falls of Chambly by carrying the canoes, baggage, and arms around them. On the 2d of July he left the rapids, stayed that night at St. Theresa, nine miles above the falls, and on the morning of the 4th of July entered the lake to which he afterward gave his own name. The lake was known among the aboriginal Indians as Pe-Tonbonque, or "The Waters which Lie Between," viz., between them and the Iroquois; the Iroquois themselves called it Caniaderi-Guarunte, that is, the " Lake that is the Gate of the Country ;" while the' Dutch and English called it Corlear, after a Dutchman, from Schenectady, who was drowned in its waters near Fort Cassin in 1665. It has become well settled by circumstantial evidence that Champlain, on his first voyage up the lake, landed on the site of the present city of Burling- ton. In the second volume of his history of his voyages, page 196, he says, referring to his advance from St. Johns: " Continuing our route upon the west side of the lake, I saw on the east side very high mountains capped with snow. I asked the Indians if those parts were inhabited? They answered 'Yes, and that there were in those parts beautiful valleys and fields fertile in corn, with an innumerable variety of other fruits, and that the lake extended close to the mountains, where canoes could go.'" He says further that other mountains were soon discovered south upon the west side of the lake, which the Indians- informed him were in the land of their enemies. On page 195 he says that he found upon the shores in the vicinity of the lake large chestnut trees, which* were the only ones he had seen " since his first voyage to this country." The mountains referred to in the first sentence of the foregoing quotationi are undoubtedly Mount Mansfield and Camel's Hump, while the statement that the lake extended close to the mountains, where canoes could go, means noth- ing if it does not refer to the Winooski River. Champlain does not, however, distinctly say that he crossed to this side of the lake. But as the entire west side constituted the hunting-ground of the Iroquois, who came down from their country beyond Lake George, it is scarcely to be believed that he and his party would venture farther south on that side than the mouth of the Ausable River, or the south end of Valcour Island, but rather that they would cross to this side, which afforded a far better view, and placed them at a safe distance from their enemies. This opinion is corroborated by the statement that chest- nut trees were found upon the shore; for there is but one place on either side of the lake about which such a statement could be made, viz., on land now known as the Van Ness farm, on the brow of the hill in Burlington, just south of the meadows upon the Winooski. Moreover, the mountains " south upon the west side of the lake" could not have been seen from the west. "Thus," says an able writer, in the Vermont Historical Magazine} "be- fore the Dutch had commenced their settlements upon the i.'^land of Manhat- 1 Thomas H. Canfield. 8o History of Chittenden County. tan, or Hendrick Hudson had discovered the noble river which bears his name, before the Mayflower, with her cargo or Puritans, had landed at Plymouth, or John Smith had explored the coasts of Massachusetts, had the western borders of Vermont been discovered and the waters of Lake Champlain been explored by Samuel de Champlain. This channel thus opened formed the great high- way between the Algonkins and Iroquois, as well as for the French and Eng- hsh between Montreal and Fort Orange, and for a century and a half after be- came the theatre of the most savage and cruel wars between the great Indian tribes ; and some of the most bloody battles recorded in history, between the French and English, were waged near these waters long before the struggle of the colonies for their independence commenced." It is a good example of the irony of history that the nation which honored rather than profited herself by the discovery and first settlement of this teem- ing valley, should so soon see the fruits of her enterprise in the possession of her enemies. France, with all her versatility of genius, could not withstand the overpowering spirit of colonization which has raised the British flag in every clime of the earth. The first civilized establishment within the limits of Vermont was made by the French on Isle La Motte, in the year 1665, when 'Captain de la Mothe built a fort about a mile from the north end of the island, •on the west shore, and named it Fort St. Anne. It was intended to serve as a rendezvous and protection of the French from the attacks of the Indians. This was the first building erected in the Champlain valley. The island was called " La Mothe," in honor of the captain. There is considerable evidence that a French settlement existed on Col- chester Point about as early as on Isle La Motte. The Fort St. Anne, or La Motte, as it was soon called, was undoubtedly occupied by the French for many years as a garrison, and the island was occupied by them for near a century. It appears that in the spring of 1666 a party of ten or twelve men and two French officers were killed by the Mohawks while out hunting, whereupon Captain de Sorel left the fort with a force of about three hundred men, to chastise the "barbarians." Not long after M. de Tracy, governor of New France, embarked with an army of 1,200 men in three bateaux and birch - bark canoes, from Fort St. Anne, with the purpose of terrifying into submis- sion all the rude inhabitants of the valley of the Mohawk, and the communities of Iroquois in Western New York. To return to the probability of the exist- ence of a French settlement on Colchester Point: when the town of Colchester was first settled the remains of a fortification and of other buildings were plainly visible on the point, and, even at that earl>- date, bore the marks of great antiquity. On the farm originally settled by Benjamin Boardman were found the bottom of an old chimney and the remnants of the walls of a few old build- ings. One plot on this place had the appearance df having served years be- fore as a garden, and contained rdws of dcca\cd white and red currant bushes. Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. On the south beach of the extreme point, within a few years, could be seen the foundations of two ancient buildings, evidently erected for military pur- poses. It is not possible, from written or traditionary account, to tell the date or origin of these old works. The most probable explanation is that the French occupied this point at the time that they extended their Una of fortifi- cations into Lake Champlain. Such occupation would be most consonant with the general purpose of those adventurous explorers. They were determined to fortify and hold every part of the valley which would render them secure in their excursions from Canada to the Mohawk valley against the Iroquois. To have spent the vast amount of means and labor upon fortifications on Isle La Motte and at the mouth of the Sorel River, however important those points might be, without establishing a trading settlement at so safe and convenient a situation as Colchester would betray a lack of sagacity which cannot be charged against the people of France at that period. Colchester Point was one day's journey south from Isle La Motte, and was the most convenient place for the next post in their line of progress up the lake. It commanded a more extended prospect, and was therefore a more advantageous position as an out- post for observing the movements of an enemy than any other point on the lake. Further testimony in support of this theory is found in the fact that Colchester Point was named on the first English map of the lake, published soon after the close of the French War, as Windmill Point. The custom of the French at that early day, of erecting windmills for the grinding of their grain, at every point on which they established a settlement, is too well known to be described at length in this place. Moreover, what reason can be assigned for giving the point that name, more plausible than that a windmill either then, or at an earlier period, stood there. In the history of the town of Colchester, contributed to the Vermont His- torical Magazine by the Hon. David Read, the Hon. John W. Strong, of Addison, is quoted as authority for the statement that his wife's grandfather, Dr. E. Tudor, had in his lifetime spoken of a block-house at Burlington, which he had seen at the time of the invasion and conquest of Canada by the En- glish. It is more than probable that he intended Colchester Point, which at that period could hardly be distinguished from the site of Burlington. Dr. Tudor was a trustworthy witness with reference to the time and scenes of which he spoke, for he took part in the capture of Quebec by Wolfe, and returned from that memorable battle by the way of Lake Champlam. Indeed the proof is so abundant and convincing that the French did estab- lish a settlement on Colchester, that the mere recitation of the evidence is alone sufficient. The only question that can be raised is concerning the date of this settlement. The evidence does not, in legal phrase, preponderate in favor of either of the two possible dates, viz.: At the time of the erection of Fort St Anne or more than half a century later, when the French constructed Fort St Frederic at Crown Point, and built their village at Chimney Pomt, in 1731- 82 History of Chittenden County. During the long interval of peace that succeeded the Treaty of Utrecht the French quietly extended their settlements on both sides of the lake, from the northern to the southern extremity, in the belief that their possessions would remain undisputed. In accordance with this belief they granted broad seigniories throughout the valley, which were surveyed and laid out, and in many instances settled by families, or rather communities, from France. That immense tract of fertile land afterward successfully colonized by William Gilli- land, and now comprising the thriving towns of Essex and Willsborough, on the western border of the lake, was regarded by the French as one of their most precious possessions. The point to the south of the present village of Essex was inhabited by a wealthy Frenchman, and cultivated so thoroughly as to prepare the way for the English settlers of a later date. The most impor- tant settlement was at Chimney Point, and extended for several miles along the lake. The remains of this old village are still faintly visible, but are fast dis- appearing beneath the relentless plowshare of the farmer. Fort St. Frederic, as before stated, was erected in the year 1731 ; and the streets and cellar pits of a seemingly prosperous village are quite distinctly traceable on Crown Point to-day. One of these grants or seigniories, belonging to Captain de la Peirere, which was created on the 7th of July, 1734, commenced at the mouth of Ouynouski (Onion) River, and extended each way one league and three leagues back, thus comprising the southern part of the present town of Colchester, the north line running east from the head of Ouynouski, or Mallet's Bay. An- other seigniory, created on the 30th of April, 1737, and granted to Lieutenant- General Pierre Raimbault, adjoined the tract of Captain De la Peirere on the north, and extended four leagues north and south and five leagues back. There is no evidence, however, that the lands were occupied under these grants, unless the settlement before mentioned was made at this period. The grants of the French, like those of their English successors, contained a condition that a settlement should be made under them within a given time, under pain of forfeiture, and the grant of Captain De la Peirere was afterward declared for- feited to the crown of France for non-compliance with this condition. On the 27th of September, 1766, the grant to General Raimbault was conveyed by his heirs in Montreal to Benjamin Price, Daniel Robertson and John Liv- ingston, for the consideration of 90,000 livres. This conveyance, it will be observed, was made after the conquest of Canada, the cession of that country and its dependencies to the British crown, confirmed by the treaty of Paris in 1763, and pending the litigation concerning the validity of the titles to these French seigniories before the king and council of England. New York at the same time claimed jurisdiction over this territor\-, and made large grants to her retired officers and soldiers, many of whom proceeded to settle under them. In this tripartite controversy it was but natural that New York and England, Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. 83 then bearing to each other the relation of a colony and the mother country should unite against the common enemy. Thus, through the skill and elo- quence of Edmund Burke, who was employed to support the New York titles, the French seigniories were annulled. In 1744, when England and France were again involved in war, the En- glish began to feel, in the depredations of the enemy and their savage allies, -their folly in having permitted them to establish themselves at Crown Point. The war was prosecuted in a feeble and indecisive manner until 1749, the New England frontiers being continually harassed by small parties of Indians, with- out the stimulus of any considerable expeditions either by the French or En- glish. By the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, the controversy between the belligerent countries respecting claims in America was to be referred to com- missioners appointed by the sovereign powers of the two nations. The com- missioners met in Paris in 1752 ; but, after laboring for some time to establish the rights of the litigants, were forced to abandon the subject, and the coun- tries were once more involved in war. It is a remarkable fact that this com- bination of events gave birth to the conception of a union of the British colo- nies in America, which was consummated by the Declaration of Independence. On the 4th of July, 1754, a convention of delegates from the several colonies was held at Albany for the purpose of devising some general and efficient plan of operations in the impending struggle. The deliberations resulted in a reso- lution to apply to the British Parliament for an act constituting a grand legis- lative council, to be composed of delegates from the colonial assemblies, the proceedings of which were to be subject to the negative of a president- general appointed by the crown. The plan, however, was rejected by both the colo- nies and the mother country; the former fearing that it conceded to the crown prerogatives which would jeopard their liberties, and the latter supposing it to clothe the colonial assemblies with powers which it was by no means prepared to acknowledge. It is furthermore a singular fact that the Declaration of In- dependence was promulgated exactly twenty-two years after the colonial union was proposed by this convention. Early in the year 1755 Governor Shirley convoked the Assemby of Massa- chusetts, and communicated to them a plan which he had formed for the re- duction of the French fortress at Crown Point. The plan met the approval of the Assembly, and the co-operation of the neighboring colonies was solicited. While the colonies were preparing for this expedition, General Braddock ar- rived in Virginia with two Irish regiments. Thereupon a convention of the sev- eral governors and commanders in the English colonies, was called at Albany, by which four expeditions against the French were planned for the following summer; one under Braddock, against Fort Duquesne ; one under Shirley, against Niagara ; one under Colonel Johnson, against Crown Point ; and one under Colonels Monckton and Winslow, against the French settlements in 84 History of Chittenden County. Nova Scotia. The first expedition, owing to the fool-hardy disdain of General Braddock for the advise of those who were famihar with Indian modes of war- fare, ended in disaster. The forces designed for the reduction of the fort at Niagara effected nothing beyond the strengthening of the fortifications at Os- wego. Johnson placed General Lyman in command of the five or six hundred provincial troops, which he had collected at Albany for the expedition against Crown Point, and sent him forward to the site of the present village of Fort Edward, where they erected the fort from which the village takes its name. Johnson left Albany on the loth of August, and shortly after pro- ceeded fifteen miles beyond Fort Edward, and halted near the south end of Lake George. Here he received intelligence from his scouts that the French had taken possession of Ticonderoga, which commanded the communication between Lakes George and Champlain. Before he could prepare his artillery and bateaux for the purpose of advancing and dislodging the enemy, they had erected fortifications competent for a defense against surprise or an easy conquest. The exaggerated accounts of the force assembled at Lake George and threat- ening the reduction of Crown Point, hastened the arrival of Baron Dieskau to its defense with a numerous army of French and Indians. Designing to fore- stall their attack, he immediately embarked his army of i,8oo men in bateaux^ and landed at South Bay, near the south end of Lake Champlain, where he- was informed by an English prisoner that Fort Edward was practically defense- less, and that Johnson's camp at Lake George was unprotected by either en- trenchments or cannon. He therefore directed his march towards Fort Ed- ward, with the design of attacking it, but was forced, through the resistance which his army opposed to the plan, to proceed towards the English camp at Lake George, which they deemed the more easy of conquest, supposing that muskets would be the only arms employed againt them. A general engage- ment ensued, in which the French were worsted, Dieskau receiving a mortal wound. They were attacked in their retreat by a detachment from Fort Edward, and again dispersed in every direction. The total loss of the English in these several engagements was 130 killed, and sixty wounded, among the former being Colonel Williams, the founder of Williams College ; Major Ashley, and Captains Ingersoll, Porter, Ferrel, Stoddard and M'Ginnes, while Colonel Johnson was wounded. About forty of the Indians belonging to Johnson's army were slain, among them being Hendrick, a distinguished Mo- hawk sachem. The loss of the French was much heavier, and was estimated at about 700 killed. Johnson, deterred, it is said, by fear, from pursuing the enemy, devoted the remaining period of the campaign of 1755 to the erection of a fort at the south end of Lake George, which afterward received the name of Fort William Henry. The years 1756 and 1757 were disastrous to the English. Notwithstanding the considerable re-enforcement of the English troops at Albany and Fort William Henry, by forces and officers from Eng- Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. 85 land, their vacillating and inactive course enabled the French under Montcalm to prosecute their affairs with energy and success. They took and demolished the forts at Oswego, and captured 1,400 prisoners, 120 pieces of cannon, four- teen mortars, a large quantity of ammunition, military stores and provisions, and also two sloops and 200 bateaux. As early as the 20th of March, 1757, Montcalm attempted to take Fort William Henry by surprise, but was re- pulsed by the garrison, and several of his men killed. A few weeks later Colonel Parker, who was sent down the lake in command of a detachment of four hundred men, to attack the advanced guard of the French at Ticonderoga, was decoyed into an ambuscade of French and Indians, who fell upon him with so much impetuosity that not more than two officers and seventy pri- vates of the entire detachment escaped. This success stimulated Montcalm into another attempt at the reduction of Fort William Henry. In pursuance of this design he collected all his forces, amounting to 10,000 men, regulars, Canadians and Indians, at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Meanwhile General Webb, successor to Lord Loudon in the command of the English forces, wish- ing to inspect the works at Lake George, and determine the force and condi- tion of the enemy on Lake Champlain, selected Major Putnam with two hun- dred men te escort him to Fort William Henry, whence, soon after, Putnam started to reconnoiter the enemy at Ticonderoga. Before he reached the North- west Bay on the western shore of Lake George, he discovered a body of men on an island, and hastened in one of his three boats to convey the information to Webb. Webb reluctantly permitted him to return for the purpose of bring- ing back the other boats, and, if possible, of making further discoveries. This time he was observed and pursued, but effected his retreat to the fort. Webb thereupon, with an injunction of secrecy to Putnam, ordered him to make preparations to escort him immediately to Fort Edward, and, on the next day, repaired thither, despite the respectful remonstrance of Putnam. On the day following he dispatched Colonel Monroe, with his regiment, to enforce the gar- rison at Lake George. On the day after Monroe's arrival, Montcalm appeared upon the lake in command of the French and Indians, and with Httle opposi- tion effected a landing and at once laid siege to the fort. In response to a letter form Montcalm, urging the surrender of the fort before any of the Indians, were killed and their unmastered passions inflamed beyond the power of resist- ance. Colonel Monroe replied that as the fortress had been intrusted to him he felt bound by his honor and his duty to defend it to the last extremity. The garrison, which was about 2,500 strong, made a gallant resistance ; while Mon- roe sent frequently to Fort Edward for aid, Webb remained inactive and seemingly indifferent, and on the eighth or ninth day of the siege, after hav- ing retracted a permission to General Johnson to relieve the garrison with the provincial regiments and Putnam's rangers, after they had already proceeded three miles towards the lake, he wrote to Monroe that he could render him no- 86 History of Chittenden County. assistance, and coolly advised him to surrender on the best terms he could procure. The letter was intercepted by Montcalm, who sent it in to Monroe with further proposals for a surrender. Articles of capitulation were there- upon subscribed by Montcalm and Monroe, by the terms of which the garri- son were to march out with their arms and baggage, and to be escorted to Fort Edward by a detachment of the French troops ; and were not to serve against the French for a period of eighteen months ; the works and all the warlike stores were to be delivered to the French ; and the sick and wounded of the garrison were to remain under the protection of Montcalm, and to be permit- ted to return as soon as they were recovered. Not apprehending any further trouble, the garrison marched out of the fort. It has been stated that the In- dians served in this expedition on the promise of plunder, and were enraged at the terms of capitulation. However that may be, their victims had no sooner left the fort, than they began the perpetration of a massacre more barbarous and sanguinary than it is possible to describe. They fell upon the defenseless ■soldiers, and, without resistance from the French, who stood idle spectators of the terrible scene, plundered and murdered all who came in their way. Not sat- isfied with depriving their victims of life, they mangled their dead bodies with •scalping- knives and tomahawks, in all the wantonness of Indian fierceness. On the following day, when Major Putnam arrived upon the scene, he found the fort entirely demolished, the barracks, out-houses, and buildings a heap of ruins, while more than one hundred women, butchered and shockingly mangled, lay upon the ground, still weltering in their gore. The French were apparently satisfied with this victory, and retired to their works at Ticonderoga and Crown Point; and owing to the inefficiency and want of energy on the part of the English generals nothing more of importance was effected by either party during the remainder of the year. A change of the English ministry now brought William Pitt into the position for which he was by nature and education pecuHarly adapted. Henceforth the British affairs in America assumed a more favorable aspect. The English forces had been so unfortunate as to win the contempt of their enemies ; they soon came to be respected and feared. According to the plan of 1758 the French settlements were to be attacked at several points at once. General Amherst took command of 12,000 troops, which were to attempt the reduction of Louisburg, in the island of Cape Bre- ton ; General Forbes commanded 8,000 against Fort Duquesne, while the com- mand of a force of 16,000 troops against Ticonderoga and Crown Point devolved upon General Abercrombie. On the 28th of May the forces under Amherst embarked in a fleet consist- ing of 157 sail, from Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and on the 2d day of June anchored about seven miles west of Louisburg. On the 8th of June General Wolfe, who, with Whitemore and Lawrence and Admiral Boscawen, assisted Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. 87 Amherst in this expedition, effected a landing, and in a few days had the place completely invested. Amherst proceeded with such care and vigor that the six ships of the line and five frigates with which Chevalier Drucour defended the harbor were destroyed, and on the 26th of July the garrison of 3,000 men, chiefly regulars, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. At the same time General Forbes was advancing on Fort Duquesne, and ■on the 25th of November, the French having abandoned it and retreated down the Ohio River, he took possession of the place and changed its name to Pitts- burgh, in honor of William Pitt. General Abercrombie was not, however, equally successful in his expedi- tion against the French posts on Lake Champlain. On the 5th of July he embarked his army, of 7,000 regular and 9,000 provincial troops, at Fort Will- iam Henry, on board 900 bateaux and 135 whale-boats, and landed the next morning, without opposition, near the north end of Lake George. He formed his men into three columns and moved forward toward the enemy, whose advanced party of one battalion lay encamped behind a breastwork of logs. They retreated with precipitation before the English, after setting fire to the breastwork and tents, and the English, in their attempts to advance, became embarrassed and somewhat disordered by the thickness of the wood. Lord Howe and Major Putnam were in the front of the center column. A skirmish occurring on the left with the enemy, these officers filed off at the head of a hundred men and soon became engaged with the enemy. The first fire was fatal to Lord Howe. Putnam and his party were warmly attached to the English lord, and were animated by his fall to such a degree that they cut their way through the enemy and, with another party of the English, killed about 300 of the French and took 148 prisoners. The EngHsh troops then marched back to the place where they had landed in the morning, and on the following ■day Colonel Bradstreet with a detachment of the army took possession of the saw-mills. The fort at Ticonderoga, washed on three sides by the lake and protected on the other side, in part, by a deep swamp, was situated in a place of easy defense. The remaining passage on the land side, not protected by the swamp, had been fortified by a breastwork nine feet high, before which the ground had been covered with felled trees and bushes to render the approach of the enemy more difficult. The fort was garrisoned with 6,000 French troops, and a reinforcement of 3,000 men under M. de Levy was expected soon to join them. Abercrombie's wish was to take the fort before the reinforce- ment should arrive, and he sent forward his engineer to reconnoiter the works, who reported that the breastwork was assailable and that he believed the fort <:ould be taken by an assault with musketry. Confiding in this report the gen- eral immediately ordered an attack. Notwithstanding the well-directed fire of the enemy the troops marched forward without wavering, until they became entangled in the trees and bushes which had been thrown before the breast- 88 History of Chittenden County. work to retard their assault. They attempted to cut their way through with the sword to the breastwork, and withstood the relentless fire of the enemy during four hours while engaged in this attack, and were at last compelled,, only by their rapidly diminishing numbers, to retreat in order to their encamp- ment. The loss of the English in this encounter was i,8oo men killed and wounded and 2,500 stand of arms. The severity of the loss determined Abercrombie to withdraw to his encampment at Lake George, whence all the wounded who could be removed were sent to Fort Edward or Albany. Notwithstanding the unfortunate event of this battle, Abercrombie contin- ued the prosecution of affairs with commendable vigor. He dispatched Gen- eral Stanwix to the carrying place between the Mohawk and Onondaga Rivere, where he erected a fort. Colonel Bradstreet was ordered to proceed with 3,000 men, mostly provincial troops, against Fort Frontenac, at the outlet of Lake Ontario. This expedition was attended with success. Bradstreet landed his troops within a mile of the fort before the enemy was apprised of his approach, and the little garrison of no Frenchmen and a few Indians sur- rendered at discretion. The fort contained sixty cannon, sixteen mortars, and small arms, military stores, merchandise, and provisions in large quantities. After capturing, further, all the armed vessels of the enemy on the lake, num- bering nine, Bradstreet destroyed them and the fort, and returned to Oswego. The favorable termination of the campaign of 1758 determined the British secretary of state to prosecute the following campaign with such vigor as tO' complete, if possible, the conquest of Canada. He therefore projected three expeditions against the enemy, believing that by the simultaneous attacks of these troops at different points the forces of the enemy would be divided and their councils effectually embarrassed. General Wolfe was to command the expedition against Quebec ; General Prideaux and Sir William Johnson were to conduct their forces against the French fort at Niagara ; while General Am- herst, commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, was to attempt the reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. At the same time important events were transacting on Lake Champlain. On the 27th of July the French, after making a feeble effort to withstand the siege of General Amherst, who had begun the reduction of Fort Ticonderoga, dismantled that fortress and repaired to Crown Point. The English general thereupon took possession of Ticonderoga and proceeded to repair it, at the same time employing scouting parties to watch the movements of the enemy at Crown Point. Having received intelHgence on the ist of August that the French had also abandoned Crown Point and gone down the lake without de- stroying the works, he dispatched a body of rangers to take possession, and on the 4th moved forward with his whole army and commenced the construction there of a new and strong fortress. Lake Champlain Before the Revolution. 89 The French troops retired to the Isle aux Noix, which commands the com- munication between the lake and Canada, and having collected their forces to the amount of 3,500 men and supplied themselves with sufficient artillery and four vessels mounted with cannon, determined to make a stand against the English. Amherst thought it best to provide a superior naval force before ven- turing an attack at this point. The Indians had been making cruel and de- structive depredations on the English colon-ies, and Amherst took this opportu- nity to make them feel his resentment. He therefore selected Major Rogers, a brave and capable officer from New Hampshire, to conduct an expedition against the village of the St. Francis Indians, on the south side of the St. Law- rence not far from Three Rivers. On the 12th of September Rogers em- barked at Crown Point with 200 men and proceeded down the lake in bateaux. On the fifth day after his departure, while encamped on the east side of the lake, a captain and several of his men were wounded by the explosion of a keg of gunpowder, and were attended to Crown Point by a party, which reduced Rog- ers's force to 142 men. He pushed on, however, to Missisco Bay, where he left the boats in charge of two rangers, with provisions sufficient to carry them back to Crown Point, and advanced in the direction of the Indian settlement on the St. Lawrence. On the second evening after he left the lake he was over- taken by the rangers and informed that a party of 400 French and Indians had captured the boats and sent them away in charge of fifty men, while the rest were in pursuit of the English. Rogers immediately dispatched a lieutenant, with eighteen men and the two rangers, to Crown Point with a request to Am- herst to send provisions to Coos on the Connecticut River, by which route he had determined to return. He then pushed rapidly towards St. Francis, with the design of accomplishing the object of his errand before being overtaken by his pursuers. He reached the village on the evening of October 4, and went forward in Indian garb to reconnoiter the place while his men were resting He found the Indians wholly unaware of their danger, engaged in a grand dance. He returned to his men about one o'clock and led them forward to within 500 yards of the town. The dance ended about four o'clock and the Indians, thoroughly fatigued, retired to rest. The assault commenced at day- break and was conducted on the Indian method of indiscriminate slaughter. The ferocity of the assailants was stimulated by the discovery of several hun- dred scalps which had been torn from the heads of their countrymen, and sus- pended on poles as trophies of Indian cruelty. The place was completely sur- prised. Of the 300 souls which the village had contained at sundown on the previous day, 200 were slain and twenty taken prisoners. The English loss was one killed and six slightly wounded. Rogers reduced the village to ashes and refreshed his men, after which he set out on his return, at eight o'clock in the morning. He proceeded up the St. Francis River with the intention of avoid- ing his pursuers, and directed his course toward Coos, on the Connecticut River. 90 History of Chittenden County. He was soon overtaken, however, and several times attacked in the rear, with a loss of seven men. He therefore formed an ambuscade on his own track and routed the enemy. In answer to Rogers's request for provisions, Amherst sent Samuel Stevens and three others up the Connecticut River from Charlestown with two canoe- loads of provisions. They encamped the first night on Round Island at the mouth of the Passumpsic River ; but in the morning were so terrified by the report of what they supposed the guns of the Indians, that they hastily re- loaded the provisions and went back to Charlestown. About noon of the same day Rogers and his party arrived at the mouth of the Passumpsic, and seeing a fire on the island, constructed a raft and went over to it. The disappointment of his men on discovering that no provisions had been left, so disheartened them that a number of them died within twenty-four hours. They were all reduced to a state of starvation. Rogers therefore relinquished his command and told his men to take care of themselves. A few of them perished in the woods, but most of them, after suffering intensely from cold and hunger, succeeded in reaching Charlestown. Here Rogers resumed command and proceeded with his band to Crown Point, which they reached on the rst of December, having suffered a diminution, since leaving St. Francis, of three commissioned officers and forty-six non-commissioned officers and privates. In the mean time General Amherst was preparing a naval force to expel the enemy from the Isle aux Noix, and early in October proceeded down the lake with that object. But owing to the lateness of the season and the tempestuous state of the weather, he abandoned the enterprise and returned to Crown Point, after having taken or destroyed most of the enemy's shipping. Here he passed the remainder of the season in getting everything in readiness for another cam- paign. The only place of much strength or consequence now in the possession of the French was Montreal. Consequently, at the opening of the campaign of 1760 the English concentrated all their forces towards this point. General Murray was to conduct the English forces at Quebec up the St. Lawrence ; Colonel Haviland was to make the approach from Lake Champlain, while Gen- eral Amherst was to lead his troops to Montreal by the way of Lake Ontario. In pursuance of this determination the armies moved forward, and by a singu- lar coincidence, without any knowledge of one another's progress all arrived at Montreal on the 6th and 7th of September. While Amherst was preparing to lay siege to the city he received a flag of truce from the French commander, Vaudreuil, demanding terms of capitulation. The French finally submitted to the terms offered, and the whole province of Canada was surrendered to the British on the 8th of September, 1760. By the treaty of peace signed at Paris on the loth of February, 1763, this province was formally ceded to the king of Great Britain. The Controversy with New York. gr CHAPTER IV. THE CONTROVERSY WITH NEW YORK. Settlement Retarded by the Prenoh Wars — The Impending Strife — Proclamations and Counter-Proclamations — Interpretations of the Royal Decree — Organized Opposition to New York — Ethan Allen at Albany — First Military Company — Rewards Offered for the Capture of the "Rioters" — The Beech Seal — G-overnor Tryon's Attempted Reconciliation — Difficulties with Colonel Reed — The Durhamites — Despotic Legislation of New York — Reply of the Green Mountain Boys — Disturbance at Westminster — Vermont Declared Independent — Allen's Addresg . to the People — Controversy with New Hampshire and with Congress — Territory of Vermont Extended — Negotiations with the British — New York Become Lenient — Disturbances by Malcontents — The Controversy Settled — -Vermont Admitted into the Union. THE territory comprised within the present limits of Vermont being the principal theatre of action in the war between the Enghsh and French, and regarded as dangerous ground on which to attempt the establishment of communities, remained under the sovereignty of nature until after the conquest of Canada was completed by the English, in 1760. The previous occupation of the country by the French, though undertaken in the hope that their right to remain would not be successfully disputed, was yet continued with so pre- carious a tenure as to deserve no other title than that which the uncertain supremacy of arms could give. They all retired with the French garrison at Crown Point before the advance of General Amherst, in 1759. The Enghsh colonists, in the same expeditions against the French, had made themselves acquainted with the fertility of the lands west of the Green Mountains and the advantages of situation and elevation. As soon, therefore, as the perils of the French and Indian depredations were abated, the more adventurous of the colonists from the older settlements began to select suitable tracts of territory along the lake for the purpose of cultivation and settlement. But the discovery of the value of the land led not to good alone. The avarice of two powerful colonies was awakened, and it soon became evident that a conflict was imminent. A long and tedious controversy between New Hampshire and Massachusetts had been settled in favor of the former in 1740, by the decree of King George II, establishing the boundaries of the contend- ing colonies and declaring, in effect, that the disputed territory, Fort Dummer, lay within the province of New Hampshire. The northern line of Massachu- setts was described as a " similar curve line" pursuing the course of the Mer- rimac River, and three miles to the north of it, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to a point due north of Patucket Falls ; thence due west until it meets his majesty's other governments. The line was surveyed in 1741 by Richard Hazen. As Fort Dummer was found to lie beyond the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts to the north, and as his majesty repeatedly called upon the Assembly of New Hampshire to provide for its support, it was generally supposed to rest 92 History of Chittenden County. under the jurisdiction of that province ; and as it was situated on the west side of the Connecticut River, the west line of New Hampshire was supposed to have been extended as far west as that of Massachusetts, to wit, to a line twenty miles east of the Hudson River. In pursuance of this supposition, Gov- ernor Benning Wentworth, who was commissioned governor of New Hamp- shire in the year 1741, conceived the plan of granting out townships to those who applied in apparent good faith for a charter. The first grant drew on the conflict. On the 3d of January, 1749, Governor Wentworth granted a town- ship six miles square on what he held to be the western border of New Hamp- shire, being twenty miles east of the Hudson and six miles north of Massachu- setts. This township, in honor of himself, he denominated Bennington. The governor of the province of New York opened a correspondence with Gov- ernor Wentworth concerning the title of that province to the lands west of the Connecticut River; notwithstanding which claim, Wentworth proceeded to extend settlement under New Hampshire jurisdiction by the making of further grants. By the year 1754 these grants numbered fifteen, but the commence- ment of hostilities between the French and English caused a suspension of further application for grants until the completion of the conquest of Canada, in 1760. But the New England troops, upon the close of the war, eagerly sought the means of acquiring title to those portions which best suited their tastes. So urgent were the applications for grants that Wentworth, with the advice of his council, ordered a survey to be made of Connecticut River for sixty miles, and three tiers of townships to be laid out on either side. As the appli- cations multiplied, further surveys were ordered ; so that in the year 1 76 1 no fewer than sixty townships, each six miles square, were granted on the west side of the Connecticut River. Within the two following years the number iricreased to one hundred and thirt\- eight. Their extent was from the Con- necticut River westward to within twenty miles of the Hudson, and northward as far as that stream extended, and then as far west as Lake Champlain. It may well be presumed that Governor Wentworth was the more willing to maintain the title of New Hampshire lo this territory because of the fat emolu- ments proceeding from the grants and the right of reserving five hundred acres in each township for himself The same motive, however, stimulated the gov- ernment of New York into a determined resistance to the legality of these grants and the titles of the grantees. Accordingly, on the 28th of December, 1763, Lieutenant-Governor Colden, of New York, issued a pronunciamento, in which he recited the grants made in 1664 and 1674 by King Charles II to the Duke of York, which included " all the lands from west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay." He therefore ordered the sheriff of the county of Albany to make returns of the names of all persons then pos- sessed of lands on the west side of the Connecticut under titles derived from the government of New Hampshire. The Controversy with New York. 93 Thereupon Governor Wentworth, on the 13th of March, 1764, issued a counter-proclamation, intended to inspire confidence in the grants of New Hampshire, in which he alleged that the grant to the Duke of York was obso- lete, and that the grants made by New Hampshire would be confirmed by the crown if the jurisdiction should be altered. The settlers were exhorted to be industrious and diligent in the cultivation of their lands, and not to be intimi- dated by the menaces of New York. The civil officers were required to exer- cise jurisdiction as far west as grants had been made and to administer punish- ment to all disturbers of the peace. This proclamation had the desired effect of quieting the fears of the settlers, who had no idea that a controversy be- tween the two provinces respecting the extent of their jurisdiction would ever affect the validity of titles derived under a charter from a royal governor. Fearing to rely further upon so precarious a tenure as the grant to the Duke of York, the government of New York now made application to the crown, by a petition which fraudulently claimed to contain the signatures of many of the settlers on the New Hampshire grants, praying that the western bank of the Connecticut might be established as the eastern boundary of New York, for a confirmation of her claims. His majesty thereupon, on the 20th of July, 1764, decreed that " the western bank of Connecticut River, from where it enters Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the 45 th degree of north latitude, be the boundary line between the said provinces of New Hampshire and New York." It appears that this determination was not founded upon any previous grant, but was made on the supposition that the desires and conven- ience of the people demanded it. The settlers under the New Hampshire grants were more surprised than alarmed at this order, for they apprehended that the only manner in which it could affect their interests would be to extend the jurisdiction of New York over their territory, without in any way attacking their titles to the lands which they occupied. They did not imagine that the same power which had created their titles could interfere with the vested rights which it had encouraged. Governor Wentworth at first remonstrated against the change, but was at last induced to withdraw from the contest, and issued a proclamation recommend- ing obedience to the authority and laws of the colony of New York. This was the starting-point of the real controversy between the government of New York and the settlers under New Hampshire. The latter regarded the decision of the crown as merely prospective, and that while they were called upon to submit to a different provincial authority, they would remain on their lands un- molested. But the same motives which impelled the authorities in New York to obtain this jurisdiction, impelled them to place a very different construction upon the decree of the crown. They held that the order was confirmatory of the grant to the Duke of York ; that it was therefore endowed with retrospect- ive energy, and that the titles of the settlers under the grants from Benning 7 94 History of Chittenden County. Wentworth were void. The government of New York therefore proceeded to carry into practical effect the theories which they held. The settlers were or- dered to surrender their charters and purchase their titles under grants from New York. A few of them complied with this order, but for the most part it met with peremptory resistance. The lands of those who opposed the order were therefore sold to others, who at once instituted actions of ejectment in the courts of Albany, where they were invariably successful in obtaining judgment as opposed to justice. Finding that they could hope for nothing from the forms of law, the settlers determined upon resistance to the execution of the judgments of the court at Albany, till his majesty's pleasure should be further known. To render their opposition more effectual, they united in several associations, and at last convoked a convention of representatives from the different towns on the west side of the mountains. They met in the autumn of 1766, and after due deHberation appointed Samuel Robinson, of Bennington, to represent the grievances of the settlers to the court of Great Britain, and obtain, if possible, a confirmation of the New Hampshire grants. No attention was paid to the actions of ejectment Still performing their farce at Albany, further than to see that the judgments were not carried into execution. Meanwhile, the busy spec- ulators in New York had, on the 3d of July, 1766, procured the passage of an act, by the Colonial Assembly of New York, erecting a portion of the territory west of the Connecticut and north of Massachusetts into a county, to which they gave the name of Cumberland, and providing for the construction of a court-house and jail at Chester. Before this act could be consummated, Mr. Robinson had obtained an order from his majesty, dated on the 26th of June, 1767, annulling this act of the provincial Legislature; and on the 24th of July following, another special order was issued, prohibiting the governor of New York, " upon pain of his majesty's highest displeasure," from making any fur- ther grants whatsoever of the lands in dispute, until his majesty's further pleas- ure should be known. Unfortunately for the object of his mission, Mr. Robin- son died in London in October, 1767, of the small-pox, before he had fully accompUshed his purpose, and, so far as known, before he had transmitted a detailed account of his proceedings, to the people who had made him their agent. Nothwith.standing the orders of the crown annulling the act of the Leg- islature of New York, and prohibiting the granting of further lands in the dis- puted territory, the government of New York assiduously prosecuted their de- signs by making additional grants and dividing the territory into counties. They had gone so far as to establish a Court of Common Pleas, and appoint judges in the county of Cumberland when, on the 2d of December, 1767, they were officially apprised of the order annulling their aggressive legislation. Even this did not suffice to make them desist. On the 20th of February, 1768, with the advice of their attorney-general, the)' re-enacted the law which had been annulled by royal decree, and proceeded in the organization of the county. The Controversy with New York. 95 This new county extended north to the south Hne of the towns of Tunbridge, Strafford and Thetford. For the first four or five years the courts were held at Chester, but no county buildings were erected; and in 1772, upon the recom- mendation of the supervisor of the county, the county-seat was removed to Westminster and a court-house and jail were there erected. A portion of the inhabitants were disposed to acquiesce in the jurisdiction of New York, as may be learned from many of the transfers of titles to lands in those times which described the subject of the deed as lying within the town of , in the province of New York. The larger portion, however, were more resolutely determined to resist. On the 7th of March, 1770, another county, by the name of Gloucester, was erected, comprising all that territory lying north of Cumberland county and east of the Green Mountains. Its county seat was fixed at Newbury. At this time this county contained probably 700 inhabitants, for the most part opposed to the jurisdiction of New York. In 1772 another county was established on the west side of the Green Mountains, by the name of Charlotte. This county thus set off from the old county of Albany on the 12th of March, 1772, was bounded south by the north line of Sunderland and Arlington and a line run- ing thence westward to Hudson River, and included all the country to the northward, on both sides of the lake to the Canada line. It embraced, of course,, the present county of Chittenden. The county seat was erected at Skeenes- borough, now Whitehall, and Philip Skeene was appointed one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas. All that part of Vermont lying south of this county and west of the mountains, was included in the county of Albany. The province of New York thus continued to organize new counties until the dec- laration of the independence of Vermont, in 1777. Agreeably to a decision made by the Council of New York, to the effect that the " king's order did not extend to prevent the governor from the grant- ing of any lands which had not been previously granted by New Hampshire," the governor had continued to make new grants to his friends and favorites. He did not confine himself to the ungranted territory, but frequently re-granted such as were already covered by New Hampshire charters. At the same time the endeavors of his grantees to obtain possession of the lands were unremit- ting. They were everywhere defeated by the vigilance and determination of the settlers under the New Hampshire grants. In October, 1769, a party of surveyors from New York was observed to be running a hne across the farm of James Breckenridge, in Bennington, and were forbidden, by Breckenridge and others who had collected at that place, to proceed. They returned to New York. Thereupon Abraham Ten Broek, one of the proprietors of the patent of Wallumschaik, presented a petition to the Governo''r and Council of New York, alleging that the commissioners and surveyors for dividing that patent had been "riotou.sly opposed b>- sundry person.s, and prevented by their threats 96 History of Chittenden County. from executing the trust reposed in them." The governor then issued a proc- lamation " for apprehending the principals and ringleaders," and at the follow- ing January term of the court at Albany the Rev. Jedediah Dewey, Joseph Robinson, Elijah Fay, Thomas Henderson, Ebenezer Robinson, and John Stew- art were indicted as riotors. None of them, however, was arrested or brought to trial. On the 1 8th of October, 1769, the settlers petitioned the Governor and Council of New Hampshire to interpose with the crown in their behalf This petition was repeated on the 24th of the same month, the last petition being subscribed by Samuel Safford for Bennington, Benjamin Gardner for Pownal, Jehiel Hawley for Arlington, Benjamin Purdy for Manchester, Thomas Barney for Sunderland, and Benjamin Colvin for Shaftsbury. It was about this time that Ethan Allen came to reside in the grants, and he at once undertook to defend the actions in ejectment brought against the New Hampshire grantees. He went to New Hampshire, where he procured the documents necessary for the establishment of his claims, engaged the services of Mr. Ingersoll, an emi- nent lawyer of Connecticut, and in June, 1770, proceeded with him to the court at Albany. The trial of Josiah Carpenter, of Shaftsbury, came on, and the counsel for the defendant produced to the court the documents which Allen had brought from New Hampshire, arriong which were the charter of the town- ship and the defendant's deed from the original proprietors. These were imme- diately set aside by the court, on the alleged ground that the New Hampshire grants were illegal, and a verdict was rendered against the defendant. Thus was established a precedent to annihilate all the titles of land held under the New Hampshire grants. Ingersoll and Allen thereupon retired from the court. ^ In the evening, it is related, three New York lawyers by the names of Kemp, Banyar, and Duane called on Allen, and Kemp, the king's attorney, observed to him that the people settled on the New Hampshire grants should be advised to make the best terms possible with their landlords, for might often prevailed against right. To this Allen replied: "The gods of the valleys are not the gods of the hills." Kemp asked for an explanation, whereupon Allen remarked that if Kemp would accompany him to Bennington the phrase should be explained. Kemp proposed to give to Alien and other men of influence on the grants large tracts of land to secure peace and harmony; but the proposal was rejected without the compliment of consideration, and the conversation ended. The inhabitants of the grants «erc thorough!)- indignant at the unjust and contemptuous consideration bestowed upon their claims in Albany. On Alien's return a convention was called at Bennington, in which it was " Re- solved, to support their rights and property which thcx- possessed under the New Hampshire grants, against the usurpation and unjust claims of the Gov- ernor and C.umcil of Ne«' Ynrk, by force, as law and justice were denied them." This was a bold measure ul a luiiulred men, united in opposition to the most The Controversy with New York. 97 favored colony under the crown. The people on the grants, however, were intelligent enough to see that the controversy did not lie between themselves and the body of the people in New York, but was alone with the Governor and Council of that province, " and their land associates, who were but a small and Jesuitical part of the community." The spirited resolution just quoted was followed by so determined a resist- ance to the execution of the provincial decrees of New York that several of the settlers were indicted as rioters ; but the officers sent to apprehend them "were seized by the people," as Ira Allen has vigorously written, "and severely chastised zvith twigs of tJic wilderness." Every day witnessed the occurrence of stirring events. To be in readiness for any emergency that might arise, the settlers organized a military associa- tion, of which Ethan Allen was appointed colonel commandant, and Seth War- ner, Remember Baker, Robert Cochran, Gideon Warren, and some others were appointed captains. Under them the inhabitants of the grants were armed, and frequently met for military exercise and discipline. Of this organization Governor Tryon learned early in the year 1772, from a letter written to him by John Munro, one of the most assiduous supporters of the authority of New York, who resided near the west line of the town of Shaftsbury. Among other things, the letter states that "the rioters have established a company at Bennington, commanded by Captain Warner; and on New Year's day his com- pany was reviewed, and continued all day in military exercise and firing at marks." Under the encouragement of the government of New York a number of settlers had established themselves in the western parts of Rupert and Pawlet, and armed themselves for defense against the New Hampshire grantees. In October, 1771, Ethan Allen, Remember Baker, and Robert Cochran, with six others in sympathy with them, proceeded to warn off the intruders. Finding resistance useless the " Yorkers " fled to New York, and left the log houses, which they had erected, to the mercy of their pursuers, who pulled them down, laid them in heaps, and burned them. In consequence of this deed, Alex. Mc- Naughton, a justice of the peace of New York, issued a warrant for the arrest of the persons last named as rioters. At the same time he wrote privately to the governor of New York that by reason of their situation among the mountains no officer would be able to apprehend them, and he therefore recommended that a reward be offered for their capture. In pursuance of this suggestion, the governor, by the advice of the Council, issued a proclamation on the 27th of November, offering a reward of twenty pounds each for the apprehension of Allen. Cochran, Baker, and six others. In February of the year 1772 the sheriff of Albany went to Rupert with this proclamation, but failed to accom- plish the object of his errand. In his report afterward submitted to the gov- ernor he stated that he had been unable to find the rioters, but among those 98 History of Chittenden County. whom he saw, "he found the greatest appearance of a determined resolution not to submit to the government, and this he found particularly verified by the conduct of eight or nine, who were armed with guns and clubs, in which man- ner they came to the house of one Harmon, near Indian River, where he then was, and from their conduct it plainly appeared what they intended." On the 22d of the following month (Sunday) John Munro assembled ten or twelve of his coadjutors, before day-light, and proceeded to the house of Remember Baker, in Arlington, with the intention of arresting him. They aroused him by breaking open his door and entertaining his room armed with swords and pistols. They rushed on him with a fury born of fear, and wound- ed him on the head and arm with strokes from the sword. His wife and one of his sons were also inhumanly wounded with the same weapon. Baker was finally overpowered, bound, thrown into a sleigh, and hurriedly conveyed towards Albany. The news of his apprehension was carried with the greatest speed to Bennington, where ten men mounted their horses and started out to intercept Munro and his gang, and rescue Baker. They came upon their enemies just on the east bank of the Hudson. Munro and his followers at once abandoned Baker and fled. His friends, finding the prisoner nearly exhausted by his suffering and the loss of blood, refreshed him and carried him home. Soon after this ineffectual attempt to arrest Baker, the experiment was re- peated upon Seth Warner. Warner and a friend were riding on horseback not far from Munro's residence, and were met by the latter and several of his dependents. In the midst of the conversation which followed, Munro suddenly seized the bridle of Warner's horse, and called upon the bystanders to assist in his arrest. Warner admonished him that it would be wise to desist, but as this had no effect, he struck his assailant on the head with a cutlass, and felled him to the ground. Finding that the spectators evinced no disposition to in- terfere Munro, when he recovered from the stunning effect of the blow, per- mitted Warner to proceed without further molestation. These repeated at- tempts on the part of Munro to aid in enforcing the unjust and unauthorized decrees of New York at last met with a severe but merited punishment. The affairs of the inhabitants of the grants seem to have been managed at this period by committees from the several towns, who assembled in convention as neces- sity required, and adopted measures for the common defense and welfare. Their resolutions were held to be the law of the land, and any violation thereof was always punished with exemplary severity. The most usual method of punishment was the administration of the "beech seal." This mode of pun- ishment derived its name from allusion to the provincial seal of New Hamp- shire, which was affixed to the charters of the townships granted by the governor of that province. Of this the beech rod vigorously applied to the naked backs of the " Yorkers" and their adherents, was considered a confirma- tion. Ira Allen in giving a description of the punishment meted out to the The Controversy with New York. 99 enemies of the laws of this convention, mentions one "Hugh Munroe" who, he says, was "an old offender." He was taken, tried, and ordered to be whipped on his naked back ; he was tied to a tree and flogged till he fainted ; on re- covering he was whipped again until he fainted ; he recovered and underwent a third lashing until he fainted ; his wounds were then dressed, and he was banished the district of New Hampshire grants, not to return on pain of suffer- ing the further resentment of the Green Mountain Boys. The punishment inflicted on the person of Benjamin Hough has become historical. He was a resident in the vicinity of Clarendon, and was a bitter partisan of the "Yorkers." In the winter of 1774 he visited New York with the avowed intention of obtaining the aid of the government against the Green Mountain Boys. On the 9th of March he accepted the appointment of justice of the peace in and for the county of Charlotte. Although repeatedly warned from exercising in any manner the alleged authority derived from his appoint- ment, he preceded, with incorrigible persistence, to execute his office withm the grants; he was therefore arrested and taken before the Committee of Safety at Sunderiand, which consisted of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, Robert Cochran, Peleg Sunderland, James Mead, Gideon Warren and Jesse Sawyer. The de- cree of the convention and the charges under which he rested were read in his presence, and as he acknowledged the offense and pleaded nothing in extenu- a'tion but the authority of New York, the following sentence was pronounced upon him : " That the prisoner be taken from the bar of this Committee of Safety and be tied to a tree, and there, on his naked back, receive two hun- dred stripes; his back being dressed, he should depart out of the district, and on return, without special leave of the convention, to suffer death." This sen- tence was carried out in the presence of a large assemblage. Hough then asked and received a certificate of his punishment, signed by Allen and War- ner. It read as follows : ■• ,u . t "Sunderland, 30th of Jan., 1775. "This may certify the inhabitants of the New Hampshire grants, that Benjamin Hough hath this day received a full punishments for his crimes committed heretofore against this country, and our ,n- Tiabitants are ordered to give him, the said Hough, a free and unmolested passport toward the c.ty of New York, or to the westward of our grants, he behaving himself as becometh. Given under our hands the day and the date aforesaid. Ethan Allen, Seth Warner. Allen sarcastically remarked, on delivering this certificate, that with the re- ceipt on his back, it would undoubtedly be admitted as legal evidence before the Supreme Court and Governor and Council of New York, though the king's warrant to Governor Wentworth, and his excellency's sign manual, with the great seal of the province of New Hampshire, would not. As a consequence of this affair, the Colonial Assembly of New York, on the 30th and 31st of March, resolved to appropriate i:i,000 for the mamte- nance of justice and the suppression of riots in the county of Cumberiand, and to offer a reward of fifty pounds each for the apprehension of James Mead, loo History of Chittenden County. Gideon Warren, and Jesse Sawyer, and also a reward of fifty pounds each, in addition to the rewards previously offered, for the arrest of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, Robert Cochran, and Peleg Sunderland. This assembly was soon after prorogued and never met again, being superseded by the Provincial Con- gress of Revolutionary birth. These events were preceded by others which may not be omitted. The- continued aggressions of the supporters of the authority of New York had de- termined the settlers to adopt this form of organized resistance, which has al- ready received a partial description. Early in 1772 intelligence was reported at Bennington that Governor Tryon was ascending the North River with a body of troops, for the purpose of subduing and chastising the Green Moun- tain Boys. The report was at first given credence. The committees of safety and military officers met in convention and resolved that "it was their duty to oppose Governor Tryon and his troops to the utmost of their power." Ex- tensive preparations for defense ensued, and a trusty person was dispatched to- Albany to ascertain the number and designs of the enemy. The messenger soon returned with the welcome intelligence that the troops were wind-bound in the river below Albany, and that they had no designs upon the grants, but were destined for the military posts on the lakes. Meanwhile several of the residents of the grants, who were in sympathy with New York, fled to that province, and by their representations and those o"f Monro, which were received about this time. Governor Tryon was induced to believe that he could accomplish more by negotiation than by menaces. He therefore wrote to the Rev. Mr. Dewey, and the inhabitants of Bennington and the adjacent country, and after expressions of censure on their illegal con- duct, invited them to lay their grievances before him, and pledged security and protection to any persons they should send to New York on such errand, ex- cepting Allen, Warner and three others. This letter was dated at New York on the 19th of May, 1772. Two letters were sent in answer to this, one signed by a committee appointed for that purpose'by the settlers in and around Benning- ton, and consisting of Mr. Dewey and others ; and the other signed by the persons excepted in the governor's letter. The contents of these letters consisted of evidence sustaining the titles of the settlers to their lands under the grants from New Hampshire, and that therefore the proceedings which had been denounced against them as riotous, were justifiable in defending them- selves against aggressions which could be legalized by no court or legislature. They closed with expressions of a desire that his excellency would help to quiet them in their possessions " till his majesty, in his royal wisdom, shall be gra- ciously pleased to settle the controvers)^" Captain Stephen Fay and his son Jonas Fay were appointed to deliver the letters to the governor of New York. He received them kindly, and laid the communications before the Council, which reported favorably and recommended that his excellency afford all the relief in The Controversy with New York. lOI his power, by having all criminal prosecutions and civil suits suspended until his majesty's pleasure should be known. This report was immediately approved by the governor. The feelings which the communication of this result awak- ened m Bennington may be inferred from the report made soon after by the agents to Governor Tryon. On the isth of July the committee which had re- phed to the governor's letter, met at the meeting-house in Bennington, to- gether with a large concourse of people. The report upon their action read as follows : — " We, as messengers, laid before the above committee an extract of the minutes of his majesty's Council of the province of New York of the 2d instant, together with His Excellency Governor Tryon's letter of the same date, directed to the inhabitants of Bennington, &»c., and after the same, the above committee and a numerous concourse of the inhabitants of the adjacent country and other spectators, gave a full and unanimous vote in favor of the papers aforesaid ; and the thanl- was concentrated at Burlington under command of General Hampton, and consisted of about four thousand men. At one time even the univcisilv buildings were converted into barricks for the accommoda- The War of 1812. 163 tion of the troops. Early in September this army embarked at Burlington, and landed at Cumberland Head, near Plattsburgh. On the 9th they proceeded to Chazy and attacked the enemy's advanced post at Odletown. Seeing that it was impracticable to invade Canada by that route Hampton returned to Champlain and took the route to Chateaugay, where he arrived on the 25th. In the mean time Colonel Clark was detached and ordered to attack a small British force at St. Armand, on Missisco Bay. He found them drawn up under Major Powell, wholly unsuspicious of an attack by land ; and after a lively action of ten minutes they surrendered themselves prisoners of war. The force of the Americans in this engagement numered 102, while the number of prisoners taken and sent to Burlington was lOi. Nine of the enemy were slain and fourteen wounded. Another engagement took place at Chateaugay on the 26th of October, between the army under Hampton and a force of the British, but as Hampton was unsuccessful and the season far advanced, he soon returned into winter quarters at Plattsburgh. Governor Martin Chittenden was opposed to the war, and took grounds against the power of the national government for drafting and calling out the militia of the State, supporting his position by the argument that the militia were for the protection and defense of the State alone. A brigade of Vermont militia, which had been drafted into the service of the United States, and marched to Plattsburgh, were, on the loth of November, discharged by the following proclamation of Governor Chittenden: By His Excellency Martin Chittenden, Esq., Goz'emor, Captain-General, and Commander-in- Chief, in and iner the State of Vermont: A PROCLAMATION. Whereas, it appears that the Third Brigade of the Third Division of the Mihtia of this State has been ordered from our frontiers to the defense of a neighboring State : — And whereas it further ap- pears, to the extre^ie regret of the Captain-General, that a part of the Militia of the said Brigade have been placed under the command and at the disposal of an officer of the United States, out of the juris- diction and control of the ICvuciUive of this State, and have been actually marched to the defense of a sister State, fully competent to all the purposes of self-defense, vi'hereby an extensive section of our own Frontier is left, in a measure, unprotected, and the peaceable good citizens thereof are put in great jeopardy, and exposed to the retaliatory incursions and ravages of an exasperated enemy: And, whereas, disturbances of a very serious nature are believed to exist, in consequence of a portion of the Militia having thus been ordered out of tlie Stale : Therefore— to the end that these great evils may be provided against, and, as far as may be, pre- vented for the futuie : Be it known— that sucli portion of the Militia of said Third Division, as may now be doing duty in the State of New ^'ork, or elsewhere, beyond the limits of this State, both Officers and men are hereby ordered and directed by the Captairi-( General and Commander-in-Chief of the Militia of the State of Vermont, forthwith to return to the respective places of their usual residence, within the territorial limits of said Brigade, and there to hold themselves in constant readiness to act in obedience to the order of Brigadier-tieneral Jacolj Davis, who was ^appointed by the Legislature of this State to the command of said Brigade. And the said Brigadier-General Davis is hereby ordered and directed, forthwith, to see that the Militia of his said Brigade be completely armed and equipped, as the Law directs, and holden in con- stant readiness to march on the shortest notice to the defense of the Frontiers ; and, in case of actual invasion, without further Orders, to march with his said Brigade, to act, either in co-operation with the 1 64 History of Chittenden County. troops of the U. States, or separately, as circumstances may require in repelling the enemy from our territory, and in protecting the good citizens of this State from the ravages of hostile incursions. And in case of an event, so seriously to be deprecated, it is hoped and expected, that every citizen, without distinction of party, will fly at once to the nearest post of danger, and that the only rallying word will be — "our country.'' Feeling, as the Captain-General does, the weight of responsibility, which rests upon him with re- gard to the Constitutional duties of the Militia, and the sacred rights of our citizens to protection from this great class of community, so essentially necessary to all free countries ; at a moment, too, when they are so imminently exposed to the dangers of hostile incursions, and domestic difficulties, he can- not conscientiously discharge the trust reposed in him by the \oice of his fellow-citizens, and by the Constitution of this and the U. States, without an unequivocal declaration, that, in his opinion, the Military strength and resources of this State, must be reserved for its own defense and protection, exclu- sively — excepting in cases provided for, by the Constitution of the U. States ; and then, under orders derived only from the Commander-in-Chief. Given under my hand at Montepelier this 10th day of iVomembcr, in the year of our Lord one thou- sand eight hundred and thirteen; and of the United States the thirty-eighth. Martin Chittenden. By his Excellency's Command, Samuel Swift, Secretary. This proclamation met with the most obstinate resistance from the officers of the brigade, who refused to obey it, although they returned before their term of service expired, and no further notice was taken of the transaction. The following is the protest of the officers : Canton.ment, Plattsburgh, Nov. 15, 1S13. y^ .^/j .ffj;«&«y/, Martin Chittenden, Esq., Governor, Qaptain-Gcncml, Commander-in-Chiefs in and over the State of Vermont. Sir : — A most novel and extraordinary Proclamation from your Excellency, "ordering and directing, such portion of the Militia of the Third Brigade of the Third Division of the Militia of Vermont, now doing duty in the State of New York, both officers and men, forthwith to return to their respective places of their residence," has just been communicated to the undersigned officers of said Brigade. A meas- ure so unexampled requires that we should state to your Excellency the reason which induce us and absolutely and positively to refuse obedience to the order contained in your Excellency's Proclamation, With due deference to your Excellency's opinion, we humbly conceive, that when we are ordered inta the service of the United States, it becomes our duty, when required, to march to the defence of any section of the Union. We are not of that class who believe that our duties as citizens or soldiers, aie circumscribed within the narrow limits of the Town or State in which we reside ; but that we are under a paramount obligation to our common country, to the great confederation of States. We further con- ceive that, while we are in actual service, and during the period for which we were ordered into ser- vice, your Excellency's power over us as Governor of the State of X'ermont, is suspended. If it is true, as your Excellency states, that we " are out of the jurisdiction or control of the Execu- tive of Vermont," we would ask from whence your E.xcellency derives the right or presumes to exercise Xhepo7ver of ordering us to return from the service in \\\\\zh we are now engaged ? If n-e were legally ordered into the service of the United States, your Excellency must be sensible that you have no author- ity to order us out of that service. If we were illegally ordered into the .service, our continuance in it is either voluntary or compulsory. If voluntary, it gives no one a right to remonstrate or complain ; if compulsory we can appeal to the laws of our country to redress against those who illegally restrain us of our liberty. In either case we cannot conceive the right your Excellency luis to interfere in the business. Viewing tke subject in this light,. we conceive it our duty to declare unequivocallv to your Excellency, that we shall not obey your Excellency's order for returning, but shLill continue in the service of our country until we are legally and honorably discharged. An invitation or order to desert the standard of our country will never be obeyed by us, although it proceeds from the Governor and Captain-Gen- eral of Vermont. Perhaps it is proper that we shouldcontent ourselves with merely givingvour Excellency the reasons which prevail upon us to disregard your proclamation ; but we are impressed with the belief that our duty to ourselves, to the soldiers under our command and to the public, require that we should ex- The War of 1812. 165 pose to the world, the motives which produced, and the objects which were intended to be accomplished by such extraordinary proclamation. We shall lake the liberty to state to your Excellency, plainly, our sentiments on the subject. We consider your proclamation as a gross insult to the officers and soldiers in service, inasmuch as it implies that they are so ignorant of their rights as to believe that you have authority to command them in their present situation, or so abandoned as to follow your insidious ad- vice. We cannot regard your proclamation in any other light, than as an unwarrantable stretch of executive authority, issued from the worst motives, to effect the basest purposes. Is is, in our opinion, a renewed instance of that spirit of disorganization and anarchy which is carried on by a faction to over- whelm our country with ruin and disgrace. We cannot perceive what other object your Excellency could have in view than to embarrass the operations of the army, to excite mutiny and sedition among the soldiers and induce them to desert, that they might forfeit the wages to which they are entitled for their patriotic services. We have, however, the satisfaction to inform your Excellency, that although your proclamations have been distributed among the soldiers by your agent delegated for that purpose, they have failed to pro- duce the intended effect — and although it may appear incredible to your Excellency, even soldiers have discernment sufficient to perceive that the proclamation of a Governor, when offered out of the line of his duty, is a harmless, inoffensive, and nugatory document. They regard it with mingled emotions of pity and contempt for its author, and as a striking monument of his folly. Before we conclude, we feel ourselves in justice to your Excellency, bound to declare that a knowledge of your Excellency's character induces us to believe, that the folly and infamy cf the proclamation to which your Excellency has put your signature is not wholly to be ascribed to your Excellency, but chiefly to the evil advisers, with whom we believe your Excellency is encompassed. We are, with due respect, your Excellency's obedient servants, Luther Dixon, Lieutenant-Colonel, Elijah Dee, Junior Major, JosiAH Grout, Major, - ' Charles Bennet, Captain, Elijah W. Wood, Captain, Elijah Birge, Captain, Martin D. Follet, Captain, Amasa Mansfield, Captain, T. H. Campbell, Lieutenant, Daniel Dodge, Ensign, Sanford Gadcomb, Captain, James Fullington, Qr. Master, Shepard Beal, Lieutenant, John Fassett, Surgeon, Seth Clark, JR., Surgeon's Mate, Thomas Waterman, Captain, Bejjjamin Follett, Lieutenant, Hira Hill, Surgeon's Mate. On the 4th of December the enemy made his appearance on the lake with six heavy galleys, manned seemingly with more than 400 men, and followed close after our look-out boat, which was bringing the intelligence. They set fire to a small shed which had been in public use, the smoke of which gave the first intimation of their approach. It being calm, four of our galleys, under Lieutenant Cassin, weighed and were ordered in pursuit of them. The direc- tion was to bring them to action, if possible, and hold them until the sloops should come up. The chase continued for three hours without effect. It is presumed that they thought the Americans had gone into winter quarters, and that Plattsburgh was the object of their visit. When winter set in MacDonough repaired to Vergennes, where timber was- 1 66 History of Chittenden County. plenty, and began building a new fleet upon Otter Creek. The situation was well chosen, the entrance to the river being protected by a fort under charge of Lieutenant Cassin, after whom it was named. On the 29th of May, 18 14, MacDonough brought his fleet out of Otter Creek, and on the same evening cast anchor off Plattsburgh. The fleet consisted of the ship Saratoga, com- manded by MacDonough himself; the brig Eagle, Captain Henley; schooner Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Cassin ; sloop Preble, Lieutenant Charles Budd, and the galleys Allen, Burrows, Borer, Nettle, Viper, Centipede, Ludlow, Wilma, Alwyn and Ballard, manned by 882 men, mounting in all eighty-six guns.^ In the summer of 18 13 General Izard had been ordered by the secretary of war, for some unexplainable reason, to remove from this department to the West with the troops under his command, which left General Macomb at Platts- burgh with only about 3,000 men. Sir George Provost, who was making preparations to invade the States, regarded this movement upon the part of the Americans as tantamount to a retreat, and rendering to him a victory sure and easy. And this would have been most certainly the result had not the militia of Vermont and Northern New York hurried to the assistance of General Macomb. General Izard protested against the order, and endeavored to convince the War Department that his retirement would greatly endanger the whole north- ern frontier and give to the enemy the possession of Lake Champlain ; but his entreaties were unavailing, and he abandoned camp at Champlain on the 29th of August and took up his march towards Schenectady, and on the next day Major-General Brisbane advanced his position from Canada and occupied the camp. General Izard abandoned the camp at Champlain on the 29th of August, and the next day Major-General Brisbane advanced his division from Odletown to that place. On the 3d of September 14,000 British troops were collected at Champlain. This force was composed of four troops of the Nineteenth Light Dragoons, 300 men ; two companies Royal Artillery, 400 men ; one brigade of Rocketeers, 25 men ; one brigade Royal Sappers and Miners, 75 men ; the First Brigade of Infantry, consisting of the first battalion of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, the Fifty-eighth and Fifth, and the Third or Buffs, in all 3,700 men, under command of Major-General Robinson; the Second Brigade, formed by the Eighty- eighth and Thirty-ninth, and the third bat- talions of the Twenty-seventh and Seventy-sixth, in all 3,600 men, under Major-General Powers ; the Third Brigade, composed of the second battalion of the Eighth or King's, and the lughteenth. Forty-ninth and Sixth, 3,100 men, under Major-General Brisbane. There was also a light brigade, 2,8oo strong, composed of Muron's Swiss Regiment ; the Canadian Chasseurs, the I The following descnplion of the H.iUle of Plattsburgh is substantially the s:\nic as written by Peter S. Palmer, in his history of L.ike Champlain, and insciled in the J'tniiont Historical Magirzine in an able article written by Thomas H. C'anfieKI. The War of 1812. 167 Voltigeurs, and the Frontier Light Infantry. The whole was under Sir George Provost, governor- general of Canada, Lieutenant-General De Rottenburgh being second in command. On the 4tH the main body reached Chazy village, and the next night encamped near Sampson's, about eight miles from Plattsburgh. At the same time Captain Pring, with a number of gun-boats, moved up the lake as far as Isle La Motte and erected a battery of three long eighteen pounders on the west side of that island, to cover the landing of the supplies for the troops. Brigadier-General Macomb was now at Plattsburgh, actively engaged in preparations to resist the expected attack. On the 3d of September he issued a general order detailing his plan of defense. " The troops [says this order] will line the parapet in two ranks, leaving intervals for the artillery. A reserve of one-fifth of the whole force in infantry will be detailed and paraded fronting the several angles, which it will be their particular duty to sustain. To each bastion are to be assigned, by the several commanders of forts, a sufficient number of infantry to line all the faces (in single rank) of each tier. Should the enemy gain the ditch, the front rank of the part assailed will mount the parapet and repel him with its fire and bayonet. If the men of this rank are determined, no human force can dispossess them of that position." The American works were built upon an elevated plain, lying between the banks of the river Saranac and Lake Champlain. The river descends from the west until it approaches within about 160 rods of the lake, and then turns to- ward the north and runs about one mile in a northeasterly direction to the lake. The land between the river and lake at this point is nearly in the shape of a right-angled triangle, the perpendicular being formed by the lake shore. About eighty rods above the mouth of the river, and near the center of the village, is the " lower bridge " ; and about one mile higher up, following the course of the stream, was another bridge, on the road leading south to Salmon River, _ called the "upper bridge." One mile and a half above this bridge is a ford of the river.^ The stream can also be forded at the bridges and at a point about midway between them. The south bank of the river, above the village, is from fifty to sixty feet high, and steep. About sixty rods above the " lower bridge " is a deep ravine, running back from the river and extending nearly to the lake shore. The principal work, called Fort Moreau, stood opposite the bend of the river, and about half way between it and the lake. It was three- fourths of a mile south of the "lower bridge." A redoubt, called Fort Brown, stood on the bank of the river, directly opposite the bend, and about fifty rods west of Fort Moreau. There was another redoubt to the east of Fort Moreau, near the bank of the lake, called Fort Scott. On the point, near the mouth of the river, was a block-house and battery. Another block- house stood on 1 This ford is near the spot uhere General Pike encamped in l8l2. The buildings were burned by Colonel Murray in 1813. i68 History of Chittenden County. the south side of the ravine, about half way between the river and the lake. The defense of Fort Moreau was entrusted to Colonel Melancton Smith, who had for its garrison the Twenty-ninth and Sixth Regiments. Lieutenant- Col- onel Storrs was stationed in Fort Brown with detachments -ears for its completion. The General Assembly passed an act on the 23d of October, 18 16, appointing Gideon Wing, of Monkton, Nathan Leavenworth, of Hinesburg, and Zadoch Wheeler, of Charlotte, a committee to lay out a stage- road from the court-house in Middle- bury through New Haven to the Methodist meeting-house in Monkton, thence to the Baptist meeting-house in Charlotte, and through Shelburne to the lower falls on Onion River, in the town of Burlington. On the 5th of November, 1816, Ezra Hoyt, of New Haven, Thomas D. Rood, of Jericho, and Charles Stevens, of Enosburgh, were appointed a committeee to lay out and survey a Internal Improvements. igo public road from Middlebury to the Canada line. On the i ith of November 1 8 19, Luther Dixon, of Underhill, Daniel Dodge, of Johnson, and Joseph Bar- rett, of Bakersfield, were appointed a committee to lay out a road from Ziba Wood's, m Westford, through the corner of Fairfax and Fletcher, to Cambridge Borough. Other committees were appointed and other companies organized after 1820, but they did not have much to do with Chittenden county. Plank Roads.— Although there have never been any plank roads con- structed in the county, it may be well to make a few passing observations on the several plans entertained by prominent residents looking to the improve- ment of the highways by converting them into plank roads. A company by the name of the Shelburne and Hinesburg Plank Road Company was incor- porated by the Legislature on the 4th of November, 1850, and was the first company of the kind in Chittenden county. Its capital stock was $25,000. The road was to be constructed from Hinesburg village through Charlotte to the Rutland and Burlington Railroad in Shelburne village. Commissioners to receive subscriptions to stock were Joseph Marsh and William C. Benton, of Hinesburg, Henry S. Morse, E. Meech, jr., and John Simonds 2d, of Shel- burne. On the 9th of November, in the same year, the Williston Plank Road Company was chartered, with a capital stock of $20,000. The commissioners were Harry Bradley, Carlos Baxter, Joseph D. Allen, Harry Miller, James W. Hurlburt, David A. Murray and David French. The road was to lead from -the village of Williston to the village of Burlington. The Williston and Jericho Plank Road Company was incorporated on the nth of the same month, with a capital stock of $10,000, for the purpose of constructing a plank road from the Winooski turnpike at Eagle Hall in Williston by the nearest route to the ■" Four Corners " in Jericho. David French, David A. Murray, Roswell B. Fay, Truman Galusha and John H. Tower were appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions. Two days after the chartering of this company the Hinesburg and Burlington Plank Road Company was incol-porated by the Leg- islature with a capital stock of $25,000, with power to build a plank road from Hinesburg to Burlington. The commissioners were Joseph Marsh, Daniel Good- year, Marcus Hull, of Hinesburg, and Henry B. Stacy, Henry P. Hickok and Cassius P. Peck, of Burlington. The construction of railroads prevented the consummation of these several plans for connecting the different towns in the county by the Utopian thoroughfares known as plank roads, capital and enter- prise being diverted from the latter to the former. Railroads} — The first effectual act incorporating a railroad company whose road should run through Chittenden county, was passed by the General Assembly of Vermont on the 31st of October, 1843. By its provisions the persons who should thereafter become stockholders were constituted a body 1 For an interesting statement concerning the circumstances which governed the construction of the railroads in this county, the reader is referred to the slietch of Thomas H. Canfield. 13 I go History of Chittenden County. corporate by the name of the Vermont Central Railroad Company, to con- struct a road with a single or double track from some point on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, thence up the valley of Onion River and extending to a point on the Connecticut River most convenient to meet a railroad either from Concord, N. H., or Fitchburg, Mass., to said river. The capital stock of the new corporation was $1,000,000, divided, as usual, into shares of one hundred dollars each. Charles Paine, John Peck, Wyllys Lyman, Daniel Baldwin, E. P. Jewett, Andrew Tracy and Levi B. Vilas were appointed by this act commissioners to open books for subscriptions to stock at Montpelier and Burlington. The first officers and directors of this company were as fol- lows : Directors elected at Montpeher, July 23, 1845, Charles Paine, North- field ; Robert G. Shaw, Samuel S. Lewis, Boston ; Jacob Forster, Charlestown,. Mass. ; Daniel Baldwin, Montpelier ; John Peck, Burlington ; James R. Lang- don, Montpelier. The officers elected the same day were : Charles Paine, president ; Samuel H. Walley, treasurer ; E. P. Walton, clerk. The work of constructing the road was not commenced until the spring of 1847. Unlooked- for difficulties then delayed its completion until 1849, '" November of which year the first train of cars passed over it. Its route was finally established as follows : Commencing at Windsor, it follows the Connecticut River to the mouth of the White River ; thence up that stream to the source of its third branch ; thence, reaching the summit in Roxbury, it passes down the valley of Dog River and enters the Winooski valley near Montpelier ; thence continu- ing in the Winooski valley, it reaches its terminus at Burlington, a distance of 117 miles from Windsor. In accordance with the expressed wishes of a majority of the freeholders of Burlington, the road was first built from the river and lake through the ravine that divides the city of Burlington, across North, Pearl, College and Main streets to the rear of the site of the court- house and to its station on St. Paul street, which was the house now occupied by F. J. Hendee. The present route was not ready for use until 1861, when one train passed over it, and it was not regularly used until 1862. After the fall of 1862 the new route was used exclusively for freight and passenger trains,, excepting for a day or two in April, 1863, when the old route was resorted to, owing to a slide on the new tracks. Negotiations respecting the maintenance of highway bridges over the new road were not completed until 1864.1 On October 31, 1845, a similar act was passed, constituting Benjamin Swift, John Smith, Lawrence Brainerd, William O. Gadcomb, Victor Atwood. Abel Houghton, Gardner G. Smith, Romeo H. Hoyt, Samuel W. Keyes, Ste- phen S. Keyes, Timothy Foster, George Green, Bradley Barlow, Peter Chase^ Jacob Wead, William Green, Hiram Bellows, Homer E. Hubbell, Isaac Pat- rick Clark, Alvah Sabin, Joseph Clark, Albert G. Whittemore, Daniel H. Onion, Oscar A. Burton, Horace Eaton, William Clapp, and Asa Owen Aldis, ISee Benedict v.s. Heiueberg ; 43 \'t. Rep., 232. Internal Improvements. 191 and their associates and successors a body corporate by the name of the Ver- mont and Canada Railroad Company, with a capital stock, also, of one million dollars. Samuel W. Keyes, Stephen S. Keyes, Abel Houghton, Lawrence Brainerd, John Smith, Hiram Bellows, Joseph Clark, Lemuel B. Piatt, and Daniel H. Onion, were appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions to stock in Grand Isle and Chittenden counties. On the 15th of November, 1847, this act was amended and the right given to the company to construct its road " from some point in Highgate, on the Canada line, thence through the village of St. Albans to some point or points in Chittenden county, most convenient for meeting at the village of Burlington, a railroad to be built on the route de- scribed in the acts to incorporate the Champlain and Connecticut River Rail- road Company, and the Vermont Central Railroad Company." The route de- termined upon extends from Rouse's Point to Burlington, through Colchester, Milton, Georgia, St. Albans, Swanton and Alburgh, a distance of fifty-three miles. The work of its construction was begun early in September, 1848, in the northern part of Georgia, and completed early in 185 1. The first officers of this company were as follows : John Smith, president ; Samuel H. Walley, treasurer ; Lawrence Brainerd, clerk ; directors, John Smith, Charles Paine, S. S. Lewis, S. M. Felton, Law- rence Brainerd, William Farrar and Heman Carpenter. The present officers and directors are as follows : John L. Mason, president ; William G. Shaw, treasurer and clerk ; directors, John L. Mason, Jed. P. Clarke, Alfred S. Hall, Henry D. Hyde, Thomas H. Perkins, Augustus Russ, and Charles E. Billings. The Champlain and Connecticut River Railroad Company, above men- tioned, was chartered on the 31st of October, 1843, for the purpose and with the right of " constructing a railroad from some point at Burhngton, thence southwardly, through the counties of Addison, Rutland, Windsor and Wind- ham, to some point on the western bank of the Connecticut River." The route, fixed upon was from Bellows Falls to Burhngton, a distance of iigi miles, through portions of the valleys of Williams and Black Rivers, on the east side of the Green Mountains, and along the valleys of Otter Creek and Lake Cham- plain, on the west side. The first meeting of stockholders was held at Rutland on the 6th of May, 1845, Timothy Follett, of Burlington, being chairman, and A L Brown, of Rutland, clerk. It was there voted to open the books for subscriptions to stock on the loth of June following. On the 6th of Novem- ber, 1847, the name of the company was changed by the Legislature to the Rutland Jnd Burlington Railroad Company, and at a subsequent date to the Rutland Railroad Company. The construction of this road was begun m Feb- ruary, 1847, in the town of Rockingham, near Bellows Falls, and completed m December, 1849. On the 24th of August, 1849- the Vermont and Canada road was leased to the Vermont Central Railroad Company, which after the period of fifty years 192 History of Chittenden Countv. was to have an absolute grant of the same. The Vermont Central Railroad Company was afterwards forced to place the road under two mortgages, and on the 1 2th of Ma^', 1854, gave a deed of surrender to the trustees for the bondholders under the first mortgage, and on the 21st of June, 1854, to the trustees under the second mortgage. On the 23d of November, 1872, the bondholders under these mortgages were incorporated under the name of the Central Vermont Railroad Company, for the purpose of purchasing the stock of the Vermont Central and Vermont and Canada companies, its capital stock to be an amount sufficient to " purchase or retire the first and second mort- gage bonds of the Vermont Central Railroad," and such additional amount as should be authorized by a majoritj^ vote of the stockholders. George Nichols, John W. Stewart and Bradle)- Barlow \\ere appointed commissioners to receive subscriptions to stock. Meantime, on the 30th of December, 1870, the Rut- land Railroad was leased to the Vermont Central Company, and thus all the roads then opened in the county passed under the control of the Central Ver- mont. The Burlington and Lamoille Railroad Company was organized under the general laws of the State on the 24th of February, 1875, and the work of constructing its road was begun in Ma3' following, and opened for traffic on the 2d of July, 1877. It extends a distance of thirty-five miles, viz: from Bur- Hngton to Cambridge. The first officers of this company were : WilHam B. Hatch, of New York, president; N. Parker, of Burlington, vice-president; E. W. Peck, of Burlington, treasurer ; D. C. Linsley, of Burlington, manager. This road has also recently come under the control of the Central \'ermont Railroad Compan\'. The first board of directors of the Central Vermont Railroad Compan)% elected at St. Albans, May 21, 1873, were: Wm. Butler Duncan, S. L. M. Barlow, New York city ; Trenor W. Park, Bennington ; J. Gregory Smith, St. Albans; John B. Page, Rutland; Benjamin P. Chene}-, Boston; John Q. Hoyt, George H. Brown, John S. Schultze, New York cit)' ; Worthington C. Smith, St. Albans; Joseph Clark, Milton; J. G. McCullough, Bennington; James R. Langdon, Mont- pelier. The officers elected May 27, 1873, were : J. Gregory Smith, president; W. C. Smith, vice-president ; George Nichols, clerk ; J. Gregory' Smith, S. L. M. Barlow, Trenor W. Park, John S. Schultze, executive committee ; Duncan, Sherman & Co., financial agents; J. W, Hobart, general superintendent ; L. Millis, general freight agent. The present directors are : J. Gregory Smith, Joseph Hickson, Benjamin P. Cheney, Ezra H. Baker, James R. Langdon, W. H. Bingham, E. C. Smith. The present officers are : J. Gregory Smith, presi- dent ; J. R Langdon, first vice-president ; E. C. Smith, second vice-president ; J. W. Hobart, general manager ; J, M. Foss, general superintendent ; D. D. Ranlett, treasurer, and Geort^c Nichols, clerk. Educational Institutions. 193 CHAPTER X. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.' Fii-st ProoeiHlings Towards the Estalilishment of a College in Veniiont — Dartmouth's Proposition — Offer of Elijah Paine —The Liberal Offer of Ira Allen— Finally Effective and the the University Established at Burlington — The Vicissitudes of its History — The Vermont Agricultural College — The University Buildings — Billings Library — Public Schools of Bur- lington— Female Seminary — Voung Ladies' Sehool — Vermont Episcopal Institute — Acade- mies, etc., at Charlotte, Colehester, Essex, Hinesburg, Underhill, and Williston. UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.— The first hint of a college for the State of Vermont is found in the constitution of 1777, which declares that •• one university in this State ought to be established by direction of the Gen- eral Assembly." When, in 1779, the State began to grant charters for town- ships on its own authority, it reserved in each, one right of land, about 320 acres, " for the use of a seminary or college." These reservations amounted in all to some 29,000 acres, scattered through about 120 towns and gores, and lying mostly in the unsettled and mountainous sections of the State. Dart- mouth College obtained its charter in 1779, and was planted at Hanover, N. H., on the bank of the Connecticut, as a central position which might equally serve the convenience and obtain the patronage of both New Hampshire and the " New Hampshire Grants." Dartmouth, in fact, seems to have claimed Vermont as her preserve, and had such influence in the Legislature as to obtain, in 1785, the grant of an entire township of land, 23,040 acres, almost as much as all that had been reserved in scattered portions for a like institution in her own domain. In October, 1786, the General Assembly received and considered a letter from the secretary of the board of trustees of Dartmouth College, conveying a " grateful expression and high sense " of the beneficence of the State ; also a "letter and address of Mr. President Wheelock." The address suggested that the State should sequester to the use of the college " a part of the public [land] rights in the State, those only which were left for a society for the propagation of knowledge in foreign parts." In return for these expected concessions the college promised to educate students from Vermont without charge for tuition, not only in the collc;4c, but in academies which it was proposed to set up and maintain in the several counties in the State. A hint was also given of a " branch college " in Vermont, " if the Legislature shall ever think it neces- sary." It was suggested, further, that if Vermont should establish a college, it should be "joined in one bond of union " with Dartmouth. These proposi- tions were printed by order of the Assembly in both the Vermont newspapers, and severely criticised as an attempt to divert the glebe rights improperh', and 1 Prepared by Profes.'ior J. E. Goodrich. 194 History of Chittenden County. to prevent the founding of colleges in Vermont. The Assembly finally re- solved, March 3, 1787, that " the proposals of President Wheelock, in behalf of the trustees of Dartmouth College, are such that they cannot be accepted." There were those in the State, however, who thought that Vermont should have .a complete and independent educational equipment. In October of the year last named, the Hon. Elijah Paine, of Williamstown, offered to give two thousand pounds for the erection of buildings, etc., if the Legislature would locate the desired institution at Williamstown, and secure to it the use of the public lands. No action was had on this proposition until two years after, when an adverse report was presented, the committee deeming it inexpedient as yet to fix upon a definite location for a university, on account of the sparseness of the population. In October, 1789, the project of a State university was again urged upon the Legislature in a memorial by the Hon. Ira Allen, of Colchester, who presented various reasons for such an independent establishment, and suggested Burhng- ton as a suitable location. It was at some distance from the seat of Dartmouth College, easily reached by the inhabitants of Vermont, and readily accessible from Canada and the northern parts of New York. His arguments were sup- ported by an offer of four thousand pounds towards the founding of the pro- posed university if the Legislature would " locate it within two miles of Bur- lington Bay." Other subscriptions^ were added to those of Gen. Allen, mak- ing a total of five thousand six hundred and forty-three pounds and twelve shillings. Of the four thousand pounds, one thousand was to be paid partly " in a proper square of lands sufficient to erect all the public buildings on, to form a handsome green and convenient gardens for the officers of the college," and partly " in provisions, materials and labor in erecting the public buildings." The remaining three thousand pounds was to be paid " in new lands that will rent in produce, that is, Wheat, Beef, Pork, Butter or Cheese, for the annual in- terest at six per cent, of said ^^3,000." In consequence of this memo- rial, a committee was appointed " to draft a plan for a constitution and government of a college to be established in this State." Upon the question of location, however, the Legislature was not so well agreed. It was thought that other towns should have a chance to present their claims, so, after a long debate, a committee of seven was appointed, one from each county, " to receive absolute donations and particular subscriptions for a college." But no dona- tions or subscriptions were received. Gen. Allen's liberal offer havine discour- aged all competitors. In October of 1791 the Legislature again took up the project of establish- ing a State university. A bill was drawn, discussed, and passed in grand com- mittee, or as we would now say, in joint assembly ; but this bill had still to be iTlie gencial subscription was headed by Cioveriior Tliomas C]iittendcii with tlie sum of three hundred pounds. Educational Institutions. 195 •completed by designating the location and the names of the trustees. The mat- ter of location had been debated ever since the memorial of Elijah Paine, in 1785- Much discussion was had, a committee of inquiry appointed, and the claims of various other towns considered. Much interest had been awakened in various sections of the State, the southern portion claiming to be specially considered, as it had been longest settled. When the matter came to a vote, Burlington had €ighty-nine ballots, Rutland twenty-four, Montpelier five, Williamstown five, and other towns one each. The bill was passed without opposition, and ap- proved 3d of November, 1791. The trustees were to be the governor of the State, the speaker of the House of Representatives for the time being, and the president of the university, with ten others. This board was empowered to fill all vacancies, ex-officio members excepted, to take charge of all the lands given by " the authority of this State for the use and benefit of a college," to hold not more than 70,000 acres of land in this State, and to have freedom of taxa- tion for all property below one hundred thousand pounds. Its catholic relig- ious character was indicated in the provision that no preference should be given to any sect or religious denomination. Accordingly, the original board of trus- tees shows the names of one Baptist and two Congregational clergymen, and of one Friend. 1 The first meeting of the corporation was held at Windsor on the same day in which the charter was granted. A committee was appointed to solicit sub- criptions and to secure the donations which had previously been offered. The next meeting was held at BurHngton in June of the following year. The pres- ent site was chosen for the location of the university buildings, and a plot of fifty acres, then covered with stately pines, was set off from lands belonging to Gen. Ira Allen. The president's house was begun in 1794, but not com- pleted until 1799.- The Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, who the next year became president of the college, was invited from Vergennes to Burlington, took up 1 In a letter of St. John de Crevecoeur to Ethan Allen, written six years before the charter of the ■university Was granted, there is found an offer to "get another [seal] engraved for the college the State of Vermont intends erecting and I will take upon myself the imagining the device thereof I will do my best endeavours to procure from the king some marks of his bounty and some usefuU presents for the above college. The name of the new college I would beg to send it along with the new seal which I shall send you from Paris." Ethan Allen replies under date of 2d March, 1786 : " With respect to the college, a committee is now appointed to mark out the place, and as to the seal of the college and its device and any other matters relating thereto, the people in Vermont confide in Mr. St. John and are his humble serv'ts." (This St. John is the man after whom St. Johnsbury was named. He also suggested the name of Vergennes. Himself and his three children>ere naturalized as citizens of Vermont by special act, loth March, 17S7.) 2 In 1795 Ira Allen made a new proposition to the Legislature, viz.. Of a further donation of a thousand pounds in lands and one thousand more in books and apparatus, if they would consent to christen the rising institution "Allen's University." This offer seems not to have met with any favor. Allen's departure for Europe in the fall of this year, his subsequent detention there, and the serious financial loss sustained by him in consequence of an unfortunate ' enterprise in which he embarked at this time, were prominent among the causes of the seemingly needless delay in getting the university into operation. 196 History of Chittenden County. his residence in the new building, and received pupils in study preparatory to- a college course. The tuition charged for this service was $12 a year, his salary as minister of the town being but $400. The college officers were not appointed, nor was a college edifice begun,, until the year 1800. On the 17th of October Mr. Sanders was chosen presi- dent and authorized to employ a tutor to aid him in the work of instruction. The college proper began its operations in 1801 with a class of four, who were graduated three years after. With the exception of a single term in 1804, in which he had the assistance of a tutor. President Sanders constituted the entire working faculty until 1 807, giving six and sometimes eight or more hours a day to the labor of personal instruction. In addition, he was charged with the ordinary duties of a college presidency, having oversight of the building, do- nations, lands and other out-door interests of the institution. When we re- member that he was at the same time njinister of the parish of Burlington, we can easily believe him to have been a rather busy man. In 1807 the corporation took careful note of what had been accomplished, and laid their plans for enlargement and progress. The Rev. Samuel Williams, LL.D., author of a well-known history of Vermont, was soon appointed lec- turer on astronomy and natural philosophy, the first instruction of the kind, as is supposed, ever given in New England. In 1807 James Dean, a graduate of Dartmouth College, became tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy, and John Pomeroy, M.D., gave lectures in anatomy and surgery. Both these gen- tlemen were elected to professorships in 1809. The apparatus in astronomy and physics is said to have been more complete than in any other New Eng- land College, save the two old foundations of Harvard and Yale. The college library contained 100 volumes. There was also a society library of 100 vol- umes, and a "Burlington hbrary" estimated at a value of $500.00. The course of study was modeled in the main after that of Harvard, Dr. Sanders being a graduate of that institution. Tuiton was fixed at $12.00 a year, and there seem to have been no charges for incidentals. The expenses of living were so low that the president estimated that a student by teaching four months each winter at $16.00 a month could pay his board and all college bills, and leave at last with $32.00 in his pocket ! The president had a salary of $600.00; the professor of mathematics had exactly $348.71, and the tutor $300.00. The total income from lands was $1,048.71. The corporation appropriated $150.00 to purchase books for the library, and $100.00 to be added to the philosophical apparatus; and appointed David Russell, esq., as general agent to rent the public lands, sell lands not public, and look after the various out-door interests of the university. There were forty-seven students on the ground, and larger numbers were confidently expected. The work done and the growth attained in seven years justified large hopes for the future of the institution. Ira Allen's constructive ability. Dr. Williams's scholarship, the Educational Institutions. 197 trained sagacity of Samuel Hitchcock, the first secretary of the corporation, also a graduate of Harvard, the zeal and the indefatigable industry of President Sanders, and the vigorous and hopeful spirit of David Russell, the new finan- cial agent — these were sufficient guaranties of growth and prosperity. But trouble soon came. The university was ere long involved in a political war by reason of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1807, the first fore-runner of the War of 18 12. There was intense and systematic opposition in this section of the State to the action of the United States authorities. The prosperity of this region, and especially of this, the leading town, depended on free commercial intercourse with Canada. There was no outlet of any sort, east or south, for the surplus products of the country. So violent was the resistance to the measures of the Federal authorities that Vermont was at one time declared by proclama- tion of the president of the United States to be in a state of rebellion. Dr. Sanders had been so long identified with both town and college that he could not well refrain from uttering his convictions with boldness and energy. The ani- mosity engendered in this political war acted unfavorably upon the material in- terests of the university in many ways. Suffice is to say that whatever errors had been made in the obtaining the collection or the use of subscriptions were only too easily brought into the controversy by persons who had been irritated or disappointed. Then there was the competition between this and the Middle- bury College, which had been founded in 1800. The rival institution lay be- tween Burlington and a large number of the earlier settled towns of the State; it narrowed the field from which patronage was to be expected, and deprived the university in no slight degree of the sympathy and active support of the clergy, and other educated citizens of the commonwealth. It seems to have been the hope of those who secured the charter for Middlebury College that the establishment of a university here at Burlington might be forestalled by getting their own institution into active and succesful operation. This was located in the midst of the wealthiest and most populous section of the State ; in the midst, also, of the most active religious influence. It was only natural that appeals should be made in its behalf to the religious prejudices of the good people of the State, and not without effect. Students were drawn away from the university and the sympathies of the clergy, and of religious people generally, gathered about the sister college. About this time, 1809- 10, certain friends of the university thought that its interests might be furthered by effecting a closer union with the State. An act passed on the lOth of November, 18 10, completely changed the constitu- tion of the board of control. The Legislature was thereafter to elect five trustees every three years ; and ten members, a majority of the whole board, were at once chosen. In 1823 the number of trustees was increased to twenty- eight ; an arrangement which lasted only five years, all parties being ready in 1828 to return to the original charter. This scheme of close affiliation between 198 History of Chittenden County. the Legislature and the university failed to secure the advantages which had been expected from it. The new corporation began, however, with vigor and system. The finances were examined, and a better agency organized to manage the funds and lands of the university. Four new professorships were established, and the outlook was full of hope. Such men as Samuel Hitchcock, Dudley Chase, Titus Hutch- inson, Royall Tyler and William C. Bradley — a group of names combining scholarship, knowledge of affairs, and a disposition to scrutinize and keep watch over the details of administration — such men, had they not been absorbed in politics, might have given to the nascent university an enlarged scope and an increase of stability and usefulness. But at this time politics took precedence of all other subjects. The restric- tions laid upon trade had all but ruined Northern Vermont. Smuggling was rife on the frontier. The whole border was lined with customs officers. War was declared against Great Britain on the i8th of June, 181 2, and troops were ordered to Burlington, which became the headquarters of military operations. The college edifice was seized for an arsenal, and soon after was demanded for barracks. So the corporation, making a virtue of necessity, on the 24th of March, 18 14, leased the building to the United States government for $5,000 a year, and resolved " that the regular course of instruction be, and hereby is, suspended, and that those officers of the college to whose offices salaries are annexed, be dismissed from their offices, respectively." The members of the senior class received their degrees, and the younger students were recommend- ed to complete their studies elsewhere. The university was reorganized in the summer of 1815 with a new faculty, of which the Rev. Samuel Austin, of Worcester, Massachusetts, was the head. The college building was repaired by the United States government, and in- struction began in September. But the financial affairs of the institution were not yet on a sound footing. The rent paid by the United States was applied to the canceling of old debts, supposed to have been outlawed. After six years (March, 1821) President Austin resigned, and was succeeded by the Rev. Daniel Haskell, then pastor of the First Church, Burlington, as president pro tempore. But so great were the difficulties and so few the encouragements of the situation that announcement was actually made that instruction would cease to be given in the college at the end of the fall term. A few of the graduates, however, were not so utterly disheartened. A literary society in the university held a meeting, along with the alumni in the town, to consider a proposition to divide the library of the society. The discussion developed various and con- flicting opinions, and continued for several evenings. A young professor, Arthur L. Porter, protested against the scattering of the library, as treason in the republic of letters. He insisted that the college might be revived, and out- lined the course to be adopted to that end. The result of his appeal was the "^^ c 9 J w. (AAA_AjrmA Educational Institutions. 199 restoration of harmony and the appointment of a committee to do what might be possible to turn the tide and resuscitate the institution. By the end of the term Mr. Haskell had been regularly appointed president, and James Dean professor of mathematics. The efforts of the young m£n were rewarded with a high degree of success. In about two years the number of students was raised from twenty-two to seventy. But now came sudden disaster and darkness. On the 27th of May, 1824, " the noble college edifice," as Thompson calls it, was reduced to ashes by an accidental fire, along with portions of the library and apparatus. And to add to the calamity, President Haskell, the high-priest of this temple of science, overburdened with trials and anxieties, was smitten with insanity ! The de- struction of the building seemed to have been received as a challenge by the generosity of the good people of Burlington. Before commencement in Au- gust they had raUied again to the help of the college and subscribed more than $8,300 for a new edifice. This resulted mainly from the efforts of the same young men who two years before had prevented the closing of the college doors and apparently started the university on a career of prosperity. Let us set down here the names of Charles Adams, Luman Foote, John N. Pomeroy and Gamaliel Sawyer, all four graduates of the college and worthy to be re- membered with those of Professor Porter and Nathan B. Haswell, as the names of young men whose energy and hopeful enthusiasm secured the erection of a building to take the place of the one destroyed. Within three months plans were adopted and the construction of the building contracted for. A presi- dent and new professors were obtained, and instruction was continued while the new buildings were in process of erection. Prayers and recitations were attended in a large and unoccupied dry goods store at the north end of the college park, or " square," as it was then called. The corner-stone of the north college was laid by Governor Van Ness April 26, 1825, Charles Adams, esq., of the class of 1804, delivering the address. The laying of the corner- stone of the south college, by Lafayette, on the 29th of June of the same year, is commemorated by a stone with an appropriate inscription, which has been moved from its original position, and now rests in the southwest corner of the central projection of the main college building. The Rev. James Marsh was elected to the presidency in October, 1825, his immediate predecessor. Dr. Willard Preston, having held office but a single year. George W. Benedict was then in charge of the department of mathe- mathics and natural philosophy, and the Rev. Joseph Torrey was called in 1827 to the chair of Greek and Latin. Mr. Marsh was more variously and more profoundly learned than any one who had preceded him in the office. He had had experience in the work of college instruction, and had well-con- sidered views of his own as to the scope and method of college disciphne ; and his colleagues were not unworthy coadjutors of their chief The course of study was at once brought under review and some modifications made in 1827. 200 History of Chittenden County. In 1829 was published an " Exposition of the System of Instruction and Dis- cipUne pursued in "the University of Vermont," followed in 1831 by an en- larged edition of the same. It is the tradition that this document was written in the main by Professor George W. Benedict. There is not space here to outline the contents of this pamphlet. It was received with marked favor, and is believed to have had important influence in shaping the higher education of the country. It is still referred to as a land-mark in the development of the present system of college studies. In 1832 Dr. Marsh resigned the presidency to give himself to the duties of the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy, and the Rev. John Wheeler, of Windsor, Vt., succeeded him. Mr. Farrand N. Benedict at the same time became professor of mathematics. A subscription of $25,000, begun before Dr. Marsh's resignation, was not only completed in 1834, but so increased that about $30,000 was realized from it. This increase of funds enabled the college to increase its teaching force, to purchase philosophical apparatus and a valuable library of 7,000 volumes, to repair the buildings, and pay some pressing debts. And the efforts made in raising the subscription made the institution more widely known, and increased its influence and the number of its friends. In- deed, a new interest was awakened in the subject of collegiate education throughout the State. A word should be said of the library then procured. The greatest care was used and the best advice taken in the selection of the books. The agent sent abroad to purchase them was Professor Joseph Torrey, than whom a more competent person could not have been found. The 7,000 volumes were bought at an average price of about $1.25 a volume, and the collection was one which, for the uses of a collegiate institution, was excelled by no library in the United States, except perhaps that of Harvard. How incomplete it was, none knew better than the men who spent so much time and thought in selecting it. At this time the financial affairs of the institution were carefully examined, lands looked up, college property inventoried, and a proper system of book- keeping instituted. The carelessness and unwisdom with which the affairs of the university had sometimes been managed may be illustrated by the fact that General Ira Allen's original liberal grant of fifty acres for the college site had been alienated to pay agents and others, until only one acre and a half re- mained ! One cannot think of such reckless waste of the original resources of the institution without indignation ! The sagacious and far-reaching plans of Allen were balked, and for the time in large measure defeated by the incom- petence and greed of agents. ^ I It will be of interest to add that tlie original domain of the university was part of lot No. 112 on the town plan. Us south boundary was Main street, while on the west it took in the houses now on the west side of College Park and a portion of the gardens adjoining. The north line seems to- have been near where the museum now stands. Educational Institutions. 201 The prospects of the university were now bright and hopeful. To secure what had been gained, and to insure further progress and growth another sub- scription was started in 1836 with promise of success, but disaster came instead ! One general bankruptcy involved the whole country in 1837. Debts could not be collected. The banks suspended specie payments. Many of the States actually repudiated their obligations. Money vanished from men's sight. To raise money for a college in the face of general financial wreck was, of course, impossible. The wonder is, that the professors did not desert their posts. Rents, tuitions and subscriptions alike went in large part unpaid. The library was attached by an importunate creditor, himself hard pressed by others, and advertised to be sold by the sheriff. The college emerged from the fearful crisis of 1837-39 with a debt of about $25,000, but without sacrifice of a dollar of its property, or dishonor to its commercial credit. But with what toil and privation and self-denial to the instructors themselves and to their families, will never be known. In 1839 plans were laid and measures taken with a view to enlargement and future growth. Twenty-one acres of land were added, by purchase, to the acre and a half, and the trustees were recommended by the board of in- struction to acquire the whole plot of land lying within the public roads which surround the university. This same year the Hon. Azariah Williams, of Con- cord, Vt, made over to the college his large landed estate valued at $25,000. This year, too, the college received its first legacy, $500, from the Hon. Elijah Paine, of Williamstown, Vt, and others made promises to remember the uni- versity in their wills. In 1842 occurred the death of Dr. James Marsh. Professor Torrey was transferred to the chair of philosophy and Calvin Pease succeeded him in that of Latin and Greek. In 1 845 the Rev. W. G. S. Shedd was elected professor of English literature, and a new subscription was begun with the intention of raising $100,000. $50,000 was subscribed and secured. In 1847 Professor G. W. Benedict resigned, after twenty-two years of devoted and most effective service. In 1848 President Wheeler resigned, and the next year the Rev. Worthington Smith, D. D., of St. Albans, Vt., was chosen to fill the office. A new subscription was opened, with a view to raise $30,000, and the university entered upon a period of moderate prosperity. The six classes which entered during Dr. Smith's administration graduated a total of 135, the largest num- bering twenty- seven. President Smith's health faihng in 1855, he was suc- ceeded in the presidency by Professor Pease, who retained the office until Feb- ruary, 1862, when he was called to the pastorate of a church in Rochester, N. Y. In the following September Professor Torrey was made president, and filled the office until 1866. The operations of the university were once more sadly interrupted by the civil war. In 186 1 a large proportion of the undergraduates, moved by their love 202 History of Chittenden County. of the fatherland, exchanged the " still air of delightful studies " for the commo- tion and dangers of the tented field. They rushed to the defense of the coun- try with an alacrity which threatened to leave the dormitories and lecture- rooms empty. The catalogue of 1862-63 shows that of a total enrollment of sixty-four ; twenty-eight, or forty-four per cent, of the whole number, were in actual service in the field. And it appears that college boys made good sol- diers, as even at that early period of the war one is set down as captain of cav- alry, six as lieutenants, and others as filling various subaltern offices. Some of them gained higher posts subsequently, and others of them — are not the names of these young patriots inscribed on the memorial tablet in the chapel of the University ? And again it took a long time to recover from the effects direct and indirect of the war. Some, as was natural, never returned to complete their course at the university. Others, who were in the way to a college training, also joined the army, and came out of the war too old, as they thought, to enter college, or with complete change of plans and aims. The universal rule, " To him that hath shall be given," operated here as elsewhere. The classes were for a time so small as to cease to be attractive to young men, and not a few went outside the State to pursue their college course. By act of the General Assembly, 9th November, 1865, the Vermont Agri- cultural College, which had been chartered the year before, was incorporated with the University of Vermont. One of the conditions of the original char- ter was that $100,000 should be raised by voluntary subscription for its endow- ment or other uses. This not having been complied with, the charter of the college would, by one of its provisions, have lost its validity by 15th November, 1865, had not the union been consummated. The expenses of this college or department are defrayed by the Agricultural College Fund, provided by the act of Congress of 2d July, 1862, the income of which is $8,130 annually. The act under which the college is organized prescribes that its "leading object shall be, without excluding classical and other scientific studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts.'' In accordance with this act, the university has estab- lished courses in civil engineering, mining engineering, chemistry and agricul- ture. A literary-scientific course has also been added for the benefit of such as desire the advantages of the regular academic course, but are unable to pur- sue Greek. The instruction in botany, philosophy, zoology and geology, comes naturally also is within the scope of the ordinance just cited. Very soon after this union was effected, the corporation invited Prof James B. Angell, LL. D,, of Providence, R. I., to the presidency. He was inaugurated 1st August, 1866, and entered with sagacity and vigor upon the difficult duties of the position. Money was to be raised, friends, war and enemies to be con- ciliated, facilities and men provided for the new courses of instruction, repairs Educational Institutions. 203 to be made, students to be gathered, and hope and courage to be infused into the whole constituency of the college. There were conflicting views and in- terests also to be harmonized. Not a few of the alumni looked with a feeling akin to jealousy and distrust upon the " agricultural " member of the new firm ; and the " practical " friends of the new college deemed the successful raising of a bed of beets to be of more profit to the State, and more in the hne of the real intent of Congress than all the " dead " languages and fine-spun metaphys- ics in the old-fashioned curriculum. Mr. Angell soon gave proof of his rare quahties, in the quiet yet masterly skill which characterized his administration. He had a large business capacity, tact in the development of his plans, and a quick insight into the characters and motives of men. His cordial manners and power of persuasive speech drew students and others into terms of liking and friendship, and disarmed the almost hostility with which some of his plans were regarded by some of the older graduates of the institution. He introduced, also, into the college, and into the relations of the college with the city, a new and exceedingly pleasant social element — one which has not yet ceased to char- acterize the intercourse of citizens and students. Under Mr. Angell's leader- ship the university made a steady advance both as to facilities and as to the number of undergraduates. By 1867 the alumni had subscribed $25,000 to en- dow a professorship in honor of Dr. James Marsh, and about as much more had been promised for other objects. In 1869 Mr. Angell reported that there were already upon the books about $75,000 of the $80,000 which it was pro- posed to obtain immediately. This subscription was completed in October of that year. The money was used in part for the renovation and remodeling of the college building, the equipment of the new laboratory, and the erection of the president's house. The catalogue of 1866 shows a total of thirty-one stu- dents; that of 1870, of sixty-seven. At the close of the year 1870—71 Mr. Angell resigned, to accept the presi- dency of the University of Michigan, and Professor Matthew H. Buckham, who was graduated from the university in 185 i, and who had served the institution in the chairs of Greek and of English for fifteen years, was elected to the vacant office. At the same meeting of the trustees a vote was passed to admit young women to the academic and scientific departments of the university, under such regulations as the faculty should prescribe. Curiously enough, on the very same day on which this vote was passed, the associate alumni, after a spir- ited debate, also passed a resolution, requesting the corporation " to consider whether they should not now offer its privileges to all persons, male and female alike," and expressing the conviction that " right and justice, a wise philosophy and a sagacious policy, invite to this new course." One young woman en- tered the classical department in the spring and six more in the fall of 1872. The university sought in this way to meet one of the growing needs of the time, and contribute something to the raising of the standard, though without the 204 History of Chittenden County. expectation that women would come in large numbers to avail themselves of the benefits offered. At that date few schools in the country offered to wo- men the opportunity for a sound and well-balanced training. Vassar College was then the only institution east of the Hudson which pretended to give the equivalent of a collegiate course. Some of the recent gains and changes must be very hastily sketched. In June, 1881, John P. Howard, esq., of Burlington, gave $50,000 for the endow- ment of the chair of natural history. The surplus income after the professor's salary is paid is to be applied to the increase of the museum and library. John N. Pomeroy, LL. D., of Burlington, a graduate of the class of 1809, and for several years the oldest living alumnus, left $20,000 by will, toward the endow- ment of the chair of chemistry, a department in which Mr. Pomeroy had long years before given the first course of lectures ever offered in the university. June 26, 1883, was dedicated the bronze statue of Lafayette, which now graces the center of the park, and is said to be the most successful work of America's foremost living sculptor, Mr. J. Q. A. Ward. This also was Mr. Howard's gift. And it is not without reason that Mr. Howard's name is in- scribed at one angle, and Lafayette's at another angle of the foundation walls of the principal university building. (See what is said, post, about the college buildings.) In 1883 the Hon. Frederick Billings, of Woodstock, presented to the uni- versity, first, the famous library of the Hon. George P. Marsh, a collection of 12,000 volumes of rare value and interest ; and secondly, the munificent sum of $100,000 for the erection of a library building suitable to enshrine such treas- ures as the Marsh collection and the old college library. The Billings Library was completed in July, 1885, at a total cost of $150,000; such a repository for literary treasures as no other college in America possesses, and matched, for ele- gance and serviceableness combined, by few the other side of the sea. I can only name the Park Gallery of Art, founded in 1873, by the Hon. Trenor W. Park, of Bennington, which contains a choice collection of casts, paintings, engravings, etc.; the enlarged laboratory, with its ample facilities for chemical manipulation and experiment; the Commons Hall, built in 1885; the engineering course which has introduced so many young men into lucra- tive and honorable positions; the improvements in park and grounds; the considerable increase in the number of scholarships, and other proofs of the public confidence, and a steady and substantial progress. The latest catalogue (1885-86) presents an enrollment of 143 students in arts and science, besides 20 in special courses, and 191 in the medical college. The graduating class this year (1886) numbered 29, the largest in the history of the institution. The total number of graduates in course is 1,038, of whom 31 are women. The whole number who have been graduated from the med- ical school is 1,201. Educational Institutions. 205 What sort of discipline the university gives, what kind of men it sends out, may be seen by scanning the roll of its alumni. Dr. Shedd, now of Union Theological Seminary ; Dr. Clark, of the A. B. C. F. M.; Dr. Spalding, of Syracuse, N. Y.; Dr. Cutler, of Worcester, Mass.; Dr. Dwinell, of California; Dr. J. H. Hopkins, of Wilkesbarre, Pa.; Bishops Bissel, of Vermont, and Howe, •of South Carolina, are living specimens from the long list of preachers and theologians whom it has helped to equip. What is has done for law and states- manship may be suggested by the names of Collamar, Culver, Aldis, Kasson, Eaton, Gilbert, Hale, Benedict, Bennett, Jameson, Palmer, Powers, Smith — a list that might be greatl}' extended. Among the graduates who have been presidents or professors in other colleges may be mentioned Marsh, Herrick, and Ferrin, of Pacific University ; Williams, Wead, Kent, Wells, Dennison, and Dewey, of Michigan University ; Peabody, of Illinois Industrial Univer- sity; Allen, of the University of Pennsylvania; Tuttle, of Cornell; Woodruff, of Andover — but we will not complete the roll. As to those who have done yeoman's service in other departments of educational work, they are too many for separate mention. And the university has done something for journalism. In the person of Henry J. Raymond it founded the New York Times; in that of James R. Spalding, of the same class. (1840), it created the New York World. It was Alexander Mann, of the class of 1838, who made the Rochester American a power outside the State of New York, as well as within it. Dr. Gilbert, in his conduct of the Chicago Advance, has both done good battle for religion and morals, and won himself a good report. But the list would be too long, if we were to give half the names which deserve place here. A list of the men of business who have received the diploma of the uni- versity would include railroad kings, manufacturers whose wares are sold on other continents, and publishers whose imprint is familiar wherever English books are read. We cannot find space for even a part of it. And we have given these few names mainly to show by living examples that the institution at least does no harm to such earnest and capable young men as seek from it a practical training for their life-work. And some, as the record shows, and as we are glad to add, go back again from the college to that oldest and honora- blest of all professions, agriculture, and so give practical demonstration that Greek and science and philosophy are no disqualification or damage even to the farmer! The University Buildings.— Ixi October, 1793, the corporation voted "that early in the next summer a house shall be built on the college square for the use of the university." This building was intended for the residence of the president. It was begun in 1794, and nearly completed in 1795, but was not finished so as to be occupied until I799. It was situated on the east side of the college park, a little to the south and west of the present museum building. 14 2o6 History of Chittenden County. It was of wood, 48 by 32 feet, two stories high, with hipped roof. After serv- ing its original purpose for many years, in process of time this building be- came unfit for the residence of the president, and degenerated into a tene- ment house. It was commonly known, forty years ago, as " the Old Yel- low House," — and among the students, owing to the number and variety of it» occupants, as the " House of the Seven Nations." One still, cold night in the winter of 1844 it was burned to the ground — by a stroke of lightning, as was said by the students. The faculty, however, had a different theory of the matter. The original college edifice proper was erected in 1801. In October of 1799 the citizens of Burlington offered to the corporation a special subscription of $2,300 to aid in the erection of this building and in^the procuring of books and apparatus, and contracts for the building were made the next year. The structure occupied the same site as the present edifice, and was of brick, 160 feet long, seventy-five feet wide in the center and forty-five in the wings, and four stories in height. It had a hall in each story running the entire length of the building, and contained a chapel, seven public rooms, and forty-five rooms for students. This building was destroyed on the 24th of May, 1824, by an accidental fire, said to have been caused by sparks faUing upon the roof from one of the chimneys. The sparks were afterward ascertained to have come from some shavings which a student had set on fire in his stove on the ground floor. The "different college buildings" were stated by the Vermont Sentinel in July, 1805, to have cost thus far $24,391 ; but this must be too low a figure, as Thompson gives the cost of the original main building alone at about $35,- 000, " the greater part of which was contributed in Burlington and vicinity." It appears also that the funds for building the original president's house came mainly from Burlington. The new plan embraced three buildings, the north and south ones each three stories high and seventy-five feet long by thirty-six wide, while the mid- dle one was eighty-six feet long with a projection in front and rear, and was designed for administrative purposes. It contained the chapel, museum, library and lecture rooms, besides two rooms which were assigned to the two rival debating societies, the "Phi Sigma Nu"and "University Institute," each with its separate room for a library. The north and south college buildings were finished in the course of 1825-26, and cost about $10,000, "nearly all sub- scribed by inhabitants of Burlington and vicinity." The middle college was erected and nearly completed in 1829 and cost about $9,000. The dome by which it was surmounted, and which for more than fifty years served as a beacon for the wide region of country between the Green Mountains and the Adirondacks, was designed and the working plans therefor executed by the late Professor George W. Benedict. Educational Institutions. 207 The north and south college buildings were fitted for dormitories. Each was built in two " divisions," separated by partition walls. There were no halls lengthwise of any of the buildings, and it was impossible to pass from one division to another or to the center building, without going out of doors. All the buildings were of brick and covered originally with tin, which was subse- quently, about thirty-eight years ago, replaced with Welsh slate. At this time the buildings, which were originally separated by spaces of some seven feet, were connected so as to form a continuous wall, and the small rooms thus gained were used in various ways. The total length of the old building amounted, according to these figures, to 250 feet. In the olden time there were recitation rooms on the lower floor of south college. Soon after Mr. Angell assumed the presidency [in 1866], the lower story of the north college was taken for the general laboratory, lecture, assay- ing rooms and other uses of the chemical department. The chapel was refitted and refurnished somewhere about i860. In 1861, or the earlier part of 1862, the south college was thoroughly repaired and the interior changed so as to fur- nish convenient suites of rooms for the use of students. The students' rooms in the north college were remodeled after a similar plan two or three years later. In 1862, also, the present museum building, 40x60 feet, was erected. This was originally but two stories high, and owed its existence mainly to the efibrts of President Pease and Professor Clark. The third story was added in 1864, at the expense of the Hon. Trenor W. Park, of Bennington, for the accommoda- tion of the art gallery. What has been known to later generations of students as " the old president's house " — that now occupied by Professor Petty — is be- heved on good authority to have been standing in 1808. By whom or when it was built I have not been able to ascertain. It did not belong originally to the university. C. P. Van Ness is said to have lived in it in 1 809 and for many years after that date to have owned and occupied it ; but President Haskell is affirmed to have made it his residence after his resignation of the pastorate of the First Church [in 1822], and President Marsh lived and died in it [1826- 42]. It was familiarly known in distinction from the first president's man- sion— " the Old Yellow House"— as the ".White House." Not long after the death of Dr. Marsh it became a college boarding-house, and for some years gathered more students about its long tables than any other three or four houses in the village. ^ President Marsh's office, a one-story wooden building, used to stand near the street line to the southwest of the house, and we believe is still preserved as a part of the cottage now occupied by the college janitor. The president's mansion, now occupied by President Buckham, was built for President Angell in 1869. It was erected during the days of inflated cur- rency, when it took a great deal of money to buy a very little of any other commodity, and cost some $14,000, raised by subscription in Burhngton. 2o8 History of Chittenden County. In 1882-83, by the liberality of Mr. John P. Howard, what is known to the present generation as the old college building was thoroughly remodeled and reconstructed at an expense of nearly $50,000. Greater height was given to each story, and the ends and center brought forward by projections, giving a depth at the center of sixty feet, and at the ends of forty-two feet The center of the building rises a story higher than the rest and is sur- mounted by a belfry and spire, the gilded finial of which is 150 feet from the ground. The tip of the center gable is ninety-three feet from the ground. Between the large projections and gables are two smaller ones, in which are the two front entrances. As to interior arrangement, the chapel occupies the same position as in the old college building. It is 65 feet long, 33 feet wide and 23 feet high. Under the chapel is the drill room, over it the lecture room of the professor of civil engineering, and a drawing room. Opening from the main halls on each side of the central projection are the president's office, waiting room, etc. To the south and north of these halls are six lecture rooms, each 33 by 25 feet, with large lobbies attached and two smaller recitation rooms, besides rooms for apparatus, chemical stores, etc. At the north end is the chemical laboratory, over that the rest of this end and the whole of the south end are devoted to dormitories. The fourth story affords a large additional number of dor- mitories. The first lectures in the medical department were to be mixed classes of ladies and gentlemen of the old "Pearl-street House," not the structure at pres- ent occupied by the St. Joseph's College, but one which was burned on the same site. The old medical college building, at the south end of the park, was erected in 1829, and was originally a plain, brick structure of two stories. During the suspension of the medical department from 1830 to 1853, the laboratory and lecture room in this building were used by the professor of chemistry and nat- ural philosophy for the lectures on chemistry and physiology in the academical course. In 1859, at an expense of some $4,000, the medical building was thoroughly overhauled, and greatly enlarged b}- an extension to the rear and by the addition of another story, to afford room for an enlarged amphitheatre, etc. In 1880 the lecture rooms were again enlarged, this time to the utmost extent the building would admit of, and a new chemical laboratory and dissect- ing rooms were provided, in a two-story addition in the rear of the main struc- ture. But these accommodations soon came to be too narrow, and in 1884 were abandoned for the new quarters at the north end of the park. This build- ing, formerly the residence of Governor Underwood, was purchased, refitted, and presented to the university for the use of the medical college by the same generous friend who had previously rebuilt the main college edifice. The Billings Library w^% completed and dedicated in the summer of 1885, Educational Institutions. 209 the building having been begun in the fall of 1883. It is of sandstone from Longmeadovv, Mass., 167 feet in length, and 6^ feet in depth at the center. The polygonal apse is 52 feet high and 47 feet in diameter. From the ground to the apex of the central gable is 62 feet, the width of the main front being 58-5- feet. The central tower is 90 feet high, constructed entirely of stone. The main library room is 62 feet long by 41 feet broad, with a room beneath of the same dimensions, intended for duplicates, Congressional documents and other volumes not likely to be often consulted, as well as for work-tables at which volumes are to be prepared for the bindery or for shelving. The library is heated by steam, the boiler for which is located about 170 feet east of the building. The central hall is used as a reading and reference room, the north hall for study, and there are four special rooms, besides the librarian's, in any one of which a student or writer who has need of absolute solitude may be entirely by himself The interior is richly finished in Georgia pine, with the exception of the brick floors, and the furniture of the Hbrary, which is of oak. The massive mantle-piece too is of oak, and shows some very fine carving. Excellent carving is exhibited also in the hammer-beams of the apse for Marsh Library, and in the stone work about and above the entrance. At the angle of the gable, upon a huge round stone, is carved the seal of the university with its venerable motto, stndiis rebus honestis. But there is not space here for a full and detailed description. Suffice it to say that the architetture is of the Romanesque order ; that the edifice is one among the most successful of those lately erected by Mr. H. H. Richardson, a man whose recent death has been so deeply deplored by all intelligent lovers of architectural art; and that a half hour's visit to the building will give one a better idea of it than a hundred pages of figures and adjectives. When you visit it you will find a thing of beauty not only, but of highest utility and convenience, and will see over the generous mantle the face of the princely donor, Frederick Billings, an alumnus of 1844, and a fellow-townsman of the Marshes. The Public Schools in Burlington. — The first school-house in the town of Burlington was built a little to the east of the building now occupied by St. Joseph's College, and was taught by Nathaniel Winslow. " I went there to school about ten days," says one of the early settlers, " and could learn nothing from him." In 1790 the town was divided into two school districts, in 1795 into three, into four the next year, and in 1813 there were eight. It was then deemed best to consohdate the three village districts into one, but in 1829 this village district was again divided, this time into six. Burlington Academy, as it was called, came into being in 1820. Its affairs were managed by a corporation, and its support derived from a charge for tui- tion. The " academy " building stood on the corner of College and Willard streets, just where the present high-school edifice stands, and waa regarded as a 210 History of Chittenden County. commodious and convenient structure until the latter years of its existence. The Burlington High School was incorporated October 22, 1829, and seems to have succeeded to all the rights and duties of the " academy." Boys had here a chance to prepare for college, or to push their English studies further than was possible in the ordinary public schools. The first teacher in the academy was Master Caulkings, whose traditional reputation seems to indicate a man well fitted by gifts and acquirements for the post of preceptor. The school admit- ted both sexes. In 1849 a union school district was organized from five of the eight districts then existing in the village. The several districts were to maintain primary and middle schools under separate control; but more advanced instruction was provided by a tax laid on the five districts in common. This scheme was con- tinued for nineteen years, and had for a time a salutary effect on the schools below. The school bore a deservedly high reputation, being presided over by teachers of sound scholarship and considerable experience. The first princi- pal, H. N. Hibbard, now Judge Hibbard of Chicago, was succeeded by S. H. Peabody, now regent of Illinois University. He was followed by H. B. Buck- ham, for many years and until the present year (1886) the head of the State Normal School at Buffalo, N. Y. Other names are those of C. W. Thompson and A. A. Smith, both clergymen at present, and Isaac N. Camp, now a mer- chant in Chicago. Miss Jane Noble was preceptress for five years, the one ele- ment of permanence in the board of instruction. Miss Katharine A. Hagar held the same position for several years from 1855. Previously to 1849 Jo^l I. Benedict, afterwards professor in the New York Free Academy, was precep- tor of the academy for a time, and gave the school an enviable fame by his skill in teaching mathematics. And after his time it was not unusual for classes to be pursuing trigonometry, surveying, and the calculus, with an enthusiasm which shamed the young men in the university. The Latin classes read Livy and Tacitus, as well as the ordinary texts of the preparatory course, and sometimes the girls essayed Greek. The time-honored district system, supplemented by the union district which provided academic instruction for the village, continued until 1868. By spe- cial act of the Legislature, November 19, 1867, subsequently accepted by the city as a part of its charter, the ten school districts of the city (there had been sixteen in the town) were abolished, and the nineteen schools maintained by them, including the Union High School, came under the supervision of a board of six school commissioners, two from each ward, and a superintendent elected by their board. This was changed by the amended charter of the city, No- vember 26, 1872, to a board of five commissioners, one from each of the five wards, severally elected for a term of two years. The schools were at once graded so far as the existing buildings would allow, special pains taken in the selection of teachers, a uniform course of sUid>- established, a teachers' institute Educational Institutions. 211 held for the training of teachers in the two lower grades, teachers' meetings fre- quently called, a teachers' library founded, and an evening school established for such as could not attend the day school. The time of daily school attend- ance was reduced at once to five hours per day, in the primary schools to four and a half hours, and opportunity given to the teachers to visit other schools, and study the plans and methods of others. As rapidly as the funds would allow, increased and improved accommodations were gained by selling the old school-houses and building larger ones. At first there were three grammar schools, one for each ward. After the erection of the present high-school build- ing, in 1 87 1, the grammar school grade occupied the lower stofy of this edifice, though this soon proved insufficient to accommodate the increasing numbers, and the overflow was accommodated in the " annex," on the corner of Main and South Union streets. The succession of superintendents has been the fol- lowing: J. E. Goodrich, A. J. Willard, John H. French, H. L. Dodge, C. J. Al- ger and H. C. Wheeler, the last of whom still holds the office, having been elected in 1880. Mr. Alger had charge of the schools during the previous five years, and by his faithful, intelligent and vigorous supervision did much to raise the standard of instruction, and increase the efficiency of the school. The report of the superintendent of 1866 (Rev. E. Mix) is a general indict- ment of almost everything and everybody connected with the schools ; and that for 1867 (M. H. Buckham) is hardly less severe. It maintains the "be- lief that our public schools, as they now are, are unworthy of patronage," and speaks of the condition of our schools for the last twenty years as " source of grief and mortification to a large majority of our citizens." This disgraceful state of our means and methods of public education in 1868 can hardly be con- ceived by those who are acquainted with the commodious and healthful school buildings, the systematic and competent instruction, the helps and appliances provided for the teachers' use, and the effective supervision, of the present day. In 1869 intelligent citizens of Burlington were confident that they had estab- lished the best school system in Vermont. To-day they are proud of the schools themselves, and may safely challenge comparison with any other portion of the State. The High School in particular enjoys an enviable reputation both as a place of general education and preparation for the ordinary duties of citizen- ship and as a fitting school for those who intend pursuing a university course, and is largely patronized by the towns adjoining. The successive principals since 1868 have been the following: Marcia P. Brown, Louis Pollens, Charles S. Halsey, Joseph D. Bartley, D. Temple Torrey and S. W. Landon. Mr. Landon was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1874, and came to his present post after an exceptionally successful career as principal of the High School in St. Albans. The school never stood higher than to-day in the public estimation, for both[the moral and the mental discipline which it affords. The last school report (for 1885) shows a roll of thirty-three teachers, besides five 212 History of Chittenden County. pupil teachers, the teachers in two day and one evening ungraded schools, and two special instructors, one in elocution and one in vocal music. The latter gentleman, N. H. Thompson, has shown remarkable aptness and ability in his department, having filled the place since 1881, as also during the years 1877-78. It appears that in 1883 three of the teachers were graduates of college, thirteen of normal schools, one of Mt. Holyoke, and nine of high schools (six of the city high schools). The salary account in 1885 was $16,927.87, and the total ex- pense $23,429.22. Tuition from non-resident pupils, $977. The city owes a large debt to such men as James B. Angell, William G. Shaw, G. G. Benedict, M. H. Buckham, L. L. Lawrence, Henry Loomis, Rev. L. G. Ware, Rev. George B. Safford, S. Huntington, C. F. Ward, and others,, who as school commissioners contributed so much by their counsel and their influence to the development and success of the present system of city schools. And this, although without pay or reward. Burlington Female Seminary. — The project of a separate school for the education of girls seems to have been suggested and urged as early as 1832 by the Rev. John K. Converse, who came to Burlington in April of that year to become the pastor of the First Church. He tried to convince the citizens that the sums annually expended for the education of their girls were sufficient, if united, to maintain a school of high grade in their own town. The scheme was encouraged by President Marsh of the university, but it was generally looked upon as impracticable, the common sentiment being that the college needed all the aid which the town was able to bestow. Two educational enter- prises, it was thought, were less Hkely to succeed than one. In 1834, however, the plan came under discussion once more and a committee of citizens was appointed March 9, 1835, to consider and report upon the subject. The result of the report and of the increased attention consequently given to the scheme, was the actual opening of the school the following May, in a large house secured for the purpose. This building stood on the north side of Bank street near its intersection with Church. In 1840 the school was removed to the buildings at the foot of Church street, erected by Bishop Hopkins for the- Episcopal residence and a boys' school. The formal charter of the seminary was dated November 15, 1836. The first preceptress was Miss Mary C. Green, of Windsor, Vt. In 1841 she gave place to Miss Thirza Lee, who the next year was succeeded by Mrs. Martha O. Paine ; and she, in 1 844, by the Rev. J. K. Converse, who retired from his pastoral charge in October of that year. The Rev. Buel W. Smith was associate principal from 1848 to i860, when he established a separate "ladies' seminary " in the south building. Mr. Converse retained his position as head of the school until 1874. Mr. Converse says that he paid about $15,000 for the two buildings. They afforded accommodations for fifty boarders. The school enjoyed a liberal patronage for several years. The catalogue of 1856-57 gives a list of si.x teachers and two pupil-teachers. Educational Institutions. 213 besides the two principals. In addition to the common branches, instruction was offered in French, Latin, instrumental and vocal music, drawing, painting, etc. The course of study, which covered three years, is said to have been drawn up mainly by Professor Torrey, of the university. The whole number of pupils for 1849 is stated at '65; 1851,174; 1853, 176; 1855, 137! 1862, 164. In 1862 it was claimed for the institution that it had educated more than 1,500 pupils from nineteen different States, the Canadas and Scotland, of whom some six hundred had substantially finished the prescribed course of studies. The board of trustees is made up of excellent names, those of Joseph Torrey, Bishop Hopkins, George P. Marsh and George W. Benedict being among them. From September, i860, for about four years, Mr. Smith maintained a sep- arate school in the building adjoining that of Mr. Converse. He admitted, besides young ladies, boys and young men who desired to fit themselves for business or for college. Professor T. E. Molt was the instructor in music. His father. Professor Theodore F. Molt, from Germany, had for many years given very thorough and competent instruction in the same branch in the seminary. The roll of instructors in the seminary contains the names of not a few who> were well equipped in attainments, in character, and by long experience as well, for their responsible work. In his later years Mr. Converse used often to refer, and not without reason, to the great numbers of young women who had re- ceived the benefits of the school. They had been raised to a nobler life and filled far wider influence in consequence of the direction and impulse here imparted. Many of them had in their turn become teachers also, and helped to awaken in another generation the love of good learning and the thirst for the things that are " true and honest and pure and of good report." Young Ladies' School.— In March, 1845, Miss Catharine Fleming, now Mrs. J. H. Worcester, began a school for girls on Locust street, now Elm- wood avenue. At first the school was limited to twelve pupils but it soon increased so as repeatedly to require additional accommodations, and before it was discontinued, in July, 1870, it had more than sixty on its roll. In 1855 the Rev. Mr. Worcester resigned his charge as pastor of the First Church and became a principal teacher in the school, having special charge of the mental and moral philosophy, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and related branches. In addition to Latin and the usual modern languages, Greek also and some of the higher mathematics had a place in the curriculum. The school was well sup- plied with apparatus for experimental illustrations in natural science, and main- tained a uniformly high reputation for the competence of its corps of teachers and the thoroughness of the training afforded. Among the assistant instruct- ors were Kate Fessenden, now Mrs. John I. Gilbert, of Malone, N. Y. ; Lydia K. Hodges, now Mrs. Everett Wheeler, of New York city; Julia Fleming, and (in music) Messrs. T. E. Molt and S. C. Moore. These, with Mr. and Mrs. Wor- 214 History of Chittenden County. cester, constituted the faculty in 1862. The school building furnished rooms for but twenty-four boarders, but the school always received a large patronage from the town. During the twenty-five years of its existence this school helped to mould the intellects and characters of almost 700 young women, of whom more than eighty of themselves subsequently became teachers. Among these the most widely known, perhaps, was Mary A. Burnham, whose long career as a teacher in the high schools of Montpelier and Rutland, later as a member of the first faculty of Wellesley College, and during the last years of her laborious and useful life (alas ! too soon cut short) as head of a fitting school (for Smith College) in Northampton, Mass., gave proof not only of rare quahties of both head and heart, but reflected honor on the school which ■could send forth young women so admirably equipped for the highest and most difficult duties. Miss Fessenden, too, it should be said, subsequently became a member of the faculty as first organized at Vassar College. In the case of most of its pupils, this modest building on Locust street (now 25 Elmwood avenue) was the scene of their most advanced studies, the place from which they stepped at once into active life. As yet Vassar (begun in 1865) and Wellesley and Smith Colleges did not exist, and the older colleges were not open to young women. The Vermont Episcopal Institute. — It would seem that the account of the institute should be prefaced by a concise sketch of the school for boys which Bishop Hopkins established immediately after taking up his residence in Bur- lington. Within three years after his consecration, 31st October, 1832, he purchased a two-story brick house near the southern end of Church street, with thirteen acres of land attached, and took immediate possession with his family. Three pupils had accompanied him from Boston. To accommodate these and others, two wings were added to the house, for school-room, dormi- tories and oratory ; and both were filled by October, 1833. Instruction was given by two candidates for orders. By the end of 1835 there were thirty- eight pupils in attendance, and this number had grown to fifty-two before additional buildings were erected. In the spring of 1836 the bishop proceeded to erect two large buildings, one on either hand of his house, each fronted with Ionic porticos ; the south wing, a structure of three stories and basement, in- tended for a school of about lOO boys; the north wing, of different internal construction, designed for the professors and their families and about twenty theological students (there were six already). Behind the central portion was erected a " hall of the fine arts," eighty feet long and twenty feet high. The ■center building and the two wings were joined by chambers in two stories, and in addition the three parts were connected by one straight corridor in the rear, 120 feet long. The entire front presented an extent of 240 feet. The thirteen acres had by this time been enlarged to fort)', and about 400 acres more had been purchased some two miles north of the x'illage ; the whole was estimated Educational Institutions. 215 to be worth $40,000. To complete and furnish the buildings the bishop effected a loan of $10,000, securing this by a mortgage on the entire property. In the fall of 1836 the number of scholars had risen to nearly eighty, filling six school- rooms with the various classes, and before long the motto Pro ecclesia Dei was placed upon the front of the central building, high over the doorway. The motto has disappeared, but the leaves and flowers, carved by the bishop's own hands to embellish it, may still be seen where he placed them. In 1837 a theological professor was elected, and a salary of $600 provided by the diocese; but nothing came of it all. This year occurred the financial panic which wrecked so many business men and institutions. Some parents were compelled by the hard times to withdraw their boys, and others were unable to pay their bills. Then came the troubles with Canada, and the pupils from that quarter were called home. This reduced the attendance to about one-third of the former number and compelled the discharge of several of the teachers. Of the heroic efforts made by Bishop Hopkins, at home and in England, to avert disaster and save so promising an enterprise, this is not the place to speak. Suffice it to say that all attempts to save the buildings and a few acres of ground were unavailing ; the whole property connected with the school passed into other hands under foreclosure of mortgage in January, i84i,and the scheme, with all its actual equipments and all its possibilities, was at an end. The one ■edifice was made into three separate buildings in order to effect a sale. The north one was a long time a dwelling house, and in 1872 came to be occupied as a boarding school for young ladies. The south and central buildings were occu- pied from 1 84 1 to i860, and the central one till 1 871, by a female seminary. The southern one was at last turned into a hotel and known for some years as the "Lawrence House." This was torn down about four years ago. The Ver- mont Episcopal Institute was founded by the Right Reverend John Henry Hopkins, D.D., LL.D., the first bishop of Vermont. The act of incorporation is dated November 14, 1854, and constitutes John H. Hopkins, Charles B. Marvin, Thomas H. Canfield, Edward J. Phelps and Albert L. Catlin the first board of trustees. The property held by the corporation consists of one hun- dred acres of land on Rock Point, about two miles from the Burlington post- office, and in full view of the city across the bay. It affords a peculiarly advantageous site for a seminary of learning, being retired from the noise and temptations of the town, of unsurpassed healthfulness, and affording unusual advantages for bathing, boating and other out-door exercises. The various charming views which it presents of lake and mountain scenery are by no means least among the attractions it offers to young men who are looking for a place of study that shall unite the quiet of a country home with the many advantages of a near residence to a town. The building is of the style known as the Collegiate Gothic, is three stories high, besides an office, 125 feet long, 44 feet wide at the center, 57 feet wide at the northern end, and 66 feet wide 2i6 History of Chittenden Count v. at the southern end, which contains a chapel complete, capable of seating 150 people. The tower projects twenty- two feet, and is seventy feel in height- The building is fitted up with all the conveniences needed for a first-class boarding-school, and will accommodate seventy-five pupils, with the teachers- and the principal's family. It is constructed of marble found upon the point. The academical department was opened 1st September, i860, under the direction of the Rev. Theodore Hopkins, A.M., a son of the late bishop; and during his administration acquired and enjoyed an extensive reputation as a thorough and efficient school. In 1881 he was succeeded by Henry H. Ross^ A.M., an experienced teacher, who has proved himself competent to maintain and advance the high standard of instruction set by his predecessors. The catalogue for the tenth year (1869-70) gives a roll of 196 different pupils for the year preceding, and the names of sixty-four as entered for the current year,, two only of whom are designated as day-scholars. A later catalogue gives 371 names of pupils from i860 to 1877. The twenty-fifth annual catalogue shows a faculty of seven instructors with forty-five "cadets." This name is a reminder that the school is organized and officered for military drill. The young soldiers make a fine appearance upon parade, and have gained many compliments by the promptness and precision of their exercises and evolutions. It was a cherished project with Bishop Hopkins to provide a " church " school for the sons and daughters of his charge. To promote this object he devoted, as he says in his deed of gift, " all his property perpetually to the service of Almighty God as the property of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America." The deed bears date [5th December, 1854, at which time the property was valued at $20,000. He subsequently obtained some $40,000 more, which was expended in the erection of buildings and the accumulation of a fund for a girls' school, the foundation of which he had com- menced, when he was called from the scene of his earthly labors, 9th January,. 1868. The Episcopal Church in Vermont thus possesses, what hardly any other diocese in the Union has, an Episcopal residence with 100 acres of land adjoin- ing, giving ample room for the further erection of a young ladies' school, a theological seminary, a hospital — indeed, whatever buildings may be deemed necessary for the uses and development of the church. For this endowment the Episcopal Church in Vermont is indebted primarily to her lamented first bishop, who labored so unsparingly for her advancement ; but thanks are due also to those clergymen and laymen upon the board of trustees, who assisted and sustained him in all his undertakings, and this without a dollar of compen- sation for time employed, or expenses incurred in the discharge of their trust. In a recent report to the convention of the diocese the trustees say that " not a dollar of its funds has ever been lost, $73,000 of which have come into their hands." The treasurer of the board for most of the twenty-six years the '^^JA-e^a-ci^. r_Q}^. '.^'up/L-i€i.'-^j I:-nc ' 67/ ij B B-J Educational Institutions. 217 school has existed has been Thomas H. Canfield, esq., of Burlington, who had the supervision of building operations, and the care of the whole property, during the time when the plans of the bishop were crystallizing into permanent and appropriate forms. To name other gentlemen, dead and living, who aided in the upbuilding of the institute, would be a pleasant task, if the space assigned to this chapter would allow. The late John P. Howard has recently left $20,000 for a female department, and the trustees are now taking steps to raise $40,000 with which to erect suit- able buildings for a young ladies' seminary, upon the eminence at the east end of the property. This is to be in all respects a fitting counterpart of the build- ing occupied by the hoys' school at the opposite end nearer the lake, and wU be furnished with all modern improvements and apparatus for a ladies' schoo of the highest character. ' A word should be said of the theological department connected with the institute. This went into operation September i, i860, under the care of the Rev. John A. Hicks, D.D., previously of Rutland, Vt, as resident professor of divinity. The department drew but few students, and was before long discon- tinued. There is a library belonging to the school, of 1,600 volumes, largely composed of " the best remains of Christian antiquity." The salary of the di- vinity professor was provided for by a special legacy. Charlotte Female Seminary went into operation May i, 1835, and in the following year a building was erected for its accommodation. Its chief founder was the Hon. Luther M. Stone, M.D. In 1840 this building passed into the hands of the Methodist Episcopal Society. After a few years of prosperity it finally declined, and for the period of a generation now, the demand for educa- tion of the high school grade has been met by select schools maintained for two or three terms in the year, and with very frequent change of instructors. Colchester Academy. — In the year 1850 a building was erected in part by public subscription, which should serve for the uses of a town hall and an acad- emy. For a number of years a school of academic grade was sustained here by the people of this and adjoining towns, but for the last ten years there has been only an occasional select school for some three months in the fall. The first preceptor here was William H. Belding, who was succeeded by Daniel W. Ellis, Walter Freeman, John McKeen, Clinton G. Mayo, S. H. Wheeler and D. H. Bicknell. Essex Classical Institute. — The first school in Essex dates from 1788, and was taught by John Finch, an Englishman, who is said to have been sour-faced and severe. The first school district of which any record exists was organized in 1796, and embraced the northeast portion of the town. The school-house in which this was held was the second one erected in the town, the first having stood on Brown's River, near Jericho. Both were constructed of logs. In 1830 a large stone school-house was put up at the Center, the upper story of 2i8 History of Chittenden County. which was fitted up by private enterprise for a school of " high " or academic grade, and so used for several years. This school was conducted by a succes- sion of excellent teachers, Henry J. Raymond being of the number. The " Chittenden County Institute " was chartered in 1853. In the follow- ing year a commodious brick building was erected upon the land given by Deacon Alvah J. Watkins, and in August of the next year the school was opened under the charge of Henry B. Buckham, with 125 pupils. Mr. Buck- ham's successors in the principalship were : A. T. Deming, C. W. Watkins and Milton R. Tyler. In 1862 Asa Sanderson became the proprietor, remodeled the building, gave the school the title of " Essex Academy," and made it in part, a boarding-school. Under Mr. Sanderson's care, the school attained a prosperity surpassing its previous history. His fifth catalogue, 1867, shows the whole number of pupils to be 170, forty-one pursuing classical studies. The, catalogue of the next year shows Oscar Atwood, now for several years the mas- ter of the Rutland High School, to be the instructor in Latin and Greek, and the number of students increased to 205, thirty of whom are studying music. In February, 1869, the school building was burned, but the friends of educa- tion in the town, aided by the friends of the school in the county, subscribed liberally, and the present structure was raised on the foundation of the old, at a cost of $5,400. In 1876, just before his death, Thaddeus R. Fletcher, of Burlington, gave to the institute the handsome sum of $10,000 as a permanent fund, of which the interest only is available for the support of the school. In August, 1884, Miss Mary M. Fletcher, daughter of the above named, presented the trustees with $2,000 to purchase and furnish the boarding-house now con- nected with the school. Since the re-opening of the school as the Essex Classical Institute, in 1869, the following persons have been elected principals : F. D. Mussey, A. E. Clark, A. D. Whitney, R. B. Lillie, M. S. Woodman, W. D. Mcintosh, W. A. During, T. S. Adams, Allan C. Ferrin, and the present incumbent, L. E. Tupper. This school is now fairly prosperous, and, it is hoped, will continue to be in the future as it has been in the past, a place where youth may be prepared for business or college at a comparatively small expense and in a thorough man- ner. It is the aim of the board of trustees gradually to raise the standard of the school till it shall be second to none in the quality of the work done. Hinesbiirg Academy was incorporated in 1824 One of the earliest institu- tions of the kind in this section of the State, it for many years enjoyed a wide reputation and considerable patronage, and was an important preparatory school for young men from Western Vermont desiring to enter college. It has been one of the most prominent institutions of its class in the State, although in later years with the changing population and other schools springing up in towns around, its students have been largely from Hinesburg and adjacent towns, and much fewer in number than formerly. The succession of principals of the Educational Institutions. 219 academy since its foundation have been : Asa Brainard, John A. Edgell, Otto S. Hoyt, Archibald Fleming, Peola Durkee, J. A. B. Stone, Wood, A. J. Sampson, Homer H. Benson, Peola Durkee, George Lee Lyman, F. W. Powers, Ira O. Miller, John D. Kingsbury, George Lee Lyman, A. E. Leavenworth, Hiram Carleton, P. F. Leavens, George I. Bryant, A. E. Leavenworth, J. W. -Russell, George W. Winch. Among the graduates of Hinesburg Academy some became well known in Vermont, and some have achieved a reputation outside of the State. In the first class that were graduated from it were : Rev. Chauncey Taylor, Rev. Pe- ola Durkee, Rev. Elon O. Martin and Rev. Buel W. Smith. Later were : James M. Slade, of Middlebury, Dewitt C. Clark, Rev. Aaron Pease and Rev. Calvin Pease, afterwards president of the University of Vermont, Rev. O. G. Wheeler, Edgar Waddams, now Catholic bishop of Ogdensburgh, James W. Hickock, Dugald Stewart, Henry Lawrence, of Vergennes, and Edwin D. Mason. For several years past the academy building has been occupied by the town high school, of which William N. Ferrin was principal in 1875-76. Hinesburg was one of the few towns which adopted the so-called town sys- tem of schools, which it still maintains with success. The old school-houses are retained and in them the primary schools are held. But the district lines are abolished and the schools are put in charge of a board of six directors, of whom two are chosen each year, who are elected at the regular town meeting in March and hold office for three years. The change in the character of the primary schools under this system has not been very noticeable. A few im- provements have been effected. Thirty-four weeks of school are now sup- ported in all the schools, where twenty- four was the common number. And a high school free to scholars in town is maintained two terms in the year. The school tax is more equally adjusted, being levied upon each man's grand list, thus materially lightening the burden upon the poorer classes in back districts who are ambitious to educate their children. A literary society was organized here in 1 810 (incorporated in 1822), which in a few years gathered a respectable library, and by its meetings for discussion did much to stimulate and direct the intellectual development of the young men of the place. This was an influential factor, along with the academy, in producing the intelligence which for several decades characterized the commu- nity. The general interest in education is now doubtless somewhat lessened by the large intermixture of inhabitants of P>ench and Irish descent. Underhill Academy had its origin in a select school taught by Mr. J. S. Cil- ley at Underhill Flat, in a house formerly occupied by the late Joseph Kings- bury. This school was so prosperous that in a few years the citizens of the village erected a building for a school of secondary instruction, and obtained for it from the Legislature, October 23, 1852, an act of incorporation. It was- commonly called Bell Institute, though the charter name was Underhill Acad- 220 History of Chittenden County. emy. The school though without endowment was successfully conducted by Mr. Cilley as principal until 1852, when he retired and was succeeded by Ezra H. Byington, a graduate of that year from the University of Vermont, who remained at the head of the school for about three years. He was followed by A. T. Deming, a graduate of Middlebury College, who conducted the institute successfully for about a year. During the two years succeeding the pros- perity of the school greatly declined, because of frequent changes in the princi- palship. In the fall of 1858, however, the institution was greatly revived under the management of S. L. Bales, who continued in charge for some three years, and was succeeded by George N. Abbott, who also was at the head of the school for three years. During the next six years, beginning with 1863, the management of the school was frequently changed. Some of the teachers during this period showed abilities of a high order, but their terms of service were too short to enable them to contribute much to the reputation and pros- perity of the school. Among them were George H. French, Byron J. Ward, and the Rev. Josiah Swett, D. D. In 1869 the building was thoroughly re- paired, and the school entered upon a new season of prosperity under the direction of Oscar Atwood, whose previous success in other schools attracted a large number of pupils from surrounding towns. During his administration strong hope was entertained that the school might be put upon a solid finan- cial basis, but this failing of realization, Mr. Atwood accepted a call to a more inviting field. Since his retirement the school has had a rather checkered his- tory. Excellent teachers have undertaken the charge of the school, among whom may be named Davis R. Dewey, the Rev. John D. Emerson, and John W. Buckham ; but the financial encouragement has been too meager to retain any man as permanent principal. Their work has not been without value, however, in the stimulating influence on the community at large, and several young men have been incited to put themselves in the way of a collegiate education. The academy saw its days of brighest prosperity under the admin- istration of Messrs. Byington, Bates and Atwood. During these years the number of pupils was large enough to furnish a fair support to the teachers; and the pupils of the school were of a superior class, both as to character and attainments. During Mr. Atwood's principalship of three years the average number of pupils was somewhat above one hundred. The character of the school and the quality of his work can be best shown by reference to one of his catalogues. That for 1870, covering five terms— a year and a quarter— gives a total of one hundred and seventy-five pupils, eighty-one boys and ninety- four girls, of whom thirty-eight are in the classical department; and among the names of pupils the following, who happen to be known to the writer : E. A. Andrews, now a lawyer in Buffalo, N. Y.; Rufus W. Bishop, now of Chi- cago, and professor in a medical college ; C. F. Groves, now a clergyman in Kansas ; C. H. Hayden, lately principal of Hinesburg Academy ; M. B. Hoi- Educational Institutions. 221 •comb, now a physician in Keeseville, N. Y. ; S. W. Landon, successively master of the St. Albans and Burlington high schools ; C. E. Meech, editor, now in Oregon ; S. N. Taggart, a successful lawyer in Chicago ; and F. E. Woodruff, now professor in Andover Theological Seminary. These names show at once the character of the patronage enjoyed by the school, and the character of the moral as well as the intellectual training here imparted. Others no doubt have made for themselves an equally worthy record. Justice seems to require that we register also the names of some of the female teachers who contributed so greatly to the fame and success of the institution : Ann Eliza Hoyt, after- wards Mrs. E. H. Byington ; Mary Mayo, now Mrs. Henry Tenant ; Augusta Smith, now wife of the Rev. S. W. Dike ; Mrs. George N. Abbott, and Ella Walker, now Mrs. E. S. Whitcomb, jr. The wide and permanent influence of this modest academy may be further increased by giving the names of a few more of its graduates: Revs. W. S. Hazen, H. E. Butler, L. H. Elliott, E. J. Ranslow, C. H. Dunton, D. D., and George W. Henderson, with Hon. Seneca Haselton, Byron J. Ward, Hon. Cornelius Palmer, and Melville Smillie, all lawyers. Whatever may be the future of Underbill Academy, /' the past at least is secure." Williston Academy. — This school was opened about 1829 by the Rev. Peter Chase, then pastor of the Baptist Church in Williston, in a building which he had himself erected on a plot of land purchased by him in 1828. The school received pupils of both sexes and was conducted by Mr. Chase for sev- eral years with a good degree of success. His successor in his double office of pastor and teacher was the Rev. William Arthur,, the father of ex- President Arthur. He is said to have been an efficient and acceptable instructor. His successor, the Rev. Josiah Goodhue, pastor of the Congregational Church, was followed by Homer Benson, then a theological student ; Augustus Gould, who became a lawyer ; Leonard Whitney, a native of Williston, who became a min- ister, and Bates, who also became a clergyman, and was the last teacher in the original building, which now became the Baptist meeting-house. The school had been so prosperous that its loss was seriously felt by the people of Williston. So they set about supplying its place, and in 1841 erected a substantial brick building not far from the site of the old academy. Mr. Em- erson J. Hamihon, who graduated from the University of Vermont in 1842, became the principal of the school and did good and faithful service here until he removed to take charge of similar work in Oswego, N. Y., where he still resides. The school continued to prosper under the direction of Mr. (now Rev ) E. R. Lyman. Under his successor, P. H. Sanford, the number of students in attendance was sometimes as high as 120. The teachers who followed held the place of principal but for brief periods. In the summer of 1858 the patrons of the academy desired increased facilities for instruction and a greater permanence in the headship of the school, expended $1,500 in en- 15 222 History of Chittenden County. larging and repairing the building, and engaged Mr. J. S. Cilley as principal. He opened the school on the 1st of September with 114 pupils in attendance, a number which was raised to 140 before the term ended. His administration was judicious and successful. The community rallied to his support, and the school had an enviable reputation for its thorough instruction and its vigorous and salutary discipline. By-and-by the shadow of war fell on the land and this school suffered in some degree, as did others, by the prompt enlistment in the service of the country of those young men who else would have been fitting themselves for college or business. The academy, however, continued to flourish with marked success until the spring of 1868, when Mr. Cilley closed his connection with it in order to take charge of the high school in Brandon. Many of Mr. Cilley's students to-day hold honorable positions in business and professional life. Some of them, however, after fighting bravely for their country were starved in Andersonville or shot down in battle, and now sleep in the honored grave of the soldier. Mr. Cilley has always used his teachership as a sacred trust, a high commission. And the young men — not so young now as they were — are not few who hold him in very high and tender regard, and feel for him a half filial affection. Since Mr. Cilley's departure the school has suffered from lack of permanence in the chief teachership, no one, so far as the writer is aware, remaining for a term of years. In 1883 the " academy " became a " graded school," the upper section of the general town system — a change which has taken place in multitudes of the old time New England academies. Mason S. Stone took charge of the school in the fall of 1883, Carpenter in 1884, and William C. Clark in 1885. " This academy probably furnished most of the education ever received by more than a thousand of the young men and women of the county belonging to the last generation. In the times it was wonderfully provided with ap- paratus, and from President Arthur's father down it had some strong men among its teachers." CHAPTER XL HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR.' The Bar of Chittenden County a Strong One — List of Attorneys, Past and Present — Early Courts and First Trials — Decrease of Litigation Since the Settlement of Cases Under the National Bankrupt Act of 1867 — Biographical Sketches. THE Bar of Chittenden county from the earliest record has been a strong one. In the list of membership, printed below, are some names that live in history, and others, whose local reputation remaining little dimmed by time, 1 Prepared by Robert Roberts, esq. Bench and Bar. 223 would seem to indicate that they too might well have been written in high places. Several of the present generation of practitioners, with the opportun- ities of public life, have won national fame. The reputation of a lawyer who confines himself strictly to his practice seldom extends beyond the limits of his own State. But within the confines of Vermont the most important cases, wherever tried, have with noticeable frequency been conducted, upon one side or the other, by some member of the bar of this county. List of attorneys and dates of their admission to practice in the County Court of Chittenden county since the organization of the county, as appears by the records of the county clerk's office : Albert Stevens, Sept., 1799; Paul Dodge, Feb., 1800; Phineas Lyman, Feb., 1800; Moses Fay, Sept., 1800; Daniel Benedict, Sept., 1800 ; Daniel S. Bantram, Feb., 1801 ; Philo Berry, Feb., 1801 ; Morey Woodworth, Feb., 1801 ; Thomas Jones, Sept., 1801 ; George Robinson, Feb., 1802 ; David Ed- monds, Feb., 1802; Samuel Holton, Feb., 1802 ; John S. Eldridge, Sept., 1803 ; Isaac Webb (no record of admission), Feb., 1804; William Page, jr., Feb., 1806; Charles Adams, Sept., 1807; James L. Sawyer, Sept., 1812 ; Archi- bald W. Hyde, Sept., 1812 ; Solomon S. Miller, Sept., 18 12; Norman Will- iams, Feb., 1814; Timothy Follett, Feb., 1814; Timothy Tyler, Sept., 1814; Henry Hitchcock, Sept., 1815 ; John N. Pomeroy, Feb., 1816 ; David French, Feb., 1817 ; Charles H. Perrigo, Feb., 1819; John P. Richardson, Sept., 1819; Andrew Thompson, Feb., 1821 ; Luman Foote, Feb., 1821 ; Jacob Maeck, Sept., 182 1 ; Gamaliel B. Sawyer, Feb., 1822; Jared Kenyon, Sept., 1823 ; Joseph Porter, Feb., 1824; George Peaslee, Feb., 1824; Henry Leavenworth, Feb., 1824; Warren Hoxie, Aug., 1826 ;. William P. Briggs, Aug., 1826; Richard W. Smith, adjourned, 1826; John Storrs, Aug., 1827 ; Boyd H. Wil- son, March, 1828; Irad C. Day, Aug., 1828; Frederick G. Hill, Aug., 1829; Theodore Patrick, Aug., 1830; Henry Lyman, Aug., 1830; E. L.B.Brooks, Aug., 1830 ; William Weston, Aug., 1830 ; Charles F. Deming, March, 1831 ; Alonzo A. Wainwright, March, 1831 ; Sylvanus M. Parsons, March, 1831 ; Hector Ad- ams, March, 1832 ; Asahel Peck, March, 1832 ; Martin B. Mener, Aug., 1832 ; Sebastian F.Taylor, Aug., 1832; Walter A. Buckbee, March, 1833; W. S. Hawkins, Aug., 1833 ; Albert Mason, Aug., 1833 ; James E. P. Weeks, Aug., 1833; Samuel L. Bascomb, Aug., 1834; George F. Warner, Aug., 1835;, Leonard Whitney, Aug., 1835; Horatio N.Wells, Aug., 1835; Austin M. Gould, Aug., 1835; Thaddeus R.Kendall, March, 1835; George K. Piatt, Aug., 1836; Charles D. Kasson, March, 1837; Romeo Austin. Aug., 1840; Ira B. Pierson, Aug., 1840; George H. Peck, Aug., 1841 ; James W. Hickok; Nov., 1842; Aaron B. Maynard, Nov., 1842; Edward Van Sicklen, Nov., 1842 ;, Benjamin J. Tenney, May, 1842; Edward A. Stansbury, May, 1842; Joseph W. Allen, May, 1843 ; Samuel N. Parmelee, May, 1843 ; Henry Hale, May, 1843; John Sullivan Adams, Oct., 1843; Daniel B. Buckley, Oct., 1844; 224 History of Chittenden County. William W. Peck, Oct., 1844; Torrey E. Wales, March, 1845 ; Eleazer R. Hard, March, 1845 ; Bradford Rixford, March, 1846; William W. Onion, Oct., 1846; James H. Allen, Sept., 1847 ; Edmund H. Bennett, Sept., 1847; Elisha F. Mead, Sept., 1847; David B. Northrop, Sept., 1847; Guy C. Prentiss, Sept., 1847; Samuel D. Wing, Sept., 1847; Samuel Wells, Sept., 1847; James O'Grady, Sept., 1848; George F.Bailey, March, 1849; Franklin D. Colton, March, 1849; George F. Edmunds, March, 1849; Carolus Noyes, March, 1850; Thaddeus D. Isham, March, 1850; Hiram Stevens, Sept., 185O; Luther L. Dixon, Sept., 1850; William M. Miller, March, 1851; B. E. B. Kennedy, Sept., 1852 ; E. C. Palmer, March, 1853 ; William G. Shaw, March, 1853; P. M. Sayles, March, 1853 ; Wyllys Lyman, jr.. May, 1854; John B. Wheeler, March, 1855 ; E. P. Hill, March, 1856; Samuel H. Reed, March, 1856; Russell S. Taft, Nov., 1856; Frederick H. Waterman, March, 1857 ; WilHam W. Walker, March, 1857 ; Charles I. Alger, March, 1858 ; Asa R. Burleson, March, i860; Cornelius W. Morse, March, i860; George W. Kennedy, Sept., i860; S. H. Davis, Sept., i860; George Allen, jr., April, 1861 ; James R. Hickok, April, 1861 ; H. H. Talcott, Sept., 1861 ; Dwight L. Heald, April, 1862; Evelyn L. Pierpoint, April, 1862; Henry Ward Dana, Sept., 1862 ; Henry Ballard, Sept., 1863 ; Charles E. Allen, Sept., 1864 ; Peter Leclair, April, 1865; Alfred C. Ballard, Sept., 1865; Frank L. Hungerford, Sept., 1865 ; L. L. Lawrence, April, 1866; W. L. Burnap, April, 1866; Brad- bury W. Hight, April, 1866; Alexander G. Watson, Sept., 1867; George Bigelow Shaw, April, 1868 ; Reuben P. B. Hewett, April, 1868 ; Addison C. Benedict, Sept., 1869 ; John H. Bissell, April, 1870; Edward F. Brownell, Sept., 1870; Albert G. Whittemore, Sept., 1870; Cornelius S. Palmer, April, 1871 ; Julius W. Russell, Sept., 1871 ; Robert Roberts, Sept., 1871 ; Henry L. Wash- burn, Sept., 1871 ; Henry O. Wheeler, April, 1872 ; Chaunc'ey W. Brownell, jr., Sept., 1872; Elihu B. Taft, April, 1873 ; Hamilton S. Peck, April, 1873 Delbert M. Mead, April, 1874; Seneca Haselton, April, 1875 ; John T. Drew^ April, 1875 ; WiUiam Henry Hare, April, 1876; Frank P. Goin, Sept., 1876 L. F. Englesby, April, 1879; Rufus E. Brown, Sept., 1880; John J. Enright, April, 1881 ; Elliott G. Arthur, Sept., 1881 ; George W. Wales, April, 1882 David J. Foster, April, 1883. The greater number of the attorneys formerly admitted to practice in the County Court have located in the county. Many, however, have removed to other fields immediately after admission. The records of the County Court do not disclose the names of all the law- yers who have practiced before it, for many were admitted to the bar else- where. A list of these, doubtless more or less incomplete, is as follows : Samuel Hitchcock, William C. Harrington, John Fay, Elnathan Keyes, Daniel Farrand, Phineas Lyman, Moses Fay, Stephen Mix Mitchell, George Robin- son, C. P. VanJNess, Warren Loomis, Isaac Warner, John C. Thompson, Sen- Bench and Bar. 225 eca Austin, George P. Marsh, Alvan Foote, A. W. Hyde, Davis Stone, San- ford Gadcomb, Jason Cliamberlin, William H. Griswold, John B. Richardson, Luman Foote, Benjamin F. Bailey, William Brayton, Amos Blodgett, George F. Porter, Charles Russell, Nahum Peck, Lyman Cummings, David A. Smalley, David B. Webster, Carlos Baxter, Albert G. Whittemore, Heman Allen, Ed- ward J. Phelps, Levi Underwood, Frederick George Hill, Lucius E. Chitten- den, Hiram B. Smith, Daniel B. Hale, C. F. Davey, E. E. Kellogg, Daniel Roberts, Jeremiah French, L. F. Wilbur, R. S. Taft, C. J. Alger, R. H. Start. The present membership of the county bar, with dates of admission, as appears from the docket of the County Court, for the April term, 1886, is as follows : In Burlington: Daniel Roberts, Sept., 1832 ; Levi Underwood, June, 1842 ; Torrey E. Wales, March, 1845 ; Eleazer R. Hard, March, 1845 ; Will- iam G. Shaw, March, 1853; Carolus Noyes, March, 1850; L. F. Wilbur. December, 1856; Charles J. Alger, April, 1858; A. V. Spalding, June, 1859; Henry Ballard, September, 1863; Charles E. Allen, September, 1864; W. L. Burnap, April, 1866; O. P. Ray, March, 1867; A. G. Safford, Sept., 1867 ; George B. Shaw, Sept., 1868 ; A. G. Whittemore, Sept., 1870; Ed. F. Brownell, Sept., 1870; J. W. Russell, Sept., 187 1 ; Robert Roberts, Sept., 1871 ; H. O. Wheeler, April, 1872 ; C. W. Brownell, jr., Sept., 1872 ; H. S. Peck, April, 1873 ; E. B. Taft, April, 1873 ; Seneca Haselton, April, 1875 ; William H. Hare, April, 1876; L. F. Englesby, April, 1879; John J. Enright, April, 1881 ; George W. Wales, April, 1882 ; David J. Fos- ter, April, 1883. In Colchester: Henry N. Deavitt, March, 1866; H. F. Wolcott, April, 1876. In Essex: M. A. Bingham, May, 1868. In Jericho : M. H. Alexander, April, 1883. In Milton: C. W. Witters, Sept., i860; J. E. Wheelock, June, 1868 ; H. E. Powell, April, 1875. In Richmond : S. H. Davis, Sept., i860. In Underbill : J. J. Monahan, June, 1866 ; V. A. BuUard, April, 1884. The county of Chittenden was set off from Addison and incorporated into a distinct county October 22, 1787. The Supreme Court held two annual sessions in Colchester, commencing with the August term, 1789. At this and the succeeding term Nathaniel Chipman presided as chief justice, and at the third term, held at Burlington, Elijah Paine was chief justice. The County Court held six terms at Colchester, commencing with the February term, 1788. The four first terms John Fassett, jr., of Cambridge, presided as chief justice, and John White, of Georgia, and Samuel Lane, of Burhngton, as assistant justices. John Knickerbacor was clerk, Noah Chittenden, of Jericho, sheriff, and Samuel Hitchcock, of Burhngton, State's attorney. The next four terms of the court, the two last held at Burlington, John Fassett, jr., presided as chief justice, and John White and John McNeil were a.ssistant justices. Martin Chit- tenden was clerk, Stephen Pearl, sheriff, Samuel Hitchcock, State's attorney, for 1790, and William C. Harrington for 1791 ; and the county, still retaining 226 History of Chittenden County. its original limits, which extended over the counties of Grand Isle, Franklin, Lamoille and parts of Washington and Orleans, had been divided into three probate districts, and Matthew Cole, of Richmond, Jonathan Hoyt, of St. Al- bans, and Timothy Pearl, of Burlington, were appointed judges of probate in their respective districts. By special act of the Legislature, passed October 27, 1790, the courts were removed from Colchester to Burlington. In the mean time the county of Chittenden had grown so much in its business and population that it was cut down in its territory, and, on the 5th of November, 1792, a new county on the north was carved out and incorporated under the name of Franklin. Then followed the usual controversy as to the location of the shire-town and the county buildings. By special act of the Legislature in 1793 a committee was appointed to " fix on the place for holding County and Supreme Courts in the county of Chittenden, and to stick a stake for the place of building a court- house." The action of this-committee resulted in the permanent establishment of the courts and the court-house at Burlington. Since the permanent location of the county buildings, however, still further reductions have been made from the original limits of the county. After the organization of the county of Chittenden the first terms of the court were held at the house of Ira Allen, in Colchester, and after the removal of the courts to Burlington the seat of justice was for a time at the primitive abode of Captain King, of Burlington Bay, at the foot of what is now Battery street. The first court-house was placed near the center of the present City Hall Park, and the whipping-post near it. The first case found in the records of the County Court is William Hubbell vs. Andrew Van Gilder, entered at the February term, 1788. This was an action of book account to recover a balance of seven pounds and six pence. The defendant thereupon brings against the plaintift" in the first suit and Phinehas Heath an action of trespass vi et arniis for assault and duress of im- prisonment for twelve hours, claiming fifty pounds damages. Both cases, by consent of parties, were referred to John White, Samuel Lane and John Knick- erbacor, to be heard and decided according to law. The referees reported that the original plaintiff was entitled to recover six shillings on book, and that the defendant in that suit recover of Hubbell and Heath five pounds for assault and five pounds and fourteen shillings costs. The inference from the record would seem to be that in those days it was expensive to undertake to enforce a claim by the primitive method of force and arms. At the same term of court Ira Allen was sued upon a ten pound note by Abraham Ives, of Wallingford. In- deed, Allen seems to have been a frequent litigant in the early days. The first recorded criminal trial was that of Mott, Dean and accomplices for the murder of three revenue officers on the Winooski River, not far below the falls. The respondents \\ere a part)' of smugglers. Their boat was in the Bench and Bar. 227 river and the revenue officers were lying in wait below, some in a boat and some on shore, when the smugglers opened fire with fatal effect. Mott, who killed two of the officers, procured a new trial by means of that godsend to criminals, a motion in arrest, and escaped with a sentence, " to stand in the pillory for one hour, have fifty lashes upon his naked back at the public whip- ping-post and ten years' imprisonment to hard labor." Dean having failed in his motion in arrest, was hung in the year 1808.^ In the early days there was much more litigation than at present. There was less money, but there were more disputes. The machinery of business was less perfectly organized and land titles were unsettled. The character of the litigation, say thirty years ago or later, is thus described by an old practi- tioner : " The business of an attorney of those earlier days was largely before jus- tices of the peace, and was chiefly, and in all the courts, the collection of debts by employing the severe pressure upon debtors which the law then invited. Money being scarce, business was done mostly upon a credit, and to a consid- erable extent in barter. The older lawyers present will remember the obliga- tions made payable in ' good merchantable hollow ware,' 'fulled cloth,' 'grain,' or " neat cattle, bulls and stags excepted.' It was not an unusual device of country traders to make nominal changes in their partnerships from time to time or put forth other ostensible reasons for placing their books of account into the hands •of the village lawyer for collection. The temptation of fees and income de- pendent upon the number of suits brought, which fees were expected to come out of the debtor in the form of costs, and the credit of being reputed a sharp collecting lawyer was a stimulus to him to push the law to its extremities of coercion. At the same time the creditor might be ready with instructions, ' Put him in jail. He will contrive some way to pay ; or his friends won't suffer him to lie in jail ; or, the town will see the debt paid rather than support his family as paupers.' In the case of a debtor who had credit, or means of credit, but no present money, the grand economy was to pursue the case to judgment, exe- cution and commitment, when the debtor would give a jail bond and immedi- ately break it. Then would come a new suit upon the jail bond, with judg- ment, execution, commitment, and a second jail bond, breach and suit, and so on indefinitely, to the increasing profit of the attorney. After a time the Leg- islature, envying his happy state, ruthlessly cut off this source of his gain, by pro- hibiting the taking of a second jail bond where the judgment was upon a jail bond — a provision now found in section 1,500 of the revised laws. Many a vil- lage lawyer in Vermont laid the foundation of a fortune for himself and family 1 Dean was hung on a gallows that stood on a little knoll just west of the late residence of Miss Mary Fletcher, on North Prospect street, on land then owned by Moses Fay. The procession came up Pearl street from the jail and turned north in a lane at what is now the west end of the lawn of Henry Loomis. The gallows was erected especially for Dean. At that time the neighborhood was a mass of second growth pine, and there were no roads in this vicinity. The sheriff and executioner was Daniel Staniford. 228 History of Chittenden County. in these early conditions of practice, when it was not unusual for one to bring 500 or more suits yearly, chiefly before justices, and for small collections. The changes of fifty years in business, society and the law, have left the attorney of the present day little of this class of business, a change not to be regretted." Since the settlement of the cases arising under the national bankrupt act of 1867, the dockets of the bar have been growing smaller. From a published report we find that in 1877-78 throughout the State there were 2,581 entries of civil causes, 181 jury trials, 755 decrees in chancery, and 209 judgments in the Supreme Court. In 1882-83 the business had diminished until there were only 1,391 entries of civil causes, 99 jury trials, 318 decrees in chancery, and 183 Supreme Court judgments. On the other hand, the suits tried in recent years have sometimes involved large property interests, heavy corporate liti- gation has increased, and attorneys of established reputation still have enough to do. The lawyer's life is one of conflict, but his battles are those of peace ; so his biography lacks incident, and the salient points of his career can be given in a few words. Sketches of the lives of many of the more distinguished who passed from earth previous to 1861 are already in print and will be liberally drawn from in some of the following memorials. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.^ Samuel Hitchcock was born in Brimfield, Mass., in 1755. He was gradu- ated from Harvard University in 1777, and was admitted to the bar before com- ing to Vermont, to which State he removed in 1786, and established himself in Burlington. He held the office of State's Attorney from 1787 to 1790 inclu- sive, and was town representative from 1789 to 1793 inclusive. He was a member of the convention of delegates of the people of the State of Vermont held at Bennington, January 10, 1791, to ratify the constitution of the United States. The charter of the University of Vermont, which was granted in 1791, is said to have been drawn by Mr. Hitchcock, the materials of it being largely furnished by another alumnus of Harvard, Rev. Samuel Williams, of Rutland. Mr. Hitchcock was one of the trustees of the university from the start and held the office until his death. He was attorney- general of the State from 1790 to 1793, and was appointed by the Legislature a presidential elector, and cast his vote in 1793 for George Washington and John Adams. In 1797 he was one of the committee who reported the second general revision of the laws of the State, which were adopted and printed in 1798. He was appointed by Presi- dent Adams judge of the United States District Court, and held the office until the repeal of the judiciary act. He was married May 26, 1799, to Lucy C. Allen, second daughter of General Ethan Allen. This marriage is the first one / recorded in the town records of Burlington. Judge Hitchcock died at Burling- 1 Brief notices of the altonieys at present practicing in tlie county appear in the chapters containing the history of the respective towns where they reside. Bench and Bar. 229 ton November 30, 18 13, aged fifty-eight years. He was a superior scholar, a prominent lawyer, and from the importance of the public trusts committed to him it is evident that he was a distinguished figure in the early history of the State. Cornelius Peter Van Ness. — Cornelius P. Van Ness was of Dutch origin, the third son of Peter Van Ness, and was born in 1782, in Kinderhook, N. Y. He was fitted far college, but did not enter. He studied law in the office of his brother, Martin Van Buren being a fellow student. He was admitted to the bar in 1804 and began practice in his native town, and married the same year Miss Rhoda Savage, who is spoken of as a highly accomplished and beautiful lady. He remained in Kinderhook two years and then removed to St. Albans, Vt, but in 1809 he changed his residence to Burlington where, with occasional intermissions while in the public service, he continued to practice his profes- sion for twenty years or more. The same year of his removal to Burlington he was appointed by President Madison to the office of United States district attorney for Vermont, at that time a very important position. Smuggling over the Canadian border was very extensively carried on and prosecutions for vio- lations of the customs laws correspondingly frequent. In 1813 he was made collector of the port of Burlington. This office he held until the termination of the war, and then left it to fill the more important one of commissioner to act with two others to settle our national boundaries under the Treaty of Ghent. This agency he continued to hold for some four or five years with a salary of $4,500 per annum, and by the ability displayed in this position he added largely to his reputation as a public man. Resuming his practice he became a leading politician controlling the government influence and patronage for the State. He was also active and influential in local affairs. He was elected town repre- sentative in 1818 and was re-elected in the three following years. He was a strong debater and natural parliamentary leader. He introduced and carried the bill to incorporate the Bank of Burlington, and on the fate of that bill de- pended the adoption of the banking system of Vermont. He became president of this bank and held the office until his appointment to the bench of the Su- preme Court. He was made chief justice and held the office two years when he was elected governor. This office he held three years, having been twice re-elected without opposition. It was during his term as governor in 1825 that the reception was given to General Lafayette at the Van Ness mansion on Main street, in Burlington. The culminating ambition of Governor Van Ness was a seat in the Senate of the United States. In this he failed. After a memorable and bitter contest he was beaten by a small majority, and Horatio Seymour elected. In 1829, under the Jackson administration, he was appointed minister to Spain, a post which he occupied for many years. Returning to Vermont in 1840 he found the State had settled down to a fixed opposition to Democratic rule, and there 230 History of Chittenden County. seemed to be no rewards for political activity at home. In 1841 he took up his residence in New York city and for a year and a half in 1844 and 1845 he held the office of collector of the port of New York under President Tyler. In 1846 the death of his brother, General John P. Van Ness, of Washington, left him one of the heirs of a large estate, in the settlement and care of which his now declining years were mainly occupied. He died in December, 1852, and was buried in Washington. Charles Adams was born in Arlington, Vt., March 12, 1785. He gradu- ated from the University of Vermont at the age of nineteen, and was one of the three forming the first graduating class of that institution. He immedi- ately entered the law office of Hon. William C. Harrington, in BurHngton, and was admitted to the bar in due course. In 18 14 he married Maria Waite, by whom he had four children, one of them, J. S. Adams, who afterwards be- came secretary of the State Board of Education and county clerk. For one or more terms he served as one of the Governor's Council. During the festivi- ties attendant upon the visit of General Lafayette in 1825, Mr. Adams acted as aid to Governor Van Ness. He died January 12, 1861, aged seventy-six years ; widely known throughout the State for his ability and public services for more than forty years, and esteemed by his fellow men for the purity of his character, and his generous and earnest public spirit. The Vermont Reports bear witness that his practice was large, and the character of it was thus touched upon in one of the resolutions introduced by Hon. George F. Ed- munds at a meeting of the bar after Mr. Adams's death : " Resolved, That in his practice as a counselor and advocate of this bar we would record their sense of his integrity, prudence, learning, knowledge of men and affairs, and power of persuasion, and that when he died there was extinguished one of the few remaining lights of the ' old common law.' " William A. Griswold was born in New Marlborough, Mass., September IS. 1755' He was about ten years old when his father removed to Bennington, Vt. He was graduated from Dartmouth College ; studied law with Judge Jonathan Robinson ; married, at the age of twenty-three, Miss Mary FoUett, and opened an office at Danville. His practice extended to good proportions, and he was considerably employed in the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, to which the evasions and violations of the revenue laws, and the circumstances of the times attracted a large amount of business. He was appointed to the office of State's attorney in 1803, which he continued to hold with few interruptions until he removed to Burlington, in 1821. He was elected to the Legislature from Danville in 1807, the year in which the act passed es- tablishing the State prison. This policy, which had been much canvassed and objected to in the State, and seriously opposed in the Legislature, Mr. Gris- wold warmly supported, urging the Legislature to abandon the branding- iron, pillory and whipping-post, and to substitute a kind of punishment which con- Bench and Bar. 231 templated the reformation and restitution to society of the criminal. He re- mained a member until 181 1, five sessions consecutively, and was an influential legislator. In 1812 he was chosen a presidential elector, and voted for James Madison and the war. He re-entered the Legislature in 1813, to which he was annually elected to 18 19. During the stormy years of the war he was an active and energetic member, and a leader of his party in the House. In 1815 he was elected speaker of the House, and was annually re-elected so long as he remained a member. President Monroe appointed him to the ofiice of United States district attorney, which office he held until the close of Mr. Adams's administration in 1829. He was a member of the Council of Censors in 1828, and an elector of president in 1836, and voted for Harrison. He was elected to the Legislature from Burlington in 1841. After his removal to Bur- lington he formed a law partnership with his brother-in-law. Judge Follett, and pursued his profession so long as his health permitted. He died in 1845, aged seventy years. He was a disciple of the political school of Jefferson, a sup- porter of President Adams's administration, and an ardent friend and supporter of Henry Clay. In a biographical sketch of Mr. Griswold written by the late Gamahel B. Sawyer, and which forms the basis of this notice, it is said of him : " He will be especially remembered as an excellent specimen of a species be- coming rare, but we hope not quite extinct — an honest politician." Timothy Follett was born at Bennington January 5, 1793. At the age of ten years he was left to the care of a widowed mother who, to educate her children, removed to Burlington. He was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1810. After a course of law lectures at the school of Judges Reeve and Gould, at Litchfield, Conn., he was admitted to the bar of the Chit- tenden County Court in February, 18 14. The conventional record should be now that he plunged at once into a successful and lucrative practice. But he probably shared the common lot of young attorneys, for his son has written of him: "For two years a lean support was, with great difficulty and under a system of most rigid economy, obtained, when by a favorable change in pro- fessional business consequent upon the establishment of peace with Great Britain, a more lucrative field was opened." In 18 19 he was appointed by Judges Brayton and Doolittle, of the Supreme Court, to the office of State's attorney, then vacant by the death of Sanford Gadcomb, and was elected to the same office by the Legislatures of 1820, '21, and '22. In 1823, elected judge of the County Court, his professional Hfe continued until he was obHged to abandon it by reason of ill-health. In 1830, '31, and '32 he was town rep- resentative. From 1832 to 1841 he was engaged in the settlement of the large bankrupt estate of Horatio Gates & Co., of Montreal. In 1841 he became senior member of the firm of Follett & Bradley, who did an extensive mercan- tile business. Mr. Follett is best known and remembered as the chief projector of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. He was elected president of the cor- 232 History of Chittenden County. poration in 1845, and in December, 1849, a train of cars passed over the en- tire line from Boston to Burlington. He remained president and sole construct- ing agent until January, 1852, when he surrendered the trusts which the cor- poration had confided to his care. He died October 12, 1857. Benjamin F. Bailey was born in Guildhall, Vt., in 1796. He was gradu- ated at the University of Vermont in 1 8 18, in the class of which the late Jacob Maeck was a member. Immediately after his graduation he was appointed tutor in the university. He studied law in Burlington in the office of Griswold & Follett, and was admitted to the bar in 1821. He was appointed State's at- torney in the years 1823, '24, '25, and '26. For four years he was elected by the Legislature as one of the State commissioners of common schools. He was for some years and until his death in 1832, a partner with the late Hon. George P. Marsh under the firm name of Bailey & Marsh. At the time of his death he was the candidate of the Democratic party for Congress. Heman Allen was the first lawyer in Milton. He came there about 1802, and pursued his profession until about 1828, when he moved to Burlington. He was a member of Congress from 1831 to 1839. He was for many years a member of the corporation of the University of Vermont. He died at Bur- lington in 1844. Heman Allen, a son of Heber, and nephew to Ethan and Ira Allen, was. distinguished from the Heman Allen last mentioned by the sobriquet of "Chili Allen." He became entitled to this mark of distinction from having been ap- pointed minister to Chili in 1823 by President Monroe. He lived with his uncle, Ira Allen, when a boy. He was town clerk of Colchester from 1807 to 18 17; sheriff" of Chittenden county in 1808 and 1809; chief judge of the County Court from 1811 to 18 14 inclusive, and for some time United States marshal for Vermont. Upon his return from Chili he resided in Burlington and Highgate, and died in the latter place in 1852. His remains lie in the Al- len family lot at Green Mountain Cemetery, at Burlington. Albert G. Whittemore settled in Milton in 1824, where he remained, enjoy- ing an extensive practice until 1852. During that year he met his death by an accident while traveling in the West. He had four children— three sons and a daughter. Of the sons there survive Don J., chief engineer of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, and Albert G., an attorney practicing in Burlington. William Penn Briggs was born of Quaker parentage at Adams, Mass., in 1793. He removed to Richmond, Vt, in 1826, where he resided until 1841,. and where he seems to have been merchant, farmer and lawyer at once. In 1829, 1832 and 1834 he was chosen judge of probate for the district of Chit- tenden. In 1841 he received from President Harrison the appointment of col- lector of customs for the district of Vermont, and removed to Burlington,. where he resided until 1845, and then returned to Richmond. He died at Montpelier September 20, 1861. Judge Briggs is still remembered by the Bench and Bar. 233 oldest living attorneys as a very bright man, a racy and witty speaker, well versed in literature, and having an apt memory in quotation, which he used with effect in his jury cases. Asahel Peck was born in Royalton, Mass., in September, 1803. He entered the sophomore class of the University of Vermont in 1827, but left after a year's study from lack of means of support. After leaving college he went to Canada and studied French about a year. He first studied law with his brother Nahum at Hinesburg, but finished his studies with Bailey & Marsh at Buriing- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1832, and began practice in Burlington. He formed a partnership with Archibald W. Hyde, collector of customs for the district of Vermont. Mr. Hyde lent the prestige of his name to the firm, and the junior partner did the business. In 1837 Governor Van Ness went as min- ister to Spain and turned over some of his cases to Mr. Peck, whose business grew to be extensive, as the dockets and the Supreme Court reports show. In 185 1 he was elected judge of the Circuit Court over Milo Bennett, and contin- ued to hold that office until the circuit pystem was abolished in 1857. When Chief Justice Redfield retired from the bench in i860. Judge Peck came into the Supreme Court, and remained there until he was elected governor in 1874. As a judge of the Supreme Court he found his place, and there made his high- est and most enduring reputation. He was simple hearted and perfectly up- right. He was moreover a profound lawyer, and had the gift of clear expres- sion, so that his written opinions are models of judicial style. In 1874, without any solicitation on his part, he was elected governor, and, on the day before he was to be voted for, resigned his seat on the bench. As governor he executed his trust to the great satisfaction of the people, and the fear of his veto pre- vented much sHp-shod and ill-advised legislation. After the expiration of his term as governor he was engaged in a few important cases, but spent most of his time in the retirement of his farm in Jericho, where he died in 1879. The judgment of the profession does not always correspond with that of the public in its estimate of a lawyer, but the following resolution, adopted at a meeting of the Chittenden County Bar, and introduced by Daniel Roberts, esq., voices the general sentiment of those who knew Judge Peck well : " Resolved, That by the recent death of Asahel Peck the bar of this county, of which he was first a member, the bar and bench of the State, and all its citizens, are called to mourn the loss of one who illustrated his life, in all its relations, by its pre- eminent excellence. As a practicing lawyer and judge, senator and governor, he was learned, painstaking, able, faithful, judicious, discreet, honest, just ; and as a citizen he supplemented these quahties by simplicity of manner, purity of morals, kindness of heart, loyalty to country, to truth and the right. As such, though dead, he will ever live in the memory of those who knew him, as a cherished ideal and exemplar of the virtues which may and should adorn the profession of the lawyer." 234 History of Chittenden County. Milo L. Bennett. — Litchfield county, Connecticut, has furnished a large im- migration to Vermont. Mr. Bennett was born in Sharon, in that county, in 1789. He was graduated from Yale in 18 11, in the same class with Judge Samuel S. Phelps, studied law in Judge Reeve's law-school in Litchfield, and began the practice of his profession in Manchester, Vt. He was for three years State's attorney for Bennington county, and for five years judge of probate. He became interested in timber lands in Maine and removed thither in 1836. Having been unsuccessful in his financial speculations, he returned to the State after an absence of two years and settled in BurHngton. In 1838 he was elected to the Supreme Court, Judges Williams, Royce, Collamer and Redfield being his associates. He remained upon the bench for twenty years, retiring in 1859. In 1869 he was appointed by the Legislature as a commissioner, in association with Pierpoint, Isham and Andrew Tracy, to revise and compile the statutes of the State. In this work, which required about two years for its completion, Judge Bennett took the laboring oar. This compilation is known as the "General Statutes." In 1864 he wrote and published the book known as the Vermont Justice. Judge Bennett died in the 80th year of his age, July 7, 1868, at the. residence of his son, Edmund H. Bennett, in Taunton, Mass. At a meeting of the bar of Chittenden county in 1868, a committee consisting of Daniel Roberts, L. B. Englesby and William G. Shaw reported, among other resolutions of respect to the memory of Judge Bennett, the following: " We honor his memory as a laborious, painstaking and honest lawyer and judge, whose labors for twenty years upon the bench, as illustrated in his recorded opinions, have added largely to the reputation of Vermont jurispru- dence for learning, stability, independence and purity. We honor him for the purity of his private life and for his stern adherence to the principles of virtue and of public order." As Mr. Roberts said of Judge Bennett at this meeting, he " was not a brilliant man ; he was not an orator, nor a genius ; he lacked grace of manner and of speech ; he had no great literary accomplishments, and yet the clearness and discrimination of his thought gave him a simple, per- spicuous and accurate written style. He was an example of what industry, diligence, study, probity and a persistent will may make of a man of plain but strong native faculties." Gamaliel B. Sawyer was the son of James Sawyer, an officer in the Revo- lutionary War, and was of a family distinguished in the military and naval ser- vice of the country. He was born March 25, 1801, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1819, and admitted to the bar in 1822. He died July II, 1868. Mr. Sawyer engaged but Httle, if any, in the active practice of his profession, but is known for his literary and scholarly ability and for his learnmg in the departments of history and politics. He was a writer of many fugitive articles in the press and in magazines. His style was notably spirited and strong. His historical sketches in the Vermont Gazetteer are among the Bench and Bar. 235, most entertaining and valuable in that work. He was a strong anti-slavery man and a hater of wrong and oppression of every sort. • Jacob Maeck. — The record of the life of Jacob Maeck can be made very simple and brief He was an excellent lawyer, and made his mark as such. He was a man of pronounced character and eccentricity, about whom number- less anecdotes are told, and to whom many witty sayings are credited, which have become, in a sort, classics with the local bar. But he held no public office, and outside of his profession his life was in outward things uneventful. He was born in Shelburne February 14, 1798. His father was a physicfan of prominence in Shelburne, and his grandfather was a surgeon in the Hessian forces that surrendered at Saratoga. The family name has long been well known in the county. When Mr. Maeck died he was one of the oldest of the alumni of the Uni- versity of Vermont, graduating with honors in the class of 1818. His three companions in college were Hon. Benjamin F. Bailey, Rev. Nehemiah Dodge and Rev. Truman Foote. After graduation he studied law with Sanford Gad- comb, and was admitted to the bar of this county in 1820. He began practice in Essex, but soon went to Jericho, where he Hved several years, until his re- moval in 1829 to BurHngton, where he made his home ever afterwards. He was a partner with Hon. David A. Smalley from 1837 to 1841. He was the first counsel of the Vermont Central Railroad and a strong friend of Governor Paine during the construction of the road. He never was a place hunter and never held pubHc office. He never was identified with any political party, and voted as he saw fit, independently. In later years he acted with the Demo- cratic party. He was a confirmed bachelor and avoided the society of the fair sex. He was very small, slight and frail physically. When inquired of once what was the state of his health he said, "I don't know, for I never had any." In spite of his weakness of body, his keen, strong intellect and caustic speech gave him weight before both judge and jury. His death occurred November 4, 1873- George P. Marsh. — The name of Marsh, in Vermont, has been long associ- ated with distinguished scholarship. The most widely known of the name, as- an author as well as a public servant, is the subject of this notice. He was born in Woodstock March 15, 1801, and died suddenly at Valambrosa, Italy, July 24, 1882. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1820 and for a year thereafter he was a tutor in that institution. He was early distinguished for his linguistic acquirements. He came to BurHngton and in 1823 formed a law partnership with Benjamin F. Bailey under the firm name of Bailey & Marsh. In 1 83 5 he was elected one of the Governor's Council. In 1 842 he was elected to Congress, having for his colleagues in the Senate, Collamer and Foot, and in the House, Dillingham. He served in Congress for several years and m 1849 was appointed by President Tyler minister to Turkey. While in Turkey, 236 History of Chittenden County. in 1852, he was charged with an important mission to Greece. Returning home in December, 1853, he served as railroad commissioner for Vermont. In March, 1861, he was appointed by Mr. Lincoln minister to Italy and never again returned home. He had the unusual fortune of being permitted to represent his country with distinction abroad through a long course of years. Mr. Marsh was a man of vast learning. While a lawyer in a small country town, his intellectual interests were as wide as th§ world. In 1838 he pub- lished A Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language. Among his other works are the following: The Camel, His Organization, Habits and Uses, with Reference to his Introduction into the United States (1856), Lectures on the English Language (1861), Origin and History of the English Lan- guage, and of the Early Literature it Embodies (1862). Some, or all of these lectures were originally delivered at the Lowell Institute, Boston. They passed through many editions and are recognized authority upon the subjects of which they treat. Man and Nature, published in 1864, was afterwards re- vised and improved, and appeared (1874) under the title, The Earth as Mod- ified by Human Action. He has also published at different times a number of lectures, speeches and addresses. In 1828 he married Harriet, a daughter of Colonel Ozias Buel, by whom he had one son, who died in early manhood. His second wife was Miss Crane, daughter of Rev. S. A. Crane, of Burlington, a lady of rare accomplishments, and who is now living. Charles Russell. — The death of Charles Russell, which took place October 31, 1875, removed from the bar a conspicuous figure, who in his personal presence and methods of business reflected a former generation of attorneys. He was of very large and heavy mould, was smoothly shaven, wore a copious and spotless ruffled shirt front, and made his charges for legal services corre- spond to the meager tariff of the period when innumerable writs and cumula- tive fees made profitable a business of limited importance. Judge Russell was born April 17, 1800; was admitted to the bar of Franklin county in 1826, and began practice in Burlington the same year. He was town clerk from 1829 to 1846, judge of probate from 1835 to 1847, and a representative from BurHng- ton for the sessions of 1846 and 1847. In later years he was court auditor for Chittenden county, and from his reputation for legal erudition and even-handed impartiality in judging between suitors he was very frequently chosen as a referee and arbitrator. David A. Smalley was born in Middlebury, Vt, April 6th, 1809. He studied law in the office of Smalley & Adams, in St. Albans. Benjamin H. Smalley, the senior member of the firm, was his uncle. He was admitted to the bar of FrankHn county in April, 183 i. Mr. Smalley began his practice in Jericho, and also held the office of postmaster there from 1832 to 1836 In 1836 he removed to Lowell, but remained there only a few months, seeking a wider field for ambition in Burlington, which became his permanent home Bench and Bar. 237 He was an ardent admirer and adherent of Jackson and his policy, and was during his life an active and influential Democrat. In 1842 he received the compliment of an election, on the Democratic ticket, to the State Senate from Chittenden county, which was at that time overwhelmingly Whig in political preference. In 1847 he was elected chairman of the State Democratic Com- mittee, and in each of the ten following years was re-elected to the same posi- tion. To the National Democratic Conventions of 1844, 1848, 1852 and 1856 he was a delegate, and in the last two years was chairman of the Vermont ■delegation. In the National Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, in 1856 he was made a member of the national committee, and by it was chosen to the ■chair. He was a school-fellow of Stephen A. Douglass, and through life his personal and political friend. He was also on terms of intimacy with Franklin Pierce, who, upon his accession to the presidency, tendered to Mr. Smalley successively the appointments of minister to Russia, Spain and Austria, and to the solicitorship of the treasury. All these honors were declined. He occu- pied, however, the office of collector of customs for Vermont, a position which would not interfere with the prosecution of his regular professional business at home. He was one of the originators of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad Company and also one of its directors and legal counselors. From 1856 to 1863 he owned all its stock and controlled the corporation. Meanwhile he continued to have the most remunerative law practice in the State. In 1856 he was chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and it is admitted that the election of James Buchanan was largely due to him. In 1857 he was appointed judge of the United States District Court, and from that time for- ward abstained from poHtical management. As a judge, he was of remarkably quick legal apprehension, and was perfectly bold and fearless. In the War of the Rebellion he was a strong supporter of the Union cause. His spirit was illustrated in a charge to the grand jury in New York on the law of treason. This was in 1861, when certain merchants in New York were shipping arms and supplies to the seceded States, after the firing upon Sumter. He said : •" What amounts to adhering and giving aid and comfort to our enemies ? It is somewhat difficult in all cases to define ; but certain it is that furnishing them with arms or munitions of war, vessels, or other means of transportation, or any materials which will aid the traitors in carrying out their traitorous pur- poses with the knowledge that they are intended for such purposes, does come within the provisions of the act." Coming from a judge of his political ante- •cedents, the effect of this charge was electric, and President Lincoln thanked him for it. Judge Smalley died on the lOth of March, 1877, after a judicial service of twenty years. John Sullivan Adams was born in 1820, and died in Jacksonville, Fla., April 23, 1876. He was the son of Charles Adams, a prominent lawyer of Eurlington, a sketch of whose life appears above in this chapter. John Sullivan 16 238 History of Chittenden County. Adams was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1838. Among his classmates were John Gregory Smith and Calvin Pease. He studied law in the office of his father, and was admitted to the Chittenden County Barin 1843. I" 1 849 Mr. Adams took the western fever, which attacks all American youth, and went to California. After an absence of two years he returned to Burlington and resumed his practice. In 1854 he was appointed clerk of Chittenden county, which office he held continuously until 1867, when he removed to Jacksonville, Fla. Mr. Adams is best remembered for his en- thusiastic interest in the cause of education in Vermont. In 1856 the first State Board of Education was organized, and Mr. Adams was appointed its secretary. His labors in the position were very important, and the State owes him a lasting debt of gratitude for his unselfish services in the office which he held. He was a member of the corporation of the University of Vermont from 1 86 1 to 1867. After his removal to Florida he held the offices of com- missioner of immigration, collector of customs for the port of St. Johns, and postmaster. He established a newspaper called The New South, which he edited and published until his death. He was a fiery and effective public speaker, and his addresses were numerous upon both political and educational questions. Jeremiah French. — Success at the bar usually comes very slowly. This was not the case with the subject of this sketch. He was born in Williston April 10, 1835. He received an academical training in his own town, and was for a time in the University of Vermont. He began to study law at the age of eighteen, and entered Harvard Law School in February, 1855, from which, after a full course, he graduated with honor in July, 1856, receiving one of the prizes awarded for a legal essay. He immediately began practice in Burlington in partnership with Hon. Levi Underwood. He had a special apti- tude for his chosen profession, and very soon had a large county court practice. He had a constant struggle with disease, and died of consumption at the age of thirty-three, after a practice of but eleven years. Luther L. Lawrence. — Mr. Lawrence received a common school education. He was a hard student and fitted himself for teaching. He came to Burling- ton in the year 1863, and taught for some time the Main street school. He studied law in the office of Hon. George F. Edmunds, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. He was for a time in partnership with Hon. W. L. Burnap, under the firm name of Lawrence & Burnap. He was register in bankruptcy dur- ing the existence of the United States bankrupt law. He was elected city attorney in 1876, and was re-elected in 1877. He was a member of the board of school commissioners from 1869 to 1879, and was very active and useful in the building up of our school system. He died January 8th, 1885, of con- sumption. He struggled with his disease through many weary months with characteristic grit. Having sought the climate of New Mexico the winter pre- The Medical Profession. 239 vious to his death, without rehef, he spent his last days at the homestead at Westford. Mr. Lawrence was a man of great energy, an earnest student, and an excellent lawyer. CHAPTER XII. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.' The Medical Department of the University of Vermont — The Mary Fletcher Hospital — The Mary Fletcher Hospital Training School for Nurses — Lake View Retreat — Health De- partment of the City of Burlington — The Burlington Medical and Surgical Club —Surgeons- General — Commissioners and Boards of Supervisors of the Insane — Boards of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensions — Biographical Sketches of Deceased Physicians of Bur- lington. IN 1 79 1, when the first census of Chittenden county was taken, the popu- lation was only 3,875, and a few physicians could minister to the necessities of so small a number. These, like the other first civilized settlers, were for the most part men of sturdy common sense, and of great industry and force. They emigrated chiefly from Connecticut and Massachusetts, and were obliged to practice the economy and endure the hardships incident to new settlements in a rough territory. Students who desired to acquire a knowledge of medicine and fill the places of these in the future, when the needs of the increasing pop- ulation required their services, were accustomed to apprentice themselves to some physician of prominence in the near vicinity, and after receiving from him instruction and clinical experience in his practice for the required period of three years, were then subjected to an examination by the censors of the nearest county medical society, and if this was satisfactory were granted a diploma to practice medicine. The Legislature of the State, in their act of in- corporation of the county medical societies, gave them this authority, for at this early period there were no organized medical schools in Vermont. The following is a copy of one of these diplomas : "By the third Medical Society of the State of Vermont, as by law established: Mr. William At- water, having presented himself to this Society for examination on the anatomy of the human body and the theory and practice of physic and surgery, and being approved by our censors, the Society will- ingly recommend him to the world as a judicious and safe practitioner in the different avocations of the medical profession. In testimony whereof we have hereunto prefixed the signature of our president and seal of the Society at the Medical Hall in Burhngton, the 2d Tuesday of June, A. D. 1813. "John Perigo, Secretary, "John Pomeroy, President." In 1800 the census showed that the population of the county had increased to 9,395- With this rapid increase in this county, and a similar increase in the 1 Prepared by Dr. H. II. Atwater. 240 History of Chittenden County. other counties in the State, it became evident to thoughtful men that the op- portunities for education in medicine were altogether too limited to supply the needs of the people, or certainly would be in the near future ; and further, that the methods of education were defective to that extent that they did not give promise of furnishing the most complete knowledge and the highest talents to the physicians who were to supply these needs ; that these attain- ments could not be acquired in the offices of single individuals ; that centers of medical education should be formed, and thus organized effort be made with its larger and better appliances and greater opportunities for the securing of varied and higher abilities in the teachers, as well as the gathering together of abundant material, from which the students would then obtain all important clinical experience. Even before this period the men who conceived the idea of a State univer- sity, and had a medical department included in the act of incorporation by the Legislature, of the University of Vermont, and secured its location at Burling- ton, wisely foresaw that such a department would be of advantage to the uni- versity itself and to the State ; that it would be of permanent duration by reason of such connection ; and that its location was the best in the State, being near the center of a district, where there was no medical school at that time for a distance in any direction of at least ninety miles. Thus the first medical school incorporated in Vermont was : The Medical Department of the University of Vermont. — The first step taken by the University of Vermont towards the organization of the medical department was in 1804, at which time John Pomeroy, M. D., was appointed lecturer in anatomy and surgery, although it was authorized to establish such a department, under its charter granted by the Legislature of the State, No- vember 3, 1791. But nothing was done under this appointment until 1809, when he was appointed professor of medicine, anatomy and surgery. He held this chair until 18 17 and was then reappointed professor of surgery, and this appointment continued until his retirement in 1823. From 1809 to 1822 medical students came to Dr. Pomeroy from different portions of the State to receive instruction at his office in Burlington, and clin- ical experience there and in his extensive practice outside. The number of his students became so great that he found it necessary to engage more com- modious quarters than his office afforded, consequently a building on Water street was secured, and the first regular course of lectures upon anatoni)- and surgery ever given in Chittenden county was by him to a class of twelve stu- dents in the winter of 1 8 14. Other physicians residing in the vicinity were occasionally induced to assist him and give instruction in obstetrics and prac- tice, but he often found himself alone as instructor in several branches of med- icine. In 1 82 1 the organization of the medical department was completed by the Y. ■'Y /,:> C^ -^ /^t'-^'z- ' 1 ['■'■. The Medical Profession. 241 additional appointments of Nathan Ryno Smith, M. D., professor of anatomy and physiology ; William Paddock, M. D., professor of botany and materia medica; and Arthur Livermore Porter, M. D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy. In 1822 Nathan Smith, M. D., was appointed lecturer in medicine and surgery, and in the fall of this year was given the first full and regular course of lectures in this department. Dr. Paddock retired in 1824, and Drs- Nathan Smith, Nathan R. Smith and Porter, in 1825. In 1823 James Kent Piatt, M. D., was appointed professor of surgery and held the chair until his death the next year. In 1825 Henry S. Waterhouse, M. D., was appointed professor of surgery ; William Sweetser, M. D., professor of the theory and practice of medicine ; and John Bell, M. D., professor of anatomy and physi- ology. Dr. Bell retired the same year and was succeeded by William Ander- son, M. D. Dr. Waterhouse retired in 1827, Dr. Anderson in 1828, and Dr. Sweetser in 1832. In 1829 Benjamin Lincoln, M. D., was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery and retired in 1834. In 1835 Edward Ehsha Phelps, M. D., was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery; and Joseph Marsh, M. D., professor of the theory and practice of medicine. Dr. Phelps retired in 1837 and Dr. Marsh in 1841. In 1823 the first class of four members was graduated. In 1825 the largest class, numbering fifteen, was graduated. In 1829 a building was erected at the south end of college green for the sole use of the medical department, containing commodious lecture rooms and a chem- ical laboratory. In 1836 only one medical student was graduated, and this department was then suspended for want of students. During this early period of its existence one hundred and fourteen students in all had been graduated. The reasons for this want of medical students and suspension are not diffi- cult to explain. There had been established a medical school in connection with Dartmouth College, near the eastern border of Vermont, and two rival schools in Vermont, one at Castleton and the other at Woodstock. Those at Dartmouth and Woodstock naturally absorbed the material from the eastern portion of the State, and the one at Castleton from the southern, leaving only the limited and sparsely settled northwestern portion for the university. In addition to these obstacles the medical faculty received little or no aid from the parent university, for it maintained its own existence with extreme difficulty. But the facuUy selected were well chosen and men of large abihty, who were of great advantage to the university. Dr. Pomeroy, the first appointed, had extensive surgical experience, and a pioneer energy of character, as well as a special interest in the university and its medical department, because of his in- timate relation to it as a professor and member of its corporation at different times, and of his local pride, as a citizen of much influence in Burlington and its vicinity. He rendered the institution zealous, active and persevering serv- ice, and important patronage during its birth and early struggles for existence. Of some of the other medical professors, Rev. John Wheeler, D. D., speak- 242 History of Chittenden County. ing of a period of embarrassment of the university in 1821, when its suspen- sion was decided upon, in an address at its semi-centennial anniversary, says : " To Arthur L. Porter, a young professor of chemistry and pharmacy, more than to any other, it is indebted for its revival at this period. He was a young man of genial feelings, of great activity and an earnest and enthusiastic scholar. He had pursued the study of medicine at Dartmouth College, but finished his studies at Edinburgh." Again the address says: "During the years 1824 to 1826 the influence of the medical school both directly and indirectly, in keep- ing the academical department alive and in a convalescent state, was worthy of great praise. It did not meddle with the law of its life and seek to absorb the academical faculty into itself as the only living power, but it nourished and cherished the university for its own inherent excellence, looking to its final growth for remuneration. " Great men, good men and earnest men were connected with it. Professor Porter was here, the one who would not suffer instruction in the academical department to stop, though permitted by the corporation and ordered by the faculty. Nathan Ryno Smith was here, giving early promise of what he has since become — one of the first practical surgeons in Maryland, and of high eminence as a professor of surgery. Also Nathan Smith, sr., a man of more surgical experience and of more genuine medical genius, perhaps, than any man of his day in New England. Last, but not least, there came Benjamin Lincoln, who laid down his life on the altar of medical science. He came in 1829 and was about thirty years of age. He was a graduate of Bowdoin Col- lege, in Maine. After coming here he was for one season demonstrator of anatomy in the medical college at Baltimore, and was urged to return there and accept a professor's chair. But he hoped to realize, he cared not on how small a scale, if it were but done, his idea of a medical school, in this university, without the hindrance of incrusted or organic remains from old formations. He pledged his life to it. In moral honesty and in fearless integrity he was an embodied conscience. It was apparent that the intellectual activity and the moral energy of the man would early wear out his physical powers. From being a model of delicate, elegant and manly beauty, he gradually bent under the rigid contraction of muscular rheumatism ; and we held our breath and turned away our eyes in sorrow, as in 1834 we bid him our last farewell." Such men as these, with the able Professors Edward Eiisha Phelps, Joseph Marsh and others, could not stem the tide of adverse circumstances, and the medical de- partment suspended in 1836, as stated. In the years 1840 and 1842 strenuous efforts were made by Dr. S. W. Thayer, then a resident of Northfield, Vt, to reorganize the department, but without success. In 1852, however, a proposition to do this was submitted to Dr. Thayer by Rev. Worthington Smith, president of the university, and others; coupled with the request that he should meet the members of the cor- The Medical Profession. 243 poration, to consider the matter. He did so, at several times, and as a result he was authorized to select a medical faculty for their approval. In 1853 the corporation approved the selections he had made, and the following gentlemen were elected : Samual White Thayer, jr., M.D., professor of anatomy and physiology; Horatio Nelson, M.D., professor of surgery; Walter Carpenter, M.D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Orrin Smith, M.D., pro- fessor of obstetrics ; Edward Kane, M.D., professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and Henry Erni, M.D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy. The first course of lectures after the reorganization was given in 1854. Dr. Nelson retired from the faculty the same year, after having given but one course of lectures; Drs. Erni and Kane in 1857, and Dr. Smith in 1858. For the year 1855 Dr. Thayer was professor of surgery, as well as of anatomy and physiology. In 1858 he was appointed professor of anatomy alone, and retired from this chair in 1872. In 1873 he was given the honorary title of professor emeritus of general and special anatomy. In 1880 he was appointed professor of hygiene, and held the chair until his death in 1882. In 1857 Dr. Carpenter was transferred from the chair of materia medica to that of the the- ory and practice of medicine, and held this position until his resignation in 1881. He held also the chair of materia medica in addition to that of the the- ory and practice of medicine from 1858 until 1872. In 1855 David Sloan Conant, M.D., was appointed professor of surgery, and held the chair until his death in 1866. In 1857 Joseph Perkins, M.D., was appointed professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Edward Hungerford, professor of chemistry and pharmacy, and Richard Cresson Stiles, M.D., professor of physiology and pathology. Dr. Perkins was transferred from the chair of materia medica and therapeutics to that of obstetrics in 1858, and retired in 1868. Edward Hun- gerford retired in i860 and Dr. Stiles in 1865. In i860 Henry Martyn Seeley, M.D., was appointed professor of chemistry and pharmacy, and retired in 1867. In 1865 John Ordronaux, M.D., was appointed professor of physiology and pathology. He held, in addition, the chair of medical jurisprudence from 1871 until 1873, when he retired, and was given the honorary title of professor emeritus of medical jurisprudence. In 1866 Alpheus Benning Crosby, M.D., was appointed professor of surgery, and retired in 1872. In 1867 Peter Col- lier, M.D., was appointed professor of chemistry, and retired in 1877. In 1868 Edward Swift Dunster, M.D., was appointed professor of obstetrics, and in 1871 was succeeded by Albert Freeman Africanus King, M.D. In 1872 Ben- jamin Howard, M.D., was appointed professor of surgery, and William Dar- ling, M.D., professor of general and special anatomy. Dr. Howard held the chair until 1875, and Dr. Darling until his death, in 1884. In 1873 Henry Dwight Holton, M.D., was appointed professor of materia medica and general pathology, and Marshal Calkins, M.D., professor of physiology and microscopic anatomy. Dr. Calkins retired in 1878. In 1875 James Lawrence Little, M.D., 244 History of Chittenden County. was appointed professor of surgery, and held the chair until his death, in 1884.. In 1878 Rudolph August Witthaus, M.D., was appointed professor of chemis- try and toxicology, and Ashbel Parmelee Grinnell, M.D., professor of physiol- ogy and microscopic anatomy. In 1881 Dr. Grinnell was transferred to the chair of the theory and practice of medicine, and John Henry Jackson, M.D., appointed professor of physiology and microscopic anatomy. In 1885 Leroy Monroe Bingham, M.D., was appointed professor of surgery, but resigned in 1886; and William B. Towles, M.D., professor, pro tempore, of general and special anatomy. In 1886 the faculty of the medical college is as follows: Matthew Henry Buckham, D.D., president ; John Ordronaux, M.D., LL.D., emeritus professor of medical jurisprudence ; Albert Freeman Africanus King, A.M., M.D., pro- fessor of obstetrics and diseases of women ; Henry Dwight Holton, A.M.r M.D.,_ professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Ashbel Parmelee Grin- nell, M.D., professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and dean of the faculty; Rudolph August Witthaus, A.M., M.D, professor of chemistry and toxicology; J. Henry Jackson, A.M., M. D., professor of physiology and microscopic anatomy ; J. Williston Wright, A.M., M.D., professor of the prin- ciples and practice of surgery; William B. Towles, M.D., professor, pro tem- pore, of general and special anatomy. Professors of special subjects : Robert William Taylor, M.D., of diseases of the skin and venereal diseases ; Stephen Martindale Roberts, A.M., M.D., of diseases of children; Adrian Theodore Woodward, M.D., of surgical diseases of women ; Ambrose L. Ranney, A.M., M.D., of diseases of the mind and nervous system ; William Oliver Moore,, M.D., of diseases of the eye and ear; Wilder Luke Burnap, A.M., of medical jurisprudence ; Henry Janes, M.D., of military surgery ; J. Hayden Wood- ward, A. M., M. D., of diseases of the throat; A. M. Phelps, M.D., of ortho- paedic surgery and mechanical therapeutics ; Henry Grain Tinkham, demon- strator of anatomy. Board of instructors of the annual winter course of instruction, preliminary to the regular public spring course : Hiram Hayden Atwater, A.M., M.D., in obstetrics and diseases of women and children, and president of the board ; Ashbel Parmelee Grinnell, M.D., in the theory and practice of medicine ; William Brown Lund, A.M., M.D., in materia medica and therapeutics, and secretary of the board ; Andrew Jackson Willard, A.M., M.D., in chemistry and toxicology, and assistant to the chair of chemistry; John Brooks Wheeler, A.M., M.D., in the principles and practice of surgery, and assistant to the chair of surgery; Jo Hatch Linsley, M.D., in physiology and microscopic anatomy ; Henry Grain Tinkham, M.D., in general anatomy. There have been graduated from the medical department since its reorganiza- tion 1, 034 students, and adding to this number the 1 14 graduates of the original organization, a total of 1,148 since the original opening of the school. The largest class ever graduated was loi, in 1884. If the reason given by the faculty for the The Medical Profession. 245 suspension of the school in 1836, "the want of students," was good, then the rea- son for its continuance is equally good, for the number of its students has almost invariably increased from year to year since its reorganization. Soon after its resuscitation its prosperity was so well assured that it became necessary to en- large the medical college to accommodate the increasing number of students ; consequently a subscription was circulated, and fairs held in Burlington for this purpose, and to provide a museum, plates, charts, and apparatus such as a growing institution needed. A considerable sum of money was raised, and the improvements made. Again in 1870 the sum of $2,500 was contributed by the citizens of Burlington to enlarge and refit the college building. The two lecture rooms were enlarged to a seating capacity of about two hundred each. A two-story addition was constructed containing a room conveniently furnished for practical instruction in anatomy, also a laboratory for the students'" use in chemical investigation. Water and gas were introduced, and the whole building thoroughly renovated. In 1 884 it became evident that, although the old college building had been enlarged from time to time, an entirely new structure would be required to accommodate the constantly increasing number of stu- dents. At this juncture the late John P. Howard, Burlington's generous bene- factor, made the school the munificent gift of a new and commodious college building. The erection of this was commenced in 1884, and entirely finished in readiness for the session of 1885. It is situated on Pearl street, at the north end of College Park, and is provided with an amphitheatre capable of comfort- ably seating three hundred and fifty students. The laboratories for practical chemistry and physiology, and the dissecting room for practical anatomy are ample in size, and supplied with every modern convenience for contributing to the comfort of the students, and facilitating their work. The room for the museum is spacious, well-lighted, and contains a large collection of carefully prepared specimens, illustrating both normal and pathological structures. The entire building is heated by steam, thoroughly ventilated, and in all its ap- pointments well adapted to the work of a medical school. The annual winter course of instruction begins on the first Thursday of No- vember, and continues until the last of February, The instruction comprises a systematic course of lectures in the seven departments of medicine and sur- gery, viz., anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, surgery, obstetrics, and the practice of medicine. It includes practical work in the laboratory and dissecting room, and clinical instruction at the hospital. Three lectures, clinical or didactic, occupy the morning hours from nine to twelve, leaving the afternoon and evening of each day free for general study, dissection, and such special work as the student may select. The lecture- room, on the first floor of the college building, has been arranged expressly for this course, and is capable of seating a class of one hundred students. The regular pubHc course of lectures begins on the first Thursday of March and continues twenty weeks, during 246 History of Chittenden County. which time from five to six lectures are given daily in the various departments at the college, and medical and surgical clinics twice a week at the hospital. The plan of instruction comprises a complete course of scholastic lectures upon the seven essential branches of medical science. In addition to this for the last ten years th^ faculty have selected a number of gentlemen to lecture upon special subjects. Such parts of the regular course as are not taught in detail by the regular professors, thus receive special attention from gentlemen who are acknowledged authorities in their respective specialties, each one giving a short and practical course of lectures. This plan is highly appreciated by the stu- dents, since it enables them to obtain a more exact knowledge of important subjects than they can receive from a general lecture course. These lectures on special subjects are delivered during the regular session without extra expense. It is believed that with this addition to the regular curriculum, and the ample opportunities provided at the Mary Fletcher Hospital for clinical instruction in medicine and surgery, the advantages afforded by this college are unsurpassed by any medical institution outside of our large cities. Yet this medical school, with all its generous gifts of buildings and accessory appliances, its close proximity to a hospital admirably equipped for clinical teaching, its situ- ation in Burlington, a city unsurpassed in the United States for grand and beautiful scenery of river, lake and mountains, and for pure and exhilarating air, and its large extent of territory from which to draw students, would never have attained its present high degree of success and usefulness had not wise and able men controlled and made the most of these agencies in their several capacities as organizers, governors and teachers. The medical department of the University of Vermont is wholly indebted for its reorganization in 1853 to the late Dr. Samuel W. Thayer, with the aid of a few other friends of medical education whom he enlisted in its behalf. After repeated failures, and against many discouraging obstacles, among others the opposition of two medical schools in the State, he at last succeeded in his persistent efforts, and the school was the second time started upon a sure footing. He planned and organized it wisely, and afterwards gave to its welfare, as an active member of its faculty, the best energies of twenty years of his life. To Dr. Walter Carpenter it is also indebted greatly for its steady growth and suc- cess. He was a member of its faculty twenty-eight years, th^ longest term of service in its history. He devoted these many years of his vigorous manhood to promote its development, and by his cautious and prudent business manage- ment during its earlier years, often kept it off the shoals of bankruptcy. Of the other members of the faculty now decea^sed, Drs. Conant, Perkins, Stiles, Crosby, Darling, and Little, with terms of service ranging from six to twelve years, were connected with the college long enough to impress upon it their •own marked individuality, and by their wide influence exerted zealously for its best interests, were enabled to extend its popularity and good reputation far i-y^/:-u^^ ^yM. ^0^£y/^^^ The Medical Profession. 247 and wide. They were already distinguished in the several branches which they taught when they were appointed professors here. Drs. Conant, Crosby and Little were brilliant and skillful operators, clear, instructive and ready lecturers, and equal to the most advanced achievements in surgery. Dr. Perkins was learned, and of long experience in obstetrics. Dr. Stiles was a man of deep research in physiology and pathology, and Dr. Darling confessedly stood in the front rank among the teachers of anatomy in this country. Of the present members of the faculty, suffice it to say that they have here and elsewhere proved their capability for the positions they hold, and give promise that in their hands the college will fully sustain its past reputation. Mention has been made of the clinical advantages possessed by the college. These are in part ■derived from the private patients of the physicians connected with the medical department and their professional friends, but mainly from : The Mary Fletcher Hospital. — This noble institution for charitable purposes was founded by the late Miss Mary M. Fletcher. In 1876 this true-hearted ■Christian woman donated to the city of Burlington the munificient sum of $200,000 for the building and endowment of a general hospital. The original <;orporators, nine in number, were designated by Miss Fletcher, and are named in the act of the Legislature passed on the 1 8th of November, 1876, as follows: Dr. Walter Carpenter, President Matthew H. Buckham, Rev. L. G. Ware, S- M. Pope, Hon. Torrey E. Wales, of Burlington, Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Strafford, Hon. John W. Stewart, of Middlebury, Hon. Paris Fletcher, of Brid- port, and Dr. George L. Peaslee, of Maine. These gentlemen also constituted the original board of directors, with power to appoint their successors and con- trol the funds and management of the institution. After mature dehberation and consultation with the benevolent donor of the fund, the directors appro- priated $25,000 of this for the purchase of the finest site that could be selected in BurHngton, and $50,000 for building purposes, leaving $125,000 for the per- manent endowment of the hospital. The construction of the building was be- gun in the spring of 1877, and the hospital was formally opened for the recep- tion of patients, with impressive ceremonies, January 22, 1879. The first organization of the board of directors was as follows : Dr. Walter Carpenter, president ; Rev. M. H. Buckham, vice-president ; Hon. Torrey E. Wales, treasurer ; Rev. L. G. Ware, secretary ; Walter Carpenter, S. M. Pope, and M. H. Buckham, executive committee. The medical and surgical staff at first consisted of Prof Walter Carpenter, physician- in-chief ; Prof A. F. A. King, Dr. O. F. Fassett, Prof A. T. Woodward, consulting physicians ; Prof A. P. Grinnell, Dr. J. H. Richardson, Dr. H. H.-Atwater, attending physicians; Prof J. L, Little, surgeon- in- chief; Prof S. W. Thayer, Prof H. D. Holton, Dr. S. J. Allen, consulting surgeons ; and Dr. J. O. Cramton, Dr. L. M. Bing- ham, Dr. W. B. Lund, attending surgeons. The house management was under the care of Dr. A. W. Warden, house surgeon ; John L. Livock, steward ; Mrs. E. M. Hopkins, matron, and Miss F. E. Dodds, assistant. 248 History of Chittenden County. The grounds purchased for the location of the buildings are on Colchester avenue and immediately adjoin those of the university. They comprised at first about thirty- five acres of choice land with highly cultivated gardens, orchards, extensive lawns, and groves of various kinds of forest trees. The buildings are situated upon the highest portion of the grounds, and command in all directions scenery of great beauty and variety, as far as the eye can reach, such as is not surpassed anywhere in all its loveliness. The site too has extraordinary merit in its sanitary aspect. The winds from every quarter sweep freely over it, quickly dissipating noxious vapors, and the healthful sunlight has unobstructed access to all parts of the buildings. The situation is far enough from the city to secure perfect quiet, and yet ready of access. The buildings,, at the elevation at which they stand, present a stately and imposing appearance, and the natural beauties of the spot, and the unequaled prospect to be obtained, render the locality one of ideal excellence. The access to the hospital is from Colchester avenue by a winding road, with a hedge of evergreen on one side and a row of shade trees iJpon the other. The architecture of the main build- ing is very beautiful, with its stately portico, massive portals, generous windows, and tower surmounting all. It has a frontage of eighty feet, and is four stories, in height, including the high basement. The distance from the foot of the en- trance steps to the weather vane on the tower is eighty-four feet. The struc- ture is built of red brick with a row of black brick above and below all the windows. At the right of the main building, and a little to the rear, and con- nected with it by a long wooden corridor is another brick building for the amphitheatre. This has a frontage of about thirty- eight feet and a depth of forty-six feet, has one lofty story, and corresponds architecturally with the main building. The amphitheatre has a capacity for seating two hundred per- sons, and has opening into it anaesthetizing and recovery rooms. There is- also in a separate building a pathological room, capable of accommodating one hundred students, in which post-mortem examinations are made in their pres- ence. Midway in the corridor there is an entrance door opening into another cross corridor, which leads to the male ward. This is a one- story brick build- ing twenty-eight feet in width and seventy-six feet in length, and is in the rear of the main building and amphitheatre. On the first floor of the administrative building are commodious rooms for the directors, superintendent, house physician, and visitors, and three ward rooms. On the second floor, reached by a broad flight of stairs, are seven rooms at the front and four at the back for patients, separated by a broad hall, extending the whole length of the building, with large windows at either ex- tremity. Two of these rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the rest nine by sixteen feet. Another room at the back is used as a kitchen for minor cooking purposes, to economize time and labor, and avoid the trouble of running up and down stairs. The list of apartments in completed by the linen room. The Medical Profession. 249 which is liberally provided with shelves and drawers for the storing of linen and bed-clothing. The patients' rooms are admirably adapted to their purpose. The utmost care has been paid to the important matter of ventilation ; and while the whole building is heated by steam, each room also contains a fire-place and grate, thus giving an additional guaranty of purity of atmosphere, and affording a better opportunity for regulating the temperature. The furniture is the same in all of the rooms, and consists of a bureau of ash of choice design, finely polished, with a handsome mirror, a neat iron bedstead with an arrange- ment for a canopy in summer, if needed ; an ashen washstand, a commode and two or three chairs. The furniture is very pretty, and with the neat and handsome pine finish of the rooms, the clean white of the walls, the cheerful fire-places, and the roomy windows, with the accompaniment of abundance of sunlight, the rooms make the pleasantest possible quarters, and are as attractive as one could desire, invalid or not. On the third floor are five rooms, three of them for patients, furnished like the other rooms described, and having all their conveniences and appurtenances. The other two rooms are used for storage purposes. Ascending a short flight of stairs from this story, the ob- servatory is reached. Here, eighty feet from the summit of the grounds, a glorious view is obtained, and one probably unequaled in all its features in the whole country. On a clear day Lake Champlain, replete with historic memo- ries, can be seen for miles upon miles flashing in the sunlight, with villages and settlements dotting its Vermont shores, and with many islands as gems upon its bosom, while on the New York side are visible for a long distance its villages and farm-houses, its hills and valleys, with cultivated fields, and forests, and its Adirondack range of mountains. To the east the horizon is bounded by the Green Mountains, with its lofty peaks, and nearer by lie the beautiful city of Burlington and the thriving vil- lage of Winooski, with the winding river Winooski running like a silver thread in the landscape. Words are inadequate to express the splendor of the scene, and in no spot could the poet or painter seek higher inspiration. The tower has glass on all sides, and is surmounted by a weather vane in the shape of a scroll, bearing the letters M. F. H. In the south ell, annexed to the main build- ing at the left is the dining-room, an exceedingly cheerful apartment, lighted by five windows and measuring sixteen by eighteen feet. Opening from this is a spacious butler's pantry with a dumb waiter running to the kitchen below. At the right is the dispensary, a very important feature of the hospital. It is provided with all the fixtures and accessories for preparing and dispensing medi- cines, and is admirably situated for securing quiet and preventing interference and distraction of the apothecary's mind while he is preparing the prescriptions. The basement is principally above ground, and is about ten feet between joints, is well-lighted, airy and commodious, with the best of ventilation and sanitary arrangements. It is crossed by two corridors, one long one running east and 250 History of Chittenden County. west, and a shorter one running north and south. At the front are five rooms, and at the rear four, for the steward, assistants and other employees of the hos- pital. In another room is an immense furnace and boiler, by which the build- ing is heated. Another apartment is used for a store-room. At the rear and in the ell is the kitchen, separated from the rest of the basement by double doors some distance apart. This measures about sixteen by eighteen feet and is provided with ranges, sinks, a large refrigerator, spacious closets and pantries, and every possible convenience. In various parts of the building are a large number of bath-rooms and water-closets, so situated as to be of convenient ac- cess for patients and those connected with the institution. There are also upon the grounds suitable buildings for a laundry, ice-house, barns, stables and sheds. Since the purchase of the site the grounds have been greatly improved, and laid out into walks, drives, flower-beds, lawns and shady retreats, and various other devices have been added to make the surroundings as heahhful and at- tractive as possible for the patients. In 1884 Miss Fletcher died at the hospital, in the room set apart for her use during her lifetime, surrounded by the scenes of her benevolence. With an unselfish resolution that the institution that she founded should not suffer by this event, she bequeathed by will another $200,000 for its use. In the aggre- gate, these are by far the largest sums ever donated to any single object, by any single individual, in the State of Vermont. With this fund the trustees contemplate making still further improvements, erecting more buildings, adding new departments, and otherwise enlarging the facilities of the charity under their care. About fifteeen acres of land contiguous to the original grounds have been purchased, making nearly fifty acres of the whole, and sufficient to pro- vide a large proportion of what is required for the sustenance of the patients, and of those who have the immediate care of them, leaving ample grounds for recreation, exercise, adornments and whatever may contribute to their comfort, pleasure, relaxation and speedy restoration to health and vigor. The whole effect of the generous liberality of this philanthropic woman is not confined to its direct bearings upon the welfare of an afflicted class of mankind, but its in- fluence has extended to other persons and associations, to open their hearts, and enable them to see more clearly where good may be wisely bestowed. The founder herself set an example when she endowed a " free bed " in the hospital, in the name and behalf of the First Calvanistic Congregational Church of the city of Burlington, and donated $5,000 for this purpose. This was her last benefaction during hfe, and on this account is peculiarly touching, and a more impressive example. Since the death of his daughter Julia, Senator Edmunds has donated to the hospital $5,000 for the endowment of a room in her name, which he has also beautifully furnished and adorned. The endowment provides for the support and care continuously of one free woman patient. Mr. George Morton, a citizen of Burlington, has donated a like sum, for a like purpose, in The Medical Profession. 251 memory of his deceased daughter Kate, making three free beds already en- dowed in the institution. A few years since St. Paul's Church, of Burlington, at an annual parish meeting, adopted this resolution : " Resolved, That here- after, the second Sunday in June of each year be designated in this church as ' Hospital Sunday ; ' that special collections be made upon that day for the sick poor, and that such collections be donated to the directors of the Mary Fletcher Hospital in this city, in trust for their use in said hospital, until other- wise ordered at an annual meeting of the parish." From that time, liberal do- nations have been made yearly by this church in accordance with the resolu- tion. The Unitarian Church of this city also adopted a " Hospital Sunday," and contributed handsomely for this same purpose, until in lieu thereof it be- gan to raise the sum of $5,000 for the endowment of a free bed in the hospital, believing this form of its charity to be of a more permanent character. The raising of this amount is already nearly completed. At a recent State Congre- gational Convention, likewise, the following resolution was adopted : " To those in our churches whose hearts the Lord may incline to contribute for re- lieving the sick and suffering, we cordially commend the Mary Fletcher Hos- pital at Burlington, as well organized and prepared to use economically any gifts made to this object." Thus does the influence of the hospital and its gen- erous-hearted founder extend itself in all directions. The directors of the Mary Fletcher Hospital have published the following statement of the field of benevolence occupied by the hospital, and the princi- ples on which it is conducted: "A hospital is essentially a charity. It is an institution whose main object is not the making of money, or the advancement of science, but rather the cure of the sick, the feeble, the injured. It aims to bring the benefits of the most advanced medical science, the most skillful nurs- ing and the most favoring material and moral conditions to the relief of the suffering of all classes. It gives a well-appointed temporary home to those whose own homes lack appliances favorable to recovery, and it adds some ap- pliances which the most luxurious homes cannot furnish. It is thus, we repeat, a public charity, a benefit to all in every class who may need its help. But it is an expensive charity, one of the most expensive known to modern civiliza- ■tion. The permanent investment in grounds, buildings, furniture, instruments, and all arrangements for securing the most perfect sanitary conditions, is neces- sarily large. The current expenses, even after allowing for the large amount of gratuitous service rendered, are seen to be very heavy when it is remem- bered that the diet must always be choice and often expensive ; that the medi- cines and instruments must be the most effective known to the profession, whatever the cost may be; that the staff of nurses and attendants must be such that whenever, by day or night, any kind of service is required, it must always be at hand, wide-awake, not impaired by fatigue or confused by conflict of duty. Many times in the history of the hospital the directors have found that 252 History of Chittenden County. the paid servants outnumbered the patients, without being able to see how any of this large staff could be dispensed with. There have been single patients who have required the entire service of a nurse day and night. In many cases the medicines and special diet of a patient have cost the hospital more per week than the largest sum paid by those who are regarded as paying patients. Now it is obvious that with the space and funds at the command of the hos- pital, it cannot offer its advantages gratuitously to all without discrimination. Nor should this be expected. A hospital does not exist for the purpose of supplanting the regular medical practitioner, or of providing medical service gratuitously for those who are able to pay for it. In the minds of many people a hospital implies unlimited resources which the directors can dispense without stint. As a matter of fact no institutions are more liable to financial straits, because of the natural tendency of hospital directors to extend to suffering hu- manity a larger charity than their means will permit. The revenues of the Mary Fletcher Hospital, though administered with the strictest economy, are every year taxed to their utmost by the legitimate claims of charity; for charity, more or less, every patient receives. It has never been proposed by the directors, it would not be consistent with the liberal yiews of the founder, that any should be required to pay the full cost of the services rendered. Those who pay most receive fully half they get as a gratuity. But all the sums paid by those who are able to pay anything increase the power of the hospital to extend its benefits to those who are able to pay nothing. It is upon these principles that patients are received. Those who are poor, homeless, friend- less, are understood to have the first claim. Such applicants, when they are fit subjects for hospital treatment, and when there are vacant beds, are never refused. But in order that the largest possible number of such cases may be received, all others are expected to pay on a scale accommodated to their means. We have found that most persons are glad to pay all that could be expected of them. Friends often contribute to the support of those less for- tunate than themselves. Employers, recognizing the value to themselves of such an institution in their neighborhood, in cases of accident or serious sick- ness, willingly pay in part, or in full, for the care of their employees. We trust the time is coming when the railroad corporations, the manufacturing firms, the churches, all who have large numbers of persons in their care to whom they owe charity in times of distress, will endow beds available for their use in cases of need. And we confidently expect that as the needs of the hospital outgrow its means, other liberal hands will enlarge its resources, so that its doors may always be wide enough to admit all the suffering poor of our State, ' without money and without price.'" Of the original directors of the hospital, Paris Fletcher has died and Dr. George H. Peaslee has resigned. The place of Mr. Fletcher was filled by the appointment of Rev. Henry P. Hickok, and upon his death, by the appoint- The Medical Profession. 253 ment of Volney Giles Barbour, a member of the board at the present time. The vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. Peaslee has not yet been filled. The board of directors hold an annual meeting on the first Wednesday of December in each year, and a regular monthly meeting on the first Monday of ■each month. All nominations to offices in the hospital are subject to the ap- proval of the directors. Four attending physicians and four attending sur- geons are appointed annually from the physicians of Burlington and vicinity, by the directors. The medical faculty of the University of Vermont nominate four consulting physicians, and four consulting surgeons ; and the attending physicians and surgeons the same number; and from the aggregate number the directors appoint annually four consulting physicians and four consulting sur- geons. The attending and consulting physicians and surgeons constitute the medical board, to whom is committed the administration of the hospital in all matters relating to the care and treatment of the patients. Each attending physician and surgeon is on duty three months continuously in each year, and visits the hospital at least three times a week, or oftener if necessary. The an- nual meeting of the medical board is held on the first Wednesday in January, at which time a president, vice-president, secretary and medical committee of three are chosen by ballot. The directors appoint annually a graduate in medicine to be superintendent, who resides at the hospital. It is his duty to enforce all the regulations and orders of the directors, and act as their execu- tive officer, with authority over his assistants and all employees of the hospital, and he is responsible for the good order and discipline of the hospital. The directors appoint annually an assistant physician. He must be in good health, must furnish satisfactory evidence of good character, and must be either a graduate in medicine or eligible for graduation within six months of the time appointed. The directors at their annual meeting choose a board of visitors consisting of twelve persons not otherwise connected with the hospital or the medical college, who are residents of Vermont, and one-half of whom are physicians and one-half laymen. This board causes the hospital to be visited by a committee of their number as often as its best interests require, and this committee has access to all parts of the hospital and to all its books and prop- erty. The medical and surgical staff of the hospital the present year, 1886, is as follows : Attending physicians, Drs. A. P. Grinnell, J. H. Richardson, L. F. Burdick and H. A. Crandall ; attending surgeons, Drs. L. M. Bingham, W. B. Lund and J. B. Wheeler. Consulting physicians, Drs. Walter Carpenter, O. F. Fassett, H. D. Holton and H. H. Atwater; consulting surgeons, Drs. Henry Janes, J. Henry Jackson and H. S. Brown. The organization of the medical board is: President, Walter Carpenter; vice-president, J. H. Richardson; sec- retary, W. B. Lund ; and medical committee, Waher Carpenter, H. H. Atwater and J. Henry Jackson. The board of visitors is constituted of the following persons: Mrs. M. C. Wheeler, Mrs. M. B. H. Emerson, Mrs. C. R. Hay ward. Dr. 17 254 History of Chittenden County. J. M. Clarke, G. W. Wales, G. G. Benedict and E. B. Taft, of Burlington ; Dr. A. B. Somers, of Jericho ; Dr. S. S. Clark, of St. Albans ; Dr. B. F. Sutton, of Middlebury ; Dr. 0. W. Peck, of Winooski, and Dr. C. S. Caverly. of Rutland. Dr. A. J. Willard is superintendent; Dr. J. W. Berry, assistant physician ; Miss L. Jennie Washburn, head nurse, with a corps of trained assistant nurses, and Ira P. Russell, steward. In founding the hospital Miss Fletcher, herself a lifelong invalid, in this ap- propriate manner gave expression to her profound sympathy with human suf- fering, and her uppermost thought was to provide means for the relief of those who like herself were afflicted with disease, and who unlike herself were not possessed with the means to secure this for themselves ; but in endowing it this was not all she looked forward to. She had in mind as well the advancement of medical science, that the principal object she had in view might thus be more fully realized and the sufferers receive the most skillful care and treat- ment. This is evident from the fact that with her approval the directors built such a commodious and well- equipped amphitheatre and autopsy room, with all their accessories, and so well adapted for the clinical instruction of medical students in medicine and surgery. It was also a part of her plan from the be- ginning, and another reason for her endowment, that there should be connected with the hospital a training school for nurses, and thus be provided the most intelligent and competent nurses for the patients of the hospital and the community at large. Knowing this and desirous of furthering her wishes the directors, after several conferences with the physicians of Burlington, and cor- respondence with other similar schools already in successful operation in 1882, organized : The Mary Fletcher Hospital Training School for Nurses. — This school was formally opened in the amphitheatre of the hospital with interesting public ex- ercises on Tuesday, May 2, 1882. Thus was added one more to the institu- tions of Vermont of an educational and charitable character. The object of the school is, primarily, to educate and train women for intelligent and effective service as nurses to the sick and helpless, and by so doing to select and pro- vide a class of skilled nurses, whether for establishments or private families ; and secondarily, to extend and cultivate this needful knowledge among women generally. It is to be understood that the pupils are not in any sense to be fitted here to take the place of the educated physician, but solely to become his enlightened and ready auxiliary. The requisites for admission to the school are that pupils must be between twenty and forty years of age ; must bring certificates of sound health and good moral character; must possess a profi- ciency m reading, penmanship, simple arithmetic and grammatical expression of the English language satisfactory to the managing committee, and must pay m advance a fee of ten dollars for the session. The course of instruction is given during the month of May in each year, and consists of lectures, reci- The Medical Profession. 255 tations, demonstrations and 'practical teaching at the bedside upon all medical and surgical topics necessary to fit the pupils for the proper care as nurses of the sick and helpless. A limited number of pupils are selected to render as- sistance in the hospital, and such persons receive, besides the remission of their tuition fee, lodging and board in the hospital during their term of service. At the close of each session the pupils are examined in all the branches taught, and a record of their proficiency kept for reference. Candidates for graduation are examined at the termination of attendance upon two sessions of the school, and two years' practical experience, including the two sessions, and receive a diploma if all the requirements for graduation are fulfilled. Any woman who desires to get the benefit of the instruction given in the school, without intend- ing to follow the vocation of a nurse, may attend the course by paying the usual fee ; and such persons are not required to pass the examination. The managing committee of the training school act as an employment bureau for the benefit of nurses approved by them and of those who may desire the services of competent nurses. The corps of instructors is as follows : Dr. A. J. Willard, on emergencies and inspection of discharges from the body ; Dr. H. H. Atwater, on care of lying-in women and of infants ; Dr. A. P. Grinnell, on anatomy and physiol- ogy ; Dr. W. B. Lund, on hygiene, administration of remedies and care of the helpless ; Dr. L. M. Bingham, on surgical nursing, dressing, cupping, leeching, etc. ; and Miss L. Jennie Washburn hears recitations and gives practical in- struction at the bedside. All the lecturers are members of the medical and surgical staff of the hospital. The managing committee are Drs. Walter Car- penter, A. J. Willard and H. H. Atwater. The number of pupils, during the five years of the existence of the school, has averaged twenty ; fifteen of these have been graduated the last three years. Although the school has been in operation only five years, its success is already established, and it promises to be of decided benefit in improving the qualifications of nurses. Lake View Retreat.— Th.\s institution is located at Burlington, just north of the beautiful and historic Battery Park. The grounds comprise about ten acres, and lie between North avenue, a charming drive leading out of ~the city, and the shore of Lake Champlain. They are made up of lawns, groves, gardens and orchards, and are traversed by pleasant driveways and walks. The house, which was partially constructed by the late Sion E. Howard, and intended for his own elegant private residence, was purchased, completed and entirely re- modeled for its present use by Dr. John M. Clarke, its proprietor and manager. It is situated upon the highest portion of the grounds, fronts upon North avenue, is set back from the street, and has in the foreground a large, hand- some lawn, dotted with ornamental shade trees and clumps of flowering shrubs. It is a substantial brick building, three stories in height and a basement. The rooms are large, high, well lighted and nearly all admit the sunlight directly. 2S6 History of Chittenden County. They all command beautiful and picturesque views of lake, river and mountain scenery ; those looking east, of Winooski River and its valley and the range of Green Mountains beyond ; those looking south and west, of the city of Bur- lington, Lake Champlain, with its lovely Burlington and Shelburne Bays, and the range of Adirondack Mountains across the lake ; and those looking north, of the lake again gemmed with many islands. In fact, the location cannot be surpassed for beauty and variety of landscape in all directions. The institution was opened for the reception of patients October i, 1882. It is intended for private patients, and is the only institution of the kind in Vermont. It is for the treatment of nervous and mental diseases, inebriety and the opium habit The family plan is carried out in the care and treatment of the patients to the greatest limit possible. They are made to feel at home all over the house and grounds, and considered as members of the family, eat- ing at the same tables and participating in their social enjoyments when health and strength permit, and are allowed a great amount of personal liberty. The house has capacity for the comfortable accommodation of twelve patients, and is provided with all modern conveniences, including the most approved sani- tary arrangements. Dr. Clarke, previous to opening this institution, had many years' experience in a large establishment for the treatment of this class of cases, and employs only trained attendants. The small number of patients afford him abundant time for the study and treatment of each case. It is not to be inferred that the institution is designed for Vermont only, for the patients now under treat- ment are from widely separate parts of the country, and suitable cases will continue to be received from any section. Health Department of the City of Burlington. — This is the only health de- partment in the State. A health officer is appointed annually by the City Council, whose powers are given by a clause in the city charter, as follows: "The health officer shall have all the powers by law invested in selectmen of towns for the preservation of health and the abatement of nuisances, and the removal of other causes injuriously affecting health ; and shall have power in times of epidemic or of threatened existence of general diseases of any kind, to adopt and enforce summarily such sanitary measures and regulations as he shall deem fit. And any person who shall disobey any lawful order of such health officer, shall be punished by fine, such as shall be provided by the City Council for such cases." The following physicians of Burlington Iiave been appointed health officers for the years named: Dr. S. W. Thayer, 1865-66; Dr. H. H. Atwater, 1867; Dr. W. B. Lund, 1869; Dr. H. A. Crandall, 1870-71 ; Dr. H. H. Langdon, 1872; Dr. A. P. Grinnell, 1873-74; Dr. C. P. Thayer, 1875-76; Dr. C. P. Burns, 1877; Dr. H. H, Atwater, 1878-79-80-81-82; Dr. J. B.Wheeler, 1883-84, and Dr. J. H. Linsley, 1885-86. The Board of Aldermen also ap- point annually a committee on health, consisting of three of their own number. The Medical Profession., 257 There is connected with the health department a registration system, under which all births and deaths in the city of Burlington are reported and recorded in the city clerk's office, and contagious or infectious diseases are required to be reported to the health officer by physicians and others. This system is un- der the management of the health officer, who is empowered likewise to grant burial and removal permits. The Burlington Medical and Surgical Club. — This club was organized De- cember 2, 1872. It is an association of the regular physicians of Burlington and its vicinity for professional and social improvement. The original members were : Drs. H. H. Langdon, H. Crandall, Matthew Cole, W. B. Lund, H. A. Crandall, E. S. Peck, Walter Carpenter, A. P. Grinnell and J. E. Montmarquet. The first officers were : Dr. H. H. Langdon, president ; Dr. W. B. Lund, vice- president, and Dr. E. S. Peck, secretary and treasurer. Regular monthly meetings are held at the Van Ness House the second Tuesday of each month, excepting during the months of July, August and September, when the member's usually have an excursion on the lake or rail- road, with their wives and invited guests. The annual meeting is in November. The officers for the year 1886 are : Dr. J. B. Wheeler, president; Dr. A. P. Grinnell, vice-president ; Dr. H. C. Tinkham, secretary and treasurer ; and Drs. G. C. Briggs, W. B. Lund and D. C. Hawley, committee of reference. The whole number of members at present is twenty-five, of whom four reside in Winooski, two in Essex, one in Shelburne and one in Richmond. Surgeons-General — In 1864 the State Legislature created the office of sur- geon-general, with the rank of brigadier- general, and Dr. S. W. Thayer, of Burlington, appointed by Governor Smith, was the first to hold the office. He was commissioned November 22, 1864, and again October 24, 1866. Dr. B. W. Carpenter, of Burlington, was commissioned surgeon-general in the fall of 1867, and held the position until the fall of 1870. Dr. Leroy M. Bingham, of Burlington, was commissioned surgeon-general October 8, 1880. He was commissioned again October 6, 1882, and held the position four years. The above are the physicians of Chittenden county who have held the office since it was created up to the present time. Commissioners and Boards of Supervisors of the Insane. — In 184S an act was passed by the Legislature providing that there shall be annually appoint- ed by the Legislature a commissioner of the insane, whose duty it shall be monthly, or oftener if need be, to visit the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, with the trustees or alone, to examine into the condition of the institution, the receipts and expenditures, the management of the patients and the general welfare of the asylum, and to make report thereon to the Legislature. Under this act the following physicians of Chittenden county have been appointed : Dr. S. W. Thayer, of Burlington, for the year 1858; Dr. A. C. Welch, of Williston, for the years 1868, '69 and '70, and Dr. H. H. Atwater, of BurUng- 258 History of Chittenden County. ton, for 1875 and '"jG. In 1878 this act was repealed, and instead one passed providing for the appointment of a board of supervisors of the insane, consist- ing of three persons, two of whom shall be physicians, with enlarged duties and powers. Dr. J. C. Cramton, of Winooski, was a member of this board for the years 1879 and '80, and Dr. L. C. Butler, of Essex, for 1883, '84, '85 and '86. All of the insane of the State are under the supervision of this board. Boards of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensions. — By the pro- visions of "an act granting pensions," passed by Congress July 14, 1862, the commissioner of pensions is authorized to appoint examining surgeons for pen- sions, whose duties are to examine applicants for original pensions, for increase, restoration or renewel of pensions, and claimants as dependent relatives, when so ordered by the commissioner of pensions. Under this act Dr. H. H. Atwater, of Burlington, was appointed October 28, 1862, the first examining surgeon in Chittenden county. In 1870 Dr. H. H. Langdon, of Burlington, who had been appointed single examining surgeon three or four years previously, and Dr. Atwater were constituted a board of examining surgeons. In 1872 Dr. E. S. Peck, of Burlington, was appointed an additional member of the board. In 1875, upon the removal of Dr. Peck from the State, Dr. W. B. Lund, of Burlington, was appointed to fill the vacancy. In 1881 Dr. S. W. Thayer, of Burlington, was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Dr. Langdon. In 1882 Dr L. M. Bing- ham, of Burlington, was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Dr. Thayer. In 1885 Dr. A. P. Grinnell, of Burhngton, and Dr. L. C. But- ler, of Essex, were appointed to fill the places of Drs. Lund and Bingham, and the present organization is : Dr. A. P. Grinnell, president ; Dr. L. C. Butler, secretary, and Dr. H. H. Atwater, treasurer. The board meets at the City Hall in Burhngton every Wednesday at 10 A.M. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Dr. John Pomeroy was born in Middleboro, Mass., April 9, 1764. He was the eldest of three children, and from the hmited means of his parents, and an affliction which deprived his father of the ordinary exercise of his rational powers, he was left almost wholly dependent upon his own resources for an edu- cation, and had no other advantages but such as the common schools of that day and the occasional assistance the clergyman of the parish afforded. At the age of sixteen he enlisted as a soldier in the army of the Revolution in the three months' service, and served as such principally at West Point. After his early campaign as a soldier he was variously employed in agricultural labor, devoting all his spare time to the acquisition of knowledge, until he be- came a student in the office of Dr. Bradish, in Cummington, Mass., where he pursued with ardor the study of the profession to which he had long directed his thoughts. The opportunities for acquiring a medical education at that ,The Medical Profession. 259 place were of course quite limited, but with such a preceptor, were well cal- culated to train the student to independence of thought, practical views and fearless devotion to duty. After accomplishing his professional education. Dr. Pomeroy fell in with the tide of emigration which at that time set to the Lamoille and Onion River valleys in Vermont, and established himself at Cambridge. On the 9th of January, 1789, he married Miss Mary Porter, of Cummington, late of Abing- ton, Mass. Although he had a very extensive practice, he soon found that he had not made the most advantageous location, and in the summer of 1792 he removed to Burlington, where with his wife and three children he resided until the winter in a log cabin, when he removed to a house on Water street, on the site of which, in 1797, he built the first brick house in the town. In this house he resided until his death, which occurred on the 19th of February, 1844, at the age of nearly eighty years. He was a man of robust constitution and great energy of character, but a a long and laborious practice in a new country at length produced its effects in a nervous prostration, which, for five years previous to his decease, made him a patient and confined him to his house. In the death of his eldest son. Dr. Cassius F. Pomeroy, who died in the spring of 1813, full of hope and promise, just as he entered upon the practice of his profession after a winter spent at the medical school of Philadelphia, he experienced a shock, the trace of which years did not efface. He was for many years a member of the corporation of the University of Vermont, an institution which he was among the most active and liberal in fostering. He was also for several years professor of anatomy and surgery in the university, and as such delivered several courses of lectures. He was one of the founders and a member of the State and Chittenden County Medical Societies, and at various times held their highest offices. He was also an honorary member of the New York State Medical Society. He was always attached to his profession, and thought, conversed and wrote much about it. His manuscript lectures, dissertations, cases and theories would make volumes, probably well worth publishing if pruned and arranged by the hand of a dis- criminating and patient member of the profession. Although he wrote a fine hand and had the command of good language, his writings lack that logical arrangement so essential in interesting us in the presentation of thoughts, however original or important. Few men have lived to accomplish a more laborious or successful course of practice as a physician and surgeon than Dr. Pomeroy. For upwards of fifty years, commencing in a new country, he was actively and extensively engaged in his professional duties, and for the greater portion of the time was the lead- ing physician and only surgeon in the northern part of the State. A history of his surgical cases alone would form a volume which, while it would surprise by its number and variety, would no less interest by its exhibition of decision, 26o History of Chittenden County. skill, ingenuity and simplicity in the mode of treatment. His practice was characterized by simplicity, boldness and originality. On visiting a patient wha was represented to be dying, he found that the man had ceased to breathe and was apparently lifeless. Surmising the true state of the case, he at once, to the consternation of the attendants, with a lancet or scalpel opened the trachea and inserted a tube. In a few minutes, after a convulsive struggle, the patient breathed through the orifice, and so continued till the obstruction was removed, and lived to thank the surgeon for cutting his throat. Dr. Pomeroy was exceedingly tender of his patients, deeming it his duty as a man and physician to relieve pain in all cases not inconsistent with the rem- edy. He was equally regardless of popular prejudice and the dogmas of the schools ; was a man of ardent temperament, a Christian of strong devotional feelings and liberal sentiments, a lover of nature, of truth and of peace. He had three children, Cassius Francis, Rosamond Porter and John Norton. It is upon traditionery evidence said that the great-grandfather of Dr. Pomeroy came from France. Dr. Cassius Francis Pomeroy was the eldest of three children of Dr. John and Mary Pomeroy. He was born in Cambridge, Vt, September 17, 1789, and died in Burhngton March 22, 1813. In the spring of 1792 the family re- moved from Cambridge to Burlington, and for the summer and fall occupied a log cabin on the north side of Pearl street. There was nothing remarkable in the early life of Dr. Cassius Pomeroy. His education commenced by the teachings of his mother, and thence through the ordinary forms and appliances of the district school in a new country. He was fitted for college partly under the instruction of Rev. Asa Lyon, of Grand Isle, who had a high reputation as a classical scholar and teacher, and was ad- mitted to the University of Vermont in 1802, at the age of thirteen years. He was the first pupil who commenced a course of preparation for admission into this college. He was graduated with honor in 1806. His father was so at- tached and devoted to his profession that he early fixed upon his eldest son to take his place and carry out his views and theories. The son acceded as well from choice as a sense of duty, and soon after the termination of his college course began and prosecuted the study of medicine and surgery. The large practice of his father, and his association with the other students in the office in dissection and attendance upon his father's public lectures, greatly promoted his progress. He gave good promise of eminence in his first essays in prac- tice, and successfully performed several capital operations in surgery. Deeming his education incomplete, however, without further opportunities afforded by the best medical .schools in the country, he spent the fall and winter of 1812-13 in Philadelphia in attendance on the lectures of Dr. Rush, Casper Wistar and others, with great profit to himself and with tokens of the respect of his teachers. The Medical Profession. 261 He returned about March i to enter into practice with his father, who was then overwhelmed with calls from the citizens and soldiers stationed here, suf- fering from that terrible scourge peripneumonia notha. Being in rather deli- cate health, the change of climate, excessive fatigue and exposure, were too severe for him, and in about three weeks after his return he fell a victim to the disease, which for the greater part of that time he had so fearlessly combated in others. His death was esteemed a great public loss, and it cast its dark and long shade over his father's remaining years. Dr. Truman Powell was born May 30, 1776, and died February 23, 1841. He practiced in Essex a few years and afterwards in Burlington, where he had a large practice for many years. He was one of the earliest physicians of this town, being a cotemporary with Dr. John Pomeroy. He was a man of large stature and powerful physique, with great energy of character. Dr. William Atwater was born in Cheshire, Conn., May 9, 1789. He was the son of Ambrose and Sarah (Tryon) Atwater, and was the youngest of a family of eleven children. His father removed with his family from Connecti- cut, first to Shelburne, and then to Burlington, Vt., about the year 1797, where he resided until his death at the advanced age of nearly ninety-two years. He was one of the most active founders of St. Paul's Church in Burlington, and presented to the society a valuable set of silver plate for the communion ser- vice, which they still use. In 1805 the subject of the present sketch became a student in the University of Vermont, receiving the following certificate of admission : " BURLINGTONIAE, Augusti die Vicesimo, Anno Domini 1805. "In universitatem viridis montis, classe recentium Guilielmus Atwater alumnus admittatur. " Daniel C. Sanders, Praeses." He was graduated August 16, 1 809, and at once began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Pomeroy, who was then in the prime of life, and doing an extensive practice in this and the adjoining towns. Dr. Atwater continued as a student with him the required period of three years, and was then exam- ined before the third Medical Society of Vermont, and was granted a diploma by the ofificers of the society entitling him to practice medicine and surgery. After receiving his diploma he remained for a time in the ofifice of Dr. Pomeroy, practicing with him, and enjoying in a high degree his confidence and the bene- fits of his large practice. In 18 16 he was elected surgeon of the squadron of cavalry in the second brigade and third division of the militia of the State of Vermont, and commissioned by Governor Jonas Galusha, and held the office until 1820. Dr. Atwater remained in Burlington practicing medicine until about the year 1818, when he removed to St. Lawrence county, N. Y., where he was married to DeHa Wetmore June 20, 1820. He practiced in that county until 1829, when he returned with his family to Burlington, and resided here until his death, July 27, 1853. During his long professional career of forty years he had the confidence of the people with whom he lived, and especially 262 History of Chittenden County. during his last residence in Burlington, a period of twenty-four years, he re- ceived the patronage of the people of this town and those adjoining to as great an extent as could be desired. The honorary degree of M.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Vermont in 1844. As a man Dr. Atwater was modest and unassuming in his manners, and scrupulously honest in all his dealings. As a physician he was uniformly courteous and honorable in his prefession; never striving to be a rival, and always on friendly terms with his professional brethren. He was a safe and judicious practitioner, beloved by his patients for his affectionate attention, and manifest sincere desire for their recovery, attentive equally to the poor and the rich, answering the calls of all, regardless of the pecuniary reward or his own convenience or comfort. He was eminently fitted by his Christian character and professional skill to be a family physician in the best sense of the term. Fathers and mothers freely gave him their confidence, and entrusted to him their most delicate family secrets, with- out fear of ridicule or exposure. At the time of his death he left one daughter and five sons, one only of whom, Dr. H. H. Atwater, still resides in Burling- ton. Two of his brothers, Phineas and Thomas, were long residents of this town. His eldest sister was the wife of Captain Thadeus Tuttle, also a resi- dent here for many years. Dr. Thomas Chamberlain was born in Topsham, Vt, September 23, 1792, and began the practice of his profession in Fairfield, Vt, about 1820. In 1825 he removed to Burlington and resided here until his death, November 29, 1854. In 1822 he was married to Orissa Willmarth Barlow, who died March 24, 1825. They had one child, Orissa Barlow Chamberlain. In 1828 he was married again to Nancy Hyde Corning, who died September 4, 1854. They had one child, Cornelia Van Ness Chamberlain. Dr. Chamberlain had a good practice in Burlington until he retired about 1840. Dr. Robert Moody was born in Londonderry, Ireland, in 1801. He was educated and graduated at the University of Edinburgh. In 1824 he came to this country, and practiced medicine sucessfully in Burlington until his death, October 17, 1841. Dr. Benjamin Lincoln was born in Dennysville, Me., in 1802. He was the son of Hon. Theodore Lincoln, and grandson of Major- General Benjamin Lin- coln of the American Revolution. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823. He studied medicine with Dr. Lemuel Shattuck, of Boston, and en- tered upon the practice of his profession in 1827. In 1828 he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and physiology at the University of Vermont with such eclat that he was elected professor of anatomy and surgery the next year, which chair he held with increasing satisfaction until the last year of his life. Although in feeble health, he continued his medical practice in Burling- ton and vicinity with marked success, and rapidly advanced in professional reputation. On the retirement of Dr. John Dean Wells in 1830, he supplied The Medical Pprofession. 263 his place as lecturer on anatomy and surgery at Bowdoin College for that sea- son, and the next year succeeded him as lecturer in the University of Mary- land. Dr. Lincoln returned to the paternal roof in Dennysville, Me., and there died February 26, 1835. Although the events of Dr. Lincoln's life were few, yet his talents, benevolence, activity, and professional attainments, joined with an unwavering devotion to science, gave him a hold upon the public mind where he lived, which was permanent and of an elevated character. Dr. Joseph Marsh practiced in Burlington a few years and died in 1846, at the early age of about thirty years. He received his education and degree of M. D. at Dartmouth College in 1 830. He was professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical department of the University of Vermont, from 1835 until 1841. He was a man of fine culture and brilliant talents, and would doubtless have taken high rank in his profession had he lived to mature age. Dr. Bernard J. Heineberg was born November 24, 1 809, at Breckel, in the province of Westphalia, Prussia. After sixteen years' training in the prepara- tory schools, and in the Universities of Bonn and Gottingen, he received the degree of M. D., from the latter university. He came to Burlington to reside July 4, 1834, and was in active practice here about twenty years. The hon- orary degree of M. D. was conferred upon him by the University of Vermont, in 1835. He died in Burlington, July 2, 1878. The medical and surgical practice of Dr. Heineberg was characterized by quick decision and boldness. Dr. Horace Hatch ^2.% born in Tunbridge, Vt., May 13, 1788. He was graduated and received his degree of A. B. in 18 14, and that of M. D. in 1817, at Dartmouth College. He practiced medicine at Norwich, Vt., twenty years, when he removed to Burlington and practiced here twenty-four years, retiring from active practice in 1854. In 1864 he went to New York city, where he lived with his son-in-law, Hon. L. E. Chittenden, until his death, October 17, 1872. He was a well-educated and skillful physician, a gentleman of culture and refinement, and a kind-hearted Christian man. Dr. Leonard Marsh was born in Queeche, Vt, in 1800, and died in Bur- lington, in 1870. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1827, studied medicine in New York city with Dr. Valentine Mott, and took his degree of M. D. at the same college in 1832. He practiced in Hartford, Vt, until 1840 when he came to Burlington to reside. He retired from active practice in 1855, when he was appointed professor of the Greek and Latin languages in the University of Vermont, and held this chair until 1857, when he was ap- pointed professor of vegetable and animal physiology in the same university, and occupied this position until his death. He was a man of great reading and research, not only in his own profes- sion and cognate subjects, but also in general literature. He kept himself thoroughly acquainted with the most advanced progress in medicine, but did 264 History of Chittenden County. not acquire a very extensive practice, partly owing to impaired health and partly to his modest and retiring disposition, studious habits and aversion t& pushing himself forward among his competitors. Yet he was highly respected by his associates in practice, and his counsel sought after by them. Dr. Matthew Cole was born in Richmond December 24, 1801, and died October I, 1879, at the Mary Fletcher Hospital in BurHngton. His grand- father and father were physicians. He first practiced with his father in Rich- mond a few years, then he practiced in Huntington, then in Williston, and the latter part of his life in Burlington. He exhibited great energy and fortitude of character under many sore trials. Twice during his lifetime his homes were burned over his head, but phoenix- like he rose from the ashes, and undaunted began anew the battle of life. He had an almost sublime devotion to his professon, and faith in the infallibility of medicine for the cure of disease. Dr. J. M. Knox was born in Tunbridge, Vt., March 18, 1820, and died in Richmond, Vt., in 1875. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1849, and received his degree of M. D. at Castleton Medical College, in 1851. He practiced in Richmond for a few years and afterward in Burlington until his last sickness. He was a man of fine education, sound judgment, unpreten- tious manners and gentlemanly deportment. Dr. H. H. Langdon was born in 1827, and died in 1881. He received his- degree of M. D. from Castleton Medical College] in 185 1. He practiced in Shelburne, Vt., in New York State, and lastly in Burlington. He was surgeon of the Seventh Vermont Regiment in the War of the Rebellion, health officer of the city of Burlington at one time, and member of the United States Board of Examining Surgeons for Pensions at the time of his death. Dr. Samuel White Thayer was born in Braintree, Vt, May 21, 18 17, and died in Burlington, Vt., November 14, 1882. He was the eldest son of Dr. Samuel W. and Ruth (Packard) Thayer, He resided in his native town, at- tending in his boyhood the common schools until the year 1832, when, with the rest of his family, he removed to Thetford, Vt, and there went through the course of education prescribed by its excellent academy. He began the study of medicine in 1835 '" his father's office, attending lectures at the Dart- mouth and Woodstock medical schools, and in 1838 received from the latter the degree of M. D. From 1837 ""til 1841 he was demonstrator of anatomy at the Woodstock school. After practicing medicine at Woodstock for two- years he removed to Northfield, Vt, at the solicitation of Governor Paine, where by his friendly and influential patronage, coupled with his own industry and merit, he at once established himself in practice. The critical and thorough knowledge of anatomy acquired as demonstrator of anatomy in a medical school for a term of years, with the opportunities for practice in cases of railroad injuries, secured for him by Governor Paine, who was then engaged rf^ X mm' ^»r - / The Medical Profession. 265 in building the Vermont Central Railroad, admirably fitted him for the de- partment of surgery, in which ever afterwards during his life he was distin- guished throughout the State. Yet he did not at all confine himself to this branch of medicine, but received and retained the confidence of his fellow prac- titioners, and of the people generally, in all branches. In 1854 he removed to Burlington. It was here that he did his largest and best life-work. Three or four years before going to Burlington to reside. Dr. Thayer was planning and earnestly striving to reorganize the medical depart- ment of the University of Vermont, which had been dormant for many years, and his success, after persistent effort against many discouraging obstacles, was doubtless a prominent motive for his change of residence. In this new under- taking Dr. Thayer and Dr. Walter Carpenter were associated together to pro- mote its welfare and enlarge the boundaries of medical learning ; the one planning and organizing wisely, the other keeping it off the shoals by cautious and prudent business management; and they both lived to see it take rank with the most flourishing medical schools in the land outside of the largest cities. It owes a large debt of gratitude to Dr. Thayer for its second birth, and to both for its growth and present prosperity. In 1 86 1 at the commencement of the War of the Rebellion Governor Erastus Fairbanks appointed Dr. Thayer chairman of the State Board of Med- ical Examiners, established for the purpose of securing for the Vermont troops competent medical officers. In 1864 the office of surgeon-general was created, and Dr. Thayer first held the office by appointment of Governor Smith. The duties being new, brought into requisition again his superior qualifications for organization, and exemplified his customary industry and energy. He estab- Hshed and brought into systematic working order the three military hospitals located at Burlington, Brattleboro and Montpelier. He not only did well these patriotic duties at home, but went to the front and performed efficient service in the field hospitals. He also received from the general government the ap- pointment of assistant surgeon of the United States army, and was brevetted at the close of the war. He was the first health officer of the city of Burling- ton, and here also he was the skillful organizer of a new department. He devoted much time to the study of sanitary .science, and lectured upon this subject at the medical college the last two years of his life. He earnestly en- deavored to induce the Legislature of Vermont to establish a State Board of Health, but did not live long enough to succeed. In 1858 he was commissioner of the insane of the State. In 1870 he was appointed medical director of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and resided temporarily in Minnesota nearly three years, after which he returned to BurUngton. He was at one time or another president of the State Medical Society, and Burlington Medical and Surgical Club. He was also honorary member of several societies of other States, and the recipient of the degree of A. M. from Dartmouth College, and of LL. D. 266 History of Chittenden County. from the University of Vermont. At the time of his death he was a member of the Board of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensions, and consult- ing surgeon of the Mary Fletcher Hospital, In social life Dr. Thayer was an especial favorite, always genial in manner and entertaining in conversation, with an ample fund of pleasing anecdotes and general information. His home was one of unbounded hospitality. He was generous to the extreme ; in some cases, doubtless, without proper discrimina- tion. His gratuitous practice was large; services to the clergy of all denomin- ations, many of whom had larger surplus revenue than he; to the servant girls who expended upon dress, finery and frivolities what was his just due ; to the deserving poor and to the dead-beat — all appeared to fare about alike at his hands. It would have been better for him and many of his objects of charity if he had mingled justice in larger proportion with his generosity, but this, if reckoned a fault in his character, can easily be forgiven. Thus has been given barely more than the warp and woof of a conscientious, busy and useful life. The filling in, the beautiful coloring, the completeness, is left to be supplied from the inner consciousness of those who personally knew him. Other physicians who have practiced in Burlington successfully and with credit, and are now deceased, have been as follows: Drs. Horace Hall, A. P. Barber, Nathan Ward, A. S. Pitkin, George W. Ward and N. H. Ballou. Surgeons of the War of the Rebellion. — Newton H. Ballou, of Burlington, aged forty-five years, surgeon Second Regiment; mustered in, June ii, 1861 ; resigned, December 18, 1862. Arthur F. Burdick, of Underbill, aged thirty-three yeaft, assistant surgeon Fifth Regiment; mustered in, September 22, 1862; resigned. May 26, 1863. Walter B. Carpenter, of Burlington, aged twenty- five, assistant surgeon Second Vermont Volunteers; mustered in, June 11, 1861 ; surgeon, June 21, 1862; resigned, November 4, 1864. Cornelius A. Chapin, of Williston, aged twenty-one, assistant surgeon Sixth Regiment; mustered in, July 8, 1863; died, September 14, 1863, at New York city, of disease. Alwyn H. Chesmore, of Huntington, aged twenty-five, assistant surgeon Fifth Regiment; mustered in, September 25, 1862; surgeon, March i, 1863; mustered out of service, September 15, 1864. Dan L. C. Colburn, of Burlington, aged thirty, assistant surgeon Fifth Regiment ; mustered in, August 18, 1863 ; mustered out of service, June 29, 1865. Granville P. Conn, of Richmond, aged thirty-one, assistant surgeon Twelfth Regiment; mustered in, September 19, 1862; mustered out of service, July 14, 1863. Edwin M. Curtis, of Burlington, aged twenty-one, hospital steward Fourth Regiment; mustered in, September 21, 1861; assistant surgeon Sixth Vermont The Press. 267 Volunteers, January 29, 1863; surgeon, August 15, 1864; mustered out of service, July 13, 1865. Henry H. Langdon, of Burlington, aged thirty-five, assistant surgeon Sev- enth Regiment; mustered in, October 3, 1862; resigned. March 27, 1863. Edward B. Nims, of Burlington, aged twenty-six, assistant surgeon First Cavalry; mustered in, May 9, 1864; mustered out of service, August 9, 1865. Azro M. Plant, of Burlington, aged twenty-seven, assistant surgeon Four- teenth Regiment; mustered in, January 29, 1863; mustered out of service July 30, 1865. ' Edwin W. Trueworthy, of Burlington, aged twenty-four, assistant surgeon Seventh Regiment; mustered in, June 17, 1865 ; surgeon, October i, 1865; mustered out of service, March 14, 1866. CHAPTER XHI. THE PRESS OF CHITTENDEN COUNTT.i Fewer Newspapers than Formerly — Political Energy the Condition — Permanence — The^ Earlier Journals were of a Literary Type — Sketches of Early Papers, Including the Sentinel — The Burlington Free Press and TVmes — Influence of the Telegraph — The Burlington Clipper — The Burlington Independent — The Autograph and Remarker — Value of Stale News in Early Days — Curious Editorials — Interesting Advertisements — Humor — Early Customs and Manners — Political History of the Press. GLANCING over the history of the press of Chittenden county, one is struck with two somewhat remarkable facts : First, that there has been a gradual diminution in the number of newspapers and other journals published in the county from the earlier part of the present century until now ; and, sec- ondly, that the journals which have longest survived have been those with a determinate political basis. The first of these facts is certainly remarkable as a mere statement ; the second is remarkable because it might be supposed that independence in journalism, especially before party lines were as clearly and strongly drawn as they are to-day, would be the broader and surer foundation for a newspaper's prosperity in a community where readers were at best so few. We find that at the expiration of the first quarter of the present century the journahstic enterprise of Chittenden county was at its height — so far as that enterprise may be gauged by the number of journals which were published at the time. In the second quarter of the century — between 1825 and 1850 — there appear to have been in existence no less than nine journals — news, liter- ary and miscellaneous — as compared with four at the present time. Most of these nine journals, to be sure, were exceedingly short-lived. Some of them 1 Prepared by Mr. James Buckham, of Burlington. 268 History of Chittenden County. never lived to have a second anniversary. Some struggled along for a few years, and then, scarcely noticed by the public, ceased publication. A majority of these earlier journals were of a distinctively literary type — a style of periodical that prevailed quite extensively in this country at the time. It was before the day of that omnivorous, news- gorging, electric wonder, the modern newspaper ; and editors had more time, as well as more necessity, for miscellaneous and literary work. Take even the so-called newspaper at this early time, and you will find it largely composed of editorials and literary and miscellaneous matter — very little news of any sort, general or local, and what there is, quite apt to be "belated," uncertain, lacking in detail, and very often treated as a matter of secondary importance. It is not surprising, then, that the purely literary journal should have sprung up and made a desperate attempt to flourish in the somewhat barren soil afforded by the stern, practical life of New England three-quarters of a century ago. Of the nine journals which enjoyed a longer or shorter lease of Hfe in Chit- tenden county, during the twenty-five years between 1825 and 1850, four at least seem to have been either of a purely literary character or devoted to some special subject. Nor would the contents of their more practical contemporaries fairly entitle them to be called newspapers at the present day. The latter con- tained a good deal of readable miscellany, a mass of editorial matter, written in the diffuse and turgid style of the day, a collection of curiously-worded ad- vertisements, and a little news — most of it so old as quite to belie the title. To name all the journals which have been published in Chittenden county up to the present day implies at least quite a long list of more or less impress- ive tides, most of which, to be sure, are only titles, as a large majority of the journalistic ventures in this section of Vermont have been so short-lived as to have hardly left a record of themselves. So far as can be ascertained, how- ever, the following is a complete list of all the public prints which have been issued in Chittenden county up to the present year (1886), with a brief history of the most important : The Burlington Mercury, the oldest periodical in Chittenden county and one of the oldest in the State, was established by Donelly & Hill in 1797, and continued by them until 1799, when its publication was ceased. The Mercury was a small sheet issued weekly, with a literary and miscellaneous table of con- tents. It was published at Burlington. The Sentinel, or Ccntincl, as it was at first spelled, was established in 1801 by John K. Baker. The office of publication was at Burhngton and the first number was published on Thursday, March 19, 1801. This journal is the third oldest newspaper in Vermont, the Vermont Gazette and the Rutland Herald being its only predecessors. It still survives, under the name of the Rhode Island Democrat, at Providence, R. I., whither it was removed in June, 1872, by its last proprietor and editor, Albion N. Merchant. It was started as a Dem- The Press. 269 ocratic paper and has always remained Democratic in politics. Between the date of its establishment and 1830, although the politics and general character of the paper remained the same, it enjoyed frequent changes of proprietorship, and a kaleidoscopic play upon the original name which, at least, redeemed it from the charge of monotony. It was started by Mr. Baker as the Vermont Centinel. In 1840 Mr. Baker relinquished the proprietorship of the paper to Josiah King, but remained in charge of the Centinel 2.?, its editor. In 1805 Mr. King resigned the entire charge of the paper to Mr. Baker, who printed it thereafter " for the proprietors " until early in the following year, 1806, when the paper was purchased by Daniel Greenleaf & Co., reorganized a few weeks later as Greenleaf & Mills, the members of the firm being Daniel Greenleaf and Samuel Mills. Under this management the Centinel was enlarged and improved. Mr. Mills bought out Mr. Greenleaf in 1806 and became sole pro- prietor of the paper. In 1806 Mr. Mills, being dissatisfied with the title Ver- mont Centinel, adopted by Mr. Baker, changed the name of the paper to North- ern Centinel. This, however, did not exactly satisfy him, and two years later he dropped the " Northern," and the paper started out on its new volume with the dignified and conservative name of The Centinel. In January, 1814, Mr. Mills resumed the name Northern Sentinel, but modernized the spelling as above and embodied the title in a curiously figured heading. At the close of the same volume the plain heading reappears. In 1818 Mr. Mills sold out his interest in the Sentinel to his brothers, Ephraim and Thomas Mills, who pub- lished the paper for eighteen years, again changing the name in 1 830 to the Burlington Sentinel, and then sold it to Nahum Stone. The paper remained in Mr. Stone's hands for two years and was then sold to Sylvanus Parsons, who, after publishing it for one year, sold to Azro Bishop. The several proprietors of the Sentinel now followed each other in rapid succession. Mr. Bishop, after two years, sold the Sentinel to Dana Winslow, its editor under his management. Three years subsequently Winslow sold it to George Howard Paul, who be- came involved in pecuniary embarrassments and resigned the paper with other property to an assignee. It was at the assignee's sale, in 1851, that the well- known poet and wit, John G. Saxe, purchased the Sentinel It continued in his hands with considerably more brilliant editorial than business management until 1855, when it was purchased by Douglass A. Danforth. In 1859 Mr. Danforth disposed of a half interest in the paper to E. Marvin Smalley, and it was published by the firm of Danforth & Smalley until March, 1861. Mr. Smalley's interest was then purchased by William Henry Hoyt, and shortly after Mr. Danforth also sold his share to Mr. Hoyt. In October, 1861, Will- iam Hoyt associated with him C. A. Hoyt, and the paper was published for a short time under the firm name of W. H. & C. A. Hoyt & Co. William Eaton was the next proprietor of the Sentinel, and under his efficient manage- ment it was discontinued in 1868. For three years it lay dormant, but ap- is 270 History of Chittenden County. peared again in 1871 under the management of Henry C. Fay. Mr. Fay sold the paper the succeeding year to its present owner, Albion N. Merchant, of Champlain, N. Y., who, after publishing the paper for a short time in Burling- ton, removed it to Providence, R. I., retaining the name of Burlington Sentinel. Subsequently Mr. Merchant enlarged the paper and changed its name to the Rhode Island Democrat, under which title it is still (1886) published. The Sentinel was a weekly paper except for some four years during the period of its publication by Mr. Paul and Mr. Saxe, who ambitiously attempted to sustain a daily edition. Their attempts failed, however, pecuniarily, and were abandoned. Next in order of establishment to the Sentinel was the Burlington Gazette, a small weekly paper, published by Hinckley & Fish. This paper hved less than three years — from September 9, 1814, until February, 1817. The Repertory, published by Jeduthan Spooner, was a weekly which sur- vived only a few issues. The first number appeared October i, 1821. The first number of the Burlington Free Press — from the day of its estab- lishment the leading newspaper in Chittenden county — was issued June I5^ 1827. The Free Press was first published and edited by Luman Foote, a lead- ing and influential citizen of BurHngton. The principal cause of its establish- ment was the desire among the majority of the people of Burlington and vi- cinity for a local organ which should more nearly represent their political sen- timents. There was also at the time of the establishment of the Free Press, a general dissatisfaction with the management of the Sentinel, which found ex- pression in an urgent demand for a new local newspaper. Under such favor- able auspices the Free Press rapidly extended its circulation and its influence, not only in Burlington and the county, but throughout the northern part of the State. The editorial ability and consistency of the Free Press, and the uniformly readable character of its contents, gave it great influence and popu- larity throughout the section in which it circulated, and it soon gained a repu- tation, which it has sustained ever since, as one of the most influential of Ver- mont newspapers. The Burlington Free Press was originally started as a weekly, and was con- tinued as such for the first twenty-one years of its existence. In 1848, how- ever, an event occurred which, besides its intrinsic importance to the com- munity, resulted in the issue of a daily edition of the Free Press, thus greatly adding to the influence and value of that journal. This event was the opening of telegraphic communication between Burlington and the large cities of the seaboard, by way of Troy. It was a great day for Burlington when the first messages of greeting and congratulation passed over the wire. The weekly Free Press of Friday, February 4, 1848, appears with the cut of a courier at full speed, bearing the announcement of news extraordinar)-, the significance of which is thus set forth by the editor : The Press. 271 First Appearance of the Telegraph in Burlington. — This afternoon, February 2d, the Magnetic Telegraph was "taken in and done for " as far north as Burhngton. Messages were sent without any apparent straining of the wires, to ^^ergennes, Middlebury, Orwell, Whitehall, Rutland, Manchester, Bennington, Troy, New York, Buffalo, and Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Dodge, our excellent operator, held the reins of his celestial steed as though he was " used to thunder;" while the little hammer rattled off its magnetic alphabet like anything but a beginner. Prof. Benedict, the superintendent, and Messrs. Cornell, J. H. Peck and Rice, were all in attendance to wit- ness the result, thus far, of their labors for the company and the public, which have certainly answered every reasonable expectation or hope. Burlington has " wheeled into line," and gives respectful notice to all other well-magnetized communities that they can " fire away." We z&xv Dodge the sharpest shooters among them all. Among the communications already received and replied to, is the following profane one to ourself, from our inveterate friend. Governor Barber, dated " Middlebury this tnimcte.'''' " Governor Barber's compliments ; you feel mightily tickled with your new telegraph at Burlington. " To Brigadier-General Hail Columbia Clark, esq.. Editor, etc. " If our friend Lieutenant-Governor Yankee Doodle Barber supposes we are particularly "tickled" in Burlington, he has not studied us attentively. We handle (lightning with appropriate gravity; "it goes off," as a gentleman from Ripton sensibly remarked, "so all-fired quick, somebody may get hurt ! " We give below the pleasant and gentlemanly greeting sent by the executive of Burlington to her sister towns on the line, together with such replies and other news as have been received at the time of our going to press. " The Selectmen of Burlington, in behalf of the citizens of their town, send greeting to the citizens of Vergennes, Middlebury, Orwell, Whitehall, Castleton, Rutland, Manchester, Bennington and Troy ; and congratulate them severally on the establishment of the means of instantaneous communication between us ; a miracle in any other age than this. May it be not only the faithful agent of our wants, but the promoter and bearer of our good wishes and our sympathies. " John N. Pomeroy, " Samuel Nichols, " Henry B. Stacy, " Selectmen." " To Burlington : "The compliments of your next door neighbor. Bennington." -From the city of Troy to city of Burlington, greeting: We do sincerely congratulate you on hav- ing become thus early, one of those favored communities united by the life blood of speedy communi- cation ; and as sincerely congratulate ourselves on being able to salute face to face, the Queen City of Champlain." In accordance with a previous prospectus, the weekly Free Press announces, in its issue of Friday, March 24, 1848 : " We shall commence, to-morrow, the pub- lication of a Daily paper, in conformity with the intentions set forth in the Pro- spectus we issued some weeks since. As therein proposed, the Daily FREE Press will be issued every evening. Our citizens will therefore possess the ad- vantage (should it prove to be one) of a daily morning (the Daily Sentinel) and evening paper, an arrangement which will certainly tend to keep them up with the march of events, both at home and abroad." The first number of the Daily Free Press is a four-page sheet, each page 12 by IS inches. The first page is devoted to selected miscellaneous matter, and contains a poem by Park Benjamin, entitled, " Press On " ; a story, "The Lost Glove," by Mrs. Jane C. Campbell ; an article giving the depths of the prin- cipal American lakes, and some readable paragraphs. The second page is completely taken up with editorials and news. In introducing the new daily 272 History of Chittenden County. to its friends, Editor Clarke says : " Those . . . who are firm disciples of progress, and who recognize in the rapid march of improvement a necessity for the multiplication of the vehicles by means of which intelligence and knowledge are more universally disseminated, will be likely to welcome our enterprise ; while those more prudent and wary navigators who understand the practical wisdom of ' keeping near the shore ' until they have learned to swim, will be apt to see an appropriateness in the coincidence of the birth of our little sheet and the first of April. To both classes we have only to say that it will be our aim to demonstrate the convenience and usefulness, if we fail to establish the necessity, of the step we have taken ; its success, we hardly need to add, depends very greatly upon them." Time has proven, in this instance at least, that the first of April is not a bad day upon which to establish a newspaper. Following the editorials there is a telegraphic account of about a third of a column, and a few small items of local and vicinity news. The third and fourth pages are completely taken up with advertisements ; which shows both the business and journalistic enterprise of Burlington in 1848. Previous to this important point in its history, the Free Press had under- gone some changes in its ownership and management. Mr. Foote had con- ducted the paper alone until February, 1828, when he associated with him Henry B. Stacy, who had managed the business and superintended the me- chanical production of the paper since its establishment. Messrs. Foote and Stacy edited and published the Free Press in partnership until January, 1833, when Mr. Foote retired, and Mr. Stacy became sole editor and proprietor. In July, 1846, Mr. Stacy in turn closed his connection with the paper, selling it to De Witt C. Clarke, a " born journalist " and a man of remarkable capacity and talents. It was shortly after Mr. Clarke became the owner and editor of the Free Press that the telegraphic connection between Troy and Burlington, to which we have referred, was formed. Perceiving the opportunity which this event afforded for the publication of a daily bulletin of intelligence in the rap- idly growing town of Burlington, Mr. Clarke, as has been shown, supplemented the weekly edition of the Free Press — which still retained its large circulation in the county outside of Burlington — with a daily edition. Mr. Clarke successfully conducted the daily and weekly editions of the Free Press until April, 1853, when he sold both to Messrs. George W. and George G. Benedict, of Burlington. Under their management the Free Press rapidly extended its circulation and influence, and became well known throughout northern New England as one of the most reliable and ably conducted of the Re- publican newspapers of that section. Both the weekly and daily editions were enlarged, and the publication matter was increased in quantity and improved in quality. In 1868 the growing prosperity and large business interests of the Free Press seemed to call for the organization of a stock company, thus afford- The Press. 273 ing a broader basis for the future development of the paper. Accordingly, in 1868, the paper was transferred to a company of stockholders known as the Free Press Association, the Messrs. Benedict, however, retaining a large pro- portion of the stock. In 1 869 the publishers began to issue the daily Free Press in both morning and evening editions. In July, 1869, the daily Free Press absorbed the daily Times of Burling- ton, and has since been published as the daily Free Press and Times — the only daily newspaper issued in Burlington or in Chittenden county. The evening edition of the Free Press and Times was discontinued in July, 1882. The daily and weekly are now edited by Hon. G. G. Benedict, of Burlington. The Free Press is acknowledged to be one of the most influential Republican news- papers in New England. The Iris and Burlington Literary Gazette was one of the ventures in the field of purely literary journalism to which reference has been made. It was an octavo sheet, published semi-monthly. Its contents never represented a startling degree of literary talent, and, though it was quite well patronized by its contributors, the general public allowed it to die in about twenty months. It was published by Worth & Foster, and edited by them at first; subsequently by Zadock Thompson, of Burlington, the author of Thompson' s Vermont. The Green Mountain Repository was another literary publication, smaller in size than the Iris, and comparatively shorter-lived. This magazine was also edited by Zadock Thompson, and was published by Chauncey Goodrich, of Burlington. It existed one year. The Gree7i Mountain Boy was a small, comet-like publication, which ap- peared in December, 1834, and disappeared in March, 1835. It was published by Richards & Co. A journal in the interests of the French- Canadian population of Chittenden county was started at BurUngton in 1839, but only survived a few issues. It was called La Canadien Patriot. Almost the only journal pubhshed outside of Burhngton at this time was the Milton Herald, which was commenced in Milton in 1848 and lived a little over four years. A Democratic sheet, called The True Democrat, was started in 1848 by Nathan Haswell, but soon ceased to enunciate the lofty principles upon which it was founded. It lived less than one year. The Liberty Gazette first appeared in July, 1846, under the editorship and control of C. C. Briggs, It was bought by L. E. Chittenden and E. A. Stans- bury in 1848, and published by them under the name of the Free Soil Courier and Liberty Gazette until 1852, when it was suspended for lack of support. Its name indicates the nature of the doctrines which it advocated. The Liberty Herald, a paper of the same general character as the Liberty Gazette, was commenced in 1846, but existed only a portion of that year. 274 History of Chittenden County. The Burlington Courier was a journal of some ability which had a fair cir- culation in Burlington for the six years of its existence. It was started by E. A. Stansbury in June, 1848, and conducted by him until the summer of 1852, when it was bought by Guy C. Sampson. Soon after the Courier was pur- chased by C. C. Briggs, by whom it was edited and published until its discon- tinuance in 1854. The first strictly agricultural paper published in the county was the Vermont Agriculturist, commenced at Burlington in 1848 by De Witt C. Clarke and Caspar T. Hopkins. It never had a large patronage and lived only two years. The Commercial Register was a monthly business record, published by Nichols & Warren. It was started in 1851 and suspended at the close of its second volume. A temperance paper called The Crystal Fount was started by James Frame in 1852, but only one issue was printed. When De Witt C. Clarke sold his interest in the Burlington Free Press, in 1853, he by no means withdrew from the field of journalism in Chittenden county. A few years later, in May, 1858, we find his name at the head of a fresh newspaper enterprise in Burlington — the Burlington Times, a daily and weekly Republican newspaper, started in friendly rivalry to the Free Press, the daily edition of the latter being an evening issue, while the daily Times was a morning paper. The Times was from the first an able paper, but lacked the necessary funds to enable it to compete successfully with the Free Press. Mr. Clarke, after editing the paper for two years, sold it to Messrs. Bigelow and Ward. In 1861 Mr. Ward retired from the partnership, and George H. Bige- low assumed the business control of the Times, associating with him in editorial control his brother Lucius. The fortunes of the Times, however, were on the decHne, and in 1869 the paper was bought by the Free Press Association and united with the Free Press. In 1868 a weekly newspaper called the Vermo7it Watchman was started in Burlington by Captain John Lonergan, but became involved in debt, and was discontinued after three issues. In 1 87 1 A. N. Merchant came to Burlington from Champlain, N. Y., and began his brief but brilliant career in the field of Chittenden county journal- ism by publishing as his first venture a weekly newspaper, Democratic in poli- tics, called the Independent. This paper proving unsuccessful, Mr. Merchant purchased the Sentinel , changed its name to the Burlington Democrat, and after publishing it for a short time from the old rickety building which used to stand on the corner of Main and Church streets, Burlington, removed the paper to Providence, R. I., as previously stated. A monthly literary and family journal called Home Hours was started in Burlington by Benedict & Co., in 1872, but was published only a short time. It was succeeded, in 1873, by a similar venture on the part of A. N. Mer- chant, which, however, was equally short-lived. The Press. 275 Two scientific journals were established at Burlington about this time by J. M. Courier : The Vermont Medical Journal, a bi-monthly, which was issued only a short time in 1873, and "Cat Archives of Science, a quarterly, established in 1874, and soon discontinued. The Burlington Clipper, one of the most wide-awake and readable of Ver- mont weeklies, was established in Burlington March 26, 1874, by C. S. Kins- ley. It was conducted by Mr. Kinsley alone until the latter part of the year 1885, when J. S. Harris, of St. Johnsbury (formerly editor of the St. Johns- bury Index), became associated with him in the ownership and editorial control of the paper. The Clipper has recently been removed to new and attractive quarters in the old Times building, and is increasing in prosperity under the enterprising management of Messrs. Kinsley & Harris. A monthly paper called The Witness was published for about two years at Winooski, the first number appearing in 1875. The Witness was strongly tem- perance in its principles and utterances, and by some worthy people was con- sidered "cranky." It was edited by Rev. Mr. Atwater, and published by Wilson Bros. The Vermont National was an ill-starred venture, published by the " Na- tional Publishing Company," at Burhngton. It was started in 1875, and only a few issues were printed. The Burlitigton Review, a weekly, was started by H. W. Love at Burling- ton, in 1878. "Mr. Love soon after started a branch paper at Rutland, and the tail speedily wagged the dog to death. Another ephemeral publication was the Sunday Crucible, the first and only Sunday paper ever published in Chittenden county. It was established at Burhngton by R. E. Chase & Co. in May 1879, and was in rather unsavory re- pute from the outset. After a fitful existence of not quite a year, during which time its name was changed to The National, it joined the great ma- jority of Chittenden county newspaper ventures, which had been — in somewhat ghastly phrase — "run into the ground." The Chittenden Reporter, a weekly newspaper, was started at Jericho in 1882, by A. D. Bradford. It has been enlarged and improved since its estab- lishment, and has now a growing circulation in the section of the county where it is published. The Burlington Independent, the local organ of the Democratic party in Burlington, was started in 1885 by C. J. Alger, a Burlington lawyer, who is sole editor and proprietor. The Independent is edited with ability, especially in respect to comment upon local events, and is coming to take its place as one of the leading Democratic papers of the State. It is published weekly in Bur- lington, and circulates in that city, and quite extensively among the Demo- cratic party in the county. In some respects the most remarkable publication in Chittenden county re- 2/6 History of Chittenden County. mains yet to be noticed. Although The Vermont Autograph and Remarker never saw type or press, it was, nevertheless, a publication of no small im- portance and interest. A limited number of copies, printed with pen and ink, were issued and circulated from time to time by James Johns, of Huntington. This curious, half- public, half- private record of men and events, is filled with valuable historical and biographical matter, and such copies of it as now exist are naturally held in great esteem by their fortunate possessors. An extract or two will show that Mr. Johns was a man of opinions, and also that he knew how to express them. The editor of the Autograph and Remarker thus delivers himself upon the subject of conventionality in dress: "There are certain matters concerning which a man ought to be considered as having a right to choose and act for himself independent of others. Among these is custom and fashion in what we wear about us. It is not necessary to our safety or our comfort that a man should conform himself to a prevailing fashion or custom worn or ob- served on certain occasions, and he ought not to be proscribed or ridiculed for differing in these things from the common run of things in those matters. All that the community need require of us in this matter is neatness, order and cleanliness." Mr. Johns evidently had a strong undercurrent of Tory sympathy in his heart, for all his living under a Republican form of government ; for he says, in another place : " It is true that in a republican government founded on the will of the will of the people, a majority of votes cast is made to decide in elec- tions held, and on the adoption of a measure proposed where the question is put in a legislative body. The reason of which is, as we know, that men differ so much in their opinions and interests that they can scarcely ever be brought unanimously to agree on what is proper to be done, or who ought to be chosen to office ; and government is too important a matter to be set aside for want of unanimous assent. In all general matters of course where society is interested in its safety and protection from common danger and unnecessary wanton an- noyance, it is just and right that the popular will should rule and have proper weight, though, at the same time, the multitude are too apt sometimes to be actuated by foolish, unjust prejudice against things more obnoxious to their local or chance interests than really harmful to them on the whole, which is the case with the mobs and riots that sometimes arise in the cities. Further than this consideration of common safety and order, I do not think that popular drift ought to be allowed so much influence." Mr. Johns discourses thus warmly of " Single Blessedness " in reply to cer- tain disparaging remarks of the editor of the Free Press in connection with a " bachelors' levee " held in Burlington : " We must confess it does try our patience and our feelings, entirely aside from the circumstances of our being one of the number implicated, to hear and read the sweeping, ungenerous and unjust slants against that class of men who are pursuing the even tenor of their li\es, free from the entangle- The Press. 277 merits of matrimony, and lavishing on them that pity which is much more due to married men in many cases. It is mean as it is absurd for any one to indulge in such ribaldry, just as if there were not and could not be only good reasons why a man is not, and ought not to be married, as everyone possessed of common sense knows there is, and since this fact cannot but be apparent to every one, among others to publishers of newspapers like him of the Burlington Free Press, who in introducing a notice of the Bachelors' Levee took occasion to dub thera a ' miserable set.' We would like to know what honor either their papers, or matrimony itself can derive from an imputation that every man, fit or not, ought to have a wife, just for the name of it ? We advise hira and the matrimonial champions of Burlington to hold a meeting of the husbands and wives there (the last bringing broomsticks with them) and see how many may wear the breeches." The early history of journalism in Chittenden county, as probably in every community at that time, is in itself a curious and interesting study. The news- paper of that day differed, as may well be supposed, most materially from the newspaper of to-day. All the factors which then entered into the make-up of a newspaper were unlike what they are at the present time. The news was not the paramount feature of journalism ; nor was the absolute freshness of in- telligence its most desirable feature, as now. News was still news until it be- came so old that the community ceased to be interested in it. As a circulator of local intelligence, the early newspaper could not for an instant compare with even the least voluble gossip of an age little given to gossiping. Its chief ob- ject seems to have been to mould opinion and cultivate a taste for useful read- ing. And, when we look at it critically, is not this a higher and better stand- ard than that of the modern newspaper ? One of the most interesting pecuUarities of the early newspaper was the way in which it gathered its news. Before the day of the telegraph, of course, everj'thing but local intelligence had to come " by post " or messenger. Thus we frequently find the editor rejoicing in the opportune arrival of a copy of some foreign or metropoHtan journal, dated from a week to a month previous, and received always, it may be observed, " at the moment of going to press." Or, possibly, he gets a newsy letter from some correspondent or friend, which he proceeds to print in full with all its obscure privacies and exuberant com- ment. The editor of the Burlington Sentinel v^^'s. once at this critical juncture of " going to press," when there arrived, as he says, " a New York paper dated the 31st ult," from which he gleaned considerable interesting and timely mat- ter, including some foreign news which had been thirty-four days crossing the ocean ! Even after the telegraph had united Burlington, and with it Chittenden county, with the world's life-current of thought and events, the newspaper of the day seems to have been still hampered by the slow conveyance of news. When the revolutionary movement in France deposed Louis Philippe, and all Europe stood aghast at the tremendous power of a great people rising in their might, the peaceful serenity of Chittenden county was not stirred for more than a fortnight after the event. The first intelligence of it was conveyed by a small extra, issued from the Free Press office, which introduced the news by statmg 2/8 History of Chittenden County. that " The Cambria arrived this morning, sailed from Liverpool on the 27th ult., bringing two weeks' later intelligence from Europe." Sometimes, too, even the telegraph failed to bring anything which satisfied the Burlington journalist's high idea of what a " well-magnetized " community should enjoy. " The news by telegraph this morning," says the Free Press, shortly after telegraphic communication had been made with Troy, " is of no sort of importance — embracing nothing but the Troy market and a few miscel- laneous items of no general interest." In the collecting of local news the editors of thirty and forty years ago seem to have exercised a policy of rigid exclusiveness, besides a disposition to admit to their columns only that which time had thoroughly tested and en- dorsed. Small talk, which is so agreeable to the newspaper reader of to-day, was utterly beneath the contempt of the editor of the dignified local weekly which moulded the opinions of our fathers. As to matters of actual and even startling importance in the community — fires, robberies, celebrations, wed- dings and the like — the editors of our local papers in those days seem to have pursued the original and unrevised policy of Mohammed with a superior con- sistency. They amiabi}' allowed mountains to come to them, when their space permitted, but displayed no anxiety about going in search of mountains them- selves. This policy, unfortunately, renders the newspaper of forty years ago a very imperfect chronicler of local events, and hardly a thorough and impartial guide to the historian. It is rather amusing (as well as vexatious sometimes) to secure the date of some important local event, and then turn to the columns of the newspaper and find it embalmed in a few sententious sentences, which state at enormous length the fact that such an event occurred, but stop there with the tacit admis- sion that the editor was too lazy or too indifferent to look up the particulars. In compensation, however, the investigator will find the rest of the column filled with valuable editorial matter. The diffuse style of editorial, to which allusion has been made, and which was " all the fashion " in those days, answered admirably well for certain sub- jects, particularly those of a light and general character, allowing play to the fancy, and giving opportunity for a happy and felicitous use of words. A glance at the early files of the Sentinel and the Free Press, for instance, shows some examples of this description of writing — more essays than editorials — which are really models in their way. For instance, here is a charming edito- rial on Valentine's Day. —Charles Lamb had seHous doubts, so he says, whether old Bishop \'alen- tine, the patron of the fourteenth day of the shortest month in the year, and •'the venerable archflamen of Hymen," was a mortal who was accustomed to wear n tippet and rochet, apron and decent lawn sleeves. At any rate, if he were actually a mitred father in the calendar, his spirit, he maintained with great force, on each returning festival, " came allended with thousands and ten thousands of httle loves," and the air was " Brush'd with the kiss of nestling wings." The Press. 279 ■" Singing cupids,'' quoth the gentle Elia, " are thy clioristers and precentors, oh Bishop, and instead of the crozier, the mystical arrow is borne before thee ! ! " We are very gently reminded that this is the day when those delicate missives usually called val- ■entines, which are written, engraved, printed or painted in the most fanciful and suggestive manner, and nicely enclosed in curiously wrought envelopes, equally tender and tasteful in their devices, are slyly deposited in the all-swallowing and capacious orifice of every village Post-office, to the advantage nt least of such government officials as expect such deposits to be followed by valuable considerations, and to the amusement of all Avho read or write matters so purely ephemeral. This year the Editor was not forgotten ! Our own sensibility has been called into active requisition T)y the receipt of the following beautiful original Valentine, which we opened in the privacy of our sanc- tum with careful finger, so as not to break or mar its emblematic seal, and read while nothing was au- dible save the beating of the editorial heart. l The paper on which the kindness of the writer was made manifest, is, on its color, as snowy as the fingers that wrote it. The writing was neatly executed with a quill that was plucked from the wing ■of Jove's favorite bird, that in his soarings never stops until he reaches the sun! The perfume of the Valentine, if we mistake not, was a very late importation from Araby the Blest ! On a day when universal Yankeedom is commemorating this festival by paying homage to the di- vinity whose irreversible throne rests on the fancy and affections, we trust we may be pardoned for re- turning, in a suitable manner, our acknowledgement for the ray of literary sunshine which unexpect- edly gleamed upon us. " With these apologistic remarks," as the lawyers say, " we submit " the following VALENTINE. To * * *. Thou'rt like a star ; for when my way was cheerless and forlorn, And all was blackness like the sky before a coming storm, Thy beaming smile and words of love, thy heart of kindness free, Illum'd my path, then cheered my soul, and bade its sorrows flee. Thou'rt like a star — when sad and lone I wander forth to view The lamps of night, beneath their rays my spirit's nerved anew, And thus I love to gaze on thee, and then I think thou'st power To mix the cup of joy for me, ev'n in life's darkest hour. Thou'rt like a star — when my eye is upward turned to gaze Upon those orbs, I mark with awe their clear celestial blaze, And then thou seem'st so good, so high, so beautifully bright, I almost feel as if it were an angel met my sight. Thou'rt like a star— perchance the proud and haughty pass me by. And curl the lip ; — but not to them is bowed my spirit high ; No, not to them, e'en should they wear earth's proudest diadem. But I would bow before thee now, and kiss thy garment's hem. And here is one with the piscatorial art for its subject — a theme which, <:uriously enough, editors of every day have found particularly congenial : Our friends of the Brattleboro Eagle have gone into "convulsions " of piscatorial delight over a "sockdolager" of a Pike, caught by Mr. Pettis of that town, in West River a few days ago, and " served up " (and we underwrite for its having been well served up) by Captam Lord, last Saturday. If the Captain did z^rt.^ that fish, as he knows how, it furnished one of the coena dwum spoken of m the Koran ! , n, • The Eagle says that the pike are " not indigenous to (in ?) our waters," and proceeds to trace their pdigree from " Long Jim " Wilson of N. H., Judge Chip man of Richmond, President Olin, and other 1 Here "the following beautiful original valentine " should have been inserted, according to the ed- itor's first intention — which either repented him or else slipped his mmd. 28o History of Chittenden County. distinguished savans and bon vivants, who, upwards of a quarter of a century ago, translated the pro- genitors of this ferocious fish from our Lake to Otter Creek, " above Middlebury Falls," whence they- were lifted over the mountain into Plymouth ponds, whence they escaped into the Connecticut and its accessible tributants by means of a miniature deluge that arose from a miscellaneous "breaking loose" of one of the Plymouth ponds " a few years ago." The Brattleboro branch of the ancientfamily of the " escoes " is, therefore, very respectably descended, and the excellent Representative in Congress from the First District, as well as Mr. Pettis, one of his constituents, can bear witness that they are a noble fish to " kill." Exploits have been performed by the first named amateur and a grouty friend of his, in the great eddy below Bellows Falls, on temporary and dissolvable rafts, floating ice, and other frail and treacherous moorings, which would make "old Izaak Walton or Sir Humphrey Davy stare, if not smile. If Mr. Pettis understands his duty, he forwarded the pectoral fin of his largest victim to Wash- ington, to remind his representative that "there are a few more left," such as he will find it useless to- " bob for " from the Potomac bridge ! A most interesting study is afforded by the advertisements which appear in some of the older Chittenden county newspapers. People had a quaint and naive way of making known their wares and their wants in those days, which irresistibly provokes a smile from the reader of the present time. Here is a collection of advertisements, taken at random from early files of the Burlington Sentinel and the Burlington Free Press : 1. A polite notice from a jeweler: Notice. — Our Friends and Customers who call to compare their Watches by our Regulator are re- spectfully desired to walk in and close the door while doing the same. 2. A would-be facetious trader informs the public — BY TELEGRAPH, just received Fresh Oranges and Lemons. 3. An accommodating druggist announces that, The doctor will be always on hand and good advice will be given gratis. 4. That our fathers were aware of the excellence of tobacco as a prevent- ive for moths and a soother of earache, and used occasionally to buy a pound or two of the vile weed for these purposes, appears from the proclamation of a local trader in Burlington that he has Just received 40 bbls. Chewing Tobacco, 50 bbls. Smoking do., 500 bladders Scotch Snuff, 300 jars Macoboy snuff. 5. The kind of music in which the people of those days " twinkled their heels " is indicated by the advertisement of the leader of a band, who Is prepared to furnish good music for Ball Parties, &c. on reasonable terms. His band consists of a Clarinet, Post Horn, 1st. and 2nd. violins and Opheclyde. 6. That people were no less careless than now- a- days about their domestic pets, would appear from the following proclamation : Came into the enclosure of the subscriber about the 4th. inst. a White Pig. The owner will pay charges and take it away. 7. Anaesthetics were a novelt}' in Vermont thirty years ago. A Burling- ton druggist advertises : CHLOROFORM— A supply of this new and celebrated preparation, manufactured by W. B. Little of Boston, just received and for sale. 8. Attempt at humor in a Burlington price current : PROVISIONS— Buckwheat flour is plenty, and as a natural consequence pancakes have been ^«'«^ rfOT^n for several days, and are now reporlcd "flat." We noticed, however, at the meeting of " the board" this morning, a very general disposition to " operate " in the article, and some heavy lots- were taken on individual account, paities ajipt-aicd to regard them as a good investment. The Press 281 9. The following announcement shows the varied methods of cajolement practiced by editors at that time : A few barrels of excellent soft soap for sale ; inquire of the printer. 10. Duns were as frequent and as important in those days as now, and the warnings connected therewith were still more imperative : Notice. — Those indebted to the subscriber, are requested to make immediate payment, and save both parties trouble. 11. In the Northern Setttinel for Friday, July 20, 1827, appears the an- nouncement for the old line of Lake Champlain steamboats, consisting at that time of the Phcenix and Congress. The Phcenix, J. R. Harrington master, will commence her regular trips, by leaving Whitehall every Tuesday and Saturday at 2 o'clock p. ni., and St. Johns every Monday and Friday at 8 o'clock a. m. The Congress, G. Lathrop master, will be engaged in towing rafts until about the 20th of May, after which she will join the Phoenix in a regular line, due notice of which will hereafter be given. The prices of passage, etc., are given, and then the following regulations : Children from two to ten years of age, half price ; under two years, quarter price. No passenger will be taken on board or put on shore, however short the distance, for less than 75 cents. For each dog or other animal, not exceeding the size of a sheep, one dollar ; they are to be tied on deck, forward of the capstan. Horses, Gigs, Waggons, etc., from Plattsburgh to Burlington the same as last year. 12. When a wife deserted her husband in 1818, she was served as follows: A notice taken from the Northern Sentinel of Friday, December 11, 1 8 1 8 : ELOPEMENT. Whereas, Thankful, my wife, has conducted in an unbecoming manner and has left my bed and board : — this is therefore to forbid all persons, harboring or trusting her on my account, as I will not pay any debt or debts of her contracting after this date. 13. It seems rather strange to see a lottery advertised under the auspices of one of the New England States, but at this early date lotteries under the sanction of the State of Vermont were legal ; as witness the following an- nouncement : VERMONT LOTTERY. First class new series for tLe benefit of a road from Rutland to Woodstock, 8760 prizes, amounting to $60,900 whole tickets, $3, quarters, 75 cents. In selling by certificate a package of ten tickets is warranted to draw four prizes of the lowest denomination ($4) which are deducted from the price of the tickets, and a certificate of their numbers is given, agreeing to pay all they draw over what is de- ducted from the price of the tickets. 14. People not infrequently used the advertising columns of the newspa- pers at this time as a medium through which to publicly settle their personal quarrels. The following instance of dissension in the camp is a case in point: It can be seen by an article published in the News Journals at Burlington, that H. C. Nash of Wi- nooski Falls, Vt., belonging to the tribe of Rechabites of Tent No. 9 at that village, and heretofore acting as recording scribe of that Tent, has finally resigned his office. It is well known that Mr. Nash did publish an article accusing N. Richardson of drinking intoxicating liquor, which was (as has recently been stated) "a downright falsehood," and still another article has quite recently made its public appearance, purporting to emanate from Rechabite Tent No. 9, from Winooski, and signed by another soft pated Jackass /—soft pated for the reason that the members of that tent can procure the name of no other individual than such, to subscribe, in any capacity, to an article wherein the more enlightened and respectable portion of the community can see set forth malicious and downright falsehood. By reference to their article, sec. 3rd, it can be seen that they have " requested " me to meet with them ; and still further (which I add on my own responsibility) some of them urged and even promised me to use all their influence for promoting me to the highest office afforded by their Tent ! But their urg- 282 History of Chittenden County. ings and solicitations were in vain ; for the idea of associating with them was too repulsive to enter- tain, and would be to any respectable man, until they pay more regard to their own moral character, aside from getting drunk. N. B. Let it be distinctly understood that reference is had in the above particularly to the Recha- bites of Tent No. 9, and to no other ; for it is well known that there are societies under the name " Rechabites,'' whose members sustain the highest respectability. N. Richardson. From the above example it will be seen that the early newspapers of Chit- tenden county afforded much unique and curious reading in their advertising columns alone, which their readers must have appreciated to a certain extent, at least. Furthermore, the early newspapers ©f Chittenden county were, as a rule, liberally supplied with advertisements, and their publishers must have re- alized no small profit, as well as amusement, from this department. Humor at this time was mostly an imported product. Occasionally an original witticism appears in a Vermont newspaper, but it was generally of local application and doubtful quality. Much of the quoted humor, however, has a flavor and aptness which shows that editors — and presumably their readers — appreciated and enjoyed the ludicrous side of life as genuinely as we do to-day. A few examples by way of illustration, the first being taken from one of the very earliest issues of the old Ce^itinel, and the quaint spell- ing retained : 1. How to raise a devyle ? Contradycte your wyffe. Which shows that the marriage relation had its terrors even to our sturdy ancestors. An attempt at an original pun is made in the following : 2. A schoolmaster in Vermont lately recommended to his pupils a very fine edition of Comb on the Head. The writer alluded to is probably Combe, a favorite text in the schools thirty years ago. The same editor who coined this witticism remarks, in an- other place : 3. We see that pantaletts are now beautifully and politely termed shin-curtains. And here is another equally refined production : 4. " I won't cover your heels, I'll be darned if I do," as the ragged stocking said to the novel- reading lady. It never rains but it pours ; so the fun at the expense of the fair sex con- tinues : 5. It is currently reported and generally believed of the whole female sex, that they do not scruple to HOOK each others' dresses. Here is something that is probably quoted. It is good enough for a bon- mot : 6. The weather-cock, after all, points to the highest moral truth, for it shows man that it is a ** vane " thing to a " spire." Here is one of the original versions of the antique coffee joke : 7. "Why do you set your cup of coffee, upon the chair, Mr. Jones ?" said our worthy landlady, this morning at breakfast. " It's so weak, madam," replied Mr. Jones, demurely, " I thought I would let it rest." It is also an interesting feature of this study of early journalism, to note something of the customs and manners— the everyday life of the people of that time. The older files of the newspapers of Chittenden county are full of The Press. 283 interesting matter of this kind, but we have space for only one or two charac- teristic examples. The first relates to the science of inoculation for small-pox, at the time when it had first been introduced into this country, and shows something of the old-fashioned neighborliness and lack of conventionality among our worthy ancestors. The article in question is taken from an old copy of the Vermont Centinel, dated May 4, 18 10, and relates to "anew mode of inoculating Kine Pock, " which is " extending in practice with the happiest results." When a child has been infected, instead of a physician coming, when the poclc is mature, to take away the matter, and frighten the babe into tears and terror by his lancet, quills, &c., the parents an- nounce by a board fixed outside the door, that on such a day children in perfect health may be inoculated without expense, and with ripe living matter, provided they are brought by their mothers between the hours of lo o'clock in the morning and 4 in the afternoon. The mother of the infant from whence the matter is to be taken is furnished only with a common sewing needle, the point of which she dips in the ripe vescicle, on the arm of her child, and then immediately with it she makes a slight puncture in the arm of that which is brought to receive the infection. No blood is drawn. If the children are asleep they are neither of them suffered to be disturbed. This mode of infection, with living matter, never fails, no inflammation ensues, and the whole of the operation is performed by the mothers only. Everybody who has read colonial history and biography knows that at that time the country, in its sparsely settled condition, was considerably in- fested with footpads and outlaws, who made the infrequent journeys of travel- ers hazardous and dangerous. That Chittenden county was by no means free from these pests of society appears from the following graphic account of a HORRID ROBBERY ! ! ! (From Oie Centinel.) Since we published a short account of the robbery committed upon Joseph True, in last week's pa- per, we have received the following authentic, and we think correct, statement of facts, which was re- ceived from Mr. True and others, and communicated to us from the most respectable sources. On the night on which this outrage was committed, Mr. True was traveling in Wheelock in a cut- ter, and designed to reach Mile tavern that night, so that he might with a weary horse arrive home at Derby the next night. As he was passing down the hill three-fourths of a mile north of Bradley's tavern, he was first alarmed by the discharge of a pistol aimed at his head from the back part of his sleigh, which did no other injury than to blow off his hat. True immediately seized a loaded pistol which he had in the hind seat of his cutter, and probably discharged it. He was soon disarmed of his pistol, then seized the seat to defend himself, against which a pistol was discharged, and the ball passed half through the board and then glanced off (!) Afterwards he seized his whip, and while in the act of defence received a blow over the head with a dagger or some sharp weapon which cut a considerable wound on his forehead, and another on his left hand. Here the recollection of the party injured ceased. On examination of Mr. True, when his senses returned, it appears that in addition to the above injuries, he received a severe blow on the back-side of his head and a violent thrust through the left side with a dagger, which passed through all his clothes and made a small wound about an inch long, Uttle more than skin deep. It was a great misfortune that True did not regain his senses until 10 or II o'clock the next day, but was found at the door of Mr. Hawkins about day break besmeared with blood. His sleigh exhibited marks of a great discharge of blood, as well as the ground where the robbery was committed, and for some distance on the side of the highway northerly of the unfortu- nate spot. The amount of the money taken from him was about 1,400 dollars in the whole, consisting of bills and specie. The foregoing examples give a general idea of the character and contents of the early Chittenden county newspapers. The method of their mechanical 284 History of Chittenden County. production was far more crude and primitive, as compared with the facihties of the modern newspaper printing-office, than their Hterary style and contents, compared with the contents of the modern newspaper. It was not until 1783 that the first printing press was brought into Western Vermont, by Anthony Haswell, who issued the first number of the Vermont Gazette from Bennington on June 3, 1783. This press of Mr. Haswell was a hand press, a cumbrous, crude, slow- working affair; but there was no material improvement in printing presses in Vermont for almost fifty years afterward. The earliest newspapers and periodicals of Chittenden county were all printed on the same kind of press — the old "Ben Franklin" style, with flat bed and horizontal platen, so familiar from cuts in the heads of old newspapers and in printers' catalogues. Every impression taken necessitated first the inking of the type by a hand roll- er, then the laying of the sheet to be printed over the type, care being taken that it was even and " square," then the taking of the impression by pulling down the handle of the press, which lowered the platen on the type, then the raising of the platen and removing the sheet adhering strongly to the ink with the hand. This process, of course, took a great deal of time, and was exceed- ingly Inborious and vexing ; yet a single operator, or perhaps two, would work off the whole edition of a newspaper in little more than half a day. It must be borne in mind that subscribers in those days were few and far between, and a list of 500 was considered an enormous circulation for a local journal. The Mercury and the early issues of the Centinel were set in the old Eng- lish style of types and spelling, and make a very quaint and curious appear- ance to-day. Editors were accustomed in those days — as to some extent now in country offices — to do a good deal of the mechanical, as well as the brain work, connected with their journals. Anthony Haswell, the proprietor of the Vermont Gazette, composed, we are told, with such facility that most of his printed matter was that of thoughts set up by himself in type, as they flowed from his mind, without having them first committed to paper. Editors are proverbially poor — but in the early times of which we are writing they must have been even less burdened with wealth than they are supposed to be to- day. Their subscription rates were exceedingly low, and their subscribers remarkably few. Even the Chittenden county daihes were only four dollars a year, and they were well worth the money. Advertising rates were correspondingly low, as may be judged from the proportion of this class of literature to other matter in the daily and weekly journals. When an editor came to grief — was burned out, or suffered some other calamity for which he was not directly responsible — instead of borrowing money, or getting somebody to start a subscription paper, he applied to the Legislature for a lot- tery license, which was invariably granted, and the restored printer went on his way rejoicing with a scheme containing many blanks and few prizes. The lottery was a favorite method of exercising benevolence with our fathers, who The Press. 285 never liked to cast their bread upon the waters without making some provision, however slight, to insure its possible return. In conclusion something should be said more particularly about the politics of the leading Chittenden county newspapers, from the beginning up to the present day ; since a newspaper's politics are, as a rule, the reason of its exist- ence. The earliest newspapers of Chittenden county were for the most part pro- nounced and firm adherents either of the Federalist party or of the anti-Fed- eralist or Republican party. State sovereignty, then imperfectly defined, was the prevailing idea in the minds of the anti- Federalists, and they took every opportunity to oppose any extended delegation of authority from the States of the Union. They contended that the power of the State should be supreme, and charged the Federalists with monarchical tendencies. When the Bill of Rights became incorporated in the constitution the anti- Federalists withdrew all opposition to that instrument, and changed the name of their party to Re- publicans. The tendencies of the two parties at this time are well indicated by the epithets they bestowed on each other. The Republicans called the Feder- alists "monarchists" and "the British party." The Federalists called the Re- publicans "democrats" — favoring the rule of the mob. During the Ninth Congress, which assembled on the 2d of December, 1805, the Republicans dropped their name and adopted that of Democrats, thus relieving the present student of American politics of the confusion likely to arise from the synony- mous use of these now far from synonymous political terms. The Whig party had its origin in 1823-24, when the question of revision of the tariff with a view to the protection of home industry came up before Congress. The attack and support of the bill took much of a sectional aspect, Virginia, the two CaroHnas, Georgia and some other States being unanimous against it. With this sectional aspect a tarififfor protection began to assume a political aspect, being taken under the care of the party which was afterwards denominated " National Republicans," or Whigs. The presidential election of 1852 was the last campaign in which the Whig party appeared in national poli- tics, when its candidate. General Winfield Scott, was defeated by the Demo- cratic candidate. General Franklin Pierce. About 1852, when the question of slavery in the Territories, and its extension or abolition in the States, was agi- tated and causing sectional differences in the country, many Whigs and Demo- crats forsook their parties and took sides on the questions of the day. The political strife was aggravated by the large number of alien naturalized citizens constantly added to the ranks of voters, who took sides with the Democrats and against the Whigs. In 1854 the Kansas- Nebraska controversy on the territorial government bill resulted in a division of the Whig party in the North, and it was then that the present Republican party was born, it being composed of all the Whigs at the North who were squarely and uncompromis- 19 286 History of Chittenden County. ingly opposed to slavery. The other division of the Whig party became what was known as the " Know-Nothing " or American party, a secret organization or order, which attempted to gain control of the politics of the country. After the failure of this party the Republican and Democratic parties alone were left in the field — the former the champion of the old Whig doctrine of the protec- tion of American industries, and opposed to the institution of slavery in the United States. This was the political aspect from 1854 up to the time of the War of the Rebellion. The Burlington Sentinel was at first established as an independent paper, but as party politics became more and more the real and paramount issues of the day, and party lines began to separate men more widely than any other lines, the Sentinel ranged itself on the side of the Democratic (then called Re- publican) party, as against the Federalists. It adhered strictly thereafter to- Democratic doctrines, and when the split in the Whig party came, arrayed itself against the Republican wing. It always remained true to Democratic principles, and after it was removed to Rhode Island became one of the lead- ing Democratic papers of that State. It was probably this tendency of the Sentinel, evidenced as early as 1827, which caused the establishment of the Free Press by the staunch Whigs, after- wards the RepubHcans, of Chittenden county. From the the first the Free Press took the lead among the Republican newspapers of Chittenden county, a position which it has maintained with remarkable consistency and ability up to the present time. The Free Press supported John Quincy Adams for presi- dent in 1828, Henry Clay in 1832, WiUiam Henry Harrison in 1836 and '40, Henry Clay in 1844, Zachary Taylor in 1848, Winfield Scott in 1852, John C. Fremont in 1856, Abraham Lincoln in i860 and '64, Ulysses S. Grant in 1868 and '72, Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, James A. Garfield in 1880, and James G. Blaine in 1884. The Burlington Times, which was not started until 1858, was an able and influential Republican journal while it existed. The Bigelow Brothers, who conducted it from 1861 until it was bought by the Free Press Association in 1869, have always been prominent newspaper men in Vermont, Lucius Bige- low — until recently editor of the Rutland Herald — being one of the strongest editorial writers in the State. The Burlington Democrat — the short-lived successor of the Sentinel — was very strongly Democrat in its political utterances, but never gained the influ- ence and respect enjoyed by the Sentinel under the management of the Messrs. Hoyt. The Burlington Clipper is a Republican newspaper with a tendency toward the independent or " mugwump " wing of the party. Its influence is chiefly felt in State politics. The Chittenden Reporter is Republican, but " na bigoted." It confines it- self chiefly to local politics and news. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 287 The Burlington Independertt is a Democrat paper of the strictest and most uncompromising sort. It is chiefly, as has been noticed, the organ of the local Democracy of Burlington, and pays most of its attention to the local interests of the party. With very few exceptions, the newspapers and other periodicals of Chit- tenden county have been edited with remarkable ability and judgment. Com- pared with their contemporaries, they certainly have been and are creditable to the people of the county, and may well be included among the best represent- atives of Vermont journalism, both of the earlier period and the present day. CHAPTER XIV. FREEMASONRY AND ODD FELLOWSHIP.i Introduction of Freemasonry into Chittenden County — Washington Lodge No. 7 — Friend- ship Lodge — McDonough Lodge — Seneoa Lodge— North Star Lodge — Patriot Lodge— Web- ster Lodge— Burlington Lodge No. 100— Army Lodges— Grand Lodge— N. B. Haswell's Manifesto — Royal Arch Masons — Royal and Select Masters— Knights Templar— The Scottish Eite — Other Organizations — Growth of Odd Fellowship in the County — Green Mountain Lodge — Winooski Lodge — Hamilton Lodge — Fayette Uniformed Encampment. FREEMASONRY was introduced into Chittenden county with the organ- ization of Washington Lodge No. 7, which was chartered Oct. 13, 179S, at Burlington, under authority of "The Grand Lodge of Most Ancient and Honorable Society of Free and Accepted Masons for the State of Vermont." The Grand Lodge, " independent and governed solely by its own laws," was organized at Rutland in the State of Vermont at a convention held for that purpose duly called October 10, 11, 13, and 14, A. D. 1794, in accordance with an adjournment from a convention held in Manchester, Vermont, August 6 and 7, 1 794. Washington Lodge. — The petition for Washington Lodge was read in Gen- eral Lodge October 13, 1795, and below is a literal copy: To the Right Worshipful Grand Master and Officers of the Grand Lodge in Vermont: Observing with the greatest anxiety the decline of Masonry in this part of our State, we feel our- selves alarmed at the loss of one of our most inestimable blessings. From a laudable ambition to re- trieve our lost benefits and priviledges, and revive the noble and benevolent Order of Antient Free Masons we are induced to prefer our petition for a charter of a lodge by the name of Washington No. — , to set at Burlington in the county of Chittenden. From the knowledge you possess of our local situation, the number of bretheren within this vicinity, and the very great inconvenience attend- ing our visiting the most neighboring lodge — we avoid any comments on the propriety of our request, but respectfully hope it may be granted agreeable to the general wish of the subscribing bretheren — we have only to make this additional request that our worthy brother Ebenezer Marvin be appointed IThe article on Freemasonry was prepared by W. H. S. Whitcomb; that on Odd Fellowship by C. A. Castle. 288 History of Chittenden County. master Lemuel Bottum S. W. and Solomon Miller J. W. for the time being — and when our prayer is granted we shall ever feel a spirit of emulation to vie with our neighboring bretheren in the true knowledge of antient Masonry and make an additional compensation for the attention of our grand master and officers of the Grand Lodge to our petition ; by our vigilance and assiduity in reviving and adding respectablity to the craft. We are with the greatest respect and brotherly love your most obedient servants, Ebenezer Marvin — master Mason. John White — master Mason. Solomon Miller — master Mason. Stephen Keyes — master Mason. Benjamin Marvin — fellow craft. Levi Allen — master mark Mason. Amos Morrill — master Mason. Samuel Mix — master Mason. Lemuel Bottom — master Mason. Joseph Griswold — master Mason. Gideon King — master Mason. Linus Atwater — master Mason. Stephel Pearl — master Mason. Elnathan Keyes — prentice. The petition was signed by fourteen, but as only twelve were master Masons the charter was issued to them. The names of the twelve appear in the charter, which reads as follows : The Grand Lodge of the most ancient and honorable society of Free and Accepted Masons in the State of Vermont : To all the fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Whereas petition has been presented to us by Ebenezer Marvin, John White, Solomon Miller, Stephen Keyes, Levi Allen, Amos Morrill, Samuel Mix, Lemuel Bottom, Joseph Griswold, Gideon King, Linus Atwater, and Stephen Pearl, all Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, praying that they with such others as may by them be judged proper, be erected and constituted a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons under the name of Washington Lodge ; with full power to enter apprentices, pass fellow crafts, and raise master Masons. Which petition appearing to us as tending to the advance- ment of ancient masonry and the general good of the craft, it has been agreed that the prayer thereof be granted. Now therefore know ye, that we, by virtue of the authority vested in us by grand con- stit;:tion, and reposing special confidence in the prudence, fidelity and skill in Masonry of our beloved brethren above named, to wit Ebenezer Marvin, John White, Solomon Miller, Stephen Keyes, Levi Allen, Amos Morrill, Samuel Mix, Lemuel Bottom, Joseph Griswold, Gideon King, Linus Atwater, and Stephen Pearl a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, under the name, title and designation of Washington Lodge. Therefore by granting unto them and their successors, full power to convene and meet as Masons in the town of Burlington in the county of Chittenden, to receive and enter appren- tices, pass fellow crafts and raise master Masons, upon the payment of such reasonable compensation as may hereafter be determined by the Grand Lodge, conformably to the laws of the Grand Lodge, also to make choice of master, wardens and other office bearers annually, or otherwise as they shall see cause, — to receive and collect funds for the relief of poor and decayed brethren, their widows and chil- dren, and in general, to transact all matters relating to Masonry which may to them appear to be for the good of the craft according to the ancient usages and customs of Masons. And we do hereby re- quire the said constituted brethren, by their master and wardens for the time being or their proxies, to attend the Grand Lodge at the stated annual meeting and at such other special grand communications as may be appointed, to keep a fair regular record of all their proceedings proper to be %\ritten, and lay the same before the Grand Lodge when there-to required, and also to pav such customs and dues for the benefit of the Grand Lodge as shall from time to time be constitutionally required. And we do hereby declare the precedency of the said lodge in this Grand Lodge and elsewhere, to be number seven in this grand communication. And we require all ancient Masons, especially those holding of this Grand Lodge, to acknowledge and receive them and their successors as regularly constituted Free and Accepted Masons, and treat them accordingly. And we do accordingly appoint our truly and well beloved brother Ebenezer Marvin, Esquire, as first master, and our beloved brother Lemuel Bottom as senior, and our brother Solomon Miller as junior warden. This^charter to continue and be in force till re- voked. Witness our Most Worshipful Cirand Masler Noah Smith, Esq. and others our grand officers, under the seal of the Grand Lodge affixed at Windsor this 13 day of October Anno Domini one thou- sand seven hundred and ninety-five and of Masonry 5795. Noah Smith, G. M.; Enoch Woodbridge, D. G. M.; John Chipman, G. S. W.; Jotham White, G. J. W.; WiUiam Cooley, G. S. D ; Roswell Hopkins, G. J. D.; Nathaniel Brush, G. T.; David Fay, G. sec'y. Officers to 1834.— Master: 1796-97, Ebenezer Marvin; 1798, David Rus- sell ; 1799, James Sawyer; 1800-02, David Russell; 1803, Joshua Isham ; Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 289 1804-05, no record ; 1806-07, George Robinson ; 1808, David Russell ; 1809— 18, George Robinson; 1819-20, no record; 1 821, Lemuel Page; 1822-27, Nathan B. Haswell ; 1828, no record; 1829-34, Nathan B. Haswell. Senior Warden : 1796-97, Lemuel Bottom; 1798, John Pomeroy ; 1799, Martin Chittenden ; 1800, Medad Lyman; 1801, Solomon Miller; 1 802-11, no record; 1812-13, James Dean; 1814-18, no record; 1819, Lemuel Page; 1820-22, no record; 1823, Henry Thomas ; 1824-26, no record; 1827, Tru- man Seymour ; 1828, Nathan B. Haswell; 1829, James L. Sawyer; 1830-34, David Russell. Junior Warden : 1796-97, Solomon Miller ; 1798, Horace Loomis ; 1799, Solomon Miller; 1 800-01, no record; 1802, E. T. Englesby ; 1803-04, no record; 1805, John Storrs ; 1806-13, no record; 1814-16, Lemuel Page; 1817-18, no record; 18 19, E. B. Hastings; 1820-22, no record; 1823, James Dean; 1824, no record ; 1825, James L. Sawyer ; 1826-28, no record ; 1829- 33, S. Catlin ; 1834, Richard Fitzgerald. After this date Washington Lodge was dormant until February 4, 1846, when it resumed labor, Nathan B. Haswell acting as master, Joshua Doane as senior warden, and Dan Lyon as secretary. The first election after resuming was held June 3, 1846. Officers to Date. — Master: 1846-53, Nathan B. Haswell; 1854-56, John S.Webster; 1857-59, L. B. Englesby; 1860-61, WilHam G. Shaw; 1862, L. B. Englesby; 1863-67, C. W. Woodhouse ; 1868-69, Edward A. Jewett ; 1870, Homer M. Phelps ; 1871-74, C. W. Woodhouse ; 1875-78, C. W. Win- gate ; 1879, William Brinsmaid; 1880-82, C. W. Wingate ; 1883-86, M. W. Johnson. Senior Warden: 1846-49, John S. Webster; 1850-52, Joshua Doane; 1853, EH Stearns; 1854-56, L. B. Englesby; 1857, William G. Shaw; 1858, William H. Root; 1859, W. G. Shaw; i860, W. H. Root; 1861-62, C. W. Woodhouse; 1863-64, Louis FoUett ; 1865, A. F. Styles ; 1866-67, E. A. Jewett; 1868-69, H. M. Phelps; 1870, A. C. Tuttle ; 1871-72, William Brinsmaid; 1873-74, C. W. Wingate; 1875-78, A. S Drew; 1879-80, A. B. Coggswell; 1881, M. W. Johnson; 1882-83, L. F. Englesby; 1884-86, John A. Clapp. Junior Warden : 1846-49, Joshua Doane; 1850, George M. Hall; 1851- 52, EH Stearns; 1853, L. B. Englesby; 1854-56, W. G Shaw; 1857, W. H. Root; 1858-59, George W. Beckwith; i860, C. W. Woodhouse ; 1 861, Rob- ert s! Styles; 1862, J. W. Roby ; 1863-64, A. F. Styles; 1865-67, H. M. Phelps ; 1868-69, P. D. Ballou ; 1870, WiUiam Brinsmaid ; 1871, J. H. Brooks ; 1872, C. W. Wingate; 1873-78, William Brinsmaid; 1879-80, M. W. John- son; 1 88 1, L. F. Englesby ; 1882-83, John A.CIapp ; 1884-86, H. C. Humphrey. Washington Lodge has had the honor of enrolling many of the leadmg citizens of Burlington among its members. It has always held a high place in 290 History of Chittenden County. the good will and esteem of the citizens. It began a series of public addresses in 1800, the first of which, written and delivered b)' the president of the Uni- vesity of Vermont, was subsequently published, and can be found in the uni- versity library with others of later dates. Friendship Lodge. — In the year 1800 petitions were presented to the Grand Lodge by Masons residing in the towns of Charlotte and Hinesburg, asking for lodges to be located one in each town ; these petitions were subsequently withdrawn. In 1 80 1 the brethren residing in and near Charlotte sent their petition to the Grand Lodge, which met at Newbury, October 9, 1801. Appended is an exact copy : To the Right IVorshipfuU Grand Lodge of the State of Vermont : We, your petitioners, do hereby show ; that we' are all Free and Accepted Masons regularly initiated, and likewise that some of us now are and all have been members of a regularly constituted lodge. Feeling anxious for the honour and prosperity of Masonry we are willing to exert ourselves to the utmost to promote and defuse the genuine principals of the noble art of Masonry, but dwelling re- mote from any lodge we are unable to attend so frequently as is necessary for our own benefit and for the honour of Masonry. We, your petitioners have therefore agreed to form a next lodge by the name of Friendship Lodge and in consequence of this resolution we pray the Grand Lodge to grant us a warrant of constitution to em- power us to assemble as a regular lodge in Charlotte in the county of Chittenden to discharge the duties of Masonry in a regular and constituted manner according to the original forms of the order and the laws of the Grand Lodge. And we nominate and do recommend Brother Medad Lyman to be the first master, and Brother William B. Marsh to be the first senior \varden and Brother Ezra Meech to be the first junior warden of the said lodge. Should the prayer of this petition be granted we promise strict conformity to all the constitutional laws and regulations of the Grand Lodge as in duty we are bound to do. Charlotte, September loth, 5801. Fellow Crafts. — William J. Williams, Gideon Prindle, Timothy Read, Stephen Holister, Medad Lyman, 2d, Jonathan Lyman, Jonathan Breckenridge. Master Masons. — Samuel Darrow, John Coblj, Curtis Lake, Joseph Hurlbut, jr., John Cunningham, Isaac Webb, Martin Lawrence, Russell Catlin, Morris Smith, Caleb Barton, Medad Lyman (Master), William B. Marsh (S. W.), Doctor Bostwick, Ezra Meech (Jr. W.), Ithiel Stone, Nathaniel Newell, Homer Towner. This petition was granted the same day and a charter issued to Medad Ly- man, master ; William B. Marsh, senior warden ; Ezra Meech, junior warden, and others. The printed record of the Grand Lodge shows ^ that the charter was or- dered October 9, 1801, and it also shows 2 that its members subsequently petitioned for the privilege of holding one-half of their communications in the town of Hinesburg, and Grand Master Chipman instituted the lodge at Hines- burg February 11, 1803.2 The following list includes the names of all the masters from the date of the dispensation to 1833: 1801, Medad Lyman; 1802, William B. Marsh; 1803 to 1814 inclusive, Samuel Rich; 1815, William Hurlburt ; 18 16, John Strong; 1817, William Hurlburt; 1818, Joseph Hurlburt; 1819, John M. Eldredge ; 1820, Rev. Joel iGr. Lodge Records, 1801, p. 87. ^P-93, 1S02. 3 p. 93^ 1S02. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 291 Clapp; 1 82 1, John Strong; 1822, no returns; 1823, M. Hinsdale; 1824 to 1833 inclusive, Lemon Judson. The lodge ceased work from 1833, and in 1847 the Grand Lodge declared it extinct. In 185 i it was reorganized and a charter was obtained, numbered 24, and dated January 15, 1852, issued to Samuel Fletcher, Harry Newell, Orrin Read, Timothy S. Haskins, William M. Judson, Loring Pease, Myron Read, Caleb E. Barton, Solomon Pease, Henry S. Morse, Isaac Smith, George Saxton, Ezra Holt, John Strong, William R. Williams, Midas Prindle, Hinman Beers, Burke Leavenworth, David C. Gillette, Garrard Burritt, Aaron B. Webb. The charter was signed by M. W. Philip C. Tucker, grand master; R. W. Samuel S. Butler, dep. grand master; R. W. Joshua Doane, gr. senior warden; R. W. Coit Parkhurst, gr. junior warden ; R. W. Dan Lyon, gr. treasurer ; R. W. John B. Hollenbeck, gr. secretary.^ The following is a list of officers to date : Master: 185 1-54, A. B. Webb ; 1855-56, C. E. Barton; 1857, A. B. Webb ; 1858-61, Luther D. Stone; 1862-65, H. C. Leavenworth; 1866-73, J- H. Thorp; 1874, H. C. Leavenworth; 1875-76, H. N. Newell; 1877-78, J. H. Thorp; 1879, Martin F. Allen; 1880-83, W. H. H. Varney; 1884-85, Harley D. Edgerton; 1886, A. B. Stearns. Senior warden : 1851-53, C. E. Barton; 1854-56, A. C. Palmer; 1857, Luther D. Stone; 1858, H. C. Leavenworth; 1859, Harry Newell; 1860-64, S. Humphrey; 1865, H. H. Beach; 1866, A. J. Burritt; 1867-70, H. N. Newell; 1871, Joseph Barton; 1872-73, W. H. H. Varney; 1874-76, Edgar Edgerton; 1877-78, Dean Hosford ; 1879, Joseph Barton; 1880-83, H. D. Edgerton; 1884-85, A. B. Stearns; 1886, O. P. Ray. Junior warden : 1851-53, Burke Leavenworth; 1854, H. C. Leavenworth; 1855-56, Luther D. Stone; 1857, A. C. Palmer; 1858, Harry Newell ; 1859, S. Humphrey, jr.; i860, T. J. Hoskins ; 1861, N. J. Allen; 1862, C. L. Com- stock; 1863-64, A. J. Burritt; 1865, J. H. Thorp; 1866, M. F. Allen; 1867, Joseph Barton; 1868-70, M. F. Allen; 1871, W. H. H. Varney; 1872, Geo. Edgerton; 1873 ;2 1874-76, J. W. Bradley; 1877-78, Homer Irish ; 1879, W. H. H. Varney; 1880-83, George W. James; 1884-85, O. P. Read; 1886, F. R. Stoddard. McDonough Lodge No. 56 was chartered in 1821 in Essex, and held its communications there. It was instituted December 27, 1821, by George Rob- inson, deputy grand master.^ Masters from 1821 to 1834: 1821, Erastus D. Hubbell ; 1822, Samuel Page; 1823, Billy B. Butler; 1824, Roswell Butler; 1825, Eben Chittenden; 1826, Eben Chittenden; 1827, Billy B. Butler ; 1828, John Halbert; 1829, John Halbert; 1830, Eli Stockwell ; 1831, Eli Stockwell ; 1832, Daniel Little- field ; 1833, Daniel Littlefield ; 1834, Daniel Littlefield. 1 Brothers Dan. Lyon and John B. Hollenbeck are living at this writing. 2 Deceased. 3 See Reprint Grand Lodge Proceedings, p. 267. 292 History of Chittenden County. It ceased work in 1834 and was dormant until 1846, when it was repre- sented in Grand Lodge by Ira A. Collamer, proxy for Daniel Littlefield, wor- shipful master; being unrepresented in 1847 and 1848, it was declared extinct in 1849. In 185 I an effort was made to reorganize, which resulted in the foUowing^ petition to Grand Master Philip C. Tucker: To the Most Worshipful Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Vermont : We, the undersigned, being master Masons of good standing, and having the prosperity of the craft at heart, are anxious to exert our best endeavors to promote and diffuse the genuine principles of Free Masonry ; and for the convenience of our respective dwellings, and other good reasons, v^e are desirous of forming a new lodge, to be named MacDonough Lodge. We therefore, with the approbation of the district deputy grand master, and the lodge nearest our residence, respectfully pray for a dispensation empowering us to meet as a regular lodge at Essex in the county of Chittenden on the second Thursday of every month, and there to discharge the duties of ancient York Masonry in a constitutional manner according to the forms of the order and the laws of the Grand Lodge. And we have nominated and do recommend Brother Jesse Carpenter to be the first master. Brother Samuel Page to be the first senior warden and Brother Samuel Henry Boynton to be the first junior warden of the lodge. The prayer of this petition being granted, we promise strict obedience to the commands of the grand master and the laws and regulations of the Grand Lodge. Dated at Essex this 25th day of February, A.L. 5851. Jesse Carpenter, Daniel Tyler, Amasa Bellows, Samuel Page, S. H. Boynton, Simon Tubbs, Ben- jamin Wiggins, John Sinclair, Nath'I Bouker. This petition was recommended by Washington Lodge No. 3, by North Star Lodge No. 12, and by Deputy John S. Webster, of District No. S, and a dispensation was issued as follows : To all uihom it tiiay Concern, Greeting : Whereas, a petition has been presented to me by sundry brethren, to wit: Brother Jesse Carpen- ter, Daniel Tyler, Amasa Bellows, Samuel Page, S. H. Boynton, Simon Tubbs, Benjamin Wiggins, John Sinclair and Nathaniel Bouker, residing in the town of Essex and its vicinity, in the county of Chittenden and State of Vermont, praying to be congregated into a regular lodge at Essex aforesaid, and promising to render obedience to the ancient usages and landmarks of the fraternity and the laws of the Grand Lodge ; and whereas said petitioners have been recommended to me as master Masons in good standing by the recommendations of Washington Lodge No. 3, and of North Star Lodge No. 12, within Masonic district No. 5 (in which said town of Essex is situated, said lodges being the two nearest lodges to said town of Essex), for the establishment of the objects of said petition: And whereas our worthy brother, John S. Webster, district deputy grand master for said Masonic district No. 5, hath approved the said petition and duly certified the same in his official capacity of dis- trict deputy grand master aforesaid, agreeably to the rules of Masonry and the requirements of the Grand Lodge ; therefore, I, Philip C. Tucker, grand master of the M. W. Grand Lodge of the State of Vermont, reposing full confidence in the recommendations and approval aforesaid, and in the Ma- sonic integrity and ability of the petitioners, do, by virtue of the authority in me vested, hereby grant this Dispensation, empowering and authorizing our trusty and well-beloved Brethren aforesaid, to form and open a lodge, after the form and manner of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and therein to ad- mit and make Freemasons according to the ancient customs of York Masons and not otherwise. This Dispensation is to continue in full force until the next annual communication of our Grand Lodge on the second Wednesday of J.inuary, ,V.L. 5852, unless sooner revoked by me. And I do hereby appoint Brother Jesse Carpenter to be the first master, Brother Samuel Page to be the first senior warden, and Brother Samuel Henry Boynton to be the first junior warden of the said new lodge, and the said new lodge shall, during the existence of this Dispensation, be known and distinguished by the name of MacDonough Lodge. And it shall be the duty of the three first officers named as aforesaid, and they are liereljy required, to return tliis Dispensation, with a correct transcript of all proceedings Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 293 had under the authority of the same, together with an attested copy of their by-laws to our Grand Lodge aforesaid at the expiration of the time lierein specified, for examination and for such further action in the premises as shall then be deemed wise and proper. Given under my hand and private seal at Vergennes in the county of Addison this 26th day of March, A.L. 5851. Philip C. Tucker, Grand Master. The lodge records show the first communication to have been held under this authority April 10, 1851. A charter was voted January 15, 1852, to Mc- Donough Lodge, to be numbered 24. Officers sitice 1851. — Master : 1851-53, Jesse Carpenter ; 1854, S. B. Bliss; 1855, L. C. Butler; 1856-60, Amasa Bellows; 1861, S. B. Bliss; 1862-65, Charles Hilton ; 1866-70, L. C. Butler ; 1871, Byron A. Stevens ; 1872, L. C. Butler; 1873, B. A. Stevens; 1874-78, L. C. Butler; 1879-81, C. S. Palmer; 1882, E. W. Hurlbut; 1883-86, W. S. Nay. Senior Warden : 1851-53, Samuel Page; 1854, L. C. Butler ; 1855, Am- asa Bellows ; 1856, L. C. Butler; 1857, D. P. Squires; 1858-59, Tyler Chase ; i860, Daniel Tyler; 1 861, Charles Hilton; 1862-64, Daniel Tyler ; 1865-67, Henry Hurlburt ; 1868-70, Byron A. Stevens; 1871, Ira F. Joyner; 1872^ Henry C. Lavigne ; 1873, C. S. Palmer ; 1874, Adrian L. Lee ; 1875-79, John A. Percival; 1880-81, E. W. Hurlbut; 1882, W. S. Nay; 1883-86, T. W. Thorp. Junior Warden : 1851-52, Samuel H. Boynton ; 1853, Samuel B. BUss ; 1854, Daniel Tyler; 1855, J. W.Emery; 1856,0. P. Squires; 1857, Tyler Chase; 1858, Simon Tubbs ; 1859, Daniel Tyler ; 1860-61, W. H. Whitcomb ; 1862-63, W. E. Huntley; 1864, J. Ellis ; 1865, Henry Parker ; 1866, Joseph B. Grow; 1868, H. M. Fields; 1869-70, Ira F. Joyner ; 1871, Lucien B. Howe; i872,J. A. Percival; 1873, Dan Giddings ; 1874, Albert Nott ; 1875-79, War- ner B. Nichols; 1880, Martin H. Packard ; 1881-82, W. B. Nichols; 1883-86, M. H. Packard. McDonough Lodge held its communications in Essex until 1883, when it removed to Jericho, where it is now in its usual prosperous condition. The following incident, furnished by Dr. L. C. Butler, shows something of the anti-Masonic spirit of the years 1826-36. In June, 183 1, one Amos Bliss, jr., took the first and second steps of labor with Brother Daniel Dunlop for "holding friendship with Masonry," which he declared to be " contrary to the Gospel of Christ," and brought the matter before the Congregational Church, of which both were members. On the 22d of July the trial took place before the church and was the occasion of no little interest and excitement. The Morgan book was introduced and extracts from it were read to prove that Brother Dunlop had " transgressed the rules of the Gospel." One Joseph Otis, of Bristol, a seceding Mason was then introduced, sworn, and he testified that what had been read was " in substance true though not in the same words." That he was a Mason fourteen years ; was expelled from the lodge before he seceded ; was excommunicated from the church for laboring 294 History of Chittenden County. on the Sabbath ; " was not bound by oath to secrete a Mason when guilty of murder or treason." One Otis Bean, of Weybridge, also testified under oath that Masons were not required by their oath to do anything really wrong, but that he did; that " Masons were bound not to do certain immoral acts with reference to wives, daughters and mothers, but it does not give them any license to commit such acts against anybody." One other seceder was examined, but he declined to say whether he believed in a state of future rewards and punishments, and his evidence was disregarded. The trial occupied a whole day ; the men who were engaged in it have all passed away, the last survivor being Amos Bliss, of Burlington. On the 28th of the same month the trial came to its conclusion by a vote in which " twelve voted to sustain the charge, and sixteen that it be not sus- tained ; or, as the record reads : twelve voted that it was contrary to Scripture and sixteen that it was not." " So Brother Dunlop was cleared from the charge brought against him." The writer remembers this trial very distinctly, especially the vim with which it was prosecuted, and the feeling of mortification and chagrin at the re- sult. The trial was heralded as the death-blow to Masonry, but the blow reached only those who were active and virulent in the prosecution. It was, however, the death-blow of anti-Masonry in that church, and it was the only attempt in the county, I think, to bring a Mason before a church tribunal. Seneca Lodge. — The brethren in Milton petitioned for a lodge in 1821, and in 1822 were duly chartered as No. 57. Masters to 1833. — 1822, John M. Dewey ; 1823, '24, '25, no returns ; 1826, Nathan Burnell ; 1827, no returns; 1828, Warren Hoxie ; 1829, no returns; 1830-33, John M. Dewey. It then became dormant. Seneca Lodge was represented in the reorganization of the Grand Lodge in 1846, by Edmund Wellington, senior warden, but not in 1847, 1848, or 1849, and it was ordered to report in 1850 and be represented. (See pages 49 and 50, Pro. Gr. Lodge, 1849.) Not reporting or being represented in 1850, it was declared extinct in the latter year. It was revived and re-chartered as No. 40, in 1857 to the following names : L. J. Dixon, H. P. Seeger, Sylvester Ward, Benjamin Fairchild, W. W. Pow- ell, H. H. Woods, Joseph Coon, Ethan Austin, E. T. Holbrook, L. D. Ashley, Lawson Morse. (?^f^r.f/;w« 1857.— Master: 1857-58, Lucius J. Dixon ; 1859-60, H. L. Hoxie; 1861, A. N. Austin ; 1862, H. O. Bartlett ; 1863-65, N. W. Fair- child; 1866, Eli T. Holbrook; 1867, L. J. Dixon ; 1868, H. L. Ho.xie ; 1869- 74, E. T. Holbrook; 1875-76, Moses R. Dogan ; 1877-78, E. T. Holbrook; 1879-83, H. O. Bartlett; 1884-85, C. S. Ashley. Senior Warden: 1857, William W.Powell; 1858, George C. Mosher ; Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 295 1859-60, A. N. Austin; 1861, H. O. Bartlett ; 1862, N. W, Fairchild ; 1863, H. L. Hoxie; 1864-65, E. T. Holbrook ; 1866, Ira H. Tillison ; 1867, H. O. Bartlett; 1868, Ira H. Tillison; 1869-70, Orvis W. Bullock; 1871, A. B. Miner; 1872, Martin Pierce; 1873-74, Lansing Snow; 1875-81, Aaron B. Story; 1882, C. S. Ashley; 1883-84, W. W. W. Thompson; 1885,?. J. Cos- tello. Junior Warden : 1857, George C. Mosher ; 1858, A. N. Austin ; 1859-60, H. O. Bartlett ; 1861, N. W. Fairchild ; 1862, Ephraim Mills; 1863, E. T. Holbrook ; 1864-65, Ira H. Tillison ; 1866, Daniel F. Quinn ; 1867, W. W. W. Thompson ; 1868-70, A. B. Miner ; 1871, H. O. Clark ; 1872, Lansing Snow ; 1873-74, M. R. Dogan; 1875-82, W. W. W. Thompson; 1883-85, H. Rob- inson. North Star Lodge. — The brethren in Williston sent in a petition for a char- ter for a lodge in 1823, signed by Martin Chittenden and others, to be called Chittenden Lodge, which was granted except as to name, which was changed to North Star. (See page 277 reprint and numbered 58.) Masters to 1834. — 1823-24, no returns; 1825 to 1828 inclusive, John Brown, jr.; 1829 to 1834 inclusive, John Bates. The lodge then became dormant, but revived with the Grand Lodge and was re-numbered, taking rank as No. 12. This lodge "never surrendered." It was represented in Grand Lodge, 1846, by John Bates, W. M., and David A. Murray, J. W. North Star Lodge No. 12. — By the burning of the hotel in WilHston in 1856, known as Eagle Hall, where this lodge held its meetings, the records, charter and books were destroyed. It held its last meeting in the town of Williston, July 3, 1856, and subsequently removed to Richmond, holding its first meeting there September 4, 1856. It now owns the Masonic block in Richmond. Officers since 1S46.— Master: 1847-5 i, John Bates ; 1852-60, David A. Murray; 1861-65, William K. Taft; 1866-69, Ira W. Sayles; 1870-71, Byron Brewster; 1872-79, Ira W. Sayles; 1880-82, William D. Hall; 1883-85, George W. Sayles ; 1886, Salmon Green. Senior Warden : 1847-5 i, D. A. Murray , 1852-54, Moses W. Hall ; 1855 -56, John Brown, jr. ; 1857-60, William K. Taft ; 1861-64, George W. Brom- ley ; 1865, Ira W. Sayles ; 1866-67, Lyman Stimson ; 1868, A. J. Crane ; 1869, B. Brewster; 1870, J. P. Barnum ; 1871-75, William D. Hall; 1876-78, Sal- mon Green ; 1879, Lyman Stimson ; 1880-82, George W. Sayles ; 1883, R. C. Bromley; 1884, G. D. Ellis; 1885-86, F. E. Briggs. Junior Warden : 1847, M. N. Hall ; 1848, H.Hall; 1849, Moses W. Hall ; 1850, Moses H. Hall; 1851, Moses W. Hall; 1852-54, Leonard H.Pine; 1855-57, John Wright; 1858-59, A. H. Grovenor ; i860, George W. Brom- ley ; 1861-64, Joseph Johnson; 1865, Lyman Stimson; 1866-67, Byron 296 History of Chittenden County. Brewster; 1868, William D. Hall; 1869, J. P. Barnum ; 1870, J. T. Humphrey; 1871-74, R. C.Bromley; 1875, Salmon Green; 1876-78, Samuel H. Clark; 1879, George W. Sayles ; 1880-82, W. N. Murray; 1883, G. D. Ellis; 1884, F. E. Briggs; 1885-86, M. L. Powers. Patriot Lodge. — The Masons of Hinesburg were accommodated by Friend- ship Lodge No. 24, of Charlotte, holding its communications alternately at Hinesburg, but finally it was deemed for the best interests of the craft in both towns that the Masons of Hinesburg have a lodge of their own. A petition was accordingly sent to Grand Lodge and a dispensation issued in 1825, and the lodge began work regularly as Patriot Lodge No. 63. Officers from ii2S. — Master: 1825-26, Mitchell Hinsdill ; 1827, Brigham C.Wright; 1828, Mitchell Hinsdill; 1829-30, Erastus Bostwick ; 1831, John M. Eldridge; 1832, no returns; 1833,1 Mitchell Hinsdill. Senior Warden : 1829-30, Daniel Patrick, jr.; 1833, Isaac Sherwood. Junior Warden : 1826, John M. Eldridge ; 1829-30, Orrin Murray; 1833, John Wheelock. The last record that the lodge has previous to 1847 is March 29, 183 1. The lodge then became dormant and no further records can be found in the Grand Lodge. In 1846 it was represented by Isaac Sherwood, master, and Orrin Murray, senior warden. The lodge was reported in 1847 and 1848 by the following officers : 1 847, Daniel Patrick, master ; John Wheelock, senior warden; Orrin Murray, junior warden; and by the same officers in 1848. In 1849 they were unrepresented, and the Grand Lodge voted Patriot Lodge ex- tinct. It was reorganized and a new charter issued under date of January II, 1854, to Patriot Lodge No. 33. The charter members were Orrin Murray. Marvin Leonard, John Wheelock, John S. Patrick, David Frazer, Daniel Pat* rick, Bateman Stearns, Oscar C. Burritt, Royal Bell, Joel Turrill and John Brins- den. The lodge since then has been prosperous and is in a healthy condition at the present writing. Officers since 1854. — Master : 1854, Daniel Patrick ; 1855-58, Orrin Mur- ray; 1859, John F. Miles; i860, Orrin Murray ; 1 861, John F Miles ; 1862, H. O. Smith ; 1863, Orrin Murray ; 1864, John F. Miles; 1865-68, George F. Skiff; 1869-70, O. D. Baldwin; 1871-74, George F. Skiff; 1875-81, E. B. Whittaker; 1882-84, W. N. Hill; 1885, W. R. Patrick. Senior Warden: 1854-56, John S. Patrick; 1857, E. A. Leavenworth; 1858-59, Elmer Beecher ; i860, H. C. Flanagan ; 1861, H. A. Beecher; 1862, George F. Skiff; 1863-64, James Degree ; 1865-68, Ray F. Livermore ; 1869— 70; John Edwin, jr.; 1871-74, E. B, Whittaker; 1875-76, R. M. Livermore; 1877-84, W. R. Patrick ; 1885, D. K. Patrick. Junior Warden: 1854, Orrin Murray; 1855-56, John F. Miles; 1857, Elmer Beecher; 1858-59, H. C. Flanagan; i860, L. E. Livermore; 1861, 1 From Cirand Lodge Records. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 297 H. O. Smith; 1862, James Degree; 1863, S. P. Green; 1864, J. W. Miles; 1865-68, L. E. Livermore; 1869, John H. Allen; 1870, E. B. Whittaker; 1871, E. Sanctuary; 1872-74, R. M. Livermore; 1875-76, Charles K. Mur- ray; 1877-81; W.N.Hill; 1882-84; D.K.Patrick; 1885, G. D. Leonard. This closes the enumeration of all the lodges in the county that had an ex- istence prior to the anti-Masonic excitement of 1826-36, and are reported by original and subsequent numbering to date. Webster Lodge. — In 1864 the Masons of Winooski sent in their peti- tion to the Grand Lodge, and a charter was issued in 1864 under the name of Webster Lodge No. 61. Officers since 1864. — Master : 1864, ; 1865-68, C. F. Storrs ; 1869- 74, Ormond Cole ; 1875-85, WiUiam L. Greenleaf Senior Warden : 1864, C. F. Storrs ; 1865, John McGregor; 1866-67, P. P. Wilkins; 1868, George Follett ; 1869-71, George M.Duncan; 1872-74, William L. Greenleaf; 1875-76, E. E. Greenleaf; 1877, Samuel Bigwood ; 1878-79, John Moren; 1880-82, L. B. Leavitt; 1883, O. W. Peck; 1884-85, E. E. Greenleaf Junior Warden: 1864, B. W. Haynes; 1865, P. P. Wilkins; 1866-68, Or- mond Cole; 1869, E. E. Greenleaf; 1870-71, M. M. Goodwin; 1872-73, E. W. Taft; 1874, E. E. Greenleaf; 1875-76, Frank Jubell ; 1877, George Walker ; 1878-79, S. S. Watson ; 1880-82, Charles D. FHnt ; 1883, M. A. Chase ; 1884- 85, A. O. Hood. Burlington Lodge F. &■ A. M. No. 100. — A dispensation was issued to Bur- lington Lodge of Burhngton by M. W. Grand Master Park Davis, July 17, 1872, on the petition of the following named (thirty-six) master Masons : George Simpson, George H. Whitman, M. B. Kinney, John T. Bagley, Henry M. rarker, George D. Wright, Cyrus P. Currier, Abner K. Cole, Charles M. Rob- inson, Asa B. Witherell, Ellis P. Williams, Charles E. Miner, William W. Henry, Warren Gibbs, Albert E. Richardson, George W. Hopkins, Peter R. Rowley, Eli B. Johnson, Elihu B. Taft, Milton R. Tyler, Homer M. Phelps, James Mar- tin, Albert Killam, David Fay, George H. Kinsley, L. F. Truman, Edward Walker, J. S. Spaulding, E. O. Wires, C. H. Lewis, S. Walker, W. A. Tyler, H. N. Drury, D. F. Foster, C. C. Carleton, Alexander Tatro. At the next annual communication of the Grand Lodge (on June 11, 1873) a charter was issued to the same petitioners. The following is a list of the officers to date : Master: 1872-81, Homer M. Phelps; 1882, Elihu B. Taft, 1883-84, Geo. H. Kinsley; 1885-86, George C. Mayo. Senior warden : 1872-77, Abner K. Cole ; 1878-81, Cyrus P. Currier; 1882, George H. Kinsley; 1883, J. W. Goodell ; 1884, George C. Mayo; 1885-86, David N. Nicholson. Junior warden : 1872-76, Milton R. Tyler ; 1877, Robert S. Wright; 1878- 298 History of Chittenden County. 81, Elihu B. Taft; 1882, J. W. Goodell ; 1883, George C. Mayo; 1884, David N. Nicholson; 1885-86, Lowell C. Grant. Army Lodges.'^— M^^ny petitions were sent in to the Grand Lodge of Ver- mont for dispensations for army lodges, but none was granted. The subject received attention and was under discussion for two years (see pages 86 and 87, Proc. 1862, and] pages 31, 32, and 33. Proc- 1863). Many Masons in Chit- tenden county favored the plan of army lodges as a measure of justice to the soldier Masons deprived of the social advantages of private life, arguing that they were entitled to Masonic fellowship, and that if not supphed by the Grand Lodge of Vermont they would become members of the army lodges of other States. GRAND LODGE F. AND A. M., VERMONT. Fifth Masonic District.— Yermont was organized into fourteen Masonic districts October, 1804, Chittenden county being the fifth district; the follow- ing have served as district deputy grand masters from that date : David Russell, 1804 to 18 10; George Robinson, 1811, 1812; Samuel Rich, 1813; George Robinson, i8i4to 1816 inclusive; Samuel Hurlburt, 1817, 1818;. 1 8 19, no appointment recorded; George Robinson, 1820, 1821 ; Rev. Joel Clapp, 1822; Nathan B. Haswell, 1823 to 1826 inclusive; James L. Sawyer, 1827; Leman Judson, 1828, 1829; John M. Dewey, 1830; John Brown, 1831 to 1835 inclusive; John Bates, 1836. No work was done and consequently no appointments of deputy were made by the Grand Lodge between 1836 and 1846. In 1846 the Grand Lodge re- sumed its former active life and the appointments of deputies were as follows : John S. Webster, 1846 to 1852 inclusive; David A. Murray, 1853 to 1863, inclusive; Louis FoUett, 1864; C. W. Woodhouse, 1865, 1866; H. C. Leaven- worth, 1867; Ira W. Sayles, 1868 to 1870 inclusive ; John H. Thorp, 1871, 1872; E. A. Jewett, 1873; Ormond Cole, 1874, 187S ; Homer M. Phelps,, 1876 to 1878 inclusive; C. W. Wingate, 1879 to 1882 inclusive; E. B, Whit- taker, 1883 to 1886. The anti-Masonic excitement in Vermont was so general and aggressive that the Masonic lodges ceased work generally about 1834, and the Grand Lodge did not convene (except by officers enough to make a record) from 1836 to 1846. Officers were elected in 1836 holding over ten years. In 1846 the Grand Lodge convened on the 14th day of January, in answer to a call by N. B. Haswell, dated December 28, 1845, and among other business done at that time, a resolution was adopted allowing subordinate lodges to be repre- sented, and when a forfeiture of charter had taken place they might be restored (see page 12, Proc. 1846), and requesting all the lodges in the State to send representatives to the next annual communication. In 1846 Washington, Mc- r. 30, 1863. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 299 Donough, Seneca, North Star and Patriot Lodges were represented in Grand Lodge. In 1847 Washington No. 7, North Star No. 58 and Patriot No. 63 were represented and reported at work, and Friendship No. 20 was reported extinct. In 1849 McDonough and Patriot lodges were declared extinct by Grand Lodge, and Seneca Lodge was ordered to organize and be represented in 1850 (see pages 49, 50, Proc. Grand Lodge, 1849). This left Washington and North Star Lodges the only working lodges in Chittenden county. In 1850 Seneca Lodge was declared extinct by the Grand Lodge. (See page 34, Proc. 1850.) Thus Washington No. 7 and North Star No. 58 Lodges never gave up their charters,! and were renumbered in 1849 (see p. 51, Proc. 1849), ^^^ Friend- ship Lodge was rechartered in 1852, and numbered 24; McDonough Lodge was rechartered in 1852, and numbered 26; Patriot Lodge was rechartered in 1854, and numbered 33 ; Seneca Lodge was rechartered in 1857, and numbered 40, making the original six that existed prior to the anti-Masonic excitement. No new lodges were asked for until 1863, when Webster Lodge No. 61 at Winooski, was chartered. After a period of nine years some breth- ren in Burhngton deeming it needed, applied for a charter, and Burlington Lodge No. 100 was chartered in 1873. The spirit of the times called forth from the Masonic fraternity several manifestos or statements of Masonic faith, among which, perhaps, none more clearly set forth the commonly accepted view of the majority than the follow- ing words of Nathan B. Haswell, in the form of resolutions adopted by Grand Lodge January 13, 1836: Resolved, That this lodge do acknowledge and will at all times cheerfully yield their support to all constitutional laws, declaring that duty to their God and obedience to such laws are paramount to all other obligations. Resolved, That claiming the constitutional right of peaceably meeting as Masons have done in this State for more than forty years past, we again declare that we are when convened as well as when dis- persed left to the free and unmolested enjoyment of our various opinions upon religion and politics, and further declare that Masons or Masonic bodies have not the right to connect the institution with the conflicting sectarian or party views of either. Resolved, That we again renew our disclaimer of the right of inflicting corporal punishment upon our members for infractions of duty, acknowledging no other right to enforce obedience to our rules and regulations but that of reprimand, suspension or expulsion. Resolved, That as all manner of evil is spoken against us we will renew our endeavors to prove by our lives and conversation the purity of our principles and the rectitude of our intentions ; when re- viled, to revile not again ; that by thus doing we may may overcome evil with good. Resolved, That again appealing to the Supreme Architect of the universe with a humble trust upon his almighty arm for support, we reiterate and declare to the world that the object of our association, and motives for continuing therein, are founded upon the principles of brotherly love, relief and truth, the maintenance and support of which shall cease only with our existence. Resolved, That the foregoing resolutions are recommended by a sound policy, having for its only object the maintenance of rights guaranteed by the constitution of our common country. ^ 1 Washington Lodge lost its charter by fire in 1829, and a new one was voted by the Grand Lodge. North Star Lodge lost its charter by fire at the burning of Eagle Hall in 1856, and a new one was voted in 1857. 300 History of Chittenden County. ROYAL ARCH MASONS. Capitular Masonry in Chittenden county has been limited to the operations of Burlington Chapter No. I2 (now No. 3), which began work in accordance with a dispensation issued in response to the following petition : To the Grand High Priest of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Vermont: The undersigned Companions, Royal Arch Masons, are at present or have been Companions of reg- ular Chapters, and having the prosperity of the fraternity at heart, are willing to exert their best en- deavors to promote and diffuse the genuine principles of Masonry ; that for the convenience of our re- spective dwellings and for other good reasons we are desirous of forming a new Royal Arch Chapter in the town of Burlington, to be named Burlington Chapter ; that in consequence of this desire we pray for letters of dispensation empowering us to assemble as a legal Royal Arch Chapter to discharge the duties of companions in a regular and constitutional manner, according to the original forms of the Order and the regulations of the Grand Chapter of the State ; and for this purpose we nominate and recommend George Robinson to be first High Priest, Rev. Joel Clapp to be first King, and James Dean to be first Scribe of said chapter ; and if the prayers of our said petition should by granted, we promise a strict conformity to all the constitutional laws and regulations of the Grand Chapter. David Russel, P. M., Truman Powell, William Munson, Nathan B. Haswell, P. M., Jacob Rolfe, Ira Lawrence, George Robinson, James Dean, E. T. Englesby, John Peck, Lemuel Page, P. AL, David Bean, Henry Thomas, Newton Hayes, Joel Clapp. The petition was recommended by Champlain Chapter of St. Albans and Jerusalem Chapter of Vergennes ; the charter was voted at a convocation held in Rutland June 5, 1823. The chapter commenced work at once, and accom- plished considerable under its letter of dispensation during the year, and was duly organized under its charter and the officers installed, August 12, 1824, by G. H. P. Lemuel Whitney. (See pages 10 and 11 Burlington chapter records, book A.) Appended is a table of three first officers from date of organization: High Priest: 1823, George Robinson ; 1824-27, Joel Clapp ; 1828-32, N. B. Haswell. King: 1823, Joel Clapp; 1824-27, N. B. Haswell; 1828-32, David Russell. Scribe: 1823, James Dean; 1824-27, David Russell ; 1828-30, J. L. Saw- yer; 183 1-32, Henry Thomas. Burlington Chapter, although holding regular meetings and electing officers, made no new members after 1828, and the records, jewels and furniture being destroyed by fire in 1829, the chapter become dormant in 1832 ; it was re- vived by Nathan B. Haswell under the authority of the General Grand Chap- ter of the United States, and held its first convocation January 12, 1848, at six o'clock, P. M,, in Masons' Hall, BurHngton, Vt, with the following list of of- ficers, members and visitors present: Philip C. Tucker, high priest pro tcm.; John S. Webster, V\\\^ pro tern.; Samuel S. Butler, scribe, pro tcm., Dan Lyon.i secretary, pro tcm.; John Peck, treasurer, /TO tcm.; John Bates, prin, souj., pro tcm.; Luther M. Hagar,i C. of H. pro tcm.; Robert White, R. A. captain pro tcm.; Daniel Patrick,^ master 1 Living at this date, July i, 1886. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 301 1st vail/ro tern.; John Brown, master 2d vail/ro tern.; Chauncey Brownell, master 3d vail/ro tern.; Uziel Pierson and Brigham C. Wright, stewards pro tem. Members of the chapter present : David A. Murray, John Munson, Elias Coon, Isaac Smith, Jacob Rolfe, and Arad Merrill. Visiting Companions : Samuel Willson, John S. Webster, Seth Geer, S. S. Butler, Nathan Griswold, Joshua Doane, Peter Welch, John B. Hollenbeck,! Daniel L. Potter, Heman Green, James Piatt, John Mason, Ira Church, William Benjamin, Horace Wheeler, William P. Briggs, L. F. Butler, Ebenezer Allen. List of officers continued : High Priest: 1848-50, N. B. Haswell. King: 1848-50, J. S. Webster. Scribe : 1848, Joshua Doane ; 1849-59, Jacob Rolfe. At the -annual convocation of the Grand Chapter of Vermont, in 185 1, Burlington Chapter No. 12 was renumbered, taking rank as No. 3. (See page 30, Proc. 185 1.) List of officers continued : High Priest: 1851-54, N. B. Haswell; 1855-56, Joshua Doane; 1857, John B. Hollenbeck; 1858, John S. Webster; 1859-62, L. B. Englesby ; 1863-64, Louis Follett; 1865-66, E. A. Jewett ; 1867, C. W. Woodhouse ; 1868-71, H. M. Phelps; 1872-73, Ormond Cole ; 1874-83, H. M.Phelps; 1884-85, G. H. Kinsley; 1886, John A. Clapp. King: 1851-56, Jacob Rolfe; 1857-58, David A. Murray; 1859, Wm. G.Shaw; 1860-61, W. K. Taft ; 1862-63,7. F. Stuart; 1864-66, C. W. Woodhouse; 1867, P. D. Ballou ; 1868-69, H. H. Newell; 1870-71, Or- mond Cole; 1872-73, Wm. Brinsmaid ; 1874-84, A. McGafifey ; 1885-86, M. W. Johnson. Scribe: 1851-53, John B. Hollenbeck; 1854, Lyman Cummings ; 1855- 57, Francis K. Nichols; 1858, L. B. Englesby; 1859-60, H. S. Morse; 1861- 62, Stephen Sayles ; 1863, G. W. Bromley; 1864, G. W. Beckwith ; 1865- 66, P. D. Ballou; 1867, H. M. Phelps; 1868-69, Ormond Cole; 1870, Louis H.Turk; 1871, W. Brinsmaid; 1872, A. K. Cole; 1873, A. McGaffey; 1874-77, A. K. Cole ; 1878-81, T. F. Edgar ; 1882-83, G. H. Kinsley ; 1884, G. W. Austin ; 1885, W. H. Lane, jr. ; 1886, Wm. Brinsmaid, jr. ROYAL AND SELECT MASTERS. The cryptic work in Chittenden county was also limited to one body, Bur- lington Council No. 5, which began January 6, 1818, under a charter procured by John H. Cotton, of Windsor, as deputy under the Grand Council at Balti- more, Md. It was a part of the convention that organized the Grand Council of Vermont at Rutland in June, 1822. Its charter and records, as well as 1 Living at this date. See history of Burlington. 20 302 History of Chittenden County. those of all the Masonic bodies in Burlington, were burned in 1829, at the time Masonic Hall was destroyed by fire. The records of the Grand Council were burned in Rutland in 1830. Burlington Council held assemblies regularly from 1 818 to 1828, then was dormant until reorganized January 10, 1849, t>y its last-elected presiding officer, Nathan B. Haswell. At that date new officers were elected and the council continued in prosperous condition until the pres- ent date. It was one of the councils forming the Grand Council of Vermont, and when that body was organized Burlington Council became No. 2. List of officers since reorganization : T.I. Master: 1849-54, N. B. Haswell ; 1855-57, Joshua Doane ; 1858- 60, Eli Stearns; 1861-68, C. W. Woodhouse ; 1869-71, Ormond Cole ; 1872- 73, R. S. Taft; 1874-77, G. W. Beckwith ; 1878, George O. Tyler ; 1879-81, Geo. H. Kinsley; 1882-83, A. C. Tuttle; 1884-85, John A. Clapp ; 1886, H. C. Humphrey. Deputy Master: 1849, P. C. Tucker; 1850, Joshua Doane; 1851-52, S. S. Butler; 1853-54, Joshua Doane; 1855-57, Geo. Lowry ; 1858-60, Dan Lyon; 1861-63, L. B. Englesby; 1864, Louis Follett ; 1865-66, Wm. K. Taft; 1867-68, Ormond Cole; 1869-70, P. D. Ballou ; 1871, R. S. Taft; 1872, A. K. Cole; 1873, G. W. Beckwith; 1874, W. H. Root; 1875-77, Geo. H. Bigelow; 1878, Geo. H.Kinsley; 1879-81, Theodore F.Edgar; 1882-83, Elihu B. Taft; 1884, Jerome B. Smith; 1885, H.C.Humphrey; 1886, M. W. Johnson. P. C. of W. : 1849, Joshua Doane ; 1850, Geo. Lowry; 1851-52, Anson Hull; 1853, G. Washburn; 1854, Jacob Rolfe ; 1855-56, Charles R. Herrick ; 1857, Wm. G. Shaw; 1858, David A. Murray; 1859-60, L. B. Englesby; 1861-64, Wm. K. Taft; 1865-66, Ormond Cole; 1867-68, P. D. Ballou; 1869-70, R. S. Taft; 1871, A. K. Cole ; 1872-73, Geo. O. Tyler ; 1874, Geo. H. Bigelow; 1875-77, G. H. Kinsley; 1878, W. H. S. Whitcomb ; 1879-81, A. C. Tuttle; 1882-83, Louis H.Turk; 1884, H. C. Humphrey ; 1885, M. W. Johnson; 1886, E. Stanley Hall. KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. Burlington Commandery is the only body of Knights Templar that ever existed in Chittenden county. This was chartered by the General Grand En- campment of the United States, the Grand Encampment of Vermont having ceased to exist in 183 1. The petition for the encampment was signed by Nathan B. Haswell, John S. Webster, George M.Hall, Charles P. Bradley, George Lowry, Hiram Ste- vens, Heman Green, Cyrus Allen, Dan H. Benjamin and John Nason. A dis- pensation was issued by Charles W. Moore, general grand captain-general of the General Grand Encampment of the United States, dated June 28, A. D. 1849, and the first conclave was held July 18, 1849, at Masons' Hall, Burlington. Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship. 303 The first officers named in the dispensation were: John S.Webster, eminent commander ; Nathan B. Haswell, generalissimo ; George M. Hall, captain-gen- eral ; Hiram Stevens, prelate; George Lowry, senior warden ; Charles P. Brad- ley, junior warden; Heman Green, sword bearer; John Nason, standard bearer; Dan H. Benjamin, warder ; Nathan B. Haswell, recorder pro tern. The following are the sir knights who have been elected to serve as com- manders of what is now known as Burlington Commandery No. 2 : Eminent Commander: 1850—63, J. S. Webster; 1864, Louis- Follett ; 1865-66, Geo. W. Beckwith ; 1867-68, R. S. Taft ; 1869-71, E. A. Jewett ; 1872-73, Ormond Cole ; 1874-75, Geo. O. Tyler;. 1876, Ormond Cole; 1877, Theodore S. Peck; 1878-79, C. W. Woodhouse; 1880-81, Theodore F. Ed- gar; 1882-83, Geo. H. Kinsley; 1884-86, Homer M. Phelps. Generalissimo: 1850, Jacob Rolfe ; 1 85 1-54, N. B. Haswell; 1855-63, Jacob Rolfe ; 1864, Henry S. Morse ; 1865-66, R. S. Taft ; 1867-68, Wm. K. Taft ; 1869-71, P. D. Ballou ; 1872-73, Wm. Brinsmaid ; 1874-75, T. S. Peck; 1876, Albert C. Tuttle ; 1877, W. W. Henry ; 1878-79, Geo. O. Tyler; 1880- 81, Geo. H. Kinsley; 1882-83, H. M. Phelps; 1884-86, Henry R. Conger. Captain- General : 1850, Daniel L. Potter; 1851-53, Geo. M. Hall; 1854, Jacob Rolfe; 1855-63, David A. Murray; 1864, Lemuel S. Drew; 1865-66, Wm. K. Taft; 1867-68, E. A. Jewett; 1869-71, Ormond Cole ; 1872-73, Geo. O.Tyler; 1874-75, Wm. W. Henry; 1876, Geo. J. Stannard ; 1877, C. W. Woodhouse; 1878, Charles P. Thayer; 1879, T. F. Edgar; 1880-83, Henry R. Conger; 1884-86, Lowell C. Grant. A . . A .-. S .-. RITE. The A .-. A .• S ■. Rite, commonly termed the Scottish Rite (as distin- guished from the Masonic bodies heretofore spoken of, termed the " York Rite " ), was introduced into Chittenden county by Phineas D. Ballou, the first petitioner for HASWELL LODGE OF PERFECTION. Phineas D. Ballou, Edward A. Jewett, William L. Harris, George T. Smith, Joseph W. Roby, George H. Bigelow, Luman A. Drew, Daniel A. Van Namee, jr., and Lemuel B. Piatt, jr., having received the grades of the rite up to and including the 32° in Boston, applied for a dispensation, which was granted June 26, 1868. On November 12 of the same year, Haswell Lodge of Per- fection U. D. was organized by Deputy WiUiam Barrett 33° and its officers duly installed. A charter was granted on June 15, 1870. Officers— T .-.Y .-. G.-. Master: 1868-72, P. D, Ballou, 33d deg.; 1873, Geo. O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1874-75, William Brinsmaid, 33d deg.; 1876-77, Homer M. Phelps, 1 8th deg.; 1878, George O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1879, William Brins- maid, 33d deg.; 1880-83, M. Wilson Johnson, 33d deg.; 1884, George H. Kinsley, 32d deg.; 1885-86, Henry R. Conger, i6thdeg. 304 History of Chittenden County. G.'. Sec.-. K.-. S: 1868-70, Luman A. Drew, 3 2d deg.; 1871, George H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1872, George T. Smith, 32d deg.; 1873, E. A. Jewett, 32d deg.; 1874-75, J. B. Hyndman, 32d deg.; 1876-78, George S. Wright, 18th deg.; 1879-81, Ethelbert Selden, 32d deg.; 1882-86, Warren G. Reynolds, 3 2d deg. JOSEPH W. ROBY COUNCIL, PRINCES OF JERUSALEM, Was instituted June 11, 1873, and was chartered November 13, 1873. Officers. — Sov.'. P .•. G .'. Master: 1873, George J. Stannard, 32d deg.; 1874-77 George H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1878-80, Theodore F. Edgar, 32d deg.; 1881-82, George H. Kinsley, 32d deg.; 1883, M Wilson Johnson, 33d deg.; 1884-86, Luman A. Drew, 32d deg. S . . K .-. of the S .-. and A.-. : 1873, George O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1874, J. B. Hyndman, 32d deg.; 1875, Sayles Nichols, 32d deg.; 1876, Milton B. Kin- ney, 32d deg.; 1877, Fernando H. Wood, 32d deg; 1878, George S. Wright, i8th deg.; 1879-81, Ethelbert Selden, 32d deg.; 1882-86, Warren G. Reynolds, 32d deg. DELTA CHAPTER OF ROSE CROIX, H-R-D-M., Was instituted June 11, 1873, and was chartered November 13, 1873. Officers. — Most W.-. and P.- Master: 1873, George O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1874-75. Theodore S. Peck, 32d deg.; 1876-77, Robert J. Wright, 32d deg.; 1878-80, Horace L. Johonnott, 32d deg.; 1881, George J. Stannard, 32d deg.; 1882-83, Sayles Nichols, 32d deg.; 1884-85, George H. Kinsley, 32d deg.; 1886, M. W. Johnson, 33d deg. R.-. and P.-. K.-. Secretary: 1873, George H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1874- 75. J- B. Hyndman, 32d deg.; 1876-77, H. L. Johonnott, 32d deg.; 1878, D. Noyes Burton, 32d deg.; 1879-81, Ethelbert Selden, 32d deg.; 1882-86, War- ren G. Reynolds, 32d deg. VERMONT CONSISTORY, S .■. P .' R .'. S .'. Was instituted June 1 1, 1873, and was chartered August 19, 1874. Officers. — Commander-in-Chief: 1873, P. D. Ballou, 33d deg.; 1874-75, George O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1876-78, Levi Underwood, 33d deg.; 1879-81, Russell S. Taft, 32d deg.; 1882, WilHam W, Henry, 32d deg.; 1883-84, Sayles Nichols, 32d deg.; 1885-86 William Brinsmaid, 33d deg. First Lieutenant Commander: 1873, George O. Tyler, 33d deg.; 1874, George H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1875, Levi Underwood, 33d deg.; 1876-78, Rus- sell S. Taft, 32d deg.; 1879-84, George H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1885-86,' Geo. H. Kinsley, 32d deg. Secretary: 1873-76, J. B. Hyndman, 32d deg.; 1877, Robert J. Wright, 33d deg.; 1878-81, M. Wilson Johnson, 33d deg.; 1882-86, Warren G. Rey- nolds, 32d deg. Freemasonry and^ Odd Fellowship. 305 VERMONT COUNCIL OF DELIBERATION. This body first assembled in Burlington, January 26, 1875. Officers. — Commander-in-chief: 1875—86, George O. Tyler, 33d deg. First Lieutenant Commander: 1875, R. S. Taft, 32d deg.; 1876, Levi Un- derwood, 33d deg.; 1877-79, R. S. Taft, 32d deg.; 1880, Theodore S. Peck, 32ddeg.; 1881-83, Wm. Brinsmaid, 33d deg,; 1884, Sayles Nichols; 1885-86, Howard F. Hill, 33d deg. Secretary: 1875-76, J. B. Hyndman, 32d deg.; 1877, Geo. H. Bigelow, 33d deg.; 1878-81, Geo. J. Stannard, 32d deg.; 1882, Frank H. Bascom ; 1883-85, Wm. C. Bradbury, 32d deg.; 1886, Warren G. Reynolds, 32d deg. The Scottish Rite in Vermont owes its success to the energy and faithful- ness of George O. Tyler, who has since 1873 been its most devoted adherent. He holds the office of grand ^captain of the guard in the Supreme Council of the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States. The bodies in Vermont are under his charge as deputy for Vermont. The'following is the list of those who have attained to the 33d deg., with the date of their patents : George O. Tyler, 33d deg., active, August 19, 1875; Levi Underwood, 33d deg., honorary, September 19, 1877; George H. Bigelow, 33d deg., hon- orary, September 16, 1879; Wilham Brinsmaid, 33d deg., honorary, Septem- ber 24, 1884; M. Wilson Johnson, 33d deg., honorary, September 15, 1885. I. O. O. F. The growth of Odd Fellowship in this county since its inception at Balti- timore, where, on the twenty-sixth day of April, 18 19, Thomas Wildey and his four co-adjutors organized the first lodge in the United States, has been something wonderful. From this small beginning made in a Httle room at a hotel known as the " Seven Stars," the order has spread to every State and Territory in the Union, to Mexico, South America, Europe, Asia, and the isl- ands of the ocean. More than half a million men have ranged themselves un- der the ample folds of its banner. Its annual benefactions may be safely stated at a milHon dollars, and its vast fund for the benefit of widows and orphans, and for other benevolent purposes, at millions more. Odd Fellowship in Vermont had its beginning in Chittenden county. In December, 1844, the Grand Lodge of the State of New York granted to six members of Whitehall Lodge a dis- pensation to withdraw for the purpose of forming a lodge in Burlington, Vt. Their names were W. H. Smith, W. W. Wheeler, John C. Housey, T. D. Chapman, L. J. Stark, A. R. Lemon. These six men, accompanied by ten other members of the order to assist at the installation, came from Whitehall, N. Y., to Burlington in three sleighs, and on the 14th day of January, 1845, in the old Masonic Hall, at 2 P. M., installed Green Mountain Lodge No. i, of the Independent Ordeir of Odd Fellows, with the following officers : T. D. 3o6 History of Chittenden County. Chapman, N. G.; L. J. Stark, V. G.; J. S. Housey, secretary ; W. W. Wheeler, treasurer. The first regular meeting of Green Mountain Lodge No. i was held at five P. M. of the same day, at which thirteen new members were initiated. At ten o'clock the same evening another meeting was held at which those members who had come from Whitehall pursuant to a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of the»State of New York to install Green Mountain Lodge No. i, were granted cards of clearance and returned home. Four of them were still liv- ing on the 1st of June, 1886; namely, L. J. Stark, of New York city, John C. Housey, at Waterford, N. Y., W. W. Wheeler, at Whitehall, and A. R. Lemon, at BurHngton. Of those initiated at the first meeting, Amos C. Spear, of Bur- lington, still remains, and is the oldest member of the Green Mountain Lodge No. 1. Its present membership is one hundred and three. It continued to work'as a subordinate lodge under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of the State of New York until the installation of the Grand Lodge of the State of Vermont, from whom it then received its charter bearing date December 29, 1847, signed by James Mitchell, grand master of Burlington. In all its history of over forty-one years its regular meeting on Monday evening has never failed. Winooski Lodge No. 37 was organized in July, 1875. The following are names of charter members : S. Bigwood, J. M. Isham, F. H. Whitney, H. W. Mason, John Benham, John Craven. In March, 1886, it surrendered its charter to the Grand Lodge of Vermont and ceased to exist, its members uniting with Green Mountain or Hamilton Lodge according to their individual preference. In 1879 a strong desire was manifested by many members of the Green Moun- tain Lodge to establish a new lodge in Burlington, but in consequence of the fail- ure of a lodge, which had been organized some years before, to establish itself on a firm financial basis, and its subsequent dissolution, the project was strongly op- posed, and it was not until February 1, 1882, that a charter was obtained from the Grand Lodge of the State for the installation of a new lodge to be known as Hamilton Lodge No. 14. The following are the names of the charter members: M. R. Tyler, W. B. Lund, H. H. Davis, W. H. Lang, C. R. Nash, S. C. Kim- ball, C. L. Hart, T. W. Downer, H. H. Crandall, H. K. Weaver, H. Rumsey, W. L. Wellington, G. D. Wright, G. L. Draper, B. F. Ostrander, F. W. Nash, and John Marks. Its present membership is about seventy. Lafayette Uniformed Encampment was organized April 24, 1884. The following are the names of its charter members: W. W. Henry, M. P. Scullin, EH Poquette, H. H. Davis, and J. T. Beach. In 1886 its name was changed to Canton Lafayette No. i. Its membership is about twenty-five. At first and until January, 1847, the Odd Fellows used the old Masonic Hall on the west side of the park, but at that date the first Odd Fellows' Hall was dedicated in the third story of what is now the Howard National Bank, but then known as Harrington's block, which they occupied for more than Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 307 than twenty years. They then fitted up a hall in Bank block, which they continued to use until the present year (1886). They now have a commodious hall richly furnished at 108 and 1 10 Church street, which is greatly admired by visitors and has no equal in the State. CHAPTER XV. LAKE COMMERCE AND THE LUMBER TRADE.' Discovery and Early Events — Major Skeene's Sloop — Admiral Gid King and his Com- panions — Construction of Boats Before 1800 — Vessels Built Before 1815 — ^The Champlain Canal — Introduction of Long-Boat Lines Through to New York — Merchants' Line — Business Injured by the Opening of Railroads — Table of Vessels Hailing from or Owned by Citizens of Chittenden County — The First Steamboats — Steamboat Companies — The Champlain Trans- portation Company — Its Competition With the Railroads — List of Its Officers — Table of Steamboats on the Lake — The Lumber Trade — Other Interests. IN 1609, three-quarters of a century after the French had entered the St. Lawrence, and eleven years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock, Samuel de Champlain discovered the lake since called by his name. This event is especially worthy of note, inasmuch as it so directed the tide of affairs as to result in the subsequent establishment of " the great republic of States which now rules the Western World." The importance of Cartier's discovery of the great gulf and river of Can- ada in October, 1535, was quickly appreciated by France, and her bold and active Jesuit pioneers, penetrating the interior wilds of this continent by the only feasible route of the great lakes, soon established posts which eventually became centers of powerful colonies from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. We have but to mention the names of AUouez Jolliet, Marquette, La Salle, and other French adventurers, to recall the opening of the northern and central portion of our continent to the civilized world. It was left to Champlain, the " father of the French settlements in Canada," as he has been called, to first suspect the existence of a continuous valley extending from the St. Lawrence toward the south, and realize .^le importance of its occupation by his government. Filled with zeal for this great undertaking, he returned for the third time to this country in 1608, and after laying the foundations of a permanent settlement at Quebec, he started, April 10, 1609, to take possession of the territory lying between the fortieth and forty- fifth degrees of latitude, called by him " New France." He reached the Falls of Chambly near the end of June, accompanied by a band of Algonkin Indian guides. On the 2d of July, with only two of his countrymen who had the courage to be his com- 1 Prepared by Charles E. Allen, of Burlington. 3o8 History of Chittenden County. panions, and sixty Indians, in twenty-four canoes, he caught the first glimpse of the lake, and named it Lake Champlain. Twenty- nine days later he landed at Ticonderoga. The latter part of his journey he pursued his voyage of dis- covery cautiously, at night, for fear of being attacked by the Iroquois, known subsequently as the Five Nations, who claimed the country south of the St. Lawrence, and were deadly enemies of the Algonkins. At Ticonderoga he first met and defeated, with the assistance of his arquebus, a large party of Iroquois, and thereby brought upon the French name the lasting hatred of an Indian tribe " whose neutrality would have been of more importance to the French interests than the friendship of all other tribes." The conquest thus begun ceased only with the final abandonment of this valley by the French. But another century was yet to elapse before the shores of the lake would be occupied by the hardy race of New Englanders, who then not only took possession of the Indian grounds, but were successful in maintaining their claims. From 1609 until the surrender of Canada to the English on Septem- ber 8, 1760, the navigation on the lake was confined to the predatory excur- sions of the Indians, and the several military expeditions of the French and English, to secure the occupancy of the lands which form its border. Among the more prominent of these expeditions was the one fitted out by the French on the 2d of October, 1666, from Fort St. Anne, on the Isle La Motte, for the purpose of bringing the Mohawks to terms. It proceeded up the lake to Ti- conderoga in three hundred bateaux. On the 13th of August, 1709, Captain John Schuyler embarked from Whitehall for the north, with twenty-nine men and 120 Indians in canoes. On the 22d he made an attack on La Prairie. That year the English built 100 bateaux and a large number of canoes at Whitehall, for the transportation of a projected expedition against Montreal. In 1755 Baron Dieskau went up the lake from St. Johns to Crown Point with 1,800 troops in bateaux, to meet Sir William Johnson at Lake George. Fort St. Frederic, at Crown Point, was erected by the Marquis de Beauharnois, governor- general of Canada, in 1731. In 1749 the Swedish naturalist, Kalm, visited the fort in a yacht or sailing vessel, which made regular trips between that place and St. Johns. This was the first sail vessel built on Lake Cham- plain. The next use of sail vessels was by the French in the construction of Fort Ticonderoga in 1756, when schooners as well as bateaux and canoes, were employed in transporting troops and supplies from place to place. In this year Major Robert Rogers, an English scout from the army of Johnson, seized a schooner laden with "wheat, flour, rice, brandy, and wine," to the' north of Crown Point, and killed the crew. In 1757 Montcalm went up the lake from St. Johns with 200 canoes, manned by troops, for the reduction of Fort Will- iam Henry. In the following year Abercrombie entered the lake from the south, with a numerous army in 900 canoes and 130 whale-boats, to attack Ti- conderoga. In 1759 the French built three armed vessels to resist an expected Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 309 expedition of the English under Amherst. Amherst began the fortification at Crown Point that season, and fitted out a small navy against the French. The next spring he was succeeded by General Haldimand, who captured Quebec in September, 1760. After the close of the war between the French and English and the ac- knowledgment of English supremacy, emigrants from the eastern part of New England began to look to this portion of the king's dominions as a good place for settlement. As they usually came by the way of Skeenesborough (White- hall), Major Skeene built a sloop in 1770 for their accommodation and opened a communication with the settlements along the lake and in Canada. This was probably the first vessel that was engaged in commercial traffic on the lake, the others having served for the transportation of military supplies alone. The growth of any extensive trade on the lake was then interrupted by the War of the Revolution, which has been made the subject of a former chapter. After the termination of the war the population of the Champlain valley rap- idly increased, and Vermont began to assume the proportions of a separate province, which it claimed to be. In order to avoid passing through the ene- my's country during the war, the settlers had ceased traveling by the way of Whitehall, and had opened a road through the woods from Dorset, Benning- ton, Castleton, and ArHngton to Vergennes, Shelburne, and Winooski Falls. Thus all encouragement to travel and trade on the lake was cut off. The con- troversy with New York, which was at that time so bitter, prevented any peaceful commerce with Whitehall, especially as the articles then in greatest demand, such as iron, salt, steel, etc., could be procured from St. Johns. After the admission of Vermont into the Union, however, such prominent men as Ethan and Ira Allen and Thomas Chittenden returned to their settlements at Burlington and Williston, and by their choice of a location attracted the atten- tion of many who were seeking a place for the establishment of their business in trade or manufacture. An extensive trade was soon established with Que- bec and Montreal, by which the necessaries of life were procured in exchange for the pine timber that grew here in great abundance and for potash, which was sent off" in large quantities. But the markets in Canada were not suffi- ciently well stocked to supply the demands of the settlers, and it became evi- dent that vessels which could keep open the communication with Whitehall, for trade with Troy, Albany and New York, would be a source of great reve- nue to their owners. About this time, therefore. Job Boynton, Benjamin Boardman, and Gideon King began the construction of boats, and soon estab- lished a wide reputation as the pioneers of navigation on Lake Champlain. Boynton came here in 1780, and Boardman and King in 1788. Gideon King, jr., one of the four sons of Gideon King, afterward gained the sobriquet of " Gid King the Admiral of the Lake," and was the controlling spirit of com- mercial navigation for many years. He was known among the merchants of 3IO History of Chittenden County. Montreal, St. Johns, and all the ports on the lake, and as the agent of John Jacob Astor had charge of the fur trade in this section. In connection with Jed, son of Job Boynton, he built two small cutters of about eight tons bur- den, which they ran across to Essex and Plattsburgh. About the year 1790 they went to Canada, and from some of the old war vessels which they found there fitted up two schooners, which they sailed between Burlington and St. Johns. They were heavy and difficult to manage, and would not be regarded as of much value at the present day. King's was called Horse-Boat, from the circumstance that it was adapted for the transportation of horses. Meantime Benjamin Boardman and a boat-builder that came with him from New London, Conn., by the name of Wilcox, built a sloop of about thirty tons burden, below the railroad bridge at Winooski, on the north side of the river, and floated it down the stream into the lake. At this time Plattsburgh was a small village, the inhabitants of which were largely dependent on Vermont for provisions . and grain. This sloop did a thriving business for years between the two ports. King and Boynton soon perceived the superior build of the new craft, and each engaged Wilcox to build a sloop after the same pattern. In the spring of 1793 the keels of the Dolphin, King's sloop, and Burlington Packet, belonging to Boynton, were laid, at the foot of King street. They were each of about twenty-five tons burden. Two years later Russell Jones built a sloop of thirty tons burden, at the same place, and gave her the name of Lady Washington. She was afterward fitted up with a false bulk-head for smuggling, and was extensively engaged in that profitable business. The same year Caleb B. Smith, father of Frederick Smith, constructed a sloop of the same burden, which he commanded himself Thomas H. Canfield, in the Vermont Historical Magazine, related the following anecdote of him : " Smith was a courageous, daring man, and would go out in a storm when no others would venture. The consequence was, that on a passage to St. Johns which he had undertaken in a severe storm, he ran upon a reef north of Tobias's Landing, near Grand Isle, and nearly lost his life and vessel. This was the first discovery of the reef, and the sailors, glad to get up a joke at the expense of Smith, at once gave it the name of " Bull Reef," and his vessel the Bull Sloop. The sloop Maria, of about thirty tons, was built by Admiral King in 1795. Richard Fittock, the master-builder, owned an old scow called the Old Lion, which was used as lighter for vessels that anchored some distance out. " Pork, beef, and liquors were thrown overboard and floated ashore, while dry goods and such articles were landed by the Old Lion.'' At this period the following were the principal navigators and captains : Gideon King, Beach Smith, Elijah Boynton, John Boynton, H. N. White, Daniel Davis, John Price, Russell Jones, Almas Truman, all of Burlington; Joseph Treat, Bridport ; Robert White, Andrew White, Lavater White, of Shelburne ; Caleb Barton, Ephraim Lake, Elijah Newell, Levi Hinkley, of Charlotte ; Eben Holabird, Ruben Holabird, of Georgia ; Hiram Ferris, of Chazy, N. Y. Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 311 The following table presents a list of the vessels built upon Lake Champlain from 1790 to the year 181 5 : Xamcs. For wliom Built. Where Built. Master Carpenter. Tonnage. Tear Built. Ilnlmown B. Boardraan Burlington Wilcox 30 1790 DolpMa Gideon King do do 80 1793 Burlington Packet Jedediali Boynton do do 30 1793 do do Beach Smitli do do 30 1796 Lady WasUington Eussell Jones do do 30 1795 Maria Gideon King do Flttoclr 30 1795 Unknown do do do do 30 1800 Union Job Boynton do do 30 1800 Ellzabetli Daniel Ross Essex, N. Y Eggleston 40 1800 Jupiter Gideon King do do 40 1802 Juno do do do Wilcox 40 1802 Unetta E. Boynton do Eggleston 30 1803 Independence 8. Boardman do do 36 1805 Privateer Gideon King Burlington Wilcox 40 1807 Hunter do do do do 60 1809 Emperor H. & A. Ferris Barber's Point Young 60 1810 Eislng Sun E. Boynton Essex, N. Y Eggleston 50 1810 Eagle S. Boardman Whitehall do 60 1810 Essex Gideon King Essex do 60 1810 Boston do do Burlington Wilcox 30 1810 Saucy Fox do do Essex Eggleston 60 1810 Gold Hunter E. Boynton Whitehall Young 60 1811 President J. Boynton Essex Eggleston 76 1812 FairTrader do do do 75 1812 Morning Star S. Boardman Whitehall do 60 1812 Jacob Bunker Haewell & Chittenden Burlington Bay 66 1812 Bichard Gideon King Essex Eggleston 60 1812 Leopard J. Boynton do do 60 1813 Boxer Gideon King do do 60 1813 Paragon do do BurUngton do 75 1814 The prosecution of commercial enterprise was now interrupted by the War of i8i2, and the energies of the people were engrossed by the numei^ous proj- ects for the invasion of the enemy's country, and for the expulsion from the lake of the enemy's fleets. At the close of the war business with Canada was to some extent resumed, but the bitter feeling which that strife engendered did not wear away ; moreover, an intimate business acquaintance had been formed between the merchants on the lake, and those of Troy, Albany, and other cities to the south. In addition to the trade kept up for the necessity of the inhabit- ants during the war. Admiral King had been abundantly employed in trans- porting troops, provisions and stores for the government. He had formed busi- ness connections at Whitehall, and even established a house there to attend to the transhipment of goods from the south to the lake, and vice versa. Rich- ard P. Hart, of Troy, kept on the road between Whitehall and Troy a train of horses and wagons, which provided all the means of transportation, public and private, and of goods and passengers. The sloops of King completed the car- riage from Whitehall to the destination of the traveler or freight. This slow and cumbrous method of traffic was carried on but about ten years after the close of the war. De Witt Clinton had projected the plan of uniting the waters of all the inland lakes with the waters of the Atlantic. In October, 1 8 17, Ezra Smith and M. Wheeler began the construction of the Champlain Canal, and on the same day that witnessed the opening of the Erie Canal, a direct communication was made between Hudson River and Lake Champlain, and canal boats were substituted in the place of wagon trains. The first canal boat to pass through the canal to tide water at Troy was the Gleaner, owned by Julius Hoyt, N. W. Kingman and John Taylor. The following graphic de- scription of the voyage comes from the pen of Mr. Canfield : 312 History of Chittenden County. " It was built in the summer of 1823, sailed in September of that year — Captain William Burton, master, having on board a cargo of wheat and potash. Messrs. Hoyt & Kingman accompanied him as passengers. The boat arrived at Waterford before the locks into the Hudson were completed, and was detained there several days, during which time many of the merchants and citizens of Troy called upon Messrs. Hoyt & Kingman on board their little vessel. On the completion of the locks the Gleaner passed into the river and proceeded to Troy, accompanied by a long procession of boats gaily decked with flags and streamers. On arriving at Troy she was received with the cheers of a large concourse of people, and a salute of artillery. Messrs. Hoyt & Kingman were escorted by a procession with music to the Troy House, then kept by Piatt Titus, esq., where they were honored by a public dinner, closed by toasts, speeches, etc. The boat, with the same passengers, passed on to New York, and was saluted at Albany, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, and at most of the large places on the way. At New York they were honored in much the same way as at Troy, except that it was upon a much larger scale. The papers of that day were full of the subject, and the advent of the little craft even excited one of the great poets of New York to come out in a song in which the Gleaner was- alluded to as the ' Barque of the Mountains.' " Up to this time Canada had received the benefit of an enormous and almost exclusive trade with the inhabitants of the Champlain valley, especially in lum- ber. The discovery of iron ore at various points on the west side of the lake gave an added impulse to trade of every description, and the current flowed in the direction of Canada. The opening of the Champlain Canal effected a reV' olution in the carrying trade, and marked the beginning of an era of decline in the commerce between Canada and the States. Ezra Smith a resident of Chittenden county, and collector of the district of Champlain under President Taylor, was established in the forwarding business at Whitehall from 1816 to 1825, and was the first contractor on the Champlain Canal. From 1822 to 1 83 1 Asa Eddy, from Sandy Hill, was engaged in canal transportation, and established the first line of boats on the canal. He was succeeded by Peter Comstock, who had been engaged more or less in raft- ing lumber through the canal ever since it was opened. He had also owned several boats before purchasing from Eddy, and after the purchase he entered into a copartnership with Barney & Martin, of Whitehall. This was the be- ginning of the Northern Transportation Line, which went into the hands of James H. Hooker in 1840, and at his death was incorporated into a stock company bearing the same name. Another line, called the Northern Line, started in 1834 by Asa and Hiram Eddy, was purchased in 1837 by Eddy, Bascom & Co., and in 1842 it passed into the hands of Travis, Eddy & Co., who established the " six days line," so named from the fact that the boats did not run on Sundays. In 1856 the Northern Transportation Line Association was formed, incorporating the Northern and the Northern Transportation Lines Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 313 into one general association, which continued until the close of navigation in 1877, when it was succeeded by the New York and Lake Champlain Transpor- tation Company. From the opening of the canal until about 1845, considerable damage to ■goods resulted from the fact that there was either no continuous Kne from ports on the lake to Troy or destinations farther south, or that the transhipments at Whitehall from vessels to canal boats, or vice versa, and further transhipments at Troy, was necessarily attended with delay. Besides, the delay itself was very annoying. The inconvenience was remedied in 1845 by the introduction of the Long-Boat Lines, which ran the passengers and cargoes through to New York without a change of vehicle. The navigation by sail on the lake, which had at this period reached the meridian of its prosperity, began to decline, as the long boats assumed the cargoes at ports on the lake and carried them through without transhipment. Then, too, began the period of decay of the famous sloops and schooners, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Montgomery, Her- cules, Billow, General Scott, Lafayette, Water Witch, and others, commanded by Captains Price, Allen, Chamberlain, Tisdale, Bush, Stoughton and others. In 1 841 FoUett & Bradley, of Burlington, established the Merchants' Line, which was composed of well-built canal-boats constructed like sloops, rigged with a mast and sail which could be taken out at Whitehall, after a voyage on the lake, when the boat could proceed to Troy on the canal, and thence reach New York by steam tow boats on the Hudson. Lucius A. Johnson, of Burlington, was the first general agent of the com- pany in New York. He was a man of great energy and unquestioned relia- bility, and established and maintained the high reputation of the company until his death in August, 1850. Thomas H. Canfield, of Burlington, who subsequently controlled the line, was his successor. Upon the retirement of Judge Follett, in the spring of 1847, to assume the presidency of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, this line was continued by Bradley & Canfield, of Burlington, and Nichols, Burton & Chittenden, of St. Albans, and later by Thomas H. Canfield, of Burlington. There were some- times as many as forty boats engaged in this line, but in 1853, when the rail- roads were opened, the channel of trade was diverted froni a line north and south on the lake to a line direct from Vermont to Boston, and the lake com- merce was of necessity nearly destroyed." Meanwhile the firm of Smith & Wilkins, of Burlington, had established the " New York and Canada Line," which did a good business until the railroads were opened, when it was discon- tinued. The freighting and towing business was then principally transacted by the Whitehall Transportation Company and the Northern Transportation Line. These companies were succeeded by the New York and Lake Champlain Transportation Company, which was chartered in 1878. L. J. N. Stark, of New York, was the president, and under his judicious management it has grown to be a leading and reliable company. 314 History of Chittenden County. In 1883 the Northern Boatman Transportation Company was organized for the purpose of competition, by offering lower rates for freight ; but two years later it was compelled to relinquish the attempt. The following is a list of vessels which hailed from or were owned by citizens of Burlington, or Chitten- den county, from 1827 to 1835 inclusive : Names, Napoleon Hercules La Fayette Wellington Julia Daniel Webster. D. A. Smitli Hudson Hiram Jolm Tyler Elisalietli E. M. Jobnson . . Amazon Eagle E. Kingsland .-. Empire J. D. Kingsland . S. Barker M. Bradley Oregon Sea Bird D. K. Ferris L. A. Jolmson.. E. K. Bussing... J. 8. Bussing Mike Columbia Jolin Bradley. . Commodore P. T. Davis Isaac Nye J. W. Brown Billow H. W. Catlin.... Joseph Clark Glassmaker W. B. Preleigh.. Excelsior Victoriue Henry Mayo E. T. Englesby. Jolm Howard... Horace Loomis. John Jackson. . . Valcour Mariner Industry Republic Emma Elehmond Trader John L. Merriam J. G. Randall . . Itasca Helen O. J. Walker.... J. E. Brett J. G. Witberbee. Henry Stanton. Col. JouoB Jamos Averill. . . Essex L. A. Hall Monoka W. G. Ly..iL Orville Kinclair. John W. A . Crombio . . Owen Brady John AV. I-IusHoy Ellas Lyman Republic Where Stdlt. 1827 Georgia 1828 Burlington 1834 Burlington 183C Whitehall 1836 Whitehall 1837 Burlington 1837 Plattsburgh 1837 Essex, N.Y 1839 Biuiington 1839 Burlington 1839 Milton 18« Burlington 1842 WiUsboro, N.Y... 1843 Burlington 1844 Essex, N.Y 1844 Burlington 1844 Es-sex, N.Y 1846 Vergennes 1846 Burlington 1848 Essex, N.Y 1846 Essex, N.Y 1846 Milton 1847 Milton 1647 1 Peru, N.Y' 1847 [Peru, N.Y' 1847 Ticonderoga, N. Y 1847!Ticonderoga, N. Y 1847 Burlington 18i7iMllton 1847|Essex, N.Y ls4S Essex I84«!lsle La Motte 1848 Whitehall 1848|Burliugton 1848|Colche8ter ISJ'.i Burlington 1849;8wanton larjOl WiUsboro, N.Y' isrifll Essex, N.Y 1851:Burhugron 186l]Burlingt(in 1861 Burlington 18."0 Biirliiigtoii 1851 Burlington 1851 1S53 1853 1866 1858 1868 1800 1860 18C1 1861 1862 1862 1862 1863 1804 1804 1864 1866 1867 1868 IHC.K lK7;i 1H7',I 5> I i: ism 1882 1881 1886 WillB)>ovo, N.Y Burlington Esse.x, N.Y Essex, N.Y. . . . Whitehall, N.Y... . Essex, N.Y Essex, N.Y Essex, N.Y' Essex, N.Y E.ssex, N.Y Whitehall, N.Y.... Burlington. .. Whitehall, N.Y. . . . Essex, N.Y Fort Edward, N.Y. Colchester . . . Champlalu, N.Y... Essex, N.Y Whitehall, N.Y. Essex, N.Y I'lasex, N.Y Fort Anne, N.Y... Rlii'lliui lie Fort Anne, N.Y Oiwcll Orwell dwell Chnuii)liiin,N.Y. . 73 69 76 78 76 86 77 77 70 78, 78: 79; 80' 771 78 78 78 79 78 78 78: 79 76 78 78 80 77 78 77 77 76 76 87 78 81 86 82 87 78 110 109 110 110 90 86 92 37 39 116 50 38 28 42 40 48 40 49 36 61 49 43 48 48 .50 4(; 41 47 45 48 62 45 49 46 38 43 74 43 92 63 68 94 49 178 168 174 177 44 38 R. A. Hm?lbard & P. Comstock T. Follett & J. Price C. P. AUen John McNall J. Clark & 8. Boardman T. Follett & H. & J. Bradley. . Otis Smith J. Hudson & C. Dorr H. 8. & E. White O. A. Burton L. Peters & E. Taylor Follett & Bradley A. B. Hoffnagle Follett & Bradley Henry Chiott Follett & Bradley Follett & Bradley Stannard & Carpenter Follett & Bradley J. Bradley & T. H. Canfleld D. Fay J. Clark & A. & A. Snow. . . A. A. & L. S. Smith J. Bradley & T. H. Canfleld J. Bradley & T. H. Canfleld Smith, Wilkins & Landon.. J. M. Bishop J. Bradley Otis Snow E. 8. Rowley & J. Simonds. J. Eriidley & T. H. Canfleld W. Bush & J. N. Brown John Tobias H. W. Catlin ^1^ W. E. Tupper J. McNall Smith, Wilkins it l.andon Henry Chiott M. J. Kiernan William 8. Bullock R. & B. R. R. Co R. & B. R. R. Co R. & B. E. R. Co R. & B. E. E. Co E. W. Boardman Henry Chiott Mastej: N. Viens H. Washburn Peter Kirby L. & A.K. Ballard C. R. 1-Iayward L. Barn&s & Co Stannard & Carpenter. . . J. P. Clark John Tague J. H. Kirliy William S. Bullock A. A. Converse A. W. Snow W B. Cook .1. W. A H.W.Brown .\. W. Snow John Tagne William Fleury W. R. Montgomery William S. Bullock C. E. Hay ward Willliini S. Bullock W. B. Wright L. P. Lilly William S. HuUock Drew & CongiH' ... R. A. Hurlbard. John Price. Samuel Dresden. John McNaU. J. W. HaU. John Price. I. A. Smith. J. Hudson. H. S. White. B. B. Farnham. L. Peters. H. D. Edwards. A. B. Hoffnagle. F. Barker. Henry Chiott, jr. H. D. Clark. W. H. Beaman. J. T. Rhodes. B. B. Farnham. De Clancy Stoughton. H. J. Bishop. Albert Snow. A. A. Smith. E. Anson. E. A. Martin. A. J. Tucker. D. E. McEachron. W. W. Wright. Otis Snow. E. S. Rowley. H. J. Hinckley. William Bush. John Tobias. E. S. Eowley. J. McNall. Henry Chiott. Henry Chiott. H. Duple. W. S. Bullock. B. B. Farnham. M. Eggleston. E. Anson. W. H. Beaman. John Drake. Henry Chiott. B. Gallagher. N. Vions. H. Washburn. Peter Kirby. John Tague. J. Sheldon. J. Truman. 0. M. Field. A. W. Snow. lobn Tngne. J. 11. Kirbv. W. S. Bullock. J. L. Washburn. A. W. Snow. W. B. Cook. N. F. Estey. .\. W. Snow. John Tague. William Fleury. W. R. Montgomery. W. S. Bullock. J Sheldon. W. 8. Bullock. J. H. Pike. N. E. Garity. W, S. Bullock. E. Laundre. Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 315 After Robert Fulton's successful experiment with the first steamboat on the Hudson, in 1807, the people of Burlington set about building a steamboat at Burlington. This was launched in 1808, the second steamboat in the world, and bore the name Vermont. It began navigating the lake in 1809, "just two hundred years after Champlain had entered upon its waters in a bark canoe."i She was 120 feet long, 20 feet beam, 167 tons burden, had an engine of 20 horse power, procured at Albany, and a speed of four miles an hour. James and John Winans and J. Gough, of Burhngton, were the builders, and John Winans, the captain. During the War of 181 2 she was run only to Platts- burgh, and occasionally to Champlain, and was engaged for the government in transporting troops and stores. At the close of the war she resumed her trips to St. Johns, and in 181 5 had the last of many " break-downs." On the way up from St. Johns the connecting-rod became detached, and working by bell- cranks was forced through the bottom of the boat before the engine could be stopped, and sunk her near Ash Island, a few miles south of the Isle aux Noix Canada, in October, 181 5. The builders took out her engine and boilers and sold them to the Lake Champlain Steamboat Company. On the 12th of March, 1813, this company had received its charter from the State of New York. It was composed of Cornelius P. Van Ness, Moses and Guy Catlin, of Burlington, Amos W. Barnum, of Vergennes, and Tunis Van Vechten, Abram G. Lansing, Isaiah and John Townsend, J. Ellis Winne, Samuel T. Lansing, and Joseph Alexander, of Albany, and several others. It had a capital of $100,000, and was incorporated for the purpose of building and operating steamboats on Lake Champlain. Many years afterward it was consolidated with the Champlain Transportation Company. The Lake Champlain company built the frame of the war vessel Ticonderoga, which MacDonough finished and employed at Plattsburgh. In the same year, 18 14, they laid the keel for the ill-starred Phosnix, which was placed under the superintendence of Captain Jehaziel Sherman. The boat began running between Whitehall and St. Johns in 1815. She was 146 feet long, 27 wide, g-j-deep, and had a45-horse power engine, with a 24-inch cylinder, and four-feet stroke, giving her a speed of eight miles an hour. She made regular trips between Whitehall and St. Johns until the 5th of September, 18 19, at one o'clock in the morning, when she was destroyed by fire on her passage from Burlington to Plattsburgh. The next boat built by this company was begun in the winter of 18 15-16, at Vergennes, James and John Winans, builders. The engine and boilers of the Vermont were used in her construction. Captain George Brush, her first captain, superintended the work of fitting her out. She was named the Cham- plain. It should be remembered that the boats of that period were far inferior in construction and finish to the elegant steamers that ply the lake to-day. The Champlain was arranged with short guards, flush deck aft, and with no 1 Thomas H. Canfield in Vermont Historical Gazetteer. 3i6 History of Chitten-den County. cabins or covering above the main deck except an awning of canvas. But the company were not satisfied with the slow rate of speed of the new boat (five miles per hour), and during the second winter of its existence they transferred the engine of the Phcenix to her, which increased her speed to six miles an hour. A new engine was then built for the Phoenix, which brought her speed up to eight miles an hour. But the Champlain was doomed to a fate similar to that afterward suffered by the Ph(enix. In 1817, the year after she ap- peared on the lake, she was burned to the water's edge while lying at dock in Whitehall, the fire having originated from an imperfection in the arrangement of her boilers. The next boat, the Congress, was built at Vergennes in 1818, by Captain Gorham for Captain Sherman and Amos W. Barnum, of Ver- gennes, Guy Catlin, of Burlington, and Tunis Van Vechten, of Albany, and was propelled by the same engine and boilers that had been transferred to the Champlain from the P/urnix. She made her first appearance in 18 18, under Captain Daniel Davis, and two years later was sold to the Champlain Steam- boat Company and placed under command of Captain R. W. Sherman. She was the fastest boat on the lake for the first two years, for the reason that she was the only one; but in the summer of 1820 her speed was eclipsed by that of the new boat, the " Second" Phoenix, built at Vergennes in 1 820. Under the command of Captain J. Sherman she attained the reputation of being the fastest boat in the world. These two steamers made three trips a week be- tween St. Johns and Whitehall, the fare through being six dollars. She was condemned in 1835. The company had thus far built their boats at Ver- gennes, but the early closing of the Otter Creek by ice, and other incon- veniences of situation, determined them to fix upon a more eligible place. Accordingly, in 1820, C. P. Van Ness and Judge Follett, who had been ap- pointed a committee for the purpose, made choice of Shelburne Harbor, pur- chased several acres of land there and erected the necessary buildings. On the 1 8th of November, 1824, the Champlain Ferry Company was in- corporated by act of the Legislature of Vermont, and was organized by the election of Samuel Hickok, Timothy Follett, Philo Doolittle, John Peck and Professor James Dean, as directors, and the appointment of Samuel Hickok, president, and Philo Doolittle, clerk and treasurer. Early in the summer of 1825 they completed and placed upon this ferry the steamer General Green, of 160 tons burden, with a 30-horse power engine, and a speed of eight miles an hour. Captain Dan Lyon, still a respected resident of Burlington, commanded this boat, which made regular trips between Burlington, Port Kent and Platts- burgh until the latter part of 1832. In July, 1833, she was succeeded by the Winooski, and was converted into a sloop. On the 21st of October, 1821, Vermont granted a charter to Charles McNeil, of Charlotte, Vt., and Henry H. Ross, of Essex, N. Y., for a ferry between those points. They built the steamboat Waslungton in 1827, and finding her too expensive for ferrying, em- Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 317 ployed her for a time in towing up the lake toward Whitehall, and on the 9th of March, 1829, sold her to the Champlain Transportation Company, Messrs. Ross and McNeil becoming, in consideration, directors in the Transportation ■Company. In 1848 the proprietors of the ferry built the steamer Bouquet, named after Bouquet River, which flows through Willsborough, N. Y., but after a few years, owing to the successful competition of the railroads, which made it impossible to sustain her on the ferry, they sold her to parties in Canada. The St. Albans Steamboat Company was chartered by the State on the 4th of November, 1826, and organized by the election of N. W. Kingman, N. B. Wells, L. L. Butcher, John Lynde and John Palmer, directors, and the ap- pointment of N. W. Kingman, president, and L. L. Butcher, clerk. In 1828 they built the steamer MacDonough, which was commanded by Captain Will- iam Burton. She ran for several years between St. Albans Bay and Platts- burgh, and in January, 1835, was sold to the Champlain Transportation Com- pany, together with the franchise and interests of the St. Albans Steamboat Company. The next steamboat company incorporated by the State was composed of Ezra Meach, Martin Chittenden, Stephen S. Keyes, Luther Loomis, Roswell Butler, Eleazer H. Beming. The date of the charter was October 26, 1826, and it recited the purpose of the new company, which it called the Champlain Transportation Company, as being to transport " by use of tow-boats, or otherwise, passengers, goods, wares, merchandise, or any other property on Lake Champlain." Their first boat, the Franklin, was completed at St. Albans in the fall of 1827, under the direction of a committee consisting of Luther Loomis, Roswell Butler and Philo Boolittle, Captain Jehaziel Sherman acting as superintendent of construction. She was the most complete and modern of all the boats in construction and arrangements. On the last day in January, 1828, the stockholders of the company met at Burlington and elected the fol- lowing directors : William A. Griswold, Samuel Hickok, Luther Loomis, James Dean, Jehaziel Sherman, Asa Eddy, N. W. Kingman, Lawrence Brainerd and Philo Boolittle. These, with Timothy Follett, George Moore, John Peck, Henry H. Ross, Heman Cady, S. E. Howard and Andrew Thompson, after the board of directors was enlarged, continued to act with little change until about 1846. William A. Griswold, the first president, remained in that office until the year of his death, 1846. The first treasurer continued in the position until his death, January 19, 1862. The season of 1828 opened with the following steamers on the lake: The Franklin, Washington, Phcenix, and Congress, the General Green between Bur- lington and Plattsburgh, and, during the latter part of the season, the Mac- Donough between Plattsburgh and St. Albans. But there were too many com- peting companies on the lake for the profit of all, and negotiations were begun 21 3i8 History of Chittenden County. which resulted in the spring of 1835 in the total absorption, by the Champlain Company, of all the business on the lake. They owned every steamboat and were free from opposition. Their first object was to afford the public all the facilities required, notwithstanding the use of as few boats as possible. Cap- tain Sherman was placed in command of the Franklin, and Captain Lyon of the Pkoinix, while the Winooski, under Captain Flack, ran the ferry between Burlington and St. Albans. But the unwieldy arrangements of these boats determined the company to build a new steamer which should combine all the modern improvements, and to refit the Winooski for the purpose of putting her on the line with the Franklin. Henry H. Ross, J. C. Sherman and Philo Doo- little were appointed a committee to present the plan and estimate for the new boat, and Captain R. W. Sherman was appointed to superintend its construction at Shelburne Harbor. Meanwhile Peter Comstock, who was interested in passenger boats on the Champlain Canal, and was a prominent forwarding merchant at Whitehall, caused the company not a little annoyance by laying the keel of a steamboat at Whitehall. They could do nothing better than re- sort to the old method of compromise, however, and therefore, in August, 1835, they purchased the boat from him, and closed an arrangement by which he bound himself not to contribute in any manner to any enterprise which should have a tendency to interfere with the prosperous continuance of the business of the transportation company for a period of eight years. The new boat at Shelburne Harbor, which was called the Burlington, appeared on the lake at the opening of navigation in 1837, under command of Captain R. W. Sherman, and the Whitehall, which was the name of the boat purchased from Comstock, took her place in the following season under charge of Captain Dan Lyon. Both boats were larger and more elegant than any other boats which then was or had been on the lake. In 1841 the Saranac took the place of the Winooski on the ferry. There were frequent complaints, however, from the traveling public, that notwithstanding the excellent accommodations of the company, the charge of five dollars for each passage through the lake was exorbitant. A number of persons in New York State consequently procured a charter from the Legisla- ture of New York, of a company under the name of the New York and Cham- plain Steamboat Company. They were immediately consolidated with the old company, which endeavored to cut off any further opposition by reducing the fare from five dollars to three, with meals and rooms charged extra. No sooner had this consolidation been effected than Peter Comstock began the construc- tion of another boat at Whitehall, which he named the Francis Saltiis. He was disappointed, however, in his expectations that the transportation company would gratify him by purchasing this boat as they had the other. They de- cided to " run down " the opposition, and accordingly fitted up the Saranac and placed her under command of Captain P. T. Davis, and when the Saltus Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 319 came out in 1845, under Captain H. G. Tisdale, she was forced to compete with the Saranac, which left the ends of the lake at the same time, and usually- succeeded in keeping pace with the " enemy " the whole distance. The Bur- lington and Whitehall made the passage through the lake at night and charged the regular fare of three dollars. The company could therefore afford to run the Saranac for the pittance of fifty cents, while Comstock, with all his sagacity and energy, could do nothing but lose on a fare of even one dollar. She was therefore transferred to a company of Troy speculators, and " with her consort, the Montreal, which was then in frames,, passed off quietly in March, 1848, into the possession of the Champlain Transportation Company, which had so kindly ' relieved' many of her predecessors." The principal cause of the failure of the Saltus was the arrival on the lake of a new steamer called United States, which was brought out by the Champlain Transportation Company in 1847. She was larger than any of her predecessors, and made nineteen miles an hour, four more than had ever been reached before. She was also the first boat on the lake fitted up with state-rooms on the upper deck. She came out in Au- gust, 1847, under command of Captain P. T. Davis. Meantime steam tow-boats had become necessary for the purpose of insur- ing the regular passage through the lake of boats going to New York. In 1846 the Northern Transportation Line built the propeller James H. Hooker, more for carrying freight than for towing. On the 2d of November, 1847, a charter was granted by the Legislature of Vermont to John Bradley, Thomas H. Canfield, O. A. Burton, H. L. Nichols, N. A. Tucker, A. M. Clark, Horace Gray, J. C. Hammond, Charles F. Hammond and Allen Penfield, for a steam tow-boat company. The organization of this company was effected by the election of Penfield, Nichols, Clark, Hammond and Canfield as directors, the stock being taken by John Bradley & Co., of Burlington, Nichols, Burton & Co., of St. Albans, and Hammond, of Crown Point, who employed most of the long canal boats in the business. In 1847 they built a strong tow and freight boat at Shelburne Harbor, called the Ethan Allen. She was run two or three years between Rouse's Point and Whitehall as a tow-boat, and was afterward sold to the Vermont Central Railroad to run between Rouse's Point and Al- burgh. When the bridge was constructed she was sold, May 31, 1852, to the Champlain Transportation Company, and by it to the Northern Transportation Line. In 1848 the Champlain Transportation Company established a daily Hne each way through the lake, running four boats, the night hne being formed by the Burlington and Whitehall, and the day line by the United States and Saltus, or Saranac. In 1849 a large part of the stock of this company was sold to Drew, Robinson & Company, of New York, and to Oscar A. Burton. The former were proprietors of the North River steamers, and the latter was a resi- dent of St. Albans, Under the new administration a through hne was formed 320 History of Chittenden County. to New York, connecting with the steamers on the Hudson and the railroad between Whitehall and Troy. Through tickets were issued to passengers from Montreal to New York. This line, embracing the transportation of both pas- sengers and freight, was called the North and South Through Line. On the 30th of August, 1852, the Rutland and Burlington Railroad Company, in com- petition with the Vermont and Canada Railroad, purchased all the propet^ty of the Champlain Transportation Company, the latter company retaining its franchise and corporate rights. The railroad company having failed to realize their expectations in the management of the steamers, sold back, in the fall of 1853, all the property which it had acquired from the Champlain Transporta- tion Company, except the steamers Boston and Saltus, which it retained, the former for a ferry between Burlington and Rouse's Point and the latter for use of the Plattsburgh and Montreal Railroad. In the winter of 1854 this company became the owner of the America, which was completed in 185 1, and was the fastest boat on the lake, and the Canada, finished in 1853, which was the largest. At the commencement of the season of 1854 the Champlain Transporta- tion Company owned all the steamers on the lake except the Boston and Fran, cis Saltus, which afterwards came into their hands. In 1856 Drew, Robinson & Kelley sold their stock to persons interested in the Saratoga and Whitehall Railroad, which subsequently became merged in the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, and retired from the direction; Colonel L. G. B. Cannon, of Burling- ton, L. W. Tupper, of Troy, and John M. Davison, of Saratoga, were elected to fill the vacancies. With the entrance of these men a new and more vigor- ous policy in the management was begun. The line had greatly deteriorated, and no dividends on the stock had been made for three years. Mr. O. A. Bur- ton resigned the presidency in January, 1861, and was succeeded by Mr. L. H- Tupper, of Troy, who held the office for three years. Colonel Cannon was then elected president. He at once restored the system inaugurated by Cap- tain R. W. Sherman, which had distinguished this line above all other steam- boat companies in the country. This was a system of exact order and disci- pline, the greatest neatness in the care of the boats, superior excellence of the table, and courteous behavior of officers and crew toward the passengers. This last regulation was fitly illustrated by the motto which Captain Sherman had placed over his office, viz. : " Keep your temper." All orders were given by signals, which were in strong contrast with the noisy and frequently blas- phemous cries which were heard from captains and crew elsewhere. Gambling on the boats, which was then so general, was prohibited, and strict subordina- tion of the entire crew was rigidly insisted upon. The captain was, in fact, what his title implied. In 1867, when the steamer Adirondack was 'finished and commenced her trips. President Cannon inaugurated the custom of uni- forming the officers and crews of the several steamers belongina to the com- X^ i^ ^^Jy^'^^^^:^^^-^'^-*-, ■'nrj 'hlj BH BdlTs Zri_. 'Rej: 'j'irk. Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 321 pany, instituting naval discipline and assigning the crews to quarters. This custom, thus first introduced on this line, has since been adopted by several other companies, and also by the United States government in its navigation laws and regulations. In 1868 this company purchased the stock of the Lake George Steamboat Company, and built the steamers Minnehaha and Ganouski- In 1872 a separate company, called the Lake George Steamboat Company- was organized to control the business on Lake George in connection with the Champlain Transportation Company, and built the steamers i7orzV(?«, in 1877, and Ticonderoga, in 1884, to run on that lake. At this time it became evident to Colonel Cannon that the future success of the Champlain Transportation Company depended largely upon an aggressive and vigorous policy toward the several railroad companies which centered at Burlington, The company had gradually yielded to their influence, and demands were now made on the Rut- land and Burlington Railroad for an equitable division of the business. By a reduction of fares, the result of the contest was an equal division of the busi- ness, a decrease of the steamboat fare fifty cents below that of the railroads, and other amicable arrangements to the advantage of the steamboat company were obtained. This continued until a proposition was made by Governor J. B. Page, then manager of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, for his road, the Champlain Transportation Company, and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad to purchase the Plattsburgh and Montreal Railroad, then in the hands of a receiver, each party to have an equal interest, then to establish a ferry be- tween Burlington and Plattsburgh, so that the Rutland and Burlington Rail- road should have an immediate connection with Montreal, independent of the Central Vermont Railroad line. While negotiations were pending, the man- agers of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, without the knowledge of the steamboat company, purchased the Plattsburgh and Montreal road, and built the steamer Oakes Ames in 1868, to run on the ferry. This plan was directly hostile to the interests of the Champlain Transportation Company. As soon as his new arrangements were completed. Governor Page ascertained for the first time that a contract existed between the Grand Trunk Railroad of Can- ada and the Champlain Transportation Company, by which the route from the province line at Moore's Junction and Montreal should not be run as a through line unless the Champlain Transportation Company made its terminus north of Plattsburgh. As this had not been done, the Rutland and Burlington Railroad Company found itself with no railroad connection north of Moore's Junction, and an expensive steamboat on its hands. The railroad corrlpany was, there- fore, obliged to negotiate with the Champlain Transportation Company to ter- minate its line at Plattsburgh. The result was that Governor Page and his friends purchased Mr. Burton's one-third interest in the steamboat company with a guaranty to the steamboat company of the gross receipts which the company had previously received by the continuance of the line to Rouse's 322 History of Chittenden County. Point, which amounted to about $25,000 per annum. This arrangement was, after four years, terminated by the lease of the Rutland and Burlington and Plattsburgh and Montreal Railroads to the Central Vermont Railroad Com- pany, upon which the Champlain Transportation Company resumed its trips to Rouse's Point until 1876, when the Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company acquired the New York and Canada Railroad, located on the west shore of the lake, as well as the Champlain Transportation Company, which has since been run in connection with it. In 1873 the Oakes Ames, which was a part of the Rutland Railroad pur- chase, was made over into the commodious passenger steamer Champlain, which was wrecked in July, 1875, near Westport, N. Y. In 1871 the com- pany built the large and elegant steamboat Vermont, which is now running on the through line under the command of Captain George Rushlow, a faithful and efficient officer who has been connected with the company for thirty-two years. The uniform policy of the company has been to retain its employees as as long as they were able to perform any service, which has resulted in the se- curing of a force of most efficient, loyal men. The oldest steamboat company in the world, it has always maintained an enviable and unequaled reputation for its careful management. But a single life has been lost, and that in a col- lision near Port Kent in 1826, since its incorporation, out of the millions of passengers it has carried, and not one loss of life has occurred through any carelessness or neglect of the company. The following is a list of officers of the Champlain Transportation Com- pany since its organization in 1826 : Presidents. — Luther Loomis, Burlington, Vt., 1826 to 1827 ; Julius Hoyt, St. Albans, Vt, 1827 to 1828 ; William A. Griswold, Burlington, Vt, 1828 to 1846; Henry H. Ross, Essex, N. Y., 1846 to 1850; Oscar A. Burton, Bur- lington, Vt, 1850 to 1861 ; Lemuel H. Tupper, Troy, N. Y., 1861 to 1864; L. G. B. Cannon, Burlington, Vt., 1864. Treasurers. — Philo Doolittle, Burlington, Vt, 1826 to 1827; Lawrence Brainerd, St Albans, Vt, 1827 to 1828; Philo DooHttle, Burlington, Vt, 1828 to 1862 ; Thomas H. Canfield, Burlington, Vt, 1862 to April 5, 1865 ; Vernon P. Noyes, Burlington, Vt, April, 1865 to Sept 5, 1885, the time of his death ; Cyrus M. Spaulding, Oct. 6, 1885. Superintendents. — Philo Doolittle, Burlington, Vt, i860 to 1862 ; Thomas H. Canfield, Burlington, Vt, 1862 to April, 1865 ; Hiram Tracy, Burlington, Vt, 1865 to Jan., 1868; Ossian C. Mitchell, Burlington, Vt, 1868 to March, 1870, the time of his death; A. L. Inman, Burlington, Vt, 1870 to 1876; P. W. Barney, Burlington, Vt, 1876. Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 323 CAPTAINS WHO HAVE COMMANDED LAKE CHAMPLAIN STEAMERS. -John Winane. Burlington, Vt., J. Sherman, Vergennes, Vt., George Brush, Montreal, P. Q., Daniel Davis, Burlington, Vt., K. W. Sherman, Vergennes, Vt., Daniel Davis, George Burnham, Burlington, Vt., Gideon Lathroji, Stockport, N. Y., I. E. Harrington, Buffalo, N. Y., Dan Lyon, Burlington, \t., (Now living in Burlington.) Ehenezer Hurlhut, Georgia, Vt., Edward Lyon, Detroit, Mich., Jas. H. Snow, Whitehall, N. Y., Wm. Burton, Cleveland, O., Wm. H. WilMns, Burlington, Vt., Wm. Anderson, Burlington, Vt., (Now living in Burlington.) W. W. Sherman, Vergennes, Vt., Henry Mayo, Burlington, Vt., (Now living in Burlington.) C. Boardman, Whitehall, N. Y., B. N. Flack, Essex, N. Y., Wm. Phillips, Burlington, Vt., P. T. Davis, South Hero, Vt., 1809 to 1815 1814 to 1827 1816 to 1818 1819 to 1820 1819 to 1847 1819 to 1820 1821 to 1823 1823 to 1860 1824 to 1828 1825 to 1844 1828 to 1829 1828 to 1829 1828 to 1829 1829 to 1831 1831 to 1833 1831 to 1877 1832 to 1834 1834 to 1884 1835 to 1839 1836 to 1838 1838 to 1842 1843 to 1858 H. G. Tisdale, Whitehall, N. Y., Silas Hinckley, Burlington, Vt., T. D. Chapman, Burlington, Vt., N. B. Proctor, Burlington, Vt., L Ohamberlm, Plattsburgh, N. Y., John O'Qrady, Burlington, Vt., A Bralnard, Elizahethtown, N. Y., H. E. Snyder, Port Kent, N. Y. , Seth E. Foster, New York city, Moses Baxter, Chicago, lU., Wm. H. Flagg, Burlington, Vt., A. D. Vaughn, WhitehaD, N. Y., Richard Chapin, Whitehall, N. Y., Z. R. Stetson, Champlain, N Y., B. J. Holt, Plattsburgh, N. Y., Warren Corbin, South Hero, Vt., George Rushlow, Highgate, Vt., (Now in service.) E. B. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., F. J. Hawley, Swanton, Vt., (Now in service.) E. J. Baldwin, Bui'lington, Vt., (Now in service.) Bernard Sawyer, Whitehall, N. Y., (Now in service.) 1845 to 1868 1846 to 1860 1847 to 1852 1847 to 1872 1848 to 1860 1849 to 1864 1849 to 1850 1860 to 1860 1862 to 18.55 1862 to 1854 1852 to 1874 1866 to 1862 18.W to 1862 1860 to 1862 1868 to 1884 1869 to 1873 1870 to 1881 to 1885 1882 1884 1886 PILOTS OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN STEAMERS. Hiram Ferris, Chazy, N. Y., -John Wilson, Vergennes, Vt., Ziba Manning, Whitehall, N. Y., Samuel Richardson, St. Johns, P. Q. Geo. Cannon, Cumberland Head, N. Jas. H. Snow, Whitehall, N. Y., Phineas Durfey, Westport, N. Y., Henry Barker, Essex, N. Y., Latham Jones, Burlington. Vt., A. Mockeridge, Burlington, Vt., Wm. Bush, Burlington, Vt., Wm. Dixon, Essex, N. Y., N. B. Proctor, Burlington, Vt., Benj. Jones, Whitehall, N. Y., John Wheeler, Alburgh, Vt., B. B. Famham, Port Henry, N. Y., Edwin B. Loomis. Whitehall, N. Y., Eeuben Bosely, Mooers, N. Y., J. L. Brown, Whitehall, N. Y., Erastus Edwards, Essex, N. Y., Lewis Barton, Plattsburgh, N. Y., Nathan Hill, Burke, N. Y., 1809 to 1869 1811 to 1831 1816 to 1819 , 1816 to 1829 Y. 1819 to 1862 1824 to 1828 1825 to 1840 1825 to 1866 1826 to 1834 1828 to 1868 1831 to 1835 1831 to 1847 1832 to 1847 1834 to 1863 1835 to 1851 1835 to 1836 1836 to 1837 1840 to 1860 1846 to 1872 1846 to 1847 1846 to 1876 1846 to 1874 Wm. Edwards, Essex, N. Y., J. G. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., (Now on the " Maquam.") Wm. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., Harry Dow, Port Kent, N. Y., William Norton, Whitehall, N. Y., John Eldridge, Burlington, Vt., E. B. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., Joseph Amhlau, Champlain, N. Y., Edward Anson, Port Kent, N. Y., Alex Markee, Ticonderoga, N. Y., (Now on Lake George.) George Rushlow, Highgate, Vt., George WeUs, Port Kent, N. Y., Wm. Newton, Burlington, Vt., (Now on " Reindeer.") B. J. Holt, Plattsburgh, N. Y., E. R. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., (Now on the "Vermont. ") W. W. Rockwell, Alburgh, Vt., (Now on Lake George.) 1846 to 1849 1846 1847 to 1855 1848 to 1860 1860 to 1860 1852 to 1876 1866 to 1880 1866 to 1870 1856 to 1874 1866 1857 to 1870 1863 to 1870 1863 1863 to 1869 1883 1838 In 1 88 1 the Grand Isle Steamboat Company was organized with the inten- tion of furnishing an additional and independent line between Burlington and Rouse's Point. The steamer Reindeer was built and has since been succesfully running between those ports. Herbert Brainerd, of St. Albans, is the presi- dent, and D. D. Ranlette the treasurer of the company. 324 History of Chittenden County. I— H Ph ^ H ID oSj .2 nS O — CD .« a a^ a ^< ^ a 5 3 3 o toMpqO ' "■ ..s a -gggo SM? r-J +3 to a e a at:a a; q:> o o o o OO"^ 00 Q g (D 3 h aM ® ® a ga a oil o o o?oo . . . ."^ 00000000 Oopajr^co '« CQ (D £ ffi ca a a saaa © © © © o o o o W OD COt-^ fl - - ^ © © © © c8 a a (c O O-E? oofl a , 00 Q0 4^,H d sw'-' a o 4J e8T3^j t> * si 2 a o o So X OO rS'6 fla aa © © n3T3 fliU O O TO © 58 CO © asaa^B GO OJ ^ '^ site a a as ^^ 2 = a a • a a Oorf a a aSggaa a'-'" a a — ^.p-.<~.~^0©©00 c3c$c3cjcSc3^^^^ra^c5fflc€c3nncSC3n« n ^^ ©©©©©©©©©©ffl©0©©©©0©©©© © ©© tO -^ iH CO C0 t ^ .-I rH CT - 3 S • Joj a oo 3 aJ = ^H OJ . St.a oo '.a I, a a „ g J3d p3dds ■d9(nO(X9SdOJl •^ © c i z! oi ^ j_ o '^ a s ca 5 £ a a a 3 © © 3 3 O O D ri o3 eg K^ 1 a (/j X S a =^ ra d C3 c3 g X ^ ca o ^aaag .jaa,a o o o^ :oa a. 2 S c3 «" ■ t^ o o oP>D sis §2ai l^aS^' a'caS 3 = 2 o.a -J .3 a +^ 3 03^3 O 3 . X 3 ©— fe go.S p , a aim to « a '"-a .26 go IE"© S a 3 a 2 a as a e3 m+i ^ •SSaS" ■3 be :^ " c 3=1 Sg 3'=^2J3 p,2 »J Pio ,-^ dS 3 c3 .ci c3 CI '§3<23C;aE-' g-5-3-=^s3 ■3&S£'>.e'2 3 o 3 o — o'-' o B 200 3 3® a^a 3moocoooocOQOOcoiom-^»--:~. t— ot-rxosx '^ OiaO'iHiOODl.-lOOOOOQOOOOUOOOOC; 01-'*iC*COTtiC^C-COCOeO-^00050miOlr-COt:-t-^ CI (M i-l ri c^ ^ ^ 0>-'t-HrH^C^<7^CS f^ ") ^-O'^ 'ri.r' h:j H.I' !UI: : m. M;, J.'Vl, !.^/'?V HPHrcil Lake Commerce and the Lumber Trade. 327 Two years after his son retired, and in 1878 the Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes Lumber Company was organized, Mr. Barnes being president of the company from 1 88 1 to the time of his death in June, 1886. Under his intelligent and vigorous leadership the lumber business rapidly increased until at one time Bur- lington ranked the third in the lumber markets of the United States. At pres- ent five large firms are engaged in the business, having aTTaggregate capital of over two millions of dollars. About 150,000,000 of feet of lumber are an- nually shipped by boat and rail from this port, the most of it being brought here by boat for dressing and distribution, giving employment to 1,500 men. Extensive mills not only for dressing lumber have been erected, buTalso for the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds of every variety, packing boxes, cloth boards, etc. The firms now engaged in the business are the Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes just alluded to, which occupies about sixteen acres for piling ground, and with its several branches at Boston and Ogdensburg, it handles about 90,000,000 of feet a year. U. W. Robinson is the manager of the company in this city. The firm of W. & D. G. Crane commenced the lumber business here in 1858. They occupy ten acres of pihng ground, having fourteen hundred feet of dockage. Their sales amount to ten millions of feet here, and twenty-five millions of feet at their branch house at Muskegan, Mich., under charge of W. G. Watson. = The Shepard & Morse Lumber Company is the successor of the firm of Shepard, Davis & Company, who succeeded Lawrence Barnes & Company, in 1868. This company was incorporated in 1878. Besides their large dress- ing mill here it has also a mill in Tonawanda, N. Y., and a large interest in a mill in Saginaw, Mich. Twenty-five acres of pihng ground, with a dock front of four thousand feet, are required for its business. This company, including its branches, ships about one hundred and twenty millions of feet annually. Three hundred men are employed. Its Burlington ofifice is managed most successfully by Messrs. G. H. Morse and W. A. Crombie, the resident directors here of the company. In 1872 the firm of Bronsons, Weston, Dunham & Company, for many years leading lumber dealers in Albany, N. Y., selected BurHngton for the location of its principal branch. Since this date its business has been annually increasing, and now it uses fifteen acres of pihng ground, furnishing two thousand feet of wharfage. It runs a large dressing-mill, and employs one hundred and fifty men, and handles here about forty miUions of feet of lum- ber. It is under the efificient management of J. W. Dunham, formerly of Al- bany, N. Y. John R. Booth, the largest owner of timber lands in Canada, having ex- tensive saw- mills in Ottawa, commenced business here in 1876, under the man- agement of U. A. Woodbury, the present mayor of the city. The business 328 History of Chittenden County. has grown to be one of the most important in Burlington, having ten acres of piling ground with twenty-five hundred feet of dockage. The salea amount to twenty-five millions of feet, and one hundred and twenty- five men are employed. Growing out of this business are the mills for making packing-boxes and cloth-boards. These are owned by Mathews & Hickok, who succeeded the firm of Mathews & Davis in 1875. This firm has branch mills in Canada, which, with their mill here, work up fifteen millions of feet of lumber each year. They have seven acres of piling ground, six hundred feet of wharfage,, and furnish employment to fifty men. Messrs. Pope & Watson, who were the successors of W. S. Mayo & Company in 1875, use up ten millions of feet an- nually in the manufacture of boxes and cloth boards. They employ sixty-five men. E. A. Pope has charge of the business here, and W. G. Watson of the branch at Muskegan, Mich. In the distribution, as well as the receipt of the lumber thus handled in its various modified forms, the great advantage of water navigation is fully appre- ciated, and a large number of canal boats and barges are employed. Among the other business interests principally represented by shipments by water is coal. In Burlington the largest dealer is Elias Lyman, the successor of the old firm of Wilkins & Lyman. He also runs a mill for grinding plaster purchased and brought by him from Nova Scotia. George L. Linsley is also an extensive dealer, also Adsit & Bigelow and J. W. Hayes. Marble, granite and flagging are largely shipped. The principal dealers in these products, of which Vermont furnishes so large a supply, are the Burlington Manufacturing Company and J. W. Goodell, who have steam mills for sawing and finishing. L. A. Walker and H. M. Phelps are also dealers. Nails, heavy iron ware, salt and cement are principally handled by Messrs. Van Sicklen, Seymour & Company and O. J. Walker & Brothers. Such is a brief and therefore necessarily somewhat imperfect description of Lake Champlain and its commercial importance. But should the Caughnawaga Canal ever be built, and the Champlain Canal be correspondingly enlarged, a scheme the great importance of which is unquestioned, and which it may not be deemed too visionary to hope will be successfully accomplished in the near future, we shall yet see huge elevators arise among the wharves which will then hne the entire semi- circle of Burlington Bay, and our beautiful lake become a part of a continuous waterway extending from the great lakes to the shores of the Atlantic, bearing upon its surface ships laden with the productions of the Far West, to be in turn exchanged for those of the East and foreign lands, which are required to supply the ever-increasing wants of the interior and the slopes of the Pacific. With the development of American industries comes the demand for new arteries of trade. The time when water and railway lines- of communication were considered to be antagonistic has passed. In the fu- In the Rebellion. 329 ture both will prosper together, and the commercial advantages of our lake will be fully recognized, and only a generous rivalry will exist between her and the railroads built along her shores. CHAPTER XVI. CHITTENDEN COUNTY IN THE REBELLION.' Introduction — Names of Volunteers from the Towns of the County — Table of Enlistments — Miscellaneous Enlistments and Drafts — The First Company to go Out — The Second Regi- ment — Third Regiment — Fifth Regiment — Sixth Regiment — The Vermont Brigade — Sev- enth Regiment — Ninth Regiment — Tenth Regiment — Twelfth Regiment— Thirteenth Regi- ment — Fourteenth Regiment — Seventeenth Regiment — Other Regiments — Artillery and Cavalry. IT may safely be said that no State in the Union earned a more brilliant rec- ord of heroism and self-sacrifice in the War of the Rebellion than Vermont. With almost unexampled promptitude and the most generous prodigality she sent her best blood to baptize the Southern fields, and lavished her treasure in support of the great principles involved in the struggle ; so to-day no one can do the memory of her heroes, dead and living, too much honor. The keen anguish following close upon the loss of father, husband, or brother may have become softened by the kindly hand of time ; but the vacant places around thousands of hearthstones are still there, and must for many more years awaken mournful memories in innumerable hearts. To perpetuate the records and memories of the brave deeds of dead and dying heroes is the duty of every country-loving citizen. Chittenden county was particularly prompt and patriotic, as shown by the large number of volunteers from the various towns. Burlington alone con- tributed more than six hundred soldiers to the war. The larger cities and vil- . lages, as a rule, responded more freely to the calls for troops that the rural dis- tricts — a fact not difficult to account for through the more spontaneous enthu- siasm of large communities and the superior facilities of varied character for 1 Prepared by H. P. Smith, of Syracuse, N. Y., editor of the Rutland and Addison county histories. In the limited space allotted to this subject in this work we can attempt litde more than to gather into condensed and convenient form the more important military statistics of Chittenden county, as pre- served in the very complete records made in the office of the adjutant and inspector-general of the State, with very brief sketches of several of the regiments which received large accessions from this county. The subject merits, perhaps more than any other, the fullest and ablest treatment by the his- torian, with such resources at his command as to place his work before the masses of the people, that the heroic deeds of those who are fast passing away may be known and remembered by coming genera- tions; and it is a pleasure to know that there is in course of preparation, by G. G. Benedict, esq., of Burlington, a work on this subject which will, without doubt, prove an exhaustive and correct military history of the State. 330 History of Chittenden County. the promotion of enlistments. Of the 34,238 men who took up arms in the State, this county's quota was promptly contributed almost without the sem- blance of compulsion ; and the most liberal measures were adopted for the pay- ment of the several bounties and the aid of the soldiers in the field and their families at home. In the succeeding few pages are given the names of all of the volunteers from the various towns, with the length of their terms of services, as compiled in the adjutant-general's report; the re- enlistments are not included in this list, nor the few who served as conscripts : Bolton. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,000^ October 17, 1863. — Henry Beeman, Marcus A. Bennett, James Carr, Elam A. Clark, Henry F. Farnsworth, Silas A. Farnsworth, Franklin Guyette, George J. Hatch, Samuel S. Jackman, Woodman Jackman, Eber Johnson, John Lewis, Andrew H. McGee, Joseph Raymond, Harlow Sanders, John Smith, Albert Tomlinson, Russell Tomlinson, Addison Warren, Milo H. Williams. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000, and subsequent calls. — Cassius N. Case, Geo. E. Cunningham, Robert Cunningham, Geo. P. Davis, Harrison H. Smith, Philo Tomlinson. Volunteers for one year. — Kinsman P. Chase, Henry N. Deavitt, Edwin F. Hinkson, Samuel S. Jackman. Volunteers for nine months. — Harmon Hall, Joseph H. Smith, Frederick A. Southwick, George W. Tomlinson, Hollis P. Tomlinson, Royal C. Ward, Wilbur F. Ward, John Carr, Andrew L. Cox, Luther Kennedy, Richmond Preston, Ransom Sabens, Paul Slockwell, Warren Hull, Edwin Whitcomb. Burlington. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,000- men, October 17, 1863. — Henry Adams, Nelson Adams, Nelson D. Adams, Thomas Aggus, Morey L. Aldridge, Robert Alex. Heman F.Allen, John Allen, Henry Amblo, Franklin Anderson, Geo. D. Anson, Giles F. Appleton, Cor- nelius Aubrey, Henry Aubrey, Wm. Aubrey, Geo. W. Austin, Jonathan Myers, Alvin Babcock, John Bain, John J. Bain, Henry W. Baldwin, Newton H. Ballou, Austin Bartomy, Edward Bartomy, Geo. A. Beebe, Henry D. Belden, Alexander Bell, James Bell, Lucious Bigelow, Hiram J. Bishop, Hascall Bixby, Robert Bixby, Benjamin Blanchard, Charles Blanchard, Charles H. Blinn, Horace C. Blinn, Alexander Bio, Alfred Bourke, John Boucher, Philetus Brace, Patrick Brahnon, Nelson Brasted, Thomas Brett, John H. Brooks, Carmichael A. Brown, John Brown, James Bruin, George Brush, John Bully, Amos H. Bunker, Peter Burke, Asa R. Burleson, Allen Burt, Loren A. Butler, Martin Butler, Thomas Butler, Thomas Butler, James H. Cain, William Cain, Charles F. W. Carlton, Benjamin W. Carpenter, Franklin Carpenter, Lucius Carpenter, Martin Casey, Joseph Champlane, William Chelsey, Henry B. Chiott, Frederick A. Church, John Coates, William H. Cobb, Dan, L. C. Colburn, Asa A. Cooley, John, Connelly, James Connery, Thomas Cosgrifif, James Coughlin, Reuben Cough- In the Rebellion. 331 lin, Augustus J. Grain, William Cronan, Edward M. Curtiss, John Daley, Lewis Dana, Charles Daniels, Samuel Darrah, George E. Davis, Hiram A. Dean, Joseph Demon, Chester Derby, Fabien Des Rosiers, Henry Devoid, Archi- bald S. Dewey, John Dolan, Thomas Donahue, Thomas Downs, Frank Doyle, John T. Drew, Francis Ducat, Wm. J. Dupaw, Peter Durand, John Eagan, Albert B. Edgall, Joel B. Erhardt, James Farrell, Frederick Faulkner, Oscar B. Ferguson, Thomas Fitzgibbon, Charles Fitzpatrick, John Fitzsimmons, Mor- ris Flanaghan, Solan W. Fletcher, Joseph Fountain, Charles Fremont, Au- gustus Frenier, Herman Frost, Louis Gabourie, Oliver Garron, James Gray, Francis Germain, Josiah H. Gibbs, Robert Gibson, James O. Gilbert, Patrick Gillerly, John Golden, Charles P. Goodrich, Lucius J. Goodwin, Benjamin Gordon, William A. Griswold, Frank Guyette, Joseph Guyette, Haley H. Hall, Fitz G. Hallock, Thomas Hamilton, Phillip Hammer, Levi P. Hammond, Daniel Hanley, Nathan Hannon, John Hannah, John Hardy, William L. Har- ris, Frank Hastings, Charles W. Hathaway, Reuben Hayes, Bradbury W. Hight, John Hogan, Patrick Hogan, Wallace W. Holmes, Sylvester J. Hoose, Ansel H. Howard, Isaac Howard, Roswell Hunt, Charles Hurley, Henry C. Irish, Jas. Irish, Silas C. Isham, John Jackson, Wm. Johns, Wm. L. Jones, Francis Jor- don, John Kane, Thomas Kavanah, George Keese, Michael A. Kehoe, John Kelley, Henry D. Kennedy, Michael Kerrigan, Albert R. Keyes, Horace M. Knapp, Edwin R. Kinney, Henry Labounty, WilHam Labounty, William Labounty, Stephen Lajoie, John Lamoine, Peter Lander, Charles Lander, Joseph Laplante, Noyse N. H. Larnard, Joseph S. Lavake, Benjamin Law, William H. Leach, Michael Lee, John R. Lewis, Daniel G. Lloyd, George E. Lord, Homer Lyman, Wyllys Lyman, Patrick Lynch, Thomas Lynch, Henry Lynde, Frederick A. Lyon, James G. Lyon, Thomas MaGuire, John Maloney, John Maloney, Thomas Mandler, Paul Manor, Thomas G. Mayne, James McCarthy, John L. McCarty, Thomas McCulIock, James McDermott, Daniel McDixon, John McGraith, John McGuire, Thomas McGuire, George McHenry, James McHenry, Michael McKenzie, James E. McKewen, Charles McLaughlin, Thomas McMahon, William McMurray, John McSorley, James Miles, Edward Miller, Clement Mitchell, Julius Morrow, CorneUus W. Morse, Stephen Morse, Calvin L. Morton, John Mosier, James MulHns, Peter Mullu- . gan, Russell C. Munsell, Edward Murray, Neal C. Murray, Ferguson Nelson, John L. Newton, William H. Newton, Alfred K. Nichols,' Charles W. Nichols, Henry C. Nichols, John W. Noonan, Lyman F. Norton, John O'Brien, Thomas O'Brien, Thomas O'Brien, John O'Dell, Florence O'Donahue, Henry O'Grady, Edward O'Neil, Michael O'Neil, Michael O'Neil, James A. Palmer, Joseph Parker, Peter Paro, Antoine Pasha, William Parady, David B. Peck, Theodore S. Peck, William H. H. Peck, John G. Peckham, Joseph S. Perkins, William A. Perry, Michael Phillips, Edgar Pitkin, Wareham N. Pierce, Archibald S. Poole, Maxim Poro, Samuel D. Preston, Thomas Rafter, William H. Ramsay,,. 332 History of Chittenden County. Robert Rankin, Ellis M. Rawson, Julius Rawson, Denison A. Raxford, James M. Reed, Ogden B. Reed, Henry Reed, Thomas Reed, Charles Reynolds, Edward O. Roach, John Robears, Joseph Rober, Samuel B. Roberts, Edgar W. Robinson, George A. Rogers, Peter Rondo, Edwin Rowe, Henry W. Rowe, Daniel Z. Royce, Willard, A. Royce, Edward S. Russell, William Rus- sell, Joel Sabin, Edward Saltus, Frank Saltus, Frank O. Sawyer, Alexander Scott, jr., Herman Seligson, Ovid Seymour, Albert Shatzel, Henry Shattle, David L. Sharpley, Thomas Sharpley, Harry G. Sheldon, John W. Shelly, James Sheridan, Dennis Shortsleeves, Charles P. Silloway, Clark Smith, Isaac S. Smith, Warren S. Smith, William Smith, Samuel Somerville, Sylvester So- per, Andrew Spaulding, Charles H. Spaulding, J. Selly Spaulding, Solon E. Spaulding, Alonzo R. Spear, Horace S. Spear, Patrick Starr, Charles Stay, Eli Z. Stearns, Riley B. Stearns, Lyman J. Sterling, William Sterner, William N. Stevens, Charles St. Michael, Cyrille Stone, Henry H. Stone, George Streeter, Joseph L. Sutherland, John Swail, William H. Swail, Orvis H. Sweet, Albert Taylor, William Tebo, Alexander W. Terrill, Joel B. Thomas, Joel B. Thomas, James M. Thompson, William H. Thompson, William H. Thompson, Edmund Tobin, Edwin H. Trick, Thomas TurnbuU, Charles T. Vanornum, George Vorce, Samuel Waldo, William H. Walker, James Ward, Phillip Ward, Alex- ander G. Watson, Samuel S. Watson, William G. Watson, William Watson, George Weber, John E. Wells, Edwin P. Whicher, Alex. M. Whitcomb, Ed- win P. Whitney, Zimri Willard, Theodore Willett, John Williams, Hiram R. Willis, Curtis S. Woodard, John W. Woodard, Lyman Woodard, Carroll V. Wood, John E. Wright, Theodore F. Wright, Martin Youatt, Nathan N. York. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000, and subsequent calls. — Foster Armstrong, Thomas Baker, Henry A. Barnard, Michael Bart, Will- iam Bassett, Alexander Bell, William Bennett, Edward Bertram, William F. Bhnn, Ebenezer Blongy, Napoleon Bona, Peter Bridge, John C. Bridges, Lewis Brothers, John Brown, Michael Brown, Warren Brown, John Burke, James Butler, Michael Cannon, Joseph Carson, Peter Casey, Hiram G. Child, Peter Ciffare, Patrick Coffey, Andrew Colvin, George Comstock, Frank Conley, William Cronan, James Cusack, Michael O. Day, Calvin Deal, William B. Derby, Alfred Devoid, Elijah Douglass, Timothy Doyle, Nelson Dragoon, George J. Duncan, John Dunn, Adolph Fagrett, William Faulkner, James Finn, Thomas Fitzsimons, George W. Follansbee, Archibald Fortune, Israel L. Freeman, John Futerrer, Isidore Gaboury, Daniel Gordon, Isaac Gray, Samuel 'E. Griffin, Joseph Guiette, Francis Hagan, Thomas Hale, Edward Haynes, John Horighan, William Hurley, Harvey James, Henry Jerdo, Robert John- son, Frank Keith, John Kelley, Mathew Kelley, Michael Kenne>', Lewis La- bounty, Peter Lagge, John Lamountain, Peter Lander, jr., Samuel Laplant, Elbert R. Leet, David Livingson, John Q. Lockwood, Abel Long, Stephen Lord, William Lynch, Martin Maloy, John Maple, jr., Bernard McCaffrey, In the Rebellion. 333 John McCune, Daniel L. McGinn, Thomas Merchant, Ambrose Mitchell, Jacob Mitchell, Zeb Mitchell, Joseph Monock, Charles H. Montgomery, Leroy Monty, John MuUins, Timothy Murray, Robert Nichols, Lewis Norman, Peter O'Brien, Henry O'Grady, Peter Orrin, Thomas Orrin, Charles Parker, John S. Peck- ham, Joseph Pelkey, Joseph Pepin, George Perrigo, Joseph Pickor, Alexander Powers, William Roach, Peter Robinson, Frank Ross, Herman Schwetze, Lewis Seymour, Patrick Shanly, Isephere Sharland, Theodore Sharlow, Michael Sheehy, Robert Sheridan, William Sheridan, John A. Sherman, Thomas Shirley, James Simpson, Joseph Stay, George Sweeney, Abel Tart, John W. Thomas, John Thompson, Elbert P. Van Orman, John Villemire, Ira Wallace, William H. Ward, Henry White, Martin Willard, William Will- iams, Cornelius Woods, Joseph Young. Volunteers for one year. — John Bacon, Peter M. Clure, Dennis Flaherty, Charles A. Garrick, Freeman German, Michael Haley, Adolphus Miller, Clem- ■ent Mitchell. Naval credits. — WilHam H. Anderson, Job Corbin, Dennis CuUigan. James Donnelly, Daniel Dyonisius, Albert E. Edgell, Edward Flynn, Martin Guniman, Luther R. Haney, Robert T. HoUey, Henry L. Johnson, Albert L. Kenny, Harry S. Pitkin, Henry M. Proctor, James Martin, John Martin, Thomas J. Murray, Eugene A. Smalley, Jacob M. Smalley, Lovirus J. Smith, Hollis Tryon, George H. Van Dusen, Thomas S. Watson, Peter Laroe, Will- iam Marsha, Julius Derix, Clarence Hazen, William A. Perry, Cyrille Stone. Volunteers for nine months. — Charles H. Austin, Joseph J. Austin, Joseph Bacon, Charles H. Barker, William F. Bancroft, Horace Barlow, Frank W. Baxter, George Grenville Benedict, Orlando L. Bicknell, George H. Bigelow, John Brewin, John Cain, Michael Cannon, Henry G. Catlin, Benjamin A. Church, Charles W. Cox, WiUiam O. Crane, James Cusack, Charles H. Cut- ting, Edgar T. Daniels, Louis A. Daniels, CorneHus Desmond, Perley R. Downer, Joshua Fisk, Edward E. Fletcher, Fernald F. Fletcher, Alfred D. Florence, Charles O. French, Charles A. Garrick, John Gleason, Henry F. Griffin, George E. Hagar, George I. Hagar, John Hamlin, Lyndon K. Har- rington, John Horrigan, Frank D. Hoyt, Guy N. Irish, Richard J. Irwin, Will- iam B. Jennings, William W. Kenny, John Lang, Abel Long, Pomeroy Loomis, William Loomis, William B. Lund, James A. Madden, Martin Malay, Henry W. McLane, Edward McNeills, Adolphus Miller, Robert H. Miller, Zeb Mitchell, Michael B. Murry, John Nugent, Michael O'Neil, Lemuel W. Page, Rollin Pease, Henry M. Pierson, James S. Pierson, John Pope, Samuel H. Ransom, Patrick Ready, Morris Rice, Lewis Roberts, James Scully, Burn- ham Seaver, Osmond K. Seaver, Paul Segar, John Shanaghan, Peter Schiatte, George E. Silver, WilHam Smith, William C. Spaulding, Michael Stark, Hamp- ton L. Story, Guy Stoughton, Henry C. Tennant, Charles Thatcher, Charles P. Thayer, George D. Thompson, Marquis D. L. Thompson, Charles H. Tux- 22 334 History of Chittenden County. bury, Albert B. Tyler, Israel Videlle, Lucius N. Vilas, Charles N. Wainright,. William W. Walker, Edward Walton, James Ward, Thomas H. Warren^ Joseph Weeks, Charles H. Whitney, Charles Wright, Henry M. Wright, He- man R. Wing, Guy C. Zattman. Charlotte. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Daniel S. Ball, James N. Ball, Rollin W. Barton^ John Besett, Alfred S. Burnham, John Coleman, John Daniels, James A. Davis, Abner Fonda, Joseph Fonda, Joseph Gravell, Henry H. Huff, Joseph Kehoe^ Jacob Lacoy, Truman C. Naramore, Cassius F. Newell, Clark L. Parks, John Quinlan, Chas. W. Seaton, Geo. D. Sherman, George W. Spear, Alonzo B. Stearns, Henry B. Wilder. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men, and subsequent calls. — Peter Baraur, Frank Baslow, Joseph Bessette, Eliphalet Culver, Alonzo H. Danforth, William Dunn, James Gorman, Moody Haskell, George W. Hew- itt, Edward L. Hibbard, George H. Hoyt, John Larama, James Little, Free- man Mason, Benjamin McCandlish, Delinus L. Melvin, William C. Powell, Horace H. Preston, Lewis C. Prindle, Adam Smith, Gaylord B. Smith, Alfred Tatro, Joseph W. Townson, John Whitney, George W. York, Thomas Young. Volunteers for one year. — Alexander Besett, Lucius L. Clark, Edward Cor- bett, Peter Cross, Alpheus George, David Patterson, Abel N. Pulsifer, David Robertson, Edward C. Scott, James B. Williams. Volunteers for nine months. — Gilbert J. Barton, William P. Barton, Joseph Bessette, Hiram Bishop, George A. Clark, Horace N. Delmeater, Henry Drum, Joseph Guillett, Frank R. Hill, Heman A. Hyde, William Lincoln, Samuel S. Page, Gideon D. Prindle, Alonzo E. Root, Benjamin H. Taggart, James Wash- burn, Milo A. Williams, Myron Williams. Naval Credit. — Alfred S. Parkhurst, veteran. Reserve Corps. — William Kinsley. Colchester. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Adoniram N. Austin, Samuel J. Allen, Benjamin L. Baraby, John Baraby, Joseph Baraby, Elijah S. Bates, Joseph Bernor, Al- bert Blish, Joseph Brooks, Stephen Brooks, George S. Brownell, Abram Bur- lett, Francis Cardinal, William Church, David D. Davidson, Albert B. Day, Lewis Deforge, Charles Devine, George H. Duncan, Henry Duncan, Josiah William Dupau, Ellis B. Edwards, William W. Fletcher, Edwin Fisk, Arabart E. Fobes, Josiah A. Fobes, Henry W. Fuller, James Gardner, Morris M. Goodwin, Christopher Gordon, Adolphus Graves, Lester Green, Edward E. Greenleaf, Wm. L. Greenleaf, Jas. Henry, Joseph Henry, Patrick Henry, Porter Herring, Ebenezer Hulburd, Calvin A. Irish, Homer C. Irish, Horace M. Irish, Willis B. Jordan, Timothy Keefe, Geo. M. Killam, Jas. Kelly, John Kelly, Wm. J. Langshore, Alex. L'Heureux, Eben C. Lord, Willis Lyman, Willys Lyman, Geo. L. McBride, William H. McBride, Simon F. Monger, Benjamin F. Monty, In the Rebellion. 335 Lewis Muir, George N. Munger, Charles Myers, Hosea B, Nash, Frank O'CIair, Peter O'CIair, William A. Perry, Frank A. Piatt, Lemuel B. Piatt, Robert Pol- linger, George B. Rand, George M. Rice, John River, Edward Ronley, Ben- jamin E. Rowe, Alexander Scott, jr., Joshua O. Service, Andrew Shiett, An- drew A. Smith, George E. Smith, Henry Smith, George Streeter, Alfred Tatro Josephus H. Thatcher, Columbus Thompson, Columbus G. Thompson, Rufus D. Thompson, David Tubbs, John Upham, jr., Charles Urie, Peter Vilmire, John W. Wallsworth, Joseph White, Charles Wickware, Edward J. Wolcott, Sidney E. Wolcott, Charles F. Woodard, Marcus H. Wright. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000, and subsequent calls. — Francis Aike, George Allen, Henry F. Barber, Edmund Bell, Frederick H. Bliss, John BHss, Augustus M. Boyd, Dennis Burgoir, Wm. Burroughs, James Busby, George Collins, James Collins, George J. Consigney, Ira Coty, Thomas Courtney, Donald Craig, Stephen O. Crawford, Henry Day, William Deel, Joseph Deshan, Joseph Dupaw, George H. Dupaw, Joel Dupaw, John Farren, Aaron F. French, William H. Isham, Mitchell Jackson, Henry J. Keeler, Chas. Kruger, John Lange, Joseph Larock, Alonzo E. Lord, Aura Lyford, Charles Martin, WiUiam Mason, Darius Maynard, Henry Mayo, Sawyer McClellan, Francis Merritt, Frank Miner, Joseph Miner, George A. Nichols, Lucius G. Northrop, James H. Parker, William Parker, Clark Prentiss, Daniel R. Putnam, Henry Robar, Peter Rowe, jr., Edwin Severance, John F. Shannon, Paul Stackpole, Alansing Stoughton, Augustus Stoughton, Francis Talbart, Bernard Ward, Oliver Warriner, Ray A. White, Albert Williams, Phineas Worthen. Volunteers for one year. — Antoine Bissett, Edwin BUsh, Patrick Cronan, Jerry Croto, Joseph Croto, Alfred Defarge, George E. Fadden, Eugene Fitch, Owen Gaffany, Enos Ginham, John Gleason, Barney Graham, Dennis Graney, Michael Haley, Francis Lavally, Michael McDonald, Napoleon Monty, Alex- ander Moss, Richard Moss, George Myers, Joseph Rowe, George E. Smith, Andrew Valdew, Nelson Value, Joseph Vilmare, Loomis Wright, George Young. Volunteers for nine months. — Joseph Barabee, Andrew J. Beeman, WiUiam Blakely, William P. Calvert, Josiah M. Gary, William Crosby, Joseph Croto, Juhus F. Densmore, Udney Farnsworth, George Fenwick, John W. Forrest, Edward Freeman, John A. Greenough, John Greenwood, Richard J. Griffin, Seth W. H. Griffin, Samuel Hard, Thomas Hodgkinson, Ebenezer O. Johnson, John Johnson, John Kelly, Frank Lavalle, George W. Lee, John H. Lyon, William March, Henry McAvoy, James McEwen, William Mclntyre, Joseph Miner, James Morrison, WiUiam D. Munson, George Myers, Richard Powers, Robert Powers, John M. Rolfe, Joseph Rowe, Myron P. ScuUin, Robert Sher- idan, WiUiam Sheridan, George Stephens, Harvey H. Talcott, Murray W. Thompson, Joseph Travisee, Erasmus H. Tyler, W. AUen Wheeler, Milton Wil- son, George N. Wright. 336 History of Chittenden County. Naval credits. — James Morrison, John Morrison, William Morrison, Lu- ther L. Penniman, Eugene Vance. Essex. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863. — George Arnold, Albert Austin, Alpha M. Austin, Frank A. Austin, George Austin, Heman Austin, Reuben Austin, Sias Austin, James Bagley, Norman A. Baker, Edgar A. Beach, John H. Bell, Freeman W. Blood, Willard F. Blood, Henry S. Bradley, Lowell S. Bradley, George H. Brown, Elias S. Brownell, James Burnett, Thomas Carey, Magney Camel, Al- fred L. Case, David H. Castle, George Chase, John Chase, Stephen Cox, Henry H. Cota, William J. Domag, Timothy W. Downer, Richard Downs, William B. Dunlap, Joel Ellis, John Fleming, Christopher C. Fisher, James Foley, jr., Mal- com G. Frost, Hozea M. Gorton, Amos Greeley, Wesley Hazelton, Merritt Kendall, Myron D. Isham, Martin L. Lathrop, John Lavine, Barna Mattimore, Nathan Maxfield, Ruel B. Mellen, Henry T. Moseley, Norman J. Nichols, Cal- vin F. Norton, Myron Owen, George W. Page, John B. Page, Lemuel B. Page, Joseph Peppin, Lafavor C. Perkins, Branscom Perrigo, Leander Paquet, George W. Prior, Nelson A. Prior, William Prior, Orman P. Ray, Daniel Raymond, Loyal Remington, Alexander Renouf, William B. Renouf, James Ryan, John Ryan, Albert F. Sawyer, Alfred F. Sawyer, George A. Scribner, Oscar A. Scribner, Lewis Tatro, Frank L. Taylor, Milford Taylor, Hannibal Tichout, George W. Tubbs, Frank B. Warner, Lyman S. Williams, Nathan A. Williams, Leonard S. Wetherby, Norman Wood worth. Credits under call for 300,000 men October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls. — George F. Atherton, John B. Atherton, Edgar L. Barber, Hiram J. Bishop, John Brewin, James Casey, Silas Cook, Francis Cormea, Joshua L. Day, Alfred F. Douglas, Horace Fairfield, Nathaniel A. Hoyt, Mortimer Lister, Clarence K. Mansfield, Seth A. Mansfield, Hugh McDermott, John McKeir- nan, Lewis A. Mereno, Myron Mitchell, John Mulvanny, James B. Nichols, George E. Parker, Alfred Robear, jr., Edward D. Sands, Harrison Sisco, Mar- cellus Sisco, Fred A. Slater, Adam Sugmiller, James Sweeney, Leonard S. Wetherby, Albert Whitcomb, Warren B. Whitcomb. Volunteers for one year. — George Bucher, Jesse Bright, Henry Dapo, Edward Murray, John Shanehen, John L. Whitten. Volunteers for nine months. — Charles W. Atherton, Harmon H. Ballou, George S. Bliss, Cassius M. Booth, Lucius M. Booth, Thomas Calvert, Mark Day, James M. Gates, David T. Hard, Alfred D. Olmstead, Frederick A. Slater, Hall Woodworth, Edgar Ellsworth, William Fletcher, Daniel Lewis, Charles McKeirnan, Daniel L. Thompson, James F. Warner, Dwight J, Williams. Hinesbiirg. —Yoluntters for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000, October 17, 1863. — Antoine Ash, Samuel B. Ash, John Austin, Orange A. Baldwin, Jared Parker, Hiram Bassett, Alexander Bennett, Belano Bennett, Charles Bennett, Ambrose Bisonette, Alfred Bonar, William Buckley, Toby T. In the Rebellion. 337 Burk, Antoine Busier, John Busier, James Callaghan, Chester W. Carpenter, ■James M. Carpenter, Frank Colt, James Congdon, Antoine Curavoo, Mitchell Finney, Daniel A. Foss, Thomas Goodrich, Amos Hall, Rufus E. Irish, Benja- min Jerough, Edward M. Knox, Joseph Lapier, Henry Larose, Joseph A. La- rose, Henry Lyman, Silas Nichols, George B. Nimblet, Myron C. Palmer, Os- car Palmer, Stephen Parker, George W. Patrick, Horace Perry, David C. Phil- lips, Harmon J. Place, Robert S. Place, Elijah W. Powell, Orin Powell, Charles C. Proctor, Willard Ray, Ebenezer Renslow, James P. Robbins, Daniel A. Sco- field, Timothy Steady, Eugene Vielle, Loren S. Walker, Anson H. Weed, John C. Wells, Henry Wilcox, Lewis Wilcox. Credits under call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls. — Emory Anderson, Mahlon L. Barber, Jared Barber, Oliver Barrett, Joseph Bean, Amos Bennett, John Bissonette, Lewis Bissonette, Lewis Bost- wick, Moses Brown, Stephen B. Capron, Edward Daisey, Patrick Furlong, John Gall, Treffley Giroux, William M. Holsapple, Adelard Jodoin, Moses Labelle, Emulous C. Landon, Thomas Lapier, Morris S. Lawrence, Orlin W. Loomis, John McDonald, Emery Newton, Abram O'Brien, Newton Ovit, Joel Peters, Jonathan Scott, Frederick Shortsleeves, Henry Steady, James Trefren, Noble B. Turrell, Wesley Weller, John W. White. Volunteers for one year. — Carlos Baisnor, John Burley, Charles Clapper, Stephen W. Hallock, John B. Ladeau, RoUin S. Place, John Sadlier, Francis Sears, Jacob Sharky, Louis Steady, Muty Steady, Eli Sweeny, Alfred S. Swinger, James B. Swinger. Volunteers for nine months. — John H. Allen, Edmund W. Baldwin, Sher- man G. Baldwin, Lewis Bissonett, Marble Bissonett, Napoleon Bissonett, TuffiU Bissonett, Guy D. Boynton, Guy L. Burritt, Henry W. Eraser, Patrick Furlong, John W. Houghton, Henry G. Lamos, Peter Lavalle, Joseph Lavigne, Peter La- vigne, John H. Leonard, William A. Martin, Charles E. Mead, Leonard E. Meech, James L. Palmer, Henry R. Pease, Emerson R. Place, Herman A. Post, Henry J. Ray, John Saddler, Henry Steady, Ralph E. Weller. Huntington. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Martin V. B. Alger, Loren Brow, John Clark, Edson R. Cobb, George W. Cobb, James J. Cutting, Ezra S. Doty, John W. Emmons, William H. Emmons, Amos O. Gorton, Jeremiah Haskins, Rufus Haskins, Edward H. James, William W. Kimball, Abner J. Loveland, Joseph J. Lyons, George P. Morris, Silas Moses, Cornelius Putnam, George Ring, Orville Rounds, Hiram Shambeau, George Sprague, Sylvester Sprague, Lucius Streeter, Henry E. Sweet, Alfred Swinger, Lawrence Swinger, Levi A. Taft, Milo S. Taft, Quincey F. Thurston, Charles M. Wait, Colburn E. Wells, Ephraim W. Wheeler, George H. Wheeler, Roderick White, Wallace White, Harry H. Wright. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls — Benjamin 338 History of Chittenden County. Austin, Ira S. Bunker, George O. Chamberlin, Jesse P. Chipman, Thomas Clary, Andrew J. Collins, John Corey, Patrick Daley, Buel J. Derby, Charles Drinkwater, Amos O. Gorton, John L. Harriman, Hiland D. Hill, William W. Kimball, Alvah C. King, George H. Ring, Milo W. Smith, Wesley B. Smith, Oliver J. Spooner, Henry Sprague, Alpheus Swinger, Truman Swinger, Ran- dall W. Wells, Seymour F. Wells, George B. Wilsop. Volunteers for one year. — Myron D. Cutting, George G. Gill, Harry M- Small, Safford F. Small, Alpheus Wells, Alphonzo E. White. Volunteers for nine months. — James J. Ambler, George P. Burnham, Jesse P. Chipman, Myron D. Cutting, Buel J. Derby, Timothy Drinkwater, John B- Ellis, Daniel Gorton, George W. Jones, Andrew O. Kenyon, Byron C. Rounds, Hiram Shattuck, Charles Sister, Randall W. Wells, Alvin D. White. Naval credits. — Eugene McGrath, George H. Scribner. Jericho. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863. — Blinn Atchinson, Artemas W. Bemis, Samuel Bent- ley, Napoleon Bissonett, Austin James Bixby, Albert G. Bradley, Franklin J. Brown, William A. Brown, Daniel G. Burns, Elias Burns, Edgar Chamberlin, Chauncey L. Church, Rollin M. Clapp, Daniel Dixon, Patrick Downs, Simeon C. Edwards, Joseph W. Ellis, Edwin H. Fassett, Nelson Fassett, Hiram B. Fisk, William J. Flowers, Truman C. Hatch, Edson C. Hilton, Marcus Hos- kins, James S. Hurson, John H. Johnson, William Johnson, Timothy Kennedy, Allen Kimpton, Patrick Lavall, Victor Lavalley, Barney Leddy, Samuel B. Locklin, Oliver Lucia, Charles Lucier, Michael F. Martin, John McGowen, Julius Miller, Horace C. Nash, Zantly Parker, Michael Phillips, Wareham N. Pierce, Abner S. Richardson, Burton C. Richardson, Charles C. Richardson, Loren T. Richardson, Edward B. Russell, Joseph Russin, Daniel D. Smith, Hubbell B. Smith, Lewis Tatro, R. J. Thompson, John W. Wade, Jason P. Ware, Lewis J. Wells, James White, Robert White, Edward C. Whitney, Ed- gar E. Wright. Credits under call for 300,000, October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls. — BHnn Atchinson, John Benway, Solomon Bingham, Mortimer W. Brown, Joseph Cammell, James Carroll, Gilbert E. Davis, Edward Fay, William J. Flower, James Flynn, John Guyette, John H. Hastings, Byron B. Hatch, Birney W. Hilton, Eben C. Lemon, Patrick McGowen, Bernard McKenna, Thomas H. Palmer, Alexander Plant, Victor Plant, Burton C. Richardson, Daniel E. Smith, Alexander Spooner, James Sweeney, James Henry Vancor, Lucius S. Whitcomb. Volunteers for one year.— Charles Benway, William J. Fuller, Franklin Martin, Lewis Perigo, Oscar J. Pixley, George D. Sherman^ Charles Sweeney, Russell Tomlinson, Lewis J. Wells, Joel P. Woodworth. Volunteers for nine months.— Reuben M. Babcock, Loren T. Bentley, Wilson A. Bentley, Julius Bliss, Lucius H. Bostwick, Isaac N. Brooks. Morris In the Rebellion. 339 L. Griffin, Nial McGee, Byron D. Matthews, Charles McCarty, Patrick McGoven, Caleb P. Nash, Eli N. Peck, Erastus Powell, Benj. F. Robinson, Zadock W. Rockwood, Norman J. Royce, Willis T. Wells, Henry W. York, Samuel York. Milton. — Volunteers credited previous to call for 300,000 men, October i"], 1863. — Eugene Bacon, Henry C. Bailey, John S. Bascom, Lewis O. Beeman, William H. Berkley, Alson H. Blake, Leonard E. Blatchley, Homer E. Bliss, Gilbert Buckman, Lyman Bullock, Lyman Bullock, jr., Julius Bushaway, Clap- per Clufus, Daniel H. Coon, Augustus H. Crown, John Cummings, Gaspard Dapotha, Andrew Dougherty, Charles Dougherty, Judd H. Fairchild, Cotton Fletcher, Patrick Flynn, James Gardner, Michael Gardner, Joseph Garran, Lewis Garrow, Oliver Garron, Joseph Henry, Edgar E. Herrick, Joseph Joslin, Thomas Kiley, John King, Amasa Kinney, Francis B. Kinney, Daniel Ladieu, John Ladone, Edwin Lamarsh, Francis Laport, Elisha Manley, Samuel G. Manley, Nathan Marsells, George Martin, Peter Mayville, Daniel W. More- house, Charles Morgan, Amos Moshier, Lewis Moshier, Joseph Muer, Joseph Nailor, John O'Donnell, jr., Patrick C. O'Neil, Grigwar Patenode, Myron J. Pattee, James Plunkett, Thomas Plunkett, Solomon Pippin, Joseph B. Reddick, Chester C. Reynolds, Clark G. Reynolds, Herbert G. Reynolds, William B. Reynolds, Truman S. Sanderson, Charles Sawyer, Henry O. Sawyer, Midor Scabo, George Seagle, Frank L. Severance, John Shono, William J. Simms, Henry A. Smith, Edward E. Snow, William E. Snow, James C. Squires, Al- exander St. George, Jesse St. Louis, Albert S. Thompson, Edward C. Warner, Mark Warner, Van Buren Warner, Albert Washburn, Jay Washburn, Milton Washburn, Richard Watson. Credits under call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls. — Elisha Bailey, Orange Ballard, Samuel T. Ballard, Roderick Berkley. Samuel N. Blair, Homer B. Caswell, James Condon, John W. Davis, Joseph Dufrane, Daniel P. Fox, George A. Fox, Janus D. Germain, William Hag- gerty, Thomas Hawley, Jonathan Jacobs, Theophilus Jadowin, jr., John I. La- marsh, Wm. J. Lamarsh, Chas. A. Lamb, Chas. Lovely, Lewis Lovely, Eugene Lyons, Martin McDonnell, Wm. McNeil, Thomas Patton, Anders Pedersen, Geo. Peltier, Julien Phelps, Joseph Prim, Seymour Prim, Peter Provost, jr., Mat- thew Quinn, Benjamin Randall, Parmer A. Rye, Hiram L. Sanderson, Morton H. Sanderson, John Scarbo, William Shackett, Singleton Smith, Horace O. - Snow, Charles Suns, Trefla Tatreau, Lewis Vassar, James L. Young. Volunteers for one year. — Eugene A. Ballard, Abraham Douglass, Henry Douglass, Lucien C. Farnham, Antoine Garaw, jr., Joseph Garaw, Norman Jacobs, jr., Enos Ladue, Gabriel Mitchell, Wilbur E. Monty. Volunteers for nine months. — John Andress, George Bascom, Loomis M. Bentley, Rodney Berkley, William L. Blake, Oliver Cherrier, Royal S. Childs, Henry O. Clark, Elliot O. Crawford, Joseph Douglass, Leon H. Drake, An- toine Garrow, James D. German, James Harmon, John Harmon, David Kiley, Charles Ladieux, Guy W. Latham, James Logue, Andrew Lucia, Mutchell 340 History of Chittenden County. Lucia, James Marcell, Octave Marcell, Marquis E. Marrs, Highel McNall, Ar- nold Morton, Leo Muzzey, Joseph Prim, Joseph Sanders, Martin H. Sander- son, James Shehan, Joseph C. Snow, Charles Stannard, Henry Tyler, Joseph Wallace, John E. Wheelock, Moses H. Wheelock. Naval credit. — James E. Caswell. Richmond. — Volunteers for three years' credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Jarious D. Alger, George E. Allen, Almon At- kins, Bronson M. Barber, Denslow Barber, Edgar Barber, Sidney Barber, Oliver D. Bemis, Charles Boodry, Edward Boodry, Horace H. Bradley, Leonard I. Brownson, Martin Brownson, Oscar G. Brown, Cyrus Bryant, Daniel M. Bryant, George E. Bryant, George E. Bryant, George W. Bryant, George Burnett,, Henry Call, John D. Cargill, John W. Casey, Royal L. Coburn, Marcellus F. Darling, Oral C. Dudley, Henry Durand, Charles Eaton, George A. Edwards> Irving E. Fay, Gershom H. Flagg, Alanson Fuller, Frederick F Gleason, Ev- erett D. Green, John C. Green, Lewis Green, Thomas Hanley, Leonard Has- kins, Isaac H. Haynes, Andrew Henley, John Labonte, Marshall Ladoo, Henry L. Lock, Joseph Lyons, Gershom Manning, James D. Miller, Adolphe Montret, John M. Putnam, Charles Reed, Robert B. Robinson, Harmon B. Rockwood,. Sullivan Seeger, George P. Shedd, Lorenzo W. Shedd, Royal M. Sherman, Perley Smith, WiUard S. Stowe, Benoni Taft, William Taft, William Tobin,, Romeo Ward. Credits under call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863, and subsequent calls. — Oliver D. Bemis, Edward Bassett, George Breunell, James H. Bryant, Sam- uel R. Conant, Henry Eaton, Arnold C. Fay, Emerson C. Fay, Roby N. Fay, Zephraim Goodrich, Marshall Ladoo, Albert E. Lafinn, Charles Lincoln, Rich- ard Lynch, Edward McAvoy, William Reed, Homer W. Ring, Peter Terrier,. Matthew J. Turner, Benjamin F. Warren. Volunteers for one year. — Charles Bostwick, Joseph Lafayette. Volunteers for nine months. — Lewis Bartro, Amos Brown, Alonzo J. Doug- lass, Charles C. Douglass, Arnold C. Fay, Hosea T. Humphrey, Charles S. Lavanway, Silas J. Rowell, Henry C. Russell, Harry Tomlinson, Oscar J. Tom- linson, Benjamin F. Warren. Naval credit. — Henry G. Colby. Shelburne. — Volunteers for three years, credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863.— Rufus Barber, John L. Barstow, Frederick Bas- ford, Franklin Cook, William W. Cook, WiUiam Dimick, Enos Douglass, jr., Francis Douglass, William Edwards, Ransom B. Fargo, John Farrell, Alexan- der Hall, Thomas Hall, Oliver M. Holabird, Gilbert D. Isham, Louis Lepage, Lorenzo J. Marks, James McGuire, Justin McKenzie, Michael McKenzie, Thos. Moore, Philip Phenesy, Timothy Pippin, Thomas Ralph, Joseph Riley, Andrew Sears, Joseph Tatro, William E. Taylor, Thomas Wilson. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men, and subsequent calls.— Erastus J. Beardsley, Joseph Brockway, Patrick Callaghan, John Carri- In the Rebellion. 341 gan, Octave Clement, William A. Cook, Mendore Demerse, Robert Downing, Emory Durivage, George R. Estes, Lucius S. Estes, John Fish, William Laddy, Wm. McQuillan, Michael W . Pendergast, Samuel Provost, Ezekiel A. Thomas,. Lewis Williams. Volunteers for one year. — OUver W. Brown, John F. Consigny, Jackson Isham, Patrick Joyce, Hugh Lucas, John Martin, Henry W. McLane, Geo. Sears. Volunteers for nine months. — Geo. E. Averill, Jas. S. Babcock, Henry H. BHnn, Geo. H. CoUamer, Thos. Cooney, Abram B.Curtis, Asa Elliot, John Finn, Edwin R. Hall, Wm. H. Holabird, James Millham, Geo. C. Morehouse, Edgar Nash, Guy T. Nash, Robert W. Rogers, Isaac J. Sorrell, John M. Sutton, Wm. A. Tracy, Vernon A. Tyler. Naval credit. — William H. Holabird. St. George. — Volunteers for three years, credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Harrison B. Loggins, Junius G. Loggins, Hiram H. TiUey, Sidney N. Tilley, Silas H. Tilley. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men, and subsequent calls. — Richmond Axtell, Charles Taylor. Volunteers for one year. — Mitchell W. Hinsdell, George W. Isham. Volunteers for nine months. — Buel Burt, Linus Burt. Underhill. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Cornehus Abbott, William H. G. Atkins, Henry J. Bass, Addison C. Benedict, Almon Bixby, Anson C. Bixby, James P. Bixby,. Lyman L. Bixby, William H. Bixby, Elihu B. Brewster, George M. Rockham, Arthur F. Burdick, Willaby Z. Burdick, John Button, Linus M. Cadwell, Thomas Callagan, Hezekiah B. Carr, Ira Carr, Lewis P. Carr, Abel N. Clark, Converse E. Day, George C. Dutton, Patrick Fitzgerald, Jefferson H. Fletcher, Francis Flynn, Aaron B. Ford, Samuel A. Hale, Hiram W. Hicks, William W. Hill, George W. Hodgman, Amos C. Humphrey, Benajah D. Humphrey, John M. Humphrey, William H. Humphrey, William C. Jackson, Albert Lanty, Lyman H. Larabee, William Larabee, Antoine J. Lessor, John Lessor, Lewis Lessor, George C. Lewis, George C. Lewis, Jerry Massey, John McCary, John B. McDaniel, Darwin Mead, Ezra L. Mead, Rollin C. Naramore, Henry J. Nichols, Thomas Preston, Alexander W. Ross, Daniel Ross, Eh C. Ross, James W. Russell, Duff Russin, David Story, 3d, Francis Story, Isaac S. Story, James Sweeney, Andrew Tatro, Delavan L. Terrill, Henry H. Terrill, Charles Tillison, Leander Tillison, Philander Tillison, Warner M. Tilhson, Hiram E. Tupper, Jonathan E. Tupper, Byron C. Ward, Edwin R. Ward, Reuben Ward, Daniel Wells, George H. Wilder, Joel P. Woodworth, Wilson W. Woodworth. Volunteers credited under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men.— John Button, Harvey Dickinson, Peter E. Dupont, James Durant, John Fay, Daniel Harrington, jr., James A. Hodgeman, Albert C. Jackson, Lysander L. Jackson, Patrick Marlow, Thomas McGelley, Thomas McGinnin, Michael Mc- 342 . History of Chittenden County. Grath, Angus McLeod, John McMullin, William M. Naramore, Elijah Porter, Cyrus Prior, John C. Wells. Volunteers for one year. — Addison Benedict, William Chates, Daniel Davis, Josephus Ellsworth, Patrick Fitzgerald, Patrick Fitzgerald, John Gray, Antoine Gravlin, Bostwick L. Green, John W. Jackson, Sidney E. Jackson, Charles H. Kimball, Simeon M. Palmer, Chas. J. Preston, Sidney Prior, Hosea B. TilHson. Volunteers for nine months. — Albert B. Atchinson, Charles H. Dutton, Horace L. Ellsworth, Josephus Ellsworth, John W. Jackson, Franklin Martin, Hiram Martin, Morris D. Mead, Julius G. Morse, Justin Naramore, Wm. M. Naramore, Simeon M. Palmer, Ward G. Piper, Ziba Pixley, Horace L. Sheldon, Alonzo H. Sherman, Londus F. Terrill, Stephen W. Tillotson, Charles C. Tillotson, John C. White. Naval credits. — Patrick Barnes, Jonathan Button. Westford. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,- 000 men, October 17, 1863. — Martin Bates, jr., Torrence Bates, Henry Beach, Eugene C. Bellows, Ruluf L. Bellows, Robert B. Blood, Aaron P. Burdick, William A. Burtch, Cyrus A. Chates, Nathan C. Dimick, Linus R. Dyke, John H. Frisbie, E. Payson Gibbs, Warren Gibbs, Jerome H. Grow, Wilbur H. Grow, Albert F. Hackett, Azro F. Hackett, David Hazleton, Alvin H. Henry, Haskell A. Henry, Josiah E. Henry, William Hicks, Hebron W. Hickock, George Howard, Harvey Irish, Mitchell King, jr., Thomas King, Francis B. Macomber, John G. Macomber, Rimmon Maxfield, Byron McClallen, Royal L. McCIellan, John H. McEvoy, Dudley C. Merriam, Edwin R. Merriam, Francis PhiUips, S. Pearl Robinson, Henry M. Rogers, Eben R, Sibley, Ebenezer K. Sibley, J. Nelson Sibley, Homer Stanley, Alfred N. St. Louis, Cornelius W. St. Louis, George H. St. Louis, James Stone, Simeon Stone, John C. Swan, Riley Swan, Roswell Wait, George W. Walworth, Edward J. Whipple, Osgood M. Whipple, Manley H. Wilcox, George W. Woodward, John H. Woodward. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men, and subsequent calls. — Henry L. Algiers, James H. ConUn, JuHus F. Goodrich, Benjamin Hall, George P. Henry, Haskell A. Henry, Guernsey R. Jordan, James C. Morse, Peter Provost, Solomon C. Rogers, William B. Rogers, Jacob Russell, George W. Sibley, Albert Swan, Thomas T. Varney, Osgood M. Wipple, Philo Wood. Volunteer for one year. — Nelson Martin. Volunteers for nine months.— Heman W. Allen, John Ashley, Fayette W. Burtch, Stephen O. Crawford, Charles Daniels, Jacob Drew, Allen G. Frisbie, Julius F. Goodrich, Alvin H. Henry, Guernsey R. Jordan, Lewis Martin, Alden Richardson, Torrey W. Sibley, Albert Swan, Albert Tisdell, Edgar Woodruff, William Woodruff. Williston. — Volunteers for three years credited previous to call for 300,000 men, October 17, 1863.— Samuel C. Alexander, Robert J. Alexander, George B. Allen, Orville E. Allen, William Austin, William A. Beach, George J. Bliss, John Bliss, John Boyle, Horace W. Brownell, Martin Brownell, Charles B. In the Rebellion. 343 Chapin, Cornelius A. Chapin, William H. Chapman, Luther H. Davis, Fred- ■erick Doyne, William G. Doyne, Lucian W. French, Charles Gill, William C. Green, Hiram H. Hall, David M. Holton, Edward A. Holton, Richard Irish, Hiram J. Isham, Jackson Isham, Joseph Lander, Lewis Lander, Peter Lan- der, George A. Loggins, Alonzo Marshall, Sanford H. Marshall, David S. McHerd, George Miller, Leroy D. Nichols, Alfred M. Osborn, Eli Osborne, Walter Osborne, Haskell M. Phelps, Homer Prior, John Roland, Dorr A. Roleau, Dorr A. Roleau, John B. Roleau, WiUiam Shepard, Willis S. Simons, Frank Ward, George P. Welch, Allen S. Wright. Credits under call of October 17, 1863, for 300,000 men, and subsequent •calls. — Isaac Batey, Henry H. Bradley, Prentice Bullock, Michael Burke, Oliver Bushey, Benjamin F Charles, George Christmas, Israel Demars, Samuel Drap- pin, James Ennis, Alfred C. Fay, Ransom T. Fay, Charles L. Hall, Benjamin F. Isham, Nathan Johnson, Orson B. Johnson, Lawrence Kelley, Peter La- belle, John Larkin, Alonzo N. Lee, John Magaghan, Thomas Miles, William Miles, Albert Munson, George A. Pine, Charles H. Potter, Charles Sister, Charles A. Sprague, Amos Walston, John L. Yale. Volunteers for one year. — William Clay, George W. Cole, John Gregory, Thomas Kelley, Edward Osborne, Albert Tebo. Volunteers for nine months. — George L. Baldwin, Bertram F. Brown, Thomas J. Culligan, Peter Dubia, Charles A. Harper, John F. Harper, Nelson Harper, Alfred W. Isham, Milton E. Isham, Nathan Johnson, Thomas John- son, Lawrence Kelley, Thomas P. Kelley, Alonzo N. Lee, Harmon Lee, Me- lancthon S. Lee, Thomas J. Lee, James Patten, Oscar F. Phelps, George A. Pine, Gordon Reynolds, Joseph Sargent, Frank J. C. Tyler, Albert Walston, William F. Whitney, John L. Yale. Naval credits. — Cassius Loggins, Oscar Prentice. ENLISTMENTS FEOM CHITTENDEN COUNTY, AS EEPOETED DOWN TO OCTOBER 1, 1865. COMPILED FEOM EEPOETS OP ADJUTANT-GENERAL. gg22§|i|sasasa § ^ ^ i TOWNS. ■S.-|^2-'S^S°S?SmHMK««^°5§| Bolton ___2l — — 1 3— 1— 7 — — — 4— 6 2 — Burlineton 61 U 6 60 34 33 2 7 37 22 74 23 — 28 10 133 115 17 38 5 SharlOtte ."' 3 l 1 3 3 1 8 1 is IS 19 4 6 19 4 7 2 •Colchester l 5-26 8 - 2 3 3 2 - 47 - 8 46 66 8 7 11 4 Essex U _ 2 3 47 9 3 8 2 6 - 12 - 6 1 10 8 7 8 1 HinesbiirK ■■■.".■■.■.'.■.■■.' 19 6 1 8 8 32 1 17 28 11 3 6 2 HmtlnKtSn 2 2 - 4 1 13 - M 4 3 1 14 - 12 - 14 3 4 1 - Jericho ... 13 4 - 27 - 10 - 11 - 1-20 13 18 7 6 - Milton " 2 1 2 17 9 1 18 12 23 6 - 37 - 14 7 23 14 7 6 3 Eiciimond .■.■;;;;.';.■.'.■ 2 3 1 27 1 2 10 7 s .3-12 - 4 - 7 u 3 4 - .Shelhume ''Il~Aljtl-l--l3- 3 Z - 2--- Untouff 46 1-14 5 2 - 6 4 1 - 20 - 9 - 15 18 6 2 2 Westford ".■;:. 16 1 3 7 16 2 1 6 1 1 - 17 - 2 4 17 11 10 3 1 -Wllllston.':.: ....... .::; 2 2 2 5^6 a 6^_7_l-26-_7--23_13J5_2_2 Totals 191 33 18 208 145 95 56 116 99 80 94 248 46 125 76 353 252 89 94 21 344 History of Chittenden County. Tabular Statement. — The accompanying table does not, of course, include all of the enlistments from this county, as a large number of men volunteered in organizations raised in other States. The heading '" other organizations" in- cludes a number of enlistments in the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Battery of ar- tillery ; also, thirty-nine in the navy, twenty-five of whom were from Burlington ;. also thirty-four in the U S. infantry, of whom twenty-four were from Burling- ton ; the county must also be credited with re-enlistments, as follows : Bolton, five, all in the Fifth Regiment; Burlington, fifty- three — ii in Second Regi- ment, 4 in Third Regiment, lo in Fifth Regiment, 5 in Sixth Regiment, 16 in Seventh Regiment, 4 in cavalry; Charlotte, four — i in Fifth Regiment, 2 in Seventh Regiment, i in Second Regiment ; Colchester, eight — i in Second Regiment, i in Third Regiment, 3 in Fifth Regiment, i in Sixth Regiment, i in Eighth Regiment, i in sharpshooters ; Essex, nine — 2 in Second Regiment, I in Fifth Regiment, 6 in Sixth Regiment ; Hinesburg, seven — i in Second Regiment, i in Fifth Regiment, i in Sixth Regiment, 2 in Seventh Regiment, i in cavalry; Huntington, two — i in Fifth Regiment, i in Eighth Regiment; Jericho, nine — 3 in Fifth Regiment, 3 in Seventh Regiment, 2 in sharpshoot- ers, I in cavalry ; Milton, ten — 2 in Fifth Regiment, i in Sixth Regiment, 5 in Eighth Regiment, i in cavalry ; Underbill, five — 4 in Seventh Regiment, I in sharpshooters; Westford, seven — 2 in Second Regiment, 2 in Fifth Regi- ment, 3 in Sixth Regiment ; Williston, eleven — i in Second Regiment, 2 in Fifth Regiment, 7 in Sixth Regiment, i in Seventh Regiment. The miscellaneous enlistments not credited by name were 115, distributed among towns as follows: Bolton, 2 ; Burlington, 42 ; Charlotte, 8 ; Essex, 10; Hinesburg,' 9 ; Huntington, 5 ; Jericho, 10; Milton, 12 ; St. George, i ; Under- bill, 9; Westford, 10; Williston, 7. The record of the draft in the county is as follows : Bolton, 8, of whom 2 furnished substitutes; Burlington, 43, of whom 26 furnished substitutes; Char- lotte, 13, of whom 7 furnished substitutes and 2 entered service; Colchester, 6 furnished substitutes; Essex, 16, of whom 8 furnished substitutes and i entered service; Hinesburg, 10, of whom 3 furnished substitutes; Huntington, 5, of whom I furnished substitute; Jericho, 13, of whom 6 furnished substitutes; Milton, 16, of whom 6 furnished substitutes and 3 entered service ; Underbill, 10, of whom 2 furnished substitutes and 2 entered service ; Westford, 14, of whom 3 furnished substitutes and 1 entered service; Williston, 10, of whom 2 furnished substitutes and 2 entered service. When the first call of the president for troops was issued, asking for 75,- 000 three months men, immediate steps were taken in this State for the or- ganization of a regiment, and so energetically was the work prosecuted that a regiment was recruited, organized and mustered into the service on the 9th day of May, 1861 — less than a month after the first traitorous gun was fired. In this regiment one company (H) was recruited almost entirely in Chittenden In the Rebellion. 345 ■county, about forty of its members being from Burlington. The regiment was made up of companies of militia then in existence, the one from this county being the Howard Guards. The following is a complete list of officers and members of this company — the first to go out from the county : Commissioned Officers. — Captain — David B. Peck, Burlington; lieuten- ants — first, Oscar G. Mower, Burlington ; second, George I. Hagar, Burlington. Non-commissioned Officers — Sergeants — first, Loren F. Durkee, Rut- land ; second, John R. Lewis, Burlington ; third, Edgar Pitkin, Burlington ; fourth, William L. Harris, Burlington. Corporals — first, Heman F. Allen, Burlington ; second, Emerson H. Liscum, Burlington ; third, William H. H. Peck, Burlington ; fourth, Henry C. Tennant, Burlington. Fifer. — Jackson Isham, Williston. Drummer. — Hiland Hadley. Privates. — Blinn Atchison, Jericho; Frank L. Austin, Colchester; Heman Austin, Essex ; Clark W. Bates, Essex ; Wm. F. Bancroft, Burlington ; Edgar A. Beach, Essex ; George A. Beebe, Burlington ; Henry D. Belden, Burling- ton ; Tufil Bissonnette, Hinesburg ; Henry S. Blake, Bellows Falls ; Coit H. Bostwick, Burlington ; John G Bostwick, Hinesburg ; George B. Brinsmaid, Burlington ; George W. Brown, Richmond ; James Bruen, Burlington ; Peter Carroll, Westford ; Chester W. Carpenter, Hinesburg ; Charles W. Carpenter, Burlington ; George Chase, Essex ; Elam A. Clark, Stowe ; Edward M. Curtis, Burlington ; George E. Davis, Burlington ; Henry E. Ellsworth, Schuyler Falls, N. Y. ; Charles H. Filer, Burlington ; Heman E. Foss, Burlington ; Solon W. Fletcher, Burlington ; Horatio Frederick, Burlington ; Malcom G. Frost, Essex; Albert Graham, Fairfax ; Patrick Hogan, Burlington ; Oliver M. Holabird, Shelburne ; Edward A. Holton, Burhngton ; Augustus S. Hopkins, Burhngton ; Hiram J. Isham, Williston ; Edwin R. Kinney, Burlington ; Edward M. Knox, Hinesburg ; William Loomis, Burlington ; Charles D. Marshall, Hinesburg ; William A. Martin, Hinesburg ; James E. McKowen, Burlington; Charles D. Morse, Burhngton ; Charles H. Mitchell, Richmond ; Wm. H. Newton, Bur- lington ; Alfred K. Nichols, Burlington ; Henry C. Nichols, Burlington ; Henry I. Parker, Jericho ; Clark L. Parks, Burlington ; Jos. L. Perkins, Burlington ; Hascal M. Phelps, Williston ; Rufus Place, Hinesburg ; Jerome V. Prindle, Ferrisburgh ; James M. Read, Colchester ; Burrage Rice, Burlington ; Herman Seligsen, Burlington ; Riley B. Stearns, Burlington ; Orvis H. Sweet, Burling- ton ; George D. Thompson, Burlington ; Charles H. Tuxbury, Burlington ; Edward Walker, Burlington ; Walter H. Warren, Burlington ; Benjamin H. Webster, Stockholm, N. Y. ; Edward P. Whitney, Burlington ; George I. Whit- ney, Burlington ; Hyman G. Willard, Burlington ; Edward B. Wright, Brad- ford. The regiment made its rendezvous at Rutland and was mustered with 782 346 History of Chittenden County. officers and men. They left the State on the 9th of May and made their first encampment at Fortress Monroe on the 1 3th. On the 27th they went into camp at Newport News and remained there until August, rendering important serv- ice on the fortifications. On the loth of June Companies B, D, F, H and K participated in the engagement at Great Bethel. On the 5th of August the regiment left Newport News and returned to Brattleboro, where they were mustered out on the 15th. The Howard Guards, almost to a man, subsequently enlisted in the Twelfth Regiment, forming Company C, as detailed in later pages. The Second Regiment. — This was the first of the three years regiments raised in the State and was recruited in the State at large. It received large ac- cessions from Chittenden county, as will be seen by reference to the table accom- panying this chapter. Company G was entirely recruited in Burlington and adjoining towns, and other companies included many Chittenden county volun- teers. The regiment rendezvoused at Burlington and was mustered into the service on the 20th of June, 1861, with 868 officers and men, under command of Colonel Henry Whiting, and left the State on the 24th of June. The regiment took part in the battle of Bull Run on the 21st of July, 1861, and subsequently became a part of the gallant " Vermont Brigade." Its career will be further traced in connection with the history of that brigade as a whole. Company G was officered by John T. Drew, of Burlington, captain ; David L. Sharpley, Burlington, first lieutenant ; Anson H. Weed, Hinesburg, second lieutenant. Of the men who went out with this regiment from Chittenden county and then were or afterwards became officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, were Orman P. Ray, who enlisted as private in Company G and was promo- ted sergeant-major November i, 1864, and adjutant December 24, 1864. Newton H. Ballou, Burlington, surgeon, resigned December 18, 1862. Benjamin Walter Carpenter, Burlington, assistant surgeon, promoted to surgeon Ninth Vermont Regiment June 21, 1862. John T. Drew, Burlington, captain Company G, resigned October 8, 1862. Nelson Fassett, Jericho, went out as private Company E ; re-enlisted April 19, 1864; promoted sergeant October 18, 1864; regimental quartermaster- sergeant February 7, 1865. David L. Sharpley, Burlington, first lieutenant Company G, resigned June 24, 1862. Anson H. Weed, Hinesburg, second lieutenant Company G, was promoted first lieutenant May 20, 1861 ; resigned March 5, 1863. John J. Bain, Burlington, private Company G, made first sergeant June 20, 1861 ; .second lieutenant Company G, July 5, 1862; wounded May 5, 1864; mustered out June 29, 1864. Byron C. Ward, Undeihill, private in Company G ; wounded May 5, 1864- made sergeant September i, 1864; first sergeant December 24, 1864. In the Rebellion. 347 Bradbury W. Hight, Burlington, private in Company K, rose to sergeant- major, February 22, 1862. Edwin R. Ward, Underbill, private Company G, wounded May 5, 1864, and May 18, 1864 ; made sergeant September i, 1864; first sergeant February 8, 1865. Third Regiment. — The Third Regiment was mustered into the service on the iSth of July, 1861, under command of Lieutenant- Colonel Breed N. Hyde. Only a limited number of recruits from Chittenden county joined this regi- ment, which also became a part of the famous Vermont Brigade. The regiment lelt the State July 24, 1861. The Fourth Regiment, which was also in the Vermont Brigade, was mus- tered into the service on the 21st of September, 1861. Very few of its mem- bers were from Chittenden county. The Fifth Regiment, in whose ranks were a large number of recruits (over two hundred) from Chittenden county, rendezvoused at St. Albans, and was mustered into the service on the i6th of September, 1861, under command of Colonel Henry A. Smalley, of the regular army. It left the State on the 23d of September, 1861, with 1006 officers and men. The numbers contributed to this regiment by the various towns of Chittenden county are shown in the table to which we have already alluded. Of the officers in the regiment who were from Chittenden county were John R. Lewis, of Burlington, who went out as captain of Company I ; promoted to major July 15, 1862 ; to lieuten- ant-colonel October 6, 1862 ; severely wounded May S, 1864 ; honorably dis- charged September 11, 1864, to accept appointment as colonel in Veteran Reserve Corps ; brevet brigadier-general for gallant service in the battle of the Wilderness, to date from March 13, 1865. Thomas Kavaney, Burlington, went out as private in Company I ; pro- moted to corporal and to regimental quartermaster- sergeant May i, 1863 ; cap- tain Company A August 5, 1864; severely wounded October 19, 1864; mustered out of service as captain Company A June 29, 1865. Arthur F. Burdick, Underbill, assistant-surgeon, resigned. Dan. L. C. Colburn, Burlington, assistant-surgeon ; mustered out June 29, 1865. William H. H. Peck, Burlington, first lieutenant Company E, August 30, 1861 ; wounded June 29, 1862 ; transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps Aug- ust 10, 1863. Orvis H. Sweet, Burlington, private Company A, March 28, 1862 ; corporal, and promoted to regimental quartermaster- sergeant September i, 1862; sec- ond lieutenant Company A, December 23, 1862 ; died May 17, 1864, of wounds received in action in the Wilderness May 5, 1864. Adoniram N. Austin, Colchester, regimental quartermaster- sergeant Sep- tember 16, 186 1 ; second lieutenant Company K, November i, 1861 ; first lieu- 348 History of Chittenden County. tenant Company K April 19, 1862 ; transferred to Company F ; promoted cap- tain and A. Q. M. U. S. Volunteers April 7, 1864. William H. Newton, Burlington, went out as a private in Company I ; pro- moted to first sergeant September 16, 1861 ; to second lieutenant Company I June 15, 1862. Leonard J. Brownson, Richmond, went out as private in Company K ; pro- moted to sergeant September 16, 1861 ; first sergeant; to second lieutenant March i, 1863; wounded May 5, 1864; dismissed September 29, 1864. Edwin H. Trick, Burlington, went out as private in Company I, and re- enlisted December 15, 1863 ; regimental commissary-sergeant July 31, 1864. James A. Bixby, Jericho, went out as private in Company I, and rose to sergeant; wounded June 4, 1864. Florence O'Donahoe, Burlington, went as private in Company I, re-enlisted and rose to first sergeant January 2, 1865 ; wounded May '12, 1864, and April 2, 1865. Thomas Hanley, Richmond, went as private in Company K, and rose to first sergeant after re-enlistment, and wounded May 12, 1864. The further career of the Fifth Regiment will be traced in the history of the Vermont Brigade, in succeeding pages. The Sixth Regiment — which, with the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Regi- ments, formed the Vermont Brigade, was mustered into the service on the 15th of October, 1861, with nine hundred and seventy officers and men, under com- mand of Colonel Nathan Lord, jr., of Montpelier. It left the State about the 20th of October. Of the officers who left Chittenden county in this regiment were Edwin R. Kinney, of Burlington, who went out as second lieutenant of Company L and was promoted to first lieutenant January 18, 1862; was wounded April 16, 1862; promoted captain of Company G.June 5, 1863; wounded October 19, 1864, and promoted to major June 4, 1865. Edward M. Curtis, of Burlington, went out as assistant surgeon and was promoted to surgeon of the Fourth Vermont Regiment October 24, 1864. William B. Reynolds, Milton, went out as first lieutenant of Company I, and was promoted to captain January 18, 1862 ; promoted major Seventeenth Regiment April 12, 1864; was killed in action at Petersburg, July 30, 1864, Lyman S. Williams, Essex, private Company I, rose to sergeant, and re- enhsted December 15, 1863; made second lieutenant Company C May 1$. 1864, and first lieutenant Company I, October 29, 1864. John G. Macomber, Westford, private Company I, promoted to first ser- geant and re-enUsted in December, 1863; killed in action in the Wilderness May 5, 1864. Edgar E. Herrick, Milton, went out as private in Company I ; was made corporal and re-enlisted in December, 1863; promoted to sergeant and ser- geant-major, the latter office on January 5, 1865. In the Rebellion. 349 i i!'- E. A. Holton, of Williston, enlisted as private ; promoted sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain, and was discharged August 17, 1864, for wounds received at the Wilderness. A few other officers of this regiment from Chittenden county served short periods and resigned. The enlistments from the county are shown in the pre- -ceding table and lists. Proceeding with the history of the Vermont Brigade, which was to win un- dying fame on many bloody fields, it is proper to state that the records of its early career are meager ; it saw but little of what would be termed active serv- ice until the spring of 1862, having in the mean time been stationed near the National Capitol. In the first report of the adjutant- general of the State, under date of November i, 1862, he states that "the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Regiments have constituted the 'Vermont Brigade,' under com- mand of General W. T. H. Brooks, and have participated in some of the severest ■fighting on the Peninsula, and during the recent campaign in Maryland. It is a matter of State pride that no braver troops are to be found than those from Vermont." On the i6th of April, 1862, the brigade participated in the battle of Lee's Mills, in which it won commendation in reports of commanding ■officers. Again on the Sth of May, in the engagement at Williamsburg, under •command of Brigade Commander W. T. H. Brooks, the brigade performed important service. Previous to the beginning of the operations the brigade was bivouacked near the enemy, and had been under arms for several days. The battle was fought on the Sth, and the Third Regiment crossed the dam on Fish Creek and took an active part in the engagement. On the following day the brigade was held in reserve in support of Hancock's Brigade, and not actively engaged. In the succeeding operations about Gelding's Farm, Savage's Station, and -the White Oak Swamp, the brigade was actively employed. At the first named point the Sixth and a portion of the Fifth Regiments were brought up to sup- port the Fourth, which had become hotly engaged. The regiments first named were under heavy fire during the approach to their position. These move- ments occurred on the 27th, and on the 28th the brigade was subjected to heavy shelling, which became so destructive that a change of camp was made prior to the general change of base to the James River. On the 29th the brig- ade left its camp at Golding's Farm for this latter movement. After passing Savage's Station the division was ordered to return to that point to repel an at- tack. This was done, and in passing through a wood into an open field the Fifth Regiment encountered the enemy, and he was routed in brilliant style. As soon as the firing began, the Second, Third and Sixth Regiments deployed and became actively engaged. General Brooks says in his report : " The con- duct of the troops in this action was generally very commendable," concluding •with the mention of many individual names. 23 3 so History of Chittenden County. The brigade now reached the James River without further important inci- dent. In the battle at Crampton Gap, on the 14th of September, and at An- tietam, the brigade performed important service. At Antietam they lay under fire for forty-eight hours, and a number of casualties occurred from sharp- shooters and artillery. In the first battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, the brigade, then under command of Colonel Henry Whiting, of the second regiment, was dis- tinguished for its gallantry. The losses were twenty-six killed and one hun- dred and forty-one wounded ; ten of the killed were in the Fifth Regiment. At the second battle of Fredericksburg, on the third of May, 1863, and at Banks's Ford on the 8th, the conduct of this brigade, then under command of Colonel L. A. Grant, could not be excelled. In the face of a terrific fire they stormed and carried the Fredericksburg Heights on the 3d, and the next day, while protecting the rear of the Sixth Corps in its crossing of the river, large bodies of the enemy were repeatedly hurled against them, but in vain. They were attacked by and repulsed three brigades of four regiments each, thus sav- ing the Sixth Corps. The total killed were thirty and wounded two hundred and twenty-seven ; of these the Fifth Regiment lost three killed and eleven wounded. The Second Regiment lost in killed twelve, and the entire brigade received the highest praise in the official reports. On the 5th of June the brigade again crossed the Rappahannock at Fred- ericksburg and assaulted and carried the rebel works, taking many prisoners. At the battle of Gettysburg the brigade was not actively engaged. On the loth of July, near Funkstown, Md., they met the enemy in superior force and gallantly repulsed them, holding a skirmish line of three miles in length, with- out supports within assisting distance, against repeated attacks by strong lines of infantry. The brigade moved with the Army of the Potomac into Virginia in pur- suit of the enemy, and were then detached and sent to New York city to aid in enforcing order during drafts of that year. Returning they were stationed near Culpepper, Va. In summing up the operations of the Vermont Brigade thus far, the adjutant- general said : " Too much honor cannot be awarded by the people of Vermont to the officers and men of this gallant brigade. They are the men who re- sponded among the earliest to the call of the nation for assistance in suppress- ing the Rebellion and restoring and preserving the national existence. They have fought gallantly in every battle in which the Army of the Potomac has been engaged since the war commenced. Distinguished alike for bravery and discipline, they have acquired for themselves an imperishable record in history, and have won for the troops of the State in the field a reputation for unflinch- ing courage and dashing bravery, which is only equaled by the distinction which the people of the State have earned for persistent loyalty to the Union, which is their proudest boast." In the Rebellion. 351 The 1st of October, 1863, found the brigade encamped near Culpepper, Va., whence they marched on the 8th to the Rapidan, fifteen miles ; thence on the lOth to Culpepper, fifteen miles; thence on the 1 1 th to Rappahannock Station, twelve miles ; thence on the 12th to Brandy Station, thirty miles; thence on the 13th to Bristow Station, thirty miles ; thence on the 14th to Little River Pike, near Chantilly, fifteen miles, and thence on the following day to Chantilly, two miles. Here the brigade rested after these arduous marches until the 19th of October, when the march was made to Gainesville, twelve miles, where the Sixth Regiment, while on picket, had a slight skirmish with the enemy's cavalry, but without loss. On the 20th the brigade led the advance of the Sixth Corps, driving back the enemy's cavalry to Warrenton, twelve miles. Here the brigade remained encamped until November 7, when they advanced to Rappahannock Station, where the enemy was met in force. The brigade, however, was not engaged, but was under heavy artillery fire all the afternoon ; no casualties. On the 8th the brigade crossed the Rappahannock and advanced to Brandy Station, where they went into camp on the 9th and remained until the 27th ; on that day they moved four miles and supported the Third Corps in the battle of Locust Grove ; the brigade was only under artil- lery fire and suffered little. On the 2d of December they recrossed the Rapi- dan and went into camp at Brandy Station, remaining there with little of incident until the last week of February, when they accompanied the Sixth Corps on a week's reconnoissance to near Orange Court House. The old camp was then resumed and kept until the 4th of May. With the opening of the campaign of 1864, the Vermont Brigade was again called into the most active service. It comprised the same regiments as before until the 15th of May, when it was joined by the Eleventh Regiment. The brigade recrossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford and went into camp two miles south of the ford. The Sth and 6th the -brigade was actively engaged in the battle of the Wilder- ness. On the morning of the 5th the rebels were engaged in a movement to cut off Hancock's Corps (which had crossed the river below the ford) from the main army. To prevent this the Vermont and two other brigades were detached from the Sixth Corps. As the brigade came to the crossing of the "Brock" Road and the turnpike, they found the rebel advance driving the Union cavalry before them. The brigade was formed at the crossing and hast- ily threw up slight intrenchments. The order was then given to advance to the attack, a movement which the enemy was at the same time beginning. The two lines met in a thick wood, where little of either opposing force could be seen by the other, and the great battle of the Wilderness began. The Ver- mont Brigade held the key to the position and seemed to realize the fact. Unflinchingly they met and returned the galling fire of the enemy, while their ranks were rapidly thinning. Every assault was gallantly repulsed, notwith- standing every regimental commander in the brigade except one was either 352 History of Chittenden County. killed or wounded. A thousand brave officers and men fell in the brigade that day, and the living slept amidst the bloody horrors of the field. The fierce struggle was renewed on the morning of the 6th, the enemy having fallen back a short distance and slightly entrenched Again and again during the day was the Vermont Brigade assaulted with the most determined vigor, but the heroic troops from the Green Mountain State were equal to every demand upon their bravery, and after signally repulsing the last attack, retired to the entrench- ments they had thrown up on the Brock Road ; late in the afternoon another desperate attack was made by the enemy upon this line, but again he was re- pulsed and defeated. On the morning of the 7th a strong skirmish line from the Sixth Regiment was sent out and drove back the skirmish line of the enemy, revealing the fact that the main body of rebels had fallen back. Soon after dark the" flank movement toward Spottsylvania was begun. The brigade crossed the Rapidan on the 5th with 2,800 effective men; the losses in the two days' fighting were 1,232 — 45 killed, 220 wounded in the Second Regiment; 34 killed, 184 wounded in Third Regiment; 39 killed, 189 wounded in Fourth Regiment; 28 killed, 179 wounded in Fifth Regiment ; 30 killed, 152 wounded in Sixth Regiment. Among these were Lieutenant Orvis H. Sweet and Colonel John R. Lewis, of Burlington, the former being mor- tally and the latter severely wounded. During the whole of the night of the 7th of May the brigade was on the march, arriving at Chancellorsville the ne.xt morning ; here they were detailed to guard the Sixth Corps train. About 4 o'clock P. M. they were ordered to the front ; a forced march of four miles was made and the battle field of Spott- sylvania Court-House reached just before dark,. The 9th was spent fortifying their position, and on the loth the skirmish line was advanced driving in the line of the enemy, the Fourth Regiment receiving high commendation for its conduct. During the day the Second Regiment, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel S. E. Pingree ; the Fifth, under command of Major C. P. Dudley, and the Sixth, under Lieutenant-Colonel O. S. Hale (the whole under command of Colonel Thomas O. Seaver), formed a part of the column which charged the enemy's works, the Vermont troops being in the rear line. The Fourth and a part of the Third Regiment were engaged as skirmishers. The front lines were at first successful, capturing the works and many prisoners, but were driven back. The Vermont troops mentioned then advanced under a terrible fire and occupied the rebel works, the other regiments falling back. Orders were now given for all to fall back, but the order failed to reach the Second Regiment, which per- sisted in remaining at the front until positively ordered to retire. "It was in this charge that Major Dudley fell of the wound which caused his death. The brigade remained almost constantly under fire through the iith of May, and early on the 12th moved to the left to co-operate with Hancock's Corps. The latter had captured the enemy's works at that point, and the rebels were In the Rebellion. 353 engaged in a desperate attempt to retake them, when the Vermont Brigade marched into position under a heavy fire. Two lines were formed on the ex- treme left, and skirmishers thrown out under a brisk fire. Quoting from the official reports, " At this time the enemy were making the most determined effort to retake the line of works carried by Hancock and now held by the Sixth Corps, the key of the position being at the angle in the center, and that being the point at which the most desperate attacks were made. Brigadier- General Grant, with the regiments of the second line, was ordered to the right to assist General Wheaton, and Colonel Seaver was left in command of the front line and the skirmishers. General Wheaton with his brigade was endeav- oring to advance through thick brush and in the face of a deadly fire from the enemy's rifle pits, and the Vermont regiments moved up promptly to his sup- port, the Fourth Regiment taking and holding the front line. It was found impracticable to carry the enemy's works upon the right by a direct attack, and the enemy were gaining advantage in the center. Leaving the Fourth Regiment in its position. General Grant returned to the center, and being joined by Colonel Seaver with the residue of the brigade, the whole were put into the engagement except the Sixth Regiment, which was held in reserve." This was a critical point and a critical time for both armies, and the fight- ing was of the most desperate character ; the combatants were separated by a mere breastwork of logs and rails, and the conflict was practically hand to hand. The terrible struggle continued for eight hours, when the Vermont Brigade was relieved ; the works were held, but the losses were heavy. The brigade camped for the night on the extreme right. On the 13th the brigade with small exception was not actively engaged, and took a position towards night on the left near the scene of its former strug- gle. During the 14th the Vermont Brigade held the extreme left. On the i6th Colonel Seaver with his regiment and one from Massachusetts, made a recon- noissance in the direction of Spottsylvania Court- House, gallantly driving in the enemy's skirmishers and accomplishing the duty to which he was assigned. On the morning of the i8th the Second and Sixth Corps charged the enemy's works, advancing about half a mile under heavy artillery fire. The Vermont Brigade held the front line for some time, when the whole were ordered to fall back. Early on the morning of the 19th the brigade advanced with the corps about a mile and fortified its position, remaining there two days. At noon of the 2 1st the brigade moved about three- fourths of a mile to the rear, leaving a strong skirmish line in their works. Just before nightfall the enemy in strong force broke through this skirmish line, and Colonel Seaver was ordered out with his regiment to re-establish it ; the task was gallantly performed. That night the corps marched towards Guinness's Station. The total losses of the Fifth Regiment from the line of the crossing of the Rapidan to this date were 38 killed, 229 wounded and 51 missing, a total of 318. The losses in the brigade were 1,650, more than one-half of the entire force that crossed the river. 354 History of Chittenden County. On the 15th of May the brigade was joined by the Eleventh Vermont Reg- iment, which had been mustered into service September i, 1862. Its charac- ter was changed by special order from the War Department December 10, 1862, to heavy artillery, and it was stationed during most of the succeeding year in Forts Slocum, Totten and Stevens, near Washington. It performed service in that vicinity without memorable incident until it joined the brigade, as stated. The preceding table shows the large number of Chittenden county men who went out in this regiment. None of the regimental officers were from this county. Continuing the record of the brigade, they started on the night of the 21st of May from Spottsylvania ; the brigade made arduous marches to Guinness's Station, thence to Harris's Store on the 22d ; to the North Anna on the 23d ; crossed the river on the 24th, and two days later advanced to Little River, destroying the railroad at that point ; on the night of the 25th they re-crossed the North Anna and marched in the mud to Chesterfield Station on the Fred- erick Railroad ; continued the march on the 26th, and on the 27th crossed the Pamunky River three miles above Hanover Town, and moved to the right two miles towards Hanover Court- House, where they remained entrenched two days. On the 29th the brigade marched to a new position on the Tolopotamy River where they remained twe days, Major Chamberlain's battalion of the Eleventh Regiment being engaged in skirmishing nearly the whole of one day. On the 1st of June the brigade marched to Cold Harbor and participated in the attack on the enemy, holding the extreme left, the Fifth Regiment be- ing in support of a battery. A charge was made by the Second Regiment and Major Fleming's battalion and Captain Sears's company of the Eleventh, under a destructive fire, displaying great gallantry. On the following day the division containing this brigade held a portion of the enemy's works, which had been captured under a destructive fire. In the general attack on the enemy on the third, the Third and Fifth Regiments were in the front line of battle and greatly exposed ; their losses were heavy. During the night the Third and Fifth Regiments and two battalions of. the Eleventh, under Colonel Seaver, relieved a portion of the front line. The casualties in the brigade from the 2ist of May to the Sth of June were, in the Second Regiment, 2 killed, 13 wounded; in the Third Regiment, 11 killed, 60 wounded; in the Fourth Regi- ment, 4 wounded; in the Fifth Regiment, 8 killed, 22 wounded; in the Sixth Regiment, 2 killed, 18 wounded; in the Eleventh Regiment, 13 killed, 121 wounded. From the 3d of June to the i ith the brigade held the front line at two im- portant points, and on the evening of the 1 2th niox'ed back to a new line of works, a mile in the rear, leaving the Fourth Regiment in the front as skir- mishers, and about midnight started on the march for Petersburg. For twelve days the brigade had been under almost incessant fire, evincing the most In the Rebellion. 355 heroic bravery and almost marvelous endurance. Major Richard B. Crandall, of the Sixth Regiment, a gallant young officer, fell on the 7th. From the 4th to the loth of June the Fifth Regiment lost 3 wounded, and the Eleventh 2 killed and 17 wounded. Regarding the conduct of the Eleventh Regiment, which was new to active service in the field, it is but just to quote from the reports of Brigadier- General Grant, who said : " Special mention ought to be made of the officers and men of the Eleventh for their gallant bearing in the charge of May 18. This was the first time they had been under fire, but they exhibited the coolness and noble bearing of the ' Vermonters,' and fairly stood beside the veteran regi- ments of the old brigade." June 13 the brigade crossed the Chickahominy after a march of twenty- four miles, and encamped. The march was resumed next day and on the 17th they occupied the rebel works near Petersburg which had been captured. During the day the enemy was attacked in his new position and driven back, the Second and Fifth Regiments holding the skirmish line. The lines at Petersburg were held under heavy artillery fire until the evening of the 20th, when the brigade was moved to the left, relieving a division of the Second Corps. On the evening of June 21 the Sixth Corps was moved six miles to the entire left of the army, and on the night of the 22d the Vermont Brigade took position about a mile from the Weldon Railroad. The 23d was occupied in the destruction of the road, during which the enemy made an attack from the woods on the right and closing on the rear of the Fourth Regiment and Major Fleming's battalion, cut them off". A desperate fight ensued, and the men surrendered only when driven to the last extremity. On the 29th of June the Vermont Brigade led the advance of the Sixth Corps to Reams's Station, on the Weldon Railroad. After one day out they occupied their former position until July 8th, when they marched to City Point, and on the 9th embarked for Washington. The casualties in the brig- ade from the 4th of June to the 26th were, in the Second Regiment, 2 killed, 9 wounded ; in the Third Regiment, 2 killed, 3 wounded ; in the Fourth Regi- ment, 6 killed, 23 wounded ; in the Fifth Regiment, i killed, 4 wounded ; in the Sixth Regiment, 2 killed, 5 wounded; in the Eleventh Regiment, 13 killed, 47 wounded. On the 13th the brigade marched to Poolesville, Md., where the rear guard of the enemy was overtaken and routed ; thence they marched to Snicker's Gap and on the 23d returned to the capital. On the 26th they again left Washington for Harper's Ferry, going into camp on Bolivar Heights on the night of the 29th. On the 30th they returned to Frederick City, Md. This was Sunday, and Major Aldace F. Walker, in his book on The Vermont Brigade in the Shenandoah Valley, says : " It was the hardest day's march we «ver made. The heat was intense ; the day was the very hottest of all the 3S6 History of Chittenden County. season; the clouds of dust were actually blinding; the pace almost a gallop ;. the poor men struggled bravely, ambulances were crowded, shady spots cov- ered with exhausted soldiers, men falling out of the ranks at every rod, over- powered by the heat and positively unable to proceed ; actual cases of sun- stroke by the score and by the hundred ; a great scarcity of water ; but no halt or chance for rest until toward night we reached Frederick City." No more vivid and truthful picture could be drawn in a few words of a forced march under a southern sun. On the 5 th of August the brigade proceeded to Harper's Ferry and up the Shenandoah valley to Strasburgh, where in a skirmish the Second Regiment lost two men on the 14th. The i6th the brigade returned to Charlestown, Va., remaining until the 21st, when the enemy attacked and the brigade was- subjected to a destructive fire from 9 A. M. until dark. The casualties in the brigade were 23 killed and 98 wounded. The brigade lay at Harper's Ferry from the 22d to the 29th of August,, when they moved to Charlestown, remaining in that vicinity until September 19, making, in the interim, a reconnoissance to the Opequan, where a slight skirmish occurred. On the 19th the brigade crossed the Opequan in early morning and went into position, under heavy shelling, on the Winchester pike. The advance was made rapidly over a rising crest of land in face of a galling musketry fire, and the enemy was driven back in confusion. About one o'clock the brigade was forced to fall back about half a mile, having suffered severely. About three P. M. the entire line again advanced. The Vermont Brigade was exposed from the time when they reached within a mile of Winchester to a. heavy musketry fire in front and an enfilading fire from artillery on the left. More than two hundred prisoners were captured by this brigade. The casual- ties in killed and wounded in the brigade were 246. The brigade participated in the engagement at Fisher's Hill on the 21st and 22d, and at Mount Jackson on the 23d. On the 1st of October they were in camp at Harrisonburgh, and on the 5th moved to New Market, the 6th to Woodstock, on the 7th to Strasburgh, on the loth near Port Royal, on the 13th to Milltown, and on the 14th to Middletown. On the 19th of October the army lay upon the easterly side of Cedar Creek, the Sixth Corps on the right, and the Vermont Brigade having but one brigade on their right. At day- break the enemy attacked in strong force on the left ; the Sixth Corps was moved to that part of the Hne and formed nearly at right angles to its former position, there being now but one brigade on the left of the Vermont. Before the troops could take position Major Walker's battalion of the Eleventh Regi- ment, and the Fifth and Sixth Regiments, under command of Major Johnson, of the Second, were thrown forward as skirmishers and drove in the rebel skirmish line. The brigade then advanced with the division and were soon engaged in a desperate struggle, checking for a time the impetuous advance of In the Rebellion. 357 the enemy. About this time the right gave way and the division fell back a short distance, the Vermont Brigade in the center, the First Brigade, under Colonel Warner of the Eleventh Regiment, on the right, and the Third Brig- ade on the left. Upon this line the enemy made a desperate attack, the brunt of which fell on the Vermont Brigade. General Ricketts, commanding the corps, being wounded, and General Getty, who commanded the Second Di- vision, taking his place. General Grant assumed command of the division, and Lieutenant- Colonel Tracy, of the Second Vermont, who was then the ranking officer of the brigade, took command of the brigade. Again the enemy assaulted the lines and were repulsed with great loss, and the left of the brigade suffered severely. The persistent and gallant resistance of the Sixth Corps, of which the brigade was a part, gave opportunity for proper prepara- tions for the final stand in the engagement. Up to that time the tide had been against the Union forces, and the losses had been very heavy. The enemy now made a most determined attack, the Eighth and Sixth Corps receiving the heaviest of it ; the whole line soon gave way and were pressed backward to- ward Newtown. At this crisis General Sheridan made his memorable appearance on the field. Riding down the pike he halted in front of the Second Brigade and asked what troops they were. " The Sixth Corps 1" " The Vermont Brigade 1" was shouted simultaneously from the ranks. " Then we are all right !" he ex- claimed, and swinging his hat over his head he rode away to the right amid the shouts of the men. Upon his return General Wright took command of the Sixth Corps, General Getty of the Second Division and General Grant of the Vermont Brigade. During the remainder of the engagement the Vermont Brigade shared in the heaviest of the fighting, holding a position much of the time far in advance of the other troops until the enemy was finally driven back and across Cedar Creek, their lines entirely broken up. Reaching Cedar Creek, the infantry was reorganized, and there also the Vermont Brigade, after a pursuit of the retreating enemy a distance of three miles, was found in ad- vance of the remainder of the troops. The casualties in this engagement were two killed and seventeen wounded in the Fifth Regiment, and nine killed and seventy-four wounded in the Eleventh. Among the killed was Lieutenant Oscar Lee, of the Eleventh. Lieutenant Edward R Lee, of the Eleventh, was among the wounded, and Lieutenant Thomas Kavanagh, of the Fifth. The brigade moved to Strasburgh on October 21, and remained until the 9th of November ; thence to Newtown, and thence on the loth to Kearnstown, where they performed picket duty until December 9. They were then trans- ported to Washington and thence to City Point ; thence to Meade's Station, and on the 13th moved out on the Squirrel Level Road to works occupied previously by the Fifth Corps. Here the brigade went into winter quarters ;, but the picket duty was very severe. On the 2Sth of March the corps as- 3s8 History of Chittenden County. saulted an entrenched picket line of the enemy in front of Fort Fisher, and captured nearly the whole line. One man was killed in the Fifth Regiment and seven wounded ; and in the Eleventh one killed and twelve wounded ; one of the latter was Lieutenant Wm. G. Dickinson, of the Eleventh. On the 2d day of April the Vermont Brigade was hotly engaged in the struggle which resulted in the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. In the night of the 1st the brigade moved out from camp and took position near the skirmish line entrenchments, which had been captured from the enemy a few days earlier. The Second Division was in the center of the Sixth Corps and the Vermont Brigade on the left of the division. At one o'clock the corps was in position and laid down to await the attack. About two o'clock a heavy fire was opened along the entire skirmish line, which was vigorously re- pHed to by the enemy. During this fire Brevet Major- General L. A. Grant was wounded, and the command of the brigade devolved upon Lieutenant- Colonel Tracy, of the Second Regiment. At the signal agreed upon the brig- ade moved out of the entrenchments and pressed forward toward the enemy's line, driving in their skirmishers ; then with a cheer the command charged for- ward towards the enemy's works five hundred yards distant. When half the distance was passed they were assailed by a heavy rain of musket-balls with an enfilading artillery fire from the forts on either hand. The line wavered momentarily, but again pushed on under terrific fire, all vieing with each other in the race to be first at the works. The enemy could not withstand the as- sault and fled ; two earth works, one on the right of a ravine, containing four guns, and the other on the left, with two guns, were captured. The honor of being first to break the enemy's line was awarded to the Vermont Brigade, and Captain Charles G. Gould is said to have been the first man of the Sixth Corps to mount the enemy's works. His regiment was in the first line of the brigade, and in the charge he was far in advance of his command. Upon mounting the works he was severely wounded in the face by a bayonet thrust and was struck by clubbed muskets ; but he slew the man who wielded the bayonet, and retired only when his command had come to his assistance and the rebels were routed. Beyond the works the brigade was halted briefly to re-form, and then the pursuit of the flying enemy continued for about four miles near Hatcher's Run — a charge that must go down into history as one of the most brilliant and successful of the war. Nothing could withstand the onward-press- ing troops. Brevet Major Elijah Wales, of the Second Regiment, with two men captured a piece of artillery, and turning it on the enem)', fired a charge which the rebels themselves had placed in the gun. Major Wm. J. Sperry, of the Sixth, and Lieutenant George A. Bailey, of the Eleventh, with a few men captured two guns and turned them on the routed enemy. Cap- tain George G. Tilden, of the Eleventh, with about a dozen men captured two pieces, eleven commissioned officers and sixtj'-two men of the Forty-second In the Rebellion. 359 Mississippi. Sergeant Lester G. Hack, of Company F, Fifth Regiment, charged a squad of rebels surrounding a stand of colors, knocked down the bearer and captured the flag. Corporal Charles W. DollofF, Company K, Eleventh Regiment, also captured a stand of colors ; but there were too many deeds of individual heroism to mention here. About nine o'clock A. M. the brigade moved back along the line of works to a point about three miles south of Petersburg and formed in line of battle with the Eleventh on the right, the Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth and Fourth Regiments on its left, in the order named. An advance was made and a battery of artillery captured in the yard of the TurnbuU House, where General Lee had his headquarters. Captain Robert Templeton, with a squad of men of the Eleventh, was conspicuous in planning and executing the feat. That night the brigade established its head- quarters at the TurnbuU House. The last stand of the enemy before Peters- burg was ended. The brigade joined in the pursuit of Lee, exhibiting the same endurance and patience on that hard march that had before characterized their move- ments. Reaching Farmville on the 7th, the brigade was detailed to guard sup- plies, and remained there until the surrender of Lee on the 9th. From there they returned to Burkesville Junction, where they remained until the 23d of April, when they left for Danville ; here they remained until May 18, when they were transported to Manchester, Va., and there remained to the 24th. They then marched to Washington and remained in camp near Munson's Hill until mustered out. On the 28th of June the Vermont Brigade, one of the grandest organizations of the army, ceased to exist as an organization. Battal- ions of the Second, Third and Fourth Regiments, remaining in the service, were assigned to the Third Brigade, First Division of a Provisional Corps, and a. battalion of the Eleventh Regiment was transferred to the defenses of Wash- ington. We have given this noble brigade liberally of our limited space, perhaps to the detriment of the records of other organizations ; but the heroic service of this organization seems to demand that no less should be said ; indeed it should be far more. Its full history is written in G. G. Benedict's excellent Vermont in the Rebellion, Vol. I. The Seventh Regiment. — This organization made its rendezvous at Rutland and was mustered into the service on the 12th day of February, 1862. Com- pany A was recruited mainly in Burlington, and the regiment received acces- sions from other towns of this count)-, as shown in the table. Company A went out under command of Captain David B. Peck, of Burhngton, who rose to the rank of colonel. Edwin W. Trueworthy went out as assistant surgeon and was promoted to surgeon. Edward M. Knox, of Hinesburg, enhsted as pri- vate in Company A, was promoted to corporal, sergeant and first sergeant ; re- enlisted February 29, 1864, and was promoted to first lieutenant Company A 36o History of Chittenden County. October 28, 1864. Riley B. Stearns, of Burlington, enlisted as private in Com- pany A, and was promoted to first sergeant February 12, 1862 ; promoted to first lieutenant Company A October 15, 1862, and honorably discharged May 15, 1865. Myron Owen, of Essex, a private in Company E was promoted to sergeant and commissioned first lieutenant March i, 1866. Hiram B. Fish, of Jericho, commissioned second lieutenant January 14, 1862, resigned October IS, 1862. This regiment was designated after it was raised for duty as a part of the expedition under General Butler, with New Orleans and vicinity for its field of action ; but many of the regiment would have preferred to join the Army of the Potomac, with other Vermont regiments. Through efforts of General But- ler, as believed, the regiment was placed under his command, much to its fu- ture sorrow. The regiment left for New York March 10, and after a long and uncomfortable voyage reached Ship Island early in April. Here the un- just conduct of the commanding general soon began with the arrest of the quartermaster upon a mere technicality. Little of importance occurred until May I, when the Union forces occupied New Orleans and the regiment was soon afterwards ordered there. On the i6th of May the regiment reached Carrollton, eight miles from the city, where they were placed under command of Brigadier-General J. W. Phelps, the former colonel of the First Vermont Regiment ; many of his old command were in the Seventh, and the reunion was a welcome one.^ On the 6th of June the regiment was ordered to Baton Rouge, but did not reach there until the 15th. On the 19th orders were received to embark on, transports and take part in a campaign against Vicksburg under General Will- iams. The force with which the capture of the city was expected to be ac- complished, numbered only about 3,500 men. Vicksburg was reached on the 25th, and there Colonel Roberts rejoined the regiment and took command. Much sickness followed, and the regiment set to work on the famous " cut off,"' which resulted in a failure. In his history of the Seventh Regiment, Colonel William C. Holbrook refers to this period as follows : " After a majority of our entire command had been brought down with malarial diseases, from inhaling the fumes and vapors which arose from the soil as it was excavated and ex- posed to the air and sun, a large auxiliary force of negroes, gathered from the surrounding country, was set to work. But notwithstanding, the expedition was a failure. The river persisted in falling, and we were not able to dig fast enough to keep pace with it, and so, much to our relief, we were ordered to- abandon the enterprise." Sickness in the regiment increased until, after the first fortnight, there were seldom one hundred men fit for duty, while almost every day one or two died. 1 Genernl Phelps was finally forCL'd to resign, chielly on account of the persecution of General But- ler ; a long controversy followed, which was ended by a court of inquiry. The officers of the regiment were fully exonerated. In the Rebellion. 361 The main body of the expedition left Vicksburg on the evening of the 24th, the Seventh Regiment forming the rear guard. This organization, which had started out thirty-six days previous nearly eight hundred strong, had now less than one hundred fit for duty, and at a review that occurred a few days before the battle of Baton Rouge, two or three of the companies were not represented at all, their services being needed in burying the dead. The battle of Baton Rouge was fought on the 5th of August. The action opened with firing from rebel skirmishers immediately in front of the Seventh, before light in the early morning. This was followed by a general attack, and the Union forces being outnumbered, they were driven from stand to stand and finally forced to fall back on the main body, when the action became gen- eral. At this stage of the engagemeat there seems to have been no good understanding of the character of the attack ; the Seventh Regiment was drawn up in line of battle in front of its camp, and while awaiting further orders the firing on the left became very heavy. Colonel Roberts moved the regiment in that direction through the prevailing fog and smoke. Here the men were subjected to the somewhat indiscriminate firing of artillery in the rear, and to prevent casualties from this cause. Colonel Roberts moved his regiment back to its former position. It was during this movement that the brave colonel fell. When the regiment reached its former position the battle was raging furiously in its front and that of the Twenty-first Indiana. The fog and smoke were almost impenetrable to sight. Colonel Roberts had hesi- tated to order his men to begin firing lest the Indiana men should be hit, and at this juncture General WiUiams rode up in a somewhat excited manner and peremptorily ordered firing to open ; the colonel promptly gave the order. Only a few volleys had been fired when it was learned that the Indiana regi- ment was suffering from it, as Colonel Roberts had feared would be the result; he therefore did not hesitate to give the order to cease firing. This was his last command, as he immediately fell with a severe wound in his neck ; he died on the 7th, two days after the battle. The consensus of all authentic reports in- dicates that the Seventh Regiment performed its part in this engagement with honor to itself and to the State. Baton Rouge was evacuated on the 20th of August, and the Seventh Regi- ment returned to Carrollton. This was another most unhealthy locality, and soon acquired the title of " the camp of death." On the 26th Lieutenant- Colonel FuUam resigned and WiUiam C. Holbrook was made colonel. Cap- tains Peck and Porter were promoted, the former to lieutenant-colonel and the latter to major of the regiment. Sickness prevailed in the regiment so as to practically unfit it for duty; but they were forced to remain in the Car- rollton camp until September 30, when a movement was made to Camp Kear- ney, a slightly more wholesome locality a short distance below. On the 4th of November the regiment was transferred to New Orleans, and on the 13 th 362 History of Chittenden County. of that month embarked for Pensacola, Fla. Here the climate and salubrious air soon improved the condition of the men. In Colonel Holbrook's history of the regiment is given the following tabular statement of deaths in the regi- ment from 1862 to 1866 inclusive, showing how great a mortality from sick- ness was reached in the first year, as compared with the casualties of subsequent years : 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. Total. Commissioned Offloera 4 2 1.. -.7 Non-commissioned Officers 1 1 .- 2 Company A 26 1 2 3 1 33 CompaBy B 32 2 9 2 .. 45 Company C 14 5 .. i .. 23 Company D 20 3 1 3 .. 27 Company E 36 1 4 7 .. 48 Company F 24 .. 3 3 .- 30 Company G 31 6 5 3 . . 45 Company H 44 5 4 4 57 Company 1 37 3 3 4 .. 47 Company K 26 3 6 8 .. 43 Total 295 31 39 41 1 407 The active service of the regiment until spring consisted principally of scouting and armed reconnoissances, in which there was more or less skirmish- ing. On the 20th of February the regiment proceeded to Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island, and on the 28th of March companies A, D and G were de- tailed for duty as artillerists in this fort. In June Colonel Holbrook was placed in command of the troops of Western Florida, and the regiment, excepting the three companies named, was transferred to Barrancas, where a pleasant camp was established and named " Camp Roberts," in honor of the dead colonel. On the loth of September an accident of a serious nature occurred at the fort. The picket line had been repeatedly fired upon in front of the fort and the gunners were in training to get the range of the woods whence the firing came, when an eight-inch howitzer exploded while being served by a detach- ment of Company I ; Private Robert Ripley of Company I had his right arm blown off and died within a few days, and Private James B. Royce was blown into the air and picked up for dead ; to every one's surprise, however, he sur- vived, with a badly shattered left arm, and other injuries. During the month of September yellow fever was developed in that region and on the Sth of November Corporal Lucius O. Wilkins, of Company B, died of the disease, and on the 17th Lieutenant Rollin M. Green, one of the best officers in the regiment, was stricken down. The winter passed without occurrence of especial moment. On the 13th of February, 1864, HO recruits were added to the regiment and during the same month all of the enlisted men of the regiment remaining from those orig- inally mustered in, excepting fifty-eight, re-enlisted for three years or during the war; this action entitled them to a thirty days' furlough, which was en- joyed in a trip to their homes, occupying the period between August loth and September 30th. Returning, New Gi'leans was reached by the regiment for the second time, on the 13th of October. While stationed here they were em- ployed principally in guard duty. On the 19th of February, 1865, the regi- In the Rebellion. 363 ment were ordered to Mobile Point, to take part in the operations against that city. The regiment was assigned to Brigadier-General Benton's division of the Thirteenth Corps, and on the 17th of March began a march to flank the defenses of Mobile on the western shore and operate against those on the east- ern shore. This march, which was one of almost unparalleled difficulties in the way of mud, rain and exposure, continued until the 23d, when the regiment went into camp on the north fork of Fish River. On the 25th another forward movement was made, which continued through the 26th, involving considera- ble skirmishing with the enemy. On the 27th preparations were made to attack the " Spanish Fort." Benton's Division, embracing the Seventh, moved for- ward in the morning, each regiment in line of battle, directly towards the fort, with other corps on the right and left. The brigade to which the Seventh was attached was not halted until within six hundred yards of the rebel earth- works, and midway between the old Spanish Fort and Red Fort, the guns of which commanded the position through a long ravine. Here the regiment lay all day long, exposed to a heavy fire of musketry and artillery. The men lay on the ground most of the time. Soon after the first halt in the morning Cap- tain Salmon Button was ordered with his company (G) to relieve a portion of the skirmish line. He remained out until after nightfall, several of his men being wounded, when he was relieved by Captain George E. Croft, with Com- pany D. They were in turn relieved by Companies I and H, both of which were exposed to heavy firing during the day. During the 28th the regiment was exposed to heavy shelling at a point a little in rear, where it had camped after being relieved by the Ninety-first Illinois. On the evening of the 28th Companies F (Captain Edgar M. BuUard) and C (Captain Henry Stowell) were ordered on the skirmish line, with instructions to advance as far as possi- ble, entrenching as they proceeded. This duty was thoroughly performed. From^this time to April 12 the siege of the fort progressed with the utmost vigor and determination, and every day the Seventh Regiment was engaged in dangerous picket duty, labor in trenches or repelling sorties by the enemy. We'' cannot here enter into the details of all of these operations, which are graphically described in Colonel Holbrook's history of the regiment. The chief occurrence in the Seventh was the capture of Captain R. B. Stearns with twenty men on the skirmish line on the night of the 31st, where he had with great bravery maintained a most dangerous position. Captain Stearns was pa- roled and sent to the parole camp, Vicksburg. After thirteen days of active operations the fort was abandoned and the works occupied by the Union forces on the 8th of April. Early in the morning of the 9th the regiment was ordered to Bl'akely, which had been, since April 2, besieged by General Steele and his force from Pensacola. As the regiment drew near Steele's line heavy firing was heard, and the rebel works were subsequently assaulted and carried ; but the Seventh 364 History of Chittenden County. was not permitted to share directly in it. On the morning of the nth the regiment marched to Stark's Landing, where they embarked on transports. During this movement news of the fall of Richmond reached the troops. On the 1 2th they proceeded to Mobile city, where arrangements were already com- pleted to turn the city over to the Union forces. The following morning the Seventh formed part of a force sent in pursuit of the fleeing rebel troops. They marched rapidly to a place on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad called Whist- ler, the Seventh being in advance of the Fiftieth Indiana. They were soon under a heavy fire, the enemy occupying a slight eminence beyond a marsh across which was a bridge ; this bridge had been fired and the Ninety-first Illinois in attempting to pass the marsh became fairly stalled. Colonel Hol- brook attempted, but unsuccessfully, to re-form the Indiana regiment, and then brought forward the Seventh, which rushed ahead under a heavy fire and were soon at the bridge. Here they were changed into column and hurried across the still burning bridge. Line of battle was again formed and firing began ; but the enemy was soon forced to precipitate retreat. The regiment remained at Whistler until the 19th, when they were marched to a point on the Tombigbee River about forty miles from Mobile, where they went into camp. Here news of the assassination of the president reached them. Although Lee surrendered on the 9th and Johnson on the 27th, opera- tions in the southwest continued. On the 2d of May the division to which the Seventh was attached returned to Mobile. Colonel Holbrook resigned on the 2d of June, and from that time until their return north the regiment was in service in Texas. The command under Lieutenant- Colonel Peck sailed for Brazos, where they arrived June 5, and went into camp, remaining until the 14th, when they moved to the Rio Grande. On the 14th of July the one-year recruits were mustered out. August 2 the regiment marched to Brownsville, about thirty miles up the river, and remained there in camp until mustered out in March, 1866, at Brownsville. The regiment proceeded to New Orleans, and thence to Brattleboro and home, where they were tendered an imposing recep- tion. The Ni7ith Regiment. — This organization was mustered into the service the 9th of July, 1862, for three years, and did gallant service under command of Colonel George J. Stannard, of Burlington. Company F received large acces- sions from this county and there were scattering enlistments in other compa- nies and from nearly every town in the county, as shown in the foregoing table. Hinesburg furnished the largest number to the regiment. There were com- paratively few enlistments in the regiment from Burlington. Of the officers in the regiment from this county were the following: Her- man Seligson, of Burlington, who went out as first lieutenant of Company C ; promoted to captain January i, 1863; commissioned lieutenant-colonel July 3, 1865. In the Rebellion. 365 Henry D. Belden, of Burlington, private Company F ; made first sergeant July 9, 1862; sergeant-major March 13, 1863; wounded September 29, 1864; commissioned adjutant October 19, 1864. Francis O. Sawyer, Burlington, quartermaster, and promoted captain and A. Q. M. August IS, 1864. B. Walter Carpenter, surgeon, from Burlington. Elias L. Brownell, Essex, private Company F, rose to first sergeant and promoted second lieutenant December 22, 1863; first lieutenant March 13, 1865. George A. Beebe, Burlington, captain of Company F, died August 10, 1862, of fever. John T. Bascom, Milton, went as a private in Company C of the Second Regiment ; was made second lieutenant Company F, Ninth Regiment, June 25, 1862 ; first lieutenant December 22, 1863, and captain May 8, 1864. Eugene Viele, Hinesburg, first lieutenant Company F June 25, 1862 ; captain December 22, 1863. John W. Thomas, Burlington, a private of Company F, was promoted to sergeant July 9, 1862, and to sergeant-major January i, 1865 ; second lieu- tenant March 13, 1865; transferred to Company B by consolidation of regi- ment and made first lieutenant July 3, 1865- Theodore S. Peck, Burlington, regimental quartermaster-sergeant July 9, 1862; second lieutenant Company C January 8, 1863 ; first lieutenant June 10, 1864, and captain and A. Q. M. March 11, 1865. James Henry Vancor, Jericho, a private in Company C, rose by successive promotion to first sergeant August 8, 1865, and was commissioned second Heu- tenant November 17, 1865. The Ninth Regiment made its rendezvous at Brattleboro, whence they de- parted for the front on the 15th of July, 1862. Their first camp was in the vicinity of Fairfax Court-House, Va., but after about two weeks they removed to Winchester, where they remained six weeks. After the battle of Antietam was fought the regiment moved to Bolivar Heights, at Harper's Ferry, and was embraced in the large Union force that was captured by General Miles on the 15th of September, and on the i6th proceeded to Camp Parole, at Annapolis, Md. From there the regiment was sent to Chicago, arriving on the 28th ; they were camped at what was called Camp Tyler until the loth of December, when they moved to Camp Douglas, remaining until January 9, 1863, when they were exchanged. From that date to April i the regiment was employed in guarding prisoners; on the latter date a large body of prisoners was taken by the regiment to City Point. They then moved to Camp Hamilton at Fort- ress Monroe, remaining, however, but a few days, when they marched to Suf- folk and participated in the siege at that point ; thence they moved to Bottom's Bridge and then to Yorktown, reaching there a Httle before the 1st of Novem- ber, 1863. ^* 366 History of Chittenden County. The regiment remained stationed at Yorktown until the 24th of October, suffering during that period very severely with malarial diseases, which were prevalent in that locality. Thus far in its career the regiment had seen little of actual battle in the field ; but the unusual sickness which attacked the men at Yorktown was far more demoralizing than would have been an active cam- paign. At one time out of three hundred and fifty men present, but thirty-six privates were fit for duty. On the 24th of October the regiment sailed for Newbern, arriving on the 29th, and were ordered into Newport barracks, at the junction of the coast mail route with the railroad, where they performed garrison and picket duty with ten detached companies of artillery and cavalry, Colenel E. H. Ripley, of the Ninth, in command of the post. On the 1 2th of November a detachment of one hundred men went on a reconnoissance to Cedar Point, N. C, twenty miles distant, returning on the 15th. On the 1st of December the regiment met with a severe loss in the death of Major Charles Jarvis, who died of wounds received in a skirmish. On the 31st of January the regiment formed part of a body of troops under Colonel Jourdan in an expedition into Onslow county, N. C, and re- turned after an arduous march of seventy- five miles in the mud, having cap- tured a lieutenant and twenty-seven privates. On the 2d day of February the enemy made an advance upon Newport with about 2,000 infantry, 400 cavalry, and a dozen pieces of artillery. The outposts, then held by Companies H and B, were first attacked, followed by an attack upon the barracks. At the time of the first attack the new recruits which had joined the regiment were still unarmed, and the Ninth itself numbered less than 200 muskets. But arms were placed in the hands of the new recruits ; before they became engaged they were hurriedly instructed in loading, and with their pockets filled with cartridges, were taken on the skirmish line. A gallant re- sistance was made to the attack and the position held until dark, when the reg- iment was forced to fall back across the bridges, and burn them to escape cap- ture ; the command then retired to Morehead City by way of Beaufort. In this affair the regiment lost two lieutenants and sixty- four men in killed, wounded and missing. The official reports give the Ninth great credit for efficient service. On the i6th of March Major Amasa Bartlett died. He went out as captain of Company E, and had but a short time previous received his well-earned pro- motion. On the 26th of April Captain Kelley, Company B, with twenty men, captured a fishing party of six on Bogue Bank, sent out by the rebel commis- sary department, and on the 29th, with forty men, he made a dash into Swans- boro, capturing a lieutenant and sixteen men, with horses and stores. On the 20th of June a march of sevent\'-five miles was made into the interior with the object of cutting the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. On the i ith of July four companies under Major Brooks were ordered to Newbern and assio-ned to In the Rebellion. 367 duty on the various outposts, and during the succeeding ten days the re- mainder of the regiment followed. On the 31st of August the regiment was ordered to Bermuda Hundreds and they soon entered upon a more active campaign. They arrived on the 15th of September and were assigned to the First Brigade, Second Division of the Eighteenth Corps. On the 17th the regiment was joined by 170 recruits, bringing its effective strength up to nearly 875- On the 29th of September the battle was fought at Chapin's Farm. The regiment broke camp at I o'clock A. M. and crossed the James River at Aiken's Landing at daybreak. The advance of four miles to Chapin's Farm was made where the brigade (comprising the Eighth Maine and the Ninth Vermont Reg- iments) was ordered to charge one of the rebel works at that point. The Maine Regiment became entangled in a swamp and the Ninth made the charge alone, over a half mile of rough, brush-covered ground, carried the work and captured two guns and about fifty prisoners. The regiment was under fire the entire day, and every man behaved with the utmost bravery. The casualties were seven killed and thirty-eight wounded. The Ninth Regiment remained stationed in this vicinity, with some unim- portant changes, until the evacuation of Richmond. On the 27th of October they participated in the engagement on Williamsburgh road (Fair Oaks), fully sustaining the record for bravery already acquired by them. Early in Novem- ber the regiment was transferred to New York city, where they performed ex- cellent service during the troubled times of the election of that year, and on the 17th of November they returned to the brigade. During this time Colonel Ripley was in command of the brigade ; in December he resumed command of the regiment. When the reorganization of army corps occurred in December, the Ninth was attached to the Second Brigade, Third Division, Twenty-fourth Corps. At the inspection of regiments under general orders of January 17, 1865, to de- termine which were the best regiments in brigades and divisions, the Ninth Vermont gained the post of honor in its division. On the 20th of February the regiment was first pronounced the best in the brigade, and under provisions of a general order was excused from all picket and outside detail for one week. On the 6th of March they were again pronounced the best in the brigade, and excused again from all picket and outside duty for a week, and on the loth of March, after careful inspection at division headquarters, they were announced in orders to be the best regiment in the division — a division comprising twenty regiments and which was, in the opinion of the corps commander, " as completely fitted for the field as a command could well be," and the regiment was again excused from details for an additional week. The officers and men of the regiment were justly proud of the distinction thus obtained, not merely on their own account, but for the honor thereby conferred upon their State. 368 History of Chittenden County. Before the period had terminated during which the regiment had been excused from details, the men of the regiment made application to be allowed to again go upon duty to relieve their comrades of the brigade whose duties were ren- dered exceedingly arduous by the excuse of this regiment. This act of gen- uine good-will called forth another complimentary order from division head- quarters. The regiment was one of the first to enter Richmond after its evacuation and was stationed at that city until mustered out. On the 13th of June the original members of the regiment and the recruits whose terms of service were to expire before the ist of October, were mustered out. The remaining members of the regiment were consolidated into a battalion of four companies, which was stationed at Richmond for a time, and then moved to Portsmouth, Va., and mustered out December i, 1865. The Tenth Regiment. — This regiment was recruited simultaneously with the Eleventh, and both were raised with unexampled rapidity. The foregoing table shows the enlistments in the regiment from Chittenden county, the ma- jority of Company D being from Burlington and Hinesburg, although almost all of the towns contributed to it. The regiment was mustered into service on the 1st day of September, 1862, with 1,016 officers and men under Colonel Al- bert B. Jewett, and left the State September 6. Following is the record of the officers in the regiment who were from this county: Wyllys Lyman, of Burlington, adjutant, August 8, 1862; severely woundedOctober 19, 1864; major, January 2, 1865; commissioned lieutenant- colonel June 15, 1865. James M. Read, Burlington, went out as private in Company D, and was promoted to sergeant September i, 1862, and to second lieutenant June 17, 1864; wounded October 19, 1864; promoted first Heutenant Company E De- cember 19, 1864; brevet captain for gallantry in the assault on Petersburg April 2, 1865; commissioned adjutant January 2, 1865; died from wounds April 2, 1865. Giles F. Appleton, Burlington, commissioned captain Company D August 5, 1862; resigned January 26, 1863. Samuel Darrah, Burlington, first lieutenant Company D August S, 1862; commissioned captain January 26, 1863; killed near Cold Harbor Va June 6, 1864. George E. Davis, Burlington, second lieutenant Company D August 5, 1862; promoted first lieutenant January 26, 1863; wounded September 19^ 1864 and October 19, 1864; commissioned captain November 2, 1864. Henry C. Irish, Burlington, went as private in Company D.'and was pro- moted corporal September I, 1862, and first sergeant January i, 1864; wounded severely September 19, 1864; commissioned second lieutenant December 19, 1864; discharged May 9, 1865, for wounds. In the Rebellion. 369 The Tenth Regment proceeded to Washington, arriving on the 8th of Sep- tember, and the next day occupied Camp Chase on Arlington Heights. There is httle that we feel called upon to record in our limited space, of the work of the regiment during its first winter, excepting that it passed through a period of sickness from which many of the men suffered severely. On the 24th of June the regiment moved to Harper's Ferry and went into camp on Maryland Heights. June 30 this position was evacuated and the regiment marched to Frederick, Md., and during the battle of Gettysburg lay at Monocacy Bridge (July 1-3), and on the 9th joined the Army of the Po- tomac. Severe marches of several days brought the regiment to Sharpsburgh, the last day's tramp being in a burning sun which left scarcely a battalion in the brigade when it came to a halt. More severe marches followed, and on the 26th of July the regiment reached Warrenton and a halt of five days was made in that vicinity. Beginning with August i, the regiment lay for five weeks near the famous sulphur springs of Virginia, with hght duties. On the 7th of September the Third Corps was reviewed by General Meade. Septem- ber 13 the brigade crossed the Rapidan, but Meade's contemplated battle was postponed, and the command was again idle twenty-three days. The active movements, though not of great importance, which occurred from this time to the 19th of October, need not be detailed here ; on that date, while Lee had begun his retreat along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, the brigade was in pursuit. The railroad was destroyed for thirty miles ; but the Tenth aided in its energetic reconstruction, and on the 19th it was done and the rebel army was faced by the Union forces on the Rappahannock. The enemy was again driven, the Tenth doing duty in support of artillery ; after dark the corps crossed the Rappahannock and the next morning advanced up the river, continuing the next day to Culpepper. From the 14th of Novem- ber for one week the regiment remained here. On the 26th the whole army was again on the move, and the Tenth Regi- ment crossed the Rapidan. The next day was fought the engagement at Or- ange Grove. In this battle the Tenth bore a conspicuous part ; it was, more- over, its first real engagement, which renders its conduct still more admirable. A brilHant charge to dislodge the enemy posted behind a fence was made by the Tenth, which was especially complimented in subsequent orders. Colonel Jewett, Major Charles G. Chandler and Captain Samuel Darrah were personally mentioned for bravery. On the following night the army was headed toward the Rapidan, and the Tenth Regiment was placed on picket far toward the front. Here they lay until two o'clock of the morning of December 2, when they cautiously crept away to escape the shots of the rebel sharpshooters who were near at hand. On the same day a march of twenty- three miles was made to Brandy Station. Here the regiment lay through the winter without especial incident. About the mid- 370 History of Chittenden County. die of ]\Iarch the Third Corps was broken up and the Tenth Regiment became a part of the First Brigade, Third Di\ision in the Sixth Corps. Most of the members were satisfied with the change, as it would associate them, although in another division, with the famous " \'ermont Brigade." The other regiments of the new brigade were the Eighty-seventh Penns\l\'ania, the One Hundred and Sixth New York, the One Hundred and First New York, and the Four- teenth New Jerse}-. On the 25 th of April Colonel Jewett resigned, much to the regret of the regiment, and a few days later, on the 4th of Ma\-, began the movement which opened the great battles of the wilderness. From this date until the iSth, through the Wilderness fight and at Spottsylvania, the regiment was under fire e\er\- day, and \et its losses from surrounding circumstances were compara- tivel\- small. On the second da\- of the battle the First Brigade was held in reserve ; one officer and six men were killed in the brigade and twent\--one taken prisoners, and not a gun fired b)- them. This is one of the se\erest tests of the soldier's courage. During the three dajs' fighting the regiment lost only three killed and nine wounded; but its services were none the less im- portant. In the first three da\-s at Spottsyhania the position of the Third Division was on the right of the corps, on a crest from which their line extended into a valley, and although constantly under fire, the losses were not heavv. On the nth the Tenth Regiment was placed on the skirmish line. On the 12th the corps was moved to the left to support General Hancock in his famous as- sault, but was held in reserve, and the losses were not heavy — twenty- three killed and 133 wounded during the entire action. On the morning of the 13th the Third Division took its old position on the right, and on the following day the corps was moved around to the extreme left of the army. A charge was made b}- the F'irst Brigade at dusk on the 4th, the men wading the N_\- River to their arm-pits, and gallantly carrying the crest of a hill which had been stub- bornly held by the rebels against a brigade of the First Division. From that time until the Jist the brigade was not brought into serious collision with the eneni>-, and then while withdrawing from the w orks to cross the North Anna, the First and Second Di\ isions were struck on the flank and a number of pris- oners captured ; the rebels were quickly drixen into retreat. At Cold Harbor on the ist and 3d of June the Tenth Regiment and its immediate associates were engaged and suftcred severoi\-. In the engagement the First Brigade was on the left of the division. The advance at this point was nxade through a belt of pine woods where the enem\- had erected slight works. Sergeant, afterward Captain, S, H. Lewis, of the Tenth, sprang over these works and single-handed captured a major, a lieutenant and several men; and later the regiment captured the entire Fift>--first North Carolina Regi- ment. On the 3d of June, in the general assault on the rebel line, the Tenth In the Rebellion. 371 suffered severely ; on the 6th Captain Samuel Darrah, of Burlington, was killed by a sharpshooter. In these engagements the regiment lost 27 killed and 140 wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry was wounded on the 1st and the com- mand of the regiment devolved upon Major Charles G. Chandler. Lieutenants Ezra Stetson and Charles G. Newton were killed on the 1st, and on the 3d Captain Edwin B. Frost was killed. The Tenth had now acquired the experience of veterans and had uniformly acquitted itself with honor, as shown by the published reports. At sundown on the 13th the regiment crossed the Chickahominy and on the 15th embarked on transports for City Point ; without disembarking there they proceeded to Bermuda Hundreds, arriving on the i6th. Here a position was occupied in rear of Butler's fortified line. On the 19th of June the regiment crossed the Appomattox and moved around to the rear of Petersburg. On the 22d and 23d they took part in the well-known raid on the Weldon Railroad, but with- out loss, and on the 6th of July the Third Division was detached from the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac and ordered to Harper's Ferry, to meet the rebel advance into Maryland. The division went via City Point and Baltimore and at eight o'clock of the 9th was at Monocacy Junction, where it shared in the battle that ensued. In this engagement, the details of which are too lengthy for these pages, the Tenth was actively engaged and lost 4 killed and 26 wounded. The night of the 9th the regiment marched to New Market, where it joined the division, and the next day was sent to the Relay House, and on the i ith to Baltimore. On the 14th of July the regiment took the railroad for Washington and the next day marched on through Georgetown, crossed the Potomac on the i6th and camped on the Leesburg pike. On the evening of the 17th the regiment joined the remainder of the Sixth Corps and the next day marched through Snicker's Gap and reached the Shenandoah River. The 20th the rebels on the opposite side of the river having disappeared, the regiment crossed and the same night reforded the stream and started for Washington and thence to Harper's Ferry. Another severe march brought the regiment to Frederick, where it remained to the Sth of August, when it moved to Monocacy Junction, where the Shenandoah valley campaign was inaugurated. The movements in which the Tenth took part in the valley, up to the bat- tle of Winchester, cannot be followed in detail ; they are matters of general history. The battle of Winchester was fought September 19. Orders reached this brigade on the i8th to be ready to march at a moment's notice, and early on the following morning the troops were on the move. In the engagement the Third Division was in the front line of battle, and in the onset were thrown into confusion and became mingled with the second, with which they then moved forward. The battle waged hot and at one time seemed lost, but Gen- eral Russell, with the First Division and Upton's Brigade, came up and 372 History of Chittenden County. charged the enemy on the flank, driving them back. General Russell was killed. At three o'clock the enemy had taken a new position near Winches- ter, where they were vigorously attacked by Crook's command, with Merritt's- and Averill's divisions of cavalry on the flank, and the main army in front, with Sheridan cheering them on. A simultaneous charge was made in front, flank and rear, and the enemy broke and fled through the town in hopeless rout. Among the killed in the Tenth was Major Edwin Dillingham, a brave officer. Lieutenant Hill was wounded and died a few weeks later in hospital. The engagement at Fisher's Hill followed closely on the 2ist, 22d. Here the enemy was posted on the crest of the hill behind lines of works. On the evening of the 20th the Sixth Corps filed into the woods north of Strasburgh and lay there over night; the 2ist was spent in reconnoitering the position. The next day the Third Division formed the extreme right of the army; Sheri- dan's line covered a mile and a half in length, but was not continuous ; thus the opposing armies confronted each other on the morning of the 22d. Gen- eral Crook was sent on a flank movement, to cover which the Third Division was swung out from the right, cleared aivay the rebel skirmishers and formed a line threatening their flank. The following narration of the actual incidents of the engagement is from Chaplain Haynes's history of the regiment : "Say now it is four o'clock. Crook has toiled with his command westward up the steep side of the Blue Ridge, and then moved south far enough to gain the rear of the rebel works ; then, facing east, crawled stealthily yet rapidly to his assigned position. He is now in the edge of the timber, his whole column lapping the enemy's flank, ready to rush upon his rear. An instant more, wholly unexpected, he dashes out and leaps forward. At the same time Ricketts's Division, seconding Crook's command from the position taken in the morning, and, in anticipation of this very thing, sprang forward, quickly tra- versed the field before them, mounted the rebel works in tront and cleared them instantly. The work here was done. The rebels, those who did not at once yield themselves as prisoners, fled terrified, leaving everything that might en- cumber their flight. In the mean time the troops on our left were nobly carrying out their part of the programme. Under a heavier storm of deadly missiles — and they were under it, for it was quite impossible that the rebels should keep up a perfect range on this uneven ground — they rapidly closed in and helped to complete the victory. For the enemy it was a terrible rout. . . . We captured sixteen pieces of artillery, sixteen stand of colors, and eleven hundred prisoners. Our division claimed to have captured four hun- dred prisoners and six pieces of artillery. The Tenth Regiment lost only five wounded and less than that number killed. Captain John A. Hicks, acting on the First Brigade staff" from this regiment, was severel)- wounded." After the succeeding operations in the valley, principally by the cavalry arm, the Sixth Corps started on the march for Washington on the loth of Oc- In the Rebellion. 373 tober, but returned in time to take part in the battle of Cedar Creek. In that battle, fought on the lOth, the Tenth Regiment was engaged with seventeen offiers and two hundred and sixty men. It shared in the heaviest fighting of the day and suffered casualties to the number of fourteen killed and sixty- six wounded. Among the killed were Captain Lucian D. Thompson, and the brave color-sergeant, William Mahoney, one of the first to reach the enemy's guns, who fell in the final charge. Among the wounded were Adjutant Wyllys Lyman, First Lieutenant George E. Davis, and Second Lieutenant James M. Read, of Company D ; Second Lieutenant B. Brooks Clark, Com- pany E, who subsequently died of his wounds ; Captain Chester F. Nye, Com- pany F ; First Lieutenant William White, and Second Lieutenant Charles W. Wheeler, Company I ; First Lieutenant George P. Welch and Second Lieu- tenant Austin W. Fuller, Company K. The regiment moved to City Point and went into camp near Warren Sta- tion, on the 5th of December. In this immediate vicinity they remained, without important action, until the 25th of March, when the grand closing movement of the army began. On that date 230 of the Tenth participated in an attack on the enemy's picket lines in front of Forts Fisher and Welch, losing two killed and four wounded. On the 2d of April the regiment assisted in the assault on the field-works in front of Fort Welch, the brigade making a rapid advance through abattis and over rough ground, capturing fine after fine of strong earthworks and many prisoners. It was a day of trying service, and the colors of this division which were first inside of the captured works, were those of the Tenth. The casualties were three killed and forty- one wounded. Among the latter was Adjutant James M. Read, of Burhngton, who died four days later, winning undying honors as a brave officer and a martyr to his country. Major Wyllys Lyman received especial mention by the commanding oflScer as having been the first to enter the rebel works with the color-bearer. From Petersburg the regiment marched with the Sixth Corps to Sailor's Creek, where it was engaged on the 6th of April, taking active part in the de- cisive flank movement which closed the action. The regiment then marched to Appomattox Court House, where the rebel army surrendered on the 9th of April ; thence they returned to Burkesville Station, and thence to Danville, where they remained three weeks. At the end of this time they proceeded to Washington via Richmond, and went into camp near BaU's Cross Roads ; here they remained until mustered out. The original members of the regi- ment, and the recruits whose terms of service would expire before October i, 1865, were mustered out on the 22d of June and arrived at Burlington on the 27th. The remainder of the regiment were transferred to the Fifth and were mustered out with that regiment on the 29th of June. Twelfth Regiment. — This regiment was recruited for nine months and was mustered into the service October 4, 1863. As stated on an earlier page, the 374 History of Chittenden County. original Howard Guards, of Burlington, went out in almost their original form as Company C, of the Twelfth. The following officers of the regiment were from Chittenden county : Lemuel W. Page, commissioned captain August 23, 1862; mustered out July 14, 1863. Heman R. Wing, commissioned first lieutenant August 23, 1862; mustered out July 14, 1863. William Loomis, commissioned first lieutenant January 23, 1863 ; he went out as second lieu- tenant of Company C, and was mustered out with the regiment. George G. Benedict went as a private in Company C ; commissioned second lieutenant January 23, 1863, and mustered out with the regiment. George H. Bigelow, regimental quartermaster- sergeant, commissioned second Heutenant May 15, 1863 ; mustered out with the regiment. This regiment was brigaded, during its term of service, with the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth, and will be further alluded to in connec- tion with those organizations. Thirteenth Regiment. — This regiment was mustered into the service Octo- ber 10, 1862. It received large accessions from Chittenden county, as seen by the preceding table. The officers in the regiment from this county were as fol- lows : Joseph Sargent, Williston, chaplain ; died April 20, 1863. Wm. D. Munson, Colchester, captain Company D ; wounded July 3, 1863 ; commis- sioned lieutenant-colonel May 5, 1863. John Lonergon, captain Company A. George Bascom, Milton, first lieutenant Company D, September 6, 1862! commissioned captain June 4, 1863. John L. Yale, Williston, captain Com- pany F, resigned February 6, 1863. Lucius H. Bostwick, Jericho, first lieu- tenant Company F; commissioned captain March 3, 1863. Justin Naramore, Underhill, second lieutenant Company F, commissioned first lieutenant March 3, 1863. Wm. L. Blake, Milton, private in Company D, promoted to sergeant October 10, 1862 ; commissioned second lieutenant February 23, 1863. John M. Rolfe, Colchester, second lieutenant Company D, resigned January 30, 1863. Arnold C. Fay, Richmond, private Company F, promoted first ser- geant October 10, 1862 ; second lieutenant March 3, 1863. Tlie Fourteenth Regiment. — This organization was mustered into the serv- ice October 21, 1862. Company I received eighteen recruits from Charlotte, and Company G twenty-eight from Hinesburg. There were no other enlist- ments in the regiment from this county. Azro M. Plant, of Burhngton, went out as assistant surgeon and was mustered out with the regiment. John H. Allen, of Hinesburg, was captain of Company G. Milo A. Williams, of Char- lotte, was second lieutenant of Company I and promoted to first lieutenant January 16, 1863. The Fifteenth and Sixteetith Regiments of nine months' men, which with the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth constituted the brigade, did not in- clude recruits from Chittenden county. These regiments were brigaded to- gether as the Second Vermont Brigade and placed under command of Briga- In the Rebellion. 375 dier-General Edwin H. Stoughton. He was soon after captured, when the command was assumed by Colonel Asa P. Blunt, of the Twelfth Regiment. In April, 1863, Brigadier- General George J. Stannard was assigned to the command and held it until the expiration of the term of service of the brigade. Until June, 1863, the brigade was stationed in front of Washington, the various regiments being located in the vicinity of Fairfax Station and Wolf Run Shoals, and engaged principally in picket duty. On the 25th of June the brigade left the line of works, under orders to report to Major- General Rey- nolds, commanding the First Corps. On the evening of July i the brigade joined that corps at Gettysburg, after an exhausting march of seven days, dur- ing which they made more than one hundred and twenty- five miles. The Twelfth and Ffteenth Regiments were ordered to the rear to protect wagon trains and did not participate in the battles of the 2d and 3d, although the Fifteenth, under Colonel Proctor, was advanced to the field after the first order to the rear ; to the Twelfth and Fifteenth the order was given that the reg- iment numbering the most men should go to the front, and the Fifteenth slightly out- counted the Twelfth, but the service of the latter proved fully as important as that of the other, the Fifteenth being again sent to the rear the next day. On the evening of the 2d of July the remaining regiments of the brigade were moved to the front line, to fill the place of troops that had been shattered by the onslaughts of the enemy. To give the reader an idea of the very important and gallant service of this brigade in the Gettysburg battle of the 3d we cannot do better than reproduce a portion of the official report of General Stannard, as follows : " Before reaching the ground, the Twelfth and Fifteenth Regiments were detached by order of General Reynolds as a guard to the corps wagon train in the rear. The Fifteenth rejoined the brigade next morning, but was again ordered back for the same duty about noon of that day. After the opening of the battle of the 2d the left wing of the Thirteenth Regiment, under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Munson, was ordered forward as support to the skirmishers in our front. While stationing them Captain A. G. Foster, assistant inspector- general of my staff, was seriously wounded by a ball through both legs, de- priving me of his valuable services for the remainder of the battle. Just before dark of the same day, our army line on the left of the center having become broken under a desperate charge of the enemy, my brigade was or- dered up. The right wing of the Thirteenth Regiment, under command of Colonel Randall, was in advance and upon reaching the breach in the line was granted by General Hancock, commanding upon the spot, the privilege of making effort to retake the guns of Company C, Regular Battery, which had just been captured by the enemy. " This they performed in a gallant charge, in which Colonel Randall's horse was shot under him. Four guns of the battery were retaken, and two rebel 376 History of Chittenden County. field pieces, witli about eighty prisoners, were captured by five companies of the Thirteentli in this single charge. The front line thus re-established, was held by this brigade for twenty-six hours. About two o'clock of the 3d instant the enemy commenced a vigorous attack upon our position. After subjecting us for an hour and a half to the severest cannonade of the whole battle from nearly one hundred guns, the enemy charged with a heavy column of infantry. The charge was aimed directly upon my command, but owing apparently to the firm front shown them, the enemy diverged midway and came upon the line on my right. But they did not thus escape the warm reception prepared for them by the Vermonters. As soon as the change of the point of attack became ev- ident, I ordered a flank attack upon the enemy's column. Forming in the open meadow in front of our line, the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Regiments marched down by the flank, changed front forward at a right angle to the main line of battle of the army, bringing them in line of battle upon the flank of the charg- ing column of the enemy, and opened a destructive fire at short range, which the enemy sustained but very few minutes before the larger portion of them surrendered and marched in, not as conquerors, but as captives. They had hardly dropped their arms before another rebel column appeared charging upon our left. Colonel Veazey, of the Sixteenth, was at once ordered back to take it in its turn upon the flank. This was done as successfully as before. The rebel force, decimated by the fire of the Fourteenth Regiment, was scooped almost en masse into our lines. The Sixteenth took in this charge the regimental colors of the Second Florida and Eighth Virginia Regiments, and the battle flag of another rei^iment. "The Sixteenth was supported for a time, in the now advanced position it occupied after the charge, by four companies of the Fourteenth under com- mand of Lieutenant-Colonel Rose. The movements I have briefly described were executed in the open field under a heavy fire of shell, grape and mus- ketry, and they were performed with the promptness and precision of battalion drill. They ended the contest on the center and substantiall)' closed the battle. " Officers and men behaved like veterans, although it was for most of them their first battle ; and I am content to leave it to the witnesses of the fight whether or no they sustained the credit of the service and the honor of our Green Mountain State." Little need be added of the brilliant part taken by this brigade in that memorable battle. It is still characterized as a most important feature of the engagement. The total killed in the brigade was reported as thirty- nine, and wounded two hundred and forty-eight; of these the Thirteenth Regiment lost eight killed and eighty- nine wounded ; the Fourteenth seventeen killed and sixty-eight wounded ; and the Sixteenth fourteen killed and eighty-nine wounded. The term of service of the regiments in this brigade soon expired and they In the Rebellion. 377 were mustered out, the Twelfth on the 14th of July ; the Thirteenth July 21 ; the Fourteenth July 30 ; the Fifteenth August 5 ; and the Sixteenth August 10. The Seventeenth Regiment. — This regiment was recruited in the latter part of 1863 and early in the year 1864, and made its rendezvous at Burlington. It [was mustered in by companies, and the preceding table shows the enlist- ments in its ranks from this county. The officers of the regiment from Chittenden county were the following : Wm. B. Reynolds, Milton, went out as first lieutenant of the Sixth Regiment and was promoted to captain January 18, 1862 ; was made major of the Sev- enteenth April 12, 1864; killed in action before Petersburg July 30, 1864. Buel J. Derby, Huntington, quartermaster ; mustered out with the regi- ment. Arnold C. Fay, Richmond, first lieutenant Company K, September 22, 1864; brevet captain April 2, 1865, for gallantry in the assault on Petersburg; captain June 26, 1865. John L. Yale, Williston, captain Company K, mustered out with the regi- ment. Joseph W. Townshend, Charlotte, private in Company B ; was made corpo- ral, sergeant and then first sergeant of Company G July 14, 1865 ; first lieu- tenant June 26, 1865. Edward L. Hibbard, Charlotte, first lieutenant Company B ; mustered out October 19, 1864, for physical disabiUty. Alonzo K. Danforth, Charlotte, second lieutenant Company B, discharged for disability June 3, 1864. William Cronan, Burlington, private in Company B, promoted sergeant July 20, 1864; wounded July 30, 1864; first sergeant May i, 1865 ; commis- sioned second lieutenant July 10, 1865. Frank Keith, Burhngton, private in Company B, promoted sergeant March I, 1864; transferred to Company F and made first sergeant June 23, 1865; commissioned second lieutenant July 10, 1865. Companies A, B, C, D, E, F and G left the State on the i8th of April under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cummings and arrived at Al- exandria on the 22d, where they were assigned to the Second Brigade, Sec- ond Division, Ninth Corps. They marched on the 27th to Bristow Station and thence on the 4th of May to Bealton Station. On the Sth they crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan and at 2 A. M. on the 6th advanced toward the Wilderness battle field. At sunrise the regiment was in line of battle on the right of the brigade. At 9 A. M. they advanced through a dense pine thicket and drove the enemy from behind a fence which they had occupied during the morning, and held the position during the forenoon under a sharp fire of mus- ketry and artillery, repulsing a charge made by the enemy upon both flanks to 3/8 History of Chittenden County. regain the position. At noon the regiment was moved about a mile to the left and placed upon the right of an extended line, then forming for a charge upon the enemy. Here the regiment was exposed to a galling musketry fire, during which Lieutenant-Colonel Cummings was wounded and the command devolved upon Major William B. Reynolds. At 2 P. M. the charge was ordered and the enemy driven from his position. Major Reynolds says in his report that "no colors were advanced beyond those of. this regiment." The casualties in this engagement were nine killed, sixty-four wounded and seven missing. Owing to prevalence of measles the regiment numbered only 313 on the morning of the engagement. On the loth of May the regiment advanced toward Spottsylvania and on the nth arrived before the entrenchments of the enemy. Early on the morning- of the 1 2th they advanced to the attack and met the enemy in line of battle. The engagement continued two hours, when the ammunition of the regiment was exhausted and they were relieved by the Forty-Eighth Pennsylvania Reg- iment. Another advance was made on the enemy's works at 11 A. M., after which the regiment withdrew to its former position. This they held through the day, against several attempts of the enemy to dislodge them. At night the position was made secure by a slight parapet of rails, logs and earth, and was occupied by the regiment under constant fire until 2 A. M. of the 19th, when they were withdrawn about three miles to the left. The casualties were severe — ten killed; three ofiicers and fifty-seven men wounded. On the 26th of May the regiment marched easterly and crossed the Pa- munkey at Dabney's Ferry, near Hanover Town, reaching their destination on the night of the 28th. On the 3d of June the Second Brigade was brought up to the support of the First Brigade in a vigorous assault upon the enemy's entrenched position. The Seventeenth was on the right of the line, which was wheeled forward at right angles with the main line. A sharp engagement en- sued, in which officers and men behaved gallantly. The losses in the regiment from May 20 to the 6th of June were two officers wounded, one of whom sub- sequently died, and two enlisted men killed and thirty wounded, of whom three died immediately after. On the 8th of June Company H joined the regiment with fifty-seven effective men. On the 12th of June the Ninth Corps left their entrenchments near Cold Harbor, and at noon on the i6th arrived near Petersburo-. At 6 P. M. the Second Brigade, to which the regiment was attached, was drawn up in line of battle to support a portion of the Second Corps, then about to make a charge. This proved unsuccessful, and the regiment was moved to the right, and at 3 o'clock the next morning the enemy's works were charged and carried. In this charge the Seventeenth had a part of the front line and displayed the most heroic gallantry. They captured two guns, a caisson, six horses, seventy prisoners and the colors and adjutant of the Seventeenth Tennessee. The cas- In the Rebellion. 379 ualties were five killed and sixteen wounded. The regiment continued in ad- vanced works, and most of the time under sharp fire, until the 20th of June. The casualties from June 8 to June 20 were ten killed and twenty-five wounded. We need not follow the regiment in detail through the remainder of this decisive campaign ; but it was constantly in active service and suffered loss nearly every day. The casualties between July 20 and July 29 were five killed and twenty-seven wounded. On July 30 the Seventeenth, under command of Major Reynolds, consti- tuted part of the force which made the gallant but unfortunate charge upon the enemy's works, after the blowing up of the famous Petersburg mine. The regiment behaved with its accustomed gallantry and lost severely. The brave Major Reynolds fell while leading his men. Lieutenants Wm. E. Martin and John R. Converse also were killed. Of the eight commissioned officers who went into the engagement not one returned. The casualties were six killed and twenty-four wounded. On the 13th of August the regiment was increased by the addition of Com- pany I, numbering eighty-seven men. The regiment remained in the lines in front of Petersburg, and on the 30th of September the Second Division was attacked by the enemy, and the Seventeenth again met with severe loss. The casual- ties were — killed three, wounded and missing, seventy-three. Among the wounded and missing was the brave Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cummings, and subsequent reports from rebel sources gave information of his death within a few hours after he was captured. His loss was deeply felt. The heavy losses and the hardships of the campaign had now reduced the regiment to one officer and eighty-five men, but Company K was soon after- ward added (October 8, 1864). On the 27th Colonel Francis V. Randall as- sumed command. After the battle of Hatcher's Run the Ninth Corps was transferred to the right of the Army of the Potomac. Colonel Randall was assigned to the command of Fort Davis, with the Seventeenth Vermont, Thir- ty-first Maine and Fifty-sixth Massachusetts regiments and two batteries' of artillery. In this fort and near by the regiment remained through the winter until April i, and engaged almost daily in skirmishing on the picket line and near the fort. In this service several men were wounded. During the night of the ist of April the regiment, with the Second Mary- land, pierced the line of rebel pickets and then swept to the left, capturing the entire picket line of the enemy, to where the Ninth united with the Sixth Corps. In the general assault on the morning of the 2d of April the brigade, in- cluding the Seventeenth, carried the first line of rebel works and participated nobly in the severe fighting until Petersburg was evacuated. The casualties during the day were eight killed and thirty-nine wounded. The regiment 38o History of Chittenden County. shared in the pursuit of Lee's army until his surrender, and then returned to Burkesville. Here and at City Point and at Alexandria the regiment was em- ployed in arduous guard duty the greater part of the time until the 14th of July, when they were mustered out and returned to Burlington. The Eighth Regiment received so small a contribution from this county that it is not deemed necessary to give any account of its service, further than that its major, John L. Bartow, was from Shelburne, and afterwards became governor of the State. Artillery. — Three batteries of artillery went out from this State, and in their ranks were about seventy-five Chittenden county men. The first battery was mustered into the service for three years, on the i8th of February, 1862. Edward E. Greenleaf, of Colchester, whose record in the service dated from December 10, 1861, when he went out as a private and rose by promo- tion to second lieutenant, was commissioned captain of this battery on the 14th of February, 1864. The battery spent its term of service in New Orleans and became dis- tinguished for its thorough discipline and drill and eflSciency in the field. The original members were mustered out August 10, 1864, and the recruits were transferred to the Second Battery. The Second Battery. — This battery was mustered into the service for three years, on the i6th and the 24th of December, 1861. None of its officers was from Chittenden county. It also was stationed in the Department of the Gulf, and a large part of its service was in the vicinity of Port Hudson, La. Its original members, not veterans, were mustered out September 20, 1864. The remainder were mustered out July 31, 1865. The Third Battery. — This battery was mustered into the service January I, 1864. Among its officers was Aaron P. French, of Colchester, who was commissioned second lieutenant on the 2d of January, 1862, and honorably discharged for disability October 10, 1864. The battery left Burhngton on the 17th of January, 1864, and reached Washington on the 1 8th, and were finally attached to the Ninth Corps. They remained with the Army of the Potomac in its broad field of operations down to the surrender of the Confed- eracy. Its services in front of Petersburg were especially severe. On the 3d of June, 1865, their equipment was turned over to the Ordnance Department, and on the 5th the battery started for Vermont, arriving at Burlington on the 9th. They were mustered out on the 13th. Sharpshooters. — There were three companies of sharpshooters raised in the State, to which Chittenden county contributed about forty men. The First Regiment was mustered into the service on the 13th of September, 1861. Of Company F, which was mainly recruited in Rutland county, Charles W. Sea- ton, of Charlotte, went out as first lieutenant and was promoted to captain on the 2d of August, 1862. This regiment performed brilliant and efficient ser- In the Rebellion. 381 vice with the Army of the Potomac, as fully detailed in the history of its operations published by its colonel, William Y. W. Ripley, to which we must refer the reader. Of Company F twenty-one men were killed on the field and eleven more died of wounds received — a fact which speaks eloquently of its severe service. The original members were mustered out September 13, 1864, and the veterans and recruits were transferred to the Second Regiment of Sharpshooters. The Second Regiment of Sharpshooters, of which nearly twenty men were from the rural districts of this county, was mustered into the service. Company E, on the 9th of November, 1861, and Company H on the 31st of December, 1861 ; they were mustered out three years later. These companies served with great gallantry and severe losses with the Army of the Potomac. Of the officers in these two companies who were from Chittenden county were Sey- mour F. Norton, of Burlington, first Heutenant Company E, promoted to cap- tain September 14, 1863 ; William H. Humphrey, of Underbill, first lieu- tenant Company E. In speaking of the services of the men in this arm of the service, the adjutant- general says in his report: "They have proved themselves to be a most valuable arm of the service. Constantly upon the skirmish line and de- ployed as sharpshooters, they are always put forward to seek danger, and, like the cavalry, perform the most arduous service, with the least opportunity of recognition." First Vermont Cavalry. — This organization was recruited in the latter part of 1861, and went into camp at Burlington. It was mustered into the service on the 19th of November, 1861, with 966 officers and men, under command of Colonel Lemuel B. Piatt, of Colchester. About 220 of the regiment were from Chittenden county. The officers in the regiment from this county were the following: Lemuel B. Piatt, Colchester, resigned February 27, 1862. Ed- gar Pitkin, Burhngton, adjutant, mustered out September 10, 1862. Archi- bald S. Dewey, quartermaster, mustered out September 11, 1862. Edward B. Nims, Burhngton, assistant surgeon, mustered out August 9, 1865. John H. Woodward, Westford, chaplain, resigned July 17, 1863. John E. Goodrich, Burlington, chaplain, mustered out August 9, 1865. Frank A. Piatt, Col- chester, captain, resigned July 18, 1862. Joel B. Erhardt, Burlington, captain by promotion from first lieutenant July 16, 1862 ; resigned February 7, 1863. Ellis B. Edwards, Colchester, second lieutenant Company A October 11, 1 861 ; first lieutenant Company A July 16, 1862 ; commissioned captain Feb- ruary 7, 1863. Ebenezer K. Sibley, Westford, captain Company B; trans- ferred to Company C June 21, 1865. Hiram H. Hall, Williston, private Com- pany L, promoted second lieutenant Company E February i, 1863 ; first Heu- tenant March 17, 1863 ; commissioned captain June 4, 1864; killed in action June 23, 1864, at Nottaway Court-House, Va. Alexander G. Watson, Bur- 25 382 History of Chittenden County. lington, second lieutenant Company L ; promoted first lieutenant January 5, 1864; wounded May 11, 1864, and October 19, 1864; commissioned captain February 28, 1864. John W. Woodward, Burlington, captain Company M; killed in action at Hagerstown, Md., July 6, 1863. William L. Greenleaf, Col- chester, private in Company L, promoted sergeant September 29, 1862; wounded July 13, 1863; first sergeant March 1,1864; second lieutenant Com- pany L February 28, 1864; wounded June 23, 1864; commissioned first lieu- tenant February 9, 1865 ; honorably discharged May 15, 1865, for wounds re- ceived in action. George Miller, Williston, private Company L August 15, 1862, sergeant September 29, 1862; first sergeant January i, 1865 ; mustered out as first sergeant June 21, 1865. George C.Lewis, Underbill, private Com- pany M ; promoted sergeant December 31, 1862; first sergeant February i, 1864; second lieutenant July 7, 1864; commissioned first lieutenant February 9, 1865 ; honorably discharged for disability. The history in detail of a cavalry regiment which saw three years of the active service that fell to the lot of the First Vermont would make a volume, and is of course beyond the limits of this work. The history of cavalry regi- ments is replete with stirring incidents, rapid marches, fearless and brilliant charges, and desperate encounters, which would require ample space for their description. We are therefore compelled to confine ourselves to the mere statistics of engagements. The regiment left the State on the 14th of December, and in the report of the adjutant-general at the end of its first year's service, he says: "They have participated in many engagements, and have distinguished themselves greatly for their dashing bravery. At times their service has been very se- vere." Again he says : " During the campaign in Maryland and Pennsylvania, in June and July, the regiment under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pres- ton participated in a series of engagements, in which both officers and men be- haved most gallantly." The casualties from June 30 to July 8 of that year were nineteen killed and forty- four wounded. In the campaign of 1864-5 the regiment performed the most efficient service, lost many of its best men, and captured many of the enemy. Colonel Preston was killed on the 3d of June; he was considered one of the best cavalry officers in the service. On the same day Captain OHver T. Cushman was killed, and on the 23d of the same month Captain Hiram H. Hall was killed. From the 1st of February, 1865, Lieu- tenant-Colonel Josiah Hall was in command of the regiment, and the services performed from that date until the close of the war were of the most brilliant and efficient character. The long list of engagements in which the First Cavalry shared honorable and often the most important part, tells the brief story of what they did and en- dured. Beginning with Mount Jackson, they served in engagements of more or less importance at Port Republic, April 27, 1862 ; Middletown, May 24, In the Rebellion. 383 1862 ; Winchester, May 25, 1862 ; Luray Court-House, July 2, 1862 ; Cul- pepper Court- House, July 10, 1862 ; Orange Court-House, August 2, 1862 ; Kelley's Ford, August 20, 1862 ; Waterloo Bridge, August 22, 1862 ; Bull Run, August 30, 1862 ; Ashby's Gap, September, 1862 ; Broad Run, April i, 1863 ; Greenwich, May 30, 1863 ; Hanover, Pa., June 30, 1863 ; Huntersville, Pa., July 2, 1863 ; Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 ; Monterey, July 4, 1863 ; Light- ersville, Md., July 5, 1863 ; Hagerstown, Md., July 6, 1863 ; Boonesborough, Md., July 8, 1863 ; Hagerstown, July 13, 1863 ; Falling Waters, July 14, 1863 ; Port Conway, August 25, 1863 ; Port Conway, September i, 1863 ; Culpep- per Court-House, September 13, 1873 ; Somerville Ford, September 14, 1863 ; Raccoon Ford, September 26, 1863 ; Falmouth, October 4, 1863 ; James City, October 10, 1863 ; Brandy Station, October 5, 1863 ; Gainesville, October 18 and 19, 1863 ; Buckland Mills, October 19, 1863 ; Morton's Ford, November 28, 1863; Mechanicsville, March i, 1864; Piping Tree, March 2, 1864; Craig's Church, May 5,1864; Spottsylvania, May 8, 1864; Yellow Tavern, May II, 1864; Meadow Bridge, May 12, 1864; Hanover Court-House, May 31, 1864; Ashland, June i, 1864; Hawe's Shop, June 3, 1864; Bottom Bridge, June 10, 1864; White Oak Swamp, June 13, 1864; Malvern Hill, June 15, 1864 ; Reams's Station, June 22, 1864 ; Nottaway Court-House, June 23, 1864; Keyesville, June 24, 1 864 ; Roanoke Station, June 25, 1864 ; Stony Creek, June 28 and 29, 1864; Reams's Station, June 29, 1864; Ridley's Shop, June 30, 1864; Winchester, August 17, 1864; Summit Point, August 21, 1864; Charlestown, August 22, 1864; Kearneysville, August 25, 1864; Ope- quan, September 19, 1864; Front Royal, September 21, 1864; Mooney's Grade, September 21, 1864; Milford, September 22, 1864; Waynesborough, September 28, 1864; Columbia Furnace, October 7, 1864; Tom's Brook, October 9, 1864; Cedar Creek, October 13, 1864; Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864; Middle Road, November 11, 1864; Middle and Back Road, November 12, 1864; Lacy's Springs, December 20, 1864; Waynesborough, March 2, 1865 ; Five Forks, April i, 1865 ; Namozine Church, April 3, 1865 ; Appo- mattox Station, April 8, 1865 ; Appomattox Court-House, April 9, 1865. The total losses in this regiment during the term of service embracing the above list of actions was three hundred and ninety-seven by death ; sixty- three of these were killed in action. No other cavalry regiment bears a better rec- ord than the First Vermont. After the surrender of Lee the regiment returned to Petersburg, and on the loth of May started for Washington, where they arrived on the i6th. On the 9th of June the regiment left for Vermont, arriving at Burlington on the 13th. The recruits whose terms of service would expire previous to the 1st of October were mustered out on the 2 1st of June, and the remainder on the 9th of August. 384 History of Chittenden County. CHAPTER XVn. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF BOLTON. BOLTON is an irregularly-shaped, mountainous township lying in the ex- treme eastern part of Chittenden county. It is bounded on the north by Underhill, on the east by Waterbury and Duxbury — towns in Washington county — on the south by Huntington and on the west by Richmond and Jericho. The surface of the town is very much broken ; high hills and rocky- ravines, mountains and gorges are everywhere. The town always reminds one of the landscapes of the Yosemite region; here, indeed, is the "wild pomp of mountain majesty." A |part of Camel's Hump, one of the highest peaks (4,088 feet) of the Green Mountains, lies in Bolton. Other peaks in town are Bone Mountain in the eastern, Stimson's Mountain in the central, and Robin's Mountain in the western part. The highest hill is Blueberry Hill, in the ex- treme eastern part. These several mountains are separated from each other by deep gorges running at right angles to each other, through which numerous brooks tumble along. Pinneo Brook, short and noisy, rises in the western part of the town, flows a southerly course, and unites with Winooski River near the town line. Joiner Brook rises in the northern part, flows a southerly course between Bone and Stimson's Mountains, and reaches Winooski River not far from the center of the town. Duck Brook — so called from the wild ducks that formerly made their nests in the wood along its banks — rises in the northwestern part of the town, flows a southerly course of about four miles, and joins Winooski River in the western part of the town. It is fed by numerous cold springs, and far-famed for trout, as are also the other brooks in the town. Preston Brook rises in Huntington, flows a northerly course and pours into Winooski River. Mill Brook rises in the northern part of the town, and takes an easterly course into Jericho, furnishing fine water-power to several saw and shingle-mills. These streams, with other minor ones, are short and rapid, and, in the spring when the snows melt, frequently swell to mountain torrents, There is one small pond in the township, Sanborn Pond, lying a little north of Blueberry Hill. The largest stream of water in Bolton is Winooski River, which flows westerly through the southern part of the town- ship. Bolton is somewhat noted for the winds that pass through the valley of Winooski River and around the mountains. To this fact it is owing that in summer it is always four or five degrees cooler in Bolton than in the sur- rounding towns. Bolton is also celebrated for her bears, and Bruin has prob- ably been more extensively slaughtered here than in any town in the State ; hundreds have been killed, and still there is a sufficienc)' remaining, and nearl)' every year the flock of some farmer suffers. Only a few j-ears ago the bears Town of Bolton. 385 came down from the mountains and slaughtered ten sheep in one night within half a mile of the village of West Bolton. This was, however, an unusual raid, and some people suggested that the bears should not be too much blamed in this case, as they were tracked to Washington county, and it might be after all, county jealousy or " sectional prejudice " that made Bruin turn a border ruffian. Although Bolton has been denominated the land of " boulders and bears," and the business to-day to a great extent is lumbering, the town is no wilderness. The soil is, indeed, rocky, but it is good, and there are many fine farms, especially along Winooski River. Both hard and soft woods grow in the town, there being many large tracts of spruce and hemlock. All the grains and fruits of our climate are raised in good quantities. The principal highways in Bolton are as follows : A road running through the entire township, keeping close to Winooski River, being the old turnpike leading from Burlington to Montpelier ; a road running through the "Notch," as it is called, from West Bolton and meeting the first mentioned road at a point two miles north of Bolton Station ; a stage road running westerly from West Bolton to the village of Jonesville, in Richmond. The town is crossed by the Central Vermont Railroad, which keeps close to Winooski River. There is one station called Bolton. Bolton was chartered June 7th, 1763, by Benning Wentworth, colonial governor of New Hampshire, to Thomas Darling, and seventy-one associates. The original grant was thirty-six square miles, or 23,040 acres. The original charter is now in the possession of Joseph Smith, of West Bolton. The fol- lowing is an exact copy from the " first book of town records" : " Province of New Hampshire. " GEORGE the Third By the Grace of God of Great Britain France and Ireland KING, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all Persons to whom these Presents Shall come. Greeting: Know ye that we of our special Grace certain knowledge and meer Motion for the due Encouragement of settHng a New Plantation within Our said Province by and with the Advice of Our Trusty and Well-beloved Benning Wentworth, Esq., Our Governor and Commander in Chief of our said Province of New Hampshire in New England and of our Counsel of the Said Province, have upon the Conditions and Resolutions here- inafter made. Given and Granted, and by these Presents for us Our Heirs and Successors do give and grant in equal Shares unto Our loving Subjects Inhab- itants of Our Said Province of New Hampshire and Our other Governments and to their heirs and Assigns forever whose Names are entered on this Grant to be divided to and amongst them into Seventy-Two equal Shares all that Tract or Parcel of Land situate, lying and being within our Said Province of New Hampshire containing by Admeasurement 23,040 Acres, Which Tract is to contain Six Miles Square, and no more out of which an Allowance is to be made for High Ways and unimprovable lands by Rocks Ponds Mountains and 386 History of Chittenden County. Rivers One Thousand and Forty Acres free according to a Plan and Survey thereof, made by Our Sd Governor's Order, and returned into the Secretary's Office, and hereunto annexed butted and Bounded as follows, Viz. Beginning at the southeast Corner of Jerico on the northerly side of Onion River (so Called) from thence Easterly Running up said River so far as to make Six Miles on a Line Perpendicular with the Southeasterly line of Said Jericho, from thence Running Six Miles Northerly upon a Parallel line with the line on the easterly Side of Jerico from thence Running westerly about Six Miles to the Northeasterly Corner of Said Jerico, from thence Southerly by Jerico to where we Began. "And that same be and hereby is Incorporated into a Township by the Name of Bolton and that the Injiabitants that do or shall hereafter inhabit said Town- ship are hereby declared to be Enfranchised with and Intitled to all and every the Priviliges and Immunities that other Towns within our Province by Laws Exercise and Enjoy. And further that the said Town as soon as there shall be Fifty Families resident and settled thereon shall have Liberty of holding Two Fairs one of which shall be held on the and the other on the Annually which Fairs are not to continue longer than the respective fol- lowing the said and that as soon as Said Town Shall Consist of Fifty Families a Market may be opened and kept one or more Days in each Week as may be thought advantageous to the Inhabitants. Also that the first Meet- ing for the Choice of Town Officers agreeable to the Laws of our Said Province shall be held on the Twenty-Seventh Day of July next which said Meeting Shall be Notified by Mr. Thomas Darling who is hereby also appointed the Moderator of the said first Meeting which he is to Notify and Govern agreeable to the Laws and Customs of our Said Province, and that the annual Meeting forever hereafter for Choice of such Officers for the said Town shall be on the second Tuesday of March annually. "To have and to hold the said Tract of Land as above expressed together with all Privileges and Appurtenances, to them and Their respective Heirs and Assigns forever upon the following Conditions viz. " 1st That every Grantee his Heirs or Assigns Shall Plant and cultivate five A€res of Land within the Term of five years for every fifty acres contained in his or their Share or proportion of Land in said Township and continue to im- prove and Settle the same by additional Cultivation, on Penalty of the forfeiture of his Grant or Share in the said Township and of its reverting to Us eur Heirs and Successors to be by us or them Regranted to such of Our Subjects as shall effectually Settle and Cultivate the same. "Ilnd That all white and other Pine Trees within the said Township fit for masting Our Royal Navy, be carefully preserved for that use and none be cut or felled without our special Lisence for so doing first had and obtained upon the Penalty of the forfeiture of the Right of such Grantee his Heirs and As- Town of Bolton. 387 signs to U9 Our Heirs and Successors as well as being subject to the Penalty of any Act or Acts of Parliament that now are or hereafter shall be Enacted. " Illd. That before any Division of the Land be made to and among the Grantees, a Tract of Land as near the Center of the said Township as the Land will admit of shall be reserved and marked out for Town Lots, one of which shall be allotted to each Grantee, of the Contents of one Acre. " IVth. Yielding and paying therefor to Us, Our Heirs and Successors, for the space of Ten Years to be computed from the Date thereof the Rent of (one) Ear of Indian Corn only on the Twenty-fifth day of December Annually if Lawfully demanded the first payment to be made on the Twenty-fifth of De- cember, 1763. " Vth. Every proprietor Settler or Inhabitant Shall yield and pay unto Us, Our Heirs and Successors yearly«and every year forever from and after the ex- piration of Ten Years from the abovesaid Twenty- fifth of December namely on the Twenty- fifth day of December which will be in the Year of Our Lord 1777 one Shilling Proclamation Money for every Hundred Acres he owns Settles or Possesses, and so in proportion for a Greater or lesser Tract of said Land, which Money shall be paid by the respective Person abovesaid their Heirs or Assigns in our Council-Chamber in Portsmouth or to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed to receive the same ; and this to be in Lieu of all other Rents and services whatsoever. " In testimony whereof, we have caused the Seal of our Said Province to be hereunto affixed. " Witness, " Benning Wentworth. " Our Governor and Commander-in-Chief of our Said Province the Sev- enth Day of June, In the Year of our Lord Christ one Thousand Seven Hun- dred and Sixty Three and in the Third Year of Our Reign " By His Excellencys Command with advice of the Council. " B. Wentworth. " T. Atkinson, Jr., Secy. "Province of New Hampshire June 7 1763 Recorded in the Book of Charters Page 437 : 438. " Pr T. Atkinson Junr Sec'y." The Charter has the following endorsement, and a list of the grantees : " His Excellency Benning Wentworth Esq., A Tract of Land to contain Five Hundred Acres marked ' B. W.' on the Plan which is to be accounted two of the within shares. " One whole share for the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign parts. " One share for the Gleeb of the Church of England as by law established. 388 History of Chittenden County. " One share for the first settled Minister of the Gospel and one share for the Benefit of schools in said Town. " Province of New Hampshire June 7 1763. "T. ATKINSON Jr Secy." Following are the names of the grantees : George Bunnell, Josiah Broadwell, Nathaniel Bunnell, John Bunnell, Alex- ander Simpson, William Broadwell, Thomas Darling, Isaac Clark, Henry Broadwell, Bethual Person, Ezekiel Johnson, Joel Osborn, Israel Ward, Jacob Merrill, Lawrence Wilson, David Ward, Thomas Millidge, Ebenezer Coe, Seth Babbitt, Ebenezer Haulbart, Samuel Hinds, Wilber Clark, Elisha Frazee, Na- thaniel Cogswell, Daniel Cogswell, Crowell Wilkinson, John McGiliver, Enoch Beach, Seth Crowell, jr., Stephen Day, George Day, Paul Day, William Dar- ling, Thomas Day, esq., Stephen Moore, Nathan Wilkinson, Alexander Car- michael, Isaac Tuttle, Stephen Tuttle, Jonathan Wilkinson, Christopher Wood, Daniel Wood, Thomas Osborn, Gilman Freeman, Thomas Kiney, John John- son, Ephraim Hayward, Philip Hathaway, Thomas Throope, Elisha Weak, Benjamin Coe, Richard Minthorn, Benjamin Day, Matthias Clark, Joseph Win- get, Joseph Ward, David Samson, Timothy Day, Samuel Averill, Partridge Thatcher, esq., Hon. Richard Webard, John Downing esq., Daniel Warner, esq., Colonel Joseph Smith, Peter Gilman, esq., Zebulon Giddins. The area of the chartered tract remained the same until October 27, 1794, Vkfhen a part of the town of Huntington was annexed to Bolton ; but, titles be- ing questioned and law suits resulting, the same was re-annexed to Hunting- ton on the loth of November, 1808. Another change was the annexation of a part of Bolton to Richmond, on the 25th of October, 1804. It appears that the Indians found Bolton an excellent hunting and fishing ground ; their regular trail from Connecticut River to Lake Champlain led through the town and there was generally an Indian village in the adjoining town of Richmond. A number of small arrow-heads, such as are used in killing birds, have been found in town. The first white man to visit Bolton was John Barnet, who, with a party of twenty-four, set out to explore the country from Connecticut River to Lake Champlain. Following the Indian trail along Winooski River, he passed through the town into Richmond, where the party was attacked by Indians and Tories, and Mr. Barnet killed. On the loth of May, 1770, the first proprie- tors' meeting was held at the house of Samuel Canfield, of New Milford, Conn., at which time Samuel Averill, of Kent, was chosen proprietors' clerk. There were other meetings, but the Revolution interrupted surveys and settlements. However, soon after the close of the war Robert Kennedy, Amos Palmer, Pe- ter Dilse, Daniel Pinneo, Augustus Levaque and others, came into town and began to chop down the forests. A considerable settlement was soon estab- lished, and the first census, taken in 1791, showed eighty- eight inhabitants, which number had increased to 219 in 1800. Town of Bolton. 389 Samuel Barnet, of Newbury, Vt., one of the early settlers of Bolton, was one of Washington's guards during the War of the Revolution. At the close of that struggle he came to Bolton, built a little log cabin, and began to make a clearing. Soon after his arrival crops suffered greatly from frosts, and it was with difficulty that he raised sufficient corn and turnips for his sustentation. He was present at the battle of Plattsburgh and died about four weeks after- ward, aged sixty-eight years. John Kennedy, one of the first settlers in town, was born in Massachusetts and when a young man came to Newbury, Vt. He was with Ethan Allen at the bloodless reduction of Ticonderoga, and received $80 as his share of the prize money. During his twelve- month service in the continental army he became personally acquainted with General Washington. After " the wars were all over,'' he returned to Newbury, but soon purchased lands in Water- bury, Vt., where he worked one summer, harvesting his corn and putting it in a crib. He then returned to Newbury, and on coming back in the spring found that his corn had been stolen, and the title to his lands claimed by others. Upon this he came to ]5olton, where he continued to reside until his death, in 1820. John Sabin came at an early day with his family from New Hampshire to Duxbury, Vt., and soon removed to Bolton. He had a family of eight chil- dren ; many of his descendants are now living in town. He remained in town until his death, when he was seventy )'ears of age. John Bone, a native of France, was one of the very first settlers. While clearing his land he boarded with Augustus Levaque. He was killed about 1798 by faUing from a precipice on Bone Mountain (named after him), 400 feet in height. John Morse came from Massachusetts to Waterbury, Vt., in 1782, and removed to Bolton the next year. He lived in town the remainder of his Hfe, had five children, and was a well-to-do farmer. R. J. Morse is his son. Joseph, Samuel and Asa Lewis came from Bradford, Conn., about 1802, and bought farms in town. Asa was at the battle of Plattsburgh. He was very eccentric, and figured connectedly as a farmer, a poet, a soldier and a Methodist. His death occurred in 1835. Moses L. Colton came to Bolton when it contained but few families and little business. He built the first saw- mill at West Bolton, and continued in the lumber business until his death, in 1850. He was one of the first men in town affairs, being representative six years and justice of the peace twenty-five years. He came originally from New Hamp- shire, and married Susan Pond, of Jericho. E. N. Colton, of West Bolton, is his son. Jonathan Bohonnon came early from Connecticut and settled in this town. His farm was on the " Notch Road." He was twice married, and lived in town until his death, which occurred some twenty-five years ago. Elijah Hinck- son was another pioneer of Bolton, living at the junction of the " Notch " and 390 History of Chittenden County. River roads. He was widely known as a bear-hunter, having killed more than sixty in his day. He died in town in i860, in his seventy-second year. Merrill Fellows came to Bolton " when the town was new," and engaged in lumbering. In 1830 he erected a saw-mill. He was a soldier in 1812 and witnessed the battle of Plattsburgh. He died in Richmond about twelve years ago. Solo- mon Fay came to town at an early day from Ohio. He carried on a farm at West Bolton, where P. F. Webster now resides. He died twenty-five years ago. Asher Hall was still another early cultivator of the earth in Bolton. He was twice married, his first wife, Chloe Smith, leaving him two children, sons. His second wife was Hopa Lyman, by whom he had four daughters and five sons. Mrs. Joseph Smith, of West Bolton, is his daughter. The first birth recorded in town is that of James Blair. The record reads : "James Blair, Born in this Town July the third one Thousand Seven Hun- dred and Ninety-one. Bolton, Febu'y 27, 1792." The first town meeting was held on the second Tuesday in March, 1794, at the house of James Moore. At this meeting Samuel Bell was chosen mod- erator ; Jabez Jones, town clerk ; Francis Joiner, William Rogers and Samuel Bell, selectmen, and Robert Kennedy, constable. The first representative of the town was Jabez Jones, elected in 1794. The first justice of the peace was Stephen Royce, who held the office from 1794 to 1805. The first settled min- ister in town was Rev. William L. Hurlburt. The first hotel keeper was James Moore, who came from Connecticut and for a number oi years kept a locally famous hostelry. The early settlers of Bolton were sturdy, hard-working men, and engaged in both lumbering and farming. Saw-mills of their own they had, but patronized the Jericho tanneries, distilleries and asheries. The first settlements in town were effected along the sinuous Winooski ; while the re- gion of the " Notch " was next in time and prominence — was early opened and the road worked. The settlers suffered much from the cold season in 18 16, and but lightly from the epidemic of 1813. The building of the Central Vermont Railroad, which crosses the town from east to west along the northern bank of Winooski River, added much to the business interests of Bolton, about 300 workmen being employed. C. P. & G. W. Stevens's lumber-mills at Bolton Station were established five years ago by the present owners. The firm do a business of $15,000 per annum, employing twenty-five hands and cutting 1,000,000 feet of lumber. Packing-boxes, spruce clapboards and winding-boards are also manufactured and shipped to .all parts of New England, besides which the company have a large retail trade. J. G. Tomlinson's butter-tub and cheese- box factory, at West Bolton, was established eight years ago by Mr. Tomlinson. He employs five hands, doing a business of $2,000 per annum, and some years manufacturing as many as 1 2,000 butter-tubs. He saws also large quantities of rough lumber, for which Town of Bolton. 391 his market is Burlington. He cuts in all from 75,000 to 100,000 feet per annum. G. W. Giles's circular saw- mill at West Bolton was put in operation by himself seventeen years ago. He employs four men and cuts 500,000 feet of lumber a year. He also manufactures boxes, cuts chair stock, and does planing. Nathan Giles's estate's saw and shingle-mill, located at West Bolton, cuts 100,000 feet of lumber every year, the market being Burlington and Winooski. Basswood furniture stock and shingles are also cut. The business was founded six years^ago. G. A. Pease is manager. E. N. Colton & Son's circular saw and shingle-mill at West Bolton cuts 300,000 feet of lumber a year, turning out from 800,000 to 1,200,000 shingles. In 1824 the business was established by Mr. Colton's father, and continued by him until 1847, when he was succeeded by the present senior proprietor. His son, H. J., assumed an interest in the concern in 1882. From six to twelve hands are employed. D. W. Tracy's circular saw-mill on Joiner Brook cuts 200,000 feet of lum- ber annually. Whitcomb & Willard built the first mill on this site. Mr. Tracy purchased the property in 1872 and has since operated the mill. F. W. Hall, of West Bolton, keeps a general dry goods and grocery store. He began business eight years ago, and carries a full line of merchandise. He -also deals in lumber and hides. His store is the only one in town and he does a large business. J. F. Whalen, of Bolton Station, deals in watches and clocks, and does all kinds of repairing. Bishop's Hotel, at Bolton Station, was a public house forty years ago. The present proprietor, Solomon Bishop, purchased it of Julius Hodges twenty years ago. The house accommodates thirty guests. H. H. Bishop is the manager, and many city boarders stay with him during the summer season. Post- Offices. — The post-office at Bolton was established in the first quarter of the present century. As early as 1824 James Whitcomb was postmaster, and in 1829 was followed by Almon Whitcomb. The successive incumbents of that position since his retirement in 1836 have been as follows: Joseph Smith, 1836-53; A. Smith to 1854; E. W. Bates to 1858; J. M. Bates, 1859; E. W. Bates to 1861 ; C. E. Whitcomb to 1865 ; E. R. Morse to 1868; Mrs. Sarah Bishop to 1871 ; Dan Shaw to 1877 ; E. W. Bruce to 1881 ; James F. Whalen to and including the present. Soon after 1850 the increasing population of the town, and the consequent inconvenience occasioned to the inhabitants of the western part of the town, demanded the establishment of a separate office at the little village of West Bolton, which accordingly took place by the appointment of F. D. Colton. His consecutive successors have been: Moses L. Colton from 1855 to 1862; R. Harris to 1867; B. M. Morse 392 History of Chittenden County. to 1870; Smith A. Hall to 1872 ; H. Webster, 1873 ; R. Harris to 187S ; C. C. Stevens to 1877; R. Harris, 1878 ; F. W. Hall to 1886; and the present official, G. A. Pease. The present officers of the town are as follows : F. J. Whalen, clerk and treasurer ; E. M. Stevens, constable and collector ; John Phillips, P. L. Tow- ers, T. B. Whalen, selectmen ; F. W. Hall, superintendent of schools ; T. S. McGinnis, town agent. Bolton adopted the town system of schools some six years ago, being among the first in the State to manifest its desire to remain in the van of intellectual progress. The system has given great satisfaction and reduced the number of schools from six to five. The total cost to the town of its schools for 1855 was $683.48. The school directors are: F. W. Hall, J. H. Smith, E. H. Sabin, C. F. Sabin, John Phillips and M. V. Hayden, the first named gentleman being chairman. The Baptist Church of West Bolton. — This church was organized on the i6th of February, 1848, with forty-three members, as the Second Baptist Church of Jericho, many of the members living in that town. In 1862 a Bap- tist society was formed in connection with the church, and until 1875 the or- ganization was known as the Baptist Church and Society of West Bolton. In 1875 the church was chartered under the laws of Vermont as the Baptist Church of West Bolton. The following pastors have served the church in the order named: Revs. W. S. Hurlburt, H. C. Leavitt, L. L. Wood, L. B. Steele^ W. S. Hurlburt, A. A. Davis and P. C. Abbey. The officers ot the church are : Otis B. Church, of Underbill, and Rufus Harris, deacons ; E. R. Davis, F. W. Hall and Hobart Pease, committee on finance ; E. R. Davis, treasurer ; Mrs. R. W. Gile, collector ; Mrs. Rufus Harris, clerk ; Mrs. Fred F"uller, su- perintendent of the Sabbath-school. The church now has sixty members and the Sabbath-school forty. The church edifice, a pleasant wood structure, was- erected in 1867 at a cost of $3,000, and will seat 250 people. The church, is at present without a pastor. CHAPTER XVIII. HISTORY OP THE TOWN AND CITY OF BURLINaTON. THE old town of Burlington, almost from the beginning the shire town of the county, and lying near the center of its west line, was originally bounded as follows : " Beginning at the southerly or southwest side of French or Onion River, so called, at the mouth of said river, thence running up by said river until it comes to a place that is ten miles upon a straight line from the mouth of the Town and City of Burlington. 393 river aforesaid, tiien runs upon a line perpendicular to the aforesaid ten miles line southerly so far as that a line to Lake Champlain, parallel to the ten miles line aforesaid, will, within the lines and the shore of the said lake, con- tain six square miles.'' By legislative enactment this area was diminished, on the 27th of October, 1794, by annexation to Williston of all the land lying east of Muddy Brook; the next change occurring on the 2 2d of November, 1864, when the city was chartered. In addition to the many material advantages of the place in situation, the variety of soil and surface, the water privileges, and the shipping facilities which were afforded by Lake Champlain long before the era of railroads, the city of Burlington, like its parent township, is most happy in the indescribable beauty of scenery presented by lake, island and mountain, river, valley and forest. Almost every description of the beautiful in nature has here been em- bellished by the tasteful hand of man. Irregularities of surface have been diminished, marshes drained, and tangled woods of evergreen and deciduous trees replaced by blossoming parterres and colonnades of graceful elms. But the grandest beauty of the Champlain valley will never be enhanced nor marred by human effort. Centuries will not suffice to still the ceaseless motion of the lake, or move the bases of the commanding temples that surround it. These, by their distance, are clothed with all the grandeur of sublimity without its terror. " Age cannot wither or custom stale their infinite variety." To-day they stand boldly out from the horizon, range succeeding range in grim pro- cession, until the most distant have melted from the reach of human vision ; to-morrow they will loom up before the eye vague as the Satan of Paradise Lost, with the perspective only of shadows, their massive shoulders magnified by the involuntary excursions of the imagination. The emotions of the be- holder are increased, moreover, by the historic associations that cluster about every portion of the landscape, from the battles between the aboriginal sav- ages, recorded alone by the weapons now occasionally discovered in our fields, to the struggles of the Revolution, of the last war with Great Britain, and the peaceful and profitable rivalries of the trade and commerce of recent years. The Town of Burlington. — The name of Burlington was probably derived from the Burling family of Westchester county. New York, who were exten- sive landholders in the several towns that were chartered at the same time with Burlington, although they were not original grantees of Burlington. The town of Colchester was granted to Edward Burling and others, among whom were ten of that name. It seems not impossible, therefore, that the name of Bur- lington was intended for Colchester, and was by a clerical error given to the town that afterwards transmitted it to the Queen Cit}- of Vermont. 'Russell S. Taft, in his admirable sketch in the Vermont Historical Magazine, further sug- gests that, " no doubt the name of Williston was intended for Burhngton, as it 394 History of Chittenden County. was chartered on the same day with Burlington, which was granted to Samuel Willis and others, there being four of that name among the grantees." The grantees were: Samuel Willis, Tunis Wortman, Thomas Dickson, John Willis ye 3'', Stephen Willis, Daniel Bowne, Thomas Cheshire, Jr., John Birdsall, Benjamin Townsend, Thomas Youngs, Samuel Jackson, Gilbert Weeks, Zeb" Seaman, Ju"^, John Whitson, William Kirbee, Joseph Udell, John Wright, Ju"^, Abraham Van Wick, Minne Suydam, Jacobus Suydam, Edmund Weeks, Nicholas Townsend, Samuel Van Wick, John Willis, Jr., Thomas Alsop, Thomas Pearsall, Jr., William Frost, Sen'', Thomas Frost, William Frost, Jr., Penn Frost, Zebulon Frost, William Cock, Thomas Van Wick, Har- mon Lefford, Thomas Jackson, Thomas Udell, John Wright March, Daniel Voorhees, Joseph Denton, George Pearsall, John Wortman, Ju'^, Benjamin Birdsall, John Birdsall, Jr., Jacob Kirbee, Benj^ Fish, Lawrence Fish, John Whitson the 3"^, Nathan^ Fish, Richard Seaman, Morris Seaman, Jon'' Pratt, Nathan^ Seaman, Jr., Rich* Jackson, Jr., Solomon Seaman, Israel Seaman, Jacob Seaman, Sen'', Jacob Seaman, Richard Ellison, Ju'', Richard Ellison, Third, Samuel Averhill, The Hon'''® Jn" Temple, Theodore Atkinson, M. Hunt- ing Wentworth, Henry Sherburn, Eleazer Russell, Esq., and Andrew Clark- son, sixty-six rights. The charter was granted on the 7th of June, 1763, by the province of New- Hampshire, the admeasurement being 23,040 acres, or six miles square, of which 1,040 acres was allowed for "highways, ways, and unimprovable lands by rocks, ponds, mountains and rivers." The charter granted the inhabitants, as soon as they numbered fifty fami- lies, the privilege of holding two fairs annually, and also of keeping a market on one or more days in each week, as they might deem most advantageous. The usual requirements and reservations were inserted in the charter. The grantees were required to improve five acres of land for each fifty acres owned by them, within the next five years after the date of the grant ; to reserve for the government all white and other pine trees fit for masting the royal navy ; to reserve near the center of the town a tract of land for town lots of one acre for each grantee ; and to pay one ear of corn annually, if lawfully demanded, for the space of ten years, and after the said ten years the sum of one shilling, proclamation money, for every 100 acres owned, settled or possessed. Besides the shares allotted to the grantees above named the charter con- tained the following grants of shares for the purposes mentioned : To his excel- lency, Berining Wentworth, Esquire, a tract of land to contain 500 acres as marked B. W. in the plan, which is to be accounted two of the within shares ; one whole share for the incorporated society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts ; one share for the Glebe for the church of England, as by law established ; one share for the first settled minister of the gospel ; and one share for the benefit of a school in said town ; making in all seventy-two shares or rights of land of 320 acres each. Town and City of Burlington. 395 The earliest record of a proprietors' meeting is dated at Salisbury, Conn., not until the 23d of March, 1774. Burlington was there referred to as "a Township lately granted under the great seal of the province of Newhampshier now in the province of New York," thus constructively admitting the claim to jurisdiction which New York had set up. Colonel Thomas Chittenden was chosen moderator of this first meeting, Ira Allen was the first proprietors' clerk. At an adjourned meeting held at the same place on the next day it was, " I'y Voted, That Whereas, Ethan Allen, Remember Baker, Henian Allen, Zimri Allen, and Ira Allen known by the name of the Onion River Company, who are Proprietors in this Township of Burlington on said River (a Township lately granted by the Governor and Counsel of Newhampshier and is now in the Province of New York) have expended large sums of money in cutting a road through the woods from Castleton to said River seventy miles, and clear- ing off encantbermerits from the said lands in them parts, clearing and cultivat- ing and settling some of these lands and keeping possession which by us is viewed as a great advantage towards the settlement of these lands in general, espe- cially the township of Burlington. " Whereas, The said Ethan Allen, Remember Baker, Heman Allen, Zimri Allen and Ira Allen have laid out fifteen, hundred acre lots in said Township bounding on said river. Therefore in consideration of these services done by them, in consideration of their settlement of five families on said lots with those that are already on, and girdling five acres on each one hundred acre lot in two years from the first day of June next, improving same. " It is voted ; if proper Survey bills be exhibited to the Proprietors' Clerk of said Town and recorded in this Book by the first day of June next the said lots are confirmed to them as so many acres of their rights and shares in said Township said fifteen lots are to be laid seventy rods wide on the river." It was further voted that each proprietor should have liberty at his own cost to pitch " and lay out to himself" one hundred acres on one whole right or share, the lots to be not less than seventy rods wide, exclusive of what had al- ready been granted to be laid in the town. Another vote was passed " that there shall be for each one hundred acres to be laid out in the town of Burling- ton one hundred and three acres laid, which three acres shall be improved for the use of said town for public highways if needed, in the most convenient place of said lot." All records of deeds of sale and survey bills of land in the new town were to be recorded with the proprietors' clerk, and were to have prior- ity, not according to the dates of the deeds or bills, but according to the dates of their recording. Ira Allen was appointed surveyor to lay out said town. The meeting was then adjourned to " Fortfradreck in Colchester on Onion River," on the first Monday in the following June. The last meeting recorded at this place was held on the ist of May, 1775, and was probably the last 396 History of Chittenden County. meeting before the general exodus from this part of the country, because of the approach of the British army. The Allen brothers and Remember Baker, by purchase from the original grantees, became extensive land owners along Onion River. It is said that at different times Ira Allen owned five-sevenths of the town of Burlington, situ- ated principally in the eastern and southern parts. Allen made the first sur- veys ever made within the limits of the town in the year 1772, and was engaged the greater part of the next two years in exploring and surveying this portion of the State. Early Settlements. — The first settler in Burlington was Felix Powell, who came here in 1773. He used to go to mill at New Haven, at the lower falls in Otter Creek, within the present limits of Vergennes. On the 22d of Octo- ber, 1774, he purchased of Samuel Averill of Litchfield, Conn., for thirty pounds, a tract of land which consisted, in addition to the village lots, of 103 acre-lots occupying the whole of Appletree Point, and extending northerly nearly to Onion River. He afterward cleared a part of the land on the Point, and erected a log house, but soon removed to Manchester, Vt., and sold his land on the 19th of August, 1778, to James Murdock, of Saybrook, Conn. This deed is the first one recorded that recognized the authority of Vermont. Stephen Lawrence was the next settler, who, in November, 1774, bought of Remember Baker lot No. 10 on Onion River. The same year John Chamberlin, Ephraim Wheeler, Stephen Clap, Ichabod Nelan and Benjamin Wate made con- tracts for the purchase of lands in Burlington from different members of the Allen family, but they did little towards establishing a settlement before they were forced by the war to relinquish their labors here. Lemuel Bradley and several others came next, and in 1774 and 1775 made clearings in the northern part of the town on the intervale, and near the falls opposite the Allen settlement in Colchester. In the fall of 1775 some of the new comers went to the southern part of the State, while a few passed the winter in the Block Fort in Colches- ter. After Sullivan's retreat from Canada in the summer of 1776, the final abandonment of the town was completed. Lemuel Bradley represented the town in the first general convention of delegates from the several towns of Vermont, held at the inn of Cephas Kent, at Dorset, Vt, on the 25th of Sep- tember, 1776. The town was apparently not represented in the subsequent session of January, 1777, when the Declaration of Independence of Vermont was proclaimed. Previous to the Revolution, and for years after, the usual route by which the settlers came to Burlington, when they came by land, was the road cut by Baker and the Aliens in 1772, from Castleton to Colchester, which crossed Ot- ter Creek near the lower falls, where Vergennes now stands, passed Shelburne Falls in Shelburne, and thence directly to the falls at Winooski. This road, with the block forts at Vergennes and Winooski, was a great protection to the early settlers on the " Hampshire Grants." Town and City of Burlington. 397 On the 29th of January, 1781, the proprietors of Burlington were again as- sembled at the house of Noah Chittenden, in Arlington, Vt, but accomplished nothing beyond a ratification of the proceedings of former meetings. After the close of the Revolutionary War the town was rapidly settled. Stephen Lawrence, before mentioned, moved here with his family in 1783. John Doxey, John Collins and Frederick Saxton came the same year. Doxey settled on the intervale, in the north part of the town, but was driven out by a freshet, and removed to the road now leading from the High Bridge to Hines- burg. Stephen Lawrence, Samuel Lane and John Knickerbacor settled near the High Bridge. John Collins, Job Boynton, Gideon King and Stephen Keys settled at the lake on lots 11-15, while Frederick Saxton and Phineas Loomis formed a settlement at the head of Pearl street. Isaac Webb was one of the first settlers in the south part of the town. John Van Sicklen settled in the southeast part of the town. The early surveyors were Thomas Butterfield, William Coit, Caleb Henderson, Ira Allen, Nahum Baker, Nathaniel Allen, Abel Waters and Edward Allen. The first marriage record reads as follows : " Samuel Hitchcock and Lucy Caroline (daughter of Gen. Ethan Allen), married ]\Iay 26th, 17S9." The first births recorded are as follows : " Loraine Allen Hitchcock, daughter of Samuel and Luc}- C. Hitchcock born June 5th, 1790." '• John Van Sicklin Jr son to John Van Sicklin and Elizabeth Van Sicklin was born June nth, 1790." John C, son of John Doxey, was born February 22, 1788, though his birth is not on record. Town Organization. — The town was organized, by proper election of town officers, March 19, 1797, at which meeting Samuel Lane was chosen town clerk ; Job Boynton, constable ; and Stephen Lawrence, Frederick Saxton and Sam- uel Allen, selectmen. The first justices of the peace were Samuel Lane and John Knickerbacor, elected in 1789. Samuel Lane was also the first represent- ative in the Legislature, chosen in 1786. The first meeting for the election of State officers and councilors was held at the house of Benjamin Adams, on the first Tuesda}- of September, 1794. when the vote for governor stood as follows: Isaac Tichenor, twent)-- three ; Thomas Chitenden, seventeen ; Ira Allen, three ; and Natlianiel Niles, one. The first election for representative to Congress (on record) was held at the same place on the last Tuesday in December of the same year, when the ballot stood as follows : Israel Smith, seven ; Isaac Tiche- nor, seven; Matthew Lyon, four; William C. Harrington, two; Nathaniel Chipman, one ; and Noah Smith, one. When Vermont was declared to be a free and independent jurisdiction, in 1791, the site of Buriington was a forest. The village then consisted of tliree 26 398 History of Chittenden County. dwelling houses at the lake or "bay," at the foot of Water (now Battery) street Captain Job Boynton lived in a broad, low, framed house ; Captain Gideon King kept an inn at the northeast corner of King and Water streets, in a two- story building with the kitchen in the rear.^ Captain John Collins lived in a framed house near the present corner of Battery and King streets. A Scotchman or Englishman named Grant kept there a small single-room store, built of logs. The wharf consisted of a few logs fastened to the shore of the lake. In the vicinity of the square, which was then covered with bushes and shrubbery and an occasional pine tree, were several temporary huts of lumbermen. A few small houses had been erected here and there at the head of Pearl street and along the road to the falls,, where the two-story " mansion " of Ira Allen stood. Three years later John Fay and Elnathan Keyes were the only attorneys practicing in the County Court ; Samuel Lane and William Coit were justices of the peace, and John Fay was postmaster. Concerning the appearance of Burlington at this early day, the best description which can be found or given is contained in the article before quoted from, by Russell S. Taft, esq. It is written in the language of Horace Loomis, who had been a continuous resident of the place since 1790. He came here with his father's family on the 17th of Feb- ruary of that year, and took up his residence with them in a log house that stood east of the old store of Luther Loomis on Pearl street, in the vicinity of and nearly opposite the present residence of Edward C. Loomis. On the 8th day of July, 1790, the house now occupied by Edward Loomis was raised by quite a concourse of people from Shelburne, Essex, Colchester, and Burlington. In the latter part of November of that year the family moved into the new- house, which has ever since been the home of some member of the Loomis race. Soon after this time there were but four buildings on what are now Battery and King streets. Boynton, Collins, and King lived in houses before men- tioned, and there was a blacksmith shop a little north of the Collins place on the opposite side of the street. Colonel Frederick Saxton had made a begin- ning of the old Pearl street house the year before, and sold to Phineas Loomis the twenty acres of land that embraced his new house. Daniel Hurlbut lived in a log house near the site of the building now occupied by A. C. Spear, at the head of College street on College Green. " Benjamin Boardman lived in a log house a little north of the brick house on the intervale farm of J. N. Pom- eroy, occupied by J. Storrs. Mr. Spear, either Bearing or his father, lived in a log house on the intervale near the river, on land recently owned by Philo Doolittle. There was a house on the Ethan Allen farm occupied by Mr. Ward. There was also a log house on the Bradley farm occupied by Moses 1 The correctness of Ihis belief has been questioned, but all doubts must be dispelled by the fact shown by the town records, that the annual town meeting for 1795 was held at ten o'clock in the morn- ing, at the house of Gideon King, " inn-JiolJer." Town and City of Burlington. 399 Blanchard. There were a number of little plank and log houses at the falls, and among the occupants were Judson ; and Mr. Spafford was lumbering there, and William Munson was tending the saw-mill, and James Hawley tended the grist-mill, such as it was. Alexander Davidson lived on the shore opposite the Theodore Catlin place. A man by the name of Lockwood lived above the falls, near what since is called the Rolling Place, near the foot of the hill, after- wards occupied by Dr. Fletcher. Daniel Castle lived about half a mile east of Davidson's. There was a shanty on the site of J. N. Pomeroy's red farm house, built by a Frenchman by the name of Monte, which he had occupied while he was getting out masts and rolling them into the river at the Rolling Place on the hill above, where the brick house of J. N. Pomeroy stands. Un- der the hill where Eliab Fobes lived, near the High Bridge, Stephen Lawrence and his mother lived. John Knickerbocker boarded with Joel Harvey, who with his family lived near the present site of George B. De Forest's house on Tuttle street. Elisha Lane lived on a part of what was afterwards my father's farm, above the High Bridge on the intervale ; he bought out Elisha, Samuel, and Samuel Lane, jr., who lived on the land when we came. Jock Winchell and Barty Willard lived over the river on the Stanton and Weeks farm. Barty Willard moved here the second year afterward. Peter Benedict lived on the old Eldredge place. Samuel Allen lived on the hill this side of Muddy Brook. John Doxey lived where Alexander Ferguson now lives, about half a mile south of the Eldredge place. There was quite a little settlement of the Frenches and others in that part of the town which was set off to Williston. Nathan Smith lived on the Fish farm, and John Van Sicklin lived on the farm which his son now owns. A man by the name of Marvin lived under the hill just this side of John Van Sicklin. Avery, that framed my father's house, lived at the falls. Nahum Baker lived with him, and helped to frame the house. William Coit lived in Colchester, at Ira Allen's, and the next year built a house on the corner of Water and South streets, on which was built Court- House Square, facing to the south, and was afterwards, about 1802, sold to Amos Bronson, and by him moved to the north side of the square, and was long occupied by Bronson, Arza Crane, John Howard, Newton Hayes, succes- sively, and afterwards by John Howard as a hotel." Stephen Pearl, who had formerly been a merchant of Pawlet, Vt, came to Burlington from Grand Isle about 1794, and occupied the house erected by Frederick Saxton several years before, at the head of Pearl street. Saxton, Stackhouse, Burt, Dubartis Willard, Jock Winchell, and Stephen Lawrence came here in June, 1783. Three of them built a shanty near the spring above Sidney Barlow's in Maria Loomis's lot, and Saxton erected a log house above the site of Luther Loomis's store, where Phineas Loomis first lived with his family, and in 1791 Isaac Webb and afterwards Dr. John Pomeroy, who lived there from the spring to the fall of 1792. Colonel Pearl is described 400 History of Chittenden County. as a large, portly man, generous and genial to a fault, successful as a farmer, but too free with his goods for a merchant of those days. He died on the 2ist of November, 1816, at the age of sixty-nine years. His brother Timothy was a shrewd business man, and for some time judge of probate of Alburgh District. Colonel James Sawyer, a native of Massachusetts, and the son of a sturdy soldier of the Revolution, himself rendered important service for the American cause in the Revolution, and became father to a number of martial sons. He came to Burlington from Brandon in 1796, where he passed two years as a merchant, and succeeded Stephen Pearl as sheriff. He died in Burlington in 1827, aged sixty-five years. It was in the year 1793 that Prince Edward of England, afterwards Duke of Kent, passed through Burlington on his way from Canada to Boston. He came by the way of Chazy and Grand Isle in sleighs, in the month of Febru- ary, and stayed over night at the house of Phineas Loomis, now occupied by Edward C. Loomis. Colonel Stephen Keys, " a gentleman of the old school, who wore a cocked hat, kept a hotel on Water street, and was collector for the district of Vermont," paid his respects to the prince in the evening, with Elna- than Keyes, Joshua Stanton, Levi Henre and Zaccheus Peaslee. It is related that although the prince respectfully acknowledged an introduction, he excited the anger of the colonel by abrubtly leaving his guests and retiring to his room. Frederick Saxton, Abram Stevens, Jira Isham, and Jason Comstock took the prince and party on to Boston. The old town of Burlington made a considerable stride in settlement from 1790 to 1800. At the time that Vermont was admitted into the Union, Samuel Samuel Lane was town clerk and first selectman ; Captain Daniel Hurlbut, a rough, powerful man, one of the men fitted to build up a new country, who aided in the construction of bridges, of the college, and of turnpikes, who fre- quenty rafted lumber to Quebec, was selectman, and John Knickerbacor select- man and town treasurer. Elisha Lane, a shoemaker, who lived on the site now covered by the rear of Bacon's block on Church street, was constable; Daniel Castle, Peter Benedict, John Knickerbacor, Lemuel Bottom, and Stephen Law- rence, were listers ; Samuel Lane was leather sealer ; Frederick Saxton and Nathan Smith were grand jurors ; Phineas Loomis, pound-keeper, with his barn for a pound ; John Doxey, Richard Holcomb, and Gideon King were " tidingmen " ; Daniel Castle, David Stanton, and Barnabas Spear were fence viewers ; Frederick Saxton, Daniel Castle, Stephen Lawrence, Lemuel Bottom, Nathan Smith, and Moses Blanchard, surveyors of highways ; Daniel Hurlbut was sealer of weights and measures; and Phineas Loomis, committee to hire preaching. At the meeting during which these officers were chosen it was "Voted to raise a tax of two pence on the list of 1790 to hire preachino- the year ensuing." At this period the principal streets leading out of town were Town and City of Burlington. 401 the old road running eastward from the south end of College Green, and the Shelburne road, which was a continuation of St. Paul street south. The prin- cipal business of the inhabitants, after attending to their domestic affairs, was the building of roads and bridges. The surface of Burlington was much more irregular than now. The ravine that is still distinctly traceable from Pearl street south and west across College, Main and Church streets, was then in many places impassable. The site of Court- House Square was reached from the present corner of College and South Union streets by the way of Pearl and Church streets. This ravine was very early bridged on Pearl and Main streets, at the latter place by a bridge nearly two hundred feet long and very high. The early records betray the scarcity of money at the period under consideration by a vote passed in the following language (September 3, 1763) : "That the town will pay the|expence of repairing sd bridge [over Onion River,] in good pork at 25 [shillings] pr hundred, beef at 20 [shillings] wheat at 4 & corn at 3 pr bushel." At a town meeting held at the house of Gideon King, inn-holder, at 10 o'clock A. M., on the 26th of March, 1795, Peter Benedict, Colonel William C. Harrington, and Benjamin Adams were chosen a committee " to hand round subscriptions for the court-house." At an adjourned meeting at the same place on the 1 6th of the next month, it was "Voted, that a committee of five be appointed to appropriate the subscriptions for building a court-house in Bur- lington agreeable to law." The committee were Captain Daniel Hurlbut, Colonel Stephen Pearl, William Coit, esq., Elnathan Keyes, and Ira Allen. The next March meeting was held in the court-house. This building stood near the center of the square. The famous pine tree whipping- post was a little to the north and east of the present fountain. The jail was on the site of the Strong block. At this time and for years afterwards the Legislature required every town to be as plentifully supplied with ammunition as possible. On the i6th of April, 179s, the town voted, " That the selectmen be hereby directed to procure half a hundred of powder, one hundred and fifty weight of lead, and a due propor- tion of flints for the town stock." In the following year there was great alarm and excitement throughout the State caused by the ravages of small- pox, which was as yet but little un- derstood and therefore the more superstitiously feared. On the 24th of March, 1796, at the meeting held in the court-house, a vote was passed, "That the Town recommend to the select Men that provided any Physician that will erect a Building in such place as they the select men shall approve of as retired, They grant full hberty for a permanent place for having the Small pox, under cer- tain restrictions as they shall consider safe and it is further recommended that they would Grant no Indulgence of Innoculation unless such person go into the pest house prior thereto — and Continue there until he is perfectly Clensed." 402 History of Chittenden County. No other records appear until the year 1804. Among the items of the meeting held in the spring of that year is an account of five dollars allowed to Ebenezer T. Englesby for sundries delived to James B. Harrington in sickness, under direction of the selectmen, and the same amount allowed to Dr. Matthew Cole for medical attention to " Peter the Frenchman." In 1805 the town pe- titioned the Legislature to grant a turnpike road from the line between Ver- mont and Canada to meet some turnpike road in the State of New York lead- ing to Troy, and another turnpike road from Burlington to Montpelier. As will be seen by reference to the chapter on internal improvements, this peti- tion resulted in the establishment of these turnpikes according to the wishes of the petitioners. In this year " Barty " Willard delivered himself of a rhyming witticism which, we believe, has never been published. He was a wheelwright and blacksmith, and from 1793 to the time of his death, in 18 15, at the age of sixty- eight years, lived on the site of the large brick house, now unoccupied, west of the southwest corner of Pearl and Willard Streets. At some time during the year 1805 a company of lawyers, among whom were General Levi House, Thaddeus Rice, Elnathan Keyes, E. D. Woodbridge, John Fay and his brother^ Moses Fay, who were engaged in gaming and drinking, according to the cus- tom of the times, invited Barty to take a seat at their table, and insisted on his asking a blessing, whereupon he improvised the following : " Lord bless this dime, haste on the time When death makes lawyers civil ; 0, stop their clack, and send them back Unto their master, Devil. ' " Let not this band infest our land, Nor let these liars conquer ; O, may this club of Beelzebub Torment our world no longer. " .\s bad, indeed, as the thistle-weed That chokes our fertile mowing, Compared, nigh, the Hessian fly, That kills our wheat when growing. " O, sullen death, now stop their breath, Refine them all in brimstone ; Let them repair to h 1, and there They'll turn the devil's grindstone." Burlington during the War 0/1812. — During the first twelve years of the present century the town grew even more rapidly than before. The forests, which had hardly been cleared in 1 800, were laid low, and in their place might be seen at the proper season fields of grain and orchards of >'oung and promis- ing trees. Clusters of houses took the place of the evenly distributed dwell- ings of twenty years before, and the town was possessed of several hamlets. When war was declared, and the friends and the opponents of the national ad- ministration had laid aside their animosities to contribute equally to the com- Town and City of Burlington. 403 mon defense, Burlington became a point of considerable interest. Troops were stationed here under command of Gen. Macomb, and in 1 8 1 3 Gen. Wade Hamp- ton occupied the town with 1,400 men; troops also encamped in the easterly part of the town. Colonel Clark went from Burlington with 102 men and at- tacked a British force at St. Armand, killed nine, wounded fourteen, and took lOi prisoners, whom he brought to Burlington. The military authorities took possession of the college buildings and used them for an arsenal and barracks. Meanwhile it was suspended as an institution of learning. In 1813 the enemy threatened Burlington, so that the public stores at Plattsburgh were brought hither. The British fleet came up the lake and fired a few shot at this town, but retired when cannon on otir shores began playing upon them. They made their approach from around Juniper Island with two gun-boats and nine row- galleys. Notwithstanding the slight repulse with which they met at Burling- ton, they commanded the lake for some time, and took every craft that they could find. They entered Shelburne Harbor and took the schooner of Captain Robert White, replying to his remonstrances with the explanation that they had nothing against him and wished him no personal injury, but were under strict orders to take everything that floated on the lake, and destroy what could not be utilized. ^ Embankments were thrown up on the lake shore north of the foot of Pearl street, now called the Battery, and barracks were built between Pearl street and Battery Place, and along the latter to the lake. These barracks were two stories high and were half surrounded by a piazza along the second story. Here were a store and medical and surgical departments complete. In 1813- 14 Captain Lyon, then a boy of ten years, was employed there as waiter for two officers. The fatal epidemic of 1813 was dreadfully effective at this camp. Captain Lyon, who lost his father and other relatives and friends by this dis- ease, describes its first symptom as being usually a pain in the left side, which would rapidly extend over the whole body, and in the brief space of a few hours cause a painful death. Women were little afflicted by it, but it was not uncommon for fifty men in this camp to die in one day. Around the barracks was a camping ground about twice as large as the present Battery. Water street then extended from the Battery to Maple street, and during the war presented a scene of the greatest activity. The move- ment against the liquor traffic not having begun, soldier and civihan united in unconcealed successions of hilarious sprees. This thoroughfare was lined with little wooden buildings which had been converted into cheap boarding-houses, 1 About the beginning of thenar, Mark Rice evinced the general uneasiness caused by the proxim- ity of the enemy, by erecting a dwelling on Main street, which at a moment's warning could be con- verted into a little fort and made almost impregnable. The basement of this house he made a perfect dome of heavy stone and cement, with small windows like port-holes. Mr. Rice was a cabinet-maker, and built a little shop just west of his house. The shop long ago disappeared, but the dwelling is still standing and is in a good state of preservation. It is occupied by Mr. W. H. S. Whitcomb. 404 History of Chittenden County. taverns and rum shops. One of the larger taverns, kept by one Chandonette^ a Parisian, was a square, framed house, two stories high, painted white, and sur- mounted by a gambrel roof, and stood on the northeast corner of Main and Water streets, facing south. It was continually crowded with soldiers and camp-followers, who spent their time in drinking and carousing. Another tavern stood on the east side of Water street, fronting west, occupying the present site of the building owned by Drew & Conger. It was a long, low story-and-a-half building, with dormer windows projecting from the roof. About 1 82 1 Russell Harrington, brother of William C. Harrington, was the proprietor of this house. Mayo's store stood directly opposite this resort. This mercantile establishment was in the hands of two brothers, Nathaniel and Henry Mayo under the firm name of N. & H. Mayo, the father and uncle respectively of Henry Mayo, now residing in Burlington. It was the only store on the street. It was a brick building two stories high, about thirty feet north from the store that now stands in the vicinity. It presented its side to- the street, and was entered by a door near the center on the Water street side. The proprietors did all the baking for the army and navy stationed at Burling- ton during the war. They had a bakehouse in the basement of the store and a wooden building for the same purpose a few feet southwest of it, down the bank. They also erected a building — the same one now occupied by Thomas Arbuckle as a dwelling — on Maple street and near its present site, in which they baked hard bread for the navy. During the first two years of the war Nathaniel Mayo occupied as a dwelling the house that now stands on the northwest corner of Main and Prospect streets, and was followed in the year 1 8 14 by a Mr. Cushman. Opposite this residence, on Main street, was the store of Thaddeus Tuttle. There were no manufacturing concerns on Water street nor on the lake shore. Indeed, there was little manufacturing of any kind here at that early date. Just west of Water street was a steep bank, verging directly to the water's edge. The principal thoroughfare to the lake, from the interior, was by way of Maple street. There was considerable travel, also, on Main street to Water, thence to Maple and the lake. Maple street was open only to St. Paul. Leaving what was then called Court- House Square, towards the lake on College street, the traveler was obliged to begin a descent about where E. T. Englesby then lived, into a ravine forty or fifty feet deep, as steep as he could safely descend, and cross on a plank a little brook that flowed south and west from Pearl street. This part of College street was then little more than a foot- path. It was a favorite coasting- place for the boys in winter. East of the square on College street, and between the present site of Howard National Bank and the store of A. N. Percy & Co., was a steep hollow, bridged, and east of that the street was almost impassable by reason of the ravine. This was not filled up for many years ; the site of the city market building being Town and City of Burlington. 405 about the deepest part of this depression, and remaining impassable until the Vermont Central Railroad filled it up with the intention of passing over it to Main street. The boys who then attended school in the brick structure on the site of the present high-school, passed through this hollow on College street, crossing the bottom on a plank. Bank street extended to Water street, but was occupied only by dwelling-houses, most of them of small dimensions. No street extended west of Water street. Champlain and Pine streets were opened from Maple to Pearl, and occupied only by dwelling-houses. St. Paul, or Shelburne and Willard streets, were the only outlets of the town south. Wi- nooski avenue did not reach north of Pearl street, that entire region being covered by a heavy growth of pine. The avenue was afterward opened north of Pearl street by Wyllys Lyman and George P. Marsh, under an agreement with the town, they being evidently desirous of increasing the value of their possessions in that neighborhood. Union street, with the exception of a nar- row lane between Main and College streets, was pasture and meadow land. North Prospect street was a part of a large farm afterward owned by Governor Van Ness. There was no travel on South Prospect, though the thoroughfare in front of the College Park had very much the same appearance that it now presents — a number of the first houses still occupying the old sites. Colchester avenue, which then contained about one-tenth of the dwelling-houses that it now has, was considerably used by the wayfaring men between Burlington and Winooski Falls. The ravine on Pearl street was spanned by a bridge of about the same dimensions as the bridge across the same depression on St. Paul street, near King. There was still but one dock at the lake — a small affair covering a part of the area now occupied by the south wharf, and owned by Curtis Holgate, or Hulgate, who had built it several years before the period of which we are speaking. Owing to the shallowness of the water at the end of this alleged dock — the depth was not more than six feet — the larger craft on the lake could not reach it, and were obliged to unlade the merchandise which they brought from the upper end of the lake, and to lade the produce of the coun- try which they took south to exchange for merchandise, by means of lighters, while the lighters were filled and emptied by means of wagons driven a short distance into the water. Liquor casks and molasses barrels, the former more frequently than the latter, were thrown from the vessels into the water and floated ashore. Burlington then presented a far less pleasing aspect to the sightseer on the lake than it now affords. The original forests, which had been cleared away, were not yet replaced by trees of growth sufficient to obstruct the view. The irregular terraces which have since been made beautiful by persistent grading, the rough ravine, and several monotonous groups of small old-fashioned dwell- ing houses, constructed with a view to affording protection from sun and storm. 4o6 History of Chittenden County. without a thought of the ulterior and beneficent uses of beauty — all relieved only by two or three splendid structures like that of Thaddeus Tuttle, were ex- posed to the sight. The pine grove, before mentioned, at that time concealed a considerable portion of the town north of Pearl street. South of Main street and embracing the site now occupied by the residence of J. D. Kings- land, was the famous and beautiful sugar grove of William C. Harrington. Lombardy poplars had been planted here and there for shade, mingled with an occasional locust, which not long after suffered extermination from borers. At the lake, near the foot of King street, lived Captain Gideon Lathrop, afterward commander of the Congress. Captain Winans, the builder of the Vermont, lived in the same neighborhood, as did also Curtis Holgate, the builder and owner of the old wharf Admiral Richard Fittock lived close to the water's edge, at what is now the foot of Maple street. The jail limits of the town were defined on the west by the water line, and Fittock was once disturbed when his house was invaded by the lake, lest the submerged portion should be guilty " of breaking the jail bonds." Joseph King, brother of the " Admiral," lived with him in the house formerly occupied by their father, who died in 1804. Hamlin Johnson had a slaughter-house on King street, on the site of the present Powers house. Consider Severance, a cooper, lived in a small house on the southeast corner of King and Pine streets, where John Brooks now lives. His shop was just south of his house on Pine street. He afterwards moved to the rear of the old white church on White street, now Winooski Avenue. Elias Nye lived across from him on the corner of Pine and King streets. Justus Warner occupied a little wooden building on the south side of King street, on the site of the house in which Miss Louisa How- ard recently died. George Robinson, a " witty, fun-loving, kind, generous- hearted lawyer," born at Taunton, Mass., on the 26th of August, 1775, who came to Burlington about the year 1800, began the study of law in the oflSce of Elnathan Keyes and afterwards earned the title of " honest George Robin- son," lived at the time of which we are speaking on the northwest corner of King and St. Paul streets, in the house now occupied by William H. Lane, and at a later day moved to Pearl street. He held many important positions in the town and county — was town clerk and judge of probate for years. He went to Michigan about the year 1833, and died there on the 15th of Decem- ber, 1838. Peter B. Smith, a tailor, lived on the southwest corner of King and St. Paul streets, and Silas Moulthrop was in company with him. Stephen Mix Mitchell, a lawyer, lived on the north side of Main street below the square. Dr. John Pomeroy occupied a brick building, still standing, on the east side of Battery street, about half way between Main and King. He was a leading physician, well known throughout the State, and always had eight or ten students in his office. About this time James Van Sicklen was one of his Town and City of Burlington. 407 students. Samuel Collamer, father of Senator Jacob Collamer, was a carpenter and joiner, and lived in a house which stands to-day where it did then, on the northwest corner of Main and Battery streets. He had a large family and was poor. The story is told that one of his sons, afterward the famous senator, who was an early student at the college, was reproved by one of the professors for coming to college barefooted, and told that he must wear shoes. This the boy succeeded in doing ; but economized by carrying the shoes in his hand until he reached the college park, and there putting them on for the day. Elnathan Keyes occupied a house that stood on the northeast corner of Main and Pine streets. He was one of the first two lawyers to practice in the county, and was a man of very unusual ability. Shortly after this period he removed to New York, near Rochester, where he remained until his death. He was a brother of Mrs. Dr. John Peck. On the southwest corner of Main and Pine streets, just west of the Van Ness house, lived Nathan B. Haswell, in the house which he built, and which stands there yet. Mr. Haswell was a prominent man in Burlington for many years, and deserves more than a passing mention. He was born in Benning- ton on the 20th of January, 1786. His father, Anthony Haswell, a native of Portsmouth, England, established the Vermont Gazette at Bennington, in 1783. After having had experience in a printing office and as a student of law, young Haswell came to Burlington with the object of finishing his education in the University ; but the loss of his father's newspaper and press by fire determined him to engage in active business at once. In 1805 he received from Dr. Jabez Penniman, collector of customs, the office of inspector, which he retained until 1809, and then resigned. In 1812-13 he was the issuing commissary for the distribution of army rations. He was also a part of the time the public store- keeper, and superintended the taking of an inventory of the public property of Burlington. In 18 14 he actively assisted in forwarding troops to Platts- burgh. From 18 18 to 1836 he was respectively county clerk, clerk of the Supreme Court, notary public, master in chancery, etc. In 1836-7 he repre- sented Burhngton in the Legislature, and in the same year was appointed by the United States government agent to build the breakwater and to superin- tend the cleaning of the channel between North and South Hero. For more than forty years he was an active member of the Masonic order, and held the highest offices within its gift. He died at Quincy, 111., on the 6th of June, 1855, while there on a business visit. His remains were buried in Burhngton. ■" Amiability and kindness were his characteristics." In personal appearance he much resembled Martin Van Buren. For many years he carried on an auction store on the north side of City Hall Park, near the site of the Com- mercial Bank building. David Russell, whose influence was instrumental in bringing Mr. Haswell to Burlington, lived on the ground now occupied by the dwelhng house of Joel H. Gates. 4o8 History of Chittenden County. Opposite David Russell's, on the southwest corner of Main and Pine streets, lived another prominent man in Burlington, Samuel Hitchcock. He came to Burlington in 1786, and began the practice of law. He died before the war was over — November 30, 18 13, aged fifty- eight years. He held all the highest offices which the town could bestow upon him, and ever acquitted himself to the satisfaction of his constituents. A small private house, occupied either then or a little later by a musician named Harvey Milliken, stood on the site of the Van Ness house. Moses Jewett, a saddler, had erected what now forms the \\est end of the American Hotel, where he lived. He plied his trade in the upper story of a building which occupied the site of the Merchants' National Bank, on the north side of the square. Da- vid A. Smalley, a brief sketch of whom appears in the chapter devoted to the history of the legal profession, was one of Mr. Jewett's apprentices in the sad- dlery trade. Jewett afterwards sold his dwelling house to C. P. Van Ness. East of this house was Mills' Row, from which the Nortliern CcntinelwAs issued for years. This was a long row of two- story buildings facing Main street, white, wooden and surrounded by a balcony. Here many of the soldiers and officers were quartered during the war. The site of the court-house and post- office buildings was occupied by Seth Pomeroy, who shortl)- afterwards sold the place to his brother, Dr. John Pomeroy. The house was a small cottage building facing Main street, from which it was separated by a neat yard. Be- hind it was a large garden and an orchard. It was after this time that the Mills brothers (Samuel and Ephraim) built the house now standing on the cor- ner of King and Church streets. The ravine at this place had not been filled with earth. William C. Harrington resided some distance back from Seth Pomeroy 's in a large building still standing, which was afterwards the middle seminary building on Church street. As Church street was not then open south of Main, Mr. Harrington was obliged to reach Main street by the way of Shelburne or St. Paul street. Where the Exchange block now is was then a small story-and-a-half, un- painted, wooden, dwelling house. It occupied a knoll eight or ten feet high, faced Main street, and stood forty or fifty feet aw a>- from it. North of it was a garden, and a little south of the corner on the site now occupied by the store of A. N. Percy & Co., were the barns for the tavern kept then by Major Abram Brinsmaid, and afterwards b)- Captain Henry Thomas. Abbott & Wood were the first to build there after this, their building still standing on the same site. This inn stood on the ground now covered by the Strong block, and was a little, square, wooden, white, two- story house. The old framed court-house was where the Fletcher Library building now stands, fronting west, and was remarkably well suited to the purposes of its construction. South of the court- house, near the southeast corner of the city hall, was a small pond or marsh about a hundred feet long, filled in summer with willows and cat-tails and in winter affording a place on which the boys could skate. Town and City of Burlington. 409 Church street was far from being the main business street of the village. There were no blocks and few dwelling houses, only five or six stores and tin- shops. The more substantial business of the place was transacted around the square and at the head of Pearl street, though considerable mercantile business was done along the western part of Pearl street, as it was then counted, viz., in the vicinity of the present residence of Edward C. Loomis. Although the square was the liveliest portion of the place, it presented to the stranger an al- together different appearance from what it now has. The most popular resort for strangers and those who loved not the life of the soldier was the comfort- able hostelry of " Uncle John Howard." John Howard came here from Ad- dison in 1 8 12, and exchanged his Addison farm for the tavern with Arza Crane, the preceding proprietor. This building was already an old structure and could hardly be entitled to a more dignified appellation than that of a country tavern. Although three stories in height, it was not so high as many buildings now are at a two story altitude. Being very old it was of course a framed house. It occupied about the site now covered by the store of B. Turk & Brother, next east from what was then the shoe shop of Lemuel Page. In the rear of the main building extended two wings, one behind the other. The principal en- trance was reached from College street by an ascent of several steps ; but on the west side was a smaller entrance, which could not, in those days of respect- able reveries, have much significance. There was a broad covered piazza in front of the second story, and the summit of the roof was surmounted the whole length by a platform surrounded- by a balustrade. Immediately east of the main building was a covered driveway, separating the tavern from a little two- story building just beyond. As early as 1825 a dancing-hall was built over this driveway. The spacious tavern yards and barns were reached by this opening. What anecdotes were related and side-splitting jokes played in that old inn ; what comedies of real life were enacted there ; what laughter at the keen witticisms of Barty Willard came from the lips of the old-time guests who arrived by the latest stage from Boston, Troy, Montpelier, or perhaps Can- ada, we can never know ; but (torn the hearty, genial nature of John Howard, and the smiles that illumine the faces of the " old settlers " whenever they hear or tell of the place, we are safe in assuming that a Boswell's life of Uncle John would be well worth the reading. The back yard of the inn took up nearly an acre of ground. The shoe shop of Lemuel Page, before mentioned, which was on the corner west of the tavern, was only one of several shops situated in a square hip-roofed building, erected years before by James Simmons. On St. Paul street west of the park was a brick building, still standing, next north from the site of the Evarts House, erected and then owned by Gideon King, who used the upper story for a sail-loft. This room was afterward oc- cupied as a Masonic lodge room. The buildng now occupied by N. K. Brown, still farther north, was the store of Samuel Hickok, who dwelt in a two-story 4IO History of Chittenden County. framed house built many years earlier by Moses Catlin, on the site now covered with the ruins of the Evarts House. Mr. Hickok was born in Sheffield, Berk- shire county, Mass., on the 4th of September, 1774, and at the age of eighteen years came to Burlington from Lansingburgh, N. Y. After the death of his brother and partner, William, he succeeded to a trade carried on in a little store that stood near the site afterward occupied by the Rutland depot. His second store stood on the site of the present dwelling house of Hon. Daniel Roberts. He soon after erected the large brick building next east from Mr. Roberts's, where he resided for some time and until his removal to the corner. At the same time he built the brick store now occupied by Mr. Brown, which by good authorities is said to be the oldest brick building now in the city. He was al- ways one of the foremost in every undertaking for the public good, and was highly and justly esteemed by his townsmen. He died on the 4th of June, 1849. On the southwest corner of College and St. Paul streets was the general store of Ebenezer T. Englesby, an extensive land owner possessed of a farm in what is now the southwest portion of the city, still owned largely by his lin- eal descendants. A brief sketch of his life appears on a subsequent page of this chapter. Mr. Englesby had a keen wit, and when once urged to purchase stock in a proposed railroad company when railroads were first projected, on the ground that the enterprise would add to the value of his land, is said to have replied that the ground of the proposition was no inducement, as the value of his land had been so great for years that no one could be persuaded to buy it. Thaddeus Tuttle then lived in the house of his own construction, lately oc- cupied by Lawrence Barnes. Tuttle was a very wealthy man and built this house in 1804. He afterwards sold the entire property to C. P. Van Ness who rendered it historic by his entertainment of General Lafayette in 1825. Mr. Tuttle kept store in a house which he built on the site of the present resi- dence of William L. Burnap ; the walls of which have never been taken down. Tuttle was at one time in New York trading, so the story runs, and was asked by his mercantile friends what per cent, profit he made on the goods which he purchased of them. " One per cent," answered he. " No more than that ! " exclaimed his questioner; "we cannot give you credit on so small a profit." " Wait a minute," said Mr. Tuttle ; " my method is this : What I buy for a dol- lar I sell for two dollars, and easily live on the profit." He obtained credit. Mr. Tuttle was a large property owner in the towns of Westford and Shelburne, and sold the farm on Shelburne Point to Nathan White, a soldier of the Revo- lution, whose descendants have ever since been prominent in all the aflfairs of that town. College street towards the lake was very sparsely populated, and, as we have said, did not answer the description of a street at all. On the site of the Town and City of Burlington. 411 house now occupied by Dr. L. M. Bingham, and in a building which still forms a part of that house, lived during the war Phineas, a brother of Ebenezer Ly- man. Church street north of College was sparsely inhabited and possessed few business houses. Trade had but just begun to set that way. Samuel H. Peaslee, a saddler, had a shop on ground now covered by Scully's store. South of him some distance, and about on the site of the old buildings recently torn down by Mrs. Wheeler, Lewis Curtis had opened a jeweler's store. He lived with his father on the corner of Bank and Church streets, across from the Un- ion block. Between this part of Church street and the lake were a few houses occupied as dwellings. On the corner of Pine and Bank streets, where Mrs. Cole now lives, dwelt a man named Nathaniel Doak. Moses Bliss lived on the southeast corner of Bank and Pine streets, where Mr. Lucas now lives. He was a very prominent man in the county and was deputy sherifiF and also sheriff for years. On the southeast corner of Cherry and Champlain streets, in a low and time-stained building, lived one Richard Corning. John B. Wetmore lived on the east side of St. Paul street, not far from the present residence of Mrs. Van Namee. Nearly opposite the house now occupied by Captain Anderson, on St. Paul street. Dr. Truman Powell dwelt. Willard Rockwell, a cabinet-maker, lived on the northeast corner of Bank and St. Paul streets. Judge John Law lived on Champlain street about three houses south of Pearl, nearly opposite the present grocery store. Opposite the present residence of General Henry, at the foot of Pearl street, were the four " Pell houses," all alike, built and oc- cupied by William F. Pell, and also occupied to some extent by the officers of the forces here during the war. Dr. Lazarus Tousey built the house now oc- cupied by Albert Pierce on the corner of Church and Pearl streets, and kept an " apothecary shop," in the building next west of the Baptist chapel. The site of the Unitarian Church was then a part of the pine wood before described. Beyond the wood, in the house now occupied by Albert E. Jones, towards Mal- let's Bay, Stephen Russell lived. Near the mouth of the Winooski River lived two brickmakers by the name of Farwell. They settled on the well-known Bigelow farm, and were here some time previous to 1812. On what is now the northeast corner of Pearl street and Winooski avenue was the distillery of the popular and energetic sheriff, Daniel Staniford. He lived in a stone house, still standing, on the northwest corner of Winooski avenue and Grant street, though then it was a solitary building not very near any street, but facing Pearl, some distance from it. On the southwest corner of Winooski avenue and Pearl street dwelt Job Reed, a hatter, who afterwards drowned himself in the lake. Another hatter, and a more prosperous one,'' William I. Seymour, had a large business at his house on the south side of Pearl street, a little north and east of the First Congregational parsonage. Farther east on the same side of Pearl street, Horace Loomis had a tannery and leather store just opposite his dwel- ing. This leather store was built of stone, and remained on the ground for 412 History of Chittenden County. many years after the period of which we speak. In the house east of Phineas Loomis, the same building now occupied by Miss Diantha Taft, Dr. Elijah Har- mon lived and practiced in an office then standing just west of the house. He erected these buildings and set out the splendid elm tree that now casts its shade over that part of the street. Dr. Harmon was postmaster some time while the office was on Pearl street, and afterwards moved to Chicago, in time to be counted an early settler in the then infant Queen City of the West. The house in which Mayor Woodbury now lives was after this time erected by George Moore, a brother of Luther Moore.^ The farm which then embraced the place now owned by Mr. Woodbury, was then the property of Moses Fay, attorney. On the site of the Vilas house, so called, opposite the Catholic College, Adolphus Wallbridge kept a tavern. The house now owned and occupied by Henry Loomis was after this built by Luther Loomis, who then lived with his father, Horace. On the north side of Pearl street, where Willard street now leads, and including the land owned by Mrs. Tucker, Eleazer H. Deming kept a store and lived directl}' west of it. Ozias Buell, another prominent merchant of the times, was then en- gaged in mercantile business in the house yet standing on the Henry Hickok lot on the north side of Pearl street. Colonel Buell was born in Litchfield, Conn., April 8, 1769, and died in Burlington August 5, 1832. After receiv- ing a thorough business education under his uncle, Julius Deming, of Litch- field, he first established himself in Kent, Conn., where he remained ten or twelve years, and in 1804 removed to Burlington. Being a man of great energy of character, he and his brother-in-law, Moses Catlin, exerted a bene- ficial influence on the moral and business growth of the place. He was the leading spirit and contributor in the erection of the first house of worship in 18 1 2, and was also treasurer for twenty-one years of the University of Ver- mont. He was a man of fine personal appearance, and in the days when rid- ing on horseback was common was conspicious for his skill and grace on horse- back. His brother-in-law, Moses Catlin, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770, and early married Lucinda, daughter of Heman and niece of Ethan Allen. Mr. Catlin came to Burlington with his family several \'ears before lEli Barniird, afterward the proprietor of the L;reen Mountain House, was step-father to William, Polly, Luther and George Moore, two or three of whom are well remembered, and who leave numer- ous descendants in Burlington and elsewhere. George Moore was born in 1789, and while yet a young man he and the otliers named came to Burlington and moved into the Green Mountain House. He was a merchant on Pearl street, his store being between the site of the Vilas House and that owned and occupied by Mayor U. A. Woodbury. He had nine children, of whom four, Horace Loomis ^[oore, of Burlington, Charles T. and Jacob Wdliams Moore, of Rochester, N. ^■., and .Samuel C. Moore, of WiUiamsport, Pa., are now living. t;corge Moore was a cominissary in the War of 1S12-15, and was interested in all enterprises looking to the improvement of this place. He was oneoflhc originators of the woolen mills at Winonski. \\'illiani Mooro, brother to George, went from here to fcricho, and thence to Lyons, N. Y. He died at Geneva, in that State. Luther Moore built the structure known as the Vilas House, on Pearl strecl, and lived there some time. He died in Washington, 11. C. Town and City of Burlington. 413 Colonel Buell, and erected the house on the west side of the square, afterwards the residence of Samuel Hickok, where they lived several years. They then removed to an eminence back of the university grounds, near the present site •of the Mary Fletcher Hospital. By erecting the mills and manufactories at Winooski Falls he gave the first impetus to the growth of that flourishing little place. He was kind and gentle in his domestic relations, and was a man of active and discriminating benevolence. He died in 1842. His younger brother, Guy Catlin, who was intimately associated with him in all his busi- ness and public affairs, was born in Litchfield in 1782, and died in Burlington in 1853. He took an active interest in the affairs of the University of Ver- mont. On the northeast corner of Pearl and North Prospect streets was the store of Colonel James Sawyer. His house stood between the store and the site of the Medical College. Alvan Foote, a prominent attorney, lived on the south side of Pearl street opposite the present residence of Colonel Peterson, but he subsequently removed to the site of Colonel Peterson's residence. John Storrs lived in the first house west of the Green Mountain House. George Robinson afterwards married his widow and removed to the same house. Hon. Daniel Farrand occupied the same house on Prospect street now occupied by G. G. Benedict. Just south from him dwelt Dr. John Perrigo, who erected the house that stands there now. In a small white house on the site of the pres- ent dwelling of Charles Ripley on Prospect street, lived the famous Dr. Daniel Coit, inventor and industrious circulator of " Colt's Pills," then deemed a panacea. Advertisements for Coit's pills were published in almost every paper in the State. It occupied nearly a column in the Rutland Herald of those times. William Coit, father of the doctor, surveyed and laid out the village in the spring of 1790. John Johnson, a surveyor, and one of the ablest and most prominent men of the times, from 1807 to his death, in 1842, occupied the large brick house at the northeast corner of College Green, overlooking the whole length of Main street to the west.^ On the north side of College Green and south side of Pearl street, just opposite the site of the Medical Col- lege, was the large two-story white building built by Giles T. Chittenden and used by him for a store. It was an elaborate structure, which those who re- member say was decorated with extensive interior galleries. Eddy, Munroe & Hooker, the prominent merchants and lumbermen of later days, followed Chittenden in the occupation of this building. South of the store of Thad- deus Tuttle there was only one house on Prospect street, viz., the little house of Noadiah Kellogg on the east side of the street. Some of the most prominent residents of that portion of the town now comprised within the limits of South Burlington were the following: Eliab 1 A sketch of Mr. Johnson appears in later pages of this work in connection with that of his grand- son, Charles E. Allen, who occupies the old homestead. , 27 414 History of Chittenden County. Fobes, Pelatiah Holbrook, John Eldredge, Samuel Blinn, Nathan Smith, Thomas Comstock, Ebenezer Brown, Samuel Fuller, Theodore Catlin on the farm now owned by Lemuel S. Drew, Rufus Grossman, Gershom Holmes, Levi John- son, and Alexander Davidson, the hermit. The prominent offices then held by residents of the county were distributed as follows : Chief judge of the County Court, Heman Allen, then of Milton, afterwards of Burlington ; assistants, Joel Brownson and John Jackson ; judge of probate, Truman Chittenden, of Williston ; sheriff, Heman Lowry, of Bur- lington ; State's attorney, George Robinson ; high bailiff, James Enos ; justices of the peace for Burlington, Samuel Hitchcock, David Russell, Ozias Buell, Rufus Grossman, Ebenezer Brown, John Eldredge, John Johnson, Ellick Pow- ell, George Robinson, and Amos Weeks. Martin Chittenden, of Jericho, it will be remembered was governor of the State, and issued a proclamation ordering the troops from Vermont to Plattsburgh, which met with a sharp re- ception in the rendezvous across the lake. William C. Harrington was one of the councilors, and George Robinson was representative from Burlington. The practicing attorneys in Burlington were as follows : William C. Harring- ton, Samuel Hitchcock, Elnathan Keyes, George Robinson, Stephen Mix Mitchel, Alvan Foote, Cornelius P. Van Ness, Phineas Lyman, Moses Fay, Charles Adams, Warren Loomis, James L. Sawyer, Archibald W. Hyde, David Stone, John Brownson. Rev. Daniel C. Sanders was president of the Univer- sity of Vermont. Nathaniel Chipman, of Tinmouth, was chief judge of the Supreme Court, and Daniel Farrand was one of the assistant judges. The grand list of Burlington was $23,768.20. Soldiers of \%\2. — We have not been able to obtain the complete list of soldiers enlisting from Chittenden county during this war. Of the companies made up at Burlington we have the names of two which were composed of residents of Burlington and two neighboring towns. One company, com- manded by Captain Samuel Bliss, was made up partly of the following men from BurHngton and Williston : Samuel Bliss, Truman Hawley, Asahel Spear, Chester Bliss, Jonathan Lugan, Joshua Read, jr., Jed Higbe, Samuel Fairpoint, John Lyon, Zacharias Drew, John Johnson, Samuel Minor, Benjamin Bitgood, Heman Vanornam, John Hadley, Samuel Payn, Lyman Davis, Truman Davis, Jonathan Bliss, Aloe Parmer, William Pitcher, Adryas Bliss, Joseph Tucker, David Straw, John Meaker, Silas Hartshorn, Joseph Jones, John Dearns. Another company, commanded by Captain John Parmer, was made up partly of the following men from Burlington and Shelburne: John Parmer, Edmund Sherman, Moses Allen, Charles Hubbell, Jonathan Cole, Simon Good- win, Elisha Keelar, Dyer Wistcott, William Barker, Benjamin Simons, Stephen Runnels (Reynolds), Andrew Currier, Amos Castle, Benjamin Wistcott, Chas. Martin, David Smith, Edmund P. Stedman, Elijah Peas, Eli Haskins, Hyson Rick, Herman Herlbret, John Kent, John Frazier, John Wistcott, Stephen Town and City of Burlington. 415 Loomis, jr., John Tucker, John Eddy, Lyman Holhs, Milo Byington, Ora Dugget, Reuben S. Martin, Roger Roseford, Richard Turner, William Martin. Smuggling. — From the earliest period after the admission of Vermont into the Union until the present date there has always been more or less open and defiant evasion of the revenue laws, though for many years the practice has ostensibly diminished and almost disappeared. During the War of 1812-15, however, smugglers were very bold and active, and there is a current belief among those who are old enough to remember the times that privateers were fitted out and even granted letters of marque and reprisal with the apparent two-fold object of embarrassing the movements of the British on the lake and of running down and exterminating smugglers from the Canadian markets ; which, nevertheless, connived with the smugglers and even aided and abetted them under agreements for a division of the profits. Undoubtedly much of this evil was done away with at the close of the war. Cold Season of \?,i6. — ^The year 18 16 is remarkable in the annals of the entire Champlain valley as well as of other portions of the country, for the fact that frosts occurred every month in the year and a heavy snow storm took place on the 9th of June. Corn, which was then the principal crop in Ver- mont, was wholly destroyed, and vegetables and cereals generally were ex- tremely scarce. Owing to the fact that transportation was then slow and laborious, and money, by reason of the effects of the recent war, was more of a curiosity than a legal tender, the inhabitants of the entire valley suffered privations which cannot be described. Many families which in ordinary times were counted well-to-do, would resort to the grist-mills of their neighborhood and collect the dust that fell from the stones, from which a little nourishment could be obtained. The following summer produced greater suffering still. Wheat was sold in small quantities at $3.50 per bushel, and was brought up from Connecticut and other parts of the "south." There were hardly enough potatoes for seed. The scarcity of corn produced a scarcity of pork. A bar- rel of what was called "whole-hog pork" sold for $40 a barrel, four times what it was worth in ordinary times. The sailors on the lake, who, in the summer of 1816 wore overcoats and mittens every evening, were accustomed to traverse all parts of Grand Isle county for provisions in 18 17, and could seldom obtain at any price anything besides milk. These hardships moder- ated considerably after the harvest time of 1817, and interrupted activities were resumed. Burlington in 1825. — Between the close of the War of 1812-15 and the year 1825 many changes took place in the general appearance of Burlington and in the amount and nature of business transacted within its limits. Ten years of peace had proved a benefit to the place. The most important change was to be noticed in the appearance of College street and vicinity. Business houses of considerable importance had been established and were increasing 4i6 History hf Chittenden County. the value of real property in the entire neighborhood, and indeed in the town. The other streets were not so much changed. W^ater street had fallen into its normal inactivit)', while upper Pearl street retained its former volume of busi- ness. George Robinson was still town clerk ; he and Alvan Foote and Samuel Hickok were selectmen ; Nathan B. Haswell and George Moore, o\erseers of the poor ; John N. Pomeroy was treasurer ; Alvan Foote, Philo Doolittle and John Van Sicklen, jr., were listers; Phineas Atwater was first constable and collector ; highway surveyors were Philo Doolittle, district No. i ; John Peck, No. 2 ; Simon W'illard, No. 3 ; Stephen Johnson, No. 4 ; Abel Owen, No. 5 ; Joseph Bostwick, No. 6 ; Thomas Atwater, No. 7 ; Stephen Russell, No. 8 ; Dwight Dean, No. 9; the fence viewers were Eleazer H. Deming, Luther Loomis and John Van Sicklen, jr.; James H. Piatt was pound-keeper; Lemuel Page and Luther Moore were sealers of leather ; Jesse J. Starr was sealer of weights and measures ; John N. Pomeroy, Benjamin F. Bailey and Elijah D. Harmon were t\tliingmen; John M. Morse, Himan Lane, John Abbott, Joseph Browning, Harry Hatch, William F. Wicker, John Lathrop and John \V. Pat- ridge were haywards ; John Eldredge was trustee of schools ; Samuel Nichols, Jasper Beck and Samuel R. Brown were sextons. The names of the grand jurors and pettit jurors of this >'car are the names of the most prominent men of that period, man)- of them having been promi- nent through the period of the then last war. The grand jurors were Ozias Buell, Horace Loomis, Samuel Hitchcock, Fbcnezor T. Englesby, Luther Loomis, Guy Catlin, John Peck, Job Reed, Wni. I. Seymour and John How- ard. The pettit jurors were Henry Ma_\o, John Van Sicklen, jr., Samuel Mills, George Moore, Philo Doolittle, William C. Harrington, Abel Owen, J. J. Starr, Henry Thomas, Samuel Dinsmorc, John Herrick and Sion Earl Howard. Montpelier had been the State capital for seventeen years. The governor was a Burlington man, Cornelius P. Van Ness, at that time residing in the house lately owned and occupied b>' Lawrence Barnes, on Main street, where Thaddeus Tuttle resided in 18 12. Two years later John C. Thompson, of this town, was one of the governors councilors. The representative of Burlington for the year ending in the fall of 1825 was Charles Adams; his successor, Ben- jamin F. Bailey. Hon. Timoth)- Follctt was chief judge of the Chittenden County Court; Hcman Lowry was sherifl"; Moses Bliss, high bailiff; Benjamin F. Bailey, State's attorney ; and George Robinson, judge of probate for the district of Chittenden. The justices of the peace were Daniel P\irr,uid, David Russell, George Rob- inson, Alvan Foote, Nathan B. Haswoll, John N. Pomeroy, John C. Thomp- son, Andrew Thompson, Is.uic T. H)dc, Samuel Clark, Benjamin F. Bailey, Janus L. Sawyer, Truman Seymour, Phineas Lyman, John Van Sicklen, jr., Charles Adams, and Hcnr)' I\la)-o. Town and City of Burlington. 417 David Russell was then clerk of the Supreme Court and Nathan B. Haswell clerk of the County Court. William A. Griswold was United States district attorney for the District of Vermont. The practicing attorneys were Daniel Farrand, George Robinson, John N. Pomeroy, Alvan Foote, Charles Adams, James L. Sawyer, Luman Foote, William A. Griswold, John C. Thompson, Benjamin F. Bailey, Gamaliel B. Sawyer, William Brayton, Jacob Maeck, George F. Porter, Warren Loomis, and George Peaslee. There were three churches in town ; the First Calvinistic Congregational, with Rev. Willard Preston for pastor, the Unitarian, George G. IngersoU, pas- tor, and the Methodist society, Truman Seymour, local preacher. The only church buildings in the place were owned by the first two, the Unitarian house of worship being very much as at present, and the Congregational house being the old " white church," which had given the street now known as the southern end of Winooski avenue the name of White street. It stood about on the site of the present chapel of this church and fronted towards Pearl street- Burlington was then but six years possessor of its first bank, the old Bank of Burlington, which occupied the site of the Howard Opera House. Lafayette's Visit. — It was on the 29th of June, 1825, that General Lafay- ette favored the village of Burlington with a visit, which has become a part of the history of the place. The Northern Centinel of July 8, 1825, contained a description of the event, of which the following is an abstract : The general and his suite arrived about two o'clock on Wednesday after- noon, accompanied by Governor Van Ness, his secretary and staff, and a deputation from the committee of arrangements, who had waited upon him at Montpelier, and in behalf of the citizens of Burlington requested the honor of a visit from him on his passage through the State. A detachment of cavalry under command of Major Erastus Meech met the general at Williston and escorted him to the heights near the college, where he was received by the committee of arrangements and the " Independent Greys," under command of Captain H. Thomas. The arrival was announced by a salute from the artillery under the direction of Captain Corning, the ring- ing of bells and hearty cheers from an immense multitude assembled on the occasion. A procession was formed under the direction of the sheriff of the the county, Heman Lowry,i marshal of the day, assisted by fourteen deputy marshals, in the following order : i. escort of cavalry; 2. instrumental music; 3. mihtaryband; 4. Independent Greys ; 5. General Lafayette and his excel- lency in an open barouche drawn by four elegant gray horses ; 6. George Washington Lafayette, Mr. LeVasseur, the general's secretary, and the gov- ernor's secretary and staff in a coach drawn by four bay horses ; 7. committee of arrangements ; 8. judges of courts and civil authority ; 9. president and 1 Mr. Lowry then lived in the house still standing on the lower part of Main street, opposite the present residence of Joel H. Gates. 41 8 History of Chittenden County. officers of college ; lO. Revolutionary officers and soldiers; il. students of the college ; I2. citizens generally. The procession then moved to the head of Pearl street, down Pearl to Church street, then to North street, now Bank, thence to First, now Champlain street, thence south to Main and east to Court- House Square. On arriving in front of Gould's Hotel, known as Howard's Hotel^ (on the site now occupied by the clothing store of B. Turk & Bros.) Lafayette alighted and, supported by the governor's aids, proceeded to the apartments which had been provided for his reception. Pursuant to arrangement. General Lafayette and his suite appeared shortly after on the piazza, accompanied by the governor and his suite, where William A. Griswold delivered an address of welcome. The Revolutionary soldiers, numbering about lOO, were directly in front of the piazza, surrounded by a vast concourse of people. After Lafayette's reply to the address of wel- come, the soldiers were introduced to him in Mr. Gould's long room. Then followed the usual addresses. Dinner was given by Mr. Gould, at which Hor- ace Loomis presided, supported by Timothy Follett, Samuel Hickok, Guy Catlin, A. W. Hyde, and John C. Thompson, vice-presidents. After dinner the party repaired to College Hill, and were received in front of the north wing. After the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the college the gen- eral returned to Gould's Hotel. He passed the evening at the residence of Governor Van Ness (in the house recently owned and occupied by Lawrence Barnes, on Main street), who generously opened his doors for the reception of the public. The reception lasted from about eight o'clock until eleven, and was a brilliant affair. The " court-yard " presented an elegant appearance, lamps and chandeliers being suspended from the branches of trees and shrub- bery, and a transparent arch thrown across the gate at the foot of the avenue leading to the house, bore the inscription, " Welcome to Lafayette." At eleven o'clock the general was escorted to the wharf where the Phciiix was in waiting under Captain G. Burnham. The Phenix and Congress, the latter under Cap- tain J. R. Harrington, greeted the hero with salutes. The guest then went to Whitehall on the Phenix, accompanied by Governor Van Ness and secretary and council, and the committee of arrangements. At the time of this reception the Van Ness place on Main street embraced a tract of land which extended south far enough to include the mansion of Colonel Cannon and thirty acres of land adjacent, in all eighty-one and a half acres. Governor Van Ness purchased the property of Thaddeus Tuttle on the 9th of April, 1824, and owned it until July 12, 1845, when he deeded it to Henry Leavenworth, who opened streets through it. Business Centers in 1827. — The following description of the square and Pearl street, and other portions of Burlington in 1827, is substantially the same as given by Mr. Frederick Smith, who made Burlington his home in that year. North of Pearl street there was not more tjian half a dozen houses, and they IThis tavern was then Uept for a short time by Koyiil Gould. Town and City of Burlington. 419 were small. The only street that was opened north of Pearl was North avenue, which was then inhabited chiefly by several colored families in shanties of the most rude construction. Water street was also inhabited by the lowest families between the Battery and Main street, while south of that were a number of the most respectable families in town. There were the same two hotels mentioned in the description of the street of a former period, kept in 1827 by the father of the late Miles Evarts, and by Cady & Doolittle, respectively. The principal store on the street was that of Mayo & FoUett, which occupied the site now covered by the stone store of Van Sicklen, Seymour & Co. The square was surrounded by some of the most important of the business houses in town. Lemuel Page still occupied the old two-story framed dwelling house that stood on the northeast corner of College and St. Paul streets, and made shoes after the fashion of those times. The next building east of that was Howai'd's tav- ern. After passing the driveway just east of this hotel the visitor would see the story-and-a-half framed store building of Isaac Warner, which was entered by a short stairway. On the site of the Merchants' National Bank was the two- story brick store built by Jireh Durkee, and occupied until about this time by him. He was soon after succeeded by Burdick & Southgate. The next build- ing east was of about the same proportion, and was occupied by Dr. John Peck, who at that time occupied it solely as a drug store. Dr. John Peck was a native of Litchfield county, Conn., and came to Bur- lington in 1804. He always lived on the premises now owned and occupied by his son, Edward W. Peck, No. 326 College street. At first his dwelling was a framed house, but he built, after years, the house in which his son now lives. He was one of the most extensive land owners in the town, and at different times had title to the best land in all parts of the town. At one time he owned a tract of about twenty-five acres, embracing the corner of Maple and Willard streets, and the residence of Hon. E. J. Phelps. He bought it of William C. Harrington. In the spring of 18 16 he made his first purchase of land on the north side of the square, and from about that time until 1830 conducted an extensive drug business. In that year he enlarged the building which he had before occupied, or rather rebuilt it entire, with such an outlay of pains and ex- pense that the block was called the best in the State. It then, as now, included the buildings east and west of the store, which he and two of his sons occupied under the firm name of J. & J. H. Peck & Co., viz., the building now occupied by R. B. Stearns & Co. and that occupied by the Merchants' National Bank. From thisTolock E. A. Stansbury issued the Burlington Courier, and afterwards Saxe the Sentinel. Stimulated by the sharp rivalry between the square and Water street, between the wholesale store of Follett & Bradley at the south dock and that of J. & J. H. Peck & Co., at the square, the latter became the most extensive house in Vermont, and scenes of great business activity were frequently presented, while the six-horse and eight-horse "land-ships" were lading for the different interior towns of the State. About 1854 this firm was 420 History of Chittenden County. succeeded by E. W. Peck & Co. In 1868 the fourth story was added to the building by the present owner, who also lowered the front in the spring of 1875. Dr. John Peck died in 1863, aged seventy-seven years. Emerson & Orvis occupied the next store to the east as a dry goods store. Frederick Orvis, who managed the business, occupied the same dwelling house in which we found Moses Jewett during the war, on the corner now occupied by the American Hotel. From the store of Emerson & Orvis to the corner of Church street would have been a vacant lot but for a little 8x12 barber shop kept by James Southard. Even as late as 1830 it was a fashion univer- sally observed for the men to be closely shaven. No beards were to be seen^ so that we may suppose Mr. Southard had the opportunity for making a com- fortable living from his occupation. A second story was added to this build- ing in later days, which extended over a greater area than the first. The struct- ure now stands on the south side of Battery street just above Maple. The northeast corner of Court- House Square was occupied by the tavern of Captain Henry Thomas. Church street ended at College street, and Cap- tain Thomas's barn stood south of the store of A. N. Percy & Co.; south and west of the barn was the frog pond mentioned before. 1 There was a deep hole^ still to be seen north of this barn on College street, and to the east some dis- tance was a knoll the summit of which was about on a level with the square. On this elevation were two buildings, the one on the south side being a httle framed carpenter shop, and across from it the brick building which stands there yet, the property now of S. Beach, who occupies the basement as a bakery and confectionery store. South of Thomas's Hotel was a driveway running east and west from the hotel barn to the square. Captain Thomas had by this time obtained license from the town to build a pubUc or dancing hall over and a little south of this driveway, which was already quite a popular resort during winter evenings for dancing parties and dancing-schools. A few yards south of this hall was the old court-house, facing west. The pine tree whipping- post was still there, though it was not frequently called into requisition. The site of the present city hall had been taken up by Nathaniel Mayo, who had built a Httle brick meat market there and carried on the business himself The place formerly occupied by Seth Pomeroy on the site of the post-office building was at this time in the possession of John N. Pomeroy. Mills' Row was the same as n-his pond was a quagmire composed of quicksand, so yielding that at one time Captain Lyon easily drove an iron rod into the earth at that place a depth of eighteen feet. He is authority for the statement that the city hall virtually floats on this plot of quicksand. He was one of the buildina com- mittee at the erection of the city hall, and employed J. D. .\llen to solve the problem of buildin" a house on the sand that should not yield to the first attack of wind and rain. Mr. Allen accordingly calculated that tlie surface of Church and Main streets must be made sufliciently stiff to resist the press- ure from beneath that would inevitably follow from the weight of the walls of the proposed structure The surface of the streets was therefore hardened with small stones and cement. The wisdom of this proceedmg was afterwards demonstrated, when, upon the breaking of the surface of Main street for the laying of a sewer, the city hall was found to have settled for the first time. Town and City of Burlington. 421 during the war. Charles Adams had erected a small brick dwelling just south of it where he dwelt, Harvey Milliken lived across St. Paul, then Shelburne street, from Frederick Orvis, on the site of the Van Ness house, Samuel Hickok still resided on the northwest corner of Main and St. Paul streets, and carried on a mercantile business two doors north of his house. Haswell's auction store was at this period between Hickok's dwelling and store. The next building north of Hickok's store was used by Philo Doolittle as a store. Next was the store of E. T. Englesby, while a small harness shop was on the corner. E. T. Englesby had now completed his garden, which he laid out in 18 19. It was called the finest garden in the State and took up the entire block north and west of the house. Mr. Englesby came to Burlington from the city of New York in November, 1797, after a journey by way of Whitehall and the lake of eleven days, and began a mercantile career as clerk in the store of Captain Thaddeus Tuttle, with whom he boarded. Several of his mother's brothers bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the Revolution. The family came from Massachusetts. In the spring of 1798 Mr. Englesby was initiated into the first degree of Freemasonry in the Washington Lodge at Burlington. He remained with Captain Tuttle two years and then formed a partnership with Joshua Isham, of Shelburne Falls, a store being opened at both Shelburne and Burlington. He assumed sole control of the business in the spring of 1802, and, from a position in the rudiments of financial success, in a few years at- tained wealth and prominence. He was made president of the Bank of Bur- lington in 1820 and officiated in that capacity until 1849, retiring then with the confidence and regards of his associates. He was four times married, his first wife being a sister of John N. Pomeroy, his second and third wives, daughters of Colonel E. S. Keyes, and his fourth wife, the mother of L. B., E. C, and Rosalind P. Englesby, was Adela Brush, of Massachusetts. Mr. Englesby died in February, 1854, aged seventy-seven years. The first building north of College street on the west side of Church street was the same one now occupied by H. E. Adams & Son, jewelers. North of the ground where the Chinese laundry now is was the jewelry store of Pangburn & Brinsmaid. A little way north of that was the tailor shop of Uriah Dubois, in the same building now occupied by Brinsmaid & Hildreth. Next was the low, two- story white framed store of Sion E. Howard, who was really the first proprietor of a cash store in Burlington. Previous to the sys- tem which he inaugurated here, the custom was for purchasers to run accounts with the several stores for a period of not less than six months, and to pay their bills in farm products, such as wheat, cattle, etc., at the market prices. Money was scarce, and our ancestors, civilized though they were, were forced to resort in their trade to the exceedingly primitive method of barter, without the intermediation of money. Howard's store stood about on the site of Frederick Burritt's drug store. The building was a small one with low rooms. 422 History of Chittenden County. and "bulls'-eye" windows. Mr. Howard lived on the site of the brick house still occupied by his widow, on the southeast corner of St. Paul and Bank streets. On the corner of Bank and Church streets, next north of Howard's store, was the historic Bank of Burlington, which had elegant furniture, and the chairs of which are now distributed among the heirs of the old directors. These chairs were equal in number to the directors of the bank, and were decorated on the back with paintings of the most prominent buildings in the town, chiefly residences of the directors themselves. The bank building was constructed of brick, with the entrance to the bank on Church street. In the rear were apart- ments elegantly fitted up for the home of the cashier, who at this period was Andrew Thompson. The entrance to this part of the building was from Bank street. On the northwest corner of Bank and Church streets was the handsome two-story dwelling house of William A. Griswold. It was constructed of brick and faced Church street. The next building north was the little wooden tin- shop of Jesse J. Starr, who then dwelt in the same building in which James A. Shedd now lives on the southwest corner of Church and Cherry streets. The widow of Hawley Durkee, recently deceased, kept tavern in what is now Rowe's Hotel. North of that on Church street were several small houses de- voted to various purposes, the only dwelling being the same building now standing on the southwest corner of Church and Pearl streets. South from Pearl street, on the east side of Church, the first building was the same one now standing in the same place, on the southeast corner of Church and Pearl streets. Some time after this George P. Marsh dwelt in this house. On the southeast corner of Church and Cherry streets was a brick building used by John Morse as a paint shop. The jail was the next struct- ure, and appeared nearly the same as it does now excepting that it was a trifle smaller. Between the jail and Bank street were a number of little shops, and the dwelling house of Dubois the tailor stood on the corner. Just across Bank street, in a wooden building, Samuel H. Peaslee carried on his trade as a harness-maker, or " saddler." The jewelry establishment of Curtis & Dun- ning was in the brick building that stood next south from Peaslee's, and be- yond their store was another cluster of rookeries. In a framed house on the corner now occupied by the Howard National Bank lived a grocer named Samuel Wainwright, who conducted his trade in the basement of this house. The old store on the north end of College Green, erected and first occu- pied by Giles T. Chittenden, and afterwards occupied by the firm of Eddy, Munroe & Hooker, was vacant in 1827. The framed house of Colonel James Sawyer stood on the site of the Medical College, and his store was just west of his house on the corner. Harry Bradley subsequently carried on trade in a large brick store on this ground. On the northwest corner of Pearl and North Town and City of Burlington. 423 Prospects streets, where the Vilas house now stands, afterwards lived Luther Moore, who carried on his business of harness-making in a brick building west of his dwelling. Arabart Forbes had a store immediately west of this harness- shop, and some time later George Moore, brother to Luther, conducted a store in a two-story brick building west of Forbes. George Moore subsequently lived in a large framed house on the site of the present residence of Hon. U. A. Woodbury. Continuing towards the lake, the next house was the brick dwelling house of Truman Seymour, wheelwright, whose shop was some dis- tance farther south on the same side, near the ravine. On the site of Henry Loomis's present dwelling was the framed house in which Luther Loomis lived, whose store was just west of his house. Forty or fifty rods north of this store Mr. Loomis carried on a distillery, a perfectly respectable business in those days. Harry Bradley was some time after this a partner with Loomis in the distilling of whiskey. Horace Loomis lived next west of the store of Luther Loomis, in the same building now occupied by his daughter, Mrs. Brooks. Farther west was the store formerly owned by Eleazer H. Deming, in 1827, con- ducted by Sidney Barlow. This was a large brick structure, which stood about where Willard street now crosses Pearl. E. H. Deming's house was the next building west, and was the first one east of Seymour's wheelwright shop. Col- onel Ozias Buell Hved a short distance west of Seymour's shop in a fine look- ing framed house, and carried on a mercantile business west cf his house. Across from the old white church, and about on the site of the present resi- dence of L. G. Burnham, was the furniture shop of Smith & Pangburn, an old, unpainted two-story building, with " the sign of the table," as they advertised. Let us now start west from the head of Pearl street and enumerate, as well as possible, the buildings on the south side. The old Green Mountain House was then at the summit of its popularity, under the proprietorship of Eli Barn- ard, an inventive man, who was ever trying to invent what would now be called a " Keely motor." Mrs. Follett, mother of Timothy Follett and of Mrs. E. H. Deming, lived in the next house, a small one built of brick. The little framed house next west, which stands yet, was occupied by George Robinson. Dr. Harmon's drug store and dwelling, which was described in a former page, were next. Then the eye of the visitor fell upon the old landmark, then as now bearing the stains and wrinkles of antiquity, the residence of Phineas Loomis, and now of Edward C. Loomis, his grandson. The Loomis tan- yard was just west of this house. About 1796 or '<)•] Horace Loomis built a tannery just west of the present garden of E. C. Loomis, where a series of depressions now indicate the location of the old vats. The tannery building was of stone, two stories and a half in height, with a frontage of about twenty-five feet and a depth of about twenty. A brick currying shop adjoined it on the west, and a wooden extension was added to the rear. Horace Loomis operated the tannery from the time that it was erected until 1832, when his son, E. C. Loomis, took 424 History of Chittenden County. charge of the business and operated it until about 1872. It was after that used several years for a basket factory, and finally torn down. Somewere " in the sixties " steam-power took the place of the old style of operation. Below the tan-yard stood the house in which George P. Marsh, and after- wards President Wheeler, lived at different times. West of Willard street was- the building then occupied by Frederick, son and partner of Colonel Ozia& Buell. He died soon after this. The house is now occupied by Edward Hun- gerford, whose wife is a daughter of Frederick Buell. Where Mrs. Marcia B. Follett now lives was then the home and office of Benjamin F. Bailey. The next house, now occupied by Dr. Carpenter, was then the residence of William I. Seymour, the hatter, whose shop was still in the building next east of the church grounds, now occupied as a residence. On the southwest corner of Pearl street and Winooski avenue, in the house now occupied by Dr. S. Wager,, lived a Mr. Wadsworth, which stood immediately east of the residence of Rev. George G. Ingersol, pastor of the Unitarian Church. There was no other building between that and Church street except the one already mentioned, on the corner. Many of the prominent citizens living here during the War of 1812-15 had passed away by this time, and a few had emigrated to other parts. Elnathan Keyes had removed to New York State. During the year 18 13 had died Samuel Hitchcock, Dr. Cassius F. Pomeroy, General Ira Allen, and William C. Harrington. Dubartis Willard and Colonel Stephen Pearl died in 1815 and 1816 respectively. Job Reed and Daniel Farrand passed away in 1825 ; Cap- tain Gid. King died in 1826. This year, 1827, was quite fatal too, carrying away Colonel James Sawyer, aged sixty-six years ; the brilliant young attorney, Warren Loomis, aged thirty-nine years ; Harvey Durkee, former proprietor of the hotel on the northwest corner of Church and Cherry streets, and others. The Glass Factory. — The year 1827 was remarkable for the introduction of the first extensive manufacturing concern in the town, the Champlain Glass Company, of which that pioneer in all kinds of enterprise in Burlington, Dr. John Peck, was president, and Professor James Dean was treasurer. The erec- tion of the buildings was begun in the fall of 1827, on the northeast corner of Battery street and Smith's lane, now occupied by the dwelling house of Fred- erick Smith. The buildings, numbering about a dozen, covered two acres of ground. John S. Foster, of Boston, was the superintendent of the works, and had under his control about lOO hands. In 1834 Frederick Smith, after an ab- sence of two years, hired the concern for three years, and during that time made the establishment a decided success. The result was that in a few years he bought the property. He took in with him several partners, and conducted the business under the several names of Loomis, Smith & Co., Janes, Smith & Co., Smith, Wilkins & Landon, and Smith & Wilkins. They manufactured glass for many cities of the West, and had an agent in Chicago for years. In Town and City of Burlington. 425 1850, however, owing to the high prices of fuel, the enterprise was abandoned. This business was the prime cause of the extension of the village to the north. Under the pressure of necessity, the town contracted with Mr. Smith for the laying out of Battery street, north of Pearl, in 1842, and of Front street, and the several avenues then opened. The greater number of inhabitants of Bur- lington now live north of Pearl street. Burlington in 1850. — During the period intervening between 1827 and 1850 Burlington had suffered many changes, some of which seemed to be ad- verse to her prosperity and growth. At this time the railroads had but re- cently been opened, and the event seemed ominous for the future of the town. During the previous years Burlington had attained great importance through- out the northern part of the State by reason of her natural position on the lake. Everything that went from Montreal or New York, or even Boston, to the interior towns was unloaded at Burlington and transhipped to its destina- tion. From the earliest history of the mercantile business of Burlington until that time, it had been the custom of most of the merchants throughout the county, and even as far east as Montpelier, to order their goods of Burlington merchants. All this was changed by the new system of traffic, and the com- mercial importance of the town, it was feared, was ruined forever. The rail- roads even discriminated adversely to the best interests of Burlington, and the wholesale houses of Canada, New York and Massachusetts, began to prosper at the expense of this village. Real property depreciated to ruinous prices. For example, when Henry Leavenworth erected in 1847 ^^ block that bears his name, the value of the property was $2O,o0o ; in i860 the same property sold for $5,200.1 Fortunately the erection of the Pioneer Mechanics' Shops, and the creation of a lumber market here averted the calamity that was dreaded, and introduced a period of unprecedented prosperity, which it may be hoped has but just begun. Other changes have taken place. The men that were in their prime a quarter of a century before, had relinquished their activity and bequeathed to their sons the business which they had established. Many, it is true, still lived who were prominent when Lafayette visited the village, but only a few of these had continued in the practice of their vocations. E. H. Deming died in 1828, at the age of forty-three years ; Hon. William Brayton died the same year at the age of forty-one years. Among those who had passed away be- tween 1830 and 1850, we may mention the following: Hon. John C.Thomp- son, 183 1, aged forty-one years; Benjamin F. Bailey and Colonel Ozias Buell, in 1832, aged respectively thirty-six and sixty-three years; Captain Thaddeus Tuttle in 1836, aged seventy-eight years; John M. Eldredge in 1839, aged 1 Much of this difference in value, however, must be ascribed to the change of plan as to the location of the station. The block was erected in the belief that the site of the city market was to be occupied for a station, and the railroad filled up the depression in that place for that ostensible purpose. 426 History of Chittenden County. sixty-three years ; John Van Sicklen in 1840, aged eighty-one years; Hon. Stephen Haight in 1841, aged fifty-eight years ; Luther Loomis in 1844, aged sixty-three years ; Dr. John Pomeroy, 1844, aged eighty years ; Hon. William A. Griswold, 1846, aged seventy years; and Samuel Hickok, 1849, aged seventy-five years. Among the more prominent men who had wholly or partly relinquished the active pursuits of life were Hon. Heman Allen, Dr. Will- iam Atwater, John Howard, E. T. Englesby, Nathan B. Haswell, Hon. Tim- othy Follett, and Phineas Atwater. The year 1850 will be remembered as a part of the period of agitation of such political questions as free soil and loco-focoism ; when the slavery ques- tion was complicating all political calculations. At the beginning of the year Zachary Taylor was President of the United States, and Millard Fillmore suc- ceeded to this position on Mr. Taylor's decease, in July. Southern senators were pushing forward bills for the restitution of fugitive slaves. The schemes for the invasion of Cuba had but recently subsided. The people were not yet quieted in their apprehensions concerning the cholera, which had raged with fearful fatality during the preceding summer throughout France and England, in New Orleans and New York, and most of the principal cities of the country. Even Burlington was visited by this pestilence, and fourteen deaths had occurred here from cholera. Small-pox added its terrors to the ravages of cholera. Burlington had nine cases, though none of them was fatal. The California gold fever (not altogether so dreadful in its effects) was at its height. Notwithstand- ing all this, however, Burlington continued to grow. Between the years 1840 and 1850 the population of the town increased more than three thousand souls, and during the ten years following 1850, the population increased, but only about 125 persons. On the 5th of March, 1850, at the "town room " under the court-house, the following officers were chosen for the year ensuing: C. F. Davey, town clerk ; Henry B. Stacy, Seth Morse, William Weston, selectmen ; Isaac Sher- wood, constable ; Alvan Foote, treasurer ; John B. Hollenbeck, Samuel B. Isham, Bostwick Towsley, listers ; John N. Pomeroy, Philo Doolittle, Nathan B. Haswell, auditors ; Joseph D. Allen, Burrell Lane, John W. Pattridge, fence viewers ; Charles Adams, grand juror ; D. M. Varney, sealer of weights and measures ; Samuel H. Peaslee, sealer of leather ; Edward Parady, pound keeper ; Charles Adams, town agent ; D. K. Pangburn, Nahum Shattuck, Doxey, William Seymour, sextons ; George B. Shaw, Carlos Baxter, Joseph Hatch, trustees of the surplus revenue deposited in Burlington ; John K. Converse H. I. Parker, and Solon W. Bush, town superintendents of schools. Business Interests in 1850. — Following is a list of the more prominent business houses of Burlington and their location. To the kind assistance of Samuel Huntington the writer is greatly indebted for many of the following facts : Town and City of Burlington. 427 The oldest dry goods establishment was that of Sion E. Howard, who oc- cupied the same wooden building on the site of the " Beehive," on Church street, that he did twenty years earlier. North of this store was a garden, and on the corner was the Bank of Burlington. E. & E. Lyman had a dry goods and carpet store on the southeast corner of Church and College streets, where A. N. Percy & Co. now are. The firm of Lyman, Allen & Co. is a lineal descendant from E. & E. Lyman. L D. Bixby conducted a dry goods store in the Strong block ; J. H. Robinson in the store now occupied by George L Hagar ; C. F. Staniford & Co. in a brick building on Church street, just north from the present store of Roberts & Perkins ; Nichol's cash store was on Church street across from the jewelry store of Brinsmaid & Hildreth ; and M. Noyes & Co., at an earlier day at the head of Pearl street, but in 1850 on Water street between the Lake House, then kept by Moses L. Hart, and the stone store of Walker, Smith & Co. One of the two largest groceries in town was the wholesale store of J. & J. H. Peck & Co., in the Peck building, where Walker Brothers now are. The other wholesale store was that of Walker, Smith & Co., at the south wharf, in the stone store erected by Timothy Fol- lett. S. B. Rockwell & Co. were grocers at the " old post-office building," two doors east of the American Hotel. A. S. Dewey carried on a grocery on the west side of the square ; R. Lillie, on the east side of Champlain street, at the corner of Peru ; H. S. Moore, on the north side of Pearl street, two or three doors below the corner of Prospect, in a building long since torn down ; and Pierce & Davey, on College street. The hardware merchants were Strong, Doolittle & Co., on the east side of the square in the Strong block; Hagar & Arthur, on the corner east of where George L Hagar, son of the senior member of that firm, now carries on the hardware business ; and Evarts & Brownson, in the Blodgett building. Belyca & Brown dealt chiefly in crockery in the Leavenworth block on College street. The three principal dealers in boots and shoes were E. J. Fay & Co., where Roberts & Perkins now are ; L. A. Edgell, on the site of the Y. M. C. A. rooms on Church street ; and R. Batchelder, in the building now occupied by the hardware store of Ripley & Holton. Merchant tailors were M. G. Rathbun & Co. (C. F. Ward), on the north side of the square, in what is now the office of E. W. Peck ; Daniel Kern, just north of the present store of F. W. Burritt, on Church street; James Mitchell, in the building now occupied by the Powell Manufacturing Company, on College street ; and Joel H. Dix, on Church street. T. A. Peck carried on a drug store one door west of George L Hagar's, on the north side of the square. There were three book stores in the place, that of Samuel Huntington, in the same room which he now occupies ; of E. Smith & Co., successors to G. B. Edwards, where the Merchants' Bank now is ; and of C. Goodrich, in the Leavenworth block. Brinsmaid & Brothers were proprietors of the principal 428 History of Chittenden County. jewelry store, about on the site of the Chinese laundry, on the west side of Church street. J. V. Randall also dealt in jewelry, and repaired watches and clocks in a Httle apartment set off in the northeast corner of Mr. Huntington's store. On the west side of the square, just north of the present burnt district, was the furniture store of N. Parker. In addition to these establishments were the general stores of Harry Bradley, on the corner next west of the Medical College, and his house, on the site of that building ; George Peterson, on the southwest corner of College and St. Paul streets; G. S. Warner, in the building on Church street now occupied by H. E. Adams & Son, jewelers; and Catlin & Spear, opposite the Lake House, on Water street. At this time Salmon Wires was the one prominent insurance agent in town, in the office now occupied by General T. S. Peck. He advertised himself as agent for the Northwesteirn Insurance Company. Two express companies had offices here, Virgil & Rice, predecessors of the National Express Company, having their office in the same building now occupied by the latter company, and Bigelow's Boston & Bur- lington Daily Express, represented by S. M. Pope, on the same side of the square. Among the manufacturing interests, great and small, may be mentioned the Burlington foundry, H. Wheeler, proprietor, on the west side of Water street, at the foot of Main ; Russell & Spaulding, wagon manufacturers, just south of the site of the Van Ness house, and John K. Gray, the same, on the southwest corner of Champlain and King streets ; manufacturers of furniture, S. Nichols, on the west side of Center street, then Catlin's Lane ; Charles L. Nelson, on St. Paul street, near the corner of Pearl, a few doors north of the Catholic Church; Jacob Green was an undertaker on College street, on the site of the grocery store of Dolan Brothers ; S. & W. Pattee were builders, the first building east of the Catholic school on Cherry street ; J. S. Munson made pianos on the corner of Champlain and King streets, in the building now occu- pied as a dwelling house by S. Beach ; Warren Hatch, gun manufacturer, had his office one door south of the jail ; S. S. Skinner carried on the manufacture of saddles and harnesses on College street, a few yards east of the present Free Press office ; Samuel H. Peaslee occupied the same building in which we found him in 1827, on the site of the store now occupied by James B. Scully & Co.; R. D. Cornwall was a saddler on the east side of Church street, opposite the present Y. M. C. A. rooms, and J. H. Walton was what may be termed a sad- dler itinerant. Ballard & Brothers carried on the pottery on Pearl street, now in the hands of Frank Woodworth ; C. S. Adkins was a book- binder, occu- pying the site of the confectionery of Kent & Brother, on Church street ; E. C. Loomis manufactured leather extensively, in the old leather store west of his present residence on Pearl street, his competitors being Johonott & Blanchard, on the west side of Church street, near Pearl; J. A. Kinsman made cigars on Church street, about where P'letcher & Boynton's shoe store is ; and Moody Town and City of Burlington. 429 Haskell manufactured clocks in the same building now occupied by Belrose Sz: Grant. The largest tin shop was that of James A. Shedd & Co., which occu- pied the site of Vincent's drug store. Attorneys and Physicians in 1850. — At this period the legal fraternity- was ably represented in Burlington, as it has always been. They may be enumerated as follows, though a few of those named were not in active prac- tice. Alvan Foote had his office at his house, the first building above the site of the Medical College ; Timothy Follett lived in the building now occupied by Dr. Nichols, which he built; John N. Pomeroy lived on the site of the post- office building, and of the old cottage of his uncle, Seth Pomeroy ; Asahel Peck, a former partner of A. W. Hyde, had his office on Main street, one door west of the present Clipper office ; W. W. Peck's office was on the second floor of the Peck block ; Henry Leavenworth's office was on the second floor of the building now occupied by Ferguson &Adsit, on College street; Lyman Cum- mings practiced over the store of Samuel Huntington ; S. M. Parsons, in the office with Asahel Peck ; George B. Shaw, over the Commercial Bank ; Will- iam Weston, on the second floor of the Strong block ; Wyllys Lyman, on the second floor of the Peck block ; L. E. Chittenden, over the Commercial Bank ; Salmon Wires, in the office now occupied by General T. S. Peck ; Charles D. Kasson, on the second floor of the Peck block ; L. B. Englesby, in the upper story of the building now occupied as a shirt factory ; Charles Adams, then retired from practice and living on a farm near Rock Point, with his son Sulli- van ; Charles Russell, one door east of the residence of Henry Loomis, on Pearl street; Torrey E. Wales, over Johonott & Blanchard's leather store, at the head of Church street ; M. L. Bennett, at the corner of Pine and Bank streets. Other attorneys who though already prominent were hardly settled perma- nently in any office, were David A. Smalley, Levi Underwood, E. J. Phelps, C. F. Davey and E. A. Stansbury. The practicing physicians were William Atwater, who lived and practiced on the corner of St. Paul and Cherry streets, opposite the Catholic Cathedral ; Horace Hatch, at the head of Bank street, in the building now occupied by G. S. Blodgett ; Nathan Ward, in a little old building on the northeast corner of Main and Church streets, on the site of E. P. Shaw's clothing store ; Thomas Chamberlain, at the corner of Maple and St. Paul streets; Leonard Marsh, at the extreme southwest corner of Prospect street and College Green ; A. S. Pit- kin, at the corner of George and Pearl streets ; and Dr. Barber, on Main street, in the house now occupied by Hon. Daniel Roberts. The postmaster was Luther P. Blodgett, and the office in the present shirt factory building. Among the gentlemen who have been of great service to the editor in the compilation of the early descriptions of Burlington are Captain Dan Lyon, John 28 430 History of Chittenden County. B. Hollenbeck, Captain Henry Mayo, Frederick W. Smith and E. C. Loomis ; the eldest of them, Judge Hollenbeck, is the oldest man in Burlington. He was born on land now embraced within the limits of the town of Richmond, but originally a part of Jericho, on the iith of February, 1792, and is conse- quently at the present writing more than ninety-four years of age. He resided at his birth-place until 1807, when he removed to Charlotte with his father, and remained thereuntil his removal to Burlington, in 1824. He was, however, a volunteer from Burlington in the War of 1812, and took an active part in the engagement on land at the battle of Plattsburgh. Notwithstanding his extreme age and the infirmity superinduced by an injury recently disabling his hip, he has a clear and distinct recollection of the events of that memorable battle and of the whole war ; he was personally acquainted with Commodore MacDonough, whom he first saw while that officer was constructing his fleet at Vergennes. He remembers the execution of Dean, which is described briefly in a note in the chapter relating to the Bench and Bar, and, what is of greater interest, he aflSrms a distinct recollection of having seen two men in the pillory near the old pine tree whipping-post on the Court- House Square in 1808, one receiving thirty-nine stripes for blasphemy, and the other a proportionate number for counterfeiting money. Captain Dan Lyon was born in the town of Shelburne, Vt, on the loth of May, 1803. He received a common school education, and when his father, Timothy, died of the epidemic of 18 13, in March of that year, he went to live with his uncle, Robert White, of Shelburne Harbor, and afterwards in BurUng- ton village. He served in various capacities on a sailing vessel until 1825, when he became captain of the steamer General Green. He remained on this steamer until 1835, when he became captain of the Phoiix, the trip extending the entire length of the lake. From 1836 to 1839 he commanded the Winoo- ski, of the same line, and at the latter date began to command the new (500- ton) steamer Whitehall, which he retained for five years. He then left the lake permanently and retired to his present residence, where he has ever since re- mained, with the exception of two years as proprietor of a hotel in Detroit, Mich. (1855-56), and about a year in partnership with Daniel Howard in charge of a hotel in New York city. He has had an interest in a number of Burling- ton enterprises, notably the old Commercial Bank, of which he was director eight years and president four. He has been twice married, the first time to Elvirah H, Lyman, who died in 1837, and the second time to Mary G. Grant, of New Hampshire, who is still living. They have one daughter, an only child, Lucia E., wife of George I. Hagar. In accuracy and grasp of detail Captain Lyon's memory is most remarkable, and he has the ability to tell what he knows in an interesting manner. Nathaniel Mayo, father of Captain Henr)- Mayo, came from Orwell, Vt., to Burlington in February, 18 12, and with his brother successfully undertook Town and City of Burlington. 431 to do all the baking for the American forces stationed at Burlington during the War of 181 2. He died about 1864. He had relinquished the mercantile busi- ness in 1818, and directed his attention to farming. His brother Henry was here some time before him, and was by trade a hatter, in company with one Hosea Catlin, with a shop on Pearl street near the present Winooski avenue. In 181 3, as has been stated, he went in with Nathaniel. Captain Henry Mayo was born at Orwell, Vt., on the isth of December, 1802, and came to Burlington with his father, Nathaniel. He began steamboating in 1825, as steward of the Phenix, retaining that position until 1828. He commanded the Congress from 1832 to 1 834 inclusive, and from 1847 to 1849 inclusive, served as clerk of the Burling- ton. Nearly all the time from 1852 until 1883 he was captain of either the SJurman, Montreal, or Williams. He was married on the i8th of October, 1837, to Elizabeth Eldredge, of Bridport, Vt. They have nine children, all living. Frederick Smith was born in Williston on the 3d of June, 181 2. He lived tliere until the fall of 181 2, receiving a common school education in his native town. He then entered the employment of Arabart Forbes, a merchant at the head of Pearl street, in Burlington, with whom he remained nearly a year. He first became connected with the glass factory in 1 827, as office boy, and, with the exception of two years, remained with it until it wound up. He was pro- prietor from 1834. On the 30th of October, 1836, he married Mary Curtiss Foote, of St. Albans. She died in the spring of 1883, three only of her eight children surviving her. Frederick Smith is a grandson of Caleb Smith, a prominent early settler in both Shelburne and WiUiston. Edward C. Loomis, son of Horace Loomis, was born in Burlington on the 7th of August, 1810; was married on the 2d of August, 1832, to Serotia, daughter of Solomon and Sarah Weatherby, and passed his business career in the tannery which his father operated before him. Mr. and Mrs. Loomis have occupied their present dwelling house ever since their marriage — a period of more than half a century. ADDITIONAL SKETCHES. In the paragraphs immediately following it is proposed to give brief sketches of the more prominent men of the town or city in the past, who have not been mentioned elsewhere. Sketches of greater length would un- doubtedl}' be of interest, but cannot be included in the plan of a work of this nature. Ethan Allen.— The history of the last twenty years of this hero's life may be said to form almost the warp and woof of the history of Vermont during that period. His father, Joseph Allen, was a resident of Litchfield, Conn., as early as ,1728, and .on the nth day of March, 1736, married Mary Baker. Succeedin-^ this time the town records of Litchfield contain the following 432 History of Chittenden County. statement : " Ethan Allen ye son of Joseph Allen and Mary his wife was born January ye lOth, 1737." Joseph Allen removed to Cornwall, Conn., about the year 1740, in which town were most of his children born, and there he died on the 4th of April, 1755. Soon after his death his son Heman engaged in the mercantile business in Salisbury, and his house became the home of the family. Joseph Allen had eight children — six sons and two daughters, their names being as follows in the order of their birth : Ethan, Heman, Lydia, He- ber, Levi, Lucy, Zimri and Ira. Ethan Allen's educational advantages were quite limited, his whole attendance at school not exceeding three months. It is supposed, however, with reason, that he at one time contemplated fitting for college, and may have studied a short time with the Rev. Mr. Lee, of Salis- bury, with that object. This opinion is corroborated by the frequent occur- rence of Latin phrases in his numerous writings. His infidel penchafit was probably derived from an intimate acquaintance with the noted infidel and his- torical writer. Dr. Thomas Young. From the few facts which have been pre- served in memory respecting the early life of Ethan Allen, it may be supposed that he was always looked upon as a bold, spirited, reckless young man, a natural leader, who never for a moment seemed to consider the possibility of remaining in a subordinate position, and who by his dauntless mettle became an acknowledged leader in all his undertakings. He was, therefore, just the man to be opposed to the rapacious New York " land jobbers," and to de- fend the independence of Vermont against the calculating and vacillating res- olutions of the early Congress. About the year 1762 he was married to Miss Mary Bronson, of Wood- bury, Conn., and first resided with his family at Salisbury, Conn., and after- terward at Sheffield, Mass. He came to Vermont, then the New Hampshire Grants, about 1766, leaving his family at Sheffield, and from that time regarded this State as his home. His activity and effective courage in opposition to the claims of the royal government of New York have been sufficiently detailed in the chapter devoted to the history of the controversy, in a previous part of this volume. During this same period he was also active in patriotic efforts against the exorbitant claims of the mother country. An outline of his gallant services has also been given in the chapter entitled " The War of the Revolu- tion." After his capture on the 25th of September, 1775, he was a prisoner in the hands of the British for two years and eight months, and suffered the most inhuman cruelties and indignities. But his thorough independence and his native wit never permitted him to be humiliated, and his persecutors always came out second be.st. On the 6th of May, 1778, he was exchanged for Lieutenant John Campbell, and after waiting upon General Washington at Valley Forge he returned to his friends in Vermont, where he was everywhere greeted with ovations. In reward for his services Congress conferred upon him the rank and emoluments of lieutenant-colonel in the service of the United Town and City of Burlington. 433 States, though he never after rejoined the Continental army. He continued to engage in the support of Vermont against her enemies, and in carrying on the negotiations with the British in Canada, by which the operations of their powerful army were for three years made harmless. He was brigadier-general of the State militia. His family removed from Sheffield, Mass., to Sunder- land, Vt., in 1777, and ten years later took up their residence in BurHngton. Ethan Allen came to Burlington in the spring of 1787, with the intention of devoting himself to farming, having selected for his home the beautiful tract of land north of the present city, still generally known as the Van Ness farm. At this time there was a distressing scarcity of food in the community, due to a partial failure of crops and a numerous immigration of settlers. Colonel Ebenezer Allen, who commanded a company of rangers during the Revolu- tion, and made himself famous by his daring exploits, then lived at the south end of South Hero, and became an intimate friend of Ethan Allen. On the ^ loth of February, 1789, he and his man drove over the ice to South Hero, upon the urgent invitation of his friend, in whose house he passed that after- noon and evening, recalling, with a number of old acquaintances, past events and in telling stories. He had intended to return that evening, and a load of hay, which he was to take back with him, was in readiness for their return, but upon the urgency of Colonel Ebenezer Allen he remained until nearly morning, when he and his black man started for home. The negro called to him several times during the journey and received no answer, but suspected nothing unusual until he arrived at Ethan's residence on the intervale. He then found him dead, or, as it is thought by some, in a fit in which he soon died. Apoplexy was probably the proximate cause of his death. On the 1 6th of February his remains were interred, with the honors of war, in the graveyard at Winooski Falls, not far, probably, from the present site of the splendid monument which tersely recites his characteristics. Ethan Allen was twice married. By his first wife he had five children — one son and four daughters, all of whom were born before the family came to Vermont. His first wife, an excellent and pious woman, died in Sunderland early in 1783. He married his second wife, Mrs. Fanny Buchanan, on the 9th of February, 1784, and by her had two sons and a daughter. After his death his widow became the wife of Jabez Penniman, of Colchester. The subject of this sketch was not only a military hero, but a prolific and inde- pendent writer. Eleazer Hubbell Denting was one of the most successful among the early merchants of Burlington. His father was Pownall Deming, of Litchfield, Conn., a captain in the United States navy, and his mother Miss Abby Hub- bell, of Bridgeport, Conn., who at the early age of eighteen years died in Bridgeport, February 13, 1785, in giving birth to the subject of our notice. The child was thrown upon the care of his mother's parents, who, when he 434 History of Chittenden County. was twelve years of age, removed to Jericho, Vt. There he received a Hmited common school education, and at an ear!}' age came to Burlington, residing for a time with the family of the distinguished sur\-cyor, John Johnson, from whom he took lessons in mathematics, sur\'0)ing, etc. For some time he was also clerk in the store of Samuel Hickok, and afterwards, 1804 and 1805, received a x'aluable experience in a store in New York cit)-. He then returned to Bur- lington, where, on the Stli of September, 1805, he began trading in a small wa\'. He died of consumption on the 5th of Ma)', iSj8, two \-ears after his retirement from business. His success was largel\- owing to his unerring method in doing ever\'tliing. He was a man of untiring energy and perseverance, al- ways persistentl)- carr\-ing out what he had undertaken ; plain and simple in his tastes, ha\ing a marked dislike to display; unobtrusi\'e in manner, of quiet humor, and " fond of a good joke ;" of great exactness in business, and of sterling honesty and uprightness in its transactions, Mr. Deming was married to Miss Fanny hollett, daughter of Timothy Follett, of Bennington, and a sis- ter of the Hon. Tiniothx' Follett, of Burlington, on the 1 8th of October, 1807. He had eight children, five of whom were living at the time of his death ; one of these, howexcr, an infant daughter, died soon after his decease. He left but one son, his eldest child, Charles Follett Deming, who, after having received every advantage of a finished education, and entered upon the practice of the legal profession with a bright promise of success, was cut off at the earl)- age of twenty-four )-ears, by the same fell disease which had terminated the life of his honored father. Sidney Barlow, the son of David Barlow, was born in Fairfield, \'t., Maj' 12, 1801. In 1817 he came to Burlington, a ho)- of sixteen, to be clerk in the store of E. H. Deming. In 1822, at the age of twenty-one, he went into busi- ness for himself, in a small building near the head of Pearl street, on the north side of the street. The upper half of Pearl street was then one of the chief business centers of this region ; and in the stores (all of which have long since disappeared) of E. H. Deming, Luther Loomis, Luther and George Moore, Vilas & No)-es, and 1 larr)- Bradley, on Pearl streets, between the streets now known as Willard and Pro.spect streets, a large and widely extended busi- ness was transacted, and not a little mone\- made, in those days. After the death of Mr. Deming, in 1828, Mr. Harlow bought the IX-ming store at the head of Willard street, in which he had his lirst business training, and suc- ceeded to the business. In the )-ear 1828 he married and began housekeeping in the house on Willard street occupied b\- him for the remainder of his long life. His business grew and thrived under his enterprise and care, and at successive times he established branch stores in Winooski, Westford and Grand Isle. He was one of the organizers and stockholders of the Burlingl.Mi Woolen Mills at Winooski, and was the agent of the compaii)' when it built the large factory and the dam, and for sexeral )'ears after, and he remained one of the larger ' t>^ Town and City of Burlington. 435 owners of the property till it was purchased by the Hardings, shortly before the late war. Mr. Barlow's capacity for work, in his prime, may be inferred from the fact that he at the same time conducted the business of the woolen mills, as its agent, and carried on three stores, doing a general mercantile trade in as many towns. Mr. Barlow remained in business at Winooski till April i, 1850, when he retired. He was for a number of years one of the directors of the old Bank of Burlington. He was one of the founders of the Merchants' Bank, and a large stockholder in it. In his day he held various minor town offices, and did his share of public and political work in the community. He was a constant attendant at the Unitarian Church from his first residence in Burlington, and one of the liberal supporters of the church and society. He was thrice married, to Miss Harriet Reed, to Miss Caroline White, and to Miss Mary Pope. He left six children, Frances, Ellen, and Harriet by his first mar- riage, and Edward, Horace, and Mary by the last. Mr. Barlow suffered from the usual infirmities of declining years, to which was added in latter years a disease (cataract) of the eyes, for which he underwent an operation three years before his death ; but he was about his house and often out on the streets, till two weeks before, when his powers of body and mind began to fail, and gradu- ally sank until in May, 1882, he passed away. He was a man of simple tastes, strong will and thorough honesty. " His word was as good as his bond." He was a good neighbor and a worthy citizen, and possessed the trust and respect of all who knew him. Timothy Follett was born at Bennington on the 5th of January, 1793, and was a grandson, on the maternal side, of John Fay, who was killed at the battle of Bennington on the i6th of August, 1777. When but ten years of age, he, with two sisters, was left by the death of his father to the care of his mother, who came to Burhngton to educate her children. He received a bac- calaureate degree from the University of Vermont on the 1st of August, 1810; after passing several years in preparatory work, was admitted to the Chittenden county bar in February, 18 14. After nine years of practice he was obliged to abandon his professional labors by a pulmonary complaint, and at once became a partner with Henry Mayo, at South Wharf From 1832 to 1 84 1 he was actively engaged in the settlement of an insolvent estate at Mon- treal, at the end of which time he became the senior partner in the large mer- cantile house of Follett & Bradley. His subsequent connection with the Rut- land and Burhngton Railroad is incidentally noticed in the excellent sketch of the hfe of Thomas H. Canfield. In December, 18 19, he was appointed State's attorney in the place of Sanford Gadcomb, deceased, and was elected to the same office by the Legislatures of 1820, '21, and '22. He received the elec- tion of judge of the County Court in 1823, which office he was forced to re- linquish by the difficulty before mentioned. In 1830, '31, and '32 he was chosen to represent Burlington in the Legislature. He died on the I2th of October, 1857. 436 History of Chittenden County. Harry Bradley, eldest son and third child of Lemuel and Mercy Bradley, was born at Sunderland, Vt., March 23, 1793. His father died when he was but seven years of age, leaving a young and helpless family. At the age of fourteen he came to Burlington and commenced work under Horace Loomis, to learn the business of tanner and currier. He remained with Mr. Loomis until he was twenty years of age, when he formed a partnership with Luther Loomis, his brother-in-law, and removed to Williston, where he carried on the same business ten years. He married, in 1817, Maria Miller, youngest child of Judge Solomon Miller. In 1827 he gave up business in Williston and re- turned to Burlington, again entering into partnership with Luther Loomis. While at Williston he took an active part in public affairs, twice representing the town in the Legislature. On his removal to Burlington he was active in both town and State affairs, representing the town a number of times, after which he was elected to the State Senate. He was one of the originators of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, and afterwards of the Commercial Bank, of which he was the first president. He was long a director in the United States Branch Bank at Burlington, and president of the Rutland and Burlington Rail- road for two years. He was for many years engaged in a wholesale mercan- tile business at the lake, also carrying on a large lumber business at Essex, and was one of the greatest sufferers in the losses which befell our business com- munity in the woolen factory at Winooski Falls. He died at Burlington April 7, 1857, aged si.xty-four 3'ears. Philo Doolittle was born in Wallingford, Conn., on the 1st of October, 1793- He was the son of Theophilus Doolittle and was descended from Abraharn Doolittle, who came to America from England in 1640, settled in New Haven, Conn., and removed to Wallingford in 1669. When three or four years of age he came to Vermont, and soon after reaching his tenth birth- day lost, by death, his father. He found a home with Judge Lemuel Bot- tom, of Williston, Vt, with whom he lived until 1808, when he had received what schooling he could, and during which year he began a clerkship in the store of E. T. Englesby, in Burlington, remaining six years. In 18x5 he entered into partnership with Henry Ma.\-o in the mercantile business, and continued those relations until 1822. From that time until the close of his mercantile life, in 1852, he remained without a partner, with the single excep- tion of the years from 1843 to 1847, when his son, H. H. Doolittle, was asso- ciated with him. He was one of the corporators of the Champlain Ferry Company, which was chartered on the i8th of November, 1824, and upon the subsequent organization of that company (November 29) he was chosen one of the first directors. In 1825 he was elected clerk and treasurer of this com- pany, holding all these appomtments until the ferry company was incorpor- ated with the Champlain Transportation Company of January 24, 1825. He was one of the orii^inal stockholders of the Champlain Transportation Com- Town and City of Burlington. 437 pany which was organized on the 26th of October, 1826, and on the loth of November following was chosen a director and appointed clerk and treasurer of the company. When the books of the company were removed to St. Al- bans, in February, 1827, he resigned his position as clerk and treasurer. On the 31st of January, 1828, the books were brought back to Burlington and Mr. Doolittle was reinstated in these offices, which he held during the re- mainder of his hfe. On the 22d of March, 1827, he was chosen one of the board of directors of the Bank of Burlington, and on the 29th of January, 1849, was unanimously elected president of that board in place of E. T. Englesby, resigned, and was in this manner connected with the institution during the entire thirty-five remaining years of his life. On the nth of July, 1820, Mr. Doolittle married Harriet E., daughter of Newton Hayes, then of Burlington. She died August i, 1837, and on the loth of July, 1839, Mr. Doolittle married her sister, Eliza C. Hayes, who died November 11, 1843. On the i6th of September, 1846, he married Cath- erine Esther, daughter of Reuben Brush, of Vergennes. Mr. Doolittle's char- acter was marked by a confiding frankness and an unaffected kindness in all his intercourse with his friends. He was an earnest and consistent Christian, and an active member of the Episcopal Church. He died on the 19th of Jan- uary, 1862, from the effects of a stroke of paralysis. John Howard, the progenitor of the Burlington family of Howards, who have done so much for the city, was born at Providence, R. I., in 1770, and traced his ancestry back to Roger Williams, the sturdy refugee from religious persecution, and the founder, practically, of the colony of Rhode Island, in 1637. John Howard made several sea voyages in his early youth, and on that treacherous element lost his father. He resided then a few years at Pittstown, N. Y., and afterward six years or more at Addison, Vt, and came to Burhng- ton in 18 1 2, to assume the proprietorship of what was ever after known as Howard's Hotel. He retired from this business about 1847, and died on the 24th of February, 1854. He was on board the steamer Phenix when it was burned, on the night of September 5, 18 19, and distinguished himself by his energetic eiiforts to save the passengers. Possessed of a stalwart, upright char- acter, he became the terror of thieves and impostors of every description ; be- ing so interested in the public weal that he not infrequently sat up all night watching for some suspicious character who had attracted his attention. He had four sons, the eldest of whom, Sion Earl, was long known in Bur- lington as a merchant, and who accumulated a handsome fortune, and died in 1866. The third son, Sidney Smith, died June 30, 1839, aged thirty- three years. The other two sons, Daniel Dyer and John Purple, in early life went to New York city to seek their fortune, depending on their brains and hands alone. After various smaller undertakings, they had the foresight and bold- ness to lease for a term of twenty years a block of buildings on the west side 438 History of Chittenden County. of Broadway, a little above the City Hall Park, arid to transform it into an extensive hotel, fitted up and furnished with an elegance extraordinary for that time. This was the first up-town hotel of the first rate, and in this respect these brothers were enterprising pioneers, and by their liberal management, careful and courteous attention to every want of their guests, made the Irving Hotel for many years the most popular in New York; and they retired there- from with over a half a million dollars. John P. Howard crowned his later years with honor by his munificent gifts to several of the educational and eleemosynary institutions in this city ; which have received particular mention in other pages of this chapter, and in the chapter prepared by Professor John E. Goodrich, relating the history of the educational institutions of the county. Henry Baldwin Stacy, long known as one of the most successful journal- ists, was born at Orange, Vt., on the 23d of August, 1804, the youngest, save one, of a family of twelve children. His father was a farmer of limited means, and the training which resulted from the practice of a rigid economy was the sole capital with which he began life for himself At the age of fourteen he left the farm and went to Bennington to learn the printer's trade in the office of the Vermont Gazette. He had previously only a common school education, but was a ready scholar, possessing a quick, penetrating mind, rare powers of investigation, and had within him the germ of self-culture, which developed itself more and more through his life. He subsequently worked at his trade in Middlebury and Montreal, and came to Burlington July 27, 1827, to be a journeyman for Luman Foote, who had just started the Burlington Free Press in the interest of the " National Repub- lican Party," and in support of the administration of John Quincy Adams. He took sole charge of the mechanical work until January 28, 1828, when he became associated with Mr. Foote as editor and publisher. In 1832 Mr. Stacy purchased and took entire control of the establishment, the first issue of the paper in his name alone being on the 20th of July, and he shortly after erected the present Free Press building, the upper stories be- ing occupied as his residence. He conducted the paper until 1846, when he sold the establishment to D. W. C. Clarke, devoting himself afterwards to agricultural pursuits. He was an earnest politician of the old Whig party, and afterwards an equally earnest Republican. Being a strong and ready writer, the Free Press, under his control, was always influential and respected. He represented the town in the Legislature during the years 1843, '44, '51, and '56, the last time with special reference to the rebuilding of the State- house, He was an influential legislator, having a strong working influence without the House, as well as legislative influence within. His speaking was nervous and often eloquent, his sentences being usually short, animating, and full of life. He was also a selectman of Burlington six years, from 1847 to- Town and City of Burlington. 439 1852, and as such was always a friend of improvement and a careful guardian of the interests of the town. In 1861 he accepted an appointment as United States consul at Revel, Russia. As a consul, his reports showed him to be an observant student of affairs, and a patriotic and faithful public servant. He remained abroad until November, 1868, when he returned to visit his family and home. Meanwhile, under the new administration, another consul having been appointed to Revel, Mr. Stacy returned to close up the affairs of his consulate as well as his own private affairs, sailing from New York direct to Hamburg May 4, 1869, intending to return home in August. He arrived in Revel May 27, and was suffering from the effects of a cold contracted while crossing the Baltic Sea, which resulted in an inflammation of the lungs, from which he died after an illness of nine days, on June 18, 1869. Zadock Thompson was the second son of Captain Barnabas Thompson, of Bridgewater, Vt, where he was born May 23, 1796. His father was a farmer of limited means, and as young Thompson showed an ability for study, the Rev. Walter Chapin, of Woodstock, took notice of his studious nature, received him into his own family, and assisted him in procuring an education. In 1819 he entered the University of Vermont, and was graduated with honor in 1823, at the age of twenty-seven years. The following year, September 4, he was married to Phoebe Boyce. His career as an author commenced in 18 19. In 1824 he published his Gazetteer of Vermont, a duodecimo of 312 pages. In 1825 he was chosen a tutor in the University of Vermont, and during the same year published the Youth' s Assistant ift Theoretical and Practical Arithmetic. In 1828 he edited a magazine entitled The Iris and Burlington Literary Ga- zette, and in 1832 The Green Mountain Repository, both of which were pub- lished at Burlington. In 1838 he removed from Burhngton to Hatley, C. E., and there continued his literary labors until 1837, when he returned to this town. In the mean time having been pursuing theological studies, he was admitted to the pastorate of the Protestant Episcopal Church May 27, 1835. After his return to Burhngton he engaged in teaching in the Vermont Epis- copal Institute, and preparing his National, Civil, and Statistical History of Vermont, wjh\ch v^ AS published in 1842. In 1845, and for three succeeding years, he was assistant State geologist. In 1851 he was appointed to the pro- fessorship of chemistry and natural history in the University of Vermont. In 1853 he published an appendix to his history of Vermont, containing the re- sults of his later investigations, and during the same year was appointed State naturalist, continuing in that office until his death, which was occasioned by ossification of the heart, January 10, 1856. Horace Loomis ^ds born in Sheffield, Mass., on the isth of January, 177S, and came with his father's family to reside in Burhngton on the 17th of Feb- ruary, 1790, from which time he resided for seventy-five years on Pearl street, within speaking distance, it has been said, of where the family first located. 44° History of Chittenden County. During forty years of that time he was actively engaged in the leather busi- ness, either in the employment of his father or on his own account. He was twice married and at his death left a widow, three children, seven grandchil- dren and one great-granddaughter. He celebrated his golden wedding in 1855, and died (April 6, 1865) within a month of the sixtieth anniversary of his second marriage. He was a remarkable man, over six feet in height, with a large, well-built frame, and, by reason of his thoroughly practical na- ture, was well fitted to perform a leading part in the clearing and settlement of a new country, and in the organization of methods of town organization. He was distinguished by a wonderful memory, strong judgment, an intuitive knowledge of human nature, and a high regard for integrity, truth and exact justice. He began his political life as a Democrat, but afterward joined the Federal party and became a great admirer of Hamilton. He was a personal friend of Henry Clay, whom he entertained at his home, and had unwavering faith in Abraham Lincoln. Notwithstanding his lively interest in politics, he persistently refused to become a candidate for any public office, and never held one. The City of Burlington hicoi'porated. — Previous to the incorporation of the city of Burlington its civil affairs were not, as would be supposed, man- aged by a village government, but was always under the jurisdiction of the town. An attempt was made in the fall of 1852 to bring the village portion of the town and that part lying north of the village under either a village or city charter ; but the citizens voted against both, and the civil government remained what it was at the beginning. On the 2 2d of No- vember, 1864, however, the Legislature passed another act, incorporating the northern portion of the town of Burlington into a city. The corporation is embraced in the following limits : — " Beginning at the east shore of Lake Champlain, at the northwest corner of one-hundred-acre lot number 163, thence easterly in the north line of said lot to the northeast corner thereof; thence northerly in the west line of one- hundred-acre lot number 155, to the northwest corner of said lot number 155, thence running easterly in the north line of said lot number 155, to the east line of the stage road from Burlington to Shelburne ; thence northerly in the east line of said stage road, to the northwest corner of one- hundred-acre lot number 165 ; thence easterly in the north line of one-hundred-acre lots num- bers 165 and 183, to the east line of Spear street ; thence northerly in the east line of Spear street, to the south line of Winooski turnpike ; thence easterly in the southerly line of said turnpike, to a point opposite the angle formed by the north line of said turnpike and the east line of the road leading northerly from said turnpike to Colchester avenue, east of the residence of Henry W. Cadin ; thence crossing said turnpike northerly to said angle ; thence from said angle in a straight line to the center of Winooski River, at the northern Town and City of Burlington. 441 termination of the east line of one-hundred-acre lot number 18; thence, in the center of Winooski River, down said river to Lake Champlain ; thence southerly on the lake shore, at low water mark, to the most western point of Appletree Point ; thence in a straight line to place of beginning." On the 1 8th of January, 1865, a town meeting was held in the town hall to vote by ballot on the acceptance or rejection of this act, and William G. Shaw was chosen moderator. Albert L. Catlin, James A. Shedd, Russell S. Taft and Nathaniel Parker were appointed tellers to assort and count the bal- lots. The result was the acceptance of the charter by a majority of 233 votes, 671 votes being cast. The first city election was held on the 20th of the fol- lowing month, in pursuance of the charter. At first the city was divided into three wards — the north, center and south wards, but in 1873 it was re-divided into five wards, designated by numbers. During the first ten years of the city's history many changes took place, in the increase of population, in the grading and curbing of streets, the beautify- ing of lawns, the extension of thoroughfares, and especially in the removal of old buildings and rookeries, and the erection in all parts of the city of new substantial and tasteful structures. Along the lake front the wharfing was greatly extended and acres of land made by filling along the shore. In the place of tangled ravines and disused brickyards appeared extensive lumber- yards. During that period the Central Vermont depot was completed at the foot of College street, which wrought an unimaginable change in the appear- ance of that part of the city. The city market was also erected, at a cost of $10,000; and three of the finest church edifices in the State — the Cathedral Church of St. Mary's, the Third Congregational Church, and the First Meth- odist Episcopal Church, were built, adding greatly to the beauty of the city as a whole. The improvement did not cease, however, at the close of the first decade of years of the city's experience, but has continued in all departments, and promises to continue indefinitely. Water Works. — At the time of the organization of the city the water sup- ply was anything but satisfactory. An official statement, made in 1865, showed that " there were 650 who depended upon the lake for their entire supply of water, which is mostly hauled in casks; 1,828 persons who depended entirely upon cisterns ; 1,214 upon cisterns and wells, fifty-seven upon springs and the lake; forty-eight were entirely dependent on their neighbors, and 1,000 persons received water from the Aqueduct Company." The cause of this deficient supply was the great difficulty of sinking wells deep enough to strike a water vein. Though the lake and river afforded an abundant supply, little had been done towards distributing pipes through the village for the accom- modation of the inhabitants. In 1827 the Champlain Glass Company laid a line of log pipes from springs that were near the site of the residence of Henry Loomis, on Pearl street, to their factory near the Battery. This line 442 History of Chittenden County. was in use until 1850. On the 7th of November, 1849, Frederick Smith and his associate proprietors procured the incorporation of the Burlington Aque- duct Company, the incorporators being Frederick Smith, William H. Wilkins, jr., Ralph Landon and John McDonald, jr., for the " purpose of constructing, laying, repairing and maintaining " an aqueduct to supply the inhabitants of the village of Burlington with pure water for culinary and domestic uses, and for extinguishing fires ; the water to be taken from the lake or " Onion " River. The village was granted the power of buying stock in the company at any time after the lapse of ten years at an advance of ten per cent, on the stock paid in. The old log pipes were superseded by those of iron, of which about three miles were laid during the first year. A reservoir forty feet square and twelve feet deep was constructed in Pearl, near Williams street, which is still in existence. It was supplied by four springs, two being situated on the lot now owned and occupied by George L. Linsley, at that time owned by War- ren Root, and two just above him, one in the center of the street. About 185s an arrangement was made with the old Pioneer Shop Company, by which water was pumped from the lake. But even then the growth of the community had made the supply wholly inadequate to the demand ; conse- quently, the city took the affair in hand and issued bonds to the amount of $150,000 for the construction of new works, bought the property of the Aque- duct Company for $24,000, and came into possession October i, 1866. A resolution for the construction of new works was adopted by the City Council on the 2d day of April, 1867, and the city now has one of the finest supplies in the State. The reservoir is situated at the junction of the old Winooski turnpike and University Place, a distance from the pump-house of 8,362 feet, with a head of 289 feet and a capacity of 2,236,000 gallons. The pump-house and machinery are situated at the foot of Pearl street, and were first put into operation December 25, 1867. According to the last report of the superintendent of the water department there are now a little more than twenty-eight miles of pipe in use, over a third of which are iron, and the remainder cement. Through these during the year 1885 was pumped 209,026,325 gallons of water, the smallest amount pumped in the past six years. This diminution is accounted for partly by the number of frozen services during the winter, and the frequent rains during the summer, but more to the use of meters and the care taken to prevent the reservoir from overflowing. There are 239 meters now in use, of which forty-nine are the property of the city; 162 hydrants, of which 142 are public. The disburse- ments of the Burlington City Water Works in 1885 were $19,663.28. Gas Works. — The Burlington Gaslight Company was incorporated on the 5th of November, 1852, with John Peck for president ; Charles F. Ward, treas- urer; and Salmon Wires, secretary. The construction of the works at the cor- ner of Bank and Battery streets was begun in the following year, and completed Town and City of Burlington. 443 in 1854. The contract was let to Dugand, Cartwright & Co., of Philadelphia, Pa., who constructed works for the manufacture of gas from coal ; but in 1879 the process was changed, and petroleum gas is now made in its place. The village was first lighted with gas on the 15th of May, 1854. Movements are now in progress to light the city with electricity. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. The first evidence of an organized effort to resist the dreaded element in Burlington appears in the laws of Vermont for 1 808. On the nth of Novem- ber of that year, Phineas Loomis, Stephen Pearl, Thaddeus Tuttle, Daniel Far- rand, Samuel Hitchcock, Ozias Buell, " and their associates," were incorporated into a company by the name of the Burlington Fire Company. The organiza- tion resulting from this act of the Legislature was very incoherent, however, and nothing of great moment was accomplished for a number of years. The equipment of the company consisted of leathern buckets, blankets and ladders. Every man owned and kept ready for immediate use a fire bucket, and nearly every man had a ladder. When a fire threatened any part of the town the neighbors and the members of this company hastened to the scene with their buckets and other apparatus, and formed a line from the source of water sup- ply to the fire. The buckets were filled by one man and passed along the line to the last man, who dashed it where he supposed it would do the most good. Adjacent buildings were protected by wet blankets and pieces of carpet. It must not be supposed that this primitive method of extinguishing fires was altogether contemptible, for in those days the buildings were not so thickly crowded, and the flames were more easily subdued. Moreover, the smaller structures that characterize the times were more easily reached without engine or hose, and the activity and determination of the pioneer firemen, when they were able to reach the scene in time, usually conquered the flames. For many years after this time the management of the fire department was left wholly to private enterprise, the idea that it should be sustained by the town apparently having never occurred to any one. The Boxer Engine Company. — The burning of the old court-house on the l6th of June, 1829, aroused the attention of the people to the necessity of pro- viding a more efficient means of putting out fires. On the day of the fire fifty- six of the prominent citizens of the village subscribed $281.50 " for the purpose of purchasing fire engines and apparatus for the use of the village of Burling- ton." The largest subscriptions were made by H. Thomas and Ebenezer T. Englesby, each twenty dollars. Other subscribers were Adelia A. Moody, John N. Pomeroy, John B. HoUenbeck, Edgar Hickok and Dan Lyon. The funds subscribed were made payable to Nathaniel Mayo, Alvan Foote and John Peck. The ownership of property necessitated the organization of a body to control the same and render it valuable to the village. Therefore, on the 29th of Oc- 444 History of Chittenden County. tober, 1829, the Burlington Fire Company (the second of the name) was incor- porated by the following persons : John Peck, James Dean, Luther Loomis, Guy Catlin, John S. Foster, George Moore, Nathan B. Haswell, Charles Ad- ams, Chauncey Goodrich, Lyman Southgate, Andrew Plympton, William F. Griswold, Alexander Catlin, Gamaliel B. Sawyer, and Henry Mayo. By the terms of the charter the company was permitted to hold property to the value of $3,000, besides the land on which to build an engine-house. Ten fire war- dens were to be chosen, who were to be provided with some distinguishing badge of office, and were endowed with authority to demand the aid of the in- habitants in extinguishing fires, to cause to be pulled down or removed such buildings as in their discretion it would be necessary to pull down or remove, and to suppress with force, if necessary, all tumults and disturbances which should occur at fires. The members of the engine companies formed under this- company were declared to be exempt from military duty under the militia laws of the State. Meetings were held in Howard's Hotel at different times for the establish- ment of by-laws and the appointment of proper officers for the new company. By-laws were adopted on January i, 1830, and among other provisions re- quired that besides the engine and its appurtenances which were to be kept in the village, the trustees should keep with it twelve good leathern buckets always ready for use and present at every fire. Each member was required to keep two such buckets or pails, labeled with his name, to be ready for use at a min- ute's notice at his residence or place of business, enginemen being excused from carrying any except those attached to the engine. To secure the proper ob- servance of this requirement, the wardens were made to visit the residences of the members once every quarter and inspect the manner with which they had provided themselves with buckets. The articles of association, dated January i, 1830, were signed by all who ever became members of the company. The first signers were Guy Catlin, Benjamin F. Bailey, Luman Foote and Sion E. Howard, and the last were Ed- ward Lyman, William Brinsmaid, James A. Shedd and Artemas Kilburn, who affixed their signatures later than 185 i. Not until about the year 1850 did the idea become prevalent that the town should contribute to the support of the fire department. In 1852 the town of Burlington appropriated the sum of $500. This unheard-of appropriation was resisted by those living at a distance from the business center of the village, who succeeded in getting the question into the courts ; but the result vindicated the claims of those who believed that the department should be maintained by the town. The Legislature then established the most thickly inhabited portion of the town into fire district No. I, which was organized on the loth of Janu- ary, 185 s, by the choice of George W. Benedict, Charles F. Ward and George G. Catlin, prudential committee, William H. Root, clerk, and Samuel Hunting- Town and City of Burlington. 445 ton, collector. In consequence of the organization of this district the old Bur- lington Fire Company died, its last meeting being held on the 13th of January, 1857. The district performed its functions until the organization of the city in February, 1865, when the present fire department was established. It is a fact that there was no engine in town previous to 1829. The Bur- lington Free Press of Friday, June 19, 1829, speaking of the burning of the court-house and the saving of the " BurHngton Hotel," owned by Captain Henry Thomas, now Strong's block, contained the following : " Providentially the direction of the wind, a steady and gentle breeze from the northwest, was most favorable. To this circumstance, and one of Cooper's excellent fire en- gines," (which had been left with Captain Thomas two or three days before, for sale) " together with the active, persevering and (considering the want of all organization) well-directed exertions of our citizens, may be attributed the preservation of Captain Thomas's buildings." The engine mentioned in this notice was soon after purchased for $300, and two other engines were bought soon after the purchase of the first, which was then named Boxer. On the 9th of February, 1830, the trustees appointed three persons to raise and organize an engine company for each engine, and report at the next meeting. The committee consisted of Nathan B. Haswell for the engine on the square ; Albert Day for the engine at the falls ; and John Peck for the engine at the glass house, which stood near the present residence of Frederick Smith, and was owned by the Champlain Glass Company. Ac- cording to the report of this committee the Boxer was to be placed at the dis- posal of the Burlington Fire Company, and the other two engines, the Cham- plain and the Hero, were to be placed respectively at the Glass House and the falls. These " machines " were crank engines, without suction hose, the water being carried to them in buckets and pails. They were manufactured at Wind- sor, Vt. A company was organized for each engine March 8, 1 8 2iO, the Boxer company being ofiicered as follows : George A. Allen, captain ; John Wick- ware, first lieutenant ; John D. Perrigo, second lieutenant ; Pliny M. Corbin, clerk. On the same day the fire company passed a resolution that engine No. 3 (Boxer) be located in or near the square, and that the wardens of district No. 3 be directed to procure by loan or lease a suitable shelter for the engine, at the expense of the proprietors. As a committee for the fire company Mr. Haswell appointed twenty-five persons to compose the engine company No. 3, as follows : Chauncey Goodrich, J. Sinclair, G. C. Worth, Edward Smith, S. E. Howard, G. Peterson, A. Phmpton, E. D. Slocum, John H. Peck, H. B. Stacy, H. W. Catlin, W. Weston, E. L. B. Brooks, J. J. Landon, P. M. Corbin, W. Wells, S. Hickok, C. Wickware, J. Wickware, G. A. Allen, Z. R. Green, Horace Lane, J. H. Perrigo, J. D. Perrigo, and Henry Leavenworth. The Boxer engine served this company until 1843, when it was replaced by a new and improved one from Hunneman & Co., of Boston, and itself took 29 446 History of Chittenden County. the place of the Hero at the falls. The Champlain was also practically useless as early as 1840. For a number of years the village was allowed to remain undisturbed by fires of any importance, and the Boxer company, " for the lack of argument," disbanded on the 1st of June, 1853. A year and a day from that time occurred a destructive fire at the foot of Main street, which consumed the old foundry, machine shops and last factory, and demonstrated the need of a well-organized company. Accordingly, on the 7th of January, 1854, a meet- ing was held to discuss the matter. On the 31st of the same month the old company was reorganized as follows : Moses L. Church, foreman ; Selding Patee, first assistant ; Charles P. Higbee, second assistant ; H. H. Doolittle, clerk ; Carolus Noyes, auditor. This company and the present Boxer No. 3 are identical. In 1857 the purchase by the fire district of a new engine for the Ethan Allen company stimulated the Boxer company to procure one with which they could more equally compete with their rivals, and on the 28th of April, 1858, the present Boxer vfdiS shipped by Hunneman & Co., from Boston. The price of the new engine with all its appurtenances was $1,056.50, towards the pay- ment of which the second Boxer went at a valuation of $525. The Boxer engines have had four resting places during the career of the company. In January, i83i,theold engine was kept in Howard's shed on the north side of Court-House Square, for the annual rental of three dollars. It remained there until a year or two before the burning of Howard's Hotel, January 2, 1846, after which for a short time it was kept in Mr. Lyman's barn, on Pine street. It was then placed in the basement of the old court-house now occupied by the Fletcher Free Library. The next change brought it in- to its present quarters. The company is officered for 1886 as follows : Foreman, Thomas E. Dooley; first assistant, George McCannon ; second assistant, Daniel Mitchell ; clerk, W. A. Roddy ; treasurer, Patrick Ritchie ; auditor, D. E. Flynn ; stewards, Geo. Munson and Daniel Mitchell ; committee on membership, Patrick Ritchie, L. J. Rush, H. S. Lane. Volunteer Engine Company No. i. — The charter of this old and well-tried company was granted on the 15th of November, 1839, to the following cor- porators : E. C. Loomis, F. C. Vilas, Henry Hyde, M. B. Bennett, John K. Gray, Henry Loomis, William R. Vilas, A. W. Allen, Stephen Rice, William A. Hibbard, Silas Spears, D. A. Kimball, Daniel Kimball, jr., WiUiam E. Crooker, Antoine Decells, H. M. Geddings, Joseph Magennis, H. L. Moore, Charles Benns, jr., William Bailey, Charles P. Bradley, James B. Moore, Chas. Benns, Joseph Cubley, Heman A. Clark, John McIUroy, George H. Moore, J. W. Livocks, Joseph Little, John Little, Samuel Crook, jr., John Russell, J. B. Johnson, Erastus C. Davis, Joseph Cook, Laban Harris, Isaac Barnum. The incorporation of the company was the result of several destructive fires which Town and City of Burlington. 447 had occurred in rapid succession : the burning of the Green Mountain House on the site of the present Catholic College, the French Catholic Church, the old white church, which fronted on Pearl street from the northwest corner of the present grounds of the First Congregational Church, the American barns at the rear of the American House, and Fisk's Hotel. The first meeting of the com- pany was held on the first Wednesday of December, 1839, at the leather store of Edward C. Loomis. Some time previous to that date George Moore had heard of a new engine of Hunneman & Co., of Boston, and had purchased it for $300, together with seventy-five feet of hose. He then convoked a meet- ing at the store of E. C. Loomis on the 22d of October, 1838, at which the unincorporated company was organized by the election of E. C. Loomis as captain, John K. Gray, lieutenant, and Henry Hyde, secretary; George H. Moore was made treasurer, and M. B. Bennett, engineer. Mr. Loomis offici- ated as captain for six years. On the loth of May, 1869, the following members were transferred to form the organization of the Volunteer Hose Company : J. W. Chase, C. P. Cur- rier, George M. Dodge, William Green, George R. Loomis, H. L. Loomis, C. H. Lewis, N. Lawrence, W. S. Langworthy, G. S. Moore, Charles H. Murray, Sayles Nichols, George T. Smith, James Stone, L. C. Stevens, James B. Scully, T. S. Peck, William M. Vilas, Ernest Spears, H. R. Conger, Marione Leprond, Alexander Tatro, and S. C. Avery. The Hose Company operates under the charter of the Volunteer Engine Company, and has practically superseded it. The engine fell into disuse when the city began to use hydrants, but the organization is kept up. Sayles Nichols was the first foreman of this company for four years. The present foreman is Joel Linsley. The engine of this company was kept in the storehouse of E. C. Loomis, on the northeast corner of Pearl and Willard streets, until it was laid up. The company is independent and has never been connected with the regular de- partment of the city. Hook and Ladder Company No. i. — This company was incorporated by the Legislature on the 23d of October, 1846. The corporators were as follows: George K. Piatt, Stephen H. Russell, Daniel B. Buckley, James H. Allen, Nathaniel A. Tucker, John A. Arthur, jr., and James McM. Shafter. The corporators met first at the American Hotel on the Sth of December, 1846. It appears from the fragmentary condition of the early records that not much was done for several years beyond drafting, accepting and amending by-laws, and admitting new members into the company. The first election of which there is a record was held on the 2d of January, 1850, and George H. Piatt was chosen foreman, John McCully first assistant, Denison Raxford second assistant, and Robert Conolly clerk. On the 6th of January of the following year a vote was passed that a subscription list be circulated for the purpose of raising mpney to enable the company to procure the necessary equipment, and 448 History of Chittenden County. to head the Hst with a subscription of forty dollars by the company. Lemuel S. Drew was then, and for several yeai's after, foreman. About that time the company was practically disbanded. In the spring of 1858 it was reorganized with a somewhat different /tv.w;/;/;/, new b)--laws were adopted, and the old truck brought again into requisition. The present officers are J. \V. Daly foreman, F. H. IMcCarty first assistant, M. Garvey second assistant, C. E. Kennedy clerk, and E. M. Sutton treasurer. The committee is composed of William Powers, P. Fitzsimmons and J. J. Sullivan. Ethan Allen Engine Company No. 4 was formed in the spring of 1857, and the first meeting was held in the second story of the old concert hall building on the evening of April 12, 1857. The company was originally composed of Edward W. Peck, Bradle}' B. Smalley, Albert G. Strong, Robert J. Kimball, Gardner S. Wainwright, Edward B. Benton, Joseph W. Roby, Sa3les Nichols, Edward Bradley, George H. Bigelow, William Brinsmaid, Cornelius W. Morse, and D. B. Peck. William H. Root took an active interest in the company from the first and was the nineteenth signer of the constitution. The first officers were : E. W. Peck foreman, A. G. Strong first assistant, B. B. Smalley second assistant, William H. Root clerk, G. S. Wainwright auditor. Mr. Root declining to act as clerk, wn.s followed at once by R. J. Kimball. The engine was made by William Jeffers & Son, of Pawtucket, R. I., arrived in Burlington on the 23d of February, 1858, and wa.s placed in the rooms of the hook and ladder company under the court-house. It weighed 2,250 pounds and cost $1,000. An act of incorporation received from the Legislature in 1858 was not ac- cepted by the company. The present officers of this compan)- are: J. C. Rutherford captain, W. H. Zottman first assistant, F. E. Burgess second assist- ant, W. L. Burnap president, George E. Johnson secretary, C. H. Clark treas- urer, Robert Roberts vice-president, and F. H. Wells, F. E. Perkins, and F. L. Taft auditors. The engine and apparatus were first kept a yc.\x in the base- ment of the Fletcher Library building. In 1879 they were taken to the pres- ent quarters in Burritt's block. Star Hose No. 2 was oroanized on the 1 8th of September, 1871, by the election of the following officers: Moses Pine foreman, Wilbur C. Spear first assistant, Henry Spear second a.ssi.stant, Charles IC. McEwen clerk, Louis Pine treasurer, and Hoyt Sails auditor. The present first assistant is Louis Sequin ; second assistant, Theophile Lepoint; clerk, Charles H. Lane; treasurer, A, H.' Duhamel ; and auditor, Henry Lee. Ihnvard Hose No. 5 was organized on the 17th of October, 1871, and was then officered as roUows: lulward Willard, foreman; A. A. Drew, first'a.ssistant ; P. R. Rowley, second assistant ; J. W. Russell, secretar\- and treasurer- P \\ Catlin, auditor ; and A. A. Liylor, trustee. The present officers are : l-o'reman, M. C. Graton ; first assistant, T. Morrison ; second assistant, J. P, McGrath ' clerk and treasurer, Thomas Coffey; auditor, A. A. Drew; trustee, John Black; steward, Alexander Morrison. Town and City of Burlington. 449 Clipper Hose No. 6 was organized on the 20th of November, 187 1, by the election of the following officers : Foreman, J. B. Morse ; first assistant, John Murdock; second assistant, E. E. Beavens; clerk and treasurer, R. D. Wheeler; foreman of hose, G. A. Rumsey ; auditor, Orville Sinclair. The present fore- man is John W. Louthier, and the other officers are : First assistant, Israel Mayo ; second assistant, Frederick Brouillard; treasurer, Leslie Jewell, and clerk. Nap. Pouquette. Barnes Hose Company No. 7. — The organization of this company was effected in 1873, when the following officers were elected: Foreman, D. R. Bracken; first assistant, John H. Waters; second assistant, Edward O'Neil; clerk and treasurer, W. H. Lee ; auditor, Dennis Flaherty. William G. Hud- son is the present foreman, and the other officers are : First assistant, M. Wall ; second assistant, Ed. Hudson ; clerk, G. L. Neal ; treasurer, J. H. Finneran ; auditor, Joseph Woods ; trustee, Alexander Crosby, and executive commit- tee, B. E. Riley, Antoine Alapa, and P. Kennedy. In addition to the companies above briefly mentioned, three companies, named the Greene Independent Hose Company, the Sutton Hose Company, and the Garry-Owen Hose Company were organized, one about twelve years ago, one eleven years ago, and the other one year later. These three companies continued their organization for several years, and then discontinued from lack of occasion for employment. By the original charter of the city the old fire district No. i ceased to exist and all the property and funds theretofore belonging to the district were vested in the city. On the organization of the fire department of the city, C. L. Nel- son became the first chief engineer, in the spring of 1866. His successors have been, P. D. Ballou, Robert S. Styles two years, W. W. Henry, Edward Murphy, Charles L. Nelson, Hiram S. White three years, George P. Foster, Albert S. Drew five years, Alexander Crosby, and Lowell C. Grant, who has entered upon his third term. THE SUPPORT OF THE POOR. In March, 1787, the Legislature of the State passed an act providing for the support of the poor, one section of which reads as follows : " That each town in this State shall take care of, support and maintain their own poor." The poor were first cared for by being " let out at auction " ; in other words, the residents would agree to take care of a certain pauper for a sum named, which the town would pay. The lowest bidder " suc- ceeded." The expenses of caring for the poor of Burlington during the year ending March, 1809, were $47.64. In October, 18 16, Henry Mayo and Lemuel Page were appointed a committee to examine and report upon the propriety of building or hiring a building for a " work-house." At the ad- journed meeting held the same month, the committee reported " that four 450 History of Chittenden County. rooms in the high barracks can be rented for a small rent, that the rooms above mentioned will require but little repairs to make them suitable for the business- At present no water can be procured for the use of the rooms short of the lake. Your committee consider the above named room by far the most eligi- ble for the purpose of a work-house that can at present be obtained." The report was accepted. The succeeding spring it was ascertained that the ex- penses of the poor department were becoming heavy, being nearly $i,ooo, and treble those of the previous year. In 1821 a committee was appointed to ascertain the terms upon which a suitable house could be procured for a work- house, and in accordance with power subsequently vested in them they adopted a set of rules and regulations, and provided for the appointment of a superin- tendent or keeper of the poor, with power to " fetter, shackle or whip, not exceeding twenty stripes, any person confined therein who does not perform the labor assigned him or her, or is refractory or disobedient to the lawful commands," and also that " no person so confined shall be permitted the use of any ardent spirits unless the physician who may be employed to attend on any person so confined and sick shall deem the same necessary for the health of such person." This establishment was abandoned in two years. On the 9th of April, 1824, Charles Adams deeded to the town a portion of the land lying on the southwest corner of the present Union and College streets, now occupied by the Third Congregational Church. In the spring of 1836 a com- mittee was appointed to examine the expediency of purchasing a town farm, but nothing effectual was done until the following September, when a town farm of seventy acres was purchased from Frederick Purdy, which was situated about two and a half miles from the village, on the Shelburne road. The pur- chase price was $2,000. A new building was erected on this farm in the latter part of the year 1859, at a cost of nearly $4,000, which, with subsequent im- provements, has made a very pleasant home for the unfortunate poor of the town and city. BANKING IN VERMONT. Vermont was considerably behind the neighboring States in establishing a bank, a majority of the inhabitants being opposed to the issue of paper money. But as bills became the circulating medium in other States, it was impossible to exclude them from Vermont, and the people were frequently imposed upon by counterfeit bills and the failure of banks, without sharing the profits flow- ing from banking operations. The only remedy, it was acknowledged, was the establishment of a State bank, which would tend to prevent the circulation of spurious bills, and those of insolvent foreign banks. In April, 1781, the Leg- islature resorted to the emission of bills of credit, for the purpose of carrying on the war, paying the State debts, and enlarging the quantity of circulating medium. Matthew Lyon, Edward Harris and Ezra Styles were appointed a Town and City of Burlington. 451 committee to make " a form and device for said bills and superintend the printing." In October, 1786, the Legislature passed an act submitting to the people the question of the establishment of a bank. They decided it in the negative in the following January. In 1803 the Legislature was petitioned to establish a bank at Windsor and another at Burlington. In spite of strenuous opposition the House of Representatives passed a bill in favor of the former ; which, by reason of the non- concurrence of the Governor and Council, failed to become a law. The clamor for banks continued, however, and in 1805 two bills passed the House of Representatives establishing banks respectively at Windsor and Burlington. The Governor and Council again refused to concur In 1806 plans for the establishment of a State bank were matured, and on the lOth of November of that year the Vermont State Bank was established by the Legislature under the legal title of " The President and Directors of the Vermont State Bank." The bank consisted at first of two branches, one at Woodstock and the other at Middlebury. All the stock and profits were de- clared to be the property of the State, and under the direction of the Legisla- ture forever. There were to be thirteen directors, from whom the president should be chosen. The directors were to reside, " six in the two eastern and six in the two western districts of this State, and the other where prudence may dictate." Deposits were not to exceed $300,000. In 1807 two additional branches were established, one at Burlington and the other at Westminster. On the nth of November, 1808, the salaries of the officers of the bank were fixed as follows : Each director was to receive $1.50 a day for all the time actually spent in performing his duties as director ; the president was to receive twenty-five cents for every 100 sheets of bills signed by him, and when necessarily attendant on business at some branch away from his residence, he was to receive $2.50 for every forty miles traveled, in lieu of other emolument. The cashiers were to receive not more than $500 a year. On the same day the treasurer of the State was directed to make the following payments for services during the previous year: To Titus Hutchinson, as president and di- rector, $459; James Tarbox, director, $84; Mark Richards, $79.50; Alex- ander Campbell, $73.50; Oliver Chapin, $60; William C. Harrington, $73.- 50; Noah Chittenden, $111; John Curtis, $25.50; Elias Lyman, $45; Daniel Chipman, $82.50; John Willard, $75 ; Horatio Seymour, $90. The anticipations of the friends of this institution were not to be realized. Notwithstanding the efforts of the State government to maintain it by repeated legislation, its affairs were soon found to be greatly embarrassed and the in- stitution insolvent. On the 7th of November, 1809, an act was passed mak- ing its bills a legal tender in payment of land taxes. Within five years from its establishment measures were adopted with a view to the winding up of its concerns. The Westminster branch was removed to Woodstock in 18 11, and the Burlington and Middlebury branches followed in 181 2. Among the di- 452 History of Chittenden County. rectors of the Burlington branch were Noah Chittenden, John Curtis and Will- iam C. Harrington ; the cashier was Samuel Hickok. By receiving the out- standing bills of this bank for taxes they were about forty years ago all called in and destroyed. The scheme of conducting banking operations under the immediate super- vision and ownership of the State was thus discovered to be impracticable, and the work of establishing banks was left to individual enterprise. The failure of the State Bank did not seem to discourage the advocates of the institution, for by the year of 1838 there were twenty banks in Vermont, having an au- thorized capital of $2,200,000, of which the sum of $1,304,530 was paid in. Two of these concerns were in Burlington, viz., the Bank of Burlington and the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank. The demand had been rather more than supplied, and a number of the experiments proved to be failures. In 1844 there were only seventeen banks in operation in the State. Four years later there were twenty-one, three of which, including the Commercial Bank, were in Burlington. In i860 there were in the State forty-two banks, besides ten savings banks. The act of Congress introducing the national system cre- ated a new era in the financial world. Its advantages were patent to finan- ciers throughout the country. In 1870 there were forty national banks in Vermont, two in Burlington — the total capital in the State being $6,960,- 012.50. The Bank of Burlington. — After the removal of the Burlington branch of the Vermont State Bank to Woodstock, in 181 2, the residents of Chittenden county felt the necessity of an establishment of the kind here, and in 1816, through their agency, application was made to the Legislature for another branch at Burlington ; but nothing was accomplished until November 9, 1 8 18, when the Bank of Burlington was incorporated. We have not been able to procure all the information which we wished in regard to this institu- tion. It wielded a most beneficent influence in the entire State for nearly half a century. By the provisions of its charter its legal title was the " President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of Burlington," and its privileges were to continue until January i, 1834. The capital stock of $150,000 was divided into 3,000 shares. Books for receiving subscriptions to stock were opened at Rutland and Burlington in January, 18 19, under the direction of James D. Butler, Robert Temple, and Apollos Austin, at the former place, and Ebene- zer T. Englesby, Guy Catlin, and Luther Loomis, at Burlington. The direct- ors, numbering seven, were all to be residents of the State. Six per centum of the profits were to be paid semi-annually into the treasury of the State. On the 5th of November, 1830, the charter of the bank was extended to January I, 1849, and at two different periods after that the existence of the corpora- tion was protracted by legislative grace — viz., on the 8th of November, 1847, and on the 20th of November, 1861. The first president of the bank was Town and City of Burlington. 453 Cornelius P. Van Ness, who was succeeded in 1820 by Ebenezer T. Englesby. In 1849 Mr. Englesby was succeeded by Philo Doolittle. The last president was Hon. Levi Underwood. The first cashier was Andrew Thompson, who remained in the office thirteen years and was then followed by R. G. Cole. His successor, Charles A. Sumner, was the last incumbent. In consequence of the establishment by Congress of the national banking system, the Legislature of Vermont, on the 22d of November, 1864, passed an act pro\iding that any bank under State laws which should " become an asso- ciation for carrying on business under the law of the United States should be deemed to have surrendered its charter," after complj'ing with certain require- ments therein specified. It was further provided that every such bank should be continued a body corporate for a term of three years after the time of the surrender, for the purpose of prosecuting or defending suits brought by or against it, and of enabling it to close its concerns and dispose of its property, but not to continue the regular business of banking under the laws of the State. This act, in conjunction with the policy pursued by Congress of taxing the issues of State banks so highly as to effect a considerable diminu- tion in their profits, conduced to the more rapid establishment of national banks. The Daily Times of Burlington, on the 17th of February, 1865, con- tained the following : " The Bank of Burlington, we learn, is now engaged in winding up its affairs preparatory to changing to a national bank. It is un- derstood that the new bank will have a capital of $300,000, to be increased to $500,000." The institution went out of existence on the 1st of January, 1868, by the proclamation of Governor Paul Dillingham, annulling the char- ters of all State banking institutions in Vermont. The last officers were as follows: Directors, Levi Underwood, L. M. Hagar, O. J. Walker, C. M. Spaulding, W. W. Hoyt, E. C. Loomis, O. A. Dodge ; president, Levi Under- wood ; cashier, C. A. Sumner; teller, Charles A. Converse. The Bank of Burlington started upon its career on the north side of the square, and shortly afterward occupied a two-story building on the site of the Howard Opera House. The First National Bank of Burlington. — The Bank of Burlington was re- organized in 1859, and its bills were called in. As we have seen, measures were taken in 1865 to convert it into a national bank. Accordingly, in the early part of 1865, the First National Bank was organized by the election of the same officers that last served the Bank of Burlington. It had a capital of $500,000. It occupied the site of the Howard Opera House for a year or two, and in 1867 erected the building now occupied by the Howard National Bank. It was absorbed by the Merchants' National Bank in 1870. United States Branch Bank. — In 1830 a branch of the United States Bank was established here, and continued business until the expiration of the char- ter of the parent bank, in 1840. It was situated in the building now occupied 454 History of Chittenden County. by the Burlington Savings Bank. Its officers were Heman Allen, president, and Thomas Hockley, cashier. The Farmers and Mechanics' Bank. — This institution was incorporated on the 6th of November, 1834, with a capital stock of $150,000, divided into 3,000 shares. The charter named as commissioners to receive subscriptions William A. Griswold, Archibald W. Hyde, John Peck, Harry Bradley, and George P. Marsh, of Burlington, John Smith, of St. Albans, and Joseph Clark, of Milton. The business of this bank was conducted in the building now occupied by the Burlington Savings Bank. Its several presidents, in order, were John Peck, Frederick Fletcher, and Torrey E. Wales, now judge of the Probate Court. Its cashiers were Thomas Hockley and Charles F. Warner. It wound up its affairs in January, 1868. The Commercial Bcink. — The Commercial Bank was incorporated on the 8th of November, 1847, with a capital stock of $150,000. The commissioners appointed to receive subscriptions to stock were Silas H. Jenison, of Shoreham, Harry Bradley, Asahel Peck, Charles D. Kasson, and Charles Russell, of Bur- lington, Hampden Cutts, of Hartland, Joseph Clark, of Milton, Lawrence Brainerd, of St. Albans, and Erastus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury. It contin- ued in business until December 31, 1867, when it closed up, and on the follow- ing day returned its capital stock to the shareholders. The presidents of this bank were Harry Bradley, Dan Lyon, L. E. Chittenden, Carolus Noyes and Samuel Huntington ; cashiers, Martin A. Seymour, Charles P. Hartt and Ver- non P. Noyes. The last teller was Samuel A. Drew. Immediately after the winding up of the affairs of this institution Vernon P. Noyes established a pri- vate bank, and purchased the building and effects of the Commercial Bank. This business terminated by the death of Mr. Noyes in September, 1885. The several cashiers were Robert Wright, David N. Burton, and John E. Lavrell. The banking house is on the north side of the square. The Burlington Savings Bank. — The oldest banking institution now doing business in Burlington is this savings bank, which was chartered on the 6th of November, 1847, the corporators being John N. Pomeroy, Wyllys Lyman, Henry P. Hickok, Carlos Baxter, Henry Loomis, Dan Lyon, William W. Peck, Sion E. Howard, William H. Wilkins, jr., Thomas H. Canfield, Edward C. Loomis, John H. Peck, Philo Doolittle, Henry Leavenworth and James W. Hickok. The presidents of the corporation have been John N. Pomeroy, Geo. W. Benedict, Henry Loomis, L. B. Englesby, Moses Morse, W. R. Vilas, Na- thaniel Parker, Morillo Noyes, and Henry Loomis, present incumbent. The president of the board of trustees is S. M. Pope. The trustees are S. M. Pope, Henry Loomis, C. F. Ward, W. G. Shaw, John L. Mason, C. P. Smith and Geo. W. Wales. The list of treasurers is as follows : James W. Hickok, A. S. Dewey, William L. Strong, and the present treasurer, C. F. Ward, who began his offi- cial duties in January, 1865, and is the oldest trustee in the bank. Town and City of Burlington. 455 The deposits of this institution now amount to about $1,500,000 to be dis- tributed among about 4,800 depositors. The business was at first conducted in a building on the west side of Court-House Square, owned then by James W. Hickok. It was removed from the upper story of that building to the ground floor. Thence it was taken to the store of A. S. Dewey, on Church street, and from there to a room over the hardware store of A. G. Strong. The next removal was to the tailor shop of C. F. Ward, now forming a part of the Merchants' National Bank. In 1868 it followed the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank in the present building, which is the property of the treasurer. The building was erected by the United States government for the Branch Bank in 1830, and contains one of the finest vaults in the State. The Merchants' National Bank. — This bank is the successor of the Mer- chants' Bank, which was chartered by the State of Vermont on the loth day of November, 1849, with a capital stock of $150,000. The commissioners ap- pointed to receive subscriptions to stock were the following : Timothy Follett, of Burlington, Stephen S. Keyes, of Highgate, Porter Baxter, of Derby, Eras- tus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, Paris Fletcher, of Bridport, Samuel Adams, of Grand Isle ; and John Bradley, David A. Smalley and William L. Strong, of Burhngton. The first directors were Timothy Follett, Eli Chittenden, Albert L. Catlin, Timothy F. Strong, George B. Shaw, David A. Smalley, and Nathan B. Haswell. The business was started in a building erected by the corporation on the lower part of Water, now Battery, street. In 1857 it was removed to the build- ing now occupied by its successor, the Merchants' National Bank. On the 25th of April, 1865, the State bank was reorganized as a national bank, with a capital of $300,000, which in 1870 was increased by the absorption of the First National Bank to $700,000, and in 1876 reduced to its present capital of $500,- 000. Among the directors of this concern have been such men as Sidney Bar- low, Joseph Clark, J. D. Allen, H. L. Nichols, Lemuel B. Piatt, S. M. Pope, William L. Strong and George F. Edmunds. For more than thirty years Henry P. Hickok was president. As a State bank the dividends paid amounted to $180,000, and under the national system they have been more than $900,000. The present organization is as follows : Directors, Edward Lyman, George Mor- ton, Hon. Torrey E. Wales, Charles W. Woodhouse and Lorenzo G. Wood- house. Charles W. Woodhouse is president and L. E. Woodhouse cashier. The Howard National Bank was chartered on the i6th of June, 1870, with a capital of $200,000, which was increased in the following year to $300,000, the present amount. The first officers were Lawrence Barnes, president, F. M. Van Sicklen, vice-president, C. A. Sumner, cashier; directors, Lawrence Barnes, Obadiah Walker, Cyrus M. Spaulding, Joel H. Gates, F. M. Van Sick- len, Alonzo W. Allen, Edward C. Loomis, Amos Spear and Charles A. Sum- ner. The building occupied by this institution was constructed by the First 456 History of Chittenden County. National Bank in 1867, and is well adapted for the purposes of banking, being^ fire-proof, neat and commodious, and furnished with spacious vaults lined with walls of railroad iron. The present surplus and profit and loss fund is $54,- 500; loans amount to $501,221, and deposits range from $350,000 to $400,- 000. The affairs of the bank are managed with the most consummate care and ability, making the institution one of the most trustworthy in the State. The present officers are : Directors, Lawrence Barnes.i F. M. Van Sicklen, C. M. Spaulding, Joel H. Gates and Edward Wells; president, Lawrence Barnes ; vice- president, F. M. Van Sicklen ; cashier, Curtis Wells, and assistant cashier, F.. H. Fisher. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Institution and Trust Company, on College street, was chartered by the Legislature on the nth of November,. 1870, with a capital of $ioo,ooo, and with power to increase the same to $500,- 000, and to receive moneys on deposit or in trust, at such rate of interest or on such terms as may be agreed upon, the rate of interest to be allowed for de- posits not to exceed the legal rate. The institution is at present officered as follows : Edward Lyman, president, and C. W. Woodhouse, treasurer. The Burlington Trust Company was incorporated on the 8th of November,. 1882, by the Legislature of the State, the corporators being F. M. Van Sick- len, Edward Wells, M. D. Cook, and B. B. Smalley, of Burlington, and A. C. Spaulding, of Jericho. Of the authorized capital of $50,000, $40,000 is paid in, and the residue will be paid in by February, 1887. The first officers were: President, C. M. Spaulding ; vice-president, B. B. Smalley ; treasurer, Curtis Wells. According to the terms of its charter this company is authorized to receive and hold moneys and property in trust and on deposit from courts of law or equity, executors, administrators, assignees, guardians, trustees, corpor- ations, and individuals, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon. Upon all individual deposits interest is allowed at the rate of four per cent.,, payable semi-annually, the interest compounding if not withdrawn. All de- posits not in excess of $1,500 are exempt from taxation to the depositor, the tax being paid directly to the State by the company. As with national banks^ the stockholders of this company are liable for twice the amount of their stock. The affairs of the company, although transacted in the Howard National Bank office, are entirely distinct and separate from those of the bank. The present officers are William Wells, president ; B. B. Smalley, vice- president ; H. L. Ward, treasurer ; C. M. Spaulding, B. B. Smalley, M. D. Cook, Joel H. Gates, WiUiam Wells, Edward Wells, and D. W. Robinson, di- rectors. The executive board elected by the directors consists of William Wells, C. M. Spaulding, and B. B. Smalley. The deposits now in the hands of this concern amount to $432,294.23. There are about 1,157 depositors. 1 Since the above was wiitten Mr. Barnes's death has occurred. , BB-'Sc.'W'. S...-,^, j-'i.^ 'J^^' Town and City of Burlington. 457 INSURANCE. The business of insuring property against losses by fire received little encouragenaent in Vermont in the first quarter of the present century, and it is not known that there were any companies or permanent agencies in the State previous to 1825. In 1826 the Vermont Fire Insurance Com- pany began to issue policies. The headquarters of the company being at Middlebury, Ira Stewart, of that place, was made first president. The capital stock was $200,000. In 1825 the charter of the Ascutney Fire Insurance Company was granted, its capital being $200,000. The office was placed at Windsor. The Vermont Mutual Insurance Company, with its office at Mont- pelier, was organized and began issuing policies in March, 1828, and by Aug- ust 1, 1838, had issued policies to the amount of $21,408,196. John Spalding was the president of the company. The year 1838 witnessed what maybe termed the beginning of an epidemic of county insurance organizations. Rut- land, Addison, Bennington, Windham, Windsor, and Orange counties all had a separate association for the purpose of conducting the insurance business within their respective limits. The first mention of Chittenden county appears in 1846, when George A. Allen was one of the directors of the Vermont Mu- tual Fire Insurance Company at Middlebury. In 1847 Carlos Baxter suc- ceeded Allen, and was followed for the next few years by William Weston. Several local companies have been organized in Burlington at different times, which were short lived, and never performed business sufficient to deserve par- ticular mention. General T. S. Peck is at present engaged extensively in the issuing of pol- icies to protect life and property from the losses of destruction. This agency was established in 1869, a few years after Mr. Peck's return from a four years' service in the war for the preservation of the Union. His first office was in the Bank block. The agency was begun in a modest way, but has been con- stantly increasing in proportions, and now fairly rivals any other agency in the State. The office was removed into a room in the rear of the Peck block in 1 87 1, and to the present rooms about two years later. General Peck's suc- cess is owing to his unfailing fairness towards the companies he represents, and also towards those who obtained policies from his office. The aggregate assets of his companies are about $300,000,000. The agency now conducted by Charles P. Frissell was established in 1846 by Salmon Wires, the pioneer agent of Burlington. His office was over the present drug store of R. B. Stearns & Co. Mr. Wires died in 1866, and Mr. Frissell came from Massachusetts under an arrangement with the companies, and, though not as partner, went in with R. S. Wires, son of the deceased. In 1874 T. F. Griswold and Mr. Frissell, under the firm name of Griswold & Frissell, succeeded R. S. Wires. In 1882 Mr. Frissell assumed entire control of the agency. For a number of years he has occupied his present office over 45 8 History of Chittenden County. the Howard National Bank. The aggregate assets of his companies are about $200,000,000. The firm of Whitcomb & Fuller (W. H. S. Whitcomb and E. A. Fuller) was formed in 1874, succeeding a line of firms which was started in 1859, when the agency was established in Burlington. They represent the Equitable Life Insurance Company, which has thus had an agency here for twenty-six years continuously. The present firm assumed a general fire and accident business in 1874, and have kept pace with the agencies representing their com- panies throughout the State. Since 1874 they have paid out more than $2,- 000,000 for losses and claims, from which no litigation has ever resulted. The Vermont Life Insurance Company was projected when the success of life insurance as a business was fully insured, the past having shown the op- portunities which were offered for the prosecution of a successful issue. The charter was applied for and secured at the fall session of the Vermont Legisla- ture in 1868. The corporators were Torrey E. Wales, Lemuel B. Platt,^ Samuel Huntington, James A. Shedd, Russell S. Taft, Rodney S. Wires, Na- thaniel Parker, Jo D. Hatch, George F. Edmunds, Omri A. Dodge, F. C. Ken- nedy, and Lawrence Barnes, all prominent citizens of Burlington. The capital stock was $50,000 in shares of twenty-five dollars each, payable in cash. In January, 1 87 1, this was increased to $100,000. Dividends to stockholders were to be at the rate of three per cent, semi-annually. The amount of claims paid by the company has been more than $100,000. The business is confined to localities which possess the smallest proportion of malarial influences, and is quite large in all the eastern States. By this prudence in the selection of ter- ritory its death rate has been very low. The company issues installment bonds, endowment, life, term life, and savings endowment policies. Life Insurance} — Life insurance dates back several hundred years. There are life insurance companies in England to-day that are over one hundred and fifty years old, and whose assets are counted by the millions of dollars, that are still doing their work as faithfully and successfully as ever. The history of life insurance in this country goes back to the year 18 12. In that year a com- pany was formed known as the " Pennsylvania Company for the Insurance of Lives," which is still in existence, but its business has always been small. In 1 8 18 appeared the "Massachusetts General Hospital Life Insurance Company," which is still in existence with a small business. The first official record of the business of Hfe insurance which was ever made in this country was in 1839. In that year "the New York Life and Trust Insurance Company" reported to the comptroller of the State of New York that it had paid six losses amounting to $6,500 and that it had 694 lives insured. " The Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany of New York" was organized in 1842, and commenced to issue policies in the city of New York in 1 843. It was agreed that whenever a certain num- 1 Prepared by C. A. Castle. Town and City of Burlington. 459 ber had made application and paid the first premium, the policies should be issued and should then become binding ; such was the beginning of that colossal company. It never had a dollar of stock. Its growth at first was slow and its methods crude. It borrowed most of its ideas from the English companies and there was little or none of the elaborate and scientific detail which charac- terizes Hfe insurance companies at the present time. In 1850 six new life in- surance companies were organized, making some ten or eleven in all up to that date, all of whom with one exception 1 are still doing business. Among those last mentioned are the National of Montpelier, and the United States Life In- surance Company of New York. From 1850 to 1886, a period of thirty-six years, the growth of hfe insurance has been something wonderful. There are now, according to the reports of the Spectator, an insurance journal published in New York, forty-three Hfe insurance companies doing a legitimate business, with assets exceeding the enormous sum of five hundred miUions of dollars. A still greater amount has already been paid by these companies to their ben- eficiaries, and counting eight hours to the day, which are the usual business hours of these institutions, and then counting three hundred and thirteen work- ing days to the year, they are paying in dividends, death claims and natural endowments over fifty thousand dollars an hour. The policies in force cover about two billions of dollars. The history of life insurance in this country must necessarily be brief. Previous to 1850 it was harder to find a man car- rying a life insurance policy than to find a head of four-leaved clover, and the proportion was about the same. Even as late as i860 such a thing as a man devoting himself to the business of life insurance was almost unknown. The war and the flush times immediately succeeding it gave a great impetus to life in- surance, and during the decade from i860 to 1870 the older companies sent out traveling agents, and also established general agencies, several of them with their headquarters in Burlington. These in turn established local agencies both in this county and also throughout their agencies, which sometimes in- cluded not only the whole State, but also other States. On the first day of January, 1869, the Vermont Life Insurance Company of Burhngton was or- ganized, with the following officers : Russell S. Taft, president ; Rodney S. Wires, vice-president ; Warren Gibbs, secretary. It started with a capital of $50,000, which was afterwards increased to $100,000. It issued its first policy to James A. Shedd, of Burlington, on the day of its organization. Its growth has been steady and its management conservative. Its present officers are W. H. Hart, president; C. M. Spaulding, vice-president; C. R. Turrill, sec- retary, and E. W. Bushnell, superintendent^of agencies. The board of medical directors are Doctors A. P. Grinell, L. M. Bingham and John B. Wheeler. The executive committee are Hon. Daniel Roberts, Jo D. Hatch, C. M. Spaulding, J. A. Shedd and Edward Barlow. The board of auditors are F. 1 The Charter Oak. 46o History of Chittenden County. C. Kennedy and Robert Roberts. The home office, No. 176 Main street, Bur- lington, which was built by the company expressly for the transaction of their business, is a model of adaptation to the purposes for which it was intended. The following life insurance companies have for short periods had general agencies in this State with headquarters in Burlington : The Connecticut Mu- tual, represented by E. W. Bushnell ; the Charter Oak, by W. H. Hart ; the Continental of New York, by Mr. Edgarly ; the Brooklyn Life, by Rev. Mr. Haughton ; the Hartford Life and Annuity, by Charles Eaton ; and the Massa- chusetts Mutual, by Charles Parkhurst. The Homoeopathic Mutual of New York maintained a general agency for Vermont, with headquarters in Burling- ton, from 1872 to 1879. They have never since been represented in this State. The Mutual Life of New York was for several years represented by Rev. Buel Smith as special agent, and the Phcenix of Hartford by George Peterson. There are now only two general agencies in this county, that of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of New York, organized in 1859, ^nd represented by W. H. S. Whitcomb as general agent, and the United States Life Insurance Company of New York, organized in 1 850, and represented by C. A. Castle as manager. General T. S. Peck represents the National Life of Montpelier, and the Vermont Life of Burlington as local agent. The National is also rep- resented by C. A. Allen, the Mutual Life is represented by Charles P. Frissell, and the New York Life by L. F. Englesby. All these companies are on a solid financial basis and are steadily increasing in every element of prosperity. In presenting the above facts it has been the aim to do justice to all concerned. No important fact properly belonging to the subject has been intentionally omitted. manufacturing interests. The accompanying table is taken from Walton's Register for 181 1, and is not self-explanatory. A glance would impress one that the county, in the early part of this century, had attained far more importance than is usually ascribed to it. Considering the situation and relative condition of the county at that period, the array of figures is quite imposing. But on conversing with those who can remember the events of so remote a time, one comes to the conclusion that there were thus early no cotton factories with their scores of employees, nor extensive woolen mills, nor nail factories. Distilleries there may have been, and probably were, in abundance, either then or but little later ; there were tanneries that brought their owners a comfortable revenue for that day ; and there were numerous carding and cloth-dressing machines. But the manufactories and their products were all of the rudest kind, and sales were limited to a small area. The manufacture of lumber was one of the earliest and most widely extended of the industries of the county, and receives par- ticular mention in a previous chapter. But the references in the table to the Town and City of Burlington. 461 quantities of linen, cotton and woolen fabric turned out annually undoubtedly includes an estimate of what private families made for their own uses. The division of labor had not then been developed to its present degree, and many of the families then made all the cloth for home use, while blacksmiths made their own nails. At that time wrought nails were exclusively used, and though many were imported from Great Britain, no doubt there were blacksmiths en- terprising enough to make an extra shiUing by entering into a modest compe- tition with the mother country. The largest tannery, probably, in the county was that of Horace Loomis, on Pearl street. The stores did not keep a large assortment of boots and shoes ; but, as Captain Lyon relates, the shoes for each family were made by the itinerant shoemaker, the only kind, who boarded with the family until his work was completed. These were not necessarily in general use during the summer, as children, young men, and even maidens frequently followed the fashion of the day and went barefooted. MANUFACTURES OF CHITTENDEN COUNTY IN 1811. 1 1 a 1 a a 1 d ■& a i •a a a •§ ■« 1^ fa t 1 5= 1 t ■3 1 Yards of linen made annually yards of woolen made annu'ly Yards of cotton made annu'ly 6,000 3,800 450 29 1,000 6 1,100 900 10,000 $1,400 10,300 8,700 200 72 2,000 2 380 700 $600 6,200 7,080 330 38 2,000 300 300 7,000 11,600 8,460 8,960 97 260 250 $1,300 11,226 10,828 166 160 150 5,576 3,700 60 10,000 7,660 70 2,000 160 160 6,000 $1,100 8,214 6,656 64 5,066 8,140 7,200 ■78 $460 7,810 7,300 76 300 2 150 100 12,000 $1,900 3,860 3,600 36 465 400 2 83,260 74,673 980 Gals, of liquor distilled annu'ly 7,300 Hides tanned annually Calfskins tanned annually.. .. Pounds of wool carded annu'ly Annual amount received by clothiers for dressing cloth. . 2,430 2,660 44,000 $8,960 The most extensive manufacturing was done on the north side of the falls by Ira Allen. John A. Graham, the first practicing attorney in Rutland, in a series of letters written in 1797, mentions the "large mills, forges and iron foundries" of Mr. Allen. About 1800, and for years afterward, Daniel Stani- ford owned a distillery on the north side of Pearl street, just east from the present Winooski avenue, where he brewed ale, beer and porter, and manu- factured excellent gin. The distillery of Loomis & Bradley has also been men- tioned in a former page. Samuel Hickok built a brewery on the west side of Champlain street, which was burned. About 1837 George Peterson rebuilt it and for years continued the manufacture of ale. In 1871 it was taken by Ammi F. Stone, who ran it until 1878; he then practically converted it into an establishment for bottling lager. These were the best remembered of the early distilleries, though there were others — for instance, one on the Shelburne road, about a half a mile south of the present poor-house, operated by Elisha Bar- stow. This was within the memory of the oldest inhabitants. A grist-mill, plaster-mill, oil-mill, and several similar concerns have at various times been in operation on this side of the falls at Winooski ; but those that have continued by succession to the present are mentioned particularly in a subsequent page. 462 History of Chittenden County. Aside from the lumber interest, however, Burlington and vicinity were not widely known for their manufactures. Until the year 1827, when the Cham- plain Glass Company was formed, the town was rather agricultural and mer- cantile than manufacturing. The account of that company given in a former page shows that at first it was an experiment, and not altogether a successful one, until those who were with it from the beginning had profited by experi- ence. During the year 1835 several companies were formed and incorporated with a view to building up the industries of the place, and indeed may have awakened the spirit of enterprise that makes Burlington what it is to-day. Three of these companies were as follows : The Colchester Manufacturing Company, incorporated on the 9th of November, 1835, by Ezra Meech, John. S. Potwin, Ebenezer T. Englesby, Samuel Hickok, Alvan Foote, Sion E. Howard, Sidney Barlow, and Jabez Penniman. They were empowered to hold property to the value of $500,000 ; and to engage in the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. The first meeting was to be held in some public house in Burlington. On the following day the Winooski Block Manufacturing Com- pany was incorporated, with power to erect engines and machinery for manu- facturing ships' blocks, and other ships' tackle and equipage, and to hold prop- erty to the value of $100,000. The capital stock was $200,000. The first directors were George P. Marsh, Guy Catlin, John M. Catlin, Uriah Bliss, and Peter Stuyvesant. The Burlington Mill Company was also incorporated on the lOth of November, 1835, by Samuel Hickok, Luther Loomis, Henry Mayo, Timothy Follett, George Moore, Philo Doolittle, Sidney Barlow, and Carlos Baxter. The purpose of the incorporation of this company was the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, and also the working of iron and manufacturing of machinery, the purchase of mill sites and the erection of mills in Chittenden county for the promotion of the manufacturing interests of the county. They were to hold property, if necessary, to the value of $200,- 000. The first meeting was to be held at the house of John Howard on the 8th of December, 1835. About this time the Legislature was enacting laws for the encouragement of those who were endeavoring to produce and manu- facture silk in the State. It is not, however, known that silk was ever manu- factured in this county. The Pioneer Mechanics' Shops. — The temporary disadvantages caused the town by the opening of railroads through the State, mentioned in previous pages, were more than counterbalanced by the permanent encouragement offered to manufacturers by the greater facilities for transportation, which would have been impossible without railroads. In the spring of 1852 Frederick Smith and several other prominent men in town received offers of land from Henry B. Stacy and others, on condition that it be used for a site of some large factory which should restore the former prestige of Burlington and build up a manufacturing center in the place of the mercantile prominence of other times. Town and City of Burlington. 463 The offer was seriously considered and resulted in the formation of a company, on the 31st day of May, 1852, under the style of the Pioneer Mechanics' Shop Company, for the purpose of erecting a suitable building, or buildings, on land dcnated by Henry B. Stacy, Henry P. Hickok, Eliza W. Buell, and Nathan B. Haswell, with steam-engines and fixtures for running machinery in said build- ing, the same to be rented to mechanics and manufacturers, in convenient allotments, in such manner as to facilitate and invite the introduction of new branches of mechanical and manufacturing industry. The capital of the com- pany was $30,000, divided into shares of $25 each. The Legislature granted a charter to the company in November, 1852. The first directors were Henry P. Hickok, Frederick Smith, T. R. Fletcher, Edward W. Peck, and Morillo Noyes. In 1852 and 1853 the company erected a building on the east side of Lake street, of brick, four stories high, 400 feet long and fifty wide, divided into four apartments, each 100 feet long, with a heavy brick wall between each; the machinery in the shops being driven by two heavy engines in a building just east of shops. The southerly half of the building was rented by Cheney, Kil- burn & Co., and occupied in getting out chair stock for the chair manufac- turers in Massachusetts, and afterwards in the manufacture of chairs, finishing 600 daily. The northerly half of the building was rented to various parties, and occu- pied in the manufacture of sash, doors, bUnds, furniture, machinery, etc. The corporation having borrowed money required in the completion of their build- ings, and given a mortgage of their lands and shops to secure the payment, were unable to pay the same and it was foreclosed, the property of the corpor- ation passing into the hands of Henry P. Hickok. On the 2d day of April, 1858, the shop was discovered to be on fire near the south end. A strong south wind was blowing and the building was totally destroyed, the loss being about $150,000. $8,000 being immediately donated by the citizens for its reconstruction, was utilized by Lawrence Barnes, who purchased the ruins and at once erected three brick shops, two stories high, each one hundred feet long and fifty wide. These shops, with others which were erected adjoining, were occupied by manufacturers of furniture, doors, sash, blinds, shoe lasts, boxes, axe helves, wagon spokes, iron castings and machinery, a large part of which found its way to foreign markets. When the first building was constructed, overtures for letting it were received with caution by people from other States or vicinities who were not willing to trust to the faith of Burlington people in the ultimate success of their enterprise. The result, however, justified the confidence of the citizens of Burlington, for the works proved to be, as one citizen has said, the nest egg from which all the manufacturing interests, excepting the cotton interests, have been de- veloped. A large steam planing- mill was erected at the foot of College 464 History of Chittenden County. street, in which large quantities of lumber were dressed and prepared for market. The shops on Lake street were again destroyed by fire on the 21st of November, 1882, and rebuilt. The loss from this catastrophe was about $100,000. The property now belongs to J. R. Booth, a brief account of whose industry appears in a subsequent page. The Burlington Woolen Mill Company was incorporated for the first time in the fall of 1835, at the time previously mentioned as the dawn ef industrial progress in Burlington. The original corporators were Carlos Baxter, George Moore, Samuel Hickok, Luther Loomis, Henry Mayo, Sidney Barlow, Philo Doolittle, and Timothy Follett. This company continued the manufacture of woolen goods until 185 i, when business was suspended and the property sold by the sheriff to Harding Brothers. They continued the business until 1861. The present company was organized in 1862, and obtained its charter Novem- ber 5 of that year. The corporators of this -company were Charles L. Hard- ing, Arthur Wilkinson, John A. Turner, Joshua Stevens, Joseph Sawyer, and F. C. Kennedy. The capital stock was $200,000. Manufactured here are broadcloths, moscows, fancy suitings, ladies' dress goods and cloakings. The company make a specialty of indigo blue goods for uniforms of city police all over the country, and for employees of railroad companies. In 1 88 1 the com- pany added a $10,000 spindle-mill for making hosiery yarns of the finest kinds, called the Colchester Merino Mill. One hundred and twenty-five hands are employed here. In all the company employ 825 operatives, and manufacture annually $1,000,000 worth of goods. The present oflScers are as follows: Joseph Sawyer, president ; F. C. Kennedy, secretary ; Thomas A. Patterson, treasurer ; directors, Joseph Sawyer, A. J. Adams, Joseph D. Sawyer, N. Dana Turner, and F. C. Kennedy. Mr. Kenndy has the practical management of the entire business. . Another department of the Burlington Woolen Company is the Winooski Aqueduct Company, which supplies water by gravitation to Winooski. It has a reservoir with a capacity for 5,000,000 gallons. When these mills were started only fifteen sets of cards were used ; twenty-five are now barely suffi- cient. The mills cover two and one-half acres of land, and consume every year 1,400,000 pounds of wool, making 800,000 yards of cloth. The Burlington Flouring Mill was originally erected by the Catlin Brothers some time previous to 1830, and was operated for years by Henry W. Catlin as a custom mill. It finally came into the hands of the Woolen Mill Company, who wanted the sole control of the water privilege, and for fifteen years oper- ated as a flouring mill by them. Unable to compete with the roller process for making flour, it ceased running when that process became general, and since then has been operated only as a custom grinding mill. It is under the man- agement of F. C. Kennedy. The Burlington Cotton Mills.— T\\q general movement of 1835 towards Town and City of Burlington. 465 establishing the reputation of Burlington as a manufacturing center, embraced within its scope the manufacture of cotton. Indeed that was an object appar- ently thought of before the rest, for a company under the name of the Win- ooski Manufacturing Company was incorporated on the 7th of November, 1833. by Timothy FoUett, Justus Burdick, Dan Day, and Guy Catlin. It was empowered to hold real property to the amount of $100,000, and purposed to begin the making of cotton and woolen goods on the lower fall at Winooski. The first meeting was held at the tavern of Cady & Doolittle, on Water street, on the first Monday of January, 1834. The enterprise soon came to its end, and nothing of importance was done towards the manufacture of cotton until 1845, when a firm under the title of the Winooski Mill Company was given a charter by the Legislature, and was organized the same year by the election of proper officers, Joseph D. Allen being president. The capital stock of the new company was $25,000. In 1853 the Legislature authorized the increase of the capital to $75,000. Manufacturing was begun in a small wooden build- ing known as " the oil mill," on the west side of the road near the south end of the covered bridge at Winooski Falls. The works were destroyed by fire on the night of January i, 1852, and in the following spring a lot about twenty rods above the bridge was purchased and a commodious brick and stone fac- tory erected, 45 x 103 feet, in addition to the wooden structure already stand- ing, 34 X 84 feet. In 1858 two brothers, Joel H., and Stephen Gates, had come to Burlington from Brattleboro, and engaged in the manufacture of furniture in the old Pi- oneer Shops, subsequently forming a partnership with Cheney Kilburn, and styling the firm Gates, Kilburn & Co., of whom Mr. Kilburn and Joel H. Gates went to Philadelphia in i860, and established a branch house for the finishing and sale of their products. Upon the death of his brother in 1865, Joel H. Gates returned to this place, and the firm continued the same business under the name of Kilburn & Gates. In 1869 they erected the factory on Pine and St. Paul streets. In 1876 the old cotton-mill company having failed, rehnquished the larger share of their business and property to the Howard National Bank, in the in- terest of which Joel H. Gates was appointed to act as assignee. In the follow- ing year the bank obtained absolute ownership of the mills, and Mr. Gates continued to operate them as agent until 1880. Meantime, in 1877, Cheney Kilburn had retired from the old firm of Kilburn & Gates, Robert G. Severson, of Philadelphia, succeeding him, and the firm name was changed to Joel H. Gates & Co. In 1880 the firm closed out their furniture business, and Mr. Severson removed to Burlington. They then purchased the cotton-mill prop- erty, immediately enlarged the buildings, and removed the looms from the falls to the Pine street factory, so that now all the spinning and carding are done at the falls, while the weaving is performed in the new building. The works 466 History of Chittenden County. cover an area of about fourteen acres, including the sites of six or seven tene- ment houses (some of which contain several families), a large boarding-house, and the factories. At present about 25,000 to 28,000 yards (fifteen miles) of cotton cloth is manufactured every day, and shipped to calico printers in New- York, Boston, and other large centers. The firm employs from 330 to 350 hands. As shown in the sketch of Lawrence Barnes in another part of this work, he was unquestionably the man who by his energy, foresight and business man- agement, and by his disinterested efforts in behalf of the growth of Burlington, really gave to it its importance as a manufacturing center. Soon after the con- struction of the'Pioneer Shops he began to send lumber in boats from Three Rivers, in Canada, to Burlington, whence it was shipped to different parts of New England. After the burning of the Pioneer Shops he purchased the site and rebuilt the works. His first partnership was formed in 1859 with Charles and David Whitney, of Lowell, Mass. Since that time numerous changes have taken place, Mr. Barnes remaining until a few months before his death at the head of the Burlington branch of the concern. D. N. SkiUings and Mial Davis became interested in the business in 1862, and offices were established at Boston, Detroit, Montreal, Ogdensburgh, Albany and Whitehall. In the mean time an extensive trade in western lumber had been added to that in lum- ber from Canada, and finally usurped all, or nearly all, of the business. In 1869 Mial Davis withdrew from the firm, to become a member of the firm of Shep- ard, Davis & Co., who purchased the Canadian branch of the trade. From 1873 to 1878 Mr. Barnes had practically retired from all portions of the busi- ness except that going with the Burlington office, but in the latter year became a member of the stock company that was then incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts, with Mr. Skillings as president, and Charles Whitney as treas- urer. In 1880, upon the death of the former president, Mr. Barnes was chosen to be his successor, and continued to act in that capacity until his death. The business of this company has grown without interruption from the beginning, lumber being now shipped by them at the rate of from 70,000,000 to ioo,ooo,- 000 feet per annum. The office at Burlington is under the able management of D. W. Robinson. In 1869 the firm of Shepard, Davis & Co. was formed in Burlington, and was known at Boston under the name of Shepard, Hall & Co. This con- cern succeeded to the Canadian portion of the business of L. Barnes & Co. The present stock company was incorporated on the ist of September, 1878, under the name of the Shepard & Morse Lumber Company, having offices at Burlington and Boston, Tonawanda, N. Y., Ottawa, Ont, and East Saginaw, Mich. The present officers and directors are Otis Shepard, president and gene- ral manager, Boston; James Maclaren, Buckingham, P. Q., George H. Morse, William A. Crombie and Horace B. Shepard. Messrs. Morse and Crombie are Town and City of Burlington. 467 managers of the' business at Burlington. It will thus be seen that the company- is under the most experienced and efficient management. They own a dock front of 4,000 feet, at which from thirty to thirty-five vessels can at the same time discharge their cargoes, and have twenty-five acres of piling ground, with a capacity of carrying a stock of from 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 feet of lumber. Their planing-mill, 280 x 40 feet, with a Corliss engine of 250 horse-power, was erected in 1868, and gives capacity for dressing 30,000,000 of feet per annum. With other facilities in their possession, this enables the company to dress a total of 40,000,000 of feet a year. Nearly 600 operatives are employed, about 300 of them here, and annual transactions are effected involving the handling at the several places of business of from 80,000,000 to 100,000,000 feet of lum- ber — the trade extending over the entire United States, and largely in foreign countries. The reputation of the city and the volume of its business have thus by this company been greatly increased within the last few years. H. R. Wing and James A. Smith came to this city from Niagara Falls, N. Y., in July, 1852, and started the manufacture of lasts, boot-trees, crimps, etc., in the old foundry building on the corner of Main and Battery streets. This building, together with the stock of the occupants, was lost by fire two years later. With the proceeds of their small insurance they began to repair their injured fortunes, and in six months were again running their machinery in the Pioneer Shops. Here again they suffered losses by fire, but they removed to Winoo- ski, and in ninety days were again selling their goods in the old markets. When the Pioneer Shops were rebuilt they removed into them, where they con- tinued until they came into their present quarters. G. F. Wing had before 1852 opened a store and salesroom in New York city, but he and James A. Smith have been removed by death, leaving H. R. Wing the surviving active partner, though Mrs. J. A. Smith retains an interest in the business. They em- ploy men both here and in New York city. The firm of W. & G. Crane was established in the fall of 1858, the senior partner having come to Burhngton in the winter of 1855-56, to operate for Mr. Barnes the first dressing-machines in town. When the partnership was formed the business was confined to the manufacture of packing boxes, but was more and more engaged in the manufacture of lumber, until the latter had entirely engrossed the activities of the firm. Pine lumber is a specialty. Their busi- ness is exclusively wholesale, and gives employment to from 100 to 125 men. Steam mills are operated here for re-sawing and re-dressing lumber ; the dock and pihng ground of the company gives capacity for the handling of 60,000,- 000 feet per annum. In addition to this, the firm own one-half of the stock of the Vermont Shade Roller Company at Vergennes ; are associated in Mus- kegan, Mich., with E. A. Pope, where about 46,000,000 feet are annually handled ; and own a half interest in the retail lumber house of O. Woods & Co., at Natick, Mass. They handled 15,000,000 feet of lumber here in 1885. 468 History of Chittenden County. The firm of Bronsons, Weston, Dunham & Co. was formed in 1871, and the buildings now used by them for planing and sawing lumber were erect- ed in the following year. About 100 to 150 men are employed, and 20,000,- 000 feet of lumber is annually planed and sawed. A great deal of lumber that does not come to Burlington is exported by this firm from Canada to the East, South, and all foreign markets. The members of the firm are H. F. and E. H. Bronson, J. W. Dunham, A. Weston and H. K. Weaver. The Boston office is at No. 75 State street. Bronsons & Weston manufacture lumber at Ottawa, Ont., and J. W. Dunham & Co. are dealers in New York. The wholesale manufacture of lumber by John R. Booth, of Ottawa, was be- gun here in the spring of 1876 by U. A. Woodbury, as his manager. This establishment occupies the yards formerly possessed by C. Blodgett, Sons & Co., who started in 1855, though Mr. Booth is not their successor. Mr. Wood- bury handles about 20,000,000 feet of lumber every year, besides the manufac- ture of packing boxes, sash, doors, blinds, etc., which amounts to about $150,- 000 per annum. Here is piling room for 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 feet of lumber. The buildings are the old Pioneer Shops, partly rebuilt after the fire of 1882, which involved a heavy loss to Mr. Booth, and to Wing & Smith, S. C. Kimball, Brink & Co., and B. S. Nichols & Co. The manufacture of sash and the business of glazing was commenced in 1878. The glass is imported from Germany and Belgium. George R. Holt began the manufacture of bobbins and spools for cotton, silk and woolen in 1869. The several changes in the name under which the business has been conducted are Holt & Hawkins from 1869 until 1873, George R. Holt until 1878, Holt, Barnes & Skillings until 1884, and George R. Holt since. He now does a large business, employing about 125 skilled operatives, and having a capacity for manufacturing 7,000 spools and bobbins a day, which he ships throughout the United States. C. C. Post began making fixtures for use in the manufacture of maple sugar in 1869, when he invented the well-known Eureka sap spout, of which he has sold more than 12,000,000 in all. He also makes the " common sense " cov- ered bucket, which is made to fit the tree, and all maple sugar making imple- ments. The making of packing boxes and cloth-boards now carried on by Pope & Watson was begun in 1871 by Mr. Mayo, who sold out on the 1st of January, 1875, to E. A. Pope. William G. Watson was admitted to an interest in the business in the spring following. About 10,000,000 feet of lumber are cut in a year in this manufacture, and the product is sold all over New England. The material chiefly used is pine and spruce. They conduct a similar business in Muskegan, Mich., which is managed by Mr. Watson, while Mr. Pope is manager of this office. Mathews & Hickok are also engaged in the manufacture of boxes and Town and City of Burlington. 469 cloth-boards, and are successors to Mathews & Davis, who started the concern in 1 87 1. The present firm, composed of J. M. Mathews and Horatio Hickok, purchased the business in 1875. They cut about 5,000,000 feet of pine annu- ally, turning out $200,000 worth of goods, and employing forty hands. The goods are shipped principally to markets in New England. In 1872 Albert Taft and E. W. Chase entered into co-partnership under the name of A. Taft & Co., and began the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds, etc., in the Pioneer Shops. While the firm name remained as it was at first, E. P. Shaw succeeded Mr. Chase, E. J. Morgan followed Mr. Shaw, and W. A. Taft bought out the interest of Mr. Morgan. When W. A. Taft went out the name was changed to Taft & Morgan, which it remained until 1879, when T. A. Taft was admitted to an interest, and the name was changed to Taft, Mor- gan & Co. On the ist of January, 1884, W. A. and A. C. Taft succeeded to Mr. Morgan's interest. The business was brought from the Pioneer Shops to the present buildings on College street in 1877. In 1872 the firm turned out about 100 doors a day, when they were doing good work. They now have a capacity for making at least 400 doors a day, while they confine their trade in sash and blinds to the local demand. They employ about 100 hands. The principal home market is Boston, though they export a great deal, especially to Australia. E. B. & A. C. Whiting practically started a new branch of industry in 1873 by the manufacture of brush stock, according to inventions which they had patented. They turn out all kinds of brush stock, especially dressed fiber, bristles, horse hair and tampico. Although they sell most of their goods in the United States, they also ship considerably to foreign countries, and part' with their machines only to foreign purchasers. They employ from twenty- five to thirty-five hands. An important and promising industry is the Walker & Hatch Lumber and Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of sohd and veneered hard wood work, doors, sash, blinds, stair builders' suppHes, and all kinds of house finish. The business was started in 1874 by David Walker and D. F. Hatch. C. E. Macomber was admitted to an interest in the concern in 1882, and the firm name of Walker, Hatch & Co. adopted. The present stock company was chartered on the I2th of August, 1885, with a capital stock of $50,000. The officers are D. F, Hatch, president ; David Walker, vice-president ; Gilbert Harris, treasurer; C. E. Macomber, secretary, and F. B. Howe, clerk. At the time of the incorporation of this company they purchased the stock and interest of the Burlington Spoke Company and the Winooski Lumber Com- pany. They make something of a speciality of the Stevens sliding blind, which is one of the best inside blinds manufactured. The buildings, situated on a five-acre plot on Winooski River, consist of a mill about 200 x 50 feet and three stories high, adjoining a saw-mill, boiler and shaving rooms, offices and 470 History of Chittenden County. sheds, and twelve large kilns for the drying of lumber, heated and arranged by the most approved methods. W. F. Moulton has for a number of years been engaged in the manu- facture of patent eave troughs, improved Lemon drills, and lightning rods. The Porter Manufacturing Company, dealers in screen doors and window frames of their own make, received a charter on the 8th day of August, 1881, with the following officers : C. M. Spaulding, president ; E. W. Peck, vice- president; T. F. Edgar, secretary and treasurer, and L. G. Burnham, mana- ger. The present officers are George D. Wright, president ; Elias Lyman, vice-president; Buel J. Derby, treasurer; B. F. Van Vliet, manager, and W. H. H. Conner, superintendent and secretary. The frames which this company manufacture are the invention of E. N. Porter, of Hardwick, and were orig- inated in 1879. The goods find a market in nearly every State in the Union, and large quantities have been shipped abroad, even to Australia. The Baldwin Mamifactiiring Company. — The Baldwin dry air refrigerator was invented and first made by Judson A. Baldwin, of Shelburne, in 1880. In January of the following year the firm of Baldwin & White was formed, and the business increased. The factory was removed from the dwelling house of the inventor to the upper stor\' of his partner's cheese factory. From six to ten men were employed and about 100 refrigerators were turned out the first year. In August, 1882, the Baldwin Manufacturing Company was organ- ized, which assumed the business and patents, removed the factory to a loca- tion nearer the railroad station, and increased their working force to about forty men. In May, 1883, the Blodgett planing- mill was leased at Burlington and soon after occupied in connection with the Shelburne mill by the company. At the close of the season, however, it was deemed expedient to consolidate the two branches at Burlington, which, with all the attendant enlargements and improvements in buildings, was accordingly done. Among the valuable im- provements added to the construction of the original invention may be men- tioned the " cold wave refrigerator," the patent lever wedge fastener, etc. The company have had exhibits at all the leading fairs and expositions in the coun- try, notably at New Orleans, where they took two gold medals for different parts of their exhibits. From seventy-five to loo men are employed, and the factories are running night and day. The present officers of the company are E. W. Peck, president and treasurer ; W. A. Crombie, vice-president ; E. E. Greenleaf, secretary ; Joel Linsley, manager. Directors, T. S. Peck, G. H. Storrs, E. E. Greenleaf, and Joel Linsley. The BurUngton Shade Roller Company, incorporated in March, 1883, at that time succeeded to the business of R. M. Piatt, who had for several years been manufacturing shade rollers at Burlington, after a number of years in the same interest in Vergennes. The products of this industry are rollers and slats for curtain fixtures. The annual sales are about $60,000. The present Town and City of Burlington. 471 ■officers and directors are: Directors, W. A. Crombie, David G. Crane, Clarence A. Murray, Samual A. Drew, Thomas Rose, T. S. Peck, and D. H. Lewis, of Vergennes ; president, W. A. Crombie; vice-president, David G. Crane; treasurer, Samuel A. Drew ; secretary, George E. Davis. J. W. Johnson & Co. are a new firm and engaged in a new business for Burlington, viz., the manufacture of toboggans, which began in the fall of 1885, under a patent of J. R. McClary, of Montreal, which they have since pur- chased for the United States. During their first winter they manufactured 1,500 toboggans, and have a fair prospect of turning out about 10,000 during the next year. They employ sixty men at present. They do not confine themselves to the manufacture of toboggans, but make also all kinds of gym- nastic apparatus, etc. The Venetian Blind Company was incorporated on the 2d of April, 1884, with a capital stock of $10,000. They make English and American Venetian blinds and Hill's patent inside sliding blinds. The present officers are W. E. Marsh, president ; B. F. Van Vliet, vice-president ; C. R. Palmer, secretary and treasurer ; and George D. Wright, manager. The present shop was erected in the summer of 1885, and was well running on the 1st of September. Mr. Wright became the efficient manager of the business on the 5th of June, 1885. Carriage Manufacturers, etc. — The oldest (in business) carriage manufac- tijrer in the city is H. A. Ray, who began to make carriages and cutters here in 1857. He makes a speciality of Concord side-spring wagons, and sells on an average 125 wagons and fifty sleighs per annum. He employs from twelve to fifteen men. WiUiam Smith first engaged in the manufacture of carriages in Burlington in i860. The present firm of WiUiam Smith & Co. was formed in 1882 by the admission to the business of Alexander Deyette and J. H. Tuttle. They deal also in the Concord side-spring wagon. Their sales for 1885 amounted to seventy- five new carriages. Ten hands are employed. Jerry Lee purchased the business of Heman Vickery in 1876, and has car- ried on the work of manufacturing and repairing carriages and sleighs since that time. He employs ten hands and carries on a business worth about $8,- ■000 a year, $4,000 of which is for new work. The furniture establishment of Henry J. Nelson, taken together with its predecessor, dates its origin back to the )rear 1834, when Charles L. Nelson ■came to Burlington from Massachusetts and engaged in the sale of furniture. He continued successfully at work in this Hne until i860, when his son, the present proprietor, assumed the control and management and has remained proprietor to date. It is thus one of the oldest houses in Vermont, and, like good wine, improves with age. He carries a large assortment of common, medium and fine furniture, and has furnished the finest residences in the city, besides the University buildings and other pubUc buildings and halls. His 4/2 History of Chittenden County. business amounts to from $60,000 to $75,000 per annum, and he always- carries a stock of $25,000. The building which he occupies is entirely taken up with his business. It extends 52 x 90 feet. Mr. Nelson makes a specialty of fine draperies, upholsterings, curtains, window-shades and parlor goods. He would be classed among the mercantile interests but for the fact that a part of the time he has engaged in the manufacture of furniture at Winooski. C. H. Sager has been engaged in the manufacture of furniture and picture- frames here since 1879, making the latter a specialty. He employs three men. Joseph Lowy, upholsterer, began business in Burlington in 1882, and now manufactures all kinds of furniture to order, furnishing houses and supplying- window- shades, draperies, etc. George A. Hall came here from Chester, Vt., and purchased the business of C. C. Allen & Son in November, 1885. He suffered a considerable loss from fire on the 26th of January following, and on the 1st of April moved into the rink, where he has ample room to display his extensive assortment of furniture. Mr. Hall carries a stock of draperies and lace curtains which, with his other goods, amounts to the value of $10,000. He does a jobbing busi- ness of parlor suits, lounges and students' chairs. Iron Works, etc. — The extensive business of Edwards, Stevens & Co.^ manufacturers of machinists' tools, planing machines, circular saw- mills, mill gearing, shafting, hangers, pulleys, wood-turning lathes, flour-mill machinery, water wheels, and all mill and machine work, was practically developed to its present proportions by Edwards & White, who succeeded Mr. Edwards, and were in turn succeeded by Edwards & Stevens in 1858. In 1868 Frank Jubell was taken into the firm and the firm name of Edwards, Stevens & Co. adopted. In addition to their business as manufacturers at Winooski this firm contracts for the construction and furnishing of circular saw-mills and grist- mills all through the country. About forty men are continually employed, the pay-roll of the firm being about $1,000 a month. Most of their manufac- tured goods are shipped to points in New England and Northern New York. In 1867 R. S. Nichols, who had for two years been in the employ of the Burlington Manufacturing Company, purchased the machine manufactory of J. P. Flanders & Co., who had been in the business in a small way for sev- eral years before. Mr. Nichols began to enlarge the works, and in 1870 took into partnership F. G. Coggin and L. S. Woodbury. They went out in 1878, and in the year following the present a.ssociate with Mr. Nichols, William H. Lang, assumed an interest in the business. They now employ from twenty to- sixty hands, and make all kinds of water- works and mill machinery, and, when required, turn out a remarkable steam fire engine. Mr. Nichols bought the Pioneer Shops of L. Barnes & Co. in i868, and afterwards sold them to J. R. Booth in 1882. After the fire of 1882 they immediately rebuilt the present works. Town and City of Burlington. 473 W. H. Brink has been a brass and iron founder in Burlington for about twenty-five years. He manufactures heavy castings and employs from three to eight men. The manufacture of portable galvanized ovens was commenced in the year 1854 by Blodgett & Sweet. The present firm membership is Blodgett & Holden. The manufacture of these ovens has been carried on under four sev- eral patents. No industry in the country can boast of a more extended market than this. Their goods are found all through foreign lands, in England, Aus- tria and Turkey. " Every missionary going out under the American Board takes one of the ovens with him." From 700 to 800 are sold annually. The firm also deal extensively in stoves, ranges, furnaces, steam and gas fittings. About twenty men are employed. Marble, Granite, etc. — H. M. Phelps & Co., granite finishers, are success- ors to the business established by H. M. Phelps in 1863. At that time he con- fined his operations to the marble business, but gradually worked into a busi- ness in granite, until now he deals in nothing else. In 1885 he took his son, W. S. Phelps, into partnership with him. They own and operate a quarry at Barre, Vt., and have a business of about $45,000 per annum, chiefly whole- sale, employing about forty men. They make curbings, monuments and ped- estals. Their goods are shipped largely to the West, although a considerable trade is springing up with the South. The Burlington Manufacturing Company was incorporated on the 1st of March, 1865, and Levi Underwood, Lawrence Barnes, Louis Follett, B. J. Heineberg, A. L. Catlin, L. B. Piatt and Jo D. Hatch were chosen first direct- ors. Levi Underwood was made president, Louis Follett, clerk, and Lawrence Barnes treasurer of the new company. Nothing was done of moment until 1870, when the company was officered nearly as at present. The capital stock is now $200,000. Including the men employed in the quarries, no fewer than five hundred or six hundred men contribute to the products of this company. The present officers are T. E. Wales, president ; C. R. Hayward, secretary ; L. Barnes, treasurer ; and F. W. Smith, agent. They are dealers in Florence, Lepanto, French Gray, Empire Shell, Moriah, Italian and Black marbles, and are also manufacturers of marble floor tiling in all grades. They transact a heavy business, their trade extending to all parts of the New England, Middle and Western States. Their western office, under the management of E. R. Brainerd, is situated at the corner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street. They draw largely from the quarries at Plattsburgh, Port Henry and Catskill, N. Y., and Pittsford, Vt. They have completed contracts for wainscoting and tiling government buildings in nearly every State in the Union, among the finest being the Cook county court-house in Chicago, the post-office buildings in New York, Chicago and Cincinnati, the State houses at Indianapolis, Ind., and Springfield, III, court-house at Dakota, the Lick Observatory at San Francisco, and two hotels — the Palace and Baldwin — at San Francisco. 474 History of Chittenden County. In 1868 Walker Brothers began dealing in marble, granite and Isle La Motte stone, and continued together until 1881, when the present proprietor,, L. A. Walker, assumed the control of the entire business. He employs about fifteen men, and does a business of about $10,000 to $15,000 a year. He- imports Scotch granites, handles Kingston flagging and curbings, but chiefly works Barre granite. He has a considerable wholesale trade with the West,, and has a large retail trade in Vermont and Northern New York, producing principally monuments, copings and building stone. The business now in the hands of J. V. Goodell was established by Goodell^ Hayward and Smith in 1875, under the name of J. W.Goodell & Co. In 1885 Mr. Goodell succeeded to the interest of his former partners and now has sole charge. He employs from fifty to 150 men, and transacts a business amount- ing to $100,000 or $200,000 every year. He works Quincy, Westerly and Barre granite, chiefly the latter, and deals also in all kinds of foreign and do- mestic granites, doing a wholesale trade. . He has yards, buildings and all the facilities for a large business. His specialty lies in fine carving, designing and statuary work, finishing copings, headstones, building work, flagging and curb- ing stone. His goods are shipped all over the country. He is the better en- abled to turn out satisfactory work with the aid of steam power and all the latest machinery. Miscellaneous — About 1830 E. L. Farrar built a pottery on the south side of Pearl street, between Church and St. Paul streets, which was afterwards en- larged by Ballard Brothers and retained by them until 1874. The present proprietor, Franklin Woodworth, bought it, and now does an extensive busi- ness, employing from ten to twenty men. It is the only house of the kind in the State, excepting one at Bennington. He manufactures jugs, jars, churns, lawn vases, and stoneware and Rockingham ware generally, and has an income from the business of about $40,000 annually. His wares are shipped to all parts of New England and New York. Francis Le Clair began the manufacture of brick in Burlington and Wi- nooski twenty-five years ago. The Burlington yards are on the Winooski lower road. The business is worth about $12,000 per annum. He makes in all about 2,000,000 a year, two-thirds of which come from the Burlington yards. Thirty-five men are kept at work. Henry Greene has an extended trade in Northern New York and Vermont in leather and findings, in which he has dealt for about seventeen years in Bur- lington. For a number of years he sold hides, skins, pelt, lime and hair, but of late has confined his busine.ss to leather and findings. George W. Lee represents a good class of contractors and builders, em- ploying as he does from thirty to fifty men, and doing all kinds of joiner work. He has been in engaged in Burlington since 1865. H. J. E. Bailey is also a contractor and builder, and employs about ten men. Town and City of Burlington. 475 * James Wakefield, maker of sails and rigging, awnings, tents, wagon covers, flags, tackle-blocks, and tarred and manilla cordage, has carried on the business in Burlington for twenty years. He employs four hands. The Burlington Shirt Company was incorporated on the i6th of February, 1876. The product of this industry is made by the newest machinery, oper- ated by steam. From twelve to twenty- five hands are employed. The busi- ness is worth at least $25,000 or $30,000 per annum. The trade is best in New England, where they have earned a good reputation for the first class quality of their goods. The prices of the shirts made vary from twenty- four to sixty dollars per dozen. The present officers are as follows : Henry Loomis, president; George F. Pope, vice-president; C. C. Miller, secretary; and J. A. Clapp, treasurer and general manager. William Scott, book-binder, has been engaged in this business in Burlington more than twenty-five years. He does all kinds of binding and manufactures paper boxes extensively. Ten hands are employed. That his work is well done is attested by the fact that he is at present engaged in binding G. G. Ben- edict's Vermont in the Civil War. The Queen City Soap Works were started in 1876, and have steadily in- creased in quality of work and volume of business from the first. The works are now carried on by O. S. Dodds and Herald Stevens, in a large building erected for the purpose at 104 First street. They employ five men ; make " the best stearine candles in the market," and manufacture about 520,000 pounds of laundry and large quantities of toilet and castile soap every year. The firm of Arbuckle & Co., manufacturers of candies and cigars, and wholesale tobacconists, are successors to D. A. Van Namee, Thomas Arbuckle having bought him out in 1870. The other members of the firm are Lester Brayton and M. H. Landon. This is the largest house of the kind in the State, the trade extending throughout Vermont, New Hampshire and Eastern New York. The Brush-Swan Electric Light and Power Company, so named after the Brush arc and Swan incandescent systems, was chartered on the 25th of July, 1885, for the purpose of furnishing private and public lights in Burlington and Winooski. The capital stock is -$50,000. The plant is operated by water power and is situated at Winooski Falls. A two mile circuit is lighted with- out trouble. The company is now officered as follows : F. C. Kennedy, pres- ident, George W. Wales, clerk, and L. E. Woodhouse, treasurer. T. A. Wheelock has been engaged in the business of plumbing in Burling- ton for more than twenty-five years, and in the building he now occupies for ten years. A. B. Kingsland became his partner in 1883, and the firm name of Wheelock & Kingsland was then adopted. They have done as much as $75,000 worth of work in a year. The Champlain Shops, on the corner of Main and Battery streets, are 476 History of Chittenden Countv. , — _ — . — r- owned by W. J. \'an Patten. Thc\- include ;i main building which has a front- age of two hundred feet on Battery street and fift>' on Main, two stories high, and the t\vo-slor\- building next oast, which is occupied by the American Milk Sugar Company, besides capacious entwine and boiler houses, shaving sheds and dry houses. The buildings are all constructed after the most approved pat- terns, the main building being especially a model structure. It is equipped with the Walworth automatic sprinkler as a guard against fire, a s\stem con- sisting of water pipes passing across the rooms at right angles just below the ceiling, with automatic sprinklers at such intervals that e\cr\- ten feet square is guarded by a sprinkler. The shops represent quite a diversit\- of interests, the entire premises being leased by J. W. Johnson, who furnishes power and heat and sub-lets to x-arious occupants. The north portion of the main build- ing is leased b}' Wing & Smith, manufacturers of lasts ; next to them is con- ducted the manufacture of toboggans by J, \\'. Johnson and Co. The Fergu- son Manufacturing Compau)-, engaged in making the l<"erguson bureau cream- eries, and cabinets for diamond dyes, as well .is packing boxes of all sizes and descriptions, also has quarters here. In these shops also is carried on the man- ufacture of milk sugar, by a compan\- of Burlington capitalists under the name of the American Milk Sugar Company, which promises to re\'olutionize the market for that product. The manufacture of milk sugar was until recentl)- confined almost exclusively to Switzerland and the supply controlled with the effect of keeping up the price. The discoveries of Prof Sabin bids fair to in- crease the suppl)' and cheapen its production. MERC.VN'TILE INTERE.Sl'S.' Perhaps the most characteristic feature of the commercial growth of Bur- lington is to be found in the history of its retail trade. While its large manu- facturing and wholesaling firms have done a groat deal for the prosperit\- of the cit)-, it is the local tradesmen that show its stoad\- and permanent growth. The local tradesman has been well termed the business h.irometor. And the prog- ress of the retail trade in the city has kept stcad\- p.ice with the rapid growth and remarkable prosporit\- of its manuf;\cturing and wholesaling interests. The retail business of Burlington ma\- ho s.iitl to ha\o had its beginning very soon after the settlement known as " Burlington H,i\- " was founded, with a small and primitive store established by a settler hearing the name of Grant. Soon after, as the settlement prospered, it was found necessary to increase its mercantile facilities, and Stephen Keys, /acchous Poaslee, Thaddeus Tuttle, E. T. luiglesby, Newell & Russell, William F. Poll 8: Co., and Herring & Fitch set up in the general merchandi.se business. There was also a .saddler in town, Moses Jewett, a tailor, Nehemiah Ilotchkiss, and a cabinet maker, Justus War- iTliis intioiliKlioii to the h^^lo^y of the proscnl iiiorc.iiUile houses is t:iKei\ almost vcrKitim from the free J'n-ss of July I, KSS5. Town and City of Burlington. 477 ner. Soon after Nehemiah Bryant went into the business of making and mend- ing shoes for the settlers, and Daniel Wilder hung out his shingle as carpenter and joiner. Later on Stephen Lawrence and Stephen Pearl, both representa- tive men, entered the retail trade, and helped largely to build up the rapidly growing village. William Hickok also opened a small store at " south wharf" The old firm of Vilas & Loomis, doing business near the head of Pearl street, must also be counted among our pioneer firms. Those whose memory does not extend so very far back can easily remember the old store with its iron blinds and plain front. Coming down to comparatively modern times we find the earlier genera- tion of retail dealers represented by more familiar names. In 1829 John and Cornelius Wickware erected the building known as the Lyman block, on the ■corner of College and Church streets, and established in it a flourishing dry goods trade. This was the second store erected on Church street, the first be- ing Sion E. Howard's store, near the site of the present opera house. The Lyman block was occupied successively by JD. W. Ingersoll & Co., John S. Potwin & Co. and Joseph Wait, for dry goods and general country trade. The first extensive dry goods merchant to enter business in Burlington was Elias Lyman, who purchased the Lyman block in 1844 and established his business there. In 1848 Mr. Lyman formed a partnership with his cousin, Edward Ly- man, who is now the senior member of the large dry goods house of Lyman, Allen & Co. In 1851 Mr. Noble Lovely erected two brick buildings on Locust street (now Elmwood avenue) north of North street, which were used for business purposes. Within the next five years the retail business of Burlington grew very rapidly, and many of the firms then established are familiar now, either under the old firm name or that of their successors. Previous to the year 1849 there was no railroad communication to or from Burhngton with any part of the country, and Troy, Albany and New York were the markets for the produce of Northern Vermont and New York, as well as for the goods and supplies in return for the inhabitants of those sec- tions. The communication being by water, through the lake, the Champlain Canal and Hudson River, Burlington naturally became the principal receiving and distributing point for the commerce of Northern and Northeastern Vermont, and its early growth and prosperity up to that time was mainly due to the trade which was carried on with the inland towns in those parts of the State. In the earlier years the active men and firms who carried on the business naturally located on Pearl street, which was the entrance into town from the east and northeast, and it is but a few years since that the old stores on that street, which were occupied by the successful business men Harry Bradley, Vilas & Noyes, Luther Loomis, E. Deming, Morse Brothers, Horace Loomis, 31 478 History of Chittenden County. Edward Loomis, and others, were torn down or converted to other purposes. These, with Samuel Hlckok, on the west side of the square, were the parties who controlled the trade in the early part of the century, exchanging goods for the produce of the community and sending it to Troy, Albany and New York. But as the State became more settled and population increased, the business, especially in flour, iron, grain, butter, cheese, and heavy goods, as- sumed more of a wholesale character, and to avoid the expense as well as inconvenience of cartage, it drifted towards the lake, and additional docks and wharves were built to accommodate it. The stores on Pearl street closed up one after another, until the retail business centered about the square, while the wholesale business was carried on principally by J. & J. H. Peck & Co., who.se office was on the north side of the square in the Peck block, with some of their lighter goods, the bulk of them being stored and hauled at the north wharf and warehouses, and by FoUett & Bradley, who built and occupied the stone store now occupied by Van Sicklen, Seymour & Co., and the warehouses on the south wharf The transportation inland was principally by teams of six to ten horses on heavy canvas-covered wagons, coming as far as one hundred miles in some instances, and the older citizens will remember the large, fine teams of Gov- ernor Paine with tons of manufactured goods from Northfield, of Fairbanks & Co., of St. Johnsbury, loaded with their world-renowned scales, of Burbank & Langdon, of Montpeher, and others crowding the streets, returning with flour, iron, and merchandise, supplemented by the elegant, well-matched six horse team and coach of Cottrell & Shattuck, for the United States mails and pas- sengers. To the wholesale trade of Follett & Bradley was added a line of boats to New York upon which the produce was shipped to market and goods returned. When the question of connecting Burlington with Boston by railroad came up, these two firms became the active advocates of the routes. Peck & Co. favoring the Vermont Central line and Follett & Bradley the Rutland line. It may be safely said that the early construction of these two lines of railroad was in a great measure due to the energy, sagacity and capital of these two firms. The construction of these two railroads, especially the Central line, by which the territory tributary to Burlington was put in close connection with Boston, had the effect of diverting the wholesale trade from Burlington and materially interfering with its business, and Peck & Co. gradually retired from the general merchandise business, being succeeded by the junior member of the firm, Edward W. Peck, at the old place, in such special branches as the trade would warrant. Judge Follett's place was filled by Thomas H. Canfield and N. A. Tucker; the latter soon, however, retiring, when the business was carried on by Bradley Town and City of Burlington. 479 & Canfield several years, adding to it the forwarding and transportation by water as well as the building of railroads. Subsequently Bradley & Canfield admit- ted Solomon Walker and John Smith into the merchandise department under the name of Walker, Smith & Co., and upon the death of Mr. Walker J. M. Bishop purchased the estate's interest, and the business continued under the name of Bishop, Smith & Co. for some years. Meanwhile the business of Eastern Vermont having been diverted to Boston and elsewhere by the newly constructed railroads, the transportation by water to New York was correspondingly lessened, and Bradley & Canfield, having become interested in the construction of railroads in the West, sold out their boats and dissolved the firm of Bishop, Smith & Co. Shortly after this the wholesale merchandise business was taken up again by Van Sicklen & Walker at the old stone store where it is now successfully continued by their successors. Van Sicklen, Seymour 8c Co. O. J. Walker, on retiring from the firm of Van Sicklen & Walker, opened up the business at the old Peck stand, associating with him his brothers. Thus the wholesale busi- ness now is carried on as in 1849, at the same places, but confined more directly to selling goods, and not entering into the purchase of the produce of the country, which is now a specialty by itself All the members of the original firms are dead except Edward W. Peck, who remains at his old desk, and Thomas H. Canfield, who has devoted the later years of his life to building the Northern Pacific Railroad, and has re- sumed the happy vocation of a farmer. The first firm to go into the jobbing of specialties in Burlington was T. W. Gregory & Co., who established themselves in the tea business, to which Pope, Berry & Hall subsequently succeeded. The Wells & Richardson Company was the first firm to go into the wholesale drug business on a large scale. This house first began to do business about 1870 in the block now occupied by the Porter Manufacturing Company, and their success was almost immediate, soon requiring more extended quarters. The first to do any wholesale business in the dry goods line was Elias, who was succeded by Edward Lyman, now of the firm of Lyman & Allen, and Sidney Barlow, who built up a large trade in wholesale dry goods. William Wells & Co. had a store on Pearl street, where they carried on a large wholesale business in liquor and flour. One of the early dealers in spices, coffee, tea, etc., was Charles Miner, the originator of the large house of Miner, Pope & Co. H. W. Catlin began the wholesale flour trade in 1865, in the store now occupied by Jones & Isham. Pope & Co. did a large general wholesale business, on the corner of St. Paul and College streets. The present firm of Safford, Wetherby & Co., wholesale jobbers of fancy goods, be- gan business in Burhngton in 1870, under the firm name of E. S. Fullam & Co. Safford & Humphrey, who were connected with the business, purchased it in 1 88 1. Henry, Johnson & Lord went into the wholesale drug business ia 480 History of Chittenden County. 1 88 1, but soon after disposed of their trade in this line to the firm of Wells, Richardson & Co., and went into the manufacture of proprietary medicines, which they have continued with great success ever since. In 1870 the firm of Arbuckle & Co. previously succeeded to the manufacturing and wholesale busi- ness of D. A. Van Namee. The wholesale business of the city, exclusive of marble and lumber, now aggregates about $2,000,000 yearly. Present Mercantile Interests. — The wholesale grocery business of O. J. Walker & Bros, was established by the present senior member of the firm. O. J. Walker began business in Burlington in 1851; in 1856 a member of the firm of Van Sicklen & Walker. This firm now keep three men on the road, and make a specialty of salt and nails, though they carry a heavy stock of gen- eral groceries, amounting in value to $100,000. The sales, amounting to about half a million a year, are as extensive in New York as in Vermont. The wholesale grocery and provision trade of Van Sicklen, Seymour & Co. was founded by Van Sicklen & Walker in 1856. The present firm was formed in 1878. Ten men are employed. The store has been mentioned before, and is the oldest wholesale house in the city. The firm of Jones, Bros. & Co. is descended from the firm of Weston & Jones, formed here about twenty years ago. They are jobbers in fruits and vegetables of all kinds, and general dealers in groceries. A. L. Barrows established his trade in groceries and provisions about 1867. McWilliams Brothers founded their business in 1868, and they have had no change in the membership of the firm since the beginning. They deal in gen- eral goceries, fine flours, teas, spices and coffees. C. E. Germain, who does a considerable trade in groceries, started in Burlington about fifteen years ago, and has made a success of his store. Rowley & Prior, dealers in groceries and meats, began here in 1876. P. H. Corley established a trade in groceries. Cath- olic books and stationery, etc., on the 15th of December, 1877. His business is worth now over $30,000 a year. W. B. McKillip began dealing in fancy gro- ceries and table deHcacies in 1877, and as specialist in this Hne is a pioneer. G. W. Kelley deals in groceries and fruits, oysters, sugars and tobaccos. He started in Burlington in 1877. E. S. Spear, in the same Hne, began in 1878. His annual income is about $20,000. The firm of Roberts & Perkins (W. H. Roberts and F. E. Perkins) bought out the old firm of Ira Russell & Co. in 1879, and established a good trade in all kinds of groceries, wooden ware and baskets, carrying the best goods in the market. Dolan Brothers, who started here in 1880, carry now a stock valued at $4,000 or $S,ooo of all kinds of provisions and country produce, making a specialty of flour. The firm of Nye & Lavelle was established in 1880, and now do a large wholesale and retail business in cheese and meats, and general groceries. They have an income of more than $50,000 per annum. O'Neil Brothers, established in trade two years ago, carry a full line of groceries, fancy Town and City of Burlington. 481 baskets and willow ware, making a specialty of teas and coffees. The store of Spalding & Beach was opened on the 1st of May, 1885, and is provided with a good stock of groceries, canned goods and choice butter. The grocery of J» E. Corrigan was opened in June, 1885. Owing to his excellent goods and his local situation, he has a remarkable trade in groceries, fresh and salt meats, canned goods, cigars, overalls and fancy articles. Hardivare, etc. — The oldest hardware store in the State is that of George I. Hagar, which was established more than fifty years ago. We saw in 1850 that prominent among the hardware merchants of that period were Hagar & Arthur, the senior member of the firm being the father of the present proprie- tor. George I. Hagar entered into partnership with his father about twenty- eight years ago. In 1872 he succeeded to the entire business. Mr. Hagar now carries on a business worth about $40,000 a year, and has a stock of $20,- 000. His specialties are mill supplies, builders' and saddlery hardware, etc., though his stock is by no means limited to these. The hardware store of Albert G. Strong also bears the mark of antiquity and solid worth. Mr. Strong began business in Burlington in 1852, and car- ries at present, as always, an excellent stock in heavy shelf and carriage hard- ware and house trimmings, in addition to the varieties that are necessary to the thorough equipment of a wholesale and retail establishment of this kind. The hardware firm of Ripley & Holton was formed in 1871, and from a small retail concern the house has grown to be one of the largest of its kind in the New England States. They carry a large stock of shelf and saddlery hard- ware, paints, farmers' tools, powder, cordage, etc. The value of the stock is about $30 000 or more. Ferguson & Adsit, though the youngest firm of the kind in the city, are energetic and full of resources. They have already established an extensive trade both in Burlington and throughout this part of the country. They are manufacturers and jobbers of saddlery and carriage hardware, and deal largely in paints, besides having a heavy sale of Adsit's patent rein supporter. Their business amounts to about $70,000 per annum. Boots afid Shoes. — W. W. Wood established a trade in this line of goods in Burlington in 1863, and is thus the oldest dealer in the city. Pie has man- ufactured considerably, but has rehnquished that branch of the business and now confines himself to an extensive retail trade. His store is a model of ele- gance, and is the finest in the State in finish and appearance. It is finished in cherry. The wholesale trade of D. A. Brodie had its origin in the formation of the firm of Kelsie & Brodie, in April, 1873. This partnership was dissolved on the 1st of January, 1886, and Mr. Brodie has since been sole proprietor. He car- ries a stock of about $20,000, and has three men on the road. C. A. Hibbard's boot and shoe manufactory, located at 52 and 54 College 482 History of Chittenden County. street, was established at Troy, Vt., in 1865. In 1870 Mr. Hibbard removed to Essex Junction, and from there to Burlington in 1874. He manufactures none but hand-made goods, and turns out from 1,200 to 1,700 cases per annum, giving employment to fifty workmen. His whole trade, consisting of the sale of his own and other manufactured goods, amounts annually to $150,000. The business of Fletcher & Boynton was established in 1876 by the present senior partner, F. G. Fletcher. F. B. Boynton was admitted to an interest in September, 1885. These gentlemen carry an unusually fine stock of boots, shoes, and rubbers, procuring both ladies' and gentlemen's goods from the best manufacturers. Their trade is worth from $30,000 to $40,000 a year. M. D. McMahon has been dealing in a general line of boots and shoes here since 1882. His prices range from the cheapest to the dearest. His stock is valued at $10,000. During the year 1885 his sales were more than $30,000, and have not diminished since. George H. Smilie started a boot and shoe store in Burlington three years ago. He carries an extensive and an excellent stock suited to all purposes for ladies and gentlemen. W. H. Hale, a merchant of twenty years' experience, opened a boot and shoe store in this city in 1884. His stock is valued at $6,000 to $7,000. Dry Goods. — The Beehive. — James and John E. Peck, under the firm name of Peck Brothers, are large dealers in carpets, oil cloths, and lace curtains. They have been in business here together ever since the establishment of their trade in 1862, though until recently dealing in a general line of dry goods. They carry a stock of from $40,000 to $50,000. Edward Barlow, in the Opera House block, has been in the dry goods trade in Burlington for twenty-three years. The business is now worth about $60,000 a year. His stock which is composed of everything in the dry goods line, foreign and domestic, is valued at $25,000 or $30,000. Safford, Wetherby & Co., wholesale jobbers of fancy goods, notions, ho- siery, overalls, shirts, etc., first began business at Montpelier in 1870 under the title of E. S. FuUam & Co., and in September of that year removed to Bur- lington, locating at their present site. About four years after this C. C. Chad- wick was admitted to the business, and the firm name changed to Fullam, Saf- ford & Chadwick, and^so remained until 1875, when, owing to failing health, Mr. Fullam sold his interest to Safford & Chadwick, and during the same sea- son Mr. Humphrey became a partner, and the firm was known as Safford, Chadwick & Co.; but in the early part of 1876 Mr. Chadwick died, and Saf- ford & Humphrey having purchased his interest, continued the business in their name until 1881, when Henry L. Wetherby was admitted, and the title changed to the one it has since borne. Although Mr. Humphrey is a mem- ber of the firm, his time is given to conducting a retail trade in Winooski vil- lage, which is owned by Safford, Humphrey & Co. During these years the ZyU^-tZ^z-^-CL^ ^^ '^-^^^-^^^^ ^^' B'xi^^h_j .H-U Ba-il's ^.'aruJ JyewZoFK Town and City of Burlington. 483 business has steadily increased, so that they now employ two traveling sales- men and a full corps of clerks at their store, their annual sales amounting to about $100,000. The extensive dry goods house of Lyman, Allen & Co. was established in 1868 by the admission of H. W. Allen to partnership with the present senior member, Edward Lyman. The trade was originally started in 1844 by Elias Lyman, in the Lyman block, as before noticed. On the 1st of January, 1848, Edward Lyman became a partner of the founder. In 185 i Elias Lyman re- tired. This is the largest wholesale dry goods house in the State, its success being due to the principle adhered to of dealing only in the best of goods, and representing them as they are. The trade extends throughout the State, and is by no means confined to Vermont. A more extended history of the con- cern appears in the biographical sketch of Mr. Lyman on a subsequent page. M. D. Cook began dealing in fancy dry goods and carpets, and has enlarged his original business to its present proportions. He makes a specialty of car- pets, and sells $80,000 worth of goods a year. In 1876 his sales amounted to $25,000. George H. Kinsley, who now carries a stock of $25,000, first opened his store here in 1 876. He carries a full line of dry and fancy goods, making a specialty of cloaks. J. B. Scully & Co. are successors to J. B. Scully, who founded the present flourishing business in 1881. They carry an excellent stock of general dry goods, silks, shawls, and domestics. George Towle and A. F. Chayer entered into partnership and established their present trade in dry goods three years ago. They make a specialty of hosiery, underwear, and gloves. Bennett Turk established the trade in fine custom clothing, now carried on by the firm of B. Turk & Brother, in 1853, when only two or three of the houses now in business in Burlington had been started. They carry a stock of $40,000 to $50,000, and deal in hats, caps, and gentlemen's furnishing goods. In 1878 A. N. Percy, after an already wide experience in St. Albans and Boston, came to Burlington and started the trade in ready made clothing, etc., now carried on by A. N. Percy & Co., the junior being A. H. Richardson. The income from their business is about $50,000 per annum. The business of E. P. Shaw, dealer in the same line of goods, was founded by the present proprietor in 1873. Mr. Shaw makes a specialty of fine cloth- ing, and carries a stock of $15,000 to $20,000. The Blue Store, one of the largest establishments in the city, was opened in 1875 by Smith & Pease. Jerome B. Smith and H. C. Humphrey formed their present partnership in 1885. They have an excellent line of clothing and furnishing goods. D. N. Nicholson began on the 1st of January, 1878, a trade in hats and 484 History of Chittenden County. furs, and has since added a general clothing, hat, cap, fur, and trunk business- to his first enterprise. He manufactures furs, and makes them and hats a specialty. The firm of Miles & McMahon, jobbers and retailers in millinery, ladies' furnishing and ready made goods, furs, notions, glassware, etc, was formed in July, 1884. Their sign is the "largest bonnet in the world." Mr. Miles has charge of the store in Burlington, and Mr. McMahon of another owned by the firm at Stowe, Vt. The Globe Clothing House, D. M. Miles & Co., was opened on the 25th of April, 1885, with a general stock in men's, youths', and boys' clothing, etc., etc. The firm of Pope & Pease began to trade in Burlington in the fall of 1885 — dealers in clothing, furnishing goods, hats, caps, etc. The glove store of A. N. Johns came into the present proprietor's hands in March, 1886, and is the only exclusive glove store in Vermont. He carries a stock of about $5,000 to $10,000, and sells the finest of gloves and mittens.. Drugs, Medicines, etc. — The oldest drug store in the city is that of W. S. Vincent, which was opened by Mr. Vincent in 1865. From 1866 to 1875 it was Vincent & Taft that ran the business, and from the latter date to the spring of 1 88 1 the firm name was Vincent, Taft & Co. Since then Mr. Vincent has again been sole proprietor. The enterprising firm of Henry, Johnson & Lord commenced business at Waterbury, Vt, in 1855, under the firm name of J. M. Henry & Sons. Under various changes the firm continued in Waterbury until March, 1 867, when they removed to Burlington. After this the addition of the wholesale drug busi- ness was made to their manufacture of proprietary medicines. In 1870 the firm divided, the present firm of Wells, Richardson & Co. taking the whole- sale department under the firm title of Henry & Co., and Henry & Johnson retaining the proprietary medicine department, which they still continue, with the addition in 1879, of L. B. Lord to the company, making the firm as at present. The specialties which they manufacture are N. H. Downs's elixir, Baxter's mandrake bitters, and arnica and oil liniment, besides a large line of toilet articles, extracts, essences, and other proprietary medicines. They have traveling salesmen in all New England and the Middle States, while their sales extend to all parts of the Union. They have a branch house in Montreal, which supphes an extensive demand in Canada, The drug firm of R. B. Stearns & Co. are lineal descendants from the old Peck stand established in 1840. The present proprietors assumed the business in 1870. In addition to the drug trade, which is their specialty, they carry a good stock of surgical instruments, which they claim cannot be excelled in quality in the State. The well-known wholesale drug firm, Wells, Richardson & Co., succeeded Town and City of Burlington. 485 to the business of Henry & Co. in 1872. The first members of the firm were Edward Wells, A. E. Richardson and W. J. Van Patten. In 1873 Henry Wells was admitted as a partner, and in 1881 F. H.Wells. They occupy two large stores, Nos. 125 to 133 College street. The first store was built in 1874, and the later and larger one in 1883. The original business of the firm was simply that of wholesale druggists, but in 1886 they began their successful enterprises as manufacturers of proprietary articles, by putting upon the market their cel- ebrated butter color. This became, in a short time, very popular throughout the dairying sections of the country, and the sale has already extended to Eng- land and Australia. The next article which they put upon the market was the well known remedy, kidney-wort, which was advertised very extensively by means of newspapers and almanacs, and has had a deservedly high reputation for the diseases for which it is recommended. In 1 88 1 the firm commenced the manufacture of the diamond dyes, which are now sold in almost all parts of the world. These very useful dyes are manufactured in thirty- six different colors, and are adapted to a wide range of uses, from coloring the most ordinary goods to the finest silks, ribbons, feath- ers, and for many artistic uses. The sale has probably exceeded that of any proprietary article now upon the market. The last enterprise of the firm is the manufacture of a very valuable food for infants and invalids, which they have called lactated food. As its name indicates, its basis is sugar of milk, or lactose, an article which is now manu- factured in large quantities by the American Milk Sugar Company, under the patents of Prof A. H. Sabin, of the University of Vermont. The importance of an article of this kind is conceded by all well-informed physicians, and the firm is in receipt of hundreds of letters from eminent members of the profession, indorsing this food as the best article of the kind with which they are ac- quainted. No doubt it will soon achieve as wide- spread popularity as have the other articles previously put upon the market. The demand for their goods induced Wells, Richardson & Co. several years ago to establish a branch house in Montreal, where a large business is done. Since then they have also established branches in London, England, and in Sidney, New South Wales, Australia. Probably no other one of the many enterprising houses of Burlington has done more to spread the name and fame of their beautiful city throughout the world than have Wells, Richardson & Co. In 1882, in order to handle their business to better advantage, the firm changed their style to that of a corporation under the name of Wells & Rich- ardson Company, the stockholders in the corporation remaining the same as those in the partnership previously. Edward Wells is president of the corpo- ration ; A. E. Richardson, vice-president ; Henry Wells, treasurer ; W. J. Van Patten, secretary ; F. H. Wells, assistant secretary. The drug firm of B. W. Carpenter & Co. began business here in 1875, 486 History of Chittenden County. V _ — _ __ ~ the junior member, F. L. Taft, having been with Dr. Vincent for ten years pre- vious to the formation of this firm. The senior member was a surgeon in the Ninth Vermont Regiment during the last war, and practiced in Buriington until 1874. The firm deal extensively in everything at all pertaining to this line of business, especially in Taft's myrrhline, phosphated ginger cream, capsine chol- era specific, etc. Burritt Brothers started a drug store here in 1874, and in 1883 sold out to the present proprietor, F. W. Burritt. He deals in all kinds of drugs and pat- ent medicines, dentists' and surgical instruments, etc., and has a large trade. The Peoples' Drug Store, at 75 Church street, under the management of Beaupre & Lowrey, proprietors, was opened by these gentlemen in 1880, they having succeeded the old firm of Jones & Riley. The business has grown steadily, until it is now one of the largest stores of its kind in the State. ; Bellrose & Grant have been in the drug business since 1881. Their stock includes a thorough line of drugs, surgical instruments, laboratory goods, re- agent bottles, etc. The drug store of W. H. Zottman & Co. was opened on the isth of Janu- ary, 1885, and, in addition to a full line of drugs, makes a specialty of com- pounding prescriptions. They also have two of the best soda fountains in the State. The drug firm of Sullivan & Carrieres was formed in April, 1886. They keep a complete line of patent medicines, drugs, perfumes, cigars and sundries. They are also proprietors of Sullivan's cough balsam. Jewelers. — The jewelry house of Brinsmaid & Hildreth, of 99 Church street, is like a city landmark, and is the oldest of its kind in Burlington. It was established by Abram Brinsmaid in the year 1793, and during this length- ened period of more than ninety years the reputation of the house for respon- sibility and first-class workmanship has never been disputed. By the admittance of Moses Bliss as a partner the firm was known prior to 1824 as Brinsmaid & Bliss, and has been followed successively by Pangborn & Brinsmaid in 1841 ; Brinsmaid Brothers in 1849; Brinsmaid, Brother & Co. in 1854; and in that year the present firm name of Brinsmaid & Hildreth was adopted. They carry at all times a full and complete stock of foreign and American watches, clocks, jewelry of all kinds, silver and silver plated ware, and kindred goods, transacting a business that is not only local but extends all over this section of the State. The individual names of the proprietors are William Brinsmaid and Chester Hildreth. The business conducted by H. E. Adams & Son (Mark W. Adams) was established in Burlington on the 1st of April, 1879, by the senior member of the present firm. At the beginning the stock was valued at about three thou- sand dollars, and only $5,000 worth were sold the first year. But the sales have increased until they now amount to $20,000 annually. Town and City of Burlington. 487 L. X. Fremau began dealing in jewelry in Burlington six years ago. He makes a specialty of repairing, though he carries a complete stock for sale. E. A. Bruce has been in the jewelry business at No. 106 Church street for four years. The site, however, has been in use for a jewelry store for the last thirty-five years. Mr. Bruce carries a full line of the best jewelry, watches, silverware, spectacles, eye-glasses, etc., and executes with great care and skill the resetting and mounting of diamonds and other precious stones. He gives special attention to the repairing and adjusting of fine watches. His prede- <;essor in the building was C. W. Wingate. Books, Stationery, etc. — In 1837 Samuel Huntington opened the first book and stationery store in town, in the building which he still occupies, and has been in business longer than any other merchant in the city. From a small country trade the business has grown to extensive proportions, and is con- stantly increasing. The present firm of S. Huntington & Co. manufactures blank books, keep a fine stock of writing materials of every sort, albums, scrap books, etc., as well as a large assortment of the best educational and other books. The store has for forty years been a depository of the American Bible Society. In view of the fact that Mr. Huntington is the only merchant in busi- ness to-day that was here when he began, his remarkable success must be gratifying. The Free Press Association opened a store of the same kind about six years ago, and have always kept a fine assortment of stationery, ruled and bond papers, inks, etc. The stock carried is valued at $10,000 to $15,000. Miscellaneous Mercantile Interests. — In 1872 C. R. Nash began the busi- ness of plumbing, gas fitting, furnace work and general jobbing in stoves, ranges and house-furnishing goods, making plumbing a specialty. The junior partner of the firm of Nash & Roche, P. A. Roche, was admitted to the posi- tion in 1885. Johnson Brothers began dealing in crockery, china, glass and silver plated ware, wall-paper, window- shades, lamp goods, etc., in 1879, succeeding to a business which was established about thirty- five years ago. C. G. Peterson has been in the same line of trade for five years. He does considerable whole- saling. The Boston Bargain Store, Chester C. Collins, proprietor, was founded in 1884. The stock consists of tinware, crockery, glassware and fancy goods. A. G. Pierce has, since 1873, conducted the business established by his father in 1845, and carried on from 1858 to 1873 by Pierce & Son ; carries ■everything that is demanded in farm machinery, seeds, fertilizers, etc. C. P. Smith succeeded in 1867 to the business which Frederick Smith had founded ten or twelve years before. He is now a wholesale and retail dealer in flour, grain, feed, hay and seeds. " A good Hne of good goods." The store of Jones & Isham was opened in 1883 by the present members ■of the firm, J. W. Jones and C. S. Isham. Besides carrying a first-class as- 488 History of Chittenden County. sortment of oatmeals and grahams, they deal in field and garden seeds, flour, grain and feed, baled hay, grass- seed, oil meal, and ground bone. They also sell Nova Scotia plaster extensively. One of the best as well as oldest of the coal interests of the city is that of Elias Lyman. Honorable dealing has increased a trade at first small to large proportions. In no case has misrepresentation as to quality or quantity been practiced, and his customers have come to regard his statements as in all re- spects trustworthy. His stock is of the best. J. W. Hayes, wholesale and retail dealer in hard and soft coal and wood, established his trade in Burlington ten or twelve years ago. It is enough to say that he handled 10,000 tons of coal during the last year, his trade reach- ing Canada and New Hampshire. He also keeps a general grocery at No. 165 South Champlain street. The firm of Adsit & Bigelow — E. S. Adsit and J. J. Bigelow — was formed in 1875. By reason of thrift and honesty these gentlemen have estab- lished a trade throughout Vermont and Eastern New Hampshire, requiring the handling of 10,000 tons of coal per annum. They also deal somewhat in hard wood. S. Beach, baker and confectioner, began business here about 1854. He keeps a large assortment of the goods expected in his line, and has a whole- sale business that embraces Northern New York and Eastern New Hampshire. His specialties are the Burlington and the Boston cracker. Two men are kept on the road, and for the retail trade two teams are required in Burlington and Winooski. His business is worth about $55,000 per annum and demands the continual employment of about twenty men. H. E. Sails began business in Burlington in 1870, and keeps an excellent stock of tobaccos, cigars, fruits and confectionery. His ice cream parlors are also well patronized. Other confectionery stores are kept by G. B. Kent & Co. and Charles N. Jones, started respectively four years, and six months, ago. G. B. Woodward opened a news store and began keeping confectionery on the 1st of September, 1885. The firm of Reed & Taylor became successors in 1884 to the old house of Murray & Reed, who for twenty years had carried on a trade in teas, coffees, spices, tobacco and cigars. The business is now largely wholesale, extending throughout Vermont, Northern New York and a part of New Hampshire. Three men are kept on the road. Tobacco and cigars are with them a spe- cialty, and two and a half million cigars were sold in 1885. The wholesale and retail tobacco store of C. N. Mead, on the corner of Main and Church streets, is worth an income of from $25,000 to $40,000 a year. The immense wholesale trade in teas, coffees, spices, tobacco and cigars, now conducted by Pope, Berry & Hall, was founded in 1866 by Gregory & Mead. T. W. Gregory & Co., Minor, Pope & Co., and the present firm sue- Town and City of Burlington. 489 cessively followed, the last change occurring about nine years ago. The busi- ness is entirely wholesale, three men being kept continually on the road. Teas, coffees and spices are the specialty. The firm carry a stock valued at $25,000, and have annual sales of from $250,000 to $300,000. The New York and China Tea Company was formed three years ago, S. W. Henry, manager. Their stock of $1,000 is of an excellent quahty. A beginning has been made in a wholesale trade. H. H. Davis keeps a full line of artists' materials, books, musical goods, and apparatus for all games. He has been in trade in Burlington since 1873. He also carries a line of school-books, newspapers and periodical publications. Bailey's music rooms, under the efficient management of H. W. Hall, has been opened in this city for seven years past. The main store, however, is at St. Johnsbury, under Mr. Bailey's management. This business is worth from $60,000 to $80,000 per annum, six men being on the road. The stock is in pianos, organs and musical instruments of all kinds, musical merchandise and sheet music. The trade extends all through Northern Vermont and New York. For the last three years Mrs. H. E. Sails has dealt in Kensington art work in all its branches, and in fancy goods of every description. The art store of L. G. Burnham is worthy of particular mention as being the best of its kind in the State. Everything in the nature of picture frames and mouldings is made here. A wholesale business is done in photographers' and artists' supplies, and an extensive trade carried on in artists' materials, plush goods, fancy articles and novelties. Mr. Burnham has been in a similar business in Burlington for the last ten years, and has conducted his art store since 1884. His line of etchings and engravings is unsurpassed in this part of New England, Winooski and Burlington Horse Railroad Company. — The charter for this, the first horse railroad company in the State, was obtained on the 31st of October, 1872, by F. C. Kennedy, Lemuel B. Piatt, Charles W. Woodhouse, Edward W; Peck, and Levi Underwood, corporators, with a capital stock of $100,000. Nothing effectual was done until the summer of 1885, when C. D. Haines, of Sandy Hill, N. Y., came to Burlington and organized the company. A contract was let to his brother, A. G. Haines, to build an equipped road for $40,000. To extend the road as it now runs, it was bonded for $15,000, and stock paid up for $25,000. It is three miles in length. The road is not now quite a standard gauge road, but is to be widened from its present breadth of four feet, to four feet eight inches, and in the summer open cars are placed on the track. The capital stock is also yet to be increased. But the company have placed themselves on a solid footing and will undoubtedly make the road in every way a success. The first officers of the company were C. D. Haines, president, U. A. Woodbury, vice-president, and directors as now, except Jo D. Hatch in place of E. T. Haines, resigned. The present officers and directors 490 History of Chittenden County. are as follows : President, U. A. Woodbury ; vice-president, F. C. Kennedy ; superintendent, K. B, Walker ; treasurer, L. E. Woodhouse ; clerk, George W. Wales ; directors, U. A. Woodbury, C. D. Haines, F. C. Kennedy, K. B. Walker, and Jo D. Hatch. The Post-office. — The first post route in Vermont was established on the 19th of June, 1781, when Samuel Sherman was employed to " ride post from His Excellency's in Arlington to Camp Headquarters at (Castleton) once a week three months from date hereof" He was to go one road by way of Tmmouth and return by way of Pawlet. For his " encouragement," he was allowed fourteen shillings a week out of the State treasury. In 1783 the Gov- ernor and Council established a weekly post between Bennington and Albany^ and Anthony Haswell, father of Nathan B. Haswell, afterward a prominent Bur- lington merchant, was appointed postmaster- general. On the 5th of March,. 1784, the Legislature enacted a law for the establishment of post-offices within the State, which was substantially re-enacted in March, 1787, with the follow- ing preamble : "Whereas, the business of promulgating the laws, conveying timely notice- to the inhabitants of the State of all proprietary proceedings, and other mat- ters of importance to the public, can in no other way be effected so extensively and with so small expense as by the appointment of regular posts for convey- ing the same to the different parts of this State;" therefore five post-offices were established, viz : At Bennington, Rutland, Brattleboro, Windsor, and Newbury, under such regulations as were established for the government of the post-offices of the United States. The post-rider from Bennington to Brattleboro was allowed three pence for every mile traveled, and riders on the other routes two pence per mile, " in hard money orders or hard money." The postmaster- general was empowered to employ a rider to travel from Rut- land through Addison county (of which this county was then a part), at two pence per mile, " each fortnight for one-half the circuit, going one road and returning another." On the isth of October, 1790, to the dissatisfaction of the public, who feared a suspension of the service, that part of the act which provided for the compensation of the riders was repealed. On the 21st of January, 1788, Daniel Marsh advertised himself as post- rider from Clarendon to Onion River, the northern terminus of his route being Jericho. There was no authority for the establishment of an office in Chittenden county, which then extended to the Canada line ; and the conclusion is that there were no offices in the State except the five named in the act of 1787, until June i, 1792, after the service had become a part of the economy of the general govern- ment. On that day, under the authority of Congress, additional offices were opened in Manchester, Vergennes, and Burlington. Congress was very slow in the extension of the service in Vermont, the first act, passed March 3, 1791, authorizing the postmaster-general to extend the carrying of the mail from. Town and City of Burlington. 491 Albany to Bennington ; in other words, merely connecting the general service with that previously established in Vermont. Under an act passed on the 20th of February, 1792, only the following routes were established in this State : From Albany by way of Troy and Lan- singburgh to Bennington, Manchester and Rutland, once a week ; from- Rutland to Burlington, once in two weeks, though proposals were invited for service once a week; from Springfield, Mass., by way of Northampton to Brattleboro, once a week ; and from Brattleboro by way of Charlestown, N. H., and Wind- sor, Vt., to Hanover, N. H., once a week. In 1801 the Rutland Herald zorx- tained advertisements of the following routes, among others : From Windsor by way of Woodstock, Royalton, Randolph, Williamston, Montpelier and Jericho to Burlington, once a week, the rider leaving Burling- ton on Saturdays at six o'clock A. M., arriving at Montpelier by six P. M., and at Windsor on Mondays by ten A. M. Returning he would leave Wind- sor every Wednesday at two o'clock P. M., reach Montpelier on Thursdays at seven P. M. and Burlington seven P. M. on Fridays. Another route was from Rutland north by way of Pittsford, Brandon, Salisbury, Middlebury, Ver- gennes, Charlotte, Shelburne, Burlington, Colchester, Milton, etc., to Highgate, once a week, leaving Rutland at five o'clock every Monday morning, reaching Charlotte at ten on Tuesday mornings, Burlington by one on Tuesday after- noons, and Highgate at seven on Wednesday afternoons. Going south the car- rier would leave Highgate at eight o'clock Thursday mornings, reach Burlington at eleven o'clock Friday mornings ; leave Burlington at noon, reach Charlotte at two in the afternoon and Rutland at eight o'clock every Saturday afternoon. Fifteen minutes was allowed for the opening and closing of the mails at all offices where the time was not particularly specified. This system of transmis- sion by stage was continued, of course, until the opening of railroads through the State, about 1 850. Thompson's Gazetteer states that there were in 1840 three lines of mail stages through Burlington, which arrived and departed daily, one to the south, one to the east and one to the north. In 1804 there were sixty post towns in the State, seven of which were in Chittenden county, viz: Burhngton, postmaster, John Fay; Charlotte, W. Barnes; Hinesburg, Elijah Bostwick ; Huntington, Jabez Fargo; Jericho, Roderick Messenger; Richmond, ; and Williston, Eben Judson. In 1823, as shown by Walton's Register, there were 163 post-offices in the State, and about $20,000 was annually paid on the postage of letters, papers and pamphlets by the inhabitants thereof, numbering 235,749 persons. The com- pensation of postmasters was on the basis of 30 per cent, on the first $100 of receipts, and 25 per cent, on the next $100. Brattleboro was the largest office in Vermont. Middlebury was second in importance and Burhngton third. The salary of Ephraim Mills, the postmaster at Burlington, was $333. All the other postmasters in the county received less than $100. The rates of postage 492 History of Chittenden County. were for a single letter of one piece of paper, for any distance not exceeding thirty miles, six cents ; over thirty and not exceeding eighty miles, ten cents ; over eighty and not exceeding 150 miles, twelve and a half cents ; over 150 and not exceeding 400 miles, eighteen and three-fourths cents; over 400 miles, twenty-five cents. Letters composed of two pieces of paper were charged double those rates, three pieces were charged triple rates, and more than three pieces quadruple postage. The highest salary paid any of the 4,000 postmasters in the United States was then $2,000, and there were only ten who were paid that sum, while twenty-seven received $1,000 and upward. In 1845 the rates of postage were reduced, and letters weighing not more than half an ounce could be sent any distance under 300 miles for five cents, and an)- greater distance for ten cents. In 1851 the rates were again modified so that a single letter, that is, a letter weighing not more than half an ounce, would be carried 3,000 miles, or under, for three cents, if prepaid, and for five cents if not prepaid. The rates for a distance exceeding 3,000 miles were respectively six and twelve cents. Post- age stamps and stamped envelopes were not used until 1852. The system of charging uniform rates on letters according to weight, and disregarding dis- tance within the limits of the country, was established in 1S63. In the earlier \'ears of the existence of Burlington, and down to a period within the memory of living man, money was so scarce that a letter would frequently remain in the office several days or a week, until the person to whom it was addressed could earn the twenty-five cents, or less, by labor for cash instead of pork, wheat, or pot-ashes. Following is a list of the po.stmasters of Burlington from the first appoint- ment in 1792 to the present (for the first eight names credit should be given to Robert Roberts, esq., through whose influence the>' were obtained from the department at Washington): Amos Hutchins, appointed Julv 17, 1702; John Fay, March 20, 1793; CorneHus P. Van Ness, July i, 1809; Jason Chamber- lin, March 6, 1814; Dr. Elijah D. Harmon, January 22, 1816; Almon Warner, October 17 1816 ; Ephraim Mills, September 26, 1818 ; Henry B. Stacy, May 12, 1841 ; Dana Winslow, 1843; William Noble, 1845 ; George H. Paul, 1849; Luther P. Blodgett, 1850; Douglas A. Danforth, 1854; G. Grenvillc Benedict, 1862 ; Samuel Huntington, 1866 ; WiUiam H. Hoyt, 1867 ; George H. Bigelow, 1868 ; G. Grenville Benedict, 1872 ; Buel J. Derby, 1S75. While Ephraim Mills was postmaster the office was kept in a little room about twenty-five feet long and twelve wide, in Mills' Row, a building described in former pages as a long two-story wooden structure extending from the east end of the American Hotel to Church street and fronting the square. Behind it, instead of the buildings no«' to be seen, was a large garden. This post- office wa.s distinguished less by " pigeon-holes," for the reception of mail matter, than by little shelves. The floor was usuall>' and unavoidabh- littered with Town and City of Burlington. 493 pieces of paper, for in those days envelopes were unknown ; the writer would place the address of the person for whom the letter was intended on the back of the folded sheet itself, around which the postmaster would wrap an extra sheet, write upon it the name of the place for which the communication was destined, tie it and send it on. Letters received here were stripped of their outer covering b}- the postmaster and, when paid for, delivered to the person addressed. \\^hen Mr, Stacy received the appointment he fitted up an office in a framed building that occupied the present site of the Commercial Bank building, on the north side of the square, and constructed pigeon-holes and let- ter boxes for the convenience of the public, an innovation that was generally appreciated. It is related that the painter who labeled the letter-box slits on the inner apartment and on the outer door, in his anxietj,' to please and perform more of a service than was expected of him, painted over the ke)--hole on the street door the title " ke}'-hole," to the amusement of the man>- and annoyance of the postmaster. The office was kept for a number of years after Mr. Stacy's retirement in the rear part of the building at present occupied as an office by the Burlington Shirt Compan)-, on the southwest corner of College and St. Paul streets. The land now occupied by the post-office and custom-house building was deeded on August 2"] , iSi6, by Seth Pomeroy to John Pomeroy for $3,000. John N. Pomeroy derived his title from the latter, and on the 30th of March, 1855, sold the property, including the brick cottage, to the United States for $7,750. The deed describes the lot as extending 220 feet on Main street and 316 on Church. On tlie 4th of August, 1854, Congress passed an act appro- priating $40,000 for the construction of a custom-house, post-office and rooms for the judge of the United States District Court, at Burhngton. This build- ing was begun in the fall of 1S55, and completed in the spring of 1857. In June, 1858, an additional appropriation of $4,000 was made for paving and grading the grounds and furnishing the building. It is composed of brick, iron and stone, only the doors, base-boards and the floors of the upper stor>' be- ing made of wood. Douglas A. Danforth, the first postmaster to occupy it, removed his office from the basement of the city hall. PRESENT PROFESSIONAL MEN. Edward J. Phelps, the subject of this sketch, was born in Middlebury, Vt., July 1 1, 1822. He was the son of Samuel S. Phelps, who, as lawyer, judge of the Supreme Court, and United States Senator, has left a reputation for distin- guished ability. The son, Edward J., was graduated from Middlebury College in 1840. He studied law at the Yale College Law School and in the office of Hon. Horatio Seymour, in Middlebury, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He soon removed to Burlington and became a partner of Hon. David A. Smalley. The firm had a large business. Later in life he was for some time 32 494 History of Chittenden County. a partner with Hon. L. E. Chittenden. In 185 i he accepted the office of sec- ond comptroller of the currency under President Fillmore, and served through this administration. From 1856 for two or three years he practiced his profes- sion in New York city. Returning to Burlington he continued in active prac- tice until 1880, when he was made professor in the Yale College Law School. At this time he gave up most of his local professional work, retaining his con- nection only with the most important cases. For many years his legal busi- ness had been in quality and extent perhaps the most desirable of any in the State. In 1870 he represented Burlington in the constitutional convention. In 1877 he presided with his wonted grace over the centennial celebration of the Bennington battle, and delivered the opening address. In 1880 he gave a course of lectures on medical jurisprudence before the medical department of the University of Vermont. He was president of the American Bar Associa- tion in 1 88 1. His printed report to that body, of the " changes in statute law," is a good example of his witty and sarcastic style of treating certain classes of subjects. As professor of law in Yale College he was extremely popular as a lecturer, his light and graceful touch embellishing the dryest of topics. In 1882 he also gave a short course of lectures before the law school of Boston Univer- sity upon constitutional law. In poHtics Mr. Phelps was a Whig, while the organization of that party con- tinued vital. Later, he acted usually with the Democratic party, although tak- ing little part in the business of politics. In 1880 he was the Democratic nom- inee for governor. Upon the accession of the Democratic party to power in 1884, he was nominated and confirmed as minister to England. Never having been in the National Legislature, his newspaper reputation was limited and the nomination was something of a surprise to active politicians ; but his eminent fitness for the English mission has already been demonstrated. In August, 184s, Mr. Phelps was married to Miss Mary Haight. Of their four children two survive — Mary H., the wife of Horatio Loomis, of Burling- ton, and Edward P., now in London, a member of the legation. A son, Charles, died in boyhood, and Edward H. died in Detroit in 1884, at the age of thirty-seven, while occupying the position of chief engineer of the Michigan Central Railroad. Mr. Phelps holds a high position at the bar. In the management of causes before the court and jury he is extremely skillful, facile and adroit; well equipped to meet all emergencies — he is a dangerous antagonist and is notably successful in winning verdicts. He has a gift of graceful and fluent expression which has been carefully cultivated, so that as a speaker and advocate he has few superiors in point of neatness, elegance, finish and persuasiveness. George F. Edmunds. — Vermont from its earliest history has wielded an in- fluence in the national councils out of all proportion to her population and the Town and City of Burlington. 495 extent of her territory. Her distinguished senatorial delegation for a century- has added to her fame and prestige as a producer of great men. Mr. Edmunds holds a high place in the list of senators from this State, and no one of them has been recorded as having been the originator or promoter of so many im- portant measures of legislation as he. Mr. Edmunds was born in Richmond, Vt, February i, 1828. He was educated in the village schools, and also spent some time in study under a pri- vate tutor. He studied law in the office of his brother-in-law, A. B. Maynard, and afterwards in the office of Smaliey & Phelps, at Burlington. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1849, ^"d began practice in Richmond in partnership with Mr. Maynard. In 1851 he removed to Burlington, and very early showed an aptitude for the profession, which brought hirn a good practice. He always had a civil business of good volume and character. In the Vermont Central Railroad litigation, which in one form or another was in the courts for many years, and which involved the large interests of various classes of security holders, he was one of the leading counsel. Mature in intellect as well as in personal appearance, his successes came early and have continually followed him. In August, 1852, he married Miss Susan Marsh Lyman, daughter of Wyllys Lyman, of Burlington. They have had two daughters, one of whom survives. In 1854, when twenty-six years of age, he was elected town representative as a candidate of the younger element in politics. He was a member of the House from 1854 to 1857 inclusive, and during the three last sessions was speaker. In 1855 he was chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1861 Mr. Edmunds was elected State senator from Chittenden county, and during this term was chairman of the judiciary committee. He was re-elected in 1862. In the State Legislature he was distinguished for his thorough acquaint- ance with the duties of every post to which he was assigned, and his close at- tention to the business of the day in every detail. In 1866 he was appointed by Governor Dillingham as the successor in the Senate of the United States of Solomon Foote, and was afterwards elected by the Legislature for the re- mainder of the term ending March 4, 1869. In 1880 he received his fourth election. His present term of service expired by limitation in 1886. From these data it will be seen that Mr. Edmunds has been in public service, either in the State or the National Legislature, every year but five since he became twenty-six years of age. In the United States Senate Mr. Edmunds early took an active and leading part. He has served in the committees on com- merce, public lands, retrenchments, and appropriations. During the Forty-first Congress he was chairman of the committee on pensions, and in the third ses- sion of the Forty-second Congress he succeeded Mr. Trumbull as chairman of the judiciary committee. This position he held continuously until the ac- cession of the Democratic party to power in 1885. In 1866 he reported a 496 History of Chittenden County. bill to regulate the term of civil offices. At the beginning of Grant's admin- istration he earnestly opposed the repeal of the tenure of ofifice act. In 1876 at the crisis of the conflict over the electoral count, he submitted a draft of the constitutional amendment, which provided for the counting of the electoral votes by the Supreme Court of the United States. The proposition was re- jected. He was afterwards chairman of the Senate committee which devised the bill providing for the electoral commission. Mr. Edmunds reported the bill and was made a member of the commission. In 1886 he framed, advo- cated, and pressed to their passage the resolutions which declared it to be the sense of the Senate that papers on file in the departments should be submitted to the Senate on demand, when they concerned the reputation of any public officer who was removed, or who was proposed for confirmation. The anti- polygamy bill was chiefly his work, and the bill providing for the presidential succession, which became a law January 9, 1883, was introduced by him. The foregoing are a few of the many legislative measures with which the name of Mr. Edmunds has been prominently identified. At the close of the last ses- sion of Congress he was chosen president pro tern, of the Senate. Although never a willing candidate for the office of president of the United States, his name was presented by the Vermont delegation to the National Re- publican Conventions of 1880 and 1884, and met the endorsement of a large and influential portion of the press and people. Mr. Edmunds is a very strong debater upon questions of law as well as politics, and has had during his senatorial term a large practice before the Su- preme Court of the United States. Mr. Edmunds is recognized as one of the great leaders of the Republican party, and from his extensive and thorough information in all matters pertaining to the public service, he has become at Washington the guide and counselor of Republicans and Democrats ahke, in questions of political administration, wherever considerations of party may chance to have no place. Next to Mr, Phelps, the attorney of longest standing in Burlington is E. R. Hard, who was admitted to practice in the Chittenden County Court at the March term of 1845. He was born at Essex, Vt., on the 17th of February, 1824 ; secured his education by private study, and took his preliminary course of law study in the office of David A. Smalley. William G. Shaw was born at Danville, Vt., on the 9th of August, 183 1 ; was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1849; began the study of law with WilUam W. Peck and David A. Smallej-, of Burlington ; was admit- ted to practice at Burlington in 1853. He held the position of secretary of civil and military afi^drs of the State in 1856-58 ; was reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court from 1858-64; member of the House of Representa- tives from Burlington in 1862-63 ; alderman of this city in 1868 • judc^e of the City Court of Burlington 1868-72 ; in 1856 he was chosen a member of fc^oJi, i^^^^,± Town and City of Burlington. 497 the board of trustees of the Burlington Savings Bank, and has retained the office ever since. He is a member of the board of trustees of the University of Vermont, to which position he was called in 1881 ; and he is also a mem- ber of the board of trustees of the permanent fund of the Home for Destitute Children, to which position he was appointed December 20, 1876. Daniel Roberts, for a more extended sketch of whose Hfe the reader is re- ferred to a subsequent page, was born in Wallingford, Vt., on the 25th of May, 181 1 ; received a collegiate education at Middlebury, was admitted to the bar of Rutland county in September, 1832, and came to Burlington in 1856. Russell S. Taft was born in Williston, Vt, on the 28th of January, 1835, was educated at the common schools and academies, and after a due course of study was admitted to the bar of Chittenden county in 1856. He was select- man of the town from 1 861 to 1864, and alderman of the city of Burhngton from 1865 to 1869; was State's attorney for Chittenden county in 1862, '63, and '64; senator from this county in 1865-66, and lieutenant-governor of the State in 1872-74. In 1880 he represented the city in the Legislature and was elected associate judge of the Supreme Court, and in 1882 was appointed fifth associate judge by Governor Farnham, vice Wheelock G. Veazey, pro- moted. He was elected fifth associate judge in 1882. C. J. Alger was born at Hinesburg, Vt, on the 20th of December, 1829, and was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1854. In 1856, after a two years' service as principal of the Franklin, Vt., Academy, he began the study of law in the office of Hon. George F. Edmunds. In 1857 he entered the office of Hon. Asahel Peck as student and in April, 1858, was admitted to practice in the courts of this State. He followed his profession somewhat ir- regularly, owing to his activity in public affairs. He became interested in the public schools of the city, was elected school commissioner and served seven years as clerk of the school board, and after a year's retirement was called to the position of superintendent of schools for six successive years, when he re- signed further service. He was then devoted to the interests of the city as alderman for five years, during the last two of which he was chairman at the same time of the street and water committees. These positions were never before held simultaneously by the same person. In the spring of 1886, owing to his increasing labors as editor and publisher of the Burlington Independent (an able and a fearless exponent of good morals and clean politics), which he had a few months previously established, he relinquished the duties of this office. He had never abandoned the practice of his profession, but had con- tinually been engaged in the transaction of legal business, especially in the col- lection of claims, etc. A growing defect in hearing prevented his frequent appearance before the courts in litigation. A. V. Spalding was born on the 1st day of February, 1835, ^t Bridgewa- ter, Vt He received his education at West Randolph Academy, and pursued 498 History of Chittenden County. his law studies in the office of Hon. Jefferson P. Kidder, once lieutenant-gov- ernor of Vermont, and lately United States district judge of Dakota. He was admitted to practice at the June term of the Orange County Court, in 1859. Henry Ballard was born on the 20th of April, 1839, in the town of Tin- mouth, Vt.; was graduated from the law department of the University of Al- bany in 1863, and in September of the same year was admitted to the bar of Chittenden county. A more detailed sketch of Mr. Ballard's life appears in a later page. Hon. Bradley B. Smalley was born in Jericho on the 26th of November, 1836, and removed to Burlington in 1839. He received a common school and academic education ; studied law with his father, the late Hon. David A. Smalley; was appointed clerk of the District Court of Vermont in 1861, and admitted to the bar of Chittenden county in 1863. He represented the city of Burlington in the Legislature of 1874 and again in 1878, besides holding va- rious offices in the city. During the presidential campaign of 1884 he was chairman of the State Democratic committee, and in 1886 was appointed by President Cleveland collector of the port for the district of Vermont. W. L. Burnap was graduated from Dartmouth college in the class of 1863, and soon after entered the law office of Wales & Taft of Burlington. He was admitted to the Chittenden county bar at the September term of 1886. As will be seen by reference to the civil list, he served as State's attorney for three years; he was county senator in 1882, and is now professor of medical juris- prudence in the medical department of the University of Vermont. George B. Shaw was born on the 27th of July, 1845, at BurHngton ; was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1865 ; studied law at the Uni- versity of Albany and with his brother. Judge William G. Shaw, and was ad- mitted to the bar in April, 1868. He has practiced in Boston, New York city, and for nine and a half years in Burlington. A. G. Whittemore was born in Milton on the 23d of January, 1844. After receiving his degree from the University of Vermont in 1867, he entered the law office of C. W. Witters, of Milton, and was admitted to the Chittenden County Court at the September term of 1870. In the following spring he came to Burlington and shortly afterward entered into partnership with Henry O. Wheeler, a relation which subsisted until the ist of January, 1886. Mr. Whit- temore represented the town of Milton in the Legislature in 1870, and was pres- ident of the Burlington Board of Aldermen from 1876 to 1880. E. F. Brownell was born in Williston on the 15th of May, 1846; studied law in the office of Hon. Daniel Roberts, was graduated from the Albany Law School in 1870, and admitted in Burlington in September, 1870. Robert Roberts, the junior member of the firm of Roberts & Roberts, was born on the 1st of January, 1848, and became a graduate of the University of Vermont in 1869. After the usual course of study, part of which he took at 'Z-l'Z/. ?'X " t'u 'HI'^BcXI's Town and City of Burlington. 499 the Columbia College Law School, he was admitted to the bar of Chittenden county in September, 1871. Since that time, with the exception of one year in Europe immediately after his admission to practice, and two years in prac- tice in Chicago, he has been regularly engaged in practice in BurHngton. He represented the city in the Legislature from 1882 to 1884. J. W. Russell was born on the 1st of September, 1846, at Moira, Franklin county, N. Y., and was graduated from Yale College in the class of 1868. He studied law in the office of Judge William G. Shaw, in BurHngton, and was admitted to the bar of Chittenden county at the September term of 1871, after a course in the Columbia Law School. He was afterward admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State, and in the United States Courts. From December, 1882, to December, 1884, he was State's attorney for Chit- tenden county. Henry O. Wheeler was born on the 7th of October, 1841, in the town of Williston. He was educated in the University of Vermont. He entered this institution in the class of i860, but owing to the Rebellion, in which he ren- dered his country gallant service, he was not graduated until 1867. During the war he fought in the ranks of the First Vermont Cavalry, and was promo- ted first lieutenant of Company A, and afterwards brevetted captain. He was wounded while engaged in the battle of the Wilderness by a ball which seri- ously affected, and, to all appearance at least, penetrated the left lung, but he was able to enter the action at Shenandoah Valley on the 7th of October, 1864, when he was taken prisoner and confined in Libby prison until the fol- lowing February. He was then exchanged. After his graduation from the university, he began the study of law in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and continued his course with Congar & Sloan, of Janesville, Wis. There he was admitted to practice on the ist of June, 1868. He removed to Iowa, was admitted to the District Court of that State on the nth of May, 1869, at Fort Dodge, and to the Supreme Court on the 13th of November, 1 87 1. He came to Burlington in the spring of 1872 from Winooski, where he had been for a few months. He was appointed superintendent of schools in 1880, after serving several years before that on the school board, and retains the position still. He is also treasurer of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, to which place he was appointed in July, 1881. Chauncey W. Brownell, jr., was born in Williston on the 7th of October, 1847. He is a graduate from the University of Vermont, class of 1870, and of the Albany Law School in 1872. He also studied for a time in the office of Wales & Taft. He was admitted to the Chittenden County Courts in Septem- ber, 1872. He was assistant secretary of the State Senate from 1874 to 1880, since which time he has been the secretary of that body. He is also State's attorney for Chittenden county. Elihu Barber Taft was born on the 25th of March, 1847, at Williston He 50O History of Chittenden County. was educated at the Williston Academy and the University of Vermont , from the latter of which institutions he was graduated in 1871. He studied law with the firm of Wales & Taft, and was admitted to practice at the April term of 1873. Hamilton S. Peck was born on the 22d of October, 1845, ^t Royalston, Worcester county, Mass., and is a graduate from the University of Vermont. He pursued his course of study with Wales & Taft, and L. L. Lawrence, of Burlington, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Chittenden county at the April term of court 1873. Seneca Haselton was born on the 26th of February, 1848, at Westford, in this county. After his graduation from the University of Vermont in 1871, he entered the law office of Wales & Taft, and completed his course of study in the law department of the University of Michigan, from which he was grad- uated in 1875. In the same year he was admitted to practice in the courts of Chittenden county. He was elected city judge in 1878, and in consequence of annual re-election held the office until 1886. W. H. Hare, born on the 12th of May, 1848, at Cedars, P. Q., and gradu- ated from the Montreal College at the age of twenty years, came to Burling- ton in 1872, and commenced the study of law with the Hon. Levi Underwood. He was admitted at the May term of 1876, after completing his course with L. L. Lawrence. From 1877 to 1880 he was clerk of the City Court; has been city grand juror three years in succession ; was again clerk of the City Court in 1885, and in 1886 was elected city judge. L. F. Englesby was born on the 3d of August, 1854, in Burlington. He received his education at the High School in this city and at the University of Vermont, and prepared himself for the practice of law at the Boston Law School, in the offices of S. H. Dudley, of Boston, and Henry Ballard, of BurHngton. He was admitted at the April term, 1879. He has served as grand juror, clerk of the City Court, and is now alderman from the first ward. J. J. Enright was born in what is now South Burlington on the 6th of April, 1 86 1, received his education in Burlington, studied law in the office of Hon. Henry Ballard and was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1882. He is still a resident of South Burlington, for which he has been town agent for the last three years. D. J. Foster born in the town of Barnet on the 27th of June, 1857, edu- cated at the St. Johnsbury Academy and at Dartmouth College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1880, and began his law studies with J. W. Rus- sell, of Burlington. He was admitted to practice at the April term of court, 1883. He has held the offices of city grand juror and school eommissioner since 1885. Orman P. Ray was born in Irasburgh, Vt, on the 21st of May, 1837, and was admitted to the Coos county (N. H.) bar in November, 1886. His home Town and City of Burlington. 501 had always been in Vermont until 1865, when he went to New Hampshire. He removed to Winooski in 1872. On the 6th of September, 1882, he was appointed county clerk, a position which he now fills. He removed to Bur- lington in May, 1883. James A. Brown was born on the 23d of November, 1840, at Grand Isle, Vt. He completed a regular course in the University of Vermont in 1863 ; began the study of law in the office of Hon. George F. Edmunds ; went one term to the law department of the Albany University, and was admitted to the bar at Plattsburgh, while in the office of G. M. Beckwith & Sons, in 1865. He then practiced several years in Milton, Vt, and removed to his old home, Grand Isle. He represented that town in 1880, and also served it in the capacity of State's attorney. He came to Burlington in July, 1885, and is deputy collector of internal revenue for the district of Vermont. Present Physicians?- — Dr. H. H. Atwater was born on the 17th of Febru- ary, 1828. at Norfolk, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and came to Burlington with his father. Dr. William' Atwater, in 1829. He was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1847, and from the medical college at Woodstock, Vt, in 185 1, and immediately began his practice in this town. He was in partnership with his father until the death of the latter in 1853. Among the offices — all of them professional — which he has held may be mentioned that of commissioner of the insane for the State two years ; health officer of the city six years in all ; city physician, etc. He is now instructor in obstetrics during the winter terms of the medical department of the University of Ver- mont, and consulting physician of the Mary Fletcher Hospital. He is the author of the chapter on medical men and institutions in former pages of this work. Dr. S. Wager was born in New Jersey in 1818, received his education in New York and New Jersey, and came, to Burlington thirty years ago. Since that time he has continuously practiced in this city. Dr. Hiram Crandall was born at Royalton, Vt, December 4, 1804, was educated at Royalton Academy, studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin P. Smith and was graduated from the Woodstock Medical College in 1832. He took up his residence in Burlington in 1865. Dr. H. A. Crandall was born at Hartford, Vt, on the 6th of August, 1831, and received an academical education at the Kimball Union Academy of Mer- iden, N. H. He attended the medical college at Castleton, Vt., from which he was graduated in June, 1859. His-medical preceptors were Dr. Hiram Cran- dall, of Burlington, and Dr. A. Woodward, of Brandon, Vt He began to practice medicine and surgery in Burlington in 1865. Dr. W. B. Lund was born in Burlington on the 3d of April, 1841. He I For a detailed sketch of Dr. Walter Carpenter, see Biographical Sketches in the latter part of the volume. 502 History of Chittenden County. received a collegiate education at the University of Vermont, and graduated in medicine from the medical department of the University of Michigan. His medical preceptor in Burlington was Dr. H. H. Atwater. He established his practice in Burlington in 1865. Dr. A. P. Grinnell was born on the 26th of December, 1845, at Messena, St. Lawrence county, N. Y. He was graduated in medicine from the Bellevue Hospital in 1869, and first practiced in Ogdensburgh, N. Y. Twelve years ago he came to Burlington and has ever since been dean of the medical depart- ment of the University of Vermont, He is now professor of theory and practice in this institution and also in the Long Island Medical College at Brooklyn, N. Y. ; medical director of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York for Vermont and New Hampshire ; acting assistant surgeon of the United States Marine Hospital Service in the district of Vermont ; attending physician at the Mary Fletcher Hospital ; and president of the Board of Pen- sion Examiners for this district. Dr. J. E. Montmarquet was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1845, studied medicine with Dr. Dorsonns, of that city, and was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Montreal. He began to practice in Burling- ton in 1872. Dr. L. M. Bingham was born at Fletcher, Vt., on the loth of April, 1845, was educated at the Normal School, Johnson Academy at Stowe, and institute at Fairfax, and was graduated in medicine from the medical department of the University of Vermont in 1870. He has practiced in Burlington eleven years. Dr. A. J. Willard was born in Harvard, Mass., on the 19th of March, 1832. From 1853 to 1857 he studied theology at the Yale and Andover Sem- inaries, and from 1857 to 1865 preached at Upton, Mass. He then removed to BurHngton and preached at Essex Center and Essex Junction until 1870. He studied medicine at the University of Vermont and received the degree of M. D. in 1879. He has practiced medicine in Burlington since that time. He has been for some years chiefly occupied as superintendent of the Mary Fletcher Hospital. Dr. H. E. Colvin was born in Essex county, N. Y., on the 20th of March, 1854, and was educated at Keeseville, in that county. He was graduated from the Chicago Homoeopathic College March 30, 1880, having also studied with E. H. Pratt, A. M., M. D., professor of anatomy in that college, from 1877 to 1880. He began his practice in Burlington in November, 1880. Dr. Jo H. Linsley, born at Windsor. Vt., on the 29th of May, 1859, and educated at the BurHngton High School, was graduated from the medical de- partment of the University of Vermont in June, 1880, his preceptor being Dr. A. P. Grinnell. He first practiced in Burlington in 1881. Dr. John B. Wheeler was born at Stowe, Vt, in 1853. He was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1875, and in medicine at Harvard in 1879. He began practice in Burlington in 1881. Town and City of Burlington. 503 Dr. J. C. Rutherford was born in Derby, Vt., on the 29th of January, 1857, received a high-school education and was graduated in medicine from the proper department of the University of Vermont in June, 1882. He immedi- ately began to practice in this city. He acted as demonstrator of anatomy in the medical department one year, was appointed city physician in 1884 and again in 1885, was the first commander of Vermont Division, Sons of Vet- erans, was commissioned, June 30, 1884, assistant surgeon First Regiment National Guards. He was elected school commissioner from the fourth ward in 1885, and chosen captain of the Ethan Allen Engine Company in January, 1886. Dr. D. Carrieres was born at St. Scholastique, P. Q., in 1856, educated at St. Therese College, P. Q., and was graduated in medicine from the University ■of Quebec in 1880. He established his practice in Burlington in 1882. Dr. John M. Clarke was born at Concord, Vt, in September, 1847, and re- ceived his education in Massachusetts and Vermont, taking a regular course of study in the University of Vermont. He studied medicine with Dr. D. W- Hazelton, of Vermont, and began to practice in 1873. For nine years he was assistant physician at the Vermont State Asylum, and in October, 1882, opened the Lake View Retreat at Burlington as a private institution for the treatment of nervous and mental disease, and has continued it successfully ever since. Dr. H. C. Tinkham was born in Brownington, Orleans county, Vt., on the 7th of December, 1856, and received an academical education at Derby. He received the degree of M. D. from the medical department of the University of Vermont in June, 1883, his preceptor being Dr. Albert Richmond, of Roch- ester, Vt. He opened an office in Burlington in August, 1883. Dr. L. Hazen, born at Bridgton, Me., September, 1856, received his gen- eral education at the Hebron (Me.) Academy, and his medical education at the University of Vermont, from which he was graduated in 1883. He com- menced practice here in the fall of that year. Dr. William B. Gibson was born at Clarenceville, P. Q., on the 9th of August, 1856, was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1876, and from McGill University of Montreal in 1878. He opened an office in this city in 1885. Dr. Charles A. A. Bissonnette was born at St. Johns, P. Q., in 1853, was educated at St. Marie De Monnoir, P. Q., and admitted to practice on the 25th of June, 1885, his preceptor being Dr. Lakocque, of St. Johns. He began practicing in Burlington in August, 1885. Dr. D. C. Hawley was born on the 31st of October, 1855, at Fletcher, Vt., and was educated at the New Hampton Institute at Fairfax, and Barre Acad- emy at Barre, Vt. He also took an academical degree from the University of Vermont, in the class of 1878, and the degree of M. D. from the medical de- 504 History of Chittenden County. partment thereof in 1884. He studied medicine with Dr. C. F. Hawley, of Fairfax, Vt, and Dr. L. M. Bingham, of Burlington. His practice in Burling- ton began January i, 1885. Mrs. M. A. Campbell, corner of Union and Main streets, is a pioneer in the curative use of magnetism, manipulation, electricity, dietetics, out-of-door exercise, and all natural means of restoring and promoting health. She has practiced in Burlington for three years and a little more. Her theory is based on the conviction that all drug-produced action, or suspension of action, is a direct interference with organic law, to be expiated by suffering and often death. Present Dentists. — The oldest practitioner of this profession in the State is Dr. James Lewis, who has been in practice in Burlington for forty years. He has also received a degree of M. D. His son, D. C. F. Lewis, is his partner. William H. Waters, D. D. S., is a graduate from the Baltimore College of Den- tal Surgery, having received his degree in i860. He began to practice in Bur- lington in 1866. Dr. S. D. Hodge, who has been in the city since 1872, is a graduate from the dental department of the University of Maryland. Dr. S. S. Costellow, a graduate from the Philadelphia Dental College, came to Bur- lington in August, 1885. HOTELS. In the previous pages of this chapter the reader has already become familiar with the earlier hotels and taverns, the inn of Gideon King, of Chandonette, and of Harrington, on Water street; of Uncle John Howard and of Captain Henry Thomas, on the square, and the Green Mountain House of Eli Barnard, on upper Pearl street. The old Howard Hotel was sold b)' Sion E. Howard, who for a number of years was the real owner of the property, to Daniel Buck- ley, who rented it in 1844 to Artemas Prouty, still a resident of this city. On the 2d of January, 1846, this famous hostelry was destroyed by fire. Before that time the old Thomas Hotel was closed and converted into a mercantile block. About the time of the opening of the Rutland Railroad a little tavern that had stood for years on Water street was enlarged and named the Lake House. John Bradley, one of its proprietors, in common with a great many Burlington people, thought that Water street was always to be in the chief business part of the place, and had the Lake House elegantly fitted up for the reception of guests. One of the most prominent landlords of this house was Moses L. Plart, whose jurisdiction continued longer than that of any other. A Mr. Curtis followed him and was succeeded by Z. G. Clark. At two o'clock in the after- noon of Monday, November 8, 1869, the house was discovered to be on fire and, notwithstanding the zealous efforts of an efficient fire department, was to- tally destroyed. The property belonged to the Rutland Railroad Company, and was then leased to Mr. Clark. The house was valued at $20,000, and the furniture was insured for $10,000. Town and City of Burlington. 505 After the burning of the old Howard Hotel Lemuel S. Drew, the genial manager of the Van Ness House, then a young man who had had experience as clerk in the Howard Hotel, went to the American Hotel as clerk for the pro- prietor, W. J. Odell. This house had been substantially erected by Governor Van Ness, and was first used as a hotel by Royal H. Gould, soon after Lafay- ette's visit to Burlington in 1825. In April, 1852, Mr. Drew, who had been for a time in the house on the site of the Van Ness House, succeeded Mr. Odell in the proprietorship of the American, and remained there until July, 1865, when he retired to his present beautiful farm, and left the hotel to his successor, Charles Miller. In 1878, the house having passed through several hands and through unfortunate vicissitudes, Mr. Drew again took charge of it, and kept it until it was united in ownership with the Van Ness House in 1883. It originally consisted of only the northwest corner of the present building, but long before Mr. Drew's recollection was enlarged by the addition of the east and south wings. It is now open only from June i to October i every summer, and is kept in connection with the Van Ness House. It will be remembered that the site of the Van Ness was very early occu- pied by the musician, Harvey Milliken, and he erected the first building on the site that was used as a hotel. One of the early landlords of this old tavern, Franklin House it was called, was Riley Adams, who gave place to Mr. Drew about 1849. ^^r. Drew named it the Howard House, after the old hotel on the north side of the square, and was succeeded when he went to the American Hotel in 1852, by S. S. Skinner. Sidney Smith became proprietor after three years, and kept it until D. C. Barber purchased it. On the nth of June, 1867, at nine o'clock in the evening, a fire broke out in the barn of this house, and before it could be extinguished consumed the entire property, with a number of adjoining buildings. Mr. Barber's loss was supposed to be about $20,000 ; the house was insured for $8,000. The main portion of the present Van Ness House was erected by Mr. Barber in 1870, on the old site. O. B. Ferguson soon after became a partner with Mr. Barber, and the property passed from their hands to Mr. Woodbury, the present owner, in April, 1881. The west wing was added to the old building in 1882, at a cost of nearly $20,000. The American Hotel is leased of the Heineberg estate. Mr. Drew, as has been said, became the manager of this house in 1883. The present day clerk, H. N. Clark, began as night clerk for Mr. Barber fourteen years ago, and has remained in the house ever since. Rowe's Hotel is an old landmark, and was probably built before 1800, by Harvey Durkee. His widow kept the house long after his death and was suc- ceeded by her son, Harvey, jr. The present proprietor is Robert Nulty. THE HOME FOR DESTITUTE CHILDREN. This charity, like very many, was founded by the benevolent efforts of wo- man. Soon after the year i860 the need for an institution which should sup- 5o6 History of Chittenden County. ply the wants of destitute children began to be painfully manifest, and increased to such a degree that in the early summer of 1865, a plan was proposed which took definite shape on the 7th of the following September in the organization of an unincorporated association. The new association assumed the name now borne by its successor. The officers were Miss Lucia T. Wheeler, president ; Mrs. Laura Hickok, vice-president ; Mrs. Mary H. Phelps, secretary ; Mrs. Susan M. Edmunds, treasurer ; Mrs. Julia Loomis, Mrs. Harriet J. Shedd and Mrs. Eliza Smith, managers ; Mrs. Sophia Van Sicklin, Mrs. P. B. Roby, Mrs. Emma A. Davis, Mrs. Katharine A. Benedict, Miss Mary Torrey, Miss Ella Moody, assistant managers ; and Mrs. Sarah C. Cole, auditor. In the month of October, 1865, measures were adopted which culminated on the 1st day of November in the incorporation of the association by the Legislature, the seven first above-named ladies constituting the first board of directors and representing each of the Protestant denominations in Burlington. A small house was rented for the period of six months, a matron was procured, and the work began by the sheltering and partial education of seven little girls. The intention at the beginning was to care principally for homeless little girls of Chittenden county. But applications for assistance poured in with such vol- ume, and donations from the charitably disposed were so numerous and so generous that it was enlarged in its scope, and soon ofiered an asylum for the destitute children of both sexes throughout the State. In 1855 Congress had made an appropriation of $35,000 for the construc- tion of a marine hospital at Burlington. The site selected was two miles south of the village, on the west side of the Shelburne road, embracing ten acres, which cost the sum of $1,750. The building was completed in 1858, at a cost of $4,000 beyond the original appropriation, but was never devoted to the pur- poses of its construction, the civil war intervening and necessitating the use of the building as a military hospital. The Home for Destitute Children pur- chased this building on the i6th of July, 1866, and on taking possession on the 8th of the following October, found that there was room sufficient to accommo- date forty children. The new building was formally consecrated to the pur- poses of its purchase on the 26th of November, 1866. The annual subscrip- tions to the home for the first five years of its career amounted to $22,000, more tha» $18,000 of which was contributed by residents of Burlington. The institution now has a permanent fund of $69,588.97, besides the magnificent gift of John P. Howard, of the opera house and block that bears his name, from which the annual profits net more than $10,000. During the twelve months ending October i, 1885, ninety-seven children received the sheltering care of the home. The facilities of the institution are constantly growing, and the scope of its beneficence is ever widening. The result of the efforts of Miss Wheeler are therefore more than gratifying. The influence of an establish- ment like this that achieves success and becomes self-supporting, cannot be estimated. Town and City of Burlington. 507 The present officers of the home are as follows : President, Mrs. L. A. Tur- rill ; vice-president, Mrs. A. G. Spaulding ; treasurer, Mrs. A. G. Pierce ; sec- retary, Mrs. S. C. Cole ; assistant secretary. Miss Mary Roberts ; auditor of accounts, Mrs. M. F. Perkins. Board of managers : Mrs. A. G. Spaulding, Mrs. A. G. Pierce, Mrs. L. B. Lord, Mrs. C. B. Gray, Mrs. Willard Crane, Mrs. T. A. Hopkins, Miss Carrie Kingsland, Mrs. Albert E. Richardson, Mrs. G. W. Hindes, Miss Mary Roberts, Mrs. D. J. Foster, Mrs. S. C. Cole, Mrs. E. P. Gould, Mrs. J. M. Mathews. Honorary members of the board : Mrs. L. A. Hickok, Mrs. Julia H. Spear. Advisory committee : Mrs. L. A. Hickok, Miss M. C. Torrey, Henry Loomis, Hon. William G. Shaw, Edward Lyman. Trus- tees of the permanent fund : Charles F. Ward, Hon. William G. Shaw, C. P. Smith. County managers : Addison county, Mrs. U. D. Twitchell, Middle- bury; Bennington county. Miss S. E. Park, Bennington; Caledonia county, Mrs. E. A. Walker, St. Johnsbury ; Essex county, Mrs. C. E. Benton, Guild- hall ; Franklin county, Mrs. J. M. Saxe, St. Albans ; Grand Isle county, Mrs. O. G. Wheeler, South Hero ; Lamoille county, Mrs. O. W. Reynolds, Cam- bridge ; Orleans county, Mrs. W. F. Bowman, Newport ; Orange county, Mrs. J. W. Rowell, West Randolph ; Rutland county, Mrs. J. B. Hollister, Rutland ; Washington county, Mrs. Joseph Poland, Montpelier ; Windham county, Mrs. James M. Tyler, Brattleboro ; Windsor county, Mrs. Samuel E. Pingree, Hart- ford. FLETCHER FREE LIBRARY. This institution was founded on the 14th of July, 1873, by Mrs. Mary L. and Miss Mary M. Fletcher. In a communication addressed to the mayor and aldermen of the city they expressed their desire to " found a library in and for the city, to be called the Fletcher Free Library, on condition that the city provide a suitable library building and care for the same at the cost of the city." According to the articles of donation Mrs. and Miss Fletcher gave the city $10,000 to be expended in the purchase of books, and in addition $10,000, the income of which should be used for the continued increase of the library. In pursuance of further provisions of these articles the library is managed and controlled by five trustees : President, Matthew H. Buckham ; Rev. L. G. Ware, Hon. E. J. Phelps, Samuel Huntington, and the mayor, ex officio. The personnel of this board has remained the same to the present, except of course the mayor, who holds the position of trustee by virtue of his office. Such vacancies as shall occur are to be filled by the remaining trustees. The trus- tees of the library fund were Charles Russell, Henry Loomis, and Henry P. Hickok. The proposition of these benevolent ladies was received with the ready concurrence of the city authorities. The Board of Aldermen appointed the mayor, President of the Board Hatch, and Charles Russell to present suitable So8 History of Chittenden County. resolutions of acknowledgment for the gift, and to report a plan of action in furtherance of the object proposed. On the 3d of November, 1873, the com- mittee reported that the building then lately occupied as a court-house could be refitted for a library building until such time as a better place could be pro- vided. The report being accepted, the committee on public buildings w^ere in- structed to put the old court-house in condition to receive the library forth- with. The first invoice of books was received on the 31st of May, 1874. During the year ending January 15, 1875, $8,541.29 was expended for books exclusive of freight, binding, etc., and the library contained at that time about 7,200 volumes. The library received accessions from the Y. M. C. A. and the Green Mountain Lodge of Odd Fellows, both of which organizations gave their books to the library. The report of the librarian of 1877 for the preced- ing year stated that the generous founders had given $4,000 more to the insti- tution. Mrs. Fletcher died during the summer of 1876. In 1877 the cat- alogue, which had involved in its compilation great care and labor, was com- pleted and published. In the latter part of 1884 the library was closed for a time, but reopened on the 19th of January, 1885, with Miss Sarah C. Hagar as librarian, and Miss Lizzie R. Moore, assistant. T. P. W. Rogers was libra- rian from 1874 to 1885. In that year the building was fully repaired and im- proved. The reports from the start have shown an encouraging decrease in the reading by attendants at the library of works of fiction, and an increase in the percentage of more profitable reading. There are now catalogued about 16,316 volumes in the library, besides 700 government publications not cat- alogued, and duplicates, which make the total number not less than 20,000 volumes. The institution has demonstrated to the people of Burlington its great value as an educating element. internal improvements.! Under the title of internal improvements brief reference may be made to the highways, parks and cemeteries of the county, and to such societies and laws as exist for the purpose of beautifying the face of nature and of facilitating intercourse between the people of different sections. All the towns in the county, save Burlington, being of limited population and distinctly agricultural in character, there is not much material for comment under the head above suggested, excepting in the "Queen City" itself How- ever it may be said, in general, that the country roads are well worked and easy of travel, although the highways in eastern towns often run over the hills where the early settlers established their homes for fear of the chills and fever which haunted the low grounds of Vermont when it was a new country. r.- An act of the Legislature passed in 1882, and modified in 1884, author- izes towns to purchase road machines out of the amount allowed by law for 1 Furnished by Robert Roberts. Town and City of Burlington. 509 highway purposes. This law has resulted to the advantage of the traveling public, although the advantage is perhaps offset by the official carelessness naturally resulting from the repeal of the law making towns responsible for ac- cidents due to defects in the highway. "An act to encourage the planting of shade trees upon public squares and highways," passed by the Legislature of 1884, might be expected to make leafy lanes of our country roads in the course of time. It contains the follow- ing provisions: "A town may direct the treasurer to pay to the selectmen a sum not exceeding one per cent, of its grand list of the preceding year, to be expended by them in premiums or in any other manner that they may deem most effectual to encourage the planting of shade trees upon the public squares, parks or highways, by the owners of adjoining real estate." The proclama- tion of "Arbor Day" as a holiday for the setting out of shade trees has been responded to by the planting of a large number of thrifty trees by the chil- dren. Future generations will rise up and called blessed the name of the gov- ernor of the State who created the holiday. Sometimes, however, an antag- onistic and utilitarian spirit finds expression in the act of some land owner who cuts down an ancient elm by the wayside which shades his meadow and de- minishes, by a rake full, his hay crop. Such a man, however, is certain to be scolded without mercy by the good women of the village, who are the natural custodians of all matters within the realm of the sentiments. Not all of the towns and settlements of the county lie upon the railroad, but all are connected with stage and mail lines which run daily, with one or two exceptions, substantially as follows: Hinesburg to Burlington by St. George; Burlington to Grand Isle by Winooski, Colchester, West Milton, and South Hero; East Georgia to Westford by Fairfax, etc. The highways of Burlington are, generally speaking, in fair condition. There has been a constant improvement from year to year in the condition of the streets, and, although the individual direction of the street department has not always been animated by a sense of beauty so much as by the religion of the spirit-level, square and compass, and has not been aware that straight lines were made for man and not man for stright lines, yet, on the whole, the streets and sidewalks of the city are handsome, as well as safe and easy of travel. If the roads look- ing over the sandy plains surrounding the city north and east were treated with gravel or macadam it would be economy for the farmer drawing heavy loads, and would make the summer drives of Burlington among the most beau- tiful in the world. Of the public parks of Burlington it may be said that the City Hall Square is useful, and that the College and Battery Parks are growing to be very beautiful. The City Hall Park, formerly known as the Court-House Square, consists of two and a half acres of land, bounded by College, Church, Main and St. Paul streets. This tract was surveyed and mapped out by the original 33 Sio History of Chittenden County. proprietors of the town of Burlington, with other tracts of corresponding size, but was never divided into lots, nor in severalty, nor set to any particular pro- prietor's right, under the charter of 1763. As early as 1794 this square seems to have been practically devoted to public use, and was occupied as a public common. In 1795 a court-house was built upon it for the use of the county, by direction of the selectmen of the town, and in 1796 a county jail was built by like direction. This court-house was placed near the center of the square, near it standing the traditional pine tree — the whipping-post of that virtuous age. The jail was near the northeast corner of the square, on the ground afterward occupied by part of Thomas's Hotel, now Strong's building. On the 2Sthof June, 1798, the proprietors, in proprietors' meeting, formally dedicated this square to public use by a vote, as follows: " Voted, That the block containing two acres and one-half of land whereon the court-house and gaol are built, in said Burlington, shall be and is hereby set off for the use of the public for the erecting of all necessary county and town buildings for public use." About this time Lyman King, at the request of the selectmen of the town, and for the purpose of officiating as jailer, and also of keeping a tavern, erected a tavern-house adjoining the jail. This tavern-house constituted the present north part of Strong's building. It has since been added to on the south and east. The proceedings connected with the construction of the jail upon the site of the present "lock-up" are set forth in a previous chapter. Lyman King, after considerable difficulty, and under the protection of an act of the Legislature passed November 7, 1808, obtained from the selectmen of Burhngton a lease to himself, his heirs and assigns, "during time," of a parcel ninety- five feet by eighty-nine feet, including the site of Strong's building. This title of King passed by deed to Henry Thomas June 24th, 1823, and from Thomas to Tim- othy F. and William L. Strong January 23, 1839. In 1848 Strong conveyed to Huntington & Randall thirty-seven feet of the same on College street, be- ing the part now occupied by S. Huntington's store. In 1820 the selectmen began to lease parcels on the east side of the square, which were extended in territory by private encroachment, as it is claimed, un- til proceedings in ejectment were brought by Dr. John Pomeroy, owner 'of a proprietor's right thereon, which resulted, in January, 183 1, in a decision of the Supreme Court establishing the points that the Court-House Square was con- clusively dedicated by the original proprietors to public use ; that the town had no authority to lease any part of it; that for a private encroachment upon it, ejectment would lie in behalf of an original proprietor, who might re- cover to hold subject to the public use; that an action on the case would lie, as for nuisance, in behalf of a contiguous owner who might be injured by such encroachment ; and that an indictment for nuisance would also lie. This decision has already engendered considerable litigation. Town and City of Burlington. 511 Thus the limits of City Hall Park have been somewhat encroached upon, but there is room enough left for fine elms to grow, a fountain to play, and for considerable congregations of people to disport themselves during band concerts, military and firemen's parades, and all public ceremonies. The College Park, of many acres, beautifully crowns the hill. Not very much is done for it artificially, but the trees are of good growth and are pret- tily grouped. A fountain plays and the bronze statue of Lafayette, a gem of art, gives distinction to the college frontage. The existence of Battery Park is chiefly due to Frederick W. Smith, of Burlington. The land was owned by Smith & Wilkins and Allen & Haswell. They agreed to convey the land, about nine acres, in consideration of Water (now Battery) street being cut through and extended, and of North avenue being stopped up, or rather made to conform to the corner of the park. There were, of course, the usual petitions and remonstrances ; but finally, by deed dated April 17, 1840, the park was created. Mr. Smith has set out all the shade trees, having raised sixty dollars only, by subscription, for the purpose. The fence was paid for with the proceeds of fairs and bazaars organized by the ladies, under the lead of Mrs. Smith. The promenade on the lake front is the original embankment thrown up by our troops during the War of 181 2, to de- fend against bombardment by the enemy's fleet on the lake. CEMETERIES. The date of the first interments in the town cannot now be ascertained, though it is known that Green Mount Cemetery, located on Colchester avenue, was first used soon after the settlement of the town, and consisted of two acres until 1869, when it was extended to ten. In addition to this the city now has four others, aggregating fifty-six acres, devoted to this purpose. Lake View is the largest, covering thirty acres ; Green Mount comes next with ten ; Mount St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) has eight ; Elmwood Avenue five, and Calvary (French Roman Catholic) three, completing the fifty-six acres. Elmwood Avenue Cemetery was the next established, occupying school lot number 113, and first used at the beginning of the present century. At the March meeting, in 1812, a committee, consisting of John Johnson, Charles Adams and John Eldridge, was appointed " to lay out and ascertain the grave- yards in the town." At a meeting held April 19, 1813, this committee re- ported a plan for laying out what is now called the Eldridge and Elmwood Avenue Cemeteries, but stated that the interments in the burying-ground at the falls, now known as Green Mount Cemetery, were too irregular and crowded to allow it to be divided into lots and avenues. At an adjourned meeting held on the 24th of the same month, the committee, on request, re- ported a series of rules " for the regulation of the burying-ground north of the village," now known as Elmwood Avenue Cemetery. These were formally SI2 History of Chittenden County. adopted, and George Robinson, Charles Adams and John Johnson were ap- pointed a special committee to have the entire control, under the rules, of the ground. For a long series of years no continuous record of interments was kept, and it is therefore impossible to ascertain the aggregate number ; and for a like reason the figures for Mount St. Joseph's cannot begin. In the period extending from i860 to September i, 1881, there were 1,598 inter- ments in the cemetery last named; in Calvary Cemetery, from 1878 to the same date, 173 ; and in Lake View, from 1868 to the same date, 847. Green Mount Cemetery, however, retains the respect and honor due to age, and attracts hundreds of visitors each year, not particularly on account of its beauty, though a beautiful spot it is, and not to obtain a glance at the magnif- icent view it affords, but to gaze upon a magnificent monument, which marks the spot where rest the remains of one of Vermont's greatest patriots and heroes, Ethan Allen. The monument to Ethan Allen was erected by the State of Vermont, by authority of an act of the Legislature, passed in 1855, which appropriated $2,000 for that purpose, which by contributions, etc., was in- creased to $2,700, the total cost of the monument, though it was not completed until 1873, the exercises attending its unveiling occurring July 4 of that year. It is of Barre granite, the base of the pedestal being eight feet square on the ground, and consists of two steps of granite, on which rests a die of solid granite six feet square, in the four faces of which are set panels of white marble bearing the inscriptions. Above the pedestal rises a Tuscan shaft of granite, four and a half feet in diameter and forty-two feet high. Upon its capital, on a base bearing the word " Ticonderoga," stands a heroic statue of Allen, eight feet four inches high, modeled by Peter Stephenson, sculptor, of Boston, now deceased, and cut in Italy, intending to represent Allen as he appeared on that eventful moment when he demanded the surrender of the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." The monument is pro- tected by a fence of original design, the corner posts of which are iron cannon, and the pales are muskets, with bayonets, resting on a base of cut granite. The inscriptions are as follows : — {On the West face.) " VERMONT TO ETHAN ALLEN BORN IN Litchfield Ct ioth Tan A D 1757 DIED ^ IN BuRLINGTfiN \'t I2TH FEB A D 1 789 AND BURIED NEAR THE SITE OF THIS MONUMENT." {On the Xorth face.) " The Leader of the Green Mountain Boys in the surprise and capiure of TU'ONDEKOGA WHICH \\V. DEMANDED IN THE NAME OF THE Grkai' jKH0\'An AND THE Continental Congress." Town and City of Burlington. 513 ( On the East face. ) "Taken Prisoner in a daring attack on Montreal AND transported TO ENGLAND HE DISARMED THE PURPOSE OF HIS ENEMY BY THE RESPECT WHICH HE INSPIRED FOR THE REBELLION AND THE REBEL." {On the South face.) " Wielding the pen as well as the sword, he was the Sagacious and intrepid DEFENDER OF THE New Hampshire Grants, and Master Spirit IN the arduous struggle which resulted in the Sovereignty and Independence OF this State." EDUCATIONAL. The matter appearing under this head was prepared by Professor John E. Goodrich, of the University of Vermont, for the chapter on educational insti- tutions, which was written by him, but unfortunately came to the editor too late to be printed with it, and is therefore inserted in this place. September 15, 1872, Louis Pollens opened a day and boarding-school for young ladies in the northernmost of the buildings erected by Bishop Hopkins. The training here furnished was of a high order, and embraced a wide range of topics. The school continued but a few years, Mr. Pollens being invited to a professorship in Dartmouth College. Since 1883 Miss Lillie H. Cram, a graduate of the University of Vermont, has" conducted at 262 Pearl street an excellent school for girls and young ladies, at which candidates for the college course can pursue their preparatory studies. From 1879 to 1883 the same school, on a somewhat smaller scale, held its sessions in the old Foote place at the head of Pearl street. In April, 1882, Mrs. J. H. Baird, who had previously gained a high repu- tation as a teacher in the city schools, established a private school for boys and girls, which has been well sustained by the patronage of such as prefer not to send their children to the public schools. This school gathers in the Opera House building. A commercial school, or " college," has been maintained for many years for special instruction in penmanship, book-keeping, telegraphy, etc. It was founded by Gilbert Smith. Mr. J. S. Chamberlain was at its head for several years. The school has sometimes had assistant instructors from the univer- sity, and at times has had a good degree of prosperity. Summer College of Languages. — Since 1884 a Summer College of Lan- guages has been maintained in Burlington during six weeks of the ordinary summer vacation. Dr. Lambert Sauveur had conducted a similar school in Amherst, Mass., for several years ; but the school having outgrown its accom- 514 History of Chittenden County. modations there, was transferred to Burlington and the buildings of the uni- versity. Instruction is given by what is known as the " natural " method in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek and Latin. In 1885 Anglo-Saxon, Sanskrit, Hebrew, modern Greek and comparative grammar were added. The school affords a very happy means of combining work and play, study and recreation. Two or three hours are usually given by the pupils to the lectures and conversation classes, and the rest of the day to the usual employ- ments of the summer visitor. Instructors in the modern languages find the summer school a very pleasant means of training both ear and tongue, and of gaining stimulus and suggestions for another ten months of class-room labor. The students here have been of all ages, from six to sixty, and the numbers have been four to five hundred. The excellent opportunities here offered for agreeable recreation on land and water, and for excursions by boat and rail — as to the Ausable Chasm, Mount Mansfield, Mallet's Bay, Ticonderoga, and the islands — give to Burlington a special adaptation to the requirements of the summer school. The college buildings are occupied by instructors and pupils, and the Episcopal Institute at Rock Point is treated principally as a sort of " annex " for the time being, a large omnibus conveying pupils to and fro. As a retreat which would combine a Httle study with relaxation, the wild- ness of nature and a good measure of isolation, with the advantages of a near neighborhood to the appliances of modern civilization, Rock Point cannot easily be excelled It is no wonder that the jaded denizen of the town should resort to it as a welcome refuge from the heats of the dog-days. It should be added that the rooms of St. Joseph's (Catholic) College, on the College Park, are also offered for the accommodation of the patrons. In 1886 Dr. Sauveur removed again, this time to Oswego, N. Y., and Pro- fessor Leo A. Stager, of St. Louis, Mo., took charge of the school, with an excellent faculty of seven instructors. The languages taught this year are the five which are most in request : German, French, Italian, Greek, and Latin. The Chittenden County Teachers Association should have a brief memorial here, even if it be somewhat of the nature of a tombstone. It was organized in October, 1847, at Jericho Center, at the suggestion of Mr. Zalmar Richards, who had just closed a two weeks' institute at that place. This institute was held by the request of the teachers of the county, who, one year before, had attended a similiar series of lectures and recitations, conducted by the same gentleman at Essex Center. These institutes were attended b\' over sixty teachers, and were among the means devised by Governor Eaton, then ex- officio State superintendent of schools, to stimulate an interest in public educa- tion and raise the standard of instruction. The Rev. Francis B. Wheeler, the county superintendent of schools, was chosen president of the association.' Its first meeting was held in the bar-room of the hotel at Williston, in January, 1847. They had advertised the meeting, but no preparation whatever had Town and City of Burlington. 515 been made for them. As a further indication of the general apathy then ex- isting in regard to the " people's college," it should be added, that they were required, in some cases, to pay for the insertion in the county papers of a brief report of their doings! They met twice a year in the different towns of the county. June 12, 185 I, they convened at Winooski, President Worthington Smith, and Tutor John A. Jameson, of the university, sharing in the discus- sions. Their affairs were managed by an executive committee of five, and some valuable work was done in the way of visitation and reports upon the condition of the schools. With the next meeting in Burlington, however, the secretary, Mr. A. E. Leavenworth, removing from the county, the association entered upon a period of suspended animation, which continued for five years. In 1857 Principal Leavenworth, then of Hinesburg, took means to revive the slumbering association, being assisted in his laudable endeavors by Revs. J. H. Worcester and C. E. Ferrin, and Professor M. H. Buckham. A conven- tion of teachers was called to meet at Shelburne, and the association was re- organized with the Rev. Mr. Worcester for president. From that time semi- annual meetings were held in the different villages in the county for fifteen years and more. The Rev. Mr. Worcester was at the head of the association for two years ; Professor Calvin Pease, two years; Rev. E. C. Ferrin, two years; Principal J. S. Cilley, four years ; and Principal A. E. Leavenworth, two years. Principal Louis Pollens was president in 1870, but the succession from that year cannot be given, in the absence of the records. Principal J. D. Bartley presided at the last meeting (held in Underbill about 1879), and Principal S. W. Landon, then of St. Albans, was chosen to succeed him. For some twenty years the association continued to be a vigorous and active body, with an in- fluence which reached beyond the county boundaries. Its meetings were characterized by enthusiasm on the part of the teachers who conducted them, and by a large measure of interest awakened in the communities in which the gatherings were held. And they were both profitable and enjoy- able, not to the participants only, but to the towns which entertained them. The causes of the decline of the association are to be sought in the adoption by Burlington of the town system, with the teachers' class and training-school and frequent teachers meetings, which were a part of the new scheme ; in the teachers' institutes, held once or twice a year within the county by the State superintendent ; and especially in the union by-and-by effected with the asso- ciation of FrankHn and Grand Isle counties at the suggestion of that body. Since the formation of Northwestern Vermont Teachers' Association fewer meetings have been held than before, and less zeal shown. The enthusiasm which sufficed for one county was perceptibly cooled when it came to be spread over three counties, and the sense of responsibility for its maintenance and management was too much divided and distributed. In fact it came to be more like a feeble sub- section of the State Association than an indepen- Si6 History of Chittenden County. dent local organization. The last meeting was held in Underhill, at Dixon's, some seven years ago. Whether the present dormancy of the association is to result in a perpetual sleep is now quite uncertain. Possibly there is now no occasion for its resuscitation. But possibly, too, there is a slackening of zeal and public spirit on the part of the little army of school ma'ams and school masters in these three northwestern counties. The amount and quality of work done by the association may be indicated by a rapid sketch of two or three of the meetings. These meetings lasted two days, usually Friday and Saturday. In May, 1859, about .seventy-five teachers gathered at Essex, where addresses were given by the Rev. H. P. Cutting, of Castleton, and the Rev. W. A. Miller, of Burlington, and essays were presented by Principal Ed- ward Conant, of Royalton, and Principal S. L. Bates, of Underhill. In the following December they had a profitable session at Underhill, as may be in- ferred from the names of some of the participants : Principals Conant (then of Burlington), C. A. Castle, J. S. Cilley, A. E. Leavenworth, the Rev. J. H. Worcester, the Rev. Dr. Simeon Parmelee, and State Superintendent J. S. Adams, the last of whom was especially effective as an awakener of enthusiasm, not less than as a revealer and denouncer of defects and abuses. The next May they met in Charlotte, with the Rev. C. E. Ferren, of Hinesburg, a staunch and intelligent friend and promoter of popular education, in the chair. Pro- fessor S. W. Boardman, of Middlebury College, gave the opening address. Fifty-one '• practical " teachers were present. January 4, 186 1, the association convened in Richmcnd with an attendance of actual teachers of eighty ; ad- dresses by J. S. Adams, Principal Leavenworth, of West Brattleboro, and Professor N. G. Clark, of the University of Vermont; discussions animated and generally participated in. June 7th they met in Winooski, and so the record continues for many years. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. The First Congregational Church (Unitarian).— ^&\\'g\o\x'i privileges in Bur- lington at the beginning of the present centur)- were seldom enjoyed ; now and then of a Sunday a printed sermon was read to the people, who were al- ways present in good numbers. About this time it was understood that the Rev. Daniel C. Sanders had closed his labors at Vergennes, and immediately David Russell and Dr. John Pomeroy rode to that city and engaged him to come to Burlington and preach, holding themselves responsible for his salary. Mr. Sanders came and officiated regularly in the court-house, there being no church ; but, being soon elected first president of the University of Vermont, he was obliged to abandon his pastoral work. His first sermon in the town was on the death of General Washington, from the text " His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated." — Deut. 34:7. From the town records it appears that on the Sth of June, 1805, more than Town and City of Burlington. 517 seven freeholders of Burlington sent in a petition to George Robinson, town clerk, to warn a meeting for the purpose of forming a society for social and public worship, agreeably to the statute passed on the 26th of October, 1797, entitled, " an act for the support of the gospel." This petition was signed by William C. Harrington, Lyman King, Ozias Buell, Arza Crane, Elnathan Keyes, Moses Catlin, David Russell, James Sawyer, Samuel Hickok, John Pomeroy and Horace Loomis. In pursuance of this warning the people of all religious opinions met and voted unanimously to form themselves into a soci- ety by the name of " The First Society for Social and Public Worship in the Town of Burlington." In 1807 Dr. Samuel Williams, of Rutland, a graduate of Harvard College, came to Burlington to superintend the publication of his History of Vermont, and while in town preached in the court-house and stopped with Dr. Pomeroy's family. On the 20th of March, 1809, at the an- nual town meeting, it was voted that a committee of five be chosen to decide upon a site for a church building, and Daniel Farrand, Stephen Pearl, Moses Robinson and Davis Russell were constituted that committee. They met and reported " that they had taken the subject into consideration, and agreed to recommend to the town a piece of ground lying on the south side of the new road, called College street, leading from the front of the college to the court house square, and east of the road called Middle street [now Willard street] leading south from Pearl street to the turnpike road [now Main street] for said purposes." The report was accepted and a building committee appointed ; when doc- trinal dissensions arose, bringing about a separation which resulted, in January, 1 8 10, in the forming of /a large majority of the male inhabitants of the town into a society by the name of "The First Congregational Society in the Town of Burlington." A call was given to Samuel Clark, of Massachusetts, to be- come their minister. On the 19th of April, 18 10, the Liberal Christians met in the old wooden court-house for the ordination of Mr. Clark. The sermon upon this occasion was delivered by the Rev. William Emerson, father of Ralph Waldo Emer- son ; his subject was " Posthumous beneficence." Mr. Clark's salary was $550 a year. He served the society twelve years, resigning in 1822. He died May 2, 1827. During his pastorate in 18 16, the present commodious house of worship, situated at the head of Church street, on Pearl street, was erected. It cost $S3,ooo, and remains but httle changed to-day. The dedicatory ser- mon was preached on the 9th of January, 18 17, by the Rev. John Pierce, D. D., of Brookline, Mass. George Goldthwaite Ingersoll, a graduate of Harvard College, had for two years before Mr. Clark's death occupied the desk ; and on the 30th of May, 1822, he was ordained the second minister of the society. The sermon was preached by the Rev. President Kirkland of the University of Cambridge, 5i8 History of Chittenden County. Mass. Dr. Ingersoll remained for twenty-two years with the society, beloved by all, and was succeeded by the Rev. O. W. B. Peabody, who was ordained August 4, 1845. The sermon was preached by the Rev. W. B. O. Peabody, of Springfield, Mass. Mr. Peabody was taken from his people by death on the 5th of July, 1848. His successor was the Rev. Solon Wanton Bush, a gradu- ate of Brown University, who was ordained on the i6th of May, 1849; the Rev. E. B. Hall, D. D., of Providence. R. I., preaching the ordination sermon- On the 1 6th of December, 1862, the Rev. Joshua Young, a graduate of Bow- doin College, was ordained minister, the ordination sermon being preached by the Rev. E. S. Gannett, D. D., of Boston, Mass. The Rev. L. G. Ware, the present minister, was installed on the 4th of November, 1863, the sermon being preached by the Rev. C. A. Bartol, D. D., of Boston, Mass. The society is to-day large and prosperous, containing, as it always has contained, numbers of the most respected and substantial citizens of Burlington. The Sabbath- school was instituted by Dr. Ingersoll in 1828. The officers of the society are the Rev. L. G. Ware, minister; H. G. Davis, clerk ; Edward Barlow, treasurer ; Elihu B. Taft, superintendent of the Sabbath-school ; E. C. Mower, J. M. Clarke and F. H. Parker, prudential committee. The First Church. — About the years 1795 and 1796 Rev. Chauncey Lee preached a considerable part of the time in Burhngton, and Rev. Daniel C. Sanders a considerable part from 1798 to 1807. February 21, 1805, fourteen persons — Alexander Catlin, Abigail Catlin, Lucinda Catlin, Ozias Buell, Abi- gail Buell, Daniel .Coit, Amelia Tuttle, Daniel C. Sanders, Nancy Sanders, Eb- enezer Lyman, Anna Lyman, Clarissa Lyman, Sarah Atwater and Miriam Wetmore, all having been in other places members of churches, met at the house of Moses CatHn, esq., and adopted articles of faith and a covenant pre- pared by Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, president of the University of Vermont. Upon the following Sunday, February 23, 1805, the articles and covenant were read and assented to, when the associated members above mentioned were de- clared by President Sanders " to be a regular church of the Lord Jesus Christ, established in Burlington." June 15, 1805, the inhabitants of Burhngton, in town meeting assembled, organized the first society for social and public worship, which society extended a call to preach to Rev. Sidney Willard, in 1806, and to Rev. Willard Preston — afterwards president of the University of Vermont — in 1808 ; but both calls were declined. About 1809 two parties appeared in the community, the Hberal and the Calvinistic; President Sanders favoring the former, and several of the constitu- ent members of the society, who came from Connecticut, favoring the latter. Each of these parties procured a candidate for the pastorate, and this led to the dissolution of the first society for social and public worship, and the formation of two new societies, the one first formed taking the name of the " First Con- gregational Society in Burlington," the other of the " First Calvanistic Congre- gational Society in Burlington." Town and City of Burlington. 519 April 10, 1 8 ID, Mr. Daniel Haskell was settled over the First Calvinistic Congregational Society, and April 19, 18 10, Mr. Samuel Clark over the First Congregational Society. Rev. Mr. Haskell's congregation worshiped in the court-house and college chapel till December 12, 18 12, at which time they ■dedicated the first church structure in town. This church was built of wood, located near the site of the present chapel, facing north, was large for its time, and stood for twenty-seven years. It was destroyed by an incendiary fire. Sunday, June 23, 1839. The erection of a new church, the present one, was immediately begun, which was dedicated April 14, 1842 ; it is of brick, with an hexastyle Ionic portico in front ; the cupola is from the Choragic monument of Lysicrates. Its dimensions are 92 x 61 feet ; its seating capacity about 600 ; it was designed by Mr. Henry Searl, of Burlington, and cost $20,000. Since this the society has built upon its grounds a chapel or lecture-room containing also the church parlors, at a cost of $9,000, and a pleasant parsonage, at a cost of $5,200. Two colonies have gone out from the church. Twenty-three per- sons were dismissed in October, 1836, to organize the Congregational Church at Winooski, Vt, and forty- five persons were dismissed in November, 1864, and formed in the city the Third Congregational Church. The following is the list of pastors who have served the society : Rev. Daniel Haskell, ordained April 10, 1 8 10, dismissed to be president of the university June 23, 1822; Rev. Willard Preston, D.D., installed August 23, 1822, dismissed to be presi- dent of the university July 9, 1825; Rev. Reuben Smith, installed May 4, 1826, dismissed May 5, 1831 ; Rev. John Kendrick Converse, ordained Aug- ust I, 1832, dismissed October 7, 1842 ; Rev. John Hopkins Worcester, D.D., installed March 10, 1847, dismissed January 7, 1855 ; Rev. C. Spencer Marsh, ordained November 6, 1856, dismissed February 8, i860; Rev. Eldridge Mix, D.D., installed September 4, 1862, dismissed September i, 1867; Rev. Edward H. Griffin, D.D., ordained February 6, 1868, dismissed August 12, 1872 ; Rev. Lewis O. Brastow, D.D., installed November 4, 1873 ; Rev. Edward Hawes, D.D., installed April 15, 1885. The membership of the church is 393. The membership of the Sabbath-school is 275. The following are the officers of the church : Rev. Edward Hawes, D.D., pastor ; Augustus Kimball, Burnham Seaver, Edwin L. Ripley, James Peck, deacons. The pastor and deacons, the superintendent of the Sabbath-school, Rev. Henry A. P. Torrey, and Micah N. Stone, standing committee. Micah N. Stone, clerk ; Edwin L. Ripley, treasurer ; James Peck, auditor ; Edward P. Shaw, superintendent of the Sab- bath-school. The First Methodist Episcopal Church. — In 1798 Joseph Mitchell and the well-known Lorenzo Dow traveled and preached in Western Vermont. In 1799 the Vergennes circuit was formed, embracing this whole district. In 1808 we find the circuits changing from time to time, that Burlington belonged to the Charlotte circuit. In 18 15, about three miles east of the city, at the S20 History of Chittenden County. house of Mr. Henry Noble, which was a preaching place for itinerants, a Meth- odist class was formed and Mr. Ebenezer Stewart appointed leader. The offi- ciating preacher upon this occasion was Rev. Nicholas White, who rode the Charlotte circuit. It was probably in 1817 that the first Methodist class in the place was formed, consisting of nine members, with Abijah Warner, leader. Rev. J. Mc- Daniel, of the St. Albans circuit, presided at the formation of this society, Burlington at this time belonging to the St. Albans circuit. Rev. Noah Lev- ings, in after life connected with the American Bible Society, was appointed to- Burlington in 1823. He was with the Burlington Methodists two years ; his successors to the present time are as follows: Robert Travis, 1825; Joshua Poor, 1826-7; V. Kempton and H. Chase, 1828; C. P. Clark, 1829-30; Eli- jah Crane, 1831; Elijah Crane and A. M. Osborn, 1832; M. Bates, 1833; James Caughey, 1834; R. M. Little, 1835-6; John Pegg, 1837; James Caughey, 1838; John Haslam, 1839; S. D, Brown, 1840-41 ; B. O. Meeker, 1842; T. W. Pearson, 1 843-4; William Ford, 1845 ; H. G. Starks, 1846-7; E. B. Hub- bard, 1848; L. James, 1849-50; Thomas Dodgson, 185 1-2; C. F. Burdick,. 1853-4; B. O. Meeker, 1855-6; William A. Miller, 1857-8; L. D. Stebbins, 1859; A. Witherspoon, 1860-61 ; H. Warner, 1862-3 ; L. P. Walker, 1864; H. K. Cobb, ,1865 ; Isaac McAnn, 1866-7 ; D. W. Dayton, 1868-9; D- W. Gates, 1870-71 ; Henry Graham, 1872-3 ; W. J. Heath, 1874-5-6; Thomas A. Griffins, 1877-8-9; Merritt Hulburd, 1 880-1-2 ; M. D. Jump, 1883-4-5. The first quarterly conference in Burlington was held September 20, 1823,. Rev. Buel Gordan, presiding elder. Rev. Noah Levings, preacher in charge. At this time Dr. E. D. Harmon and J. W. Weaver were elected stewards. The report of the fourth quarterly conference for 1823 shows that the amount collected that year was $190.79, of which the presiding elder received $15.33. At the third quarterly conference for the year 1 832-3, held in Burlington Feb- ruary 16, 1833, Rev. S. D. Ferguson, presiding elder. Rev. A. M. Osborn,. preacher, V. P. Coon, Charles Haynes, A. Truman, Ambrose Atwater, and J. L. Forbes were elected stewards ; and at this date we may consider the Meth- odist Church of Burlington permanently organized. During the year 1832 steps were taken to build a church, Mr. John W. Southmade loaning the society $400 with which to procure a site. Subscrip- tions were taken, and soon a contract was made for the erection of a church 60x40, bricked on the outside. The walls were put up and the structure roofed over in the summer of 1832. While the house was building in 1833 the society held services at the old red school- house on Maiden Lane, now North Union street. In 1834 rough seats were put into the rough building, the pas- tor. Rev. A. M. Osborn, constructing the desk himself Before the year closed the pews were built and the church finished inside ; its seating capacity was 400. The building though practically completed, wanted " the glory of a spire." Town and City of Burlington. 521 Towards erecting one Rev. James Caughey, a local preacher and afterwards pastor, gave $400, and it was completed in 1836. During the pastorate of Rev. C. F. Burdick a great revival occurred, and the church became of a sudden too small for the worshipers. In 1855 a col- ony of twenty-seven members and forty-nine probationers went out from the First to form the Second Methodist Church. July 2, 1855, the second church was organized as follows: Stewards, Amasa Drew, James Lewis, Samuel Hunting- ton, George T. Stowell, H. W. Smith, William Mead, H. Vickery, B. Seaver, W. C. Drew, S. Huntington, J. Edmunds. In nine months from its organization this body built a brick church on Pine street which it occupied thirteen years. The pastors who presided over the Pine Street Church were Revs. L. Marshall, William R. Brown, Daniel B. McKenzie, Charles H. Richmond, V. M. Simonds, William R. Puffer, A. S. Cooper, McKendree Petty, and J. W. Edgerton. The conference of 1867 sent only one preacher to Burlington, Rev. Isaac McAnn ; under his labors the two Methodist Churches united and began the building of the present beautiful house of worship, in the Romanesque style on Winooski avenue, which was finished in 1869. Bishop Ames preached the dedicatory discourse April 19, 1870. The church cost over $57,000, and seats 700. The society has at present 496 members and property to the amount of more than $66,000. The Sabbath- school numbers 407. The present officers of the church are: Pastor, Rev. Homer Eaton, D.D. ; stewards, O. J. Walker, Ira Rus- sell, S. Beach, Byron S. Jones, Lester Brayton, I. A. Goodhue, L. M. Bingham, M. D., O. P. Ray, esq., G. W. Whitney, William Weaver, L. B. Lord, D. A. Brodie, H. A. Ray ; leaders are Samuel Huntington, A. H. Cobb, A. A. Drew, W. H. Lang, A. S. Wright, A. E. Jones, Charles W. Drew, and Henry Dean ; the Sunday-school superintendent is L. B. Lord ; the collector, G. W. Whit- ney ; the treasurer is S. Beach ; the secretary, Lester Brayton. The First Baptist Church. — The First Baptist Church in Vermont was or- ganized in Shaftsbury in 1768. The First Baptist Society in Burlington was formed January 5, 1830, when the Burlington branch of the Williston Baptist Church was organized with a membership of six — four women and two men. This society had no meeting-house and no minister, preaching only half of the time, and that half by a lay member of the church of Williston named Hill. For more than three years after Mr. Hill closed his labors the little flock was without a pastor. In January, 1834, they found a preacher in Rev. Mr. Norris. The society prospered so well under his charge the summer of that year that in the fall it was resolved to become independent of the mother church. A council convened for this purpose, and September 26, 1834, the First Baptist Church of Burlington was organized. The constituent members were as follows: Rev. Mr. Norris, pastor; Mrs. Norris, Charles Benns, Isabella Benns, E. Bartlett, Benjamin D. Hinman, Abigail Hinman, George Wells, Lucy Wainwright and Silva Proctor. At the end of the year Rev. Mr. Norris closed his labors with the church. S22 History of Chittenden County. - During the year 1835 the desk was supplied by Rev. C. Ingraham and Rev. Mr. Bryant. In June, 1836, Rev. John H. Walden became pastor, only to resign in the following September. Not until June, 1839, did the church find another pastor, when Rev. Hiram D. Hodge came to preach. During a stay of only nine months he saw the church double her membership. Rev. Mr. Burbank finished the year. In August, 1840, Rev. Hiram Stafford, of Keeseville, N. Y., was chosen pastor. Up to this time the church had worshiped on Colchester avenue in a chapel built by Mr. Charles Benns — one of the first members — and rented to the church at a nominal price. In 1842 a lot was purchased on the south- west corner of Church and Main streets, and a house of worship commenced. Before it was completed the people were bereft of their pastor, who died July 28, 1844. In January, 1845, Rev. H. I. Parker was called to the church. The church structure was speedily finished and dedicated April 3, 1845 ! at the dedication Rev. Mr. Parker was installed pastor. He remained with the church till November, 1852. In March, 1853, Rev. Leonard Tracy became pastor, but resigned, owing to continuous illness in his family, in February, 1855. He was succeeded by Rev. H. H. Burrington. Ill health compelled Rev. Mr. Burrington to resign after a stay of two years. In January, 1858, Rev. N. P- Foster, M. D., accepted the pastorate. During his first year great interest was manifested, thirty- five being baptized. He remained with the church eight years, during which time the present church edifice was erected on St. Paul street, at a cost of $32,550. The new church was dedicated December 15, 1864. In June, 1866, Mr. Foster resigned. From February, 1867, to August, 1881, Rev. Monson A. Wilcox was pastor. In 1868 the church dedicated a mission chapel on Water street. Previous to 1870 there were two separate organiza- tions : one the First Baptist Church, a religious body, the other the First Bap- tist Society, a secular body. July 28, 1870, articles of association were sub- scribed to in accordance with the general statutes by both bodies, and the church incorporated under the laws of Vermont. In the same year the church edifice was extended one-half of its dimensions, securing a seating capacity of 730 in the auditorium and 600 in the vestry, at a cost of $23,000. This ele- gant structure was re-dedicated January I, 187 1. In 1873 a chapel costing $6,400 was built by the church, at the northern extremity of Elmwood avenue. Rev. F. J. Parry, the present pastor, was settled in January, 1882. During his pastorate the church has been remodeled at an expense of some $6,000. and a fine parsonage erected, costing between four and five thousand dollars. The officers of the church at present are as follows : Pastor, Rev. F J Parry • deacons, E. A. Fuller, Lawrence Barnes, Samuel Bigwood and J. W. Johnson ' clerk, Arthur Crane ; finance committee, Willard Crane, George Wright Dr' H. A. Crandall, George Davis and Lawrence Barnes ; treasurer, George C Peterson ; Sunday-school superintendent, Samuel Bigwood. The membership of the church and Sunday-school are each over 400. Town and City of Burlington. 523 Protestant Episcopal Church. — Rev. Samuel Peters, LL. D., known com- monly as Bishop Peters, says that he was the first clergyman to visit " Verd Mont," as he calls it. It was in October, 1768, that the bishop traveled through the settlements, preaching where he could, and baptizing in eight weeks nearly 1,200 adults and children. In 1802 there were eighty or ninety communicants in the State. In 181 1 the church entered upon a period of great prosperity. In 1826 a church paper was established at Middlebury. December 13, 183 1, a Protestant Episcopal Church was organized at Burling- ton, by the name of St. Paul's Church. The corporators were Hon. Heman Allen, Timothy Follett, Andrew Thompson, Justus Burdick, Phineas Atwater, Luman Foote, Chauncey Goodrich, T. Hockley. Mr. Hockley was at this time elected treasurer and Mr. Atwater collector. Rev. George F. Chapman, D. D., was chosen rector of the parish May i, 1831, and commenced his duties June 2, 1 83 1. At this date the parish numbered twenty families and seven- teen communicants, but so rapid was its growth that May 22, 1832, at the an- nual convention in Middlebury the rector reported eighty families, eighty com- municants, forty-eight baptisms and fourteen confirmations. In the fall of 183 1 the erection of a church was begun and pushed rapidly forward. In the fall of 1832 Dr. Chapman resigned the rectorship to make way for the Rt. Rev. John H. Hopkins, D. D., who had been elected bishop of the diocese, and was also to be rector of the parish. The bishop, upon his arriving in Burlington, consecrated the new church and confirmed nine persons, Novem- ber 25, 1832. The church, located on St. Paul street, is of blue hmestone, in the Gothic style, 84 x 48 feet, with a tower seventy-five feet high, projecting in front. The cost of the structure and bell was $8,000. In 1857 it was repaired and enlarged by adding a recessed chancel, side galleries and stained glass windows, at an expense of $7,000, the bishop drawing and executing the plans. August 23, 1858, Rev. David Hillhouse Buel assumed the rectorship, the parish at that time containing over lOO families and nearly 200 communicants. Rev. Mr. Buel remained rector till 1866 ; Bishop Hopkins then acted in that capacity till 1868, when Rev. Edwin R. Atwill took the rectorship and was with the parish till 1882. From 1882 to 1885 Rev. WilHam C. Dawson was rector. The present rector. Rev. J. Isham Bliss, D. D., began his duties at Easter, 1885. In 1867 the church structure was increased in size nearly one- half its dimensions, at an expense of about $20,000. It will now accommo- date eight hundred or nine hundred persons. St. Paul's parish has been royally favored in the munificence of one of her members, the late John P. Howard, who in 1 881 erected and presented to the church a stone chapel costing $10,000, and in 1884 a beautiful rectory at an expense of $10,000 more. The church buildings and grounds at present are valued at about $85,000. The officers of the church are as follows : Rev. J. Isham Bliss, D. D., rec- 5 24 History of Chittenden County. tor ; Henry C. Hutchins, assistant minister ; vestrymen, Henry Wells, D. W. Robinson, L. G. B. Cannon, G. L. Linsley, H. H. Ross, W. H. Waters, W. S. Webb, Elias Lyman ; treasurer and collector, H. S. Ward ; secretary, Elias Lyman; Sunday-school superintendent, the rector; assistant Sunday-school superintendent, W. H. S. Whitcomb. The church numbers 225 families, 875 individuals and 430 communicants. The Sunday-school numbers 175. The Third Congregational Church. — The Third Congregational Church of Burlington grew out of the conviction that all the necessities of Congregation- alism in the city could not be met by a single church. At the house of Mrs. E. W. Buell, July 21, i860, the Third Congregational Society was organized and public services commenced in the court-house, Rev. Joseph Torrey, D. D., of Burlington, presiding, assisted by Rev. Simeon Parmelee, D. D., of Under- bill, Vt. The original members of the church were fifty- two, forty-five of which were a colony from the First Church of Burlington. G. W. Benedict, H. P. Hickok and B. W. Smith were elected deacons of the new church. The first pastor, Rev. George B. Safford, was installed December 26, i860, through a council of which Rev. G. W. Blogden, D. D., of Boston, was moderator, and Rev. G. E. Sanborn, of Georgia, Vt., scribe. The installation services were conducted in the First Church. Rev. Mr. Safford remained pastor over twen- ty-one years, being dismissed August 8, 1882. At the annual meeting of the Chittenden County Conference of Congregational Churches June 11, 1861, the church was admitted to membership. Preparations for building a house of worship began in the spring of 1863. The congregation continued to meet in the court-house till the basement of the new church was finished, where public services were first held January 15, 1865. On February 27, 1866, the struct- ure was dedicated. Rev. E. N. Kirk, D. D., of Boston, preaching the dedica- tory discourse. The church, located at the corner of Union and College streets, is an elegant edifice, in the collegiate Gothic style. It cost $50,000 and will seat 650 persons. In 1867 the society erected a convenient parson- age, valued at $7,000, on a lot given for that purpose by Mrs. Maria B. Hun- gerford. A bell and clock were placed in the church tower in 1878. En- deavoring to secure active operation from all its members, the church main- tains that women, as well as men, shall be deacons ; and that the superintend- ent of the Sabbath-school shall be elected at the annual meeting of the church. The officers of the church at present are Rev. Charles F. Carter, pastor ; deacons, Henry P. Hickok, George H. Perkins, Mrs. Mary J. Perkins, Mrs. Evelina D. Benedict, Miss Helen C. Converse, Henry O. Wheeler ; clerk and treasurer, George Grenville Benedict ; Sunday-school superintendent, George H. Perkins ; finance committee, Edward Lyman, Torrey E. Wales, E. B. Whiting. Rev. Charles F. Carter was installed February 9, 1886. From the dismissal of Dr. Safford to the installation of Rev. Mr. Carter the church was without a settled pastor. The membership of the church is 175 and of the Sabbath-school 120. Town and City of Burlington. 525 The Berean Baptist Church. — The Berean Baptist Church was organized June 9, 1884. Its twenty-one constituent members were a colony from the First Baptist Church of Burlington. At first their meetings were held in private houses, but in June, 1884, having secured the services of Rev. E. P. Gould, of Newton, Mass., they began to hold public meetings in the Good Templars' Hall. Here they continued till March 29, 1885, when by invitation of the Third Congregational Church they began worshiping with them. Rev. Mr. Gould preaching to the united congregations. February 16, 1885, they purchased a lot of land on the corner of Pearl street and Winooski avenue, and April 13 they began the erection of a church. October 18, 1885, they met with the Third Congregational Church for the last time, and October 25 the church held its first services in the new building. It was dedicated November 20 following. Rev. C. B. Crane, D.D., of Concord, N. H., preaching the dedicatory sermon. The church was incorporated under the laws of Vermont December 29, 1884. The present number of members is thirty-eight. The officers of the church are Rev. E. P. Gould, pastor; deacons. Prof V. G. Barbour, J. Matthews, George Towle ; clerk, Albert H. Rutter ; Dr. S. D. Hodge, Sunday-school superintendent ; treasurer, George Towle. The first officers of the church were the same as the above, with the exception that Mr. W. L. Richardson was treasurer. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES OF CHITTENDEN COUNTY.! The first organization of the Catholic Church of Burlington and of Chitten- den county took place in 1830, when Rev. Jeremiah O'Callaghan, a native of the county Cork, and a priest of the Diocese of Cloyne, Ireland, was sent by Bishop Fenwick, of Boston, to this place, Vermont at the time forming part of the Diocese of Boston. There were some French Canadian and Irish fam- ilies in Burlington and the surrounding villages of the county of Chittenden who were probably visited by priests from Canada and other places, but before 1830 they had no resident priest. The same year Colonel Hyde deeded to the Bishop of Boston the land which is now used as a cemetery, and which with other lands since purchased is known as Mt. St. Joseph's Cemetery. Rev. Mr. O'Callaghan commenced the erection of a church on this property in 1832, for which he collected money in other parts of the county and in Canada. The building stood a little northeast of the present gateway of the cemetery on Archibald street. This building was destroyed, by incendiaries it is believed, in 1838. It was attended by all the Catholics not only of Burlington, but of the surrounding country, both Irish and French Canadians, who formed the bulk of, if not the entire Catholic population. Rev. P'ather O'Callaghan was assisted at different times by the following clergymen: Rev. Messrs. Petithomme, 1 Prepared by the Rt. Rev. Louis De Goesbriand, bishop of the Diocese of Burlington, and very- Rev. Thomas Lynch, V. G. 34 526 History of Chittenden County. O'Byrne and Anse. After the burning of the church the CathoHcs assembled for divine services in the basement of the court-house. In 1841 Father O'Cal- laghan commenced another church, which was afterwards enlarged, and which, with some more additions, is now known as St. Mary's Hall. At this time the French Canadians under the direction of Father Anse built another church on the hill near the place where the first church stood, and the Catholics, French and Irish, had services at different times. In 1850 St. Joseph's Church was commenced, near the cemetery. It was intended to accommodate the French Canadians of Burlington and Winooski and of the surrounding country. This church is still used, though much too small for the congregation, and far from the body of the people who attend it. A large substantial stone building is at this time receiving the finishing touches of mechanics and artists, and will in a very short time be ready to accommodate the large number of worshipers who anxiously await its completion. This church is located on Allen street. The old St. Joseph's was commenced by Rev. Joseph Quevillon, who had the direction of the congregation until Octobers, 1854. Since then the congre- gation has been under the care of the Oblate Fathers M. I., the Rt. Rev. Bishop who took charge of it for a short time. Rev. H. Cardinal and the present pastor, Rev. Jerome M. Cloarec, who is now assisted by Rev. Francis Yvenec. A new church was erected at Winooski Falls for the French Canadians, and now St. Joseph's Church was in the very edge, if we may so express it, of the people who attended it. Besides, the people began to increase in the city, so that the church was entirely unsuited for their accommodation. The present pastor purchased the lot on Allen street, and after commencing work had the corner- stone of the new St. Joseph's blessed and placed in position July 4, 1884. This is the church which in a very short time will be occupied by its people, and give that accommodation which is so much needed. Rev. Jeremiah O'Callaghan continued to attend the congregation of St. Mary's, and, besides, the French Canadians in the absence of a resident French priest, up to the time that St. Joseph's Church was commenced, or even until 1853. At this time the Diocese of Burlington was created. This diocese comprises the State of Vermont. Rt. Rev. Louis De Goesbriand was appointed its first bishop. The Diocese of Burlington was erected July 29, 1853 ; the bishop was consecrated October 30, of the same year, and arrived in Burlington on the Sth of November following, and took possession of St. Mary's Church as his cathedral. He also took charge of the congregation and was assisted at various times by Rev. Thomas Riordan, who arrived in Burlington March 13, 1854; Very Rev. James Conlon, V. G., of Cleveland, Ohio, who acted as administra- tor of the new diocese during the absence of the bishop, who went to Europe to provide priests for his extensive but poor diocese ; Rev. Thomas Lynch, who arrived from Ireland October 3, 1855, and remained until November i[ 1859, having been appointed vicar-general December 23, 1858; Rev. James Town and City of Burlington. 527 Quinn, who was ordained priest in St. Mary's Cathedral January i, 1859, and remained until August 30, i860; Rev. Joseph M. Duglue, who came August 30, i860, and remained until November 26, 1862 ; and Rev. Jerome M. Cloa- rec, who came September 16, 1861, and remained until October 12, 1869. With the above-named priests the following labored at different times : Revs. George W. Caissey, D. Ryan, P. Cunningham, P. O. Carroll, M. McCauley, John Galligan and Thomas Halpin. On the 1 2th of October, 1869, Very Rev. Thomas Lynch, V. G., returned to Burlington from West Rutland, as rector of the cathedral. He has been assisted since then at different times by Revs. Henry Lane, W. Murphy, E. R. Maloney, William J. O'Sullivan and P. Barrett. Rev. J. M. Coathuel also lived and is now in this city, and did some work, but acted principally as secretary of the bishop. The Cathedral and St. Patrick's Chapel. — The first load of stone was drawn for St. Patrick's Chapel on May i, 1862. The corner-stone of the same build- ing was blessed and laid 14th of the same month. Mass was said on that day by Very Rev. Thomas Lynch, V. G., and the sermon was preached by Dr. Ca- hill, an eminent Irish priest who was then on a visit to this country. The cor- ner-stone of the cathedral was laid September 15, 1863. Mass was sung in the open air, and the altar placed on the spot where the high altar now stands. The mass was sung by Rev. Charles Larocque, of St. Johns, Canada, who af- terwards was appointed bishop of St. Hyacinthe. The sermon was preached by Bishop Laughlin, of Brooklyn, and a few words in French were said by Bishop Brouget, of Montreal. Mass was said in the new building for the first time May 26, 1867, and it was solemnly consecrated by the Rt. Rev. Bishop on December 8 of the same year. The sermon was preached by the Most Rev. Dr. McCIosky, archbishop of New York, to which province Burlington then be- longed. Bishops Roppe, of Cleveland, Larocque, of St. Hyacinthe, Canada, Conroy, of Albany, Laughlin, of Brooklyn, McFarland, of Hartford, who preached a sermon in the evening, and Williams, of Boston, were present, to- gether with all the priests of the diocese, and many priests from the neighboring dioceses. The present fine residence of the bishop was commenced in April, 1884, and occupied in November, 1885. The Sisters of Providence.— I^z bishop seeing the necessity of protecting the Catholic orphans of the diocese, applied to the Sisters of Providence of Montreal, Canada, to come and establish an orphan asylum. They came and took possession of the house at the corner of Pearl and Prospect streets. This building, which was a tavern known as the Pearl Street House, was purchased by the bishop and occupied by the sisters about May i, 1854. Since that time they have received into their asylum and cared for more than twenty-five hundred children, boys and girls. They also took charge of the school of the Catholic parish. The building occupied by them in the beginning was never 528 History of Chittenden County. well suited for the purpose, and in order to provide better accommodation they purchased the land on which their spacious and substantial building now stands. The corner-stone of this building was laid July 4, 1879, and the building was occupied by the sisters and orphans December 10, 1883. Schools of St. Joseph's Church. — On the 28th of October, 1863, the ladies who now teach these schools arrived from Cleveland, Ohio, and commenced their work immediately. After a few years another school was commenced by the same ladies on Allen street, the place being more central, as the schools of St. Joseph's were far from many of the children. These schools are opposite the new St. Joseph's Church. The Sisters of Mercy. — These sisters arrived in Burlington from Manches- ter, N. H., September 13, 1874, and immediately took charge of the cathe- dral schools. Since then these schools have been well attended. Until St. Patrick's Convent was built for their reception, the sisters lived in St. Mary's Hall. After taking possession of their new convent they opened an academy and boarding-school, the former of which is still continued in the same build- ing, while the latter has been transferred to the new building on Mansfield ave- nue. This building became necessary as the numbers of sisters and board- ers increased; rendering their convent on St. Paul street altogether too small. Their new convent was built in 1885 and first occupied in February, 1886; even at the present writing it is evident that an addition must be erected, as their growing numbers require still more accommodation. This school must become very popular, as the location cannot be excelled, the grounds are spacious, and the purity of the atmosphere is in marked contrast with that of the lower por- tions of this city, which is not at all noted for its unwholesome atmosphere. St Joseph's College. — This college was opened for the reception of boys and young men in September, 1884, under the direction of Rev. D. J. O'SuI- livan. Its object is to afford the young men of the diocese an opportunity of obtaining a superior business and classical education. Though only two years in existence it has been remarkably successful. The attendance during the year just closed (July, 1886) has been one hundred and ten. French Canadian Church of St. Francis Xavier, Winooski Falls. — Up to March, 1868, the CathoHc Canadians of Winooski were united with those of the city of Burlington, using for a place of worship the old Church of St. Jo- seph, and being attended by the pastor of the same church. At this time the bishop of the diocese, having obtained the services of Rev. J. F. Audet, of St. Hyacinthe, and the Canadians having become very numerous in Winooski, they were formed into a separate congregation and Father Audet, the present pastor (1886), was appointed to be their pastor. They at once hired a large hall in Winooski block, and used it as a temporary church. The church build- ing which they now occupy was dedicated on December 17, 1870, it having been built on a large lot of ground bought, by the reverend pastor, of Francis Town and City of Burlington. 529 Le Clair. To Rev. Father Audet is also due the erection of the pastoral resi- dence, of the two handsome spires which adorn the church, and also the pur- chase of an organ, of a fine altar, and of a chime of three bells. The erection of the Convent of the Sisters of Providence is further due to him. These sis- ters visit the sick of the parish and teach 330 children. They are helped by- two ladies. There are about 400 families belonging to this congregation, of which 300 live in the village. Church of St. Stephen, Winooski Falls. — The English speaking portion of the Catholics of Winooski Falls attended divine service at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Burlington, until the fall of 1870, when Very Rev. Thomas Lynch commenced saying mass in a hall in the village. Shortly after, the lot of land on which the church now stands was purchased. The church was commenced in the spring of 1871. The corner-stone was laid July 30 of the same year, and the church was dedicated to divine service July 28, 1872. The congregation was attended from the cathedral, Burlington, until 1882, when Rev. John J. Micaud was appointed its first resident pastor, in which relation he continued until the fall of 1885. During his pastorate he erected the present parochial residence and purchased some land adjoining the church property. In January, 1886, the present pastor. Rev. Edward R. Malo- ney, took charge. Church of St. Thomas, Underhill. — The church edifice of St. Thomas, in Underbill Center, was built in the summer of 1856. The Catholics were thought to number at that time about 120 families. They were attended from Bur- hngton until 1865, when they were placed under the care of Rev. P. O'CarroU, of Richmond. He it was who put an addition of twenty feet on the church in 1866, and in 1872 bought a house and lot in the rear of the church. In 1872 he was succeeded by Rev. Peter Savoie, the first resident pastor, who pur- chased the large grave-yard west of the church. The present pastor of this congregation is Rev. John Galligan, who has also charge of Hyde Park. The congregation of St. Thomas, of Underhill, numbers 225 families, nearly all farm- ers, (April, 1886). The Church in Richmond. — Until 1858 the Catholics of Richmond were attended from the cathedral at Burlington. There were at that time in the town and surroundings about seventy families. The church edifice was built in 1858, and dedicated on October 3 of the same year. Their first resident pastor was Rev. James Quinn, who built the pastoral residence. He was^ suc- ceeded by Rev. Patrick O'Carroll in 1865, who was at the same time'appointed to the charge of the Underhill congregation. He enlarged the Richmond church building by an addition of twenty feet in 1866, and renovated its inte- rior and purchased land for its cemetery in 1868. The Catholic population of Richmond and adjacent towns in 1865 were probably about eighty families. Rev. Father O'Carroll was transferred to Fair Haven, Vt, in October, 1872, 530 History of Chittenden County. and was succeeded by Rev. John Galligan, to whom is due the building of the tower and purchase of the bell. Rev. Fr. Clavier had charge of this congregation for many years, and died in France on September 4, 1884. The present pastor is Rev. Andrew Barrow, a native of Burlington, who has recently purchased for the congregation a large lot adjoining the church prop- erty, as it will probably be necessary to erect a more spacious church edifice. There are 175 families belonging to the congregation of Richmond at the pres- ent date, (April, 1886). The Church at Milton Falls} — The blessing of the corner-stone of the Catholic Church at Milton Falls took place on June 5, 1859. On the 3d of November of the same year the congregation was given in charge of Rev. F. Picart, who attended it from Richmond. The first resident pastor was Rev. M. Pigeon, who finished the church and built the house at the rear of it. He was succeeded as pastor by Father Landry in 1869. I^ the year 1875 a bury- ing- ground was purchased by the congregation and consecrated June 13 of that year by the Right Reverend Bishop of Burlington. Rev. H. Cardinal succeeded Father Landry, but in May, 1878, went to his home in Brittany, France, where he died. Rev. Father Yvinec was appointed his successor in October of that year, and remained pastor until December, 1881, when he was removed to Fairfield. The next in order was Rev. C. Prevost, who remained until 1883, when owing to ill health he removed to New Bedford, Mass. In 1884 Rev. Father Yvinec was reappointed pastor at Milton, where he remained until January 22, 1885, when he was transferred to Burlington. Since that time the church has been and is yet attended from Burlington, Rev. J. M. Coathuel officiating regularly twice a month. There are about 130 Catholic families in this congregation. The following list of officers of the city was furnished by the present city clerk, T. C. Pease : 1865. — Mayor, A. L. Catlin ; aldermen, north ward, Lawrence Barnes, N. B. Flanagan ; center ward; Calvin Blodgett, O. A. Dodge ; south ward, Giles S. Appleton, Russell S. Taft ; clerk, J. R. Hickok ; common council, north ward, J. H. Worcester, Henry Loomis, J. A. Arthur ; center ward, Wallace H. Brink, E. W. Peck, P. S. Peake ; south ward, Geo. W. Beckwith, O. J. Walker, P. D. Ballou ; treasurer, C. W. Woodhouse ; attorney, W. G. Shaw ; recorder, David Read ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1866.— Mayor, Albert L. Catlin ; aldermen, north ward, Lawrence Barnes, Levi Underwood ; center ward, Calvin Blodgett, O. A. Dodge; south ward, G. S. Appleton, Russell S. Taft ; clerk, J. R. Hickok; common council, north ward, J. H.Worcester, Henry Loomis, J. A.Arthur; center ward, Salmon Wires, Charles Miller, W. H. Brink ; south ward, George W. Beckwith. O. J. Walker, P. D. Ballou ; treasurer, C. W. Woodhouse ; attorney, Wm. G. Shaw ; recorder, David Read ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1 Furnished by Rev. John M. Coathuel, Town and City of Burlington. 531 1867.^ — Mayor, Torrey E. Wales ; aldermen, north ward, John H. Worces- ter, Lawrence Barnes, John A. Arthur ; center ward, Calvin Blodgett, O. A. Dodge, Edward W. Peck ; south ward, G. S. Appleton, Russell S. Taft, P. D. Ballou ; clerk, J. R. Hickok ; treasurer, C. W. Woodhouse ; attorney, L. B. Englesby ; recorder, David Read ; chief of police, N. B. Flanagan. 1 868. — Mayor, Torrey E. Wales ; aldermen, north ward, John A. Arthur, Lawrence Barnes, Samuel Huntington ; center ward, Calvin Blodgett, Omri A. Dodge, Edward W. Peck ; south ward, Giles S. Appleton, Russell S. Taft, P. D. Ballou ; clerk, J. R. Hickok ; treasurer, Charles W. Woodhouse ; judge, Wm. G. Shaw ; attorney, E. R. Hard ; recorder,^ W. H. Hoyt ; chief of police, N. B. Flanagan. 1869. — Mayor, Phineas D. Ballou; aldermen, north ward, Lawrence Barnes, Samuel Huntington, George S. Bostwick ; center ward, Charles F. Ward, Ed- ward W. Peck, Calvin Blodgett ; south ward, Russell S. Taft, Wm. G. Shaw,^ F. M. Van Sicklen,-! Giles S. Appleton ; clerk, Wm. H. Root ;5 judge, Wm. G. Shaw ; attorney, Daniel Roberts ; treasurer, H. H. DooHttle ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1870. — Mayor, Phineas D. Ballou; aldermen, north ward, Samuel Hunt- ington, George H. Bostwick, Torrey E. Wales ; center ward, Edward W. Peck, Calvin Blodgett, Charles F. Ward ; south ward, F. M. Van Sicklen, Giles S. Appleton, Paul T. Sweet; clerk, Wm. H. Root; judge, Wm. G. Shaw; attor- ney, E. R. Hard ; treasurer, H. H. Doolittle ; chief of police, N. B. Flanagan. 1870-71. — Mayor, Daniel C. Linsley,^ Torrey E. Wales ■,'^ aldermen, north ward, George H. Bostwick, Torrey E. Wales, William W. Henry ; center ward, Calvin Blodgett, Jo D. Hatch, Joel H. Gates ; south ward, Giles S. Appleton, Paul T. Sweet, Elmore Johnson; clerk, William H. Root; judge, W. G. Shaw; attorney, E. R. Hard ; treasurer, H. H. Doolittle ; chief of police, N. B. Flan- agan. 1871-72. — Mayor, Luther C.Dodge; aldermen, north ward, Horatio N. Drury, William W. Henry, Heman R. Wing \^ center ward, Jo D. Hatch, Joel H. Gates, James A. Shedd ; south ward, Paul T. Sweet, Elmore Johnson, Giles S. Appleton ; clerk, William H. Root; judge, W. G. Shaw; attorney, E. R. Hard ; treasurer, H. H. Doolittle ; chief of police, N. B. Flanagan. 1872-73. — Mayor, Luther C. Dodge; aldermen, north ward, William W. Henry, Heman R. Wing, Alonzo W. Allen ; center ward, Joel H. Gates, Jas. 1 By an amendment to the city cLarter approved November 9, 1865, the common council was abol- ished, and the city government from March, 1867, established in the mayor and board of aldermen. 2 Office of recorder discontinued by amendment of charter November 19, 1868. 'Resigned. * Elected to fill vacancy. 5 Elected in April. 6 Resigned October 6, 1870. 1 Acting mayor and president board of aldermen. 8 Resigned October, 1871. 532 History of Chittenden County. A. Shedd, Jo D. Hatch ; south ward, Elmore Johnson, G. S. Appleton, Calvin H. Blodgett ; clerk, William H. Root ; judge, William G. Shaw ; attorney, Russell S. Taft ; treasurer, H. H. Doolittle ; chief of police, N. B. Flanagan. 1873-74. — Mayor, Luther C.Dodge; aldermen, ward one, Jo D. Hatch J Sherman B. Rickerson ; ward two, Alonzo W. Allen, Alphonse Gravel ; ward three, H. R. Wing, Robert C. Rowe ; ward four, James A. Shedd, Charles W. Lippitt ; ward five, G. S. Appleton, Calvin H. Blodgett ; clerk, William H. Root ; judge, Carolus Noyes ; attorney, Russell S. Taft ; treasurer, G. D. Wel- ler ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1874-75. — Mayor, Calvin H. Blodgett; aldermen, ward one, Jo D. Hatch, Orville Sinclair ; ward two, Torrey E. Wales, Samuel Huntington ; ward three, H. R. Wing, Edward O'Neil ; ward four, Charles W. Lippitt, Daniel Murray; ward five, B. B. Smalley, E. M. Sutton ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller; judge, M. R. Tyler; attorney, R. H. Start; chief of poHce, L. A. Drew. 1875-76. — Mayor, Calvin H. Blodgett ; aldermen, ward one, Jo D. Hatch, Orville Sinclair ; ward two, Walter S. Vincent, Edward H. Trick ; ward three, H. R. Wing, Edward O'Neil ; ward four, C. W. Lippitt, Edward Wells ; ward five, B. B. Smalley, Elliot M. Sutton ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, M. R. Tyler ; attorney, L. L. Lawrence ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1876-77 and '77-78.— Mayor, Jo. D. Hatch; aldermen, ward one, Orville Sinclair, George A. Rumsey ; ward two, W. S. Vincent, A. G. Whittemore ; ward three, Edward O'Neil, H. R. Wing ; ward four, Charles W. Lippitt, Sol- omon Walker ; ward five, E. R. Hard, Archibald Taylor ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, M. R. Tyler ; attorney, L. L. Law- rence ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1878-79. — Mayor, Jo D. Hatch; aldermen, ward one, George A. Rum- sey, Charles E. Allen ; ward two, W. S. Vincent, A. G. Whittemore ; ward three, H. W. Harrington, one-half term, succeeded by Oliver Verran, H. R. Wing ; ward four, Joseph Chauvin, W. H. Brink ; ward five, A. Taylor, A. E. Richardson ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; attorney, M. R. Tyler ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1879-80.— Mayor, Jo D. Hatch; aldermen, ward one, George A. Rum- sey, Charles E. Allen ; ward two, George C. Briggs, A. G. Whittemore ; ward three, Oliver Verran, H. R. Wing ; ward four, George H. Morse, W. H- Brink; ward five, A.Taylor. A. E. Richardson; clerk, William H. Root.; treasurer, G. D. Weller; judge, Seneca Haselton; attorney, M. R. Tyler; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1880-81.— Mayor, Jo D. Hatch; aldermen, ward one, George A. Rum- sey, Charles E. Allen ; ward two, George C. Briggs, U. A. Woodbury ; ward three, Oliver Verran, E. J. McCarty ; ward four, George H. Morse, W. H. Town and City of Burlington. 533 Brink; ward five, A. Taylor, A. E. Richardson; clerk, William H. Root; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; attorney, Daniel Roberts ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1881-82. — Mayor, Jo D. Hatch ; aldermen, ward one.'Charles E. Allen, H. E. Sibley ; ward two, U. A. Woodbury, George C. Briggs ; ward three, C. J. Alger, H. N. Drury ; ward four, W. H. Brink, George H. Morse ; ward five, A. E. Richardson, A. Taylor ; clerk, W. H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; attorney, Henry Ballard ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1882-83. — Mayor, Jo D. Hatch; aldermen, ward one, Elihu B. Taft, H. Eugene Sibley ; ward two, U. A. Woodbury, George C. Briggs ; ward three, C. J. Alger, H. N. Drury ; ward four, W. H. Brink, Albert S. Drew ; ward five, A. E. Richardson, A. Taylor ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; attorney, Henry Ballard ; chief of police, L. A. Drew. 1883-84. — Mayor, George H. Morse; aldermen, ward one, Elihu B. Taft, H. Eugene Sibley ; ward two, U. A. Woodbury, H. S. Peck ; ward three, C. J. Alger, H. N. Drury ; ward four, W. H. Brink, A. S. Drew ; ward five, A. E. Richardson, A. Taylor ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; attorney, Torrey E. Wales ; chief of police, Joseph Barton. 1884-85. — Mayor, George H. Morse; aldermen, ward one, H.Eugene Sibley, E. B. Taft ; ward two, Hamilton S. Peck, Joel H. Holton ; ward three, H. N. Drury, Charles J. Alger ; ward four, A. S. Drew, Hiram Walker ; ward five, A. Taylor, J. W. Goodell ; clerk, William H. Root ; treasurer, G. D. Weller ; attorney, T. E. Wales ; judge, Seneca Haselton ; chief of police, Joseph Barton. 1885-86. — Mayor, Urban A.Woodbury; aldermen, ward one, EHhu B. Taft, Samuel S. Watson ; ward two, Joel H. Holton, Edward J. Booth ; ward three, Charles J. Alger, John W. Kelly ; ward four, Hiram Walker, Albert G. Pierce; ward five, J. W. Goodell, H. K. Weaver; clerk, T. C. Pease; attor-^ ney, W. L. Burnap ; treasurer, Greene D. Weller ; judge, Seneca Haselton ;" chief of police, E. S. Adsit. 1886-87. — Mayor, Urban A. Woodbury ; aldermen, ward one, Leverett B. Englesby, Samuel S. Watson ; ward two, Edward J. Booth, W. B. McKil- lip ; ward three, John W. Kelly, Thomas Cook ; ward four, Albert G. Pierce, Eli J^. Johnson ; ward five, H. K. Weaver, E. M. Sutton ; clerk, T. C. Pease ; treasurer, G D. Weller ; attorney, W. S. Burnap ; judge, W. H. Hare ; chief of police, E. S. Adsit. 534 History of Chittenden County. CHAPTER XIX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CHARLOTTE. THE town of Charlotte, lying in the southwestern part of the county, is bounded north by Shelburne, east by Hinesburg, south by Ferrisburgh in Addison County, and west by Lake Champlain. The charter was granted on the 24th of June, 1762, by Benning Wentworth, the royal governor of New Hampshire, to the following proprietors : Benjamin Ferris, Jonathan Aiken, Benjamin Ferris, jr., Josiah Akin, Daniel Wing, Lot Tripp, David Akin, jr., Tim Dakin, John Cromwell, John Hoag Meriti, John Hoag the 2d, John Wing, Reed Ferris, Zebulon Ferris, Wing Kelley, Nehemiah Merrit, Abraham Thomas, Anthony Tripp, Elias Palmer, David Palmer, Samuel Coe, George Soule, Elijah Doty, Peter Palmer, Josiah Bull, Josiah Bull, jr., John Hitchcock, John Brown- son, Jona. Dow, Enoch Hoag, Steward Southgate, Nathaniel Porter, jr., Jede- diah Dow, Robert Southgate, John Southgate, Daniel Merritt, Nehemiah Mer- rit, jr., Stephen Noble, Dobson Wheeler, Samuel Brown, Joshua Dillaplain, William Field, Isaac Martin, John Lawrence, John Burling, John Franklin, Thomas Franklin, jr., Samuel Franklin, James Franklin, Isaac Corsa, Elijah West, Robert Caswell, Joseph Ferris, Joseph Ferris, jr., David Ferris, Daniel Chase, Patrick Thatcher, Thomas Darling, the Hon. John Temple, lieutenant- governor, Theodore Atkinson, esq., Mark Hunking Wentworth, esq., John Nelson, esq., George Frost, esq. The charter conveyed a tract about six miles square, bounded as follows : " Beginning at a marked tree standing in the northerly line of the township of Monkton, thence running west about two miles and one-half by Monkton to the northwesterly corner thereof, which is also the northwesterly corner of Ferrisburgh, and thence about four miles by Ferrisburgh aforesaid to Lake Champlain ; then beginning again at the first mentioned marked tree, and running thence north six miles to a marked tree, thence west about six miles to Lake Champlain aforesaid, then as the said lake runs, southerly to the north- easterly corner bound of Ferrisburgh aforesaid." No changes of boundaries have been made in this tract. The town pos- sesses the best of agricultural facilities and a surface that seems to have been made for the pleasure of the eye. Extending through the town from north to south is a range of low mountains dividing the township into two nearly equal parts, the highest points of which are Mount Philo to the south. Pease Moun- tain in the center, and Mutton Hill to the north. This natural division of the town has frequently exemplified the experience of whole nations, and even of Vermont herself, that families, tribes, or peoples separated by territorial bar- riers cannot always be at one in sentiment. The principal streams are Lewis Brook, flowing across the southeastern corner of the town ; La Plotte River, Town of Charlotte. 535 across the northeastern corner ; Bear's Brook, flowing south into Addison county, and thence turning north again across the southwestern corner of the town, where it is discharged into the lake ; Beaver Brook, rising in the central part of the town and flowing north into La Plotte River ; and Pringle Brook, also rising in the central part, flowing west and north into Holmes Creek, and thence to the lake. All of these streams have numerous tributaries which plentifully irrigate the soil of the town. The surface was originally covered with a large amount of marketable tim- ber, oak in the western and pine in the eastern parts, which induced a rapid settlement of the township after the granting of the charter, the principal in- dustry along the lake for many years being the felling and rafting to Quebec of spars for the masting of the " royal navy of Great Britain." It was rarely the intention of the grantees of a Vermont township to assist personally in ■clearing and cultivating the land of the same, the motive power being gener- ally a desire to " buy cheap and sell dear," and in many instances, perhaps, also to get ahead of the " New York land jobbers." Consequently the pro- prietors usually did little more than open roads, construct bridges, and provide for the building of the necessary mills, in order to increase the market value of their property. From the records of the early proprietors' meetings the natural inference is that most of the grantees were residents on the " Oblong," in Duchess county, N. Y., yet there is no evidence that they sympathized for a moment with the governmental authorities in that province in their endeavors to wrest the terri- tory from the possession of New Hampshire. The earliest record now accessible is dated July 29, 1762, at the house of Daniel Merritt, on the Oblong, Duchess county, " province of New York," by the proprietors " of the township of Charlotta in Newhampshier." Benjamin Ferriss was the moderator of this meeting, and Benjamin Ferriss, jr., was chosen first proprietors' clerk. John Wing, George Soule, and Josiah Bull were appointed a committee " to agree with the committees of other townships how to settle the lines between sd Charlotta and the townships of Ferrissburg, Monkton and Hinesburg," what proportion of the cost these proprietors should bear, and to engage a surveyor to lay the boundaries of the town of " Charlotta." The meeting was then ad- journed to the house of Asahel Noble, at New Milford, Conn., on the 12th of August, 1762. At that meeting it was voted, among other proceedings, that the " clerk shall record the Patent for sd Charlotta, and have four shillings York money for the same." On the 9th of May, 1763, at a meeting held at the house of Daniel Merritt, in Duchess county, N. Y., it was voted that Benjamin Ferriss, jr., should have eighteen shillings a day " for surveying and lotting Charlotta, and returning a good and true plan of his work," and that John McEwen, Asahel Hitchcock, Zachariah Ferriss, and John Philips have ten shillings a day 536 History of Chittenden County. as his assistants. David Ferriss was also mentioned afterwards as one of the surveyors of the township. The survey was completed between the 26th of June and the 5th of August, 1763. The first meeting after the close of the Revolutionary War was held on the 29th of March, 1785, at the house of Jonathan Robinson, in Bennington, Vt, pursuant to a warrant published in the Vermont Gazette of February 14, 1785. Early Settlements. — The proprietors of Charlotte offered all conceivable inducements to promote the rapid settlement of the town, and at their last meeting held before the Revolution, May 18, 1765, passed a vote to give 100 acres of land from each right for settling the town, though no one was to come on without an order from the proprietors' committee. There is no record that such an order was ever given, however, or that any one attempted to avail him- self of the offer by making a settlement. The first attempt to settle was made by a German by the name of Derick Webb, who came in March, 1766, but soon left, and returned in March, 1777. He again left the following May. No permanent settlement was effected until 1784, when Webb and Elijah Woolcot moved in and were followed soon after by others. It has been related that during one of Webb's temporary resi- dences here pending the Revolution he took his children out to Hill's Bay to- see the lake, when they were captured by a party of Indians, and Webb was taken to Canada and there detained for several months, while the children were left on the shore. About the same time the Indians visited Mrs. Webb in the cabin, and began to destroy the household effects, preparatory to burn- ing the house. To her entreaties not to burn the cabin they replied that they must set fire to it, as they were under strict orders to do so, but that they would immediately leave, when she might extinguish it if she wished, which she easily succeeded in doing. Webb's original settlement was probably made in the west part of the town near the Shelburne Hne, where Colonel Thomas Sawyer made his gallant and victorious fight. It was many years afterwards that he settled near the site of the railroad station. One of the earliest settlements in town was that made about 1784 by James Hill, on the place about Holmes Bay, now occupied by his grandson, Thomas Chittenden Hill. Hill's wife, a daughter of Governor Thomas Chit- tenden, is said to have often declared that she was for three months " the handsomest woman in town, for the very good reason that she was the only one." Being a man of some means, James Hill erected a grist-mill on the creek near his house, which long ago disappeared, but which for years supplied the demand of the farmers of the neighborhood, and even those who lived on the other side of the lake. He afterwards bought the grist-mill in Ferris- burgh, whether his son, Thomas C, removed and remained two or three years. After a residence here of twenty-five or thirty years Mr. Hill removed to Kentucky, where he soon after died. Of his two sons, James and Thomas C, Town of Charlotte. 537 the former accompanied him to Kentucky, where he married and stayed the remainder of his life. Many of his descendants are there now. Thomas C, the younger, purchased the homestead and remained there during his life. He was a man of clear perception, sound judgment and firm will. He was the father of nine children. About the year 1784 Dr. James Towner, John Hill, Solomon Squier, Moses Fall, Daniel Hosford, and others moved into the town, and after this time set- tlement rapidly progressed. Among the other early settlers were the follow- ing: Moses Yale removed to this town from Meriden, Conn., in about 1783, and located not far from the Shelburne line, on the farm now owned by Henry Thorp. During this summer he erected the frame of a log house, made a small clearing, and in the fall returned to his family in Connecticut, after hav- ing sowed his clearing with wheat, assisted by his only neighbors, James Hill and John McNeil. In the following spring he returned with his family by the way of Whitehall and the lake, being drawn on the ice by a yoke of steers and an old horse. The hardships which these families endured at these times can- not be described. During the summer of 1784 food was so scarce and diffi- cult to obtain that the family were compelled to resort for subsistence on fish and the herbs and roots of the forest. Moses Yale had a family of six chil- dren, three sons and three daughters, only one of whom, Lyman, the eldest, remained in town. He remained on the homestead until his death, in 1840, aged sixty-seven years. He held many positions of trust in his town, and was one term its representative in the Legislature. Of his seven children, only one, William, now resides in town, occupying the original farm of John Mc- Neil. John McNeil, a leading man among the early settlers, came here about this time from Litchfield, Conn., and erected his cabin and cleared his land on the lake shore. He early established a ferry across the lake to Essex, N. Y., which he ran for many years, and which still bears his name. He was the first town clerk, the first representative, and was ever intimately identified with the best movements for the good of the town. Of his six children, Charles, the eldest, retained the home farm, and continued the business of farming and conducted the ferry which his father had originated. The ferry was an extensive concern until the opening of railroads, which diverted the channels of trade and travel. David Hubbell came from Lanesboro, Mass., in 1784, and settled on the brook that intersects the farm now owned by his grandson, Luther R. Hubbell. Like many other early immigrants, he made his way through Whitehall and down the lake by rafts. Several years after his arrival his house was burned, and was replaced by another, upon the site of S. E. Russell's present residence. Here he opened a tavern, in which he conducted a successful business for years. The house now occupied by his grandson was also built by him in 1800. He 538 History of Chittenden County. died at the age of ninety years, after having served his town as justice of the peace for years, and acting for a time as their representative in the Legisla- ture. Luther R. Hubbell and his family are the only descendants of David now in Charlotte. Daniel Horsford, who in early days carried mail on horseback from Burling- ton to Vergennes on the old East road, was born in Canaan, .Conn., October 13, 1748, married Hannah Day, of Colchester, Conn., on the 9th of November, 1780, and came to Charlotte in the spring of 1784, locating near McNeil's Ferry. After being several times dispossessed by reason of a defective title, he removed to the eastern part of the town, where he died at the'age of eighty- eight years. He was a surveyor by profession, and united his duties in that occupation with those of the successful farmer. The compass used by him is still kept by his grandson, Myron H. Hosford. Of his family of ten children, only three remained in Charlotte, viz., Flavia, wife of Gideon and mother of Charles D. Prindle, Oran, born here January 30, 1791, and now represented by his son, Myron H. Hosford ; and Sodema, who married Benjamin Simons and located in the western part of the town, where she died early, leaving no children. A sister of Daniel Horsford (as he spelled his name) became the wife of Joshua Isham, of Shelburne. Ephraim Wooster, the first settler on the farm now owned by Henry Mc- Neil, came to Charlotte in 1785 from Litchfield, Conn. He had three chil- dren, Lyman, Elinor, and Fanny, of whom the first-named was naturally the most intimately associated with the public interests of the town. He succeeded to the home farm of his father, and while he lived carried on the farm, and at intermittent periods kept a tavern. He participated in the battle of Plattsburgh in the capacity of adjutant. Of his three sons and two daughters, none re- mained in town, and the name is now represented only by Charles S. Wooster, grandson of Lyman, who lives with his aunt, Mrs. Sherman. John Palmer was born in Tolland, Conn., on the 22d of June, 1751, mar- ried Ruth Chapman, and came to Charlotte in 1786, settling on the place now owned by Mrs. Ruth Hubbell. The old red house which he built about 100 years ago is still in a good state of preservation. He owned all the land com- prised within the present farms of Mrs. Hubbell, A. C. Palmer and O. C. Palmer, on which he settled his sons. Of his six children, only three, Mrs. Hubbell, A. C. Palmer and Mrs. Reed, who now lives with her brother, are now in Char- lotte. Asa Narramore came here from Connecticut in 1786, worked the first sea- son on a farm in Hinesburg, and in the fall purchased land now including parts of the farms of George Jackman and John Peterson. Here he built a log house, and after making a clearing returned for the winter to Connecticut, where he married, and in the spring came back to this place. He remained on this farm after that until his death at the age of ninety years. Of his nine children only Town of Charlotte. 539 one is now living, Mrs. Emeline See, of Williston. Asa Narramore was a sol- dier of the Revolution, and was carried prisoner to Canada by the Indians, his daily allowance being a small piece of raw horse flesh, and a few bulbous roots dug on the way. He afterwards received a pension. Abel Leavenworth was born at Woodbury, Conn., January 30, 1765, and became an early settler in the northeastern part of the town, on the farm now occupied by Charles Reynolds. He erected a grist-mill on La Plotte River, the stones being wrought out by his brother Gideon, from flint rocks found in this town. The mill and dam were after a few years swept away by a freshet, and the stones were purchased by General Nathan Leavenworth, who used them in a mill which he built on Lewis Brook, in the southern part of the town. After the loss of his mill Abel sold his farm and carried on the occupation of a carpenter and joiner, at which he was a skillful workman. He went from Charlotte to New Haven, Vt., and thence to Middlebury, where he died on the 25th of January, 18 13, while engaged in building a large mill. His widow sur- vived him more than forty years, and finally died in Charlotte. Abel Leaven- worth, jr., was born in Charlotte on the 21st of November, 1800, married Anna, daughter of Amos Hickok, of Cooperstown, N. Y. After several re- movals he repurchased the old homestead, where he resided until his death. May 3, 1879. He had six daughters and three sons, only one of the latter sur- viving infancy. This son, Abel E., became a prominent educator in the State, and is now principal of the Normal School at Castleton. Dorman Leaven- worth, a brother of the elder Abel, reached Charlotte in the summer of 1808, and for a time operated the mill before owned by his brother, after which he began farming and continued that business until 1839. He died here at the home of his son, Burke, on the 31st of May, 1861. Henry C. Leavenworth and Mrs. Joseph S. Shaw, now living in town, are his grandchildren. Michael Read was born in 1769, and came to Charlotte at an early date. The family are descended from honorable ancestors who have been traced back to the time of the Norman conquest in England. Michael Read settled at Bap- tist Four Corners, and raised a family of seven children, three of whom, Amos, Orrin and Laura, settled here. The only representative of the family now in Charlotte is Orrin P., son of Orrin, who resides at Baptist Four Corners. Carl- ton W., another son of Orrin, resides in Addison, where he is extensively en- gaged in stock raising. Samuel Prindle was an early settler in the northeastern part of the town, on the place now occupied by Mrs. Mary Pool. He had three children, sons, one of whom died in early manhood, while the other two, Midas and Benjamin, settled in Charlotte. The former was born in 1799, married Sarah V. Higbee on the 20th of May, 1834, and located on the farm now owned by his son, Henry W. He had three children, Mrs. A. C. Palmer, Henry W. Prindle and Mrs. T. C. Hill, all still living here. Benjamin went to Iowa with his family more than twenty years ago, where he died a few years later. 540 History of Chittenden County. Reuben Martin came early to Charlotte from Massachusetts and settled on Mutton Hill. He had a family of ten children, named Jonas, Zadock, Reuben, Stratton, Stoddard, William, Leonard, Nathaniel, Sylvia and Pattie. While at school they were sung by their playmates as follows : Jonas and Zadock, Reuben and Stratt, Stoddard and William, Leonard and Nat, Sylvia and Pat. All of these children attained maturity and some of them lived to an ad- vanced age. Sylvia is said to have been the first female child born in Char- lotte. In 1788 James Squier came to Charlotte from Arlington, Vt., and effected a settlement on the farm now owned and occupied by James S. Miller. He died at the advanced age of ninety-three years, having lived a life that deserves to be emulated by all who knew him. The father of James, it is said, came to Charlotte on a visit to his sons, Solomon and Abner, was taken ill and died, and at his grave was placed the first headstone erected in town. His illness was the occasion of the settlement of James, who came to see him and was in- duced to buy his brother Abner's farm and remain here. Of his four children, Abner, the only son, married Laura Sheldon and settled on the homestead. He represented the town two terms in the Legislature, and held, indeed, most of the important offices of trust in town. He had two children — a daughter who died at the age of sixteen years, and a son, James, who now owns and occupies a farm opposite the old home. Colonel William Williams came here from Lanesboro, Mass., in 1788, and began to clear the farm now occupied by his grandson, James W. Williams. About 1806 he replaced his first rude log cabin by a substantial building, which has been modernized and is now in a good state of preservation, and is occu- pied by James W. Williams. Here Colonel Williams opened one of eight tav- erns in Charlotte, and by his untiring energy and genial disposition created a reputation which made his house an important station on the stage route be- tween Burlington and Troy. His military title was derived from his position in the militia, his company being stationed on the frontier between Vermont and Canada. He also commanded a regiment at the battle of Plattsburgh. He was at the same time rough and hearty in manners, and was what it is be- coming fashionable and natural to call an Ethan Allen type of man. He was killed by a fall from a sleigh-load of lumber, which occurred while he was de- scending a steep hill in Hinesburg. Preserved Wheeler came to Charlotte from Lanesboro, Mass., in 1790, and located on the place now occupied by O. H. Alexander, where he erected a tannery, and for about seven years successfully operated the same. He then sold the property to Sheldon, and removed to New Haven, Vt. Sheldon con- tinued the tanning and shoemaking business as late as about 1843, when he re- hnquished it for farming. He was the father of nine children, eight of whom attained maturity. Town of Charlotte. 541 Elijah Alexander was born of Quaker parentage, in Troy, N. H., on the 24th of March, 1777, and in 1799 married Lydia Staples, of Danby, Vt, and settled on the farm in Charlotte, now owned by his youngest daughter, Mrs. Lydia Hicks. From its original area of 100 acres, Mr. Alexander in a few years increased it to more than 300 acres. He died at the age of seventy- seven years. He was an industrious, home-loving man, who was interested in public affairs as a private citizen, but declined office. Walter Ferriss, from Pawling, Duchess county, N. Y., came to Charlotte in 1792, and located on the farm still known as the Ferriss homestead. At first he confined his activities to the carrying on of his farm, but towards the latter end of his life became a minister of the Universalist persuasion and organized several societies in this vicinity. He died in 1806. William Niles, a native of Lynn, Conn., immigrated to Charlotte in 1792, when he was thirty- six years of age, and settled on the farm now occupied by George E. Prindle. He was frequently called to the performance of public duties, for which he had great aptitude by reason of his ability and honesty. He afterwards moved to Monkton, where he owned a small farm and kept a public house. In the same year, 1792, Gideon Prindle, from New Milford, Conn., settled at Wing's Bay, and, being a tanner by trade, soon erected what is said to have been the first tannery in Charlotte. He did not remain long in this part of the town, however, but soon sold out and purchased the place now owned by his grandson, Cyrus G. Pringle (as he spells his name), the present botanist of the State of Vermont. The farm now occupied by D. E. Clark, in the northwestern part of the town, was settled in 1793 by his grandfather, John Clark, from Windsor, Conn., who held his place until his death in 1827, at the age of seventy years. Elijah Powell came from Lanesboro, Mass., in 1793, and settled on the farm now owned by Orrin P. Read, opposite Mr. Read's present residence. Powell became a thrifty farmer, accumulating, clearing and improving several hundred acres of land. He was a public- spirited man, a liberal supporter of the Baptist Church; and one of the principal builders of the first house of worship erected in Charlotte by that denomination. He had nine children, of whom all eventually left town except Reuben, father of Edgar S., the present representative of the family in town. Reuben died in 1830, leaving eleven children, only four 'of whom are now alive. John Thorp, a native of Ireland, arrived at Charlotte about 1795, and at once opened the only general store between Vergennes and Burlington. Be- sides being a successful merchant here, he shipped pine and oak lumber exten- sively to Quebec by way of the lake. He died at the meridian of his business prosperity in 1799, aged forty- three years. George Thorp, his cousin, soon after came to Charlotte for the purpose of settling his estate, as executor, after 35 542 History of Chittenden County. doing which he married the widow and continued the business a few years. He thereafter devoted his attention to cultivating the farm which his cousin had settled, and remained there until his death, at the age of eighty-six years. His children were George, jr., John G. and Henry. The former married Miss Bull, of Ferrisburgh, and located on the farm now owned by his sons Harley and Henry. John G. married early, remained with his father, and now occu- pies the old homestead in company with his son John H. Henry, the other son of George, now lives in town and has three sons — Ervin H., editor of the Middlebury Register, Herbert C, on his father's farm, and Emerson A., in Shelburne. William Pease came from Lanesboro, Mass., in 1796, and located on the place now owned and occupied by Charles Wooster. He was a blacksmith by trade, and though he carried on this business he also attended to his farm, which he increased from the extremely humble beginning of four acres to 150 acres. None of his eight children is now in town. Two brothers of William, named Elijah and George, came to Charlotte in 1797, when the latter was eleven years old, and of their brother learned his trade. George eventually settled at the foot of Pease Mountain, where he carried on a farm. George remained with William until he was of age, when he married and settled in the southern part of the town. His health failing, he abandoned his trade, and for a time kept a tavern in Ferrisburgh, and conducted a farm in connec- tion with it. He finally moved back to this town, on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Russell. He died in 1858, leaving two sons and a daughter. Caleb Barton came to Charlotte in 1796 from Lanesboro, Mass., and located on the place now occupied by Laura Barton. Joseph Barton removed in the early part of this century to Baptist Four Corners, where he kept a pubhc house for years. He died on June 7, 1865, aged seventy- seven years, leaving four children. It has already been noticed, undoubtedly, that most of the early settlers came from Lanesboro, Mass. Gad Root was another emigrant from that place, and came here in 1798 and settled at Baptist Four Corners, where he carried on the business of tanning, currying and shoemaking. He died on October 19, 1843, aged sixty-six years. A few years after his arrival in Charlotte he removed to Madrid, N. Y., where he remained a short time and then returned to Charlotte, about one and a half miles west of Baptist Four Corners. He was remarkable for his charity and piety, and was for a long time deacon of the Congregational Church. His eldest son, Noble, born in June, 1800, became a prominent man in town, and died in 1872, leaving two sons, George L. and Henry C, who now occupy his estate. Dorwin, the second son of Gad, born on June 21, 1 809, settled where his widow and family now live. Loomis, his youngest brother, was born in 1815, and resided on the homestead until his death in iJ Town of Charlotte. 543 Of other early settlers who are worthy of particular mention because of their intimate associations with the best interests of the town, and other prom- inent men in the county, the following may be said : Dr. Jonas Fay was a resident of this town several years, though he is gen- erally known as a citizen of Bennington. Ezra Meech, mentioned at greater length in the history of Shelburne, resided here a number of years, and twice represented Charlotte in the Legislature. David A. Smalley, father of Bradley B. Smalley, now collector of the port for the district of Vermont, at Burling- ton, spent several of his boyhood years here. The first Methodist in town was Major Jonathan Breckenridge, from Ben- nington. He was the leader of the first class, a local preacher, and one of the pillars of the church as long as he lived. He was, furthermore, an esteemed and prominent citizen. He lived in the western part of the town, near the lake, on the farm now owned by Samuel Whalley. Joseph Hoag, a leading member and a preacher of the Society of Friends, came here early from Duchess county, N. Y., and located on a farm near the southeastern corner of the town. He traveled extensively on preaching tours in Canada, Nova Scotia and nearly every State in the Union. He was the seer of the remarkable vision in which the dissensions afterwards caused by slavery in church and state were so vividly foreshadowed. Nearly all of his children were preachers among the Friends. He died on the 2ist of Novem- ber, 1846, aged eighty- four years. General Hezekiah Barnes, as well as his father and two brothers, was prom- inent among the early settlers ; for many years lived by the spring near the center of the town, and built the structure now used as a store by Swain & Williams, in which he kept a tavern that was well known throughout the State. He was major-general of militia, and assistant judge of the County Court. He died of the epidemic of 18 13. His political rival, Nathaniel, son of Abel Newell, who was also judge of the County Court, was the only man who ever represented the town a greater number of years than General Barnes. John A. Kasson, one of the most distinguished men that this town has produced, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1842; practiced law for a time in New Bedford, Mass., and afterwards removed to Iowa, where he soon attained great prominence in politics, and is known for his eminent serv- ices in Congress. His political career began in i860, when he was a member of the Chicago Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln. His boyhood years were passed in the house now occupied by Luther Hubbell. Eliphal Gillette was one of the earliest settlers in town. He was born in New Milford, Conn., in 1747, and came to Charlotte as early as 1790, and soon accumulated about 800 acres of land north of Baptist Four Corners. He died in 18 10. Before his immigration to Charlotte he was a sea-faring man, and married his first wife in Calcutta. He then became a merchant in New 544 History of Chittenden County. Milford. When he came here he sent his wife and family and mother ahead, who came by marked trees, and preceded him by several weeks. On his ar- rival he found that they had died of small-pox. Not long after this he mar- ried Nancy Curtis, who became the mother of Ammi Gillette, the source of much of the writer's information in regard to this town. Ammi Gillette was born on the farm now owned by Benjamin Beers, on the 1st of December, 1801, and married Dorotha Meeker on the 8th of July, 1823, who died September 22, 1885. Mrs. N. C. Bush, postmistress of Charlotte, is his daughter. Among those who can hardly be called early settlers, but who have been long prominent in the affairs of the town, may be mentioned David Cook, who came to Charlotte from Connecticut in 1807, and first settled where Richard Whalley now lives. He afterwards owned the place now owned by his son, Charles B. Cook, in the western part of the town. David Cook held most of the town offices. He died in 1857, aged seventy-six years. Charles B. Cook represented the town in 1853 and 1854. Leverett Sherman came from Connecticut in 1808, and learned the car- penter's trade of his brother-in-law, Johnson Foote. He also purchased of Foote the farm now occupied by his son, Alfred W. Sherman, in the eastern part of the town. Leverett Sherman was employed by the government dur- ing the War of 1 8 12-15 to aid in the construction of barracks at Plattsburgh. His brother, William E., came here in i8ii,and settled on the farm now owned by his son, John H., where he died June 15, 1859. William Higbee came here from Ferrisburgh in 18 19, and located on the farm now occupied by O. C. Palmer. The only representative of the family now in town is W. Wallace Higbee, grandson of William and son of Peter V. Higbee. Mr. Higbee is town clerk and justice of the peace. Thomas Whalley came from Ferrisburgh in 1837, and located on the farm now occupied by his grandson. R. G. Whalley. His two surviving children in town are Jonathan and Samuel. Thomas died at the age of eighty-nine years. John Quinlan came to Charlotte in 1844, and began his career in town by chopping wood at twenty-five cents a cord. He is now an extensive land- holder here, and has for years been prominent in the public affairs of the town. The following list contains the names of nearly all the freemen in Char- lotte in 1800, and was obtained from the town records: Colonel Asa Barnes, Captain John Hill, David Horsford, Rev. Abel New- ell, Isaac Coggswell, Thaddeus Hurlburt, Reuben Martin, Amos Catlin Jona than Sawyer, Elijah Woolcot, Reuben Ro^^•le^^ John Thorp, Hezekiah Barnes Asa Barnes, jr., Dr. Daniel Hough (who lived below the buryina.o-round' where A. N. Barber now owns), Captain John McNeil, Isaac Raxford'' Fletcher Perkins, Samuel Cummings, Charles Grant, Samuel Scovil, Samuel Scovil jr Town of Charlotte. 545 Abner Squier, Charles McNeil, William Reed, Jedediah Cummings, Ezra Dor- man, Abel Blanchard, Daniel Barnes, Erazmus Towner, Solomon Squier, Moses Yale, Ephraim Wooster, Asahel Strong, Fisk Bartlett, Heber Squier, Zalmar Hurlburt, Isaiah Hurlburt, Elijah Keeler, Darius Tupper, Captain David Horsford, Jabez Brook, Captain Samuel Hurlburt, Michael Abbott, Nathan Marble, David Rich, Abiram Hurlburt, Lieutenant Ebenezer Hovey, Jonathan Atwood, Salmon Root, William Wood, Nathan Powell, John Pen- field, Samuel Penfield, John Newell, Samuel Beach, Nathaniel Martin, Thomas Canfield, Calvin Hinman, Benjamin McNeil, William Pease, Joseph Barnes, Andrew Barton, Eliphal Gillette, Jeremiah Runnals (Reynolds), James Olin, Isaac Foot, Elisha Newell, Jared Lyman, Gad Lyman, Patrick Brisby, Thomas Burt, Homer Towner, Samuel Hadlock, and Zenas Clark. ^ Organization of the Town. — The settlement of Charlotte progressed so rap- idly that it was organized on the 13th of March, 1787, and when the first com- plete census of the State was taken, after its admission into the Union in 1791, this town contained 635 inhabitants — the most populous town, not only in Chittenden county, but also in the north half of the State, now embraced in the eight northern counties. Daniel Horsford was chosen moderator of the first meeting ; John McNeil was chosen town clerk ; Asa Barnes, John McNeil, John Hill, James Hill, and Isaac Coggswell were chosen selectmen ; Reuben Rowley and Samuel Scovil, constables ; John Hill, James Hill, and Dr. Daniel Hough, Hsters; and Ebenezer Hovey, leather sealer. The meeting was then adjourned to the 27th of the same month at the house of Hezekiah Barnes, when Reuben Martin and Solomin Squier were elected tythingmen ; Elijah Woolcot, Dr. Hough, Isaac Coggswell, Samuel Scovil and Hezekiah Barnes, surveyors of highways ; and John Hill, sealer of weights and measures. At the same meeting it was voted "That Captain Hill, Colonel Barns, Captain McNeile, Samuel Scovil, Hezekiah Barns, David Hub- ell, James Hill, Dr. Hough, Reuben Martin, Ebenezer Hovey, Jabez Brooks, and Jonathan Atwood shall be put in the Box for Jurymen," Another important measure adopted was that hogs should be confined. At the first settlement of the town bears, deer and other wild animals were common. Bucks were often seen crossing the fields. Beavers were numerous, and left several dams which for years remained as monuments of their won- derful mechanical skill. The annoyances caused by these several descriptions of beasts were only a part of the hardships to which the settlers were sub- jected. For many years the southwestern part of the town was very unwhole- some, fever and ague and bilious fever being common. Typhus fever first made its appearance about 1803, and in many cases was out of the reach of physicians. The epidemic of 181 3 also raged fearfully in this town, carrying 1 In the above list the writer has generally followed the spelling of the record, except in cases in which his personal informatirn has enabled him to make a correction. 546 History of Chittenden County. off about seventy of the inhabitants, among whom were Rev. Abel Newell, Hezekiah Barnes and Dr. James Towner. The superior adaptation of the town to agricultural purposes was one cause of its rapid settlement. The almost exclusive devotion of the people to this pursuit accounts for the fact that the population remained about stationary for over sixty years. The early settlers were speedily remunerated for their la- bors; wealth flowed in upon them, and comfortable homes rapidly arose. As early as i8o6 the grand list was $31,961. Only ten towns in the State sur- passed this. Even Burlington did not equal it in its grand list until 1824. Military Affairs. — During the War of 1812-15, and previous, the military spirit was rife in Charlotte. It was probably not surpassed, if equaled, by any town in the State. There were no less than five military companies in the town, viz : two of infantry, one of light infantry, one of cavalry and one of artillery. The last two, however, were partly made up of men from other towns, as Hinesburg and Shelburne. In the year 18 10 the citizens whose names are subjoined held the offices indicated, viz : Hezekiah Barnes, major- general ; John Newell, brigadier- general ; Oliver Hubbell, quartermaster-ser- geant ; Nathaniel Newell, captain of cavalry ; Sheldon Wheeler, captain ; Tim Read and William Pease, lieutenants ; and Peter Wheeler, ensign of artillery. Ithiel Stone, captain ; David H. Griswold, lieutenant; and Israel B. Perry, en- sign of light infantry. Lyman Yale, captain; Caleb Chapell, lieutenant; and Andrew Barton, ensign of infantry, Co. 2. Joseph Barnes, captain ; Hez. Barnes, jr., lieutenant ; and Elijah Gray, ensign of infantry, Co. 6. What other town in the State could show such an array ? The people of Charlotte evi- dently believed in the motto — " In time of peace prepare for war.'' As might be expected from its situation and the character of its inhabit- ants, this town had some connection with the War of 18 12-15. Teams were impressed to carry men and military stores from Plattsburgh to Sackett's Har- bor, detachments of militia were repeatedly ordered to Burhngton and further north ; large numbers volunteered to withstand the advancing British army in September, 18 14, and were present at the battle of Plattsburgh, and the whole town was thrown into a fever of excitement by the passage of the British flo- tilla up the lake to attack Fort Cassin at the mouth of Otter Creek As they passed McNeil's, Charles McNeil with his family and many other specta- tors were on the high bank in front of Mr. McNeil's house. One of the small vessels which was inside of Sloop Island and within hailing distance of the shore, was observed to be making preparations to fire, Mr. McNeil called to the captain and asked if he was about to fire upon unarmed and defenseless people, to which question no attention was paid. McNeil then directed his family and neighbors to lie down, which they did. A charge consisting of twelve two-pound balls was fired. The height of the bank and the proximity ■of the vessel to the shore compelled the British gunner to aim so hio-h as to Town of Charlotte. 547 carry the balls over McNeil's house, although they grazed the top of the bank and cutoff a small poplar over the heads of the prostrate spectators. The balls were found in his meadow at the next haying. Two other charges were fired, one of which went through his horse barn. The drunken commander being put under arrest by the commander of the flotilla, excused his brutal assault upon women and children on the pretence that he saw soldiers in uniform on the bank. On the return from Fort Cassin several hundred people were col- lected on Thompson's Point. One brave Yankee, Wilson Williams, had a gun with which he attacked the British fleet. A few charges of shot were returned, which rattled among the trees over the heads of the scared multitude, which very speedily dispersed. The following is a list — probably incomplete — of the Revolutionary sol- diers who became residents of the town, namely: David Hubb^ll, Joseph Si- monds, Lamberton Clark, Asa Naramore, Elisha Pulford, Samuel Andrews, Ezra Wormwood, Skiff" Morgan, Samuel Hadlock, Israel Sheldon, Phineas Lake, Levi Coggswell, James Hill, Newton Russell and Daniel Hosford. The following from Charlotte enlisted in the War of 18 12— 15 : Holmes^Hoyt, Robert Cockle, Abraham Smith, Abel Gibbs and Uriah Higgins. Rollin Barton, who enlisted in the Burlington company of the Second Vermont Regiment, was the first citizen of the town who volunteered for the suppression of the great pro- slavery rebellion of 1861. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. The history of the villages in Charlotte must necessarily be brief, for since the beginning the agricultural pursuits of the inhabitants have kept them for the most part separated from each other too widely for village life. In pursuance of the time-honored custom of New England ^towns, the proprietors of Charlotte included in the duties of the surveyors that of " setting a stake " in the center of the town, where were to be built the meeting-houses and other public build- ings, and where it was expected that the store and tavern should be opened for the equal convenience of all the inhabitants. Here too, it is probable, stood the ancient sign-post, whipping-post and stocks. But as the town be- came settled and lines of communication were established with the neighbor- ing towns, it was found convenient and profitable for some enterprising men to open taverns in other parts, and these were naturally followed by stores. In towns which contain water privileges the most thriving village generally sprang up about the mills erected at the " falls," regardless of the predilections of the proprietors for the geographical center of the town. The existence of the " Center " and of Charlotte village is explained, the former in the above paragraph, and the latter by the proximity of the railroad station. But the only feasible explanation of the existence of " Baptist Four Corners," in the east part of the town, is found in the fact that the ridge of hills 548 History of Chittenden County. that divides the town rendered the center so difficult of access to the residents in that vicinity, that an independent settlement became early a matter of neces- sity, which was the more agreeable by reason of the mutual jealousies and lit- tle feuds formerly existing between the two sections. This village was rela- tively larger fifty years ago than it now is. Just back of the present Baptist Church, and a little to the north, stood the old tannery of Nathaniel Newell, operated for him some years by Shurick Eldred. Reuben Martin's tannery also stood in this village just northwest of the corner made by the intersection of the north and south road with that which leads to the west .part of the town. For several years (about 1830) William O. Baker kept a tavern in the building now occupied by Curtis Van Vliet. Many of the most prominent men of the town in early days lived in this neighborhood. Business Interests. — Among the present business interests the following may be mentioned as the most prominent. Indeed, the chief industry has al- ways, as has been suggested, been agricultural. Alanson Edgerton & Sons' cider-mill, about a mile east of the station, has for many years supplied the people in this vicinity with cider, and has done considerable shipping. It is operated by horse power, and turns out about twenty barrels of cider per day. Wilber Field's hay barn and hay press, at the station, receives and presses not less than 700 tons annually. Winfield Scott's saw and grist-mill, in the southeastern part of the town, on Lewis Creek, has been running for eight or ten years very successfully, op- erating one run of stones, and sawing about 200,000 feet of lumber per annum. Mr. Scott also has a butter- tub factory in connection with his mill. H. D. Alexander's vineyard and fruit farm, located on a pleasant slope a little west of the center of the town, has in bearing condition several thousand choice vines, embracing most of the valuable varieties, and a large quantity of fine raspberry and strawberry plants. His fruit grounds cover an area of more than eight acres, enclosed by a beautiful hedge of arborvitse. There are three stores in town — one at the Center, conducted by Swain & WiUiams. This partnership was formed in the spring of 1885, though Mr. Swain has been in the mercantile business in town since 1875. They now carry a stock worth about $7,000. The store which they occupy was used for mercantile purposes during the war, by E. Alexander, who kept this store and one at each of the other villages. S. E. Russell, who now has a store at Char- lotte village and at Baptist Four Corners, came to this town from Burlington in 1878, and succeeded J. W. Swain in the occupation of the brick store at Char- lotte. He carries a stock of about $6,000 at this place. This building was erected more than thirty years ago by Dr. Luther Stone, and was first occupied as a store by Ammi Stone and William Wright. Mr. Russell also opened a store at Baptist Four Corners in the spring of 1883, succeeding George A. Foote. His stock in that store is valued at about $2,500. J. R. Taggart con- ducts Mr. Russell's business at this place. Town of Charlotte. 549 Post-office. — Until about ten years ago there were but two offices in town, one at the Center, known as Charlotte, and the other at the station, called West Charlotte. The office at the Center was then removed to Baptist Four Cor- ners and given the name of East Charlotte, while the office at the station was changed in name to Charlotte. It is not known exactly when a post-office was first established in town, but it was certainly before the beginning of the pres- ent century. The first postmaster that can be remembered was W. Barnes, who received the appointment before 1804. He was probably followed by Hezekiah Barnes, who retained the office until about 1825. His successors until the establishment of another office have been about as follows : 1826-28, Abel Lovely; 1829-33, Noble Lovely; 1834-38, William Noble; 1839-43, C. B. Martin ; 1844-48, Samuel H. Barnes ; 1849-54, ^- H. Lyon ; 1855-59, Caleb E.Barton; 1860-61, John Quinlan ; 1862-74, E. Alexander. It was during this period that West Charlotte post-office was established. Mr. Alex- ander's successor at the Center was C. C. Torrey, the last postmaster at this place. East Charlotte office was then established, with E. Hosford as the first incumbent. In 1879 he was succeeded by J. S. Shaw, who retained the position until January 20, 1886, when Anna J. Quinlan was appointed. J. R. Taggart acts as her assistant. The first postmaster at West Charlotte after Mr. Alex- ander was L. R. Hubbell, who was followed in the fall of 1875 by Mrs. Nancy Pope. She still holds the office under the name of Mrs. Nancy C. Bush. Present Professional Men. — There is no lawyer now in Charlotte. The only physician. Dr. W. H. H. Varney, at East Charlotte, was born in this town on the 2 1st of August, 1839. He attended lectures for a time at the medical de- partment of the University of Vermont, and was graduated from the Berk- shire Medical College, Litchfield county, Mass., in November, 1862. On the 3d of the next month he began to practice in East Charlotte. On the 3d of March, 1863, he married Augusta C. Ball, of Charlotte, but a native of Ferris- burgh. They have had four children, of whom three, Minnette, aged twenty- two years, Anna E., aged fourteen years, and May P., aged seven years, are now living. Dr. Varney is the son of Alpheus and Phila (Palmer) Varney. His father came to Charlotte about 18 10, and Hved here until 1874, when he died at the age of seventy- five years. Present Offi-cers of Charlotte. — Following is a list of the town officers of Charlotte, elected at the March meeting for 1886 : W. W. Higbee, town clerk ; Solomon A. Williams, O. P. Read, O. E. Stone, selectmen ; Carlisle Lewis, treasurer; Ira B. Wicker, constable and collector; John Quinlan, overseer of the poor ; George D. Jackman, B. F. Smith, George A. Foote, Hsters ; J. P. Kehoe, E. S. Pease, Dr. W. H. H. Varney, auditors ; John H. Thorp, trustee of public money ; W. H. Dodge, Frank B. Smith, George A. Clark, fence viewers ; J. S. Shaw, H. W. Prindle, grand jurors ; E. H. Converse, inspector of leather ; W. C. Scott, inspector of wood and shingles ; John H. Thorp, 5 so History of Chittenden County. superintendent of Thompson's Point ; Dean Hosford, town agent ; and Dr. W. H. H. Varney, superintendent of schools. Educational. — In 1791 the town was divided into nine school districts. As the population increased it became necessary to enlarge the number of dis- tricts, and by 18 16 we find the town divided into eleven districts, the total num- ber of pupils attending school at that time being 717. In 1825 the number of attending pupils had diminished to 585, of whom six were " set off" to the schools in Shelburne. Charlotte Female Seminary commenced May i, 1835, although the edifice was not built until the following year. Its principal founder was Dr. Luther Stone. In 1840 it was transferred to the Methodist Episcopal Society. After a successful career of a few years it yielded to the pressure of its unfavorable location. A select school has, however, been kept in it nearly every year since the seminary was discontinued. The residents of Baptist Four Corners erected a neat little lyceum hall in 1869, and have maintained a society for the purpose of mutual drilling in de- bates, and for the better attainment of literary culture, etc. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. One of the first duties of the pioneers in the settlement of Charlotte was the preparation of a place where they could meet together for public worship. On the 17th of March, 1787, Charles Grant, Daniel Hosford, Ebenezer Hovey, Asa Barnes, Isaac Coggswell, and David Hubbell were chosen a committee to " set a stake for the meeting-house," and were empowered to purchase five acres of land for the site thereof Nothing more was effected, however, for several years, though on the 15th of July, 1789, the town voted to hire Rev. M. Reed to preach the Gospel until the following September ist. On the 17th of April, 1 79 1, it was voted that the town would not then build the meeting- house, though preparations were begun, and the boards were ordered to be de- livered "at or near the sign-post." The first church organized in town was the Congregational, which dates its organization to the 3d of January, 1792, at which time it consisted of four members, John Hill, Moses Yale, Daniel Horsford, jr., and Joseph Simonds. Daniel Horsford, jr., was the first clerk. Rev. D. O. Gillett was the first pastor, and remained until 1799, when he was dismissed and soon after deposed from the ministry. During his ministry a good degree of religious prosperity was enjoyed, and there were numerous accessions to the church. From this time, for about eight years, the church was destitute of a pastor and dwindled in numbers, so that at the opening of the year 1807 it was re- duced to eleven members. During this year a revival of religion was enjoyed, and forty were united with the church. Late in this year Truman Baldwin was installed pastor and continued in that office until March 21, 1815, when he was dismissed. In 18 16 Rev. Dr. Austin, president of the Vermont Uni- Town of Charlotte. 5SI versity, supplied the pulpit. During the two and one-half years in which there was no settled pastor, fifty-four persons were received into the church. On the 15th of October, 1817, Rev. Calvin Yale was ordained pastor, and was dismissed March 5, 1833. During the winter of 1833-34 Rev. F. B. Reed was with the church, as stated supply. Rev. William Eaton was installed pastor September 25, 1834, ^^d dis- missed January 12, 1837. Rev. E. W. Goodman was installed pastor July 12, 1837, and dismissed October 15, 1845. Rev. Joel S. Bingham was ordained and installed pastor October 21, 1846, and dismissed November 18, 1851. Rev. C. M. Seaton supplied the church from December 21, 1851, to July 6, 1854, at which time he was installed pastor and so continued until January 29, 1868, when he was dismissed. Rev. Charles W. Clark was acting pastor from early in the year 1869 until 1 87 1. During this time there were numerous accessions to the church. Rev. C. C. Torrey was installed pastor September 7, 1871, and continued in that relation until September, 1878. Rev. H. B. Putnam became acting pastor on the first Sunday in May, 1879. The present pastor, Rev. A. W. Wild, succeeded Mr. Putnam in July, 1882. The first church edifice was a wooden structure erected in 1798, which gave place to the present brick building in 1848. It will accommodate 350 persons. The present membership of the church is 156, and the average at- tendance at Sabbath-school is about eighty. The present officers of the church are Henry McNeil and Joseph S. Shaw, deacons ; Henry W. Prindle, clerk ; W. W. Higbee, chorister of the choir ; and the pastor, superintendent of the Sabbath-school. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first Methodist society in Western Ver- mont was formed in 1798. Probably the Methodist itinerants, Lorenzo Dow and Joseph Mitchell, commenced preaching in Charlotte the same year. No society, however, was formed for several years. Major Jonathan Breckenridge was the first resident Methodist, and for half a century was a main pillar in the church. He was converted in the summer of 1801, and the same year or the next the first society was formed by Rev. Ebenezer Washburne, of which Major Breckenridge was appointed leader. The first members were Major Breckenridge and his wife, Joseph Simonds and his wife, and Mrs. Marble. Charlotte then belonged to Vergennes circuit, embracing the north half of Ad- dison county and the south half of Chittenden. In 1808 its name was changed from Vergennes to Charlotte circuit. In 1827 Charlotte with Shelburne and North Ferrisburgh became a separate circuit. Since 1838 Charlotte has been a station, and unfortunately the Methodist churches in Charlotte and the adja- cent towns are so located that nearly half the Methodists living in Charlotte belong to churches in other towns. 5 52 History of Chittenden County. In 1 8 19 Charlotte became the residence of the presiding elder of Cham- plain district. John B. Stratton, Buel Goodsell, Lewis Pease and Tobias Spi- cer, D. D., resided here in succession as presiding elders until the district par- sonage was burnt, in 1830. Until 1801 the circuit probably embraced all of Western Vermont. In 1801 Brandon circuit was set off from it. It was at first called Vergennes cir- cuit, but in 1808 it was called Charlotte, a name which has ever since main- tained its place in the lists of the circuits and stations of the church. The first church edifice was of wood, commenced in 18 19 and completed in 1823. In 1837 it was burnt down with the parsonage, which stood on the same ground where the district parsonage was burnt seven years before. The present brick church was built in 1840. The present pastor. Rev. M. A. Wicker, came to Charlotte from Vergennes in 1883. For several years before his coming the church was without a pastor, the last one before Mr. Wicker being Rev. George Hughes. The church prop- erty is now valued at about $3,000. The church has a membership of about thirty, while Mr, Wicker has organized a class of sixteen in the east part of the town. The Baptist CJmrch. — Elder Ephraim Sawyer was doubtless the first Bap- tist minister who ever preached in the town. The church was organized May 6, 1807, under the supervision of a council, called by the Baptist Church of Monkton, by the request of certain members of said church living in Char- lotte, who were dismissed by mutual consent to form said church. It con- sisted of nineteen members, who adopted articles of faith and covenant, as fel- lowshiped by the Baptists in those days. During the same season nineteen more were added by baptism and by letter. The ensuing October this church united with the Vermont Baptists, which convened at Bridport, Messrs. Gibbs and Hosford being delegates, A. Gibbs its first deacon, and U. Palmer clerk. Elder Nathan Dana was settled as pastor in 1808 ; membership this year 47. The first church edifice was erected in 1808, the second and present one in 1840. Repairs and improvements were made in 1856 to the amount of $700. The church is of brick. Rev. R. Nott, the present pastor, came three years ago, succeeding Rev. Charles A. Votey. The present officers of the church are Byron R. Eno, clerk ; J. H. Sherman, A. C. Palmer, George D, Jackman and J. R. Taggart, deacons ; George D. Jackman, treasurer ; Byron R. Eno, Sabbath-school su- perintendent. The membership of the church is about fifty, and the average attendance at Sabbath-school is about thirty-five. Town of Colchester. 553 CHAPTER XX. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF COLCHESTER. THE township of Colchester is bounded on the north by Milton, on the east by Essex, on the south by the city of Burlington and town of South Burlington, and on the west by Lake Champlain. The surface of the town is generally rolling without any great elevations, although along the banks of Winooski River there are long tracts of intervale land. On the lake shore there are numbers of sharp bluffs. Along Winooski River the landscape in places is grand, especially at the "High Bridge," about one-half of a mile above the village of Winooski, where the swift current of the river has cut through the solid rock ninet)' feet in depth and seventy in breadth, leaving the rugged walls upon either side. Mallet's Bay indents the township between the mouth of Winooski River and Milton, covering some 3,040 acres. Here the shore, rising abruptly on the one side, and the forest coming down to meet the water on the other, are fair to see. Colchester Pond in the eastern part of the township is three - fourths of a mile in length and one-half of a mile in width. Around its outlet the nooks of the beaver are still to be seen. The Lamoille River flows through the northwest corner of the town to Lake Champlain. Mallet's Creek rises in Milton and flows southwesterly through the town to Mallet's Bay Indian Brook rises in Essex and flows westerly through the town to Mallet's Bay. Sunderland Brook rises in Essex and flows southwesterly through the town to Winooski River. These streams once furnished excellent water-power to the saw- mills along their sides, while Colchester was yet covered with a growth of immense pine timber. Colchester produces in good quantities the grains and fruits, and the flats of Winooski River are celebrated for the production of hay. Colchester was one of the New Hampshire grants, and was chartered June 7, 1763, to Edward Burhng and sixty-six associates. Following are the names of the grantees : Edward Burling, John Burhng, Edward Burhng, jr., John Lawrence, Effingham Lawrence, sr., Caleb Lawrence, Richard Lawrence, William Hauxhurst, Peter Townsend, Joseph Hauxhurst, Sampson Hauxhurst, Daniel Hauxhurst, William Field, Peter Dobson, Thomas Dobson, jr., Daniel Latham, John Latham, Thomas Latham, Daniel Latham, jr., David Latham, Lancaster Burling, Benjamin Hildreth, Benjamin Hildreth, jr., Theopolus An- thony, Wm. Van Wyck, Wm. Keese, John Butler, Alexander Litch Miller, Ed- ward Agar, PhiUip Doughty, Francis Panton, John Burhng, jr., Hugh Rider, Richard Buriing, Samuel Burling, Geo. Richey, John Godsands Miller, Theo- polus Burling, Effingham Lawrence, Samuel Burling, jr., Thomas Dobson, John Bogert, jr., James Bogert, jr., John I. Bogert, Nicholus I. Bogart, Cor- 554 History of Chittenden County. nelius I. Bogert, Peter J. Bogart, Henry J. Bogart, Edward Burling, New York. Joseph Latham, Joseph Latham, jr., John Latham, Peter Byvanck, John Cor- nell, Samuel Miller, Wm. Mott, Samuel Averill, Charles McCreedy, John Mc- Creedy, Captain Nehemiah Lovewell, Captain Timothy Beedle, Hon. John Tem- ple, esq., Theodore Atkinson, esq., M. H. Wentworth, esq., Henry Sherburne, esq., Charles Marsh, esq. At the first proprietors' meeting of which there is any record, held at the house of Joshua Stanton, jr., the following officers were elected: Zacheus Peaslee, moderator; Benjamin Boardman, proprietors' clerk; David Hine, treasurer; Dennison Downing, collector. The clerk took the oath of office before Elnathan Keyes, "J. P." The object of this meeting was to organize and devise measures to drive away other parties called pitchers, who laid claim to the lands, and had held meetings in 1775. The fourth article in the warning of this meeting reads as follows : "To see if the proprietors can and will remedy the injuries and complaints which have arisen from the interfer- ence of pitches heretofore made, and take measures to investigate the validity of said pitches, and appoint an agent or agents to carry into effect, and like- wise to ascertain the quantity of acres that now appears to continue in joint interest in said town, and to order a new and general survey of said town if thought proper." The following persons were elected a committee for the purposes set forth in the article : Simeon Hines, William Munson, Elnathan Keyes, Eli Baker. Who these pitchers were, and to what trouble the double claim to proprietorship led, will be best understood by giving extracts from records which both parties kept. At an adjourned meeting the committee reported : " That in the execution of their duties as a committee for the pro- prietors they have demanded of Ira Allen, who pretends to be the former clerk of the proprietors, all records and papers relative to the propriety — and that said Allen refused to give any satisfaction or deliver any papers relative to said interest, if any he had." The meetings of the pitchers were held in Salis- bury, Conn., and the action they took will be seen from the records of these meetings. " Salisbury, March, 23, 1775. Then the proprietors of the town- ship of Colchester (a township lately granted under the great seal of the province of New Hampshire now in the province of New York) met, according to a legal warning in the Connecticut Currant, at the dwelling house of Captain Samuel Moore, inholder in Salisbury, in Litchfield county, and colony of Con- necticut in New England, ist. Voted that Col. Thomas Chittenden be mod- erator of this meeting. 2nd. Voted that Ira Allen shall be proprietors' clerk for this town. 3rd. Voted that this meeting be adjourned to the twenty-fourth day of instant March at nine o'clock, to be held at this place. Test Ira Allen, pro. clerk." " March 24th, 1775. Then this meeting was opened according to adjournment. Voted whereas Ethan Allen, Remember Baker, Heman , Allen, Zimri Allen and Ira Allen known by the name of the Onion River Company who are proprietors in this township of Colchester on said river (a Town of Colchester. 555 township lately granted under the great seal of the province of Newhamp- shire now in the province of Newyork) have expended large sums of money in cutting a road from Castleton to said river, seventy miles through the woods and clearing of encumberments from said lands, settling some part of those lands, and keeping possession, which by us is viewed as a great advantage towards the settlement of those lands, in general, especially the said township of Colchester, and whereas the said Ethan Allen, Remember Baker, Heman Allen, Zimri Allen and Ira Allen have laid out some lot on said Onion River in Colchester, therefore in consideration of this service done by them and in consideration of their settlement of six families on said lots, therefore — voted that said company have liberty to pitch and lay out fifteen hundred acres in hundred acres lot." In this contest between the two parties, both claiming to be proprietors, the Onion River Company appears to have gained the day, numbers of the other party and of the new settlers uniting with them, and to have prosecuted the settlement of the town. Ira Allen and his cousin, Remember Baker, both members of the Onion River Company, were the first persons to take possession of Colchester, being on an exploring expedition up the Onion River. This was in the fall of 1772. After exploring the country somewhat (Baker bringing along his family, which consisted of a wife and three children), for protection against " Injins " and " Yorkers," the first thing they did was to build a fort. This stood some six or eight rods east of the new bridge at Winooski village, on the left bank of the river, close to the water. It was two stories high, had thirty-two port-holes in the upper story, was built of hewn logs, and called Fort Frederick. The same season they cut a road through to Castleton, a distance of seventy miles. In 1774 the work of clearing the land began in good earnest. Two clearings were made between Winooski village and the present railroad bridge below, by Joseph Fuller and Henry Colvin, and one at Mallet's Bay by a man named Monte. In 1775 farms were purchased in the vicinity by Abel Hulburt, Abel Benedict and Captain Thomas Darwin. From 1776 to 1783, the Revolution being in progress, Colchester was abandoned, but in the latter year Ira Allen and most of the settlers returned. Allen upon his return built the " upper dam," two saw-mills, a grist-mill, two forges and a furnace. Bar iron, mill irons, forge-hammers and anchors were manufactured and the place began to grow rapidly. A little later John M. Lane, John Law and Benjamin Board- man bought farms and built houses on Colchester Point, and a good part of the town was settled. Ira Allen, who did more for Colchester than any other man, was born at Cornwall, Conn., May l, 175 1. and received a good English education, including surveying. Though he had but just turned twenty-one when he came to Vermont, he was soon recognized as a leader of men. He managed 556 History of Chittenden County. the affairs of Vermont in her darkest days, standing between the people of the State and the Continental Congress ; wrote a history of the State which was printed in London in 1798 ; projected a canal from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence River ; resisted at all times the New York patentees ; and effected the establishment of the University of Vermont. He married Jerusha Enos, daughter of General Roger Enos, and had three children, Zimri Enos, Ira H. and Maria JuHet. He resided during the later years of his life at Philadelphia, Pa., and there he died January 7, 1814. Allen was the second representative of Colchester, receiving the honor for six consecutive sessions of the Legisla- ture ; from 1786 to 1792. After his death his widow resided for a number of years at the old " Allen house" in Winooski village, in which house the first county court of Chittenden county was held in 1785. Remember Baker was born at Woodbury, Conn., about 1740, came to Vermont in 1764, and was killed by Indians near St. Johns, P. Q., in 1775. Like Allen he did much for the town and more for the State. He was cousin to the Allen brothers and was with Ethan at the capture of Ticonderoga. His life was a series of ups and downs. Upon coming to Vermont he built and ran a grist-mill at Arlington, then was " off" to the wars, " where he saw much hard fighting. Baker proved in these times such a successful opponent of New York that a reward of fifty pounds was offered for him, and one John Monroe with a company of twelve or fifteen Yorkers'attempted to take him prisoner in 1772. Going to his house they broke down the door and acted in an inhuman man- ner. One of Mrs. Baker's arms was so injured that she never recovered the use of it, and Baker's right hand was nearly severed at. the wrist. He was put into a sleigh by his captors and started for Albany, but was rescued by a band of Green Mountain Boys near the Hudson. Baker never forgot his treatment and was ever possessed of a kingly wrath towards the Yorkers. His widow married Thomas Butterfield, the first representative of Colchester. William Munson came to Colchester about 1790 from Dover, N. H., and at first was employed by Ira Allen in his saw-mill. He soon engaged in the lum- ber business for himself, building several saw-mills. He became one of the most wealthy and prominent men in the town. At one time he owned more than half of the lots in Colchester ; and was representative and town clerk in 1806. He had a family of fourteen children, Lucy, Artemissa, Eliza, William B., Sid- ney, George, Adeliza, Emeline, Francis, CaroHne, Clarrissa, John, Frances and Wallace. He died in 1830. William B. Munson now lives at the Center, aged eighty-six years. John Law came to Colchester at an early day from New London, Conn., and settled on the Point. In 1793 he was a delegate to the State Convention at Windsor, called to consider amendments to the constitution, and in 1802, town representative. Law was liberally educated, but eccentric and poor. Joshua Stanton was one of the first settlers of Colchester and one of the Town of Colchester. 557 original organizers. He was three years chief judge of Chittenden County Court, town representative from 179S to 1800, and did much for the University of Vermont by his counsel and means. He lived in the Penniman district. Jabez Penniman came to Colchester not far from 1800, and lived in town more than thirty years. He was town clerk from 18 17 to 1822, and town rep- resentative in 1 8 19 and 1820. He was also collector of customs for the dis- trict of Vermont under President Jefferson. Besides these offices he was for many years probate judge for Chittenden county. Judge Penniman, as he was called, married the widow of Ethan Allen, the ceremony taking place at West- minster, Vt, October 28, 1793. Heman Allen, son of Heber Allen, and nephew to Ethan and Ira, came to Colchester from Poultney very early, being adopted by his uncle Ira after the death of his father. He died in Highgate, Vt, in 1852, and is buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Burhngton. He was a public man, being town clerk of Colchester from 1807 to 181 7, town representative from 1812 to 18 16, sheriff of Chittenden county in 1 808-9, chief judge of Chittenden County Court from 181 1 to 1815, and United States minister to Chili under John Quincy Adams. Nathaniel CoUins came from Connecticut to Burhngton about. one hundred years ago; he lived there till 1824, when he removed to Colchester Center, where he carried on the business of blacksmithing. He had thirteen children, one of whom, Charles, now resides near the Center. Charles says he remem- bers hearing his father say that when he first came to Vermont the settlement of Winooski contained only two houses and one saw-mill. Nathan Bryant was an early settler in Colchester, where he died at an ad- vanced age. He was engaged in the lumber business most of his life. He was a soldier in 18 12. When Miller preached in Vermont in 1843 Bryant be- came a convert, and people used to say " had got religion," because he used his team better. His son Martin Bryant now lives near the Center. Benjamin Boardman was one of the first to buy a farm at Colchester Point. He came from Connecticut. At the first proprietors' meeting he was chosen clerk. He married a Miss Weeks from Winooski village. Mrs. B. B. Hines, of Colchester Center, his daughter, is now ninety years of age, but quite well preserved. He lived in the house that is now the Colchester poor-house. George Bates early settled in town. He married Mary Hine and died in 1876, aged ninety- one years. Paul Clapp came in 1797 to Colchester from Orange, Vt. He lived near Colchester Center. He was a soldier in 18 12. Seth Gary, another Connecticut man, settled in Colchester in 1800. He was a farmer, and a soldier in 1812. Ichabod Brownell kept for many years a tavern at Winooski village. David Ferrin came to Colchester early, and resided about one mile north 36 SS8 History of Chittenden County. of the Center, where B. B. Hines now lives. He died seventy years ago. His son Cyrus always resided in town, and died some four years ago. Both father and son were prominent Congregationalists. Samuel Austin, a Quaker, came from New Hampshire in 1790. He mar- ried Rachel Hawkins and had a family of six children, Abigail, Paul, Solomon, Anna, Stephen, and William. Ebenezer Lyon was born at Canterbury, Conn., and came to Colchester in 1798. He was twice married and had eleven children. He lived on the farm now owned by W. D. Farnsworth. Ebenezer Johnson settled early in Colchester, coming from New Hamp- shire ; he purchased one hundred acres of land for three dollars per acre. He had one child, Ambrose, now deceased. Isaac Thompson came here from Dover, N. H., when Colchester was mostly a forest. He served in the War of 1812, and was present at the battle of Plattsburgh. He had fourteen children, ten boys and four girls ; Noah, one of the sons, aged seventy-six years, now resides near Mallet's Bay. He was all his life engaged in lumbering and farming. Thomas Greenough, a native of Boston, came at an early day to Milton, where he resided for a short time, and then settled in Colchester. He died about forty years ago. Three of his children are now living, Mrs. Noah Thompson, of Colchester, Mrs. E. Hodge, of Burlington, and Stephen A. Greenough, of Michigan. Mr. Greenough was a farrier. Artemas Cushman came early from Massachusetts to Colchester. He had a family of twelve children, held many town offices, and lived to an advanced age- Captain Mallett, as he was called by every one, was one of the first settlers in town. No one knows where he came from, but he had built a log cabin on the shore of the bay which bears his name, long before the Revolution. Here he lived a strange sort of life, hermit or host as it happened, and died a very old man in 1789 or 1790. William Hine was another early settler in the town. He had three chil- dren, Hesekiah, Simeon and Israel. Simeon became a prominent man in town, and was representative in 1809 and 1 8 ID. Ebenezer Woolcott came to Colchester from Pownal about 1795. He was engaged in making lime at the Center for a good many years. He had eleven children, and died in 1839. Ebenezer Severance settled in Colchester early, coming from Connecticut with his father. They lived upon the farm now owned by George N. Rhodes. He had eight children, two of whom, John and George, are citizens of Col- chester, aged respectively seventy-six and seventy-one years. Town Organization.— The town of Colchester was organized in 1791, though the first town meeting on record was held March 18, 1793. At this Town of Colchester. 559 meeting Joshua Stanton was elected moderator and treasurer ; Joshua Stanton, jr., town clerk ; William Munson, constable ; John Law and Thomas Hill, selectmen. Thomas Butterfield was the first representative, elected in 1785 ; and the first justice of the peace, appointed in 1787. The population of Col- chester at its organization was 137. The present town officers of Colchester are : Town clerk, H. V. Horton ; selectmen, J. B. Small, A. M. Wheeler, Samuel Bigwood ; treasurer, Ormond Cole ; overseers of the poor, the selectmen ; collector, H. V. Horton ; listers, A. H. Merrill, William Kidder, George L. McBride ; auditors, A. J. Stevens, WiUiam Kidder, Samuel Bigwood ; trustee surplus fund, H. V. Horton ; town agent, J. B. Small ; superintendent of schools, Samuel H. Amsden. The first settlers found the sandy lands of the township covered with a heavy growth of pitch pine, the cutting of which formed the chief industry for many years. Many of the trees when felled would measure ten rods in length, and it was not uncommon to see two thousand feet of lumber in one saw-log. Before there were any mills for dressing lumber in the county the pioneers of Colchester took millions of feet to Quebec by raft. A great many of these rafts were built and loaded just back of the factory of the Burlington Woolen Company at Winooski village, where the river is quite broad. Old settlers re- member of only one tannery in town. " Uncle " Eber Coon, who lived in the north part of the town, his farm of three hundred acres reaching to the town line, had a small tannery upon his place, which he managed for a good many years. He stopped tanning about 1821, having lost his property. Dunbar's Hotel, one mile east of Winooski village, was built by Arad Mer- rill in 1830. He kept the house some twelve years, when his son Andrew suc- ceeded him. In 1878 Frank J. Dunbar purchased the property, and has since that time been proprietor. The building is two and one-half stories, and will accommodate about eighty guests. Numbers of summer boarders stop with Mr. Dunbar every season. The Mallet's Bay House, located near the head of the bay, is a two-storied building with accommodations for seventy-five persons. It is a popular resort for summer guests. Mr. J. A. McKenna is proprietor, and has recently re- fitted the entire house. The Mallet's Bay post-office was established here in 1 88 1. Reuben W. Thayer is postmaster. S. A. Weston's lime-kilns, located near the High Bridge, have a capacity for 350 bushels of lime per day. Mr. Weston has manufactured lime for over twenty years, shipping it extensively. He at present owns two kilns and employs in the business ten men. Thompson's Mills, one-half mile east of Colchester Center, were erected in 1 87 1 by R. P. Thompson. Mr. Thompson here runs a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and a cider-mill. The War of \%\2. — During the period of this war the following company, under the command of Lieutenant Moses Bates, was organized in Colchester, S6o History of Chittenden County. and went out from the town to the front : Jeremiah Browne, William Hyde, jr., Joseph Chandler, Wyman Hill, William Ellis, Jacob Bates, Heman Rowley, Jon- athan Boardman, Walter Ames, Joseph Henry, Timothy Gale, Reuben Jones, Gilbert Churchill, George Downing, William Knight, Andrew Packard, Eli Gilbert, Amos Gale, Benjamin L. Hinman, William Brown, Jed Butler, Roger Lomis, David Binne, Jacob Ralph, Heman Washburn, Andrew Davis, Abner Mack, jr., Zacheus Allen, Ebenezer Smalley, John Webster, Isaac Harris, James Humphrey, Daniel Woodard, John Plain, jr., James Webster, Beman Johnson, James Nichols, William Calf, Ebenezer Johnson, Elijah Woolcot, jr., Chauncey Hurlbut, Moses Johnson, Paul Keezer, William Ames, Jeremiah Bryan, Jacob Coffran, John Coffran, John Chase, James Blair, jr., Simon Brown, William Sutton, Samuel Baker, Alphonzo Bates. MUNICIPAL HISTORY. There are two villages in town, Colchester Center and Winooski, besides a number of houses at Colchester Station. Upon the " north bend " of Mal- let's Bay there are about forty farm houses, and about seventy upon the " south bend." Colchester Center is a quiet little hamlet containing a town-house, three blacksmith shops, a cider-mill, one store, post-office, and three churches — in all about twenty-five houses. R. J. White does a general business here in dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, country produce, feed and land plaster ; amounting to $7,000 per year. He began business in 1884, and is the only merchant in town out of Winooski. Winooski, one of the busiest villages in the State, and the largest in Chit- tenden county, lies in the southern part of the township, upon Winooski River. The water-power here afforded by the fall in the river is extensive, and was early utilized. It was here that Ira Allen built his first saw-mills after the Revo- lution. The settlement that began with Fort Frederick has been gradually growing for over one hundred years, till now an iron bridge has taken the place of the ferry-boat, and the horse- cars run past the sites of the early log cabins. The " falls village " did not grow very fast till the erection of the Bur- lington Woolen Factory ; from that time there has been a steady progress. Sixty years ago Winooski was little more than a crossing of two roads, now Main and Allen streets. At the foot of Main street an old covered bridge spanned the river ; when it was built no one knows. Perhaps there were in all forty houses in the village, most of them low and unpainted ; only two of these remain to-day, the old " Mansion House," and the stone house now owned by Mr. Herrick, which was then an hotel kept by one Butler. Several of these houses stood near the head of Main street, and the collection was termed Frenc/t Village. There was not a store, saw- mill, or shop of any kind upon the Colchester side of the river ; on the Burlington side there was'a saw Town of Colchester. 561 and grist-mill on the site of the Buriington Cotton Mill ; and the Green Moun- tain House, which stood where Dr. Richardson's house is, and was an old un- painted building. The old Allen house, Ira Allen's home, was half tumbling down. It was a great square building, in the old style, one and one-half stories high, was formerly painted white, and stood where Mr. Dyke's house now stands. It was removed about 1830. There was a great deal of timber on all sides of the village, and the land from St. Francis's Church to the railroad was entirely covered. The farm lands came to the two roads mentioned, and the sites of the present business blocks were cultivated fields. Moses Catlin, who lived where the Mary Fletcher Hospital now stands, owned most of the lands around the village, and many of the villagers worked for him by the day, getting out spars and square lumber for the Quebec market. The first store on the Colchester side was built by Mr. Weaver in 1834, on the site of the present Winooski block. The village owes much to Francis Le Clair. He came to Winooski in 1828, and has erected over one hundred and fifty houses, building as many as ten some seasons. By allowing them to pay in easy install- ments, he has furnished many poor families with pleasant homes. The village was incorporated in December, 1866. The following were the first officers : William Kidder, secretary ; H. V. Horton, treasurer ; Allen Stone, collector ; George P. Woods, S. H. Weston, F. C. Kennedy, H. W. Bar- rett, Francis Le Clair, trustees ; P. P. Wilkins, A. J. Stevens, A. H. Bunker, Samuel Bigwood, A. C. Smith, fire wardens. The village is divided into the east, west, and south wards. Professions. — H. F. Wolcott was born at Westfield, Ohio, in 1849, ^"d was educated at Oberlin College. He studied law with O. E. Butterfield, of Wilmington, Vt., and was admitted to the bar in Windham county, Vt, in 1876. He practiced his profession there till 1883, when he removed to Wi- nooski, where he has since practiced. Mr. Wolcott is a member of the law firm of Wilbur & Wolcott, of Burlington, office at 46 North Winooski avenue. His Winooski office is in Weston's block. Main street. H. N. Deavitt began the practice of law in Winooski in May, 1884. He was born at Richmond, Vt., in March, 1842, and graduated at the Barre Academy in 1861. Mr. Deavitt studied law with Luther Henry, of Waterbury, Vt, Jeremiah French, of Burlington, at the Albany Law School, and with Judge T. P. Redfield, of Montpelier. He was admitted to the bar in Wash- ington county, Vt., in March, 1866. Dr. L. F. Burdick, the oldest medical practitioner in Colchester, and one of the oldest in the county, came to Winooski in November, 1852. Dr. Bur- dick was born in Ira, Rutland county, Vt., December 16, 1824, educated at the Gouverneur Academy, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and at Union College. He studied medicine with Dr. Conkie, of Canton, N. Y., and Dr. S. C. With- erby, of Westford, Vt., and graduated at the Castleton Medical College in 562 History of Chittenden County. 1852. Dr. Burdick has been for a number of years one of the attending phy- sicians to the Mary Fletcher Hospital of Burlington. His office is at his house on Main street. Dr. J. H. Richardson began the practice of medicine in Winooski in 1868. He was born at Barnard, Windsor county, Vt., in i8i6, educated at Pomfret, Vt., in select schools and in the high school, studied medicine with Drs. Gibson and Benjamin Rush Palmer, both of Woodstock, Vt, and graduated at the Woodstock Medical College. His office is at his house on Allen street. Dr. O. W. Peck was born in Montgomery, Vt, in 1854, and was fitted for college at the Barre Academy; studying medicine, he graduated at the medi- cal department of the University of Vermont in 1880, and immediately began practice in Winooski. Office in Winooski block, Allen street. Dr. W. G. Church, office in Winooski block, Allen street, was born in Jer- icho, Vt., in 1850. He graduated from the academical department of the University of Vermont in 1869 and from the medical department in 1878. His preceptor in medicine was Dr. G. W. Bromley, of Richmond, Vt Dr. Church practiced in Middlesex, Vt., for the last six years and came to Winoo- ski in March, 1886. Dr. Samuel Patenaude, located at the corner of Main and Allen streets, began the practice of medicine in Winooski in 1884. He was born at St Johns, P. Q., in 1862, and educated at Pointe aux Tremble. He graduated at the medical department of the University of Vermont in 1884. Dr. J. D. DeUsle was born at Montreal in 1857 and was educated at Que- bec. He graduated from the Victoria Medical College, Montreal, in 1885, and began the practice of his profession in Winooski in the same year. M. S. Kendall, dentist, office in Winooski block, was born at Reading, Windsor county, Vt., in 1838. He studied dentistry with Nathaniel Harris, of Middlebury, Vt., and opened his office in town more than twenty years ago. Business Interests. — Burlington Woolen Company, F. C. Kennedy, agent, located at Winooski, see Burlington chapter on manufactures. Burlington Cotton Company, W. H. Barrett, agent, located at Winooski, see same chapter. The Walker & Hatch Lumber and Manufacturing Company, located at Winooski, see same chapter. Winooski Brick Yard, Francis Le Clair, proprietor, see Burlington chapter. Doubleday & Clement Brothers' Furniture Manufactory was established in Winooski by Doubleday & Hall in 1873. They were succeeded in 1877 by T. A. Doubleday, who was in 1884 succeeded by the present firm. The firm cut over 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year, and employ from sixty to seventy men in the manufacture of all kinds of cottage and parlor furniture. They make a specialty of ash and basswood goods, shipping them all over the United States. They also do a large export business with the West India Islands and South America. Town of Colchester. 563 Edwards, Stevens & Co., iron founders and machinists, established in 1858, see Burlington chapter. The Winooski Lumber and Water Power Company was incorporated some eighteen years ago with a capital stock of $60,000, $47,000 of which was taken by Colonel L. B. Piatt, S. H. Weston and H. P. Hickok. After Colonel Piatt's death J. F. Leonard purchased his interest and is at present manager for the company. In 1885 Walker & Hatch purchased of the company their water-power interest, with some four acres of land, on the right bank of the river just above the " upper dam." The company at present own considerable land, including the island above the falls. The Winooski Gold and Silver Plating Works, on Canal street, were es- tablished in 1864 by George Hager. In 1874 he sold the business to David Mitchell, who has since carried it on, employing some of the time sixteen men. Mr. Mitchell also manufactures gold, silver and nickel-plated harness trim- mings of all kinds. The Winooski Savings Bank, on Allen street, was incorporated in 1869. S. H. Weston is president ; H. W. Barrett, vice-president, and Ormond Cole, treasurer. The bank does a large business. The officers above named, to- gether with the following gentlemen, are trustees : J. H. Richardson, W. T. Herrick, A. J. Stevens, J. B. Small, O. P. Ray, W. L. Greenleaf, Samuel Big- wood and E. C. Mower. Safford, Humphrey & Co., Corporation block, Main.street, do an extensive business in dry goods, groceries, clothing, hats and caps, shoes and meats. The firm is made up of E. O. Safford, A. O. Humphrey and F. C. Kennedy. They purchased the business of H. W. Mason in 1881, employ nine clerks, and their annual sales amount to nearly $100,000. J. C. Piatt & Co., Main street, do a large business in dry goods and gro- ceries, boots and shoes. They carry, also, a full line of carpetings and oil- cloths. The business was established a number of years ago by Piatt & Allen. In 1885 J. C. Piatt's father, Hon. J. S. Piatt, purchased the interest of Mr. Allen. E. R. Crandall's drug store. Main street, was established in 1882. Mr. Crandall carries a full line of drugs and chemicals, and makes a specialty of physicians' prescriptions. Herbert Parrizo, Main street, deals in dry and fancy goods. He opened his store in town in 1 880. H. L. Johonott's drug business, on Main street, was established in Winoo- ski over forty years ago, and has been carried on by Mr. Johonott for the last six years. He does a large business in drugs and medicines, and carries a line of spectacles and optical goods in general. William Devino handles $10,000 worth of flour, feed and baled hay per annum in his feed store on Allen street. He employs three men in the store. 564 History of Chittenden County. Carpentier Brothers — Frank, George and Henry B. — began the dry goods and grocery business in Winooski nineteen years ago. During this time their trade has steadily increased, till now they do a good wholesale business in fancy goods, notions and cigars. They carry a full general store stock, and keep three men on the road. J. D. Tanner, Winooski block, began the drug business in the village in 1884. He carries a large stock of drugs and medicines, together with books and stationery, fancy and toilet articles. A. A. Grave, Winooski block, succeeded in 1884 Francis Le Clair, who be- gan business forty- five years ago, in staple and fancy groceries, paper-hangings and curtains, silver-plated and steel cutlery. Frank W. Macrae commenced the furniture business in Winooski in 1883 ; he occupies two stores in Winooski block, and deals extensively in all kinds of cottage and parlor furniture. J. L. Devino, Allen street, carries a $3,000 stock of jeweler's goods, includ- ing watches, clocks, silverware and spectacles. He began business in the vil- lage three years ago. W. R. Chambers & Co., corner of Main and Allen streets, began trade in Winooski in 1884. The business is boots, shoes and rubbers, of which a good stock is always kept on hand. A. Dubuc has been in trade in Winooski since 1881, doing a good business in groceries and fancy goods. He is located on Main street and carries a stock of $500. C. H. Shipman, Allen street, began the hardware business in the village in May, 1886. He carries a stock of $4,000 in hardware, tinware, paints and oils. L. B. Piatt, Main street, has been interested in mercantile business in Wi- nooski for more than twenty years. Since 1880 he has done a general business in dry goods and groceries, boots and shoes, making a specialty of clothing. Mr. Piatt has also a market on Main street. S. Bigwood & Son, Main street, carry a heavy line of hardware, stoves, tin- ware, paints and oils, manufacturing the tinware. Mr. Bigwood has been in business here twenty- five years. Weston & Catlin, Main street, keep the oldest store and market in Wi- nooski, dealing in groceries and meats of all kinds. The business was estab- lished by Mr. Weston's father when Winooski village was simply " the falls," and their large store attests the growth of the interest. The Stevens House, Ibcated on Main street, was built in 1864 by Edwards & Stevens ; it is four stories high, and has accommodations for sixty guests. The present proprietor is James Evarts. The house does a good business and has always many guests during the summer season. A. J. Evarts is clerk. The Winooski Graded School, in the sixth school district of the town of Colchester, is supported by both the town and village. A fine school is main- \- S. H. We, STON. Town of Colchester. 565 tained ; J. A. Hartigan is principal ; Miss T. L. Ouillinan, Miss J. B. Lonergan and Mrs. H. M. Bartram are assistants. The Winooski Aqueduct Company, by which the village is supplied with water, see Burlington Woolen Company. The fire department of the village, composed of two companies, is very effi- cient and dates from the incorporation of the latter, when a steamer was pur- chased. Winooski Steamer Co. No. I. — Foreman, J. K. Nash; first assistant, John Gleason ; second assistant, James Waterman ; engineer, C. D. Flint ; first assist- ant engineer, F. W. Styles ; second assistant engineer, W. E. Gray ; fireman, R. J. Stoddard ; secretary and treasurer, M. J. Coughlin ; auditor, M. J. Cough- lin ; steward, C. D. FHnt. Lafayette Hose Co. No. 2. — Foreman, Patrick McGreevy ; first assistant, Arthur Bovas ; second assistant, Duffey Lavee ; clerk, Joseph T. Mongeon ; treasurer, Peter Leclair. The present officers of Winooski village are : Clerk, H. V. Horton ; audi- tors, Peter Desantels, William Kidder ; trustees, east ward, A. J. Stevens, Sam- uel Bigwood ; south ward, C. Gordon, A. S. Webb ; west ward, Henry La- vigne, jr., Joseph Niquette, jr.; fire wardens, W. L. Greenleaf, Louis Baraby, James McGrath. Postmasters. — The first mention of a postmaster in the town of Colchester appears in Walton's Register for 1834, when John W. Weaver served his coun- try in that capacity. This was at the Center. From about 1836 to 1850 Cas- sius M. Phelps held the office, and was succeeded by George M. Sharp. His successors have been as follows: E. S. Hine, from about 185S to 1861 ; John Scullin, from 1862 to 1867 ; A. C. Brownell, in 1868 ; John F. Day, from 1869 to 1876 ; F. L. Parsons, from 1877 to 1881 ; George Howard, in 1882 ; A. W. Howard, from 1883 to 1885 ; and Ira Lord, the present incumbent. The inhabitants of Winooski Falls and village formerly obtained their mail largely from the Burlington office, which was for years located at the head of Pearl street. Walton does not mention any office there before 1848, when William B. Hatch was appointed. Since then the postmasters at Winooski have been Silas C. Isham, succeeding Mr. Hatch, from 1853 to 1854; Joseph B. Small, from 185S to 1861 ; George P. Woods, 1862 to 1865; C. F. Storrs, 1866; G. T. Smith, 1867; L. B. Pratt, jr., from 1869 to 1877 ; James W. Edwards, from 1878 to the present time. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Ecclesiastical History. — The First Congregational Church of Colchester, located at the Center, was organized September 14, 1804, in a school-house then standing near the village. The organization was effected by Rev. Benja- min Wooster, who was sent by the Connecticut Missionary Society to Vermont. 566 History of Chittenden County. The eight constituent members were Timothy Farrand, Friend Farrand, Nathan Wheeler, Polly Deming, Elizabeth Wheeler, Desire Wolcott, Lydia Austin, and a Mrs. Downing ; most of them were from New Mitford and Derby, Conn. Nathan Wheeler was chosen the first deacon, holding the office im- til his death, in 1806. Edward Griffin was elected to succeed him, and until his removal from town in 18 12 was the only deacon. The society worshiped in barns and school-houses till 1814, when the old school-house was built to be used for school and town purposes and also for public worship. The society, in connection with the Baptist Society, erected in 1838 a suitable brick church which served as a place of worship for both until 1861, when the Congregationalists purchased the interest of the Baptists in the building, and completely repaired the same ; it will seat two hundred persons. The so- ciety own a pleasant parsonage with two and a half acres of land. In 1885 the church and parsonage were repaired, at an expense of $600. The present officers of the church are Rev. Samuel H. Amsden, pastor; Holman Bates, deacon; R. J. Bates, superintendent of the Sabbath-school; Frederick Bates, clerk. The church at present has sixty-nine members, the Sabbath-school sixty, and the congregation averages 135. The First Baptist Church of Colchester, located at the Center, was organ- ized January 19, 1820, with eight members. The Rev. Phineas Colver was the first pastor. The first house of worship was erected in 1830 in union with the First Congregational Church. The two societies continued to worship to- gether till 1 86 1, when the Congregationalists purchased the interest of the Baptists in the structure. The Baptists immediately erected their present wood church at a cost of $3,000, capable of seating 275 people. The church is at present without a pastor, but services are kept up. John Crockett and Noah Thompson are deacons, and Mason O. Peck superintendent of Sabbath- school. The membership of the church is fifty-five, and of the Sabbath-school forty-five. The First Methodist Church of Colchester is located at the Center. In 1 824 the few Methodists in town met together and held public worship with the Congregationalists and Baptists in an old school-house standing on the site of the present academy building. A Sabbath-school was at this time organ- ized, but met only in the summer months, and not regularly then. The first superintendent remembered was Ebenezer Spencer, a Baptist, followed by Charles Collins, who now resides near the Center. The first meeting-house was built in 1839; it was constructed of brick and cost $1,500. This served the society until 1869, when the present church edifice was erected, costing $2,500. The officers of the church are Rev. J. T. Baxendale, pastor; Mel- vin McHall, D. G. Huntress, leaders; F. S. Parsons, W. B. Parker, W. H. Baker, B. O. White, F. S. Smith, Homer Porter, George Horton, stewards ; Eliza Barstow, Anna Nelson, Sabbath-school superintendents; F. S. Parsons, Town of Colchester. 567 F. S. Smith, Seth A. Gary, business committee. The church has at present seventy-six members. The following pastors have served the society: 1828, Rev. Lyman A. Sanford, Rev. Elias Sheldon; 1834-35, Elijah Crane; 1835-36, Arunah Lyon, Lyman A. Sanford; 1838-39, William N. Fraser, Andrew Weatherspoon ; 1840-41, C. H. Leonards, Miller Fisk, Samuel Hughs, Aaron Hall; 1842-43, A. S. Cooper, A. F. Fenton, C. H. Gridly; 1846-47, J. L. Cook, D. B. McKenzie; 1851-52, J. B. Whitney, W. R. Puffer; 1853-54, William N. Fraser, D. W. Gould, J. E. Kimball; 1856-57, Benjamin Cox; 1859-60, L. M. Fisher; 1861-62, A. S. Cooper; 1864-65, C. F. Garvin; 1868-69, John Chase; 1870-71, John Chase; 1 87 1-72,'^ W. H. Hyde; 1873- je, D. H. Bicknell; 1878-79, D. P. Bragg; 1880-81, J. C. Langford; 1883- -84, C. S. Hulburt. The following names of preachers are remembered, but not the dates of service: C. W. Cutler, Bishop Isbell, Will Clark, McKendree Petty, O. E. Spicer, G. C. Simmonds, Alexander Campbell, and Revs. Craig, Chester, Chamberlin, Pratt, Rogers, and Chamberlain. The First Congregational Society of Winooski was formed November 9, 1836, Rev. Simeon Parmelee, D. D., being moderator of the meeting. .Twenty- three of the constituent members were a colony from the First Church of Burlington. H. P. Hickok was scribe of the first council, and Rev. Presi- dent Wheeler, of the University of Vermont, chairman of the first church meeting. The articles of association, drafted by the late Hon. George P. Marsh, were signed November 20, 1836. Dan Day was chosen deacon De- <;ember 13, 1836, and Sewall Kenny first clerk. A feature of the organization is that no tax can ever be laid upon the members of the society to meet ex- penses, article five reading : " The church shall be erected and kept in repair, the clergyman supported, and all other expenses of the society defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the members of the society, and such other persons as may be disposed to subscribe, and not by tax upon the members." Meetings were held from 1836 to 1840 in the brick school-house upon the Burlington side of the river. In 1840 the present brick church was erected upon Allen street. It cost $7,736.41, and will seat 250 persons. The church at present has lOO members, and the Sabbath-school 120, with a library of 550 volumes. The officers of the society are Rev. E. A. Squier, pastor; James A. Parsons, of Essex, F. A. Thompson, and John Jewett, deacons ; A. O. Hood, superintendent of the Sabbath- school and clerk ; Dr. O. W. Peck, A. E. Richardson, Dr. J. H. Richardson, John Jewett, and J. B. Small, pru- dential committee. The early history of Methodism in Winooski is somewhat obscure, though probably dating back to 1830-35. For many years there was Methodist preach- ing here by local preachers in adjoining towns, and services were first held ■over Duncan's blacksmith shop, then in Baxter's Hall, next in Hatch's Hall until the erection of the present church structure on Allen street. The First 568 History of Chittenden County. Methodist Church of Winooski was organized about 1846 by S. R. Rathburn, H. Simmons, J. L. Hempstead, J. P. Newhall, Sherman Beach, and Rev. H. H. W. Smith as pastor. The following is the list of pastors who have served the society since its organization. In 1847, Rev. H. H. Smith; in 1848, Rev. John Harlem; in 1849, Rev. C. F. Burdick; in 1850-51, Rev. L. Marshall; in 1852, Rev. R. Griffin; in 1853, Rev. J. G. Phillips; in 1854-55, Rev. C. C. Bedell; in 1856-57, Rev. S. W. Clemens; in i860. Rev. G. A. Silverston ; in 1861-62, Rev. J. Fassett; in 1863-64, Rev. A. J. Ingalls ; in 1865, Rev. J. E. Metcalf; in 1866-67, Rev. D. Lewis; in 1868, Rev. N. O. Freeman ; in 1870, Rev. J. C. Walker; in 1871-72, Rev. A. J. Ingalls; in 1873, Rev. T. C. Pottes; in 1874, Rev. M. Ludlum ; in 1875, Rev. J. G. Perkins; in 1876-77-78, Rev. A. Heath; in 1879-80, Rev. S. D. Elkins ; in 1881-82, Rev. E. L. Walker; in 1883-84, Rev. D. C. Ayers ; in 1885, Rev. J. G. Gooding. The first and present house of worship was dedicated in March, 1861 ; it is built of wood, cost $3,500, and seats 400 persons. The church officers are Rev. J. G. Good- ing, pastor; Sidney H. Weston, John Rumsey, W. G. Sibley, C. S. Lord, J. F. Leonard, Fred Whiting, Ed. C. Greenleaf, John Mellor, D. D. Wentworth, Frank Mace, and E. Hull, stewards ; Sidney H. Weston, superintendent of the Sabbath-school. The society has 114 members and probationers, and the Sabbath-school 190 members. The Trinity Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in 1873 by Rev. E. R. Atwill, rector of St. Paul's Church, Burlington, with four communicants. The present wood chapel on East Union street was erected the same year; it cost $3,000, and will seat 150 persons. The mission now has forty-two communicants and is under the care of Henry C. Hutchings, assist- ant minister of St. Paul's Church, Burlington.' CHAPTER XXI. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF ESSEX.'-' THE township of Essex was among the New Hampshire grants, and was chartered June 7, 1763. The original of this document is now extant. It begins, " George the Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, king, defender of the faith," etc., and bears the official signature of " Benning Wentworth, esq., our governor and commander-in-chief of our said province of New Hampshire," and the countersign of " T. Atkinson, junr., secretary." By the terms of the charter the township was to contain 23,04a 1 St. Francis Xavier Roman Catliolic Church, see Burlington chapter on churches. St. Stephen's. Roman Catholic Church, see same chapter. 2 Prepared by L. C. Butler, M. D. Town of Essex. 569 acres, or to be six miles square, and was to be divided into seventy- two equal shares among as many grantees named in it, none of whom probably ever set foot on the territory thus granted. The reservations made in the charter were the governor's right, two shares; one share for a glebe for the Church of Eng- land ; one share for the incorporated society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts ; one share for the first settled minister of the gospel ; and one for the benefit of schools. Each of these reservations contained 330 acres, save the governor's right, 500 acres. The charter also gave permission to hold two fairs annually, and a market, to be kept open one or more days in each week, as should be advantageous to the people, when there should be fifty families resident in town. There is no record, oral or written, that either of these English luxuries were ever enjoyed by the people of the town. The name of the town perpetuates that of some earl or baronet of England with whom the grantees were associated or familiar. The first settlement in town, of which history or tradition gives any ac- count, was made early in the spring of 1783. Previous to the Revolutionary War emigrants came to this and adjoining towns with a view to settlement, but the opening war sent them all away to join in the battle for liberty and independence. Samuel Smith, and William, his brother, Jonathan Winchell, Dubartus Willard, and David Hall are believed to have been the first settlers of the town, and came here about the same time. They chose for their homes what has proved to be the richest and most productive portions of the town, the rich alluvial valleys of the Onion River, so called from the abundance of wild onions that grew upon its banks, and Brown's River. Here they built the first log houses, felled the first trees, and planted the first seeds. A little later, Lemuel Messenger, Samuel, Joseph and Jeremiah Sinclair, brothers, settled near each other in the same locality. Further down the Onion River, Joshua Stanton settled upon the " governor's right," occupying about four hundred acres of it. About the same period Joel Woodworth settled on Brown's River, and kept what is believed to have been the first " tavern." This " tavern " was located a short distance east of the bridge, near Joshua Whitcomb's. A Httle group of Lombardy poplars marked the spot for many years, but they have now disappeared. Further down the same river, Samuel, Amos, Tim- othy, Ira and Elias Bliss were the first settlers and gave that locality the name of " Bliss street " and " Bliss school district," which it still retains. Their de- scendants are numerous, the famihes large and prominent in social life, in church and town affairs ; public spirited, and liberal promoters of whatever tended to advance the prosperity of the town. Adjoining these farms were those of Abel Castle, father, and Marshall, his son, the eldest of a very large family. "Uncle Abel," as the father was familiarly called, lived and died on the farm where he settled, leaving as many children and grandchildren as he was years of age at his death, ninety-five. Marshall died advanced in age, leaving 57° History of Chittenden County. a good record as a good Christian man and citizen. He represented the town in the " General Assembly " and held important offices of trust in town. Other members of this family located in Jericho, and some of them were among the early emigrants to the " West." Still further down the river, James Pelton, William Blood, Daniel Littlefield, who was town representative two years and held other important town offices, Samuel Bradley, Alvin Bassett, John Hal- bert, William Ingraham, Nathan and Jabez Woodworth, James Keeler, James • Gates, Gideon Curtis, Robert Reynolds, Elijah and Samuel Bixby, and David Hamilton were among the early settlers. Mr. Hamilton was for many years deacon of the Congregational Church and prominent in its affairs. Later in life he removed to Burlington, where he died. On the west side of the river Stephen Butler settled in 1794, and near him Caleb Olds. And these were the only settlers between Brown's River and " the Center " for many years. North of what is called the Center the early settlers were Captain Morgan Noble, Colonel Stephen and Levi Noble, Nathaniel Blood, Ezra Woodworth, Mr. Bryant, Mr. Folsom, Daniel Hobart, Andrew Morgan, Betly Hatch, John Griffin, Averill . Noble, Ezra Slater, Jonathan and Thomas Chipman, Peter Hobart, Mr. Haz- elton, Joshua Bates. Colonel Noble kept a store at a very early day in the house now occupied by Mr. Nichols. Andrew Morgan held the office of town clerk for many years. On the road leading north from " Page's Corners " to Westford, David Tyler, Israel Joslin, and later his brother Benjamin, and Branscom Perrigo were the eariy settlers. Mr. Benjamin Joslin came into town when eighteen years of age, lived and died on the homestead now occupied by Captain Gilbert Morton, who married his daughter. Mr. Joslin was a straight- forward business man, for many years a prominent member of the Methodist Church, and a Hberal contributor to the building of its church edifice. In the northeast part of the town Ezra Baker, and his son Solomon, Henry Slater, Henry Kelly, Asa Brigham, Russell Kellogg, and later. Nelson, his son, Zadoc Bellows, and later his son Amasa, and Silas McClellan were among the first settlers. In the western part of the town, familiariy called the " Lost Nation" on account of somebody having been " lost " there and found after a long search, Samuel Atherton, Moses Parsons, David and Childs Day, and Alonzo Stevens were among the first settlers. Samuel Atherton located upon the farm afterward occupied by his son Asa, who was born in 1800 and lived to see one of the largest families in town grow up to man and womanhood and taking part in the active duties of life. Organization of the Town. — The warning for the town meeting, at which the organization of the town took place, was dated Jericho, March 10, 1786 and was signed John Fassett, assistant. The meeting was held March 22,' 1786, at the house of Dr. Elkanah Billings, in the south part of the town. The day named in the charter for the organization was July 12, 1763, and John Bogart, jr., esq., was to call the meeting, and " is hereby appointed modera- Town of Essex. 571 tor." No reason is assigned for the change in time. The record of this town meeting shows that Dubartis Willard, or " Barty " as he was familiarly called, was chosen moderator; Elkanah Billings, town clerk; Dubartis Willard, Justin Day, and Joel Woodworth, selectmen ; Samuel Smith, treasurer ; Abraham Stevens, constable ; Solomon Stanton, Elkanah Billings, and Samuel Bradley, highway surveyors. The only vote passed at this meeting was " to raise seventy pounds lawful money for the purpose of repairing roads in said town, to be wrought out on said roads at six shillings a day for each man who works in September ; and four shillings a day for each man who works in the month of October ; and three shillings a day for each yoke of oxen." At the annual meeting in 1787 Samuel Bradley was chosen town clerk, and he held the office continuously for five years ; Jonathan Winchell, Abraham Stevens, Samuel Smith, selectmen ; Joel Woodworth, treasurer ; Justin Day, constable ; David Thompson and David Day, jurors ; Abraham Stevens, Joel Wood- worth, and Dubartis Willard, fence viewers, and William Thompson, sealer of weights and measures. In 1788 Samuel Bradley, Simon Tubbs, and Dubartis Willard were chosen listers, and Steven Noble, and Captain McNall were chosen tythingmen, officers whose duty it was to take care of the naughty boys at church and other meetings, and preserve order generally. The last tythingman who officiated in that capacity was Daniel Dunlop, as late as 1843. The selectmen of 1788 were Colonel John Childs, Timothy Bliss, esq., and Captain Morgan Noble ; Justin Day, treasurer ; Steven Noble, constable ; Joseph Ely, pound- keeper; James Thompson, and John Lawrence, hay wards — an office which in later years was conferred upon the newly-married couples in town. In 1789 Joel Woodworth, esq., Peter Pixley, and Abel Castle were selectmen; Dubartis Willard, constable. Barty held the office two years. One of the two votes passed at the meeting was "that said town raise three pence on the pound on the Hst of 1788 to be paid in wheat, to defray town charges, said wheat to be collected by the first day of December, 1789." This com- modity seems to have been lawful tender for town services in those days. There was little money in circulation. In 1791 a similar vote was passed rais- ing five pence on the pound and fixing the price of wheat at five shillings per bushel. In 1794 the tax raised was one penny half-penny on the pound, to be paid in wheat at four shiUings a bushel, or money. In 1797 the number of tax- payers in town was 125. There were only three persons that had a list of six dollars and fifty cents. In 1810 the number was 165. The State tax of that year was one cent on the dollar of the grand list. The amount raised was $180.96, showing a grand list of $1,806.90. The only person who paid a tax of over four dollars was Abraham Stevens. His tax was $4.55. In 1819 the number of tax-payers was 155. The town tax was two cents on the dollar. The amount raised was $312.80 and the grand list was $1,580.02. Mr. Stevens was the largest tax-payer, his tax being over eight dollars. In 1886, one 572 History of Chittenden County. hundred years after the organization of the town, the grand list is $9,404.93. There was no State tax, but the town tax was one hundred cents on the dol- lar. Two paid a tax of over two hundred dollars each, and five over one hun- dred dollars each. Quite a large number paid taxes of twenty dollars and up- wards. This heavy taxation was occasioned by bonding the town to the sum of twenty thousand dollars in aid of the Burlington and Lamoille Railroad. The officers of the town for this year were Clark W. Bates, George Butler, and William Hunter, selectmen ; J. W. R. Nichols, town clerk — who has held the office continuously for twenty-three years; George H. Brown, treasurer; E. D. Baker, constable ; S. G. Butler, E. H. Tyler, and J. K. Warner, listers and assessors. On the 2d day of September, 1794, supposed to have been the "first Tuesday," the first " freemen's meeting " was held. At this meeting forty- eight votes were cast for governor, of which Thomas Chittenden had thirty-six. On the 30th day of December of the same year the first votes for representa- tive to Congress were given, of which Noah Smith had thirty-six. The "free- men's meeting" in 1797 was held at the house of Russell Kellogg, and the number of votes cast was sixty- eight, of which Gideon Olin, for governor, had thirty- four. In 1799 the meeting was held at the house of John Knicker- bocker. The whole number of votes cast, seventy-nine, of which Daniel Chip- man had thirty. In 1795 the number was fifty-one; in 1796, fifty; in 1800, sixty-five. These votes indicate that the settlement of the town was not rapid. At its organization there were probably fifty families, for such was the require- ment of the charter. In 1790 the population was 354; in 1800 it was 729 ; and at the expiration of one hundred years from its settlement it is 2,1 1 1 ; and the number of votes cast for governor was 423. The division of the town into seventy- two equal shares was nominally rec- ognized by the early settlers, but as the population increased and new claims were staked out by new comers, it was found that infringements had been made upon the claims of others. One settler had overlapped his neighbor, or two settlers claimed the same share. To remedy this growing inquietude, under the law of the Legislature for this purpose, the first recorded meeting of the proprietors and land owners was called, " to meet on the second Monday of October, 1804, at the dwelling house of Samuel Ferras, in said Essex, at nine o'clock in the forenoon," for the purpose of organization, etc. At this meeting Simon Tubbs was chosen moderator; Nathan Castle, proprietors' clerk ; Samuel Buell, treasurer ; and Stephen Butler, collector. It was voted to survey the town and divide the same into severalty, agreeable to the special act of the Legislature. It was also voted " that the survey should be made as near agreeable to the former allotment and lines as may be consistent with an accurate survey, and that each claimer shall be quieted agreeable to his bounds where there are no interposing claims " ; in which case the committee appointed Town of Essex. 573 to carry the vote into effect were " to determine the premises according to their best judgment and discretion." Abraham Stevens, Timothy Bliss and John Johnson were the committee. Under tliis action of the proprietors the rising rebeUion was quieted, and a map of their survey was made by John Johnson, which, in a very dilapidated condition, is still in existence. The largest claim recognized by this committee was that of Thaddeus Tuttle, who seems to have been a large speculator in real estate. He was wont to enforce his claims for rent or pay by threats of law and writs of ejectment, and some- times found a determined settler who successfully resisted his claim. At one time he put up a sign forbidding persons taking wood from his land. Some wag who seemed to understand the nature of Mr. Tuttle's claims, wrote under it, " Thief threatening thief will do no good ; You stole the land and we'll steal the wood." The Settlement of the Center. — The first settlers of the town seem to have been anxious to locate their " meeting-house " as near the exact " center " of the town as was possible, and hence in town meetings they discussed the subject and directed the question to be determined by " admeasurement." The result did not quite satisfy the people, and by general consent the location now called " the Center " was fixed upon, which varies a few rods from the actual measurement. What is now the " Common " was covered with a heavy growth of pines, part of which had been prostrated by a tornado. The work of clearing it was immense. It was done by a " bee," so called, in which the people of the whole town participated. The huge logs were piled up, those of them that were not wanted for lumber, and burned. Some time about the year 1800 the first building was erected at the Center, and stood on the south- east corner of the Common. It was built by Samuel Pelton. In 1804 Mr. Pelton leased of David Morgan the right to flow land on Alder Brook, and built a saw- mill on the bank west of Lysander Woodworth's. This brook, so called from the immense grove of alders on its bank, was then a very small stream, quite shallow, emptying in Brown's River, in the northeast part of the town. Mr. Pelton diverted this brook from its natural course, carrying the water in a flume to a reservoir dam a few miles below the present gulf cross- way. In this saw-mill some of the lumber used in building the meeting-house was prepared. At this time there was no gulf, but in the great freshet of 1830 the brook became a mighty power, swept off" bridges, dams and mills, cut for itself a new channel well toward a hundred feet below the original bed and forced its way over all opposing obstacles until it mingled its waters with the Winooski, many miles away, in an entirely opposite direction from its original mouth. This was one of the most destructive calamities the town ever wit- nessed, and from which the " Center " never recovered. The second house erected at the Center was the one occupied by Joel Woodworth as the first " tavern " in town. It was brought from its former loca- 574 History of Chittenden County. tion and rebuilt upon the north side of the Common, the site now occupied by the hotel. It was built of pine logs nicely hewn and set up endwise. Here it was again used as a " tavern," and kept for many years by Stephen Butler, and after him by his son, B. B. Butler. At a later period a two-story front was erected and previous to and during the War of 1812 it was a noted place of resort. Its spacious hall, a large one for those days, was used for singing - schools, an occasional festive event, and by the Masonic fraternity. Sixty years ago an addition was made, converting it into its present form. For some years these were the only buildings at the Center. Between the Center and " But- ler's Corners " there was only one house. South of the Center the whole dis- tance to the Winooski in one direction and Brown's River in another, was thickly covered with huge pine trees, which the timber mania of later years swept off, without regard to the " reservation of timber for the royal navy," mentioned in the original charter of the town. North was an extended swamp through which by a narrow foot-path the people of the north portion of the town came to " meeting " on horseback or on foot. Clearing, draining and cultivation has converted this swamp into a fertile intervale bordering Alder Brook. On the southwest corner of the Common lived David Clark and after him Mr. Humphrey and then F. W. Joyner, who established a tannery and shoe shop and carried on a large business for many years in both these depart- ments. Mr. Joyner was an enterprising, public-spirited citizen and contribu- ted liberally to those public enterprises which tended to build up the village. To his public spirit the people are indebted for the beautiful maple shade trees which so handsomely adorn the east side of the Common. The northeast cor- ner of the common was occupied for many years by a wheelwright shop by Harry Aldrich and by a blacksmith shop by Henry Bliss. The northwest cor- ner was the residence for many years of Richard Samson, and when he retired from the hotel, about 1832, it became the homestead of B. B. Butler, where he lived for many years and died. Near the southeast corner was the resi- dence of B. F. Taylor, where he followed the occupation of blacksmith. "Broth- er Taylor," as he was familiariy called, was very zealous in Christian work, was a " local preacher " for many years in the Methodist Church in Westford and Essex, and died at Essex Junction. In 1819-20 the store on the corner was built by B. B. Butler, for the young merchant, Thaddeus R. Fletcher, who, with a capital of $400 borrowed of his brother, commenced the mercantile bus- iness. He was very successful ; being the only merchant in town for many years, soon purchased a building lot and built for himself what was in that day a very fine residence, and a large store also on the opposite side of the street, both of which are now occupied by George H. Brown. Here Mr. Fletcher conducted a large and flourishing business for many years, accumulating large wealth. Later he removed to Burlington, where he died. Meanwhile the " corner store" was occupied by Loren Tyler, and the competing merchants Town of Essex. 575 made business lively. Mr. Tyler's residence was on the south side of the Com- mon, where he died after a very successful career in mercantile life. He was a good citizen and business man, an active member of the Methodist Church, contributing liberally for its support. At a later period Nathan Lothrop set- tled upon the place now owned by Mr. Lester, built the house now occupied by him, had a store and blacksmith's shop on the opposite side of the street, and was engaged for many years in the manufacture of " wrought nails," the only nails then in common use. Mr. Lothrop afterwards built the house now occupied by Mrs. Powell, and resided there when he died. He was an active business man, and a prominent member of the Congregational Church, perpet- uating his memory as one deeply interested in its prosperity and perpetuity, as well as in the spread of the gospel elsewhere, by devoting a large portion of his accumulated wealth to both objects. Meanwhile other persons, business men and farmers, located in and near the Center, and at one period in its his- tory there were two stores, three blacksmith's shops, three shoemakers, a tannery, a saw-mill, one hotel, tailor's, cooper's and wheelwright's shops and a potash man- ufactory, and it was the principal business center of the town. But since the advent of the railroads it has become the village of churches and public build- ings. There are now four churches, Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Universalist, each of which has sufficient capacity to accommodate all who ha- bitually attend Sabbath worship. A large town hall, the upper story of which is a Masonic hall, the Essex Classical Institute and the boarding-house con- nected with it, comprise the public buildings. The town business is all trans- acted here. At the present writing there is one store, a hotel, a blacksmith's shop and two millinery and dressmaking establishments. The men of public spirit and enterprise, who gave tone and vigor and form to the moral, religious and educational interests of the Center village, and to a large extent the whole town, have all passed away. The mantle of Elijah has not fallen upon the shoulders of Elisha. The Settlement of Page's Corners. — The first settlement of Page's Corners, so named for Colonel Samuel Page, by whose enterprise it was made the busi- ness part of the town for a considerable period, was made by James Blin and - John and Stephen Reed, probably not far from 1790. John Reed kept tavern on the northwest of the four corners, and after him Curtis Holgate on the south- east corner. Samuel Farrar was his successor. In a part of this house last occupied by Adonijah Brooks, a store was kept by Bazel Stewart in 1795. The first post-office in town was established at these Corners, and Ralph Rice, who was one of the first general merchants in town and was largely engaged in the manufacture of potash, which he marketed in Montreal, was the first postmas- ter appointed by Postmaster- General Gideon Granger. He declined to accept the office and Samuel Farrar was appointed in his stead. In a few years the post-office died out for want of support. The expense of transporting the mail 576 History of Chittenden County. once a week on horseback was not met by the receipts. For nearly twenty years there was no post-office in town. In 1825 or '26 it was re-established at Butler's Corners and Roswell Butler was appointed postmaster. His com- pensation for the year 1826 was $9.96. Albert Stevens, Truman Powell and David Tyler succeeded him in the office until 1838—9, when it was removed to the Center and Irad C. Day was appointed to the office. Just previous to the War of 1812 Samuel Page, an active, energetic business man, located here and gave it the name by which it has since been known. He kept a tavern for many years on the place since occupied by his descendants, established a black- smith's and wheelwright's shop, in which he did a large and flourishing business. For many years almost the entire business of the town was transacted here. The annual town meetings were held here from 1805 to 1821, when they were permanently located at the Center by vote of the town. Mercantile and man- ufacturing business was carried on quite extensively. Two taverns were in active operation and were liberally patronized. A saw- mill was built near here about 1800, among the first in town and did a good business spring and fall. In the time of the " embargo " these Corners were the scene of many exciting smuggling scenes. The " Brooks Tavern " was thought to be the " headquar- ters" of the "smugglers.'' Custom House officers were very active and vari- ous devices were resorted to to elude their vigilance, and occasionally they were lucky enough to seize some small article as a reward for their assiduity. But the growing business of the Center became the attraction, and one after another of the business enterprises of the Corners were abandoned, and it is now a farming community. Settlement of Essex Junction. — The extensive water power at this place was utiUzed at an early day. It was named Hubbel's Falls, from a man who was one of the first settlers. The first dam was made by Abraham Stevens across the locality known as Rock Island. The first saw- mill was built by John Johnson and Daniel Hurlburt ; later William Ward put in a carding ma- chine joining the saw-mill. Later another dam was built, probably upon the site of the present one, by Mr. Tichout, and the mills by John Bradley and Michael Sinclair. Here was located the carding and manufacturing works of Joshua Haynes, a grist-mill and a saw-mill, and a little later Roswell Butler built a hemp-mill which bid fair to be a very lucrative business enterprise when the terrible freshet of 1830 swept the whole away. The foundations of the grist-mill and carding works alone were left standing. All else was a wreck. Soon after this calamity the dam was rebuilt and a paper-mill was put in by Mr. Cutler, since which with various improvements, additions and changes in management the business has been continued in the name of Hunter & Shi- land. A few years later a large saw-mill was built just below the bridge by S. A. Brownell, and a new grain and flouring mill between that and the paper- mill by other parties. Among the first settlers here was Abraham Stevens, Town of Essex. 577 who at the age of sixteen years enlisted in the army and served under Colonel Seth Warner. He was in the campaign of Quebec, and in the attack upon that place was only a short distance from General Montgomery when he fell, mor- tally wounded. He served through the whole Revolutionary War. Immedi- ately upon its close, after spending a year in Burlington and being married, with his bride he took up his residence in the year 1784 in a log house which stood some distance from the highway leading to the Junction, opposite where Mr. Folsom now resides. Here he located his " soldier's right " of one hun- dred acres of land, and in 1799 took possession of his new-found house, which was for many years a landmark in that vicinity, now gone. Mr. Stevens was at one time the proprietor of a thousand acres of land, comprising probably the whole of what is now known as Essex Junction. He was an industrious, en- terprising man, much respected and honored in town, holding several impor- tant offices of trust and responsibility. The square and compass on his tomb- stone indicate that he was a member of the Masonic fraternity and was buried with the honors of that ancient and honorable institution. The only surviving member of his numerous family is Byron Stevens, who was born in 1799, and is probably the oldest native resident of the town living. The first building of any note erected at this place was a " gambrel- roofed house " built by one Long and located on the site now occupied by the Junction House. It was oc- cupied by Albert Stevens, son of Abram, as a tavern. It was torn down to make room for the brick house which now forms a part of that hotel. It was a noted stopping place for the weary and thirsty traveler to and from Burling- ton, and was one of the line of taverns between Westford and the city — Bow- man, Page, Buell, Tyler, Stevens. At a later period it was occupied by Henry Stanton. A post-office was established here about 1850 under the name of Painesville, in honor of Governor Paine, then railroad magnate of the State, and Mr. Stanton was appointed postmaster. Later, the name was changed to Essex Junction and it was made a post-office money-order and a postal-note office. From an early day this part of the town has been quite prominent in its manufacturing establishments, but since the inauguration and completion of the three lines of railroad which form their junction there, it has grown quite rapidly in its business population. At the present time nearly one quarter of the inhabitants of the town are within the limits of what is known as Essex Junction. It has not drawn to any extent from the population or wealth of other portions of the town, but as a railroad center it has attracted business men and wealth from outside, and stimulated the employment of capital and labor in developing the almost unlimited resources of its splendid water power as well as improving business in all other directions. It is now the business center of the town. Occupying the water power at the present time are a pa- per, flouring and saw-mill and butter-tub factory. There are three stores, two groceries and a meat market, a drug store, a clothing establishment, two hotels, S78 History of Chittenden County. a marble shop, blacksmith's shops with sundry other smaller industries incident to every village, and a brick manufactory of over a million capacity per annum. The public buildings are two churches, and a large two-story brick school building, in which three schools are kept during most of the year. The village has in it some men of public spirit and enterprise who have contributed largely to its prosperity. The intervening territory between the Center and the Junction was settled about 1800 by the Day brothers, seven in number; David, familiarly known as " Uncle David," was a soldier of the Revolution, a sergeant under General Lafayette in the company armed and equipped by him. He was a sterling patriot, and ardently attached to both General Washington and Lafayette. His eye would flash and his countenance light up with quick resentment when any imputation was cast upon the honesty, integrity or patriotism of either of these men. The peculiar manner in which he uttered his favorite expression " by the laws " indicated his readiness to enforce his opinions if necessary. The sword he carried in the war was presented to him by Lafayette, and is kept as an invaluable relic in the family. At Butler's Corners, one mile from the Center, the town voted in 1801 to erect a " sign post " and a " pair of stocks." The first was a place for posting up " notices," " warrants," etc., and the latter was a device for the punishment of offenders against law and order. These " Corners " were a place of consid- erable business at one period. For many years there was a store, a tavern, a a blacksmith's shop and a lawyer's office here, all doing a lucrative business. The best blacksmith in town was located here, George Whitney, a man of in- telligence, mechanical genius, industry and ability, who was honored by his townsmen with several important town offices which he filled with ability. He was a zealous Methodist, and late in life abandoned mechanical pursuits for the itinerant ministry in that church. Later he retired from public life and in ripe old age passed on to the land beyond. Religious History. — The greater portion of the early settlers came from Connecticut and Massachusetts, and had been taught in their native homes to reverence religion and its institutions. Hence, when they became fairly settled in their new homes, and had organized themselves into a body politic, we find them providing for the worship of God on the Sabbath. Missionaries connect- ed with the Connecticut Missionary Society came into town and held meetings in houses and barns in different parts of the town. But this occasional preach- ing did not satisfy the people. They desired a pastor to dispense the word of life regularly from week to week, to live and grow up with them. And they desired also a permanent place for such ministrations. With this purpose in view a town meeting was legally warned, and held July 6, 1795, at which it was voted " to hire preaching in town on probation for settlement," and " to raise the sum of thirty pounds lawful money, to be paid into the treasury on or be- Town of Essex. 579 fore the first day of May next '' for the above purpose. Timothy Blin and Joshua Bassett were the committee " for hiring the above said preaching." On the same day the town appointed Martin Powell, of Westford, Stephen Pearl, of Burlington, and Noah Chittenden, of Jericho, " a committee for the purpose of sticking a stake on a spot whereon to build a meeting-house." In 1796 a similar vote was passed, and the " meetings were held one-half of the time at Samuel Buell's and the other half at Deacon Morgan's." In 1797 the town voted to have Mr. Prentice to preach for the term of three months and " raise sixty dollars in money and forty dollars worth of wheat, at sixty-six cents per bushel, or the value thereof in money, the same to be raised on the list of 1796, and paid to the committee to hire preaching," which committee consisted of Timothy Bliss, Samuel Buell and Joshua Bassett. The warning for this meet- ing is recorded and was held April 11, 1797, at the house of Russell Kellogg. On the 2 1 St day of September following another town meeting was held at the dwelhng house of Samuel Buell, when it was voted that " under the existing laws of this State we find ourselves unable to continue Rev. Mr. Stoddard in the ministry in consequence of laws being altered and not yet extant," and a committee was chosen " for the purpose of forming an ecclesiastical society in said town." No report is on record of any action of the committee. The vote of the town meeting proved to be premature. The law " not yet extant " was a law authorizing voluntary associations to be formed in each town, for the sup- port of the gospel, and provided that every legal voter should be considered to be of the religious opinion of the majority of such society, and should be re- quired after one year's residence in town to pay for the support of the gospel to such society, unless he should procure a certificate signed by the minister, dea- con or clerk of the congregation to which he belonged, stating that he actually did contribute to the same object in such church or parish. This certificate was to be recorded in the town clerk's office, and as the majority in town were Con- gregationalists, we find those who did not agree with them recording these cer- tificates of membership as contributors to the Protestant Episcopal or Metho- dist Churches, thereby securing themselves from taxation for the support of the gospel in this town. In December, 1798, another town meeting was held at the dwelling house of Samuel Buell, at which the town voted " to raise the sum of one hundred dollars for the purpose of hiring preaching," and this is the last vote of the kind on the town records. The Meeting-house. — The subject of building a "meeting-house" was one of the articles in the warning for the annual town meeting, March 4, 1800. It was held at the house of Samuel Buell, and a committee, consisting of Jonathan Chipman, Samuel Smith, Abram Stevens, Timothy Bliss and Samuel Buell, was appointed to " draw and circulate subscriptions, and to affix a spot or spots of ground whereon to erect a meeting-house." At an adjourned meeting the town voted to receipt the subscriptions thus made, and at another meeting voted 58o History of Chittenden County. " to build a meeting house within twenty rods of where the stake is now stuck, on the most convenient spot of ground." The town records show a contest of opinions on the question of location, and after several attempts to reconcile the differences, the town meetings were abandoned and a " society for building a meeting house" took the matter under their consideration, upon which the loca- tion was fixed where the present brick church now stands. At a meeting of this society, held January 25, 1801, it was voted "that said house when erected should be applied to the use of the Congregationalists in said town." There- upon the Baptists were allowed by vote to withdraw their subscriptions if they desired. At the same time the society was " divided into four classes," and a committee of one from each class was appointed " to superintend in providing his proportionate part of materials for building a meeting house." By the terms of the subscription three quarters was to be paid in grain and one quarter in money, within the year. Abram Stevens was appointed for the west, Samuel Rice, for the northwest, Samuel Bradley, for the northeast, and Stephen Butler, for the southeast. Timothy Bliss was appointed " a committee to provide a superintendent over the whole building," and together with the society com- mittee he was directed to survey four acres around the meeting-house " stake " for a green or common, and divide it into four parts, and proceed to clear the ground. In the spring of 1803 the meeting-house was built. The " raising" was an event of the most absorbing interest ; men, women and children were all present. If our information is correct, no liquor was allowed to be used on the occasion The children were kept at a proper distance, the women prepared the lunch for the men. It was a town picnic. Under the direction of Billy Bliss, master workman, it went up without accident. The last timber was raised the second day. It was two stories in height, forty by fifty feet in size, plainly finished, without portico or cupola. No cut nails were allowed to be used in its construction save in the lathing. It had three entrances, north, south, east. It stood upon the site of the present brick edifice. Entering from the west, there is no "lobby," where we may exchange salutations or lay aside our outer garments. We are in the house of God Directly in front is the high pulpit, and underneath is the " deacon's pew." On the right and left are the high- backed, square pews. There is a gallery on three sides, with the same high- backed pews in the background. The western front gallery is occupied by the " singers." The lighting of the house is done by the great luminary of heaven shooting its rays through the numerous windows, and it was heated in the same way. Stoves were little known, and fire-places were not to be thought of in church. It was nearly 1820 before the meeting-house was warmed by artifi- cial heat, and then by a box or sheet-iron stove of small capacity. On this consecrated ground, within the walls erected by this labor and self-denial, our fathers and grandfathers and their families devoutly worshiped God. On each successive Sabbath day they came hither, men, women and children on horse- Town of Essex. 581 back, on foot, with ox teams from all parts of the town, and sat under the droppings of the sanctuary morning and afternoon. In 1839-40 the present brick church was erected nearly upon the foundations of the old, which was re- moved to give it place. The building committee were B. B. Butler, Ira Blin, Nathan Lothrop, and A. J. Watkins, and it was built by their subscriptions largely. When completed the pews were sold to different members of the church and society. Within the last eighteen years the inside has been entirely changed. The bas.ement, which for many years was used for town meetings and other public purposes, has been converted into a neat and commodious vestry and the audience- room been newly seated, papered, carpeted and painted. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. On the 3d day of October, 1797, the Congregational Church was or- ganized. The first members of the church were Timothy Bliss, Daniel Morgan, Joshua Bassett, Morgan Noble, David Kellogg, Samuel Bradley, Samuel Buell, Stephen Butler, Zeniah Bliss, Eleanor Kellogg and Rachel Buell. A feeble band it would seem to human view, but they were strong and unyielding in their religious integrity, men and women of prayer and Christian zeal and activity, forming the bone and sinew of the church in all the trying dispensations of its existence. They were strong and unwavering in their attachment to Congregational polity, faith and doctrine. The council which organized the church was composed of Rev. Alexander Gillet, of Tor- rington. Rev. Publius V. Bogue, of Winchester, Conn., missionaries of the Con- necticut Missionary Society, and Rev. Ebenezer Kingsbury, then pastor of the church in Jericho. Rev. Mr. Gillet was moderator, and Rev. Mr. Kingsbury, scribe. After accepting a confession of faith, covenant and articles of practice, they were pronounced a church of Christ agreeable to the gospel, and com- pleted their organization by choosing Rev. Mr. Kingsbury as moderator pro tent., and Stephen Butler, clerk. In 1802, April i, at a town meeting duly warned and held, the first ec- clesiastical society was organized " agreeably to the law of this State." The form of this organization was very brief: "We, the subscribers whose names are underwritten, do by this instrument agree to form ourselves into an ecclesi- astical society, and to be governed agreeably to the laws of this State in that case, made and provided, for building meeting-houses and settling ministers." This document contains the autographs of all the prominent and influential citizens of the town at that time. The organization exists at the present day, with some slight modifications. In 1803, March 26, an agreement was entered into between the " first ecclesiastical society " and a number of Baptist breth- ren "who have Rev. David Hurlbut preaching with them," by which the two societies agreed " to unite in one society, and to settle the said Mr. Hurlbut as S82 History of Chittenden County. their minister over the united society, for such term of time as they shall continue one society." The conditions of the agreement were that each shall have a right to separate whenever either shall think they are able to support a minister themselves, and reserving the rights of discipline without interference ; and the two societies were to share equally in supporting the minister. Under this agreement Rev. David Hurlbut became the " first settled minister of Essex," and entitled to "the reservation of 330 acres of land," which was made in the town charter to that person ; .but in consideration of the union, as is supposed, on the 5th day of October, 1803, Mr. Hurlbut deeded to the " First Ecclesiastical Society of Essex," all of the ministerial reservation save one hundred acres. The "union" continued one year, when it was dissolved by mutual consent. Soon after this Rev. Asaph Morgan was invited and accepted a unanimous call " to settle in the work of the gospel ministry among us," and the society voted to " give him a salary of $200 for the first year, and to raise $13.34 annually, until it shall arise to %266.6'j and then rest — one quarter in money, the other in cattle or grain in the month of January annually." The society also gave him a deed of the lot of land on which he resided during his pastorate. He was ordained August 15, 1805, and remained pastor of the church nearly twenty-three years. He was dis- missed at his own request, June 25, 1828, and died at St. Albans October 5, 1828. His remains were brought to Essex for interment, and "the faithful pastor and able devine " sleeps with the people to whom he was so ardently attached and among whom he spent his entire ministry. During the continu- ance of his pastorate the Congregational Church and the Ecclesiastical Society connected with it comprised a large majority of the principal families in town, and for more than twenty- five years this church was the only place of public worship in town. In 1817 or 1818 the first Sabbath-school in town was organized in connec- tion with the Congregational Church. Two schools were started in different portions of the town. They were held only in the summer, and the scholars were incited to commit Scripture to memory by the use of blue and red cards with a passage of Scripture upon them, as prizes. In 1821 the schools were united in the meeting-house, and Rev. Mr. Morgan preached a sermon to the children, who were seated together in the body pews of the church. This was the first " children's day " observed in town. More recently it has become one of the insdtutions of the church in connection with the Sabbath-school. Since its organization the Congregational Church has aggregated nearly 600 members; 178 were added during Mr. Morgan's pastorate. By deaths and dismissions its numbers have reached a small figure. Its present pastor is Rev. William F. English, a graduate of Hartford Theological Seminary. The Second Congregational Church was organized at Essex Junction June 29, 1851, by a council representing the churches in the Chittenden County Town of Essex. 583 Conference. The number of members at its organization was twenty-two. This church joins with the first church in sustaining a pastor laboring in both parishes. The Baptist Church was organized November 5, 1801, with five members. January 16, 1803, it took the name of the "Baptist Church of Christ, of Essex," and in the same year Elder David Hurlbut became the first pastor. The meetings were held at different places in town during the succeeding years, and there were five successive pastors up to 1823, when Chester Ingraham, a native of Essex; was Hcensed to preach October 29 of that year, and became its sixth pastor. He was ordained an evangelist May 6, 1828. He was pas- tor of the church eighteen years, and under his ministry it was largely in- creased in numbers. He was afterwards pastor of the Baptist Church in Bur- lington. He was a man of good native abilities, but of ordinary education, thoroughly earnest in his work, sound in doctrine and full of zeal in church work. He died in this town. In 1827 the first Baptist church edifice was erected on the site of the present one, B. B. Butler and Marshall Castle con- tributing the land on which it stood. In April, 1839, this house was destroyed by fire. The present one was immediately erected upon the same foundation, .and dedicated August 12, 1840. Several years ago a vestry was placed under it, and the grounds around it have been made attractive and pleasant by grad- ing and setting out trees. Since its organization the church has received 420 -members, and its pastorates have averaged three years. The Second Baptist Church was organized at Essex Junction by Rev. J. A. Leavett as a mission church in 1873, and recognized as an independent •church in 1879. The church edifice was built in 1875. In December, 1829, the first Methodist class was formed, seventeen being present. Among the members of this class were Henry Collins, or " Uncle Henry," who was for a long period of time the only Methodist in town, Amasa Bryant, J. D. Berry, Reuben Barrett, George Whitney and their wives. Peter Dorset was appointed leader of the class. This was the nucleus of the church which was afterward organized in accordance with the discipline of that body. In 1838 Essex became a permanent appointment, giving name to the circuit with which it was connected. In 1839 the present house of worship was built, Joseph Fairfield, Loren Tyler, George Whitney, and Benjamin Joslin and others contributing thereto, and upon its completion very generously deeding it to the church, after receiving from the members about one-half the cost. In 1866, in connection with the Congregationalists at the Junction, the Methodists of that locality joined in erecting the Union Church edifice which they now jointly occupy. Since it organization this church has received a membership of 443, and the pastorates have averaged one year and seven months. In 1857 the Universalist Church was organized by Rev. Joseph Sargent, •who was its first pastor. The church building was erected in 1859. The 584 History of Chittenden County. prominent members of that society at its organization were Samuel Thrasher, James H. Delano, Peter Blood, Erastus and Joshua Whitcomb, Julius and Gil- bert Shaw. These men contributed liberally in its construction ; all save two have passed away. The Universalists had representatives among the earliest settlers of the town. John Knickerbocker, who settled on the farm occupied by- Jason Hunt, was a leader among them. Their meetings were held at his house, and it was at this place that Joshua Babbitt, a minister of that persua- sion, was ordained in the afternoon of the same day in which Rev. David Hurlbut became " the first settled minister in Essex." Educational History. — The early settlers of the town, though none of them were educated in the higher acceptation of that term, appreciated the impor- tance of education as a necessary element of their prosperity — and hence we find them at an early date making provision for the education of their children. In April, 1796, the first school district was organized by vote of the town. It embraced all the northeast part of the town, " extending from Westford south hne, on the east of Brown's River, up said river to Alder Brook, and thence to the east side of said town." The first school in town was taught by one John Finch, an Englishman, who came along with the tidal wave of emigra- tion and taught the young ideas of the town " how to shoot," in a log house near Jericho line. The second school-house was in the district whose lim- its are above described. At a later period, as the population increased, the town was divided into fcur and then into six districts. School-houses were erected in different portions of the town. At the present day there are twelve districts, with as many school- houses. In 1805 there were three hundred and twenty scholars in town, over four and under eighteen years of age. In 18 13 the number was four hundred and twelve, and the number is little more than that to-day. From 1819 to 1826 a trustee for each district was appointed an- nually by the town, in town meeting, and the trustee thus appointed had the entire management of the school in his district. In 1828 the town appointed Rev. Asaph Morgan, Rev. Chester Ingraham, David Kellogg, Dr. Harmon Howe, B. B. Butler, and A. J. Watkins as superintending committee to exam- ine schools and teachers. And such a committee was appointed annually by the town until 1833, thus carrying into practical effect the " town system " of schools. In these schools the common branches were taught. " Dilworth and Webster," "Pike and Adams," " Murray and Morse" were the text books in use And they served their purpose well. But the leading men of the town were not satisfied with these schools. The progress of the age demanded others more efficient and more advanced. And hence when, in 1830, it was- proposed to build a school-house at the Center, where hitherto there had been. only temporary ones, through the enterprise and public spirit of a few individ- uals, notably B. B. Butler and F. W. Joyner, who contributed the larger por- tion of the expense, a second story was added to the stone building then be- Town of Essex. 585 ing erected, which was occupied as a high school or academy for many years. It was not a very imposing building in its architecture, nor did it add much to the attractions of the village, but it answered the intended purpose. It was the beginning of higher school education in town. Rev. J. S. Edgerton, Hon. Henry J. Raymond and Miss Andalusin Lee were among the teachers. The writer calls to mind many who attended school in this building, who received here their first inspiration for a higher education, and who have since occupied prominent places of trust and confidence in professional, public and civil life. A few years since this venerable landmark of school days was demolished to give place to a more modern structure. In January, 1808, "The Essex Library Society" was organized under a constitution, the preamble of which declares that " a public library is of the greatest benefit, as it enables all concerned to acquire literary knowledge and thereby become better citizens and more useful members of society." This constitution has the autograph signature of eighty prominent citizens of the town. Under this organization quite a large library was accumulated. It consisted largely of works by the prominent theologians of the day, sermons, discussions on the prophecies, history, biography, travels, and a few choice works of fiction. It was well patronized by the people, old and young. The books were read around the blazing fires upon the hearthstone, and had an ed- ucating power which has not yet lost its influence upon the descendants of those who inaugurated it. For many years it was a prominent institution, but as other matters attracted the attention of the people, the library was neglected, and its books are now kept as relics of a past age. In November, 1853, the Chittenden County Institute was chartered with corporators in nearly every town in the county. The starting-point of the en- terprise was the suggestion that Deacon A. J. Watkins and Samuel Douglas were disposed to endow an institution of learning for the higher education of the young. Following out this intimation a charter was procured and the first meeting of the corporation was held at the town hall November 24, 1853, at which the following corporators were present: Essex, Rev. J. D. Sands, Rev. Isaiah Huntley, Dr. Marcus Swain, Deacon A. J. Watkins, Alonson Bliss, John Faxon, Dr. J. W. Emery, S. H. Bliss, Daniel Morgan, D. C. Little- field, Ira Barney, Dr. L. C. Butler, S. G. Butler, George Gates, A. B. Halbert ; Jericho, Anson Field, John Lyman ; Williston, H. Chapin ; Colchester, J. E. Rhodes. The following were chosen officers of the corporation : President, Dr. Marcus Swain ; vice-president, John Lyman ; secretary, S. G. Butler ; treasurer, A. J. Watkins ; executive committee, Dr. J. W. Emery, Dr. L. C. Butler, S. H. Bliss, John Allen. In order to raise funds for the building, sub- scriptions were circulated and very cordially responded to, mainly among the Congregationalists and those outside of any church organization. During the following year a brick building forty by sixty feet was erected on land donated 5 86 History of Chittenden County. for that purpose by Deacon A. J. Watkins. In August, 1855, the school was- opened under the charge of Henry Buckham, of the U. V. M., as principal. The pupils numbered one hundred and twenty-five. At a later period the building was remodeled inside, an addition made to it, and it was made in part a boarding-school, under the charge of Asa Anderson, as principal. Still later the building, with nearly all its contents, was destroyed by fire. It was imme- diately rebuilt, its friends again subscribing liberally for that purpose. The school was interrupted only for a short time and has been in progress ever since. The history of this school, now known as Essex Classical Institute^ from its inception to the present time, is the history of the progress of educa- tion in this town. Students have been graduated from it into all the walks of life. Some have become prominent as teachers ; some in the professions of law, medicine and theology ; and some in the ordinary employments of life. It is among the best established and permanent institutions of the State. Just previous to his decease Hon. T. R. Fletcher, who was for many years a mer- chant and citizen of Essex, but later of Burlington, gave to the institution the sum of $10,000 as an endowment. The sum was invested in real estate under his direction, and yields an annual income equivalent to six per cent., which can only be used for the support of the school. At a later period his daugh- ter, Mary Fletcher, donated the sum of $2,000 to the corporation, which was- appropriated to the purchase, repairing and furnishing the large building near the institute for a boarding-house, and is now used for that purpose. Among the natives of the town who have been liberally educated are Samuel, son of Deacon Samuel Buell, who died when about to enter upon the preparation for the ministry, in 1819, after his graduation; Irad C. Day, son of David Day, who was eminent as a lawyer in town for many years and after- ward at Muscatine, Iowa, where he died ; Franklin Butler, eldest son of B. B. Butler, who was for many years pastor of the Congregational Church at Wind- sor, Vt., afterward agent of the American Colonization Society, and later editor of the Vermont Chronicle and Vermont Journal, and died at Windsor May 22, 1880; John E. Hamilton, son of Deacon David Hamihon, who taught school in Williston for a time, then went to Oswego, N. Y., where he was at one time mayor of the city, superintendent of schools in the city, and princi- pal of the high school ; Sanford Halbert, son of John Halbert, who became a minister of the Methodist Church, was for a time editor of the Northern Chris- tian Advocate, and now resides in Buffalo, N. Y., where he is engaged in secu- lar business ; Henry E. Butler, D. D., youngest son of B. B. Butler, who was for seventeen years pastor of the Congregational Church in Keeseville, N. Y., and now of the Congregational Church in Jacksonville, 111. ; Milton R. Tyler, son of Daniel Tyler, who was at one time principal of the Chittenden County Institute, judge of probate in Orleans county, and afterwards city judge of Burlington, and is now practicing his profession of law in Minnesota ; D. Sher- Town of Essex. 587 wood Kellogg, who is a graduate of the medical department U. V. M., and is now practicing medicine in Plattsburgh, N. Y. ; and Walter Freeman, son of Walter, who engaged in business West and died there. These were all gradu- ates of the University of Vermont. In addition to these there are several persons who have been long-time residents of the town, and become identified with its associations and interests, who are also graduates and have received an honorary degree from the U. V. M. Among these are Silas C. Freeman, of the class of 1820; John R. Herrick, D.D., son of Russell Herrick, who for thirteen years was pastor of the Congregational Church in Malone, N. Y., then professor of theology and biblical literature in the Bangor, Me., Theolog- ical Seminary, then pastor at . South Dudley, Mass., later president of the Pa- cific University, Oregon, and now president of the Dakota University, Ver- mihon, Dakota ; George F. Herrick, brother of John E., who was ordained as a missionary of the American Board of Missions in Turkey, and was for a time a member of the Bible Translation and Revision Committee in that coun- try, is now connected with its schools and college, and resides at Marsovan ; Edward P. Butler, son of Dr. L. C. Butler, who is now pastor of the Congre- gational Church in Lynn, N. H., one of the largest churches in the State ; Asaph M. Butler, son of B. B. Butler, who was for many years principal of the high school in Georgia, Vt., and of the academies in Franklin and Peacham, one of the professors in the New Hampton Institute at Fairfax, and for some years the eflScient secretary of the State Sunday-school Association, and died September 20, 1883 ; Miss Laura Ann Day, daughter of Horatio Day, who was a graduate of Oberlin College, Ohio, and for many years has been a mis- sionary of the A. B. C. F. M., in South Africa. None of them — men and women — can be accounted great in the sense of wielding influence in the world, or in occupying stations of distinguished honor in the world's estima- tion, but they are mentioned with pride as representatives of the town of Essex, in positions which are beyond comparison more elevated, important and commanding, in which their influence is broadening and deepening to- ward the ocean of eternity beyond. Professional History. — The first physician located in town was Elkanah Billings. The first town meeting was held at his house, and he was the first town clerk, but how long he was here, or what were his qualifications as a phy- sician, it is not possible to ascertain. Dr. Garlick and Dr. Spelman succeeded him, the latter locating at " Hubbel's Falls." He is spoken of as an excellent physician, though quite eccentric and skeptical in his religious sentiments. Dr. Pearly Warner located in the eastern part of the town, and was the ancestor of Dr. Benjamin F. Warner, who was for many years a practitioner of the botanic system of medicine. He resided on the farm now occupied by C. H. Nichols, where he died. Drs. Truman Powell and John Perrigo were successively lo- cated at Page's Corners. In 1809 we find the latter mentioned^in connection 588 History of Chittenden County. with a claim upon the town for attending upon one Larkin Green, and that is all the information to be obtained of him. Dr. Powell was quite noted as a physician and was contemporary with Drs. Pomeroy and Cole, the older class of physicians. He spent his declining years at Essex Junction, where he died. Still later Dr. Mason Mead began practice at Page's Corners and afterward removed to within a few rods of the geographical center of the town. He was a very successful practitioner, moderate and very deliberate in his motions, too slow to satisfy the Johns who were his contemporaries, but he was well posted in his profession, safe and generally accurate in his diagnosis of disease and in the application of remedies. He removed to Plattsburgh, N. Y., in his later life, where he died at a good old age. Later still Dr. Harmon Howe • located at Page's Corners. He was an excellent practitioner, a thorough stu- dent, kind hearted, sympathetic and a good citizen. He died, after a few years' practice, in the midst of the brightest prospects for future usefulness and emi- nence in his profession. After him came Dr. John W. Emery, who located also at Page's Corners, where he resided for many years. Dr Emery was quite the antipode of Dr. Mead. He was wide awake, energetic, ambitious, well posted in professional knowledge. His practice was extensive in this and ad- joining towns. In later life he went West and spent the evening of his long, busy and laborious life with his children at Paw Paw, Mich. Following him was Dr. Marcus Swain, who was a student of Dr. Emery. He located at the Center, and enjoyed largely the confidence of the people in his practice. Later he removed to Westford and thence he went West, residing and continuing practice at Waupon. Contemporary with them was Dr. Simon Tubbs, who was a student of Dr. Truman Powell. He occupied the old homestead near Page's Corners, where he died in 1859. He had the reputation of being a well-read physician, but his practice was limited. He was honored by his fel- low-citizens with positions of trust and responsibility in town affairs and served faithfully and well. Dr. Ira Hatch was also a resident physician of the town. He removed to Swanton, Vt., where, after many years of successful practice, he died, leaving as a legacy to his heirs a noted preparation of his " Dr. Ira Hatch's Febrifuge." Succeeding these were Dr. H. N. Curtis, a good man and a successful practitioner, who later removed to Jericho and thence to Can- ada, where he died ; and Dr. J. M. Work, who removed here from Hunting- ton, and after a few years' practice died. Both of them were located at the Center. Upon the departure of the one and death of the other, Dr. L. C. Buder, a graduate of the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock in 1843, then just returning from a two years' residence in Philadelphia, in attendance upon the hospitals there, located at Page's Corners, establishing an office at the Center. Dr. Butler received the honorary degree of M. D. from Dartmouth College. Several years later Dr. C. M. Ferrin, a graduate of the medical de- partment U. V. M. at Burlington in 1865, and hospital surgeon in the Eighth Town of Essex. 589 Regiment of Vermont Volunteers in the late war, removed from East St. Johnsbury to Essex Junction, and they are at this date, 1886, the permanent, resident, active practitioners of medicine in town. The legal profession was represented fifty years ago by David B. Webster, who located at Butler's Corners and occupied the present residence of Murray Fay. He was not in town many years, and was followed by Irad C. Day, a son of David Day, and a graduate of the U. V. M., who located at the Center, to which place he removed the building occupied by Mr. Webster as a law office. Mr. Day was thoroughly posted in his profession, a good citizen, highly respected and honored. Litigation was more common in those days than now, and Mr. Day had a very successful practice. Later he emigrated West and died. A Mr. Huntoon succeeded him, but soon left under a cloud connected with the post-office department. Then followed Jesse Carpenter, who re- mained in town several years, and was a fairly successful lawyer. Upon his departure West there was no lawyer in town for many years. Jacob Maeck was for a time a resident lawyer in town, but he soon removed to Burlington, where he became a leading lawyer at the bar. At this date, 1886, the legal profession is represented by M. A. Bingham, who resides at Essex Junction. For the first fifty years of its existence the town was unrepresented by any member of the legal profession. Litigation was comparatively unknown. The second fifty years was the era of law suits, long, bitter, uncompromising. The "appletree" and the "sheep" suits are among those which have passed into history as illustrating the tenacity of such contests. Military History. — The Revolutionary soldiers who lived and died in this town were Samuel Bradley, Stephen Butler, David Day, Gideon Curtis, Wm. Ingraham, Jonathan Bixby, and Thomas Chipman. The first four named were pensioners. Mr. Bradley was in the battle of Bennington, and was distin- guished for his courage and coolness in the hour of battle. He was one of the first deacons of the Congregational Church ; pious and exemplary and re- garded as a peace-maker by all who knew him. He held several important offices in town. Mr. Butler enlisted at the age of nineteen years, being then a resident of Litchfield county, Conn., and served until the peace of 1783, when with his entire family, the youngest two years old, he emigrated to Vermont and settled in this town. He was town treasurer for many years and held other offices of trust and responsibility. All these Revolutionary soldiers were true patriots and lovers of their country. In the War of 18 12 Essex furnished a number of men, who as volunteers were in the battle of Plattsburgh. Quite a number who volunteered to go were unable to reach the battle-ground for want of transportation. Among those who were in the battle were Colonel George Tyler and Ensign, after- ward Colonel, Samuel Page. Colonel Tyler commanded a portion of the militia under General Strong. They were encamped near Salmon River, 38 S90 History of Chittenden County. awaiting orders to march. The order soon came, and they took up the Hne of march in quick time. Observing some delay and flagging in one of the com- panies, General Strong rode up to Colonel Tyler and with some spirit accosted him : " Why all this delay ?" Colonel Tyler replied, " I've got a d — d coward on my left." " March on and leave him then," was the command. Colonel Samuel Page was one of the company of United States soldiers stationed at Swanton in 1808 to guard the frontier, to intercept smugglers and seize con- traband goods. On one occasion, with a squad of men at Windmill Point, he discovered a boat loaded with potash in full sail for Canada. He ordered them to " heave to" or he should fire into them. They did so and surrendered their valuable cargo. Threats of recapture were made and sixty men were ready to carry the threat into execution. The little squad determined, pre- pared themselves for the encounter and resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible if attacked. But orders came to sail the vessel into Burlington, and saved the contest. In 18 12 Colonel Page was one of the first to volunteer in defense of his country, leaving his newly-married wife and pleasant home to mingle in the strife and bloodshed, then quite likely to be fierce and prolonged. But a single defeat ended the war. Colonel John Parker, who was for many years a resident of Essex, was in the battle of Lundy's Lane under General Winfield Scott. The following names have been sent to the editor as being the names of a part of the men from this town and Jericho who formed one company, and were present at the battle of Plattsburgh. We disclaim responsibility for mis- takes in spelling : Captain Joseph Sinclair, Samuel Strong, Calvin White, Samuel Page, Eli Smith, Henry Bliss, Daniel Hamilton, William Allen, Daniel Littlefield, Harry Hurlburt, Elijah Collinger, EHn Hamilton, Cormon Sinclair, David Pino, Orange Buell, Walter Fairmon, Charles Hapgood, Enoch French, E. Bliss, Amos Blin, Daniel Bliss, Nathan Barney, Uriah Brigham, Martin Hyde, Nathan Woodruff, David Hyde, Adolphus Knowles, John Thomson, John Bassett, Daniel Hoorkin, John Joyner, Samuel Stanton, Hazen Sinclair, Samuel Patten, Petiah Bliss, Moody Blood, Israel Blood, Ira Whitney, William Parker, Benjamin F. Holbrook, Benjamin Tubbs, William Burnett, John Blood, Joseph Chamberhn, Jacob Miller, Luther Freeman, Nathaniel Blood, jr., Hiram Bar- ney, Charles McArthur, Ezra Galusha, David Sinclair, Joseph Ewers, Matthew Marvin, Jonathan Woodruth, Asaph Woodruth, Eli Wheaton, Theron Bradley, A. Wheaton, Ebenezer Thomson, John Hill, H. Day, David Tyler, Chester Henderson, Hermon N. Hurlburt, Henry Kelley. In the war of 186 1-5 this town had representatives in nearly every regi- ment that was raised in the State, and in a large proportion of the hard fought battle-fields. Some were buried upon the field of victory they helped to win. Some carry the evidence of their valor in the wounds they received. Town of Essex. 591 Some passed unscathed through all the perils of camp, battle and prison. Essex had four representatives in the First Vermont Regiment. The whole number of men furnished by the town during the continuance of the war was 140. Of this number twenty-six died from diseases, and seven were killed in battle ; nine were taken prisoners, one to die in Andersonville and one in Salis- bury prisons ; eight deserted, but none of them were natives of Essex; thirteen were wounded. One was elected captain at the organization of a company ; two secured that honor by promotion ; several were made lieutenants and ser- geants in the same manner; many of them held minor positions; most of them were privates, and the large majority were not subject to draft on account of age. The amount expended by the town for bounties and attending expenses was $37,S67, equivalent to nineteen dollars for each inhabitant of the town, more than one hundred dollars to each voter, or nearly eight hundred per cent, of the grand list of 1865. At the close of the war the town directed the preparation and publication of a " Memorial Record " which was written by L. C. Butler, M. D., and contains a complete history of the part taken by her citizens in the war. A copy of this " Record " was placed in every family in town. By the generous liberality of Hon. Josiah Tuttle, a " Memorial Tablet " of Vermont marble was placed over the entrance of the town hall, on which is inscribed the names of the dead soldiers, and the following inscription : " In grateful remembrance of the brave soldiers of Essex, who lost their lives in the service of their country during the war for the preservation of the Union." In General. — The town of Essex has always been more specially noted for its agricultural than for its mechanical or manufacturing industries. Its smaller streams, like Alder Brook, were, early in its history, utilized in run- ning saw-mills spring and fall, but the Onion River, at Hubbel's Falls, was its principal water power, and has always been the center of its manufacturing industries. The manufacture of carriages and sleighs was for many years a large and prosperous industry at Page's Corners by Colonel S. Page, at But- ler's Corners by M. Wool, and at the Center by Harry Aldrich. Other minor industries were carried on, such as the " tailor," the " shoemaker," the " black- smith," the " tanner," etc., etc., but most of them have been rendered unprofit- able by modern improvements and have been discontinued for other pursuits. The face of the town is diversified. The northern and eastern portions are hilly though not mountainous. The southern, central, and western are more nearly level, sinking in some parts to a swamp, soft and wet. There are no mountains or natural ponds in town. On the south the Winooski forms the boundary line. The eastern portion of the town is watered by Brown's River and its tributaries. It is extremely tortuous, running many miles in its circuit to make one in length. In its passage through the town it does not afford a single fall sufficient to make a mill privilege of any value, though they are found both above and below. On the borders of these rivers the soil is a rich 592 History of Chittenden County. alluvial mould. In other parts of the town there is more of the clay forma- tion, with a rich deposit of muck in certain localities. In general the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. There is scarcely any land but what may be cultivated, or is well adapted for grazing purposes. The attention of the people is hence directed mainly to growing stock and the products of the dairy ; and these are the leading industries. The advent of the railroad was thought by many to be the forerunner of destruction to all the industrial pur- suits of the town and the State ; but the result has proved otherwise. They have been stimulated rather than depressed. The dairy interest has improved. Prices have ruled higher. The people are brought into more immediate com- petition with those who have long enjoyed the monopoly of the market, and prices of dairy and farm products. So far from injuring or depressing the business interests of the town, the railroads have developed our resources, opened new avenues of trade, and brought the great centers of trade and population within speaking distance of rural districts and population. The evidences of it are seen in the increase of population and business, the im- provement of the farms, the introduction of new implements of farm work, the increase of production of all farm products, and in the general thrift and public spirit which is everywhere manifest. CHAPTER XXII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF HINESBURG. THIS town is situated in the southern part of the county, is bounded north by Shelburne, St. George and Richmond, east by Huntington and by Starksboro, in Addison county, south by Starksboro and Monkton, in that county, and west by Charlotte. The charter of Hinesburg was granted by Penning Wentworth on the 24th of June, 1762, to the following grantees : David Ferriss, Abel Hine (from whom the town received its name), John Prownson, Zechariah Ferriss, Daniel Postwick, jr., Thomas Oviatt, jr., William Goold, Moses Johnson, Penjamin Prownson, Isaac Canfield, David Hall, Josiah Prownson, Samuel Prownson, Samuel Prownson, jr., Samuel Canfield, John Carrington, Thomas Weller, Tilly Weller, Abel Weller, Ebenezer Hotchkiss, Isaac Paldwin, jr., Abel Camp, John Comstock, Samuel Hitchcock, jr., John Hitchcock, Isaac Hitchcock, Asahel Hitchcock, Zadok Noble, Penjamin' Gay- lard, Samuel Comstock, Asahel Noble, John Warner, Merton Warner, Orange Warner, Thomas Darling, Partridge Thatcher, James Pradshaw, Thomas No- ble, William Vaughan, Joseph Wooster, Andrew Purritt, Isaac Postwick Noble Hine, Daniel Purritt, Job Goold, Job Goold, jr., David Goold, Amos Postwick Town of Hinesburg. 593 Joseph Underbill, Edward Burling, Samuel Underbill, Andrew Underbill, Thomas Underbill, William Van Wyck, William Van Wyck, jr., Hugh Rider, William Field, Joseph Pearsall, Thomas Pearsall, Benjamin Ferriss, " the Hon. John Temple, esq., lieutenant-governor, Theodore Atkinson, esq., Mark H. Wentworth, esq., John Nelson, esq., Benning Wentworth, esq." The charter was recorded by Abel Hine, register, on the i8th of February, 1763- In outline the town is very regular, being a perfect square, with each side six miles in length, enclosing a tract of 23,040 acres. Unlike most of the other towns in the State, Hinesburg at the beginning really contained the area as- cribed to it, and has suffered neither increase nor diminution from then up to the present time. The soil in the western part of the town is principally clay and very fertile, while the surface is not mountainous, though in many places the limestone formations have been thrown up into small ridges or hillocks, some of which are rough and precipitous. In the eastern part the soil is a sandy or gravelly loam, overlying a talcose formation which meets the lime- stone layer of the western part, making a succession of north and south ridges extending through nearly the center of the town, which are some of them ara- ble to their summits. Numerous streams afford ample irrigation, and contain excellent mill sites, which have been a source of great wealth to the town. The principal streams are Lewis Creek and La Plotte River. The original forests of this vicinity were generally of the common varieties of hard timber found in Vermont, with scattering pines and small swamps of cedar. Several beaver meadows, one containing more than 100 hundred acres, were of value to the early settlers by furnishing considerable quantities of hay, though of a poor quality. Early Records. — The fact that few of the grantees named in the charter entertained the thought of settling on the wilderness lands which had been granted them, is clearly betrayed by the early records of transfers of land. Within a few days after the date of the charter. Job Goold, jr., sold his original right to Benjamin Ferriss for eight shillings; and in December, 1762, David Hall sold one full right to Henry Franklin and Benjamin Underbill, merchants of New York city. Most of the proprietors lived in Litchfield county. Conn., and manifested no eagerness about their lands in Hinesburg, except to make them habitable for the sake of speculation. It is worthy of note, too, that while meetings were frequently held up to May 16, 1776, and at that date an adjourn- ment was voted to "the first Monday of September, 1776," there is no record of that adjourned meeting, nor of any other until the 8th day of May, 1783. This is one proof showing how instantly and completely the whole interest and enterprise of the men of the Revolution were engaged in carrying on the war while it lasted. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at New Milford, Conn., on the 594 History of Chittenden County. last Friday of July, 1762, and their last meeting at that place was held on the 9th of May, 1783. One week later a warning was issued through the " public papers," signed by Ira Allen, at Sunderland, for a meeting to be held " at the House of Abner Chaffee, in said Hinesburg, on the fifth Monday of June next." At that time and place Noble Hine was chosen moderator, and Isaac Hitchcock clerk ; whereupon the meeting was adjourned to the house of Isaac Lawrence, July 7, 1783. At this meeting, and at others held on the 9th and lOth of the same month, the following votes were recorded, among others: " Voted to lay out a second division of land consisting of two lots each to the original proprietors, each lot to consist of 102 acres." Ira Allen, Isaac Hitchcock and Noble Hine were appointed a committee to lay out said divi- sion of land, and when complete to make a draft to each proprietor. "Voted to rescind the vote passed at New Milford, January 10, 1775, giv- ing to Colonel Ethan Allen and others 400 acres of land for making road — as they did not do it." " Voted to give Isaac Lawrence, John McNeil, Elnathan Hubbell and John Bishop, jr., 100 acres of land each, for making road, they paying for surveying the same." Elnathan Hubbell, jr., of Bennington, was appointed collector. At a meeting held on the 8th of October, 1787, at the house of Eliphaz Steele, in Hinesburg, pursuant to a warning by Isaac Tichenor, of Bennington, Nathan Leavenworth was chosen moderator, and George McEuen clerk. At an adjourned meeting at the same place on "Tuesday, Jan'' ye 8th, 1788," Ja- cob Meacham, Josiah Steele and Elisha Barber were appointed to receive the proprietors' records "if sent into town." George, McEuen was instructed to notify Abel Hine, the former clerk, to deliver the books here. At the next meeting, June 24, 1788, the records had been obtained. For the most part the records after this refer to the raising of means for the construction of roads and bridges, with an occasional reference to schools and meeting-houses. On the first day of July, 1789, the following amounts were presented fo,r payment, and allowed. They are given here in order to show the names of those who were living here at that time, many of whom are not remembered, because of the brevity of their residence : Work on Highways, and Other Services to Proprietors. £ »• d. Nathan Leavenworth, (spelled Levinsworth) 410 Eliphaz Steele 4 12 o Elisha Meach 2 it Amasa Dovwin .' on t, Thomas Farlans I 10 Q James Cumins (Comings or Cummings) I g q Enoch Hoskins I 6 •? Lemuel 15ostwick 4 "• 6 Isband Noble 086 Seth Bassett 011; o Town of Hinesburg. 595 7 »■ d. Gershom Bostwick , o lo 6 Elkanah Billings 040 Robert Beach 090 David Beach o 13 o George McEuen, for work on roads o 16 o And for going to New Milford after proprietors' records I 16 o Elisha Barber, for work on roads 11 7 4 And for advertising proprietors' meetings i i o Thomas Page o i g George Palmer o 8 9 Cornelius Hurlbutl I 16 o On Monday, January 4, 1790, the following measure was adopted, showing the spirit of the times, and a weakness of one of Vermont's brightest men : " Voted that we will choose a committee to refer a complaint to the com- missioners appointed by the Legislature at their last session for the purpose of settling and adjusting the account of Ira Allen, esq., late surveyor- general, for an exorbitant charge against this town by sd Allen for cutting roads and preambleateing the town lines." Thaddeus Munson, Lemuel Bostwick and Elias Barber were chosen this committee. Early Settlers. — Andrew Burritt was the only one of the proprietors that settled in Hinesburg, though many of them are now represented by descend- ants. Mr. Burritt settled on his original right in the southeastern part of the town, where he lived to the age of ninety-six years and three months, while his wife survived him and attained the age of ninety-five years and eight months. He was blind for a number of years previous to his death. His son, Tilly W., occupied the farm for years afterwards, and also reached a great age. The place is occupied at present by Marquis Burritt, a great-grandson of An- drew. The only settlers known to have lived in the town previous to the Revolu- tion were Isaac Lawrence, from Canaan, Conn., and Abner Chaffee. Lawrence was granted lOO acres of land by the proprietors in consideration of services rendered in building roads, and settled on lot 26, about three-fourths of a mile north of the present village, on the farm now owned by Orson Wright. His house stood about on the site of the house now occupied by Charles Wright. Mr. Lawrence left town during the war, and returned after its close, remaining until 1793, when he sold out to Epaphras Hull and went to Canada. He and his family, in their isolated condition, suffered incredible hardships here. Epaph- ras Hull, from Wallingford, kept a tavern for years on this place. Abner Chaffee lived at the south end of the village, on the place now occu- pied by William J. Douglass. General Nathan Leavenworth afterwards owned the property for a long time, though he never lived on it. In 1784 Mr. Lawrence was joined by Jacob Meacham, from Rutland, Hez- 1 In the foregoing list and in the list of grantees, the writer has followed the spelling of the rec- ord, which will account fsr a difference that may be noticed in the later pages of this chapter. 596 History of Chittenden County. ekiah Tuttle, from Williamstown, Mass., and Amos Andrews. Meacham lived about two and one-half miles southeast from the site of Hinesburg village, on the place now occupied by the descendants of Samuel and Prince Peters. Hine Meacham, son of Jacob, born on the first d^y of April, 1785, was. the first white child born in town, and from that circumstance was named Hine, after the town. There were no physicians in town at the time, but Mrs. George McEuen, afterwards Mrs. Royce, acted as midwife, and was drawn to the scene of this birth on a hand-sled. Hezekiah Tuttle settled about two miles south of the village, on the east side of the road, where his house stands yet, used as a tenant house. John Partch afterwards occupied the same farm, but resided on the opposite side of the road. Amos Andrews lived on the Center road about a mile north of the Monk- ton line in a house still standing. He died of camp fever during the War of 1 81 2-1 5. His wife was an aunt of Dr. Elmer Beecher. In 1785 the population of the town was increased by the following arrivals : George McEuen, from New Milford, Conn., George Palmer, from Stonington, Conn., Elisha Meech, Eliphaz and George Steele, Thomas Place, Thomas But- ler, Joseph Wilcox, Thomas McFarland and Elkanah Billings. George McEuen located on the first farm north of Amos Andrews, a little south of the center of the town. He married Mercy Wright, at Shaftsbury, Vt., on the 12th of November, 1783, and in the following summer assisted in the construction of the first saw-mill in Ferrisburgh ; later in the season he came on to his land in this town and built his cabin. In the following February he moved his family from Shaftsbury, on an ox- sled, with a yoke of oxen, two cows and a horse. They arrived here on the 26th of that month, after overcom- ing arduous difficulties interposed by the depth of snow and lack of roads. Their first meals were taken on the cover of a wash-tub. In the summer of 1785 Mr. McEuen built a log house in which they Hved until July 19, 1797, when their two-story brick house, the first of that material in town, was com- pleted. George McEuen, who, besides attending to all the duties of his house- hold, had served several years as proprietors' clerk and afterwards as town clerk, died of the epidemic of 181 3, on the 27th of February. He left six sons and three daughters, all of whom are dead, though numerous descendants are now living in Hinesburg and in St. Lawrence county, N. Y. In March, 1815, Mrs. McEuen became the wife of Nehemiah Royce, who survived the marriage but about two years. She died December 26, 1847, aged eighty- three years. Owen Cogan now occupies the site of the McEuen homestead. George Palmer was a soldier of the Revolution, and a prominent member of the Methodist Church. He settled in the vicinity of Rhode Island Corners, where he hved seventy-one years, dying March 15, 1856, aged ninety-four years, four months and eight days. He left nine children, thirty-nine grand- children and thirty-four great-grandchildren. Town of Hinesburg. 597 Elisha Meech brought his family from Bennington to Hinesburg, reaching here on the 9th of March, 1785, traveling in a wagon over rough roads, the wagon being overturned and Mrs. Meech and a child seriously injured, in the latter part of the journey. In the spring the horses died for lack of food ; in the following summer, August 25, the corn was frost-bitten; there being no mill nearer than Burlington or Vergennes, Mr. Meech manufactured a hand-mill from a spring-pole and pestle suspended over the hollowed stump of a tree, in which he pounded the frost-bitten corn for the family ; and in the sugar sea- son, their only cow died from drinking syrup. Such were the sufferings of the early life of Hon. Ezra Meech, son of Elisha, afterwards one of the most prom- inent men of Shelburne. Many of the members of this family have been no- ted for tht'iv penchant ioT hunting. The old homestead is in the west part of the town, and is supposed to be the place now owned by Lyman Partch. Josiah Steele, who has been called " the father of the Congregational Church," because of his prominence in its organization and early history, was the father of Eliphaz Steele, and died in 1801, aged seventy- seven years. Eli- phaz came with his father from East Hartford, Conn., in 1785, and settled about one-half mile south of the village on the farm now owned by Andrew Curry. He was clerk of the Congregational Church from 1802 to 18 18, dur- ing all which time the church had no pastor and only occasional preaching. He was a man of consistent and unbounded piety, religion being always the common theme of his conversation. He died in 1839, aged eighty-one years. Thomas Butler lived on the Center road, near George McEuen, on the farm and in the house now occupied by Joseph Landon. White Butler, his son, lived on the same place for years after Thomas died. Joseph Wilcox settled on the same place, at Rhode Island Corners, which his grandson, Cyrus Wilcox, now owns. In 1786 there were added to the settlement Alfred Smalley, Job Spafford, Azariah Palmer, Elisha Barber, Zadok Clark, Andrew Burritt, Jonathan Green, David Gates, Nathan Leavenworth, Nathan Leavenworth, jr., James Gates, Zalmon Wheeler, Cornelius Hurlburt and Enoch Haskins. Alfred Smalley and Job Spafford did not remain in town long. Azariah Palmer settled at Rhode Island Corners. Elisha Barber was not many years a resident of the town, but was quite prominent while here. He owned and occupied the farm next west of the place now owned by Orson Wright, back some distance from the present road, the lot still being known as the Barber lot. Jonathan Green was for a number of years a merchant on the Burlington road, his store occupying land now owned by Charles and Enoch Weed. Nathan Leavenworth, jr., came with his father from New Milford, Conn., when he was twenty-three years of age, and with him settled on the place now occupied by Mrs. R. Lucretia Willson, and her son and grandson. Mrs. Will- son is a daughter of Nathan Leavenworth, jr. General Leavenworth, having 598 History of Chittenden County. passed his early life among the stirring scenes of the Revolution, formed his character on the best model of those times. He was one of the largest land owners ever in town, and while he lived owned nearly all the land now form- ing the site of the village. He gave two acres to the town for a public com- mon, with a proviso that the Congregational Church edifice should be erected thereon, which was done. His distinguished worth did not go unappreciated. From 1796 to 1830 he was chosen at twenty-one different times representative in the Legislature. He was a member of the State Senate two years, and once an elector from Vermont of the president and vice-president of the United States. He died in September, 1849, aged eighty- five years. He was twice married. Cornehus Hurlburt lived on the west road, on the place now owned by Charles Boynton. In 1787 the population of the town was increased by the arrival of the fol- lowing, most of them bringing their famihes with them : Elijah Peck, James Comings, Seth Basset, Jonathan Marshal, Knaptaly Bishop, Lemuel Bostwick, Joseph Farrand, David Hill, Nathan Stuart, Thaddeus Stuart, Abraham Stuart, - Eleazer Sprague, Lockwood Mead, Alpheus Mead, Simeon Hine, Robert Mc- Euen, David Weller, Samuel Dorwin, Stephen Spalding, Ezbon Noble, David Spencer, Ebenezer Stone, Moses Smalley and Jonas Shattuck. Elijah Peck, whose granddaughter, Mrs. Dr. Elmer Beecher, is now a resi- dent of this town, was born in Litchfield county. Conn., on the 3d of Septem- ber, 1 76 1, and came to Hinesburg when he was twenty-six years of age. He built a tavern on the site of the present hotel, a part of the frame of which still stands, and for a number of years kept tavern there, the first on the site. He was a prominent man here and was for years a merchant. He built the store building on the site of the one now occupied by H. M. Hull. He was twice married. His, first wife was a victim of the epidemic of 18 13. He died near the line of Charlotte September 29, 1843. James Comings, or Cummings, lived in the old red house on the northeast corner of the roads that intersect in the village, now occupied by Mrs. Bell. Cummings sold out to John Beecher in 1800. Seth Basset lived on the Center road about half a mile from the exact cen- ter of the town, and reared a large family there. He removed from town about 1835. Jonathan Marshal settled in the extreme west part of the town. Knaptaly Bishop located in the northeast part of the town. Lemuel Bostwick came from New Milford. Conn., where he had lived while acting as master of a coasting vessel. He settled in Mechanicsville, on a lot ^ of which his father, Isaac Bostwick, was the original proprietor. In 1790 he shifted his situation to Pond Brook, the most important water power in town and there erected the first saw-mill in 1791, and a small grist-mill in 1793! and soon after a carding machine, which he occupied until I814. In 1816 he Town of Hinesburg. 599 removed from town. He was the first representative in the Legislature from Hinesburg, and was justice of the peace in town. Nathan Stuart settled on a farm on the site of the village, probably the same premises now occupied by Colburn Pierce, and afterward removed to the Center road, to the farm still later owned by Dr. Elmer Beecher. His de- scendants removed to Dorset street, now South Burlington. Thaddeus and Abraham Stuart lived in the west part of the town. Lockwood Mead settled about one and a half miles south of the village, on the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Clark Mead. Lockwood's brother, Alpheus, settled about half a mile nearer the village, on the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Oscar A. Mead, David Weller settled on the exact geographical center of the town, on land now intersected by the four corners. Samuel Dorwin was born in Lanesboro, Mass., on the i6th of March, I747> ■came to Hinesburg in 1787, settled about two miles directly south from the village, and there died in 1800. His brother Amasa came before 1800, but soon after left town. Thomas, another brother, came, in 1805 and died in 1810. His wife died of the epidemic of 1813. David Spencer lived in the first house east of the present residence of Cicero G. Peck. Ebenezer Stone lived directly west of the village, near the line of Charlotte. Edmund and Orange Baldwin, brothers, came from New Milford, Conn., in February, 1797, and setded on the first division, of which their father was proprietor, on the Center road, the latter opening a store in the center of the town, where it was supposed that the future village was to be. After a time he failed and thereafter devoted himself to his trade, that of a carpenter. He died in New Haven, Vt. Edmund was born in New Milford, Conn., July 6, 1774, and learned the trade of a tanner. He was prominent in the affairs of the town. He was once elected a member of the State Constitutional Con- vention, and twice a member of the General Assembly. He was early ap- pointed a justice of the peace, and acquired distinction in trying cases. He was one of the founders of the Baptist Church in Hinesburg. He died Feb- ruary 25, 1856, and has numerous descendants in town. Amos Leonard came to Hinesburg about 1788, from Worthington, Mass., where he was born in 1767, and settled in the west part of the town. He was by trade a carpenter. In February, 1799, he married Lucy, daughter of Eli- sha Meech. He accumulated a handsome property, and died in 1850, aged eighty-three years. One of his two children, Harriet, widow of Heman R. Smith, still Hves in town. David Beach came from New Milford, Conn., in 1788. He was a Revolu- tionary soldier, serving first as recruiting sergeant and afterwards as lieutenant. John Miles, the father of Carleton and J. W. Miles, came from New Mil- 6oo History of Chittenden County. ford, Conn., in 1802, and made his residence in the south part of the town on the Center road. His first log house was erected right in the forest, within reach of standing trees. He continued to reside in Hinesburg until his death,, in April, 1857, aged eighty-four years. He was a devoted member of the Baptist Church, and a deacon thereof for many years. The two principal practicing physicians now in town are the one a son, and the other a grandson' of Deacon Miles. Erastus Bostwick was born in New Milford, Conn., August 31, 1767, and was bred to the trade of a carpenter. On the 24th of May, 1790, in company with Austin and Noble Bostwick, he started for Hinesburg, with a pack on his- back, and reached here on the first day of June. After a journey to Jericha and Waterbury he returned to this town and hired himself to Abel Leaven- worth for four months as a journeyman carpenter. At the expiration of this time he returned to Connecticut on foot. In the winter of 1793 he came again to Hinesburg, and at once entered upon his business of building. On the loth of February, 1795, he married Sally, daughter of Rev. Whitman Welch,, a minister who died at the siege of Quebec. Shortly after the return of Mr. Bostwick with his wife he was elected first constable of Hinesburg, and from that time to 1838 he was not for a year free from official duty, holding every office in the gift of the town save that of grand juror. He was town repre- sentative two years, postmaster nine years, justice of the peace twenty-two years, town treasurer thirty-five years, and town clerk forty years. He com- pleted his history of Hinesburg at the age of ninety- three years. He was long a member of the Congregational Church. He died on the 3d of March, 1864, aged ninety- six years, six months, and four days. John Partch, born at Danbury, Conn., on the 29th of September, 1780, came to Hinesburg with his parents in October, 1796. He was for some time the oldest person in town, dying at the age of nearly ninety-three years. In early life he worked at the carpenter's trade, but later followed farming, and lived on the farm formerly occupied by Hezekiah Tuttle. During the War of 18 1 2 he entered the army, and was stationed for a time at Burlington. He has six children living, two sons and four daughters. Deacon Noble L. Partch now lives in the second house north of the one his father occupied. Deacon Oliver Post came from West Hampton, Mass., in 1801, and located in the southeast part of the town, near the present residence of Mrs. Susan Ray. He was a tanner, currier, and shoemaker by trade, and was prominently connected with the affairs of the Congregational Church. He served in the War of the Revolution, and at one time was stationed in a fort on the Susque- hanna River, near Wilkesbarre, Pa., for six months. Of his family of seven children who came with him to this town, the youngest, A. H. Post, died here May 3,1881, aged nearly eighty-eight years. He represented the town in 1 856- 57, including the extra session after the burning of the State-house, procured Town of Hinesburg. 6oi the charter for the first cheese factory in town, and for the present cemetery association, besides contributing largely to the support of these enterprises. He was twice married, and had four sons and two daughters. Job Place, from Providence, R. I., came to Hinesburg in 1789, locating upon the farm now owned by his grandson, S. C. Place. His son, Harry J., married Miss Mary Clement, and resided upon the old homestead all his life. He had a family of eight sons, of whom S. C, A. C, and W. W. are residents of the town. Charles Russell came from Washington county, N. Y., in 1795, and located upon the farm now owned by Noble R. Mills. He was twice married. By his first wife, Percival Perry, he had two sons and a daughter, and by his sec- ond wife, Huldah Videtto, he was blessed with three daughters and one son. He died here in January, 1849. Perry, a son by his first wife, married Han- nah Irish, of Charlotte, and located upon the farm now owned by his widow. On the 3d of October, 1868, he was murdered by Henry Welcome, who sub- sequently suffered the penalty of his crime, being hanged at Windsor, Vt., after acknowledging his guilt. Perry's son Elwood now lives on the old homestead, with his mother, who is eighty- eight years of age. He has one son, Charles, living at home. Daniel Patrick came to Hinesburg from Fitzwilliam, N. H., in 1797. His trade was that of manufacturing spinning-wheels, an article then in great de- mand. During the season of 1797 he obtained a supply of timber suitable for his -purposes, and after placing it in a condition to season, returned to New Hampshire to work up a quantity of lumber he had left there. During the fol- lowing spring he returned to Hinesburg and resumed his business, boarding with the family of Lemuel Bostwick, who then occupied the present site of Daniel Patrick's residence. He continued in the family of Mr. Bostwick until February, 1800, when he married Susannah McCleabe, of Lynn, N. H., and lo- cated upon the farm now owned by Mr. O'Brien. During a long life of in- dustry he succeeded in gaining a competence, and in securing the respect of his townsmen, whom he served in many trusts. During the War of 1812 he served a short time in the army, acting as lieutenant of cavalry, and was pres- ent at the battle of Plattsburgh. He died on his seventy-first birthday, No- vember 6, 1843. Of his five children, three only are now living, as follows: Daniel, jr., Elizabeth (Mrs. Orran Murray), and Rufus. He had also twenty- one grandchildren, seventeen of whom are now Hving. John Beecher, a deacon of the Baptist Church in Hinesburg, came from New Milford, Conn., in 1800, and located where Royal Bell recently lived. He had a family of eight children, John, Lydia, Lyman, Austin, Rebecca, Polly, Lucy, and Harvey. In 18 16 he removed to Shoreham, Vt., where he died at the age of seventy-four years. His widow returned to Hinesburg, where she died, aged eighty-six years. The only representatives of the family now in town are two grandsons. Dr. Elmer Beecher and Harmon Beecher. 6o2 History of Chittenden County. Organization of the Town. — The meeting at which the organization of the town was effected was warned by Isaac Tichenor, of Bennington, and was held at the house of Eliphaz Steele, on the third Tuesday of March, 1787. Josiah Steele was chosen moderator ; Elisha Barber, town clerk ; Elisha Barber, Geo. McEuen and Eliphaz Steele, selectmen ; Jacob Meacham, constable ; David Hill, grand juror; Isaac Lawrence, lister ; Elisha Barber, Isaac Lawrence and George McEuen, surveyors of highways. Elisha Barber was then and there chosen to be recommended to the General Assembly as a justice of the peace, and was accordingly appointed. The first representative, Lemuel Bostwick, was not elected until 1789. On the 24th of March, 1788, at a town meeting held at the house of Elisha Barber, it was voted to erect a public sign-post near the house of David Hill. This was undoubtedly at the south end of the village, not far from the present residence of W. J. Douglass, though David Hill did not occupy this exact site. The sign-post and whipping-post stood at that end of the village until nearly 1840. The War 0/ 1S12. — The following company went from Hinesburg to serve in the American forces during this memorable war: Captain Thomas M. Dorwin, Lyman Dorwin, Carlton M. Erwin, Stedman H. Weight, Caleb Hull, jr., Bartemas Stearns, Philo Wray, John Partch, Bost- wick Lockwood, Oliver Wray, Wanton Joslin, Dared Eddy, Isaac Church, Mar- tin Mead, Doctor Partch, Elisha Booth, jr., Levi Canfield, Ezekiel Sweet, Na- than Brown, Daniel King, David Brand, Moses Pelton, Ephraim Bishop, Syl- vester Kenyon, William Wells, jr., Daniel Congar, Henry Howard, Levi Sweet, Stephen Boynton, Thomas Carpenter, Enoch Bauchorn, Calvin Spauld- ing, Samuel Bachelor, Bill Hamilton, Asa Wells, Francis Spear, Stephen Stod- ard, Simon Bailey. Hinesburg in 1825. — Between the period of which we have spoken and the end of the first quarter of the present century, many things happened which would deserve record in a more detailed history of the town. The events of the War of 18 12, however, so far as they refer to the county, are set forth in a chapter devoted to the subject, and need not be repeated at this place. Hines- burg suffered considerably from the epidemic of 181 3, which carried away many victims, among them being, as before mentioned, George McEuen and Mrs. Miles. The next period of suffering occurred in the summer of 1816 and continued until harvest-time in 1817. Every month in 1816 had a frost, and nearly every month had a snow-fall ; consequently corn and most of the other crops were ruined, not enough being raised to furnish seed the following spring. There was great suffering in the town, county and State. Wealthy people were without bread for months. Jedediah Boynton and William Hurlburt, mer- chants, kept a team on the road all the time distributing rice to the sufferers, which they bought in Troy. They distributed it in proportionate quantities and rendered justice to all, thus alleviating the distress to a gratifying degree. Town of Hinesburg. 603 Notwithstanding these and other untoward events, the town continued a healthy and steady growth. In 1825 the population contained, for the most part, a different personnel than that of twenty-five years earlier, though many of the old settlers were still active and prominent. Erastus Bostwick was town clerk ; Nathan Leavenworth, Jared Byington and Erastus Meech were select- men ; William F. Marsh, son of Dr. William B. Marsh, was constable ; Jede- diah Boynton, William F. Marsh and Austin Beecher were listers ; William B. Marsh and William Hurlburt, overseers of the poor, and Lyman F. Clark and Eli Norton were grand jurors. Probably the most prominent man then in town was Jedediah Boynton, who came here from Shelburne in 1807, and estab- lished his residence on a beautiful eminence in the center of the village, which he purchased of Elijah Peck. He erected a store on the present site of the store of H. M. Hull, and was for years the most prominent merchant in the vicinity, furnishing goods to the inhabitants of Hinesburg and several of the surrounding towns. He was a man of great enterprise, a kind neighbor, a lib- eral citizen, and generously devoted to the growth, prosperity and honor of the town. He became the owner of considerable land in and about the village, and disposed of building lots on favorable terms to purchasers, and encouraged hberally all improvements upon them by mechanics and others. About 1820, in company with Mitchell Hinsdill, he opened the canal from Pond Brook to the north end of the village, and built on it a factory for cotton and woolen goods, which added greatly to the productive industry of the town. He made liberal donations for public purposes. He gave deeds for the land occupied as a cemetery in the village, for that occupied by the academy, and that occupied by the Baptist Church. He died in 1848, aged seventy-four years. Jared Byington was at this time living about a mile south of the village, and deserves mention as being the patentee and inventor of the first steel pitchfork ever used in the United States. He also invented a nail machine of value, but never had it patented. Hinesburg village was smaller in 1825 than it is now, though it was com- paratively more active. Among the more prominent residents, besides Mr. Boynton, was Nahum Peck, a sketch of whose life appears in later pages of this work, and who at this time was a young man just entering upon his profes- sional career. Lyman Clark lived on the site now occupied by Dr. J. F. Miles, and was followed in that place by Rev. William Arthur, father of ex-President Chester A. Arthur, who himself passed several of his childhood years here. Lyman Clark was a blacksmith, and worked in a stone shop on the site of the present store of Louis Sanctuary. Rev. Otto S. Hoyt then owned and occu- pied the Congregational parsonage, the same building now used for the same purpose. The house now occupied by James Miner was then standing, and occupied by William Hurlburt, partner of Jedediah Boynton. Boynton & Hurlburt then owned and operated a distillery and a grist-mill about one and 6o4 History of Chittenden County. a half miles south of the village on Baldwin Brook. F. W. Baldwin, son of Edmund, owned and operated a tannery on his father's farm, which he and his successors conducted prosperously until recent years. Another tannery was operated on the north bank of La Plotte River in the south part of the village, by Henry Benson and Allen Beach, the former of whom resided over the tan- nery. The building still stands there. Robert Beach kept a tavern in the south part of the town, where Edgar Degree now lives. The village school was then kept in a two-story building which had been erected in 1815, on the site occupied by the present new structure, its suc- cessor. The old building was used for a school and as a Masonic Hall until it was removed in 1885, and the present structure erected. The old school- house now serves as a hall for the Grand Army Post of this town. John Allen then lived where his son of the same name now lives, and kept a harness shop there, having moved from Main street, in the village. Thomas Gibbs also had a harness shop in the north part of the village. He built and occupied the house now used as the Baptist parsonage. He was postmaster for a long time. Batenian Stearns kept a hatter's shop in the first house north of the present store of Leonard Andrews. Another hatter's shop, kept by Eleazer Mead, stood nearly opposite that of Stearns. John Wheelock was a cabinet-maker and had a shop in the south part of the village, near the present dwelling house of Mrs. Julia Gage. General Nathan Leavenworth owned a saw-mill on the place now occupied by Benjamin Adams, who operated it for him, and a saw and grist-mill and clothing works on Lewis Creek, just over the line in Charlotte. Nathaniel and Elijah Austin had a saw and grist-mill on Lewis Creek about where the cheese factory now stands and near the site of the old mill of Lemuel Bostwick. The Austins also had a blacksmith shop and kept a few goods for sale, such as to- bacco and the articles that were purchased frequently and in small quantities. Edmund Clark, in 1825, was running the clothing works established years be- fore by Giles Hard, near the Baldwin tannery. Until the town hall was built, in 1840, town meetings were held either in the Congregational Church or the school-house. There was never but one store of any importance outside of the village, and that was kept by Dr. William B. Marsh & Son. It was a small concern in the south part of the town, but had considerable local trade. MechanicsviUe, or Murray & Patrick's Corners, as it was then called, was of the same manufacturing importance that it is now, though the products of its factories were of a different kind. In 18 16 Colvin Murray, father of Orrin Murray, who was born in WiUiston, June i, 1800, came to this settlement with his family and erected a grist-mill for custom work on the site of the present woolen-mill. In 1825 this mill was operated by Orrin and David Murray brothers. In 1822 Brigham C. Wright and Colvin Murray built a saw-mill at y^c fet,^ Town of Hinesburg. 605 the outlet of Hinesburg Pond, and ran it a number of years. Among the more prominent men then living in Mechanicsville were Colvin, Orrin, David Murray, Daniel Patrick and Truman Averill, the last of whom manufactured chairs. Murray & Patrick had a shop for turning wheels in the frame of the old Bostwick mill, and in the same building carried on the carding and dress- ing of cloth. Orrin Murray then lived on the site of the house now occupied by Daniel Patrick, jr. Daniel Patrick lived more than a mile east of Mechan- icsville, on the Patrick farm, now carried on by John O'Brien. Truman Averill lived on the site of the present dwelling house of Isaiah Dow. (For a sketch of Isaiah Dow and his father, see biographical sketches in the latter part of this volume.) These were the most important industries the hamlet then possessed. Present Busmess Interests. — Such is the past of Hinesburg. Its present interests are briefly enumerated below, with sketches giving an idea of their origin. The Flanagan House occupies the site of the old tavern of Elijah Peck, built before 1790. The present frame was erected by R. W. Post, in i860, since which time the town has not been without a good hotel. Nathaniel Miles was one of its earHest proprietors, and was followed successively by Baldwin, Burritt, Crandall, Lewis Ray and others. The present proprietor, George W. Flanagan, succeeded Reuben Wickware on the lOth of January, 1870. Mr. Flanagan keeps a good house, and has capacity for entertaining sixty or seventy guests. The house that stood here in early days was a favor- ite resting-place for drivers and passengers of the old stages. Mercantile Interests. — The business now carried on by H. M. Hull and H. W. Fraser, under the firm name of Hull & Fraser, has succeeded to the oldest mercantile business now in the town. Elijah Peck kept a store on this site and perhaps in the same building in the very beginning of this century. A few years later Boynton & Hurlburt enlarged the' business and kept a store here for years. Meanwhile, in 1826, Marcus Hull, father of H. M. Hull, started a store in the north end of the village, and after a time succeeded to the trade of Boynton & Hurlburt. At his death in April, 1873, H. M. Hull became pro- prietor of the business and carried on the store in company with P. J. Murphy several years, after which he was alone until the present partnership was formed in the summer of 1885. The building now occupied as a store by E. L. Douglass was erected by A. S. and G. D. Weller in 1838, who kept store in it until about 1855. The last occupant before Mr. Douglass was P. J. Murphy, after whose departure the store was vacant until Mr. Douglass came. Mr. Douglass began to trade at the north end of the village in 1878, and came to the present building in 1880. Leonard Andrews came from Shelburne, where he had for several years been engaged in the mercantile business, in September, 1863, and began to trade in the same building that he now occupies. 6o6 History of Chittenden County. Louis Sanctuary has kept a shoe store in the village about ten or twelve years, and carries a good assortment of goods. The hardware trade of Read & Patrick was established about fifteen years ago by Allen & Read. Manufacturing Interests. — On Pond Brook, which contains excellent mill sites, was erected the first mill. It is a small stream heading in Hinesburg Pond. The outlet of the pond is at the south end, where a dam seven feet high and three rods long is built, forming a good reservoir for the mills on the stream below, which courses along in a general southwesterly direction. It originally joined the La Plotte to the southwest of the village, but now joins just west of it, as its course was changed by building a canal, through which its waters are carried to the village, where they afford a water power of sixteen feet head. From the pond to the bridge near Rufus Patrick's, the brook has a fall of about thirty feet, and from there, in flowing three-quarters of a mile, it falls 250 feet, affording mill privileges which are unexcelled. The lots contain- ing the best of these mill sites were purchased of the proprietors by Beriah Murray, of Claremont, N. H., a famous hunter, who probably became acquainted with the spot on some of his excursions in search of game. He never located here himself, but sold the property to Lemuel Bostwick, and became an early settler in WiUiston. In 1791 Mr. Bostwick, in company with Daniel Sherman, erected a saw-mill just above the site now occupied by Daniel Patrick's mill, the first built in the town. It was a cheap affair, and lasted but a short time. In 1793 Mr. Bostwick erected a grist-mill just above the shop now occupied by John Edwin. It was a two-story structure. Sometime between 1793 and 1800 Mr. Bostwick built a carding-mill on the site now occupied by the grist- mill. It was a matter of no small importance to the inhabitants, as previous to this all their carding had to be done by hand, or taken to Vergennes. About this time Joseph Wilcox built a saw-mill thirty or forty rods below, where the rocks formed a sort of natural dam, affording a head of eight or ten feet. About 1 801 Mr. Bostwick, in company with Messrs. Eldridge and Peck, built a saw- mill a little to the northwest of the site now occupied by L. Murray's excelsior- mill. In 1812 the bearings to the grist-mill wheel again were ground off and it stopped. In 1 8 14 Thomas Wilcox rebuilt the John Wilcox mill, and during the fol- lowing year sold it to Colvin, Celah and Allen Murray, and Harmon Anger. Col- vin Murray bought out Lemuel Bostwick, and Brigham Wright ran the carding- mill for him that year. In 1 8 16 Murray built a grist-mill where the factory now stands, the wall on a part of the south and west side being the same then built. Brigham Wright bought out Celah and Allen Murray and Anger. The card- ing-mill and the Bostwick, Eldridge & Peck saw-mill, being in ruinous condi- tion, were taken down and the carding-machines stored in a barn. In 1817 Captain Bacon built a wood-working shop midway between the two bridges, Town of Hinesburg. 607 on a little brook that runs into the grist-mill pond, and in 1820 Boynton & Hurlburt put a "still" into this shop and manufactured liquor for several years thereafter. During this year Boynton & Hurlburt built the factory at the vil- lage which is now called the skating rink. In 1820 Abijah Lake put a set of carding- machines into the old grist-mill. In 1821 B. Wright took down his saw-mill and removed it to the site of the mill which burned. During the year 1822 Samuel Hurlburt built a saw-mill just south of the present grist-mill. In 1823 Orrin Murray and John S. Patrick formed a part- nership, and finally came into possession of all of Colvin Murray's property on the stream, and continued the cloth-dressing business after Murray's engage- ment with Wright closed. During the year 1824 Murray & Patrick bought B. Wright's saw-mill, thus coming into possession of the pond. Colvin Mur- ray had built a dam at the outlet so as to hold the water back for his grist-mill years before. In 1827 Murray & Patrick bought out Wiley & Lake, Wiley taking the present grist-mill privilege in part payment, and, in company with L. F. Clark, built a large blacksmith shop, which they sold during the following year to Elanson Lyon, who added a wagon shop. In 1829 Murray & Patrick built the shop occupied by J. Edwin for their carding and cloth-dressing busi- ness. In 1830 they commenced manufacturing cloth, with two power looms. In 1 83 1 Lyman Huntington erected a tannery on a little brook near the pres- ent residence of Joseph Bissonnett, whose house was then used for a bark and finishing shop. In 1832 Lyon's shops were destroyed by fire, and Rufus Patrick and Loren Murray built the foundry where it now stands, and also bought the old carding- mill of Murray & Patrick for a shop. In 1833 the trestle-work that had served the old Bostwick mill as a foundation gave way. The machinery was taken out and the building used as a store-house, and a portion of it as a machine shop. Rufus Patrick and Mr. Murray commenced the manufacture of plows, laying the foundation for D. K. Patrick's business. In 1835 Clark Whitehorn purchased a site just below Rufus Patrick's shop, where he established a small carding and cloth-dressing-mill. In 1840 Clark Whitehorn built the factory now known as the F. F. Lyman factory, and put into it two sets of carding-machines, using his old building as a dry-house. During 1842 Murray & Patrick purchased the factory building of Colvin and Loren Murray, and moved their machinery into it, and also built another set ; they also moved their machine shop to the factory. In December, 1844, Mur- ray & Patrick's factory burned down, the fire originating in the carding-room. During the following year they re-erected their factory upon its present site, and removed the grist-mill, converting it into a dwelUng. Mr. Hull built a potato starch-mill also during this year, between L. Murray's mill and the road, a part of the foundations of which still remains. In 1847 L. Murray sold his carding and cloth- dressing business to E. Hoadley, who added to it the manu- facture of cheese-boxes. 6o8 History of Chittenden County. In 1848 B. & H. Beynton failed and the factory at the village ceased oper- ations, and was opened the following year by David Frazier. In 1850 Rufus Patrick built the shop now occupied by D. K. Patrick. In 1851 Murray & Patrick closed up their factory business, and the property passed into the hands of J. & J. F. Peck, of Burlington. In 1853 Daniel and Rufus Patrick, Her- man Murray, Walter Abbott, and Morton Crossman built the grist-mill now owned by Russel Cary. In 1854 Murray & Patrick built a saw-mill where the old Bostwick mill had stood. In 1855 Loren Murray commenced the manu- facture of cheese-boxes in the carding-mill. In 1857 Murray & Patrick dis- solved partnership, Patrick retaining the mill property and most of the farm. In 1859 A. D. Rood and W. K. Patrick bought J. S. Patrick's machine shop and continued the machinist and millwright business. In 1863 C. C. & H. Post bought the starch-mill property, took down the old saw and starch-mills, and built the shop now occupied by L. Murray, starting the business of manu- facturing sap buckets and pails. In 1865 Mr. Murray purchased the property, and subsequently commenced the manufacture of excelsior, being still in, the business. The Hinesburg Woolen Mill was purchased in the spring of 1856 by An- drew Dow, Nelson M. Nay and Isaiah Dow, who then began the manufacture of woolen goods. They and their successors have conducted this manufacture with varying degrees of success until the present time. It is now considered the best equipped mill of its size in the State. For a more detailed sketch of the concern, see biographical sketch of Isaiah Dow in later pages. The grist-mill at Mechanicsville, now owned and operated by Russell Corey, was built by Murray & Patrick and Daniel Patrick in 1852 or 1853, who ran it for several years and sold out to Russell Wells. The present owner succeeded Samuel Fletcher several years ago. The Valley Cheese Factory was established by a stock company in 1866. It is now owned by C. G. Peck, Herman Post, the estate of Frederick Maeck, Albert Ray and Eli Brownson. While this was the only factory in town it used the milk from about 1,000 cows, but other factories in this and neighbor- ing towns have reduced its business to some extent, though it now turns out an excellent quality. It uses the milk of about 400 cows. The Union Cheese Factory was also started by a stock company in 1871, and is now owned by Daniel J. Walston. Charles Murray's excelsior manufactory, on Pond Brook, was commenced in 1873 by its present proprietor. He employs two or three men and manu- factures about one hundred tons of excelsior per annum, using basswood and poplar. Patrick's butter-tub and cheese-box manufactory and saw and cider-mill was established by R. Patrick & Sons in 1868. The works now employ from three to six men, who manufacture 5,000 feet of lumber a day, 3,000 butter-tubs and Town of Hinesburg. 609 12,000 cheese-boxes per annum, while the cider-mill has the capacity for mak- ing sixty barrels of cider per diem. Patrick's iron foundry, at Mechanicsville, was built in 1832 by Rufus Pat- rick, and operated by him until 1876, when he was succeeded by his son, D. K. Patrick, who still carries on the business, manufacturing agricultural imple- ments, and employing two or three men. Professional Men. — The first physician to practice in Hinesburg, after Mrs. George McEuen, was William B. Marsh, who was born in Windham, Conn., May 23, 1769. He came to Hinesburg in 1788 to practice, then a boy of nineteen years. In 1792 he married Esther Holcomb, a native of Canaan, Conn., who had come with her parents to Starksboro two years before. Be- sides his eminent success in his professional life, he was an active citizen and shared largely in the confidence and good will of his townsmen. He was chosen three times to the Legislature, and filled other offices of trust to the satisfaction of his constituents. He died December 2, 1827. His residence was less than a mile directly south of the village. Dr. Sylvester Church, who lived on the same road farther south, came here in 181 1, and died in 18 12. Dr. George Dudley, father of Mrs. Dr. Beecher, came early from New Hamp- shire, and boarded in the village until he built the house in which Dr. J. W. Miles now lives, about 1820. He died in 1822. Dr. Daniel Goodyear came from Cornwall in 18 16, and occupied the brick house in the village now occu- pied by his granddaughter, Emma Boynton. He died about 1877, aged eighty-seven years. Dr. David C. Deming lived a few years where John Gil- bert now resides. About 1833 he went to Michigan. Dr. John Work also practiced a short time in town, having his residence in the village. He left town about 1838. Dr. Hugh Taggart studied and lived about half a mile west of the village. He died in Shelburne a few years ago. Hector Taylor is also one of the physicians of the past. Dr. Carleton E. Miles was a brother of Dr. J. W. Miles, and Hved in the house now occupied by Dr. J. F. Miles, after- ward building a house in the north end of the village. He died in 1848. The oldest physician now in town, though he has not for years engaged actively in the practice of his profession, is Dr. Elmer Beecher, who was born on the place now occupied by his. cousin, Harmon A. Beecher, about half a mile north of the village, on the loth of June, 181 1. In 1813 his father, Lyman Beecher, removed to the south part of the town on the Center road. He studied medicine with Dr. Goodyear, and took a full course at the Castleton Medical College, receiving his diploma in June, 1835. After a year or. two spent at Havana, N. Y., he began to practice in Shelburne, Vt., where he served as town clerk for a time. In March, 1 840, he came back to his father's farm, where he remained until i860. He then took up his residence in the village. He has not practiced actively for a number of years. He was elected to the offices of town clerk and town treasurer every year from 1865 to 1880 6io History of Chittenden County. inclusive, and was two years in the Senate of the State, in i860 and 1861, a contemporary with Senator Edmunds. He was first married in 1836 to Ruth Dorwin, who died June 9, 1839, and a second time to his present wife, Em- eline Dudley, June 16, 1842. ^. ' -) , ' , • j Dr. J. W. Miles, son of John Miles, was born in Hinesburg on the 14th of April, 1 8 12, and was educated in the schools of his native town and the Wil- liston Academy. He studied medicine with his brother Carleton, and was graduated from the Woodstock Medical College in 1839. Excepting the first six months, when he had an office in Monkton, he has practiced in Hinesburg. Dr. J. F. Miles, son of Nathaniel Miles, was born in Hinesburg on the 2d of January, 1820, and studied medicine with his uncle, Carleton E. Miles. In 1839 he attended a course of lectures at Woodstock, and in 1843 at Castleton, but was not graduated from either institution at that time. He practiced, how- ever, until he received his diploma in i860, and afterwards received another from Dartmouth College. He has always practiced in Hinesburg, excepting the first three months, when he lived in Williston. Dr. E. B. Whitaker was born on the 29th of December, 1845, in Bethel, Vt., and received his medical education at New York and at Cleveland, Ohio, graduating from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College on the ist of March, 1868. He came at once to Mechanicsville to practice. Dr. Charles J. Russell was born on the 31st of March, 1859, in Bridport, Vt., and received an academical education at New Haven and in the Normal School at Castleton. He received his medical education in Howard University at Washington, D. C, from which he received his diploma on the 6th of April, 1883. He was a resident student in the hospital at Washington for a time, and after a few months in Monkton came to Hinesburg in July, 1884. Hinesburg has not for some years afforded very great encouragement for Ihe residence of attorneys. The only names of those who have resided here as members of the Chittenden county bar are Nahum Peck, John M. Eldredge, John E. McVine, Joseph Adams, Mitchell Hinsdill, Newell Lyon, Elisha F. Mead, and Edward Vansicklin. Most of these were residents of the town for only a short period. John M. Eldredge, the first attorney in town, was very prominent. He re- moved to BurUngton about 1835. While here he built and occupied the house in the south part of the village now owned by Mrs. Thompson, of Burlington. For a sketch of Nahum Peck see sketch of C. G. Peck, in the latter part of this volume. There are no attorneys now in town. Present Officers. — Following are the officers elected at the annual March meeting in Hinesburg for the year 1886 : Dr. J. F. Miles, clerk and treasurer; W. R. Patrick, Andrew Somers, and S. W. Pierce, selectmen ; G. D. Boynton, constable ; Daniel Patrick, 2d, overseer and poor-farm director; Guy D. Boyn- ton, Russell A. Corey, and Dr. Elmer Beecher, assessors ; H. M. Page, E. W. Town of Hinesburg. 6ii Whitaker, and F. W. Perrey, auditors ; Dr. J. F. Miles, trustee of the surplus money ; Frederick Maeck, R. Wickware, and Charles Livermore, fence viewers ; Andrew Curry and Joseph Landon, town grand jurors; William Sanctuary, in- spector of leather ; O. H. Wright, pound-keeper ; C. F. Mead, inspector of wood and lumber ; Elmwood Russell, agent to prosecute suits ; J. H. Allen, Jacob Rood, Charles H. Weed, C. F. Mead, S. C. Ray, grand jurors to the County Court ; George R. Ray, Josiah Barker, Frank Perry, street commis- sioners ; A. H. Weed and M. J. Finney, school directors. Postmasters. — The first postmaster in Hinesburg was Erastus Bostwick, who received his appointment June 7, 1803, and served until March 31, 1812, when he was succeeded by Mitchell Hinsdill. Samuel Hurlburt followed Hins- dill, and in 1829 was followed by Thomas W. Gibb, who retained the office until 1853. From 1854 to 1857 Edward W. Gibb was postmaster, and was then succeeded by Marvin Leonard, who was himself followed by Nathaniel Miles. In 1865 Leonard Andrews was appointed, and remained in service until January, 1886, when the present incumbent, A. H. Weed, succeeded him. Educational History. — The people of the town have always given much attention to the means of education and general instruction. Common schools were established at an early day in every neighborhood. For years, and until the recent adoption of the town system, there were thirteen districts in the town, and now thirteen schools are maintained as before. (See Chapter X.) ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. The Congregational Church in Hinesburg was organized on May 20, 1789, in the very infancy of the settlement of the town, and only two years sub- sequent to its first town meeting. The church was organized by the Rev. Nathan Perkins, laboring under the direction of a missionary society in Connecticut, and consisted at first of the following members : Josiah Steele and his wife, Eliphaz Steele from the church in West Hartford, Conn., Na- than Stevens, Eleazur Sprague and his wife, Elisha Barber and his wife, Sam- uel Dorwin and his wife from the church in Lanesboro, Mass., and Thankful Stewart, received by profession of faith. Josiah Steele was chosen the first deacon. In 179 1, February 23, the Rev. Reuben Parmalee, from Connecticut, was ordained the first pastor of the church. He was dismissed by advice of ^n ecclesiastical council October 9, 1794. From this time to the spring of 1818, the church had only occasional preaching and administration of its ordi- nances. Probably the most prominent pastor of the church in its early history was Rev. Otto S. Hoyt, who was ordained pastor September 29, 18 18, was dis- missed February 23, 1829, reinstated February 29, 1838. and finally dismissed April 18, 1854. The first church edifice was built of wood in 1800, and did service until 1837, when the present brick house was erected at a cost of about 6i2 History of Chittenden County. $6,000, nearly twice its present value. It will seat 300 persons. A Sabbath- school was established about 1826. The present pastor of the church. Rev. A. C. Field, came to Hinesburg in December, 1880. The present membership of the church is about eighty-seven. The officers now are Henry Page and Noble Partch, deacons; Joseph Landon, clerk and treasurer of the society; and Henry Page, Sabbath-school superintendent. The average attendance at Sab- bath-school is about eighty. A Methodist Episcopal class was formed here in 1799, consisting of six or seven members. They were well supplied with circuit preachers in early days, and with regular pastors in later times. Among the most prominent of their earliest members may be mentioned Alpheus and Lockwood Mead, David Nor- ton and Jared Byington. Their house of worship was erected in 1837, ^^d re- paired in 1858, and has undergone necessary changes since then. The society also owns a convenient parsonage in the central part of the village. The pres- ent pastor. Rev. George Kerr, succeeded Rev. E. L. Walker in May, 1885. The membership of the church is now a little more than lOO. The church property is valued at about $7,500, including the parsonage. The average at- tendance at Sabbath-school is about forty. The superintendent is Newell Clif- ford. The present officers of the church are : Stewards, Elmwood Russell, Noble Miles, C. G. Peck, Orson Kenyon, Alexander Eraser, Perry Miles, Jerome Cole- man, Charles Russell, Henry Russell, George Leonard and Ransom Pierce. The class-leader is Charles Coleman. The Baptist Church in Hinesburg was organized May 10, 18 10. The coun- cil assisting was called by the church in Monkton, and consisted of delegates from the churches in Cornwall, Bridport, New Haven and Charlotte. Elder Henry Green, of Cornwall, was moderator, and Elder Starkweather clerk. Eighteen members united in the organization of the church, viz.: John Beecher and his wife Lydia, Asa Moon and his wife Hannah, John Miles and his wife Mary Ann, John Beecher, jr., and his wife Clarissa, Elisha Booth and his wife Elizabeth, Stephen Post and his wife Hannah, Amos Dike, Mercy McEuen, Anna Willard, Rhoda Bostwick, Hulda E. Booth, Lydia Andrews. The church has had the services of a large number of different preachers, most of whom have served it for only a few years. Of the early pastors Rev. Peter Chase was the most prominent. Other pastors were Revs. Ephraim Butler, Alanson Covill, Sylvester S. Parr, John Ide, William Arthur,^ Amasa Brown, W. G. Johnson, A. H. Stowell, M. G. Hodge, William S. Picknell, Archibald Wait, Truman Gregory, Reuben Sawyer, Ira D. Burwell, who was here about eleven years, and the present pastor, Rev. A. S. Gilbert, who came here in May, 1878. The present membership of the church numbers about eighty-six persons, while the average attendance at Sabbath-school is about forty-seven, the super- 1 Father of ex-President Chester A. Arthur. Town of Huntington. 613 intendent being J. H. Allen. The estimated value of the church property is $4,000. The present officers of the church are H. A. Beecher and William Sanctuary, deacons, and Miss Mary A Miles, clerk. The house of worship was erected in 1826. CHAPTER XXIII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF HUNTINaTON. HUNTINGTON is a mountainous town of irregular outline in the ex- treme southeastern part of the county, and is bounded north by Rich- mond and Bolton, east by Duxbury and Fayston, in Washington county, south by Buel's Gore and by Starksboro, in Addison county, and west by Starks- boro and Hinesburg. The town was chartered by Governor Benning Went- worth to the following named grantees on the 7th of June, 1763 : Edward Burling, Samuel Treadwell, Jesse Lawrence, John Underbill, Joshua Hunt, Thomas Downe, Cornelius Davoe, Charles Hunt, Benjamin Cor- nell, Uriah Travis, William Giffers, Benjamin Bowne, David Guion, Oliver Bes- ley, jr., Joshua Antunes, James Antunes, John Angwin, George Antunes, Ja- cob Coutant, Samuel Crawford, Thomas Oakley, Isaac Oakley, Marmaduke Palmer, Peter Huggeford, James Davis, Marmaduke Hunt, James Ferris, Thos. Ferris, James Ferris, jr., John Ferris, John Ferris, jr., William Ferris, Aaron Quinby, Aaron Quinby, jr., Israel Honeywell, Jonathan Fowler, John Fowler, John Cornell, Joseph Cornell, John Burling, Hugh Rider, Jonathan Pinkney, Gilbert Pinkney, Charles Pinkney, David Pinkney, Joseph Cornell, jr., William Cornell, Benjamin Ferris, James Ferris, son of Benjamin, Benjamin Ferris, jr., Matthew Franklin, Thomas Howland, Richard Titus, Caleb Griffin, Edward Burling, jr., Samuel Averill, the Hon. William Temple, John Nelson, Thomas Atkinson, Major Jonathan Moulton, Christopher Tappan, esq.. Colonel Clem- ent Marsh. The township was originally called New Huntington, and was supposed to contain the orthodox area of six miles square, or 23,040 acres ; but this sup- position, like that of most of the early proprietors of new towns in Vermont, proved to be fallacious. Originally the township included all the southern part of Richmond lying between Winooski River and within one or two lots of Hinesburg's east line, thence down the Winooski to the north line of the farm adjoining the river, formerly owned by Peter Crane and since by Oliver and Thomas Cutter, and last by Alfred Crane, about half a mile above the old meeting-house, fol- lowing a line running west, and approaching not far from the farms owned 6i4 History of Chittenden County. by Royal Briggs and John Williams. The original western boundary was sep arated from the Hinesburg line by a narrow strip of land running from the southeast corner of Williston (as it then was called Williston Leg), which was afterwards annexed to the respective towns of Richmond and Huntington. The act by which this change of territory was effected was passed by the Leg- islature October 27, 1794, which took the easterly part of Burlington, the southerly part of Jericho, the town of Williston, together with the portion of New Huntington mentioned, and a part of Avery's and Buel's Gores, forming the whole into three towns. In addition to the part taken to form the new town of Richmond, another part was annexed to Bolton, while a portion of the gore on the south was annexed to this town. Other than these no changes have occurred in its area. On October 27, 1795, the name of New Hunting- ton was changed to Huntington by the Legislature. The surface of the town is broken by hills and precipitous mountains, and contains but little level land, except along the fertile intervales of Huntington River. The highest elevation is Camel's Hump, one of the principal peaks of the Green Mountains, its summit standing within the eastern boundary of Huntington ; while next to it in eminence rises North Mountain, just within the north line of the town, east of Huntington River. The western edge of the town is also skirted by a small range of hills The soil is various and, unlike most mountainous towns, produces abundant quantities of grass and grain. The town is watered by Huntington River and its tributaries, the former flowing across the entire length of the town north and south and afford- ing the best of water privileges. Owing to the fact that the proprietors' records have either been lost or de- stroyed, the proceedings of the early settlers cannot be given at such length as otherwise might be. No doubt the proprietors organized and endeavored to make their town a popular place for early settlers, as their competitors in the other towns were doing. From records in possession of Solomon Johns, it is learned that William Hill was the first proprietors' clerk, and Jehiel Johns, Adolphus Walbridge and Sylvester Russell were the first committee to attend to the surveying of the town and all those affairs looking to a rapid sale and settlement of the land. From the same source the following is substantially taken : Statement of the condition of New Huntington before the proprietors' meeting was warned and the division made by the committee appointed by the Legislature : No division had been made before Ives's Vendue. Between four and five thousand acres was then sold and pitched and surveyed, called Ives's Vendue. Pitches of 150 and 200 acres were made on such rights as he sold. In the year 1789 a survey of too acres to each right was made by Silas Hodges and Leonard Hodges, and called Hodges' division. This did not interfere with the vendue pitches. Hodges' division was soon considered illegal and unjust Town of Huntington. 615 by many proprietors, and they wholly disregarded it. It became a practice among them and the settlers to get a surveyor and pitch and survey on any land not settled or surveyed by the settlers without any regard to Hodges' division, in all manner of shapes, on or across said division, on any other land not claimed by the settlers. At the proprietors' meeting, 18 April, 1808, it was voted that a shaded plan (so called) should be made, showing all the pitches and Hodges' division in different colors, with the respective claims thereon. A committee was appointed for this purpose, and William Allen was ■ sent to every man to survey his claim as he wished to hold. On the 27th of June, 1808, a committee of five persons was chosen to examine into all claims and report in writing in all cases where there were interfering claims, with their reasons in all such cases. In this way, after much difficulty, the conflicting claims were at last adjusted and the rights of the inhabitants and landowners settled. Early Settlements. — The first settlement made within the present limits of Huntington was begun in the spring of 1786 by Jehiel Johns, who came from Manchester, Vt., in March, bringing his wife and portable effects by way of Otter Creek to Lake Champlain, following it down to Burlington, and thence up Winooski River to what is now a part of Richmond. Here he left his companion and such effects as he could not carry with him in the care of Joel Brownson, an early settler in Williston, and proceeded by marked trees through the woods to his pitch, which he had purchased the fall before, being lot No. 58, original right of Isaac Oakly, lying on Huntington River, just south of the site of the village. Here he built the first log cabin in the town. In the latter part of his work he had the assistance of Stillman and Samuel Bradley, early settlers in Williston. He was born in Duchess county, N. Y., February 19, 1756, and on the thirtieth anniversary of his birthday he mar- ried Elizabeth Sexton, of Manchester, Vt., who bore him five sons and a daughter. He was early chosen to prominent positions in the new town, be- ing moderator of the first town meeting, first justice of the peace, first repre- sentative, and filling various other offices. He died August 12, 1840, and his widow survived him until March 25, 1851. Her epitaph, written by her son, the well-known James Johns, reads as follows : First of ray sex brought to this town, To keep a house was I ; Here by my partner I'm at rest. For we were born to die. James Johns, one of the children of Jehiel Johns, who was noted for his in- telligence and independence of thought, and for the peculiar ability with which he edited the Vermont Autograph and Remarker, mentioned in the chapter devoted to the history of the press, died on the 26th of April, 1874, aged seventy-six years and seven months. Jehiel Johns was followed the same year by Elisha Bradley, from Sunder- 6i6 History of Chittendejj County. land, Vt., who built the second log house in town. In the following winter, however, he removed to WiUiston and left Mr. Johns alone until the spring of 1787, when Charles Brewster and Ebenezer Ambler, with their families, came on from Tinmouth and began settlements in the vicinity ; Ambler on lot 59, next north of the farm of Johns, and Brewster on that next north of Ambler. In a year or two the next settler, Asa Gillet, arrived and settled on the lot next north of Brewster's, partly adjoining the town line. John Martin came soon after and made the first pitch on the hill in the east part of the town. The first settler in the western part of the town was Jacob Snider, who made his pitch on what was then called Williston Leg. The three last-mentioned settlements were established about 1788. They were closely followed by Thomas and Rufus Williams, who each pitched next to John Martin on East Hill, the one north and the other east of him. About 1789 the first settle- ments were effected in Buel's Gore by Abel Turner, John Fitch and Samuel • Fargo. About the same time Jacob Fairman and Lawrence Ravehn settled on Southeast Hill, south of Brush's Brook. As early as 1790 Stephen Squires pitched in what is known as Sherman Hollow. In 1794 came Oliver Russell, John Raymond, Jonathan Shepard, John Teft, Jabez Fargo, David Caswell, Joseph Carpenter, Elias Farr, and Zebediah Joslin, some of them proving merely temporary squatters. Settlement was very slow and it was at least forty years before any portion of the town assumed the nature or appearance of a village or place of business. In 1 79 1 the population was 167. As before stated. Deacon Charles Brewster came to this town from Tin- mouth, Vt, in 1787. He purchased lot 60 and upon it settled his son, Charles, jr. He also purchased a farm in that part of the original town which was- afterwards set off to Richmond, upon which he placed another son, Ozem. Mr. Brewster himself returned to Tinmouth, where he remained until his death. Charles, jr., built the first framed buildings in town in 1795, which are still standing on the old Brewster farm. After the death of her husband Mrs. Brewster removed from Tinmouth and took up her residence with Charles, where she died in 1790, aged sixty- six years, being the first adult person to die in Huntington. Charles, jr., had a family of ten children, none of whom is now hving, though their descendants are numerous. He died March 15, 1809, aged fifty-four years. Among the other settlers who came in before r8oo may be mentioned John Fitch, from Hartford, Conn., who came in 1789 to Buel's Gore; John Thomas, from Tinmouth, Mass., who came to Huntington in 1789 and settled on the farm now in possession of his grandson, John Sprague ; George Small, from Tinmouth, Vt, who arrived in 1793 and located on the place afterwards and recently owned by the Butler estate; and Nathaniel Pierce, from Hollis, N. H., who came in 1795 and remained until his death in 1821 on the east branch of Huntington River, in Buel's Gore. Town of Huntington. 617 Elisha Bradley was a native of Connecticut, and adopted very peculiar views of religion, said to resemble the faith of the Quakers, only " more ultra." He was an honest and exemplary man. Ebenezer Ambler, son of John Ambler, was born in Westchester county, N. Y., April 26, 1756. He married Ehzabeth, daughter of Deacon Charles Brewster, in Tinmouth, Vt, and came to Huntington in 1787. He had only two children, John and Elizabeth, or Betsey. At the organization of the town Ebenezer Ambler was chosen first selectman, and was for several years one of the justices of the peace of the town. He was a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and was once taken prisoner by the Hessians. He died April 26, 1826. Jacob Snider, or Schneider, was born of German parents in Rhinebeck, Duchess county, N. Y., April 12, 1758. His father was John Snider. Jacob married Rebecca Hart, by whom he had twelve children. He served a short time in the American cause in the War of the Revolution. John Fitch was born in Coventry, Conn., in December, 1754. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and after the war was over received a pension from the government to the time of his death. He represented Huntington in the Legislature several years, and for several years also served as justice of the peace and constable He married Anna, daughter of Major Elias Buel, original proprietor of the gore, and had several children. He died in 1850. John Thomas was a native of Staffordshire, England, and was impressed into the service of the English during the War of the Revolution, but deserted and betook himself to more peaceable employment. After the war he mar- ried Mary McDonald, stopped a while in Tinmouth, and in 1789 settled in this town. He died in December, 1836, leaving three children. WiUiam Hill was an Englishman, born near the borders of Scotland, and came to America about the period of the Revolution. He was, during the latter part of his life, inclined to the religious views of the Quakers. In 1820 he removed to Farnham, Canada, where he soon after died. His wife was Patience, daughter of Joseph Carpenter. War of 1812. — The following company, commanded by Captain A. Farr, and made up from Huntington and Richmond, were stationed at Burlington during the year 18 13 as a part of the regiment of Colonel Taylor: James Ambler, Nathan Sherman, Alexander Frasier, Salmon Johns, Leemon E. Lan- lond, Joseph Dike, as drummer, Aaron A. Fairman, Brigham Bradley, Com- fort Brewster, Elijah Hurlburt, Elin Bunker, Gideon Taft, George Molton, Hall Estes, Elijah Abeel, J. F. Fairman, John Snider, Joseph Hamlen, Joseph Ellis, Terry Shattuck, Manley Newlins, Noah Johnson, Nathaniel Norton, Otis Taft, Peter Shattuck, Merlin Derby, Sanford Williams, S. Roberts, T. Willis, Will- iam Hall, jr., Frederick Fish, John Butler, Jo. Johns, Samuel Johnson, Elisha WiUiams, Z. Gay, Samuel Cooper. The Organization of the Town took place at_the house of Owen Brewster on 6i8 History of Chittenden County. the 29th of March, 1790, when Jehiel Johns was chosen moderator, Charles Brewster, sr., town clerk; Amos Brownson, jr., constable; and Ebenezer Am' bier, Ozem Brewster and Parley Starr, selectmen. The early records of town meetings, a fruitful source of historical information, are evidently very meager in Huntington and some of them so disconnected as to give rise to the suspi- cion that they have been mutilated and partly destroyed or taken away from the clerk's office. One of the first meetings recorded after the organization of the town was held on the third day of March, 1797, at the house of Jabez Fargo. William Hill was then town clerk. At the March meeting for 1798 it was voted that a pound be built at Joseph Carpenter's house, at the most convenient spot. In March, 1799, it was voted that "the Selectmen are to Build a Temporal Pound and purchase a Burying Ground and Fence the same, to Erect a Sign Post and Guide Posts." Further measures were also adopted looking to the institution of an inquiry concerning the most suitable place for the " burying ground, sign post and guide posts," and to present the result of the inquiry at a future meeting. Either nothing came of this for some time, or what was done proved insufficient, for on the 2d of June, 1800, a tax of one cent on a dollar was voted to " build " the " burying- yard," pound, sign-post, stocks and guide-posts ; and a few months later it was voted that this tax be payable in cash, wheat, rye or corn. Again on the 25th of August, 1 80 1, it was voted that Joseph Clark build the guide-posts for two dollars a post for " erecting, building, lettering and painting, according to law." And Enoch Terril was authorized to build the stocks and sign-post for two dollars and fifty cents, and to have them finished by the loth of November of that year. It was also voted that the selectmen divide the town into two districts, for the more convenient arrangement of " burying- yards," each district to have its own ground. Little else occurs in the early records to throw light upon the early meth- ods of proceeding to improve the internal affairs of the town, unless the fol- lowing extract from the record of the meeting last above mentioned : " Voted — The Districts are nullified and made void, and are at Liberty to convene together for the singular advantage of teaching their Children as most convenient." First Industries, etc. — Abel Turner erected the first mill in town — a grist and saw-mill — about the beginning of the present century, on Huntington River in the southern part of the town. About the same time Samuel Buel built a saw- mill on one of the tributary brooks flowing into the river from the east. Turner's mill was ruined by a freshet in 1804. Another grist-mill was built about this time for Orrin Polly in the western part on a brook which en- ters the town from Hinesburg. It was discontinued in 18 19 and the site used for a saw-mill. The first carpenters and joiners were Josiah and Thomas Mil- ler ; Jonathan Dike was the first kitchen chair-maker; James Weller was the Town of Huntington. 619 first blacksmith ; Rufus Williams was the first tailor and Benjamin Brownell was the first resident shoemaker. The first carding-machine was built and started by Roswell Stevens, in 1821, at the north village, where cloth-dressing was also done. Present Manufacttiriiig Interests. — The industries above mentioned were the most prominent early interests, excepting perhaps the grist and saw-mill of Solomon, Jacob and Almon Rood on the west side of the stream in the north village, opposite the site of the present mills of Dr. Chessmore, which was car- ried away by the freshet of 1858, and the starch factory of Alexander Fergu- son, near by, which suffered destruction from the same agency. The abundant water power in the town has been instrumental in keeping its inhabitants sup- plied with mills. Among the present interests may be named the saw- mill of Dr. A. H. Chessmore, which stands on the site of the old mill of Roswell Ste- vens, built about 1821. Soon after 1828 Joseph Johnson bought and repaired the building, operating a saw-mill in it until about 1856, when it was burned. He and his son, W. M. Johnson, immediately rebuilt and ran it until it was carried away by the freshet of 1858, after which it went into the hands of H. Shattuck and L. A. Norton, who rebuilt it. W. M. Johnson went into partner- ship with Mr. Shattuck and retained an interest in the concern until 1878, when the present proprietor bought it of him and of the estate of Lyman Norton. In 1883 Dr. Chessmore added shingle and clapboard machines to the mill and made various other improvements, and in the summer of 1885 replaced the old run of stones with a new grist-mill apparatus, and now does custom work of the best kind. In this mill are sawn annually about 200,000 feet of dimension lumber, while about 300,000 shingles and 100,000 feet of clapboards are made every year. By its enlargement in dimensions and in the volume of its business it shows the spirit of enterprise which possesses its owner. Norman J. Mix's saw-mill, on Huntington River, was built by Harry M. Small in 1875. Here are made annually about 100,000 feet of clapboards and 500,000 staves, in addition to the common lumber sawn. The saw and grist-mill of Howe & Dumas, in the south part of the town, was recently purchased by A. C. Dearborn, and does a fair business. The steam saw and grist-mill at the south village, of Sidney Gillett, was started about April i, 1886, and promises to become one of the leading man- ufactories of the town. Mercantile Interests. — The first store in town was opened at the house of Jabez Fargo, on consignment as a branch concern by John Thorp, of Char- lotte, about the commencement of the present century. It was continued until about 1805, in the fall of which year another concern was started in that Hne, in a room of Ebenezer Ambler's then new framed house, by Ross & Conger, from Monkton, and was the first store at the north village. In the fall of 1807 620 History of Chittenden County. it was transferred to a new building erected partly for the purpose on the east side of the river, the firm name changing to Ross & Ambler, and the business finally going into the hands of Ira Ladd, of Monkton, who kept it up until 1809. After this no regular trading was done in town until 1822, when Guer- don Taylor engaged in the business in a room of John Ambler's house. Other early merchants were Nathan Stewart, Ephraim Randall, and Amos Dike. The oldest of the present stores is that of G. W. & H. L. Sayles, which was established by their father, Stephen Sayles, in the present building, in 1854. The building has been used for mercantile purposes more than half a century. The present firm succeeded Stephen Sayles in 1862. They carry a stock valued at from $3,000 to $6,000, according to the season and demand. G. Bickford opened his general store in the north village in December, 1875. E. W. Ellis built the store building he now occupies, and established the trade which he now conducts in the south village, in the fall of 1876. He carries about $1,500 or $2,000 worth of goods. The store of W. M. Johnson was started by the present proprietor in the north village in May, 1879, and he now carries between $2,000 and $3,000 worth of goods. The building was formerly occupied by Justin Taylor. H. M. Small and George W. Brewster entered into partnership and opened a store at the south village in the spring of 1886, and now carry a stock worth about $3,000. The building was erected by Amos Dike many years ago, and was last occupied before the present oc- cupancy by Lawrence Sweeney. Hotels. — The first tavern in Huntington was opened by Jabez Fargo, who kept it for many years and nearly to the time of his death in 1827. The next was opened at the north village in 1826 by Guerdon Taylor, and is the same building, with some changes, now occupied by Edmund T. Collins, proprietor of the Green Mountain House. Among the landlords who followed Taylor were Sanford Eddy, Alexander Ferguson, Jonathan Dike, Charles Lovekin, John Cook, Hiram Cook, Truman Wood, James Wood, Daniel Hill, Ansel Eddy, Solomon Johns, Edward Irish, Melvin Heath, and the present proprie- tor, who succeeded Heath in the fall of 1865. The hotel of M. J. Ellis, at the Center, was built by Benjamin Allen not far from 1828, who kept the house for some time, and was followed by John Derby- After a long period Derby was succeeded by Joseph Rounds. Gershom Conger kept the house nine years, and was followed by George Conger, who, after the lapse of one year, was himself succeeded by the present proprietor in March 1865. The Professions.— ThQ first physicians who made Huntington their field of practice for any time were Drs. William Ambler, brother of Ebenezer Ambler, and William Hewett. They soon left for other parts. Those who have since made the town their residence successively are Jesse P. Carpenter, Winter Hewett, Seth Hitchcock, Samuel Fargo, 2d, Gail Nichols, Enoch A. Smith, A. H. Chesmore. Town of Huntington. 621 Matthew Cole, Pliny P. Green, Charles H. Swift, Rial C. Stevens, Reuben Nims, Pierce Standish, John Work, George W. Bromley, Chauncey L. Case, and Abel Sweet. Besides these there were many years ago two others, Eben- ezer Lamb and Richard Estes, who professed to administer medicine on bo- tanic principles. About twenty- five years ago, too. Dr. Ira Hodge was resid- ing in town, and doctored on the Indian, root and herb system. At present there is but one practicing physician in town, viz.. Dr. A. H. Chessmore. A detailed sketch of Dr. Chessmore appears in the later pages of this book. There are no lawyers now practicing in the town, which, with its proper propensity for litigation, has never had the harboring of but two of that de- scription. William S. Hawkins practiced here from about 1831 to about 1839, and Daniel B. Hale left town in 1850, after a residence of two years. Postmasters. — The first post-office opened in town was estabhshed near the commencement of the century, at the house of Jabez Fargo, who was post- master. As it did not quite pay expenses it was soon discontinued, and no other took its place until 1828, when Amos Dike received the appointment and opened an office at the south village. In 1829, on application to the gen- eral department, it was transferred to the north village and Alexander Fergu- son was appointed. Since then the postmasters at the north village (Hunting- ton), have been as follows : 1829 to 1841 inclusive, Alexander Ferguson; 1842, Cyrus Johns ; 1843 to 1845, Orange Dike; 1846-47, Stephen Bartlett ; 1848- 49, John E. Woodworth; 1850-54, Mrs. Ruth Crane; 1855-61, Solomon Johns ; 1862-68, J. M. Johnson ; 1869-71, George E. Johnson ; 1872-75, R. C. Bromley; 1876-85, G. W. Sayles ; and the present incumbent, Solomon Johns, who received the appointment from the present administration. An office was established at the Center in 1862, by the appointment of A. H. Loveland to the position of master. He was succeeded in 1872 by E. M. Kent, and Kent in 1873 by C. Dearborn. In 1874 M. Ellis was appointed and retained the appointment until 1876, when he was followed by E. W. Ellis. The present postmaster at Huntington Center (the south village) is H. M. Small, also appointed under President Cleveland. Present Town Officers. — The officers elected for the year 1 886 in this town are as follows : G. W. Sayles, clerk, treasurer, and trustee of the surplus fund ; G. D. Ellis, A. E. Bates, and John Fargo, selectmen ; overseer of the poor. War- ham Brewster ; first constable, George W. Brewster ; listers, Henry Brewster, Frank Strong, SmiHe Kenyon ; auditors, O. H. Ellis, Isaiah Strong, G. B. An- drews ; fence viewers, Warham Brewster, Daniel Gorton, Stephen Sprague ; town grand jurors, Enoch Gregory, G. L. Williams ; agent to prosecute and defend suits in which the town is interested, Henry Brewster ; superintendent of common schools. Rev. E. B. Fuller ; sextons, north village, Montraville Ross ; south village, John B. Ellis ; street commissioners, Warham Brewster, George A. Baker ; inspector of leather, Stillman Johnson ; pound-keepers, south 40 622 History of Chittenden County. village, Harry M. Small ; north village, A. H. Chessmore ; surveyor of wood and inspector of lumber and shingles, Sidney Gillett. Educational. — The first school opened in Huntington was started in the summer of 1794, in the log barn of Ebenezer Ambler, of which Betsey, wife of Darius Fargo, was the teacher. The first winter school was opened in the following winter in one of the rooms of Ebenezer Ambler's log dwelling house, and was taught by Dr. William Ambler, his brother. Other schools were after this opened, and in a few months log school-houses might be seen here. The first framed school-house was erected in 1806 on the high ridge near Sherman Hollow, and was burned in 1808. No other was built until 18 16, when one was erected at the south village. There are now seven districts in town. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Probably the first ministers of the gospel to preach in Huntington were a Mr. Sabin and Abraham Hall, the former a Methodist and the latter a Congre- gationalist. The noted Lorenzo Dow also paid this town a visit, and preached several times, and it was probably by his means and Mr. Sabin's that the first seeds of Methodism took root here, though how many were gained for the church at that time we do not learn. These men were here some time between 1790 and 1795. The first house built expressly for purposes of worship was erected at the north village in 1836 by the Methodists and Freewill Baptists. Another smaller house was built at the south village in 1841, and was owned chiefly by Calvinistic Baptists. Nearly all the denominations have at one time or another sustained services in Huntington, though the only regular organi- zation now acting in town is the Freewill Baptist. The first preacher of this persuasion in town was Elder Charles Bowles, colored, who came here in the summer of 1817, and at various times has been succeeded by the following preachers: Benajah Maynard, Josiah Wetherbee, Orange Dike, Joshua Tucker, Ezra B. Fuller, Samuel Webster, Samuel Lord, Porter Thomas, Nathaniel Ew- ers, Daniel Batchelder, Mark Atwood, Jarius E. Davis, John Gould, D. S. Frost, C. J. Mott, Lyman Sargent, and since the spring of 1877, Ezra B. Ful- ler. The present number of Freewill Baptists in this town and the mission at Jonesville, is about eighty-eight, and they own property valued at about $10,- 000 in all. The present officers of the organization are : Pastor, E. B. Fuller ; clerk, R. A. Norton ; deacons, N. F. Tomlinson, and H. R. Norton ; Sabbath- school superintendents, R. A. Norton, at the north village ; O. J. Tomlinson, at the south village ; and Mr. Frary at Jonesville. The Methodists have no church here, though they have a class which is ministered unto by the pastor of the Starksboro church. The two houses of worship now in use, one at the Center and the other at the north village were built respectively in 1861, at a cost of $2,500, and in 1870, at a cost of $9,000. Town of Jericho. 623 buel's gore. Buel's Gore, a triangular piece of land containing an area of about three thousand acres, forms the southeastern corner of the county, and is bounded north by Huntington, east by Fayston, in Washington county, and south and west by Starksboro and Lincoln, in Addison county. It was granted by Ver- mont on the 4th of November, 1780, to Elias Buel and fifty-nine others, and then contained 4,273 acres ; but was curtailed by the Legislature on the 27th of October, 1794, by the annexation of a portion of its territory to Hunting, ton. The first settlement was made about 1789 by Abel Turner, John Fitch, and Samuel Fargo. From that time until 1850 the population increased to eighteen, and now is estimated at about twenty-four. The Gore has never been organized as a town, has no church building and no post-ofifice. Its residents all depend upon the adjoining towns for these matters, mostly upon Huntington ; and, indeed, it might almost be said to be a portion of that town. CHAPTER XXIV. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF JERICHO.i THE town of Jericho, lying in the central part of Chittenden county, bounded north by Underbill, east by Bolton, south by Richmond and Williston, west by Essex, was granted by New Hampshire to Edward Burling and seventy-five associates on the 7th of June, 1763. The township consisted of 23,040 acres, and was divided into seventy-two shares. The charter was witnessed by Benning Wentworth, governor and commander of the Province of New Hampshire, and signed by T. Atkinson, secretary. By the terms of the charter the grantees were to have and to hold the territory granted, with all the privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging, they and their heirs and assigns forever, on conditions in substance as follows: (i) Every grantee shall plant five acres within five years for every fifty acres granted, and shall con- tinue to plant, cultivate and improve his grant, under penalty of forfeiture to the grantor. (2) White and other pine trees fit for masts in the royal navy shall be kept for that use, and none shall be felled for other purpose except by permission, under penalty of forfeiture. (3) A tract of land as near the center of the township as may be suitable and convenient shall be marked out and reserved for town lots, one of which shall be allotted to each grantee, to the contents of one acre. (4) Each of these shall pay annually for ten years the rent of one ear of Indian corn. (5) After the expiration of ten years there 1 By J. S. Cilley, A. M. 624 History of Chittenden County. shall be paid one shilling proclamation money for every one hundred acres any one may own, and the rents shall be paid in the council chamber at Portsmouth, or to such officers as may be appointed to receive the same. How much the conditions were respected by the grantees, or how long they were complied with by the purchasers of the soil, we may not know ; certain it is, however, that about the year 1776 the few that dwelt among these hills had but little respect for the power that imposed the conditions, and ere long they had no fear of his authority in executing them. The surface of the township is quite uneven, and the great variety of hill and valley, meadow, pasture and woodland, brook and river, gives great beauty and interest to the scenery. There is nothing of special importance attached to the mineral productions of the town, save as they furnish the farmer solid material for fences and enable him to act the part of a wise man in building his house upon rock. There is great variety of soil in Jericho ; some parts of the town have rich, productive soil, and afford the husband rich returns for care and labor ; other parts handsomely remunerate labor ; while others present no attractions to him who must eat his bread in the sweat of his face, though they may charm the eye of him who loves the woody hill or rocky height. Jericho is indeed a goodly town, rich in the character of its inhabitants, though that be somewhat varied, as are the products of the soil. The homes of most of the people give evidence of thrift and plenty, and some of even luxury, while nothing indicates that one should hesitate to come down to Jericho from any other part of the country for fear of falling among thieves and being stripped of raiment. But we turn from the view of fine meadows, cultivated fields, green pastures, pleasant homes, and abundant harvests and give our thought to the primeval forest, the log cabin in the wilderness, the scanty fare and the severe trials and hardships of the first settlers of the town, one of whom, Joseph Brown, with his wife and children, came to Jericho in 1774. Having suffered all the fatigue and privation incident to so great an undertaking, coming as they did from Massa- chusetts, they settled at last in the north part of the town, building a log house just south of the river that now bears his name, on a spot near the road that leads from the present residence of Hiram Day toward Underbill Flat. There was then no other settlement nearer than those of Roderick Messenger and Azariah Rood, who came to Jericho in the same year as Mr. Brown, and pitched their tents on or near the banks of the Winooski, some six or seven miles from him. Hardly had Mr. Brown begun to secure for himself and family something of supply and comfort, when British domination caused the Revolutionary War, and sent the Indian to dog the steps and terrify the hearts of the pio- neers of Vermont. A young man, Gibson by name, had been hospitably en- tertained by Mr. Brown for some time, and at length, going to pursue his work in hunting, had fallen into the hands of Indians. He told the Indians if Town of Jericho. 625 they would let him go, he would lead them where they could get a whole fam- ily of white people. The Indians, having agreed to his proposition, were led by the base betrayer of those who had sheltered him to the house of Mr. Brown. At noon of a day in September, 1780, six savages entered the house and took Mr. Brown, his wife and two children then living with them but not their own, as prisoners. A man by the name of Old was residing with Mr. Brown for a little time, who, seeing the Indians enter, jumped from a window and ran for life and freedom, pursued by the tomahawks of the Indians. He escaped, but with such powerful exertion and terrible fright as to cause great protrusions of his eyes from their sockets, and it is said they never regained their normal con- dition. When the sons of Mr. Brown returned home at night from a hunting excursion they were taken prisoners by six other Indians lying in wait for them and led in pursuit of those first taken. All were taken to Montreal, where they suffered with cold and hunger and in various ways, until their es- cape and release in 1783. The sons, Joseph and Charles, fled from British service and imprisonment in the spring of that year, and returned to the place where were the ashes of their home burned by the savages who had torn them from it, and at once began to build another home. To this the father and mother came, when they had been released upon the declaration of peace. Nor yet were the days of privation and suffering passed ; for three weeks at one time the family lived wholly upon the juice of cornstalks obtained by wetting and pressing them. But better days were in store for them, and ere long plenty and comfort were the reward of labor and manly endeavor. The de- scendants of Mr. Brown have been quite numerous and many of them have lived and died in the immediate vicinity of his home, and some still remain to bear his name with the honor which has always been accorded to it in the history of the town. Soon after the return of this family other settlers came in quite rapidly. Prominent among them was Nathaniel Bostwick, who built near Mr. Brown the house long owned and occupied by Joseph Kingsbury and subsequently by Josiah Bass. In process of time his son Arthur built and long occupied the hotel near by, and called by his name. Since his occupancy great additions have been made, and it is now a large, pleasant, commodious and well-kept house under the direction of L. M. Dixon, and is a remarkably fine place for summer resort. In beauty and sublimity of view few places, if any, surpass this. Clark Bostwick, son of Arthur, lives but a few rods from the house built by his grandfather, and he is the only one of the name now in town — a true man and a good citizen. A half-brother of Clark, Samuel B., will long be re- membered by those who knew him well. He was a graduate of the Univer- sity of Vermont, a fine scholar, an eminent minister of the Episcopal Church, a Christian gentleman. He died but a few years ago in Sandy Hill, N. Y. In 1776, the inhabitants being warned by Ira Allen for the Council of 626 History of Chittenden County. Safety, Roderick Messenger, of whom we have already spoken, went with his family in a canoe down Winooski River with a view of reaching Lake Cham- plain to embark on transports sent to pick up and bear away the fleeing in- habitants. After much difficulty his object was accomplished, and during the war his family found support and safety in different places in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York. Mr. Messenger returned and was employed by the Council of Safety in defense of the settlements on the " grants " at a block- house on his farm in Jericho, which was occupied as a military post until the approach of Burgoyne, when the company stationed there went to meet the enemy at Hubbardton and Bennington. After the war Mr. Messenger again occupied his farm, and was postmaster and news-carrier for the pioneers. Here he lived to advanced age, an industrious and respectable farmer and a good citizen. Azariah Rood, the other of the three settlers of 1774, died in 1795, but left to fill his place his son, Thomas D., who served the town in various official positions, and proved himself an energetic man, ready and decided in action, firm and wise in council. The town was organized March 22, 1786, at which time was held a meet- ing warned by John Fassett, judge of the Supreme Court. At this meeting James Farnsworth was chosen moderator ; Lewis Chapin, clerk ; and Peter McArthur, constable. At another meeting, June 13, 1786, Azariah Rood, Joseph Hall and Jedediah Lane were chosen selectmen. A register of freemen was begun in 1785 with six names, and about the same number were added in 1786. On the 29th of November, 1786, Jedediah Lane was chosen representative. Lewis Chapin, the first town clerk, was born September 30, 1755, and in the year 1786, in company with his brother Ichabod, he purchased a tract of wild land in Jericho, on which was what is now the " Green," at the center of the town, and the cemetery just south of it, both of which he gave for public use. Lewis Chapin and his brother Benoni were soldiers in the Revolutionary War, and thus faithfully served their country. Coming to Jericho, Lewis built a log house near the southeast corner of the lot given for a cemetery, in which he lived until able to build the large and commodious house a little south of the former, where his grandson, Milo H. Chapin, now lives. This house stands on a beautiful spot, commanding an extensive and beautiful view, and is proof of the sound judgment and good taste of the builder, as well as the present owner, shown in its care and preservation. Mr. Chapin was an earnest Christian, a strong supporter of religion, and a messenger of good to the poor. Jedediah Lane, the first representative of the town, was a man of consider- able wealth. He owned a large amount of land at and in the vicinity of Jeri- cho Corners, had a family of ten children, five of whom, Jedediah, jr., Lovicy, Lydia, Cyrus and Stevens, settled in Jericho. Among the descendants of these Cy'^^n^ (^-^^TTxy^^ Town of Jericho. 627 five are those who have at various times filled almost every town office, and have represented the town in the State Legislature. Particularly noticeable among them all are Lucius L. and Edgar H., sons of Stevens, the first of whom was an intelligent and excellent farmer, the last an active and successful merchant. Both have been representatives of the town, and the last named has been a member of the Senate and assistant judge of the County Court. In the business interests and improvements of the town both were deeply in- terested and eminently useful ; and the town has suffered a loss in their re- moval, one to Winooski, the other to Burlington. David T. Stone, born in Connecticut, October 9, 1769, came to Jericho about 1 79 1, and purchased land on Little River, three miles east of the Center, and there settled. On the 29th of September, 1792, he married Thankful Smith, who lived a few miles away, and immediately they started on their wedding trip for his cabin in the wilderness, on the bank of the river — a fash- ionable trip in those days. Their furniture was neither elaborate nor costly, but having made a table of a plank supported by legs inserted in holes bored through it, it seemed good to Mr. Stone, upon retiring for the night, to tie it by a rope to the ladder leading to the chamber, lest through fright from its own looks it should flee and leave no support for their breakfast. So life had its mirthful side even then in the forest. Mr. Stone had two sons and a daugh- ter. The sons, Hiram and Harvey, lived upon the land purchased by their father, many years side by side ; but at length Harvey moved to Swanton, where he still lives. Hiram died April 3, 1874, in the town and near the home of his birth. They were noble, intelligent, Christian men, an honor to the town, and strong pillars of support to the church. None of the name now lives in Jericho, save Deacon Isaac C. Stone, son of Hiram, a much respected citizen, elected representative of Jericho in 1884. Gains Pease, a man of about the age of Mr. Stone, and coming to Jericho at nearly the same time, became a near neighbor and fast friend of him, as did also George Butts, before many days. These three were the first settlers in this part of Jericho, and all, by industry, economy and fair dealing, acquired a competence for their fam- ilies, and what is better still, transmitted a good name to their posterities, some of whom still bear and preserve it. Of the many incidents that took place during the early days in town of these pioneers, we mention the following : At night of a harvest-day a hunter and his dogs had by close pursuit driven three bears to find refuge in a tall tree standing near the house of Mr. Pease. Being unable to shoot them on account of the darkness, or otherwise to dislodge them, those at the tree sent for help to Mr. Stone, who came from the field with pitchfork in hand, ready for action. Strong, active and full of courage, he determined at once to climb the tree and dislodge the brutes. Accordingly, fastening a band around his waist, and attaching thereto the pitchfork, he began the ascent of the tree, 628 History of Chittenden County. whose first branch was thirty feet from the ground, and ere long gained the desired position, and with the cry " Stand from under," he pitched the bears from the tree, two of which were killed by men and dogs as they came tumbling down, while the third escaped. These men. Stone, Pease and Butts, believed in exact justice to deserving men, as was shown in the treatment of one Casey, a hired man of Mr. Pease. For some offense, real or supposed, Casey took a son of his to the woods at night, and after a dreadful whipping left him tied to a tree until his screams brought a neighbor to his relief in the early morning. Next day notice of the case was given to " Billy " Young and a Mr. Prouty, executors of the law in this case, who appeared at the abode of Casey the next night, and with the " beech seal " and rawhide well laid on sought to change the spirit of the sav- age to milder form, while David and George stood by to witness that the con- viction was sufficiently deep to produce genuine conversion, and Gains stood at a little distance, peering through the darkness to be satisfied of the same fact. These men were law-abiding citizens, but in this case could not wait the coming of tardy justice — and perhaps they were right. John Lyman, from Salisbury, Conn., settled in Jericho soon after the Rev- olutionary War, in which he had been a brave and faithful soldier. He was a man of deep thought, sound judgment, and Christian character. It is said that " he was a mighty hunter and an accurate marksman, and that perhaps his skill as a hunter, his erect stature, dark complexion, and small black eyes, justi- fied the idea of a deacon in a certain place that Mr. Lyman was the Indian preacher sent to supply their pulpit the next Sabbath after his coming to the place." He was positive in his convictions, firm in his purposes, and not to be turned from his pursuit of the right course when once his opinions had been deliberately formed. These characteristics of the father were prominent in his children, two of whom, John and Daniel, honored, beloved and useful citizens, spent their long, prosperous and happy lives in Jericho, dying but a few years ago. Charles, a son of Daniel, worthily bearing the honored name of his father, is the only descendant now living in town. David and Jedediah Field, brothers, came to Jericho from Guilford, Conn., about 1797, and were among the most honored of the early settlers. None of the children of David, of whom he had seven, is now living ; and Erastus, son of Jedediah, is the only member of his family still a resident of Jericho. He has held most of the town offices, being justice of the peace thirty years, and having been representative of the town. He is a man of great wealth and highly respected. He is eighty-eight years old. But want of time and space forbid extended mention of all the earlier set- tlers of the town, among whom are prominent, besides those already mentioned, Martin Chittenden, John Lee, Caleb Nash, Benjamin Day, PoUi C. Packard, Jesse Gloyd, Jesse Thompson, James Marsh, Isaac Benham, Oliver Lowry, Truman Town of Jericho. 629 Barney, Truman Galusha, Nathaniel Pliny, Lemuel Blackman, Elias Bartlett, Ro- sea Spaulding, Timothy Bliss, all honorable men, to some of whom we may have occasion to refer hereafter. Nor are these all. Compared with many men of these days and in this country, the early inhabitants of Jericho were very peculiar men. They had a high sense of honor, respect for their word of promise, considering it as valid as a bond, believed in fair dealing and honest work ; they were in- dustrious, frugal, economical, paid their debts, trained well their children, hon- ored their wives, and in action were true to their convictions both religious and political. Peace to their ashes ! It will not be amiss, perhaps, to refer again briefly to the first meetings and first officers of the town. I find by reference to the town records that at a town meeting, March 12, 1787, " David Stanton was chosen tavern-keeper," and March 20, 1788, " Azariah Rood and James Farnsworth were chosen com- mittee to hire a candidate, and voted that we will raise money to pay a candi- date for preaching two months." On the 28th of September, 1789, " Town tax was granted to pay Mr. Reuben Parmelee for preaching the past season, £6, 5s. lod." September 7, 1790, " Chose Martin Chittenden representative, and voted to give Mr. Ebenezer Kingsbury a call to settle in the ministry." No- vember 18, 179s, " Chose Noah Chittenden, esq., superintendent to take care of and superintend the building of a meeting-house." March 8, 1798, "Voted that the pole now ready to be raised be the town sign-post." March 2, i8oi, " Voted to give liberty to the town to set up the small-pox next fall under the direction of the selectmen." It is presumed that the town made a profitable speculation from this " set up " by the selectmen, and that they did the work faithfully. The office of town clerk, first given to Lewis Chapin, was at length con- ferred upon Jonathan Castle, and he was soon succeeded by Lewis Chapin, and he again by Jonathan Castle. These two men evidently believed in " rotation in office." Castle rotated Chapin out, then Chapin rotated himself in, until finally, in 1798, Thomas D. Rood obtained the office; but Mr. Chapin " turned the table " upon him in 1802, and afterward held the place for many years un- disturbed. The records show that in 180 1 James A. Potter was chosen repre- sentative ; Martin Chittenden, in 1802; James A Potter, in 1803 and 1804; Thomas D. Rood, in 1805 ; James A. Potter, in 1806. Mr. Potter beheved in rotation too, and so did the people. At the election of Mr. Potter in 1806 there were five candidates, and the election was made on the second ballot by one majority. The successor of Mr. Potter in 1807, was Salmon Fay. Having now found the people active and earnest in their political action we turn our attention to their means of communication in regard to roads, bridges, etc., and to their progress in agriculture, manufactures, science, art. With the removal of the forest, and the coming of the plow, the hoe, the scythe and the rake, the sowing and the reaping, and with the slow but ever-increasing advent 630 History of Chittenden County. of new settlers, there came also the beginning and the gradual increase of roads, in the making of which the people seem to have been guided by the directions of nature and the dictates of reason ; and therefore, in but few in- stances, I think, have there been any material changes in the places of roads as first laid out. From the nature of the soil in most parts of the town, and from the character of the localities of the roads, they were, as a general thing, easily made, and have been easily kept in repair. Some of the roads in town are re- markably good, affording easy and exceedingly pleasant drives. Especially so is that along Little River, and that in the valley of Mill Brook, that along the bank of the Winooski, and again that extending from Jericho Corners to Un- derhill Flat. Some of the cross roads, however, extending from valley to valley, are by no means inviting to the traveler, but they seem to justify the expression that " the longest way round is the nearest way home." Of this character is the road extending south from the house of Martin V. Willard to Nashville, on Mill Brook. It is in surface rough ; in height, prodigious. Again, looking upon the beginning of the road leading from the home of Milo Doug- lass, on Little River, northwest, toward Underhill Flat, we maj' be reminded of "such getting up stairs I never did see." The ascent of the hill is dreadful, the descent, terrible. The streams of water flowing through the town are small ; consequently, though there are many bridges, there is none of very extended dimensions, the length of the largest being not more than sixty feet, probably. Early in the life of the town, while agriculture flourished, various mechanic arts obtained vigorous growth, and manufactures of lumber, leather, cloth, potash, starch, and even whisky and cider brandy sprang into being. On Lit- tle River, just above the settlements of Stone, Pease and Butts, there was a saw-mill operated by Daniel Hale ; afterwards by Joseph Butts, then by Sam- uel Andrews, since and now, by Edgar Barney. On the same river, about one mile from the center of the town, there is a building used many years ago by Ephraim Stiles as a fulling-mill. In it there was also a carding-machine, and later on, wool carding was the principal business of the shop. It is now used by Lyman Stimson, an old and respected citizen, as a carriage and paint-shop. On Mill Brook were some mills and shops doing considerable business years ago, but they are doing very little now. At North Jericho, which forms a large part of the village called Underhill Flat, there is a steam saw and grist- mill owned and operated by Hon. Buel H. Day and Edward S. Whitcomb, jr. Near this mill they also have a large cheese factory in successful operation. There is another factory of the same kind in the valley of Mill Brook, about one mile and a half south of the Center. As there is no water power at the Center, there is entire lack of any extensive manufacturing interest in that place, and so it has been from the first, though there was long ago a tannery near by, and a manufactory of potash of some importance. But these fell into disuse long ago. Town of Jericho. 631 At the Corners, a pleasant and flourishing village in the southwest part of the township, on Brown's River, there are several fine mill privileges. Hence the most important and useful manufactures have flourished here from the first ; though at one time, long ago, there was here a most destructive ■establishment, a whisky mill, destructive alike of corn, rye and men. Here Hon. David Fish successfully carried on the business of tanner, and boot and shoemaker for several years, but his works have perished, and he himself lives only in the respectful remembrance of neighbors and friends who survive. Here also a mill for carding wool was early establisheci, and has been generally managed by sons of Truman Barney, who in his day was the owner of much land and^'other property in the village. Martin Mead, who runs the carding- machine this summer, worked in the same mill and at the same business sixty- three years ago. Near this mill and on the opposite side of the river Eu- gene Curtis has a saw-mill and a planing-mill, and is doing a fair amount of business. Just above this, on the same side of the river, is a mill belonging to L. B. & F. Howe, of which special mention will be made hereafter. A little further up the river is a building used long ago and for many years as a grist-mill. Some eight or ten years ago it was converted into a chair factory, and having been much enlarged by the owner, Henry M. Field, it did a large and prosperous business for a while ; but soon Mr. Field gave up the enter- prise and moved West. A few rods above this factory are mills belonging to Anson Field. At this place the manufacture of wood pumps and water-tubing was begun by Simon Davis about the year 1840. They were then made in a crude manner and bored by hand with a " pod auger." Soon machinery was 1 introduced for turning and revolving in a lathe while boring. This slow pro- cess continued for many years, but about the year 1863 new and improved machinery was built, and the business was so increased that several thousand more pumps and many miles of tubing were made and sold every year. The property changed hands several times, and finally in 1875 it was purchased by Anson Field, the present owner, who built most of the improved ma- ■chinery, and who has since added much to the property by the erection and arrangement of buildings and other facilities. Mr. Field has also purchased a large tract of timber on Mansfield Mountain, which supplies his saw-mill and ^hops with lumber. This is the only industry of the kind in Vermont, and the goods manufactured are sent all over New England and to other parts of the country. Field's pumps and water-tubing are widely known and highly ap- preciated. Too much honor cannot be accorded to Mr. Field for his great ■contribution to the business interests of the town. Still further up the river is a mill operated by Thomas Buxton. He has arrangements for grinding corn, oats, etc.; for sawing, making shingles, hoe handles, fork handles and the like, and is doing good business. Twenty-one years ago L. B. Howe, one of the most thorough and enter- 632 History of Chittenden County. prising business men in the town, in company with F. Beach, another thorough man in business, bought the grist-mill which was built, owned and run for several years successfully by James H. Hutchinson. The partnership continued for five years, at the end of which time Mr. Howe became sole owner, and so remained until a few years ago, when his son, Frank, became a partner. De- siring to do more and better business than they had facilities for doing, Mr. Howe and son determined to make large and important additions to their works, and began to do so in June, 1885. Beginning at the foundation they have carried on the work to its completion with the most satisfactory and gratifying results. The works are called " The Chittenden Roller Mills," and they are the first and only mills of the kind in the New England States. The main building is forty by seventy feet on the ground, with a wheel-house adjoining, eighteen by fifty feet. In this department are four water-wheels, two of which are used for feed work, and the others for the new flouring- machinery. All the floors of the mill from the basement to roof are filled with machinery of perfect and even artistic design. In connection with this system of milling wheat, there is here a new system for manufacturing corn- meal on rollers, which is far superior to the old system. A new process of reducing buckwheat by rollers has been discovered while operating this ma- chinery, and certainly it is a great improvement. The machinery for these mills was furnished by the Case Manufacturing Company, of Columbus, O., and the manufacturers claim it to be the finest line of machinery ever sent out of Columbus. In placing it in the mill no pains or expense has been spared to make it first-rate in every particular. The super- intending millwright having built twenty-seven mills of this system, declares- this to be one of the best. The water-wheels, shafting, pulleys, gears, and all machinist work, over twenty tons' weight in all, were furnished by Edwards,. Stevens & Co., of Winooski, Vt. The basement and first story of the main building are of stone ; the second story, fourteen feet high, is of wood, the walls being six inches thick. The roof and sides are covered with iron. The working capacity of the mills for a day of twenty-four hours is estimated to be the production of sixty barrels of flour, seventy-five barrels of table meal, forty barrels of buckwheat, fifteen hundred bushels of meal and feed. The whole establishment in form and finish is an ornament to the village and an honor ta its builders. Ecclesiastical History.— The religious denominations in Jericho are Congre- gational, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian and Universalist. Nine persons- united to form the first Congregational Church, March 31, 1791. Rev. Eben- ezer Kingsbury became pastor of this church soon after its organization, and remamed such until May 17, 1808. Meetings were held in private houses- untfl 1797, when the first meeting-house, a large wooden structure, was built m the middle of the " Green," around which the village of Jericho Center no^^r Town of Jericho. 633 stands. This house was demolished in 1835, and the "Brick Church," now standing on the north side of the "Green," took its place. In 1878 this house was thoroughly repaired and extensive changes were made in the inte- rior. It is not often that in either town or city there is found a church edifice more appropriate in design or finish than is this ; and so long as it stands as now, it will continue to show the good judgment and excellent taste of Hon. Edgar H. Lane, under whose careful and faithful supervision the work was done. In 1809 Rev. John Dennison succeeded Mr. Kingsbury as pastor, and he was followed by a long line of noble men and excellent ministers, most of whom had short pastorates. Rev. Austin Hazen, an able minister, beloved by the people at large, closed his pastorate of this church in the summer of 1884. He was pastor for twenty years, and was succeeded by Rev. J. K. Will- iams, a man of ability and excellent spirit, who is the present pastor. The second Congregational Church, located at the Corners, was organized in 1826, and reorganized in 1874; and the church building having been thoroughly repaired was re-dedicated in 1877. The building was erected by aid of the Baptists, and was used in part by them from 1826 to 1858, when they built a good church of their own. Rev. D. B. Bradford is the present pastor of the Congregational Church, and Rev. Mr. Coombs of the Baptist. Both are good men and able ministers. There are two Methodist meeting- houses in town, one at the Corners, the other at North Jericho. At the latter place there is also an Episcopal Church, in which service is held most of the time. There is a Universalist house at the Center, now seldom used. So there are in all seven houses for public worship in Jericho. Educational. — Soon after the settlement of the town, and upon the neces- sity of the case, Jericho was divided into thirteen school districts, which remain about the same, and with no material changes in their limits. Some of the school buildings are poor, but most of them are good, and especially so is that at the Corners. It has two stories, each story high from floor to ceiling, is about sixty-five by thirty feet in extension, is pleasant and convenient, being divided into two rooms on the lower floor, with a hall above. As it is kept in good repair and handsomely painted, it is an ornament to the village and an honor to the town. The people of Jericho have always been blessed with good opportunities for common school instruction, but whether they have al- ways fully and wisely improved them it is not for the writer to say. He will say, however, that he fails to see generally, either in the quantity or quality, any marked improvement in modern teaching over that of former years. It is presumed that Jericho is not alone in this regard. In 1825 an academy was built at Jericho Center, but did not go into suc- cessful operation until the spring of 1827, when Simeon Bicknell, A. M., took charge of it and remained the principal for five years. He was a good scholar. 634 History of Chittenden County. a fine teacher, an excellent disciplinarian, a cultured gentleman. Under hi& charge the school stood second to none in Northern Vermont, and was pat- ronized largely and widely. With promise of larger reward, Mr. Bicknell went from Jericho to take charge of an academy in Malone, N. Y., and with his going the glory of Jericho Academy began to fade away. Nevertheless it held high rank among the academies of the State for several years under Prin- cipals E. J. Marsh, John Boynton, James T. Foster, and others. But its light went entirely out in 1845, and the building now stands a reminder of departed glory, but dear to those taught therein, who may still look upon it. And it is pleasant to remember that some of the most prominent men of the State and the nation received their academic training here. Among these are A. B. Maynard, an eminent lawyer of Detroit ; George Bliss, of Jericho, afterward member of Congress from Ohio ; Hon. John A. Kasson, Charles A. Seymour, Hon. L. P. Poland, men of national reputation ; nor would I fail to mention the name of C. C. Parker, of Underhill, who became in due time an eminent minister of the gospel, but is now gone to his reward. Besides these, very many men and women that have been and still are useful members of society, were educated wholly or in part at Jericho Academy. Its life though short was not utterly in vain, in further proof of which we will give in addition the names of a part of those who fitted here for college — names of those we knew and re- member : George Lee Lyman, Edwin, George, James and John Blackman, Pa- raclite Sheldon, Whipple Earl, Torrey E. Wales. Most of these were graduated from the University of Vermont, and all have made good and honorable rec- ords in their various pursuits and callings. Professional, etc. — The first physician in Jericho was Matthew Cole, but his residence here was short. The first to practice medicine permanently in town was Dr. Eleazer Hutchins. He settled here in 1791 or 1792, was an energetic man, a good physician, and was surgeon of the regiment raised in this section engaged in the battle of Plattsburgh. He died in town in Febru- ary, 1833, aged sixty-seven years. The second physician permanently settled in town was Dr. George Howe. His' settlement was in 18 10, and his practice extended over a period of nearly fifty years. Dr. Howe was a fine man in look and manner, cordial in his intercourse and benevolent in spirit. His skil secured him a large practice and his character gained him universal respect. He died in 1857, aged seventy-six years. Dr. Jamin Hamilton was the third prominent physician. He settled at the Center, and for many years did a large and successful business, by which he gained both wealth and honor. He moved from Jericho to Albany, N. Y., several years since and died there. After these physicians came B. Y. Warner, F. F. Hovey, C. W. B. Kidder, A. C. Welch and George Lee Lyman, all of whom were skillful practitioners. Dr. Denni- son Bliss, a man of good native ability, and with a skill that promised the full- est success, having practiced a few years in fulfillment of the promise, because Town of Jericho. 635 of failing health retired from practice, but still lives in town. And others there were of whom we cannot speak. The physicians now in active practice in town are A. F. Burdick, A. B. Somers, E. P. Howe, and F. H. Cilley, all of whom are able and successful practitioners. Dr. Burdick lives at North Jericho, Dr. Somers and Dr. Howe at the Corners, and Dr. Cilley at the Center. It is said that Martin Post was the first lawyer in town, but his stay was short and nothing of importance can be said of him. The most eminent law- yers of early times who lived in Jericho and began practice here were Jacob Maeck, David A. Smalley, E. R. Hard. All these going to Burlington, still held high rank at the bar of Chittenden county, and Mr. Hard still holds it. Mr. Maeck and Mr. Smalley long since passed away. C. S. Palmer, who went from Jericho to Dakota some four years ago, gained here a good practice and a fine reputation as a lawyer; and L. F. Wilbur, who moved to Burlington in the fall of 1 882, was inferior to none in legal ability and successful practice. Mr. Wilbur is emphatically a self-made man, and has been eminently successful in his profession. M. H. Alexander, a young man of promise, is the only lawyer now practicing in Jericho. But higher in honor than any other, pre-eminent in knowledge of the law, administering it as a member of the Supreme Court of the State for many years, and finally elected governor, was Hon. Asahel Peck, who spent the last years of his life on a farm in the south part of Jericho, and died there a few years ago. The farm was not specially attractive to Mr. Peck because of its position or the promise of abundant harvests, but the quietness of the place and the supervision of the farm seemed to gratify and delight him.i Passing thus from the beginning to the present we have found vast changes in some respects. From the largest portion of the town the forest has been removed by the hand of toil, and abundance has taken the place of want. It would be well, perhaps, if some of the primeval forest were still standing. Quite a portion of the town was originally covered with large, beautiful pine trees ; especially fine were these in the south part of the town upon lands owned by Hon. Noah Chittenden, Jesse Thompson and others. Perhaps the following incident may show the reason of their early removal. Messrs. Chit- tenden and Thompson, neighbors, were in the woods on a certain day, looking over their lands and talking of their possessions, when Mr. Chittenden, point- ing to a beautiful pine one hundred feet high, said, " Mr. Thompson, the day will come, I believe, though you and I may not live to see it, when such a tree as that will be a dollar in cash !" The reason is found, then, in their high esti- mate of money, or low estimate of pine. From very small beginning in number, there is now a population of about 1,700, with a grand list of $9,585. At the Center of Jericho there has been 1 A more extended sketch of Mr. Peck appears in later pages of this work. See biographical sketches. 636 History of Chittenden County. very little change in affairs for the last fifty years. As then, so now, there is one store in that place, and that the same as then. The proprietors are Jordan Brothers, who are doing extensive business. Aside from this there is no im- portant business enterprise, though the place is beautiful for situation. North Jericho is a place of considerable business. Here besides the kinds of business before mentioned, are two stores, one of general merchandise, L. C. Chapin, proprietor, the other a drug store in charge of Dr. W. S. Nay, a practicing physician. There is here also a tin-shop of some importance, and a good meat- market. It is a beautiful place, gradually improving in interest and beauty. From the time of the first settlement the Corners has been the chief place of business, as it is now, and in this respect there has been slow but constant im- provement. In addition to what has been already said of business, there are here now two boot and shoe shops, a harness shop, a wheelwright shop, three blacksmith's shops, a tin and hardware establishment, a butter market, two jewelers, a printing office, two dry goods stores, a large grocery and boot and shoe store, and milliners' shops. Such is the town of Jericho at the beginning of the second century of its history. The first century has been marked by a steady growth in wealth, in intelligence, in social and moral elevation and in religious interest. May it be the privilege of the historian of the second century to record much greater growth, higher exaltation, and wider and deeper interest. CHAPTER XXV. HISTORY OF THE T0W:N OF MILTON. THE town of Milton, situated on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, is in the northwestern corner of Chittenden county, and is bounded north by Georgia in Franklin county, east by Westford, south by Colchester, and west by Lake Champlain. Its name is supposed to have been given to it in honor of the blind author of Paradise Lost, as many of the towns in New England and throughout the east were named from English originals before the separation of the colonies from the mother country. The charter of the town was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth, of New Hampshire, on the 8th of June, 1763, to the following grantees : Samuel Rogers, James Wil- mott, jr., Isaac Silvester, Isaac Rogers, Josh. B , Josh. Kirkbird, Wm. Proc- tor, Alex. Moore, Peter Cone, John Imlay, Josh. Haviland, James Haviland, Tim McCarty, Garden Lee, Samuel Dodge, John Burroughs, James Burroughs, Wm. Burroughs, Wm. Popplerdorf, jr.. Josh. Zabrisker, John Zabrisker, Rich- ard Cornwall, Daniel Bates, Thomas Liscum, Wm. Smith, Wm. Smith, jr., Ja- V-^z^ Town of Milton. 637 cob Smith, Thomas Willett, John Willett. Ralph William Miller, Josh. Royal, Benj. Lintott, William Ferguher, Richard Sharp, Richard Evans, Samuel Kem- ble, Michael Duff, Paul Miller, Paul Miller, jr., Christopher Miller, Thomas Shreave, Philip French, Philip French, jr., Adolphus French, Henry Franklin, Benjamin Underhill, David Buckley, Benjamin Blagge, John Bogie, John Gif- ford, John Gifford, jr., George Wood, John Turner, John Turner, jr., Alexan- der Baker, Joshua Huckins, Henry Dickenson, Hon. Richard Wilbird, John Downing, esq., Daniel Warner, esq., Samuel Emerson, jr.. Major Richmond Downing. The town was not settled, so far as can be learned, until after the worst of the War of the Revolution was over, though undoubtedly proceedings were taken to encourage immigration soon after the granting of the charter, as the land could not be much increased in value until some improvements were made. Even the records of the proceedings of the proprietors previous to the Revo- lution are lost, however, and it will therefore never be known what line of pol- icy they at first pursued. The first meeting of which a record has been kept was held at the house of Nathaniel Mallory, at Middletown, in Rutland county, on the 2d of August, 1786, at which Augustin Underhill was chosen moder- ator, Nathaniel Smith proprietors' clerk, and James Everts clerk pro tern. At an adjourned meeting held at the same place on the Sth of that month it was voted that the proceedings of the committee in " lotting out " the first division lots in Milton be accepted, together with the bill of costs presented for their labor. A tax of one pound and ten shilHngs was laid upon each proprietary right to defray these expenses, and Nathaniel Smith was chosen collector thereof, while Nathaniel Mallory was elected treasurer. At this meeting Ab- dial Webster and George Alford were appointed a committee to make a divi- sion of the first lots, and prepare a draft of this division. On the 4th of Sep- tember, at the same place, it was voted that the proprietors have the " privi- ledge " of " repiching " their home lots at their own expense on or before the 15th of June next. The earliest evidence of an attempt to attract settlers by offers of unusual privileges appears in the record of a meeting held at the same place as were the foregoing, on Monday, the 14th of November, 1786, when the following vote was passed : " That Medad and Theodore Newel have full liberty to Lay out and Pos- sess twenty acres of Land on the Second Devision to any Right that they Shall hold by virtue of a good title in the Most Convenient Place for erecting a Sawmill on Condition of their Building or Causeing to be built on Said Land Good Saw mill in two years from this day and to be kept in Good Repair for the term of ten Years after build other wise they are not to Receive any Bene- fit from this Vote." On the 2d of May, 1788, Noah Smith, J. P., published a warning for a 41 638 History of Chittenden County. meeting to be held on the 25th of June, at the house of Colonel Stephen Keys, at Manchester, Vt. At that time and place Noah Smith was chosen moderator and Amos Mansfield clerk. It was voted to make a second, third and fourth division of the undivided land in Milton, reserving five acres out of each one hundred acres for public highways. Amos Mansfield was appointed to allot and survey these divisions, and was to receive four dollars on each right actually surveyed. On the first Monday of May, 1789, the first proprietors' meeting in Milton was held at the house of William Irish, when Aaron Mathews was made moderator. On the 3d of July, 1789, a number of the settlers having settled on lots comprised in the rights of another owner, whose title was rec- ognized by the proprietors, were excluded from the liberty of lawfully posses- sing their pitches. Another vote of greater interest, because it reveals the name of the enterprising man who first erected a grist and saw- mill in Milton, and enables us to place a just estimate upon his worth in early days, reads sub- stantially as follows : Voted to make an allowance to the person who has built the first grist and saw-mill in said town ; that No. 4 in the second division be allowed to Amos Mansfield, and that Nos. 5 and 33 in the second division and No. 63 in the third division be allowed and granted to the above said Amos Mansfield for his services in building the above said grist-mill and saw-mill. From all that can be gathered, it appears that these mills were situated a short distance northwest from the site of Checkerberry village, and were transferred to William Woods about the year 1800. Amos Mansfield died a short time before the year 1798, leaving Amos,jr.,Alpheus, Nathan and Theophilus Mansfield and John Jackson heirs of his property. He was buried in the town of Georgia, it seems, and probably lived not far from the line of that town. Such were some of the proceedings of the proprietors of the town before it was thickly settled. No reason can be given for the tardiness of its settle- ment, for it was calculated by nature to attract to its shores and fields and un- surpassed water privileges the best of pioneer thrift and energy. The surface, though rather uneven, is not so rugged as to render cultivation unprofitable. The eastern part of the town is elevated some two or three hundred feet above the general level of the other portions, affording many excellent views of the lake and the country that bounds it. A sand bar leading from the southwestern part of the town to South Hero, in Grand Isle county, renders the lake forda- ble between the two towns a great part of the year. In 1849-50 a toll-bridge was built across this bar at a cost of $25,000, making communication at all times possible. The principal elevations in town are Cobble Hill in the south- ern, and Rattlesnake Hill, in the northern part, with altitudes of about 800 or 1,000 feet each. The largest stream is Lamoille River, which takes a sinuous course through the town from northeast to southwest, and has many tribu- taries. These, with several smaller streams which discharge their waters into Lake Champlain, provide many fine mill privileges and sufficiently irrigate the Town of Milton. 639 soil. Two ponds in town are also worthy of mention — Long Pond, in the northwestern part, about a mile in length and from twenty to sixty rods in width, and Round Pond, a little to the east of it, and about half its size. The soil of the town is of the best, varying in different places from the stiffest clay to fine productive alluvium, yielding abundant crops of wheat, oats, rye, buck- wheat, Indian corn, etc. Early Settlements. — Milton was first settled by William Irish, Leonard Owen, Amos Mansfield, Absalom Taylor and Thomas Dewey, in February, 1782. Irish located on what was afterwards the old stage road, in the east part of the town (which for convenience we will designate as the east road). After the road was opened, his house was some distance back from it. He died early in the century. The land is now owned, though not occupied, by John Mclntyre, and is known as the Gary place. Leonard Owen settled several miles south of the site of Checkerberry, on the place now occupied by Eli Nelson. The farm was originally a large one, buthas suffered many subdivisions. Mr. Owen died early in the century. Absalom Taylor lived at the lower falls, on the farm now owned by Charles Osgood. He died towards the middle of the century at the home of his son, in Canada. Thomas Dewey was the eldest son of Major Zebediah Dewey, of Poult- ney, Vt., who took an active part in the battle of Hubbardton, and probably also in the battle of Bennington. Major Dewey was born in Harrington, Mass., in 1726, and was probably descended from one of the proprietors of Poultney. He was a great lover of hunting. He died at Poultney on the 28th of Octo- ber, 1804. Thomas married an Ashley, and moved to Milton on the 15th of February, 1782, settling on the farm now owned by Mrs. Lucretia B. Witters, about one and a half miles south of Milton Falls. He was soon followed by his brothers Zebediah and Azariah, and three sisters — Beulah, wife of Elisha Ashley, Anna, wife of Samuel Murdock, and Keziah, wife of Warren Hill and grandmother of Mrs. Witters. Zebediah Dewey settled on the farm on the corner just east of the village, on the old stage road, now the property of Jed P. Clark. The two brothers took a prominent part in the improve- ments of the town when they came, and were respected by their townsmen. They both died of the epidemic of 1813 ; Thomas in January and Zebediah on the 1 6th of April. Many of their descendants still reside in Milton, though there is none by the name of Dewey. Gideon Hoxie was born at Richmond, R. I., on the 9th of September, 1759, and came very early to Milton, settling on the farm which still bears his name, on the east road, now occupied by Eli Holbrook. He is best remem- bered for his services as town clerk, a position which he filled with credit from 1797 to the day of his death, June 14, 1836. His son Stephen became his successor in this office. 640 History of Chittenden County. Enoch and Elisha Ashley, brothers, came to Milton in 1784, the former locating on a tract of land on the east road, which includes the farm now owned by Edward W. Allen, and the latter east of Milton Falls, on the corner of the east and west and north and south roads. Enoch, who served as first town clerk, remained here until 1820, when he removed to Western New York, the place of his death. His son Beaman was born in Poultney in 1784, came here with his father, married Lucy Prentiss and had a family of ten chil- dren, five of whom are now living. He died in September, 1852. His widow survived him until 1885, when she died at the age of ninety-seven years- Elisha, as before stated, married Beulah Dewey and reared a family of twelve children, who are now represented in town by five descendants. Elisha Ashley built and for years kept a tavern in the house now owned by Rev. John H. Woodward. Isaac Drury came from Pittsford, Vt, in 1782, and settled about a mile southeast from Checkerberry, on a by-road. Here he was a long time en- gaged in the lumber business, in the manufacture of potash, and in general mercantile business. He died in 1825, leaving seven children. David Austin came from Rhode Island to Milton in the fall of 1786, with his brother Joseph, and established himself in the east part of the town, on the farm now owned by Heman Allen. In 1788 he walked back to Rhode Island, and in the following spring brought his family to their new home in the wilderness. He died in 18 13, leaving a family of twelve children. Hisgrand- son, A. N. Austin, is now proprietor of the Austin House, at Milton Falls. Joseph died in 1838, leaving a family of five children. Nathan Caswell was one of the earliest settlers, coming from Connecticut and locating in the northeast part of the town, on the farm now owned by Abram Rugg. His son Solomon, who came with him, was born in Connecti- cut on the 5th of December, 1763, and died in this town February 16, 1845. He was three times married and had a family of seven children, one of whom, Horace, was born on the 30th of April, 1813, on the farm which he now oc- cupies. Daniel Meeker, from New Jersey, settled in the southeast part of the town, on the farm now owned by his son, Daniel S., in 1788, the farm having been given him by his wife's uncle, Isaac Tichenor, the second governor of Ver- mont, and upon which Daniel resided until his death, in 1844. He was a blacksmith. He was married twice and had a family of eighteen children, of whom Daniel S. is the only one now living in town. Aaron and John Swan came from New Hampshire to Milton in 1790, and settled in the northeastern part of the town, in that vicinity known as " Hard- scrabble." After living with his brother for several years, John removed to Ohio. Aaron married Azuba Bullard, raised a family of nine children, and died on the 26th of February, 1826, aged fifty-four years. His wife died in Town of Milton. 641 1868, aged ninety-one years. His only surviving son, Riley, is now a retired farmer, whose son, Charles L., carries on a large farm. John Bean, from Goffstown, N. H., was an early settler in Burlington, and afterwards removed to Milton, settling about four miles northwest from the falls, on the farm now in the possession of his grandson, Joseph, where he died about 1840. John Sanderson, from Whately, Mass., settled early on a piece of land now off the road, about one and a half miles northwest from the falls, a part of the land now cultivated by Anson Wheelock. Hiram Sanderson came about the same time, and was drafted into service at the time of the battle of Plattsburgh. He was a blacksmith and plied his trade at what is now called Milton Falls. Hawley Witters was an early settler in Georgia, whither he came about 1790. He worked in earlier days with Ethan Allen, and was with that hero when the latter died. His son Horace afterward settled in this town, and mar- ried Clarissa Basford, had a family of four children, and died August 26, 1878, about six weeks after the death of his wife. John Jackson came from Weybridge, Vt., in 1794, and settled in the west- ern part of the town on the place now in the hands of his grandson, Lucius A. Jackson. He died before 1830. Jonathan Woods came from Goffstown, N. H., previous to 1800, and passed the greater part of his life on the farm in the west part of the town, now oc- cupied by his grandson, Henry L. Woods. Asa Newell also came before 1800, and located near the Colchester line, on the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, L. N. Smith. He had a family of nine children, and his descendants are quite numerous in Milton. He died previous to 1830. Mark Watson made Milton his home about the year 1800, coming from New Hampshire and locating on the place in the southwestern part of the town called Camp Watson. Here he remained until his death, soon after 1830. His son David was born in 1803, and remained on the old place until his death, August 22, 1878, leaving his widow and son in possession of the home- stead. Seth Rice, from Hardwick, Mass., came to Georgia, Vt., after 1790, and about 1793 removed to the western part of Milton, on the farm now owned by Jeremiah Flinn. He married Mary Hammond, raised a family of six children, and died June 2, 1859. John Mears was an early settler in this town, immigrating hither in the latter part of the last century, and locating in the west part of the town on the farm now owned by his grandson, Rodney B. Mears. He had a family of five sons and four daughters. He died at an advanced age, on the 8th of February, i860. Isaac Blake was born at Strafford, Vt, February 3, 1781, and settled, about 642 History of Chittenden County. the year 1800, in the west part of the town, on the farm now owned, though not personally occupied, by Jeremiah Flinn. He married Phebe Ladd, had a family of four sons and three daughters, and died on the 25th of May, 1870. His wife died in 1826. William Powell, a soldier of the Revolution, located just before 1800 about three-fourths of a mile south of Milton Falls, on the land now forming part of the property of Jed P. Clark. Amos Ives settled about the year 1800 near the old farm of Jonathan Woods, in the west part of the town. He came from Wallingford, Conn., and was of the same family of Ives that settled in the town of Wallingford, Vt. He died in 1867 at the age of eighty-nine years. His grandson, Charles Ladd, is now a merchant at Milton Falls. Warren Hill came from Poultney, Vt., in 1804 to Milton Falls, and by in- dustry and gradual acquisitions became owner of all the water power in that village, which he sold to Joseph Clark in 1835. He died in 1854. Mrs. Lu- cretia Witters is his granddaughter. Among other early settlers may be named the Mansfields, who were very numerous here in early days, but who seem to have entirely disappeared from the town. Amos Mansfield has already been mentioned as one of the most enterprising of the first residents of the town, and from all records was owner of a large estate. Theophilus Mansfield was an early lawyer in the village, and removed to Georgia ; Alpheus Mansfield was one of the first wheelwrights in the village of Milton Falls. Other prominent settlers were William Woods, who, in the beginning of the present century owned a large saw-mill and fac- tory at the lower falls, and was one of the wealthiest men in town. Stephen Mansfield was an early farmer on the old stage road, on the farm now owned by Samuel Howard. Isaac Castle was an early settler on the lake shore. Eli Hyde lived early about three miles southwest of the falls, on the place now owned by Isaac T. Sanderson. Levi Grannis was a wagon-maker residing near the Sand bar at first, and afterwards removing to Colchester Center. Levi Tomberson lived in the northwest part of the town, on the place now owned by Homer Jackson. He was a man of considerable means. Zebediah Wheeler kept a public house in Checkerberry, near the bridge. He removed to Georgia when an old man, and died there previous to 1830, Truman Fair- child, an uncle of Dr. Benjamin Fairchild, erected a large public house in early days just west of Snake Hill, and kept it for years in connection with a farm. He died about twenty years ago, though he had long before relinquished the life of a hotel- keeper The place is now in the hands of Rinaldo W. Ballard. Friend Beeman was an early settler on the Lamoille River, about three-fourths of a mile north of Milton Falls, on the place now owned by Hardy H. Fuller. Andrew Van Gilder, called " Old Man Gilder," was half Indian and half Dutch, and lived for years near the Georgia line. He was the son of an Indian Town of Milton. 643 chief. His farm was on the bow of Lamoille River. Joseph Soper lived on the farm now owned by Zebediah Everest, in the midst of a settlement called Sopertown. About 181 5 Philo Fairchild erected a saw-mill there, which was propelled by a stream now nearly dried up. Erastus Soper lived on the summit of the hill below the lower falls, the place being now owned by Charles Osgood. Colonel Ovid Burrell owned with Judge Noah Smith a half interest in the mills at what was then called Upper Falls, in contradistinction to the settlement at Woods's Mills, which was called Milton Lower Falls. Colonel Burrell is said to have sold out $20,000 worth of property near Hartford, Conn., to come here and build up the milling interests. He and Noah Smith failed not far from 1820. N. M. Manley was one of the first tavern-keepers at Checkerberry. The town records as early as October, 1807, mention the sign-post near Manley's tavern. He remained there many years afterwards. Town Organization. — Such were the names and places of residence of some of the early settlers of Milton. Many of the most important have been purposely omitted at this place, because it is deemed better to mention them in connection with the early milling and professional interests. The town was organized on the 25th of March, 1788, William Irish being moderator of the meeting, by the election of the following officers : Enoch Ashley, town clerk ; Samuel Church, Elisha Ashley, and Absalom Taylor, selectmen ; Thomas Dewey, treasurer ; Enoch Ashley, constable and collector ; Thomas Dewey, Silas Rood and Elisha Farnum, listers ; Nathaniel Alger, grand juror ; William Irish, Elisha Farnum, and Thomas Dewey, high- way surveyors ; Silas Rood and Samuel Church, fence viewers. At this meet- ing it was voted " that the Dower of Enoch Ashley hous shall be the Sine Post for this year." Milton was represented in the Legislature this year by Aaron Mathews, who was also the first justice of the peace. About the year 1795 the question of building a house in which to transact the town business and to meet for public worship was agitated, resulting in the hiring for a short time of a house before that occupied by Alpheus Mans- field, standing near the center of the town. The town-house was not erected until some years afterwards, as will be shown in later pages. On the 9th of March, 1795, Amos Mansfield, Enoch Ashley, Edward Brigham, John Jack- son, and Samuel Hall were appointed a committee to " set a stake for the center of the town," and reported that they had set such stake " about two rods from the northwest corner of Alpheus Mansfield — lot 10 so called — being about three-quarters of a mile southeast of Mr. Dean's mills." Among other amusing and quaint extracts, which need no explanation, the following have been selected as revealing the methods of public business and something of the spirit of the times : October 7, 1796. — "Voted Not to Set of aney Part of Milton to be an- nected to Colchester." 644 History of Chittenden County. March 6, 1797. — " Voted that Samuel Levitt Buildings may stand in the highway if not incroch their upon." ^ " Voted that Samuel hull gate may arect a potash in the highway if the same Do not encroach their upon." " Voted that if any person or persons shall cut or girdle any timber the Lower Side of the Dugway on the Road Between William woods and william powels shall pay a fine of twenty pounds L money." In the last years of the last century the system of inoculation for the fore- stallment of small- pox was as yet an experiment which the people in this country were slow to adopt. And when at last they were imbued with faith sufficient to give the new-fangled notion a trial, the concession was made in fear and trembling, and under the strictest surveillance of the law. Witness the following from the early records of Milton: On the 19th of November, 1799, a warning was published for a town meeting for the purpose of consider- ing the advisability of passing the following vote : " For to have a nocilation for the small Pox set up in said Town of Milton." At the meeting thus warned, held on the 1st of December, it was voted " that they will agree to set up a inoculation for the Small pox in sd town under the Regulation in such case provided by Law." At this meeting it was also voted " that they have nothing against Samuel Hull making a dam across the north branch of the River Lemile a little Below the Bridge over Soper's Fall." Among the hardships which the early settlers suffered in this town should be mentioned the epidemic of 18 13, which carried away a number of the resi- dents of Milton, among them being, as already stated, Thomas and Zebediah Dewey ; and the cold season of 18 16. During that entire summer frosts were frequent and snow storms not unknown, while the consequent damage to crops was even greater than might be expected. Corn was ruined ; and other crops were so injured that in the following spring there was not enough for seed. The families in town, especially in the early part of 18 17, were destitute of breadstuffs and of nearly everything that goes to sustain human life, and could not sufficiently supply themselves at any price. The War of 1812. — Following is the roll of a company of miHtia which went from Milton into the War of 18 12, under command of Captain J. Pren- tiss, excepting from September 25 to November 18, 18 13, when it was under Colonel Luther Dixon, of Underbill: Jonathan Prentiss, captain; John Dewey, ensign ; Luther Partch, sergeant ; E. Pratt, sergeant ; Arch. Ashley, corporal ; William Ashley, corporal ; Orange Hart, Elijah Herrick, Arch. Cook, William A. Nay, Ira Huntley, Ethan Austin, Henry Austin, Levi Smith, Rufus Brig- ham, Silas Brigham, Mackson Burdick, Chauncey Dudley, Chauncey Wheeler, Sterling Adams, William Duncher, Hiram Sanderson, William Wilcox, Smel- ton Huntley, Aaron Wheeler, Elmer Gould, Elisha Ashley, Irvin Newell, Jed- Town of Milton. 645 ediah Wheeler, Ephraim Herrick, Judson Parker, William Powell, jr., Joseph Wilcox, Robert Cook, Orrin Potter, William Brigham, Russell Durham, John M. Dewey, E. O. Goodrich, Orrin Weed, William Knapp, Nathan Sherwood, Isaac Monger, Rufus L. Barney, Samuel Kinson, Levi Stebbins, Stephen Borg- ner, Benjamin Kinson, N. Powell, Abram Major, Isaac Keeler. The following have been mentioned as being present at the battle of Plattsburgh under Captain Luther Taylor : Luther Darling, Sylvanus Murray, James Powell, Jer- sey Woodruff, A. G. Whittemore, Arch. Ashley, and one Holbrook. Warnings to Depart Town. — In accordance with an ancient custom in New England towns, this town by its selectmen frequently commanded the constable by lawful precept to warn certain inhabitants, therein named, to depart town without delay. This was the means adopted to free the town from supporting those whom indigence, misfortune, or indolence had rendered necessitous. Very many of these precepts were served every year from 1812 to about 1825 ; the greatest number seemingly having been served in 18 16. Milton from 1825 to 1830. — This period may almost be said to have been the transition period, between the first and the second generation of those who developed the resources of the town. Among the names^mentioned in the rec- ords are found those of the earliest settlers, in close proximity with those of a younger generation, who fast filled the vacancies left " by the dying and the dead." Observe the following list of officers for the year 1825 : Heman Allen, moderator of the March meeting; Gideon Hoxie, town clerk; Jesse Woodruff, Moses Ayres and Isaac Blake, selectmen ; John W. Dewey, first constable ; James Miner, town treasurer ; Alford Ladd, Moses Davis and Stephen Hoxie, listers ; Timothy P. Phelps, Alpheus Mansfield, jr., and Daniel Drury, grand jurors ; Elisha A. Woodruff, Joseph Clark, John Dewey, Timothy P. Phelps, Lorin Bingham, Elisha Ashley, jr., Ross Coon, James Miner, Alford Ladd, Orren Potter, Moses Ayres, Samuel Carr, Samuel Huey, Joseph Barney, William Howard, 2d, Nathan M. Manley, John Jackson, jr., Lewis Lyon and Solomon Caswell, surveyors of highways ; John Dewey, Elijah Herrick, John Jackson, jr., fence viewers ; Luther FuUam, Rising Dewey, Stephen Mears, pound-keepers ; John Jackson and Lyman Drake, leather sealers ; Lemuel B. Piatt, sealer of weights and measures ; David Lamson, Luther Searl and Jarius C. Mears, tythingmen. There were at this period and for years before and after, two villages in town of nearly equal size, though Milton Falls was always a little in advance of its neighbor, Checkerberry. The largest store at the " Upper Falls " was that of Lyman Burgess and Rodney Hill, who, under the firm name of Burgess & Hill, did a large business in a building which stood on the east side of the river, a little east of the site of Jed P. Clark's residence. It was years ago re- moved, and now forms a part of Austin's Hotel. Juda T. Ainsworth traded also in a building which stood on the south side of the street, and west of the 646 History of Chittenden County. present bed of the railroad. On the other side of the river " Brad " Vernum and George Ayres carried on a store, and were soon after succeeded by George Ayres alone. There was but one tavern at the upper falls, which stood on the site of the present hotel of Patrick Maxfield, on the west side of the river. Moses Ayres, who kept it, had erected it about 18 15. About 1830, he retired and rented the place to Judge Edmund Wellington. The house was afterwards kept by Solomon Cushman, Warren Sibley, Sylvester Ward and others. The grist and saw- mills at the upper falls were owned and operated by Warren Hill, who also owned a large tract of timbered land in this vicinity, but the mills at this time were not doing a very extensive business, because of so great competition on the other streams in town. William Ward owned and operated a carding and cloth-dressing machine on the falls, which was after- wards converted into a woolen-mill and owned by Harvey Colton. A paper- mill was also operated here by Judge Edmund Wellington and Arthur Hunt- ing, on the west side of the falls. Chauncey Goodrich, of Burlington, after- wards owned it, and disposed of it to Lyman Burgess, who owned it when it was destroyed by fire, thirty or forty years ago. Lyman Burgess owned and operated a saw-mill on the west side of the falls. Moses Bascom and Benjamin Woodman owned a distillery at the lower end of River street. It was at this time an old concern, and lasted for some years after this, but the business finally became involved in financial embarrassments, and Woodman, who had always been deemed a shrewd and successful business man, was so downcast by the failure that, in imaginary fear of apprehension by officers, he committed suicide. Two tanneries were then in operation here, one opposite the distillery, on River street, where the blacksmith shop now is, carried on by Silas B. & Warner Sib- ley, which did a large business, and another farther north, operated by Orra Holbrook, and still in the hands of his son Eli. Checkerberry village was then a thriving place, and afforded a cheering prospect of future growth and prosperity ; a promise which time has failed to fulfill. At the period of which we are speaking, A. G. Whittemore had already risen to his merited prominence, and by his property and influence contributed greatly to the business of the village, as well as of the town. Those were days of continual litigation, a condition which may always be taken as an indication of thrift and enterprise. It was not uncommon for justices of the peace to call and in one way or another dispose of twelve or fifteen cases in a day. The merchants then there were George Skiff and William Locey, from Georgia, Vt, who, after several years of promise, separated and left town. Two taverns were open at Checkerberry, one kept by Eaton Smith, and the other by William Locey. About three-quarters of a mile north of Checkerberry was a grist and saw-mill, owned and operated by James Miner, sr., who had been a great lum- berman of former days, and had accumulated a large property. He was heavily in debt, it seems, and after his death the property went into the hands Town of Milton. 647 of Joseph Clark and Phelps Smith, the former of whom succeeded in making it pay. There were other business interests in the town, outside of either village, of considerable prominence. At what are known as the lower falls was the gen- eral store of Hiram and Joseph Clark, which did nearly all the business for that part of the town. Hiram Clark died a few years after this, and was succeeded in the partnership by Samuel Boardman. A few years later, too, Elijah Her- rick built up a good trade at the lower falls, in company with his son Moses D. Here, also, were two saw- mills operated by the estate of William Woods and 3. woolen-mill belonging to the same estate. The Champlain Canal had then but recently been opened, and these mills cut a large amount of lumber which was rafted down the river and up the lake without the labor of drawing. There were two saw-mills at Sopertown ; one operated by Mr. Leonard, and the ■other by Isaac Blake. They were small affairs and did not run many years af- ter this period. A small grist-mill stood on the lake shore on a small stream just north of the present Camp Everest, which had for many years done all the ■custom grinding for South Hero and even other portions of Grand Isle county. It was owned and operated by Phelps Smith. In former years there had been many other mills in town, but they had all disappeared. As the forests were ■cleared the streams diminished in volume, and the water power was destroyed. Where Mansfield's mills once stood, has been since the memory of middle-aged men pasture land, not even traversed by a highway. The last mill at Soper- town ceased running more than thirty years ago. The drying of the streams killed most of these, while the business of Checkerberry was diverted by the opening of the railroad through Milton Falls. Tke Town-house. — As stated in a previous page, the question as to whether a town-house should be erected was mooted several years before 1800, and re- sulted in the renting of the old house of Alpheus Mansfield, near the geo- graphical center of the town. This was not well adapted for the purpose, how- ever, and by the year 1800 a movement was again afoot looking to the erec- tion of a town hall. This building was finished in the latter part of 1805, and the first meeting in it was held in March, 1806. It stood on one side of the square in Checkerberry. In 1849 Joseph Clark, Lyman Burgess, Dr. Benja- min Fairchild and George Ayres, in the interest of Milton Falls village, gave a bond conditioned that if the town would vote that meetings should thereafter be held in their village, they would furnish a room suitable for the transaction of town business for the period of ten years, without charge. The vote being accordingly passed, these gentlemen erected a house by subscription, which served the purposes of its construction until it was destroyed by fire a few years since. There is now no town hall, the meetings being usually held in the hall of Curtiss B. Pratt. Present Business Interests. — Hotels. There are only two hotels open now in 648 History of Chittenden County. town, the Elm Tree House, on the east side of the river, at Milton village, now kept by Patrick Maxfield, who, after a vacancy, succeeded William Lan- don, being the same hotel mentioned in an earlier page as built by Moses Ayres ; and Austin's Hotel, near the railroad station, erected by the present proprietor in 1879 for a hardware store and converted to its present use in a few months after its construction. The proprietor, A. N. Austin, built the Central House in 1867, and kept it about ten years, calling it Austin's Hotel. The Central House is now vacant. Present Mercantile Interests. — The early stores in Milton have already been mentioned. Probably the most prominent merchant ever in town was Lyman Burgess, who kept a store open at Milton village for many years. (See sketch of his life in later pages of this work.) The oldest store now in town is that of H. H. Rankin and C. A. Pratt, at Milton village, who, under the firm name of H. H. Rankin & Co., have engaged in trade here since 1871, succeeding to the business of O. W. Bullock, who has been here since 1866. His predeces- sor was Henry H. Woods. George Ashley built the store many years ago, and himself kept it for some time. A. P. Comstock has dealt in general merchandise at Milton village about twenty-five years, and has seen the generation of merchants that were here when he began pass away and another take their place. D. F. Quinn has been proprietor of a tinshop and a hardware store in town for more than twenty years, on the same site that he now occupies, though the old building was burned several years ago, and the present one erected in its stead. E. L. Whitney, dealer in books, stationery and fancy goods, began a gen- eral trade in Milton in 1866. He restricted his stock to the present assort- ment in 1869. He now carries a stock of about $3,500. N. S. Wood has manufactured and sold boots, shoes and findings at Milton for twenty years. In the spring of 1883 he took his son, C. C. Wood, ia partnership with him. The drug store of J. S. Benham was opened in 1876 by its present propri- etor. Ell Barnum, formerly mail agent between Richford, Vt., and Concord, N. H., has been engaged for three or four years in a general trade at Milton village. J. H. Boothe has traded here a little more than three years. On the 7th of December, 1885, E. A. Frost succeeded to the interest of O. B. Landon, in the drug store of Milton village. Landon had occupied this building a httle more than a year. At West Milton (Lower Falls) George Granger has been engaged in trade nearly two years. Mr. Granger is also the postmaster at that place. Manufacturing Interests.— Since the first settlement of the town a most ^=^L^ - ^^r^£^^. -^. Town of Milton. 649 radical change has taken place in the nature of its principal interest. Many of the early settlers turned their attention to cutting and preparing for the Que- bec market the pine timber that covered the surface of nearly the entire town. Accordingly, mills were erected on every available site, and rafts of lumber were continually floating down the lake and through the rivers Sorel and St. Lawrence to the great Canadian market. After the opening of the Champlain Canal, in 1824, much of this timber found its way to New York ; and so ex- tensively did the early settlers engage in clearing the forests, that not many years sufficed to leave the surface nearly destitute of heavy timber. The streams, therefore, shrank in volume, water privileges were destroyed, and the people were forced to direct their energies to the more quiet activities of farm life. Compared with its former manufacturing importance, therefore, Milton can scarcely be called a manufacturing town. The most important industry in town is that of Jed P. Clark, whose father, Joseph Clark, in 1845 built the saw and grist-mills now standing, having purchased the site of Warren Hill. The saw-mill, which originally had an up-and-down saw, is now supplied with cir- cular and gang saws, and has the capacity for cutting a large amount of lum- ber. The grist-mill operates six runs of stones, and is used as a custom mill. The site has always been a prominent location for milling industries. Among the other manufacturing concerns in town are the carriage manu- factory of Charles Ashley, who recently began the making of all kinds of car- riages and sleighs, and the brick-yards of J. W. & H. W. Brown, one of which is at Mallet's Bay, in Colchester, and the other in this town, which were started by J. W. Brown in 1857. They employ about fifty men during the season and manufacture about 4,000,000 brick. At present, too, a pulp-mill is in process of construction a mile above the falls at Milton village, by G. H. Ritchie, of New York. A butter factory in the southeast part of the town has been re- cently started and is now in operation. It is owned by a stock company. The Professions. — The first lawyer in town was undoubtedly Judge Noah Smith, who while here resided at the falls, near the site of the present dwelling house of Jed P. Clark. Materials for a sketch of this prominent man's life are very meager. He bears the distinction of having also been the first lawyer to practice in Bennington, Vt. There is extant a printed address, entitled " A Speech," delivered at Bennington on the i6th of August, 1778 (the year after the battle of Bennington), "by Noah Smith, A. B." The address is brief and chiefly of a historical character, breathing a spirit of patriotism, and is quite creditable to the author, who was evidently just out of college. At the first session of the County Court of Bennington county, in 1 781, Mr. Smith was appointed State's attorney, which office he held for several years, and in 1789 and 1790 he was a judge of the Supreme Court. He was a prominent and active Mason. He became early interested in the town of Milton, and was moderator of one of the first proprietors' meetings, held in May, 1788, at Man- 650 History of Chittenden County. Chester, Vt. The third deed recorded in the land records of Milton recites a transfer to him of six original rights of land, and transfers to him are of fre- quent occurrence thereafter. He came to this town some time previous to 1800^ and was one of the first judges of the Chittenden County Court. He owned nearly all the land now embracing the village of Milton. He was very public spirited, and gave the land for the east and west street through the village, and in 1806 or 1807 gave the land for the site of the Congregational Church, to- gether with land adjoining for a cemetery. He was the largest contributor to- ward the construction of the Congregational Church here. Financial reverses- overtook him, however, toward the close of his life, and before he died he be- came partly demented, and was buried, about 1822, at the expense of the town. There is now no stone to mark the spot where he lies, and the place it- self is unknown and forgotten. Heman Allen, who is mentioned in the chapter devoted to the history of the Bench and Bar, was the next legal practitioner in town, beginning as early as 1802, and remaining until 1827, when he removed to Burlington. Albert G. Whittemore, whose life is recorded at greater length in the latter part of this book, pursued the practice of law here from 1824 until 1852, residing at Checkerberry. He was unquestionably the most able and prominent lawyer that ever practiced in this part of the county. Among other lawyers who have practiced in Milton were Boyd H. Wilson, George B. Piatt, Charles H. Perrigo, Hiram B. Smith (one of the leading Democrats in the State), Chester W. Wit- ters, and Homer E. Powell. C. W. Witters was born in Milton on the loth of June, 1836. He studied law with Hiram B. Smith, and began to practice here immediately after his ad- mission. He then went to Kansas for a brief period, but returned to Milton and continued his practice'until April, 1886, when he removed to St. Albans, Vt, the more conveniently to perform his duties as attorney for the Central Vermont Railroad Company. Homer E. Powell, the only lawyer at present in practice in town, was born at Richford, Vt., on the 4th of May, 185 1. He received an academic educa- tion at Fairfax and Montpelier, and studied law with his brother, E. Henry Powell, of Richford, being admitted to practice in the courts of Franklin county in the spring term of 1875. After a few months of practice at Richford and two and a half years at South Troy, Vt., he came to Milton in the spring of 1878. On the 2 1st of April, 1880, he married Lucia B., daughter of E. A. Witters, of Milton. His office is at the village of Milton. John E. Wheelock, whose duties as superintendent of schools has prevented his active engagement in the practice of law, but who, nevertheless, as a mem- ber of the bar is entitled to mention, was born in Milton on the 1st day of May, 1843, and after taking a thorough course of lectures at the legal depart- ment of the University of Albany, N. Y., received from that institution in 1868 Town of Milton. 651 the degree of LL.D. His office studies were previously pursued in the office of C. W. Witters. He was admitted to practice in the courts of Lamoille county in 1868, and immediately came to Milton. He was superintendent of schools for Milton in 1 860-62, and has been continuously in that position from 1882 to the present time. Among the physicians who have practiced in town in the past were Jesse P. Carpenter, one of the first, who practiced here for many years and resided on the stage road ; Avery Ainsworth, who died not far from 1830, after pros- ecuting a practice here for years ; Joseph Carpenter, son of Jesse ; and Dan- iel H. Onion, who commenced his professional career at Checkerberry in 1828 or 1829, and continued in town until his death, two or three years ago. He was one of the most prominent men in town, and was entrusted with many public offices by his townsmen. The oldest physician now in Milton is Dr. Benjamin Fairchild, who was born in Georgia, Vt., in 1804, and lived there until he was twenty-two years of age. In 1828 he studied medicine at Bur- lington, and was graduated from the medical department of the University of Vermont in 1829, after attending a course of lectures at Castleton. He came to Milton on the nth of February, 1830, and soon became one of the leading physicians of this vicinity. He has but recently retired from practice. Nearly all the information which the writer obtained concerning the early settlers and industries of this town was given by Dr. Fairchild. Dr. Frankhn B. Hatheway was born in Georgia, Vt., in 18 19, married Lu- cia Bartlett and had one child, Franklin H. The father studied medicine at Woodstock, and settled in Milton in 1849. His son, Franklin H., was gradu- ated from the medical department of the University of Vermont on the 1st of June, 1879, and since his father's death, several years ago, has continued his practice at Checkerberry and vicinity. Dr. L. J. Dixon was born in Underhill, Vt, in 1829, studied medicine with Dr. Daniel H. Onion, of Milton, and was graduated from the medical depart- ment of the University of Vermont in 1858. He first practiced in Madison, Wis., several years before the war. During the RebeUion he was four years surgeon in the First Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers, and was afterwards surgeon in the service of the United States (U. S. V.) for one and a half years. He came to Milton in 1866. Dr. C. L. Sanderson was born on the 24th of July, 1848, at Milton, and received a preparatory education at the New Hampton Institute, at Fairfax. He studied medicine with Dr. Dixon, of this town, and Dr. C. W. Carpenter, of Burlington, and was graduated from the medical department of the Univer- sity of Vermont in 1878, after which he came at once to Milton. Present Town Officers. — H. H. Rankin, town clerk, with C. A. Pratt, as assistant ; George Ashley, Charles Osgood, Alson A. Herrick, selectmen ; E. L. Whitney, town treasurer ; the selectmen, overseers of the poor ; William 6S2 History of Chittenden County. Landon, first constable and collector ; C. S. Ashley, R. Flinn, C. Mayville, listers ; H. O. Bartlett, C. A. Pratt, C. I. Ladd, auditors ; O. G. Phelps, trustee of surplus money; E. T. Holbrook, W. O. Beeman, H. H. Rankin, fence view- ers ; Homer E. Powell, agent to prosecute and defend suits in which the town is interested. Post-office. — It is not known when the first post- office was established in town ; but it was very early, for Milton was crossed by the first stage road that ran to the north part of the State. One of the earliest postmasters was Stephen Hoxie, who retained the office for many years and until 1828. Ly- man Burgess then succeeded him, and was in turn succeeded in 1840 by S. M. St. Johns. George Ayres was appointed in 1842 ; Hiram B. Smith in 1845 j George Ayres again in 1850; Hiram B. Smith in 1854; E. L. Whitney in 1861 ; Jed P. Clark in 1863; H. G. Boardman in 1869; E. L. Whitney in 1877; E. Barnum in 1884, and the present incumbent, O. E. Coon, October I, 1885. The office at West Milton was established, it seems, about 1834, by the appointment of Calvin Deming as postmaster. Abram B. Olin succeeded him in 1837, and was followed by A. G. Whittemoye in 1838. The postmasters since then have been as follows : C. L. Drake, appointed in 1844 ; R- Sanderson in 1850; Hector Adams in 1852; C. L. Drake in 1854; Hector Adams in 1855; C. L. Drake in 1856; Ell Barnum in 1863; M. D. Herrick in 1865; H. F. Lyon in 1879; C. P. Sanderson in 1880; W. L. Sanderson in 1882; James D. Cotie in 1883 ; D. L. Field in 1885, and George Granger in 1886. Schools. — The early settlers of Milton, like those of all the New England towns, deemed it one of their first duties to establish schools in town and divide the town into convenient districts. From a report taken (at random) from the earlier town records we learn that in 1837 there were 75 i pupils in town under the age of eighteen years and over the age of four years. From the report for the year 1885 we find that there are 437 pupils in town. This shows in part the decrease in population- since that thrifty period. The schools of Milton, how- ever, compare favorably with those of the neighboring towns, and the people are showing a lively interest in them, as is shown by the fact that nearly two hundred visits were made in 1885 by patrons. Mr. Wheelock devotes his best energies to the building up of good schools and his success is encouraging. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Public worship in Vermont in the latter part of the last century was not infrequently conducted in a barn or a log house, and in the towns of Chittenden rarely in a house constructed for the purpose. The question of raising means to hire preaching and build a house of worship was considered by the settlers of Milton, but, as will be inferred from the following extracts from the records, nothing very important to the cause was accomplished for years. The town- Town of Milton. 653 house mentioned in previous pages was to have been used for purposes of wor- ship as well as for the transaction of town business ; and it seems that the build- ing which was hired of Amos Mansfield was occasionally called into the service of the church-going people. At the March meeting of 1795 the house was re- ferred to as being used " to Meet in to Due Publick Bisness in and to Meet in for publick worship." At the same time Edward Brigham and Luther Mallary were appointed to " higher a minister or a preacher three months." On the 1 2th of October, 1795, a vote was passed to give a minister twenty- two shil- lings a Sabbath for preaching. It does not appear in the records that anything further than the passing of votes was done for several years. At the March meeting for 1798 Samuel Holgate, Edward Brigham, and John Jackson were appointed to " higher " a minister. On the nth of the following month a meeting was held, in which it was voted " that the town will not Rais money to pay the minister that has Bin highered." And the committee was dismissed. At the annual meeting of 1799 the town refused to pay the amount exhibited by Samuel Holgate for the services of John Lincoln, preacher. On the isth of April, 1799, a record appears, by Abner Wood, a Methodist preacher, that John Gerand is a member of the Methodist Church. The Congregational Church was organized September 21, 1804, by the Rev. Lemuel Haynes and James Davis. The following names are on record as con- stituting the first members, viz. : Leonard Brigham and Lovice his wife, Ed- ward Brigham, Aaron Carpenter and Hannah his wife, Moses Bascom, John Bascom, Linus Bascom, Chloe Smith, Daniel Smith, Eliza Smith, Rhoda Church, Elijah Herrick, Jabez Hyde and Mary his wife. The church was oc- casionally supplied with preaching till September 23, 1807, when Joseph Chee- ney was constituted their pastor by a council composed of Rev. P. V. Bogue, Rev. James Parker, and Rev. Benjamin Wooster and their delegates. The first house of worship was built chiefly by Judge Noah Smith about 1806 or 1807, at the falls, and was replaced in 1825 by another a few rods farther north. It was burned in 1840, and in 1841 the present edifice was erected on the same site, at a cost of about $16,000. It comfortably seats about four hundred persons, and is valued at a little less than its original cost. The present pastor is Rev. John L. Sewell, who in 1885 succeeded Rev. John H. Woodward, " the fighting chaplain of Vermont," who served the church for seventeen years. The present membership of the church is about ninety. The officers are L. A. Jackson and Lucius Landon, deacons ; Charles Jackson, clerk ; Lucius Landon, Curtin Pratt and Guy Phelps, prudential committee ; and L. A. Jackson, Sabbath-school superintendent. The present average at- tendance at Sabbath- school is about 140. The Methodist Episcopal Church} — The town of Milton was chartered in 1763, but the new town had no form of church organization until many years 1 By the Rev. J. E. Bowen. 42 6s4 History of Chittenden County. after. Methodism appears historically the first form of organized Christianity known to the new settlers, the eccentric and world- renowned Lorenzo Dow appearing as its first preacher in the northwestern portion of the town early in the month of August, 1798. In July, 1799, Dow was sent by the Methodist Conference, held at New York city, to complete the formation of a circuit em- bracing all the western portion of the State north of Winooski River and west of the Green Mountains ; embracing also portions of Canada lying between Lake Memphramagog and' Lake Champlain, and called Essex circuit. This circuit embraced Milton, in the northwestern portion of which he had preached not quite one year previously. There he had one of his regular appointments. There must have been an organized class in that part of the town at that early day, with leader and members, to have insured continuous preaching services ; for that was the rule by which preaching was continued at any place. The " class " is the integer of embryonic Methodism. And according to all analogy that class must have existed in 1798. The place of worship was the school- house, more often the private dwelling, but was in the school district now embracing the borough M. E. Church, sometimes alternating with Georgia Plain, where for forty years or more was a class with regular services, and where subsequently the Baptists removed from Georgia Center and erected their present house of worship. Methodist religious services were mostly confined for years to private dwellings, barns and school-houses, sometimes occupying the town hall at Checkerberry village, alternating with the Congregationalists, until the church in West Milton, or at the River, was built by the united efforts of Baptists, Methodists and Congregationalists. I think that was the first church structure in which the Methodists owned any share in the town. But they held regular services all the way along from 1798 in various places in the town, at the River, Checkerberry, the " Hollow," Snake Hill school district, east and south- east of the village. The First Methodist Episcopal Church edifice in Milton was built and ded- icated about 1840. It stood on nearly the same ground on which is now standing the Methodist Episcopal Church in Milton Falls, and directly across the way, and nearly opposite the first church erected in town. This edifice was the place of general worship for the circuit, until it was superseded by a larger and better one in 1870. This later edifice was destroyed by fire July 8, 1878. At the same time the first church structure ever erected in Milton was burned ; the latter burning first and causing the destruction of the former. Soon rallying, the society projected and erected the present church edifice, completing and dedicating the basement portion on Thanksgiving Day, 1880. The edifice stood thus incomplete until April, 1885, when work was resumed on the auditorium, which was finished and dedicated July 8, 1885, exactly seven years from the day of the destruction of the former church by fire. In Town of Milton. 655 the year i860 another beautiful Methodist Episcopal Church was erected at the borough, the place where Methodism was introduced into the town, where ever since fortnightly preaching upon Sabbath afternoons has been maintained. For many years Milton was a portion of an extensive circuit, growing smaller and smaller by subdivisions as population and Methodism increased over its territory, until, in 1864, Milton circuit consisted of only the town of that name, and continues so to the present time, embracing all that time and now three appointments, viz. : Milton Falls, the River or West Milton, and the Borough. A parsonage was owned many years ago, located upon the main street of the falls village, afterward sold and another purchased about one mile from the church ; but when the church edifice was destroyed by fire they sold that and incorporated its value in the new church edifice, and even then were unable to extricate themselves from indebtedness until the present year. An aged maiden lady, Nancy Mears, recently deceased, has left to the church by will one-half of a beautiful home and adjoining grounds at Milton Falls village, where she resided, subject to a life lease of another sister, who also jointly pos- sessed the same property, and whose will, already made, bequeaths the other half to the same purpose. So the prospect now is that at some day in the future the church will again possess an itinerant's home. The numerical status of Methodism cannot be ascertained definitely in the early days, never with certainty until 1854. At that date there were sixty- eight members. This number was increased and diminished from time to time, rising in succeeding years to one hundred and fifteen, the highest number at- tained at any time, and only possessing one hundred in numbers seven times in the last thirty-two years. That any of the Protestant Christian denomina- tions have held numerical status is a source of congratulation, yet indicates a failure to measure up to the full standard of possibilities of increase and exten- sion within reach of a gospel Christianity. The Trinity Episcopal Church was organized by Rev. George T. Chapman, D.D. in the winter of 1831, with about twenty communicants. It has never had an edifice of its own. For nearly twenty years, owing to adverse circum- stances services were suspended, to be resumed in 1867 by Rev. John A. Hicks D.D., of BurHngton. Since then it has been sustained by different mis- sionaries. The present rector is Rev. Gemont Graves, of Burlington. For a history of the CathoHc Church, see history of Burlington. 6s6 History of Chittenden County. CHAPTER XXVI. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF RICHMOND. THE town of Richmond, situated in the central part of the county, is bounded north by Jericho, east by Bolton, south by Huntington and Hinesburg, and west by Williston. Except South Burlington, it is the only town in the county the charter of which was not granted by New Hampshire. It has an area of about 20,000 acres, and was chartered by the Legislature of Vermont on the 27th of October, 1794, being formed from portions of the towns of Jericho, Bolton, Huntington and Williston, and on the 25th of October, 1804, receiv- ing an addition from Bolton. Though the surface is generally uneven and broken, especially in the north- ern and western parts, the town contains an unusual area of level land, which increases the value of the territory for farming purposes. The soil is generally rich and productive. Along Winooski River it is a rich alluvial deposit, while in the uplands and other parts it is composed of clay, gravelly loam and mark The timber is principally beech, birch, hemlock, pine, spruce, maple and elm, large forests of which originally covered the town. The water course is formed by the Winooski River, which flows in a northeasterly direction through the center of the town and receives additions from numerous tributaries which af- ford good mill sites. There are two ponds in town — Jackson Pond, covering an area of about twenty-five acres in the northeastern part, and Gillett Pond, about a mile in length by eighty rods in width, lying in the southeastern part. Early Settlers. — The first settlements made within the limits of the town were begun by Amos Brownson and John Chamberlain with their families in 1775, on what is called Richmond Flats, on the south side of Winooski River, in what was then the town of Williston. In the fall of that year they joined the ranks of those whom the fear of the British army was driving south, and did not return until the close of the War of the Revolution. In 1784 they returned to their farms, accompanied by Asa and Joel Brownson, Samuel and Joshua Chamberlain, James Holly, Joseph Wilson and Jesse McFairlain. The first settlements begun in the south part of the town, then included within the charter limits of Huntington, were made by Ozem Brewster and Daniel Robbins, about the year 1786. The first settlements along the south side of Winooski River, between the mouth of Huntington River at the site of Jonesville and the village of Richmond, were made by Amos Brownson, jr., Matthew Cox, Jesse Green, William Douglas, Parley and Comfort Starr, Clem- ent Hoyt, James and Peter Crane, James Hall, and Nathaniel and Asa Alger. The first in the west part of the town were made by Asa Brownson, Nathan and Henry Fay. Joseph Hall was one of the first to settle on the north side of the river. Among other early settlers was James Whitcomb, who lived for ^\-^^'Mk Town of Richmond. 657 a time on Richmond Hill and finally removed to Bolton, where he died. James Butler, brother of Governor Butler, of Vermont, lived on the farm now owned by Cornelius Rhoads. He went to Ohio in 18 16. Jonathan Clossin came to Richmond from Connecticut at an early day, and settled on the farm now occupied by W. S. Freeman. He soon left town be- cause of the Revolutionary troubles, and remained away two years, finding on his return that his land had been taken up by another. He then located on the farm next south of the place now occupied by Jesse Humphrey, his grandson. William Humphrey came to this town from Brookfield, Vt., in 1800, and set- tled on the farm now owned by his son Jesse. He served in the American army three years during the second war with Great Britain, enlisting as a pri- vate and receiving promotion to a corporalship. Henry Fay, son of John Fay, who was, killed at the battle of Bennington, was born at Bennington in 1774, and died in Richmond in 18 18, leaving a fam- ily of ten children, one of whom, Jonathan, still resides in town. Henry and Nathan Fay were engaged for years as clothiers at Fay's Corners. Jesse Green came from Gordon, N. H., to Richmond about the year 1800. Many of his descendants now live in town. Dudley Higley located in the southern part of the town about 1800, and reared a family of eleven children, only one of whom, Jerry, remained in town. Ebenezer Flagg came from Or- well, Vt., to Richmond in 1800, and settled in the southern part of the town. Isaac B. Andrews settled in the same neighborhood fourteen years earlier, and remained there until his death in 1849. Of his family of nineteen children, three — Ezra B., Elisha and Samuel — now live here. Solomon Bates, from New Hampshire, settled previous to 1800 on the farm now owned by his grandson, Martin M., in the central part of the town. Benjamin Farnsworth was one of the first tavern-keepers, on the old turnpike road at the upper end of Rich- mond village. James Nichols lived on Huntington River between Jonesville and Huntington, about midway. He died in Bristol, Vt. Joel Brownson came from Sunderland, Bennington county, very early, as has been stated, and settled on the south side of the river on the place now owned by Mrs. Sarah Mason. Peter Crane lived a little less than a mile east of Richmond village on the south side of the river. General Jacob Spafford and his son Smalley lived on the very edge of Williston, on the old turnpike road. Benajah Hallock lived in the south part of the town on Huntington River. Clement Hoyt lived on the farm now owned by Hildreth Brothers. Charles Stephens lived and died on the first farm west of Hoyt's. Benjamin Bishop first settled on Richmond Hill, and afterwards removed to the place now owned by U. S. Whitcomb ; he finally went to Burlington. William Everts settled on Richmond Hill, and thence removed to Bolton, and again to Burlington. Major Ezra Smith lived very early about three-quarters of a mile west of Richmond village, where Thomas Whitcomb afterwards kept tavern. 658 History of Chittenden County. Nathan Fay lived on Richmond Hill with his father. Nathaniel Alger lived in the last house in Richmond, on the south side of the river near Bolton. He there kept a tavern and store. Martin and Elihu Barber, brothers, lived on Richmond Hill, the former between Fay's Corners and Huntington, and the latter on the farm which Benjamin Bishop had left. Ozem Brewster lived near Huntington line, where the Tower brothers now live. Parley Starr lived on the south side of the river on the place now owned by Colonel Rolla Gleason. Leonard Hodges was the first settler on the place now occupied by William S. Freeman. He afterwards removed to the foot of Williston Hill, in that town. Most of the foregoing names appear on the records previous to the year 1797, except those to whom a definite date is assigned. In 1797 first occurs the name of Abel Cooper, who had been one of the judges of the Rutland County Court. After he came to Richmond he lived on Richmond Hill at the junc- tion of the roads towards Huntington. His son, Amos B. Cooper, lived near him and a little west. Abram HoUenbeck, who was first mentioned in 1798, though he was in town earlier than that, bears the distinction of being the father of John B. HoUenbeck, the centenarian of Burlington. Others men- tioned in that year are Asa Lewis, who hved on the south side of the river about one and a half miles east from the village ; William Church, who kept the first tavern in town, on the farm now owned by John Mason. John Rus- sell lived in Richmond village on the north side of the river, and kept a tavern back of the present store of Jacobs & Woodworth. One of the most prominent families in town in early days, and whose de- scendants are still numerous and respectable, was that of Jabez Jones, the first of the name in Richmond. He first resided in Bolton, was its first town clerk, in 1794, and the first representative of that town in the Legislature. In 1797 he purchased two hundred acres of land of Ira Allen, in what is now South Burlington, and soon exchanged it with Jesse McFairlain, or McFarland, for the farm in Richmond now owned and occupied by Albert Town, near Jones- Yille. In 1799 he married Hannah, daughter of John Farnsworth, of New Hampshire. He died on the 9th of August, 18 11, in the forty-third year of his life, leaving a widow and five children. Mrs. Jones afterwards married John Russell, and died on the 2Sth of October, 1828, aged fifty-two years. The oldest child and only son of Jabez Jones, Ransom Jones, gave Jonesville its existence as well as its name. Of the four daughters of Jabez but one is living, Charlotte, who married Hiram King, emigrated to the territory of Mich- igan in 183 1, and lives there now, aged eighty years. Edward Jones, brother of Jabez, and one of sixteen children, was born in Claremont, N. H., on the 24th of January, 1775, married Lucy Farnsworth, sister of the future wife of Jabez, when he was twenty-one years of age, and went to live with his brother Jabez in Richmond. His wife performed the journey from Claremont on horseback, carrying in her arms her eldest and Town of Richmond. 659 then only child (the mother of Henry Gillett), who was born on the 6th of July, 1797. In 1800 Edward Jones removed to the farm on Richmond Hill now owned by John McGoven, where he remained until 1811. He then went to the farm now owned by the Tower estate, where, on the 19th of September, 1847, he died. He resided in town fifty years lacking four months, and was a prominent man. Among the important positions in which he was placed by the confidence of his townsmen, he was chosen to represent Richmond in the Legislature in 1821, 1822, 1830 and 1831. He had nine children, of whom but one, Milo, now lives, at Fort Atkinson, Wis., whither he went in 1834. Ralph, the eldest son of Edward Jones, was born February 27, 1799, married Polly, daughter of David Caswell, an early settler in Huntington, and died De- cember 20, 1834. Of his five children, only two — Edward R. and Ransom A. — are now residents of Richmond. Edward R. Jones was born October 8, 1822, in Williston, where his father lived for six years, and has passed an un- usually eventful life, having been in Wisconsin as early as 1844, and in Cali- fornia during the historic period of its early gold excitement, and a member of its famous Vigilance Committee in 1856. He came to his present farm in 1881, the same farm on which Abraham Tyler, an early settler, died of small- pox in 1800. Colonel Rolla Gleason was born on the first Tuesday of June (training day), 1807, in Richmond, about forty rods east of his present residence, and came to live in what is the rear part of his present dwelling house when he was two years old. He is known throughout the State as a sagacious and far-seeing politician and an uncompromising Republican. He was an active member of the old militia, and was promoted through the various degrees from quarter- master-sergeant to colonel. He was sheriff of Chittenden county more than forty years ago ; was a delegate to the national convention in 1856 ; was pro- vost-marshal from May, 1863, to October, 1865 ; sent more than three thou- sand men into the service of the North during the War of the Rebellion, and among still other offices has been county senator and the representative of Richmond. His father, Isaac Gleason, came to this place in 1805 from Shrewsbury, Vt, and kept a store on the site of the cheese factory, succeed- ing Joshua Chamberlain and Dodge. Early Records. — We have given a list of settlers at the beginning of settle- ment, necessarily incomplete, including only such names as appear in the town records and are remembered by the oldest inhabitants now living. All that they did may never be told. They braved perils in coming here, they suffered untold hardships in clearing away the original forests and cultivating the rough soil of one hundred years ago, and died, most of them, without having har- bored a thought of being remembered as heroes — their principal incentive to labor and suffer as they did being to provide for those whom Providence had placed under their care. The best part of man's life, the domestic, is the hard- 66o History of Chittenden County. est to inspect ; but what was done by the early inhabitants as members of the town organization is more or less completely recorded. The town was organ- ized in March, 1795, by the election of the following officers: Joshua Cham- berlain, clerk ; Constant C. Hallock, constable ; Felix Augar, Benjamin Farns- worth, and Peter Crane, selectmen ; Joel Brownson, Asa Brownson, jr., and Benjamin Farnsworth, justices. The first representative, elected in 1796, was Jonathan Chamberlain. The records are rather meager for the first few years. The first accessible item of interest appears concerning a meeting held on the Sth of January, 179S, when it was voted to set up a sign-post and stocks oppo- site " Esquire Joel Brownson's." The first deed on record is a quit-claim of one-third of one hundred acres of land by Amos Brownson to Joshua Cham- berlain, in consideration of twelve pounds, dated March 7, 1795- The second entry that appears is a deed of one hundred and twenty acres by Abram Smith to Governor Thomas Chittenden, for thirty pounds, dated April 23, 1795. In these records appears, too, an interesting document, dated November 12, 1777, in which is recited the fact that Heman Allen, of Salisbury, Litchfield county, Conn., in consideration of one thousand pounds, deeded all his interest in lands in the towns of Burlington, Williston, New Huntington, Hinesburg, Shel- burne, Charlotte, Ferrisburgh, Monkton, Colchester, Essex, Jericho, Milton, Georgia, Swanton, and Highgate to Ira Allen, of Bennington. This reveals to some extent the wealth of the Allen brothers in lands in Vermont; and while it is not to be presumed that it explains their vigorous opposition to the claims of New York grantees, it is sufficient to suppose that the desire of pro- tecting their possessions added considerable spice to their determined antag- onism. War of 18 12-15. — The general events of the war of this period having been written in a former chapter, need no mention in this place. Richmond was not behind her neighboring towns in sending men to the front at this time — about sixty being the number of her volunteers. Prominent among them were Captain Roswell Hunt, Benoni Thompson, who went out as ensign. Captain Manwell, who enlisted as lieutenant, and Elihu Bates, Nathan Fay, Jesse Green, Sawyer Jewell, Abram Smith and William Rhodes. The follow- ing company is credited to the towns of Richmond, Jericho, and Williston dur- ing the War of 1812, and was commanded by Captain Roswell Hunt: Amos B. Cooper, Joshua Whitcomb, Timothy Thompson, John Kimpton, Artemas Flagg, Clark Hillgar, Iddo Green, Joel Brownson, jr., Nathan Fay, Gershom Flagg, Reuben Squire, William Reynolds, Samuel T. Bass, John Mackwell, Anson Boyington, Jeremiah Terry, Enoch Noble, Shubal Barber, Josiah Thompson, Luther Curtis, Barney Spooner, John Pake, Chester H. Nichols, Merrill Fellows, Nathan Arnold, Samuel Douglas, Elijah Hinkson, Joseph Hall, jr., Joseph Douglas, Daniel Roins, jr., Asa Gilbert, jr., Isaac Hullock, Richard Douglas, Jared C. Smith, Ezekiel Squire, John Chamberlain, Truman Town of Richmond. 66 i Averill, John Thornton, Asa Jackson, jr., Daniel Goodrich, Silas Hunt, Will- iam Douglas, jr., Billings Straw, Jesse Green, jr., Harry Brown, Stephen Hul- lock, jr., Anson Hullock, George Sherman, Adonson Deanex. Business Interests. — There is at the present writing but one hotel in town, though it is thought there will soon be one opened at Jonesville. The early hotels have nearly all been mentioned in the course of this chapter. Robert Russell erected the old brick hotel in Richmond village at an early day, which stood diagonally opposite the present public house, and Charles Hunt- ington, who was for years the mail carrier between Burlington and Montpelier, was the first one to keep it open for the public. J. H. Ransom afterwards kept it a great many years. The last proprietor before its destruction by fire a number of years ago was R. B. Coffey, who was also the first proprietor in the present hotel. His successor was George W. Orcutt In 1884 P. M. Mansfield succeeded Mr. Orcutt, and on the 1st of February, 1886, was followed by the present proprietor, G. E. Barnum. The hotel formerly open in Jonesville, which Henry Gillett is now re- build- ing, was built originally by Roswell Hunt as early as 1815, and perhaps earlier. After he left it it was used for a number of years as a tenant house, until 1843, when Ransom Jones, then forty-three years of age, purchased it and repaired it. His first landlord was C. Stevens, who remained there until about the time of the opening of the railroad. Mr. Jones then went in himself as proprietor and remained acting the part of mine host until his death, on the i8th of July, 1858. Since then the house has been kept by different men, and some of the time has been allowed to re.st untenanted. Among those who were formerly engaged in the various manufacturing in- terests of the town may be named Nathan Fay, who carried on the business of carding wool and cloth-dressing at Fay's Corners, said to have been the first works of the kind in the county of Chittenden. Silas Rockwell early carried on the business of tanning and currying and shoemaking in the same neigh- borhood, and was succeeded by Asahel Murray. Murray and Talcott after- wards operated these works, and were followed by R. A. Jones and others un- til July, 1884, when the buildings were burned. The last proprietors were Ellis Brothers. William Rhodes, who has been mentioned before, was a black- smith and manufacturer at this place more than seventy years ago (1804), on the site of the present residence of his son Nelson. On the north side of the river, near the station at Richmond village, Winslow & Gay were early engaged in trade, and were succeeded by D. P. Lapham & Co. One Dumfries also had a hatter's shop on the south side of the river as long ago as 18 17, which was destroyed by fire. The first grist-mill was erected by John Preston, father of Noah Preston, in the beginning of the century, on the site of the present saw- mill of S. & R. J. Robinson. In 1815 James H. Hudson built a carding ma- chine and cloth-dressing works in the same vicinity, which were destroyed by 662 History of Chittenden County. fire four years later, and afterwards rebuilt by Daniel Fisk. The site of H. H. Frary's spool factory was first covered by the saw- mill of Joseph Whipple. Roswell Staples afterwards operated a woolen- mill on the same site, and was followed by Marcus Robbins & Co. Some time after 1850 Mason, Jewell & Green started a steam saw-mill and furniture factory on the south side of the river near the bridge, and on the west side of the road, which after a number of years of successful operation was burned. George Brown afterwards oper- ated another on the same site, but was not so successful. The oldest manufacturing interest now in operation in Richmond is that of H. H. Frary on Huntington River near Jonesville. Mr. Frary manufactures spools and turned goods, a business which he has here carried on since 1866. At that time he bought out the old woolen- mill formerly carried on by Ros- well Staples and others. In 1877 Mr. Frary suffered a loss of about $6,000 by the burning of his mill, but in four weeks he had rebuilt and put in opera- tion his present mill. His income is now about $10,000 or $12,000 per annum. The spoke factory and grist and cider-mill of S. & R. J. Robinson stands on the site of one of the first mills in town. In 1801 or 1802 John Preston erected there the first grist-mill in town, and was succeeded by his son Noah. After the death of Noah, John Hapgood operated it for some time, and was followed by Daniel Preston. The present senior partner, Samuel Robinson, bought the property in 1868, and in five years was joined by his son R. J. Rob- inson. The grist-mill is a custom mill. The spoke factory turns out about 1,400,000 spokes a year, while about 400 barrels of cider are manufactured every year in the other department of this varied industry. In 1857 the carriage manufactory at Richmond village was established, and came into possession of the present proprietor, Stephen Freshette, in 1881. The creamery of H. C. Gleason was started in the spring of 1885, by the present proprietor, who makes about 600 pounds of butter daily. A. E. Crandall first operated his saw-mill at Jonesville, in October, 1885, on the site of a blacksmith shop which had been used for twenty-five or thirty years previously. Present Mercantile Business. — Historically the oldest store in town is that of E. T. Jacobs and C. E. Woodworth, who under the style of Jacobs & Wood- worth conduct a business established much more than half a century ago by Henry Hodges, who built the present store, soon, indeed, after the opening of the old turnpike road. Trade, which before that had been confined to the south side of the river, began to set in this direction, and Henry Hodges conducted a successful business for a number of years, being finally followed by his son, H. A. Hodges. After an experience of about thirty-two years in this building, Mr. Hodges gave place to E. T. Jacobs, who carried on a thriving trade until the formation of the present partnership in March, 1883. The dry goods and general stock of this firm is valued at about $12,000. '^^7-^^^ ^^/^^c^l-rL Q^r^:^^Jf^ Town of Richmond. 663 Salmon Green has been in the mercantile business in town since 1858, when he went in with F. M. Pierce, in what is now the hotel building. In a few years this relation was dissolved and a new one formed between Mr. Green and his father, I. Green, under the name of I. Green & Son. Soon after his father re- tired from the trade and since that time the present proprietor has been alone. He had a general trade there until 1876, when he removed to the part of the village near the station and confined himself to the grocery trade. The store building now occupied by Sayles & Eddy, at Jonesville, was erected in 1856, by Amasa Grovenor. I. W. Sayles started a general trade in it in 1859, and two years later was joined by his present partner, A. Eddy. They now carry a stock of about $1,500 ; though in the palmiest days of Jones- ville they transacted about $12,000 worth of business per annum. The firm of Sayles Brothers & Co., composed now of I. W., H. L. and G. "W. Sayles, and Ansel Eddy, was formed in the spring of 1867, though at that time an older brother, E. M. Sayles, was one of the partners, and died in 1877. They have occupied the present building from the beginning. It was erected by E. M. Sayles and his father, Steven Sayles, and finished in the fall of 1866. The firm now carry a stock of about $10,000 to $15,000. The business now conducted by Hilton & Stevens was established, and the building which they occupy was erected, by Hodges & Humphrey, more than a quarter of a century ago. Mr. Hilton came here in 1867 as a member of the firm of Firman & Hilton, the senior partner, R. Firman, having been in business here some time previously. The present relations between Mr. Hilton and Nelson Stevens were established in 1873. They now carry a stock valued at about $10,000. J. B. Norton & Co., dealers in hardware, stoves, tinware, etc., formed their partnership on the i ith of February, 1885, succeeding D. J. Burleigh, who had ■carried on the business about five years. His predecessors. Place & Young, were themselves preceded by G. E. Barnum, who had been here nine years, and whose brother, Jerome Barnum, built this block in 1871. George W. Green, dealer in furniture, succeeded Iddo Green in the business about 1876. Iddo Green was by trade a carpenter and builder, and for years had manufactured and dealt in furniture. He built a great many of the houses now in town. The boot and shoe store of E. E. Miller has been under the care of the present proprietor since March, 1886. C. H. Pino was in the business here about two years previously, and was preceded by R. A. Jones, who had carried on the concern for some time. C. J. Shedd began repairing jewelry in Richmond village in 1880. C. W. Howe has been engaged in the hardware business in town about two years, and has occupied the present building more than half that time. J. F. Whitcomb established his trade in groceries in Richmond village on the 1st of January, 1886. He carries about $2,000 worth of stock. 664 History of Chittenden County. The drug store of E. W. Freeman was established by the present proprie- tor on the 1st of January, 1886. The building was previously occupied by W^ K. Christian. The Professions. — The first physician to practice in Richmond was Dr.. Matthew Cole, who died in Burlington in 1809, and has been followed by Drs. Seth Cole, Sylvanus Church, Reuben Nims, William Foss, Carlos Allen, James M. Knox, G. P. Conn, George Benedict, Loren Chamberlain, William Root and others. The present practicing physicians are Drs. G. W. Bromley, M. L. Pow- ers and B. J. Andrews. Dr. Bromley was born on the 17th of September, 18 18, at Pawlet, Rutland county, Vt, and received his medical education at the medical college at Cas- tleton, from which he was graduated in the spring of 1844. He first practiced in Huntington until 1869, when he came to Richmond. He and Drs. Carpenter, of Burlington, and Fairchild, of Milton, are the three physicians of longest practice in the county. Dr. Powers was born on the i8th of May, 1852, in Ripton, Vt. He re- ceived his medical education at the Homoeopathic Medical College in Philadel- phia, and was graduated from the Hannemann Medical College at Chicago, in the spring of 1877. He came at once to this town. Dr. Andrews was born at Jericho, Vt, on the nth of January, 1850. He received an academical education at Fairfax, and prepared for the practice of his chosen profession at the medical department of the University of Ver- mont and in New York city, receiving his diploma from the University of Ver- mont in June, 1885. He began to practice in Richmond on the loth of February, 1886. He is a grandson of Deacon Isaac Andrews who has been mentioned as one of the early settlers of Richmond. The legal profession has been represented in town by Harry Brownson, Wm. P. Briggs, Wm. S. Hawkins, Edward A. Stansbury, Aaron B. Maynard, B.^E. B. Kennedy, F. A. Colton, Joseph W. Allen, P. K. Gleed, and at present by S. Homer Davis. Undoubtedly the most prominent of those who have gone was Wm. Penn Briggs, who was born at Adams, Mass., on the 14th of March, 1793. (See Chapter XI.) S. H. Davis was born on the Sth of July, 1829, in Hinesburg, Vt. He- attended the academy at Franklin for a time, and afterwards fitted himself for college at the Hinesburg Academy, but was prevented by illness from con- summating his plans for an education. He first studied law with C. F. Davey,. of Burlington, after which he studied successively with Roberts & Chittendea of that place, L. B. Caswell, of Fort Atkinson, Wis., and finally with Hon. E. J. Phelps, of Burlington, with whom he commenced to practice after his ad- mission to the bar of Chittenden county in i860. He came to Richmond ia October, 1861. The Post-office.— ]usi when the post-ofiice was established in Richmond is- Town of Richmond. 665 not definitely known, though it was probably not far from the year 1800. The office was originally and until the opening of the turnpike road, on the south side of the river. We have not been able to obtain from headquarters at Washington the list of postmasters that we desired, and are therefore obliged to trust to those which are mentioned in Walton's Register, dating from the year 1824. That year was the last of the service of Moor Russell, who was followed by Mrs. Sally Brownson. Her successors have been as fol- lows : 1829 to 1831, Benjamin Bishop; 1831 to 1837, Abraham Smith; 1837 to 1841, Kilburn Whitcomb ; 1841 to 1843, Wm. Rhodes, jr.; 1843 to 1844, Charles M. Huntington; 1844 and 1845, Kilburn Whitcomb; 1845 to 1848, John Delaware, jr.; 1848 to 1849, Saul Bishop; 1850, John Kennedy; 185 1 to 1853, Charles M. Huntington ; 1854, Reuben Nims ; 1854 to 1862, Francis H. Joyner; 1862 to 1869, J. L. Mason; 1869 to 1881, H. A. Hodges; 1881 to January, 1886, E. T. Jacobs; and the present incumbent, A. B. Edwards. The office at Jonesville is first mentioned in 1852, with B. N. Jones as post- master. He has been followed by Jabez Jones, 1853 to 1854; R. Jones, 1855 to 1856 ; A. H. Grovenor, 1856 to i860; H. McDonald, i860 to 1863 ; Ira W. Sayles, 1863 to 1875 ; and Ansel Eddy, from 1875 to the present. Present Town Officers. — The town officers for Richmond, elected at the annual town meeting of 1866, are as follows: Salmon Green, town clerk ; S. F. Cutler, Edward Hildreth and H. A. Hodges, selectmen ; A. K. Jacobs, treasurer ; Albert Town, overseer of the poor ; R. M. Conant, first constable ; Ezra Stevens, S. F. Andrews, Frank F. Freeman, listers ; U. S. Whitcomb, F. F. Gleason, H. C. Gleason, auditors ; Giles Howe, trustee of the United States fund ; Benton A. Williams, Henry L. Barnes, and C. W. Howe, fence viewers ; C. W. Howe, and H. H. Frary, grand jurors ; Arthur Ellis, C. W. Howe, and Saffbrd Colby, pound-keepers ; Edward Bassett, surveyor of wood and lumber ; R. M. Conant, George H. Fay, and Safford Fay, street commissioners; Patrick Henley, inspector of leather; Henry Gillett, agent to prosecute and defend suits in which the town is interested. Schools. — At a town meeting held on the 5th of June, 1795, the town was divided into six school districts. Since that time j, the highest number of dis- tricts has been eleven, and latterly it was seven, until March, 1886, when the town system of schools was adopted. There are now, counting the grades, nine schools in town, three of the grades being in one building. Ecclesiastical History. — The earliest mention of religious affairs in the records appears under date of December 6, 1796, when John Hollenbeck, Asa Brownson, Ozem Brewster, Leonard Hodges, and Ezra Smith were chosen a committee to find a place on which to build a meeting-house, and to report their action to the town. Their report cannot be found. It seems that there was no regular church edifice in Richmond until 1813, when the sixteen-sided church was erected on the south side of the river by the united efforts of all 666 History of Chittenden County. denominations, Wm. Rhodes being the principal builder. Isaac Gleason con- tributed the land for the site of the church at the same time that he gave land for a public common. It still stands a monument to the architectural ability of its builders. It is constructed of pure pine timber, and is furnished with interior galleries on all sides except at the side occupied by the pulpit, which is elevated to accord with old-time notions of acoustic propriety. The cost of its construction was about $2,500. It has not been used as a church for a number of years, but is, strictly speaking, the town hall. From its peculiar form it is known as the " Old Round Church." The Church of the Restoration, Universalist, was organized by Rev. S. C. Hayford in 1879, with a membership of seventeen. Their house of worship, a neat wooden structure, capable of seating 250 persons, was built in 1880, and is valued, including grounds, at $9,000. The original cost of building was $7,000. The society now has eighteen members, though between thirty and forty families contribute to the support of services. The present pastor, Rev. Edward Smiley, succeeded Mr. Hayford in the spring of 1884. The Sabbath- school superintendent is Mrs. L. M. Smiley, while the average attendance at Sabbath-school is about sixty-five, the regular membership being ninety. The present officers of the church are the prudential committee, which is composed of Henry Gillett, C. P. Rhodes, and Wm. Freeman. CHAPTER XXVII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF ST. GEORGE. ST. GEORGE is the smallest town in the county, lying about eight miles southeast from Burlington, and twenty-eight miles nearly west from Mont- pelier. It is bounded north and northeast by Williston, south by Hinesburg, and west by Shelburne. It was chartered by the royal governor of the prov- ince of New Hampshire, on the i8th day of August, 1763, and was supposed to contain the township area of 23,040 acres, bounded as follows : "Beginning at the southeastern corner of Shelburne, a township this' day granted, being a stake and stone on the northerly side line of Hinesburg, and from thence running east six miles to a stake and stone ; thence turning off and running north six miles to a stake and stone ; thence turning off and run- ning west six miles to the northeasterly corner of Shelburne aforesaid, thence running south six miles by Shelburne aforesaid, to the southerly corner there- of, the bound began at." But upon surveying the several towns in this part of the county it was dis- covered—owing, perhaps, to a misapprehension as to the course of Winooski Town of St. George. 66j River — that the area was not sufficiently large to allow each town the whole number of acres designated in its charter ; and as it happiened, it fell to the lot of the grantees of St. George to suffer the misfortune of a considerable abridg- ment. The towns of Charlotte and Hinesburg were granted in 1762, and their boundaries marked. The year following the towns of Burlington, Williston, St. George, and Shelburne were granted, and as Winooski River, by the terms of their charters, was to form the north lines of Burlington and Williston, their boundaries were readily established, beyond dispute. But upon survey- ing those towns, such was the course of the river, it was found that the S. E. corner of Williston reached quite to the north line of Hinesburg, thus leaving a triangular piece some six or seven miles broad on the lake, and narrowing to a point at about ten miles back from the lake, which only remained to form the towns of Shelburne and St. George. And as Burlington and Williston had a few days' priority in the date of their charters over those of Shelburne and St. George, there was no alternative left to the two latter but to take what remained. St. George, unfortunately having the small end of the wedge, came near being crowded out entirely. As it is, however, it has an area of . 2,200 acres. The name of the town is said to have been given in honor of the then reigning king of England. The pious prefix of the name would seem to indi- cate a high degree of reverence on the part of the proprietors who proposed the name for that august monarch ; but had it been a few years later, when the burden of the stamp act and other kindred acts began to weigh heavily upon the colonies, they would, no doubt, have left off the Saint, and perhaps have substituted some other quite as significant title. When it was finally ascertained to what an extent the town was reduced by an actual survey, the proprietors — none of whom resided on their grant — determined to make the best of their misfortune ; accordingly, they had the town laid out into thirty-acre lots, each proprietor having one lot, or thirty acres, instead of 360, as they would have had if it had proved a six- mile town- ship ; but as their charter was for a full-sized town, and the number of grant- ees sixty-four, it was very easy for any one unacquainted with the facts to com- pute the number of acres in a " right " to be 360 ; therefore their " rights " sold in the market for the same price as those of other towns. The names of the grantees who thus suffered and skillfully translated their sufferings to others are as follows : Jesse Hallock, Samuel Farmer, Christian Farmer, John Farmer, Christian Farmer, Robert Farmer, Peter Farmer, Jeremiah Leming, Thomas Ellison, William Ellison, Simon Ransom, Shem Ransom, Isaac Sears, Jasper Drake, Joseph Sacket, Joseph Sacket Doctor, Francis Sacket, William Butler, John Mann, Thomas Mann, William Mann, Ermes Graham, John Jeffrys, Isaac Un- 668 History of Chittenden County. derhill, Benjamin Underbill, Henry Frankling, Jona. Courtland, Uriah Wol- man, Amos Underbill, Ricbard Willik, Samuel Willik, Jacob Watson, Benjamin Ferris, Daniel Prindle, Josbua Watson, Benjamin Leaman, Edmund Leaman, Richard Leaman, Richard Titus, Isaac Mann, Isaac Mann, jr., Peter Vander- wort, William Hayris, Magnes Gurrat, Robert Ling, John Dervicos Murphy, Edward Ferrol Murphy, Jno. Deveeanose Murphy, jr., Thomas Wright, Caleb Wright, John Wright, Tim. Wbitmore, Benjamin Clap, Benjamin Clap, jr., Henry Clap, Daniel Quimby, Jona. Wake, Jona. Quimby, The Hon. John Temple, esq, Theo. Atkinson, esq., William Hunk, I. Wentworth, esq., John Fisher, esq. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is generally good, and is for the most part composed of gravel and loam, with a margin of clay along the western boundary. It is well adapted for cultivation, though the inhabit- ants direct their attention chiefly to dairying. There are no streams of conse- quence, and therefore no mills or mill privileges — a deficiency not without its advantages ; for the people are subjected to no expense for the construction and repair of bridges, nor loss by inundations. The town contains no village, no church edifice, no manufactories and no stores. The settlement of the town was begun in the year 1784 by the arrival of Joshua Isham and wife from Colchester, Conn. They settled in the western part of the town, and resided for some time in a house which Mr. Isham and a friend constructed in a single day, and in which Mrs. Isham lived for six months without seeing the face of another of her sex. Mr. Isham was drowned in Hinesburg Pond in December, 1837. Early in 1785 Elnathan Higbee and Zirah Isham, with their families, settled here ; and within the next four or five years came Jehiel Isham, Reuben and Nathan Lockwood, John Mobbs, James Sutton, Wheeler Higbee and others. By the census of 179 1, seven years after the settlement began, there were in town fifty-seven inhabitants. Jehiel Isham was one of the most active of the early settlers. He took an active part in the War of the Revolution, and after coming to this town be- came the father of numerous children, whose descendants are still here in good numbers. He died here in 185 i, at the residence of his son, at the age of ninety-two years. His wife was Sarah Mobbs, who bore him a family of nine sons and four daughters, of whom only Amasa and Sophia are now living. Silas, his eldest son, whose death occurred but recently, kept the first and only tavern even opened in town, being the same building now occupied as a private house by Edgar Hinsdill. James Sutton and his brother Benjamin came early from Connecticut to Shelburne, whence, after a short residence, the former came to St. George. He finally died in Montpelier, whither he had gone on a business errand. His son Harry is still living in town. Reuben Lockwood was a prominent resident of St. George for nearly sixty Town of St. George. 669 years, and removed to Irasburgh in 1856. At the age of twenty-eight years he represented St. George in the Legislature, and was subsequently re-elected nine several times. He also held the office of lister twenty- five years and that of selectman twenty- nine years; was elected town clerk in 1833 and con- tinued in that office twenty- two years. Lewis Higbee was born in St. George in 1788. He was the first representa- tive of the town in the Legislature and was re-elected to that position several times. Although possessed of no more than ordinary profundity, he had an inexhaustible fountain, it is said, of wit and sarcasm, which made him an unde- sirable opponent. The first child born in town was Martha, daughter of Joshua Isham, and afterwards the wife of Moses Bliss, of Shelburne. Lewis Higbee was the first male child. The first death is supposed to have been that of Heman Higbee, an infant son of Wheeler Higbee, September 17, 1791 ; while the first death of an adult was that of Rebecca Gilman, June 22, 1797. The first marriage was that of Jacob Hinsdill to Hannah Cook. The first school- house was built soon after the settlement of the town was begun. It was made of rude logs, with a huge Dutch-back fire-place built of stones, and with greased paper as a substitute for window-glass. For a time the only text book in use was Dillworth's spelling-book. Amos Callender, of Shelburne, is believed to have taught the first school. There is now and for many years has been but one school- district in town. The town was organized on March 9, 18 13, at a meeting called for the pur- pose, presided over by Lemuel Bostwick, of Hinesburg. Jared Higbee was first town clerk ; Reuben Lockwood, Lewis Higbee and Levi Higbee, select- men ; and Sherman Beach, first constable. The other officers then elected were James Sutton, Sylvester Isham, Sherman Beach, listers ; Sherman Beach, collector; Robert Pease, grand juror ; Joseph Isham, jr., Henry Isham, Jared Higbee, highway surveyors ; Levi Higbee,'pound- keeper; Jacob Hinsdill, fence- viewer ; Lewis Higbee, Jared Higbee, Reuben Lockwood, grand jurors ; and Sherman Beach, James Sutton and Levi Higbee, pettit jurors. In 1825 the officers were Horace Ferris, clerk and treasurer ; Reuben Lockwood, Silas Isham, Horace Ferris, selectmen ; Horace Ferris, Reuben Lockwood, Sherman Beach, listers ; Nathan Lockwood, constable and collector, and Richard H. Osgood, grand juror. The present officers are' H. H. Tilley, town clerk ; R. O. Castle, M. W. Hinsdill and R. R. Forbes, selectmen, who are ex officio overseers of the poor ; Edward Isham, treasurer ; Orson W. Isham, constable ; H. H. Tilley, Rollin E. Forbes and Henry Lawrence, listers ; Henry Lawrence, F. C. Hinsdill, and R. E. Forbes, auditors ; Russell Tilley, town agent ; and R. O. Castle, super- intendent of schools. Post-office. — ^The first mention found anywhere of a post-office in St. George 43 670 History of Chittenden County. is in the year 1838, when George B. Isham was appointed to the office of post- master. He has been succeeded as follows: 1842, by Reuben Lockwood ; 1846, Joel C. Higbee; 1852, Ira O. Lockwood; 187 1, William V. Mobbs ; 1876, Norman Isham ; and in 1882, the present incumbent, H. H. Tilley. CHAPTER XXVIII. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF SHBLBUENB. SHELBURNE lies in the southwestern part of the county, and is bounded north by South Burlington and a part of Williston, east by St. George, south by Charlotte and a part of Hinesburg, and west by Lake Champlain. It was chartered by New Hampshire on the i8th of August, 1763, the following named being grantees : Jesse Hallock, Steward Southgate, John Southgate, Richard Gleason, Rich- Gleason, jr., Nathaniel Potter, John 'Bond, jr., John Potter, Antipas Earl, Sam- uel Seabury, Thomas Darling, Samuel Hight, Gilbert Tolton, Simon Dakin, Joshua Dakin, Patridge Thatcher, James Bradshaw, Ebenezer Sealy, Samuel Waters, David Ferris, Joshua FrankHn, Thomas Franklin, jr., Silas Mead, Nathan- iel Potter, jr., Robert Southgate, William Cornal, John Thomas, jr., John Huch- ing, Stephen Field, Nathaniel Howland, Haddock Bowne, Peter Tatten, Ben- jamin Clapp, Tideman Hull, Jos. Hull, Lewis Cammell, Sidmon Hull, jr., Thomas Hull, John Carnal, Edward Burling, John Cromwell, Thos. Chield, John Burling, Ebenezer Preston, Uriah Field, Isaac Underbill, Joseph Parsall John Akin, John Cannon, Jacob Underbill, Zebulon Ferris, Daniel Merit, Jon- athan Akin, Jeremiah Griffin, Read Ferris, Elijah Soty, John Hallock, Ben- jamin Ferris, Benjamin Ferris, jr., Samuel Hills, David Akin, Hon. Holcom Temple, Theodore Atchison, Mark H. J. Wentworth, John Fisher, esq. It derived its name from that of a celebrated nobleman of the British Par- liament, the Earl of Shelburne. who opposed the claims of the government of New York to the territory now comprised within the boundaries of Vermont. The original area of the town, according to its charter, was to consist of 23,- 500 acres, a little more than six miles square ; but a mistake of the surveyors stripped it of much of its expected possessions. Two surveying parties, em- ployed to run the lines of the lake towns, approached each other gradually from opposite directions, meeting— the party from the south in surveying Shel- burne ; the party from the north in surveying- Burlington. It was then discov- ered that there was not land sufficient in both towns to satisfy the demands of each, and the lines of the surveyors overlapped. The town of Burlington having been granted about a month previous to Shelburne, held her claim by priority Town of Shelburne. 671 of charter. A portion of Potter's Point formerly belonged to Burlington, but in 1794, among numerous alterations in town boundaries made by the Legis- lature, this point was declared to be a part of Shelburne. On the 9th of No- vember, 1848, a portion of this town was setoff to St. George, which reduced the alleged 23,500 to the actual area of 14,272 acres. Vexatious and expen- sive litigation has resulted from the conflicting lines of these early surveyors, some of the early landowners asserting their claim to title under one survey, and others under another. The first of the surveys was made in 1775 by Silas Hathaway, in the employment of Ira Allen, who assumed the ownership of large tracts in the town. This survey was made by chain, with but little ref- erence to the points of the compass. Twenty-three years later Ebenezer Cobb surveyed the town under the direction of the selectmen, fixing the boundaries by compass and including in his measurements the allowances necessary by reason of the variations in the surface of the earth. After years of contro- versy and bitterness of feeling, the conflicting claims were adjusted, and peace restored. The surface of the town is irregular, but with only gentle waves which add to the beauty of the view, without detracting from the value of the land for cultivation. The crenelated outline of the lake here breaks in upon the land with such a deep indenture as to form a veritable cul-de-sac, called Shelburne Bay, which is bounded by the mainland and a point formerly known by the name of the first settler of the town, Pottier. Another point was named in honor of another early settler, Logan. Not alone in beauty of scenery does Shelburne excel, though that in some respects is past description, but in rich- ness and fertility of soil, which varies from a stiff clay to a fine sandy loam, producing in abundance the grains and grasses natural to this latitude, and in the western part of the town, the various fruits in plenty. The principal streams are La Plotte River and Cogman's Brook, with their several tribute rills and rivulets. La Plotte River enters the town from Charlotte on the south, and flows north into Shelburne Bay, affording water power at the falls from the beginning of settlement to the present. Its peculiar name is said to have been derived from a peculiar event. During the Revolutionary War a band of Indians numbering several hundreds concealed their canoes under a line of willows that extended along the mouth of the river, and went into the interior on an expedition for prisoners and plunder. During their absence the white men discovered their canoes riddled them with holes and replaced them in their former positions. From their ambush in the immediate vicinity, the patriots then watched for the return of the savages, upon which they poured into their gathering a volley of bullets which drove them precipitately to their canoes. No sooner were they in the middle of the stream than they learned too late that they could do naught but choose between death from drowning or from the deadly bullets of the white men. This successful coup de main bestowed upon the 6/2 History of Chittenden County. stream its significant title of La Plotte. Several arrow-heads and bullets have been found in this vicinity. Shelburne Pond, in the eastern part of the town, covers a little more than six hundred acres of ground, and because of its pis- catorial and scenic virtues is a favorite resort of pleasure seekers during the summer season. Early Settlements and Events. — Shelburne seems to have been occupied as a place of residence earlier than any other part of the county, if we except, of course, the settlements by the French in Colchester. Two Germans by the name of John Potter and Thomas Logan came here in 1768. Potter was named in the charter as one of the original proprietors, and may have been re- lated to Nathaniel Potter, sr. and jr., named in the same instrument. These two daring adventurers settled on the points on the shore of the lake, which are even now known by their names, and became associated in taking oak tim- ber in rafts to the Quebec market. On their return from one of these expedi- tions the commanding oflScer at Montreal sent with them a sergeant and two privates to guard them in passing through the Indian settlements. At their first encampment, a short distance south from the Canada hne, the guard ma- tured a conspiracy to murder the unsuspecting Germans for their money, two of them agreeeing to commit the murder and the other taking an oath never to reveal the crime. The deed was done and the victims buried on a small island near the point, which are now, from this circumstance, known as Bloody Island and Bloody Point respectively. The inactive accessory to the crime was unable, however, to keep the secret, and soon after made a clean confes- sion, which resulted in the conviction and execution of his two friends and a severe whipping for himself Whether the Germans ever had families is not known. About ten families had begun settlements near the lake before the Revolu- tion, though there is no information as to who they were, just where they lived, or what became of them, except these two Germans and Moses Pierson. Mr. Pierson purchased in 1769, one thousand acres of land in the southwestern part of the town, which was afterward known as the Meech farm, and now owned in part by Colonel Frederick Fletcher, of St. Johnsbury. Here he built a block-house. The battle of Shelburne block-house as it is sometimes called, has been related in several ways, each story having its advocates, and of course its crit- ics. We have chosen to relate the one which we think bears on its face the stamp of credibility: When the Pierson family left Shelburne in 1777 they had harvested a large crop of wheat, and returned during the winter to thresh and secure it. Meanwhile they were menaced by Tories and Indians. Colonel Thomas Sawyer, of Clarendon, being apprised of it, with Lieutenant Bar- nabas Barnum, Corporal Williams, and fourteen soldiers, hastened to the ex- posed frontier. It was the month of January, and the weather was very cold. Town of Shelburne. 673 They marched through the trackless wilderness about ninety miles, all on foot except Colonel Sawyer, who rode a fine stallion. Through the energy and art of Colonel Sawyer, they were animated to surmount the extremes of cold and hunger, until they arrived safely at the house of the Piersons. There they re- mained strengthening the place, seven or eight weeks, when suddenly the foe, who had been lurking about, disappeared. Colonel Sawyer suspected this to be a stratagem, and learned that one Philo, a Tory, who had gone to Canada on skates, had returned with a considerable force, fifty- seven in all. Accord- ingly all were immediately set at work barricading their house, and when night came on had made all parts secure except one window. The attack was made that night, and through that window two men who had stopped and put up for the night were killed at the first fire of the enemy. Their names were Wood- ard and Daniels. They were met by an incessant fire from the besieged for three-fourths of an hour through port-holes made for that purpose. During that timf the Indians twice fired the house ; and Colonel Sawyer offered his watch as a reward to any one who would extinguish the flames. There was no water in the house, but Mrs. Pierson had been brewing beer that day, and Joseph Williams, entering the chamber, broke a hole through the roof, and ex- tinguished the flames with the contents of the beer barrel, under a deadly fire from the savages without. Colonel Sawyer kept his word, and gave Williams his watch. The enemy were finally repulsed, and two prisoners taken ; the enemy also lost one officer and one Indian chief, who were found dead in the field, besides several who were thrown through a hole cut in the ice. This battle occurred on the 12th of March, 1778. Of the brave little band who defended the house. Lieutenant Barnum, ac- cording to Thompson and Downing, was killed, though his name is not men- tioned anywhere in connection with the narrative of the battle I have given. Colonel Sawyer cut from the nose of the Indian chief who was killed his jew- els, and secured his powder-horn and bullet- pouch as trophies of his victory. Ziba and Uzal, sons of Moses Pierson, aged respectively seventeen and fif- teen years, were actively engaged in this affray. An infant daughter, who afterwards became the wife of Nehemiah Pray, was lying in a bed at the time and escaped unharmed, though bullets passed through the headboard of the bedstead, and were found in the bed at the close of the battle. After the party had secured the wheat they left town, and Mr. Pierson settled in Orwell. His sons, Ziba and Uzal, were afterward captured in Shoreham by a scouting party and taken to Canada, whence, several months later, they made their es- cape, and reached home after suffering incredible hardships and passing un- touched through appalling dangers. After the close of the war, in the spring of 1783, Moses Pierson returned to Shelburne with his family and occupied his former residence until his death, on the 28th of July, 1 805. His son Ziba set- tled on a farm on the main road in the south part of the town, accumulated a 674 History of Chittenden County. good property, and held many offices of trust in the town. He died of apo- plexy on the 1st of November, 1820, aged sixty years. Uzal Pierson also be- came well to do, and owned a farm near the lake, afterward owned by Ezra Meech, jr., but was unfortunate toward the close of his life and lost most of his property. He came to his death by faUing from a wagon on the i Ith of June, 1836, aged seventy-two years. Descendants of Moses Pierson still dwell in Shelburne. The following is a partial list of the more prominent early settlers, in addi- tion to those already mentioned : William Smith, Caleb Smith, Rufus Cole, Thomas Hall, Hubell and Bush, associated on Potter's Point, Richard Spears and Gershom Lyon. In 1784 and 1785 Daniel Barber, Daniel Comstock, Aaron Rowley, Captain Samuel Clark, Benjamin Harrington, Israel Burritt, Joshua Reed, Timothy Holabird, Sturgess Morehouse, Remington Bitgood, and Jirah Isham located here and became residents. In the three following years Dr. Frederick Maeck, Phineas Hill, Keeler Trowbridge, Samuel Mills, and probably others came, and soon after Bethuel Chittenden, Benjamin Sutton, Rosel Miner, Nathaniel Gage, Ebenezer Barstow, Robert Lyon, James Hawley, Frederick Saxton, Asahel Nash, Hezekiah Tracy, Asa Lyon, John Tabor, Robert Averill, Joseph Hamilton and several others became residents. William Smith, familiarly known as Quaker Smith, settled on what is still called Smith's Point, in 1783. The farm has ever since remained in the hands of his descendants. Caleb Smith, the first town clerk of Shelburne, came here very early, was justice of the peace, and held several other offices. He was a prominent man in town, but removed to Williston, where he died about 18 10. His grandson, Frederick Smith, is now a prominent citizen of Burlington. Captain Daniel Comstock settled in 1783 in the western part of the town. After filling many positions of trust, well-deserved, Captain Comstock died on the nth of January, 1816. Of his six children, Levi settled near the lake in 1784, served many years as town clerk, justice of the peace, etc., and died on the loth of May, 1847, aged eighty-one years. His only son, Levi, kept the tavern at the village for a number of years, and then returned to the old homestead, now occupied by N. R. Miller and in part by William McNeil. Colonel Frederick Saxton was one of the earliest inhabitants of Burling- ton, his residence from 1785 to 1792 being at the head of Pearl street. He then sold out to Colonel Pearl and removed to Shelburne, settling on a farm near Comstock's Point, now owned by his great-grandsons, Horace and Ed- ward Saxton. He met his death by accidental drowning on the 28th of April, 1796. Horace, his second son, represented this town in the Legislature in 1835-36. Richard Spear, from Braintree, Mass., came to Shelburne July 21, 1783, and settled on the farm now owned by his grandchildren, O. A. and Mary M., the latter the widow of E. A. Spear. A part of his farm was in Burlington. Town of Shelburne. 675 When he first came to Shelburne that part of the town was an unbroken wil- derness, the nearest grist-mill being at Vergennes; for a long time he took his grain to Whitehall or St. Johns with his market produce, afterwards to Wills- borough Falls, then to Winooski Falls, before a mill was operated at Shel- burne Falls. He died March 19, 1788, aged fifty-two years. His descend- ants are very numerous. William Blin was an early settler from Connecticut, and lived on a part of the governor's right south of the Spear farm. He died not long after coming to Shelburne, leaving several sons, of whom Simon, who died April 5, 18 19, and Samuel, who died November 27, 1844, were the most prominent, both keeping a public house, and being frequently called upon to serve the town in some public capacity. Benjamin Harrington, long a sea-faring man, came to Shelburne from Con- necticut soon after the Revolutionary War, in company with his father and his brother, William C. Harrington, who soon after became a leading lawyer in Burlington. Benjamin and William C. purchased the lot at the end of Pot- ter's Point previously occupied by Hubbell & Bush, and traded for a time in a log building used previously for the same purpose by Hubbell & Bush. In 1788 Benjamin purchased a farm in the center of the town, now crossed by the railroad. In the following year, it is said, he caused to be laid out and opened the main road from Middlebury to BurHngton ; in 1796 erected the large building afterward kept as a public house by his descendant, Cornelius H. Harrington ; in 1807 took the contract for building the White Church edi- fice, as it was called, and performed the work well. He accumulated a hand- some property. He died on the 17th of January, 18 10. Joshua Isham, one of the most prominent among the pioneers of the town, was from Williamstown, Conn. He came to Shelburne in the winter of 1793, after a nine years' residence in St. George, and purchased the lot east of the falls in this town. He then bought the " old red store," goods, land and pot- ash, at the falls, of Thaddeus Tuttle, who afterward became one of the most prominent merchants in Burlington, and removed thither in January, 1796. Soon after this he purchased of Ira Allen the grist-mill and saw-mill erected by his grantor, and operated them through life. He was a good business man and became wealth)'. He held many town offices, especially that of town clerk, and was long a member of the Episcopal Church. He died on the 9th of April, 1840, aged eighty- two years. William R. Lawrence now occupies his dweUing house. Nathaniel Gage was an early settler in the northeast part of the town, who became well to do, held several town offices, and acted as justice of the peace for a number of years. He was a leading member of the Methodist Church for many years, but finally dissented from the views of the most of his associ- ates, and in 1844 caused to be erected what was ever after known as the 676 History of Chittenden County. " Gage Church," in which he procured services of the Reformed or Protestant Methodist denomination. He died November 27, 1854. Joshua Reed settled at an early date near the geographical center of the town, and by virtue of enterprise and industry accumulated a valuable real estate. He died April 30, 1843, aged eighty-four years. One of his sons, Almon, received a liberal education, and became a noted lawyer in Pennsyl- vania, being sent a number of years to the Legislature of that State, and serv- ing the State several terms in the House of Representatives. James Hawley was a native of Connecticut, who went from Arlington, Vt, in the fall of 1786 to Winooski Falls, in the service of Ira Allen. He was a mechanic, and built the mills for Allen, residing in the latter's house during the progress of his work. He then built the mills at Swanton for Allen, and removed to Shelburne in 1792, at once constructing the mills at the falls for his old employer. He lived for a time on what is known as the Powers farm, embracing " Lovers' Lane," and afterward on the place now occupied by Myron Reed. In accordance with a peculiar custom of those times he was appointed by Ethan Allen to act as tapster at that hero's funeral, whenever it should take place. He was accordingly steward on that occasion. He him- self died in 1813, leaving a numerous family. One of his daughters was the mother, in after years, of Mrs. Elizabeth Root, now living on the point. Ebenezer Barstow, who is mentioned at some length in the sketch of ex- Governor John L. Barstow, his grandson, in later pages of this work, came to this town from Connecticut soon after the Revolution, in which he had served an active and highly honorable part, and settled on the farm now in the hands of his grandson, John L. Ebenezer Barstow is frequently mentioned in the early town records as holding some position of trust and honor. He died on the 30th of March, 1834, aged seventy-eight years. Asa R. Slocum, born at Hubbardton, Mass., in 1767, settled at an early day in the northeast corner of the town, where his grandson. Lane Slocum, now lives, and pursued the vocation of farming until his death at the age of sixty-three years, in 1830. He had a large family of children. Hon. Ezra Meech was born in Connecticut in 1773, and emigrated with his father and family to Hinesburg, Vt., in 1785. During all his early life, wherever he was, he actively engaged in hunting and trapping, and made fre- quent journeys to Canada to dispose of his furs. In 1795 he opened a store at Charlotte Four Corners, and in 1800 married Mary McNeil. In 1806 he purchased the old farm of Moses Pierson, near the lake in Shelburne, and re- moved to that place, where he kept a small store for years, and engaged in the trading of furs and manufacture of potash. About 18 10 he began lumbering extensively, and dealt chiefly in oak timber, which he took to the Quebec market. He was interrupted during the War of i8i2, being then engaged in supplying the American army with provisions. He filled many oflSces of trust E„f uu B.B liuV: arm. J^ew ZlV><- Town of Shelburne. 6yj in the town, representing it in the Legislature, and was for several years county- judge. He was also elected to the national House of Representatives in 1 8 19 and again in 1825. In 1830, 1831 and 1832 he was the unsuccessful Demo- cratic candidate for governor. In 1833 he became a member of the Metho- dist church. He was at the time of his death, September 23, 1856, about the largest landholder in the State, his land numbering about 3,500 acres. Eli Thayer was born in Thompson, Conn., in 1773, and came to Shelburne in 1788; seven years later he married Ruth, daughter of Roderick Messenger, of Jericho, Vt, and died of consumption on the 26th of October, 1838. He settled and lived at the mouth of the La Plotte River. He was a carpenter and joiner, and by reason of his probity and attention to duty served his town in several public capacities, being constable and cellector for twenty-two years, and in 1815 and 18 16 collector of the direct tax in Chittenden and Addison counties. His son Lyman afterward lived in Burlington. Jonathan Lyon, with two sons and four daughters, came from Reading, Conn., to this town in 1788, in company with Dan Fairchild and three sons. Jonathan Lyon and his son Robert purchased a part of the governor's right and passed their lives there. Jonathan died in the spring of 1791. The Fair- childs all left for Ohio in 1813. These Lyons were not related to Timothy Lyon, father of Captain Dan Lyon, now a venerable citizen of Burlington. Aaron Rowley came to Shelburne in 1784, and here, on the 28th of Octo- ber, 1786, his son Aaron R. was born, residing in town until his death, Octo- ber 4, 1866. Of his six children Erwin S. is still a resident of the town. Israel Burritt, a captain in the War of the Revolution, settled at Shelburne Falls in 1784. By his first marriage he had five sons and five daughters. Gar- rad, the seventh child, born October 19, 1789, participated in the battle of Plattsburgh. Garrad lived on the Rowley farm, now owned by Bartlett & Smith. Captain Burritt lived many years into the present century, and be- came the father of two other children by a second wife. Asahel, son of Phineas Nash, of Wyoming, Pa., was born on the 29th of December, 1750, and was present during the Wyoming massacre, July 3, 1778. Soon after he left Wyoming and after several removals settled in Shelburne. John, his seventh child, born here June 13, 1796, is still living. Hezekiah Tracy, born in 1745, settled in 1 790 on the place and built the house now occupied by his great-granddaughter, Carrie Tracy. His descend- ants are numerous. Benjamin Sutton came to Shelburne about 1792, and had a family of twelve sons and two daughters. He died not far from 1835, ^"^^ his eleventh child, Byron, passed his days on the old homestead, which is now occupied by James B. Sutton, son of Byron. James B. was born September 10, 1832. Francis Blair came from Williamstown in 1796 and settled on the place now owned by his descendant, George E. Blair. Rosel Miner settled in 1794 on the farm now in the hands of his descendants. 678 History of Chittenden County. Nathan White, born at Middleborough, Plymouth county, Mass., February 15. 1763, died at Burlington, Vt, January 26, 1826. He was a descendant of Peregrine White, the first child born of English parents in America, and was five years in the army with Washington ; was at West Point when it was surrendered by General Arnold, and was present at the execution of Major Andre. He came to Burhngton in 1791, and during that and the following year manufactured brick near where Henry P. Hickok now lives. In the win- ter of 1793 he moved his family to Burlington, using an ox team, and was eighteen days performing a journey of 253 miles. In 1797 he bought a farm in this town, on Potter's Point, of Thaddeus Tuttle, and moved his family here in the fall of 1799, where he spent the remainder of his days as a farmer. He had three sons, Robert, Andrew and Lavater. Robert, the eldest, born Sep- tember 5, 1787, died December 20, 1872, leaving three daughters, Elizabeth P., Mary H. and Laura C. Elizabeth married Elijah Root in 183 1 and had one daughter, Maria L., who married Charles L. Hart in 1856. Maria L. has but one son, Fred R. Lavater S. White was born in Burlington on the 15th of May, 1799, and was brought to Shelburne with the rest of the family in the following fall. He developed into one of the best men ever in Shelburne ; was a natural me- chanic, so much so that he acquired remarkable skill without the form of serv- ing his time. He died December 3, 1876. His whole business life was passed in close association with Elijah Root, a sketch of whose life appears in later pages of this work, and whose wife was a niece of Lavater White. Mr. White resembled Mr. Root in his love for truth and hatred of sham. In person and countenance he was most agreeable, powerful of understanding, possessed of a keen and ready wit ; was amiable, generous, graceful and unaffected. He was a member of the Methodist Church, and was a great reader, his house being all the time flooded with books and newspapers. John Tabor was an early settler in Shelburne, arriving here probably pre- vious to 1790. He was a native of Princeton, R. I., and removed with his father and family from there to Rutland county in 1788, the family bestowing their name upon the town of Mount Tabor. John penetrated farther into the wilderness to this town. He immediately took up land, a part of which was situated on Potter's Point, where he resided until his death in 1813, aged forty- seven years. He was twice married, and his numerous descendants are now scattered through several States. He was energetic, industrious, honest, cour- ageous, sensible and just. The first settlement commenced at Shelburne Falls was in 1785, by Ira Allen, then a resident in Winooski village. A rudely-constructed log bridge was built across La Plotte River, a dam was constructed some ten rods above the present saw-mill dam, a saw-mill erected on the north side of the stream, and a forge on the south. In 1786 a dam was constructed at the lower end Town of Shelburne. 679 of the falls, and a grist-mill put in operation the next season. Clothing works were erected and put in operation between the grist-mill and saw-mill in 1789, by David Fish, which was purchased by Samuel Fletcher in 1805, owned and occupied by him until his death, April'23, 1852, after which time it remained unoccupied, and in the spring of 1862 was swept away by a freshet, as was also the old stone building formerly used as a grist-mill. The first saw-mill erected in this town was located directly east of the public house, built by Benjamin Harrington, the dam extending from the high bank on the west side of the stream to the bluff rock on the east side. This was built by Lazel Hatch in 1 784 ; the bottom being of light soil, and the dam but imperfectly constructed, it was soon carried away and the work abandoned. The first dwelling other than a log house was the block-house on Potter's Point, by Hubbell & Bush, in 1784. In 1790 a house was erected by Moses Pierson in the southwest corner of the town. \ gThe first frame house erected was by Lazel Hatch, east of the village, near the saw-mill erected by him — a small building about 12x16 feet, in 1784. It was occupied as a dwelling house, as a store, a slaughter-house, a currying room, a cooper's shop, a join- er's shop, a barn, a hog-house, a lumber room, a hen-house, and for almost every conceivable purpose, and in various places. About the year 185S 't be- came rather the worse for wear, and was taken down by Nelson Newell, seven- ty-eight years from the time of its erection. The second frame house was built in 1789 by Benjamin Harrington, a few rods west of the subsequent residence of Colonel Frederick Fletcher. The public house was erected in 1796, and from the commencement of the nineteenth century frame houses began to multiply in all parts of the town ; but it was many years before log cabins wholly disappeared. Town Organization and Proceedings. — The first town meeting in Shel- burne, of which Dudley Hamilton was chosen moderator, was held on the 29th of March, 1787. Caleb Smith was elected first town clerk; Moses Pierson, Timothy Holabird and Dudley Hamilton were made selectmen; Moses Pier- son, town treasurer ; Aaron Rowley, constable and collector ; Joshua Isham, Joseph Power and Jared Post, listers ; Moses Pierson, leather sealer ; Daniel Barber, Jared Post, grand jurors ; Moses Pierson, sealer of weights and meas- ures ; Ziba Pierson, Sturgess Morehouse, Jirah Isham, Keeler Trowbridge, sur- veyors of highways ; Thomas Hall, fence viewers ; Thomas Hall, Keeler Trow- bridge, Uzal Pierson, Joshua Reed, tythingmen ; and Moses Pierson, Thomas Hall, Timothy Holabird, Aaron Rowley, Sturgess Morehouse, Daniel Barber, Ziba Pierson, Elnathan Higbee and Joshua Reed, petit jurors. The only vote taken at this meeting, if the records are complete, was to the effect that the annual town meetings should thereafter be holden on the first Tuesday in March, and that the selectmen should cause proper notifications thereof to be posted twelve days previous at the " several public houses in town." In the following year 68o History of Chittenden County. Ebenezer Barstow was one of the listers. It was voted at this meeting (March 4, 1788) that the selectmen " look out and appoint one or more places to bury tht dead." On the 2d of September, 1788, Captain William Hubbell being modera- tor, it was " Voted that the town grant money to support the selectmen in car- rying on the suits of ejectment brought in favor of the publick rights of land in said town." Sixteen pounds and eight shillings were accordingly voted. No other mention of this litigation is made until July 13, 1791, when it was " Voted that selectmen take out of court the suits for the four publick rights against Mr. Moses Pierson, and refer the same to Messrs. John Knickerbacor, Roswell Hop- kins and Daniel Horsford for final settlement." At a town meeting held at the house of Captain Benjamin Harrington on Saturday the 4th of October, 1800, the following amusing resolution, illustrating the dawning enlightenment of the people in regard to small-pox, was passed : " Voted that the small-pox be admitted in the town by anocculation for the term of six months, or to the first of April next under the inspection and direc- tion of the selectmen agreeable to law." On the 2d of the next March it was- voted in addition, " that the authority and selectmen have liberty to admit of the small-pox in town from the ist of November to the first of March, under such regulations as pointed out by law." We cannot but wonder at the hardi- hood of the pioneers in opening their doors to the small-pox, even under the direction of the selectmen ; and whether the plague was ready to " depart the town" on the ist of March, the records do not reveal. The earliest New England towns were in the habit of including among the necessary officers those of grave-diggers and coffin-makers ; but Shelburne, we believe, is the only town in Chittenden county which regularly elected sev- eral of its citizens to the position. At the March meeting for 1811 Eli Thayer, Bethuel Chittenden and another were chosen coffin-makers. The two offices- were continued until 1 86 1. TAe Town in 1835. — The population of Shelburne in 1835 was about 1,100. The village of Shelburne, now at the railroad station, was then in appearance very much as it is now. It had one church, the site for which, as well as that for the school-house and the public common, was given by Benjamin Harring- ton, L. M. Hagar, now of Burlington, was engaged in mercantile business on the same site now occupied by the brick store, and in the building now used as a storehouse, adjoining the brick building on the south. The only other mer- chants in the village were David Irish and Nelson Perry, who, under the firm name of Irish & Perry, conducted a store in a brick building on the opposite side of the street from Hagar, on the site afterwards used for the Methodist par- sonage. The only doctor in the village was Dr. Joel Fairchild, who lived in the next house north of the old tavern, the same building being now occupied by the widow of Hezekiah Comstock. There was no lawyer in town, Jacob Maeck's practice here occurring some time later. Levi Comstock then kept Town of Shelburne. 68 i the tavern, his successors being George B. Isham, O. J. Baldwin and others, until the accession of Walter A. Weed, who terminated the dynasty of hotel proprietors in Shelburne about 1875. South of the hotel in 1835 stood the tannery of Robert Spear, the shoe-shop appurtenant to it being now used as a dwelling house by Prosper Bacon. Mr. Hagar made potash soon after 1835 south of the old hotel. At the falls Joshua Isham still owned and operated the saw-mill and grist- mill, between these two buildings being the woolen-mill of Samuel Fletcher. On the hill west of the river Lemon Judson operated a tannery and shoe-shop, which in those days were always associated. Across the river from the woolen- mill Henry Fuller had a blacksmith and trip-hammer shop, while Ira Andrews was thus early engaged in the occupation of a wheelwright back of Fuller's diop. Soon after 1835 Dr. Jonathan Taylor settled at the falls, and practiced medicine until compelled by the infirmities of age to desist. The old red store of Joshua Isham was then a thing of the past, and its successor had not ap- peared. About 1840, however, Jirah B. Isham and William Russell, under the style of Isham & Russell, built a store on the west side of the river, and kept a stock of goods there for some time. The building 'was burned shortly before the last war. Outside of the villages no business worth mentioning was done, except farming. The opening of the railroad through the town did not operate to di- vert the channels of trade, as might have been expected. The villages retained their relative size and importance, while the principal benefit accruing was felt by the farmers, for whom the better shipping facilities seemed to have been in- tended. Previous to that time cattle had to be driven to Boston. Moreover, distance was practically annihilated and the markets for farm produce brought within easy reach of the producers. In later years the station at Shelburne has been a great shipping point for dealers and growers of fruits. It is said that an average shipment of 8,000 to 10,000 barrels of apples is made here an- nually. Present Interests. — There are only two stores in town at present — that of George W. Curry, at the falls, which is several years old, and that conducted by H. W. Tracy and C. P. Van Vliet at the village, under the name of Tracy & Van Vliet. This partnership was formed in 1878, and a stock of about $8,000 value is carried. The store was built by John Simonds about thirty- five years ago. The predecessors of the present merchants were Mead & Tracy, who were preceded by the senior partner, E. O. Mead. There is no lawyer in town, and but one physician. Dr. F. R. Stoddard was born in Westfield, Vt, on the i6th of December, 1855, was graduated from the medical department of the University of Vermont in June, 1882, prac- ticed in North Troy, Vt, until the following December, when he came to Shel- burne. 682 History of Chittenden County. The Shelburne flouring-mills at Shelburne Falls, lineally descended from the mills of Ira Allen and Joshua Isham, are now owned and operated by- James Denham, successor to D. L. Spear. Mr. Denham also owns and ope- rates the saw-mill at the falls. The Champlain Transportation Company's ship-yard, which has for many years been situated on the eastern shore of Pot- ter's Point, affords the finest protective harbor for wintering crafts on the lake. Here were made, among others, the following well-known steamers : Gen. Green, Winooski, Burlington, Saranac, United States, Ethan Allen, Boston, Adiron- dack, Vermont. The yard is connected with Burlington by telephone. The Post-office. — There seems to be record outside of the department at Washington which will give the date of the establishment of a post-office in Shelburne. About 1824 Oran Isham held the position of postmaster, and was succeeded in 1825 by Cyrus McLaughler. Following him have been: Garrad Burritt, 1828-36 ; Henry S. Morse to 1842; George B. Isham to 1854; Cas- sius P. Williams to 1855 ; George B. Isham to i860; C. W. Adams, 1861; C. H. Harrington, 1862; J. J. Simonds, 1863; Benjamin Maxham, 1864-65; Mrs. A. M. Lowry to 1880; Benjamin Maxham, 1881 ; Mrs. A. M. Lowry, 1882; H. W. Tracy, to 1886; and Miss Agnes Gribbin, the present incum- bent. In 1880 R. D. Estabrook was made postmaster of North Shelburne office, and was followed in 1884 by I. A. Morse. Present Town Officers. — The officers elected by the town of Shelburne for the year 1886, are as follows : W. H. Tyler, town clerk ; W. H. Harmon, deputy clerk ; D. L. Spear, M. Quinlan, R. J. White, selectmen ; James F. Wells, treas- urer ; James E. White, overseer of the poor and director of the poor farm asso- ciation ; G. N. Roberts, first constable and collector ; Edgar Nash, J. B. Sut- ton, James E. White, listers ; H. S. White, W. A. Weed, Benjamin Harring- ton, auditors ; James F. Wells, trustee of United States deposit fund ; William Whiteside, John K. Weed, John Bulbo, fence viewers ; D. L. Spear, agent to prosecute and defend suits in which the town is interested ; Dr. F. R. Stoddard, superintendent of schools ; W. A. Weed, James E. White, D. C. Smith, high school commissioners. There are now eight school districts in town and a school in each district, besides a high school in the upper story of the school-house in the village, district No. i. The school-house here was erected about fifteen years ago. Town Hall — From the records it appears that the town hall was built early in the year 1867. On the 26th of March in that year, William Harmon, H. S. Morse and C. P. Williams were chosen a committee to build a town house " on the north side of the old white meeting-house recently burned." And on the 17th of the next August it was voted in town meeting "that the town house be open to all denominations for religious services, under the supervision of the selectmen.'' Town of Shelburne. 683 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Very soon after the town was organized the citizens began to agitate the question of preparing for the preaching of the word ; but probably because of great diversity of opinion with reference to the denomination of the church or- ganization, and the preacher, it took a number of years to accompHsh the de- sired object. The first reference in the early records to the subject appears un- date of March i, 1791, when it was voted "that the town will agree on a place for a house of publick worship," and Moses Pierson, Phineas Hill, Captain Daniel Comstock, Ebenezer Barstow, Caleb Smith, William C. Harrington and David Nichols were appointed " to agree on a place for setting the meeting- house." On the 5th of June, of that year, Daniel Comstock, Moses Pierson and Timothy Holabird were chosen " to hire a preacher of the gospel for a few Sabbaths.'' It was easier in those days, however, to appoint a committee, than it was for the committee to hire preaching, when the preachers, few enough, had so wild and wide a territory to cover, and had to accept their temporal re- ward in grain or cattle ; and there is nothing in the record to show that the committee succeeded in their undertaking. A hint of what may have been a warm denominational discussion is revealed in a vote taken on the 26th of De- cember, 1 79 1, to "hire a preacher for the year ensuing, and that he be of the Baptist denomination." On the 7th of April, 1807, a committee was appointed to " stick the stake for a meeting-house." A Congregational Church was or- ganized in Shelburne on the 29th of January, 1807, by the Rev. Jedediah Bush- nell, of Cornwall, with a membership of three men and seven women. Their numbers were always small, and before 1835 concluded to unite with the Meth- odist Church. On the 27th of March, 185 1, another organization was formed by the Congregationalists, but they they have never erected a house of wor- ship nor attended separate services. In 1800 the Rev. Henry Ryan, a Methodist clergyman preaching on the Vergennes circuit, established an appointment at Shelburne, and preached his first sermon at the house of Joshua Read. Other clergymen in town rather looked upon him as an intruder, and his services were principally confined to the east part of the town for several years. A society was soon formed, num- bering among its members Nathaniel Gage, John Simonds, Phineas Hill, and their wives. In 1833 the first church edifice was built of brick, and was used until the present elegant stone structure took its place in 1873. It will seat 300 persons and is valued at about $26,000. The present membership of the church numbers about 146, while the average attendance at Sabbath- school is about seventy-five. The present officers of the church are as follows : Class leaders, J. F. Wells, L. Gregg, N. R. Miller, J. B. Sutton, H. W. Tracy, and F. R. Stoddard ; stewards, Lee Tracy, Joel Bartlett, George W. Curry, Eli H. Palmer, Robert J. White, F. A. Weed, E. S. Rowley, Wm. McNeil, F. R. 684 History of Chittenden County. Stoddard, H. W. Tracy, D. C. Smith. D. C. Smith is also the Sabbath -school superintendent. There were many Episcopalians in this town and vicinity as early as 1790, during which year the Rev. Bethuel Chittenden removed here from Tinmouth, Vt. Services were undoubtedly held regularly from that time until Mr. Chit- tenden's death in 1 809, after which occasionally lay readings took place, with now and then a visit from a clergyman. The communicants in town num- bered about twenty-five as early as 18 10, and by 1820 increased to not far from eighty. From October 27, 18 19, to September 20, 1827, Rev. Joel Clapp, the first regularly settled clergyman, officiated as rector of the parish, since which time services have been held with gratifying regularity. A short time ago a beautiful chapel was erected and finished, in which services are now held. The present rector is Rev. Mr. Hutchins, of Burlington. CHAPTER XXIX. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OP SOUTH BURLINGTON. SOUTH BURLINGTON stands with Richmond in being one of the two towns in the county which derived their separate existence as towns from the authority of the Legislature of Vermont. This town was, as has been ex- plained in the history of Burlington, originally a part of the town of Burlington; but, by act of the Legislature, approved on the 22d day of November, 1864, and accepted by the inhabitants of Burlington on the i8th day of January following, all of the old township lying east of an irregular line drawn from the mouth of Shelburne Bay northeasterly through the center of the township to Winooski River, became a separate jurisdiction known as South Burlington. On the isth of February, 1865, a majority of the inhabitants of South Bur- lington petitioned the selectmen of the old town to publish a warning for the first meeting of the town of South Burlington. The warning was accordingly published, signed by Carolus Noyes, L. B. Piatt, and P. H. Catlin, selectmen of Burlington, for a meeting to be held on the 7th of March, 1865. At that meeting, held at what was known as the Eldredge school-house, Alexander Ferguson was chosen moderator of the meeting ; John E. Smith was made clerk and treasurer; John Van Sicklen, Alexander Ferguson, and Pierpont E. Smith, selectmen ; Henry Bean, first constable and collector, and overseer of the poor; Hiram Landon, Edward Van Sicklen, and Mark B. CatUn, listers; George N. Slocum, John Williams, C. J. Pattridge, auditors ; C. J. Pattridge, Abel L. Owen, Chester J. Blinn, fence viewers; Frederick Hadley, town grand juror ; Hiram H. Harrington, leather sealer; E. Taft, J. Williams, R. M. A. Bar- Town of South Burlington. 685 stow, Uzal Pierson, pound-keepers ; Edward W. Brownell, town agent ; Au- gustus Kimball, superintendent of common schools; Abel L. Owen, trustee of public money. After the division of the town and the proper organization of South Bur- lington as a town and Burlington as a city, the board of aldermen of the latter place met the selectmen of the former, and a basis of settlement was agreed upon, settling all questions and dividing all property in which each had an interest. The payments due by virtue of this agreement are shown by the following statement, copied from the records, which may prove of interest to many : Burlington, June, 17, 1865. Due from the city of Burlington to the town of South Burlington. One-tenth of valuation of town hall, $ 3,000.00 " " " " Basement of court-house 125.00 " " Balance in hands of treasurer in town of Burlington, Sl-31 " " County order in favor of town of Burlington, 10.25 " " Balance due town of Burlington from town of Williston, 1.02 " " Uncollected rents of town hall, down to February 21, 1865, 6.06 " " Valuation of personal property of town of Burlington in town hall and in the hands of highway surveyors, 27.00 " " Balance due town of Burlington from town of Colchester, 4.74 " " Uncollected town taxes in hands of Samuel Huntington, constable of town of Burlington, 28.09 " " Excess of State taxes for 1864 in hands of said Huntington as said constable, 42.82 3.296.29 Amount brought forward, $ 3,296.29 Due from the town of South Burlington to the city of Burlington. One-tenth of outstanding notes of town of Burlington above specified, $2,120.00 " " Balance of j udgment against town of Burlington in favor of the Merchants' Bank, 10.95 " " Interest on the United States ^deposit fund;;for i^the year ending February i, 1865, due from the town of Burlington, 93.39 " " Excess of liabilities of town liquor agency over assets, 40.66 " " Receipts of liquor agency since February 21, 1865, paid into the treasury of the town of Burlington, 179-76 2,444.76 Balance due from the city of Burlington to the town of South^Burlington, $ 851.53 Early Settlements. — Something concerning the early settlement of this part of the old town of Burlington having been said in the history of the city of Burlington, it will not be necessary to dwell at great length upon the inci- dents or accomplishments of the pioneers of South Burlington. One of the ■first to settle in this part of the town was John Doxie, who located on the Bar- ber place on Fourth street. John Van Sicklen, the progenitor of the present residents of that name here and in the city, came when there was but one house at the lake shore, that of Captain Gideon King, and settled on Fourth street, some distance south of Doxie, on the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Edward Van Sicklen. John Eldredge, one of the substantial men of the town in early days, was 14 686 History of Chittenden County. born in Salisbury, Conn., on the 24th of December, 1742, and removed to Burlington about the year 1800, locating on the north side of the Winooski turnpike, on the corner of Fourth street, where he kept an excellent tavern until his death, January 5, 18 13. His wife was Lydia Stoddard, a descendant of the great Stoddard family of England. Nathan Smith, 2d, married his daughter. Nathan Smith, 2d, a minute-man in the Revolution and a surveyor under Ira Allen, settled about 1787 or 1788 near Mr. Van Sicklen on Fourth street, and kept a large tavern there until about 1822, when he removed to New Ha- ven, Vt. He died in 1835. A sketch of his life appears in connection with that of his grandson, Hon. John E. Smith, in later pages of this work. Rufus Crossman was the first settler on the farm now owned and occupied by Hon. John E. Smith. He was a man of considerable prominence in town and was frequently mentioned in early records. Moses Farnsworth and brother were two quite early settlers on Dorset street. A Mr. Tousley lived on the first place south of the present farm of John E. Smith. Abel Owen lived on Fourth street just west of John Van Sicklen. E. and T. Mills were early residents immediately south of John Doxie, and went from there to Burlington, where they were engaged for a number of years as publishers of the Northern Sentinel. A Mr. Underbill occupied a log house on Dorset Street, about one mile south of the farm of John E. Smith. Stephen Lawrence was mentioned in the chapter on the city of Burlington as an early settler near the High Bridge ; Frederick Brewerton also lived near the High Bridge, and afterward erected a house on the turn- pike road, on the place now owned by Professor Petty. Two stage routes passed through the territory now comprised within the limits of South Burlington, viz. : a mail route called the Hinesburg and Mid- dlebury route, which passed along Fourth street, and the route from Burling- ton to Vergennes, which was the principal stage line, passing along Shelburne street or the Lake Road, as it is indifferently called. There have never been any prominent industries in this part of the old town, except the lime-kilns near the High Bridge, which were started early in the century by Dr. Jabez Penniman, on the other side of the river. The pres- ent proprietor of the kilns, which are now operated almost wholly on this side, is Sidney H. Weston, of Winooski, who purchased them of Robert Jackson and Alexander McGregor, severally, in 1866. Henry H. Hough has operated a soap-factory here for several years. The two principal taverns of early times were those of John Eldredge and Nathan Smith, 2d. There is no church organization in town, the residents attending services according to taste and convenience either at Burlington or some adjoining town. There is no post-office here, most of the mail being received at Burlington. The town house is the only public building except the schools, and was erect- .-/■4-/ Hvw LQyiy^^AM^ Town of Underhill. 687 ed at a cost of about three thousand dollars in 1872. At the time of the or- ganization of the town there were six school districts in the territory, which in 1872 were reduced to five, the present number, by the consolidation of two districts. Present Officers. — At the annual March meeting of the town for the year 1 886 the following officers were elected : John E. Smith, clerk and treasurer ; E. W. Brownell, Eleazer Taft, Chester H. Steele, selectmen; Anson S. Johnson, overseer of the. poor; George K. Taft, first constable and collector ; A. B. Comstock, John E. Smith, E. O. Reyn- olds, listers ; Rev. T. A. Hopkins, G. N. Slocum, H. H. Hough, auditors ; John G. Van Sicklen, trustee of the United States school fund ; E. W. Brownell, town grand juror ; George Germain, inspector of leather ; Eleazer Taft, in- spector of lumber ; John J. Enright, agent to prosecute and defend suits in which the town is interested ; Augustus Kimball, superintendent of schools ; C. H. Steele, John J. Enright, Charles A. Brownell, fence viewers. CHAPTER XXX. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OP UNDERlaiLL.i THIS is a mountainous town situated in the northeastern corner of Chitten- den county. It is bounded north by Cambridge, east by Stowe, the boundary line being the highest elevation of land on Mount Mansfield, on the south by Bolton and Jericho, and west by Jericho and Westford. It was originally granted by the governor of New Hampshire to Joseph Sackett, jr., James Sack- ett, Peter Sackett, Joseph Sackett, Edward Earle, James Jamison, Com. Law, jr., esq., Jonathan Dayton, jr., Jonathan Hazzard, Andrew Anderson, James Ander- son, John Yeats, James Sackett, Tertius, Samuel Sackett, John Sackett, David Mathews, Andrew Ten Eike, William Sackett, Joseph Savage, Daniel Voorhis, Michael Butler, Samuel Wall, Joseph Bull, Jeremiah Allen, John Freeborn, Peter Allen, William Allen, Robert Freeborn, Samuel Brown, Carey Dunn, William Sands, Benjamin Underhill, Henry Franklin, Bishop Hadley, James Horton, sen., Sylvanus Horton, Maurice Salts, Louis Rieley, James Reed, Pe- ter Ten Eike, jr., Isaac Adolphus, Samuel Judea, Myer Myers, Solomon Mar- ache, Jacob Watson, Joshua Watson, Sylvanus Dillingham, John Dillingham, WiUiam Butler, Robert Midwinter, John Midwinter, Darrick Amberman, Joseph Holmes, John Cockle, Jonathan Copeland, Uriah Woolman,''John Sears, Hon. John Temple, Theodore Atkinson, esq., Mark H. G. Wentworth, Dr. John Hale, Maj. Samuel Hale. The charter was dated June 8, 1765, for which the sum of 1 Prepared by J. J. Monahan. 688 History of Chittenden County. $230.40 was paid. The original township contained thirty-six square miles, to which was annexed in November, 1839, about twelve square miles from the town of Mansfield. The original proprietors were warned to meet at the dwelling house of Captain Abraham Underbill, at Dorset, then in the county of Bennington, on the I2th day of September, 1785. The warning was issued by John Shum- way, justice of the peace. Major Gideon Ormsby was chosen moderator, and Timothy Bliss clerk. It was voted to make a division of the township in lots of one hundred acres to each right, with an allowance of four acres to each lot for highways, and the lots to be 160 rods long and 104 rods wide. Nathaniel Mallary, Augustin Underbill, and Captain Thomas Barney were appointed a committee for that purpose, with power to select a suitable surveyor. On the nth of November, 1785, the committee made a report which was accepted, and that survey constituted the first division of town lots. On the 13th day of January, 1790, a second meeting of the proprietors was held at the house of Thaddeus Munson, of Manchester, in the county of Bennington. Augustin Underbill was elected moderator and Daniel Ormsby clerk. It was voted to make a second division of lots of one hundred acres each in said township, from the best part of the undivided land, and Major Gideon Ormsby, Augustin Underbill and Captain Thomas Barney were ap- pointed a committee for that purpose. This committee reported on the 9th day of November, 1790. On the 14th of February, 1803, a meeting of the pro- prietors was held at the dwelling house of David Birge, on the premises now owned by John Woodruff, in Underbill. Captain Daniel Clark was elected moderator, and Barnard Ward clerk, and Luther Dix collector. At this meet- ing William Barney was chosen to run out the third division of town lots, and on the fourth Monday of December, 1803, the survey made by him was adopted. The first settlers in this town were Elijah Benedict and Abner Eaton in 1786. Mr. Eaton located in North Underbill and resided there to the time of his death. The first deed executed in town was from Thomas Barney to Caleb Sheldon, and dated August 25, 1789. The first child born in town was Nancy Sheldon, daughter of Caleb Sheldon, on the 20th of September, 1787. Town meetings were held in North Underbill from 1794 to 1832. Here were located a church, tavern, store, and school-house. The school-house was built in 1787, and the church in 1804. WiUiam Barney was elected the first town repre- sentative in 1794. Colonel Udney Hay represented the town from 1798 to 1804, and was one of the Council of Censors in 1806, at the time of his death. He was a Scotcliman, and was highly educated ; whether he resided in Ver- mont prior to settling in this town is unknown. It appears from the State pa- pers of 1780 that Colonel Udney Hay, then department commissary-general for the Northern Department of the Continental army, had made application to Governor Chittenden to obtain supplies for the troops of this department. Town of Underhill. 689 His communications were submitted by the governor to a committee of the council, and after the same were fully considered the committee made a report on the 2d of November, 1780, by its chairman, Matthew Lyon, stating " that they have examined said papers, and also conferred with Colonel Hay thereon, and find that he is appointed by the Continental commissary-general to purchase provisions in the New Hampshire grants;'' " and that it is the opinion of your committee, that Colonel Hay by coming to this State and making application to the Legislature thereof, has missed his instructions;" "and that it is further the opinion of your committee that (considering the embarrassment the State lies under), with regard to the claims of other States, and the jurisdiction as- sumed over it ; considering also the large supply of provisions already granted for the troops to be in the service of the State the year ensuing ; should we suppose this State could be called the New Hampshire grants (which is by no means admissible), the Legislature of this State ought not to undertake to sup- ply Colonel Hay with the beef required. Signed, M. LYON, Chairman." Nevertheless Colonel Hay was not prevented from buying beef and other supplies. He is described in Vol. II, Governor and Council, as a " gentleman and imposing man, rather of the Matthew Lyon cast." " He was opposed to the constitution and to the administration of Washington and John Adams, and continued to the end a politician." He settled in this town at the close of the Revolutionary War, on the farm now owned by Thomas Jackson. His last resting place is unknown, but is supposed to be in the cemetery at North Underhill. George Olds, Caleb Sheldon, Barnard Ward, David Birge, Oliver Wells, and Chauncey Graves were Revolutionary soldiers. Elijah Birge was a cap- tain of a militia company raised here, that formed a part of the regiment com- manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Luther Dixon at Plattsburgh in 1813. Colonel Dixon was one of the early settlers. He possessed great strength physically, and was noted as a brave and resolute man. While his command was at Plattsburgh, Governor Martin Chittenden issued a proclamation ordering the militia back to Vermont, which was dated at MontpeHer, November 10, 1813, and dispatched an agent to the camp at Plattsburgh to distribute the same. Colonel Dixon looked upon it as an attempt to incite insubordination in the camp, and ordered that the agent be flogged, which was properly done by a de- tail from Captain Birge's company. On the 15th of November an answer was drawn up and signed by Colonel Dixon and all of the officers in his command, and duly forwarded to the governor.^ Coming from troops in the service, in the history of that war cannot be found a similar communication to the gov- ernor of any other State. [The extracts from this answer, given by Mr. Mon- ahan, we take the liberty of omitting, as both documents appear in full in pre- vious pages. — Ed.] 1 See Chapter VII, which contains a copy of this proclamation and the answer of the troops. 690 History of Chittenden County. Colonel Dixon, after his return home, was sued for causing the arrest of the governor's agent at Plattsburgh on that occasion, and was compelled to pay $1,000 in settlement of the matter. Afterward two or three attempts were made in the Legislature to reimburse him, but without success. George Marsh had the matter before Congress at the time of Colonel Dixon's death, but no definite action was taken on it. He held many important offices in this town, and was liked by all who knew him. He went to live in Milton in 1 834, and died there in December, 1846, at which place he was buried. Three of his sons are now living, L. M. Dixon, proprietor of the Dixon House at Underhill, a noted summer resort. Dr. L. J. Dixon, of Milton, one of the most prominent phy- sicians of Northern Vermont, and Judge L. S. Dixon, of Madison, Wis., one of the judges of the Supreme Court of that State for sixteen years ; and one daughter, Susan Bostwick, of Jericho, wife of I. C. Bostwick. Elijah Benedict, born in New Bedford, Conn., in 1741, came to Pawlet be- fore the Revolution, but, sympathizing with the king, his property was confis- cated, and he was obliged to flee to Canada, where he remained until after peace was declared, and in 1786 came to Underhill, and located on the farm now owned by George H. Benedict. Jonas Humphrey came from Genesee county, N. Y., at an early day, and settled upon the farm lately owned by N. Story. He married Caroline Dixon, daughter of Captain Jared Dixon, one of the first settlers in town. His son, D. C. Humphrey, still resides here, and is eighty-two years old. Adam Hurlbut, from Roxbury, Conn., settled upon the farm now owned by Charles Prior and C. L. Graver, in 1789. He subsequently made the first settlement on thefarm lately owned by his grandson. Wait Hurlburt. Eli Hurlburt, a veteran of the War of 1812, was one of the first settlers in Westford. Afterward he removed to this town and located on the farm now owned by his son, J. R. Woodrufif. The deed to him was from Abner Eaton, and dated June 13, 1791. He died, aged seventy-nine, on the farm now owned by his daughter, Mary A. Woodrufif. Caleb Sheldon was born at East Hartford, Conn., in 1756, came to Under- hill in 1788, located on a farm now owned by his daughter, Mary S. Sheldon, where he died about 1800. Jason Rogers, born in Connecticut, came to Underhill in 1800, and settled on the farm now owned by Charles E. Truell, and lived there until his death. His son, Abial Rogers, also came from Connecticut and located on the farm now owned by the estate of the late Deacon Z. W. Church, in i8o8, where he carried on the business of saddler for several years, at which place he died, aged eighty-four. H. A. Rogers, son of Abial, now resides on the farm form- erly owned by John Story, at which place he is doing business as a harness- maker. Chauncey Graves came from Salisbury and made the first settlement on r:^-- - -: '%^7^t2< Town of Underhill. 691 the farm now owned by his grandson, Tyler M. Graves. Ira, son of Chauncey and father of Tyler M., was five years old when he came here, and remained on this farm until his death, May 8, 1877, aged eighty-two years. Isaac J. Bourn came to Underhill from Jericho in 18 16, and purchased the farm now owned by Alvah Martin at Underhill Center, and lived there until he died. Captain N. M. Hanaford was born at Enfield, N. H., in 1791, and moved to this town at an early date, and always lived near Underhill Center up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1862, aged seventy-one years. He served as fifer and also as drum-major in the War of 18 12. Martin Mead came from Rutland in 1807, and located on the farm now owned by Seth W. Mead. He had a family of ten children, three of whom are now living here, Martin, Seth W., and Simeon M. Mead. Asa Church came from Vershire in 1808 and located on the farm now owned by Thomas Reeves. After subsequent changes he finally located on the farm now owned by Cyrus Prior at Underhill Center, where he died at the age of eighty-four years. He had a family of twelve children, but none of them is now living. Joshua Martin was born in Goffstown, N. H., and came here in 18 19, loca- ting on the farm now owned by James Sheehy, at Underhill Center. Timothy Burdick came from Rhode Island, enhsted in the regular army in 18 1 2, served five years, and after he was discharged located in Underhill, clear- ing up the farm now owned by Martin Flynn, on what is known as the Irish Settlement road, at that time a wilderness. He was a man of energy and determination, for no other would have attacked a wilderness to lay out a farm, and be as successful as he was. He died at Underhill Center in 1875, aged eighty- five years, and was buried in the cemetery at Underhill. Two of his daughters reside at Underhill Center, and a son. Dr. A. F. Burdick, went to California in 1849, resided there for three years, and returned to Underhill, where he has resided ever since. He is a successful practitioner, and has ad- ministered to the wants of the people in this and adjoining towns about thirty years. The principal villages sixty years ago were North Underhill, Underhill and Underhill Center, and ranked in size in the order named. The oldest person living in town is Ira Dickinson. He served a term of enlistment in the regu- lar army prior to 1812, and was one of the volunteers from this town who went to Plattsburgh and participated in that battle. He is a pensioner, and is now (1886) ninety-two years of age. He has a splendid memory, and loves to converse and relate incidents which transpired before and during the war. The manufactures in Underhill in early times were very limited. In 1825 Tower & Oaks built a starch factory, run by a steam-engine often horse 692 History of Chittenden County. power. From that time to 1850 they manufactured large quantities of starch, and a number of other mills were built, but they have all gone to decay. Several saw- mills have been operated in town, which supplied the wants of the people up to the time of the opening of the Burlington and Lamoille Railroad, which took place in 1877. Five miles of the railroad bed is in this town. From that time to the present there has been a great demand for lumber here, and, as a consequence, one water-power and three steam mills have been put in operation, requiring a force during the busy part of the season of about 250 men to supply and operate them. Three of these mills manufacture clap- boards and one shingles. Nearly five millions of feet of lumber were shipped from the railroad station here during the past year. Underbill relies on agri- culture more than manufacturing. It is a fine town for dairy purposes, ship- ping each year about 60,000 pounds of butter. During the last season L. F. Terrill & Son shipped 15,000 bushels of potatoes from this station. Under- bill is not a wealthy town, but may be classed as a prosperous farming com- munity. It is purely rural, possessing good land and on the whole the finest scenery in Vermont. Two valleys traverse it north and south, and one east and west. It has a natural observatory on Mount Mansfield, the highest point of land in Vermont, affording a view that is probably unsurpassed by any in New England. The altitude of Mount Mansfield is 4,389 feet. It exceeds the highest of the Catskills. Imagination has pictured out the upturned face of a giant, showing the forehead, nose, lips and chin. About one- third of the dis- tance from the nose to the chin may be seen drift scratches upon the rocks, and the identical rock that formed them — two bowlders of about thirty and forty feet in circumference, lying near by, deposited there from icebergs that passed over when the lofty peaks of Mansfield were beneath the ocean. Brown's River rises on the side of Mount Mansfield, flowing in a westerly di- rection through Underbill and Jericho, uniting with Winooski River in Essex. The schools of this town are managed on the district system and divided into fourteen districts, having an attendance of about four hundred pupils and at an average yearly cost of about $1,600. There were two academies, the Bell Institute, located at Underbill, and the Green Mountain Academy, located at Underbill Center, that were once flourishing schools, each having about one hundred scholars; but the old-fashioned Vermont academy has gone. It evi- dently received its death-blow from the State Normal Schools, in other words, the old academies, scattered all over Vermont, have been legislated out of ex- istence. So to-day a person so poor that he cannot afford to send his children away to school must be contented with what little can be learned in the dis- trict schools. Education cannot be as good in general as it was when nearly every town had its old-fashioned academy. Vermont now enjoys the privi- lege of class education ; that is, those who can maintain their children away at school have an advantage they did not possess in the old academy. It is true Town of Underhill. 693 the education of to-day is more aristocratic, but is the State as well off as when children all stood equal as far as opportunity went, in the old academy ? The following were college graduates from Underhill : Elon O. Martin, who settled as a Presbyterian minister in Lowndes county, Ala., at which place he died ; Charles Parker, Congregational minister, who died a few years ago at Waterbury ; Wm. Richmond, for several years principal of the High School at St. Albans ; Henry Thorp, a teacher in CaHfornia the last fifteen years ; Ebin Birge, Congregational minister, who has recently died in Chicago ; Gay H. Naramore is a lawyer in New York city ; Frank Farrell is a lawyer at Fort Dodge, Iowa ; Seneca Haselton, lawyer, and has been city judge at Burling- ton for ten years; Frank Woodruff, Congregational minister, and now pro- fessor at Andover Theological Seminary; Charles Dunton, Methodist Episcopal clergyman, now principal of the Troy Conference Academy at Poultney ; E. H. Lane, lawyer at Mamatte, Minn.; C. G. Church, real estate agency at Watertown, Dakota. Lawyers have never succeeded in this community. In 1821 a young man named Bacon tried to practice law here for a short time, but gave it up and left the town. Sawyer & Beardsley stayed longer, but were not successful. Others have located here, but have not found it a good place to practice. The people of Underhill never had much litigation. Physicians have had better success. Among the physicians who lived in this town, now dead, were Hiram G. Bene- dict, A. C. Welch, H. Burroughs, Samuel Dow, Jesse May, and G. W. Roberts, at Underhill Center. A. Y. Burdick and W. S. Nay are the physicians who are now in practice here. Ecclesiastical History. — The Congregational Church was organized in the town in December, 1801, by Rev. Ebenezer Kingsbury, of Jericho. The orig- inal members were Adam Hurlburt, James Dixon, George Olds, Carey Mead, Herman Prior, John Coleman, Daniel Clark, Eleanor Dixon, Judette Mead, Abigail Birge, Rachel Ward, Lydia Dixon, Permit Prior, and Veelea Mead. Rev. James Parker, who was ordained in 1803, was the first settled minister. Rev. Simeon Parmelee, who died at Oswego, N. Y., aged one hundred years and six months, officiated in this church for many years. Its membership now numbers about one hundred. Rev. J. K. Williams is the present pastor. St. Thomas (Roman Catholic) Church is located at Underhill Center. The church edifice was built in 1856. Rev. Thomas Lynch was the first, and Rev. J. Galigan is the present pastor. Its dimensions are thirty-two feet by ninety feet. The organization has about one thousand members. The Freewill Baptist Church, located at Underhill Center, was organized in 1836 by Elders S. D. Keneston, and J. E. Davis, with twenty members, Elder Davis acting as their pastor. The church has a seating capacity for 250 persons, and was built in union with the Methodist Society in 1850. It has no settled pastor at present. 694 History of Chittenden County. There are two stores at Underbill Center, one owned by D. L. Terrill, and the other by G. A. Terrill ; and two stores at Underhill, both owned and man- aged by L. F. and George E. Terrill, under the firm name of L. F. Terrill & Son. All of these stores are doing a flourishing business. The Custar House at Underhill, T. S. Whipple, proprietor, and the Moun- tain House at Underhill Center, G. W. Woodruff, proprietor, are model hotels, and furnish the best of accommodations to the traveling public. Cyrus Birge was the first postmaster, receiving his appointment in 1825. The office was then at North Underhill. There are now three post-offices, with the following postmasters: North Underhill, F. J. Robinson; Underhill, J. J. Monahan; Underhill Center, Samuel Davitt. The town has no organized fire department. In the War of the Rebellion Underhill is credited by the adjutant-general of Vermont with furnishing one hundred and fifty-seven men as having en- tered the service. Only six men were drafted during the war, in this town. Soldiers from here served in nearly all the Vermont regiments, batteries and companies of sharpshooters. Twenty-one went in the Thirteenth Vermont Volunteers — all in Company F. Of the one hundred and fifty-seven men twenty-four now live in the town. Those of the rest who are not dead are scattered, many far away. In a few years all will be gone. L. H. Bostwick Post No. 69, G. A. R., was organized December 12, 1883, by the old soldiers from this town, Jericho and Westford. The post was named after Lieutenant Lucius H. Bostwick, of Company F, Thirteenth Reg- iment Vermont Volunteers, who died in Washington, D. C, in 1863, and has on its rolls the names of seventy-eight men. The first officers were L. F. Ter- rill, P. C. ; J. J. Monahan, S. V. ; W. W. Wheeler, J. V. ; A. C. Humphrey, adj. ; A. W. Terrill, Q.-M. ; A. F. Burdick, surg. ; F. D. Gilson, chap. ; W. H. Hilton, O. D. ; William Burroughs, O. G. The present officers are J. J. Monahan, P. C. ; F. D. Gilson, S. D. ; William Burroughs, J. D ; P. D. Mathews, adj. ; S. M. Palmer, Q.-M. ; S. A. Wright, chap. ; A. F. Burdick, surg. ; J. Lessor, O. D. ; A. H. Sherman, O. G. Custer Camp No. 7, Vermont Division, Sons of Veterans, was mustered here February 7, 1884, and the first officers were George E. Terrill, captain ; H. L. Colgrove, first lieutenant ; F. S. Palmer, second lieutenant. The pres- ent officers are H. L. Colgrove, captain ; H. H. Hale, first lieutenant ; F. S. Palmer, second lieutenant. There are fifty-seven members, all uniformed and armed the same as the National Guard, and well drilled. The headquarters Vermont Division Sons of Veterans are in this town, having the following di- vision officers: Colonel, George E. Terrill, Underhill ; lieutenant- colonel, John E. Fox, Burlington ; major, Orvice B. Leonard, Brattleboro ; chaplain, E. T. Griswold, Bennington ; adjutant, Fred E. Terrill, Underhill ; Q.-M., H. L. Colgrove, Underhill ; insp., P. C. Abbott, St. Johnsbury ; must, officer, J. M. Nash, Middlebury; judge advocate, Henry Barrows, Brandon. Town of Westford. 695 L. H. Bostwick, W. R. C. No. 19, was organized March 15, 1886, with Susie A. Terrill, president ; Mary C. Burdick, S. V. ; Helen Humphrey, J. V. ; Hattie L. Palmer, secretary ; Maria C. Luselle, treasurer ; Helen Wright, ■chap. ; Lucy J. Prior, con. ; Estelle Morehouse, ass't. ; Amanda McDaniels, guard ; Mary Lessor, ass't ; with some twenty members. Thus it will be seen that the soldier element of Underbill, while enjoying the blessings of peace, has every means of enjoyment, as well as the opportunity of recalling the stir- ring memories of days long gone. In conclusion, many things could have been said of as much interest to our people, for the subject cannot be exhausted, as what I have already written ; but time and space forbid. It is a very difficult thing to always procure accu- rate information on the subjects embraced where records are defective, and errors may appear in what I have written. If so, I hope the same will be overlooked, for they are not intentional. CHAPTER XXXI. HISTORY OP THE TOWN OF WESTFORD. WESTFORD, lying in the northern tier of towns in Chittenden county, is bounded north by Fairfax, in Franklin county, east by Underhill, south by Essex, and west by Milton. In surface the town is irregular and moun- tainous, resting upon a portion of the western slope of the Green Mountains, and fortunately possesses all the beauties which attract the sight-seer and the lover of nature, without lacking the qualities of soil and surface which tickle the utilitarian tastes of the farmer ; there is little waste land in Westford. From many of the more elevated portions of the town may be obtained glimpses of Lake Champlain, the blue arena encompassed by a mighty amphitheatre of mountains, while away to the east rises the majestic and noiseless Mansfield, more than four thousand feet above sea level. The farms in Westford are usually well cultivated — a fact which needs no proof beyond the statement that few towns, if any, in Vermont have so evenly-distributed wealth. There are few paupers, few people who are not able to provide for themselves and those who are under their care, and not many who may be termed wealthy. Most would be deemed well to do. The soil is various in composition. Through the center of the town clay preponderates, in the east and west a rich gravelly loam prevails, while to the north the soil is light and sandy. The town is well irrigated by springs and streams. Brown's River, the principal water- course, having a general northerly direction through the central part of the territory. Beaver Brook, fed by several small tributaries, flows north 696 History of Chittenden County. through the northwestern part of the town. To the southwest Hes a small body of water, naturally called Westford Pond, covering about ten acres. The land was originally covered with a dense growth of forest trees, hemlock, beech and maple being found in greatest abundance, though spruce, birch, elm and ash were not wanting. Pine was also plentiful, its forests covering the whole of the sandy plains in the northern part of the town. The township was chartered by King George III, through his faithful and energetic representative. Governor Benning Wentworth, of New Hampshire, on the 8th of June, 1763. As in most of the towns in Northern Vermont, the grantees are not known to have ever visited their property, but to have sub- jected it to immediate sale in accordance with their views of legitimate specu- lation. Their names were as follows : Henry Franklin, Jacob Watson, Joshua Watson, Sylvester Dillingham, John Dillingham, William Butler, Underbill Horton, John Midwinter, Robert Mid- winter, Derrick Amberman, Joseph Holmes, Joseph Sackett, jr., James Sack- ett, jr., Peter Sackett, Joseph Sackett, James Jamison, Cornelius Law, jr., Jon- athan Dayton, jr., Jonathan Hazard, Andrew Anderson, James Anderson, John Yeats, Isaac Sears, jr., Gilbert Bloomer, Joshua Bloomer, James Bloomer, Gilbert Bloomer, jr., Henry Law, Andrew Law, John Finglass, James Finglass, Wm.Thomson.Wm. Thomson, jr., Michael Huffnal, Benj. Underbill, Uriah Wool- man, Jonathan Coupland, Joseph Jacobs, James Sackett, Samuel Sackett, John Sackett, John Sears, David Mathews, esq., Andrew Ten Eike, jr., esq., William Sackett, Lewis Brockley, James Reid, Peter Ten Eike, Isaac Adolphus, Samuel Judea, Samuel Wall, Joseph Savage, Michael Butler, Isaac Sears, Jasper Drake, David Dickson, Myer Myers, Solomon Morachs, John Ryner Dickson, David Dickson, jr., esq,, Hon. Richard Wibird, esq., John Downing, esq., Daniel War- ner, esq., Major Joseph Smith, Howard Henderson. Many of the proprietors- of this town were grantees also of Underbill, a fact which plainly reveals their original intentions of selling instead of settling the land granted to them by the grace of his majesty. Westford Center, situated as its name indicates, in the central part of the town, is the only village in town. The river here affords the best of mill privileges, which induced a class of manufacturers to come to Westford at an early day. The first settlement was made on the site of the village by Elisha, Baker in 1795. who erected and operated a saw- mill on the river. Soon after Joshua Stanton built a forge and grist-mill in the near vicinity, which naturally lent an impetus to settlement and enterprise. Previous to this event the settlers traveled long distances over almost impassable roads, and in some in- stances through trackless forests to mill, and were content to abide in houses- not made of boards. The forge made a good quality of iron from ore taken from the mines in Colchester, mixed with a harder quality from the State of New York, which was boated to Burlington, and carted thence to Westford. Xlv Q^y-ii^'v.^^^ jg/' Town of Westford. 697 Notwithstanding the fact that the expense of carting the ore through forest and over hill such a distance reduced the profit to a minimum, it gave employ- ment to a number of workmen, so much so that another forge was soon built, at a point about one hundred rods lower down the river, not far from the pres- ent grist-mill. The first mills and the first forge soon came into the hands of Luke Camp, who worked them up to the time of his death, about 1809 or 1 8 10. About this time the business was suspended, as the Colchester ore gave out. John Keeler and Joseph Weed, of Essex, who owned lands adjoining the dam at the forge, sued the widow of Luke Camp on the ground that the dam injured their lands, and prevailed, the result being the removal of the dam. Mrs. Camp then built another dam farther down the river, nearly back of the present site of the Baptist Church edifice, and there erected a grist-mill. The position was unfortunate, however, and she soon sold the property to Colonel Danforth Wales and Henry Miles, who shortly after built the present grist-mill. The first settler in town was Hezekiah Parmelee, uncle to the Rev. Simeon Parmelee, D.D., so long a prominent divine in the State, who came in 1787. Others soon began to come, mostly from Massachusetts, who took up land in the southern part of the town, and were shortly after increased in numbers by the arrival of two parties, one from New Hampshire, settling in the northeast part of the town, and the other from Rhode Island, settling in the northwest. The first merchant in town was Jeremiah Stone, grandfather of Alney Stone, a sketch of whose life appears in later pages of this wbrk. Jeremiah Stone came from Rhode Island in the early history of Westford, with his father, Thomas, then an old man, and his family, among whom was Allen Stone, afterwards a prominent citizen of this town, and opened a store at his home about one and a half miles south of the present dwelling house of Alney Stone. He was also the first representative of the town in the State Legisla- ture. Before 1793 Levi and Joel Farnsworth settled here, the latter occupy- ing the same site now occupied by the dwelling house of Alney Stone, and the former living near him. Jeremiah Stone became wealthy, was prominent in all the walks of life, and died respected in 1826. His son Allen died in 1858. Frederick Cook reached Westford about 1787, and settled in the east- ern part of the town, on the farm now occupied by Philo T. Irish, where he built a log house, and remained until his death in 1829. Of his ten children, Frederick, jr., Hved in town until his death in 1877. Anson B., son of Fred- erick, jr., lives here now. David Macomber settled in the southern part of the town at an early day, on the place now owned by Thomas B. Tyler, where he built a log house and Hved in it, it is said, for a time with only one side of the roof covered. He died May 14, 1863, aged seventy-nine years. He had a family of ten children. Jacob Macomber was another early settler on the place now occupied by his son Francis. He was a justice of the peace many years, constable twelve 698 History of Chittenden County. consecutive years, and a soldier of the War of 18 12. He died in 1867, aged eighty-one years. His widow still survives him at a good old age. Daniel Macomber came here from Chesterfield, Mass., in 18 10, and estab- lished his home on the farm now occupied by Lyman W. Irish. Four of his brothers and one sister came soon after, and all settled in the central part of the town. The descendants of these families are now many in Westford. James McClure came from New Hampshire very early and settled about one mile north of the farm now_ occupied by his son Daniel W. He had twelve children. Timothy Morgan was an early settler near Westford Center. He died at the age of eighty years. Of his large family of children, one, Timothy L., is still a resident of town. Darius Varney, from Massachusetts, was an early settler in the western part of the town, and afterwards lived on Osgood Hill in the southeastern part. He was one of the original nine members of the Congregational Church. His son, Darius, jr., came to Westford with him, and died in town in 1878, aged eighty-two years. Martin Powell, an early settler from Manchester, Vt, died in town in 1800. Reuben Burdick, from Rhode Island, came early to Westford, and settled near the present residence of Cassius H. Cobb. He was one of the first mem- bers of the Baptist Church, and died here in 1842, aged sixty- seven years. Elijah Burdick, son of an English sea captain, and a native of Rhode Island, came to Westford before 1790, from New York State. On the 30th of January, 1790, Nathaniel, one of his several children, was born, and in 1815 he married Mary Benjamin, from New York, and removed to Ira, Vt He died in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1863. His son. Dr. J. L. F. Burdick, a sketch of whose life appears in this volume, now lives at Winooski. Job Bates came from Connecticut to Westford in 1796, and settled on the farm in the southern part of the town, now owned by George Stevens. He reared a family of twelve children, all of whom arrived at maturity, and five of whom are now living, the eldest child now residing on Colchester Point, aged about ninety-three years. His grandson, Luther M., has been a merchant in Westford about fifteen years, twelve of which he has served as town clerk. Thomas Rogers, from Barre, Mass., settled in February, 1797, on the farm now owned by his son, Artemas P. He was the^ father of seven children. He was killed in 1830 by the premature discharge of a blast Alvin Henry, still living in Westford, who was present at the ordination of the first minister in town, Simeon Parmelee, in 1808, lived for more than eighty years, and until recently on the place owned by Alvah S. Holmes. Manasset Osgood, who died in 1855, at the age of eighty-one years, was born in Barre, Mass., in 1774, and came to Westford in 1798, settling on what has ever since been known as Osgood Hill. There he raised a family of thir- Town of Westford. 699 teen children. His grandson, Reuben Osgood, now occupies the old home- stead. Benjamin F. Beach, who was born in Westford on the 26th of January, 1800, still lives with his son George. He has been an enterprising man in the town, and can distinctly remember most of the historical happenings of the last eighty years in the county and State. Manley Holmes came to Westford from Brookfield, Mass., in 1803, and made his settlement on the farm now owned by Myron Holmes. He took Sarah Howe to wife, and had a family of eight children, of whom four, War- ren, Manley, Myron, and Adam, are now living here. Moses Ruggles was an early settler in the western part of the town, where he died in 1839. His son, Elihu H., still resides in town. Thomas Atwood came from New Hampshire in 1803, and settled in the eastern part of the town. He had a family of six children. Horatio Allen settled about 1 818 on the farm now owned by his son George W. He held most of the town offices, and died on the 6th of No- vember, 1 880, leaving several children. William Weaver came to this town from Rutland county in 1802 and set- tled where his grandson, William, now lives. His father served with the Hes- sians during the Revolutionary War, but discovering his mistake, deserted and served seven years with the colonial troops in Massachusetts. David Castle came to Westford in 1803 and settled on the farm now owned by his grandson, Solon E. Of his family of eleven children, all lived to be more than seventy years of age. Deacon Jonas Hobart came from New Hampshire in 1 804, and settled in the eastern part of the town, on the farm now owned by Lucius Irish. He was a public-spirited man and served the town as justice of the peace, repre- sentative, and in other capacities. He died in 1880, aged ninety-five years. Seven of his nine children are now living. Josephus Whipple, who was postmaster here eleven years and acted in other public offices, came to this town in 1 807, and settled about half a mile north of the Center, on the place now in the hands of his son Edwin B. Artemas Allen came to Westford in 1 8 1 8 and settled on the place now owned by his son William E. He took an active part in town affairs, being the repre- sentative of Westford in the Legislative sessions 1839, 1840, 1849 and 1850. He died in 1863, aged sixty-eight years. Eli Woodruff was born in Great Barrington, Mass., on Christmas Day in 1792, and in 1802 came to Westford with his father and family, Shubal Wood- ruff, who died in 1808. EH lived in Westford during his earlier years and bore an honorable part in the War of 18 12. He afterward removed to Underbill, Vt., where he has descendants still living, among them being his son, John Woodruff, a sketch of whose life appears in this work. John Parker removed in 1837 to the farm now owned and occupied by his 700 History of Chittenden County. son Seymour J. For a sketch of the hfe of Mr. Parker see the later pages of this work. Westfordin the Early Wars. — This town being too far north to have been thickly settled before the War of the Revolution, has no tradition of feats of broil and battle to relate concerning her part in that memorable struggle for independence. But many of the early settlers had borne their share of the hardships and dangers of that war, among them being Captain James Taylor, George Chase, John Lawrence, Benjamin Wilmont, Simeon Hooker, who at- tained the age of more than a hundred years, George Northway, John Macom- ber, Josiah Woodruff, Solomon Hobart, George Thrasher, Jesse Atwood, Gid- eon Dixon, Samuel French, and Samuel Moore, who also served in the French and Indian War. During the War of 1812 Captain James Taylor raised a company, most of which was formed from this town, whose names were as follows : Captain James Taylor, Seymour Powell, lieutenant, Daniel Dodge, ensign, Elijah Richardson, Ziba Wood, Seth Cookman, sergeants ; William Smalley, Luther Beal, William C. West, and Seth Scott, corporals ; Heath Wells, drum- mer ; Asa Allis, Andrew Baker, Ebenezer Bellows, Jacob Brewer, S. Brews- ter, Luther Case, James Cox, Moses Davis, Ralph Elwood, Joseph Ellsworth, Joshua Evans, Joseph Fleming, Jonathan Fisk, David Griswold, Samuel Greg- ory, Thomas M. Griffin, Enos Grout, Simon Higgins, Stickney Hodgkins, Man- ley Holmes, Charles Hector, Andrew Hurlburt, David McCoy, Johnson Piatt, Zack Kenney, Levi Nichols, Peter S. Oben, Soule Rice, Samuel K. Roberts, L Shattuck, Samuel Boynton, Giles Taylor, Chandler Ward, Jeffrey Worsson, Hiram Webster, Joseph Webster, Robert Wilkins, John Woodworth, Romanty Woodruff, Samuel Wright. Captain Jonas Hobart had a company at the Bat- tle of Plattsburgh, among its members being from this town, Allen Stone, Freeman Chase, Jacob Macomber, Frederick Austin, Friend Beeman and War- ren Burdick. Other soldiers in this war, from Westford were Henry Wood- ruff, Nathan Caswell, Samuel R. Robinson, Welcome Chattington, Moses Ruggles, Aldrich Worley, Haskell French, Sanford Pratt, Heman Pratt, Mar- tin Bates, Appollas Partridge, as sergeant, William Bowman, Amos Taylor, Eh Woodruff, Edwin Sibley, Parmer Richardson, as orderly-sergeant, Owen Northway, Russell Woodruff, Charles Hapgood, Elmore Hapgood, Jared Fris- bie, Ira Frisbie, Silas Morse, Levi Nutting, Daniel Richardson, Thomas Rich- ardson, Asa Richardson, Freeman Hoyt, Julius Hoyt, Josiah Hilton, Aaron Parker, Lemuel French, as fifer, Timothy Burdick, and Foster Taylor. Samuel R. Robinson died only a short time since, in 1880. The widows of Jacob Macomber and Martin Bates, only, are now drawing pensions. During the last war the town furnished 105 soldiers, many of whom re-enlisted. Town Organization, ctc.—Th^ town was organized and first meeting held at the dwelling house of John Seeley, March 25, 1793, at which Francis North- cX-^^e-l/'^^^L^ Town of Westford. 701 way was chosen moderator, to govern the meeting, and Martin Powell elected town clerk ; John Seeley, Levi Farnsworth, and Shubael Woodruff, selectmen ; John Seeley, treasurer ; Ebenezer Burdick, constable ; Peter Neels, second constable ; John Seeley, Levi Farnsworth, and Francis Northway, listers ; Peter Neels, collector of taxes ; Francis Northway, leather sealer ; David Knowles, grand juror ; and Steven Johnson and Elias Crandall, pound-keep- ers. The first justice was Jeremiah Stone, who was also the first representa- tive, chosen to both offices in 1793. The first physician was Dr. Rice, who removed to Canada after a short residence here. The first postmaster was William P. Richardson. The first death recorded is that of Susannah Balch, April 27, 1795, though we believe the first death of an adult was that of Silas Beach, who was killed by the falling of a tree, July 4, 1796. The first marriage was that of Amos Balch and Betsey Jervis, December 10, 1792. The first birth on record is that of Althea Nells, March 20, 1795. The early settlers of Westford were more afflicted than the average num- ber of pioneers with litigation and controversy with respect to their title to the land to which they supposed they had a right. The earliest proprietors' rec- ords are not accessible if they are in existence. The first warning found in the records now in possession of the town clerk was signed at Burlington, January 20, 1802, by William Coit, justice of the peace, and advertised the future hold- ing of a meeting at the house of David Haselton (said to be the great-grand- father of Seneca Haselton, now a prominent lawyer in Burlington), in Westford. David Haselton lived on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Milo E. Has- elton. At this meeting, March 16, 1802, John Seeley was chosen moderator, Martin Powell, who hved on the place now occupied by George Rice, about two miles southwest from Westford Center, was chosen proprietors' clerk, and "immediately sworn to the faithful discharge of the office by Martin Chitten- den, chief judge of the County Court." Martin Chittenden was then elected collector. It seems that the object of this and subsequent meetings was to ex- amine the first proprietors' records, with a view to impeaching their validity as muniments of title. Thaddeus Tuttle, a wealthy merchant of Burlington, who owned vast tracts of land all through Northern Vermont, especially in Shel- burne, Essex and Westford, Colonel Udney Hay, a prominent citizen of Un- derbill, and a number of others, including, probably, Martin Chittenden himself, claimed several parcels of land in this town under what was known as " Ives's vendue," a somewhat uncertain origin of title to large amounts of land throughout the State, which the courts usually sustained because of its tech- nical conformity to law. Theij claim conflicted with those presented by other persons, who apparently reHed upon their purchase direct from the original proprietors. It therefore became necessary to impeach the proceedings of the proprietors as illegal, which, from all that can be gathered, might easily have been done. At this meeting Colonel Udney Hay, Thaddeus Tuttle and Mar- 45 702 History of Chittenden County. tin Chittenden were appointed a committee to " examine the proprietors' records." A vote was then passed without discussion, allowing Thaddeus Tuttle the right of " pitching one hundred and four acres," and another giving Colonel Hay the right of pitching fifty-two acres. The next meeting was held on the first Monday of June, 1804, at the same place. Captain Joshua Stanton being chosen moderator of the meeting, and David Haselton clerk. Among those who were present at this time was John Fay, a prominent lawyer of Bur- lington. The principal vote of this meeting was to confirm Mr. Tuttle and Colonel Hay in their " pitches." The committee appointed at the previous meeting to examine the former proprietors' records, made a report substan- tially to the following effect : They found a warning for a proprietors' meeting dated July 30, 1785, to be holden on the 12th of the next September. Nathan Smith was the old pro- prietors' clerk. Another meeting was held on the loth of November, 1785, at which Timothy Bliss was clerk. The committee reported this to be illegal, as there was nothing in the records to show that Nathan Smith had been dis- missed from the clerkship ; that there seemed, therefore, to be two clerks act- ing at the same time, and that the records did not disclose whether or not they were either of them sworn according to law. No other meeting was held, as they found, until October 29, 1789, when a meeting was called for one pur- pose, of several, " of quieting the settlers." The record of this meeting was also technically erroneous, the officers not being recorded as sworn according to law. The conclusion was that the former proprietors' meetings were void and fraudulent, and that the omissions were intentional, no one daring to take the oath prescribed by law. The committee prevailed. Such is a brief account of the early history of this vigorous little moun- tain town. Notwithstanding its independence as an agricultural township, it is what may be termed self-supporting in its manufacturing and mercantile in- terests, depending very little on other towns for any of the necessaries of life. Its population has fluctuated in about an equal proportion with other rural towns in Vermont, its greatest period of suffering, perhaps, being during the California gold fever in 1849, when more young men left Westford for the western El Dorado than from any other town in the State of its size. Its present mercantile interests are limited to the store of Luther M. Bates, who carries a stock valued at about $2,000, and has passed the fifteenth year of his mercantile experience in town ; and the store of I. E. Huntley, who has been here about ten years, and whose sales amount to about $16,000 a year. Among the manufacturing interests may be mentioned the cheese-box factory, saw-mill and cider-mill of Charies A. Wakefield, in the western part of the town, which was established by A. Woriey about 1868. About 120,000 feet of lumber, 3,000 cheese- boxes, and 350 barrels of cider are here manufactured every year. The Westford Center saw-mill, cheese-box and butter-tub manu- Town of Westford. 703 factory is owned by H. W. Carrington, who turns out about 15,000 cheese- boxes and butter-tubs a year. E. Charpenter's tannery was first operated by Mr. Orlin in 1836. The present proprietor has been operating the concern since May i, 1870, and now does a business of about $4,000 a year. The Union Cheese Factory Company was organized as a stock company in 1865, with thirteen stockholders, among whom were William Rice, Alney Stone, Martin Rice and Milo Douglass. The present operative of the factory is P. H. Mahan. The directors are H. W. Rice, G. A. Rice, and A. Weed. It uses the milk from about four hundred cows. There are two creameries in town, both started during the season of 1886, and both operated by E. J. Parker and F. E. Wilson under the firm name of Parker & Wilson. Each uses milk from about four hundred cows. Nathan C. Dimick succeeded N. D. Stanley as cabinet-maker and wheelwright in 1879. S. H. & H. N. Macomber's saw, shingle and planing-mill, on Brown's River, has a capacity for cutting 10,000 feet of lumber a year, and 8,000 shingles a day. The grist-mill built by Wales & Miles is now owned and operated by Pascal Rousseau, who has had posses- sion of the property for about fifteen years. The mill does a good business in custom grinding. The hotel at Westford Center is owned by H. N. Macom- ber and presided over by Nathan C. Dimick, who keeps a good temperance house. The Post-office. — It is not known when the first post-office was established at Westford, though the first postmaster is known to have been William P. Rich- ardson. The list since 1824 has been, so far as can be learned, as follows: To 1 83 1, William Wood ; to 1841, Josephus Whipple ; to 1844, John R. Hal- bert ; 1845, E. W. Sherman; 1846, S. G. Merriam ; to 1848, H. B. Hine; to 1850, James Nichols; to 1853, Harminus Halbert ; 1854, William Henry; to 1857, Edwin Hard; to 1 861, Noah Tyler ; to 1866, George Hobart ; to 1868, J. H. Macomber ; to 1873, L. M. Brigham ; to 1876, L. C. Nichols; to 1885, Irving E. Huntley ; and the present incumbent, William Weaver. The early settlers of Westford were too poor to afford the best of salaries or of accommodations to their pastors or preachers, and considered themselves fortunate often in obtaining the use of some barn in which to unite in divine worship. As early as 1798 the members of the Baptist denomination and their sympathizers formed an organization which was confirmed by a council convoked for the purpose. Rev. Mr. Brown was the first pastor. The first church edifice was erected in 1829, and with subsequent improvements is still used for the purpose of its construction. It is now valued at about $2,000. The present pastor is Rev. Thomas Tellier. The deacons are B. Merchant and G. M. Huntley, and the clerk is R. M. Huntley. The First Congregational Church at the Center was organized by the Rev. Jedediah Bushnell, from Cornwall, Conn., on the 7th of August, 1801, the cere- mony being held in a barn on the site of the dwelling house now occupied by 704 History of Chittenden County. Albert Partridge. The church membership originally numbered thirteen souls. Rev. Simeon Parmelee, the first installed pastor, was ordained in August, 1808, and dismissed in August, 1837, ^^us serving his church continuously for nearly thirty years. The first house of worship was built in 1809, by Alpheus Earl. It was replaced by the present house in 1840, the new structure being provided with a seating capacity for four hundred and fifty persons, and costing about $3,000. Its present value, including grounds, is more nearly $5,000. The pastor is Rev. B. S. Adams. The deacons are D. F. Lawrence and C. O. Brigham. The Sabbath- school superintendent is Mrs. L. M. Bates. The Methodist Episcopal Church, also situated at the village, was organized by Truman Seymour in 1821, with a membership of twelve. Rev. Cyrus Prindle was then the pastor. Services had been held now and then in town, however, for more than twenty years, even the famous Lorenzo Dow favoring the Methodist families of the vicinity with one or two of his burning sermons. The present church building, capable of seating about two hundred persons, and valued at about $1,200, was built in i860. No regular services are now held in town, and the society has no pastor. CHAPTER XXXII. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF WILLISTON. THIS town, lying in the central part of Chittenden county, and bounded north by Winooski River, which separates it from Essex and Jericho, east by Richmond, south by St. George and Shelburne, and west by Muddy Brook, which separates it from Burlington, was chartered by Governor Wentworth, of New Hampshire, on the 7th of June, 1763, to Samuel Willis and sixty-four as- sociates. It derived its name from Mr. Willis, who seemed to be one of the most prominent among the grantees. The charter purported to grant 23,040 acres, the regular area of a complete township, in seventy-one shares, bounded as follows : North by Winooski River, east by Bolton, south by Huntington and Hinesburg, and west by Burlington, whose eastern line was about one mile west of the site of Wiiliston village. On the 27th of October, 1794, these limits were altered by annexation from Burlington of the land lying east of Muddy Brook, and the taking of the eastern portion of Wiiliston towards the formation of Richmond. The surface of the town is remarkably regular for a Vermont town, and is well adapted to cultivation. The soil is various, ranging through all the degrees from a soft and friable mould to a stiff clay. It is almost everywhere productive, and the town is inhabited by some of the wealthiest and most successful farmers in the State. The principal feature of its farming Town of Williston. 705 is dairying. Tlie land is well drained by streams flowing north into Winooski River, and west into Muddy Brook, the largest of which are Allen's Brook, flow- ing from its source in the eastern part of the town northwesterly into Winooski River, and Sucker Brook, flowing westerly into Muddy Brook. Mill privileges are few and deficient — a fact which tends to direct the attention of the inhab- itants all the more exclusively to agricultural pursuits. Early Settlements and Proceedings. — Thomas Chittenden and Colonel Jonathan Spafford were the first to establish settlements in Williston. They came together in May, 1774, and took up large tracts of land adjoining each other on the river. Just two years later they were joined by Elihu Allen, Abijah Pratt and John Chamberlin. These families were no sooner settled in their wil- derness habitations than the enemy advanced from Canada, causing a general exodus to the south. Chamberlin was attacked in his house by a party of In- dians and Tories, and a hired man and child were killed. After the close of the war the settlers returned quite rapidly, and the settlement and improvement of the town began in earnest. Hon. Lemuel Bottom was one of the most enterprising of the pioneers. He came here in 1786 and settled at the foot of the hill north of the village, on the place now owned by Lorenzo Chapin. He was placed by his townsmen in many offices of trust and confidence until his death in 1815. Jonathan Spafford, who came with Thomas Chittenden, lived on Winooski River, the farm being now owned by Blossom Goodrich. He has been de- scribed as well fitted to perform the most arduous duties of an early settler in the State, and was appreciated by his companions, who depended on him for the execution of many projects. He finally died at an advanced age in Upper Canada. Colonel Isaac McNeil, the first lawyer in town, came here at a very early day from Litchfield, Conn., and settled about a mile north of the site of Willis- ton village. He was well educated and gifted, and during his all too brief resi- dence in town was honored by election to the highest offices within the gift of the town. He died in 1807. Solomon and Elisha Miller, other prominent early settlers, were the first to occupy land in the center of the present village of Williston. The former built the first house where Dr. Bingham now lives. He was born at West Spring- field, Mass., in 1761, and upon the outbreak of the Revolution, young as he was, he entered into the service of the American army, and participated in the battle of Bennington and the capture of Burgoyne. For the several years be- tween the close of the war and 1786, when he came to Williston, he was en- gaged with Nathaniel Chipman in the manufacture of iron at Wallingford, Vt. From 1794 to 181 5 he served this town as clerk; and for twenty years was clerk of the Supreme and County Courts, besides being judge of probate about the same length of time. He was also for a time a member of the Governor's 7o6 History of Chittenden County. Council. He died in 1847, aged eighty-seven years. Elisha died about the same time. His sons, William and Edward, are still residents of the town. Elisha Wright came from Connecticut previous to 1797, and was the first to occupy the farm now occupied by Patrick Lavelle, where he remained until his death in 1830. He was grandfather to Hon. Smith Wright, an extended sketch of whose life appears in later pages of this work. Jonathan Hart was one of the early settlers in the tract of land west of Muddy Brook, which originally formed a part of Burlington'. He purchased the original right of Thomas Van Wyck, of Oyster Bay, Long Island, on the 29th day of September, 1789. His brother Zachariah purchased a part of his land on the 1st of March, 1790, and lived in town until the time of his death, March 26, 1852, at the extreme age of 103 years. He lived in the northwest corner of the town, near Hubbel's Falls, now Essex Junction. Philip Walker, one of the earliest inhabitants in the southwest part of Wil- liston, came originally from Hoosac to Ferrisburgh, whence he removed to this town. He purchased lots Nos. 69 and 71 of Ira Allen, in the fall of 1790, and dwelt upon them until his death, about 1840. It was his habit during the ear- lier part of his life to pass his winters in pursuit of game in this State and the Canadas. John Downer settled on the hill south of the old " French place " about 1792, in which year he purchased his land of Ira Allen. He died about 1851, an old man. Isaac French came into town at an early day, and purchased of Ira Allen 500 acres of the best land in town. His brother Jeremiah came originally from Connecticut to Manchester, Vt., and thence to Williston. He lived in the western part of the town, on a large farm which embraced the present premises of Chauncey Brownell. He was one of the most esteemed men of the community, and was honored by his townsmen with many positions of trust. At his death he left a large landed property of great value. His son, William Henry French, was born on the 4th of May, 18 13, and resided in town, with the exception of the few years while he was judge of probate, until his death. He was always an influential and prominent citizen ; represented Williston in the Legislature in 1838. He was instrumental in the formation of the third or Liberty party, and as its candidate for member of Congress ran against Hon. George P. Marsh. In 1844 and 1845 there were no elections made in Williston for town representative. In 1846 the Liberty party nominated and elected Mr. French — he then being one of the twelve members of that party in the Legislature, and the only one from Chittenden county. He was re-elected in 1847, and the following year he was chosen by the Legislature judge of probate for the district of Chittenden. In 1852 he was elected judge of probate by the people, and at their hands received eight successive re-elec- tions. He was deeply interested in the famous underground railroad, by which K yaj'^. Town of Williston. 707 fugitive slaves were enabled to escape to Canada, and frequently opened his doors for some persecuted and fleeing negro. He was a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity and a prominent Knight Templar, having held the office of grand captain-general in the Commandery of the State. He died on the 29th of May, 1866. Beriah Murray came to Williston at an early date from Claremont, N. H., together with his son Calvin, who afterward died in Hinesburg. He passed his life in the southern part of the town. Deacon David Talcott, born in Connecticut on the 5th of January, 1740, came to Williston previous to 1786, from Tyringham, Mass., with his five sons and two daughters, and settled on the hill that now commemorates his name, the farm including the present property of Isham Talcott. He was one of the first selectmen of the town in 1786, and was frequently called upon to serve the town in some public capacity. Immediately upon coming to town he erected a large framed house on the top of the hill, and opened the first tavern in Wil- liston, which he kept until his death in 18 10. His sons were all farmers save one, David, jr., who was a tanner and currier, and built the first framed house in the village, still standing, the second building east of Warren's store. The tannery was on the brook back of the house, and was operated for many years. His son Johathan was born in 1773, and died in 1802, leaving two children, one of whom, Roswell, is now a resident of the town. (See sketch of Lewis H. Talcott, in later pages.) John Bushnell came from Connecticut to Williston previous to 1795, and settled in the north part of the town on the present road to the railroad sta- tion. After a long and useful life he died here in 1821. His son Hiram, born in 1798, is at the present writing (1886) a resident of the town. Obadiah Walston was an early settler in the south part of the town, coming from Connecticut. Two grandsons, Obadiah and Charles, are still in Williston. Elisha Bradley immigrated to Huntington from New Haven, Conn., to- ward the close of the last century, and thence, soon after, to this town, set- tling on the place now occupied by Oras Bradley, about two miles south of the village. He died in November, 1848. His brother Joseph came about the same time and settled nearly a mile north of the village. They were both soldiers of the Revolution, and were both original and eccentric in manners. Sylvester, son of Elisha, died here on the 5th of February, 1873. Stephen N. Warren was an early settler in "Jackson Hollow," in the south part of the town. He died in Fairfax. His son Charles E. is now a resi- dent here. Daniel Shaw came from Taunton, Mass., to Williston in 1790, and settled about a mile east of the village, where he died in 1804. His son Daniel, jr., who came with him, died in 18 10, after building, in his occupation as carpen- ter and joiner, some of the first houses in the village. His daughter, Mrs. Lockwood, is still a resident of Williston. 7o8 History of Chittenden County. John Brown, from Massachusetts, settled in the western part of WiUiston in 1800, and afterward on the farm now owned by his grandson, Wm. Whitney. Here he died in 1855, at the unusual age of ninety-seven years. He was a blacksmith by trade. At the present writing his son William is still resid- ing in town. Edward Brownell came to Williston about 1 800, and settled on the place now occupied by his grandson and namesake. He died at the age of seventy- eight years, leaving a family of eight children. Eldad Taylor came to Williston from Sunderland, Vt, in March, 1786, and died here in 1796, aged sixty- three years, leaving a family of eleven children. By repeated intermarriages they became the most numerous in name of any family in town, but none of the name now lives in town. Among many de- scendants of different names, however, are Alfred C. and Roswell B. Fay, also descendants of the famous Fay family, of whom a more extended notice ap- pears in the biographical sketch of John Whitcomb, in the latter portion of this work. Among other settlers who are mentioned in early records, and many of whom have honorable descendants in town at the present time, are Joel Brown- son, who lived on the tract set off to Richmond, and had a large family ; Sam- uel Brownell, whose son, Chauncey W., was born in this town on the 13th of September, 1811, married in March, i84i,and has held many important offices in town and county, among them being that of representative in i860 and 1861, and county senator in 1 870, and who now lives in Williston ; Nathaniel Winslow. who lived about one mile north of the village of Williston, "and Lemuel and Fitch Winslow, who lived about one mile west of Nathaniel ; Felix Auger, who lived in the southwestern part of the town, and held a conspicuous station among the early settlers ; Timothy Tuttle, who settled the farm now occupied by Samuel Loggins ; Nathan Allen, who occupied a tract embracing a part of the present farm of Lewis H. Talcott, and lived a little southeast from the present house of Roswell Talcott ; John Washburn, who lived on the site of the house now occupied by William Miller, before 1813, and who made potash back of his house, was something of a butcher, and in later years ran a distillery ; Josiah N. Barrows, a saddler, who lived and had his shop in the frame of the house now occupied by Mrs. Philo Clark ; Simeon Lee, who owned a farm east of the village on the road leading south from the old turn- pike ; Roswell Morton, a farmer, who lived east of the village on the place now owned by John Johnson, the present house being built over from the old one ; Deacon Thomas Barney, who married a daughter of Governor Thomas Chittenden, and lived about one-half a mile west of the village on the turnpike road, where Mr. Metcalf now lives ; Linus Atwater, a farmer, who lived in the center of the village, near the present site of the Congregational Church ; Joshua Isham, who lived in the south part of the town, near the line of St. Town of Williston. 709 George ; Samuel, son of Caleb B. Smith, who traded awhile in the village, and in company with his father operated clothing works at the west end of the vil- lage (Frederick Smith, now of Burlington, is a son of Caleb B. Smith) ; Calvin Morse, who kept a tavern in the western part of Williston, at the four corners of the turnpike, as they are called, and who died in the village ; Daniel Isham, who lived near St. George, in the southwestern part of this town ; Elisha Thatcher, a near neighbor of Daniel Isham ; John and Reuben Hall, farmers, in the south part of the town ; Phineas Randall, in the south part of Williston ; Selah Murray, who lived in the east part of the town, about half a mile south from the turnpike road ; Jonathan Alexander, who lived about two miles south from the village ; Luther Loomis, who for a short time lived in the village in the house now occupied by Mrs. Paddock, and operated a large tannery near his house, and afterward removed to Burlington, where he died ; and Chester Root, who lived about a mile and a half north of the village, on the road leading directly north. Of course there were others that are entitled to the honor of being called early settlers, and a few, perhaps, of more prominence than some who have been mentioned ; but here are included about all that the records mention, that can be remembered by the oldest inhabitants, or that have received notice in former works of history. We have reserved for this place a sketch of the most eminent man who ever lived in the town, Hon. Thomas Chittenden, the George Washington of Vermont, who gave this county its name. He was born at East Guilford, Conn., on the 6th of January, 1730. He was obliged to devote the most of his time during his youth to labor on his father's farm, and received but the rudiments of an education in the common schools of his native place, and it is said that even from his supposed hours of study he was wont to steal many a moment to indulge in his favorite athletic sports, receiving thus, per- haps, just the training needed for his future career in a new country in the presence of powerful enemies. Finding the employments of his father's farm becoming irksome, at the age of eighteen years he enlisted as a common sailor on a merchant vessel bound from New London to the West Indies. This was during the war between the English and French, and young Chittenden and his associates had scarcely passed the Bahama channel on their way to their destination before they were picked up by a French man-of-war. The captors appropriated the greater part of the cargo, destroyed the vessel, and then, as a matter of convenience landed the prisoners upon one of the West India Islands and left them. After enduring untold sufferings, the subject of this notice se- cured an opportunity of working his passage home, which he seized upon with alacrity. In October, 1749, he married Miss Elizabeth Meigs, a young lady of congenial tastes and education, of a strong constitution and an independent mind, who paid little regard during her whole life to the distinctions of rank and wealth, 7IO History of Chittenden County. and treated all that were well disposed with the same courtesy and hospitality. They lived for twenty-four years in Salisbury, Conn., where Thomas Chitten- den was early a leading man. He was always interested in town affairs, rep- resented the town in the Legislature for six years, was colonel of militia, and held other minor offices. He steadily pursued his farming business for an em- ployment, and as a natural consequence of his industry and economy acquired a handsome property. During his residence in Salisbury he began the custom of granting out new townships in Vermont, or the " New Hampshire Grants," which resulted from the cessation of hostilities between the two belligerent countries — France and Great Britain. Appreciating the advantage of these opportunities, Thomas Chittenden, with his friend, Jonathan Spafford, pur- chased two tracts of land on Winooski or " Onion " River, the farm of Thomas Chittenden embracing the present estate of the late Hiram Clark, of Williston. The first shelter which he erected for his family was a hut covered with bark and hemlock boughs, which sufficed until he completed his more comfortable log house — his family of children, numbering ten, besides the several work- men which accompanied him. They had four sons and six daughters. The sons were Noah, Martin, Giles and Truman. Noah was a farmer, and lived not far from his father, in Jericho ; he was first sheriff of Chittenden county, judge of the County Court, judge of probate, town representative and councilor. Martin was graduated from Yale College, and settled on a farm in Jericho, near his brother Noah ; he was for several years town representative, clerk of the court, judge of the County Court, member of the corporation of the University of Vermont, ten years member of Congress, and two years governor of the State. Giles was a farmer and passed his days upon the inter- vale on the Williston side of the river, below his father's farm ; he was town representative and colonel of militia, but was not so much in public office as were his father and brothers. Truman, the youngest son, was also a farmer, and settled on the place adjoining his father's farm on the west ; he was justice of the peace thirty years, judge of probate eleven years, judge of the County Court seven years. State councilor twelve years, town representative for four years, and twenty-six years a member of the corporation of the University of Vermont. The eldest daughter, Mabel, married Thomas Barney, as before stated ; Betsey married James Hill, of Char- lotte ; Hannah married Colonel Isaac Clark, of Castleton ; Beulah was first married to Elijah Galusha, of Ariington, who died in about two years, and she was afterward married to the famous Matthew Lyon, of Fairhaven ; the fifth daughter, Mary, was married to Jonas Galusha, of Shaftsbury ; Electa became the wife of Jacob Spafford, of Richmond, son of Jonathan Spafford. When Thomas Chittenden came to Vermont in 1774 the controversy with the province of New York was fairiy begun, and the bitterest of the struggle was yet to come. The details of this controversy are set forth in Chapter IV, Town of Williston. 711 and nothing need be stated here, except a few brief references to the part taken by Governor Chittenden in the matter. In two years the Revolution burst upon the colonists. It has been estimated that there were at this time about forty families along " Onion River " and the lake shore, and a small block- house in Jericho, on the opposite side of the river, below Colonel Chittenden's, had been erected and garrisoned. Upon the advance of the enemy up the lake, however, the garrison became alarmed and abandoned the fortification, leaving the settlers no alternative but that of fleeing south for protection among their friends. Colonel Chittenden, with his wife and ten children, trav- eled on foot by marked trees to Castleton, carrying their provisions and other effects upon two horses, except the heavy iron- ware, etc., which was sunk in the duck-pond before leaving. They lived in Arlington most of the time until , their return in 1787 to Williston. Colonel Chittenden was strongly in favor of the measure which then began to be discussed, of making the grants a free and independent jurisdiction, the more effectually to settle to their own satisfaction the dispute between New Hampshire and New York as to which of those colonies or States was entitled to the controverted territory. In 1776 he was elected a delegate to the con- vention at Dorset, convoked to consider the propriety of this measure. At this convention he was chairman of the committee which drew up and pre- sented the first governmental compact ever acted upon by a convention of the people of this State, which was unanimously adopted and signed by each member of the convention. At an adjourned meeting, held at Westminster on the 15th of January following, he was one of a committee chosen to present a form for a declaration of independence; and on the morning of the i6th they made their report, proclaiming the declaration of indepencence of " New Con- necticut, alias Vermont," which was unanimously adopted. Colonel Chitten- den was also a member of the convention that adopted the first constitution at Windsor, July 2, 1777. He was president of the Council of Safety, which held its first meeting at Manchester July 15, 1777. At the general election which took place under the new constitution on the 3d of March, 1778, when the first State officers of Vermont were chosen, Thomas Chittenden was elected by a large majority ; at the second general election, on the second Tuesday of the following October, he was again elected governor, and was afterward annually re-elected to that high office to October, 1797, excepting one year. During all the embarrassing and dubious situations of the State while he was its chief executive, resulting from the complications of the difficulty with New York, with New Hampshire respecting the towns in Eastern Vermont, and with Con- gress respecting the admission of this State into the Union, Governor Chitten- den was ever found equal to the tasks which the duties of his office placed upon him, and, by the rare union in his character of caution and independence, of the general and the diplomat, contributed probably as much as any one man in Vermont to secure the object for which her people had so long struggled. 712 History of Chittenden County. The domestic habits of Governor Chittenden were of the most simple and unaffected nature. Agriculture was his favorite occupation. He regarded the " blandishments of dress " and the punctilious formula of etiquette as certain evidences of human weakness. He was a keen observer of men and things. The secret of his peculiar abilities and of his pre-eminent success in all the re- lations of life was, it has been well said, that " his mind, heart and judgment all centered upon one point, and that point was justice." He died on the 25th of August, 1797, a few weeks after his resignation of his office as Governor, be- cause of his last sickness. His remains rest in the little cemetery at Williston village. Organization of the Town and Early Proceedings. — The first town meeting of Williston was held on the 28th day of March, 1786, and was presided over by John Chamberlin, moderator. The records of these early meetings are un- fortunately very meager, not even all of the first officers being named in them. Robert Donelly was the first town clerk, and Joel Brownson was the first con- stable. • No other officers are mentioned until the second annual meeting, March 27, 1787, which was governed by Amos Brownson, moderator. Robert Donelly was again chosen clerk ; Jonathan Spafford, Deacon David Talcott and Asa Brownson were elected selectmen ; Nathaniel Winslow, constable ; Lemuel Winslow and John Chamberlin, grand jurors ; Felix Auger and Lemuel Winslow, tithingmen ; Lemuel Winslow, Jonathan Spafford and Robert Donelly, listers. At this meeting forty pounds was voted to use in improving and lay- ing out roads. On the 2Sth of March, 1788, the selectmen were con- stituted a committee to " provide a place to bury the Dead." At another meeting, held at the house of Colonel Spafford on the first Friday in October, 1788, it was voted that the roads be four rods " wyde," and a tax of two pence On the pound was levied, to be paid in grain, wheat at six shillings per bushel, and corn at three shillings. On the 24th of March, 1789, it was voted "to find the center of the town of Williston," and Felix Auger, Amos Brownson David Talcott, Joel Leonard and Nathan Allen were chosen to ascertain the spot. Governor Chittenden was one of the selectmen in 1790, and his yard, with that of David Talcott, was constituted a pound for that year. At the March meeting for 1790 Solomon Miller, Lemuel Winslow and David Talcott were appointed to agree with some person for a burying-ground in the west part of the town ; and further, John Porter, Joel Brownson and Joshua Cham- berlin were chosen a committee " to agree with Jesse Everts for land for a bury- ing place, and to see it cleared," etc. During the War of 1812 Williston took an active part in furnishing troops for the Americans, a partial list of whom will be found in the company mentioned in the history of Richmond. Williston in 1825. — At only one period in its history has this town been more populous than it was from 1825 to 1830, viz. : in 1850, when according Town of Williston. 713 to the United States census the population numbered 1,669. ^''^ 1825 the population was not far from 1,600. The most prominent men in town will be gathered from the paragraphs immediately following. At the annual meet- ing held on March 15, 1825, Martin Chittenden was chosen moderator of the meeting; Chauncey Brownell was made town clerk; Jeremiah French, Martin Chittenden, and Roswell Morton, selectmen ; Timothy M. Bradley, treasurer ; Truman Chittenden, Calvin Morse, and Zadock Coleman, listers; Samuel Smith, first constable and . collector ; John Wright, grand juror; John Brown, town grand juror ; Truman Chittenden, Milo Winslow, Caleb Munson, PhiHp Walker, Jotham H. Hall, Jeremiah French, Hezekiah Morton, Josiah N. Bar- rows, James Talcott, Martin Chittenden, Alexander Lee, David A. Murray, Solomon Morton and Samuel Smith, surveyors of highways ; Nathan Johnson, Zadock Coleman, Zachariah Hart, fence viewers ; Jonathan G. Talcott and John L. Corning, pound-keepers ; Josiah N. Barrows, sealer of leather ; Samuel Smith, sealer of weights and measures ; and Rufus Chapin and Leonard Hodges, tithingmen. There was only one village in the town. There were a good many taverns, a natural result of the geographical situation of the town on the old turnpike road, and as the center of a number of stage lines. Among the more promi- nent taverns were : one kept by Isaac French at what was called the Four Cor- ners, in the western part of the town ; one kept on the opposite side of the street on the south side of the turnpike, by Calvin Morse, the building still standing. These were both old fashioned, and managed to obtain their share of transient patronage. There were two taverns at the west end of the village, one kept by Epaphras Hull and the other by Mr. Arnold. Linus Atwater had one in the center of the village. The site of the Methodist Church was then occupied by a large tavern kept by Benjamin Going, and afterward by David French and others. It was called the Eagle Hall. Isaac Morton kept a tavern on the road to Hinesburg, in the southwest part of the town. There were a number of distilleries, most of the merchants being interested in them and taking grain for their distilleries in payment of debts. John Bradley and afterward John Washburn operated a " still " on the site of the house now occupied by William Miller. Another one stood in the west part of the town, on the east side of Muddy Brook. John and William Bradley had one in the northwest part of the town, and one of the Ishams ran a cider-brandy distillery in the southwest corner of the town. There was one tannery here then, the one formerly owned by Luther Loomis, but in 1825 in the hands of John and Harry Bradley. Willard Moore operated a saw- mill at the east end of the village, afterwards owned by Hiram Winslow and others. Another one stood on Muddy Brook near the town Hne. At a later day Samuel Brownell built and operated a saw-mill in the northwest part of the town on Winooski River. At this time the carding- mill of Caleb B. Smith, before mentioned, was run- ning at the east end of the village below the saw-mill. 714 History of Chittenden County. Eagle Hall was kept about 1830 by David, brother of William H. French, and afterwards by Eli, son of Giles Chittenden. It burned about 1850, while James Hurlburt was keeping it. It was for many years one of the best hotels in the county. Four and six-horse teams and stages passed very frequently along the turnpike road, and the passengers and drivers were accustomed to stay over night at Eagle Hall. About 1 840 the house now occupied by George Brownell was a hotel under the management of William Brown. The house now occupied by the widow of John Forbes was in 1840 a hotel kept by Cap- tain Lathrop. The other village. North Williston, was not in existence until after the opening of the railroad, when John Whitcomb and R. B. Fay built it up. Present Business Interests. — The store building now occupied by George L. Pease & Co. was erected not far from 1835 by A. J. Fuller, who had previ- ously traded for a time in the house now occupied by Mrs. E. R. Crane. After Mr. Fuller's failure in business this building remained vacant for a short time, the next occupant being James W. Hurlburt, who remained eight or ten years and failed. For a number of years after this a union store was conducted here very successfully, the goods being sold by George Morton. In 1864 Mr. Morton bought out the union store, and for about eight years, in company with his son Henry, conducted a very successful mercantile business. Hon. Smith Wright then purchased the property and traded in the building for about two years, followed by his son-in-law and associate, E. C. Fay. The goods were soon sold to Carl Macomber and the building to L. A. Bishop, the former trading there for a short time. From 188 1 to July, 1883, Smith Wright and his son-in-law Gilbert Harris carried on a mercantile business here, and at the latter date were succeeded by George L. Pease and Jason Clark, who still trade under the firm name of George L. Pease & Co. The building now occupied by Charles D. Warren was erected about 1840 by George Morton and Philo Clark, whose successors have been as follows : James and Henry Hurlburt, three or four years ; A. B. Simonds, about fifteen years ; Smith Wright, two years ; E. R. Crane, for some time ; George Miller, George Button, Henry S. Joslin, and since September, 1885, Charles D. Warren. Mr. Warren carries a stock of about $3,500. At the north village R. B. Brown, the present merchant, began in the spring of 1886, succeeding John Whitcomb. The building was first used for a storehouse, and opened as a store about 1865 by Frederick Simonds. His successors have been H. W. Thompson, J. R. Talcott and John Whitcomb. For a history of the refrigerator and cold storage buildings of Smith Wright, see the sketch of his life in later pages. Whitcomb & Fay's steam mill at North Williston was originally established by Hiram J. Fay, in 1862 or 1863. In 1866 he took Roswell B. Fay and Al- mon Rood into partnership with himself, and the new company enlarged the Town of Williston. 715 saw- mill and built a grist-mill. The whole was destroyed by fire in 187 1. A stock company was soon after formed, under the title of the North Williston Mill Company, which soon erected the present buildings. The business is now in the hands of John Whitcomb and R. B. Fay, who manufacture about 850,000 feet of lumber per annum. The North Williston machine shop, started by R. B. Fay, E. F. Whitcomb and Addison M. Ford in 1872, did a good business for a number of years in the manufacture of chair stock, but is not in operation at the present writing. The cider-mill of George Patten was started about fifty years ago, and has been continued to the present time. E. R. Cole's blacksmith shop at North Williston was built for its present use more than thirty years ago, and has been occupied by Mr. Cole for about seven or eight years. The North Williston cheese factory was erected in 1868 by E. R. Crane and Mr. Brown, who after a year or two sold it to L. E. Dunlap. It now re- ceives milk from about three hundred cows. The property is owned by Smith Wright. Lewis H. Talcott, who has the largest dairy farm in the State, owns and operates a cheese factory which receives the milk from about seven hundred cows. The private cheese factory of H. S. Johnson was built several years ago, and manufactures into cheese the milk from about one hundred cows, about sixty of which are his property. T. L. Frary, at North Williston, started several lathes in Jonesville in 1876 for the manufacture of spools, bobbins, etc., and in June, 1882, removed to his present place. The town farm, consisting of about two hundred acres of land in the northwestern corner of the township, is owned jointly by the towns of Willis- ton, Essex, Jericho, Shelburne and Hinesburg. It was established to its pres- ent uses about 1856. There is no lawyer and but one physician in town. Dr. A. L. Bingham was born at Fletcher, Vt, on the 26th of June, 1853 ; was graduated from the medical department of the University of Vermont in 1875, and from the Med- ical University of New York in 1880, after which he came at once to Williston. The Post-office. — The exact date of the establishment of a post-office at Williston is not known, though it must have been very soon after the admission of the State into the Union in 1 791. One of the earliest postmasters in town was Eben Judson, who held the position in 1804. Since about 1824 the suc- cession has been as follows: To 1828, David French; to 1844, Horace L. Nichols ; to 1846, A. V. Holly; to 1850, Jonas G. Chittenden ; to 1854, James W. Hurlburt; to 1870, Truman A.Chittenden; to 1873, E. R. Crane; to 1885, Smith Wright ; and the present postmaster, Jason Clark. 7i6 History of Chittenden County. The office at North Williston was established about 1865, by the appoint- ment of F. H. Simonds, who retained the place until 1868. His successors have been: To 1873, H. W. Thomson; to 1879, J. R. Talcott; since which time the present postmaster, John Whitcomb, has served. Present Town Officers. — The officers elected for the year 1886 are as fol- lows : Charles D. Warren, town clerk ; Dr. A. L. Bingham, Obed Walston, A. C. Fay, selectmen ; George W. Patten, William B. Douglass, D. I. Talcott, listers ; Jason Clark, treasurer ; L. W. French, overseer of the poor ; L. J. Chapin, constable; E. Whitney, S. A. Caswell, J. E. Metcalf,' auditors ; Enos Taft, Oras Bradley, C. W. Brown, fence viewers ; L. W. French, poor-farm director ; Smith Wright, town agent ; Mrs. J. C. Draper, superintendent of schools. For a history of Williston Academy, see Chapter X, by Professor J. E. Goodrich, of the University of Vermont. Ecclesiastical History. — The early settlers of Williston felt the same diffi- culty in obtaining the means for public worship that was common throughout the State. Money was so scarce that it was almost impossible to support a minister, unless he could be induced to accept his salary in farm produce. The first church edifices were barns, for even the houses were too small to accommo- date the thirsting worshipers that crowded to hear the occasional sermon of an itinerant preacher of some or of no particular denomination. The earliest mention of the subject found in the town records appears under date of March 25, 1788, when Amos Brownson, Jonathan Spafford and Asa Brownson were constituted a committee to " see if we can join Jerico and Essex in hiring a minister," the instructions being to hire the minister for six months with the other towns, or for three months independently, " the committee to hire a min- ister with country produce." The outcome of this is not known. On the 24th of March, 1789, it was voted to " hire a minister on probation for settlement;" also that " meetings, particularly when we have preaching, shall be holden at the house of Nathan Allen the one-half and at the house of Mr. Walston, or in Mr. Auger's barn the other half" On the 20th of September, 1790, it was voted to build a meeting-house to accommodate the whole town. The division of the ecclesiastical society, formed in conformity with the laws of the State, consequent upon the change of the town boundaries, delayed the execution of this purpose for several years ; and though it was voted in 1793 " to draw logs to the mill this winter for boards for a meeting-house." and in 1795 the site was chosen " on a knoll southerly of Dr. Winslow's barn," the building was not commenced till 1796. It was 50 x 57 feet, and built in the style of " ye olden time," with galleries upon three sides, square pews, and a lofty pulpit standing upon a single shaft. The preaching of the gospel had been enjoyed as yet only during brief periods. In 1791 we find the curt record, "Voted to discon- tinue Mr. Abiel Jones as minister in this place." Mr. Bradley was " hired on Town of Williston. 717 probation" in 1792. Mr. Hutchinson " preaciied two Sabbaths " in the winter of 1794. The Congregational Church was organized on the 23d of January, 1800, with the following members : David Bates, David Talcott, Beriah Murray, Jabez Dart, Daniel Shaw, Edward Taylor, Eben Bradley, Lemuel Winslow, Enoch Judson, Daniel Shaw, jr., John Taylor, Rhoda Shaw, Elizabeth Win- slow, Diantha Bradley, Lovine Allen, Neony Bradley. David Bates and Da- vid Talcott were the first deacons. Six days after the organization of the church Rev. Aaron C. Collins was installed its first pastor. Mr. Collins was dismissed " otherwise than by death " May 4, 1 804. In 1 8 1 3 the church was reorganized, as the only means of eliminating certain heresies which had crept in. Rev. James Johnson became its pastor in 18 18. The present church edifice was erected in 1832 and rebuilt in i860. The present pastor is the Rev. James Bates, who has been here about three years. The present membership is about seventy-two. The average attendance at Sabbath-school is about fifty-five. William Miller is one of the deacons and clerk. The pastor is the Sabbath-school superintendent. The Methodist Episcopal Church was also organized in 1800, under the pastorate of the Rev. Stephen Randall. The present house of worship was erected in 1843 and rebuilt in 1868. It will accommodate 500 persons, and together with the parsonage and other church property is valued at about $14,000. The present pastor, the Rev. S. D. Elkins, succeeded the Rev. Robert W. Smith in 1883. The present church membership is about sixty; the average attendance at Sabbath-school is about sixty-seven. Following are the present officers : Stewards, Jason Clark, Leet A. Bishop, Hiram Phelps, Hiram Walston, Watson Cady, Marion W. Clark, A. C. Lamson, James Bry- ant, Loyal Foster, Joseph Pine, Wesley H. Metcalf and Jairus Metcalf The class leader is Theodore Cady. Wesley H. Metcalf is the Sabbath-school su- perintendent. The church is free from debt and is firmly established on a solid basis of prosperity, with an indefinite prospect of growth. The Universalist Society was organized in February, 1844, with a mem- bership of fifty-one. The first pastor was the Rev. Eli Ballou. At first they worshiped in the town hall, but in 1859 began their neat and commodious church structure, and dedicated it to divine service in i860. The society con- tains many of the most liberal-minded and charitable people of the town, and has well fulfilled its stated mission of " sustaining the preaching of the gospel, and promoting the cause of truth, righteousness, humanity, liberty and char- ity.'' The present pastor of the society is Miss Myra Kingsbury. 46 718 History of Chittenden County. 1 s S ►s; c3 s 55 8 .<5. ^ s s? ;^. ►^ 5^ IS >»V0 -<*-\0 t^- CD c^ fO m I^N t^-^M f-H cOi-fOO OVO ONVO O fO rO -^ \0 CO CO Tt >-« moo MDOMO'O Tf'-'CO hh" -T -sf ci l-T i-T n" >-r -h" hh* hh" hh' M 00 fO '-' M I^MD "^'O M 0\ On ►■ CO ^ ON O >-oco i^ O CO i-i r^ H •rf i-T CO m" f-T i-T cf -T t^" u-i CO "■ ' 1 CO -^ in o rOONi-tVO M -0 rooo CO iJ^ Lo LO ■ M G\ *-r\\0 VO • 1-OvO i^OOOOOOOTj-^i-N -i-iU-i -"^j-vO •VOWON-stONONrJ-OONcO -"-(MOOO •MOOQvO'ONu^OOM -CO^-OONO • f^ fv -^-O VO OnvO '-''-'_'-' • HH O N VO ' CO t-T M i-T i-T h^ (^ f-T t^" ^ _r hJ" ■ >-H VO O 0\ N W OnsO -^vO • O CO tJ-^\0 •-HM'O00corOt-'T:f'--irO -NCOC^-* i-HU-^ONQcni^^Ml^OON ■ 1-1 \0 O ^ 0\ O On l\ 1^00 -Tf LTtOO »J^ tv. ONt^LOi-nrOi-HOO "^ rooo AOvOvO 0\M u-^hH u-iOnOn oo O I^ "^ M On O OO ON • lo i-i t^ On CO looo -O oo CO • vn N oo vO 1-1 •i-.co-^NrOOWOO'-'N ■vO'-'-^co N •OONfOt^ONTi-t^t^tvs.t^ . C1MDC0 • CO CO CO u^ u-tvo 00 OO ■ rOvO --I CO "^ i-H CO M . t^ u^ CO >-< "^VO NO IN. biDo ti c c 3 £03 "2 c" ■? ^ aj t- c; t:; o 00 o •-. O ON ^ N Tf -^VO -^ 0\ • ^ — N ^ VO I^CI rONOO K-oo ro u^oo • n ^ i/^ wt 0\ W \0 t^oo VO OvvO ^00 ••-''d-fOu^ vO ^ „■ m" m" i-T « m" m" i-T • « i-T ► 3 o •- 9 o •" .2 s Lawrence Barnes. 719 CHAPTER XXXIII. BIOaEAPHICAL SKETCHES. BARNES, LAWRENCE. The subject of this sketch, to whom it is due at the out- set to say that he, more than any other man, rescued Burhngton from a threatened dechne in importance, and by his energy, sagacity, and influence imparted to the de- sponding village an impetus which is the proximate cause of its present commercial prominence, was born in Hillsboro, New Hampshire, on the 8th of June, 1815. He came of Pilgrim stock, his ancestor, Thomas Barnes, having crossed the Atlantic to America in the historic Speedwell, in 1656. Asa Barnes, a descendant of Thomas, was a respected citizen of Marlboro, Mass., where he died in 1812, aged fifty-six years. Eber, his son, removed with the other members of the family, when he was three years of age, to Hillsboro, N. H., where, after he reached maturity, he carried on the business of a farmer and carpenter, and died at the age of eighty-four years. His wife, nee Mary Adams, a native of Henniken, N. H., was a woman of strong character, good sense, and deep piety, a great reader, thoroughly familiar with important passing events and contemporaneous thought. Of the seven children born to Eber and Mary (Adams) Barnes, Lawrence was the fifth. He passed his boyhood on his father's farm, in attend- ance at the district school, and for one or two terms at a neighboring academy. At twenty years of age he bought his time of his father, the price being the value of the service of a hired man for the unexpired year of minority, and with three dollars which he had borrowed from a lady neighbor, and a parcel of spare clothing, he set out for himself. The first three years he passed in the employment of his brother at Nashua, N. H., as a carpenter, his remuneration being but one dollar for each day of twelve hours' labor. At this place his budding generosity and public spirit were forcibly dis- played by his subscribing the sum of one hundred dollars towards the erection of a house of worship which the Second Baptist Church of Nashua was endeavoring to build, and which subscription was paid by installments, after he had liquidated the prior claims of his father. Mr. Barnes then accepted a position with J. Sz: E. Baldwin, of Nashua, manufacturers of spools and bobbins. His tact and sagacity so attracted the confidence of his employers that two or three years later they sent him to Saco, Me., to establish and conduct a branch manufactory. After an experience of ten years' duration in this position he resigned and engaged in business on his own account. Besides what little money he had been able by frugality and industry to accumulate, he was fortunate enough to obtain a sum from the Saco Bank on his promissory note, with which he purchased 10,000 acres of timbered land on Saco River, near the White Mountains. Soon afterward he sold half the property to his former employers for twice the amount of the original cost, and in company with them began lumbering operations. Owing to the rapid rise of streams and the uncertainty of floating logs, however, the enterprise did not prosper, and for some years Mr. Barnes remained with Messrs. Baldwin, soliciting orders for them in the manufacturing towns and cities of New England. He then again ventured upon independent action, and purchased a half interest in a lumbering business at Island Point, Vermont. Misfortune again overtook him in the person of an inefficient partner, and in a few months his entire investment was lost, together with several thou- sand dollars of borrowed money. With characteristic intrepidity Mr. Barnes rose above 720 History of Chittenden County. discouragement. Within a few weeks he had bought several milhon feet of lumber at Three Rivers, Canada, giving his note for the value, and with the skill of an experi- enced carpenter he sorted the lumber into lots adapted to different building purposes, and made from the enterprise, when the lumber was sold, three times as much as it had cost him. His next speculation was equally original in conception, but through no fault of Mr. Barnes, was disastrous in its results. He contracted with several large houses of Portland to supply them with several ship loads of sugar-boxes, then in great de- mand, and to dehver them at New York. The beginning was auspicious; but suddenly the demand for sugar boxes ceased, contracting firms failed, lumber, boxes and ma- chinery became almost worthless, and under the heavy pressure of indebtedness for liquidation Mr. Barnes was forced into insolvency. He sold his property to the best advantage, divided the proceeds among his creditors, and gave his notes for the residue of the debts. This was in 1855. Burlington was then a small place of about 4,000 in- habitants, with little business, and with its merchants suffering under the embarrass- ments of railroad complications, as recited in the sketch of Mr. Thomas H. Canfield. Mr. Barnes made another purchase of lumber at Three Rivers, which he began ship- ping to Burlington by boat for distribution by rail to different points in New England. He soon hit upon the idea of dressing the lumber before shipping it, thus saving twelve and a half per cent, in freight expenses, and imparting a new impulse to the lumber trade. Upon the destruction by fire of the Pioneer Shops (see Burlington chapter), the citizens of Burlington at a public meeting offered a bonus of $8,000 to any one who would rebuild the shops and equip them for business. The proffer was accepted by Lawrence Barnes, who finished the structure in ninety days. During the panic of 1857 his lumber business suffered considerably, but he survived the shock, and in 1858 the current turned in his favor. Trade rapidly increased in extent and profit. In 1859 a partnership was formed with Charles and David Whitney, jr., known at Burlington as L. Barnes & Co., and at Lowell, Mass., as C. & D. Whitney & Co. Two years later D. N. Skillings was admitted to an interest in the business, the new firm being known at Burlington, Whitehall, and Montreal as L. Barnes & Co., at Boston as D. N. Skillings & Co., and at Detroit, Ogdensburgh, and Albany as C. & D. Whitney, jr., & Co. In 1862 Mial Davis was admitted to the firm, from which he retired in 1869, the remaining partners retaining the trade under the name of Skillings, Whitney Bros. & Barnes. In January, 1873, Mr. Barnes sold out his interest in the business outside of Burlington, and formed 'a. part- nership here with his son, L. K. Barnes, and D. W. Robinson. After a continuance in busi- ness for two years the firm was dissolved and reorganized with Lawrence Barnes and D W Robmson as partners. In 1878 Mr. Skillings and Whitney Bros, proposed a consolidation of the firms, which was effected, under the name of the Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes Lumber Co., with headquarters at Boston. On the death of Mr. Skillings in 1880 Mr Barnes was made president of the company, a position in which he remained up to the time of his death. Mr. Barnes, in common with the best of his fellow-citizens, cherished a strong de- sire that Budmgton should not depend for its prosperity on the lumber trade alone He was aware that there are large iron mines and furnaces in the Champlain Valley and that the manufacture of iron ought to be successfully prosecuted in this place ' The Burhngton Manufacturing Company was accordingly chartered and organized with a capital of $175,000, nails and merchant iron being the staple production. Mr Barnes was elected treasurer of the new corporation, and by his probity and skill commended a ^.^^-^ f^v^^:/^' a.S/^t-^^^ Lawrence Barnes. 721 it to other capitalists in town. At the end of two years, however, operations were sus- pended, but Mr. Barnes, from sheer sympathy with many of the less able holders, pur- chased their stock — much of it at par, and magnanimously suffered the loss himself. The works remained silent and decaying until 187 1, when Mr. Barnes and others re- solved to convert them into marble works. Thus was he instrumental in introducing the marble trade in the city, which survived the commercial panic of 1873, and is to- day one of the most prosperous enterprises in Northern Vermont. From the beginning Mr. Barnes acted as treasurer and principal proprietor. He also subscribed largely to the stock of the Howard National Bank, of which institution he was president from its organization to the time of his death. He was a stockholder and director of the Bur- lington Gas Company and the Vermont Life Insurance Company, and president of the National Horse Nail Company of Vergennes. In 1868 he was elected one of the di- rectors of the Rutland Railroad Company, and retained that office until the lease of the road to the Central Vermont, and was also for some years one of the trustees of Vermont Central Railroad. Although never an aspirant for political honors, Mr. Barnes displayed his usual ca- pacity and fideUty in all political positions to which he was elected by his fellow-citizens. In 1864 and 1865 he represented Burlington in the Legislature of the State, and ob- tained the city charter during his term of service. After the incorporation of the city he was chosen a member of the first board of aldermen, and served in that capacity for three years. He was a member of the national RepubUcan convention that nom- inated General U. S. Grant for a second term. At the time of his death he was an honored trustee of the Universit]^ of Vermont, to which position he had been elected in 1865. For many years before his death, which occurred on the 21st day of June, i886, Lawrence Barnes was a leading member and a deacon of the First Baptist Church of Burlington. The present house of worship now occupied by that church was reared largely " on the foundations of his munificence.'' On the day of his funeral the large manufactories in the whole city were closed in honor of his memory, and the working- men, to whom he had always been a true friend, turned out in a body and followed his remains to their final rest. He left a widow and three children. He was united in marriage on the 20th day of May, 1841, with Lucinda F., daughter of Oliver Farmer. They had six children, three of whom died young. Those who survive are a son, Lawrence K., and two daughters, Georgiana L., wife of F. W. Smith, and Ella Frances, wife of C. R. Hayward, all of Burlington. Mr. Barnes was most happy in his domes- tic relations. Among the remarks made upon the occasion of his funeral, his character was beautifully and aptly described in the following language by President M. H. Buckham : " I said his life was almost the typical life of a self made man. In one respect it was not such. The self-made man is almost always self-conscious, self-asserting, of a spirit unlike that of which St. Paul says that it ' vaunteth not itself, is not puflfed up, doth not behave itself unseemly.' There was not in Mr. Barnes a particle of this vanity. He was beautifully simple, natural, and unconscious of himself He could not have borne himself more meekly and graciously in the midst of his wealth and his success if his ancestors for ten generations had had the use and wont of great breeding. He was a native gentleman, one of the truest and best, artless, humble, kindly, incapable of of- fense, absolutely incapable of malice." 722 History of Chittenden County. BORROWDALE, HENRY. The subject of this sketch was born on the 24th of December, 1813, in Warbethwait, Cumberland county, England. His father, John Borrowdale, a farmer, was bom in Cumberland county September 10, 1778, and died in Canada February 22, 1849. His wife, the mother of Henry Borrowdale, was Ann Thompson, and was born in the town of Borrowdale, which probably derived its name from this family, in Westmoreland county, England, May 2, 1777, and died in i860. They had nine children, Hannah, Elizabeth, John, Ann, Margaret, Henry, Jane, Mary> and Sarah, who were born in the order named. In 1823 John Borrowdale brought his family to Odelltown, seignory of Lacole, D. C, P. Q., where he and his wife both died. Henry Borrowdale received in his native country such education as he could obtain in the common schools, and came to America with his parents. At the age of fifteen years he left home for St. Albans, Vermont, and there entered upon a four years' ap- prenticeship to the cabinet-making trade, after completing which he returned to the home of his father in Canada and passed several months. He then passed a year in Montreal as a journeyman cabinet-maker, but was driven out by the cholera panic of 1834, when he again passed some time with his father. Thence he repaired succes- sively to St. Albans, Vt., two years, Burlington one year, Plattsburgh, N. Y., until 1845, Hopkinton, N. Y., one year, about a year in several places in Illinois, chiefly Fox River, then a short time in Canada, and again in Plattsburgh, after which he returned to the residence of his father in Canada. During all these years he was working at his trade as a journeyman until after his first year in Plattsburgh, and then independently. He remained with the family of his father until just before the death of his mother, in the spring of i860. In March of that year he came to the farm in Jericho which he now owns and occupies, and which was originally settled by his father-in-law, Jonas Marsh, a worthy pioneer in the settlement of the town. Since that time he has remained on this place, improving and enlarging the premises. The farm originally contained 176 acres, which he has made by gradual accessions 213. He has for a number of years made a specialty of dairying, and has been practically president of the Mill Brook Cheese Factory, which has been in operation since 1874, taking milk from 400 or 500 cows annually. He generally keeps about twenty cows in addition to other stock. Mr. Borrowdale is a liberal-minded member of the Repubhcan party, and in ante- bellum times was an uncompromising opponent ot slavery. Being unobtrusive in man- ners, and without political ambition, he has remained out of office as much as con- venient, serving occasionally as lister, appriser, etc. He has for many years been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and for a long time before coming to Jeri- cho was the class leader in one society. There being no Methodist Church near his present residence, and because of a troublesome defect in his hearing, he has not of late been a very frequent attendant at service. Henry Borrowdale was first married in 1840 to Mary J. Reed, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. At her death she left one child, Clela EHzabeth, who died at Odelltown at the age of thirteen years. On the 26th of January, 1859, he was united in marriage with Orpha, daughter of Jonas Marsh, who is now living with him. Their only child is an adopted daughter, Effie, who has lived with them since she was two years of age. Jonas Marsh was born in Bath, N. H., on the 9th of August, 1783, and was the son of James Marsh, the first settler in Waterbury, Vt. Upon the death of his father in 1793 he came to Jericho with two brothers, and entered into possession of the farm upon which Mr. Borrowdale now lives, not far from 1800. In 1806 he married Peggy (X^ /^ mnc^ztu^ci^ Henry Borrowdale. — Lyman Burgess. 723 Whitten, of Jericho, and a native of Cummington, Mass., and with her became the father of five children, Lucien, Enieline, Laura, Orpha, and Catharine, of whom Orpha, (Mrs. Borrowdale) was the fourth, and is the only surviving child. BURGESS, LYMAN. Lyman Burgess was born at Grafton, Vt., on the 6th of March, 1798. His surname is derived from no uncertain source, being in England a civil or official tide. The inhabitant or representative of a burgh or borough is a burgess. In the Old World the orthography of the name is well preserved, but in this country is frequently found corrupted into such forms as burghess, burges, burgis, borgis, burge, burg, etc. Lyman Burgess was in the seventh generation direct from Thomas Burgess, who emigrated from England to Salem, Mass., about 1630, owned a piece of land in that part of Plymouth called Duxbury, in 1637, and in the same year forfeited his title by removing to Sandwich, where he acquired a large property. The family have always possessed the trait of love for home, and the home of Thomas Burgess is still in the possession of his descendants. Lyman Burgess remained on the farm of his father, Benjamin Burgess, during the whole period of his youth, attending the district schools of Grafton, and in the intervals assisting about the work of the farm. He soon displayed the active and sterling busi- ness qualities of his ancestors, and determined to enter at once upon a business career. After passing a number of years in Boston as a clerk in a large store he removed to Milton in 1826 and immediately engaged in mercantile business. From this time until October, 1877, he continued the trade he had established. By virtue of dihgent atten- tion to the management of his affairs, the possession of a genial and even disposition and of habits of honesty and economy, he acquired a handsome property in Milton, and at the age of seventy-nine years retired from the active pursuits of life. He did not confine his energy to the mercantile business, but during a considerable portion of his residence in Milton operated extensively in lumbering, buying and clearing many tracts of valuable pine timber, which grew here in abundance at the time of his advent. He also owned a fine water privilege in Milton village, and for many years operated a saw-mill and paper-mill. He was abundantly able to manage the affairs of his varied interests, being in better spirits when his activities were taxed to the utmost than when he was permitted even a momentary relaxation. As evidence of his almost imper- turbable temper, it may be stated that he kept one man in his employment for more than forty years, which a moody or irascible man has never been known to do. Lyman Burgess was united in marriage on the 22d of January, 1823, with Lucia Day, daughter of Warren and Keziah Hill. Warren Hill is mentioned in the history of Milton as owner for a long time of the entire water privilege in Milton village. In politics Mr. Burgess was a consistent Democrat, never aspiring to public posi- tion. * He died at his home in Milton on the 12th of December, 1882, leaving one child, Lucretia, wife of , the late Edgar A. Witters, who now owns the property which he left. Edgar Alonzo Witters was the son of Ira Witters and grandson of Hawley Witters, mentioned in the history of the town of Milton. His father was born on the 7th of December, 1797, near the line of Milton, in Georgia, and passed the greater portion of his life on a farm in the north part of the town. About 1849, however, he removed to a farm a little more than a mile south from Milton village, which is now held by his widow. He was twice married, Edgar A. being one of the three children of his first 724 History of Chittenden County. wife. He was frequently placed in positions of trust by the voters of his town, being highway surveyor as early as 1823, and selectman from 1833 to 1839 inclusive, from 1843 to 1850 inclusive, and in 1852, besides holding other offices. He died on the 20th of September, 1861. His son, Edgar A., was born on the 22d of April, 1827, educated in the common schools of Milton, and at the age of sixteen years began to act inthe capacity of clerk for Lyman Burgess. He was admitted to an interest in the business in 1852, and continued in that relation until 1861, when he went to New Or- leans as sutler for the Eighth Vermont Regiment, under General Butler. After the taking of that city, in which he had a large stock of supplies, he resigned his position in the army and engaged there in the wholesale grocery and commission mercantile business. An extensive trade was soon established, at first under the sole proprietorship of Mr. Witters, and afterwards under that of the firm of Weed, Witters & Co., the partnership being dissolved in 1866. In the fall of 1868 he returned to his home in Milton, and after a brief stay went again to New Orleans to attend to the management of two rice plantations which he owned below the city. While superintending the harvesting of the rice he contracted malarial fever and was obliged to start immediately for his home in the North. He died at Chicago, while on his way home, on the i6th of February, 1869, and his remains were buried in Milton. Like his father, he was an active member of the Democratic party, and was frequently called upon to serve his town in some public office. He married Lucretia, daughter of Lyman Burgess, on the 26th of October, 1853, and left two children, now living — Catharine C, now with her mother, and Lucia Bur- gess, wife of Homer E. Powell. CANNON, COLONEL LE GRAND B. Le Grand Bouton Cannon, son of Le Grand and Esther (Bouton) Cannon, was born in New York city on the first day of November, 1815, and is descended from an honorable ancestry among the French Huguenots. The patronymic is derived from a distinguished family of Cannons, or Canons, as the name was originally spelled, who lived in Dijon, France, from which town Jean, or John, Canon emigrated to England, and thence, in 1632, in company with a large body of Huguenots, to Westchester county. New York, where they established the first settlement of New Rochelle. As early as 1632 John Cannon became extensively en- gaged in foreign shipping in New York city. Cannon street in that city is named from this family. The name of Le Grand comes from an equally interesting and honorable source : John Cannon, son of John Cannon before mentioned, having married a daugh- ter of Pierre Le Grand, a fellow member of the Huguenot settlement. In the year 1698 a portion of this family went to South Carolina, where they established themselves in honorable and eminently successful pursuits. The mother of the subject of our sketch, Esther Bouton, traced her ancestry back to a distinguished Huguenot family, hereditary seneschals of the French fortresses of Dole. Colonel Cannon received a thorough education at the Rensselaer Institute, now known as the Polytechnic Institute, of Troy, N. Y., from which he was graduated in 1834. Immediately after his graduation he began a successful career as a wholesale dry goods merchant in Troy, and was able to relinquish the activities of this pursuit in 1846. Four years later he took up his residence in New York city, which is still his home for six months of each year. Although not engaged in business on his own account, he has ever been of too active a temperament to remain idle and has interested himself in many Colonel Le Grand B. Cannon. 725 public enterprises, invariably attaining in them all high positions of confidence and honor. In 1864 he became president of the Champlain Transportation Company, a position which requires great administrative abilities, sound and accurate judgment, and an ex- tensive acquaintance with human nature. This office he still holds, having since his inauguration conducted the company from a subordinate station among powerful com- petitors to a level above competition and beyond the fear of failure. The history of the company is given in detail in Chapter XV of this work. Among other offices which have been conferred upon Colonel Cannon may be mentioned that of president of the Lake George Steamboat Company, president of the Crown Point Iron Company, pres- ident of the Champlain Valley Association, vice-president of the Delaware and Hud- son Railroad Company, and of director in a number of railroad and banking compa- nies. It is unnecessary to comment upon the wisdom of the discrimination which has placed Colonel Cannon in these elevated stations ; the intelligent people of the entire Champlain valley have been familiar with his just, determined and always successful methods for years. Colonel Cannon's first military service was rendered in the Canadian Rebellion of 1838, when he was aide-de-camp to General Wool, stationed near the Canadian border in Northern Vermont. In i86i he was reappointed to the regular service, and served through the Rebellion as chief of staff of General Wool, with the rank of colonel. His headquarters were at Fort Monroe. His experience and military accomplishments were of great service to the cause of the Union. He was influential in bringing into the serv- ice the first slaves that were given arms for the Union during the war, and as a member of the military commission which commanded the department of Virginia, made the first report that substantially emancipated the slaves in that department nine months before the famous proclamation of President Lincoln. The beautiful site on the heights in Burlington which Colonel Cannon occupies about six months every year came into his hands by purchase in 1856. He then began at once to erect the buildings and grade and beautify the grounds, which are still the most attractive ornament to the city, and first occupied them in 1859. No better place in the Champlain valley could have been selected for beauty of prospect and healthful- ness of situation. Colonel Cannon also owns a valuable farm of 450 acres in the town of Shelburne, devoted to breeding fine stock. The first political affiliations of the subject of this sketch were with the old Whig party, of which he was a member until its dissolution, when he united with the Repub- lican party. His aversion for political office, however, has been as great as his interest in business. He has repeatedly declined a nomination to Congress or political con- ventions in the State of New York, and in 1885 declined the profifered candidacy for the governorship of that State, the only exception being as a member of the electoral college of 1880. As a citizen, nevertheless, he is always awake to the best interests of his party and country, a fact which is abundantly attested by his position as vice-presi- dent of the Union League of New York, the greatest Republican club in the United States, which dates its origin from the war period He but recently declined the nomi- nation to the presidency of that club. During the recent labor agitations he introduced to this league a series of forcible and effective resolutions, which were unanimously adopted. Colonel Cannon is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church, into which faith he was bom and baptized. 726 History of Chittenden County. On the first day of July, 1842, he married Mary, daughter of Benjamin De Forest, of New York city. He has three daughters and one son, viz. : Mrs. Chester Griswold, of New York, Mrs. Horace J. Brooks, of Burhngton, Mrs. Louis Crawford Clark, of New York, and Henry Le Grand Cannon, still living with his parents. Col. Cannon is a widower; his wife died in 187 1. CANFIELD, THOMAS HAWLEY, only son of Samuel and Mary Ann Hawley Canfield, was born in Arlington, Bennington county, Vt., March 29, 1822. His ancestors were somewhat prominent in the political affairs of Vermont during the Revo- lutionary War, before it had become a State, while endeavoring to protect its rights from the encroachments of New Hampshire upon the east, and New York upon the west. Mr. Canfield was brought up on a farm, but at an early age he evinced a strong desire for a more advanced education than the common school of his native town aiforded. Accordingly he was placed by his father at Burr Seminary, in Manchester, at its open- ing in May, 1833, under those able professors, the Rev. Dr. Coleman, the Rev. Dr. Worcester and John Aiken, esq., where he remained until he was fitted for college at the age of fourteen. Having a decided taste for practical matters, and not desiring to enter college at this early age, he returned home to the work of the farm for two years, when he was transferred to the Troy Episcopal Institute with reference to a scientific course of study, which had a very efficient corps of instructors, among them the present bishop of Vermont. He was particularly fond of mathematics, and it was while demonstrating a difficult problem at a public examination in the city of Troy, N. Y., that he arrested the attention of the late Bishop Alonzo Potter, of Pennsylvania, who was one of the examiners, and then the acting president of Union College, Schenectady. By him Mr. Canfield was induced to abandon his idea of becoming a civil engineer and to enter the junior class in Union College, in 1839. He was by far the youngest in this class of over eighty, but yet, through the same indefatigable energy and perseverance which has character- ized his conduct through life in everything which he has undertaken, he was one of the Maximum. Ten who came out at the head of it. Soon after the beginning of the senior year he was summoned to \'ermont by the sudden death of his father; and although strongly urged by President Potter, as well as by his own relatives, to return and complete his college course, he considered the duty he owed to his mother and only sister paramount to everything else, and again took up the burden of the farm. Finding the labor of the farm too severe for his slender constitution, he removed, in 1844, to Williston, Vt., where he became a merchant, having in the mean time married Elizabeth A., only daughter of Eli Chittenden, a grandson of the first governor of Ver- mont. She died in 1848, and he subsequently married Caroline A., the youngest daughter of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, who is still living, and by whom he has two sons and three daughters. He remained in Williston until 1847, when he removed to Burlington, Vt, where he still resides, to take the place in the firm of Fol- lett & Bradley, the leading wholesale merchants and forwarders in Northern Vermont, made vacant by the withdrawal of Judge Follett, who had taken the presidency of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, then in course of construction. Mr. Canfield for some time resisted this arrangement, believing himself too young and inexperienced for the important position tendered him, but finally was induced to yield to the persistent en- Thomas Hawley Canfield. 727 treaties of Follett & Bradley, who had recognized in his short business career at Willis- ton the peculiar traits in his character which fitted him particularly for the responsible position which they desired him to occupy. Their office and headquarters were at the :Stone store on Water street, Burlington, near the steamer wharf and railroad depot. At this time there were no railroads in Vermont ; but the two roads from Boston, the one via Concord and Montpelier, and the other via Bellows Falls and Rutland, were being extended across the Green Mountains by two different routes to Burlington. His firm, Bradley & Canfield, with two or three other gentlemen, were engaged in "building the one from Bellows Falls by the way of Rutland, which was completed in December, 1849. At the same time, in connection with George W. Strong, of Rutland, and Merritt Clark, of Poultney, they built the Rutland and Washington Railroad from Rutland to Eagle Bridge, N. Y., connecting at that point with a railroad to Troy and another to Albany, thus opening the first line of railroad to New York, as well as to Boston, from Northwestern Vermont. While these were in progress Messrs. Bradley & Canfield, in connection with T. F. Strong and Joseph and Selah ChamberUn, built the Ogdensburgh Railroad from Rouse's Point to Ogdensburgh, as well as other railroads in New York and Pennsylvania. Mr. Canfield was now fairly enlisted with a fleet of boats in the transportation business between Montreal and New York, as well as in mercantile pursuits, and in the building of railroads, which at that time but few contractors under- took. In the management of these great interests Mr. Canfield formed an extensive acquaintance and gained a knowledge of the resources of the country on both sides of Lake Champlain, which gave him an experience in handling and transporting the prod- ucts of the country that attracted the attention of the directors of the Rutland and Washington Railroad, and commended him as a fit man to manage its affairs, and to •open and organize it for business. As soon as completed they selected him for super- intendent, which he declined. But so many of his friends were interested in it, and it being a new departure in the transportation of Western Vermont, he yielded to their appeals and accepted the situation, retaining at the same time the management of his former business at Burhngton. Mr. Canfield afterwards became president of the Rut- land and Washington Railroad, and subsequently took a lease of it and operated it on his own account, being probably the first railroad in the country ever leased by a private individual. The operating of railroads was then comparatively in its infancy, and tliere were few experienced men to be employed. He at once instituted a rigid system of discipline and accountability, in which at first he met with opposition ; but after a time all became impressed with the justice and importance of it, and he received the hearty co-operation ■of the employees and directors, and thus established an esprit de corps among all con- nected with it which made " the Eagle Bridge route " celebrated for its promptness and regularity, its accommodation to the traveling and business public, and its employees as among the best railroad men in the country. Heretofore it required two days for the mails as well as passengers to go between Burlington or Montreal and New York. Mr. Canfield first proposed to make a day line "between the cities. He went to New York to enlist Governor Morgan, then president ■of the Hudson River Railroad, in the plan ; but he was coldly received by the governor, for the reason the governor believed it was simply impossible. But after several inter- views he consented to make the trial for three months, on condition Mr. Canfield would guarantee his company from any loss. It is 300 miles from New York to Burlington, 728 History of Chittenden County. and 400 to Montreal, which involved an average speed of about forty miles an hour. Accordingly, on the isth day of May, 1852, at 6 o'clock, A. M., a train left the Cham- bers street depot in New York with Mr. Canfield, Mr. French, superintendent of the Hudson River'Railroad, Mr. Johnson, superintendent of the Troy and Boston Railroad, with two or three reporters, being all that would risk their lives upon such a crazy ex- periment. The train arrived at Rutland on time at 1.25 P. M., having made the run from Eagle Bridge, sixty-two miles, in eighty-five minutes, making five stops, with Nat. Gooken engineer and Amos Story conductor. Burlington was reached at 3.20 P. M., and Montreal at 7 P. M. But for the fact that it had on board the New York papers of that morning it would have been impossible to have made the pubHc beheve that it came from beyond Troy. Thus was settled a question of great importance, the estab- lishing of a daily intercourse between Montreal and New York, since which time two daily trains have been kept up most of the time. Burlington, previous to the advent of railroads, had been the commercial center of Northern Vermont, and had been built up from the trade arising from its being the point of shipment to the New York and Boston markets of the produce of the country, and the receipt and distribution of merchandise in return. Large numbers of eight or ten horse teams from Woodstock, Northfield, Bradford, St. Johnsbury, Hyde Park, Derby Line, Montpeher and other places with their loads of starch, butter, cheese, wool, scales and manufactured goods kept up a lively business with the interior, bringmg ta Burlington much money to be exchanged for flour, salt, iron, steel, nails and other mer- chandise. In addition to this the Hnes of boats running to Troy, Albany, New York, Montreal and all points on the lake, created an active and prosperous business for Bur- lington, and it became a very thriving and beautiful town. When the question came up of connecting by railroad Boston and Burlington, two routes were proposed, one via Montpelier and Concord, and the other via Rutland and Fitchburg. There was much difference of opinion among the citizens which would be most for the interest of Burlington, or in other words, which would injure it the least, or least interfere with its already prosperous business. PubUc meetings were held, much excitement and feeling prevailed ; one party, headed by the old established house of J. & J. H. Peck & Co., advocating the Vermont Central route via Montpeher, of which Governor Charles Paine became president, and the other party, represented by Bradley & Canfield, urging the Rutland line, of which Judge FoUett became president, who maintained that as Burlington had always derived its business more or less from Eastern and Northeastern Vermont, and parts of New Hampshire adjacent, that a railroad from Boston, penetrating these sections, would divert the trade direct to Boston, and thereby injure Burlington correspondingly ; while from the south Burlington had never had any trade, the connection with market from that portion of Vermont being made directly with the different shipping ports on the lake, and hence it was evident, that while Bur- lington had nothing to lose, but everything to gain by opening a trade with the towns of Western and Southern Vermont, at the same time the line to Boston would be shorter than by Montpelier, and, besides, a connection could be made at Rutland with railroads to Troy and Albany, and thus have a direct rail communication with New York and the West in the winter, as well as in the summer. The result of this controversy was the building of both lines, which was greatly accelerated by the powerful aid and influence contributed by the two contending parties, and on the i8th day of December, 1849, ^^^ first train from Boston via Rutland came into Burlington, and on the 25th day of the Thomas Hawley Canfield. 729 same month the first train via Montpelier arrived at Winooski, the bridge over the river at that place not being finished to admit it to Burlington. With the advent of the Vermont Central train, the fine ten-horse teams of Governor Paine and others ceased their trips forever to Burlington, and the elegant and celebrated six-horse teams and coaches of Mahlon Cottrell, of Montpelier, took their departure for the last time, as had before much of the business from that part of the State ; and the prostration and decline of Burlington began, and stagnation in business reigned supreme, as Bradley & Canfield had maintained would be the case if the Vermont Central line was built. Originally, to counteract the injury to a certain extent which might arise to Burling- ton by the Central line, it was contended by its friends that, its terminus being in Bur- lington with its shops, new business would be created to offset in part the loss of the old. It was also understood that an independent railroad should be built from there north to Canada to accommodate both the Boston lines, which were to make their termini in Burlington. But the excitement ran so high during the building that Gover- nor Paine, after becoming sure that his line would be built, gave up coming to Burling- ton, and arranged, with the aid of John Smith and Lawrence Brainerd, of St. Albans, to make a line north from Essex Junction, thus practically extending the main line of the Central to Rouse's Point, leaving Burlington to one side to be reached by a branch. This move gave the final blow to Burlington, and left the Rutland Railroad without any rail connection north, and forced it to make its connections with the Ogdensburgh and Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroads at Rouse's Point by boat. To meet this emer- gency, as the Rutland Railroad Company had not the right by its charter to build boats, Bradley & Canfield came to the rescue, and within ninety days, early in the spring of 1850, constructed four barges of the capacity of 3,000 barrels of flour each, and the steamer Boston to tow them between Burlington and Rouse's Point ; and this enabled the Rutland line to compete successfully for the western business with the Vermont Central. Previous to this, as early as 1847, Mr. Canfield saw that a change in the character of the business at Burlington was inevitable, and, to supply what would be destroyed, new branches would have to be built up. All the flour heretofore, for Northern Ver- mont and New York, came from Troy and Albany via Whitehall, while that for the rest of New England, after passing through the Erie Canal, found its way to Boston and other ports either by water by way of New York, or by the Boston and Albany Railroad to the inland towns. He thus early took the ground that, with the new pro- posed lines of railroads completed between the Atlantic and River St. Lawrence, a new route would have to be opened by that way and the upper lakes, to the wheat regions of the West. Upon consultation with leading forwarders at Troy and Albany, a move- ment of this kind, he found, would incur the hostiHty of New York and all parties in- terested in the navigation of the Erie Canal, which at that time was the main channel of transportation between the lakes and Hudson River. But Mr. Canfield, nothing daunted by such intimations, went in the spring of 1848 to Montreal, and laid his views and plans for a northern route before Messrs. Holmes, Young & Knapp, the most prominent merchants in Canada, and who carried on an extensive business with Cleve- land, Detroit and Chicago in wheat, flour and pork. They concurred with him in the desirability, but not the practicability of the scheme. From thence he went up the St. Lawrence River, stopping at Ogdensburgh, Kingston, Oswego, Rochester and Buffalo, to Cleveland. Here he met A. H. & D. N. Barney, who were engaged in boating on 730 History of Chittenden County. the western lakes, and who have since become so prominent in the railroad and express business in New York city, and engaged them to send a vessel with a load of flour to Montreal, which he purchased on his own account. This vessel, although passing the locks in the Welland and St. Lawrence Canals, was too large to pass those of the Chambly, and hence Mr. Canfield had to unload the flour at Montreal, and after much trouble with the custom-house officers transferred it by ferry boat to La Prairie, nine miles above Montreal, on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, then by rail to St. Johns at the foot of Lake Champlain, and then by steamer to Burlington. This was the ^rsf cargo of flour ever sent from Lake Erie to Lake Champlain via Welland Canal and St. Lawrence River. Although it was an expensive experiment, yet it showed that there was another route than that by the Erie Canal which was sooner or later to de- velop into an important one. The next season Bradley & Canfield chartered the steam , propeller £ar/ of Cathcart to run between Detroit and Montreal, agreeing to furnish at Detroit 1,500 barrels of flour every two weeks, at a fixed rate of freight to be paid whether the flour was shipped or not ; and to enable them to comply with this contract, they purchased a large flouring mill at Battle Creek, Mich., to manufacture the flour, and thus opened a regular trade via Montreal to Burlington the whole season. Meanwhile the Ogdensburgh Railroad was completed, and Mr. Canfield, still deter- mined to carry out his original plan of opening a more practicable northern route for much of the business between New England and the West, went to Oswego and Buf- falo, and after investigating more fully the operations of steam propellers on the lakes and Welland Canal, made a contract with E. C. Bancroft, of Oswego, to build two propellers of full size for the Welland Canal locks, costing $20,000 each, and arranged with Mr. Crawford, at Cleveland, to supply two more, with which to make a regular line from Detroit to Ogdensburgh. The Erie Canal forwarders, becoming alarmed at this new departure, procured from the Legislature of New York a reduction of tolls on wheat and flour, which interfered seriously with the new route, compelling a reduction of price of freight to about actual cost. This reduction was unnecessary, as it did not alter the production, and Mr. Canfield contended that the increased production of grain in the new-developed Western States would keep pace with all the increased facilities of transportation, which has since proved to be true, notwithstanding there are now eight through lines of railroad, as well as the Erie Canal and various water lines on the St. Lawrence River. The next season, 1850, opened with the line of propellers between Ogdensburgh and Detroit. But the fates were against them. One of the new ones ran on to a rock in the upper St. Lawrence and sank on the first trip, and another was wrecked on her second voyage, entailing a very heavy loss upon Bradley & Canfield. Others were procured to take their places, and the line was kept up, so that it was demonstrated at the end of the season that with proper vessels a regular line could be supported ; the result of which was the establishment of the Northern Transportation Line from Og- densburgh to Detroit and Chicago, consisting of a fleet of ten or fifteen propellers, which forever settled the practicability of the northern route, so that at the present day nearly all the business between Northern New England and the West is done that way, either by rail or water. During the four or five years of its inauguration Mr. Canfield was the main advocate and promoter of it, and it was through his persistent efforts, and after various trials and experiments and great loss of time and money, that he saw his plans succeed and the route thoroughly opened up and maintained. But the various obsta- Thomas Hawley Canfield. 731 cles which he still encountered, and especially the delay and damage incident to tran- shipment at diiferent points, led him to consider the plan of a continuous water route without transhipment from the upper lakes, involving the construction of a ship canal from Caughnawaga, above the Lachine Rapids, in the St. Lawrence River, to Lake Champlain. He had frequent interviews in Montreal with the Hon. John Young, Ben- jamin Holmes, Harrison Stephens, Peter McGill, Messrs. Holton & McPhersons, for- warders, all of whom were men of broad views and extended knowledge of the re- sources of the vast West on both sides of the line. Mr. Young had already agitated the subject in Canada. Mr. Canfield arranged a series of meetings to bring the scheme before the public. One was held in Burlington August 14, 1849, which was addressed by Mr. Young, Judge Follett and Charles Adams, the latter gentlemen entering into it very enthusiastically as well as intelhgently. Another was held at Saratoga August 21, over which General John E. Wool presided, which was also addressed by Mr. Young, Mr. Adams, Chancellor Walworth and many other prominent men from Mon- treal, Troy, Albany, Whitehall and other cities. A committee was appointed, consisting of prominent citizens in the States and Canada, to devise measures to carry on the en- terprise. A survey was made and it looked as though the project might be accom- plished. But when the matter came up in the Parliament of Canada for a charter, an unexpected resistance arose from Montreal, and although the charter was finally granted, the opposition became so great as to paralyze the efforts of Mr. Young and others, and prevented anything further being done. The fact that the large lumber trade with Canada and Michigan has grown up since at Burlington, even with the much inferior and more distant connection by the way of the Chambly Canal, demonstrates the necessity of a canal of much larger dimensions, and had the original plan of Mr. Canfield and Mr. Young been carried out, Burlington would long since have become the distributing point for the flour and grain of the West as well as lumber for nearly all of New England ; the large steamers leaving Duluth and Chicago would have discharged their cargoes on the docks at Burlington without breaking bulk, thereby creating a business which would have added greatly to its pop- ulation and prosperity, and made it one of the most important cities of New England. Mr. Canfield still believes that this canal will, sooner or later, be built, that the necessi- ties of trade and commerce will demand it, and that nothing would conduce so much to the growth and advancement of Burlington as the construction of the Caughnawaga Ship Canal. While Mr. Canfield was thus engaged in these various enterprises he formed the ac- quaintance of Edwin F. Johnson, then perhaps the most experienced railroad engineer in America, who spent much of his time at Burlington in the stone store of Bradley & Canfield. Mr. Johnson, having been projector of the Erie Railroad in 1836 from New York to the lakes, as well as having been engaged in the construction of the Erie Canal, had given much thought, and collected from army officers, trappers and traders, much information relative to the belt of country between the great lakes and the Pacific Ocean and had become so thoroughly impressed with the importance of a railroad to the Pacific coast, that he was constantly talking with Mr. Canfield upon the project to induce him to take hold of it. Mr. Canfield, who was then about thirty years old, be- came so much convinced by Mr. Johnson's arguments, as well as by his own study of the country, of the practicability of a railroad across the continent, that he resolved to make it the business of his life, zxid, devote his energies and talents to the accomplish- 732 History of Chittenden County. ment of it, believing he could in no way be so instrumental in promoting the happiness and welfare of his fellow men as in opening to settlement that immense tract of fertile land in the Northwest, and which would furnish homes for millions of the poor and down-trodden of all nations. The first active step towards it was the taking of a contract in 1852, by himself and partners, to build the Chicago, St. Paul and Fond du Lac Railroad, now known as the Chicago" and Northwestern Railroad, from Chicago to St. Paul, Minn., and Fond du Lac, Wis. Mr. Johnson was made chief engineer. At this time there was no railroad into Chicago from the East, and the materials and supplies were transported from Buf- falo by boat through the lakes and straits of Machinac to Chidago. Robert J. Walker, secretary of the treasury of the United States, N. P. Tallmadge, ex-United States sena- tor from New York, and other prominent men were the directors of the company. It was while Mr. Johnson was thus engaged on this road that he used to have long talks with Mr. Canfield about a line of railroad to the Pacific Ocean from St. Paul, and wrote an exhaustive treatise upon Pacific railroads, showing that the northern via the Missouri, Yellowstone and Columbia Rivers was the most feasible route, as well as passing through the most productive country. This made a volume of 150 pages, with an extended map, which Mr. Canfield and his partner published at their own expense, upon which was traced the isothermal line, showing that the climate became milder from Minnesota to Puget Sound, until a mean winter temperature there was warmer than Chesapeake Bay. In those days railroad building was slow compared with what it is now, materials difficult to get, capital timid, contractors inexperienced, and before the railroad was fin- ished to Fond du Lac the panic of 1857 overtook it and stopped all work, embarrassing the company and contractors. Before the company could be reorganized, the War of the Rebellion came on, when the necessity of a railroad to the Pacific became apparent, and the government selected the middle route, or Union Pacific, as the first line to be built, granting it lands and a money subsidy. Soon after the war broke out and the government assumed control of the railroads of the country, and Colonel Thomas A. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was made assistant secretary of war, having for his special duties the collecting of the armies of the United States. He sent for Mr. Canfield and placed him in charge of all the rail- roads about Washington as general manager. At this time Washington was surrounded by the rebels, and all communication was cut off except by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, with a single track — all the materials and supplies for the daily support of citizens, the army and everything, as well as all passengers and troops, had to be taken over this line. It required from thirty to forty trains a day each way, of about thirty- five cars each, and the fear that the enemy might intercept them at any time caused no little uneasiness to the president and his cabinet. It was a very responsible and trying position. The flower of the Confederate army, under their experienced and popular leader, General Lee, was encamped upon the " sa- cred soil " in sight of the capitol, rebel spies and allies were everywhere present in dis- guise, occupying positions of trust in the different departments of the government, keeping up a constant secret communication with the rebel leaders, the whole North in a state of anxiety and excitement lest the capital of the Union, with its treasures and archives, should fall into the hands of the enemy, while the South were hourly expect- ing to hear of its surrender to General Lee, and its occupation by their troops. Thomas Hawley Canfield. 733 Every avenue of communication by land and water with the District of Columbia was in the hands of the rebels, except the single iron-track Baltimore, over which the 300,000 soldiers for the Army of the Potomac were to be transported for the defense of Washington, as well as everything for the support of man and beast in and about Wash_ ington. It was only after frequent interviews and repeated assurances that Mr. Can- field could satisfy President Lincoln that he could, on this single track, keep open a communication with Washington until the Army of the Potomac should be collected, pro- vided the government would furnish troops enough to protect the line from destruction. But the rigid system instituted by Mr. Canfield of guarding the track the whole dis- tance by day and night, the employment of experienced, loyal railroad men whom he knew and in whom he had confidence, an implicit obedience of all employees to the rules and regulations, enabled him to transport the immense amount of freight, passen- gers and troops during the whole blockade without an accident of any kind. Never, perhaps, has there been, before or since in this country, so much business done in the same length of time with so much promptness and safety, upon a single-track railroad. The general movement of the army the next season into Virginia and the South raised the blockade and removed the necessity of further vigilance at Washington ; and the death of Mr. Doolittle, the superintendent of the steamers on Lake Champlain, created a vacancy which the directors of the company desired Mr. Canfield to fill, which he accepted, returned to Burlington, and for several years was the general superintendent of the company. Upon the revival of the project of the Northern Pacific Railroad after the war, when Messrs. Smith, of Vermont, Rice, of Maine, and Cheney, of Boston, purchased from Mr. Perham, then the ostensible proprietor, the whole enterprise, to save it to this country and from going into the hands of the Grand Trunk Railroad of Canada, which was endeavoring to get control of it, an active man was wanted to take charge of the busi- ness, to attend to all the details, to bring the merits of the enterprise before Congress and the country. Mr. Canfield, who was well known to all these gentlemen as having given much attention to the matter in former years with Mr. Johnson, was appointed a director and general agent of the company, with power to take such measures as he thought necessary to get the company into operation, and to carry out the provisions of the charter in the work of construction, under the advice of the directors from time to time. After the failure of Congress in 1866 and 1867 to grant aid, it was evident that the temper of that body was hostile to further government aid to railroads, which was encouraged by those interested in the Union and Central Pacific Railroads, to prevent, if possible, the building of the northern and southern lines. The directors of the North- em Pacific were much discouraged, and at times were about ready to abandon the en- terprise and lose what money they had already put in. But the charter would expire in two years. Mr. Canfield, who had been so many years working for the enterprise, would not consent to give it up without one more effort to save it, knowing full well that with the state of public sentiment then existing, if this charter expired, another never would be granted. To secure an extension of the charter and give it a more national character than it seemed to have before, Mr. Canfield conceived the idea of a syndicate of gentlemen, to be made up from those occupying prominent positions in the leading railroads of the country. He went to St. Albans and laid the matter before Governor Smith, who was then president of the Northern Pacific Railroad, who concurred in it; but, being too busy 734 History of Chittenden County. with the affairs of the Vermont Central Railroad to give much personal attention to the plan, he told Mr. Canfield to go ahead and Tie would endorse anything he might do. Mr. Canfield left Burlington for New York on the 26th day of December, 1866, with a heavy heart, but resolved to make a last desperate effort to save the magnificenl enterprise about which he had already spent so many years of his life. Mr. WiUiam B. Ogden, of Chicago, with whom Mr. Canfield had long been acquainted, was the president of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, was better informed upon the resources of the great Northwest, and had spent more time in investigating them than any other man of his time, and could better appreciate the magnitude of the Northern Pacific and the development of an empire, which must follow its construction. Mr. Canfield felt that his first point was to secure the active co-operation of Mr. Ogden and induce him to take hold of it, notwithstanding he was overwhelmed with business. It was some days before he could get Mr. Ogden to give any attention to it ; but finally secured an appointment with him to spend a day at his home at Boscobel, near High Bridge, and take up the subject. Mr. Canfield, early on the day appointed, went to Boscobel with his maps, plans, and printed copies of the charter, and commencing with its provisions and discussing them, he soon enhsted the interest of Mr. Ogden to such an extent that they continued their discussion from nine o'clock in the morning until midnight. Mr. Canfield's plan was to form a syndicate of twelve men, representing the leading railway, express, and transportation interests of the country, and to give to each one-twelfth of the enterprise, theypayingtherefor their proportion of the original cost. Thus the twelve would own the enterprise, each subscriber coming in on the " ground floor." The twelve names presented by Mr. Canfield were acceptable to Mr. Ogden. During this interview at Boscobel, in considering the various questions and emer- gencies which might arise in the unknown future before the road should be " put upon its feet " and the work of construction commenced, Mr. Ogden said to Mr. Canfield : " How much money will it require to bring this about ? how much money will each one have to pay, and how long will it take ?" Mr. Canfield frankly replied " that it was a long road to travel, that it had bitter and strong enemies in and out of Congress to contend with, and that you, Mr. Ogden, with your experience, know that it would take considerable money to make surveys and do preliminary work upon so long a route across the Rocky Mountains, which each one is expected to furnish his proportion of from time to time." " What, then." said Mr. Ogden, " will be the chance of our gettins our money back ?" " About one in fifty," said Mr. Canfield. " A fine chance," said Mr. Ogden ; " and upon what ground then, Mr. Canfield, do you ask us to put up our money, with so little prospect of return ?" " Upon this ground, Mr. Ogden, which I have no doubt will commend itself to your good judgment: This enterprise is one of the greatest ever undertaken in the world- it is equal to that of the East India Company— it is the only continuous charter ever granted across this continent, from water to water, and with the prevailing sentiment, which is increasing in this country, of hostility to railroad grants, assisted by govern- ment aid of subsidy, or even wild lands, if this is allowed to lapse, another will never be granted ; it will open up an empire, now occupied by the savages, which will furnish happy homes for millions of the poor of this and other countries,\nd the resources and Thomas Hawley Canfield. 735 wealth which it will develop will simply be incalculable ; and withal it will be the great highway for the trade of China, Japan, and the East Indies, across the continent. It is due to the people of this country and to this nation, that you, gentlemen, whom Provi- dence has placed at the head of the great transportation interests of the country, should step in at this crisis and use your influence and advance your money to save this mag- nificent enterprise from destruction." " Well, Mr. Canfield, that is high and noble ground. The charter must be saved and I will take hold with you. Meet me at my office, 57 Broadway, to-morrow morn- ing, and we will lay siege to the directors of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, whose influence we must enlist." It was past midnight, and Mr. Canfield retired much lighter-hearted than when he left Vermont, and feeling that a good day's work had been done, and that daylight was about to dawn upon his favorite project. In order that there should be no cause for disagreement in the future and that the objects for which the syndicate was formed should be distinctly understood, as up to this time Mr. Canfield had made only a rough sketch of them, he telegraphed to Ver- mont to Governor Smith to come to New York, and with him spent most of the loth day of January, 1867 at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, in putting on to paper in a condensed form the agreement for the twelve parties to sign, which was really the constitution upon which was based the future proceedings and which was afterwards known in the affairs of the company as the " Original Interests Agreement.'' It was late in the after- noon when they took this document to 57 Broadway to submit to Mr. Ogden, which, after discussion and explanation, received his hearty approval without a single altera- tion. It was getting dark, and as Mr. Ogden had to drive to his home at Boscobel, twelve miles, he said : "Well, gentlemen, is there anything else to do ?" " Yes, there is one thing more," said Mr. Canfield, " that is, for you to take the pen and put your name to this paper for one of the one-twelfth interests." " But it is so dark,'' said Mr. Ogden, " I do not know as I can see to write, and if I do, as you can read it.'' " Well," said Mr. Canfield, " try it and we will accept the signature for better or worse." Mr. Ogden then signed his name and they separated. As Smith and Canfield walked up Broadway, passing Trinity Church, Governor Smith said he felt that a crit- ical turning-point in the Northern Pacific enterprise had been passed and that the pros- pects for the future were very encouraging. Mr. Canfield soon after procured the remaining signatures to the agreement, which composed the syndicate, as follows : J. Gregory Smith, R. D. Rice, Thomas H. Canfield, William B. Ogden, Robert H. Berdell, D. N. Barney and B. P. Cheney, A. H. Barney and William G. Fargo, Geo. W. Cass, J. Edgar Thomson, Edwin Reilly. Six of the former directors resigned and Messrs. Ogden, Cass, Thomson, Berdell, Fargo and Canfield were elected in their places. The new board found it necessary, in order to satisfy the numerous inquiries made in Congress as to the practicability of the route and in order to fix a definite location, to institute surveys from Lake Superior going west and from Puget Sound coming east. In order to do this Edwin F. Johnson was chosen chief engineer, and Thomas H. Can- 736 History of Chittenden County. field general manager to collect assessments, make disbursements, and attend generally to the business of the company. Thus the two men who, in 1852, so often laid plans for a Pacific Railroad in the " stone store'' at Burhngton, Vt., were after fifteen years brought together again as the active men in starting forward and taking charge of the work. The subscribers to the syndicate continued to make advances for the cost of surveys and other expenses of the company until they had furnished about a quarter of a mil- lion of dollars from their own private pockets, and until the company was fairly under way by the financial arrangement with Jay Cooke & Co., Mr. Canfield in the mean time receiving all the moneys, making the disbursements, keeping the accounts until they were turned over to the new organization, arising firom the arrangement with Messrs. Cooke & Co., and the original twelve parties to the syndicate relieved from their personal obligations. But for the advances, courage, faith and influence of these twelve men, there would have been no Northern Pacific Railroad to-day. Those were the dark days of the enterprise, when it required faith and courage, when the project was ridi- culed as impossible and its advocates as crazy and visionary ; and in view of the igno- rance which then pervaded the whole country as to the climate, resources and practi- cabihty of this route to the Pacific, and the consequent obloquy and ridicule which was poured out upon those who had undertaken it, it is safe to say that at least as much credit is due to those twelve men, who amid good report and evil report, stood up with their brains and money and carried it through, as to those in later days, who, after its practicability had been demonstrated, confidence created, money raised and success as- sured, have been instrumental in its final completion. Mr. Canfield spent much time in Washington at different times to procure the neces- sary legislation for extending the charter of the company — procuring the right to mort- gage, and the right to build from Portland to Puget Sound. The Charter Almost Lost. — But for his vigilance the company would have lost its charter in i868. The matter had been before Congress, and after much opposition from various quarters, a bill was passed by the House and concurred in by the Senate on the 28th day of June, while the charter expired on the 2d day of July. The bill had been returned from the Senate, reported to the House, engrossed and passed on to the committee on enrolled bills, of which Mr. Holman was chairman, to be taken to the president for his signature. Mr. Canfield, finding the bill did not reach the White House as it should, and as there was but a day or two left, became very nervous and uneasy, as well as unable to find Mr. Holman, who had taken charge of the bill. In this emer- gency he consulted with Messrs. Windom and Woodbridge, members of the House, and they went 10 the speaker, Mr. Colfax, who ordered the desk of Mr. Holman to be opened, and there found the bill and gave it to another member of the committee to take to the White House. It is supposed Mr. Holman was sick somewhere and had forgotten about it. But for this watchfulness on the part of Mr. Canfield, the Northern Pacific charter might have slept the sleep of death in the desk of its worst enemy in the House. It was signed by the president July i, only one day before the charter expired. Mr. Canfield was one of the committee, consisting of Messrs. Smith, Ogden and Rice, who went to Ogontz, Mr. Cooke's country residence, near Philadelphia, in May, 1869, to make the arrangement with Jay Cooke & Co. to negotiate the bonds of the Northern Pacific Railroad. After spending a day or two and finally agreeing to the Thomas Hawley Canfield. 737 terms of the arrangement, Mr. Cooke, just as the committee were leaving, supposing all things were done, insisted upon a condition, as a postscript to the agreement, that the agreement should not be binding upon him, unless by a personal examination by him- self or his agents, of the whole line, it should be shown as equal to all the representa- tions as to resources and practicabiKty which the directors had made. This Mr. Cooke insisted upon, even if it should take a year to do it. Mr. Canfield was selected by the directors to take charge of Mr. Cooke's party, consisting of W. Milnor Roberts, engi- neer; Samuel Wilkeson, AVilliam G. Moorehead, jr., the Rev. Dr. Claxton, and William Johnson, a son of the chief engineer, which was to meet him at Salt Lake City on the 14th of June. From there they went by the Central Pacific Railroad to Sacramento and Marys- ville, and then by stage through Northern California and Oregon 700 miles to Portland, Oregon, arriving there on the 4th of July, 1869. From there they went to Puget Sound — most of the way by stage — procured a small steamer, making a thorough examina- tion of all the bays, towns and harbors, and returning to Portland they went by steamer up the Columbia River to Walla Walla. There Mr. Canfield fitted out a horse-back ex- pedition, consisting of thirteen saddle and pack horses, and as there were no settlements of any consequence beyond Walla Walla, was obliged to take provisions upon the backs of his horses suflicient to last the party thirty days, which it was estimated would bring them to Helena, Montana, 500 miles. They left Walla Walla on the 20th of July, with the thermometer at 110° above zero, making about twenty miles a day, lying upon the ground at night without any tent to cover them. They went from Walla Walla to Pend d'Oreille Lake, thence up the Clark's Fork of the Columbia to Cabinet Rapids, Thompson's Falls, Horse Plains, along the Flathead and Jocko Rivers,'through the Cor- iacen Defile to Missoula, thence along the Blackfoot to Gold Creek, now Garrison's, where they made a detour through the Deer Lodge Valley to examine the Deer Lodge Pass. Returning to Gold Creek, the first place gold was discovered in Montana, they crossed the Rocky Mountains to Helena at MuUan's Pass, where the railroad tunnel now is. Here they disbanded their horses and took stages to Fort Benton, examining Cadotte's Pass on their return, which was the pass Governor Stevens and his expedition crossed in 1854. Here they met an Indian outbreak, but escaped without injury. From Hel- ena they went to Bozeman, crossing the Bozeman Pass to the Yellowstone River, where Livingston now is. The hostile attitude of the Indians prevented them from going any further down the Yellowstone River, as they had intended, which caused them to turn back to Bozeman, the party first assuring Mr. Canfield that their failure to go down the Yellowstone would not interfere with the substance of their report. Mr. Canfield then turned back with his party, went across the country to Virginia City and took stages to Corrinne, and then by the Union Pacific Railroad to the East, reaching New York af- ter an absence of about three months. During the trip the engineers had been very ret- icent as to their views of the route, which created no little anxiety on the part of Mr. Canfield, lest they might not make a favorable report. This was a very important mat- ter to the company at this time, as upon the report of these men Mr. Cooke would fur- nish the money or not to go on with the construction. Mr. Canfield felt that a great responsibihty was placed upon him, as in the event of his not showing them a good route, such as would be satisfactory, the whole arrangement with Mr. Cooke must be abandoned, as well as the construction of the road. But Mr. Canfield, by his study of the route in former years — from the information he had obtained from prominent and 738 History of Chittenden County. intelligent citizens in Oregon, Washington and Montana, and officers of the army — was enabled to conduct the expedition through a favorable route, which subsequent surveys have confirmed, and the railroad from the Columbia River to the Yellowstone has been finally built on the route indicated, and most of the way in sight of the very trail which this party made in 1869. The result of the expedition turned out favorably, and the gentlemen sent on by Mr Cooke unanimously reported that the Aa/f ha.d not been told by the directors, and that the country was far better than they had ever represented, which compHed with the condition required by Mr. Cooke, and he at once commenced negotiating the bonds, and the work of construction began. It was soon found that many of the crossings of rivers and other places favorable to the location of towns were upon even sections, while the company, under their grant from Congress, received only the odd ones, and had no right under their charter to buy lands. In order to get over this difficulty a company was formed called " The Lake Superior and Puget Sound Com- pany," of which Mr. Canfield was made president, which was empowered to buy lands, build boats and do most any kind of business to further the interest of the railroad com- pany. In carrying out the plans contemplated by the Lake Superior and Puget Sound Com- pany, Mr. Canfield located and laid out on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, between Lake Superior and the Red River, the towns of Kimberly, Aitkin, Brainerd, Motley, Aldrich, Wadena,*Perham, Audubon, Lake Park, Hawley, Glyndon and Moor- head. In May, 1872, while there was not yet a white inhabitant west of the Red River, he crossed the plains with his horse and buggy, carrying his own provisions, from Moor- head 200 miles to the Missouri River, while it was yet Indian territory, and located Fargo, and laid out and located Valley City, Jamestown and Bismarck, and the crossing of the Missouri by the railroad. In November, 1871, he crossed the desert from Ogden on the Union Pacific Rail- road, when there were very few settlers in that country, to Snake River near Shoshone Falls, thence to Boise City, Idaho, and to Baker City, Eastern Oregon, via the Burnt Creek crossing of the Snake River, where the Oregon Short Line Railroad has just reached, thence across the Blue Mountains to Umatilla, on the Columbia River, and thence by steamer to Pordand, Oregon. While on the Pacific coast Mr. Canfield for the second time explored Puget Sound with reference to selecting a site for the future terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and secured large tracts of land at some eight or ten different places on the Sound, any of which might be available for a temiinus of the railroad. While it always had been the intention and poUcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company to use the navigable waters of the lakes and rivers across the continent in the first instance and connecting the portages by railroad, in order to get a communication through the whole route as soon as possible, which would at first make the Columbia River route available and Pordand the terminus of the branch line, and the commercial center of Oregon. Yet Mr. Canfield a/ways insisted that sooner or later the interest of the railroad would demand the construction of the short line across the Cascade Mountains to Puget Sound. However much the views of the directors of that day may have been modified in favor of Portland as a final terminus in consequence of the ob- stacles presented by the Cascade Range, he never subscribed to their views, but took the ground that the future great commercial city on the Pacific coast would be on the Thomas Hawley Canfield. 739 waters of Puget Sound, where it could be approached with ease through the Straits of Fuca by the largest vessels from all parts of the world, without being subjected to delays, damage and shipwreck by the bars which necessarily are formed at the mouths of the great rivers. Accordingly, as above stated, he secured large tracts of land at various points on the Sound from Olympia to Bellingham Bay, and had a thorough examination made of all the bays and harbors, as well as of the country contiguous, with reference to the practicability of approach by a railroad, and the supply of fresh water for a city. At Tacoma he purchased a large tract, beheving it would be the point on the sound where a railroad from the south would first touch it, and connect it with the Willamette valley and all the immense productive country west of the Cascade Mountains for hundreds of miles to California and beyond by branches to Utah and Nevada, at the same time being located, as it were, in front of the CowHtz, Natchez, Stampede, and Snoqualmie passes of the Cascade range, one of which he believed the railroad would, sooner or later, adopt as its crossing, as it would be the easiest point of access for the main line from the east, forming a junction at Tacoma with the lines from Oregon, Cahfornia, Utah, and Nevada from the south ; even if in the future it should be deemed expedient by the company to continue the line down the sound to some point nearer to the en- trance of the Straits of Fuca as the final terminus. The wisdom of this selection has since been demonstrated by the construction of a railroad from California to Tacoma, and the Northern Pacific is also rapidly constructing its main line through the Stampede Pass to the same place. Thus through the agency of Mr. Canfield the Northern Pacific Railroad Company has been enabled to secure a large tract of land on the Mediterranean of the Pacific, giving it ample facilities for its terminus, buildings, side tracks, wharves and warehouses, approachable without difficulty by the largest vessels in the world, as well as enabling it to lay out a city upon a plan and scale which shall adequately provide for all the wants and comforts of future generations, and which shall be a fitting counterpart to one to be built at its eastern terminus. Lake Superior, at the mouth of the waters of the St. Louis River, where Duluth and Superior now are, and which shall be the great center of business of that empire of the Northwest now being so rapidly developed, and second only to Chicago in population and commercial importance on the great chain of lakes. At this time also Mr. Canfield located Tennio, Newaukem, Olequa, and Kalama, on the line between Tacoma and Portland. Kalama was selected because it was at the head of high water navigation of the Columbia River, at the same time being near Coffin Rock, which was one of the few places that the Columbia River could be bridged. Kalama was the place on the Pacific coast where the Northern Pacific Rail- road laid its first rail, and which was its headquarters for several years on that coast. It was while here Mr. Canfield foresaw the importance which the Oregon Naviga- tion Company might be to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, which was a com- pany owning twenty steamers, navigating from the ocean at Astoria the waters of the Columbia, Willamette and Snake Rivers, and Pend d'Oreille Lake for thousands of miles into Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana Territories. It was principally owned by Messrs. Ainsworth, Thompson and Reed of Portland, and Alvinza Hay- ward, of San Francisco. Mr. Canfield commenced negotiations with them for the whole property, which finally resulted in Messrs. Ainsworth and Thompson meeting Mr. Canfield and Mr. Jay Cooke at the latter's residence, Ogontz, near Philadelphia, in the following winter, and 740 History of Chittenden County. the sale was consummated, the Northern Pacific Railroad Company buying three- quarters of the stock of the Oregon Navigation Company, and the original parties re- taining one-quarter. In 1872 Mr. Canfield escorted the board of directors of the Northern Pacific Rail- road to Oregon and Washington Territory, taking them from Sacramento to Portland overland, and thence to the Puget Sound. They visited all the principal places on the sound in a steamer, examining them with reference to fixing upon a terminus for the main line of the road on the Sound, which was subsequently settled upon as Tacoma. The result of Mr. Canfield's experience is' he has traveled over nearly all the coun- try between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean via the northern route, on foot, or horseback, or muleback, in carts or wagons, long before the iron horse was heard in the land, and consequently has become familiar with the topography and character of the country. Few men comprehended so fully at an early day, even when St. Paul and Minne- apohs were in their infancy, the great capability of this immense country — the fertility and extent of the Red River valley, equal to that of the Nile — the abundant resources of various kinds awaiting future development between Lake Superior and Puget Sound — their capacity for easy and rapid development, such as no other country has ever before shown, which, combined with the facilities offered by the Northern Pacific and Manitoba, and other railroads yet to be built, to hasten settlements and accommodate the people, will create a Northwestern empire which will not only add incalculable wealth to the nation, but will form an important factor in its future government. Mr. Canfield continued as president of the Lake Superior and Puget Sound Com- pany, and a director of the Northern Pacific Railroad until the bankruptcy of the com- pany in 1873, when, upon its reorganization, it became the principal owner of the Lake Superior and Puget Sound Company, and no necessity existed longer for an active manager and Mr. Canfield resigned, after having devoted over twenty years of the prime of his life to inaugurate and put into operation this magnificent enterprise, with which his name must be forever identified as its most active organizer and promoter in its d^rk days, when very few had the faintest idea it would ever amount to anything. His health was so much impaired that he was compelled to give up all active busi- ness and now lives at Burlington, Vt., spending a portion of his time at Lake Park, Minn., where he has a farm, and is demonstrating the importance of a more diversified system of farming, by raising, in addition to the various kinds of grain, horses, cattle; and sheep, instead of confining his work to producing wheat alone, which sooner or later will exhaust the elements in the soil necessary for its production, unless restored by rotation and rest. Amid all the ups and downs of the times — amid all panics and financial storms — notwithstanding all the discouragements of the early days of the Northern Pacific and the hostility of Congress to its applications — Mr. Canfield has always maintained the same abiding faith in this magnificent undertaking and the same confidence in its ulti- mate success, and he still believes it will become the great transcontinental highway across the continent to Europe, not only for the products of the soil and mines along its border, but for the products of Japan, China, and the Indies. Mr. Canfield has now been engaged in active business forty-six years, during which time he has never taken a day specially for recreation or pleasure, so called, but has Thomas Hawley Canfield. 741 found his pleasure in the work in which he was engaged, believing thereby he was doing some good to his fellow men. Although of a slender frame and fragile constitution, he is yet apparently as well and active and moves with the same elastic step as twenty years ago, which he attributes in a great degree to his constant busy life and temperate habits in all things except work. He is a good judge of human nature, enabhng him to be an excellent organizer and manager of men, quick in observation, clear in judgment and rapid in execution. While being naturally self-reliant, to which his varied experience has contributed, yet he is ready at all times to listen to others, and adopt their views even if they differ from his own, if they have merit in them. Modest in his pretensions, he is ever ready to give to others the credit of any good act, although he may have been mainly instrumental in bringing it about. Having been engaged in work of a public character and connected with many great enterprises, he has an extended knowledge of the country and broad and comprehensive ideas as to its capacity and resources, and entertains the most san- guine views as to its future greatness and power. When once enlisted in any scheme which commands his approbation he is very persistent and persevering until it is accom- plished, no matter how difficult it may be or how serious the obstacles to be encoun- tered. The idea of defeat never enters into his calculations. He is very retiring, talks but little, is a good listener, but clear in his ideas of right and wrong and firm in main- taining them. He is generous almost to a fault, and in anything in which he believes he is ready to back his acts with his money so far as he is able ; a true and firm friend to those who gain his confidence — and many are the men in good circumstances and prominent positions who are indebted for them to his early aid and assistance. At different times he has been actively engaged in poHtical matters, but always refus- ing to accept any office of any kind, preferring to aid those whom he deemed capable of filling public stations. Arriving at his majority when the old Whig party was prominent, his first vote was cast for its nominees, and he continued identified with it until it was succeeded by the Republican party, to which he has since belonged. He is an active member of the Episcopal Church, having been brought up in it from childhood, the house in which he was born in Arlington being the one in which the convention of the diocese of Vermont first met to organize in 1790, the occupant of it, his grandfather, being the first lay delegate. He was baptized in infancy in the old church at Arlington by " Priest Bronson," one of the first clergymen in Vermont, and confirmed by Bishop Hopkins in St. Paul's Church, Burlington, Good Friday, 1848. He was for many years a vestryman and warden of St. Paul's Church, had charge of the enlargement of the church in 1852, raising the money for it, and again in 1868 in building the transept, devoting much time as well as money. He has attended every convention of the diocese of Vermont for thirty-two years, twenty-three of which he has been the secretary of it. For several years he was a member of the standing com- mittee of the diocese, and also represented it as deputy in the four general conventions of the church in the United States, held in Philadelphia in 1856, in Richmond, Va., in 1859, in New York in 1874, in Boston in 1877, and in Chicago October 8, 1886. He was one of the original incorporators and trustees of the Vermont Episcopal In- stitute thirty-one years ago, and has been the resident trustee ever since, having charge of its affairs, its treasurer for twenty years, and now actively engaged in raising $40,000 with which to erect suitable buildings for the female department. He furnished the plans for Trinity Chapel, Winooski, and was mainly instrumental in raising the money to 742 History of Chittenden County. build it. He founded the Episcopal Church at Brainerd, Minnesota, furnishing the block on which it stands and half the money for the building. He also furnished the sites for the churches at Moorhead, Minn., Bismarck, Dak., and Kalama, Washington Territory, and assisted in building the churches. However much he may be absorbed in business, he always finds time to attend to the church and its interests. Few men have ever had a more busy life, which from present indications is likely to continue in the same way to the end; and he probably will, as he says he expects to do, " die in the harness." CHESSMORE, ALWYN HARDING, M. D. Alwyn Harding Chessmore, son of Alvah and Harriet (Thorn) Chessmore, was born in Warren, Washington county, Vermont, on the 17th of October, 1837. His father died when he was eight years of age, and four years later his mother removed to Chelsea, Vt. In 1851 he went to live with an uncle in Johnson, Vt., where he fitted for college in the academy. He conclud- ed to begin the study of his chosen profession, medicine, without any further delay than was necessary while obtaining the means. In 1856 he attended his first course of lectures at the Castleton Medical College, whence he repaired for a year to the office of a cousin, Dr. Goodwin, of Rockford, Illinois, and continued his studies. He next went to Royalton, Vt., and studied a few months in the office of Dr. H. H. Whitcomb, after which, in the winter of 1859-60, he taught school in Sharon, Vt., and in March, i860, entered the medical department of the University of Vermont. So thorough had been his previous application that in the following June he received from that institution the degree of M. D. The first year of his practice was in company with Dr. George W. Bromley, then of Huntington, now of Richmond, whom he soon bought out. In the fall of 1862, at the beginning of that war which deluged the country with fraternal blood, Dr. Chessmore entered the service of the Union army as assistant sur- geon in the Fifth Regiment of Vermont Volunteers. In the spring of 1863 he was promoted to the position of surgeon of the Fifth Regiment, and by virtue of this rank soon became brigade surgeon. He shared from this time on in all the vicissitudes of the Army of the Potomac until the 25th of September, 1864, when he was mustered out in the Shenandoah Valley, and returned to Huntington. The war was not yet over, how- ever, and he could not remain away from the field of activity. After only a month or two of peace he went to City Point, Virginia, where he served as contract surgeon until the spring of 1865. During that season he returned to the town of his adoption. From that time to the present he has been continuously in practice in Huntington and the neigh- boring towns, and has achieved a reputation for skill and efficiency which frequently calls him many miles from home. Indeed, but a few months ago he was obliged for the sake of his faihng health, brought on by overwork, to relinquish a large portion of his practice and confine himself to the care of only the most urgent and important cases. His success, which it is not too much to say is phenomenal, may be attributed to the thoroughness of his preparation for practice, to his experience in the army, to the ana- lytical character of his mind, and to the fact that his methods are hygienic, that is, that he depends on hygiene rather more than on medicine to effectuate his cures, excepting in cases beyond the reach of mere hygienic principles. Being thus forced to the enjoyment of a certain amount of leisure, he determined to divert his energies to some other congenial and profitable employment, and in the fall of 1878 he purchased the milling property situated on the river in the north village of Alwyn Harding Chessmore, M.D. — Isaiah Dow. 743 Huntington, consisting of a circular saw-mill, clapboard-mill, shingle-mill, planing-ma- ■chine, cheese-box factory and custom grist-mill. He immediately set about the im- provement of this property, and has largely increased the capacity and business of the mills. He now manufactures about 200,000 feet of coarse lumber, 300,000 shingles, and 100,000 clapboards annually. Considering the fact that this volume of business has been added to his professional duties, it is a remarkable and highly commendatory commentary on Dr. Chessmore's abilities and energy of character. He has not attained this degree of success from the fact of large possessions as a basis ; on the contrary, when he began practicing in Huntington he was in debt for the team that carried him, and by dint of industry and economy has accumulated a handsome property. Dr. Chessmore is an unwavering Republican. He has always taken great interest in the political questions of the day, and has fearlessly advocated his opinions, regard- less of opposition. The only political offices, however, which he has consented to hold was that of senator from Chittenden county in 1874-75, and that of town representa- tive, to which latter office he was elected September 7, 1886. In February, 1868, he married Minnie, daughter of Hon. Henry Gillett, of Rich- mond, a sketch of whose life appears in these pages. Mrs. Chessmore died in the month of August, 1874, leaving one son, born January i, 1872, who has passed the most of his time, since the death of his mother, with her parents in Richmond. DOW, ISAIAH. The paternal ancestors of the subject of this sketch came from Scotland in the early history of this country. Isaiah Dow, grandfather of his namesake now living, was a native of Bow, New Hampshire, where he was born in 1772 and died in 1826. His wife, Abigail Messer, was born in Piermont, N. H., and ■died at eighty-three years of age in 1864. Andrew, the oldest son and one of ten chil- dren of Isaiah Dow, was born in Londonderry, N. H., on the 17th of November, 1803. From that time on the family suffered untold hardships, such as are always incident to a life of poverty in a new country, until the death of the father in 1826, leaving the mother and ten children with no means of support and a debt of $600, contracted for a cloth-dressing works by the father two years previous in South Duxbury, Vt. The struggle for a family home and a meager subsistence was from that time chiefly borne by the wonderfully resolute mother and Andrew, the eldest son. The ever to be re- membered freshet of 1830 entirely destroyed their dweUing house and cloth-dressing works, leaving the widowed mother enveloped in the terrible gloom of sorrow and poverty. Then it was that Andrew first manifested that character for integrity and pluck which characterized him through life by working out by the day to pay the $600 contracted by his father, and aiding the mother in the struggle against poverty. In the spring of 1829, having accomplished the payment of their debts, he bought the cloth- ing works of Simon Lyman, in Johnson, Vt., which stood where the woolen-mill now stands. In the spring of 1830 he married Mary, daughter of Jesse Gloyd, who manufact- ured the first nails ever made in this part of the State, and who was a blacksmith, harness-maker, shoemaker, and general mechancial genius. About two years after their marriage they had one child, a son, the only child of theirs which attained maturity, viz. : Isaiah Dow, the subject of this sketch, born February 7, 1832. From the time when he became old enough to share the burdens of business with his father, they largely shared the same vicissitudes until the death of Andrew Dow, October 25, 1882, aged 744 History of Chittenden County. seventy-nine years. Andrew Dow held the office of judge of probate for several years in Lamoille county. At Johnson, Andrew and his brother Stephen started the manu- facturing of woolen goods in 1845, and continued together until 1855, when the latter purchased the entire interest. At this time Andrew Dow admitted his son Isaiah and Nelson M. Nay, of Milton, into a partnership with himself, and with them purchased the property still owned by the subject of this sketch and his son, of the assignees of J. and J. H. Peck & Co., and began here the manufacture of woolen fabric for the farmers of the neighborhood. In four years Andrew Dow withdrew from the concern, which was- operated two years longer by the remaining partners. Isaiah Dow then became sole owner of the property, and his father, who had removed to Jericho, returned and again took an interest in the business, which he again relinquished in two years. Meantime the business having increasecj to such proportions that Andrew Dow deemed himself of too great an age to do his share, permanently retired, and his interest was taken by Philo Percival. In one year Noble L. Boynton succeeded Mr. Percival, and Dow & Boynton operated the mills about two years, when they were totally destroyed by fire. This occurred in March, 1868. The loss to customers because of the fire, which had consumed wool left by them to be manufactured, was about $15,000, and to the com- pany, not considering insurance, about $14,000. Mr. Dow was not made of material that submitted tamely to disaster, and he went at once to Middlebury and leased the woolen-mill at that place, which he operated for six months, trying to continue the supply of their goods until he could rebuild. In the spring of 1869 the present buildings at Mechanicsville were erected upon the ruins. The work of rebuilding was completed within six weeks after it was begun, and the machinery was in operation within two months. Mr. Dow then took into partnership William A. Martin, the firm continuing business under the name of Dow & Martin until the spring of 1874, when the senior partner assumed control of the entire business and devoted his sole attention to increasing this industry until June, 1883, when his son, Justin Gloyd Dow, became a junior partner. The firm name is now I. & J. G. Dow. Previous to the fire the business, which was confined in scope to the immediate com- munity about Hinesburg, were manufacturing about 90,000 pounds of wool per annum. The summer of 1867 was an unfortunate one by reason of the drought, and in the fall of that year the firm of Dow & Boynton united with three other concerns interested in having good water privileges, and built what is now called the lower reservoir, which overflows about eighty acres, impeded by a dam of stone seven feet thick at the bot- tom, five feet at the top, and fourteen rods long. The cost of this structure was about $3,000, the dam alone constituting an expense of $1,000. The community has never since the construction of this valuable feeder known the want of water. Until the fall of 1884 the woolen business of I. & J. G. Dow and their predecessors had been limited, as before suggested, to custom work for the farming population about the town and county ; but at that time they began the manufacture of white flannels for the market. So successful was the experiment that in the summer of 1886 the ma- chinery was doubled in capacity, and the mill, which formerly lay still two or three months every winter, is now in operation the year round. They now manufacture about 5,000 yards of flannel a week. During the year 1885 they ran not far from 125,000- yards of goods. Such is the bare outline of the life-work of one of the men who benefit the commu- nity in which they live, by being industrious and economical, and by the use of foresight Isaiah Dow. — Mary M. Fletcher. 745 and the exercise of a sleepless energy in the conduct of their affairs. They do better service than the blatant poHticians and the green-house members of labor unions, who pass their time rather in grumbling over their lot than mending it. Mr. Dow deserves credit for the fact that he began with limited means and has constantly and against dis- couraging odds at times enlarged his facilities and increased the proportions of his bus- iness until it is more than a success ; it is a monument to his abilities and persistency. Mr. Dow has been twice married. He was first united in marriage with Sarah A. Newland, of Hyde Park, Vt., in February, 1855, who died in 1864, leaving two chil-- dren, Justin G., now in partnership with his father, and Anna Sarah, who married John R. Rollins, of Bridgeport, Conn., in the fall of 1884, and died in September, 1885. On the 30th of November, 1865, Mr. Dow married Dulcena Benedict, daughter of Levi Franklin Benedict and 011a V. Manwell, of Hinesburg, who is the mother of two sons — Andrew and Frank B. Dow, and one daughter, Mary OUa. Mr. Dow is a consistent member of the Republican party, and a stated attendant of the Congregational Church, of which his wife is a member. FLETCHER, MARY M.* A life of simple and quiet benevolence, such as Miss Fletcher's, furnishes but few events for biography. She was born to Thaddeus and Mary L. (Peaslee) Fletcher on September 19, 1830, in Jericho, Vt, where her father was a merchant, and from whence he removed to Essex, where he was engaged in simi- lar business for several years. In 1850 Mr. Fletcher came with his family to Burlington. Mary Fletcher and her younger sister Ellen, the only children, received their education in the Burlington Female Seminary, conducted by Rev. J. K. Converse. Both girls were extremely delicate in health, and are remembered by their associates as being un- usually shy and reserved. Ellen, though apparently the more vigorous of the two, died of consumption after a short illness in 1855. Mr. Fletcher having by prudence in mercantile business and fortunate investments at the West amassed a large property, and foreseeing that his family would be short- lived, turned his thoughts to the question of a charitable endowment for the public ben- efit. Among the plans which he considered, were projects for a public library and a hospital. Death, however, came to him in 1873, before he had fully matured any of the plans which lay before him. The only considerable gifts made by Mr. Fletcher himself were an endowment fund of $10,000 given to the Essex Classical Institute and a be- quest of $10,000 to the Home for Destitute Children, Burlington. Shortly after his death Mrs. Mary L. and Miss Mary M. Fletcher, his wife and daughter, to whom he had bequeathed all his property, founded and endowed the "Fletcher Free Library " of Bur- lington, with gifts aggregating $24,000. Of this sum, by the deed of gift, $10,000 was devoted to the immediate purchase of books; $10,000 was to be invested as a fund, the proceeds of which should be expended in purchasing books, and $4,000 was afterwards added for the publishing of the catalogue and for procuring books for the reference de- partment. The cost of maintenance, including building, furnishing, salaries of librarians, and current expenses, is borne by the city. This has proved a most wise and beneficent gift. It appears by the last annual report of the trustees that the library has now on its shelves 18,600 volumes, that the yearly additions are about 1,000 volumes, and the number of volumes annually drawn out for reading 30,000. Multiply these figures by 1 Written by President M. H. Buckham. 746 History of Chittenden County. the future decades of years which will inherit the ever-accumulating proceeds of this gift, and the gain to the intelligence of the community is seen to be beyond calculation. The sudden death of Mrs. Fletcher in the summer of 1875 frustrated for the time a plan for the endowment of a hospital in which both Mrs. and Miss Fletcher had taken a warm interest and which seemed to be approaching maturity. But as soon as Miss Fletcher recovered from the shock caused by her mother's death, she set herself reso- lutely, and under a profound sense of the responsibility placed upon her, to accomplish the project twice arrested by death, the founding of a hospital. In this act, or series of acts, by which, on her part, this plan was carried into execution. Miss Fletcher mani- fested a remarkable business and executive ability. It has almost become a proverb that nowhere do persons of wealth show so much weakness as in their projects for be- stowing their wealth upon the public. But this quiet, resolute lady, having sought advice where she thought she could get the best, matured her plans thoughtfully, and then, waiving aside opposition, announced and proceeded to carry out her design with a wis- dom and firmness which, almost equally with her generosity, entitle her to admiration. The sum total of Miss Fletcher's gifts to the hospital is something over $400,000. Of this amount nearly $30,000 went to the purchase of the charming estate which con- stitutes the hospital grounds, $50,000 was expended in building and furniture, and the remainder is a permanent fund for the maintenance of the hospital. This total of gifts made in her lifetime, and of the avails of her legacy, constitutes by far the largest bene- faction made to the public in our State throughout its entire history. Miss Fletcher's minor benefactions were in number countless and were alwaj-s be- stowed with a thoughtful kindness which more than doubled their value to the recipients. She was, of course, beset by numberless solicitations which she was obhged to refuse, but the necessity of refusal always cost her gentle heart a pang. Among her latest gifts were an addition of $2,000 to the endowment fund of the Essex Classical Institute and a pay- ment of $S,ooo to the hospital for the establishment of a free bed in favor of the Wi- nooski Avenue Congregational Church, with which she had her church home. This latter gift, one of the last acts of her life, seemed to give her unusual enjoyment. Miss Fletcher, though outliving all her family, was a life-long invalid, death from consumption seeming to be a near probability at any time for thirty years before it actu- ally came. This prolonged feebleness and perpetual struggle for existence will explain at once her secluded mode of life and the special form of benevolence to which she gave her best thoughts and the largest part of her means. The Mary Fletcher Hospital is an expression of her deep sympathy with human suffering and an embodiment of her earnest wish to do something for its alleviation. The closing scene in Miss Fletcher's hfe was especially touching. As soon as she became aware that her end was near she desired to be taken to the hospital. Though informed by her physician. Dr. Carpenter, that the removal would be attended with e'x- treme danger, she would not be refused. Taken up from her bed in the arms of her faithful attendant, Michael Kelly, she was conveyed, in a sleigh, to the hospital and laid upon the bed in her own room, where nobody but herself had ever rested, and there, murmuring thanks that she was permitted to be where she was, in a very brief space she breathed her life gently away, attended by the president, the superintendent, members of the staff, and the nurses of the hospital she had founded. It was all exactly as she might have wished, and doubtless did wish, during those many days of weakness and Tkl'.max Gall'sha. Mary M. Fletcher. — Truman Galusha. 747 pain, through and beyond which she has now forever passed. She died February 24, 1885, in the fifty-fifth year of her age. Miss Fletcher's Mfe, as we now look back upon it, was one of great interest and beauty. In spite of sickness and pain, in spite of manifold limitations, a certain seren- ity rests upon it, a certain degree even of sunshine and charm. Our community is the richer for having such a life treasured up in its memory. When more noted names and more splendid careers shall be forgotten, this gentle lady and that which she has done will long be held in loving remembrance. GALUSHA, TRUMAN. Truman Galusha was born in Shaftsbury, Vt., on the 30th of September, 1786. He was the son of Hon. Jonas Galusha and his first wife, Mary, daughter of Governor Thomas Chittenden. Jonas Galusha was born in Nor- wich, Conn., February 11, 1753. He was the third in direct descent from Jacob Galu- sha, who, when a boy eight years old, early in the seventeenth century, was brought from Wales, at length settled near Plymouth, Mass., and became the ancestor of a nu- merous family. In 1769 Jacob Galusha, the son of Daniel and father of Jonas Galu- sha, with .his family_moved from Norwich to Salisbury, Conn., and thence in the spring of 1775 to Shaftsbury, Vt., where at length Jonas Galusha became a farmer and pur- sued that employment through life, except as he was withdrawn from it by official en- gagements. When the Revolutionary struggle commenced he took an active part in favor of the independence of the colonies. He was a member of a company com- manded by his brother David, in Colonel Seth Warner's regiment of " Green Mountain Boys." Previous to the battle of Bennington, August 16, 1777, 'he became captain of a company of militia, which consisted of two companies previously organized in Shafts- bury. When he received orders from Colonel Moses Robinson to march his company to Bennington he promptly called out his men and led them to the scene of action. As stated in the general chapter relating to the events of this war, the Vermont and New Hampshire militia were compelled to fight and win the battle a second time. Captain Galusha, it is stated, continued in active military service until the surrender of Burgoyne, and at several other times he with his company was temporarily under arms. In October, 1778, he married Mary Chittenden. In March, 1781, he was elected sheriff of the county of Bennington, which office in the spring of 1787 he re- signed. In 1792 he was elected a member of the second Council of Censors. In 1793 he was chosen a member of the Governor's Council, and by successive elections held the office six years. He also held the office of assistant judge of Bennington County Court for three years, beginning with 1795 ; and in 1800 was again elected, holding the office this time seven years. In 1800, too, he was elected representative from Shafts- bury, and took his seat in the House ; but on the morning of the second day resigned his seat, on the ground that he had been elected councilor and had accepted the office. He remained a member of the council seven successive years. He was elected judge of the Supreme Court in 1807, and again in 1808. In 1809 he was chosen an elector of president and vice-president, and again in 1821, 1825 and 1829. He was elected governor of the State of Vermont in 1809, and was re-elected in 1810, 181 1 and 1812. To this important office he was again called in 1815, and was re-elected year by year by constantly increasing majorities until 1819, when his competing candidate had only a few more than a thousand votes. He then announced his determination to remain no longer in public life, and in this he persisted, though urged to the contrary not only by 748 History of Chittenden County. his political friends, but by many of the adverse party. The Legislature presented an address in which they said : " In discharging the duties of councilor, judge and gover- nor you have ever merited and received the approbation of your fellow citizens." According to printed accounts Jonas Galusha was physically, constitutionally strong and active to an advanced period of life. A good observer of men and things, he im- proved his opportunities for special and general reading, and aptly availed himself of the advantages of his varied life. He was characterized by discernment, and by firm- ness and steadiness in his pursuits ; but after the attainment of favorable results he was inclined to be conciliatory, and allay the excessive heat of party strife. He was not much addicted to public speaking, but when occasion required he could express himself clearly and forcibly. He and his first wife had four sons and three daughters, who ar- rived at maturity. By another wife he had one daughter. His elder sons, one of whom was Truman Galusha, passed most of the time of their minority, except when at school, at the home of their father, and as he was to a consid- erable extent withdrawn by official engagements from direct attention to his home affairs, they had a greater charge and responsibility in regard to those affairs, the experience de- rived from which was probably favorable to them in after life. Truman Galusha mar- ried Lydia Loomis September 17, 1809, who died June 27, 1818, and again, Decem- ber 23, 1819, Hannah Chittenden, daughter of Hon. Noah Chittenden. She died May 29, 1828. By his first wife he had two sons and one daughter, and by the second one son and three daughters. He commenced business with a moderate patrimony, on a farm of limited extent in Shaftsbury, Vt., and occasionally practiced, as he had calls from neighbors and other persons, the art of surveying. In February, 1823 or 1824, he and his family, then comprising two sons by his first wife, his second wife, their son and daughter, and attendant, moved from Shaftsbury to the southwesterly part of Jericho, Vt., and after their arrival first occupied the some- what noted and conspicuous brick house erected, and for a number of years owned and occupied, by the Hon. Noah Chittenden, of whom Truman Galusha purchased the same, together with a considerable farm connected with it, and bordering in part on Onion or Winooski River. This house, last owned by Ellery Fay, was consumed by fire on the 2 2d of December, 1885. Another noted and conspicuous brick house, in the near vi- cinity of the one first named, was built by Governor Martin Chittenden, and owned and occupied by him a number of years before he removed to Williston, and is now owned and occupied by Daniel Bishop. In 1832 or 1833 he purchased and removed to the G. O. Dixon farm at Jericho, on Brown's River, and five or six years later removed to a more elevated tract in the more easterly part of the village of Jericho (which is now occupied by his son, Russell L. Galusha), where he died on the 12th of June, 1859. He held the office of selectman, and other town offices for a number of years, repre- sentmg Jericho in the General Assembly in 1827, 1828 and 1830, and took a leading mterest m the management of the affairs of the town. He was a member of the Con- stitutional Conventions of 1836 and 1843, and a judge of Chittenden County Court in 1849 and 1850. He was assiduous in his business affiairs, and gradually acquired what was considered in his town and vicinity a considerable property. He was also atten- tive to his duties and offices in the Baptist Church in Jericho, to which he belonged, and to the interests of «hich, as well as to the general interests of religion, he was devoted He was never wanting in energy and attention in the discharge of his duties and obliga- tions as a citizen and civil officer. In meetings and public assemblies he could express Truman Galusha. — Blossom Goodrich. 749 his views and opinions distinctly and with effect. He was a person of excellent phy- sique, especially in his youth and prime. At an advanced period of his life he was af- fected by a femoral ailment attended with a lameness which in a measure disabled him and crippled his active energies. Two sons and one daughter of Truman Galusha now reside in Jericho. The elder, Truman C, was born in Shaftsbury December 19, 1810, first married Miss Beulah C. Butts, and is now living with his second wife, who was Miss A. O. Bishop. He has four children. Russell L. Galusha, the second son of Truman, was born in Shaftsbury on the nth of October, 181 2, and now occupies the place last occupied by his father. Another son of Truman, Rollin Mallary Galusha, was born in Shaftsbury on the 30th of September, 1820, and came to Jericho with the rest of the family, where he spent the remainder of his life. In him flowed two currents of influential and energetic blood under different names, and he was worthy of such ancestry. He was always held in the highest esteem by his fellow citizens of the town where he lived and died. Few men have been more universally beloved among relatives, and as a man of general intelli- gence, of sterling integrity, and of kindly sympathies, he will be long and affectionately remembered. His generous feeling and cordial Christian fellowship was attractive, and in him every man found a friend and every Christian a brother. He died in Jericho on the 14th of May, 1886, leaving a widow nee Carrie McEwen, and three daughters. Clara J., wife of L. B. Howe, of Jericho, is a daughter of Truman Galusha. They have three sons living. Another daughter, Mrs. Ellen Maria Howe, widow of George P. Howe, resides at Loon LaTce, Franklin county, N. Y., and has two daughters. GOODRICH, BLOSSOM. The subject of this sketch was born in Richmond, Vt., on the nth of January, 1812. The first of his ancestors to come to Vermont was his grandfather, Daniel, who died in Wells. His father, also named Daniel, came to Richmond about the year 1811, and settled on the farm now occupied by his grandson and the son of Blossom, Jerome Goodrich. He died in Forestville, N. Y., September 21, 1852, leaving three daughters and four sons. Blossom Goodrich was educated in the district schools of Richmond, and deter- mined to follow the occupation of his father, that of farming. He accordingly came upon the farm which he still owns in Richmond, and by virtue of diligence and calcu- lation has increased the original Kmits of a small farm until the acres now number four hundred and fifty. In politics Mr. Goodrich is Republican. It is his habit to abstain from offlce, though he votes whenever it is his duty to do so, and votes with an intelligent and definite pur- pose. He is by preference of creed a member of the Universalist faith, and to that church contributes the benefit of his financial support. Blossom Goodrich was joined in marriage on the 2d of January, 1834, with Naomi, daughter of Zebulon Morton. She was born on the 2 2d of January, 1809, near Hart- ford, Conn., and accompanied her parents to Williston in 181 1. Mr. and Mrs. Good- rich have had nine children, of whom six are living. Their names are as follows : Cornelia, born October 31, 1834, became the wife of Lorenzo D. Whitcomb, of Essex Junction (of whom a sketch appears in this volume), and died December 17, 1881, leaving three children, Laura F., Edgar W., and James W. The second child of Blossom Goodrich and wife is Eleanor, born June 30, 1836, and now living in Henry, 111. The others are Harriet, born December 7, 1837, now living in Lincoln, Neb.j 7SO History of Chittenden County. Frederick Jerome, born September 5, 1839, now occupying the farm first settled by his grandfather; Eugene, born October 6, 1841, now of BurHngton ; Morton B., born Au- gust 21, 1843, died September 30, 1849; George, born June 13, 1845, now living in Williston, near the farm of his father and near the town hne between Williston and Rich- mond; Laura F., born September 21, 1850, died May 19, 1863; and Charles, bom September 21, 1852, now living with his parents. At this date (August, 1886) Mr. Goodrich is living at Norwood, Mich. He has eight grandsons of his surname: Ar- thur, Raymond, Fred, Harry, Morton, Blossom, Clifford and Clarence ; and ten grand- daughters of his surname : Mary, Naomi, May, Bell, Dora, Georgia, Flora, Daisy, Maud, and Laura. GILLETT, HENRY, was born in Richmond on the 13th of January, 1818. He was educated at the Hinesburg and Montpelier Academies, after which he returned to his father's farm in Richmond. His grandfather, Asa Gillett, sen., the first of the family to come to Vermont, left Pittsfield, Mass., before the town of Richmond was in- corporated, and settled on the strip of land which then formed a part of Huntington, and was afterwards annexed to Richmond. His son, Asa, jr., father of the subject of this sketch, was born in July, 1790, on the farm called the Captain Russell place, about one-half mile north from Richmond village, and died in August, 1869, at his home in Jonesville. He had five children, as follows : Maria, the eldest, now Mrs. Safford Colby, of Richmond ; Marilla, now Mrs. John Williams, of South Burlington ; Henry ; Malinda, who died many years ago, the wife of J. B. Nichols ; and Hiram A., now a resident of "Valparaiso, Ind. Asa Gillett's wife, whom he married in 1814, was Lucia, daughter of Edward Jones, a sketch of whose life appears in the history of Richmond. Henry Gillett remained upon the farm with his father until 1842, when he pur- chased the property and began to conduct the business on his own account. In 1878 he removed to his present residence — the place where his father died — and with his usual enterprise thoroughly repaired the buildings. In 1886 he purchased the old hotel property formerly belonging to Ransom Jones, and is at the present writing engaged in repairing the buildings for the reception of guests. Mr. Gillett is an out-spoken Democrat in politics, notwithstanding which he has been frequently elected to important offices in a town, county and State which are over- whelmingly Republican. As early as 1843, and for several years succeeding, he was chosen lister. He has been selectman many times, among the periods being 1857 and 1858, and from 1864 to 1873. He represented Richmond in the Legislature in 1874, and the county of Chittenden in the State Equalizing Board in 1874, and again in 1882. His popularity is based wholly upon his catholic and intelligent pubHc enter- prise and spirit. He is always foremost in movements looking to the improvement of his town and county, and contributes without stint to the success of all beneficent pub- lic undertakings. His religion is founded on a belief in universal redemption, and he is a regular attendant at the church of that denomination in Richmond. On the 20th of September, 1842, he married Orpha, daughter of Rev. Thomas Browning, at that time pastor of the Universalist Church in Richmond. They have had two children, Melinda, born on the 8th of May, 1844, who became the wife of Dr. A. H. Chessmore, of Huntington, and died on the 8th of August, 1874; and Frank B., born on the loth of November, 1850, married in November, 1876, to Anna Pelton in Plattsburgh, N. Y., and now resides in Jonesville. John Johnson. 751 JOHNSON, JOHN, who died in Burlington of erysipelas fever, on the 30th of April, 1842, was one of the most skillful land surveyors of New England in his time. He was born in Canterbury, N. H., on the 2d day of December, 1771, his parents having just previously removed thither from Andover, Mass. He was descended from a fam- ily of the same patronymic who were among the earliest settlers of Andover, where several branches of the family still reside. His father, Benjamin Johnson, was a grand- son of Captain Timothy Johnson, an extensive land owner in Andover, who, in 1677, at the head of a corps of mounted men, defeated the Indians in several fierce en- counters. Benjamin Johnson married Elizabeth Boardman, of Preston, Conn., and removed to Canterbury, N. H. He was a farmer, and took an active part in the War of the Revolution, rendering distinguished service at the battle of Bennington under General Stark, and receiving the commendation of that officer. He died at the advanced age of eighty-eight years, having through life sustained a character above reproach. His son John, then nineteen years of age, determined to seek his fortune in a newer country, and repaired at once to the northwestern part of Vermont, residing for short periods at several places, until the year 1808, when he settled permanently on the hill near the university in Burhngton. By the time of his settlement in Burlington he had acquired a thorough knowledge of his chosen occupation of land surveying, and had already made surveys and resurveys of many of the towns in Northern Vermont. It will be re- membered that the duties of a surveyor in this early day were of a severe and arduous nature. The population of the country was scanty, money was scarce, there were few roads, and they of the rudest description, the extremely rugged surface of the coun- try presented in many cases almost insurmountable barriers to progress, while the snow lay at a great depth in the dense forests late in the season. In conducting these sur- veys it was Mr. Johnson's practice to encamp with his party wherever night overtook him. The town of Westmore, in which Willoughby Lake is situated, was surveyed by him in the months of February and March, 1800, when the snow covered the ground to a mean depth of five or six feet. His eminent services in his pursuit brought him a wide and enviable reputation throughout the State, and in 181 2 he was appointed sur- veyor-general of Vermont. He was also chosen by the commissioners under the treaty of Ghent to superintend the surveys on behalf of the United States of our northeastern boundary. With Colonel Bouchette, the English surveyor, he undertook the work in 181 7 and traced the north line from the source of St. Croix River in the eastern part of Maine, to St. John's River. In the following year, with Colonel Odell for the En- glish commission, he continued this line to the Highlands designated in the treaty, and explored the country lying to the west of the due Jnorth line, the geography of which had been previously unknown. At this point the English commission objected to the extension of the due north line across St. John's River, and the surveys were interrupted. Mr. Johnson's final report was made in 1819 or 1820. Upon the resumption of the sur- veys by the government some years later, when the line was directed to be run more ac- curately than was possible in an original exploration, it was found to differ so little from the line traced by Mr. Johnson that the latter was adopted in the treaty of 1842 as the boundary to St, John's River, whence by a liberal concession on the part of this govern- ment it was permitted to follow the channel of that stream';;for some distance west, be- fore again verging to the Highlands. After concluding this service Mr. Johnson was again appointed surveyor-general of Vermont, and at various times during the remain- 752 History of Chittenden County. ing years of his life he filled several important offices of trust. During the War of 1812- 15 his intimate acquaintance with the topography of Northern Vermont and New York enabled him to furnish invaluable information to the military department, which was suitably acknowledged, but for which he received no compensation. He was also ap- pointed one of a commission to examine and adjust the claims of citizens on the north- em frontier, upon whom the army had at times been obliged to make forced demands for transportation, forage, etc. He was chosen to this position by virtue of his high reputation for probity, and of his excellent private and public character. These quali- ties also commanded the universal attention of his townsmen, by whom he was fre- quently made the arbitrator of some disputed question, which was determined by his wisdom and keen sense of justice, without the delay and expense of a trial and judg- ment in the regularly constituted courts. In the division and settlement of estates his services were almost constantly brought into requisition. It has already been made apparent that Mr. Johnson was not merely a surveyor, but a man of broad general information, of great native abilities, and of an unerring judgment. He possessed a degree of mathematical and mechanical knowledge and skill rarely at- tained by those whose education, like his, did not emanate from the schools and col- leges, but was rather built up by his own unaided efforts. It was his habit to investi- gate all questions on which his mind was brought to bear, carefully and closely, guard- ing his judgments from the influence of any improper prejudice or bias. The many manuscripts which he left on the subjects of carpentry, bridge building, hydraulics, etc., display great care and patient research in the collection of facts, and very unusual me- chanical skill in the arrangement of plans. Most of the mechanical structures of any magnitude erected in Northern Vermont during his residence in Burlington, either em- anated from him or received the benefit of his sanction. In 1815 he furnished the plans for the structure, then the largest of the kind in that part of the country, that was placed over the frame of the large government vessel, then unfinished, at Sackett's Harbor. He had no superior in the planning and construction of bridges, dams, and mills, aiid many so-called improvements, since patented by others, and used in other parts of the country, may be discerned in structures planned by him in Northern Vermont. He gave particular attention to the subject of saw-mills and flouring-mills, and through his instrumentality, aided by one or two others chiefly, the flouring-mills of Northern Ver- mont and New York were rendered especially superior to all others. Mr. Johnson become a partner in 1822 in the first establishment erected in Ausable Valley, N. Y., for the manufacture of chain cables, and he retained his interest in the manufacturing industries of that valley for a number of years. In addition to his manu- scripts on saw-mills and flouring-mills, mentioned above, he left others equally valuable on the construction of fulling-mills, oil-mills, rolling-mills, forges, etc., which manifest in their preparation extreme diligence and careful observation. The celebrated Oliver Evans met Mr. Johnson while on a visit to Vermont to collect his dues on the improve- ments in the use of machinery which he had originated, and was surprised and delighted to find in his new acquaintance so thorough an adept in the branches of practical learn- ing in which he himself had become famous. It was eariy a conviction with Mr. Johnson that theoretical knowledge in any de- partment of science was valuable chiefly in proportion to its contribution to the general welfare and prosperity, and he viewed with pain the divergence in thought and senti- ment between the scientific men of his day, who made little effort to render their studies John Johnson. 753 practical in result, and the practical men who refused to believe that their professions could be advanced by any labors outside of the field or workshop. With the latter he had great influence, and was eminently successful in his efforts to elevate the several me- chanical professions by proving that a knowledge of general principles and theories was important, because to a man's personal experience it added much of the recorded ex- perience and observation of others, which could be learned only by reading and study. Mr. Johnson originated many valuable improvements in the mechanical arts ; not- withstanding which, he never sought to benefit himself by obtaining letters patent, as he might have been justified in doing. The results of his studies, researches, and all his la- bors were generously devoted to the public benefit. The success of his son, Edwin F. Johnson, who afterwards attained a position in the first rank of the profession of civil engineering, was in no small degree due to the instruction received in the office of his father on the subjects immediately connected with his pursuit. Mr. Johnson usually had with him several young men who were qualifying themselves as land surveyors and me- chanics, many of whom afterward became prominent as such in other parts of the coun- try. These young men always retained for their instructor the kindest regard and affec- tion. His sympathies on behalf of the poor and suffering were easily excited. His hospitality was well understood, and his home was always open to the reception of his many friends. He was generous almost to a fault. Although he never took a very active part in political matters, he entertained de- cided opinions in harmony with the Jeffersonian school, and never neglected his duties as a citizen, nor hesitated to express his opinions of men and principles. He was con- scious, however, of the readiness with which human nature is swayed by partisan and sectarian influences, and carefully avoided exposing himself to their action, or censuring others who had been thus exposed. He was a great favorite socially, having the rare and happy faculty of making himself agreeable to all alike. Though not what would be termed a learned man, he had read extensively, and stood upon a footing of equality and friendship with men who ranked high for their scientific attainments. Mr. Johnson first married, in 1799, Rachel Ferry, of Granby. After her death he married, in 1807, Lurinda Smith, of Richmond, Vt., who died March 21, 1866. Joseph Dana Allen. On the 22d of January, 1836, the eldest daughter of Mr. Johnson, Eliza R. Johnson, became the wife of a man who in his profession had attained as high a rank as had been accorded to her father. Joseph Dana Allen was born at Burlington, Otsego county, N. Y., on the i6th of October, 1799. He was early thrown upon his own resources, and after a thorough preparation entered Norwich Military Uni- versity in 182 1, then presided over by Captain Alden Partridge, late commandant at West Point, and an able instructor in civil engineering, the profession which Mr. Allen had adopted. For two years after his graduation in 1825 he was assistant professor of civil engineering in the university, and then resigned to accept the position of engineer of the Connecticut River Navigation Company, a corporation organized for the improve- ment of the navigation of that river from Barnet, Vt., to Hartford, Conn. In the ye^r following he entered into an engagement with a company of New York capitalists to prepare a plan for a system of public works, then projected, by which the waters on the south shore of Long Island were to be connected so as to form an unbroken inland channel for ocean vessels from the eastern end of Long Island to New York Harbor. After completing these surveys and making his report thereon, he took charge of the Worcester division of the Blackstone Canal, then constructing, to connect the interior of Massachusetts with Long Island Sound. His next work was the laying out and 754 History of Chittenden County. building of the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, to communicate between the lumber re- gion of Maine and the sea at Portland. In 1830 Mr. Allen's services were demanded by the New York Canal Board, to aid in planning and perfecting the elaborate system then under consideration to connect the new West with the seaboard. As chief engi- neer he constructed the Black River and Chemung Canals, after which he took charge of the building of the northern division of the Chenango Canal, between Binghamton and Utica. In 1836 the construction of railroads began to be considered, and, by rea- son of his recognized ability, Mr. Allen was chosen to determine the route and plan the construction of the first road leading out of New York city, connecting with the junction of canal and river at Albany, and now known as the New York and Harlem Railroad. He also directed the laying out of the Utica and Oswego Railroad, the comple- tion of which was prevented by the financial panic of 1837. In 1838 he was appointed engineer of the Erie Railroad from Binghamton westward, then under the presidency of the eminent banker Jonas G. King, of New York, and directed the course of con- struction of that line. Notwithstanding the fact that railroad construction was then in its infancy, Mr. Allen's methods in his work at this early day have since been adopted throughout the country, a fact which abundantly testifies to his skill and efficiency. He subsequently directed the course and construction of the Chenango Canal from Binghamton to Tioga Point, N. Y., and also the Chemung Canal from Elmira to the same place. During the four years then following he was in charge as engineer-in-chief of the enlargement of the Erie Canal west from Little Falls ; but his incessant and responsible labors for a period of about sixteen years had greatly impaired his health, and, in the hope that a change of occupation might be a benefit to him, he purchased an inter- est in the Onondaga salt works at Syracuse, N. Y. Disappointed in the hope for health, he sought his end by an entire abandonment of business for a time, and removed to Bur- , lington, Vt., where he ever after lived. In 1845 he organized the Winooski Cotton Mill Company, and for two years was its president. This office he relinquished in the be- lief that his improved health would permit him to renew the practice of his profession. He accordingly accepted the position of consulting engineer of the Chicago and North- western Railroad, and directed the laying out of that line in Wisconsin. He was at the same time appointed chief engineer of the Erie Canal; but ill health again overtook him, and he practically retired permanently from the active duties of the profession. He af- terward, in the capacity of chief engineer of the Albany and Northern Railroad, directed its plan and construction, and still later laid out the northern extension of the Rutland Railroad line. He prepared the complete and accurate surveys of the city of Burling- ton, together with the maps and data, upon which was based the system of street im- provements afterward carried into effect. In 1856, at the request of the government of the United States, he took charge of the erection of the government buildings, post- office, custom-house and marine hospital, in Burlington, and completed them with his usual skill and painstaking. He was for a long time, director of the Merchants' Bank at Burlington, and was frequently in requisition to perform other private and public trusts. As has been said, his active life in his chosen pursuit covered a period of but little more than sixteen years, and yet few have accomplished such prodigious and gratifying results in a much longer lifetime. His enforced retirement from activity was especially irksome to his energetic nature, which sought and found a partial alleviation in those lib- eral studies which enlighten and elevate the character. He was a man of modest and John Johnson. 755 retiring disposition, of a liberal culture, and of rare moral qualities and sterling sense and judgment. His integrity and purity of character were particularly marked. In all that he did he was conscientious to a remarkable degree, and the minutest details of his public and official work, as well as of the minor and personal concerns of his life, invite the most critical scrutiny. His mind was a storehouse of facts and principles always ready for use, while his systematic thoroughness and clear perceptions of the questions with which he had to do, made his advice often sought and highly valued. He was for many years a consistent communicant of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Allen died on the 12th of October, 1878, leaving his survivors, his widow and two sons, Charles E. Allen, of Burlington, Vt., and John J. Allen, of Brooklyn, N. Y., all now living, the former at the advanced age of eighty-six years. Charles Edwin Allen was born in Burhngton, Vt., on the 28th of November, 1838, fitted for college at the Burlington High School, and was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1859. He studied law with Hon. Isaac F. Redfield, of Windsor, Vt., and subsequently with Hon. Milo L. Bennett, of Burlington, and was graduated from the Albany Law School in 1864. After practicing in New York city for three years he returned to Burlington, where on the 31st of October, 1867, he mar- ried Ellen C, only daughter of Elias Lyman, esq., of Burlington. Mr. and Mrs. Allen have three children, Joseph Dana, Lyman and Florence Lyman. His residence in Bur- lington is the old homestead of his grandfather, John Johnson, afterwards owned by his father. Mr. Allen has ably sustained the reputation of the family for thoroughness and effi- ciency in his life work, for elevation of character and liberaKty of culture. In 1862-63 he was assistant secretary of the State Senate; from 1878 to 1882 he was alderman from his ward; in 1882, was city assessor. In 1883 he was elected a member of the board of school commissioners of the city, to which office he has since been twice re-elected, and has in other positions of trust and honor received evidence of the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens. He is an active member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In the practice of his profession, although he is not confined in the scope of his labors, he has made a specialty of patent law, in which department of practice he is deservedly eminent. His brother, John Johnson Allen, was born at Utica, N. Y., August 4, 1842. He was graduated at the Burhngton High School in 1848, and at the University of Vermont in 1862. Receiving an appointment on the staff of the provost marshal of the fourth district of New York, he removed to that city and succeeded to the charge of the office during the last year of the bureau. In 1866 he graduated from Columbia Law School, and soon after was appointed assistant United States district attorney for the eastern district of New York, which position he continued to hold until his resignation in March, 1873, since which time he has been actively engaged in the duties of his profession, in which he has acquired a high reputation. In 1874 he represented his ■district in the Legislature of New York. For several years he has held the office of United States supervisor for the city of Brooklyn, and also that of United States com- missioner. His summers are spent in Burlington, M^here he owns a residence on College Hill. He married in 1870 Louisa A., youngest daughter of the Hon. Charles Shaler, of Pitts- burgh, Pa., and has three children, Marion Shaler, Eliza, and Marguerite Louisa. 7s6 History of Chittenden County. LYMAN, EDWARD, was born at Woodstock, Vt., on the 21st day of January, 1826. He was the second child and only son of Job and Mary P. Lyman, and is in the seventh generation from Richard Lyman, who was born in High Ongar, Essex county, England, in 1580, and, emigrating to the New World in the summer of 1631, became one of the proprietors and a leading citizen of Hartford, Conn. Job Lyman was born at Northampton, Mass., was graduated fi-om Darmouth College in 1804, studied law, and settled for the practice of his profession at Woodstock. There he be- came identified with a number of important public interests ; was cashier of the old Vermont State Bank throughout its existence, and served many years as president of the Woodstock Bank. For a long period he was court auditor of Windsor county, and a member of the Governor's Council. In 1850 he relinquished all business pursuits and came to Burhngton, where he died on the loth of September, 1870. Edward Lyman, the subject of this sketch, was educated at the schools of Wood- stock and at the widely-known Kimball Union Academy, of Meriden, N. H., and at the early age of fifteen years entered upon his business career as clerk in a dry goods store at Woodstock. He continued to act in that capacity in several stores until 1848, when, deeming his apprenticeship concluded, he came to Burlington and became the junior partner of the firm of E. & E. Lyman. After the lapse |of three years he pur- chased his partner's interest and continued sole proprietor until August, 1868, when he rewarded the fidelity and abihty of one of his clerks by admitting him to an interest in the firm. The clerk was Heman W. Allen, his present partner, who has united with Mr. Lyman in sustaining and furthering the enviable reputation of the house for the highest integrity and unquestioned credit. In 1862 Mr. Lyman added a wholesale and jobbing department to his business, which has grown to large proportions. In 1855, when the institution now known at the Merchants' National Bank was chartered, he was chosen one of its directors, and has remained in that position without interruption to the present time, being in the mean time elected vice-president and president, respectively. After serving in the capacity of president for a number of years he resigned the position in January, 1885. On the 25th of October, 1853, he married Minerva B., daughter of the late George Lyman, of White River Junction. Of their two children, a daughter, Minnie Elizabeth, is living. The first-bom, Mary Louise, died on the 14th of March, 1862, in the fifth year of her age. To the unyielding strength of moral principle which Mr. Lyman has inherited firom his ancestors, he has added the qualities that soften the stern outlines of the Puritan character and a spirit of charity that widens the influence of the Puritan faith. He and his family are attendants at the College Street Congregational Church. In politics he is an ardent Republican, but he steadily refuses to accept public office. MEECH, HON. EZRA, was born in Norwich, Conn., in 1773, and came to Hines- burg, Vt., with his father, Elisha Meech, in 1785. The country being new at this time, he was obliged to fight innumerable obstacles; but by remarkable perseverance and energy he attained prominence and became one of the wealthiest men in his county. He entered first into the fur trade between the United States and Canada. Sub- sequently he kept a store at Charlotte, Vt., and in 1810 was extensively engaged in ship- ping timber to Quebec. At the breaking out of the war in 1812 they gave him thirty days to close out his business and leave the Dominion. During the war he furnished Hon. Ezra Meech. — Seymour Jeremiah Parker. 757 provisions for the soldiers of the American army. At the close of the war he again entered the lumber business. He was also during his business career interested in railroads, marble business near Rutland, and several other enterprises, nearly always making a success of whatever he undertook. He was at one time Democratic candidate for governor, but defeated by the Repub- lican nominee. He represented his State in Congress three terms at the time Daniel Webster and Henry Clay were in the Senate. He was also judge of his county. He married for his first wife Mary McNiel, daughter of John McNiel, of Charlotte, and they had ten children, five of whom lived to maturity, Mary, Jane, James, Ezra and Edgar. Mary (McNiel) Meech died in 1827. The following year he married his second wife, Mrs. Asahel Clark, in 1828, and she died in Burlington, Vt., September, 1874. Ezra Meech was a man of stanch principles and great executive ability. In phys- ical stature he was gigantic, being six feet four inches tall, and weighing 360 pounds. He died in Shelburne, Vt., September, 1856, leaving two sons, Ezra and Edgar. Edgar Meech was born in Shelburne, Vt., June 20, 1818. He was a son of the Hon. Ezra Meech and Mary (McNiel) Meech, and the youngest of ten children. At the age of fifteen he went to Chambly, Canada, and studied French, afterwards entering the University of Vermont and graduating in the class of 1841. He then returned to his father's home in Shelburne, and there, with his brother Ezra, managed the farm, which consisted of 3,500 acres of land, situated on the border of Lake Champlain. He was married June 9, 1850, to Mary Jane Field, daughter of Salthiel and Lydia (Bragg) Field, of Springfield, Vt. In 1851 he settled on a farm in Charlotte adjoining his father's, and there lived the remainder of his life. They had five children — Charles E., who graduated at the University of Vermont in 1874 and who is in business in Portland, Oregon; William F., who died in 1874 ; Mary E., Abbie J., married to William K. Sheldon, of West Rutland, Vt., and Sarah S. Mr. Meech was a man of rare qualities, retiring and modest in disposition, but deeply interested in all the political and social movements of his time. He was a man of strong integrity, gentle and loving in manner, so that all who knew him loved and respected him from childhood up. On February 19, 1885, he died at the age of sixty- six years. PARKER, SEYMOUR JEREMIAH, was born in Milton, Vt., on the 8th of Feb- ruary, 1820. The first of his ancestors to come to Vermont was his grandfather, Edward Parker, who emigrated from Deerfield, Conn., to Richford, in this State, shortly before the year 1800, and died there in 1812. His son, John Parker, father of Seymour J., was bom in Connecticut in 1796, and was brought to Richford by his parents, where he attended school and helped his father about his work until he had attained the age of sixteen years. Then, at the outbreak of the second war with Great Britain, he en- listed as a musician, young as he was, and in that capacity participated in the battle of Plattsburgh. After serving out his time he went to Milton and settled on the farm now occupied by Allen Caswell, about a mile east from Milton village. While there he was made captain of a company of riflemen, and was promoted to the colonelcy, which he remained until the company was disbanded. In 1837 he removed to the farm in West- 75 8 History of Chittenden County. ford now owned and occupied by his son, the subject of this sketch. When he first removed to Milton he married Letty, daughter of Solomon Caswell, of that town. His wife was born in 1799, and died May 26, 1883. They reared a family of four girls and two boys, of whom Seymour J. was the eldest. John Parker died June 13, 1876. He was deservedly a prominent man ; served one term in the State Senate, and held all the highest offices in the town of Westford. Seymour J. Parker was educated in the district schools of Milton and accompanied his father to Westford in 1837. After his marriage in 1839 he purchased a part of his father's farm, to the west of the paternal residence, and for a number of years carried it on separately. About 1855 he purchased the rest of his father's property, and returned to the house which he now occupies, and which John Parker built in 1845. The life of a farmer is not usually prolific of thrilling events; its days are passed in fruitful toil, and its nights in peaceful rest. Mr. Parker manifested his ability by steady industry. The farm which he received from his father contained 325 acres — an extent of territory which in Vermont will tax the energy of the most laborious to manage — but he has in- creased it to 375 acres, and has kept the numerous buildings in good repair, has main- tained sufficient fences, and has made the property pay. Like most of the farmers in Northern Vermont, he has paid the greatest attention to dairying, and now keeps usually not fewer than thirty cows, besides the other kinds of necessary stock. Mr. Parker is a tried member of the Democratic party, with which he is generally in accord on all questions of governmental and international affairs. He is no office- seeker, but has been placed in a number of the town offices, the several duties of which he has successfully discharged. His religious preference is Congregational, and he is a stated attendant and supporter of the church of that denomination in his town. In December, 1839, Mr. Parker married Marcia, daughter of Martin Bates, of West- ford, who has been his companion for nearly half a century, and with him has had a family of eleven children, three girls and eight boys, two of the latter being deceased. The names and dates of births are as follows : John C, born May 5, 1841, now a farmer in Colchester; George Edgar, born April 11, 1843, died in the service of the Union army, of typhoid fever, in New Orleans, 1864; Martin B., born July 4, 1845, now a farmer in Milton ; Charles S., born June 4, 1847, resides in Milton ; Francis H., born July 4, 1849, now a carpenter and joiner ir^ Westford; Edwin C, born September 12, 1851, became a member of Ethan Allen En- gme Company of Burlington, and was killed in service in the winter of 1884-85 by the falling of a brick wall; Rollin J., born November 23, 1853, now living with his parents; Ida J., born June 18, 1856, wife of Amos Partridge, of Westford; Willie J., born Feb- ruary 4, 1858, now a farmer in Colchester; Mary A., born March 29, i860, wife of Philo Irish, of Westford; and Nellie H., born August 29, 1862, wife of Edward J. Moseley, of Burlington. pOMEROY, JOHN N. John Norton Pomeroy was born in a log cabin on the 1 north side of Pearl street, Burlington, just below the present residence of Henry Loomis, on the 29th day of September, 1792, and at the time of his death, on the 19th of July, i88r, was the oldest native inhabitant of the city. He was the youngest of three children of Dr. John Pomeroy, a sketch of whose life appears in the history of the Medical Profession, having one older brother, Cassius F. Pomeroy, and one sister, Rosa- mond P. His mother, Mary Porter, was born in Abbington, Mass. The childhood of John N. Pomeroy. 759 Mr. Pomeroy was passed in attendance at the old district schools of his native place, and in August, 1805, he entered the University of Vermont, from which he was gradu- ated four years later. Although then not quite seventeen years of age, he delivered at ■commencement a poem and an oration, both of which were remarkable for youthful productions ; and from the time of his graduation to the day of his death he was an active friend of his alma mater, which he frequently aided by liberal donations. At ■college he evinced a wonderful aptitude for scientific study and research, becoming thoroughly conversant with the discoveries of all times ; and this predilection for studies in this department of learning he never relinquished. He delivered the master's ora- tion at the university in 1812. In the winter and spring of 1814 he attended two ■courses of lectures on chemistry in New York city, and in the following fall delivered a •course of fourteen lectures on that subject to a class of medical students and a number of ladies and gentlemen residing in Burlington. His native independence of character, however, together with his enthusiastic and practical love of learning, impelled him to ■one of the learned professions as a means of earning his livelihood, and he chose the practice of law. He entered the office of Judge Daniel Farrand, with whom he remained •during the greater part of his apprenticeship, but finished his course with Hon. Charles Adams. He was admitted to the bar of Chittenden county in 1816. He continued to practice successfully until the decease of his father in 1844, when, by the inheritance of -an ample fortune, he was enabled to retire and devote his time exclusively to those learned and elevating pursuits of which he was so fond. His professional labors were ■chiefly those of a collecting lawyer, in which he was very successful ; but among other important litigated cases he was prominent in defeating the claims of a number of men who had taken possession of portions of the city hall under leases from the town of Burlington, and thus vindicated the exclusive right and duty of the public to keep and use the same for the erection of public buildings and for a public park. At the commencement exercises of the University of Vermont, in 181 6, he delivered another oration, as did also his intimate friend, Henry Hitchcock. He was then but twenty-four years of age. He was deeply interested in the question of the feasibihty of •crossing the ocean by steam, which was then in process of agitation, and in 18 16 wrote to Cadwallader C. Colden, of New York city, for a position on his new steamship, which was then supposed to be about to make the attempt. The places were all en- gaged, however, and this enterprise soon after failed for want of funds. Mr. Pomeroy's love for learning did not, however, unfit him for the practical duties of citizenship, or for the more weighty responsibilities of statesmanship. He was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1836, which established the State Sen- ate in the place of the old Council, and took an active part in bringing about this most -desirable measure. He also aided in securing the coalition of the old anti-Masonic party with the National RepubUcans, " the success of which," as he afterward said, " has kept the State right side up ever since." In 1848 he was elected a member of the Council of Censors, and was made secretary of the board. In this position he advo- •cated with great vehemence and well-directed power a reform in the vicious method of representation, by which towns with their thousands of inhabitants have no more voice in the House of Representatives than towns whose population could be counted on the fingers. Upon this subject he made a report which the Council ordered pubhshed. He was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1849, and performed his full 76o History of Chittenden County. share of the labors of that body, particularly in his reiterated advocacy of a more nearly- equal representation. In 1850 he was appointed by the president a member of the board of examiners at West Point, to which place he repaired, and acted with his usual efficiency in that ca- pacity. In the same year he was appointed by Governor WilKams chairman of a com- mittee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Ranney and Hon. T. F. Redfield were the other members, to examine and report upon the finances of the State under a resolution of the Legislature. In this capacity he drew up a report in which he expressed the views of himself and his coadjutors in vigorous and well-chosen language, which was not flat- tering to the Legislature; and for that reason, and because its independence was in favor of a worthy cause, it was deserving of the highest commendation. These are, however, but a few of the many prominent offices which Mr. Pomeroy filled during his long and eminently useful life, it being one of the best of his charac- teristics that he never refused to perform a pubKc service when called upon to act. From his earliest manhood to the time of his old age he made it a principle to attend aU the town meetings and freemen's meetings held in his town, excepting in the rare cases of enforced absence. From the time of his admission as a freeman in 1 814 to the year 1874 he was absent from only one freemen's meeting in Burlington, and during that long period of sixty years voted successively the Federal, National Republican, Whig and. Republican tickets. During the anti-slavery agitation he freely expressed his sympathy with the movement, and upon one occasion publicly and successfully protested against" the attempt of some of his social and even political friends to prevent by force an anti- slavery lecturer from speaking. He was at various times made overseer of the poor, town treasurer, selectman. State's attorney, etc., and acted for many years as justice of the peace. He was a warm friend of Hon. George P. Marsh, and was with him alone associated on a committee of two for the erection of the statue of Ethan Allen. Mr.. Marsh selected the marble and other material in Italy, while Mr. Pomeroy directed the modeling and erection of the statue. He was trained in childhood to attend regularly divine worship, and continued the- habit during his life, from both principle and pleasure. He was one of the original mem- bers of the Unitarian Church in Burlington, formed in 1816, and continued his intimate- association with that organization to the time of his death. In his church as in all his affairs he was always ready to give generously, but in his own way, to aid any cause- which commended itself to his better judgment. It is this wise and sensible discrimin- ation which is the grandest charity, infusing energy and courage in all enterprises that are practicable as well as benevolent, and discouraging the birth and prosecution of visionary and Utopian schemes which must ever end in ridiculous failure. Mr. Pomeroy was united in marriage, on the 25th of March, 1819, with Lucia, daughter of Horace Loomis, of Buriington. On the 2Sth of March, 1869, they cele- brated, with a few family friends, the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding, and on the 1 2th of August immediately following commemorated the occasion by giving a large party. Mrs. Pomeroy died on December 31, 1878. Such is the ouriine of a life of honor and fidelity ! Mr. Pomeroy's personal charac- teristics shine forth from his deeds. He was independent, public spirited, scrupulously honest, an enlightened friend to justice, and a determined opponent to everything evil,, an advocate of a higher and universal education, hospitable almost to a fault, affection- ate in his family, sincere and devout in his religion, pure in his public as in his private \ f -Pte&nj John N. Pomeroy. — Cicero Goddard Peck. 761 life, and charitable. He was fond of the society of children, and in his intercourse with them seemed to be of their very age and temperament. He had a strong aversion for being in debt, and would never enter upon an agreement while there was a visible •contingency of his being unable to perform it. His life was eminently useful, and no higher praise can be given to any life. PECK, CICERO GODDARD. Cicero Goddard Peck was born in the village of Hinesburg, Vt., on the 17th day of February, 1828. His father, Nahum Peck, was ■one of the most distinguished lawyers of Chittenden county, and was the eldest son of Squire Peck and Elizabeth Goddard. Nahum Peck was born in Royalton, Mass., on the 5th of October, 1796. He was descended from Joseph Peck, who was the twenty- first generation from John Peck, of Belton,^ Yorkshire county, England. Nahum was the seventh generation from Joseph Peck, the American ancestor who, with other Puri- tans, fled from the persecutions of the church in England to this country. They came from Hingham, England, to Hingham, Mass., in 1638, sailing in the ship Z'z7«^e«/, of Ips- wich, John Martin, master. Thus the genealogy of the Pecks has been traced as far back as, and probably farther than, any other family in Vermont. At this place it will be well to give a brief mention of the career of Nahum Peck. His father was a farmer, and removed from Royalton, Mass., to Montpelier, Vt., in 1803, finding his way by means of marked trees. There young Nahum received as good an academical training as the ■capital of the State could afford in those days, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Washington county at the September term of the County Court for 1823. He im- mediately came to Hinesburg and opened an office, where he continued a large and ever growing practice to about the time of his death, which occurred on the 8th day of June, 1883. At the time of his death he was the oldest practicing lawyer in the county. As a lawyer he was best appreciated for the judicial accuracy of his opinions, his wide acquaintance with legal literature, and his utter contempt for the emoluments of his profession. He practiced law from the love of it, and accepted money in payment for •services only as a means of livelihood, not of accumulation. He was public spirited, and in the course of his long life in Hinesburg was honored with many positions within the gift of his townsmen, whom he represented in the Legislature a number of terms. He was a fair though not a fluent speaker, his diction being characterized rather by correctness than readiness. His poHtical opinions were as decided as those connected with his profession. He was one of the earliest, most determined and aggressive antag- onists of slavery, at a time when men of that opinion were liable to abuse and oppro- brium. He was an early advocate of temperance reform. After the formation of the Republican party he allied himself with it, and always supported its measures with ear nestness and consistency. He was twice married. His first wife, whom he married in October, 1825, was Lucinda, daughter of Benjamin I. Wheeler, of Montpelier, a prominent citizen, who Tepresented Montpelier several terms in the Legislature. She was the mother of Cicero G. Peck. She died January 14, 1854. His second wife, to whom he was wedded in May, 1857, was Marcia Wood, of Keeseville, N. Y., who died in 'August, 1875. Cicero G. Peck was educated in the old Hinesburg Academy, in which institution he prepared for a collegiate course of study, but just as he was about to enter upon such a course, ill health deprived him of the opportunity, and he was forced to a life of out- door work, as expedient against permanent sickness. He has consequently remained 762 History of Chittenden County. on a farm all his life, and with commendable diligence has added to his patrimony and other inheritances, so that without them he would be possessed of a handsome property. He came to his present residence in 1857, and by repeated purchases has enlarged the original area of the farm to 250 acres. He also owns a very large and valuable dairy- farm in Jericho, which was left to him by his uncle, Hon. Asahel Peck, who is men- tioned at length in the latter part of this article. Mr. Peck devotes his attention prin- cipally to dairying, though he has done considerable work in general agriculture. He owns a number of fine Holstein cattle, his herds on both farms numbering about loa head. When the Valley Cheese Factory Company was formed in 1865 he was elected treasurer, and has held the office continuously ever since. Although the business estab- hshed by that company is not now conducted by a stock company, Mr. Peck still owns a large interest in it, and continues to act as treasurer. He is a firm advocate of Republican principles in politics, and has been placed by his fellow townsmen in almost every office within their gift. He was county senator in 1878-80, and previous to that held the office of selectman seven consecutive years. He has always taken a profound and active interest in educational matters, and was town superintendent of schools from 1877 to 1884 inclusive, besides being a member of the school board three years previously and two subsequently. He has been repeatedly called upon to act as executor or administrator in the settlement of estates, some of them among the largest in the vicinity. He is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has for many years taken a leading part in the conduct of its affairs. He was united in marriage on the 29th day of March, 1854, to Maria Coleman (daughter of Selah Coleman, of Hinesburg), whose grandfather, Zadock Coleman, was at an early day major-general of the State militia of Vermont, and a prominent resident of Williston. He was of Irish descent, and emigrated to Vermont from Connecticut. Mrs. Peck's mother's father, Charles Russell, was an early settler in Hinesburg and par- ticipated in the battle of Plattsburgh. He was of Dutch descent and came to Vermont from White Creek, N. Y. At his death he left the largest estate ever settled in Hines- burg up to that time. Mrs. Peck was born in Williston May 27, 1836. Their family consists, besides themselves, of an adopted niece, born April 14, 1858, and adopted by them on the 14th of August following. She is now the wife of Rev. Marvin R. France, a Methodist clergyman of Cobleskill, Schoharie county, N. Y. Mention having been made of Hon. Asahel Peck, it is well to add in this place a brief sketch of his life, because he was an honor to his county and State, and a memo- rial sketch of his deeds can be given in no better connection. He was the third son of Squire and Elizabeth (Goddard) Peck, and was therefore a brother of Nahum Peck. He was born in Royalton, Mass., in September, 1808, and came to Montpelier with his parents two or three years later. Receiving the discipline of farm life until he was of age, in connection with a preparation for college at the Washington County Grammar School, he entered the University of Vermont, but in his senior year left that institution for a course of study in the French language in Canada. The embryo eminent judge and governor entered upon the study of law in the office of his elder brother, Nahum Peck, of Hinesburg. His name as attorney first appears in \^'alton's Register (for Hines- burg) in 1833, when he was thirty years of age. In that year he removed to Buriing- ton, where all his professional flife was spent. Doubtless his progress at the bar was slow, as he was not a man to push his way, but to honestly win it by merit. Indeed, a Cicero Goddard Peck. 763 characteristic of him was that he was slow in everything, though in the end he was almost sure to be right, and that he regarded as the only point worth gaining. He was a thorough and patient student and became a conscientious lawyer and judge. Possess- ing a tenacious memory, he held all that he had secured in years of study, and could instantly bring his great store of learning to bear upon any legal question presented to him. Touching his abilities as a lawyer, we cite an incident that occurred a number of years ago : The late Rufus Choate, of Massachusetts, met Mr. Peck as an antagonist in the trial of a very important case in the Supreme Court of the United States, and at its conclusion was so astonished to find " such a lawyer in Vermont " that he went to Mr. Peck and urged him cordially to remove to Boston, assuring him that both fame and fortune would there be at his feet. No inducement, however, could move Mr. Peck ; having once made up his mind, he would not change it. Burlington he had selected as the theatre for the practice of his profession, and Burlington it must and should be. An eminent member of the bar, speaking of Mr. Peck's abilities as a lawyer and a judge, declared that no man in New England since Judge Story has equaled him in his knowl- edge of the common law of England and the law of equity. Mr. Peck represented Chittenden county in the Senate in 1851, at the same time with Hon. George F. Edmunds. He was judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 until it ceased in December, 1857, and of the Supreme Court from i860 to 1874, when, it being understood that he would retire from the bench to his farm to renew the employ- ments of his youth, he was elected governor for the term 1874-76. In speaking of the probable action of the RepubHcan State Convention of 1874, at which Judge Peck was nominated, the Watchman, a leading paper of the State, recommended him in the fol- lowing terms, which his subsequent conduct in the gubernatorial chair fully vindicated : " The State would be honored by selecting his name as its candidate. So long as Vermont designates such men as he is for its highest offices it is not liable to the old Tory reproach against Republican government, which condemned republics not because the people elected their officers, but because they elected unworthy and ignoble men to office. He would be a worthy successor in the executive chair ,to Moses Robinson, Galusha, Palmer, Tichenor, Skinner, Williams, Van Ness, Royce and Hall, who were his predecessors on the bench. His nomination is not merely unobjectionable, it is in every respect honorable and fit to be made, and would be followed by a triumphant election." As a governor it is the testimony of all that he was one of the best that Vermont ever had — thoroughly independent, prudent in every act, and carefully inspecting the minutest details of every question presented for his official approval. He received the degree of A.B. from the University of Vermont many years after leaving it as a stu- dent, and was made LL.D. by Middlebury College in 1874. After the close of his term as governor he was often employed as counsel in important cases ; and doubtless had his life been spared would for many years more have shown himself a grand master of the law. He was never married. He spent most of his leisure time, after leaving the execu- tive chair, with his friends in Hinesburg, and at his farm in Jericho, where he died May 18, 1879. He was buried in the family lot in the cemetery at Hinesburg. 764 History of Chittenden County. PECK, THEODORE SAFFORD, was born in Burlington on the 22d of Marcli, 1843, in the house he now occupies. He is of English descent, and is seven gen- erations distant from Joseph Peck, the first of his ancestors in this country, who died at Milford, Conn., in the year 1701. Through his father's mother he is descended from Solomon Keyes, an influential citizen of Chelmsford, Mass., who died in 1702. His ancestors on" both sides fought with credit in the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812- 15. Dr. John Peck, the first of the name in Burlington, one of the pioneers in the wholesale trade in the country, was General Peck's grandfather. He died here July 24, 1862. He owned and occupied the block which bears his name. His son, Theodore A. Peck, was bom in Burlington August 8, 181 7, and from 1840 to 1862 was exten- sively engaged as a druggist in his native place. In 1861 he removed to Watertown, N. Y., where he died on the i8th of May, 1872. In 1842 he married Delia H. Saflford, daughter of the late Rev. Hiram Safford, of Burlington. The subject of this sketch is their oldest child. General Peck's boyhood was without incident. He had finished his education in the public schools, but had not determined upon his future life-work when the Southern Rebellion broke out. At that time he, with many other noble sons of Vermont, quickly responded to his country's call, and, in that fearful and protracted struggle, soon established his claim to be named among her bravest defenders. From the time of his enlistment, September i, 1861, he served as a private in the First Ver- mont Cavalry until the 9th of July, 1862, when he was promoted to the rank of regi- mental quartermaster-sergeant in the Ninth Regiment of Vermont A^olunteer Infantry, Colonel George J. Stannard, commanding. Two further promotions followed within two years. On the ist of January, 1863, he was made second heutenant, and July i, 1864, appointed first lieutenant. On the 25th of February, 1865, the Senate of the United States confirmed the action of President Lincoln, elevating him to the position of assistant quartermaster of United States volunteers, with the rank of captain. That these promotions were bestowed in recognition of worthy conduct is well at- tested by the following facts : The subject of them participated in the battles of Mid- dletown and Winchester on the 24th and 2Sth of May, 1862. On the nth of Septem- ber, in that year, he was captured at Harper's Ferry, was soon after paroled prisoner of war, and on the ist of January, 1863, was exchanged. He was engaged in action at the siege of Suffolk, in the skirmishes of Nansemond and Black Water Rivers, Vir- ginia; and was under General Dix in the raids on the Peninsula from Yorktown toward Richmond. In the winter of 1863-64 he went to North Carolina and took part in the action at Newport Barracks, and in the raids on Swansboro and Jacksonville. In July, 1864, he was assigned to duty with the Army of the Potomac before Petersburg, Va.] and was in the trenches with his men on the Bermuda Hundreds front, where the troops were exposed to the unremitting fire of the enemy. On the 29th of September he crossed the James River and actively participated in the successful assault on Fort Har- rison, and m its defense on the following day when the enemy attempted to retake it. He was also present at the battle of Fair Oaks on the 29th of October, 1864. The second election of President Lincoln «as attended with so much excitement that riots were apprehended in all the larger cities, and Captain Peck was dispatched with his command to New York, to aid in protecting the city against the expected dis- turbances. He then returned to the Army of the James, and remained in trenches all winter, and until the surrender of Richmond in April, 1865. At that famous conquest he was one of the command that first entered the city, where he remained until he was \ ■ '^■f . Elijah Root. Theodore Safford Peck. — Elijah Root. 765 mustered out in July, 1865. Thus he served nearly four years in one of the most ter- rible wars recorded in history ; passing through all the vicissitudes of a soldier's career, performing his duties as a private in the ranks, and as an officer in the line and on staif ; as a member of the cavalry corps, and also of the First, Third, Ninth, Eighteenth and Twenty-fourth Army Corps in the Armies of the Potomac and the James. In fur- ther recognition of his services the government, at the close of the war, offered him two commissions in the regular army, which he declined. But he was not permitted to lay aside all the associations of the war. Upon his return to Vermont he was appointed chief of staff, with rank of colonel, to Governor John W. Stewart, and was afterward made colonel of the First Regiment of Infantry of the National Guard of Vermont. In 1869 he served as assistant adjutant-general of the Grand Army of the Republic, De- partment of Vermont ; in 1872 as a senior vice-commander ; and in 1876-77 as depart- ment commander. In 1881 he was appointed by Governor Roswell Farnham adju- tant and inspector-general in place of General James S. Peck, resigned. Since then he has been twice elected to the office, both times without opposition. The civil history of General Peck's life, though less eventful, is none the less a credit to his talents and integrity. In 1869 he started upon his career as an insurance agent in a small way, and by energetic and careful management, has pushed the growth of his business to its present large proportions. He now represents fire, life, marine, and accident insurance companies, the aggregate capital of which amounts to about three hundred millions of dollars. His business extends throughout Vermont and Canada. He is actively interested in many of the most prominent business concerns in Burlington, among which may be mentioned the Porter Manufacturing Company, the Baldwin Manu- facturing Company, the Burlington Shade Roller Company, and the Powell Manufactur- ing Company, in each of which he is a director. General Peck is a man of public spirit and enterprise. In poUtics he is thoroughly Republican, though he has always avoided the entanglements of civil office. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and was for ten years grand marshal of the Grand Lodge of Vermont. On the 29th of October, 1879, he married Agnes Louise Lesslie, of Toronto, Ont. They have one child, Mary Agnes Leslie. ROOT, ELIJAH. Elijah Root was born in the town of Georgia, Vt., on the 2d of May, 1807. His father, Elijah, senior, who was born on the 29th of August, 1775, was an early settler in Georgia, where he came from the home of his father in Benson, Vt. The family were descended from the Root family of Farmington, Conn., and came to Benson from Pittsfield, Mass. Elijah Root, senior, died in Georgia on the 19th of February, 1809. He was a very skillful mechanic, and inherited his taste for mechanical pursuits from a long line of ancestry. The subject of this sketch attended the common schools of his native town, but owing to the death of his father before he had reached his second birthday, he was obliged to think and act for himself at an early age. In pursuance of a time-honored custom in the family, he learned the trade of a carpenter and joiner. In February, 1827, he aided in the construction of the steamer Franklin in St. Albans Bay, as a journeyman. Upon applying for this position he was asked to give a recommendation of his skill and fidelity from a previous employer. He had just been in the employment of a carpenter by the name of Seymour Eggleston, of Georgia, on a church in Keeseville, N. Y., who gave the following letter : " This may certify that the bearer, Elijah Root, has been employed by me the past 49 y66 History of Chittenden County. summer as a journeyman carpenter and joiner; that I have had a fair opportunity to test his faithfulness and skill both in my presence and absence, and that notwithstanding I have employed many excellent journeymen, yet I can cheerfully say that I never employed one with whom I have been more perfectly satisfied than with him. In short, I consider his honesty, integrity, industry and ability unimpeachable, and I can cheerfully recommend him as a first-rate hand to any gentleman who may wish to em- ploy one of his occupation. " Georgia, February 24, 1827. Seymour Eggleston." With this flattering introduction, well-deserved, the young man started out to make a place for himself among strangers, with a determination which would falter at no ob- stacles, and would be only stimulated by difficulties. In the following fall he came to Shelburne Harbor in the employment of the old Steamboat Company, as a carpenter. The Phcmix was at that time undergoing extensive repairs. Mr. Root, with seventy- five other carpenters and joiners, was at work upon her. At this time occurred a cir- cumstance which was undoubtedly the cause of a favorable turn in his business life. The overseers observed that when the bell rang for dinner and at close of day, all the other workmen dropped their tools and left as soon as possible, while he went carefully to the stoves, pushed away the shavings, and left the boat free from the dangers of fire. As a consequence of this he was placed in charge of the stoves on the boat. This was his first oflnce of trust. When the Phmiix was completed he alone of the seventy- five workmen was retained for permanent service in the company. In the spring and summer of 1828 he went out with the steamer Fhcenix, Captain Harrington, as carpenter and joiner, and in the season following was employed in the same capacity and by the same company on board the Ci7>!gress, commanded by Cap- tain Lathrop. His employers, observing his remarkable ingenuity and facility in en- gineering, requested him to " make friends with the engineer," which he accordingly did, and with such success, that in three months he was deemed competent to take the place of an unsatisfactory engineer upon the same steamer. From that time until the fall of 1832 he had charge of the engines on board the Congress and Fhajiix succes- sively. On the ist of September, 1832, in consequence of overwork and exposure he was striken with an aggravated attack of typhus fever, from which he did not recover until the opening of the next season, and was given light work, such as superintending the work of the engineers in the company's line. In this department his duties gradual- ly multipHed, and from that time until his resignation, a period extending over more than half a century, he was practically chief engineer of the steamboat company and its successor, the Champlain Transportation Company. During all this time his fidelity and ability were never called in question, but on the contrary repeatedly received the compliments of his employers. Every boat m the service of the company was in- spected each week by Mr. Root, and its engineer charged with the necessary instruc- tions. From 1838 to 1871 Mr. Root held the government office of inspector "of boilers and machinery of all vessels propelled in whole or in part bv steam, under an act of Congress approved on the 7th day of July, A. D. 1838." He was re-appointed by George S. Boutwell, secretary of the treasury, under an act approved Februarv 28, 1871, and held the office until 1882, when he resigned on account of failing health' He was in all the relations of his life a man of marked characteristics, such as ac- curacy, thoroughness, completeness, strict economy, and conscientiousness. In his Elijah- Root. — Daniel Roberts. y6y work, about his house, and in his moral and political opinions, everything was mani- festly genuine and devoid of sham. In January, 1882, owing to failing health he ten- dered the company his resignation, which was met by the following gratifying expression of esteem : "Burlington, Vt., January 5, 1882. "Whereas, Mr. Elijah Root, for more than half, a century chief engineer of this company, resigned his office in consequence of somewhat impaired health, and " Whereas, It is eminently fitting and proper that some official recognition of this event should be made by this company, therefore, " Resolved, That to Mr. Root's long and varied experience and great abiUty, both as engineer and naval constructor, his thoroughness in detail, his economy in expenditure and his general fidelity and integrity in all matters confided to his care, this company is largely due for its long-continued prosperity ; " Resolved, That the thanks of this board be voted to Mr. Root with the assurance that in retiring from the active duties of his life he carries with him the entire confi- dence, great respect, and earnest friendship of the members of this board ; " Resolved That a copy of these resolutions be engrossed, signed by the president and clerk, with the company's seal attached, and transmitted to Mr. Root. " P. W. Barney, Clerk. (L.S.) Le G. B. Cannon, President." With so hearty an expression of friendship and good will from those who, outside of his own family, were best able to speak correctly of his character, Mr. Root might well feel happy in the retirement of his beautiful home on the shore of Lake Champlain. When he first removed to Shelburne Mr. Root lived on the end of Shelburne Point. He came to the farm now occupied by his widow, in 1848. Here, in less than two years after the time of his retirement from active business, on the 3d day of August, 1883, Mr. Root passed away. He was not a politician in any sense of the word, though as a citizen he always had a lively interest in current pohtical affairs, upon which he entertained enlightened and decided opinions. From his position as a member of the old Whig party he naturally stepped into the ranks of its successor, the Republican party, with which he was after- wards identified. He never held public office, excepting that of representative in the Legislature from Shelburne for three years from about 1850. He early took an active in- terest in the affairs of the Methodist Episcopal Church of his town, and was ever ready and willing to give it the benefit of his counsel and substantial assistance. On the nth of December, 1831, he married Elizabeth P., daughter of Hon. Robert White, of Shelburne. They have had one child, Maria, now the wife of Charles L. Hart, of Burlington, whOj with her son, Fred Root Hart, now resides with her mother on the home farm in Shelburne. Mrs. Root's father, Robert White, was one of the ■earliest associate judges of the County Court of Chittenden county, and a descendant of Peregrine White, of Pilgrim fame. His father, Nathan White, was an early settler on Shelburne Point, after having borne an honorable part in the War of the Revolution, and aiding in the capture of Major Andre. A more detailed sketch of this family and of his lifelong associate, Lavater White, appears in the chapter devoted to the history of Shelburne. ROBERTS, DANIEL. Daniel Roberts is the son of Daniel and Almira Roberts, who were natives of Litchfield county. Conn., and came to Wallingford, Rutland county, Vt., early in the century. Daniel, sr., was the son of a Revolutionary soldier 768 History of Chittenden County. and was early left an orphan. After serving a seven years' apprenticeship to the clothier's or cloth-dresser's trade he became a wandering schoolmaster for five or six years, when, with his young wife, he came to Wallingford and took up his trade, which he followed for thirty years or more, and then removed to Manchester, in Bennington county, where he purchased and cultivated a farm. He died at the age of seventy-nine years and his wife at the age of eighty-four. They lie buried at Manchester. They were both fond of good reading, more than commonly intelligent, and friends of all good and right things in society. Both were musical ; the mother was a most charming singer. A relic of the father's taste in this direction is a book of familiar airs, arranged for the_flute, written in his hand with a quill pen and India ink, after the fashion of those days, in a beautiful schoolmaster's script and style now obsolete. The son naturally in- herited the musical temperament of his parents. The subject of this sketch was the fifth of ten children bom at Wallingford, Vt., May 25, 181 1. He entered Middlebury College at fourteen years of age, graduating in the class of 1829; studied law with Hon. Harvey Button, of Wallingford, still sur- viving at the venerable age of eighty-six years, and was admitted to the bar of the Rut- land County Court at the September term, 1832. In November he started out " to seek his fortune," with ninety dollars in his pocket. He went by stage to Schenectady, took a canal boat for Buffalo, got frozen in near Rochester, went by stage to Ashtabula, and across the State of Ohio to Beaver, Pa., on the Ohio River, took deck passage among a throng of German emigrants down the Ohio and Mississippi. He stopped awhile at Grand Gulf and at Natchez, where he was admitted to the bar on public ex- amination in court. Robert J. Walker was then a prominent lawyer at that bar. After spending the month of February, 1833, in New Orleans, the young traveler went up the Mississippi on the steamer Yellow Stone, one of the boats of the St. Louis Fur Company, which passed its winters in the lower Mississippi trade and made its annual trip to the Yellow Stone in the Indian fur trade. He endeavored to secure a chance in the spring voyage, but could not. His disappointment was his good fortune, as was prob- ably his departure from New Orleans, for the cholera prevailed severely there during the .season of 1833 and made sad havoc on the steamer on her mountain trip. Stopping at St. Louis and straying into the court-house there, he was charmed by the eloquence of Ed- ward Bates (afterwards United States attorney-general and member of President Lin- coln's cabinet) in the defense of a half-breed Indian girl who had stabbed and killed her lover. The jury wept and, having under Missouri law the right of determining the punishment, they gave her, " poor Indian Margaret !" three months in the county jail. Landed at Naples, on the Illinois River, then in Scott county. 111., he sought out' his kinsfolk at Winchester. He spent that season in the woods mostly, hunting squirrels and wild turkeys, and getting the ague as compensation. He then went to Jackson- ville, 111., where he encountered his class-mate, now Rev. Dr. Truman M Post of St Louis, then a tutor in Illinois College. He formed a business connection with Murray McConnell (long afterwards murdered in his office). Stephen A. Douglas taught the winter school m Winchester in 1833-34, came in the spring to Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar before he was of age, and started at once for the presidency of the United States. He took to politics as a duck to water, bought him a suit of Kentucky jeans, hob-nobbed with the border Democracy like one " to the manner born " Elected district attorney, Mr. Roberts remembers him as he started out on his circuit, astride of a three-year-old colt, his short legs reaching hardly below the saddle-skirts, and in his Daniel Roberts. 769 saddle-bags his whole library, consisting of a book on criminal law, which young Rob- erts had loaned him. In the summer of 1835 Mr. Roberts came home on a visit, which he has never fin- ished. In the spring of 1836 he took the office and business of Milo L. Bennett, of Manchester (afterwards a judge of the Supreme Court), and remained in practice at Manchester until the spring of 1856 (twenty years), when he removed to Burling- ton, where he formed a law partnership with Lucius E. Chittenden, afterwards register of the treasury and now a practicing lawyer in New York city. He has been in prac- tice in Burlington for thirty years and over, it being now nearly fifty-four years since his admission to the bar, and making more than fifty years of active law practice in this State. His name first appears in the State reports in the case of Kimpton vs. Walker, NinthVermont Reports, 191 (February term, 1837), and appears in every volume since, up to and including the fifty-seventh. He has not had much to do with public office. His earhest politics were strongly anti-slavery, as a Liberty party man. Free Soiler, etc., for which reason, if for no other, offices did not seek him. However, he was bank commissioner during the years 1853 and 1854, and from the spring of 1865 to the spring of 1866 was a special agent of the United States treasury department, and for one year, 1868-69, ^^^ State's attorney for Chittenden county. In 1869, during the first term of President Grant's administration, he was t)ftered the position of solicitor of the United States treasury department, but declined the offer; from 1870 to 1872 he was city attorney, and again in 1880. Although never in the Legislature, Mr. Roberts has been of marked influence in shaping the laws of the State. His hand is clearly seen throughout the general statutes by those familiar with their history and development. In particular, he has been in- strumental in securing by statute simplification of the ancient rules of criminal pleading and in enlarging the property rights of married women. His views upon law reform he developed at length in an address before the Ver- mont Bar Association, as president thereof, in 1880. In 1878, under a contract made with the judges of the Supreme Court, by authority of the Legislature, he completed a digest of the decisions of the Supreme Court down to and including Volume 48 of the Vermont Reports, entitled Roberts's Vermont Digest. This work is accepted among the profession in Vermont as a model digest for its terseness and accuracy of statement and for bringing out the very point of the decision. It is not uncommon for the judges of the Supreme Court to cite \iper se, instead of the cases, as authority. At the Vermont centennial celebration at Bennington, August 16, 1877, he was ap- pointed orator of the occasion. The oration is inserted among the published proceed- ings of the day. It is a valuable historical document and a good specimen of Mr. Roberts's impressive and scholarly style. In 1879, at the semi-centennial gathering of his college class at Middlebury Col- lege commencement, he received the degree of LL.D. In July, 1837, he was married to Carohne, daughter of Rev. Stephen Martindale, of Wallingford, who died on the 14th of June, 1886. There are four children — Mary, Caroline M., Stephen M. and Robert. Of the sons, Stephen is a physician in New York city and a professor of diseases of children in the University of Vermont, and Robert is a lawyer, associated with his father in practice, under the firm name of Roberts & Roberts. Besides his engagements in the United States Circuit Court Mr. Roberts's practice Tjo History of Chittenden County. has been mainly in the counties of Chittenden, Rutland, Addison and Bennington. Although his cases have been of the infinite variety that fall to the docket of most at- torneys outside of the large cities, they have been chiefly such as seek the aid of coun- sel who have a reputation for legal scholarship and eloquent advocacy. Among the criminal cases in which Mr. Roberts appeared, and which have some dramatic interest or involve some interesting legal principle may be named the following : State vs- Archibald Bates, Bennington county. Mr. Roberts and Harmon Canfield, then both fresh at the bar, were assigned by Chief Justice Williams to defend Bates for murder by shooting his brother's wife through the window at night while she was sitting nursing her child. They achieved all the success possible in the case by a verdict of guilty. Bates was hung on Bennington Hill, in the presence of a great multitude on the 8th of February, 1839. This was the last pubhc execution in Vermont. Since that time, by a change in the law, all executions have been within the walls of the State prison. Mr. Roberts has said of this trial, that although he defended the prisoner with all the earnestness possible, he never spoke to him before or during or after the trial, nor even went to see him hung. Purcell and another were indicted jointly for the murder of a brother Irishman by stabbing him at night on the way down from the Dorset Mountain quarries. They were all drunk. Purcell demanded and was allowed a separate trial, and was defended by Mr. Roberts. It was absolutely certain that one of the two committed the murder, but it was uncertain which, and there was no evidence of a combination to kill. Pur- cell was acquitted because of this uncertainty, and because on that trial it appeared most probable that the other respondent did the stabbing. The other defendant was tried at a subsequent term and acquitted for like reasons, by making it appear as most probable that Purcell was the guilty part)'. Each verdict was clearly right, and yet the result of the two was the acquittal of a murderer ; but which was he ? State vs. McDonald, 32 Vermont Report^ 491, is a leading case involving the law of homicide. Mr. Roberts's brief in the case is particulariy pointed, and the opinion of Chief Justice Redfield is worth study. On a second trial of McDonald he was very properiy convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to State prison for life, where he died of consumption. Any extended citation of civil causes, in which Mr. Roberts has been engaged, would have but little interest to the unprofessional reader. Such as went to the Supreme Court and were reported are scattered through nearly fifty volumes of State reports, and the record is to be found there. SPARHAWK, GEORGE E. E., M.D., was born at Rochester, Yt., on the 20th day of February, 1829. His father, Rev. Samuel Sparhawk, was a Congregational clergy- man, of Scotch descent, and was born in Templeton, Mass., on the 1st day of January, 1801, and died at Pittsfield, ^'t., in November, 1869. The subject of this sketch attended the Orange County Grammar School at Randolph, Vt., and the West Ran- dolph Academy, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1S50. He was the better enabled to take this excellent course from the fact that his father removed to West Randolph in 1842. In the mean time, and up to 1850, he taught school a pbrtion of each year for six successive years, in this manner displaying that diligence and inde- pendence of character which were afterward the chief factors of his success. In 1849 he began to study medicine under Dr. Gibson, of Sharon, ^'t., continuing his teaching George E. E. Sparhawk, M.D. 771 until 1852. In March, 1852, he entered the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, Vt., and after the close of that spring term entered the office of Dr. William F. Guern- sey, of Philadelphia, Pa. In the fall of that year he began his studies in the Homoeo- pathic Medical College of Philadelphia, then the only homoeopathic college in the world, from which he was graduated in March, 1853. In June following he began practicing at Rochester, Vt., in company with Dr. H. W. Hamilton, with whom he remained until January, 1854, when he assumed exclusive control of the business. He *as the pioneer of his school of medicine in that section of the State, where he continued with a grow- ing practice until 1856, when he associated himself with Dr. C. B. Currier, to whom he afterward sold his business, and on account of the failing health of his wife removed to West Randolph, Vt., that she could be near her friends and relatives while she lived. In the spring of 1857 he opened an office in Gaysville, Vt., where he made weekly vis- its, which he continued until the death of his wife in December, 1858. He then made that place his home, and immediately began a practice of most unusual extent of terri- tory and of profit. From the time of his arrival in Gaysville until he left there in 1878, his ride covered a circuit having a radius of about forty miles. In June, 1878, he came to Burlington for a few days, and continued his visits until the 25th of the following November, when he made his permanent removal here, having already established an extensive and lucrative practice. Although he has won a remarkable record of success as a general practitioner, he has been drawn by his natural and acquired skill into a con- siderable specialty in gynaecology, and all diseases pertaining thereto. His reputation in this department of medical practice is not confined to Burlington, nor even to the State. He is frequently called upon from distant points as counsel in complicated cases — more frequently, indeed, than the many and pressing demands of his Burlington and Chittenden county patients permit him to respond to. He has attained an enviable prominence in his own profession and school, and since the beginning of his professional career he has taken a most active part in the promotion of its principles and the estab- lishment of institutions looking to that end. He is the oldest homoeopathic physician in the State. He aided in founding the Vermont Homoeopathic Medical Society in 1854, and did much valuable work in obtaining a charter for the State Society, which was granted by the Legislature in 1858. He has been honored by elections to nearly every office within its gift. He has been its president, secretary and treasurer, and is now its corresponding secretary. In 1859 he joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy, which is, as its name indicates, a society of national extent and jurisdiction, and in 1884 became a senior member thereof. He is also a member of the American Obstetrical Society, since its recent organization, in 1883, under the laws of the State of New York_ He has been a regular contributor to the Homoeopathic jfournal of Obstetrics since that magazine was established in 1879, and an occasional contributor to many other medical journals and magazines. Dr. Sparhawk has been prominently identified with the Masonic order for more than twenty years, and has taken the various degrees both of the Master Masons and the Royal Arch Masons, and is a charter member of the White River Lodge No. 90, at Bethel, Vt., of which body he was treasurer while he remained in that vicinity. In 1875 he took the first fourteen degrees of the order called the Scottish Rite, and in 1882 the remaining degrees up to the thirty-third. Dr. Sparhawk's political preferences are decidedly Republican, though he has little to do with politics except to keep well informed upon political movements in his county, 772 History of Chittenden County. State and the nation, and to vote intelligently. At Rochester, however, his interest in the cause of education induced him to accept for years repeated elections to the quasi- political office of superintendent of common schools. In pursuance of the time-hon- ored traditions of the family, and of his own belief, he is a regular attendant at the Congregational Church. He has been twice married; first, on the 4th of March, 1854, to Miss Lucy Ann Griswold, of Randolph, Vt., who died of consumption in December, 1858, and the second time, on the i8th of June, 1867, to Miss Mary A. Hendee, of Pittsford, Vt. He has had two sons, of whom the younger, Fred, who was born on the sth of Decem- ber, 1870, died on the 26th of October, 1879; and the elder, Sam, who was born on the 6th of September, i86g, still lives with his parents. STEVENS, ALONZO JACKSON, was born in Essex, Chittenden county, Vt., on the ist day of April, 1828. The first of his ancestors in Vermont was his grand- father, Abram Stevens, who came from Salisbury, Conn., to Essex during the early set- tlement of that town, and was elected constable at its first town meeting. He became a large landowner there, and was widely and favorably known throughout the county- A good notice concerning his services appears in the history of Essex, written for this book by Dr. L. C. Butler. He died about 1830. His son Alonzo, father of the sub- ject of this sketch, was born in Essex about 1790, became a successful farmer there, and died in i860. His wife, Susan, was a daughter of Samuel Sinclair, also an early settler of Essex from Connecticut, whose death occurred about 1835. Mrs. Stevens died in August, 1840, aged forty-nine years. A. J. Stevens attended the common schools of Essex, and received as good an edu- cation as can be obtained without attendance at institutions of a higher grade. For sev- eral years after reaching his majority he labored at the occupation of a carpenter and joiner, and in 1855 came to Winooski to work as millwright for the firm of Edwards & White. Oscar White, the junior member of the firm, soon after this died, and his death was followed in a short time by the destruction of the shops by fire. The land on which the shops had stood was soon after purchased by A. B. Edwards and A. J. Stevens, who formed a partnership under the name of Edwards & Stevens. The date of this purchase is 1858. The present business really owes its existence to that firm and that date. The firm remained unchanged until 1868, when the present junior partner, Frank Jubell, was admitted to an interest in the business. The main building now extends 180 x 50 feet> with an L 40 x 50 feet, and has attached a wood and pattern shop no x 50 feet and a foundry 60 x 45 feet, besides large lumber sheds, storehouses, etc., for the accommodation of their extensive business. In these buildings Messrs. Edwards, Stevens & Co. employ a large number of men in the manufacture of mill gearing and shafting, iron and brass castings, and wood-working machinery. The business has grown from a small begin- ning to its present gratifying proportions by reason of the diligence and skill and fair dealing of the proprietors. Mr. Stevens is decidedly Republican in politics. He has been elected one of the selectmen of Colchester for several terms, and represented the town in the Legislature of the State in 1869 and 1870, his last terra being of two years' duration, under the sys- tem of biennial elections then introduced. He was also elected one of the senator^ from Chittenden county in the summer of 1886, and has received various other evidences of the esteem and confidence of his fellow townsmen. His religious preference is Con' Alonzo Jackson Stevens. — John Eldredge Smith. 773 gregational, although he is not a member of any church. He is a regular attendant upon public worship, and contributes liberally to its support. He has always given his time and means with unstinted public spirit to aid the in- dustries of the village of Winooski, and accorded to them his influence for the support of right and justice. He was a charter member of the Winooski Savings Bank, and has been a director in that institution ever since. In September, 1858, Mr. Stevens married Mary J. Rood, of Colchester. They now have three children, Mary Ellen, Charles H. and Hattie, all living with their parents. SMITH, JOHN ELDREDGE, was born in New Haven, Addison county, Vermont, on the 20th of July, 1829. He traces his ancestry on his father's side to his great- grand father,Nathan Smith, who was born in Ridgefield, Conn., December 12, 1728, and whose wife, Mary Stoddard, of North Salem, Westchester county, N. Y., was born on the 21st of the same month in the same year. After his marriage he lived in North Salem, N. Y., where he became the father of ten children, viz.: Abner, Nathan, Annis, Nathan, 2d (born March 22, 1763, after the death of Nathan ist), Annis, 2d (Annis ist having died), Mary, Benjamin, Caleb, Peter B., and Fannie. Of these Peter B. and Nathan 2d were the only ones who came to Chittenden county to reside, the for- mer, a tailor by trade, settling in Burlington, where he died. Nathan Smith, 2d, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was in December, 1788, united in marriage with Abigail, daughter of John Eldredge, who formerly kept a tav- ern on the comer of Fourth street and Winooski turnpike, Burlington, now South Bur- lington, by whom he had eight children, as follows : Cornelia, John Eldredge, Sally Blagden, Betsy Eldredge, Pierpont Edward, Charles Lee, Lydia Lucia, and John Lu- cius. He came to Burlington in 1 786, and first pitched on the site of the present city of Burlington, but through a defective title lost the place and removed to the lot now known as the Fish farm, on Fourth street in South Burlington, and made the first clear- ing thereon in the fall of 1788. Here he kept a tavern of considerable notoriety, being a frequent host of large numbers of passengers traveling by stage in days when that was the fastest mode of travel and traffic. In 1822 he went to New Haven, Vt., where on the ist of May, 1835, he died. He was a minute-man in the Revolution, and was for a time in active service under Washington. During the War of 1812-15 the Amer- ican troops were often quartered at his tavern. Although outwardly of a stern, uncom- promising demeanor, he possessed the most desirable traits of character for a pioneer in a virgin land like early Vermont. He became acquainted with the country while on a surveying tour in this part of the State with Ira Allen, during which he assisted in run- ning the lines of Moretown, Middlesex, and several other towns, before settUng in Bur- lington. His first approach to Northern Vermont was by means of a canoe on Lake Champlain. Pierpont E. Smith was born in the tavern above mentioned on the 7th of October, 1800, married Sylphina Hanchett, of New Haven, on the nth of December, 1823, and had four children, Nathan Hanchett, who was drowned at six years of age, John El- dredge, Charles Palmer, born August 22, 1832, and died February 21, 1862; and Lucy Cornelia, born July 18, 1837, now the wife of Charles M. Fillmore, of Minnesota. He died on the 19th of July, 1884, at the house of his son, the subject of this sketch. His wife died on the i6th of February, 1875. John E. Smith received his education in the schools of his native town, and at- 774 History of Chittenden County. tended several terms at the Shelburne Academy, under the tuition of Professor Joel H. Bingham. He passed his early life upon a farm. When he was about five years of age his father removed to a farm on Dorset street, Burlington, and remained three years, when he sold out and removed to Enosburgh, Franklin county. Six years later he again removed to a farm in Shelburne. About this time John E. Smith sustained an in- jury to his health from overwork, and deeming it prudent to rehnquish agricultural pur- suits for a period, procured a situation as station agent at Gassett's Station, in Chester, Vt., for the Rutland Railroad, and remained in that position until 1852. He then re- turned to the farm in Shelburne. His ambition was to fit himself for the calling of a teacher, but circumstances forced him to relinquish that object. The Shelburne farm was sold in 1859, the family expecting to try their fortunes in the West, but by reason of what was an exceptional opportunity, purchased the farm still owned and occupied by the subject of this sketch, and immediately removed upon it. On the 1 2th of September, 1853, Mr. Smith married Sarah Eliza Cutting, of St. Johns, Canada, and has one child, Alice Cornelia, who was born on the 27th of March, 1856, and, on the 9th of September, 1878, was married to Heman H. Wheeler, of South Burlington. Upon the organization of the town of South Burlington in 1865 Mr. Smith was chosen town clerk and treasurer, to which positions he has been repeatedly elected with- out intermission down to the present time. He has also served several years as super- intendent of schools, and some time as lister and justice of the peace. In 1884 he was elected associate judge of the County Court, and holds the office now. He is a con- sistent and active member of the Republican party. His rehgious preference is Con- gregational, and he is a member of the First Congregational Church in Burlington. SMITH, JOHN. John Smith was born in Jericho on the 24th of June, 1797, not more than three rods from the spot where he died. His father, William, was a sturdy patriot, though not a soldier, of Revolutionary times, and a native of Lanesboro, Mass. He was thoroughly independent, and is described as decidedly " spry-tempered." Two of his sons, WiUiam and Nathan, were soldiers in the War of 1812-15. Before the Revolution his brother Samuel had come to Essex, Vt., pitched on the land now owned by the heirs of Erastus Whitcomb, and girdled the trees preparatory to feUing them. After the war he returned accompanied by WiUiam Smith, who had a short time previous married Ruth ^Vood, of Lanesboro. After a residence of about a year in Essex, William Smith purchased two lots of land in Jericho, comprising the present farm ofhis grandson, Gordon Smith, and moved upon it, bringing his household effects on a sled drawn by a pair of steers, and followed by one cow. After arriving at the place of their future residence, his wife and child sat on a log and waited while he con- structed a rude shelter for the night. The hardships incident to this pioneer ;iife are even yet too well known to need description in this place, but in addition to the suffer- ings produced by cold and overwork and exposure, the family were soon deprived of the sustenance afforded by their cow, which was killed by a falling tree. William Smith was the father of seven children, named Chloe, Ruama, Emily, Nathan, William, John, and Isaac. He died September 29, 1837, his wife surviving until September 11, 1846, aged eighty-seven years. John Smith passed his life upon the farm upon which he was born. Although edu- cational advantages were meager in those days of ceaseless toil, he supplied the want of John Smith. — Alney Stone. 775 what the schools can give with an abundance of what they cannot give — viz., common sense and diUgence. About the year 1821 he married Philena Knowles, a native of Essex, who, however, was at the time of the marriage Hving in Jericho, and by her had two children, CorneHus, born August 30, 1824, and deceased March 23, 1848, unmar- ried ; and Gordon, born September 25, 1828. John Smith was originally a Democrat of the old school, but developed into a member of the Anti-Slavery or third party, and died a Republican. He did not care to be placed in office, but his abilities were so well fitted to the performance of public duties that he was frequently elected, almost vi et armis. He represented the town of Jericho in the Legislature in 1853 and 1854, and was one of the thirteen who opposed the election by that body of Governor Rob- inson, by a coalition between the Democratic and Free Soil parties. He was occasion- ally selected a delegate to political conventions, and served in other positions. His re- ligious belief rested on the basis that all Christian churches should unite in one denom- ination against evil, and was what is termed liberal. He was a successful farmer, and procured his wealth chiefly from sheep-raising, when that was a more profitable industry than it is now. He owned at different times from 300 to 520 head of sheep. During the latter years of his hfe he relinquished his labors, which, with the property, devolved upon his son Gordon. He died on the i6th of Sep- tember, 1885. Gordon Smith received a good common school education and remained upon his father's farm during the entire period of his minority. Even then he did not depart from the homestead, but, in pursuance of the wishes of his father, stayed on the farm. On the 13th of June, 1850, he married Lydia E., daughter of Azariah Lee, of Jericho. Mr. Smith does not prescribe any limitations to his farming, but is engaged in all depart- ments. He has about fifty sheep and thirty head of cattle. Mr. Smith has been true to the traditions of the family and acted with the Republi- can party. He was at first a member of the Free Soil party. He has been placed in various offices of trust in his town, and his ability and faithfulness have never been ques- tioned. He has been selectman eight years in all, and lister, assessor and town treas- urer each one year. He also represented the town in 1874-75. He has three children, Emma E., born June 13, 1852, and residing with her parents ; John A., born January 18, 1854, and married Elizabeth Armour, who died September €, 1883, leaving one child that died in infancy. John A. Smith now lives with his fath- er. The youngest child of Gordon Smith is Ernest H., who was born on the 2d of March, 1871, and is at the home of his parents. STONE, ALNEY. Alney Stone was born in Westford, Vt., on the nth of April, 1820. He is the sixth in direct descent from Hugh Stone, who came from Eng- land, his native country, about the year 1650, and became an early settler near Green- wich, Rhode Island. When Allen Stone, father of the subject of this sketch, came from Rhode Island in company with his father, Jeremiah, and his grandfather, Thomas Stone (the last an old man who died in 1808), and first settled on a tract of 300 acres in the southwestern part of the town of Westford, which is now owned by his son Alney. Allen Stone afterwards lived on the farm in the northwestern part of West- ford, lying next west to the present residence of Alney. Jeremiah Stone was a promi- nent man in his day, was the first representative of Westford in the Legislature, and held other town offices, besides being proprietor of the first store opened in town. He •j^e History of Chittenden County. died in Evans, N. Y,, in 1828. Allen Stone, who was born in Rhode Island in 1784, was in his prime wheq the second war with Great Britain was declared, and in those troublous times exhibited the qualities which are most needed in such emergencies. He was quartermaster during this war, and was for a time stationed at Burhngton. He held other offices, of a civil nature, and after passing worthily his latter days in Westford, died on the 26th day of March, 1858. His second wife, Rachel, was the daughter of David Wilcox, an early settler in Westford. She had five children, of whom Allen Stone, now of Winooski, Vt., was the eldest and Alney Stone was second. Alney Stone attended the district schools of his native town, and received such edu- cation as he could from them at that time. The hfe of a farmer is usually uneventful, though it contributes by its fruits to the genuine prosperity of the country. Alney Stone attended diligently to the affairs incident to his chosen occupation, and in 1849 moved to the farm that he now owns and occupies, which was originally settled by Joel Farnsworth, on one part, and Levi Farnsworth on the other. He has labored on this tract ever since, with such success that he has gained a competence from the place, and now owns about six hundred acres of land in town. Dairying occupies most of his attention. In pohtics he is a Republican. He has been placed in a great many positions of trust by his townsmen, and has attended so industriously to their interests that he has commonly been re-elected to office several times. He has been justice of the peace for about thirty-six years consecutively ; has been selectman three years at several times ; and town agent several years. He is now and for three years has been one of the list- ers, and in 1862, 1863 and 1865 represented Westford in the State Legislature. During the War of the Rebellion he took so earnest an interest in the success of the Union cause that fhe raised two thousand dollars by note to pay promptly the town bounties, and waited for the town to reimburse him. He was associate judge of the County Court for two years. His rehgious belief is substantially in the universal redemption of the human race; but as there is in his town no church of that denomination he is a regular attendant at the churches which are established there, and contributes to their support. On the 13th of March, 1851, he married Marcia, daughter of Medad Parsons (an early settler in Fletcher, Vt.), and a niece of W. H. H. Bingham, of Stowe, Vt. They have three children, all living. The eldest, Don Alney, was born on the 8th of Decem- ber, 1853, was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1878, read law about six months with L. L. Lawrence, of Burhngton, passed about eighteen months in Chicago, was admitted to the bar of Orleans county, Vt., at the February term of 1883, after pursuing a course of study with Judge L. A. Thompson, of Irasburgh, for two years ; remained at the home of his father about a year, and on the 29th of April took the civil service examination at Burlington for the position of deputy collector and in- spector of customs for the district of Vermont, which position he now holds. In the spring of 1884 he was elected a delegate from Westford to the district convention, when John W. Stewart was renominated for Congress, and electors of president and vice-pres- ident were chosen. On the 14th of September, 1884, he married Bessie F., daughter of James H. Macomber, of Westford. The second child of Alney Stone is Betsey Laura, born May 29, 1856, now the wife of John A. Stewart, of Westford, and the mother of three children. The third child is Julian Bingham, born November 12, 1861, and married on the 31st of October, 1885, to Ehzabeth S., daughter of George Stevens, of Westford. He lives with his parents. Albert Town. "jj-j TOWN, ALBERT, was born at Waterbury, Vt, on the 7th of June, 1819. He is de- scended from one of the oldest families that have come to this country from Eng- land. The earliest known existence of the surname Town, or Towne, was in the year 1274, when William De la Towne, of Alvely, a village in Shropshire, about twenty miles southeast of Shrewsbury, England, was engaged in the prosecution of a law suit. The earliest mention of the family in America is dated 1635, when Wilham Towne resided in Cambridge, Mass., and in 1639 was the town clerk. He died there in the spring of 1685, aged eighty years. Another William Towne lived in Salem, Mass., in 1640, and died at Topfield about 1672. Two of his daughters, Rebecca and Mary, were executed during the Salem witchcraft delusion, while another daughter, Sarah, barely escaped with her life. From this branch of the family the subject of this sketch is sprung. Al- bert Town's father, Salem, was a native of Waterbury, Vt., whither his father, Asa, im- migrated from Salem, Mass. Albert Town's mother was Rachel, daughter of Major Poland, a prominent soldier of the Revolution. Of their ten children only two have deceased, George W., having been killed at the storming of Chapultepec, in the Mexi- can War, after having served in the Seminole War, while Salem died at the age of three years. Albert Town received a common school education at Dunham, now in the Province of Quebec, whither his father removed when he was but two years of age. When he reached his eleventh year he left home and hired out on a farm for four years, at four dollars a month, his board and clothes, and the privilege of attending school winters. In 1834 he came to St. Albans, Vt., where he remained two years, and then came to the farm which he now owns and occupies, as a laborer by the month for Ransom Ji^nes. The most interesting part of his career began in the spring of 1840. On the 8th of March of that year he left Richmond with several friends, with whom, on the 2d of April, he embarked from New Bedford, Mass., on board the whaling vessel New Bed- ford, Captain Leonard Crowell, for a three years' whaling voyage in the Southern Pa- cific Ocean. On the i6th of April they landed at St. Jago, one of the Cape Verde Isl- ands, and two or three weeks later touched at Fayal, on one of the Azores. After cruis- ing around these islands for a time they directed their course directly for Cape Horn, which they doubled early in July, and on the morning of the 8th bore off to the north from the islands. They landed at Juan Fernandez, near Valparaiso, Chili, and then headed for Callao, Peru. On the 26th of September they reached this port, where they remained about six weeks, painting their ship, and getting supplies. On the 28th of April, 1 84 1, they went on shore at Payta, on the coast of Peru, and recruited with cocoa- nuts and oranges. Thence they proceeded to the Marquesas Islands, a group of the French archipelago, called the Mendana Archipelago. By the loth of September they had returned to Callao, and on the sth of April, 1842, landed at Tahiti, or Otaheite, one of the Society Islands, where they recruited, and painted and repaired the ship. On the ist of August they touched at Chatham Island, and procured a number of terrapins. Thence they again repaired to the northern coast of Peru, where they obtained a supply of wood and water, and vegetables. On the i8th of January, 1843, they were quaran- tined at Talcahuna, less than a mile from the island of Caracana, whence, after a stay of nearly two weeks, they succeeded in eluding the vigilance of the officers and escaped, reaching Juan Fernandez on the 7th of February. Their next venture was towards the Sandwich Islands, which they reached in April, on the 2 2d of which month they landed near Honolulu, and again recruited with wood, water, potatoes, yams, etc. They cruised 778 History of Chittenden County. about here for a time, went to the Society Islands, and thence towards the coast of Ja- pan. After cruising the Pacific Islands in this manner until the fall of 1843, they started for home, passing the httle isle of Mas-a-fuera,' near Juan Fernandez, and touching on the latter on the 2d of January, 1844. They doubled Cape Horn on the 2d of April, crossed the equator towards the north on the 8th of May, and in due time landed at New Bedford, and enjoyed a reunion at Richmond. Let it not be supposed that this voyage was filled with unmixed pleasures. The sailors often suffered from sickness, induced by exposure and overwork in a climate to which they were unused ; their food, except at the infrequent intervals of their landing at some tropical island,, was unwholesome and unpalatable in the extreme, many of the men were subjected to the cruelties of a drunken mate and the severity of his brother, the captain ; add to which the continued perils incident to the life of a whaler, from the whales which they pursue, from pirates, and from tempest and calm, and you have not recited one-half of the discomforts of this career. On the way south, when about twenty-four hours' sail from the Cape Verde Islands, they were in great apprehension from the movements of suspicious-looking craft having the appearance of pirates; and while off the coast of Japan, upon which they could not land, being placed under the commercial restrictions which that country had not then surrendered, they were in con- stant fear of Japanese junks. Notwithstanding this fear, they took about 500 barrels of sperm oil in the space of four weeks while in that region. At Otaheite they had a difficulty with the natives, which resulted in the capture by the latter of six sailors, in- cluding Mr. Town, who were put in the calaboose with their feet in stocks. They were all released in the course of a few hours, and Mr. Town was forced to pay a fine. During his leisure moments Mr. Town was always engaged in some profitable em- ployment for himself, instead of carousing or idling as did the greater part of the crew. He took advantage of his opportunities for reading. One accomplishment should not be omitted. He made two pairs of swifts — one for the captain, and one which is still in his possession — from the ivory teeth and the bones of whales captured on the voyage, fas- tened with silver rivets. The mechanism of these swifts is wonderful, and is the result of many hours of patient and careful labor. He also made four canes, one of ivory, one of cocoanut wood, and two of whalebone. He gave the ivory cane to the Ameri- can consul at Honolulu. After leaving the sea in August, 1844, Mr. Town at once repaired to the farm which he had left, and took charge of it for Ransom Jones, and also worked for a time on the railroad then building. After working here for five years he went to Granby, Canada, where his father was living, and where he remained until i86o. In the spring of that year he returned to Richmond and purchased the same farm, which he still occupies, of the estate of Ransom Jones. Since then he has remained on this place without in- termission. His property now consists of this farm of about 330 acres, including one or two lots of wild land, and a farm of 250 acres in Underbill. He has been quite closely confined to his farm, not mixing much in politics, though he is a decided Republican, and has been frequently honored with office by his townsmen. He is now and for sev- eral years has been overseer of the poor. He first married, in March, 1850, Zerviah, daughter of Oliver Shepard, an early set- tler then hvmg in the next house west of this farm. By her he had one child, which was named after her, and which died with her on the 28th of June, 1853. In March 1856 Mr. Town married again, his second wife being Marietta, daughter of William Williams' Albert Town. — Lewis H. Talcott. 779 and a descendant of John Williams, cousin of the famous Roger Williams, whom he ac- companied from the Old to the New World. Her grandfather, John Williams, was the first of the family in Richmond, and settled at a very early day on that farm on Rich- mond Hill now occupied by Benton Williams. He came from New Hampshire. Her mother's father, Robert Towers, came from Stromness, Orkney Islands, Scotland, was im- pressed on board an English man-of-war, captured with the rest of the crew by a French vessel, and confined in a French prison until released by an exchange of prisoners ; came to this country, married Lucinda Soper in the State of New York, lived for a time in Jericho, and finally removed to Richmond. Mr. and jNIrs. Town have had nine children, all of whom are living, and all but two of whom are at home. Following are their names and the dates of their births : Will- iam A., born September 3, i860; Kate D., born December 13, 1862; Ira E., born April 17, 1864; George V., born May 18, 1865; Clarence S., born August i, 1866; Jennie M., born February 17, 1868; Herbert C, born March 23,1874; Edgar Earl, born May 18, 1875; and Grace M., born March 4, 1877; William A. married Jessie Sayles, of Richmond, in 1882, and in 1879 Kate D. became the wife of H. C. Gleason, of Richmond. TALCOTT, LEWIS H. The subject of this sketch was born on the 27th of June, 1836, in Williston. He is sprung from English stock, being descended from John Talcott, who lived in Essex county, England, previous to the year 1558. John Talcott's grandson of the same name, from whom are descended all the members of the Talcott family in America, came to Boston in 1632, and afterward settled in Hartford, Conn. The first member of the family to live in Williston was David Talcott, great-grandfather of Lewis H. Deacon David Talcott was the son of Joshua and Rachel (HoUister) Talcott, and was born on the sth of January, 1740. On the 3d of March, 1763, he married Elizabeth Parker, of Coventry, Conn., by whom he had five sons and two daughters. He resided for a number of years in Tyringham, Berkshire county, Mass., and removed at a very early date to Williston with his entire family. He bought a large tract of land on the hill that now bears his name, nearly all of which is still owned by his descendants. Around him he established his sons, Parker, Josiah, David, Zelah, and Jonathan. He was a prominent man in the early days of the town, and ^as one of the first selectmen, in 1786. He died in September, 1810. His youngest son, Jon- athan Talcott, was bom on the loth of February, 1773, married Jerusha Morton, of Hartford, Conn., a number of years after his arrival in Williston, and died herein April, 1802. He had two children, Roswell and Jerusha, the latter of whom was born in 1802, married Leonard Smith in 1825, and died at Brookfield, Vt., in 1882. Roswell Talcott was born on the 24th of August, 1798, and is now living near the residence of his son Lewis H., at the advanced age of eighty-eight years. His wife, also Hving, was born in Springfield, Vt., on the loth of October, 1801, but at the time of their mar- riage, February i, 1824, was living at Keene, Essex county, N. Y. Roswell and Lo- disa (Holt) Talcott have had five children, three sons and two daughters, of whom all but one daughter are now alive. The eldest, Seth C, is in California ; Jerusha C. is now Mrs. Draper, of Wilhston, and was for many years a successful teacher in the com- mon and higher schools, and has for about four years held the office of town superin- tendent of public schools in Williston. Lydia Jennett died in 1847, Lewis Holt is the subject of this sketch, and Jonathan R., the youngest, is in California. 78o History of Chittenden County. The history of this family is thus much older than that of the town. Immediately upon establishing his settlement in Williston, Deacon David Talcott erected a large framed house on the summit of the hill, and opened, and, all his life after, kept the first tavern in Williston. He also cultivated a large farm, as did all of his sons but one, David, jr., who erected the first framed house in the village (still standing, the second house east of Charles D. Warren's store), and a few rods to the rear of it built and con- ducted a large tannery for many years. All of the children of Roswell Talcott received the advantages of a good education in the academy which then flourished at Williston, and one, Jerusha, was sent to a popular seminary in Carlisle, N. Y., which, owing to ill health, she left six months before she would have been graduated. Lewis Holt Talcott remained with his father during the period of his minority. In 1862 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and engaged extensively in dairying. In 1865 he returned to his native town and started a dairy on what is known as the Root farm, in the north part of the town. At first he kept twenty-two cows. He remained on the Root farm until 1876, increasing the products of his business and the means of pro- duction. In July, 1876, he purchased the farm which he now occupies, and which was originally setded by Daniel Fay. In 1868 Hiram Wallston built a large cheese factory on the original Talcott farm, which Mr. Talcott has managed since 1870. This factory is run by Mr. Talcott through the summer months, who makes the milk from his own cows, and from those of many of his neighbors, into cheese. In addition to this he has a smaller factory connected with his residence, which is used especially for winter dairying, where either butter or cheese, and sometimes both, are made from his dairy alone. He has increased his possessions and his income with incredible progress from a small beginning, until he has achieved the enviable reputation of having the largest dairy in the State of Vermont. In 1885 and 1886 he made 150,000 pounds of cheese and 16,000 pounds of butter each year. His home factory runs only in the winter, when he always has fresh cows. He now has about three hundred cows, besides a large number of young cattle and twenty-five or thirty horses, which all derive their suste- nance from about 2,000 acres of land divided into ten parcels, not joining, in the town of Williston. His business is increasing steadily, and will undoubtedly in time arrive at far vaster proportions than it now assumes. Mr. Talcott is a consistent Republican in politics, and, though not ambitious to fig- ure as an office-holder, has frequently been placed in positions of honor and trust by those best enabled to judge of his abihties and fitness. He was elected a representative of Williston in the Legislature in 1872, and has twice been selectman. He is interested in the support of the Universalist Church, which he and his family regularly attend. On the nth of March, 1858, Mr. Talcott was united in marriage with Lucy, daughter of Zimri Root. Her grandfather, Arad, was an early setder — about 1800— from Montague, Mass., upon the Root farm previously mentioned, and now owned by Mr. Talcott. Arad Root was born on the loth of September, 1767, and died on the ist of September, 1855. His son Zimri was born May 19, 1806, and died October 8, 1872. Mrs. Talcott was born on the 24th of November, 1836. Mr. and Mrs. Talcott have had five children, of whom only two are now living. The following are their names and the dates of their births, etc.: Seth, born March 12, i860, died December 17, 1864 ; George M., born June 3, 1862, died August 9, 1883 ; Charles R., born May 16, 1869, died March 5, 1886; Jennie E, born September 30, 1870, and living now with her parents; Frank, born October 13, 1873, also at home. c^'%}hile. /%'l,,j-/7i7t,//i ■„,.• Judge Torrey E. Wales. 781 WALES, JUDGE TORREY E. Torrey E. Wales was born in the town of West- ford, in Chittenden county, on the 20th day of June, 1820. His father, Dan- forth Wales, a native of Brimfield, Mass., at an early age went to Pittsford, Vt., and served an apprenticeship in the clothier's trade. From there he came to Westford in about the year 1808, when he had attained the age of twenty-three years. Owing to his energy and practical business talents, he soon built up a large and successful business as a cloth-dresser, and became also the proprietor of the grist and saw-mills on Brown's River. He achieved prominence in the various affairs of the town, and held several of the most important offices within the gift of his townsmen, serving several terms as their representative. He died at the age of sixty-five years. His first wife was Lovisa Sibley, of Westford, who shared with him the hardships that attend the course of a pioneer in a country so reluctant in the distribution of rewards as was Western Ver- mont in early days, and became the mother of the subject of our notice. After her death Danforth Wales again married — the fruit of the second marriage being a daughter, now Mrs. Charles Kimball, of Westford. Torrey E. Wales passed his boyhood days in preparing, as well as he could in the schools of his native county, for a collegiate course of study ; and with such success that he was graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1841. He then entered the law office of Asahel Peck, subsequently justice of the Supreme Court and governor of the State, and, after devoting the necessary time to the study of law, was admitted to practice in the courts of Chittenden county at the spring term of 1845. Choos- ing Burlington as his future home, he opened an office at the head of Church street, and patiently waited for briefs. He was not long permitted to be idle, however, and by virtue of his thorough acquaintance with the principles of law, and his natural equip- ment in common sense, which is the power of successfully applying principles to facts, he built up a good practice. He continued alone until about 1857, when he formed a co-partnership with Russell S. Taft, then lately a student in his office, and now an honored justice of the Supreme Court of the State. This relation subsisted for the un- usual period of twenty-one years, being finally dissolved in 1878. The next partner- ship was formed in the spring of 1882, by the admission of George W. Wales to an in- terest in the business, and the firm name of Wales & Wales was adopted. Judge Wales has always been a consistent and unswerving member of the Republi- can party, though he has not by any narrow and bitter partisanship attempted to rise at the expense of others. His diligence and abilities have been abundantly recognized by those who have had the best means of knowing him. He was elected State's attorney in 1853, and held the office three consecutive years. He was chosen^^the second mayor of the city, and remained in that office for two years (1866 and 1867), and in 1870 served as acting mayor in the place of D. C. Linsley, mayor elect, whose business called him away from Burlington immediately after his election. Judge Wales was also one of the members ofthe board of aldermen in the years 1869, 1870, and 1871, resigning in the lat- ter part of the last-mentioned year. He was again elected alderman in 1874. In the years 1883 and 1884 he served as city attorney. Besides the several positions he has been placed in a number ofthe minor offices, and in 1868, 1869, i876Jand;i877 represented the city in the Legislature. The office for which he has shown the greatest aptitude, that of judge of probate, was given him in the year 1862, since which time he has not been allowed to retire, but has been kept in the office continuously for nearly twenty-four So years. 782 History of Chittenden County. On the 3d of February, 1846, he married Elizabeth C. Mason, of Burlington. Mrs. Wales died on the 12th of April, 1886, leaving one son, George W. Wales, who was born on the loth of July, 1855. He was graduated from the University of Vermont in the spring of 1876, when he had reached the same age at which his father was gradu- ated from the same institution. In the Congressional sessions of 1876 and 1877 he acted as private secretary to Senator Morrill, and in 1878 and 1879 held the same po- sition with Senator Dawes. In the spring of 1882 he was admitted to the Chittenden county bar, and at once entered into co-partnership with his father. From 1882 to 1884 he was secretary of civil and military affairs under Governor Barstow. BARSTOW, HON. JOHN L. The Barstow family in this country are descended, so far as is known, from four brothers who left the West Riding of Yorkshire, in England, in September, 1635, and settled in Massachusetts. They traced an honorable ancestry back to the reign of Henry III, A. D. 1271, when one of the number, John by name, received an estate in Surrey, in acknowledgment of services rendered in the wars with the French. The American emigrants and their descendants engaged mainly in shipbuilding, argriculture, mercantile and maritime pursuits, though among them are found the names of many clergymen, physicians and teachers. Very many of the town histories of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island refer to members of this family in commendatory terms. Those more prominent are described as men whose chief greatness consisted in the greatness of their souls, devoted to everything religious, patriotic and public-spirited ; as being hospitable, of sound judgment, unbend- ing integrity, gentlemanly deportment, benevolent, peacemakers, God-fearing, regular attendants at church. Of one it is said he was absent from church but once in fifty years ; of another his minister said, " I can set my watch correctly when I see Deacon Barstow coming to meeting." They took an active part in the colonial wars with the Indians and French, as well as in the War of the Revolution. Some suffered captivity and some death at the hands of the Indians, and one was killed with Wolfe at Quebec. Their names are found on the muster-rolls of Putnam at Bunker Hill, and of Washing- ton at Valley Forge. One of these Revolutionary veterans, Ebenezer, fifth in direct descent from John, one of the original immigrants, came to Vermont at the close of his service in the war and settled in Shelburne, purchasing a tract of unbroken wilderness from Ira Allen in East Shelburne. He married Esther Owen, set about clearing his land and led the ordina- ry, uneventful arduous life of our early settlers, bearing his full share of the burdens of town and public affairs, and is still kindly remembered by some of the oldest inhabi- tants as a quiet, honest, law-abiding citizen. At his death, March 30, 1834, at the age of 78 years, his farm came into the possession of Heman, his second son, who during a long and industrious life never resided away from the old homestead except when teaching school during the winters of his early manhood. Heman Barstow was a lead- ing and active member of the Methodist Church, and long one of its class leaders. Temperance, Sabbath-schools, education and every good cause found in him a liberal and active friend. He was entrusted by his fellow citizens with many public duties and represented his town and county in both houses of the General Assembly of the State. In December, 1814, he was married to Laura Lyon, an estimable lady who was descend- ed on the maternal side from the Hawley family of Connecticut. Her amiable and affectionate disposition made her home one of peace and love, while her faithfulness to Hon. John L. Barstow. 783 every duty of life endeared her memory to all her numerous relatives and acquaint- ances. She died January 17, 1857, aged sixty-two years, leaving eight children. Her husband followed her to rest, closing a peaceful and useful life on the 27th of February, 1868, aged seventy-eight years. Their youngest son, John Lester Barstow, the subject of this sketch, though bom in a rural district and brought up to farm life with its ordinary meager opportunities for ed- ucation, had the advantages of very superior teachers in the common schools and a few terms in Shelburne Academy. These were utilized with such diligence and with such credit to himself that at the age of fourteeri years he was examined and licensed to teach in Burlington by its board of school superintendents, which then consisted of Revs. O. W. B. Peabody, J. K. Converse and H. J. Parker, and he began his work away from home as a teacher in the district school. At this time, being nearly fitted for college, he was very desirous of obtaining a liberal education ; but, the village merchant offering him a place, he yielded to the advice of his father and entered the service of John Simonds, 2d, a thoroughly honest and trained business man, where he remained four years, learn- ing those methodical business habits so invaluable to every walk of life. He then, at the invitation of his uncle and brother, who were proprietors of a large hotel at Detroit, Mich., entered their service. A few months after he was of age an equal partnership in the business of his former employer, Mr. Simonds, was offered to him, which he de- clined ; but the offer gave him such confidence in his business capacity that at the age of twenty-two years, being offered the use of money for the purpose by one of the wealthy men of Detroit, he purchased the lease and fixtures of the hotel and entered upon an extensive and lucrative business, in the course of which he became acquainted with nearly all the prominent men of that State. In those days the sale of wines and liquors was the most profitable part of a hotel ; but he refused to share its profit, and cast his first vote for prohibitory law. Michigan was then strongly Democratic, but he ad- hered to his Whig education and instincts, and was one of the band of young men that so enthusiastically supported " Zach " Chandler and by whose efforts Mr. Chandler af- terwards became the leading figure in Michigan poUtics. The business of hotel keep- ing was, however, not at all consonant with his tastes and inclinations, and he left it in 1855. He at once had numerous flattering offers of business, but the New Eng- land custom in those days of large families was that one member of the family should remain at home to take care of the " old people " ; so, after spending some months in travel through the United States and Canada, he setded upon the old homestead, in charge of the old farm, devoting himself to the study and active pursuit of agriculture, and becoming a paid correspondent for some of the leading agricultural papers of the day. On the 28th of October, 1858, he was married to Laura Maeck, granddaughter of Dr. Frederick Maeck, the first physician settled in Shelburne, who is elsewhere men- tioned in this volume. Mrs. Barstow died March 11, 1885, of the dread disease con- sumption, which was hereditary in her family. She had for years been an invalid, but bore her sufferings with patience and fortitude, and her death was deeply mourned by a large circle of relatives and friends. She left two sons, viz.: Frederick M., born March 3, i860, who was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1880 and is now a civil engineer, and Charles L., born May 23, 1867, now a student at the University of Ver- mont. The war of 1861 found few young men with so many ties to bind them at home, and, like many others, he did not feel it a duty to enlist while'so many others could do so 784 History of Chittenden County. and were willing to do so with so little sacrifice to family and business. But when months of struggle had passed with little but reverses to the Union arms he entered the Eighth Vermont Volunteers, under Colonel Stephen Thomas, serving as adjutant, cap- tain and major, and during the whole of his service he was with Gens. Butler and Banks in Louisiana and the southwest. Colonel Thomas remaining in command of his regi- ment for over three years gave httle chance for promotion to subordinate officers, but he was mustered out of service while major of the regiment August 18, 1864, on ac- count of expiration of term of service. Like many another northern youth he entered the army with robust health and vigorous constitution ; but neariy three years of ardu- ous out-door service in the swamps and miasmatic climate of Louisiana shattered both, and for twenty years past, remittent fever, chills and other malarious diseases have fol- lowed him, necessitating constant care and frequent medical attendance. But it may be noted that he has never made application for a pension, though often urged to do so by his physician and by his old colonel, now General Thomas, as being as much entitled to one as though an arm or a leg had been shot away. These physical disabiUties have in later years deterred him from entering upon any active business pursuits. The limits of this sketch permit no extended notice of his military service. It must suffice to say that though he was frequentiy detailed upon staff and other duties he bore an honorable part in every skirmish and battle in which his regiment was engaged. Col- onel George N. Carpenter, of Boston, in his history of the Eighth Vermont Regiment, notes that when, after the bloody fight of June 14, 1863, in front of Port Hudson (in which the Eighth Vermont lost 165 men killed and wounded) General Banks called for volunteers to head the storming column for a final assault. Captain Barstow was one of the brave men who stepped forward to form the " forlorn hope, " and sums up the matter by saying that " Major Barstow won a splendid record in the army," and adds : " He became captain of Company K and acting adjutant-general under Gens. Thomas and Weitzil, and afterwards Major. He participated in all the engagements in which his regiment took part, and was complimented for eminent service in the field ; was honorably mentioned for his personal services in the engagement with the gunboat Cotton. Served as assistant adjutant-general on the brigade staff at the siege of Port Hudson; was complimented in the report of brigade commander for gallantry in the assault on Port Hudson June 14, 1853 ; was in command of the recruits and those who did not re-enlist (500 in number) while the veterans were on a furlough, and for a time was post-com- mander at Thibedeau, La. As a commander he enforced military discipline by exam- ple as well as by precept, and above all by the noble manhood with which nature had endowed him. Major Barstow carried with him into private life the tender regards of his comrades, who in token of their esteem presented to him a beautiful sword and belt, just as he was about to leave New Orleans for home." As to the incident of the sword presentation it may be added that it was presented by the rank and file, and that pre- vious to this time, when he left the captaincy of Company K to become major, the en- listed men of his old company also presented him with an elegant sword. These two memorial gifts are justly preserved with great pride, as evincing the regard of the en- listed men after they had served under him and known him thoroughly. Colonel Carpenter in his book also briefly outlines the civil service of Governor Bar- stow after the war, as follows : " Since his retirement from the army Major John L. Barstow has filled many posi- tions and always to his credit. He had hardly reached his home after leaving Louisi- Hon. John L. Barstow. 785 ana before he was called into the State service by the offer of a responsible position in the recruiting service by Adjutant-General Washburn, which he was obliged to decline on account of shattered health. In the following September he was elected a member of the Legislature, and it was during the session in which he served that St. Albans was attacked by Confederate raiders from Canada. At the .request of General Washburn he went to the scene of action by the first train, and the next day was sent into Canada on a special mission by Major Austine, United States military commandant of the State. This famous raid created such an excitement that a law was soon passed establishing three brigades of militia, of four regiments each, and Major Barstow was elected by the Legislature as one of the brigade commanders. Under this commission he was ordered by Governor Smith to take command of the provisional forces on the northwestern frontier, where he remained on duty until relieved by General Stannard in January, 1865. In September of that year he was again elected to the Legislature by the unan- imous vote of his town, and in the years 1866 and 1867 he was State senator from Chit- tenden county." His legislative service to the State may be summed up by a quotation from one of the leading editors of the State in 1882 : " General Barstow has always supported the public cause of the many against the few in his legislative career ; his devotion to the farmer class, from which he sprung, has been unwavering : he has an ampler and more accurate knowledge of our past legislative history than any pubUc man in the State ; he has always exercised a leading influence in shaping legislation ; he has a clear, precise vision of its present defects, and for sound equipment for the place of State executive he is the peer of any man in Vermont." Of his legislative service Rev. Pliny White, a noted biographer of the day, said : " His influence was second to none. When he addressed the House he always had a solid basis of facts upon which to found his arguments, and was always listened to with respect. His high tone as a man won for him many friends. He seemed to be a schol- arly person, more at home with the pen in his hand than when addressing an audience, and was esteemed one of those described by the saying — ' Reading maketh a full man.' " This reference to his habits of reading makes it proper to say that his range of read- ing has embraced almost every branch of literature and science, as well as history and political economy. Few men keep so accurately informed in regard to every interest of his native State and country, while the past and current history of the world are to him matters of constant study. Few men in the State have so large a subscription list of newspapers and magazines, and few private libraries excel the one he has accumulated. It may be well supposed that his influence in legislation has not been confined to the years when he was a member. At the time when he was elected governor there was hardly a clause of the State laws for the benefit of soldiers that was not written by his hand, while educational matters, particularly the authority given towns to establish cen- tral schools ; the rights of married women, equal taxation, taxation of corporations, State and national supervision of corporations, and many other subjects have for years received his earnest attention. He held responsible positions upon standing commit- tees, and when special committees of importance were formed, like those upon the rati- fication of the amendment of the Constitution of the United States, his name was al- ways found upon them. His efforts have been persistent at home and in Washington to prevent a renewal of the old reciprocity treaty with Canada, which he believed would be disastrous to Vermont farmers. 786 History of Chittenden County. In 1870 he was appointed United States pension agent at Burlington, which office he held for nearly eight years, discharging its duties in such a manner as to call from Hon. Carl Shurz, then secretary of the interior, an autograph letter of thanks. His ad- ministration in the United States pension agency brought the same measure of praise that has been accorded to the discharge of his other public duties. The disbursements amounted to millions and brought him in contact with the poor and lowly on the one hand and the extortionate claim agent on the other. The unfortunates soon learned to look upon him as their friend, as he at once set about instituting reforms that were of great benefit to the needy pensioner. When he retired from the office, on account of its consolidation with the other offices in Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine in 1878, the Burlington Free Pi-ess said : " The business has been conducted under General Bar- stow with an insignificant amount of error, and with a care for the interests both of the pensioners and the government which is worthy of the highest praise. As an instance of the thoughtful attention paid to the recipients of the government's bounty we may mention that the female pensioners, of whom there are about a hundred in this city and Winooski, who were unable through sickness or other disability to come to the office to draw their pensions, have been always paid at their own residences, the agent or his as- sistant paying their dues personally, and the same kindness characterized the entire conduct of the agency. In short General Barstow has exhibited in the pension office the qualities of fidelity to duty, efficiency and courtesy which have characterized him as a soldier, a legislator and in private life. We have expressed an opinion that there was no better agent in the three States, and we can add that we have reason to believe that he could have received the appointment to the consolidated agency if he would have accepted. He preferred, however, not to leave his home and his native State. We are glad to retain him as a citizen, and he will carry with him in his retirement fi-om the office the respect and esteem of all who know him.'' In 1879 Governor Proctor appointed him State commissioner for the centennial cel- ebration of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and he rendered effective service in securing government aid for the undertaking, and for the monument, and in arrang- ing plans for the celebration. In 1880 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State for the biennial term, and in 1882 was elected governor, the nominations to each office having been made by the unanimous vote of the respective conventions. Many of his recommendations to the Legislature were acted upon in accordance with his wishes, while others were postponed. He was the first governor of Vermont to call the attention of the law-making power to the alleged discriminating and excessive rates of freight by transportation companies, and to urge the creation of an effective railroad commission. Neither the Legislature of 1882 nor that of 1884 was ready to act upon this subject, but he has lived to see in 1886 that both pohtical parties demand such a commission in their convention resolutions. Colonel Carpenter, in his book, says : " The Eli riots occurred during Governor Barstow's term of office, and his course in requiring that justice should precede force, and that the riotous miners should be paid their honest dues, attracted much favorable comment throughout the country." Pending the nomination of his successor, in 1884, a majority of the Republican newspapers in the State advocated his re-nomination, but he declined to become a candidate. The quality of his service as governor, judged by the press, is shown by an extract from the Rutland Herald of October, 1884, then edited Hon. John L. Barstow. — Albert Gallatin Whittemore. 787 by the well-known critic, Lucius Bigelow. In commenting upon Governor Barstow's final message he said : " He has more than fulfilled the flattering promises made for him by his friends when he was nominated. He has been as careful, able, independent and efficient a governor as we have had in Vermont during the last twenty years, a period which includes executives of the quality of Dillingham, Peck and Proctor." The Brattleboro Reformer, of the same date, one of the leading opposition papers, said : " This message, like Governor Barstow's inaugural, also will take rank among the best and most sensible State papers ever presented in Vermont." The above sketch might be largely extended, as he has held many other appoint- ments of trust and honor, such as assistant clerk of the House of Representatives in 1861 ; delegate to the soldiers' and sailors' convention at Chicago in 1868, and presi- dent of the Officers' Reunion Society, and one of the trustees of the University of Ver- mont and State Agricultural College, in 1882, etc., etc. ; and he has declined more honors than he has accepted. In regard to all of them it can be truly stated, as was said of Hon. Asahel Peck, when he was elected governor : " Neither solicitation nor hint of ambition for this dignity ever emanated from him." Governor Barstow never directly nor indirectly solicited the vote or influence of any man for any elective office. WHITTEMORE, ALBERT GALLATIN, the eldest of seven children of John and Abigail (Olin) Whittemore, was born at White Creek, N. Y., on the i6th of January, 1797. His father was of English descent. His mother was a daughter of Gideon Olin, of Shaftsbury, Vt., and half-sister of Judge Abram Olin, of Washington, D. C, who studied law in Mr. Whittemore's office in 1838-39. Mr. Whittemore re- ceived his education at the St. Albans Academy, his parents removing to St. Albans, Vt., in 1799. He displayed the first sparks of his energetic spirit in September, 1814, by crossing Lake Champlain in a row-boat with a company of volunteers on their way to the battle of Plattsburgh. Upon attaining such education as the schools of his day afforded, he entered the law office of Hon. Stephen D. Brown, of Swanton, as a stu- dent, and afterwards studied with Hon. Heman Allen, of Milton. He completed his course in the office of Judge Asa Aldis, of St. Albans, and was admitted to practice in the Franklin County Court on the 16th of March, 1821. He first established a suc- cessful practice at South Hero, but removed to Milton in 1824, and entered upon a ca- reer which reflects luster upon his abilities, his industry, and his public spirit. He re- mained until his death at Checkerberry village, and by the extensive practice which came to him gave the place an activity and prominence which departed upon his death. He was of a mechanical turn of mind, and originated the idea which resulted in the construction of the Sand-bar bridge, himself obtaining the charter of the company that completed that structure, in 1850. He was warmly interested in the railroad contro- versy then agitating the people of the town of Burlington and the county of Chitten- den, and earnestly favored the extension of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad to Swanton. He predicted that in Keu of this extension, when the charter was rejected, a railroad would be built along the western shore of the lake within twenty-five years, and his prediction was verified. In 1852 he was associated with Messrs T. D. Chit- tenden, John Bradley, and N. L. Whittemore in the construction of a large section of the Central Ohio Railroad. On the loth of November, 1852, while examining the machinery which operated the gates of the lock in the Muskingum River, at Zanes- ville, O., and pointing out to his son, Don J., the manner in which they worked, he was 788 History of Chittenden County. thrown from the lock by a blow from a capstan suddenly set in motion by an approach- ing steamer, and instantly killed. He was buried at Milton on the 14th of that month. On the day of his death a meeting of the board of directors of the Central Ohio Railroad Company was called, and appropriate resolutions adopted, of which the fol- lowing is an extract : " Resolved, That the president be instructed to communicate to the family of Mr. Whittemore the sympathy of the board for the afflicting dispensation which has taken away so suddenly olie who had inspired us with feelings of attachment and re- spect, and who must have been a good citizen in all the relations of life." Mr. Whittemore was indeed a good citizen in all the relations of life. His abilities and his uprightness were rewarded by frequent elections by his townsmen and the citi- zens of his county to positions of honor and trust. He was chosen State's attorney for Chittenden county as early as 1831, and for a number of years then succeeding. He also received tempting offers from friends to induce his removal to Burlington, which his love of home impelled him to decline. His legal abilities were of the highest order, and in August, 1851, he was admitted to membership in the American Legal Associa- tion by virtue of his " sound professional integrity and acquirements," and his " prompt- ness and reliability." He represented Milton in the Legislature four terms, and in 1851 was chosen county senator. His tastes were, however, studious. He approached every subject with the air and ultimate success of a thorough student, and during the whole period of his life delighted in mechanical and linguistic avocations. His success in business may be attributed partly to his remarkably systematic methods, as well as to his rare ability and integrity, his excellence as an advocate and public speaker, his untiring energy, public spirit, independent judgment, and his position in the van of all educa- tional matters and questions relating to public improvements. On the 14th of September, 1826, he married Abbie, daughter of Samuel Clark, a native of Wey bridge, Vt., who had traveled extensively, and met his death by drown- ing in St. Lawrence River in i8io, while acting in the capacity of general agent for David A. and William B. Ogden, then of New York city. Mr. and Mrs. Whittemore had eight children, of whom four were living at the time of his death, Abbey J., now Mrs. Ell Barnum, of Milton, born February 9, 1839; Clark F., an attorney of New York, lately deceased, born January 21, 1837 ; Don Juan, chief engineer of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, born December 6, 1830 ; and Albert G., now an attorney of Burlington, born January 23, 1844. Mrs. Whittemore, the mother of these children, is still living in Milton. The success in life of the children of the sub- ject of this sketch is undoubtedly due in a large degree to the careful training given them by him in their younger years. So thorough was he that he required them to re- cite to him at night all that they had learned during the day at school. It was said of one of the children that died (in February, 1842, aged thirteen years), Eugene, that he seemed to blend " the discreetness and wisdom of maturity and the modesty and ten- derness of boyhood." " Besides a very competent insight into the elementary branches, as taught in the academies and schools, he had mastered the French language, was well advanced in the Latin, had laid a thorough foundation for acquiring the Italian, and had made himself very familiar with two or three systems of algebra." Don J. Whitte- more, the oldest living child of Albert G. and Abbie Whittemore, began his first engi- neering experiences on the Central Vermont and Vermont and Canada Railroads, and has held his present prominent position since 1866. He served one term as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers. E. J. MoRGA^ Edward J. Morgan. — John Woodruff. 789 MORGAN, EDWARD J., was born in Wilmington, Essex county, N. Y., on the 27th day of December, 1834. After receiving a common school education he became early connected with the Crown Point, N. Y., Iron Works, and there acquired a thorough business training, and fitted himself for the duties and responsibilities of his future business career. After an invaluable experience there, extending over a period of more than twenty years, he came to Burlington in May, 1872, and connected himself with the business of manufacturing doors, sash and blinds, which had been established about four years earlier by his partner, Albert Taft. The success of this enterprise, de- tailed in the history of the manufacturing interests of the city of Burlington, is too well known, not only in Burlington, but throughout New England and the whole continent, to require further comment. On the maternal side he was descended from a distinguished ancestry, and his mother was a sister of the late Bishop Hedding. She was therefore a member of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church. Notwithstanding this early inclination towards that denomina- tion, Mr. Morgan became in his youth an active member of the Congregational Church in Crown Point, and after his advent to Burlington soon associated himself with the First Congregational Church of this city. He was a man of fervent though quiet piety. He was never assuming or self-assertive, and the graces of his gentle character were best known to his more intimate acquaintances, and in the bosom of his family, where he was ever affectionate and beloved. He died on the 14th of June, 1885, in the prime of life, and at the noontide of his most promising achievements. The Burlington Free Press of June 18, 1885, among other things said of Mr. Morgan: "The community has lost a respected and valued citizen, an upright and enterprising business man, and to many a beloved and honored friend. He was a member of the well-known and highly prosperous firm of Taft & Morgan, manufacturers of doors, sash and blinds, and in his business relations was known as a man of strict integrity, unswerving fidelity, and a courtesy and kindness of demeanor which endeared him to all. It is largely to his business insight and enterprise that the firm of which he was a member owes its pres- ent success." Mr. Morgan was a consistent Republican in his political opinions, but carefully abstained from seeking or holding office. On the 27th of February, 1855, Edward J. Morgan was united in marriage with Julia S., daughter of Timothy Taft, of Crown Point, who, with three children. Earl E., Lee J., and Hervey S. Morgan, is still residing in Burlington. WOODRUFF, JOHN, son of EH and Nicy (Rogers) Woodruff, was born in Mil- ton, Vt.,on the 2d of July, 1819. His grandfather, Shubal Woodruff, moved to Westford, Vt., from Great Barrington, Mass., in 1802, and resided there until his death in 1808, leaving two sons and four daughters. Eli Woodruff was born in Great Barrington December 25, 1792, and was therefore ten years of age when he was brought to Westford, where he lived until he was of age. He bore an honorable part in the War of 1812-15, and participated in the battle of Plattsburgh. He married Nicy Rogers March 16, 1817. She was the youngest of ten children of Jason Rog- ers (and Mehitabel Booth), who removed from Litchfield, Conn., in 1802, when she was eleven years of age, and settled on the farm in Underbill now owned by Charles Truel. After his marriage Eli Woodruff passed the rest of his life in Underbill, with the exception of two years in Milton, covering the period in which the subject of this sketch was born. He reared a family of eight children, viz., Henry L., John, Mary 790 History of Chittenden County. Ann, Joseph R., Harriet, Fanny, Homer, and William Willshire. Of these only four are now living, Joseph R., on the farm first purchased by his father in this town, while his son, Warren S., occupies the farm originally cultivated by one of the first settlers of Underhill (Abner Eaton) ; Mary Ann resides on the farm on which her father, Eli, passed most of his life, and Fanny is the wife of Stephen Saxe, dentist, of Whitewater, Wis. Eli Woodruff died February 22, 1872. John Woodruff attended the district schools of his neighborhood three months each summer and three each winter from the time of his sixth or seventh year until his thir- teenth, and afterwards three months each winter until he attained his eighteenth year. He also attended one term at the academy at Jericho Center. His father being in straitened circumstances and burdened with the support of a large family, hired him out to a neighboring farmer for the summer when he was thirteen years of age, and repeated the custom for five years, when he purchased loo acres of wild land in Under- hill on credit, and enlisted his sons, John, Henry L., and Joseph R., in his service to clear the land and raise grain to pay for it. The subject of this sketch worked at the home of his father until he became of age, excepting the two last winters, and until he was twenty-five, passed his winters teaching district schools (one winter,'^when he was nineteen, in Westford, one in Jericho, and four in Cambridge) and his summers in working out on farms. He then bought a tract of fifty acres of land near his father's, in North Underhill, which was originally settled by Edmund Parker, and lived upon it eight years, during which time he paid for it, and bought and paid for several other lots, aggregating 225 acres in extent. In the fall of 1853 he sold all the land which he had acquired, and purchased of Elijah Birge the farm of 250 acres, about one and a half miles from his former lot, the farm upon which he has ever since resided. The purchase imposed upon him a heavy debt, but by dint of economy and unremitting toil he cleared the property of all incumbrances in the first five years. Since then he has increased the extent of the farm to more than 300 acres, thoroughly repaired the buildings, constructed good fences, and so successfully improved the land that it sup- ports more than twice the stock than when he purchased it. His success has been owing entirely to industry and thrift in farming, and not at all to trading or speculation, which are too often presumed to be the only means of achieving a competence. Mr. Woodruff has all these years remained upon his farm, taking no recreation away from home except one trip to Minnesota, one to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and one to New York and Boston. The farm was first occupied by Samnel Bentley, who after three years sold it to David Birge, from whose son it passed to Mr. Woodruff. The dwelling house was erected in 1802 by David Birge, and was the first framed tavern in town, accommodating the stages which passed along the Hill road between Burlington and Derby line. Mr. Woodruff is a member of the Democratic party, and has held various town offices in Underhill, such as selectman for several years, overseer of the poor, lister, justice of the peace, etc. His rehgious preference is Congregationalist. John Woodruff was joined in marriage on the isth of October, 1845, with Emily, daughter of Milton and Amanda (Bliss) Ford, of Jericho, in which town she was born on the 24th of October, 182 1. Her father, a carpenter and joiner, and toward the lat- ter part of his hfe a farmer, was born in Pomfret, Conn., April 10, 1794. In 1802 he came with his parents, Abram and Sarah (Ingalls) Ford, to Richmond, and soon after to Jericho, where Abram Ford carried on his trade, blacksmithing, until his death. John Woodruff. — John L. F. Burdick, M.D. 791 Amanda Bliss was the daughter of Amos, and granddaughter of Timothy BHss, who came from Massachusetts in the early history of Essex, Vt., and settled upon the farm in that town now occupied by Julius Ransom. The farm upon which Amos Bliss passed the whole of his married life, and upon which Amanda Bliss was born No- vember 13, 1797, is now owned by George Sinclair. His wife was Hannah Clark, from Connecticut. Amos Bliss was a soldier in the War of 1812-15 ^^'^ '^^^ captain of a company of militia that participated in the battle of Plattsburgh. Mr. and Mrs. Woodruff have had one child, Nicy Amanda, who was born January 28, 1851, and who died February 22, 1854. In November, 1856, they adoped Frank Edward, infant son of William Martin, then lately deceased, and grandson of Peter Martin, one of the original settlers of Underbill, on whose farm Mr. Woodruff worked for five summers. By act of the Legislature, session of 1865, the name of the adopted child was changed from Martin to Woodruff, and he was made the legal heir of his fos- ter parents. They have given this adopted son, their only child, the best opportuni- ties for an education. He was fitted for college at Underbill Academy when Oscar Atwood, A. M., was principal ; entered the University of Vermont at the age of sixteen years, and was graduated in 1875. He then taught one year in Plainfield and two in Barre, and in 1878 entered Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York, where, at his graduation in 1881, he received a fellowship which entitled him to two years abroad in study. The greater portion of this time was passed in Germany, at the Universities of Tuebingen and Berlin, six months in Athens, and a brief period traveling in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. While abroad he was appointed to the associate professorship of Biblical literature in Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary for three years, and was there inaugurated as professor September 6, 1883, at the age of twenty-eight years. At the expiration of this period the appointment was made perma- nent. On the nth of January, 1883, while in Athens, Greece, he married one of his college classmates, Ellen Eliza Hamilton, of Brandon, Vt., and has two children, John Hamilton, born February 17, 1884, and Robert Thomson, born May 26, 1885. BURDICK, JOHN L. F., M. D. The surname Burdick is supposed to be a cor- ruption from Burdette, and to have originated in England. The great-great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch was a captain on an English vessel, and after pass- ing most of his life on the ocean settled in Rhode Island. Thence, during the eight- eenth century, Elijah and Lybius Burdick, half-brothers, emigrated to the vicinity of Hoosick Falls, N. Y. The latter afterwards settled in Warren county, N. Y., while Eli- jah became one of the first settlers in Westford, Vt., as stated in the history of West- ford, in this volume. In that town on the 30th of January, 1790, was born Nathaniel, father of John L. F. Burdick and the third of the six children of Elijah Burdick and his wife, Rhoda. Rhoda Burdick died in Westford in the early part of this century. Elijah died on the 29th of December, 181 5. Nathaniel Burdick married Mary Ben- jamin, of New York State, immediately after which event he went to Ira, Rutland county, remaining there until about 1841. He then passed about three years in West- ford, and removed to De Kalb, St. Lawrence county. New York, where he spent the remainder of his days until March 11, 1863. He was a farmer of more than usual in- teUigence, and performed the duties that fell to his lot with a cheerful readiness that commanded the esteem of his fellow townsmen and acquaintances. He was a member of the old Democratic party until the time of Fremont, for whom he voted, and after 792 History of Chittenden County. whose defeat he always advocated the principles of the Republican party. Although not an office seeker he was made justice of the peace for some time while residing in Ira, and after his removal to New York was honored by an election to the Legislature of that State, a more difficult position to attain than a corresponding office in Vermont. His wife survived him until January lo, 1872, when she died in Rossie, N. Y., at the home of her daughter, Julia R. Wetmore. They had seven children, named as follows in the order of their birth : Thomas Benjamin, Charles W., Julia R., Mary L., John L. F., Emily A., and Horace W., all of whom but the subject of this sketch are deceased. Three of the brothers, Thomas B., Charles W., and John L. F., practiced medicine, the last named continuing still in that vocation. John Lafayette Burdick was born in the town of Ira, Rutland county, Vermont, on the i6th of December, 1824, where were born also all of his brothers and sisters. He attended the common schools of his native town until about his seventeenth year, after which he pursued his studies for two years in a select school in Westford, one term in Potsdam, N. Y., and four years in Gouverneur, N. Y., Academy, receiving a thorough mathematical training at the latter institution under the tuition of Dr. J. W. Armstrong, of Gouverneur. He was then enabled to enter Union College one year in advance. He remained in this institution one year and a half, being forced to withdraw during his junior year by reason of a severe attack of typhoid fever. In the fall of 1849 he took a tour through the Atlantic and Southern States for the recovery of his health, an object which he accomplished in about a year. When he was again able to engage in some active occupation he was persuaded to open a select school in Westford, Vt., which he taught very successfully for two terms, having a regular attendance of no fewer than eighty pupils. The two school years immediately following the summer of 1850 were passed as principal of the graded school at Winooski, with the exception of the fall terms of 1851 and 1852, which he occupied in attendance upon lectures at the Castle- ton Medical College. By dint of thorough and persistent study he was graduated from that college in the fall of 1852. He at once opened an office in Winooski and has prosecuted a successful and growing practice ever since. Dr. Burdick's first political affiliation was with the Democratic party of anti-bellum times. His sympathies and better judgment were alienated, however, during the agita- tion of the Free Soil arguments, since which time he has been a straightforward member of the Republican party. As a conseqence of his high social and professional station he has been repeatedly urged to enter the field as a candidate for political office, but he has persistently and firmly declined, believing that he can better perform his mission by confining his activities to his practice, and to a solution of the questions it involves. He is an enthusiastic student and practitioner of medicine. His fellow physicians have appreciated this fact, and have manifested their appreciation by several gratifying elec- tions to high position. For example, he was elected to the presidency of the old Chit- tenden County Medical Society a number of times, and has twice been president of the Burlington Medical and Surgical Club since its organization. He has also been one of the attending physicians of the Mary Fletcher Hospital every year since its inception ex- cept the first. He is gratified by these evidences of confidence in him, because it is his delight to deserve the esteem of his fellows in the medical profession. On the 1 6th day of November, 1851, Dr. Burdick was united in marriage with Anna L., daughter of Eli Warren Burdick, of Westford, who received an academical education at Bakersfield, Vt. Their family now consists of themselves and one child, John L. F. Burdick, M.D. — Sidney H. Weston. 793 Lucy Florence, who was born on the 17th of September, 1875, and who is unusually bright and precocious. Thus far she has pursued her studies at home. It may here be mentioned as one of Dr. Burdick's characteristics that he enjoys above all other pleas- ures to aid the young in obtaining an education, his predilections in this regard having been fostered by his experience as a teacher. Mrs. Burdick's sister, widow of A. C. Ballard, has for a number of years been a member of Dr. Burdick's family, her husband dying on the 28th of November, 1874. Although not a member of any church, Dr. and Mrs. Burdick have a strong prefer- ence for the Baptist denomination, in accordance with family tradition. As there is no Baptist Church, however, in Winooski, they regularly attend and contribute to the sup- port of the Congregational Church. WESTON, SIDNEY H., was born in Chesterfield, Essex county, N. Y., on the i6th day of December, 1824. The origin of the Weston family in America dates back to the time of the coming of the Mayflower, which brought over three Weston brothers from England. James Weston, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the Revolutionary War, and was a com- missioned officer. He was an early settler in the town of Peru, Clinton county, N. Y., where he died on the 18th day of May, 1840. His wife, Sally Witherell, from Brain- tree, died the day following and was buried in the same grave with her husband. They were the parents of eleven children, six boys and five girls, of whom Harvey, the next to theyoungest, and the father of Sidney H. Weston, was born on the 20th day of June, 1798, in Peru. He adopted the vocation of a farmer and lumberman, and went to Chesterfield, N. Y., to live. He died on the 20th of February, 1857. His first wife was a daughter of George Mace, of Peru. By her he had four children, one of whom died in infancy, and the other three, Fidelia, wife of L. D. Gay, of Chesterfield, N. Y., Sidney H. and Blanchard, in Chesterfield, N. Y., are living. Mr. Weston received a good common school education in Chesterfield and after- ward attended for some time the academy at Underbill, during the principalship of Professor J. S. Cilley. Just previous to this, however, he earned the means of attend- ance upon the academy by making charcoal for the iron company at Vergennes, Vt. That period of his minority which intervened between April and December, before his twenty-first birthday, he bought of his father and paid for the time out of the proceeds of his labor. After his term of schooling at Underbill had expired he purchased 100 acres of timber land in Peru, N. Y., from a portion of which he manufactured charcoal, disposing of a part of his products to the Peru Iron Company and part to an iron man- ufacturer named Cook, of Ferona, N. Y. The rest of the timber he had made into lumber, which was sold at Clintonville and Keeseville, N. Y. After working there two years he sold the farm and in April, 1848, removed to Butler's Corners, in Essex, Vt., where he purchased a small farm. Here he remained, devoting his energy and time to agriculture, until 1856, by which time he had added 135 acres to his originaljpurchase in Essex, when he removed to Winooski. This flourishing village was at that time not more than half its present size, but promised to become what it has, by reason of the passage through the place of the new railroad. Mr. Weston opened a hotel on the site of the present post-office, and conducted also a good business in a livery stable and meat market. After an experience of three years in the hotel he sold out and removed to his present farm, which he had previously purchased and the buildings on which he had 794 History of Chittenden County. just completed. He continued his interest in the meat market, however, to the present time without interruption except about a year following 1858, when he sold out and re- mained out that length of time. The home farm which Mr. Weston occupies contains about 160 acres of good farming land, but it is only a small part of his vast possessions. He is the owner of not less than 7,000 acres of land in all, 3,000 of which are in Vermont and the remaining 4,000 in the State of New York. That in New York is mostly timbered land lying in the towns of Peru^ Keene and Wilmington. The timber he cuts for sale and for his own use in the manufacture of lime, in which he is extensively en- gaged at the High Bridge over Winooski River. He has been interested in this business since 1864, and now owns two kilns, one in South Burlington and one on the Colches- ter side of the river. He first bought a one-half interest in the Burlington Lime Com- pany, of which John McGregor and Mr. Jackson were principal owners. Soon after- ward Mr. Weston purchased a one-half interest in the Winooski Lime Works, origin- ated by Penniman & Catlin and afterward carried on by Penniman & Noyes, and within a few years became sole owner of both properties. In connection with his farming Mr. Weston engages largely in the raising of fine cattle, sheep and horses — Holstein, Guernsey and short-horn cattle and Spanish Merino sheep being with him a specialty. He usually winters about one hundred and thirty-five head of cattle, one hundred sheep and twenty-five horses and colts. Other property in Winooski to which he has title is the northwest corner of Main and Allen streets and the entire block below his store, which he rents for tenant houses, stores, etc. It requires more than ordinary energy and sagacity, industry and economy, to acquire possessions as large and valuable as those just related ; but Mr. Weston has added one industry to another, and with a spirit like that of Alexander of old, seeking for new worlds to conquer, has never rested from his labors. About 1868 he purchased $15,000 worth of stock in the Winooski Lumber Company. Since then he has added $3,000 more in stock, and is now the president of the company. The company owns about 1,800 acres in timbered land. Mr. Weston also owns a sixth interest in the enter- prising clapboard company of W. R. Elliott & Co., of North Duxbury, Vt., which turns out about 1,000,000 feet of clapboards and a large quantity of dimension lumber every year, taking its timber from a tract of 2,000 acres. In company with his son, Warren F. Weston, he has extensive iron works, a forge and coal-kilns, and a store in Wilmington, N. Y., and at Keene, N. Y., owns another store, ore mines, a separator, a six-fired forge and eighteen coal-kilns. They also own a large hotel at Keene village, and another summer hotel at Cascade Lake, about six miles from Keene on the way to Saranac Lake, the house being situated between two lakes, one of which, by a fi-eak of nature known as a mountain slide, has been elevated nine feet higher than the other. In this slide, moreover, is an extensive iron mine, said to be about the first ever worked in the State of New York, which is included in the possessions of Sidney H. Weston and son. Besides his home farm in Winooski Mr. Weston owns a tract of about a thousand acres just across the river, and extending about three miles east to the Lamoille bridge, which is really a consolidation of five farms, partly timbered and partly prepared for cultivation. He is a large stockholder in the Vermont and Rio Grande Cattle Company, which owns a ranch controlling r 00,000 acres about twenty miles from San Marcial, New Mexico, and covering six miles of river front on the Rio Grand. This company is under the management of G. G. F. Tobey, superintendent of the cattle ranch and Sidney H. Weston. — William Augustus Crombie. 795 manager. Thus it will be seen without further statement that the range of Mr. Weston's abilities cainnot be confined to one enterprise, or to undertakings of a similar character. It is impossible for him to rest idle upon one farm or in one business ; but with all the various industries with which he is connected he is thoroughly conversant, and with a prudence and sagacity seldom equaled keeps a familiar understanding with all depart- ments. He is now, and for about six years has been, president of the Winooski Savings Bank. Mr. Weston's political principles are Republican. Although he represented Colches- ter in the Legislature in 1865 and 1866, he has usually kept aloof from office seeking^ his time and interests being absorbed in the management of his private affairs. He always keeps abreast of the times, however, in his knowledge of current events. He is a life-long member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is now one of the stewards and trustees of the church at Winooski, and is the superintendent of the Sabbath-school. In these days of blatant infidelity, when men of property are too apt to drift from the pious teachings of childhood, and when opposition to Christianity is necessarily an encouragement to anarchism and all iconoclastic organizations, it is refreshing to feel that the church is still powerful in her possession of men of brain and energy, who are not made stiff-necked and rebellious by success. On the 14th day of December, 1847, Sidney H. Weston married Philinda, daughter of Warren Ford, of Essex, Vt. Mrs. Weston was born on the sth of September, 1824, in Essex. The union has been blessed by the birth of six children, one of whom died young. Their names in the order of birth are as follows : Warren F., the eldest living, born February 14, 1849, at Essex, who is living in Keene, N. Y., and who has represented his district two successive years in the New York Assembly; Matilda M.,born April 15, 1851, wife of G. G. F. Tobey, of Winooski ; Herevy S., bom March 12, 1857, at Winooski, where he now resides ; a daughter, born July 31, 1859, who died in infancy; Ina M., born November 5, i860, wife of George B. Catlin, of Winooski ; Clarence G., born October 26, 1863, and now living with his parents. CROMBIE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, the second of four children of Samuel C. and Susan A. (Choate) Crombie, was born in New Boston, N. H., on the 20th day of April, 1844. He is of Scotch descent. His father was a carpenter and builder of New Boston, where he was born on the 20th of April, 1814. He died on the i6th of April, 1879, at Concord, N. H. His mother was nearly related to the celebrated Rufus Choate, probably the most distinguished lawyer and forensic orator known in the history of this country. She was born at Derry, N. H., in 1818, and died on the 19th of March, 1857, at Nashua in that State. Mr. Crombie, the subject of this sketch, re- mained in his native town until he was six years of age, when he removed with his par- ents to Nashua, N. H. There he passed his early boyhood in attendance at the com- mon schools until the death of his mother when he was thirteen years old. The next two years were spent at the Pinkerton Academy at Derry, N. H., after which he entered the high school at Nashua. At the age of sixteen years he began to provide for him- self, and entered the employment of the Boston, Lowell and Nashua Railroad Com- pany, and was placed in their freight office at Lowell, Mass. During his three years' engagement with this company he passed through the various positions until the begin- ning of the third year, when he was made cashier. He then became acquainted with Law- 796 History of Chittenden County. rence Barnes, a sketch of whose life appears in these pages, and was induced by him to come to Burlington to act with him in a general clerical capacity, and with a view to obtaining a thorough knowledge of the lumber business. He was then eighteen years of age. His connection with Mr. Barnes continued for seven or eight years, during which^time he grew into an intimate acquaintance with all the departments of the trade and manufacture of lumber, and with the different lumbering concerns in this country and Canada. In the year 1869 Mr. Barnes sold out a portion of his business to a num- ber of the present members of the Shepard and Morse Lumber Company, as narrated in the history of the lumber interests of the city of Burlington, and Mr. Crombie went in with the new company. It is unnecessary to say that by virtue of his diligent and intelligent application he inspired his partners with a well-earned confidence, and upon the. incorporation and organization of the present stock company, the Shepard and Morse Lumber Company, he was made manager, with Mr. George H. Morse, of the Burlington department of this extensive business. He is also a director in the com- pany. His interests are not, however, confined to the one company with which he is so prominently identified. From time to time he has purchased stock in other and kin- dred companies, which manifested their appreciation of his abilities and integrity by an election to office. He is now a director in the Vermont Life Insurance Company, the Porter Manufacturing Company, the American Milk Sugar Company, the Baldwin Manufacturing Company, and the Brush Electric Light and Power Company, and presi- dent of the Burlington Shade Roller Company, besides being a stockholder in various other prominent concerns. On the zd day of June, 1868, Mr. Crombie was united in marriage with Lizzie Murray, daughter of Hon. Orlando D. Murray, of Nashua, N. H. Mrs. Crombie, like her husband, is of Scotch extraction, her earliest American ancestor being Isaac Murray, who came from Scotland to Londonderry, now Derry, N. H., previous to the War of the Revolution, and was there married in 1774. Her father is now one of the oldest and most prominent residents of Nashua, N. H. Mr. and Mrs. Crombie have three children, William Murray, bom November 6, 1871, Arthur Choate, born May 8, 1873, and Maud Elizabeth, born January 5, 1881. w TELLS, WILLIAM, was born at Waterbury, Vt., on the 14th day of December, 1837. He is descended from one of the oldest and most honorable families of Normandy, which shared a conspicuous part in the government of that province previous to the conquest of England. As early as 794 a branch of the Vaux family (from which the name Wells is derived) inhabited Provence, Normandy, and were allied by marriage to most of the sovereign princes of Europe. In 1140 they disputed the sovereignty of Provence with the house of Barcelona, and in 1 173 acquired the principality of Orange by marriage with Tiburge, heiress of Orange. In 12 14 William, Prince of Baux and Orange, assumed the tide of King of Aries and Vienne, which dignity was confirmed to him by Frederick II. A branch of the family was founded in England after the con- quest by Harold De Vaux, a near connection of William the Conqueror. At this time was adopted the surname De Vallibus. An unbroken descent is traced from Hugh Welles, who was born about 1590 in the county of Essex, England, married in 1619, and emigrated to this country in 1635, staying for a time either in Salem or Boston, and afterward assisting in the founding of a new colony, Hartford, Conn. He died in Wethersfield, Conn., about 1645. General Wells is seven generations direct from William Wells. 797 him. Roswell Wells, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was an early settler in Waterbury, Vt., to which he immigrated from Greenfield, Mass. He returned for a time to Greenfield, but moved back to Waterbury in 1805, where he died in 1826, aged fifty-seven years. His wife was Pamelia White, a descendant from Peregrine White, the first child of civilized parentage ever born on the North American continent. They had two children, William W. and Roswell W., the former of whom was the father of our subject. He was born in Waterbury on the 28th of October, 1805, and died at the same place on the 9th of April, 1869. He was a leading merchant and manufacturer of Wa- terbury, a graduate of the University of Vermont, class of 1824, and at one time studied law with the intention of practicing, but was obliged to relinquish this hope by the aifairs of the family at Waterbury. He married Eliza Carpenter, daughter of Judge Dan Car- penter, of Waterbury, who survived him four years, dying August 5, 1873. Of their ten children, nine of whom were sons, William Wells was the third. He was educated in the common schools of his native town, and in the Barre Academy and the Kimball Union Academy at Meriden, N. H. While at the Barre Academy he per- formed his first labors in surveying Caledonia county, with an odometer for a county map, a service which he completed in about two months. He was then about seven- teen years of age. At the age of nineteen years he entered the dry goods store of his father in Waterbury Center as clerk. After a year or two in this capacity he assumed the management of his father's flouring mill and wholesale flour and grain store. In 1861 he went to Cleveland, O., but the outbreak of the war affecting the object of this visit, he returned at once to his home in Vermont. In August, 1 86 1, he enlisted in the First Regiment of Vermont Cavalry, and assisted in raising Company C, of which he was a member. The companies were musteredjinto the service of the United States in October, 1861, and on the 19th of the next monthjthe regiment as a whole was mustered in as a regiment in United States service. The regi- ment, however, had been raised by order of the secretary of war of the United States. On the 14th of October, 1861, William Wells was chosen first lieutenant of Company C, of which be became captain on the i8th of November immediately following. The regiment left the State for Washington, D. C, the 14th of December. From'this time forward he rose by regular gradation to the rank of major, which he attained on the 30th of October, 1862. On the 4th of June, 1864, through the recommendations of all the ofiicers present with the regiment, he received the commission of colonel. On the 22d of February, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general, on the 30th of March next he was brevetted major-generat, and on the 19th of May, 1865, received a commission as brigadier-general. The details of the part taken by General Wells in the war involve an almost com- plete history of the regiment with which he was connected. It was stationed on the extreme left of the army at Gettysburg, and delivered an effective charge^on the enemy. General Wells then commanded a battalion of four companies, at the head of which he penetrated the enemy's lines about three-quarters of a mile. The regiment was actively engaged at Hagarstown, Md., July 6, 1863 ; at Boonesboro, in the same State, July 8, 1863, where General Wells was wounded by a sabre thrust ; and at Culpepper Court- House, Va., September 13, 1863, where he was wounded a second time by^the bursting of a shell, the regiment at that time, while under his command, capturing a piece of the enemy's artillery. He served with the Army of the Potomac under Generals Kilpatrick, Sheridan and Custer, and accompanied Sheridan in his raid on Richmond and in the famous 798 History of Chittenden County. cavalry fight at Yellow Tavern, where his regiment rendered gallant service in a charge upon the enemy in which rebel General Stewart was killed. He also accompanied Sher- idan in his campaigns through Shenandoah Valley, down James River to the Army of the Potomac. His regiment formed a part of Wilson's command in the raid on the rear of Richmond, during the ten days of which (June 22 to June 30 inclusive), the command unsaddled only twice. At Cedar Creek he acted as colonel commanding a brigade of which the Vermont Cavalry formed a part, his regiment, in connection with the Fifth New York Cavalry, capturing no less than forty-five pieces of artillery, of which the Vermont regiment was credited with twenty-three pieces. On the departure of Sheridan and Custer for Texas, General Wells was ranking officer of the Cavalry Corps. After the surrender of General Lee and the mustering out of this corps he was for some time in command of the first separate brigade at Fairfax Court-House, Va. Though his regiment returned to the North in the summer of 1865, he, having been promoted to brigadier-general, for gallantry at Cedar Creek, etc., was not mustered out until January 15, 1866, (general order 168, War Department, Washington, D. C, dated December 28, 1865.) This is the brief outline of an army experience which embraced much that was not glory, days and weeks of hardships and privations, which only those can appreciate who have passed nights on the " tented field " and days amid the conflict and clash of battle. Soon after his return to Waterbury he became a partner in the firm of Henry & Co., wholesale druggists of Waterbury, who transferred their business to Burlington in 1868. In 1872 changes in the membership of this firm led to the assumption of the title of Wells, Richardson & Co., and General Wells withdrew from the concern in order to ac- cept the position of collector of customs for the district of Vermont, proffered to him by President Grant. This is one of the most arduous and responsible offices within the gift of the national government; but General Wells exhibited ample capacity to grapple with its compHcated details, and honesty to make prompt and accurate returns, so that after thirteen years he had accounted for every cent of the money that had passed through his hands. He retained the position until the ist of September, 1885. In all other political positions in which General Wells has been placed he has proved himself worthy of the confidence bestowed upon him. He represented the town of Wa- terbury in the Legislature in 1865 and 1866, and served in the House on the committee on military affairs. Elected to the same office in the following year, he served as chair- man of the committee on public buildings and also on the committee on military affairs. In 1866 he was elected by the Legislature to the office of adjutant and inspector-gen- eral, and by virtue of consecutive annual elections held that office until 1872, when he resigned it to enter upon his duties as collector of customs. In the summer of 1886 he was nominated county senator from Chittenden county, by the Republican county con- vention, on which occasion he was described by one of his own fellow citizens in terms which cannot be improved upon. Hon. Henry Ballard, who nominated him, said that he was a man of great executive ability, considerable legislative experience, and one who would perform the duties of senator with faithfulness and ability. In their scramble for office the Democrats had searched in vain for a flaw in the official record of General Wells, and had been compelled to fall back upon the charge of " offensive partisanship." He then spoke in handsome terms of General Wells's brilliant record as a soldier. As General Stannard would be recorded in history as Vermont's best infantry soldier, so would General Wells be known to fame as Vermont's first and best cavalry soldier. He William Wells. — Rev. John Henry Hopkins. 799 was the right arm of Sheridan at Five Forks and Cedar Creek, and was the Custer of Vermont. The old soldiers were fast passing away ; in a few years nothing could be done but erect monuments in their honor. General Wells was the only soldier presented for a place on the county ticket ; and as a man eminently fitted for the position of sen- ator, as an official of proved honesty — who had accounted for every cent of $13,000,- 000 which passed through his hands as collector — and most of all at this time as an earn- est and recognized Edmund's man, he deserves the cordial support of the convention. The next Legislature would have the opportunity to name the leader of the United States Senate for the next six years, and General Wells could do more to accomplish that object than any other man from Burlington. It is needless to add that he was elected. General Wells has long been prominently identified with many of the most important business enterprises of the city of Burlington. He is president and director of the Bur- lington Trust Company, director in the Rutland Railroad Company and also in the Burlington Gaslight Company, and is president and one of the trustees of the Soldiers' Home of Vermont. He is a friend of order in all things, in religious as well as in civil and military life. He is a member of St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church of Burlington. William Wells was united in marriage, on the i8th of January, 1866, with Arahanna, daughter of Edwin Richardson, of Fitchburg, Mass. They have two children, Frank R. and Bertha R. Wells. HOPKINS, The Right Rev. JOHN HENRY, D.D., LL.D., Oxon., was the first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Vermont. He was consecrated in St. Paul's Chapel, New York city, on October 31, 1832, along with Bishops Smith, Mcllvaine, and Deane. He moved to Burlington in November follow- ing, and resided there until his death on January 9, 1868, thirty-six years after his consecration. John Henry Hopkins was bom in Dublin, Ireland (of English parentage), on January 30, 1792. He was brought by his parents to Philadelphia at the age of eight, and there educated. At twenty-two he became an iron-master, near Pittsburgh, and during his engagement in this calling he married, in May, 1816, Miss Melusina Miiller, who had come from Hamburg, Germany, with her parents some years before. Music, art, and culture were the attractions that first brought them into an acquaintance, which ripened into engagement and marriage, and the bonds of wedded love continued for fifty-two years. During this most happy union thirteen children were born to give zest and interest to their lives. The names of these in order of birth were Chariotte Emily (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Charles Fay), Matilda Theresa (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Norman W. Camp), John Henry, Edward Augustus, Melusina Elizabeth, Casper Thomas, Theodore Austin, Alfred Dreneas, Clement Eusebius, William Cyprian, Charies Jerome, Caroline Amelia (Mrs. Thomas H. Canfield), and Frederick Vincent. Of these, eleven reached maturity and nine are now living (1866). THE LAWYER. Closing up the iron business in 181 7, Mr. John Henry Hopkins studied law, and was admitted to the Pittsburgh bar in an unusually short time. He practiced his pro- fession with ardor and increasing success for five years, when in 1823 he was led to con- sider the claims of the sacred ministry, chiefly by the singular fact that the members of Trinity parish extended an unanimous call to him to take charge of their church at a 8oo History of Chittenden County. time when he was away from home at court. He had already been very active in aid of that church as organist, and had co-operated in all the work of the parish, which was a very feeble one. But when he was surprised by so unusual and urgent a call he felt constrained to change his profession to that of THE MINISTRY. Mr. Hopkins had studied theology for the love of it, for some years, so he passed his examination for the diaconate in less than two months, and was ordained deacon by Bishop White in Trinity Church, Philadelphia, December 14, 1823. But such was his zeal for the work that in making this change he gave up a lawyer's annual income of $5,000 for $800. And now began a career of success most phenomenal. The vestry at once took measures to build a new church. In five months more Mr. Hopkins was ordained to the priesthood and took full charge of the parish. He studied Gothic architecture suf- ficiently to design a superb church building which was built in 1824, and he made the plans for it and superintended its erection. Next he established a boarding-school for girls and boys in his own house, in which he fitted up a pretty little chapel and called it an " oratory." He found time to establish new parishes in six towns, Meadville, Buder, Mercer, Erie, Blairsville, and Kittaning, and to educate seven young men for the min- istry, and all this in the seven years of his rectorship of Trinity Church, Pittsburgh. The above parishes have every one of them been permanent, and have been doing the work of Christ for sixty-one years, while Trinity parish has become the head of the diocese of Pittsburgh, and has recently substituted for the elegant Gothic building of wood, built in 1824, a magnificent Gothic edifice of stone, of more than twice the size of the old one. As Mr. Hopkins's ardor grew he began to crave additional facilities for educating young men for the ministry, and he wished to establish a theological school. The new Bishop (H. U. Onderdonk) opposed the idea of such a school in Pittsburgh, and desired that it should be built at Philadelphia. And now Boston gave an earnest call to Mr. Hopkins to become the assistant minister of Trinity Church in that city. He required pledges that $10,000 should be raised for a theological school there. The pledges were given, and in faith on these (which, alas, were afterward repudiated!) Mr. Hopkins actually abandoned all his splendid work in Pittsburgh and went to take the charge in Boston. There his popularity at once filled the church, but the people were so afraid to lose him as a preacher, if they should build the theological seminary — in which he was to be a professor without salary— that he found it impossible to raise the means to carry out the darling idea of his life. The diocese of Vermont elected him its first bishop in May, 1832, and so after a visit to the State he accepted the office. THE EPISCOPATE. The Right Rev. Bishop Hopkins was consecrated in October, 1832, as above stated. He became the rector of St. Paul's Church, Burlington, at once, and so continued for twenty-six years. From 1833-1838 he established the two branches of the Vermont Episcopal Institute, twice enlarging his own dwelling for that purpose, as the schools grew. The second enlargement developed a magnificent building, having a fatade 255 feet long, presenting two gable fronts, decorated with Ionic fluted columns, each thirty feet high, and three feet diameter, and also showing a smaller portico decorated likewise with pUlars. The south wing (now demolished) was the long-desired Uieological school. Between them was his own residence, and all were under one extended roof. But alas! threatened war with England in 1837 and the utter disaster of the failure of the United Rev. John Henry Hopkins. 8oi States Bank in Philadelphia, which created a panic the most severe our country ever knew, combined to ruin thousands of enterprises throughout the land, and among them the institute. In 1839 all these superb buildings (worth''$4o,ooo) were sold for a debt of $10,000 at auction by foreclosure of mortgage. Two of them yet stand at the foot of Church street, but they are much reduced in size, for they have been private property forty-seven years. But St. Paul's Church prospered and grew, and during the following eighteen years Bishop Hopkins (as in Pittsburgh) drew the plans and superintended the work of two successive enlargements. He had once published a work on Gothic architecture, and now he beautified St. Paul's with ripened taste and judgment. Among other things he painted with his own hand the six beautiful tablets that still adorn its chancel walls, and which tell in Scripture language (1), the story of the creation of the world; (2), the fall of man; (3), the plan of redemption ; (4), the establishment of baptism; (5), the Lord's supper; and (6), the prophecy of the judgment day. Each letter of the hundreds of words there painted is three inches high and painted in three colors, and a lovely sym- bolical angel's head surmounts each tablet. At the end of this eighteen years (during which he removed to Rock Point farm, and brought up his family in seclusion and in exceedingly straitened circumstances) he found opportunity to enlist the diocese and (afterward for three years) his many friends in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and St. Louis, in subscribing $48,000 for the church work in Vermont. With this he bought Rock Point for a bishop's residence and for a re-estabhshment of his old plans of the Vermont Episcopal Institute, for boys and for theological students, and with a view, also, to establish a girls' school at some future date. He began to collect funds in 1857, and the institute was opened (as it now stands) by his son, Rev. Theo- dore A. Hopkins, in September, i860, and was conducted by him with distinguished success for the next twenty-one years, to 188 1. An effort is now being made to raise $60,000 to estabhsh the girls' department, which, if it shall succeed, will after all be only carrying out one more beneficent scheme of this truly God-fearing, indefatigable, self-denying and noble Christian bishop. In i860 Bishop Hopkins accepted charge of Trinity Church, Rutland, and raised $8,000 there and built them a church after his own plans, which was finished in 1865, and which is an ornament to the town and State. So also he supplied the plans for the new church in Brandon, which is of conspicuous beauty. But his final and noblest work as to church building was in the third enlargement of St. Paul's, Burlington, in 1867, when he added a transept and an exquisitely paralleled ceiling, an apsidal chan- cel, and a gallery resting on clustered pillars which extended from the ceiling to the floor. AUTHORSHIP. All through his rectorship Bishop Hopkins kept building up St. Paul's Church. He had two confirmations yearly, and his pastoral work was nearly incessant. Yet through all the years of such activities as these he found time to write and publish the follow- ing works, of an average of 400 pages each : (i). Work on Gothic Architecture; (2), Christianity Vindicated; (3), The Primitive Creed; (4), The Primitive Church; (5), The Church of Rome ; (6), Twelve Songs for Family Use; (7), First Letter to Bishop Kenrick; (8), Second Letter to Bishop Ken- rick; (9), The Novelties That Disturb Our Peace; (10), Lectures on the British Ref- ormation; (11), The True Principles of Restoration to the Episcopal Office; (12), The Second Advent; (13), The Vermont Drawing Books, in Six Lithograph Numbers ; (14), 8o2 History of Chittenden County. The Vermont Drawing Book of Flowers; (15), The Vermont Drawing Book of Fig- ures; (16), The History of the Confessional; (17), Bible Commentary on the Penta- teuch (not published); (18), The Gorham Case; (19), Milner's End of Controversy Controverted; (20), the same, second volume; (21), Remonstrance to the Church Journal; (22), The American Citizen; (23), The Bible View of Slavery ; (24), Auto- biography in Verse; (25), History of the Church in Verse; (26), The Law of Ritual- ism; (27), The Pope not Antichrist. Besides these he composed tunes to 336 psalms and hymns, besides various over- tures for piano and orchestra. He also wrote poetry. He was renowned for his elo- quence as a preacher, and over twelve buildings, schools, churches and residences testify to his skill as an architect. Three years before his death Bishop Hopkins became the presiding bishop of the whole Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. This was in January, 1865. He presided, therefore, in the House of Bishops during the general convention of that church held in Philadelphia in October of that year, and after the war was most influ- ential in recruiting the Protestant Episcopal Church South with that of the North dur- ing the year 1866. He presided at New Orleans at the consecration of Bishop I. P. B. Wilmer, and at Louisville, Kentucky, at that of Bishop Cummins. His visit to the South turned out to be a perfect ovation, so eager were the Southerners to welcome him. He also presided at the consecrations of Bishops Clarkson, Quintard, Randall, Kerfoot, Williams (of China), Cummins, Tuttle and Young; while before he became presiding bishop he assisted in the consecration of Bishops Henshaw, John WOliams (of Conn.), Lee (of Iowa), Potter (of New York), Clark Gregg and Stevens, seventeen in all. In 1867 Bishop Hopkins attended the first Pan-Anglican conference ever held in England, and this in his character as presiding bishop of the church in the United States. There he met with the most distinguished consideration fi-om the English bish- ops and from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Eighteen years before this remarkable council of all the churches in the Anglican communion in the world was really invited to assemble by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, had sug- gested it, and that at a date (1849) when he did not dream that he should ever again see England. It was indeed a notable providence that he should live to attend the first council so called together, and that, too, as the presiding bishop on this side of the water. He was most conspicuous in all that council, and this, his last ofiicial action outside his own diocese, was the most brilHant occasion of his life. After his return to Burlington in November, 1867, he hved but two months, dying of congestion of the lungs on January 9, 1868, in the seventy-sixth year of his age and the thirty-sixth of his episcopate. His funeral was one of the most remarkable of any ever attended in Burlington. Bishops came from far and near. His body lay in the vestibule of St. Paul's Church one day, and the whole city filed past the coffin to take the last look of a countenance so dear to all. He rests in peace under an elaborate monument in the cemetery at Rock Point, which lies between the institute of his creation and the home of his love. Contributions to the amount of nearly $3,000 poured in from every State in the Union and from nearly every parish in Vermont for the monument, and it stands there, planned by his eldest son, John Henry, and paid for by the contributions of loving hearts. Theodore Austin Hopkins. 803 HOPKINS, THEODORE AUSTIN. The Rev. Theodore Austin Hopkins, A. M., is the fourth son of Right Rev. John Henry Hopkins, D. D., LL. D., Oxon. He has spent (to 1886) forty-four years of his life in Burlington. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., May i, 1828, and was brought to Vermont at the age of four years. His life has successfully developed the following eleven enterprises : Enterprise No. i was to help his father support the family of eleven in all (1841-46). At the age of thirteen he labored on the fields at Rock Point farm. At fifteen he took charge of them and rendered a monthly account to his father as to hired men, crops, cattle, bees, hewing timber, building barns, blasting rocks and cutting wood in the forest. He also trained his younger brothers to help as they could. So passed the days of spring, summer and autumn for five years. But during the evenings and also during the days of the winter months he studied under his brother, the Rev. John Henry Hop- kins, jr., so that at eighteen he was ready to enter college. Enterprise No. 2, the college course. He entered the University of Vermont, Bur- lington, in September, 1846, and was graduated in August, 1850. He supported him- self entirely through college by teaching district school during one vacation, and by tuning and selling pianos and teaching the flute during the rest of the vacations. At the beginning he was severely pinched by poverty. But he would contract no debt. He boarded himself in his own room for three years, and when he was graduated, within four of the head of his class, he had lost no time and had saved $300 over all liabilities. Enterprise No. 3, educating his younger brothers and sister. He returned home after graduating and spent one year in a family school fitting his brothers, William and Jerome, for college, and instructing his sister Caroline and youngest brother, Vincent. He also again superintended the farm, in all this aiding his father once more. Enterprise No. 4, theological course in New York. In October, 185 1, he entered the general theological seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York city. All through the three years of this course of study he was again thrown mainly on his own support. He kept up with all his classes and was graduated honorably, but besides doing that he saw a good deal of church and social life. He used his other leisure hours in teaching in private families. He did not tune, but he sold pianos, and even imported them from Europe. He sang tenor in the choir of Dr. Houghton, on salary, for one year (Fifth avenue, corner of Twenty-ninth street) for Dr. Seabury, in his Churh of the Annunciation, in Fourteenth street, a second year, and for Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, sr., at St. George's Church, Stuyvesant Square, for the third year. He graduated and was ordained deacon by his own father. Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, in St. Paul's Church, Burlington, during the month of June, 1854. Enterprise No. 5, founding St. George's Mission. Dr. Stephen H. Tyng invited Mr. Hopkins to begin his ministerial work in New,lYork. So he labored there with others and planted the above-named mission on avenue A, near Nineteenth street. A church was afterward built there, which has proved permanent and has been going on doing good for the past thirty-two years. Enterprise No. 6, career at St. Luke's, Rochester, N. Y. Dr. H. W. Lee, of the large, old, mother church, St. Luke's, of Rochester, N. Y., now called Rev. Mr. Hop- kins to be his assistant (r8s4); but Dr. Lee was consecrated bishop of Iowa seven weeks afterward. So the whole weight of duty fell at once to Mr. Hopkins. Over 1,000 claimed the pastorate of that church. Each Sunday there were three services read and 8o4 History of Chittenden County. three sermons preached. Every Wednesday evening a fourth, and every Friday in Lent a fifth, sermon was required. An average of two funerals a week demanded two funeral sermons. For seven months Mr. Hopkins thus preached an average of seven sermons a week, most of them extempore. He also prepared and presented a class of thirty-eight for confirmation, and visited nearly the whole parish at their homes, as well as the sick and poor, all without assistance, and all between October, 1854, and May, 1855- Enterprise No. 7, founding Christ Church, Rochester, N. Y. When St. Luke's had called her rector, Dr. Watson, about twenty of the leading families in St. Luke's formed a new parish (Christ Church), and bought a lot on East avenue and began to build a chapel. Mr. Hopkins organized the parish and held the first services with them in May, 1855. The parish has proved permanent, and ranks as the most important (next to St. Luke's) of the ten Episcopal churches now in Rochester. Enterprise No. 8, the rectorship of St. George's Church, St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Hop- kins accepted the call as above in July, 1855. He found there a very fine church build- ing, capable of seating 900 persons, but with an attendance reduced to 183 persons. There had once been a full church. Moreover, a debt of $14,500, unpaid for ten years, yet lay upon the building, which had been advertised for sale. Here was heavy work. The ladies raised $1,700. Then by request of the vestry Mr. Hopkins, undertook to solicit money enough to raise the debt. He succeeded in five weeks, and felt that he had been the honored means of restoring to the church a noble enterprise that had cost $75,000. One month after he began his rectorship at St. George's he went back to Rochester and married there Miss AHce L. Doolittle. Bishop Hopkins went fi-om Bur- lington to Rochester to perform the ceremony, which took place before a densely crowded congregation in St. Luke's Church on August 8, 1855. The married pair took their wedding trip back to Rock Point, and met with a most agreeable surprise in find- ing a large portion of St. Paul's parish, Buriington, assembled at the bishop's residence to bid them a cordial welcome. Three weeks more found Rev. Mr. Hopkins again in St. Louis hard at work. But he was still only a deacon. So in October, 1855, he requested his father's services in one more sacred relation, where he ordained his son to the priesthood of St. George's Church, before an unusually large congregation. In childhood and youth Bishop Hop- kins had baptized and confirmed his son ; in manhood he ordained him to the diacon- ate in Burlington ; married him to his wife in Rochester, and ordained him to the priest- hood in St. Louis. This is a combination of circumstances most rare. Mr. Hopkins remained at St. George's and left it very prosperous. In a few years afterward the con- gregation built a new church at a cost of over $200,000. So this enterprise proved also permanent, and it has gone on growing for twenty-eight years, until St. George's is the most influential of the fourteen Episcopal churches at St. Louis. Enterprise No. 9, founding of the Yeates Institute of Lancaster, Pa. Educational work now claimed Mr. Hopkins's attention. He went to Lancaster, Pa., on invitation of Rev. Dr. (afterward Bishop) Bowman in 1858, where he founded the Yeates Insti- tute for Boys, thereby securing $40,000 endowment that had been offered to the church through Dr. Bowman by Miss Catharine Yeates. For three years Mr. Hopkins taught this school and Mrs. Hopkins taught a giris' school until they had neariy three hundred names on their united school lists. Mr. Hopkins was also rector of St. John's Church (with an assistant) during the first year of his school. The Yeates Institute has con- tinued to prosper for twenty-six years, showing one more permanent work. Theodore Austin Hopkins. — Smith Wright. 805 Enterprise No. lo, the Vermont Episcopal Institute at Burlington, conducted for twenty-one years; and now drew on (September, i860) the greatest work of Mr. Hop- kins's life, and that from which the people of Vermont best know him. He opened the Vermont Episcopal Institute, by request of the trustees, with eighteen boarding pupils. The school had no endowment, and he had to pay a rent for it. Bishop Hopkins had spent the preceding three years in raising money and in putting up the building, so it was once more the question of aiding his father on old Rock Point that finally led Mr. Hopkins to dare so hazardous a change as that from the endowed and prosperous Lan- caster schools to the uncertain prospects of the Vermont boarding-school. It was not now, as at first, the work of sowing corn and wheat on the old Rock Point fields of grain, but of " teaching the young idea how to shoot," in the new Rock Point fields of learning. So fi-om 1860-81 (for twenty-one years) he and Mrs. Hopkins went on gath- ering in pupils from thirty States of this Union. The names of 878 pupils stand on the school hsts. The school was an English classical and mathematical school. It fitted boys for college or other destination. Pupils went from the institute to twenty-six dif- ferent colleges and universities in the United States. The school was military in its dress, drill and discipline. Though it depended wholly on tuitions and board bills for its support, it yet succeeded so well that it paid over $12,000 rent, raised by orphans and clergymen's sons, and contributed enough of money, or money's worth, to the aid of Christian and educational work to reach the sum of $36,750. The total lists of names of all the pupils of both the Lancaster and Burlington schools reached the num- ber of 1,178. Thus ended, with the most far-reaching success of all, the tenth enter- prise of Mr. Hopkins's life. The institute still prospers under Mr. H. H. Ross, show- ing again a permanent good secured. Enterprise No. 11, the building of his home. During the vacation of nine weeks in the summer of 1869 Mr. Hopkins visited Europe, and again, with his son John Henry, during twelve weeks in 1878. But labors so excessive and constant had begun to pro- duce nervous prostration too severe for the benefits of this travel to continue very long. Though he was still active, he felt, after his twenty-one years at the institute, that he had done so much for the children of others, it was high time to provide a home for his own. So in July, 1881, he began to build, and in fourteen months he finished an ideal and beautiful home about a mile and a half south of Burlington. There he ^as lived during the past five years. All his time still goes to church and educational works. He preaches or reads service almost incessantly, going on request to any church that is vacant, and relieving any pastor that is sick or tired, within a radius of three hundred . miles ; in fact, during all his ministry of thirty-two years he has been a constant preacher. Even throughout the twenty-four years of his school-teaching in Pennsyl- vania and Vermont he usually preached twice a week, and he has had regular annual classes baptized and confirmed all these years. Such is his occupation during Sundays now, though during the week he is usually at his home. WRIGHT, SMITH, was bom in Williston, near the line of St. George, on the 8th day of March, 1823. His grandfather, EKsha Wright, probably of Scotch descent, was an early settler on the place, and the builder of the house now occupied by Patrick Lavell. He died about 1830, at a very advanced age. His son, John Wright, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born on this place in 1797, passed his life there, and died on the 3d of July, 1874. His wife was Polly, daughter of Smith Holt, of Keene, Essex 8o6 History of Chittenden County. county, N. Y., who came from a family of early settlers in Essex county, from Litchfield county. Conn. She died in August, 1881. John and Polly Wright had seven sons, of whom three, Orson H., of Hinesburg, J. W., of Chimney Point, in Addison county, Vt, and Smith, are the only ones surviving. Smith Wright was educated in the schools of his native town and the Hinesburg Academy. On the 2Sth of April, 1844, he married Clarrissa A., daughter of Sheldon Loggins, of Williston. For twenty years after his marriage Mr. Wright remained upon a farm in St. George, looking assiduously after the aifairs of his farm, keeping fences and buildings in good repair, and paying off a heavy incumbrance for the purchase money of the farm. Many of his neighbors regarded his purchase with gloomy predictions of disastrous failure, but he went on about his labors with a quiet determination that would brook no failure, and during the twenty years of his residence there not only paid the debt, but purchased and paid for 200 acres more, and had the entire property well stocked. During a considerable portion of this period he was not only a farmer, but a traveling salesman for a mercantile house of New Haven, Conn., whose headquarters were in Albany. He introduced throughout his ter- ritory nearly the first keg oysters that were sold in this part of the country, and estab- lished for his house a very extensive trade in them. But such arduous duties from 1848 to i860, as he had imposed upon himself, began at last to wear upon his health, and at the end of twelve years he was obliged to retire. In 1865 he sold his property in St. George in two parcels at different times, and removed to the place that he had pre- viously purchased of David A. Murray, about two and one-half miles south from Wil- liston village, where he remained two years and a half, and again sold out at a profit, re- moving to the house now occupied by Mrs. Crane in Williston village. This he bought as well as the store building previously owned by A. B. Simonds, and now occupied by Charles D. Warren. In this last-mentioned building he carried on a successful mercan- tile business for two years. He then sold out this interest to E. R. Crane, and after a year of withdrawal from any active business purchased the old brick store of George Morton, now occupied and owned by George L. Pease. He conducted a prosperous trade there two years longer, and in 1873 withdrew permanently from mercantile pur- suits, disposed of his property in the village, and bought his present farm. This place is next to the old Governor Thomas Chittenden farm, the house which Mr. Wright occu- pies being also the building erected by Giles T. Chittenden, Governor Chittenden's son, in 1800, and for some time occupied by him. The parcel contains 166 acres of fertile soil, which supports thirty cows and other stock in proportion. In connection with his other business occupations Mr. Wright has for more than thirty years been prominently engaged in the poultry trade, which now overshadows all his other interests. In 1876 he built a storehouse for poultry, and has since added large refrigerator buildings at heavy cost, from rime to time, furnishing storage capacity for more than five hundred tons. The mechanical arrangement of these freezers is most ingenious and well calcu- lated to effect the desired purpose. The temperature is susceptible of perfect regulation, and poultry and other meats can be frozen almost instantaneously and preserved indefinitely. They are used not only for storing poultry for Mr. Wright, but for others in Boston, New York, and other large cities, who desire to store meats, poultry, etc., through the warm seasons. The business is constanriy growing, and it is impos- sible to estimate the proportion which it is likely in time to assume. In 1883 he made one sale to one firm to the amount of $45,000, being the largest single sale of poultry ever made in this country at that time ; and his sales have aggregated more than $40,- Smith Wright. — Walter Carpenter, M.D. 807 000 annually for several years past. Mr. Wright has always been either a Whig, in the days of that party's ascendancy, or a Republican. His first vote for president was cast for Henry Clay in 1844. He has always been prominently connected with the pohtical interests of his native county and State. In 1852 and 1853 he represented St. George in the Legislature as a member of the Whig party. It was during this period (1852) that the prohibitory law was passed. Mr. Wright voted for this law, and has always been a firm advocate of its enforcement. He was again elected to the Legislature from St. George in i860 and 1861, during the excitement of the war period. He has been chosen county commissioner under the prohibitory Uquor law three times without op- position, and now fills that office, and has been placed by his townsmen in nearly all the offices within their gift. In 1869 and 1870 he was assistant judge of the County Court. In 1872 he was appointed postmaster at Williston village, which position he held until 1884. At this time he was elected to the House of Representatives from Williston, but was held to be ineligible because he was postmaster at the time of his election. He has now (1886) been elected State senator for the next two years. Mr. and Mrs. Wright have a family of five children: the eldest, Mary A., was born July 18, 1845, and on the 14th of January, 1878 was married to Gilbert Harris, now of Burlington. Lou- isa J., the second child, was born on the 8th of May, 1847, ^^^ o'l '^^ '°t^ °f Janu- ary, 1870, was married to Elery C. Fay, now of Jericho. Homer E. Wright was born on the 1 2th of November, 1858, and is married, and is now in business with his father. On the 26th of February, 1864, Clayton John and Clinton Smith, twins, were born. Clayton J. has just graduated from the University of Vermont, and Clinton S. is living at home. Mr. Wright is conspicious among the citizens of Chittenden county as an energetic and reliable business man, and an active and public-spirited worker for the general bene- fit of the community. CARPENTER, WALTER, M.D., was born in Walpole, New Hampshire, on the i2th of January, 1808, and is therefore at the present writing nearly seventy-nine years of age. The Carpenter patronymic is borne by many different families, and no date can be assigned for its origin. Dr. Carpenter springs from an English ancestry, the first member of it of whom there is authentic record being his grandfather, Davis Carpenter, of Woodstock, Conn., born about the year 1756, and removing at the age of thirty years with his family to Walpole, N. H., where he successfully established him- self in business as a farmer and tavern keeper. He died in 1823. Sylvester, the fifth of Davis Carpenter's family of children, was born in August, 1786, and passed his early days under the direction of his father, assuming sole control of the business upon the death of the latter until 1838, when he retired from the active pursuits of life, and passed the twelve remaining years of his life at the home of his son Walter, in East Randolph, Vt. His wife was Lydia, daughter of Benjamin Bowker, whom he married in 1807 and who attained the remarkable age of ninety years, and died in 1870. Walter was the only child of Sylvester and Lydia Carpenter. He received his pre- paratory education at Allstaid, N. H.,and afterwards studied, between the ages of fifteen and eighteen years, at the academy in Chesterfield. Having fixed upon the practice of medicine he began his preliminary studies to that end in the office of his uncle. Dr. Davis Carpenter, of Brockport, N. Y., with whom he remained about one year and six months. He then attended one course of lectures at a medical college in Fairfield, N. 8o8 History of Chittenden County. Y., after which he studied with Dr. Amos Twichell, of Keene, N. H., for more than a year, and passing through one private and one regular course in the medical department of Dartmouth College, he was graduated from that institution in 1829. Immediately after his graduation he settled in Bethel, Vt., where he remained in active practice for eighteen months, rapidly extending far and wide his reputation for skill and efficiency; so much so that the citizens of Randolph deputed a committee to wait upon him and soHcit his removal to their community. Their invitation was at last accepted. His suc- cess in the new field was so complete and sudden that in little more than one year two competitors who had theretofore held undisputed possession of the territory were forced to emigrate to more profitable arenas. " Thenceforward," it has been well said, " for nearly twenty-eight years he was the Esculapian monarch of the entire territory. Never was beneficent potentate more assiduous in attention to responsible duty." The fall and winter of 1852-3 he passed in New York visiting hospitals, attending medical lect- ures, and extending his acquaintance with the latest discoveries in the science and art of medicine and surgery. All his acquisitions were now placed at the service of his own and neighboring States. With characteristic self-abnegation he took an active and leading part in the establishment of the medical school connected with the University of Vermont, and earned the lasting gratitude of the citizens of the State. The under- taking was of no mean magnitude. Pecuniary means were wholly insufficient. But sagacity and courage enabled himself and part of his associates to " pilot the enterprise through shoals and breakers into the deep waters of assured and permanent success." The balance left after the payment of the expenses of the first year, $7.25, constituted the only security of the six professors for remuneration. Three of them thereupon re- linquished the project for more lucrative employment. Doctors Thayer, Carpenter, and Smith, however, did not lose courage, but continued in their sublime determination to accomplish their purpose. Dr. Carpenter alone assumed all related pecuniary obligations and the new institution resumed operations. More than three times as many students were in attendance during the second year as in the first. Again expenditures consumed the income, and the pay of the professors was made up of honor and praise, which, how- ever acceptable, are not deemed valuable as legal tenders. In the third year the normal prosperity and growth were established by a fresh increase of students. Dr. Carpenter's services as professor of materia medica were so highly appreciated that in 1857 he was elected by the students to the chair of theory and practice in the stead of an inefficient acting professor. Notwithstanding he had delivered his own course of lectures he com- pleted, at considerable cost to himself, the course of the unacceptable professor, who retired with the emoluments of the office. Anxious to manifest their sense of the sac- rifice and their appreciation of the service rendered, the students presented a gold- headed cane to Dr. Carpenter, which now stands in a conspicuous place among the treasured ornaments of his parlor. This pleasing token of esteem was followed by an election to the chair of theory and practice by the trustees of the institution ; and from that date until 1872 the subject of this sketch discharged the duties of both professor- ships, delivering each term from one hundred to one hundred and thirty lectures, and receiving payment as the incumbent of one chair only. These severe, unremitting and rather unremunerative labors were all the more remarkable in view of the fact that Dr. Carpenter at the same time prosecuted his own regular and constantly widening practice. Dr. Thayer resigned his position as dean of the faculty in 187 1, and was absent from Walter Carpenter, M.D. 809 the city for several years. A heavy load of care was thus thrown upon the already over-burdened shoulders of Dr. Carpenter, the only resident professor remaining. But he was still punctilious in the performance of every duty. Before Dr. Thayer's de- parture they had a private class between the terms of the medical school, the scope of which was enlarged by Dr. Carpenter, with the co-operation of other physicians, until it included nearly all the courses of the medical department, and the numbers naturally increased in like proportion. This served as a feeder for the college, the students being transferred every year without reference to their proficiency. Thus through his efforts the course of instruction was practically continued the year round, and a lively interest sustained in an institution not yet able to stand alone. In the interests of this college Dr. Carpenter has therefore always displayed unexampled solicitude and gener- osity. The need of enlarged facilties drew from him in 1857 a liberal subscription to- wards providing them. Also, in co-operation with others, especially Dr. Thayer, he obtained $5,000 which was expended in the work of rebuilding. Again, in 1880, when the steady increase of students created the necessity of still larger accommodations, he raised more than $2,000 with which he enlarged the lecture-rooms, introduced water, and added a laboratory and private dissecting-room. " The college itself is Dr. Car- penter's proudest and most appropriate monument." Its catalogue is a splendid vista of progress. The number of students has grown from seven to nearly two hundred. From an insignificant beginning it has risen to the dignity of being one of the great medical schools of the United States, and is provided with all the modern appliances of professional instruction. Dr. Carpenter has been one of the most efficient agents of this singular growth. Twice at least he has interposed on critical occasions and saved the college from an untimely decease. In 1 88 1, owing to the increasing burdens imposed by an expanding practice and the admonitions of the fleeting years. Dr. Carpenter resigned the chair he had so long and honorably filled. But nothing could abate his affectionate interest in the school itself Whether he had acceptably performed the arduous duties of dean of the faculty, which office he had held so many years, may be inferred from the following resolutions, adopted unanimously by the class of 1880 : " Whereas, The graduating class of the medical department of the university of Ver- mont have learned with regret of the resignation of Professor Walter Carpenter as president of the faculty and professor of the theory and practice of medicine, to take effect at the close of the session of 1881; and " Whereas, In consideration of his long and eminently successful services in behalf of the medical school, his pet and piide, we deem it not only our privilege but ou»duty to offer the following resolutions : " Resolved, That we consider Professor Carpenter's connection with the medical de- partment as most oportune and fortunate, and that to him belongs the credit of resur- recting the medical college and bringing it to its present most prosperous condition. "Resolved, That his eminent ability as a practical teacher in our school is not only recognized and appreciated by us as students, but by the physicians throughout the State as well; and that we feel to offer him our gratitude for his courteous manners and kindly and continued interest in our welfare, as well as for his faithful and arduous labors as our teacher.'' Dr. Carpenter's resignation also evoked the following resolutions from the Vermont Medical Society, which show the estimation in which he is held among his professional brethren : 8io History of Chittenden County. " Resolved, That in the retirement of Dr. Walter Carpenter from active service in the medical department of the University of Vermont we fully realize that for more than a quarter of a century he has made its success the object of his constant care and great practical abilities. " Resolved, That in him and his early associates in the medical department we owe the rise and progress of the institution to its present high position, and that in parting with him we feel that a strong man has left us, whose place will be hard to fill ; but we hope that the college may yet for many years receive the benefit of his counsel." His beneficent services have not, however, been confined to assuring the success of the medical school. He was. the instrument in securing the magnificent donation which founded the Mary Fletcher Hospital ; himself secured the charter, assisted in the prep- aration of the plans for the edifice, and since its completion has held the joint office of president and consulting physician of the institution. The dedication of the hospital in January, 1879, was by a propitious coincidence the semi-centennial of his own entrance into the medical profession. He celebrated the occasion by tendering a reception to the representatives of the three learned professions — law, medicine and theology. The Bur- lington Clipper ]\iii\y declared it to be a " memorable occasion.'' The Free Press also re- ferred to it as the deserved honor to the " Nestor of his profession in this State." Dr. Holton, of Brattleboro, happily officiated as chairman and toast-master, and, after eulogizing Dr. Carpenter in his connection with the medical department of the University of Vermont, he added, that " his acquaintance with the lady who has so munificently endowed the hospital was most fortunate for the city," and that " while she may be truly called its mother, Dr. Carpenter is as truly the father of the Mary Fletcher Hospital. On his brow we place the laurel wreath, as having accomplished what no other member of the profession has done." He then proposed as the first toast, " Professor Walter Carpen- ter ! in his long life of high and successful devotion to his profession, to the relief of suffering and to the welfare of mankind, he has given us an example worthy to be imi- tated." Dr. Carpenter responded in retrospective vein, humorously described his earlier experiences, and pointed out the great changes that had occurred since his en- trance into professional life. Professor D. B. St. John Roosa, of New York, Rev. Dr. Atwell, of Burlington, President Buckham, of the University of Vermont, the Hon. E. J. Phelps, and others spoke to the topics of different toasts. Professor A. P. Grinnell, in closing his address, referred to one admirable characteristic of Dr. Carpenter in the words, " I am now convinced that my success and the success of the college de- pends upon his remaining among us. It gives me great pleasure. in offering my con- gratulations to add the statement that Dr. Carpenter is, and always has been, a fiiend to young men." The Hon. Henry Ballard, in a brief and eloquent speech, exclaimed, " A half-century of work ! What a long career ! What a large and varied experience ! and yet we see him to-night ! Though just on the wintry side of three score and ten years, we can say of him as we said of Moses on Pisgah's top, ' His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.' His long career illustrates how much an unflagging energy, enthusiasm, zeal, persistency, and effort, when rightly directed, can crowd into a life-work. Looking at his career we can all say that this community, our State, our people, have reason to be grateful for the example and influence of such a man as our distinguished host. Dr. Walter Carpenter." The pleasure of the evening was greatly enhanced by the distribution to his guests of photographs of himself as a country doctor of the olden time, seated on horseback and carrying well-filled saddle-bags. Qf^£rz. 4'0/&Ze^n^£ Walter Carpenter, M.D. — John Whitcomb. 8ii The contrast between past and present, between Dr. Carpenter of 1829 and Dr. Car- penter of 1879, was both humorous and instructive. Dr. Carpenter having been all his life a man devoted exclusively to the advance- ments incident to his profession, has seldom traveled beyond the orbit of his medical activities. He has been a member of the Vermont State Medical Society since 1832, and officiated as its president for one year. He has also been a member of the Amer- ican Medical Association for the past thirty-seven years. Although he has ever been desirous of escaping from the labyrinths of politics and public office, he was placed by a peculiar conspiracy of affairs in 1870 in the position of a candidate for the representa- tion of Burlington in the Legislature. A majority of 354 votes in his favor, the largest ever given in the city, attested his standing with the masses of his fellow citizens. Leg- islative duties, however, he preferred to leave to men of legislative qualifications and predilections. The science and art of medicine are to him all-sufficient. Now, in his seventy-ninth year, in good health, and with the recollection of only fourteen days of sickness in more than half a century, he regularly attends to an extensive and re- munerative practice, and seems likely to continue doing good for years to come. Walter Carpenter has been thrice married. In 1832 he was united to Olivia Chase Blodgett, by whom he became the father of a daughter and a son. She died in 1840. In 1844 he married Mrs. Ann (Brown) Troop, who died in April, 1869. In February, 1872, Dr. Carpenter again married, this time to Adeline Brown. His only surviving child. Dr. Benjamin W. Carpenter, was surgeon of the Ninth Vermont Volunteer mili- tia during the last war, and is now engaged in the drug business in Burlington. WHITCOMB, JOHN, the eighth of fifteen children of Thomas and Anna (Ste- vens) Whitcomb, was born in Richmond, Vt., on the 13th of December, 1820. The family of his mother came to Vermont from Connecticut. His father was born in Swansea, Vt., in 1781, came to Richmond about the beginning of the present century, and at the age of twenty-six years married Anna Stevens. Their fifteen children, all natives of Richmond, were born in the following order: Wesley, April 10, 1808; Lou- isa, October 31, 1810; Sally, December 3, 1811; Erastus, February 21, 1813; Lo- renzo, January 30, 1815; Uzziel, January 21, 1817; Joshua, December 22, 1818; John, December 13, 1820; Lydia, November 22, 1822; James, October 19, 1824; Silas, April 6, 1827; Mary Ann, May 20, 1829; Electa, February 20, 1831. Two other children died in infancy. The following deaths, of father, mother and children, have occurred: Thomas Whitcomb died in Essex in 1871, nineteen years after the death of his wife; Wesley, their eldest son, died in Richmond in 1829 ; Erastus died in Essex in 1862; Lorenzo in 1886, Lydia in Williston in 1853, Silas in California in i86g, and James in California July 18, 1886, whither he removed in 1849. Thomas Whitcomb removed to the town of Essex with his family in 1835, where the family of Erastus still reside. Mr. Whitcomb's life is a good example of what industry and perseverance can do. He came of a family noted for their distinctive traits of character, recognizing no such word as fail in whatever they undertook. He received as good an education as could be obtained in the district schools of his native town, and removed to Essex with his father's family in 1835, where he passed his minority, and continued to work on the farm for his elder brother, for four years after attaining his majority, at twelve dollars a month. Then, with his brother Joshua, he bought a large farm in ^Essex, ,where the latter still lives. They worked together four years, when, in 1852, John sold his inter- 8 12 History of Chittenden County. est to his brother and went to California. For the first year he did not choose his bus- iness, though he did not remain idle because the wages did not suit him, but made ev- ery day count him something, and watched his chances for something better. As an experiment he bought and drove cattle across the plains at great risk of his life, as In- dians and wild beasts were then the terror of the emigrants. He encamped wherever night overtook him, often alone, as hiring devoured too much of the profit. This bus- iness paid well, but in the midst of his prosperity he was taken with small-pox and ty- phoid fever at the same time. He barely recovered, and was left in wretched health, which decided his return to Vermont. Here his health was gradually restored to him. Immediately after his marriage, in i860, he removed to the farm in Williston now occu- pied by George Chapman and son, and about 1863 went from there to Bolton, whence after six months he returned to Williston, occupying a farm in that part of the township known as The Hollow. But the West was his ideal place for business. So in 1869 he visited Sacramento county, California, and soon after removed his family thither. There he bought a ranch of 4,200 acres, on the banks of the Sacramento River, about twelve miles from the city. This place was stocked with 600 cattle, sixty-five horses, and 4,200 sheep. He paid special attention to the dairy department, milking 300 cows the year round, making cheese in summer and butter in winter. He also raised considera- ble grain. Although he thus incurred a heavy debt, he paid it in a few years. After a residence here of six years he removed to his present farm in Williston, which he pur- chased of his brother-in-law, Hiram J. Fay. Since coming to this place he has gradu- ally added to his possessions, owning numerous wood-lots, a farm in Jericho, one in Essex, and another in Waterbury, besides a tract of 300 acres which he bought in 1885 of his wife's nephew, Alfred C. Fay, making the total number of his acres in Vermont about 1,250. In addition to these he owns 500 acres in Valcour Island, N. Y., well stocked, 2,400 acres in Kansas, also well stocked, and 2,000 head of cattle in Wyoming territory. His great pride in these accumulations is that they were honestly gotten. Mr. Whitcomb does not confine his labors to any one department of agriculture, but endeavors, with marked success, to develop all the resources of his extensive posses- sions. Thus he is not dependent, as is too often the case among farmers, upon the fa- vorable fluctuations in value of any particular product, but is morally sure to reap profits from the very variety of his produce and stock. Notwithstanding the broad ex- tent of his domain, he understands the peculiar adaptations of every acre, and permits no jot of all his labors to be wasted. Mr. Whitcomb always guides his political conduct with the compass, and under the regulations of the Republican party ; but, though always interested in the success of that great organization, and well abreast of it in his ideas of State and national econ- omy, he has never been ambitious to hold or control the disposition of pohtical office, preferring rather to express his opinions by his votes. He is an attendant at the Uni- versalist Church, to the support of which he contributes. He was united in marriage, on the 30th of April, i860, with Edith, daughter of John Fay (a native of Richmond) and granddaughter of Nathan Fay, one of the first settlers and most prominent residents of Richmond. The family are closely related with the Fays of Burlington and Bennington, a partial genealogy of which reads as follows : John Fay, the elder, emigrated from England and settled in Massachusetts. He married Elizabeth Wilmington, by whom he had eight children ; Basheba married John o ^^cr^>7l^/^ John Whitcomb. — Joshua Whitcomb. 813 Pratt; Dinah married Daniel Goodenough ; John married EHzabeth Childs ; Eunice married Isaac Pratt ; James married Lydia Childs ; Benjamin married Patty Miles ; Mehitable married Fletcher ; and Stephen Fay, the youngest, married Ruth Childs. Stephen Fay had eleven children — John Fay, who was killed in the battle of Benning- ton at the age of forty-three years ; Jonas, secretary of the Council of Safety, and author of the declaration of independence for Vermont, who first married Sarah Fasset and afterwards Lydia Warren ; Mary, who married Governor Moses Robinson and died in February, i8oi ; Beulah, who married Major Samuel Billings and died in the eighty- ninth year of her age; Elijah, who married Deborah Laurence and died in the eighty- eighth year of his age ; Benjamin, who married Sarah Robinson, became the first sheriff in the State, and died in 1786; Joseph, who married Margaret, daughter of Rev. J. Dewey, and died in New York of yellow fever ; Sarah, who married David Robinson and died January 25, 1801 ; David, who married Mary, daughter of John Stanniford, of Windham, Conn., and died at the age of sixty-seven years ; and two others. John Fay, the one who was killed at the battle of Bennington, had five children, as follows : Susan, who married Timothy Follett and had five children ; Nathan, the early settler in Richmond, who married Mary, daughter of General Samuel Saiford, of Ben- nington, and had eight children — John, Henry, Nathan, Polly, Safford, Hiram, Jonas and Truman ; John, who married Susan Fay, daughter of Jonas and niece of his father, and had two children ; Helen, who married Bissell Case and had five children ; and Henry, who married Betsey Talcott and had ten children. John Fay, eldest son of Nathan, married Polly, daughter of Daniel Bishop, of Hinesburg, on the 15th of September, 1805, when she was sixteen years of age, and had eight children — Roswell B., Electa, Roxana, Daniel B., Ransom, Julius, Edith and Hiram J. Of these Daniel B., Ransom and Julius are deceased. The father, John Fay, died on the old place in Williston November 27, 1871, aged eighty-niae years, and was followed by his wife, Polly, September 6, 1881, aged ninety-two years, one month and six days. Edith, as has been stated, became the wife of the subject of this sketch. She was born on the 23d of February, 1828. Mr. and Mrs. Whitcomb have one child, Marcia Fay, who was born on the 4th of May, 1861, and upon whom they have spared no pains to bestow the graces and ac- complishments of a good education and the experience of two years in the Old World. WHITCOMB, JOSHUA. The subject of this sketch, the fifth son and seventh child of Thomas and Anna (Stevens) Whitcomb, who have been mentioned more in detail in the preceding sketch, was born in Richmond, Vt., on the 2 2d of December, 18 18. He received a common school education in his native town and in the town of Underbill, where he first worked out for himself. The next few years he passed in the employment of Charles Huntington, proprietor of a large tavern in the village of Rich- mond. Thence he went to MontpeKer and engaged his services as commercial traveler for the large mercantile house of Cross & Hyde, and for about six years drove a cracker team [for them. In this employment he received a business training which has stood him in good stead in all his after years. On the ist of April, 1848, he purchased the dd Captain Joe Sinclair farm in Essex, upon which he has ever since resided. The farm originally consisted of about 300 acres, but by steady and successful diligence Mr. Whitcomb has enlarged its boundaries to such an extent that it now contains about 600 acres. It is one of the best farms in the town or, indeed, in the county, being adapted 8 14 History of Chittenden County. for almost any agricultural purpose, and by virtue of careful cultivation producing uni- formly good crops. Mr. Whitcomb's attention, however, has been devoted principally to dairying. His cows, about sixty in number, are of a mixed breed of Ayreshire and Durham, with a slight intermixture of the Jersey stock. The milk is taken to the cream- ery in Jericho, which uses the milk from most of the cows in this vicinity. Mr. Whit- comb in past days has raised a great many sheep and horses, but the decline in the former led him to discontinue his interest in them. He now keeps four horses, chiefly for work on the farm. Owing to his close attention to his private affairs, Mr. Whitcomb has refrained from engaging very zealously in the disturbing pursuits of political office seekers, and has never displayed that feverish thirst for official position which is the bane of American politics. He has a clear understanding, however, of current political events, and shapes his course in harmony with the principles of the Republican party. His religious belief is in universal redemption, and he attends the Universalist Church and aids in its sup- port. On the 1 8th day of April, 1848, he married Diantha, daughter of Benjamin Willey, of Middlesex, Vt. She was bom on the 22d of April, 1825, and died on the isth of October, 1885. They had five children : Mira, now the wife of William Mackintosh, of Boston, born September 22, 1849 ; Ella, wife of J. E. Rugg, of Cheyenne City, Wyoming, born May 5, 1853 ; Demis, wife of L. B. Abbott, of Boston, born October 24, 1856 ; Willie, born April 15, 1858, and now Hving with his father — after an experi- ence of four years following 1879 ^^ ^o^'k on railroads and in mining camps in South- ern Utah, Leadville, and other parts of the West; and Caira, who was bom on the 9th of June, 1 86 1, and died on the 3d of February, 1883. WHITCOMB, LORENZO DOW, was the third son and fifth child of Thomas Whitcomb, of Richmond, of whom we have spoken in the second preceding sketch. He was born in Richmond on the 30th of January, 1815, and in that town received his education in the district schools. When his father came to Essex in 1835 Lorenzo ac- companied him, and afterwards removed successively to Richmond, Jericho, Bolton, Richmond again, and in 1867 to the farm which is now in the possession of his chil- dren in Essex, known as the old Stanton farm. From the original moderate dimensions of this farm Mr. Whilcomb enlarged the tract to its present size, a piece of more than 570 acres. It has been for many years and is now a dairy farm, which in the winter of 1885-6 supported no cows, besides eighteen horses and about twenty head of young cattle. The milk from these cows goes to supply the wants of the people in Buriington. Such are a few of the undramatic but greatly significant events in the life of one of the most respected citizens of Chittenden county. The motto that awards a blessing to that country which has no history may well be applied to the quiet and industrious fife of men like Mr. Whitcomb. They are the nerve and sinew of the land in which they live, at once the source and bulwark of its prosperity. After more than half a century of peaceful and productive toil, on the 16th day of January, 1886, the subject of this sketch passed away. What his neighbors and acquaintances thought of him may be gathered from the following obituary notice, which appeared in the columns of the Burlington Free Press for January 22, i886 : "Died in Essex, January i6, Lorenzo D. Whitcomb, aged seventy-one years. Mr. Whitcomb was born in Richmond, named after the celebrated Lorenzo Dow, and ./[mJ //Uviy'l^-^'^ Lorenzo Dow Whitcomb. — George H. Morse. 815 spent his minority in the town of his birth. After his majority he lived there and in the neighboring towns for several years, working at farming with good success, single-handed, until he had accumulated enough to warrant him in taking a wife and making a home of his own. At the age of forty-two he married Miss Cornelia, daughter of Blossom Goodrich, of Richmond, and lived there and in Bolton and Jericho respectively for a few years, and then bought and moved on to the River farm, about a mile from Essex Junction. There he lived for the last nineteen years, accumulating a handsome prop- erty, his dairy of no cows furnishing in part milk for the city of Burlington. He was a good man, an able financier, sound in counsel, and will be greatly missed by his neigh- bors and a large circle of relatives and friends. His wife died four years ago, and since that time and for some time previous his health has been on the decline, and for the last year he has expected death at any time. But he was ready and prepared, and arranged all his worldly affairs to that end. He leaves three children, two sons and a daughter. His funeral was attended Tuesday from his late home, whence a large procession fol- lowed him to the place and monument he had himself prepared in the beautiful cem- etery at Essex Junction." Among other observations made by The Gospel Banner and Family Visitant, published at Augusta, in the issue of February 11, were the following : " He was a good man, in Christian faith a Universalist, and an active member of our parish at the center of the town. He loved the gospel, and it was his delight to attend upon the preached word and contribute for its support. " At the closing scene he called his family, brothers and sisters, to his bedside, bade them ' good-bye,' and then peacefully closed his eyes in death to open them in heaven. And may the mantle of wise counsel, of faith and confiding trust, of Gospel love, of patience and resignation have fallen upon them ! " [his children]. Mr. Whitcomb was married on the 24th of May, 1857, and had four children, Wes- ley, Laura F., Edward M., and James H., all but one of whom, Wesley, are now liv- ing on their father's farm. Wesley, who was bom in i860, died at the age of nine months. Mrs. Whitcomb's death occurred on the 17th of December, 1881. Mr. Whitcomb's political preference was decidedly Republican, but, like the other members of his father's family, he was too much absorbed in the management of his private affairs to seek office. MORSE, GEORGE H. The subject of this sketch is the second of three children of Aaron Morse, jr., and Eliza (Bradley) Morse, and was born in Boston, Mass., on the 3d day of January, 1839. His father was a native of Boston, and his grand- father, Aaron Morse, sr., was the first of the family to settle in Boston, where he went in the latter part of the last century from Sherburne, Mass. Mr. Morse's mother was a native of New York city. Mr. Morse received his education in the public schools of Boston and at the North- field Academy, and on his return to Boston from Northfield, with characteristic self- reliance and energy, he made application at the office of Flint & Hall, without consult- ing any one, and with them began his life as a lumber merchant. Mr. Morse passed three years with this firm, during which time he became familiar with all branches of the 1 umber business. In 1862 he left Boston for San Francisco, where he was engaged by the firm of Pope & Talbot, the most extensive lumber company on the Pacific coast ; he remained with those gentlemen until 1866, when he returned to Boston, and in the following year 8i6 History of Chittenden County. he came to Burlington as agent for his former employers, Flint & Hall, who were estab- lishing a branch office in this city. This undertaking proved successful, and in 1867 they sold out to Otis Shepard & Co. By purchase from Lawrence Barnes & Co., in the following year, the new firm then formed became the founders of the present company known as the Shepard & Morse Lumber Co. Mr. Morse and Mr. W. A. Crombie then became managers of the business in Burlington, and since the organization of the stock company they have been stockholders and directors in this company. Mr. Morse is a director in the Saginaw (Mich.) Lumber and Salt Co., the American Milk Sugar Co., the Vermont Life Insurance Co., and the Vermont Shade Roller Co. He is also a stock- holder in several other companies. In politics Mr. Morse is an unswerving Republican, but, far from being an office- seeker, has a positive dislike for public office. Notwithstanding his desire to confine himself to his business life, he has been several times elected to fill public positions, from which he has retired in opposition to the wishes of those citizens who were best acquainted with his official conduct. He was first elected mayor of Burlington in 1883, and in 1884 was nominated for the same position by both political parties. His election, of course, followed without contest. Previous to his election as mayor he served three years as alderman of the Fourth ward, from which office he resigned. Mr. Morse attends the Unitarian Church, and is heartily interested in the welfare of the society. He married in 1867 Miss Kate Russell, of New Bedford, Mass., and has two children, Harold Russell, born on the loth of December, 1872, and Herbert Will- iam, born on the 6th of June, 1876. WHITNEY, EDMUND, was born in Williston Vt., on the sth day of November, 18 18. His father's family lived in Massachusetts, and many of the members of it still remain residents of that State. His grandfather Whitney lived in Conway and was there killed by a falling tree when his son Otis was a small boy. Otis Whitney, father of the subject of this notice, was bom in Conway on the 24.th day of May, 1781, and came to Waterbury, Vt., in the year 1803. On the 4th day of March, 1805, he married Sarah, daughter of Joseph and and Rosamond (Barton) Ed- munds, of Waterbury, but natives of Rhode Island. Joseph Edmunds, son of John Edmunds (who was a Quaker preacher), led an eventful life as a privateer during the War of the Revolution. Sarah (Edmunds) Whitney was bom in Providence, R. I., on the 7th of April, 1782, .and died at Williston, Vt., on the ist of September, 1868. Otis Whitney continued his residence in Waterbury until 1812, when, with his wife and three children, he removed to Jericho, Vt. Two years later he again moved, this time to North Williston, whence he came to the town of Williston in 1822 and there passed the remainder of his days, dying November 14, 1857. Although not a public man, he was well informed and con- scientious in the performance of all his duties as a citizen and Christian, being a mem- ber and one of the founders of the Baptist Church of Williston. He was the father of seven children, two daughters and five sons, none of whom are now living except the subject of this sketch. Edmund Whitney received his education in the old Williston Academy, and was for a time a pupil of Rev. William Arthur, the father of ex- President Chester A. Arthur, who came to Williston mainly through the influence of Otis Whitney. Mr. Arthur is Edmund Whitney. — Henry Ballard. 817 remembered by him not only as an excellent teacher but as an eloquent preacher, a genuine Irish wit, and a perfect Christian gentleman. Like his father, Mr. Whitney has never taken a conspicuous part in public affairs, but has been undeviatingin his course as a citizen, keeping himself informed on matters of public interest at all times, and forming decided opinions concerning methods which should be adopted upon all measures of importance. He was one of the first to join in the crusade against slavery, and since its formation has always acted in harmony with the Republican party, exercising independence and discrimination, however, in all his political acts. He was a member of the Baptist Church, which in former days existed in Williston, and since its dissolution has not joined any other, although he is a regular attendant and supporter of the Congregational Church in his native town. He has been twice married. His first wife, with whom he was united in marriage on the ist of May, 1839, was Esther Flagg, of Burlington, where she was born on the loth of September, 1820. She died June 14, 1862, leaving five children, all but one of whom are now living. Their names in the order of their births are as follows : Henry Otis, bom December 26, 1840, died March i, 1870, at Elks, Nevada, whither he had gone as a minister of the gospel under the direction of the Presbyterian Home Mission Board ; William Flagg, bom October 27, 1842, now living in Williston; Ellen Josephine, bom January 4, 1845, wife of Dr. Isaac D. Alger, of Minneapolis, Minn.; Edmund Barton, bom June 19, 1848; and Zenas Blinn, bom December 25, 1853, both living at Glovers- ville, N. Y., where they are engaged in the manufacture of gloves. Mr. Whitney was again married on the 29th of May, 1866, his second wife being Mary Elizabeth Seaton, of Charlotte, Vt., who was born in Norfolk, N. Y., on the 12th of April, 1834. Like the great majority of Vermonters Mr. Whitney has always pursued the voca- tion of farming, deeming it not only an honorable calUng, but one affording more of real independence, both of body and mind, than any other, and also giving the surest claim to an honest living. But above all he believes a farm to be the safest and best place on which to rear boys and girls and make of them such men and women as the world has at the present time so much need of. How well he has succeeded in that respect those who know his children can best judge. BALLARD, HENRY, is the fourth son of Jeffrey Ballard, who lived in Tinmouth, Vt., and whose father was of English descent, and one of the earliest setriers of that town. Jeffrey Ballard was a tanner by trade, and a farmer. He was an energetic, industrious man, of good habits and of an upright character. He died at the early age of thirty-six years. Henry Ballard was born at Tinmouth April 20, 1839. He was but three years old at the time of his father's death, and at the age of ten years was obliged to earn his own living. Adapted by his natural abilities and tastes for a professional or public life, he early determined to obtain for himself a liberal education. Accordingly he prepared himself for college at Castleton Seminary, from which he was graduated in July, 1857. He entered the University of Vermont at Burlington the following September, and four years later was graduated with honor from that institution. Three years after he deliv- ered the master's oration at the annual college commencement, an honor conferred only upon meritorious graduates. In August, 1 86 1, the same month of his graduation from college, in response to the gi8 History of Chittenden County. nation's call for soldiers he enlisted as a private, and soon after was mustered into the service as a Ueutenant of Company I, of the Fifth Vermont Infantry. He served in that capacity with his regiment in the Army of the Potomac through the celebrated Pemnsula campaign of 1862, until he was obHged to resign by reason of ill health. In the fall of 1862 he entered the law department of the University of Albany, at Alba- ny, N. Y., and in January, 1863, was graduated from that institution. The Hon. Amos Dean, dean of the faculty, said of him at the time of his graduation, that he was one of the best students that ever was graduated from that institution. Attracted by the prospects then offered by the city of BurUngton, he immediately went there and continued his study of the law in the law office of the Hon. Daniel Roberts, a leading member of the bar of the State. After spending a few months in the office of Mr. Roberts, he was admitted to the bar in September, 1863, and at once commenced the practice of his profession at that place. Since that time Mr. BaUard's hfe has been constantly before the public. He has been usually to be seen either in the court-room or on the political or lecture platform, and almost always as a prominent figure in some exciting occasion or controversy. His professional hfe has been a remarkably successful one. He began the practice of his profession at a time fortunate for the obtaining of an immediate practice, and especially favorable to the attracting of public attention to his efforts. At the close of the war Burlington was the rendezvous for the Vermont soldiers as they were brought home to be mustered out. Many of the soldiers showed the effects that history teaches always follows in the train of any great war. Crimes of all kinds were for a time quite frequent. The discharged soldiers were famihar with arms and used to the sight of blood. Assaults and affrays of a brutal character were quite com- mon, and these often resulted in bloodshed and homicide. The courts of criminal juris- diction were necessarily much occupied, and it was but natural that the services of a law- yer, brilliant, and gifted with all the resources that make the successful jury practitioner, should be in great demand. At the first term of court at which Mr. Ballard was ad- mitted to the bar — it was his first case — he was employed to defend one Burns, a sol- dier who was prosecuted for murder. The case showed that the crime was premeditated, with scarcely any circumstances in mitigation ; yet the defense was so skillfully managed that Bums was convicted only of the crime of manslaughter. The ability which Mr Ballard displayed in this, his first case, was the subject of much comment among the older members of the bar, and his future brilliant career was at that time freely pre- dicted. Another early case in which he was engaged was the prosecution of the notorious Charles H. Potter, for the murder of his wife's mother, Mrs. Ephraim Griswold. This •crime was attended with the most aggravating circumstances, and there was great ex- citement in the community when it occurred. The public were unmeasured in their de- nunciations of the supposed criminal, and even his counsel was to a certain extent, though unjustly, made the object of this feeling; yet the defense was conducted with such skill and ability that in spite of strong evidence, and against intensely hostile public tipinion, Potter was acquitted. From this time Mr. Ballard's reputation as one of the best criminal lawyers in the State was established. In fact, it may be said that since that time, as a criminal lawyer he has been the acknowledged head of the bar of Ver- mont. Among the more prominent cases in which he has been engaged may be men- tioned the prosecution of John Ring for murder; in this case the Hon. E. J. Phelps was associated with him in the defense ; the prosecution of Deacon Ezra P. Smith for the Henry Ballard. 819 murder of his wife by poison ; this case attracted great attention on account of the prominent standing of the respondent. The evidence against him was strong and con- vincing ; public feeling called loudly for his conviction. ,The prosecution was conducted by the Hon. F. E. Woodbridge, the Hon. John W. Stewart and the Hon. W. G. Veazey. Under the circumstances of this case the securing of a verdict of acquittal was one of the most remarkable of forensic triumphs. Among other notable cases may be men- tioned the prosecutions of William Falkland, of Michael McDonald, of Mrs. Alma Smith, and of Dr. James P. Smith, all for murder; of Edward T. Paige, for the em- bezzlement of $17,000 from the Central Vermont Railroad Company; of Mary Ann Woodruff, for arson ; and of A. H. Scott and W. J. Selfridge, for the burglary of the Bellows Falls post-office. In all of these cases Mr. Ballard secured the acquittal of his clients. Unlike many lawyers who are successful in the management of criminal cases, Mr. Ballard has always been equally successful as a trial lawyer in civil cases. This is especially true in jury trials. He is emphatically a jury lawyer. It is in this line that his greatest power lies. As a jury advocate he has few equals. In the preparation of a case he is painstaking and thorough, and in the introduction of evidence and in the ex- amination of witnesses he is remarkably skillful. In the trial of a case he always watches closely and judges accurately of the effect of the evidence upon the jury. His mind is both analytical and logical, and his presentation of a case in argument is always clear, forcible and convincing. His manner of speaking is always attractive, impassioned, and at times,' eloquent ; jurors always listen to him with pleasure, and almost always to be convinced. Among the many important civil cases in which he has been engaged, may be men- tioned the following : the celebrated crim. con. case of Shacket against Hammond, cele- brated on account of the prominence of the parties ; the great chancery case of the Na- tional Bank of Brandon against John A. Conant and his associate directors, to recover over $100,000 loss by reason of the alleged forgeries of James Batchelder ; the famous Meech will case ; the case of Mrs. Jacob Greene against the Hahneman Life Insurance Company; the Rutland Railroad Company against John B. Page, the longest jury trial ever had in New England; the famous chancery case of Laura W. Burton against her husband, Oscar A. Burton, to compel him to provide her with her support, and the suit for divorce between the same parties. But Mr. Ballard is not alone a lawyer. His services have always been in demand and have been often given as a speaker in political campaigns. As a stump orator he has few equals. In every presidential campaign since 1868 his services have been in constant requisition, not only in Vermont, but in other States. He has often delivered as many as seventy-five speeches in a single campaign. As a popular lecturer and speaker upon miscellaneous occasions he is constantly called upon, and his ability to make an apt speech upon all occasions is remarkable. In 1878 he was elected a member of the Vermont State Senate, and during his term of office distinguished himself as a hard-working member, and by his readiness and force in debate. He has held the office of city attorney for the city of Burlington. In politics Mr. Ballard has always been a Republican of the " Stalwart " kind. In 1884 he was a delegate from Vermont to the National Republican Convention at Chi- cago. In that convention he was made the chairman of the committee on credentials, and distinguished himself by the manner in which he discharged the duties of that im- portant and difficult position. There were forty-seven cases of contested delegates' seats 820 History of Chittenden County. before that committee, and his report upon them, which he as chairman made to the convention, was unanimously accepted, after he had made his speech upon it, without any further debate or question— an occasion almost without precedent in the history of national political conventions. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and has held the position of judge advocate for the State, and was a delegate from Vermont to the annual national encampment of that order at San Francisco in 1886. He is a member of the Webster Historical Society of Boston, Mass.; also a member of the American Institute of Civics, in both of which societies he takes an active interest. Mr. Ballard was married December 15, 1863, to Miss Anna J. Scott, of Burlington, and has four children ; his domestic life has always been as pleasant as his professional career has been successful. BARRETT, HORACE W., was born in Hinsdale, N. H., on the 29th day of Oc- tober, 1820. He is of English descent. His grandfather, John Barrett, passed a number of years in boating on St. Lawrence River, and traveled extensively in Canada and the United States. He was a man of vigorous intellect, retentive memory and broad and general information. He died more than thirty years ago in Hinsdale, N. H., many years after the death of his wife, Ruth. One of his children, Horace, the father of the subject of our sketch, was bom in Canada, and was for years engaged in farming in Hinsdale, until his death about twelve years ago. His wife, Lucy Wellman, died several years before, leaving eight children — six daughters and two sons, of whom Horace W. Barrett is the eldest. After obtaining such education as the not very extended facilities of his native place afforded in those early days, at the age of eighteen years he left home and entered the employment of Samuel Belding, owner and operator of cotton-mills at Winchester, N. H. In the fall of 1844 his employer, who had obtained title to a cotton-mill standing on the present site of the flouring mills at Winooski, Vt., sent young Barrett to that place to superintend the work. Almost immediately thereafter, by the financial failure of Mr. Belding, the property at Winooski changed hands and came under the owner- ship and operation of Joseph D. Allen, of Burlington. Mr. Barrett was retained, how- ever, as the general manager and superintendent of the factory, and in that capacity started the first spindle ever operated in a Winooski factory. Not far from the year 1850 the Winooski Cotton-mill Company was formed, erected a portion of the present cotton-factory, and obtained control of all the privileges at the falls. Mr. Barrett was a stockholder in the new concern, and retained his former position. About twenty years ago this company was succeeded by the Burlington Cotton-mill Company (B. Y. Pippy & Co., of New York city), and the buildings were considerably enlarged. After a continuous operation of about ten years the company failed and the property came under the supervision and control of the Howard National Bank, by its trustees. The present company was formed a year later, and assumed control of the works, as related in the history of Burlington, and Mr. Barrett's wide experience, excellent judgment, and proved integrity continued in requisition as in former years. He is now the superintend- ent of the works of this company. Mr. Barrett's father was a member of the Whig party, and in accordance with family tradition and well-inclined bias Horace W. continues in the ranks of the Republican party. He is emphatically a private citizen, however, and has never held nor sought ^^2^^ Horace W. Barrett. 821 political office, excepting that of village trustee for two years. He has enough to do in looking after his private affairs. Although not a member of any religious organization, he contributes freely to the support of them all, where he deems his contributions necessary, and usually attends service at the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has been three times married : first, to Harriet, daughter of Jonathan Newell, of Winchester, N. H., who left him three children; secondly, to Minerva B., daughter of Michael Sinclair, of Burlington; and thirdly, to Susan Mosher, his present wife, a native of Derby, Vt., whom he married in 1878. His three children are Adelaide, wife of Colonel W. L. Greenleaf, of Winooski; Gertrude J., wife of the Rev. Andrew J. Rogers, of Boston, and Hatrie, wife of Charles Greenleaf, of Pittsburgh, Mass. BRIEF PERSONALS ABBEY, PEARL C, Essex, was bom in Essex, Vt., on February 6, 1842. He was a son of Ira and Emily (Oilley) Abbey. His paternal grandfather was Solomon Abbey, a native of Oonnectiout, and a pioneer of Middlebury, Addison county, Vt, settling there in 1827. He afterwards removed to Hinesburg, Vt., where he remained until the time of his death. Solomon Abbey had a family of nine children : Orrin, John, Ira, Clark, Ethan, Eliza, Olive, Lydia, and Lora. Pearl C.'s maternal grandfather, William Cilley, was a pioneer settler in Jericho, Vt. He formerly resided in Poultney, Vt. Ira Abbey settled in Essex, Vt., in 1833, and on the farm which he now occupies, in 1840. The farm now consists of 350 acres. His one child, Pearl C, now resides with him. Pearl 0. was married in 1862 to Martha E. Weed, a daughter of Joseph P. and Polly (Sinclair) Weed, of Essex, Vt. They have had two children born to them : Bert W., and Pearlie M. Pearl C. Abbey is a representative farmer of Essex, Vt., and has held many of the town offices ; has been superintendent of the schools for several terms, justice of the peace, a member of the board of directors of Essex Classical Institute for fifteen years, and has been president of the same for two years. AUard, Francis E., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is engaged in the tobacco and confectionary business ; was born in Winooski, Vt., on July 5, 1830. He was a son of Peter and Josett (Twin) AUard, natives of Canada, who were among the early settlers of Winooski, Vt. They had a family of six children : Peter, Charles, Joseph, Emily, Eliza, and Francis B. Francis E. has always resided in Winooski, Vt. He served Francis Le Clair as a clerk for ten years. He went into business for himself in 1848, and now enjoys a fine trade. He was married in 1855 to Cecelia Gordon, of Winooski, Vt. They have had six children born to them : Francis E., Christopher, Charles, Joseph, Louis, and Fred. The family are all members of the CathoUc Church. Allen, Alphonso B., Colchester, is a farmer and was born in Colchester, Vt., on March 15, 1820. He was a son of Alfred B. and Violet (Cushman) Allen, who settled on a part of the farm which is now occupied by Alphonso B., in 1819. They were natives of Massachusetts, and the father was a blacksmith by trade. He died in 1872, aged seventy-three years. His children were Adeline, Albert, Alonzo W., Augustus, Alphonso, Aurelia M., AdeUa, Arthur, Alvin, Amelia, and Augusta. Alphonso B. now occupies the old homestead which was form- erly owned by his parents. He was married in 1845 to Lucretia A. Holdridge, a daughter of Sylvester and Polly (Hoxie) Holdridge, of Alburgh, Vt. They have had two children born to them : Maryette and Arthur. Allen, Artemas, Westford p. o., was one of the ten children of Captain John Allen, of Barre, Mass. He was born on November 29, 1794, and in the year 1819 came to Westford, Vt. In 1820 he married Mary Morton, daughter of Joseph Morton, of West Randolph, Vt In 1821 he purchased the farm on which he spent the remainder of his life, and where his son, William E. Allen, now resides. His second wife was Mrs. Leonora Marcy, daughter of Colonel Luther Dixon, of Milton, Vt He represented his town in the Legislature four terms, and held various offices of trust and responsibility in the town. He died April 24, 1863. By his first marriage he had a family of four children : William Eaton, Mary Elvira, Hannah Elizabeth, and George Elliot (who died at the age of four years). Wilham E. Allen married Jane E. Hull, of Fairfax, Vt, and their children were James Arthur and Jane Agnes (twins), Emma Maretta, George Artemas, and William Henry. His second wife was Eliza A. Packard, of Westford, by whom he had two children, Anna EUza and Sarah Orella. Mary E. married Buel Howard, of Westford. They had but one child, Minnie C, who married Herbert T. Fay, of Richmond, Vt. Hannah E. married Rev. Benjamin F. Livingston, of Canton, N. T. Their children were Wilham Artemas, Emma Anna, and Joseph Arthur. Allen, John, Hinesburg, was born in Burlington, N. Y., in 18{'2. Moved to Chelsea, Vt, when a small child. When eighteen years of age he went to Montpelier, Vt., and learned the saddle and harness-makers' trade of Henry Y. Barnes. In 1824 he walked from Montpelier to 822 Brief Personals. 823 Hinesburg, a distance of thirty-five miles, in one day, arriving at Hinesburg with a cash capital of thirty-seven cents. He found work the next day as a journeyman, and soon opened a shop as partner with John M. Eldridge; but he soon became sole proprietor, which business he contin- ued successfully to the time of his death, which occurred April 16, 1860. He was a devoted Christian, and took an active part as an Abolitionist from the first agitation of that great ques- tion. He was a friend of the oppressed, and his heart and purse were always open for the needy. He was married in 1829 to Betsey (Sehofield) Nelson, who died in 1837, by whom he had one •daughter, Mary Lucretia, who died in 1849. He married Roxana (Carpenter) Conger in 1837, by whom he had one son, John Hamilton Allen, who was born in 1838, and who now lives on the old homestead. He was married in 1857 to Ehzabeth Burns, of Charlotte, by whom he has had seven children, five of whom are now living. Nelson L., the oldest, was drowned in 1870 in the La Plotte River, aged twelve years. Howard died in 1872, aged thirteen months. John C, the only son living, is a successful business man in Red Cloud, Neb. Mary L., Katie H., Florence, and Mabel are Uving with their parents. John H. Allen enlisted in Co. G, 14th Eegt. Vermont Vols., and went out as first lieutenant in 1862, on the nine months' call, and was •discharged with his regiment July 30, 1863. He represented his town in the Legislature in 1880-81, and has been justice of the peace for several years. He succeeded his father in the harness business, and employs several men on custom work, and also deals in all grades of ready- made goods. He is also one of the firm of Allen, Read & Patrick, who deal largely in car- riages, wagons, sleighs, etc. Andrews, Curtis, Hinesburg, was born in Shelburne, Vt., on December 1, 1840. He was married in 1862 to Ellen McBwen, who was born in 1843. They have had three children born to them, Lucia, Alma and Fred. Curtis Andrews was lister three terms and is a general farmer. Ellen (McEwen) Andrews was a daughter of Augustus and Bolina (Palmer) McBwen. He was born in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1788, and BoKna was born in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1808. They had five children born to them, Ellen, Alice, Ann, Kate and Maud. Augustus died in 1872. He was a successful farmer and had held many of the town ofBoes. He was a son of George and Mercy (Wright) MoEwen, who were married in Shaftsbury, Vt., and settled in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1784. They had a family of nine children born to them. Mercy Wright was born in 1766, and George was born in 1755. They were married in 1783. George died in 1813 and his wife Mercy died in 1847. Augustus purchased the old homestead about 1812, and it is one of the finest places in the town. He had by his first wife, Phebe Ann Ray, seven children, only one of whom is now living, George A. Augustus was a soldier in the War of 1812, and his widow now receives a pension of ninety-four dollars annually. Curtis Andrews was a son of Ira and Orvilla (Lake) Andrews, of Charlotte, Vt. Ira represented the town of Shelburne, Vt., and held most of the town offices, and was a very prominent man in his town and county, and is now aged ninety years. His wife died in 1877. They had a family of five children born to them, four of whom are now living, Giles, Leonard, Emily, Curtis and William. Andrews, Isaac D., Richmond, came from Connecticut to Richmond, Vt., about the year 1785, and settled in tiie southern part of the town. He married Clarissa Fay, and by her had a family of nineteen children, three only of whom are now living in the town of Richmond : Elisha, Ezra and Samuel. Samuel resides at Richmond village, and is the father of Dr. B. J. Andrews, who is a successful physician of that place, who acquired most of the business of the late Dr. Greene. Austin, Adoniram, Colchester, is a farmer and was born in Milton, Vt., on February 15, 1826, and died May 10, 1886. He was a son of Henry and Polly (Starr) Austm. His pater- nal grandfather. Job Austin, was a pioneer of Milton. Adoniram Austin was edupated in Mil- ton, where he remained until 1853, when he came to Colchester, Vt, where he was engaged in farming. He was in the late War of the Rebellion, enlisting on September 16, 1861, in Co. C, •5th V. L, and was promoted from sergeant to second lieutenant, then to first lieutenant and then to captain ; A. Q. M: on April 17, 1864, and to brevet-major on March 13, 1865. He par- ticipated in all of the engagements of the Army of the Potomac and was honorably discharged on June 1, 1865. He held several minor offices of the town of Colchester, Vt Barker, Erastus D., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., was born in Chesterfield, N. H., on April 17, 1832. He was a son of Oliver and Sally (Ticknor) Baker, and was reared in his native State, New Hampshire. He settled at Essex Junction in 1861, where he entered the employ of the V. 0. R. R. as local freight agent, which position he occupied until November, 1877. He has been deputy sheriff', constable and collector since the spring of 1878. He was married on July 3, 1864, to Abbie L. Safi'ord, a daughter of Orson and Submit (Worthen) Safford, of Colchester, Vt. Her paternal grandfather was a native of Norwich, Conn., where he was born on February 19, 1744. He participated in the battle of Bennington during the Revolutionary War and was among the pioneers of Cambridge, Vt., where he lived until the time of his death, which occurred on August 10, 1831. Erastus D. Baker has had a family of seven children born to him: Eugene 0., RoUa (deceased), WilUam 0., Ralph H., Effie J., Ben S., and Rena L. 824 History of Chittenden County. Baker Warren H., Colchester, is a farmer and was born in Essex, Vt, on March 15, 1817. He was a son of Solomon and Polly (Blood) Baker. His paternal grandfather, Ezra Baker, was a native of Massachusetts and one of the first settlers in Essex, Vt., makmg his way there from Burlington, Vt., by blazed trees. Here he cleared and improved a farm on which he re- sided until the time of his death. Solomon Baker succeeded to the homestead, where he resided for many years. In later life he removed to Colchester, Vt., where he resided until the time of his death which occurred in 1867. His children were Hannah, Sally, Hammond, Nahum, War- ren H., and Jehiel. Warren H. Baker settled in Colchester, Vt, in 1868. He was married in 184:1 to Lavina Brigham, a daughter of Asa and Lavina (Bellows) Brigham, of Essex, Vt. To them have been born three children, Norman (who died while in service in the late war), Mary L., and Electa B. His maternal grandfather was Nathaniel Blood, a pioneer and early settler in the town of Essex, Vt. Baldwin, Orange A., Hinesburg, was born in New Haven, Addison county, Vt., in December, 1843. He is a general farmer and manager of the Weed farm. He was married in 1865 to Hattie Mason, of Hinesburg, Vt. She died in June, 1882, leaving four children, Cora, Ida, Willie, and Carrie. He then married his second wife, Sarah Taft, of Starksboro, Vt., in December, 1883. Orange A. Baldwin was a son of Horace and Sarah (Heath) Baldwin. He was born in New Haven, Vt, and she was born in Middlebury, Vt They had a famOy of five children born to them, Susan, Orange, Mary, Edgar, and Lucius. Horace settled in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1844. Bates, Job, Essex, Essex Junction p. o., is a farmer and was born in Essex, Vt, on April 22, 1829. He was a son of Martin and Keziah (Willis) Bates. His paternal grandfather, Job Bates, was a native of Connecticut, and was among the first settlers in Westford, Vt, where he cleared and improved. He later removed to Essex, Vt. Martin Bates was a carpenter by trade and was also a soldier in the War of 1812. He had a family of nine children : Sally, Maroia, Job (deceased), Luther, Job 2d, Nelson, Clarissa, Lucy, and Martin. Job Bates's ma- ternal grandfather, Jonathan Willis, was a pioneer of Westford, Vt Job was brought up in Westford, Vt He was married twice ; his first wife was Emeline Bowman, a daughter of William and Betsey (Parish) Bowman, of Westford, Vt. His present wife was Mary Ella Brackett, a daughter of Charles and JuHa (Spear) Brackett, of China, Lee county, Illinois. They have had a family of seven children born to them : Keziah, Julia, Charles, Marion, Wil- lis, James, and Jessie. Bates, Luther M., Essex, was born in Westford, Vt, on March 20, 1811 ; is a farmer and stock-breeder, and came to Essex, Vt., in 1831, where he has engaged in farming and stock dealing ever since, and accumulating a large property by his own exertions. He now owns a farm of 300 acres. He was a member of the constitutional convention of MontpeUer, Vt., in 1864. The farm which he now occupies has never been out of the Bates family, being origin- ally settled on by Joshua Bates, an early pioneer and settler in Vermont. ^Ir. Bates was mar- ried July 10, 1836, to Elvira Hobart, a daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Bolton) Hobart, of Essex, Vt, and by whom he has had four children, only one of whom is now,living, Clark W. Luther M. was a son of Job and Sarah 0. (Martin) Bates, who were natives of Connecticut, and settled in Westford, Vt., in 1806, clearing and improving the farm, on which they resided for many years. They had a family of twelve children : Abigail, Martin, Clark, Sophia, John, Hosea, Dehlah, Calvin, Elnathan, Luther M., Sylvia, and Welcome. Job Bates died at the stge of ninety-three years, and his wife died in her eighty-eighth year. Bates, Solomon and Jemima (husband and wife) Richmond, settled at an early date on the Huntington road, south of Richmond village. Levi and Basheba were children of the first marriage of Solomon Bates, and Elihu of the second marriage. Levi married Huldah Graves ; Basheba married for her first husband John Cooper, and for her second John Miles ; Elihu mar- ried Nancy Pierce, of Richmond, Vt Their children were Alfred EKhu, born August 16, 1828, married Marilla M. Brewster, of Huntington ; Malona N., born December 28, 1829, married Leonard C. Snyder, of Huntington; Martin Miles, born March 21, 1831 ; Mary Maranda, who died in 1833 ; Martha Ann, born July 15, 1836, married Q-eorge Williams, of Huntington ; Me- linda E., born May 21, 1840, married Mitchel Remington, of Hinesburg, Vt ; Henry W., born February 18, 1842, married Marilla Ross, of Huntington; Cornelius Adelbert, born June 12, 1846, died September 29, 1849 ; Hiram Elbert, born November 12, 1848, married Lillian Hodges, of Jericho ; Martin M. Bates married Susan A. Johnson, a daughter of Jacob S. Johnson, of Huntington, by whom he had one child, who died in infancy. Ehhu Bates was a self-made man, strong in intellect, and respected by all of his fellow citizens. His son, Martin M., baa followed well the parental example. He has enlarged upon the estate left by his father, and now occupies one of the finest farm residences of Richmond, Vt. • Beach, Silas, Westford, was born and passed his early life in Connecticut, and came to Wil- liston, Vt, some years prior to 1796. The same year he settled in Westford, Vt. He had a family of fourteen children, all of whom grew to maturity and married. The oldest of these Brief Personals. 825 children was Warren, who was born in 1765, and the youngest was Belinda, who was born in 1791. Therefore none of them are natives of this town, neither did all of them live in this town. Truman, the fifth child, came to this town with his family in 1796. He married Han- nah Seeley, by whom he had a family of six children : Benjamin, who is now living, at the ad- vanced age of eighty-six years, Silas S., Truman &., John S., Hannah L., and Amira P. Of these children, Benjamin P. and John are the only ones now living. Benjamin F. married Har- riet Drury, and by her had a family of six children : Emeline, George, Edgar A., Truman, Hannah, and Henry. George married Sarah 0. Rice, and by her had a famSy of three chil- dren. George Beach represented his town in the Legislature, and is in every way a represent- ative and respected man of his town, and is held in esteem by his fellow townsmen and all who know him. Silas Beach, the pioneer, was killed by a falling tree on the 4th day of July, 1796, and was buried in the cemetery at " the hollow," this being the first adult burial there. Beach, Walcott J., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., is a farmer and lumberman, and was born in Tolland, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on February 21, 1817. He was a son of Eli and Phebe (Stedman) Beach, and was reared and educated in Hampshire county, Massachusetts. He settled in Essex, Vt., in 1844, where he has since resided, and where he has done an extensive business in farming. He was married on July 26, 1847, to Lucy J. Teachout, daugh- ter of Henry and Clarissa (Stevens) Teachout, of Essex. Vt. They have had a family of four children born to them : Clara (deceased), George E., Kittle (now Mrs. Edson Steinhour), and Maud (deceased). Beecher, Dr. Elmer, Hinesburg, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., on June 10, 1811. He gradu- ated from the Castleton Medical College in 1833. In 1836 he settled in Shelburne, Vt., in the practice of his profession. In 1840 he returned to the homestead of his parents, in Hinesburg, where he resided until i 860, when he retired from active life and settled in the village ot Hines- burg, Vt. He was elected State Senator in 1860 and 1861, when they had three sessions, and in 1850 he was a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention ; has been a justice of the peace for over thirty years, was town clerk and treasurer from 1865 to 1880, was selectman for four terms, and lister eight terms. He was married in 1836 to Ruth Dorwin, of Hinesburg, Vt. She died in 1839. In 1842 he married his second wife, Emeline Dudley, of Hinesburg, Vt. She was a daughter of Doctor George Dudley. They have had a family of six children born to them — Antoinette (born in 1844, was clerk in the patent office at Washington for fifteen years before her death, which occurred in October, 1884), Catherine (married J. W. Russell; they have had three children born to them — Flora, Willie and Elmer), Harriet L., Flora and Flor- ence (twins) ; Florence married W. J. Jennison, and one child died in infancy. Dr. Elmer was a son of Lyman and Elizabeth (Stone) Beecher, who were born and married in New Milford, Conn., and settled in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1800. Lyman was born in 1777 and Elizabeth was born in 1779 ; they were married in 1798, and had a family of seven children born to them, two ot whom are now living. Doctor Elmer and Elizabeth (born in 1815). Lyman Beecher was a son of John and Lydia (Austin) Beecher, who were natives of New Milford, Conn.; they had a family of eight children born to them. John died in 1819 and his wife Lydia died in 1833. Beecher, George, Essex, is a farmer and apiarist, and was born in Bavaria, Germany, on December 14, 1836, and came to Essex, Vt., in 1848, where, with the exception of six years, he has resided ever since. He is engaged in farming extensively, and since 1871 he has been engaged in the culture of bees, having an apiary of sixty hives. He was married in 1859 to Rebecca Fletcher, a daughter of Samuel and Mary A. (Holmes) Fletcher, of Broom, Canada. They have had a family of three children born to them — Mary L., Mertie R. and George F. (George was in the late War of the Rebellion, being drafted in 1863 ; was kept here till March, 1864, then discharged). In August, 1864, he enhsted in Co. I, Sixth Vermont, and par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's HDl, Cedar Creek and the Richmond campaign, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865. Mr. Beecher has always taken an active part in all public affairs ; was highway commissioner and selectman for a number of terms. His par- ents were Michael and Dorothea (Spensler) Beecher. They settled in Montreal in 1845, and in 1846 they came to BurUngton, Vt. Beers, Cyrus, Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Ferrisburgh, Vt, on August 8, 1826. He has been selectman for three terms, lister, and held many of the minor offices of the town. He has been a general farmer, is now retired, and owns the old homestead, which was purchased by his father, on settlement, in 1836. He was married in December, 1851, to Lucy A. Skiff, who was born in Bridport, Vt., on May 14, 1830. They have had one son born to them, Elna- than B. (bom in l857, and married on September 10, 1878, to Cora L. Spear, of Charlotte, Vt.; they have had two sons born to them — Harold B. and C. Ray). Cyrus Beers was a son of Benjamin and Anna (Frisbie) Beers. She was born in Westport, N. Y., in 1807, and he was bom in Monkton, Vt., in 1803. They were married on November 2, 1825, and settled m Char- 826 History of Chittenden County. lotte, Vt, in 1836, where Benjamin died in November, 1881. They had a family of four chil- dren born to them — Cyrus, Sarah, Polly Ann, and Ransom 0. Benjamin was a son of Elna- than B. Beers and Sally (Capron) Beers. He was born in Trumbull, Conn., and she was bom in Monkton, Vt., where they were married. Anna was a daughter of Levy and Sally Frisbie, of Westport, N. Y. Beers, Ransom C, Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1842. He is a general farmer, cattle dealer and breeder, and purchased his present homestead in 1863, which then consisted of 150 acres ; he now owns, in addition to this, 250 acres. He was mar- ried on November 9, 1862, to Buretta Lyon, of Peru, N. T. They have had a family of six children born to them — Sarah E. (born September 29, 1863), Anna C. (bom April 14, 1863), Anna C. "(born April 14, 1866), Benjamin I. (born December 5, 1869, and died at the age of three years), Lewis C. (born April 4, 1874), Berton E. (born December 17, 1876), and Alice M. (born May 3, 1884). Euretta was a daughter of Isaac and Charlotte (Weatherwax) Lyon, of Peru, N. y. Ransom C. Beers was a son of Benjamin and Ann C. (Frisbie) Beers. She was born in Westport, N. Y., in 1807, and he was born in Monkton, Vt., in 1803. They were mar- ried on November 2, 1825 ; they have had four children born to them — Cyrus (born in 1826), Sarah, Polly Ann and Ransom C. Ransom's parents settled in Charlotte, Vt., in 1836, and his paternal grandparents, Elnathan B. and Sally (Capron) Beers, were among the first settlers in Monkton, Addison county, Vt. Bellows, Norman W., Essex, Milton p. o., was born in Colchester, Vt., on September 5, 1833. He was a son of Amasa and Samantha (Nobles) Bellows. His paternal grandfather, Zadock Bellows, was a native of New Hampshire and came to Essex in 1802, settling on the farm which is now owned by Norman A. His children were Amasa, Joel, Alfred, Foster and Alanson. Amasa came into possession of the homestead at the death of his father and resided on the same until the time of his death, which occurred in 1880. Amasa Bellows died March 2, 1877. His children were Charlotte and Norman A. His maternal grandfather, Levi Noble, was a pioneer in Essex, Vt. Norman now occupies the old homestead, which was purchased by his grandfather. He was married in 1861 to Julia Marrs, a daughter of Franklin and Han- nah (Stevens) Marrs, of Colchester, Vt. They have had a family of three children born to them — Edna, Frank and Lillie. The name of Bishop, in Bolton, Vt, calls to mind one of the old and substantial families of the town. The family here traces back to Daniel Bishop, who was born in Rhode Island in the year 1735, and who died in April, 1824. His wife was Betsey Bowen, who was born in 1736 and died June 26, 1815. Their children were Berthia, Betsey, Daniel C, Tamer (who died when quite young). Comfort, Mary, Benjamin, Tamer 2d, Abeleana and Amos. Of these chil- dren Benjamin married Mary Whitcomb, a daughter of Robert Whitcomb, of Richmond, Vt., by whom he had a family of nine children — Orissy, Hulda, Polly, Seth, Orrin, Saul, Joel, Azro B. and Zeno D. Saul Bishop married Julia A. Grleason, of Richmond, Vt. He has always been a Democrat. He represented his town in the Legislature for two terms, and was formerly postmaster at Richmond, Vt., where he kept a hotel for ten years. Bliss, Alanson, Williston, a retired farmer, was born in Essex, Vt., on May 10, 1800. He was a son of "William and Asenath (Holgate) Bliss. His paternal grandfather, Timothv Bhss, was a native of Massachusetts, who settled in Essex, Vt., about 1780. He reared a family of eight children — Timothy, Samuel, Elias, Amos, William, Ira, Zeriah, and Polly. William Bliss was a carpenter and was killed in a saw-mill at Essex, Vt.. in 1816. He had a family of six chil- dren — Alanson, Eliza, Waren, William, Zeriah, and Stewart. Alanson Bliss resided in Essex Vt., until 1870, when he removed to Williston, Vt. He wat, collector for Essex Vt. for thir- teen years and represented his town in the Legislature for two terms. He was twice' married ; his first wife was Louisa Partridge, a daughter of Apollus Partridge, of Westford, Vt., by whom he had a family of six children — Fanny, Albert A., George S. Edward P Irving W and Ida F. His present wife was Mrs. Anna M. Marshall, a daughter of Noble and Anna (Lockwood) Sanford, who were among the pioneer settlers of Hinesburg, Vt. Bombard^ Joseph, Colchester, proprietor of a grist and saw-mill at Colchester Vt. was born in treorgia, Vt., in 1839 and was a son of Joseph and Mary (David) Bombard, who settled in Colchester, Vt., in 1865. Joseph Bombard, jr., was engaged in farming in Hinesburg, Vt., for several years. He returned to Colchester, Vt., in 1883 and purohasid the mill property which he now owns, and which is the only business of the kind in the town, and is on the site on which the first mill of the town was built, and on which there has been a mill since its first settlement. His wife was Mary Lombey, a daughter of Abel Lombey, of Essex, Vt. They have had a family of six children born to them — Edward, Lillie, Fred, Charlie, Will, and ,Q ^radley, Norman W, Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Huntington, Vt, on May 13, 1816, and remained in Huntington until 1865, when he settled in Charlotte, Vt, on a farm Brief Personals. 827 which was owned by his brother Philander H., who was born on January 3, 1814, and died on March 7, 1865, leaving the farm to Norman W. He has been selectman, hster, and justice of the peace of his native town, Huntington, and he was also justice of the peace of Charlotte, Vt. He was married October 5, 1848, to Anna Stafford, a daughter of Orman and Aurelia (Doty) Stafford, of Wallingford, Vt. They have had two sons born to them, William Irving (born on August 13, 1849, and married to Frances Norton, of Addison, Vt., on December 7, 1875; they have had two daughters born to them, Charlotte A. and Blanche) and John W. (born on January 11, 1851, and married on December 24, 1869, to Imogene Bradley, who died on May 16, 1870 ; he then married his second wife, Mary B. Powell, of Charlotte, Vt., on February 4, 1873 ; they have had four children born to them, Powell W., Florence M., G-race, and John W.). Norman W. Bradley was a son of Bunyon and Rhoda (Joslin) Bradley. Rhoda was born in Huntington, Vt., in 1794, and died on April 1, 1873. Bunyon Bradley was born on January 23, ] 789, in WiUiston, settled in Huntington, and died on November 12, 1870. They had a. family of five children born to them, three of whom are now living, Norman W., Emily (now Mrs. Casterlin), and Rosana (now Mrs. J. Ledgett). Bunyon Bradley was a son of Stillman and Elizabeth (Cook) Bradley, who were born and married in G-iHord, Conn. He was born on October 4, 1763, and died in 1848. Elizabeth was born in Gilford, Conn., and died in March, 1834, aged seventy years. They had a family of seven sons and three daughters born to them. Brand, Graton, Colchester, is a farmer, and was born in Peru, Clinton county, N. Y., on April 24, 1839. He was a son of Stephen and Phebe (Moore) Brand. He was reared and edu- cated in his native town, where he resided until 1876, when he came to Colchester, Vt., and settled on the farm which he now occupies, and which consists of 300 acres. He was married on March 23, 1875, to Adeline M. Tyler, a daughter of Samuel Tyler, of Essex, Vt., by whom' he has had one child — Graton S.; he also has an adopted daughter, Clara D. Mr. Brand is a prominent farmer of Colchester, Vt., and is now serving his first term as selectman of the- town. Brewster, Charles, Huntington, or as he was during life more familiarly known, "Deacon " Brewster, came to Huntington in 1787. His was one of its pioneer families that patiently endured its hardships and trials, and at last overcame every obstacle incident to pioneer life, and whose descendants now enjoy the fruits of a well-earned and productive property. " Deacon " Brewster did not remain in Huntington, but his son Charles built and enlarged upon the effort of his father. He built the first frame building in the town. Henry and Byron Brewster are grandsons of Charles, jr. Henry married Marriette Eddy and Byron married Annette Mix, and both families reside on a beautiful farm of about 300 acres, the same on which their ancestors settled nearly a century ago. Henry was constable of the town for thirty years and has actively participated in every endeavor to promote the interests of his people. Although not a church member he has liberally contributed to the societies of the town. Brigham, Calvin, Essex, is a farmer, and was born in Colchester, Vt, on January 16, 1805. He was a son of Asa and Lavina (Bellows) Brigham. His paternal grandfather was Leonard Brigham, of Walpole, N. H., and was a pioneer settler in Milton, Vt., clearing a farm there- on which he hved and died. His children were Luther, Asa, Jock, Calvin, Silas, Leonard, Hiram, Nubby, Lois, and Polly. Of these children Asa settled in Essex, Vt, about 1812, and cleared and improved the farm which is now owned by Lyman Brigham. His children were- Warren, Calvin, Sally, Asa, Rebecca, Leonia, Rufus, and Lyman. Calvin's maternal grand- father was — — Bellows, who was among the pioneers of Colchester, Vt. Calvin Brigham was reared in Essex. Vt., and was married in 1830 to Hannah Baker, a daughter of Solomon and Polly (Blood) Baker, of Essex, Vt.by whom he has had two children — Leonard and Hiram. Brown, Byron B., WiUiston, was born in the town of WiUiston, Chittenden county, Vt, August 17,' 1846. He was a son of Reed B. and Electa (Fay) Brown. His paternal grand- father, John Brown, was of Irish descent, and a farmer by occupation. He was one of the pioneers of WiUiston Vt John, jr., was a blacksmith by trade, and also his son Reed B., who- was born in WiUiston, Vt,in 1810. In later life he engaged in farming and manufacturing. He was married in 1832 to Electa Fay, a daughter of John and Polly (Bishop) Fay, of Richmond, Vt.. They had a family of seven children born to them, Polly A., Jackson, Bertram, Jennie, Byron B Edith and RosweU E. Byron B. was married in 1870 to Clarissa WiUiams, a daughter of George and Juha (Spear) Williams, of Brookfield. They had two children born to them. Reed B ir and Lewis D. He married the second time in 1879 to Celia Coburn, a daughter of S. Newell and Caroline (Simonds) Coburn, of Brookfield. They have had one child born to- them Bertha I Mr. Brown is engaged in the manufacture of gram measures. Three of Reed BroWn's children now reside in WiUiston, Vt. Byron B., Bertram, and RosweU. Bertram mar- ried OUve Stearns, and to them have been born four chUdren, WiUiam E., Jennie, Uattie M and RoUin H. RosweU married JuUa Martin, by whom he had two chUdren, Arthur K andi Albert C. 828 History of Chittenden County. Brown, George H., Essex, is a merchant and was born in Williston, Vt., on April 2, 1844. He was a son of Hiram D. and Harriet (Taplin) Brown. His paternal grandfather, John Brown, was born in Haverhill, New Hampshire, and was among the pioneer settlers in Willis- ton, Vt. He reared a family of seven children : Lovell, Abigail, Mary, John, Louisa, Hariett, and Herain D. Of these children the latter remained in Williston, Vt., up to 1858, when he settled in Essex, Vt, where he has since resided. His children were George H. and Sarah L. George H. was brought up in Williston, Vt, and spent many of his younger years in that place and Essex, Vt. He enlisted in the late War of the Rebellion on September 15, 1861. He re-enUsted as a veteran in December 15, 186.3, in the same company and regiment, and participated in the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, and the Wilderness; was wound- ed in the thigh at the latter engagement on May 5, 1864, and also received after he fell a bad one in the hip, one in the ankle, another in the back, and one in the leg. He was honorably discharged May 5, 1865. After his return home he engaged in the hotel business, and was also a clerk in the general store at Essex, Vt, and in 1873 he embarked in the general mercantile trade, in which business he is still engaged. He has also held many of the offices of the town ; has been constable, collector and treasurer since 1874. He has also been postmaster of Essex, Vt, since 1869. He was married on February 19, 1865, to Helen J. Keeler, a daughter of Milo and Lu- cia (Pierce)Keeler, of Essex, Vt They have had five children born to them, J. Fred, M. Lena, Mertie L., Ealph C., and G. Arthur. Burritt, Marquis P., Hinesburg, was born in Hinesburg, Vt, on April 29, 1827. He is a general farmer and now owns a part of the farm purchased by his grandfather at his early set- tlement. Marquis F. was married in February, 1852, to Jane Mills. She was born in Shel- burne, Vt., in 1829. They had a family of eleven children born to them, seven of whom are now living. Jane was a daughter of Enos and Harriet (Felch) Mills. He was born in Hines- burg, Vt, and Harriet was born in Connecticut Marquis F. Burritt was a son of Nelson and Chloe (Gray) Burritt, who were born in Hinesburg, Vt They had five children born to them, Marcus F., Oscar, Matilda, Everette, and Henry. Nelson Burritt died on January 24, 1860. He was a son of Tille and Hannah (Davis) Burritt Tille was born in New Milford, Conn., and at the age of fourteen years he settled in Hinesburg, Vt, with his father, Andrew Burritt, of Hinesburg, Vt Byington, Alfred Anson, Charlotte, was born in Williston, Vt., in 1830, where he resided tm twenty-three years old. He then spent several years in California, returning to Vermont in 1857, and lived in Hinesburg and Shelburne till 1869, when he came to Charlotte. He has been selectman for three terms, lister two terms, and justice of the peace for ten years, superintendent of schools and also held other minor offices of the town of Charlotte. He was married in 1858 to Mary Ann Marsh, who was born in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1835. They have had a family of six chil- dren born to them, Charles M., born February 10, 1860 ; Jennie M., born August 31, 1862, mar- ried m 1883 to George Prindle; Burton L., born March 2, 1866; Anna L., born June 22, 1868 ; Ethel S., born March 8, 1871 ; and Percy F., born September 5, 1876. Mary Ann Byington was a daughter of Joseph and Maria (Taylor) Marsh, of Hinesburg, Vt Joseph Marsh was a son of Daniel and Chloe (Norton) Marsh, who were natives of Wallington, Mass., and early setUersin Hinesburg, Vt. Alfred Anson Byington was a son of Anson and Theoda (Cunningham) By- ington. He was born in Charlotte, Vt., and died in 1869. She was born in Charlotte, Vt, and died in 1850. They had a family of twelve children born to them, six of whom are now liv- ing, William W., Myron M., Sidney S., Alfred A., Lucy L. (now Mrs. E. R. Newell), Brmina (now Mrs. Lewis). Campbell, McKay, Colchester, Mallett Bay p. o., was born in Durness, county Inver- ness, Scotland, on November 20, 1839, and came to America in 1841, and settled in Colchester, Vt, m May 1883, where he has since resided. From 1883 to the spring of 1886 he was pro- prietor of the Mallett Bay House, a popular summer j-esort Cary, Silas B Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a farmer and was born in Colchester, Vt, on November 9, 1837. He was a son of EUsha and Lucy (Wright) Cary. His paternal grand- father, Seth Cary and his maternal grandfather, Inman Wright, Were among the pioneers of Colchester, Vt The children of Seth Cary who grew to maturity were Elisha, Jesse, Adol- phus, and Chloe; of these Elisha had a family of three children, James, Eliza and Silas B. Silas B spent the early part of his life in Colchester, Vt, and where he now resides. He m^T- nil, t JT^^-^u' \'^*^g^*f °l Nelson and Mary (Mayo) Wright, who were residents of Colchester, Vt. They have had a family of five children born to them, Fred A., Mary L., Mar- cus N., Charles S., and Grace M. i i / i Caswell, Seymour A., Williston, was born in Huntington, Vt, on March 30, 1826. He is a farmer and owns a farm consisting of 240 acres ; also has a dairy of forty cows. He was a son °f ?i? "11 vT' ^^^^^^'^ °''''^^"- , ^f P^*^'""''^ grandfather, David Caswell, was a native ot linmouth, Vt., and was among the first settlers in Huntington, Vt, where he lived and Brief Personals. 829 died. He had a family of nine children, Sally, Hannah, Phebe, Daniel, David, Fanny, Melin- da, Polly, and Betsey. David Caswell, jr., had a family of eight children, Sally, Harry, Nancy, Hester, Seymour Ambler, Harriet, Seymour A., and Maria. Seymour A. Caswell's maternal grandfather was Jacob Snyder, who was a native of Pittstown, N. Y., and an early pioneer of Huntington, Vt. His paternal great-grandfather, Ezra Caswell, was an early pioneer of Milton, Yt. Seymour A. settled in Williston, Yt., in 1863. He was married in 1857 to Susan Gove a daughter of John and Ruth (Bedee) Gove. They have had three children born to them, Clar- ence D., Flora A., and Wilhe. Chapman, George A., Williston, is a farmer and dairyman and was born in North Caven- dish, Vt., on February 18, 1811. He was a son of Jonathan and Polly (Adams) Chapman. He was educated in his native town and came to Williston, Vt., in 1840. He removed to Jeri- cho in 1842, where he resided till 1865, when he removed to Williston, Yt., again, and settled on the farm which he now owns and occupies. He was married in 1836 to Mary L. Wright, a daughter of Abraham and Hannah (Dunham) Wright, who were among the pioneers of Willis- ton, Vt. To this marriage was born one daughter and two sons. The daughter and one son are not living now. They left no children. The other son, Marvin W. Chapman, was married twice. His first wife was Lucy A. Thomson, and his second wife was Lucia B. Johnson, a daughter of John and Lucy (Crane) Johnson, by whom he had one child, Luoian Paul. George A. Chapman is a prominent farmer of Wilhston, Yt., occupying a farm of 336 acres. Cilley, Alvin W., Essex, is a farmer and was born in Underhill, Vt., on July 17, 1854. He was married in 1879 to Amanda Ellis, a daughter of Joseph and Betsey Ellis, of Essex, Vt. To them have been born one child, Arthur J. Alvin W. was a son of Walter H. and Caroline (Choate) Cilley. His paternal grandfather was Richard Ciiley, who was from New Hampshire and settled in Underhill, Yt., in 1825, where he resided until the time of his death. He had a family of four children, Walter H., Joseph, Emily and Eliza. Of these children Walter lived in Underhill, Vt., until 1866, when he removed to Essex, Vt. He had a family of five children. Doctor Frank, Alice, Alvin W., Fred and Albina. Alvin W.'s maternal grandfather was John Choate, who was a native of New Hampshire and a pioneer in Underhill, Vt. Clark, Hiram A., Williston, is a fanner, and was born in Williston, Vt., on August 31, 1836. He now occupies the old homestead which was owned by Thomas Chittenden, who was the first governor of Vermont. He represented his town in the Legislature in 1880 and 1881. He was married in October, 1863, to Juliatte Smith, a daughter of Benjamin F. and Eunice (Board- man) Smith, of Colchester, Vt. He has had four children born to him, Marvin, Flora, Belle, and Frank. Hiram A. Clark was a son of Wright and Priscilla (Wright) Clark, who settled in Wilhston, Vt., in 1830. His father was twice married. His first wife was Lucy Hinkley, by whom he had three children : Justus, Philo, and Emily. His second wife was Priscilla Wright, a daughter of Elisha Wright, who settled in Williston, Yt., in 1795. By his second marriage he had a family of seven children born to him : Aurrill, Jason, Mary, Hiram A., Paul, Sarah, and Marvin. Wright Clark died in 1866, aged eighty years. Clark, Homer, Charlotte, Ea,st Charlotte p. o., was born in New Milford, Conn., in Febru- ary, 1802, and died in Charlotte, Yt., in November, 1879, where he settled in 1823. He was married in 1827 to Elvira Baldwin, a daughter of Ely Baldwin. She was born in New Milford, Conn., in 1808, and came to Charlotte, Vt., in 1823 and resided with her uncle, Amos Clark, until her marriage. They had a family of thirteen children born to them, eight of whom are now living, Caroline, now Mrs. E. S. Powell ; Vienna, now Mrs. C. W. Read ; Harriet ; Martha A., now Mrs. G. A. Foote ; George (married Sarah Woorster) ; Jane, now Mrs. L. C. Prindle ; Jay A., married Susan I. Foote ; and Brayton J. (married Hattie Storrs ; they have had two daughters born to them, Frances E. and Cora E.) Brayton J. is a farmer and was a selectman in 1885. The five who are dead are Eli B., Paulina, Erasmus D., Mary B., and Flora E. Elvira Clark is now the oldest and only living resident of East Charlotte who resided there in 1823. Homer Clark was a son of Joseph Clark, of Connecticut, and Amos Clark, who was an early settler, was a brother of Joseph Clark. Homer resided with Amos Clark until after his mar- riage. He purchased the Clark homestead about 1830, where his life was spent. George A. Clark, a son of Homer Clark, enUsted on the nine months' call, served about a year, and was discharged in 1861. Clark, Jay A., Hinesburg, East Charlotte p. c, was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1848. He was married in 1877 to Susan L Foote, of Chariotte, Vt. They have had a family of three children born to them, Carrie E., Homer F., and Fay E. Susan was a daughter of Charles P. and Lucy A. (Barton) Foote. She was born in Charlotte, Vt., and was a daughter of WilUam S. Barton. Charies died in 1884, and his wife, Lucy A., died in 1881. They had a family of three children born to them, Wilbur, William S., and Susan I. Charles P. was a son of Gideon Foote, who settled in this county in 1800. Jay A. Clark was a son of Homer and Elvira (Baldwin) Clark. He was born in New Milford, Conn., in February, 1802, she was born in the same place in 1808. 53 830 History of Chittenden County. They were married in Charlotte, Vt., in 1827, where Homer settled in 1823. They had a fam- ily of thirteen children born to them, eight of whom are now living, Caroline, Vienna, Harriet, Martha A., George (enlisted on nine months' call and served in the 14th Vermont Regiment in 1862), Jane, Jay A , and Brayton J. Homer died in November, 1879. He became a leading and successful man of his town, holding many of the town offices. He purchased his large farm, which is now in the hands of his widow and family. Elvira was a daughter of Eli and Anne (Gunn) Baldwin. They were natives of New Milford, Conn. Elvira came to Charlotte, Vt., to Kve with her uncle, Amos Clark, in 1823, with whom she resided until her marriage, and ever after performed acts of kindness to her uncle, which continued until his death, which oc- curred in 1842 ; as he had no family she filled the place of a daughter to him. Conant, Henry, Colchester, Winooski p. o., was born in Roxbury, Mass., on October 4, 1832. He was a son of Henry and Cynthia (Scott) Conant. At the age of fifteen years he went to sea, and followed the occupation of a sailor up to 1855, after which he worked at the coopers' trade until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in the U. S. navy on May 7, 1865, and while doing duty on board ship in 1864 he sustained a fracture of the fibula, from which he has sufiered ever since. He settled in Winooski, Vt., in 1869, where he has been in the em- ploy of the Burlington Woolen Company, and has been foreman of the wool-sorting department since 1877. Cook, Charles B., Charlotte, was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1814. He is a general farmer and now owns and occupies the old Cook homestead, which was purchased in 1825. He has been selectman, assessor, overseer of the poor, and represented his town in 1853 and 1854. He was married in 1836 to Harriet M. Breakenridge, of Charlotte, Vt. She died in 1841. He married his second wife, Mary A. Callender, in 1864. She was born in Northfield, Mass., in 1828. They have had three children born to them, Mary C, Charles D., and Pearl. Charles B. was a son of David and Hannah (Beach) Cook. He was born in Litchfield county, Conn., Jan- uary, 1781, and she was born in the same county in June, 1781. They were married in 1806, and settled in Charlotte, Vt., the same year, where David engaged in business as a farmer. He purchased the Cook homestead, which is one-half mile from the station, in 1825, where he died in 1857, and she in 1870. They had a family of three children born to them, Mary, now the widow of Mr. Barker ; Charles, born in 1814, and married Harriet M. Breakenridge : and Harriet P., born in 1816. Corey, Russell A., Hinesburg, was born on March 4, 1848, in Hinesburg, Vt. He purchased the town custom and flouring mill in 1876, which was built by Murray & Patrick. He ran this mill for five years, and now rents the same, and gives his attention to general farming and stock-raising. He was hster of the town in 1885. He was married in 1871 to Lovinia Fish, who was born in Eden, Lamoille county, Vt., in 1847. She was a daughter of Clark and Ohve Fish. Russell and Lovinia have had a family of four children born to them, Clark F., born m 1872 ; Amos J., born in 1874 ; and twins. Homer R. and Herbert C, bom in 1879. Russell A. was a son of Amos J. and Edith (Russell) Corey. She was born in Hinesburg, Vt, m 1828, and died in 1881. Amos J. was born in Eden, Lamoille County, Vt., in 1824, and died on December 3, 1866. They had a family of three children born to them, two of whom are now hvmg, Russell A. and Chester, born in 1850. Edith (Russell) Corey was a daughter of Charles and Huldah Russell, who came from Rhode Island and settled in Hinesburg, Vt. They had a family of eleven children born to them, two of whom are now living, Elizabeth and Hiram. Dean, Joshua M., Charlotte, North Ferrisburgh p. o., was born in Lincoln, Vt., in 1823. He purchased his farm in Charlotte of his father in 1853, where he now resides. He was justice of the peace for sixteen years, selectman for two years, and is now a director of the National Bank ot Vergennes. He was married in 1845 to Lucy Miles, who was born in England in 1819. They have had two sons born to them, William Henry, who married Eliza Newton, of New York, -( and IS now residmg m Ferrisburgh, Vt, and James Richard, who married AtolCoUins, of Monk- ton, Vt and IS now living and managing the home farm of 260 acres witli his father. Lucy Dean was a daughter of Henry and Mary Miles, who were born in England, and setded in Monkton, .. CJ w-^-° J T f-''® A^/y ^'^t^"" ^^^^' ^* ^'^^ ^ge °f "'nety years. Joshua M. was a son of i&v^/ William and Lydia(MeadeXDean. Shewasbornin New Hampshire on December 28, 1794, and died on October 18, 1851. He was born in Monkton, Vt, on May 13, 1795, and died in Ferrisburgh on June 1 1874. They were married on September 23, 1819, and had a family of four chi dren born to them, Eliza H., Joshua M., Sarah B., and William L. who is now a clergy- man of the Society of Friends, and pastor of a church in Batavia, N. Y. William Dean was a ^r °* lin'S^l"?'^ ^^"""^ (^^*®^) ^^''"' °^*''es of Connecticut, who settled in Monkton, Vt, about 1792, but soon removed to Lincoln, Vt, where James died in 1802, and was the first white man buried in that town. His wife died in New Haven, Vt, in 1860. WiDiam Dean came to Charlotte, Vt, from Lincoln in 1825, and settled on the homestead farm now owned Dy ms son Joshua. Brief Personals. 831 Deavitt, Henry N., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is an attornej', and was born in Riolimond, Vt., on March 18, 1842. He was a son of Samuel and Adeline (Preston) Deavitt. His father was a native of Troy, N. Y. His maternal grandfather, Noah Preston, was of English descent, and was among the pioneers of Richmond, Vt. Henry N. Deavitt was reared in Richmond, Vt., and Boston, Mass. He began the study of law in 1862 in the office of Luther Henry, of Waterbury, Vt. In December, 1863, he entered the office of Jeremiah French, in Burlington, Vt, with whom he remained until August 17, 1864, when he enlisted in Co. A, 1st Vt. Cavalry, and was honorably discharged oh June 15, 1865. He entered the Albany Law School in September, 1865, and in December, 1866, he entered the law office of Judge Redfield, of Montpelier, Vt., with whom he remained until the March term of court in 1867, when he was admitted to the bar, and has been in active practice ever since. He settled in Winooski, Vt., in 1884, and now practices in all of the courts. Denham, James, Shelburne, was born in the Province of Quebec, Canada, in 1834. He settled in Shelburne, Vt., in 1852, in the employ of the Champlain Transportation Company as a machinist, and soon after became a master mechanic. He remained in the employ of this company until 1883, when he was appointed chief engineer, a position which he resigned in the fall of 1884. He was appointed U. S. local inspector of steamboats of the district of Burling- ton, Vt., in 1881, resigned the office in the summer of 1886, and purchased the prop- erty in Shelburne Falls known as the grist-mill and saw-mill, and owns and operates the same at the present time. He was married in 1860 to Kate Stuart, who was born in Rockburn, Province of Quebec. She died in 1867, leaving three children, James T., Jessie S., and Kate S. James then married his second wife, Mary Cain, of Rockburn, Province of Quebec, on June 16, 1869. They have had a family of nine children born to them, Ada, Fred, Maud, Florence, Ger- trude, George, Ernest, Stuart, and Lois. James Denham was a son of George and Elizabeth (Rutherford) Denham, who were born and married in Edinburgh, Scotland. They settled in Canada in 1832. George died in Montreal, Canada, and Elizabeth died in Leith, Scotland, leav- ing a family of two sons and four daughters. Dodge, William H., Charlotte, was born in Shrewsbury, Vt., in 1859. He was brought up on the farm, and at an early age started in life as a clerk, after which he was engaged as a brake- man on the Central Vermont Railroad, where he lost his right arm while performing his duties in 1785. He was soon after put in charge of important positions of trust, which he now occupies. He was appointed general ticket, telegraph, express, and station agent, at Charlotte, Chittenden county, Vt., in 1877. He is now largely engaged in the culture of bees, and is the second larg- est producer in the State, having four large yards. He was a son of Oliver and Lodusky (Shippu) Dodge. They had a family of three sons born to them, Herman 0., WiUiam H., and Frank L. Ohver was born in Canada, Province of Quebec, in 1809, and came to Shrewsbury with his father, John Dodge, in 1812, after which he became a successful farmer, and now owns a farm of 200 acres in Wallingford, Vt. Dunlap, George, Westford, was a native of Massachusetts, and came to Westford, Vt., dur- ing his boyhood. He married Eunice Farnsworth, a daughter of Joel Farnsworth, by whom he had a family of two children ; Sarah, the eldest daughter, married Alfred G. Varney. Others of the family still reside in Westford, Vt, and are a highly respected family. George Dunlap died in January, 1871. His wife, Eunice, died in February, 1870. Douglas, S. S., WiUiston, is a farmer in WiUiston, Vt, and was born in Louisville, St Law- rence county. New York, on June 9, 1811. He was a son of Daniel and Sarah (Messenger) Douglas. Hi's father was a native of Chelsea, Vt, and settled in WiUiston in 1817, where he lived and died, his death occurring at his son Sheldon's home in 1883, in the ninety-fifth year of his age His wife (Sarah Messenger) died six years before him, in her ninety-first year. They had a family of seven children, Seth Sheldon, Cynthia, Cassius (deceased), Milo, Henry (de- ceased) Louise and Maria. His maternal grandfather was Roderick Messenger, who was an early pioneer in Jericho, Vt., coming with Governor Thomas Chittenden. His paternal grand- father was Ivory Douglas, one of the first settlers of Chelsea, Vt S. Sheldon Douglas has al- ways resided in Chittenden county, Vermont In 1835 he purchased a farm of oOO acres in Jencho Vt known as the Noah Chittenden farm, 300 acres of which was woodland, consisting largely of pine. In 1841 he changed with Rufus Bishop for a dairy farm of 300 acres m Hinesburg Vt and in 1845 purchased an additional 200 acres. In 1854 he sold his Hinesburg farm and bought a farm of 300 acres in WiUiston. In 1871 he sold out to his son William, and boueht a farm of 106 acres, where he now resides. He has been twice married. His first vvife was Mary Ann BrowneU, a daughter of Samuel and Zeruab (Forbes) Brownell, of Wilhston, Vt and by whom he had four children, William B., Nelson J., Daniel, and Mary Z. His second wife was Miranda (Fay) (Pine), a daughter of Safford and Rhoda Fay, of Richmond, Vt His chUdren are all deceased but William B., who resides on the old farm in WiUiston. Edson Simeon H., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a carpenter and farmer, and was born in 832 History of Chittenden County. MorrisviUe, Vt., on July 8, 1828. He was a son of Austin and Eliza (Bundy) Edson. ] mother settled in Colchester, Vt., in 1836, where she married James Wright, who settled on 1 farm which is now owned and occupied by Simeon H., and where his mother died in 18 Simeon H. was brought up in Randolph, Vt., where he remained until nineteen years of a when he came to Colchester, Vt., where he has since resided. He has been married twi His first wife was Augusta Leonard, of Nashua, N. H., by whom he had four children, Em: E., Clara C, Charles L., Julius H. His second wife was Mary A. Reilly. Mr. Edson has hi many of the offices in his town . EUis, John, Huntington, first came to Richmond, Vt., about the year 1800. He married Cai erine Bunker, of Huntington, Vt, and by her had a family of two children, John Bard and G-uy John B. married Jane Gotham, of Lancaster, Vt., and by her had a family of four childr* Cynthia, John M., Emma Jane, and Ellen A. John B. Ellis gave each of his children $1,0 at their marriage. He served during the late war as second sergeant Co. F, Thirteenth Vermc Vol. infantry, under the command of Colonel Randell. G-uy D. Ellis married Sarah A Nichols, of Richmond, Vt., by whom he had a family of two children, EUa and Carrie Guy D. Ellis has been very frequently called upon to hold many of the town offices, and if man of excellent judgment in business matters. The probate court selects Mr. Ellis as admi istrator on frequent occasions. These substantial sons of John Ellis are among the best kno-i and respected citizens of Huntington, Vt., and both enjoy the comforts of home honestly c tained through honest toil. Evarts, James, Colchester, Winooski p. o., proprietor of the Stevens House at Winooski, T was born in Georgia, Vt., on July 28, 1823. He was a son of Jonathan T. and Electa (Wilco Evarts, who came from Connecticut, and were of English descent, and were among the eai settlers of Georgia, Vt. His uncle, Jeremiah Evarts, is the father of William Evarts, senat from New York. Jonathan settled in Georgia, Vt., in 1787, and was one of the original pi prietors of the township. James was reared in Georgia, Vt, where he engaged in farmi: up to 188] , when he removed to Burlington, Vt, and the same year settled in Winooski, V and embarked in the hotel business, a business which he has carried on to the present tin and in which he has been very successful. He purchased the Stevens House in 1883. T building was built by Edwards and Stevens in 1867 and 1868, and is a three-story brick, is one of the best hotels in the county. James Evarts was married in 1851 to Lura A. Alle a daughter of Abijah and Eunice (Grant) Allen, of Fairfield, Vt They have had one child bo to them, Allen J. Mrs. Evarts was a niece of Heman Allen, late member of Congress. Farrand, Zenas H., Essex, is a botanist largely engaged in collecting indigenous roo' herbs, barks, etc. Was born in Hinesburg, Vt., December 19, 1829. He was a son Stephen and Betsey (Hastings) Farrand. Stephen Farrand was born February], 1796, ai married to Betsey Hastings, a daughter of John and Polly (Abbot) Hastings, of Hyde Par Vt, November 17, 1828. Her parents were among the first settlers in Hyde Park, comii from New Hampshire on horseback, moving all their goods in a pair of saddle-bags and a lar| silk handkerchief. They soon had a log shanty, with a stump for a table. This was a ha year, being compelled to subsist largely, during the fore part of the season, on herbage, groun' nuts and berries, and m the winter their only food consisted of half a bushel of corn poundi in a hole in the top of a stump, with the head of an axe for a pestle ; this was mixed with jelly made by boiling basswood buds in water and with a little salt was their only food fortv months. His paternal parents were Joseph and Ruth (Hines) Farrand, natives of New Milfor Conii., from where he and his family and Joseph Farrand, sr. (born January 1, 1728, and di( m Hinesburg, March 28, 1806), came to Hinesburg, being among the pioneers of Hinesbur commg there m 1787. Joseph Farrand, jr., was born January 7, 1759, and died on June 2 1840. He was a soldier, serving during the whole of the Revolutionary struggle, and fro long hardship and exposure contracted a cold that so aflTected his head and left hip and leg th he was always lame, and for the last thirty-five years of his life was unable to go a step on with crutches, and the last twenty years was totally blind and verv deaf. His children we Laura, Benjamin, Clarissa, Almira and Stephen. Stephen resided in Hinesburg Vt, un April, 1855, when he settled in Essex, Vt, where he died October 5, 1868. Mother was boi .rune 17 1779, and died February 22, 1849. They had two children — Zenas H. and Mary . D "t^-S' ^^™"'^ s«"'ed in Essex, Vt, in 1855, and was married in October, 1867, to Maris K. 1 hilhps, oldest daughter of Solomon and Susannah (Sherman) Phillips, of Hinesburg. "V Zenas H. and Marion R. Farrand have a family of six children now living — Laura J., Frai ' , orc^ ■', -^^'^^y ^•' (Gertrude M. and Zenas W. P. Mary A. Farrand settled in Essex, V m 1855, and married Wesley Hazelton, of Essex. Vt, March, 1867. They have a family I wo children iving -- Flora-E. and Zenas W. He represented the town in the Legislature 1859, and in 1861 raised a company of militia and went to Virginia as captain of Co. I, 6 Veraiont Vols. His parents, Samuel and Rachel (Shattuck) Hazelton, were among the pionee Brief Personals. 833 Pay, Alfred C, Williston, was born in Williston, Vt., on March 6, 1843. He served two years in Co. E, 1st Cavalry, in the late War of the Rebellion. He was a son of Eoswell B and Aon (Cutter) Fay. His paternal grandfather, John Fay, was a son of Nathan Fay who settled m Richmond, Vt., in 1790. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War and partici- pated iri the battle of Bennington, and was a son of John Fay, who was killed at the battle The grandfather of Alfred C. settled in Williston, Vt., in 1790. He had a family of seven children— Roswell B., Electa, Roxana, Daniel B., Julius, Edith and Hiram. Of these children Eoswell B. settled m Williston, Vt., in 1838, and engaged in farming. He always took an active part in public affairs, representing the town in the Legislature for several terms, and was probate judge for several years. He had a family of four children — Marcia B., John M. Al- fred C, Cynthia R. Alfred C. was married in 1879 to Adelaide Brownell, a daughter of George W. and Almira (Barry) Brownell, of Williston, Vt. Fay, Nathan, Richmond, a direct descendant of the famous Fay family, of Revolutionary days, was born at Bennington, Vt, on November 15, 1760, and settled in Richmond, Vt., about the year 1786 on the farm on which his grandson Safford now resides. Nathan married Mary Safford, who bore him ten children — John, Nathan (who died in childhood), Henry, Nathan 2d, Polly, Safford, Hiram, Jonas, Joseph and Truman. Of these children Nathan married Polly Murray for his first wife, by whom he had one child, Nathan Murray Fay, now of Essex. His second wife was Polly Colby, by whom he had the following children : Safford, Sarah, Sarah Ann, Martha, Harry C, Enos and Elliott and Arnold 0. Safford, the son of the pioneer, married Armina M. Brownson, of Richmond, Vt. Their children were Ellen, Francis, Fred- erick W. and Eugene H. The farm on which Safford Fay now resides has been in the family for over a hundred years, and the residence which is now occupied by him was built in 1809. He represented his town in the Legislature of Vermont in 1882. Finney, Mitchell J., Hinesburg, was born in Burhngton, Vt., in 1844. He enlisted in Co. E, First Vt. Cavalry, on January 7, 1862, under Colonel Piatt, and served three years and nine- teen days, and was discharged at Winchester, Virginia, in February, 1865, being disabled from wounds received on November 12, 1864. He first settled in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1857, and en- gaged in farming. He has been Uster and held many of the town and district offices. He was married in 1868 to Caroline Mason, who was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1849. They have had one son born to them, Frank F., in 1876. Caroline (Mason) Finney was a daughter of Samuel and Abigail (Wyman) Mason. Abigail was born in Hinesburg, Vt, and was a daughter of Abel and Polly Wyman, and Abel was born in 1794 and died in 1861. He was born in Claren- don, Vt, and was a son of Israel and Mary Wyman, who settled in this county about 1815 and purchased a large tract of land, consisting of some thousand acres, and engaged in farming, lumbering and stock raising until his death in 1861. Polly (Nois) Wyman was bom in Cor- inth in 1798 and died April 11, 1876. Samuel Mason was born in Starksboro, Vt, and died in the West Flanagan, George W., Hinesburg, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1836. He is now owner and proprietor of the Hinesburgh Hotel, purchasing the property in 1869, it being the early and prominent house of the county. He was married in December, 1857, to Loraine H. Benedict. They have had five children born to them — Lucy L., Gertrude, Georgiana, Josephine and Mary Ellen. George W. Flanagan was a son of Howell C. and Eliza (Love) Flanagan, who were married on October 5. 1829. Eliza died in 1879, leaving three children — Lucy, George W. and Lizzie. Howell C. Flanagan was a son of John F. and Martha (Towner) Flanagan, of Ad- dison county, Vt. They died in Vergennes, Vt. They had ten children born to them, three of whom are now living — Howell, Martha and Ursula. Loraine H. (Benedict) Flanagan was a daughter of Levy F. and OUa (Manwell) Benedict. She was born in Richmond, Vt, in June, 1811, and they were married in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1831. Levi F. was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1808 and died in 1866. They had twelve children born to them, two sons and ten daughters. Flanagan, Howell C, Hinesburg, was born in Vergennes, Vt., in 1809. He learned the tan and currier trade in Vergennes, Vt,, and settled in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1827and engaged in the tanning and farming business for many years. He was married on October 5, 1829, to Eliza Love. She died in 1879, leaving a family of three children — Lucy, George W. and Lizzie, EUza was a daughter of George W. and Lucy (Place) Love, who were natives of Rhode Island, but settled in Hinesburg, Vt, about 1800, where Eliza was born. Howell C. married his second wife, Mrs. Rebecca 0. Griffin, in 1881. Howell 0. Flanagan wasa son of John F. and Martha (Towner) Flanagan, who died in Vergennes, Vt They had a family of ten children, three of whom are now hving — Howell C, Martha and Ursula. Fletcher, William, Essex, of the firm of Fletcher and Son, engaged in the grocery and butcher business, was born on February 17, 1835. He was a son of Samuel and Mary (Holmes) Fletcher, who emigrated to America in 1842, and settled in Fairfax, Vt They afterward removed to Canada, where they died. William Fletcher settled in Essex, Vt., in 1855 and engaged in farm- 834 History of Chittenden County. ing, in which he engaged until 1865, when lie embarked in his present business, and in 1878 his son entered partnership with him, and they are now doing business under die firm name of Fletcher & Son. He has always taken an active part in all public affairs of the town. He has held the office of justice of the peace, was elected representative of his town in 1884, and was also chairman of the committee on highways, bridges and ferries. Foote, George A., Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Charlotte, Vt,, in 1839. He has been hster three terms, was first selectman three terras, and held other minor town offices. He was a merchant for several years and retired in 188.5. He is now engaged in the culture of fruit and in the general farming and shipping busines.s. He was married in 1861 to Martha A. Clark, a daughter of Homer and Elvira Clark. They have had one son born to them, Darwin, born in 1862, and married to Florence non Territory and an engineer on the N. T'. Railroad.) His present wife was Hannah R, Enos, of Lester, Vt. Mr. Hale settled in Essex, Vt., in 1865, and has always resided here ever since'. Brief Personals. 835 Hapgood, Zeph., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., is proprietor of the " Junction House " and was born in Westf ord, Vt., on February 8, 1860. He was a son of Henry and Olive (Abbott) Hapgood. His paternal grandfather, Tillinghast Hapgood, and his maternal grandfather, Ira Abbott, were both pioneers of Jericho, Vt. Zeph. Hapgood was educated in Westford, Vt., and served four seasons as steward on the steamers Horicon and Ticonderoga, on Lake George. He was also steward on the steamer A. Williams for eight years, which plied the water of Lake Ohamplain. He settled in Essex Junction, Vt., in the fall of 1885, and embarked in his present business. He was married on September 12, 1885, to Minnie Hughes, of New York city. Herrick, Warren T., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a retired merchant and was born in Mor- ristown, Vt., on July 27, 1817. He was the son of Elisha and Zerviah (Tyler) Herrick, who were among the pioneers of Morristown, Vt., coming there from Waterbury, Vt., making the journey on horseback by marked trees. They were natives of Plainfield, N. H. Warren T. Herrick was brought up and educated in Morristown, Vt. He settled in Wipooski in 1848, and engaged in the mercantile busmess, which he followed successfully up to 1870, when he retired from active business life, and since then he has been engaged in looking after his real estate. His wife was Lydia A. Small, a daughter of G-eorge and Orpha (Wilkins) Small, of Morristown, Vt. They have had two children born to them, Harriet A. (now Mrs. E. 0. Mower) and Cor- nelia M. (now Mrs. E. R. Crandall). Mr. Herrick is a prominent citizen, and an active member of the Masonic fraternity. Higbee, William W., Charlotte, was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1842. He has been justice of the peace since 1872, was elected town clerk in 1871, lister two terms, and held many of the minor offices of the town. He is also a general farmer. He was married in 1867 to Julia A. Phillips, of Owatonna, Minnesota. She died in 1878, leaving one daughter, Carrie A. William W. then married his second wife, Ada S. Booth, of Perrisburgh, Vt., on October 1, 1879. They have had one daughter born to them, Mabel A. His first wife, Julia A. Phillips, was a daughter of Henry Phillips, of Homer, N. Y. William W. Higbee was a son of Peter V. and Miranda (Harding) Higbee. She was born in Shelburne, Vt., in 1814, and he was born in Perrisburgh, Vt, in 1811. They were married in 1838 and had a family of three children born to them, wiuiam W., Edwin W., and Caroline B. Peter V. represented Charlotte, Vt., in the Legisla- ture in 1861 and 1862 and held all of the important offices as well as minor offices of the town. He was a son of William and Olive (Van Vhete) Higbee, who settled in Charlotte, Vt., in 1816. WiUiam was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1772. They had a family of eight children born to them, five of whom are now living, Hannah, Sabrina, Sarah, Peter V., and Caroline. Miranda Higbee was a daughter of Caleb and Judith (Bartlett) Harding, who settled in this county about 1790. Hill jr Thomas Chittenden, Charlotte, was born in Charlotte, Chittenden county, Vt., in 1824. on the homestead farm which was purchased by his grandfather in 1782, and reared on the farm which he now owns and occupies. He was married in 1866 to Lovma Brady, who was bom in Charlotte, Vt. She died in 1868, and Thomas then married for his second wife Mary H Prindle, of Charlotte, Vt. She was a daughter of Midas M. Pnndle and Sarah (Hig- bee) Prindle They have had a family of four sons born to them, Thomas C, jr., Henry P., Martin C and Midas M. The Hill family is one of the oldest in the county. Thomas, jr., was a son of Thomas and Lovina (Tupper) Hill. She was born in Perrisburgh Vt., on May 21, 1788, and died on February 4, 1849, and he died on March 4, 1865. They had a family of nine children born to them, four of whom are now living, George, James, Thomas C, and Bhzabeth H Thomas, sr., was a justice of the peace, a selectman, and held many other offices m the town. He was a son of James Hill, whose wife was sister of Governor Chittenden. Hinsdell, Mitchell W., Saint George, was born in Saint George, Vt on April 3, 1844. He was a son of Giles S. and Rebecca (Hoose) Hinsdell. His paternal grandfather was Jacob Hinsdell, of Canaan, Connecticut, who settled in Saint George in 1830, on the farm which is now occu- pied by Mitchell W. Hinsdell. Jacob Hinsdell was the first man to be married in the town of Lint George. His wife was Hannah Cook, by whom he had a family of four children, Giles S Norman, Corneha, and George. Of these children Giles S. always resided m Saint George, and was a farmer. He had a family of eight children, Oscar, Edgar, Orson, Hannah 0., Anna, Seymour, Mitchell W., Norman B. Mitchell W. Hinsdell enlisted m September 1864, in Co. K, 17th V i and served in the late War of the RebeUion. He participated m the battle of Peters- burgh and W3S honorably discharged in June, 1865. He represented his town m the Legislature in 1879 '30 '81 and '82. His maternal grandparents were Barnabas and Polly (Lincoln) Jdoose, pioneers of Burlington, Vt. Holmes John, Charlotte, was born in Monkton, Addison county, Vt. in 1820 He was married in 1845 to Hannah Smith, of Peru, Clinton county, N. Y. They have had five chil- dten born to them, Gertrude M. (now Mrs. William B. Hazard), Mary (now Mrs. R. G Wha- ley) William H (married Mary A. Sherman in 1875), Charles T. (married in 1880 to Clara L. 836 History of Chittenden County. Russell), and Lizzie S. John Holmes & Sous are large fruit growers, having a farm of acres. They have an orchard of five thousand apple trees, the fruit of which is shipped dii to the London markets to their agent there. They also have five hundred pear trees and f hundred plum trees, and are also extensively engaged in the breeding of blooded horses, wY well compare with Vermont's finest. John Holmes, though seriously affected with a comb] tion of rheumatic difiiculties for the past nine years, is ever cheerful. He was a son of Nic las and Sarah (Hazard) Holmes. Sarah was a daughter of Robert and Sarah (Pish) Hazi Nicholas was born in Washington, Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1780, and settled in Charlotte, in 1822 as a farmer. He was of the Quaker principle and faith. They had a family of children born to them, two of whom are now living, John and JuUa A. Nicholas died in 1 and his wife died in 1866, aged seventy-four years. They were married in Ferrisburgh, The paternal grandfather, Nicholas Holmes, and his wife, Phoebe (Titus) Hohnes, were ei settlers in Monkton, Vt, and were natives of Dutchess county, N. Y. Hosford, Dean, Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Charlotte, Vt, in August, 1£ He has held most of the town offices and now owns and occupies 250 acres of the old hoi stead, which was purchased by his grandfather on settlement. He was married on May 1848, to Ruby A. Partch, of Hinesburg, Vt. She died on November 18. 1882. Dean was a of Heman and Polly (Dean) Hosford. She was born on July 25, 1789, in Monkton, Vt., 1 he was born in January, 1793. They were married in 1817 and had a family of three sons 1 four daughters born to them, four of whom are now living, Ezra, born in 1817 ; Dean, born 1823 ; Mary and Amanda. Ellen married a Mr. Lyman and she died leaving a family of < son and two daughters. Hocum married Rebecca West. He died on May 24, 1877, leav one son, Arthur. Heman Hosford died on May 24, 1877, and his wife Polly died on Febru 25, 1872. Dean's paternal grandfather, Roger Hosford, was born in Connecticut and settlec Vermont about 1785, and built the house now occupied by Dean about 1800. Heman Hosf held many of the town offices, represented the same in the Legislature, and was one of representative men of his town. Hull, Henry M., Hinesburg, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1841. He was brought up a merchant and became a partner in his father's business, where he remained until 1860, wher engaged in farming. He was drafted in 1863, furnished a substitute, and became a sutlei General Grant's Twenty-Fifth Division, and later a sutler to General Ben Butler's Divisi He was at the taking of Fort Fisher. At the death of his father he became his successoi business, where he still continues dealing in all kinds of goods found in a country store, has the finest general variety stock of any store in the State. He was married in 1860 to E A. Pierce, of Starksboro, Vt. She died in 1871, leaving two children, Alfred S. and Nina Alfred married Kate Nimblet, of Monkton, Vt., a daughter of Doctor Nimblet, in 1885. N M. is a graduate of the college at Montpelier and is now a teacher of music and painting Washington, D. 0. Henry M. married his second wife, Lucy A. Clark, of New York, in IJ He was a son of Marcus and Sarah (Gibbs) Hull. She was born in New Hampshire, wi they were married. He was born in Wallingford, Rutland county, Vt., in 1841, and died 1871. His wife Sarah died in 1865. Humphrey, George E., Essex, is a merchant and was born in Jericho, Vt., on December 8, 17 He was a son of Edwin and Helen (Martin) Humphreys. His paternal grandfather, Edwin Humphreys, was a pioneer of Jericho, Vt., and was a farmer by occupation. He had a fan of four children, James, George, Edwin and Albert. Of these children Edwin was born in J icho, Vt., and was a merchant in early life in Richmond, Vt., where he remained for twe: years, and in later life he engaged in farming in Jericho, Vt. He had a family of two childi Maria, (Mrs. L. R. Hazen) and George W. He was reared and educated in Jericho, Vt., and 1 tied in Essex, Vt, in November, 1885, where he embarked in his present business. He i married twice. His first wife was Lillie Stone, a daughter of Isaac and Anna (Bingham) Stc of Jericho, Vt. To them was born one child, Lucien E. His second wife was Carrie Chapii daughter of Albert F. and Sarah (Palmer) Chapin, of Essex, Vt. Humphreys, William Harrison, Essex, was born in Underbill, Vt., on December 18, If He is a son of Daniel Clark and Amia (Douglas) Humphreys. His paternal grandfather grandmother, Jonas and Caroline (Dixon) Humphreys, were pioneers of Underbill, Vt T had a family of twelve children — Daniel C, Seymour, Jonas, jr., William, David, John, Am Jackson (Cordelia, Cornelia, twins), Caroline, Jane Ann. Jonas Humphrey was in the Wa 1812. He with his company stood guard to keep the British fi-om landing on the Vermont of the lake during the battle of Plattsburgh, N. Y. His father, Colonef William Humphr was on Gen. Washington's staff' through the Revolution. Daniel C. Humphreys had a famih six children —Leonora, Benajah D,, Wm. H., Amos C, Amia C, twins, and Ada S. Daniel" wife was a daughter of Benajah Douglas, of Cornwall, Conn., and who was a pioneer settle Cornwall, Vt. Wm. H. Humphreys was in the late War of tlie Rebellion, enlisting on Octc Brief Personals. 837 30,1861, in Company E, Second Regiment, United States sharp shooters, as private; promoted to corporal August 21, 1862; sergeant January 3, 1863 ; re-enlisted with his company as a veteran volunteer January 6, 1864 ; promoted as first sergeant March 8, 1864, and to first lieutenant October 12, 1864; transferred with his company into the Fourth Vermont Volunteers February 27, 1865 ; honorably mustered out at Washington, D. C, August 3, 1865 ; wounded April 2, 1865, while in front of Petersburgh, Va., while charging on the enemy's works, losing his right leg above the knee. He was in twenty-seven battles of the late war. He was twice married. His first wife was Mary S. Sherburne, of Northwood, N. H., and a daughter of Warren and EUza- beth L. Sherburne, of Northfield, N. H. They had one child, Alice M., now married to G-eorge Benerdict, and now resides at Underhill, Vt. His second wife was Evaline M., daughter of Ezra and Lucy (Case) Slater, of Essex, Vt. He now resides in Essex Junction, Vt., and is a farmer and cattle dealer. Hunter, David J., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., was born in New London, Conn., on March 13,]1834. He was a son of David and Rebecca (McCara) Hunter. He came to Essex Junction, Vt., in 1863, and embarked in the manufacture of wall paper with his father. In 1865 he be- came associated in business with his brother-in-law, J. Shiland, and done business under the firm name of Hunter & Shiland. They turn out on an average two tons of paper per day. He was married in 1875 to Ann E. Whitcomb, a daughter of Brastus P. and Palmeria (Barber) Whitcomb. They have had two children born to them, Leslie E. and Claude I. Mrs. Hunter's father, Brastus Whitcomb, was born in Richmond, Vt., on February 21, 1813. and was a son of Thomas Whitcomb, who settled in Richmond, Vt., in 1804. He removed to Essex, Vt, in 1834, and settled on the farm which is now occupied by his widow, and on which he resided until the time of his death, which occurred on August 11, 1882. He was a prominent farmer and citizen, and represented Essex, Vt., in the Legislature two terras. He was married on April 27, 1852. to Palmyra E., a daughter of Gideon and Averintha (Pierce) Barber, of Bolton, Vt. They had a family of four children born to them — Ann Elizabeth, Adelbert, Addie, and Irving. Isham, Addison, WiUiston, is a farmer of WUliston, Vt., and was born on August 15, 1841. He was a son of Ezra and Aurelia (Downer) Isham. His paternal grandfather was Jehiel Isham, a native of Connecticut, 'who settled in Saint George in 1790. He served in the War of the Revolution, enlisting at the age of fourteen years. He married Sarah Mobbs, and reared a family of thirteen children, of whom Ezra settled in WiUiston, Vt. His first wife was Aurelia Downer, by whom he had a family of six children, who grew to maturity — John D., Jackson, Addison, Benjamin F. (who was killed at the battle of the Wilderness), and Adelaide and Sheridan B. His second wife was Luoinda Grinshaw, of WiUiston, Vt., who was born in Canada, and by whom he had a family of four children who grew to maturity — Ruth, Mabel, EUa, and Lydia. Addison's maternal grandfather was John Downer, a native of Connecticut, and an early pioneer in WUliston, Vt. He first settled on the farm which Addison now owns and occupies, cleared and improved the same, where he died in 1851, aged eighty-two years. His children were Lamire, Clarissa, Aurelia, and Julia. Addison has occupied the Downer homestead for thirty-four years. He was married in 1863 to Mary A. Isham, a daughter of Milton and Julia (Downer) Isham, of WiUiston, Vt. They have had three children born to them — Ichabod A., Carrie A., and Benjamin F. Johnson, Horatio S., WiUiston, is a farmer, and was born in WiUiston, Vt, on October 22, 1841. He was a son of Dan and Sarah (Marshall) Johnson. His paternal grandfather, Nathan Johnson, and his great-grandfather, Dan Johnson, were early settlers in WUliston, and his ma- ternal grandfather was an early pioneer in Hinesburg, Vt Horatio S. Johnson was born and brought up in WiUiston, Vt, and married Alice C. McEwen, a daughter of Augustus and Bo- lina (Palmer) McEwen, of Hinesburg, Vt Johnson, Dan, WiUiston, is a farmer, and was born in WiUiston, Vt, on December 26, 1817. He was a son of Nathan and PoUy (Bennett) Johnson. His paternal grandfather was Dan Johnson, who was a native of Windham, Conn., who settled in WiUiston, Vt., in 1787, on the farm now owned by John Johnson, which he cleared and improved himself, and on which he resided until the time of his death. His chUdren were Nathan and Anna (now Mrs. Uriah Stevens) At the death of his father Nathan came into possession of the homestead, where he resided untU his death. He had a family of five chUdren — WiUiam, Dan, John, Mary and Myron. Dan Johnson was born and brought up in WiUiston, Vt, and settied on his present farm of 216 acres in 1854. He was married in 1839 to Sarah MarshaU, a daughter of Lewis and Mary (Mead) MarshaU, of Hinesburg, Vt. They had a family of eight children born to them — Horatio S., Nathan, Henry, Leonard, WiUiam B., Sarah J. (Mrs. Alfred Reed), LueUa(Mrs. George Perry), and Maria. Johnson WiUiam B., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., was born in Jericho, Vt., November 4, 1849 He was a son of Dan and Sarah (MarshaU) Johnson. His paternal grandfather, Nathan S38 History of Chittenden County. Johnson, and his p;reat-grand£ather, Dan Johnson, were from Windham county, Connecticut, who settled in WilUston, Vt., in 1787. His maternal grandfather was Lewis Marshall, a pioneer of Hinesburg, Vt. William resided in WilUston until 1879, when he settled in Essex Junction and embarked in his present business, that of custom grinding, and also dealing wholesale and retail in' all kinds of feed and grains. He was married on January 29, 1873, to Lena Marshall, an adopted daughter of Leonard A. Marshall, of WiUiston, Vt. They have had three children born to them — Dan M., Alice, and Hattie. Jewett, John, Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a druggist and manufacturer of patent medicines. He was born in England on December 5, 1836. He learned the trade of finisher of worsted dress ■goods and examiner of fine woolens in his native country, and emigrated to the United States in 1857. There he worked at his trade in Lawrence, Mass., until 1878, when he removed to "Winoos'ki, Vt, where he worked in the Burlington woolen mill as cloth examiner until 1885, when he went into his present business, and now has an extensive trade. Jones, Jabez, Richmond, was the first of an afterwards popular family of that name that located in Richmond, Vt. He came about the year 1790 and settled on the farm where Albert Town now resides, then two hundred acres in extent. Edward Jones, a brother of Jabez, came some years later, about 1798, his wife riding on horseback, carrying Lucia, their infant •child, in her arms. Lucia subsequently married G-illett, father of Henry G-illett, esq., of Jones- ville, Vt. Edward Jones and his wife were the parents of nine children. Ralph, the second •child, married Polly Caswell, who now is living at the advanced age of eighty-five years. Ed- ward Ralph, son of Ralph, married twice. His first wife was Julia Ann Buell, a daughter of Bbenezer Buell, of Huntington, Vt. The children of this marriage were Martha and Jennie, and two others, who died unnamed. His second wife was Susan Wyman, by whom he had •one child, Bertha N., who is the only one of his children now living. In 1849 Edward R. went to California, and while there was one of the famous vigilance committee of 1856. In politics he was associated with the Republican party. In church affairs he favors the Univers- alists. Jubell, Frank, Winooski, is a moulder in the firm of Edwards, Stevens & Co., and was born in Henryville, Canada, on July 4, 1837, and was a son of Louis Jubell. He settled in Wi- nooski, Vt., in 1852, where he learned the moulder's trade and became a partner in the business ■of Edwards, Stevens & Co., in 1871. He has acted as foreman of the moulding department since 1865. Keeler, Milo, Essex, is a farmer and was born in Essex, Vt., on the farm which he now owns and occupies, on September 1, 1812. He was a son of Samuel and Polly E. (Cas- tle) Keeler. His paternal grandfather, James Keeler, was a native of Lenox, Mass., and was among the pioneers of Essex, Vt., settling on the farm which is now owned by C. H. Nichols, which he cleared and improved himself, and on which he resided until the time of his death. His children were Samuel, Polly, Rachel, Lydia, John and James. Of these children Samuel settled on the farm which is now occupied by Milo Keeler, in Essex, Vt. He had a family of three children — Milo, Polly C and Elizabeth E. Mr. Keeler has always resided on the homestead. He was married, on September 4, 1836, to Lucia Pierce, a daughter of Solomon and Polly (Farnsworth) Pierce, of Richmond, Vt. They have had a family of twelve children born to them — Cornelia D., Cassandra D., Samuel, Mary, Ellen, Florence, JuHa, Amelia, Noah T. (de- •oeased), Estella, James F. (deceased) and Martha. His maternal grandfather was Abel Castle, and was among the early pioneers of Essex, Vt. Keeler, Samuel, Essex, was born in Es.sex, Vt., on October 16, 1840. He is a farmer and was born and brought up in Essex, Vt. He has resided on the farm which he now occupies since 1860. He was married in 1865 to Mary E. Castle, a daughter of Pearl L. and Ehza (Cil- ley) Castle, of Essex, Vt., and to them have been born one child, Pearlie L. C. Samuel Keeler has served as selectman for three years. He was a son of Milo and Lucia (Pierce) Keeler. His paternal grandfather, Samuel Keeler, was among the pioneers of Essex, Vt., and his ma- ternal grandfather was Solomon Pierce, who was also a pioneer of Richmond, Vt. Kelly, Michael F., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a farmer at Winooski Park, Vt., and was born in County Limerick, Ireland, on September 29, 1836. He was a son of Michael and Mary (Welch) Kelly. His father came to America in 1845 and settled in Burlington, ■\'t. Michael F. Kelly was brought up and educated in Burlington, Vt., where he learned the trade of car- nage makmg. He was in the employ of the Fletcher family, of Burlington, Vt., for thirty- three years. He was engaged in farming in Charlotte, Vt., in 1876, and settled on his present farni m 1882, where he has since resided. His farm consists of one hundred and sixty acres. He is a large breeder of Jersey and Dover cattle, registered in American herd book He was married in September, 1885, to Anna Quinn, of Burlington, Vt. He enlisted the 8th of April, 1862, m the United States army, served as corporal of ordnance, attached to Co. B otli Regt U. S. Artillery, commanded by Captain H. A. Du Fonts, and served to the end of the war Brief Personals. 839 .o'T^t^^T', }i f-' Hmesburg, was bora in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1847. He was married in ib7d to Malona H Andrews, who was born in Essex, Vt., in 1849. They have had onedaugh- *^^ Q^o"^ 1 !^'- ^^°!? -^^ '^''®" ^- Kenyon was a son of Norman (born in Hinesburg, Vt, in ISI^) and Alzma (Curtis) Kenyon, born in Essex, Vt., in 1821, and married in 1841. They had three children born to them— Mercy A. (born in 1841, married Justice Stokes in 1863 : have had three children born to them), John G. (born in 1843 and died in 1864), and Ovett A. .(born m 184 (). Alzina (Curtis) Kenyon was a daughter of Gideon and Hannah (Stimson) • "^t'L ^^°n^" w»« l^om in Salem, Mass., in 1788, and Gideon was born in Woodbury, Conn., an 1'69. They were married in Essex, Vt, in August, 1816. They had six children born to them — Stephen, John, Alzina, Lucinda, Esther and Lois, and by his first wife, Rebecca Hardy, he had ten children, and of these sixteen children four are now living — Stephen, Alzina, Lu- •cinda and Lois. Gideon Curtis was a Revolutionary soldier. He enhsted at the age of thirteen years, and at the close of the war received a pension of ninety-six dollars yearly. Norman Kenyon was a son of Giles and Polly (Palmer) Kenyon, whose father was among the first -settlers of Hinesburg. She was born in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1786, and Giles was born in Ster- ling, Conn., in 1784. He died on September 23, 1879, and she died on September 25, 1879, and were both buried in the same grave on the same day, aged respectively ninety-three and ninety-five years. They were married in 1805 and had nine children born to them, eight of whom are now living — Heman, Mandana, Norman, Ursula, Grant P., Robert, Helen and Ellen •(who are twins). Kenyon, Samuel, Richmond, was born in Rhode Island and came to this county at the early Jige of fourteen years. He married PoUy Bronsou, a daughter of Asa Bronson, an early pioneer. Their children were Currence, Barzilla S., Samuel and Thomas. Barzilla married Demaris Thompson, a daughter of Josiah Thompson. Their children were Cynthia, Marcia, Mary, Berthia, Ada L., Lillie S. and Asa B. With the exception of three years, which he .spent in California, Barzilla S. has spent his life on the farm at Richmond, Vt, and during that time has held many of the offices of the town in which he resides. Lafountain, Charles, Colchester, Winooski p. o., was born in Canada on November 2, 1822. He was a son of Peter and Emeline Lafountain, who settled in Winooski, Vt, in 1826. He was educated in Winooski, Vt., Troy, N. Y., and also in New York city. In 1846 he went into the mercantile business, which he followed more or less for eleven years. He was married twice. His first wife was Maria Lambert, a daughter of Augustine Lambert, of Troy, N. Y. They had a family of eleven children born to them, Sarah, William, James, Edward, Alphonso, Joseph, Lewis, George, Charles, Eugene, and Estella. His second wife was Sarah Russell, a daughter of Benjamin Bonta, and widow of John Russell. She had two children by her first husband, William and John J. Russell. Mr. Lafountain has held nearly all of the offices in iis town, and represented the same in the Legislature in 1874 and 1875. Lavigne, Joseph W., Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a grocer, and was born at St. Thomas, Canada, July 23, 1844. He was a son of Henry and Frances (Bossolee) Laviuge, who came to •Chittenden county, Vt., in 1848, and settled in Williston, where the father engaged in brick- making. They remained there until 1861, when they removed to Winooski, Vt His children were Joseph W., Moses, Henry, Sarah, Philla, Louisa, and Mary. Joseph W . Lavigne worlced at the brickmaking business up to 1882, when he engaged in his present business, that of a gro- •cer, and has now a very successful business. He has been married twice. His first wife was Frances Desautels, of Winooski, Vt, by whom he had a family of three children, Joseph H., Helen, and Archie. His second wife was Mary A. Shonion, a daughter of John Shonion, of Milton, Vt, and by whom he has had four children, Lillie, Luke, Lizzie, and George. Mr. Lavigne lias been a member of the school board of Winooski for twelve years in succession. Le Clair, Erancis, Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a brick manufacturer and real estate dealer, And was born at St. John-the-Baptist, Canada, on August 5, 1818. He was a son of Francis ■and Louisa (Prevey) Le Clair, who came to Chittenden county, Vt, in 1828, and settled in Winooski, Vt. Francis Le Clair came to Winooski, Vt., when ten years of age, and there he s-eceived a limited education. He engaged in the general mercantile business in 1841, a busi- ness in which he continued up to 1844. He embarked in the manufacture of brick in 1860, a business in which he is still interested, and now turns out about two millions of brick annually. He has erected as many as fifty brick' buildings in Winooski, Vt., and also in Burlington, Vt He has been engaged in the real estate business since 1849, and has held many of the town •offices of trust, most of the local offices, and represented his town in the Legislature in 1880-2 and 1884. Leet Eugene F., Essex, Essex Junction p. o., is proprietor of the Central House, and was torn in blaremont, N. H., on December 11, 1846. He was a son of James and_Lucy (Maynard) Leet and was brought up in Claremont, N. H. He enlisted on September 5, 1861, in Co. B, .Second New Hampshire Regiment, and was honorably discharged August 9, 1862. He re- 840 History of Chittenden County. enlisted in the spring of 1863, in Co. B, Twenty-first V. E. Corps, and participated in the battle of Williamsburgh, where he was wounded in the jaw on May 5, 1862 ; was also at Pair Oaks, Savage's Station, Malvern Hill, where he was wounded on July 2, 1862, in the left knee; was at the Peninsula engagement, and also participated in other battles. He was honorably dis- charged on August 10, 1865. He settled at Essex Junction, Vt,, in May, 1884, where he has since resided and carried on the Central House. Lewis, Carlisle, Charlotte, was born at Poultney, Vt., on May 12, 1825. He was lister three terms, treasurer of the town, and held many other minor and district offices. He married Louise R. Williams, who was born in Poultney, Vt., on March 7, 1833. They have had eight children born to them, Mary L. (married H. Burr Palmer in February, 1876), John A. (mar- ried Carry Pease in 1878), Frank A. (married Clara Palmer in December, 1877), Sarah A., Fan- nie B., Solon A., Bert E., and Carl P. Louise (Williams) Lewis was a daughter of Alpheus and Laura (Powell) Williams, who were born in Lauesboro, Mass. They settled in Charlotte, Vt., in 1836, and had a family of twelve children born to them, five of whom are now living, Jer- emiah, Louisa, Coroline, Myron, and Milo. Bingham was a son of Alpheus Williams, who died leaving a family of six children. Alpheus died June 11, 1873, aged seventy-seven years, and his wife Laura died August 24, 1863, aged sixty-four years. Lyon, John H., Colchester, is a farmer, and was born in Colchester, Vt., April 4, 1840. He is a son of John and Submit (Olin) Lyon. His paternal grandfather, Ebenezer Lyon, was a na- tive of Canterbury, Conn., who settled in Westford, Vt., in 1797, and in 1798 came to Colches- ter, where he resided until the time of his death in 1843. His children were John, George, Charles, Lois, Susan, Ebenezer F., Abel, Abisha M., Harriet, and Deborah ; of these children, John was born in Colchester, April 6, 1799, and still resides in the town. He was twice mar- ried ; his first wife was Sylvia Wolcott, a daughter of Ebenezer Wolcott, of Colchester, Vt. His second wife was Submit Olin, of Westford, Vt , by whom he had four children, Sylvia, Moseley R., John H., and Ellen J. They are all living. John H. Lyon served as a soldier in the late War of the Eebellion, in the Thirteenth Eegiment Vt. Vols., and participated in the battle of Gettysburg, under General Stannard. He has been twice married ; his first wife was Mary A. Day, of Essex, Vt. Their children were Thaddeus D., Moseley G., Pearl, Grace, Ethel D., two of whom are living. His second wife was Clara E. Bliss, of Colchester, Vt. To them have been born two children, Florence and Stuart. MaOrae, William B., Colchester, Winooski p.o., is a farmer, and was born in Huntley, Aberdeen- shire, Scotland, June 20, 1823. He was a son of Christopher and Jeanette (Eedford) MaCrea. He came to the United States in 1846, and settled in Boston, Mass., where he followed the busi- ness of fiorist and real estate dealer up to 1872, when he came to Colchester, Vt., and settled on the farm which he now occupies, and which he' previously occupied as a summer residence since 1861. His farm comprises about two hundred acres, most of which he has reclaimed from waste land. He has a dairy of forty cows, and is a breeder of Jersey cattle. His wife was Lois Perrin, a daughter of Amicah and Lucinda (Conant) Perrin, who were natives of Holland, Orleans county, Vermont. Mr. MaCrea has had a family of six children born to him, Jennie, Lena, Lottie, Frank W., Hattie, and Fannie. Macomber, Daniel H., Essex, is a merchant, and was born in Chesterfield, Mass., July 25, 1828. He was a son of Edmund and Elizabeth (Trow) Macomber. His paternal grandfather, David Macomber, was born at Baston, Mass., September 25, 1752. He married Katharine Littlefield, of Bridgewater, Mass., in the year 1781, and moved to Chesterfield, Mass., where were born to them twelve children between the years 1782 and 1804. Seven of these chil- dren, to wit— Daniel, David, Jacob, Cyrus, Edmund, Hervey, and Eebecca — settled in Westford, Chittenden county, Vermont, between the years 1800 and 1820. Edmund, who was born Sep- tember 23, 1792, returned to Chesterfield, Mass., and married Elizabeth Trow, of Cummington, Mass., January 27, 1825. There were born to them three children, two of whom died in in- fancy, and he died July 25, 1829. His widow married Hervey Macomber in the year 1831, and they settled in Westford, Vt. To them were born two children, Maria E. and John G. Dan- iel H. Macomber settled at Essex Junction, Vt., in the year 1857, where he engaged in the mercantile business, which he has followed to the present time. He was married March 30, 1854, to Sarah A. Beach, a daughter of Silas S. and Sarah (Ward) Beach, of Westford, Vt. They have had two children born to them, Carrol B. and Katie E. Mr. Macomber has always taken an active part in all public affairs, and was representative from Essex, Vt., in the Legisla- ture in the years 1863 and 1864. McGreery, Patrick, Colchester, Winooski p. o., is a real estate dealer, and was born in Plattsburgh, N. Y., March 25, 1850. He was a son of John and Margaret (Christie) McGreery, who were natives of Ireland, and came to America in 1849. They settled in Winooski, Vt., in 1857. Patrick McGreery has been a dealer in real estate for eleven years. He went into the hardware business in 1884, but retired from the same in 1886. Brief Personals. 841 McDonell, Alexander, Colchester, Winooski p. o., a foreman at Edwards, Stevens & Co 's tnachine shop at Winooski, Vt., was born in Glingary, Upper Canada, on May 1, 1841. He was a son of John and Isabella McDonell, who settled in Winooski, Vt., in 1849. John was a blacksmith by trade, a business which he followed until the time of his death, which occurred in 1874, and was caused by disease which was contracted in the army, while in the service of the Union during the late War of the Rebellion. His children were Alexander, Angus, Mary A. Isabella, Flora, Hannah, Archibald, and John A. Alexander was brought up in Winooski, Vt.' from the age of eight years, and learned the machinist trade in the shop of Edwards, Stevens & Co., in whose employ he has been for twenty-seven years ; for five years he has been fore- man of their shops. He was married on July 11, 1870, to Anna Mackey, of Abbotsford, Can- ada East. They have three children now living: George A., Stella I., and WiUie A. McNall, Sherman, Colchester, West Milton p. o., is a farmer of Colchester, Vt., and was born in Georgia, Vt., on May 11, 1825. He was a son of Giles and Amanda (Hurlburt) Mc- Hall, who settled in Colchester, Vt., in 1834, on the farm which is now occupied by Sherman, and which consists of two hundred acres. His father died in 1867, aged seventy-one years. His first wife, Amanda Hurlburt, was a daughter of Ebenezer Hurlburt, who was a pioneer of Oeorgia, Vt., and by this wife he had a family of five children : Eodney, Sherman, Melissa, Addi- son, and Madison. His second wife, Emeline Hill, was a daughter of Lyman Hill, of Georgia, Vt., by whom he had a family of three children : Samantha, Melvin, and Julia. Sherman Mc- Nall has occupied the old homestead since 1882. He has been married twice. His first wife was Almira Blush, of Burlington, Vt. His second wife was Lavina Hill, a daughter of Lyman and Polly (Wellman) Hill, of Georgia, Vt. They have had a family of tliree children born to them : Chandler, Elroy, and Jesse. McNeil, Henry, Charlotte, was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1821. He is one of the represent- ative men of his county, whose counsel is sought by many. He is now a retired and success- ful farmer, and resides near the Four Corners. He was married in 1853 to Ann Hazzard, who was born in Ferrisburgh, Vt., in 1831. They have had three children born to them, William H., Edgar H., and Lyman B. William married Julia Smith, of Charlotte, Vt. Ann (Hazzard) McNeil was a daughter of David and Sarah (Brooks Rogers) Hazard, of Addison county, Vt. Henry McNeil was a son of Charles and Jerusha (Lyman) McNeil, who had a family of fifteen children born to them, fourteen of whom lived to maturity and ten of whom are now Kving. Charles was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1783, and died in 1860; Jerusha was born in 1787, and died in 1864. Charles was a son of John McNeil, who was one of the first settlers in this county. He came here and selected a large tract of land two years previous to moving his family. McNeil, James B., Charlotte, was born in Charlotte, Vt., in 1818. He was married in 1846 to Sarah Hazard, of Ferrisburgh, Vt. They have had five children born to them, three of whom are now living, two having died at an early day. Charles, Frederick, and Sarah are now living. Charles married Mary A. McNeil, Frederick married Charlotte Palmer. Sarah (Hazard) McNeil was a daughter of David and Sarah Hazard, of Addison county, Vt. James B. McNeil was a son of Charles and Jerusha (Lyman) McNeil, who were married at Vergennes, Vt., in 1807. They had a family of fifteen children born to them, fourteen of whom lived to maturity, and ten of whom are now hving, Fanny, Laura, John, Charles, David, James B., Henry, Jane, William, and Julia. James B. and Henry are the only ones who now reside in the town. Charles McNeil, sr., was born in Bennington, Vt., in 1782, and died in 1860. Jerusha was born in 1787, and died in 1864. Charles was a successor in the early established ferry over Lake Champlain to Essex county, N. Y., and was manager of the large estate left by his father, the Hon. John McNeil, who was one of the first settle;s and most prominent men of his time. He was the first town clerk and representative from his town. He came to Vermont in 1788 from Litchfield. Conn., with his parents, who were born in Scotland. John married his second wife, a Miss Br'eckenbridge, at Bennington, Vt., after which he established the ferry, first by the use of just a log canoe, which after became a noted six-horse ferry. Maeck, Frederick, jr., Hinesburg, was born in Shelburne, Vt., on February 14, 1840. He represented his town in 1878 and '79, was selectman in 1876-77 and '78, was lister in 1882-83. He is also a general farmer and now owns the old homestead, which is known as the old Marsh farm and which was purchased by them in 1810. He was married on February 10, 1864, to Jennie M. Marsh, a daughter of the Hon. Joseph and Mary (Taylor) Marsh, of Williston, Vt. Mary (Tay- lor) Marsh was a daughter of Gates Taylor. Joseph Marsh was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1799. They had a family of three sons and two daughters born to them, two of whom are now living, Jen- nie M. and Mary Ann (now Mrs. A. A. Byington). Joseph died on November 27, 1877, and his wife, Mary T. died on April 19, 1851. Joseph served in the interest of his town with great credit, holding all of the offices, and representing the same in 1831-32 and in 1872-73 ; was senator in 1839-40 and also in 1835-36 ; was county judge in 1827, and was one of the founders and or- 842 History of Chittenden County. ganizers of the Congregational Church at Hinesburg, Vt., where he died beloved and honored by all who knew him. Frederick Maeck, jr., was a son of Frederick and Laura (Sicklan) Maeck; she was born in South Burlington, Vt., in 1805, and died in March, 1880. Frederick, sr., was born in Shelburne, Vt., in 1800, and died in August, 1869. They had a family of ten children born to them, four of whom are now living, Corence, Mary, Frederick, jr., and John- Gr. S. Laura married Governor John L. Barstow. She died in 1885, leaving two children,. Frederick M. and Charles L. Frederick, sr., was a son of Frederick and Abigail (Newell). Maeck. Frederick was the first physician in Shelburne, Vt. He came from Connecticut and settled in Vermont at a very early day. He represented his town in 1791, and was a leading man of his town and county. He died on June 30, 1826, aged sixty-one years. They had a. family of four children born to them : Frederick, Jacob (was a prominent lawyer at Burlington, Vt., and died there in 1875), Ruby and Newell. Marsh, Samuel N., Colchester, is a farmer and was born in Jericho, Vt., on March, 20, 1822.. He was a son of James and Lucy (Morgan) Marsh. His paternal grandfather, James Marsh, was a native of Connecticut, and was the first settler in Waterbury, Vt. He helped build the- first dam across the Onion River at Winocski, Vt., and was drowned in the same stream at Richmond, Vt., leaving a large family destitute. James, jr., settled in Jericho, Vt., in 1774,. where he was married. He had a family of nine children : Betsey, Henry, Esther, Calvin, Electa, Emily, Lewis, Lemuel and Samuel N. Samuel N. Marsh settled in Colchester, Vt., itt 1873. He was married on February 17, 1848, to Emily Field, a daughter of Harvey Field, of Jericho, Vt. They had a family of four children born to them : Emerson, Edith (Emerson aged seventeen years, Edith fifteen years ; both died the same year and week in 1868), Edna (now Mrs. R. J. White), and Eugene L., who married Minnie M. Morgan, a daughter of Stephen and Rhoda (Bailey) Morgan, of Colchester, Vt. They have had one child, Blanche M. May, Jerome H, Hinesburg, was born in Bristol, Addison county, Vt., in 1849, and settled' in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1870, and engaged as a traveling salesman. He embarked in the carriage^ wagon, sleigh and cutter business in 1879, purchasing his goods for cash and buying large quan- tities. He was married in 1869 to Eliza Wilcox, who was born in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1846, a. daughter of John Wilcox. They have had two children born to them, Nellie E., born in Hunt- ington, in 1874, and Jerome H., jr., born in Waterbury, Vt., in 1877. Jerome H., sr., was a son of Lewis and Orpha (Davis) May, who were natives of Chittenden county, Vt., and now reside in Huntington, Vt. They had a family of five sons and two daughters born to them : Horace S.^ Edgar L., G-eorge Gr., Rufus W., Jerome H., Marinda and Minerva. Horace 8. enlisted in 17th. Vt. Vol., served under General Grant, and was discharged with his regiment. Meech, Edgar, Charlotte, was born in Shelburne, Vt., on June 20, 1818. He Was a gentle- man of rare qualities, retiring in his habits, but always ready to contribute to the comfort of the afflicted, but never sought the applause of his friends or acquaintances. He died on Feb- ruary 19, 1885. He was a graduate of the University of Vermont at Burlington, Vt., in 1841,. and was married in 1850 to Mary Jane Field, of Springfield, Vt. They had five children born to them, Charies E., WiUiam F., Mary Elizabeth, Abbie Jennie, and Sarah S. WilUam F. died in 1874 and Abbie J. was married to William K. Sheldon Charles B. was a graduate from Bur- lington University, Vt., in 1874. Mary J. Meech was a daughter of Salathiel and Lucy (Bragg) Field. Edgar was a son of Ezra and Mary (McNeil) Meech. Mary was a daughter of John McNeil. They had a family of ten children born to them, five of whom are now living, Mary Jane, James, Ezra and Edgar. Mary (McNeil) Meech died in 1827 ; Ezra then married his sec- ond wife, Mrs. Asahel Clark, in 1828 ; she died in September, 1874, aged eighty-one years. Ezra was born in Connecticut in 1773, and settled in this county in 1785, with his father, Elisha Meech, and family of nine sons and one daughter. Ezra, who dealt largely in furs and was a general merchant, settled in Chariotte, Vt., in 1795, and in 1806 he purchased his homestead farm in Charlotte, Vt., where he died in 1856, owning at that time over 3 500 acres of land. He was engaged in 1810 in the shipping of ship timber to Quebec, and at the breaking out of the War of 1812. They gave him thirty days to close his business and get out, and at the close of the war he again entered into the lumber business. He furnished supplies to the soldiers in the War of 1812, of the American army, as United States agent. He representea his county in the- Legislature, was a judge of his county, was elected to Congress from his district in 1819, and also two terms after. He was a man of stanch principles, and executive business ability. Metcalf, William J., Williston, was born in Underbill, Vt., on January 21, 1844 He was a son of Thomas and Emily (Story) Metcalf. His father was born in Yorkshire, England, April 16, 1814, and was a son of George and Cecelia (Thompson) Metcalf. He came to the United States m 1832 and settled in Underbill, Vt. His parents joined him two years later at this, place. He was married in 1841 to Emily Story, «. daughter of David and Laura (Martin) Story, who settled in the town of Underhill, Vt., in 1816. To this marriage were born six children : William J., Ellen, Marilla, Jairus, Sarah and Wesley. He came to Williston Vt in Brief Personals. 843. 1864 and settled on the farm on -which "William J. now resides. William J. Metoalf settled on the farm which he now occupies, and which consists of 187 acres, in 1871. He was married on December 21, 1868, to Elizabeth Patchen, a daughter of Ralph and Jeanette (MoGregor> Patchen, of South Burlington, Vt. They have had two children born to them, Juna 0. and Bertha jean. Miles, Dr. John R, Hinesburg, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., January 2, 1820. He attended lectures at the college at Woodstock, Vt., in 1839, and in 1842 attended the same at Castleton, Vt, and in 1865 he graduated from the Burlington, Vt, Medical College. He also received an honorary degree at Dartmouth College in 1843. He settled in Hinesburg, Vt., in 1843, in the- practice of his profession, that of medicine and surgery, entering as a partner with his uncle, John W. Miles. They dissolved partnership in 1846, John W. retiring. John P. has carried on the business ever since. He has held many of the town offices, was member of the Assembly in 1862 and 1863, was town clerk and treasurer for sixteen years, notary public and selectman- for three terms, and held many of the minor offices. He was married in 1843 to Phy delia Boyn- ton, who was born in Shelburne, Vt., in 1821. They have had four children born to them, Mark B., born November 6, 1843, Charles N., born April 8, 1848, Mary A., born June 11, 1853, and Helen J., born November 22, 1860. John P. Miles was a son of Nathaniel and Roxelena. (Bishop) Miles. She was born in Hinesburg, Vt, on September 7, 1793, and died on September 8, 1864; Nathaniel was born in New Milford, Conn., on March 31, 1794, and died on February 15, 1864. They were married on December, 19, 1816, and had a family of six children born to- them, four of whom are now living : Hannah J., Mary Ann, Doctor John P. and Guy. Helen married Ralph Ray. She died in 1861, leaving two children. Nathaniel was one of the promi- nent men of his town, representing the same in 1835 and 1836; was selectman for three years from 1850, and held all the minor offices of the town. He was a. son of John and Mary Ann (Crane) Miles, who settled in Hinesburg, Vt., about 1800. They came from New Milford, Conn., where Mary Ann was born in 1773 ; John also was born in the same year, and they were mar- ried in 1793. They came here and settled with three children. They had a family of six chil- dren in all born to them. Miles, Dr. John W., Williston, was born in Hinesburg, Vt., on April 14, 1812. He was- reared on his father's farm and fitted himseH for the medical profession, reading with his brother Carlton. He graduated from the medical college at Woodstock, Vt, in June, 1839, and settled in Monkton, Vt., in 1840 in the practice of his profession, after which he settled in Hinesburg, Vt, where he still resides. He retired from active life, although enjoying a large practice. He was elected by his many friends to represent his town in 1866 and 1867. He was married in 1845 to Sarah Wright, who was born in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1820. They had two sons born to them, one of whom died at an early age. George C, born on March 17, 1849, married on Au- gust 1, 1878, Hattie Richmond. They have had one son born to them, Wright Miles. George now resides'at Fergus Palls, Minnesota. Sarah was a daughter of Brigham and Urania (Murray) Wright She was born in Chittenden county, Vt, and he was born in Connecticut Dr. John W. was a son of John and Mary Ann (Crane) Miles. They were natives of New Milford, Conn., where they were married. They settled in Hinesburg, Vt, in 1800, with three children. They have had six children born to them : Nathaniel, born in 1794, Ransom, born in 1796, Betsey, born in 1798, Hannah J., Carlton E., and John W., who is the only one now living of the family ; he- was born 1812. Carlton E. was a prominent physician in his town and became a Baptist cler- gyman. John married his second wife, Mrs. Bethsheba Bates, in 1815. She died on November 13, 1842. Miller, Norman E., Williston, a farmer and horticulturist of Williston, was born in Willis- ton, Vt, on July 23, 1830. He was a son of Elisha and Angelina (Munson) Miller. His pa- ternal grandfather, Elisha Miller, sr., was a native of Springfield, Mass., who settled in Willis- ton Vt in 1793. He was married twice. His first wife was Lorain Jackson, by whom he had' a family of eight children — Elisha, jr., Laura, Marshall, Julia, Sophia, Samuel, Sarah and Wilham His second wife was Sarah Elliott, by whom, also, he had eight children — Charles. E Alexander, Alexander 2d, Edward C. S., Julius, Lucretia, Albert and Lucretia 2d. Norman E 's maternal grandfather was John Munson, from Goshen, Conn., who .settled m Williston, Vt in 1797 Elisha Miller, jr., had a family of four children — John H., Norman E., Jackson and Ellen E Norman E. Miller was married on March 9, 1853, to Mary A. McBirney, of Hinesburg Vt a daughter of Alexander and Sarah McBirney, of Edinburgh, Scotland, and to- them have been born three children — Ellen E., Samuel H. and S. Louise. He now occupies a tract of land, consisting of 347 acres, with his brother Jackson, who was married o° Octpber 29 1856, to Hannah Perry, a daughter of Miner and Eliza K. Perry, of Bridport, Vt. They also have had two children born to them, Charlie B. and Laura A. Miner, James, Hinesburg, was born in Bridport, Vt, in 1805. He commenced his business- life in 1826 on the canal, having charge of two boats runnmg from Whitehall, N. Y., to Al- 844 History of Chittenden County. bany, and in 1827 he engaged in farming, in which he continued until 1842, when he embarked in the mercantile business in Monkton, Vt., and sold his stock in 1850. In 1851 he purchased a large farm of 500 acres at Hinesburg, Vt, where he settled in 1855, and again embarked in the general mercantile business. He retired from general business life in 1858 and engaged as a capitalist, giving his attention to banking, land and loan interests. He now owns nine farms. He represented his town three terms, was justice of the peace and selectman for several terms, constable, sheriff, town agent, lister, and held nearly all town offices, also holds a lieutenant, captain and major's commission ; was always active in the interest of his town during the late war. He was married in January, 1826, to Alma Wilmarth, of Addison, Vt. She died in 1847, leaving one daughter, Helen A. James then married his second wife, Martha Wells, of Hinesburg, Vt., in 1849. She died in 1877. They had one daughter, M. Alma, who died in 1861, aged nine years ; and he then married his third wife, Mrs. Rosamond (Castle) Cole, of Hinesburg, Vt., in 1879. They have had one child born to them, Helen Alma. She had one son by her first husband, Cheney I. Cole. James Miner was a son of William B. and Rebecca (Kendall) Miner. She was born in Enosburgh, Franklin county, Vt. He was born in Brid- port, Vt. He died in Illinois in 1839, aged sixty-rfour years, and she died in Hinesburg, Vt., at the residence of her son, in 1869, aged ninety-one years. Murray, Warham N., Williston, was born in WiUiston, Vt., on August 18, 1827. He was a son of David A. and Amelia (Noble) Murray. His paternal grandfather, Calvin Murray, was a son of Deacon Beriah Murray, a pioneer of Williston, who settled on the farm which is now occupied by Gr. W. Whitney, and was a noted hunter in his day. He reared a large family, of whom Calvin lived and died in Williston. He was a farmer and tanner. His children were Urania, Orrin, David A., Caroline, Mandara, Ruth, Rhoda, Calvin and G-eorge B. Of these children David A. was born in Williston, Vt., on March 5, 1802, and died on June 14, 1884. His children were Warham N., Lemuel T., Calvin A., Carrie A., George N., Rollin D. and Maria B. Warham, at the age of twenty-one years, settled in Greensborough, Ga., where he engaged in the mercantile business, which he followed there for twenty years. He returned to WiUiston in 1868, and in 1870 was elected town clerk and treasurer, which offices he held continuously up to 1886. He was married twice ; his first wife was Ellen A. Chittenden, a daughter of Truman A. and Betsey (Rhodes) Chittenden, of Williston, Vt. His second wife was Elizabeth Waldron, a daughter of George and Mary (White) Waldron, of Montreal. They had one child born to them, David A. Nichols, Charles H., Essex, is a farmer and was born in Richmond, Vt, on January 5, 1820. He was a son of Charles H. and Rachel (Peck) Nichols. His paternal grandfather was James Nichols, a pioneer of Richmond, Vt. Charles H. Nichols, sr., was a farmer by occupation and lived in Richmond, Vt, the greater part of his life and died in Bolton, Vt. He had a family of ten children — Maria, Minerva, James, Charles H., Polly, William S..Lidy M., Alexander, Sarah A. and Adoniram J. Charles H., jr., resided in Richmond, Vt, where he resided until sixteen years of age, when be settled in Essex, Vt., where he worked for Arnold Colby, who owned the farm which Charles now occupies and which he purchased an interest in when twenty-four years of age, and purchased the same in full in 1857. He was married in 1843 to Abigail L. Warner, a daughter of Doctor Benjamin and Miranda (Baxter) Warner, who were among the early pioneers of Essex, Vt They have had a family of five children born to them — Miranda (deceased), Warner B., Eliza J., Charley A. and Burton E. Charles H. Nichols is one of the prominent farmers in this county, and has always taken an active part in town affairs. He was selectman for seven years, director and overseer of the poor fifteen years, represented his town in the Legislature in 1880-81, and has also held other minor offices. Newell, Edwin R., Charlotte, East Charlotte p. o., was born in Charlotte, Vt, m 1823. He was married May 25, 1853, to Lucy Byington, who was born in Williston, Vt., in June, 1826. Two sons (twins) were born to them November 14, 1857, Wyllys and Willard. Willard died in 1866. Edwin R. Newell was a son of Oran and Lydia (Marsh) Newell. He was born in Charlotte, May 26, 1794, and she was born in Worthington, Mass., July 28, 1796. They were married November 24, 1817. A family of six children were born to them, two of whom are now living, Edwin R. and Orphona P. One died in childhood, and three. Marsh, Desiar and Chloe, at the age of twenty-seven, leaving no children. Oran was a son of General John Newell and Desiar (Sprague) Newell, who were born in Goshen, Conn., and married in Hines- burg, Vt Two sons were born to them, John and Oran. Heman H. Newell was also a son of General John Newell, by his second wife, Huldah Horsford. John Newell was a son of Rev. Abel Nevrell, a native of Connecticut, who graduated at Yale College in 1751, and was the valedictorian of his class. He was for many years pastor of the Congregational Church in Goshen, Conn., from which place he came to Charlotte with his family of five sons, namely Nathaniel, Blisha, Lot, Abel and John. He died January 25, 1813 ; John Newell in 1833 • Oran Newell in March, 1831 ; and his wife, Lydia (Marsh) Newell, February 2, 1877. ' Brief Personals. 845 Nichols, Timothy W. E., Essex, was born in Richmond, Vt., on September 30, 1815. He is the town clerk and also a farmer. He was a son of Timothy and Rhoda 8. (Chaffee) Nichols. His paternal grandfather was James Nichols, a native of New Haven, Conn., who was among the first settlers of Richmond, Vt., clearing and improving a farm there, where he remained until the time of his death. In early life he was a sailor. His children were James H., Charles H., Josiah W., Timothy S., John S., Jeremiah S., Sally H. and Polly H. Of these children Timothy S. was married in Wallingford, Vt., and settled in Essex, Vt., in 1824, where he engaged in farm- ing, and remained there until the time of his death. He had a family of two children — Timo- thy W. E. and Ira J., deceased. Timothy W. R. Nichols came to reside in Essex, Vt., when nine years of age, where he has since resided, with the exception of four years. He was mar- ried on February 22, 1844, to Susan A. Tubbs, a daughter of John and Sarah (Tyler) Tubbs, of Essex, Vt. They have had a fan?ily of two children born to them — Jane B. (Mrs. Charles E. Greene) and Fayette C. Timothy W. R.'s second wife was Julia A. Bliss, a daughter of Ol- iver and Rosina (Tubbs) Bliss, of Essex, Vt., to whom he was married March 12, 1868. He has been a town clerk for twenty-three years and a justice of the peace for over thirty years. Osgood, Amasa, Essex, is a retired farmer and was born in Westford, Vt., April 30, 1813. He was brought up on the old homestead, Westford, and after his marriage settled on a part of it and resided there for thirty years. He was married in 1838 to Maria Holmes, a daughter of Manley and Sally (Howe) Holmes, who were early settlers in Westford, Vt. They had two children born to them, Sarah M. and Lucy B. Mr. Osgood came to Essex, Vt, in 1867, and has resided there since. He was a son of Manassah and Anna (Buxton) Osgood, who were natives of Barre, Mass.. and who were among the early settlers in the town of Westford, Vt. They settled on the farm which is now owned by Reuben Osgood, which they cleared and improved themselves, and on which they resided until the time of their deaths. Manassah Osgood was drafted in the War of 1812, but sold his best cow to procure a substitute, not caring to leave his family at that time. He had a family of ten children, who grew to maturity — Sylvia, Chloe, Mehitable, Lucy, Manassah, jr., Anna, Amasa, Mary, Carmi and Reuben. He died at the age of eighty years, .and his wife died at the age of eighty -nine years and nine months. The two daughters of Amasa Osgood died, Lucy B., July 5, 1875, in the twenty-seventh year of her age ; Sarah M., October 29, 1883, in her fortieth year. Mr. Osgood's religious preferences are Congregational, as were all his ancestry. The record of himself and family is that of honesty, faitlrfulness, purity of personal character and Christian integrity. Parmelee, P. Loren, Colchester, is a farmer and was born in Colchester, Vt., on November 17, 1825. He was a son of Rufus and Philura (Cushman) Parmelee. His paternal grandfather, Nathan Parmelee, was a native of Massachusetts and was a pioneer of Weybridge, Vt., and came to Colchester, Vt., with his son Rufus in 1810, and settled on the farm which is now owned by Samuel Marsh, and where they resided until the time of their deaths. Aaron Par- melee had a family of two children — Rufus and Sophia, both of whom are now dead. Rufus Parmelee had a family of four children — Philura, Philander, Phedora and P. Loren. Loren's paternal grandfather was Artemas Cushman, a native of Massachusetts and a pioneer of Col- chester, Vt. P. Loren was brought up on the old homestead and settled on his present farm in 1875. He has been married twice. His first was Samantha McNall, of Colchester, Vt. His second and present wife was- Calista, wife of Charles Belden, a daughter of the Rev. John and Epxana (Shute) Chase, of Colchester, Vt., and by whom he has had a fanaily of three children — John L., Etna C. and Alma. Partch, Noble L., Hinesburg, was born in 1817. He represented his town in 1870 and 1871, was a justice of the peace for nine years, selectman for nine terms, lister for two terms, town agent three years. He is a general farmer and settled on his homestead in 1853. He was mar- ried in 1843 to Laura Dorwin, of Hinesburg, Vt. They had a family of three children born to them, Martha (died at the age of fifteen years), Laura S., and Noble D. Noble L. Partch was a son of John and Ruby (Lawrence) Partch ; she was born in Monkton, Addison county, Vt., and he was born in Danbury, Conn., in 1780, and died on July 13, 1873. They had a family of six children born to them, four of whom are now living, Oascenda, Lephia, Nelspn W., aniography of, 720. Cannon, Colonel I,e Grand B., biograpliv of, 724. Carpenter, Walter, M.D., biograpliv of, Stl7. (\\iiiei', Jaini's 78. C;i\ah-y, Fn-st \'orniont. .'iSl. eng.-igemenis participated in bv. .">82. Cells or eliiscls, 01. Central \'iTmont Raih-oad Company, first of- lieeis of the, 191. Chanipbiin Canal, conslnicLion ol. 312. Index. 863 Champlain Canal: ferry company, incorporation of, 316. Lake, discovery of, 79. Samuel de, 78. Transportation Company, establishment by, of a daily line through the lake, 319. inauguration of the custom of uni- forming the officers and crews of the vessels of, 320. officers of, 322. Charlotte, history of the town of, 534. boundaries of, 534. business interests in, 548. charter of, 534. early proprietors' meetings in, 535. early settlements in, 536. ecclesiastical history of, 550. Female Seminary in, 217. first settlers in, 536 et seq. military affairs in, 546. municipal history of, 547. organization of, 545. post-office of, 549. present officers of, 549. present professional men of, 549. principal water ways in, 535. Chazy epoch, the, 26. Chessmore. Alwyn Harding, M. D., biography of, 742. Chittenden county. Boards of United States examining surgeons for pensions in, 258. census table of population of towns in, since 1790, 718. citizens of, who were governors of Ver- mont, 148. Commissioners and Boards of Supervisors of the Insane of, 257. condition of, at the outbreak of the Revo- lution, 124. county buildings of, 157. creation of Franklin county from a part of, 158. early artisans of, 181. early editors of, 284. early history of journalism in, 277. establishment of, in 1787, 148. first census of, 239. geographical position of, 13. Institute, the, 218. interesting peculiarities of early newspa- pers of, 277. list of judges of, from 1787 to 1884, 149 et seq. Usts of volunteers from, 330 et seq. lumbering in, 182. organization in, of Howard Guards, 345. organization of, into fifth Masonic district, 298. . patriotism of the citizens of towns m, 329. plank roads of, 189. politics of the early newspapers of, 285. present membership of bar of, 225. [145. previously a part of Albany county, N. Y., Chittenden county : quaint advertisements in the early news- papers of, 280 et seq. railroads of, 189. record of the draft in, 344. rich in relics, 52. Roman Catholic churches of, 525. sharpshooters of, 380. smallest town in, 666. summarj' of enlistments from October, 1865, 343. tabular statement of enlistments from, 344. teachers' association of, 514. volunteers from, in Seventh Regiment, 359. Chittenden's, G-overnor Martin, opposition to the war, 163. proclamation, 163. protest of officers against, 164. Chittenden, Hon. Thomas, sketch of, 709 et seq. Cincinnati or Hudson River period, 31. period, living forms of, 32. Colchester Academy, 217. history of the town of, 553. agricultural productions of, 553. boundaries of, 553. business interests in, 562 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 565. fire department in, 565. first settlers in, 556 et seq. list of grantees of, 553. municipal history of, 560. postmasters in, 565. professions in, 561. settlement of, by the French, 81. Controversy between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 91. County court, first case in the records of, 226. first recorded criminal trial in the, 226. Crombie, WiUiam Augustus, biography of, 795. Crown Point, surrender of, to Colonel Seth Warner, 129. DECLARATION of Independence, 107. Diet of Indian family, 69. Dikes, formation of rock, 36. Dow, Isaiah, biography of, 743. EARLY days, litigations in, 227. French settlements, 80. Indian tribes, 46. tribes, temporary settlements of, 49. Vermont, physicians of, 184. schools of, 183. Vermonters, amusements of, 184. farm implements of, 180. inconvenience in travel and transpor- tation among the, 185. observance of the Sabbath by, 182. English settlers succeeding French, 83. Earthenware, specimens of, in Champlain val- ley, 54. Essex, history of the town of, 568. 864 Index. Essex : charter of, 569. Classical Institute, 217. division of the town of, 572. ecclesiastical history of, 581. educational history of, 584. first settlement in, 569. geographical features of, 591. mihtary history of, 589. organization of the town of, 570. professional history of, 587. settlements in, 573. FLETCHER Free Library, 507. Mary M., biography of, 745. Formation of mountains, old theory of the, 34. Port Ticonderoga, reduction of, by General Amherst, 88. Freemasonry, general opposition to, in the years 1826-36, 293. introduction of, into Chittenden county, 287. French and English War, 84. expedition of the, against the Mohawks in 1666, 308. , seigniories, annulling of, 83. Fulton's, Robert, first steamboat on the Hud- son, 315. GALUSHA TRUMAN, biography of, 747. Geological development, 17. formation, 15. time, subdivisions of, 17. » Gillett, Henry, Ijiography of, 750. Goodrich, Blossom, biography of, 749. Gouges, stone, uses of, 62. Grand Isle Steamboat Company, oraranization of, 323. Grants, conditions of settlement of, 82. or seigniories, creation of, 82. Great Britain, commercial intercourse with, interdicted by act of Congress in 1807, 160. HATCHETS and scrapers, flint, 73. Hinesburg Academy, 218. history of the town of, 592. condition of, in 1R25, 602 et seq. early records of, 593. early settlers of, 595 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 611. educational history of, 611. highways and roads of, 594. ■ manufactures of, 606 et seq. organization of the town of, 602. postmasters of, 611. present business interests in, 605. present officers of, 610. professional men in, 609. situation and boundaries of, 592. town system of schools of, 219. Home for Destitute Children, 505, Hopkins, the Right Rev. John Henry, D. D., L.L. D., biography of, 799. Hopkins, Theodore Austin, biography of, 803. Hough, Benjamin, punishment inflicted on, 99. Hospital, the Mary Plether, 247 et seq. board of visitors of, 253. corps of instructors of training school for nurses, 255. death in, of founder, 250. endowment of a room in, by Senator Ed- munds, 250. field of benevolence occupied by, 251. founding of, 247. location of buildings of, 248. organization of board of directors of, 247. original directors of, 252. plans of interior of buildings, 248. present medical and surgical staff, 253. training school for nurses in, 254. Huntington, history of the town of, 613. charter of the town of, 613. educational interests of, 622. early settlements in, 615. ecclesiastical history of, 622. first industries of, 618. hotels of, 620. mercantile interests of, 619. organization of the town of, 617. postmasters of, 621. present manufacturing interests in, 619. present town officers of, 621. proprietors' records of, 614. surface of the town of, 614. the professions in, 620. town of, in War of 1812, 617. INDIAN amulets, shapes of, 71. Depredations on Enghsh colonies, 89. tribes, stone implements of, 47. JAIL, the first, 158. Jars found in Chittenden county, deco- ration of, 56. Jericho, history of the town of, 623. boundaries of, 623. early settlers of, 625 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 632. educational history of, 633. first officers of the town of, 629. geographical surface of, 624. growth of mechanic arts in, 630. the professions in, 634 et seq. water courses in the town of, 630. Johnson, John, biography of, 751. LAKE Champlain, discovery of iron ore on the west side of, 312. exorbitant charge for passage through, 318. list of vessels built upon,' from 1790 to 1815,311. naval engagement on, 135. navigation on, 309. passage of posts on, from the British to the .'Vmerioans, 127. steanier.s, captains who have commanded 323. Index. 86s Lake Ohamplain : t"— 7 steamers, pilots of, 323. skirmishes on the borders of, 126. Lake shore, 1,5. Lake View Retreat, 255. Lumber trade, opening of, 325. Lyman, Edward, biography of, 756. "1% /TcCREA, JANE, murder of, by Indians, MacDonough's, Commodore, fleet, 166. letter to the secretary of the navy, 162. offers battle to the British, 162. McGlassin, Captain, surprise, attack, and cap- ture by, of British troops at work on battery, 171. Masonic, Army Lodges, 298. A. -.A. -.8. -.Rite, 303. Burhngton Lodge F. & A. M. No. 100, 297. Delta chapter of Rose Croix, H-R-D-M, 304. Grand Lodge P. & A. M., Vermont, 298. hst of officers of, to 1886, 291. officers of, to 1834, 288 et seq. organization of, 287. reorganization of, 291. resolutions adopted by, 299. Haswell Lodge of perfection, 303. Joseph W. Roby Council, princes of Je- rusalem, 304. Snights templar, 302. McDonough Lodge, No. 56, charter of, 291. No. 56, officers of, to 1834, 291. officers of, since 1851, 293. removal of, to Jericho, in 1883, 293. reorganization of. 293. North Star Lodge, officers of, 296. Patriot Lodge, officers of, 296. Royal Arch ilasons, 300. Burlington chapter of, 300. Royal and Select Masters, 301. Seneca Lodge, officers of, 294. Vermont Council of Deliberation, 305. Vermont Consistory, S.-.P.'.R.-.S.-., 304. Washington Lodge, 287. Webster Lodge, officers of, 297. Medical profession, biographical sketches of members of: Atwater, Dr. William, 261. Chamberlain, Dr. Thomas, 262. Cole, Dr. Matthew, 264. Hatch, Dr. Horace, 263. Heineberg, Dr. Bernard J., 263. Knox, Dr. J. M., 264. Langdon, Dr. H. H., 264. Lincoln, Dr. Benjamin, 262. Mar.sh, Dr. Joseph, 263. Marsh, Dr. Leonard, 263. Moody, Dr. Robert, 262. Jomeroy, Dr. Cassius Francis, 260. Pomeroy, Dr. John, 258. PovBcU, Dr. Truman, 261. Thayer, Dr. Samuel White, 264. Meech, Hon. Ezra, biography of, 756. Merchants' Line, establishment of, in 1841, 313. Military organization of settlers, 97. Milton, history of the town of. 636. changes in, from 1825 to '30, 645. delay in the settlement of, 637. early business interests of, 646. ecclesiastical history of, 652. first settlers in, 639 et seq. geographical situation of, 636. hardships of early settlers in, 644. organization of, 643. origin of the name of, 636. post-office of, 652. present business interests in, 647 et seq. present town officers, 651. proceedings of the proprietors of, 638. schools of, 652. the professions in, 649 et seq. town house of, 647. Montgomery, General, detaches the Indians from the British cause, 130. death of, 132. and Schuyler, Generals, placed by Con- gress in command of the troops in the north, 129. Montreal placed under the command of Ar- nold, 133. Morgan, Edward, J., biography of, 789. Morse, George H., biography of, 815. Mount Mansfield, 14. N EW COUNTIES, organization of, 95. New York and Lake Champlain Trans- portation Company, organization of, 313. ODD FELLOWS, independent order of, 305. Onion River, building of toll-bridge over, 188. Origin of the Whig party, 285. PARKER, SEYMOUR JEREMIAH, bi- ography of, 757. Peck, Cicero Goddard, biography of, 761. Peck, Theodore Safford, biography of, 764. Personals, brief, 822. Pipes, earthenware, 58. Planing-mill, the first, 326. Plattsburgh, battle of, 166 et seq. Pomeroy, John N., -biography of, 758. Postmasters of the United States, salaries paid, 492. Pottery, decoration of, in prehistoric Vermont, 57. Prehistoric history of Vermont, 46. Press of Chittenden county, history of : Burlington Clipper, 275. Burlington Courier, 274. Burhngton Free Press, 270. Burlington Free Press, description in, of first appearance of the telegraph in Burlington, 271. Burlington Gazette, 270. 866 Index. Press of Chittenden county : Burlington JVIeroury, 268. Daily Free Press, issue of the first number of, 271. Home Hours, 274. The Burlington Independent, 275. The Burlington Review, 275. The Chittenden Reporter, 275. The Commercial Register, 274. The Independent, 274. The Repertory, 270. The Sentinel or Centinel, 268. The Vermont National, 275. Vermont Agriculturist, 274. Vermont Autograph and Remarker, 276. Vermont Watchman, 274. Province of Canada, surrender of, to the Brit- ish, 90. QUATERNARY AGE, first plants of, 40. periods of, 39. river channels of, 41. Quaternary period, close of, 44. mammoth animals of, 43. Quebec, capture of, in 1760, by Q-eneral Hal- dimand, 309. REED'S, COLONEL, difficulties with the settlers, 102. grants, 101. Revolution, number of inhabitants of the coun- ty after the, 159. Revolutionary War, first blood spilled in, 106. Richmond, history of the town of, 656. boundaries of, 656. business interests in, 661 et seq. early records of, 659. early settlers in, 656 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 665. post-office of, 664. present town officers of, 665. schools in, 666j the professions in, 664. volunteers from, in the War of 1812, 660. River channels, terraces formed by, 42. Roads, early, 186. Roberts, Daniel, biography of, 767. Robinson's, Colonel Beverly, letter to Ethan Allen, 117. Root, Elijah, biography of, 765. ST. ALBANS Steamboat Company, organi- zation of, 317. St. George, history of the town of, 666. boundaries of, li66. first birth in, 609. first school-house in, 669. first settlei-x in, 668. names of grantees of, 667. organization of, 609. post-ollice in, G(!9. pre.'iunt town olliccrs, 669. St. Lawrence, river and gull' of, Cartier's dis- covery ol', '.H)7. Settlers, harmony among, destroyed by polit-- ioal dissension, 160. under the New Hampshire grants, 93. Shelburne, history of the town of, 670. derivation of the name of, 670. early settlements and events in, 672 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 683. grantees of, 670. list of early settlers in, 674 et seq. organization of, and procedings in, 679. population of, in 1835, 680. post-office of, 082. present interests in, 681. present officers of, 682. surface of the town of, 671. town hall in, 682. Shells, use of, by early Indian tribes, 53. Siege of Quebec, 132. Skeene, Philip, 95. the Tory, the first judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 146. Smugghng, 415. South Burlington, history of the town of, 684. early settlements in, 685. first meeting in, 684. organization of, 685. present officers of, 687. Sparhawk, Geo. E. E., M.D., biography of, 770. Spear-points and lance-heads, 75. Smith, John, biography of, 774. Smith, John Eldredge, biography of, 773. State of New Hampshire, difficulty with, 110. State Senate, institution of, in 1835, 148. Steamboat, second ever made, launched in- Vermont, 185. Stevens, Alonzo Jackson, biography of, 772. Stone, Alney, biography of, 775. Stone knives, forms of, 74. Stone tools, oofiections of, 59. TALCOTT, Lewis H., biography of, 779. Tobacco, use of, in pipes, 70. Town, Albert, biography of, 777. Township.'*, division of the county into, 125. Treaty of Ghent, signing of, 179. Trenton period, the, 28. Tryon's, Governor, letter to the inhabitants of the grants, 101, negotiation with the Green Jlountain boys, 100. Turnpikes, laying out and building, 187. UNDERHILL Academy, 219. Underbill, history of the town of, 687. boundaries of, (i87. early manufactures in, 691. ecclesiastical history of, 693. first settlers in, 688 et seq. geographical situation of, 687. school system of, 692. soldiers from, in the War of the Rebel- lion, 69-1. University of Vermont, AnsjoU, Prof. James L., invited to the presidency of, 202. Index. 867 University of Vermont: appointment of instructors in, 196. Billings Library, the, of the, 208. bright and hopeful prospects of, 201. Buckham, Professor Matthew H., elected to the presidency of, 203. buildings of, 205. burning of the building of, 199. cost of college buildings of, 206. election of Rev. .James Marsh to the presi- dency of, 199. election of trustees of, 197. Howard, John P., endowment by, of chair of natural philosophy in, 204. Faculty of the medical college of, 244. first meeting of the corporation of, 195. gifts of money and land to the, 201. , incorporation with, of the Vermont Agri- cultural College, 2U2. library of, 200. mansion of the president of, 207. medical coUege of, course of instruction in, 245. medical department of, 240. number of students graduated from the medical college of, 244. project of the, 194. reorganization of, with a new faculty, 198. \Voman, entrance of the first, as student in, 203. TJtica shale, 29. VERMONT, admission of, to General As- sembly, 116. Vermont Brigade, engagements participated in by the, 356. gallantry of, 350. General Sheridan's approval of, 357. history of, 349. movements of, 351. Portion of General Stannard's report in regard to, 375. Termont, brilliant record of, in the War of the Rebellion, '-Vl'.). Central Railroad Company, lease of the Vermont and Canada Road to, 191. cold season of 1816 in, 415. declaration of independence of, 108. denies the authority of Congress, 115. early di.scovery of, 80. Episcopal Church in, 216. Episcopal Institute, 214. individuality of the people and history of, 179. negotiation for the admission of, into the Union, 114. noted lumber firms in, 327. occupations and customs of the early set- tlers of, 180. organization of internal government of, 108. A'ermont : passage of the act admitting, to the Fed- eral Union, 124. pioneers of, virtues and sterling qualities of, 186. proposals of the British to, 119. severity of the winters of, 181. stone implements, age of, 50. terms of admission of, into the Union, 120. Vermonter, humor of the, 184. Volunteers, Fifth Regiment of, 347. Fifteenth and Sixteenth Regiments of, 374. First Regiment of, 34i. Fourteenth Regiment of, 374. Fourth Regiment of, 347. Ninth Regiment of, 364. Second Regiment of, 346. Seventeenth Regiment of, 377 et seq. Seventh Regiment of, 359 et seq. Sixth Regiment of, 348. Tenth Regiment of, 368. Third Regiment of, 347. Thirteenth Regiment of, 374. Twelfth Regiment of, 373. TT/'ALES, Judge Torrey E., biography of, yy 781. War of 1812, beginning of, 161. close of, 178. Warner, Seth, assailed by Munro, 98. Wells, William, biography of, 796. Westford, history of the town of, 695. boundaries of, 695. churches in, 703. early settlers in, 097 et seq. in the early wars, 700. list of grantees of, 696. litigation in, among the early settlers, 701. organization of, 700. post-office in, 703. present mercantile interests of, 702. Weston, Sidney H., biography of, 793. Whitcomb, .John, biography of, 811. Wliitcomb. Joshua, biography of, 813. Whitcomb, Lorenzo Dow, biography of, 814. Whitney, Edmund, biography of, 816. Whittemore, Albert Gallatin, biography of, 787. WiUiston Academy, 221. Williston, history of the town of, 704. boundaries of, 704. present town officers of, 716. condition of, in 1825, 712 et seq. early settlements and proceedings in, 705 et seq. ecclesiastical history of, 716. organization of, and early proceedings in. 712. post-olBce in, 715. present business interesi.-; of, 714. Woodruff, .lohn, biography of, 789. Wright, John, biography of, S(i5.