BOOKS OF REFERENCE 
 
 Students & Teachers of French 
 
 ar W ] 
 37727 
 
 A Critical Survey. 
 
 E. G. W. BRAUNHOLTiX, M.A. 
 
 Reader m Romance in t/te University nf Cambridg 
 
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 Books of reference for students & teache 
 
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BOOKS OF REFERENCE 
 
 FOB 
 
 Students & Teachers of French 
 
 A CRITICAL SUEYEY 
 
 BY 
 
 E. G. W. BRAUNHOLTZ, M.A. 
 
 READER IN. ROMANCE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 HACHETTE AND COMPANY 
 
 LONDON: IS KING WILLIAM STREET, CHARING CROSS 
 
 PARIS : 79 BOULEVARD SAINT-GERMAIN 
 
 1901 
 
 All rights reserved 
 l< 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The manuscript of the present essay was finished in September, 
 igoo. The long interval which has thus unfortunately elapsed 
 between its composition and publication must be my excuse for 
 the large number of " additions and corrections," on page 77 : 
 it was impossible, while the book was in the press, to make in 
 the text all the alterations which the appearance of new books 
 would have necessitated. 
 
 I feel sincerely obliged to my friends, Professor F. Spencer 
 of Bangor and Dr. A. Schulze of the Berlin Royal Library, for 
 assistance in reading the proofs and valuable advice and sugges- 
 tions most kindly and readily given me. I have also to thank 
 my brother, Dr. A. Braunholtz of the Strassburg University 
 Library, for supplying me with some bibliographical notes. 
 
 Any hints or criticisms from persons engaged or interested in 
 the study or teaching of French will be gratefully received, and, 
 if possible, used by me to improve the booklet, should a second 
 edition of it become necessary. 
 
 E. G. W. BRAUNHOLTZ. 
 
 37 Chesterton Rd., Cambridge. 
 
 Feb,-'.: ./;»' 251/1, 1901. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 i. Bibliographies ... ... ... ... ... i 
 
 2. Encyclopaedias ... ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 3. Periodicals ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 
 
 4. Literature Generally ... ... ... ... 13 
 
 5. Books and Manuscripts ... ... ... ••• 15 
 
 6. French Literature ... ... ... ... ... 1.7 
 
 7. Collections of Extracts ... ... ... ... 26 
 
 8. French Folklore ... ... ... ... ... 29 
 
 9. Language Generally ... ... ... ... 31 
 
 10. Phonetics ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 
 
 11. History of the French Language ... ... 33 
 
 12. Old French ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 
 
 13. French Dialects ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 14. Provencal ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 15. The Teaching of French ... ... ... ... 42 
 
 16. French Pronunciation ... ... ... ... 45 
 
 17. French Spelling ... ... ... ... ... 47 
 
 18. Modern French Grammar ... ... ... ... 47 
 
 19. Various Handbooks for the Study of French 50 
 
 20. Colloquial French ... ... ... ... ... 51 
 
 21. French Composition... ... ... ... ... 53 
 
 22. French Dictionaries ... ... ... ... 54 
 
 23. French Metre ... ... ... ... ... 59 
 
 24. Education in France ... ... ... ... 60 
 
 25. French Society, Institutions and : Manners ... 62 
 
 26. French History ... ... ... ... ... 67 
 
 27. French Art ... ... ... ... 71 
 
 28. Geography of France ... ... ... ... 72 
 
 Additions and Corrections ... ... ... 77 
 
BOOKS OF REFERENCE for Students and 
 Teachers of French. A Critical Survey by 
 E. G. W. Braunholtz, M.A., Reader in 
 Romance in the University of Cambridge. 
 
 1. Bibliographies. — In order to find out what books have 
 been published at a certain time, in a certain language, or on a 
 certain subject, we use bibliographies. The number of biblio- 
 graphies is very great, and it has been found needful to catalogue- 
 those which exist. Two such catalogues are especially useful : 
 J. Petzholdt's Bibliotheca bibliographica (Leipzig, 1866) and L_ 
 Vallee's Bibliographic lies bibliographies (with supplement, Paris, 
 1883 and 1887). Instead of and besides these two, the lists of 
 bibliographies published by some large libraries, e.g. the British 
 Museum, may be consulted. {List of bibliographical works in the 
 reading-room of the British Museum? London, 1889). 
 
 Bibliographies are either retrospective or periodical. Those 
 of the former kind are inventories of books which have been 
 published within a definite time, those of the latter kind appear 
 at intervals, and register the latest publications. There exists, 
 e.°-., a general bibliography of the first category, by L. Hain, of 
 books published up to 1 500 (Repertorium bibliographicum, Stuttgart, 
 1826-38, with a supplement by W. A. Copinger : A Supplement 
 to Hains Repertorium bibliographicum. Vol. I. London, 1895). 
 As a rule the scope of bibliographies is in some way limited : 
 they register the books published in one country, or those 
 belonging to some special branch of literature, or rare and 
 precious books, or the most useful books, etc. Thus we find an 
 inventory of the earliest books published in France in G. Brunet's 
 
La France littiraire au X V Steele, ou Catalogue raisonnk des ouvrages 
 imprimis en langue franfaise, jusq^h fan 1500 (Paris, 1865); of 
 those published during the 16th and 17th centuries in La Croix 
 da Maine and Du Verdier's Bibliotheques franfoises (nouv. 6d. 
 par Rigoley de Juvigny, 6 vols., Paris, 1772-73) ; of 18th and 
 early 19th century books in Querard's La France litteraire (12 
 vols., Paris, 1827-64) and its continuation La litterature franfaise 
 amiemporaine (6 vols., Paris, 1842-57). Lorenz's Catalogue de la 
 Hbrairie franfaise (from the 12th vol. continued by Jordell) 
 covers, in 13 vols., the period 1840-1890; vol. XIV, for the 
 period 1891-1899, has just begun to appear. Since 1893 
 Jordell has also published yearly catalogues of all French books 
 published in France or abroad. Moreover, Le Soudier brought 
 out in 1896 a Bibliographie franfaise, a collection of the cata- 
 logues of most French publishers (similar to the English 
 Reference Catalogue of current literature). The literature oi anony- 
 mous and pseudonymous books was catalogued by Querard 
 in his Les Supercheries litteraires devoilees 1 (3 vols., Paris, 1869-70) 
 and by Barbier in his Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseu- 
 donymes^ (4 vols., Paris, 1872-78) : a supplement to both was 
 published by G. Brunet {Supplement au Dictionnaire des ouvrages 
 anonymes de Barbier, etc., Paris, 1899). For the French periodical 
 press we possess a not quite satisfactory bibliography by Hatin 
 {Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique franfaise, 
 Paris, 1866). Periodical (not absolutely complete) bibliographies 
 of French books are the Bibliographie de la France (with a useful 
 yearly supplement, appearing in September, of Livres classiques, 
 i.e., school-books), the Memorial de la Hbrairie franfaise, both 
 of which appear weekly, and various others which are published 
 at longer intervals, e.g., the Courrier du livre (twice a month, 
 since 1896), the Bulletin mensuel des nouvelles publications francaises, 
 the Catalogue mensuel de la Hbrairie franfaise, the Repertoire biblio- 
 graphique de la Hbrairie franfaise (monthly). A yearly catalogue 
 of French theses and academical writings has been published 
 under the auspices of the Ministere de 1' Instruction publique 
 since 1884-85 ; beside it the earlier publication by Mourier and 
 Deltour, Catalogue et analyse des theses franfaises et latines admises 
 
par les facultes des lettres depuis 1810, is still continued. Lastly, 
 a most useful yearly inventory of French periodical literature, 
 the Repertoire bibliographique des principales revues franfaises, has 
 been published since 1897 : i ts second volume (1898) sum- 
 marised the contents of 257 periodicals. 
 
 Similar bibliographies appear in other French speaking coun- 
 tries : in Belgium the Bibliographie de Belgique, and a collective 
 catalogue, similar to Le Soudier's Bibliographie francaise, entitled 
 Librairie beige. Recueil alphabetique des catalogues (Bruxelles, 
 1892) ; in Switzerland the monthly Bibliographie und litterarische 
 Chronik der Schweiz, published in French and German. New 
 English publications are catalogued in the weekly Publishers' 
 Circular, the monthly Bookseller, and the American Publishers' 
 Weekly ; new German ones in the Wochentliches Verzeichnis der 
 ■erschienenen und der vorbereiteten Neuigkeiten des deutschen Buch- 
 handels, and the considerable literature of German dissertations 
 and school-programmes on modern languages is to be found in 
 the Jahresverzeichnis der an den deutschen Universitdten erschienenen 
 Schriften published (since 1887) by the Royal Library of Berlin 
 (14 vols., for the years 1885-99, an d a register to vols. I-V), the 
 Jahresverzeichnis der an den deutschen Schulanstalten ersc . ienencn 
 Abhandlungen published (since 1890) by the Royal Library of 
 Berlin (11 vols., for the years 18&9-99), Varnhngens Syste- 
 matisches Verzeichnis der Programmabhandiungen,Dissertationen und 
 ffabilitationsschriften aus dem Gebiete der romanischen und englisclien 
 Philologie, sowie der allgemeinen Sprach- und Litteraturwissenschaft 
 und der Padagogik und Methodilr (Leipzig, 1893), Klussmann's 
 Systematisches Verzeichnis der Abhandlungen, welche in den Schul- 
 schriftefi sdmtlicher an dem Programmtausche teilnehmenden Anstalteu 
 erschienen sind (Leipzig, vol. I 1889, for the years 1876-S5 ; vol. 
 II 1893, for, the years 1886-90 ; vol. Ill 1899, for the years 1891- 
 95), and Fock's Bibliographischer Monatsbericht iiber neuerschiene.ne 
 Schul- und Universitiitsschriften (including also foreign publica- 
 tions). An excellent record of articles published in a large 
 number -of English and American periodicals is Poole's Index to 
 Periodical Literature^ (Boston, 1882, with two supplements 1888 
 and 1893), and another equally useful inventory of articles or 
 
essays, contained in collective volumes is Fletcher's Index to- 
 General Literature (Boston, 1893). Both are regularly con- 
 tinued by Fletcher and Bowker's Annual Literary Index (New 
 York, since 1893). The -Review of Reviews has published since 
 1890, an Annual Index to Periodicals (10 vols., for 1890-99), 
 which is even fuller than the Annual Literary Index. A very 
 useful Eibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriftenlitteratur, edited by 
 Dietrich, has appeared since 1897 (6 vols. ; the sixth vol. is an 
 inventory of more than 1000, mostly scientific, German periodical 
 publications). 
 
 Among- bibliographies of rare and precious books, J. C. Bru- 
 net's Manuel du libraire 5 (6 vols, Paris, 1860-65, with supplement 
 by G. Brunet and Deschamps, 2 vols., Paris, 1878-80) gives, 
 prominence to French books : of the bibliographies of the most, 
 useful books in every department of science and literature those; 
 by Swan Sonnenschein {The Best Books 2 , London, 1891, with 
 the supplement A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literature,, 
 London, 1895), ar >d the small one by Sargant and Whishaw 
 {A Guide-book to Books, London, 1891) pay attention to the 
 needs of students of French. The most important books pub- 
 lished in all countries are periodically catalogued in the monthly 
 Altgemeine Bibliographie, and a bibliography of the most im- 
 portant works published in France and abroad, together with 
 summaries of the principal French and foreign periodical publi- 
 cations, appears every month in the ' Partie technique ' of the 
 bibliographical journal Polybiblion. 
 
 A remarkable linguistic bibliography appears in the Anzeiger 
 fur indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde (a supplement to 
 the periodical Indogermanische Forschungen) . The literature of 
 classical and modern philology is registered in the systematic 
 bibliography published quarterly under the title Bibliotheca 
 philologica ; and the Modern Language Quarterly (the organ of the 
 English Modern Language Association) gives in each number 
 a list of the most important modern language publications. 
 The bibliography of the Literaturblatt fur germanische und roma- 
 nische Philologie (monthly) is limited to the Germanic and Romance 
 languages, but includes summaries of periodical publications.. 
 
Good retrospective bibliographies of works referring to the study 
 of French and other Romance languages are the critical essay 
 by Neumann {Die romanische Philologie, Leipzig, 1886, a reprint 
 from Vol. VII of Schmid's- Encyklopddie des gesammten Erzie- 
 ■hungs- und Unterrichtswesens ; also translated into Italian by 
 Gorra), the chapter Geschichte der romanischen Philologie in vol. I 
 of Grober's Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (Strassburg, 
 1888), and the bibliographical parts of Korting's Encyklopddie 
 mid Methodologie der romanischen Philologie (3 vols., Heilbronn, 
 1884-86, with supplement, 1888), and of the same author's 
 Handbuch der romanischen Philologie (Leipzig, 1896). The con- 
 fused and inaccurate bibliographical notes in the older work by 
 Schmitz {Encyklopddie des philologischen Studiums der neaeren 
 Sprocket (4 vols., Leipzig, 1875-6) will, on the other hand, be 
 of little use to the student. 
 
 An excellent periodical bibliography of Romance philology 
 (excluding, however, French literature after 1830 and school- 
 books other than annotated editions of French authors) appears 
 as a supplement to Grober's Zeitschrift ficr romanische Philologie, 
 while Vollmoller's Krilischer Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der 
 romanischen Philologie, which has appeared since 1892, gives a 
 very convenient critical record, written by numerous specialists, 
 of the most important new publications in the different branches 
 of Romance philology. 
 
 Among the bibliographies of works referring to the study of 
 French in particular, Breitinger's Studium und Unterricht des 
 Franzosischen (Zurich, 1877) is no longer up to date, and Fries- 
 land's Wegweiser durch das dem Studium der franzosischen Sprache 
 und Litteratur dienende bibliographische Material {Gottingen, 1897), 
 is unreliable. On the other hand, the student will find most 
 helpful advice as to his choice of books in Koschwitz's Anleitung 
 zum Studium der franzosischen Philologie' (Marburg, 1900), an 
 English adaptation of which by Shaw Jeffrey {The Study of 
 colloquial and literary French, London, 1899), includes a 'short 
 bibliography of French educational works and editions.' The 
 Revue d'histoire litteraire de la France (quarterly) publishes in each 
 number a list of new publications referring to French literature, 
 
and summaries of many periodicals and journals. Wendt's 
 Encykiopddiedesfranzosischen Unterrichts* (Hannover, 1895) gives 
 some useful hints on school-books, more complete bibliographies 
 of which are Kressner's Fiihrer durch die franzbsische und engliscke 
 Schullitteratur (Wolfenbattel, 1892, with two supplements, 1894 
 and 1897), and Breymann's Die neusprachliche Reform- Literatur 
 (2 vols., Leipzig, 1895, for the years 1876-93, and 1900 for the 
 years 1894-99). The reports on school-books for the study 
 of French in Rethwisch's Jdhresberichte iiber das hohere Schulwesen 
 and Kehrbach's Das gesammte Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesen in 
 den Ldndern deutscher Zunge also deserve to be recommended. 
 
 Students of French will also find useful the following biblio- 
 graphies of special subjects : 
 
 (a) Literature generally. Gayley and Scott, An intro- 
 dactio?i to the metkods and materials of literary criticism (vol. I. 
 The bases in tzsthetics and poetics, Boston, 1899 : a second volume, 
 Literary types, is in preparation). 
 
 (b) Comparative Literature. Betz, La lilterature comparee 
 (Strasbourg, 1900). 
 
 (c) Original Editions of French Authors. Le Petit, 
 Bibliographie des principales editions originates du XV" au XVIII & 
 siecle (with facsimiles of titles). 
 
 id) French Literature of the 19TH Century. Thieme, 
 La literature franfaise du XIX" siecle (Paris, 1 897 ; a bibliography 
 of the works of the most important authors and of biographical 
 and critical studies relating to them). Laporte, Histoire litteraire 
 du XIX' siecle, mann 'el critique e.t raisonne (7 vols., Paris, 1884-90, 
 three more to follow). Vicaire, Manuel de l amateur des livres du 
 XIX s siecle (Paris: n parts, about 5 to 7 more to follow; a most 
 careful work dealing with the works of important authors, and 
 supplying accurate accounts and analyses of collections, series, 
 journals and publications of societies). 
 
 (e) Illustrated Books. Bouchot, Les livres a vignettes dn 
 XV" au XVIII" siecle and Les livres a vignettes du XIX" siecle. 
 
 (/) Phonetics. Breymann, Die phonetische Literatur von 
 1876-1895. 
 
 (g) French Grammar. Stengel, Chronolegisches Verzeichnis 
 
franzosischer Grammatiken vom Ende des 14. bis zum Ausgang des 
 18. Jahrhunderts. 
 
 {h) French Pronunciation. In vol. I of Thurot's De la 
 prononciation fran$aise depuis le commencement du XVP siecle (2 
 vols.) 
 
 (t) Historical French Grammar. In vol. I of Nyrop's 
 Grammaire historique de la langue fran$aise (1899). 
 
 (/) Old French. In Schwan-Behrens, Grammatik des 
 Altfranzb'sischen* (Leipzig, 1899). 
 
 (k) French Dialects. Behrens, Bibliographie des patois 
 gallo-romans 2 (Berlin, 1893). 
 
 (/) French Pedagogy. D'OUendon, Bibliographie pedagogique 
 franfaise. Repertoire des ouvrages pedagogiques du XVP siecle; 
 there is also a Resume" du Repertoire des ouvrages pedagogiques 
 du XVP siecle. 
 
 (7/2) French History. The Catalogue methodique de Fhistoire 
 de France published by the Bibliotheque nationale of Paris (12 
 vols., 1855-95, wrtn an autographed supplement in 6 vols.). 
 The paragraphs dealing with France in the Jahresberichte der 
 Geschichtswissenschaft. Monod, Bibliographie de thistoire de 
 France (Paris, 1888, from the origins to 1789), a counterpart of 
 which for the period after 1789, by Aulard and Seignobos, is in 
 preparation. Vidier's Repertoire methodique du moyen dgefranfais . 
 histoire ; litterature ; beaux-arts, an extract from the periodica 1 
 Le Moyen Age (2 vols., for the years 1894 and 1895). Tourneux, 
 Les sources bibliographiques de l' histoire de la Revolution franfaise 
 (Paris, 1898). Molinier is preparing a manual of French 
 Historiography. Gavet, Sources de thistoire des institutions et du 
 droit francais : manuel de bibliographie historique (Paris, 1899). 
 
 (;z) Paris. Lacombe, Bibliographie parisienne : tableaux ■ de 
 mcBurs (1600-1880). 
 
 (o) History of French Art. A list of the best works is 
 supplied by Lemonnier in the Revue Internationale de Tenseigne- 
 ment, I ^1894). 
 
 (/) Belgian History. Pirenne, Bibliographie de thistoire 
 de Belgique (Gand, 1893). 
 
 A library of bibliographies undertaken by the Societe de 
 
1'histoire de France is in course of publication : besides the intro- 
 ductory number by Funck-Brentano, seven parts have already 
 appeared, among them one on Bossuet (by Urbain) and one on 
 Adam de la Hale (by Guy) ; the parts which are to follow will 
 include bibliographies of French popular songs (by Tiersot), of 
 Louis XIV (by.Lacour-Gayet), of Moliere (by Monval), and of 
 the History of Paris (by Barroux). 
 
 Teachers will find a good collection of books suitable for the 
 study and teaching of French catalogued in the Katalog der 
 neuphilologischen Ausstellung, Pfingsten, 1900. Also the yearly 
 Katalog ausgewdhlter Werke der ausldndischen Literatur published 
 by Brockhaus, and the similar Illustrierte Katalog empfehlenswerter 
 Werke der ausldndischen Literatur published by Twietmeyer ; for 
 French periodical publications, the Catalogue des jaurnaux 
 frangais published by the Courrier de la Presse, or the short 
 lists published by Brockhaus ( Verzeichniss der hauptsdchlichsten 
 ausldndischen Zeitschriflen ) or by Dawson & Sons (List of annual 
 subscriptions to English and foreign newspapers, magazines, etc.); 
 the catalogues, too, of French publishers such as Belin, 
 Boyveau and Chevillet, Colin, Delagrave, Delalain, Delaplane, 
 Didot, Dupont, Flammarion, Gamier, Hachette, Hetzel, Lecene 
 Oudin et Cie, Lechevalier, Maisonneuve, Perrin, deserve co be 
 consulted. 
 
 A fuller account of bibliography and bibliographies is to be 
 found in the excellent books by Stein (Manuel de bibliographie 
 ginirale) and by Langlois (Manuel de bibliographie historique, 
 vol. I : Instruments bibliographiques J, and in an article by 
 A. Schulze ( Ueber einige Hilfsmittel franzosischer Bibliographie) in 
 the Archiv filr das Studium der neueren Sprachen, vol. XCIX. 
 
 2. Encyclopaedias. — Much useful information concerning 
 France and the French language and literature is contained in 
 the better encyclopaedias published in France, England, and 
 Germany, e.g. : 
 
 (A) General ones. La Grande Encyclopedie (in course of 
 publication ; to be complete in 30 vols. ; separate parts are to 
 be had at 1 fr. each ; the two parts on bibliography, the five 
 
parts on France, and the two parts on Paris are well worth 
 getting). Larousse, Grand dictionnaire universel francais, 
 historique, geographique, biographique, mythologique, bibliographique, 
 etc.{\"] vols.), and the smaller Nouveau Larousse illustre (not yet 
 complete; 3 out of 7 vols, have already appeared). Trousset, 
 Nouveau dictionnaire encyclop'edique universel (5 vols.). Larive 
 and Fleury, Dictionnaire francais illustre des mots et des choses (3 
 vols.). Dupiney de Vorepierre, Dictionnaire francais illustre et 
 encyclopedie universelle (2 vols.). The Encyclopedia Britannica 
 (25 vols. ; separate parts are also to be had ; contains good 
 articles on Romance languages, France, Provencal, Moliere, 
 Napoleon, Paris). Chambers' Encyclopedia (10 vols.). Meyer's 
 {Conversations- Lexikon b (17 vols., with 3 supplements). Brock- 
 haus' Konversaiions-Lexikon^ (17 vols., with supplement). 
 (B) Special ones : 
 
 (a) History and Geography. Bouillet, Dictionnaire universel 
 cChistoire et de geographic (revu par A. Chassang). Dezobry et 
 Bachelet, Dictionnaire general de biographie et oThistoire, de mytho- 
 logie, de geographic, etc. (n e ed. refondue par E. Darsy, 2 vols.). 
 Gregoire, Dictionnaire encyclop'edique d'histoire, de biographie, de 
 mythologie et de ghgraphie. 
 
 (b) Biography. Michaud, Biographie universelle (85 vols.). 
 Didot-Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie generate (45 vols.). Vapereau, 
 Dictionnaire universel des contemporains 6 (1893, with supplement, 
 1895). Lermina, Dictionnaire universel et illustrt, biographique et 
 bibliographique de la France contemporaine (1886). 
 
 (c) French History. Lalanne, Dictionnaire historique de la 
 France* (Paris, 1875). 
 
 (d) French Geography. Joanne, Dictionnaire geographique 
 de la France et de ses colonies (4 vols., A — M, have appeared). 
 Dictionnaire des communes {France et Algerie .... suivi de la 
 liste alphabetique des communes des colonies et protectorats. Lassalle, 
 Dictionnaire des communes, administratif et militaire. Dictionnaire 
 des posies. 
 
 (e) French Institutions and Manners. Cheruel, Diction- 
 naire historique des institutions, mceurs et coutumes de la France 
 (2 vols.). 
 
(f) French Administration. Block, Dictionnaire de Pad- 
 ministration francaise? 
 
 (g) Literature, Art, and Science. Bouillet, Dictionnaire 
 universe! des sciences, des lettres et des arts. Desplats et Gregoire, 
 Dictionnaire encydopedique des sciences, des lettres et des arts 
 (2 vols.). Dictionnaire des arts et metiers (5 vols.). 
 
 (A) Literature and Art. Bachelet et Dezobry, Dictionnaire 
 gineral des lettres, des beaux- arts et des sciences morales et politiques* 
 (2 vols.). 
 
 (i) Literature. Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littera- 
 tures. Gidel et Loli6e, Dictionnaire-manuel illustre des kcrivains 
 et des litteratures . De Gubernatis, Dictionnaire international des 
 ecrivains dujour (Florence, 1888-90). 
 
 (/) The Stage. Pougin, Dictionnaire historique et pittoresque 
 du theatre et des arts qui sy rattachent. Clement et Larousse, 
 Dictionnaire des operas? 
 
 (k) Science. Poire et Perrier, Nouveau dictionnaire general des 
 sciences et de leurs applications. Bouant, Dictionnaire-manuel 
 illustre des sciences usuelles. Thevenin et de Varigny, Dictionnaire 
 abregk des sciences physiques et naturelles. 
 
 (I) Practical Life. Beleze, Dictionnaire de la vie pratique 
 a. la ville et a la campagne. Bonnefont, Dictionnaire de la famille 
 a la ville et & la campagne. Moulidars, Dictionnaire encydopedique 
 des connaissances utiles. Bouant, Dictionnaire-manuel illustre des 
 connaissances pratiques. 
 
 (m) Games. Moulidars, Grande encyclopedie des jeux, metho- 
 dique, universelle, illustree. 
 
 {n) French History, Geography, Literature, Life, etc. 
 Klopper, Franzosisches Reallexikon (in progress of publication), 
 succeeds in the main in giving a concise and clear account of 
 French life in all its different aspects in old and modern times. 
 
 A series of cheap dictionnaires-manuels has been published 
 by Didot, another more recently by Colin, and an Encyclopedie 
 poptdaire illustree du XX" siecle, which will consist 6f about 120 
 small and elementary dictionaries in every department of life 
 and knowledge, has lately begun to appear. 
 
 There exist also some special works of an encyclopsedic 
 
II 
 
 character on the Romance languages, and on French in particu- 
 lar. The best of these works is the Grundriss der romanischen 
 Philologie (edited by Grober, with the assistance of numerous 
 specialists), which includes scholarly chapters on the history, 
 object, and method of Romance philology, on the French and 
 Provencal languages and their dialects, Romance metre, Old 
 Provencal and Old French literature; it will also contain 
 chapters on the history and civilisation of the Romance nations, 
 and will be shortly completed. Another useful, though less 
 concise and accurate, encyclopaedia is that by Korting (cf. p. 5). 
 Its author also published a manual of Romance philology, 
 including about one third of the matter contained in the ency- 
 clopaedia (cf. p. 5). A much shorter book again is Neumann's 
 capital Romanische Philologie (cf. p. 5), of which a second edition 
 would be very welcome. A still shorter introduction to Romance 
 (and Germanic) philology, with a short bibliography, is Soder- 
 hjelm's Germaniska och romaniska sprakstudier, Helsingfors, 1892). 
 Koschwitz's Anleitung and its English adaptation have already 
 been mentioned (p. 5). Noteworthy academical speeches on 
 Romance philology, its objects and its study, were delivered by 
 Morf (Das Studium der romanischen Philologie), Tobler {Roma- 
 nische Philologie an deutschen Universitdten), Van Hamel {La 
 Chaire de frangais dans une university nSerlandaise), and Salverda 
 de Grave (De romaansche philologie en hare susterwetenschapen). 
 
 3. Periodicals. — Of periodicals containing matter of interest 
 to the student of French, may be first noted those reviews 
 which report critically on important new publications in all 
 departments of literature : the Athenceum, Academy, and Litera- 
 ture ; the Revue critique (of which an Index for the years 1866-91 
 exists) ; the Literarische Centralblatt and the Deutsche Litteratur- 
 zeitung. Educational reviews which include articles on modern 
 languages and criticisms of new books (such as the Journal of 
 Education, The School World, the Revue Internationale de Fenseigne- 
 ment, the Revue universitaire) cannot here be fully enumerated. 
 
 The chief periodicals dealing exclusively or largely with 
 French language and literature are : 
 
(a) In English : The Modern Language Quarterly, the 
 American Modern Language Notes, and the Publications of the 
 Modern Language Association of America. 
 
 (b) In French : The Romania, admirably edited by the two 
 leading Romance philologists of France, G. Paris and P. Meyer 
 {includes Romance philology, Old French language and litera- 
 ture, also, to some extent, French folklore and dialects) ; the 
 Revue de philologie franfaise et provenfale ; the Revue des langues 
 romanes (the organ of the Societe pour l'etu'de des langues 
 romanes ; gives prominence to the idioms of Southern France) ; 
 the Revue d'histoire litteraire de la France (for Modern French 
 literature) ; the new Revue des lettres franfaises et etrangeres) ; the 
 Revue des cours et conferences (publishes lectures delivered at 
 French universities, mostly on French literature) ; the Revue des 
 traditions populaires and M'elusine (for folklore) ; the Revue de 
 F enseignement des langues vivantes ; the Maitre phon'etique (printed 
 in a phonetic spelling and advocating the principles of the 
 Association phonetique internationale, whose organ it is). 
 
 (c) In German : The Literaturblatt fur germanische und 
 romanische Philologie (contains only criticisms, summaries >of 
 periodicals, and lists of new publications) ; the Kritische Jahres- 
 bericht iiber die Fortschritte der Romanischen Philologie (gives 
 critical records of new publications on Romance languages and 
 literatures, and on the teaching of French) ; the Archiv fur das 
 Studium der neueren Sprachen und Litteraturen (deals mainly with 
 German, English, and French) ; the Zeitschrift filr rotnanische 
 Philologie (similar in importance, purpose, and scope, to the 
 Romania) ; Vollmoller's Romanische Forschungen ; the Zeitschrift 
 
 filr franzosische Sprache und Litteratur (gives prominence to 
 Modern French and contains numerous criticisms of new books) ; 
 the Neueren Sprachen with its supplement Phonetische Studien 
 (pursues practical rather than scientific objects). 
 
 The following are some of the numerous French periodicals 
 whose aim it is to give in an attractive form information on a 
 variety of topics (including literature) : The Revue des deux 
 mondes, the Nouvelle Revue, the Revue de Paris, the Bibliotheque 
 universelle et revue Suisse, the Revue politique et litteraire (also called 
 
13 
 
 Revue bleue). The Mercure de France and the Revue blanche are 
 interesting as the Organs of the latest literary schools. Among 
 the illustrated periodicals, the Revue encyclopedique, the Revue des 
 revues, L' Illustration, and Le Monde moderne will probably be 
 found especially interesting. 
 
 i. Literature generally. — Anyone intending to occupy 
 himself seriously with the study of literature should make him- 
 self acquainted with the principles of criticism, aesthetics, 
 poetics, and style. Works treating of these subjects are enu- 
 merated, with critical comments, in the excellent and full guide 
 by Gayley and Scott (cf. p. 6). A popular manual for beginners 
 is Geruzez's Cours de litterature, rh'etorique, poetique, histoire litte- 
 raire. Among writings on criticism the following are of 
 the best : M. Arnold's important essay On the functions 
 of criticism at the present time (in Essays in Criticism) ; 
 Robertson's suggestive and informing Essays towards a critical 
 method ; the Principles of criticism, by Worsfold, who has also 
 written a primer for Dent's series (Judgment in Literature); 
 Johnson's interesting Elements of literary criticism; and Win- 
 chester's Some pnnciplts of literary criticism, a clear and pleas- 
 antly written book with a useful appendix of ' illustrative 
 references.' Good advice is also to be found in Sears's Princi- 
 ples and methods of literary criticism. The utterances of some 
 French critics (on whom cf. Dowden, New Studies in literature) 
 will be of special interest to the student of French : — Sainte- 
 Beuve's exposition of his method of literary criticism in vol. iii. of 
 the Nouveaux lundis (essays on Chateaubriand) ; the account of 
 the conditions of literary development given by Taine in the be- 
 ginning of the first vol. of his Histoire de la litterature anglaise and 
 also the preface of his Essais de critique et d' histoire, which briefly 
 explains his own method ; further Hennequin's Critique scienti- 
 fique, Ricardou's Critique litteraire, and an attempt by E. Droz 
 to prove the futility of the so-called scientific method of literary 
 criticism (La critique litteraire et la science) ; lastly Brunetiere's 
 Evolution des genres dans f histoire de la litterature, vol. i. (sketch- 
 ing the evolution of French criticism from Du Bellay to Taine), 
 
H 
 
 and the excellent classification and characterization of modern 
 French critics by E. Tissot in his Evolutions de la critique 
 franfaise. 
 
 For the study of aesthetics recourse may be had to the biblio- 
 graphical guide by Gayley and Scott (A guide to the literature of 
 esthetics, Berkeley, California, 1890), to the able sketch by Sully 
 in the Encyclopedia Britannica, to the short and lucid handbook by 
 Gauckler (Le beau et son histoire), and to the excellent University 
 Extension manual by Knight (The philosophy of the beautiful). 
 Another commendable little book is Marshall's /Esthetic Prin- 
 ciples ; an interesting and fairly recent French work, Guyau's 
 Problemes de I'es/httique contemporaine. The standard English 
 History of /Esthetics is that of Bosanquet. 
 
 Good books on the study of literature and literary history 
 are : — Crawshaw's clear little volume, The interpretation of 
 literature; Lacombe's spirited and judicious Introduction a I 'histoire 
 litteraire, which pays special attention to French literature ; and 
 Renard's recently published Mkthode scientifique de riiistoire 
 litteraire, based on lectures delivered at the University of 
 Lausanne. Of modern German writings on the study of 
 literature, Ten Brink's Uber die Aufgabe der Litteraturgeschichte, 
 and Elster's elaborate Prinzipien der Literaturwissenschaft (vol. i., 
 1897) are especially to be recommended. Texte, in his Etudes 
 de litterature europeenne, shows admirably the importance and 
 objects of comparative literary history, the scope of which he 
 also outlines in his preface to Betz's Bibliography of comparative 
 literature (cf. p. 6). 
 
 Information on poetics, the character and laws of poetry, and 
 its different kinds, may be gathered by the beginner from Gum- 
 mere's Handbook of poetics, and from the University Extension 
 manual by Cotterill, An introduction to the study of poetry. Other 
 commendable English books on the subject are Everett's Poetry, 
 comedy and duty, and Shairp's Aspects of poetry. Among German 
 works, Wackernagel's Poetik, Rhetorik, und Stilistik will probably 
 be found particularly useful. Others are : , W. Scherer's Poetik, 
 Gottschall's Poe:ik\ Kleinpaul's Poetik 1 , Wolff's Poetik, and a 
 recent book by Bruchmann (Poetik) containing a thorough and 
 
15 
 
 full treatment of the subject, with a bibliographical list. Ad- 
 vanced students will read with profit the learned Handbuch der 
 Poetik, by Baumgart. For the study of the most important older 
 poetics, Butcher's edition of Aristotle's poetics (accompanied by 
 an English translation and very remarkable essays), and Cook's 
 Art of poetry (an edition of the poetics of Horace, Vida, and 
 Boileau, with translations, notes and commentaries) will prove 
 very helpful. 
 
 Rhetoric and style are dealt with in an original and elaborate 
 work by Bain, English composition and rhetoric (enlarged edition, 
 2 parts), and' in D. J. Hill's Science of rhetoric, Whately's Ele- 
 ments of rhetoric, and Genung's Practical rhetoric. An important 
 French book is Chaignet's La rhetorique et son histoire, and 
 no advanced student can dispense with Gerber's large work, Die 
 Spracht als Kunsf. Students may further be recommended to 
 read H. Spencer's important essay on style (in his Essays : scien- 
 tific, political and speculative), and Raleigh's brilliant essay on 
 Style ; also Pater's remarks on style in his Appreciations, and a 
 French book by Loise : Traite de litterature : les lois du style. 
 
 As practical helps, the student of literature will value various 
 collections (with explanations and comments) of allusions, 
 phrases, quotations, etc., such as Brewer's useful, though not 
 thoroughly reliable Dictionary of phrase and fable, and Tlie Read- 
 er s Handbook*; the less full, but more accurate, books by 
 Wheeler: Noted names in fiction, and Familiar allusions ; further, 
 Alexandre's Musee de la conversation*, Fournier's L esprit des 
 autres 1 and Lesprit dans Vhistoire^, Rozan's Petites ignorances 
 historiques et litteraires and Petites ignorances de la conversation, 
 Larousse's Fleurs historiques and Fleurs latines, Buchmann's 
 Gefliigelte Worte™, and Fumagalli's Chi F ha dettoP An English 
 work on French (and Italian) quotations, by Dalbiac and 
 Harbottle, is in preparation. 
 
 5. Books and Manuscripts. — Good general information on 
 printed books is to be found in the popular works by Bouchot 
 (Le livre), Louisy {Le livre et les arts qui s'y rattachent ,, and Mou- 
 ton (L'art d'krire un livre, de l imprinter et de lepublier) ; on books in 
 
i6 
 
 manuscript in Madan's Books in manuscript, and Molinier's Les 
 manuscrits et les miniatures; and on medieval handwriting in" 
 Thompson's admirable Handbook of Greek and Latin palaographf 
 (with bibliography, and numerous well-chosen facsimiles"). 
 Prou's practical and generally reliable Manuel de paleographie 
 latine et fmnfaise- (with good facsimiles and lists of Latin and 
 French abbreviations) pays particular attention to the develop- 
 ment of handwriting in France down to the 17th century; for 
 modern times we have a useful handbook by Bourmont (Manuel 
 de paleographie des XVP, XVII", XVIII" siecles). The serious 
 student of palaeography must also read Wattenbach's important 
 work Das Schriftwesen in Mittelalter' 1 '. Excellent but expensive 
 collections of facsimiles of medieval handwriting are the Rea/eil 
 de facsimiles a I 'usage de I ' Ecole des chartes, the Album paleogmphioue 
 public par la Societe de I 'Ecole des chartes, and the splendid 
 publication Ficsimiles of ancient manuscripts by the Autotype Com- 
 pany, prepared for the Palaeographical Society by Thompson and 
 Warner. Smaller and cheaper collections are those by Prou 
 (Recueil de facsimiles cTecritures du XII" au XVII I" siecle, and 
 Nouveau recueil de facsimiles d'kcritures du XII" au XVIII" siecle). 
 Students desiring to acquire facility in reading medieval French 
 manuscripts may also be advised to study the facsimile edition 
 of Les plus anciens monuments de la langue francaise, the Chanson 
 de Roland in Stengel's Photographische Wiedergabe der Hs. Digby 
 23 (with which may be compared Stengel's Das altfranzosisc/ie 
 Rolandslied : genauer Abdruck der Oxforder Hs. Digby 23), Bour- 
 dillon's facsimile edition of the MS. of Aucassin et Nicolete (with 
 which may be compared Bourdillon's edition and translation of 
 Aucassin and Nicolette", and Suchier's standard edition of the 
 text), the reproduction in phototype of the Chansonnier francais 
 de St-Germain des Pris (with trans'cript by P. Meyer and G. 
 Raynaud), and Sommer's facsimile edition of Le roman de Merlin. 
 For practice in the reading of later French writing the specimens 
 edited by Kaulek and Plantet (Recueil de facsimiles pouvant servir 
 a F etude de lapalhgraphie moderne, XVI P et XVIII" siecles) may be 
 used, and for the study of French handwriting of the present 
 time, which differs in some respects from English handwriting, 
 
i7 
 
 reference may be made to Hachette's publication entitled Choioc 
 gradue de 50 sortes d 'ecritures (Edition refondue par M. Bajrrau.with 
 a key for teachers), to Berger-Levrault's Recutil d* fiu-simi/k ste 
 toutes espkes d' ecritures, Delagrave's Petit for mulaire manuurit des 
 actes les plus usuels, pour apprendre a lire couramment les ecritures 
 difficiles (par M. Peau-Saint-Martin), and Les vacances de Vinstitu- 
 tcur, 50 lettres manuscrites en ecritures diverses (par Mme. Dupuis). 
 
 6. Frenoh Literature. — The Histoire litteraire de la France , 
 whose publication was begun in 1733, and of which 31 vols, 
 dealing with the literature of France down to the fourteenth 
 century have as yet appeared, is a monument of learning and a 
 work of reference of the highest order, though its earlier volumes 
 are, of course, to a large extent antiquated. The best complete 
 history of French literature in French is the large Histoire de la 
 langue el de la litterature f/anfaise, des origines a 1900(8 vols., pub- 
 lished under the direction of Petit de Julleville), the several 
 chapters of which are written by competent specialists and give 
 in most cases admirably clear and reliable information accom- 
 panied by bibliographical notes. Among the older French works 
 those by Nisard {Histoire de la litt.fr., 4 vols.), Geruzez {Hist, 
 de la lilt, fr., 2 vols.), and Demogeot {Hist, de la lilt. fr.), 
 still deserve to be referred to. Among recent handbooks are : 
 Lanson's Hist, de la litt. fr., probably the best among the 
 smaller histories of French literature ; Brunetiere's suggestive 
 Manuel de F histoire de la litterature francaise, which is however 
 only suitable for advanced students ; Faguet's clear and thought- 
 ful Hist, de lal.fr. (2 vols., with illustrations, but unfortunately 
 without index or bibliography), Lintilhac's Precis historique et 
 critique de la I. fr. (2 vols, with a very useful bibliography), 
 Gidel's Hist, de la I. fr. (5 vols., which are to be'had separately), 
 Petit de Julleville's Histoire litteraire, lecons de litt.fr. (2 vols.), 
 Doumic's pleasantly written Hist, de la /.fr., Fleury's excellent 
 Hist, ilcmentaire de li /.//-. (which gives'good analyses of import- 
 ant works), and the manuals by Robert (2 vols.), and A. Henry. 
 The well-known critic Deschamps is also preparing a volume 
 
 on French literature for Colin's ssries of literary histories. 
 
 2 
 
i8 
 
 Albert's stimulating work La littirature francaise (5 vols.), is not 
 so much a history of literature as a collection of essays. Of 
 English manuals of French literary history the best are Dowden's 
 attractive- History of French lit., and the very complete Short history 
 ■of French lit. by Saintsbury, who has also published an excellent 
 Primer of French lit. There are also an older work by Van Laun 
 {History of French lit., 3 vols.), and a number of examination 
 handbooks such as L. E. Kastner and Atkins' Short Hist. ofFr. lit., 
 and Joerg's short Outlines of French lit. Warren's Primer of French 
 lit. is rich in facts and dates, and will help to a rapid survey of 
 the subject. Several histories of French literature published 
 in Germany also deserve to be mentioned : . the admirable 
 illustrated Geschichte der franzosischen Litteratur by Suchier and 
 Birch-Hirschfeld, which belongs to the series of literary histories 
 published by Meyer's Bibliographisches Institut (well known 
 for its excellent volumes on English, German and Italian liter- 
 ature) and is a worthy, and in some points even superior, rival 
 of Petit de Julleville's large work; further, the summary by Junker 
 (Grundriss der Geschichte der franzosischen Litteratur) accom- 
 panied by a particularly rich bibliography, and the judicious 
 sketch by Gebert {Precis historique de la I. fr.) written- in good 
 French. Bornhak's Gesch. der fr. Lift., and Kreyssig's Gesch. 
 ■der fr. Nationallitteratur are also well known in Germany. 
 
 Useful surveys of French literature in tabular form are con- 
 tained in the not quite reliable Atlas litteraire by Diancourt, 
 the well arranged Synchronismes de la litterature francaise by 
 •Cirot, Dufourcq, and Thiry, and Spiers' History and literature 
 j)f France. Rossel's learned and interesting Hist, de la litt fr. 
 hors de France gives a clear account of French works written 
 by Swiss, Belgian,, Canadian authors, refugies, emigres and 
 foreigners. The history of Belgian literature has been told by 
 Nautet {Hist, des lettres beiges d' 'expression francaise (2 vols.), 
 and that of the French stage in Belgium by Faber {Hist, 
 du theatre franfais en Bclgique defuis son origine jusqiia nos 
 jours, 5 vols). Two popular, but, in general, reliable books, 
 Rossel's Hist, litteraire de la Suisse romande (2 vols.) and 
 Godet's Hist. litt. de la Suisse frarifaise treat of French literature 
 
19 
 
 in Switzerland ; and Lareau has written a history of French 
 literature in Canada (Hist, de la litt. canadienne). 
 
 There are, moreover, numerous works dealing with longer or 
 ■shorter periods of French literary history : 
 
 (a) Middle Ages : A short book, but the work of a master, 
 is G. Paris' La litter ature fran$aise au moyen age {i.e. to 1328), with 
 bibliographical notes, which are supplemented by the valuable 
 •catalogue : Ouvrages de philologie romane et texfes d 'ancien francais 
 Jaisqnt partie de la bibliotheque de M. Carl Wahlund a Upsal. A 
 
 more complete survey by Grober, with fuller bibliographical 
 notes, is contained in vol. II of his Grundriss der romanischen 
 Philologie. Aubertin's Hist, de la langue et de la litt. fr. au moyen 
 Age, though inaccurate and not up to date, contains some useful 
 information. A short, but well informed and very readable, 
 sketch of medieval French literature in England is to be found in 
 Jusserand's Histoire litteraire dupeuple anglais (2 vols.). Charming 
 ■essays on Old French literature are contained in G. Paris' La 
 fiotsie du moyen age (2 vols.) and Poesies et legendes dit moyen age. 
 
 (b) Modern Times: Of the literature after 1500 we have a 
 full, but prejudiced account by Godefroy (Hist, de la litt.fr. depuis 
 Je XVLe siecle jusqua nos jours, 10 vols.). There are also two 
 excellent German works with good bibliographical notes, Birch- 
 Hirschfeld's Gesch. derfr. Litt. seit Anfangdes i6Jahrhunderts and 
 Morfs Gesch. der neuern franz. Lift., of both of which the first 
 volume only (dealing with the 16th century) has as yet appeared. 
 
 (c) i6th Century : An admirable handbook is Darmesteter 
 .and Hatzfeld's Le seizieme siecle en France, which supplies a very 
 •clear and accurate sketch of French literature and language in 
 ;the 16th century, and a good selection of annotated extracts. 
 Valuable, too, is the older book by Sainte-Beuve {Tableau 
 Jiistorique et critique de la poesie francaise et du theatre francais au 
 XVl e siecle, ed. definitive in two vols.). A suggestive introduc- 
 tion to the history of French literature in the 16th century is 
 Tilley's The Literature of the Trench Renaissance. Good collections 
 of essays are Faguet's Seizieme siecle: eludes li/teraires and 
 Gauthiez's Etudes sur le XVL" siecle. 
 
 (d) 17TH Century: An entirely satisfactory special work -on 
 
20 
 
 this important period can hardly be said to exist. The best 
 books are those by the Jesuit father Longhaye {Hist, de la Hit. 
 Jr.. cvuXVIP sikle, 4 vols.), Folliolsy (Hist, de la litt.fr. au XVII 
 siecle, 3 vols.), and especially that by Lotheissen {Gesch. der fr. 
 Lilt, im 17 Jahrhundert, 2 vois.). The smaller and more 
 elementary work by Dupuy {Hist, de la Hit. fr. au XVII' siecle) 
 and various collections of essays such as Faguet's Etudes lit if- 
 raires sur le XVI P siecle, Fournel's De Malherbe a Bossuet, and 
 Gautier's Portraits du XVIP siecle may also be recommended. 
 
 (e) i8th Century : The best work on this period is Hettner's 
 Gesch. d.fr. Litt. des 18 Jahrhunderts , especially in iis new (fifth) 
 revised and considerably enlarged edition by Morf. A com- 
 mendable French work is Vinet's Hist, de la litt. fr. au XVIIP 
 siecle (2 vols.). French literature during the revolution has 
 found a competent historian in Geruzez (Hist, de la litt. fr. 
 pendant la Revolution). The essays by Faguet (Le X VHP siecle) t 
 Fournel (De J.-B. Rousseau a A. Chenier), and E. Scherer (Etudes 
 sur la litt. au XVIIP siecle) may also be consulted by students 
 of 1 8th century literature. 
 
 (f) 19TH Century : An adequate and full treatment of this 
 period has not yet appeared. Perrens's La litt'erature au XIX^ 
 siecle is elementary and chatty. Good sketches are Charpentier's 
 La litt.fr. au XIX e siecle, and especially G. Pellissier's Le mouve- 
 ment litteraire au XIX' siecle. English readers may, besides, be 
 recommended to use Wells's fairly complete Modern French 
 Literature. Various shorter periods of this century have been 
 separately dealt with by M. Albert (La litt.fr. sous la revolution, 
 V empire et la restauration), Merlet (Hist, de la litt.fr. de 1800 a 1815, 
 3 vols.), Nettement (Hist, de la litt.fr. sous la restauration et sous le 
 gouvemement de juillet, 4 vols.), and Jeanroy-Felix (Nouvelle hist. 
 de la litt. fr., 3 vols., I : revolution and first empire, II : restora- 
 tion, III : July monarchy). Contributions to the history of 
 romanticism are Th. Gautier's Histoire du romantisme and vol. V 
 of Brandes' Hauptstromungen der Litteralur des 19 Jahrhunderts .- 
 Die romantische Schule in Frankreich. Brunetiere (Le roman natura- 
 liste, Sauvageot (Realisme et naturalisme) and Zola (Le naluralisme 
 au theatre and Romanciers naturalistes) ; Mendes (La legende du 
 
21 
 
 Pamasse eontemporain) and Tellier {Nos poetes) ; Gourmont {Le litre 
 des masques and Le JJ e livre des masques), Mauclair {Eleusis : causeries 
 sur la cite inttrieure), Moreas' {Les premieres armes du symbolisme), 
 Morice {La litterature de tout a I'heure), Vanor {L'art symbolisle), 
 Beaujon {L'kole symboliste), and Symons {The symbolist movement 
 in literature); Charbonnel {Les mystiques dans la litterature presente), 
 and Baju {L'ecole decadente) have written on various schools of 
 modern literature. 
 
 Good collections of essays on 19th century literature are : Bour- 
 get's Essais de psychology contemporaine and Nouveaux essais de 
 psychologie contemporaine, Deschamps's La vie et les livres 
 (5 series), ■Doumic's Portraits d'ecrivains, Ecrivains d'aujourd'hui, 
 and Les jeunes, Faguet's Atudes littkraires sur le XLX e siecle, 
 Fortier's Sept grands auteurs du XLX" siecle, Lemaitre's Les 
 contemporains (6 series), G. Paris's Penseurs et poetes, G. 
 Pellissier's Essais de lit/, contemporaine and Nouveaux essais de litt. 
 contemporaine, Robert's Les poetes du XIX C siecle, E. Scherer's 
 Etudes critiques sur la litt. contemporaine (10 vols.), Spronck's Les 
 artistes titteraires, James's French poets and novelists, Delille's 
 Some French writers, and Thompson's French portraits. 
 
 The history of various branches of French literature during 
 shorter or longer periods has also been separately investigated : 
 
 (a) Narrative literature. — Two good books treating of 
 the old French chansons de geste are : L. Gautier's 
 elaborate, but very readable Les epopees franfaises'', 5 vols., 
 and Nyrop's short and concise Den oldfranske Heltedigtning, with 
 an excellent bibliography (translated into Italian by Gorra ; 
 an English translation by Shefloe was some years ago announ- 
 ced, but does not seem to have appeared). G. Paris's masterly 
 ' these,' Hhtoire poetique de Charlemagne, is unfortunately out of 
 print. Ker's solid Epic and Romance, and Saintsbury's pleasant 
 The flourishing of romance and the rise of allegory may also be re- 
 commended to students interested in old French narrative 
 literature. On old French fabliaux we possess a valuable work 
 {Les fabliaux*) by Bedier, whose theory of the origin of fabliaux 
 is not, however, generally accepted. On the Arthurian and 
 other romances we have as yet no reliable and compre- 
 
22 
 
 hensive work. The general reader may avail himself of the- 
 popular pamphlet by Miss Weston, A survey of Arthurian ro- 
 mance, or Newell^s King Arthur and the table round. 
 
 On prose fiction in the 17th century we possess a conscientious 
 and full work by H. Korting (Geschichte des franz. Romans im 17 
 Jahrhundert ', 2 vols.) and a smaller book (Le roman au XVII" siecle) 
 by Le Breton, who has also published a volume on the 18th cen- 
 tury novel {Le roman au XVIII s siecle). For the 19th century, 
 Gilbert's Le roman en France pendant le XIX s siecle is particularly 
 useful ; in addition to it may be read Le Gome's Les romanciers: 
 d'aujourd'hui, Saintsbury's Essays on French novelists, De Bury's 
 French literature of to-day : study of romancers and essayists, and • 
 Mme. de Velde's French fiction of to-day (2 vols.). 
 
 (b) Dramatic literature. — For the history of dramatic 
 literature the student may be referred to the good summary by 
 Petit de Julleville (Le theatre en France) and to various volumes 
 on the medieval stage by the same author (especially Les mys- 
 tcres, 2 vols., and Repertoire du theatre comique en France au 
 moyen age, 2 vols.) ; besides which Creizenach's solid and learned 
 Geschichte des neueren Dramas,!: Mittelalter und Friihr enaissance and 
 Cledat's popular Le theatre au moyen dgem&y be consulted. For the 
 16th century, Faguet's'Za tragediefran^aise au XVI s siecle, Ebert's 
 Entwickelungsgeschichte der franz. Tragbdie bis auf Corneille's Cid, 
 and Chasles's La comedie en France au XVI s siecle are good 
 guides, and for more modern times the use of the following is 
 to be recommended : Brunetiere's Les epoques du theatre fanfais, 
 the Conferences faites aux matinies classiques de I' Odeon, by Larrou- 
 met, Sarcey, etc., Lintilhac's Conferences dramatiques, Hawkins's 
 Annals of the French stage from its origin to the death of Racine (2 
 vols.) and The French stage in the eighteenth century (2 vols.), 
 Robert's La poetique de Racine, Faguet's Drame ancien, drame 
 moderne, Fournel's Le theatre au XVII s siecle : la comedie, Des- 
 pois's Le theatre francais sous Louis XIV (on actors, public, 
 stage-arrangements), Lenient's La comkdie en France au XVIII s 
 siecle (2 vols.) and La comtdie en France au XIX s siecle (2 vols.), 
 Souriau's De la convention dans la tragkdie classique et dar,s le 
 drame romantique, Nebout's Le. drame romantique, Benoist's Fssais 
 
23 
 
 de critique dramatique, Filon's De Dumas a Rostand, Parigot's Le 
 theatre d'hier, Faguet's Notes sur le theatre contemporain, 3 vols., 
 Doumic's Essais sur le theatre contemporain, and De Scribe a Ibsen, 
 Matthews's French dramatists of the igth century, Sarrazin's Das 
 moderne Drama der Franzosen in seinen Hauptverireter n , and 
 Banner's Das franz'dsische Theater der Gegenwarl. A selection 
 from Sarcey's dramatic feuilletons is in course of publication : it 
 will consist of 7 volumes, of which two have appeared (vol. II 
 deals with Molicre et la comidie classique). On modern stage- 
 arrangements the little book by Ginisty, La vie d'un theatre, gives 
 useful information. 
 
 (c) Lyrics and satire. — For the origins of French lyrical 
 poetry the student should use Jeanroy's learned work {Les 
 erigines de la poesie lyrique en France), and consult the criticism of 
 it by G. Paris, published under the same title. A small and 
 popular book on old French lyrical and satirical poetry has 
 been written by Cledat {La poesie lyrique et satirique au may en 
 age). Lyrical poetry in the 19th century has found a disting- 
 uished historian and critic in Brunetiere {Devolution de la poesie 
 lyrique e?i France au XLX" siecle, 2 vols.). Lenient has written 
 a popular work on patriotic poetry {La poesie patriotique en 
 France au moyen Age et aux temps modemes, 3 vols.), and two others 
 on satirical literature {La satire en France au moyen age, and La 
 satire en, France au XVI siecle). To Sir W. Besant we owe a 
 work on The French humourists from the io.th to the igth century. 
 
 (d) History. — Popular books on the old French chroniclers 
 are Masson's Early chroniclers of France, and Debidour's Les 
 chroniqueurs (2 vols.). Accounts of the historians of the 19th 
 century are contained in J. Simon's Mignet, Miclulet, Henri 
 Martin, and Monod's Les maitres de Fhistoire : Renan, Taine, 
 Michelet. 
 
 {e) Philosophers, moralists and critics. — Desjardins has 
 written a solid book on Les moralistes franfais au X VD siecle, 
 Barni a good work on the moralists of the 18th century 
 {Histoire des idees morales et politiques en France qii XVIID 
 sink, 2 vols., with a supplementary volume, Les moralistes du 
 XVIIP siecle), and the moralists of the 19th century have been 
 
2 4 
 
 -dealt with by Faguet (Politiques et moralistes du XIX' sihle, 2 
 ■series). On French critics we have, besides the above- 
 mentioned volumes by Brunetiere andTissot (cf. pp. 13 and 14), 
 a book, limited to the 17th century, by Bourgoin (Zm maitres de 
 ia critique'au XVII" sihle). For the history of French philo- 
 sophy .the student will do well to consult the respective 
 chapters of Uberweg-Heinze's Grundriss der Geschichte der Philo- 
 sophic* (4 vols.), to which full bibliographies are added. Its 
 account of French philosophy since Kant (contributed 'by 
 Ruyssen, and including also authors such as Chateaubriand 
 and Mme. de Stael) is remarkably complete and accurate. 
 Bouillier's Histoire de la philosophic cartesienne (2 vols.), Saisset's 
 Descartes, ses precurseurs et ses disciples, Nourrisson's Voltaire et 
 le voltairianisme , Ravaisson's La philosophic en France au XIX s 
 sihle, Taine's Les philosophes classiques frangais an XIX" sihle, 
 and Janet's La philosophie contemporaine are some of the best 
 French works on French philosophy. A standard work on the 
 philosophy of history in France is the first volume of Flint's 
 The philosophy of history in Europe. 
 
 (f) Journalism. — The best general work on the history of 
 French journalism is Hatin's Histoire politique et littkraire de la 
 presse en France, of which he has also published a summary, 
 Le journal. To Avenel we owe a full Histoire de la presse francaise 
 depuis 1 y 8g jusqu' a nos jours. A gossipy and pessimistic account 
 of modern French journalism is given by R. Belfort's_/y/z«//y 
 Crapaud and his journals. 
 
 It is impossible in the present pamphlet to attempt an 
 enumeration of the many collections of essays on French 
 literature. To those already mentioned in the pieceding pages 
 may however here be added : the essays by Sainte-Beuve, the 
 master of French criticism (Premiers lundis, 3 vols., Causeries du 
 lundi, 15 vols., Nouveaux lundis, 13 vols., Portraits litteraires, 3 
 vols., Portraits defemmes, Portraits contemporains, 5 vols.), Taine 
 (Essais de critique el d 1 histoire, 3 vols.), Brunetiere (Etudes critiques 
 sur la littkrature francaise, 6 series), Lemaitre (Impressions de 
 theatre, 10 vols.), Larroumet (Etudes d'histoire et de critique 
 dramatique, 2 vols., and F\ludes de littkrature et d'art, 4 vols.), 
 
2 5 
 
 Doumic {Etudes sur la litterature francaise, 3 vols.). Various 
 well-known collections of English essays also include essays on 
 French literature : M. Arnold's Essays in criticism, A. Lang's 
 Letters on literature and Essays in little, Myers' Modern essays, 
 Dowden's Studies in literature and New studies in literature, 
 Swinburne's Essays and Studies, Stevenson's Familiar studies 
 on men and books, Henley's Views and reviews, Saintsbury's 
 Miscellaneous essays, Street's Critical sketches, Moore's Impressions 
 and opinions, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's Hortz sabbatica 
 (3 series). A capital series of Dutch essays on French literature 
 of different periods, by Van Hamel, are collected in his Het 
 letterkundig leven van Frankrijk (2 vols.). 
 
 Special aspects of French literature are examined in Jusserand's 
 Shakespeare eti France sous Fancien regime, Texte's Jean-Jacques 
 Rousseau et les origines du cosmopoliiisme litteraire : etude- sur les 
 relations litteraires de la France et de F Angleterre au XVIII* siecle, 
 Maigron's Le roman historique a Fkpoque romantique : essai sur 
 rinfluence de W. Scott, and Rossel's very interesting Histoire des 
 relations litteraires entre la France et F Allemagne (with whic"h cf. 
 the earlier work by Siipfle, Geschichte des deutschen Kultureinflusses 
 ■auf Frankreich, 2 vols.\ and Deschanel's Le romantisme des 
 classiques (S vols.). 
 
 Some examination manuals compiled for the use of French can- 
 didates may occasionally be helpful to English students. Such 
 are : especially He'mon's Cours de litterature a F usage des divers 
 ■examens (13 parts to be had separately), Urbain and Jamey's 
 Etudes historiques el critiques sur les classiques francais du baccalaureat 
 {2 vols.), Merit's Etudes litteraires sur les classiques francais des 
 ■classes superieures (revues par Lintilhac, 2 vols.); also Doumic 
 and Levrault's Etudes litteraires sur les auteurs francais presents 
 pour r examen du brevet superieur, Verdunoy and Thierry's Les 
 auteurs franfais du baccalaureat Is lettres (2 vols.), Mestre's Analyse 
 des auteurs francais prescrits pour le premier examen du baccalaureat 
 is letlres (2 vols.), Caruel's Eludes sur les auteurs francais, and 
 A. Henry's Les auteurs francais de I ' enseignement secondaire et du 
 baccalaureat. 
 
 It is impossible in the limited space available to attempt any 
 
26 
 
 enumeration of existing biographies of* French authors, 
 but some series at least may be named : in French — Les grands 
 Scrivains franfais (42 vols.), and Les classiqves populaires (most 
 volumes of which deal with French authors) ; in English — 
 Foreign classics for English readers, the Philosophical classics for 
 English readers (including Mahaffy's Descartes), the Eminent 
 women series, the Great writers series (with bibliographies), the' 
 Diletta?ite library (including Nichol's V. Hugo). John Morley's 
 works on 18th century authors also deserve to be specially 
 mentioned. 
 
 Biographies and portraits of French dramatists and composers 
 (with an interesting historical sketch of ' affiches '), are contained 
 in Martin's Nos auteurs et compositeurs dramatiques, and biographies 
 and portraits of the members of the French Academy in Martin's 
 Nos academiciens. 
 
 Useful annual reviews of French literature are Ginisty's 
 L'annee litteraire, Gille's La Bataille litteraire, Stoullig's Annates 
 du theatre et de la musique, and Mayr's Jahrbuch der franzosischen 
 Liltefatur. 
 
 7. Collections of Extracts. — The number of collections of 
 extracts to illustrate the history of French literature is very 
 considerable, and only a few of the best can be mentioned 
 here: Staaff's La litth ature franfaise d/puis la formation de la 
 langue jusqua nos jours (6 vols.), Herrig and Burguy's La France 
 litteraire, Ploetz's Manual of French li era/711 c, Petit de Julleville's 
 Morceaux choisis des auteurs franfais (3 vols.), Saintsbury's Speci- 
 mens of French literature, Fasnacht's Select specimens of the great 
 French writers in the ijth, 18th, and iglh centuries, Cahen's 
 Morceaux choisis des auteurs franfais (Classes superieures, 2 vols.), 
 Marcou's Morceaux choisis (2 vols.), M. Pellisson's Morceaux 
 choisis de prose et depchie du XVP au XIX" siecle, Darmesteter and 
 Hatzfeld's Morceaux choisis des ecrivains ,du XV1° siecle, Brachet's 
 Morceaux choisis des grands krivains du XVI' siecle, Bernardin's 
 Recueil de morceaux choisis des auteurs francais (XV IF siecle, XVIII" 
 siecle, XIX' siecle : 3 vols.), Sensine's Chrestomathie du XIX" silcle (2 
 vols.) ; Crepet's Les poetes franfais (4 vols.), Spencer's Primer of 
 
27 
 
 French verse, Lemercier's Chefs d'ceuvrepoetiques de Marot, Ronsard, 
 J. du Bellay, d' ' Aubigne et Regnier, G. Pellissier's Morceaux choisis 
 des poetes du XVL S siecle, Meunier's Lapoesie de la Renaissance, the 
 Anthologie des poetes francais du XIX" siecle (4 vols.), Berthon's 
 Modern French verse, Bowen's Introduction to Modern French lyrics, 
 Merlet's Anthologie des poetes du XIX s siecle, Robertet's Poetes 
 lyriques du XIX s siecle ; Huguet's Portraits et recits extraits des 
 prosateurs du XVI s siecle, Warren's French prose of the 17th century, 
 Berthon's Specimens of Modern French prose, Kastner's Modern 
 French authors (Senior Course), and Tissot and Collas's Morceaux 
 choisis des prosateurs francais du XIX s siecle. The following collect- 
 ions contain extracts from Swiss, Belgian or Canadian authors : 
 Imer-Cuno, Chants du pays . recueil pcetique de la Suisse romande, 
 M. Monnier Fohies g'enevoises : anthologie des poetes genevois, Tissot 
 and Cornut, Les prosateurs de la Suisse fran false ; Pol de M ont, 
 Poetes beiges d' expression franfaise' (1899) ; Nantel, Les fleurs de la 
 poi'sie canadienne 2 (Montreal). A chrestomathy, appearing 
 annually, of living French poets is Fuster's L'annee des poetes : 
 morceaux choisis. 
 
 There exist also numerous selections from authors of a special 
 class, e.g. — from letter writers : Lanson, Choix de lettres du 
 XVII s siecle and Choix de lettres du XVIII s siecle, Herriot et 
 Roustan, Lettres choisies du XVII s siecle; — from moralists, 
 educationalists, political economists : Thamin, Extraits des 
 moralistes des XVII s , XVIII s , et XIX s sikles, Joly, Les moralistes 
 des XVII s , XVIII s et XIX s sikles (and a third book on the same 
 subject by Bougie and Beaunier), Cadet, L'education a Port- 
 Royal: Saint- Cyran, Arnaud, etc. (extraits), Carre, Les pedagogues 
 de Port-Royal, Franck, Extraits des economistes des X VIII s et XIX s 
 sikles; — from critics: Chauvin and Le Bidois, La litterature 
 franfaise par les critiques contemporains : choix de jugements (2 vols), 
 Hatzfeld and Meunier, Les critiques litteraires au XIX s sikle ; 
 — from historians : Colbeck, French readings from Roman history, 
 Masson, Choice readings from French history (3 vols.), Kirkman and 
 Pecontal, Recits dhistoire de France : les Gaulois et les Francs, 
 Toke, French historical unseens. Smith, The age of Richelieu, Smith 
 and Dix, French revolution readings, Fontaine, Les historiens 
 
28 
 
 Jranfais du XIX" stick (New York, 1894), Jullian, Extraits des 
 historiens du XIX" siecle, Meunier, les grands historiens du XIX' 
 sfecle ; — from writings illustrating the history of French society : 
 Crane's La societe franfaise au X VIP Steele with his Tableaux de la _ 
 Revolution franfaise and Le romantisme frangais, Gasquet 's Lectures 
 sur la societe frangaise aux XVII" et XVIII" siecles ; — from memoir- 
 writers : Guy, Extraits de mtmoires historiques et militaires du XIX" 
 siecle ; — from public speakers : Chabrier, Les orateurs politiques de 
 la France des origines a 1830, Stephens, The principal speeches of the 
 statesmen and orators of the French Revolution (2 vols.), Lacroix, 
 L' eloquence parlementaire pendant la Revolution (3 vols.), 
 J. Reinach, L 'eloquence franfaise depuis la Rkvolution jusqu a nos 
 jours, Pellisson, Les orateurs politiques de la France de 1830 a nos 
 ■iours ; — from writers on geography : de Crozals, La France : 
 anthologie geographique, and various good school books, published 
 in Germany, such as Leitritz, La France: anthologie geographique 
 and the same author's Paris et ses environs, Ricken, La France : >/« 
 pays et son peuple, Wolter, Frankreich ; — from scientists : Rebiere, 
 Pages choisies des savants modernes (igoo), Mariotte-Davies, An 
 elementary scientific French reader (Boston, 1898) ; — and from par- 
 ticular authors : the two series of volumes published by Colin under 
 the titles Pages choisies des grands 'ecrivains and Pages choisies des 
 auteurs contemporains, and three volumes (published by Perrin) 
 of extracts from Cousin, Mignet and Guizot, respectively. To this 
 last class may also be added Montaigne, Principaux chapitres 
 ■et extraits des essais (ed. by Jeanroy), Mme. de Sevigne, Lettres 
 ihoisies (ed. by Regnier), Diderot, Extraits (ed. by Texte), J. -J. 
 Rousseau, Extraits en prose (ed. by Brunei), Voltaire, Choix 
 de lettres and Extraits en prose (both ed. by Brunei), V. Hugo, 
 Morceaux choisis (2 vols., Delagrave), Selections from the poetry 
 and comedies of A. de Mussel (by Rutins, Boston), Sainte-Beuve, 
 Selections from the causeries du lundi (ed. by Saintsbury), Selected 
 ■essays, (ed. by Effmger, 1897),- and Extraits (public's par G. 
 Lanson, 1899). 
 
 Some commendable collections of more or less difficult French 
 extracts for practice in translation are : Weekley's Higher French 
 Reader, Leune's Difficult modern Fretir.h (Boston, 1894), the 
 
2 9 
 
 advanced courses of Pellissier's Unseen Passages, and Parry's 
 French passages for unseen translation, Huntington and Coulton's 
 Frtnch passages : for unseen translation. 
 
 8. French Folklore. —Students who take an interest in 
 French popular poetry and traditions will do well to inform 
 themselves about the objects and methods of the study of folk- 
 lore from the excellent books by Gomme {Handbook of Folklore ; 
 written for the Folklore Society), and Hartland [The science of 
 Fairy Tales), and to study as a model volume on French folklore 
 La tradition en Poitou et Charenles : art populaire, ethnographie, 
 folk-lore, hagiographie, histoire (1897). Apart from the latter, the 
 most remarkable modern publications on French folklore, are : 
 Sebillot's Legendes et curiosites des metiers (20 parts) dealing with 
 the customs and traditions of French trades and tradesmen, 
 Gaidoz's Blason populaire, an account of the nicknames given 
 by the inhabitants ot different provinces to each other, Rolland's 
 precious Faune populaire and his still richer Flore populaire 
 (vol. I, 1897), systematic collections of popular names, proverbs, 
 .stories and traditions connected with different animals and . 
 plants in France and elsewhere. The best books of French 
 popular tales are the admirably edited and annotated collection by 
 Cosquin ( Contes populaires lorrains), the important collection by 
 Blade {Contes populaires de la Gascogne, 3 vols., with comparative 
 notes by Kohler), those by Fleury {La litierature orale de la Basse- 
 Nbrmandie), Carnoy {Contes franfais, from Picardy and other 
 parts of France), and Roussey {Contes recueillis a Bournois). On 
 French popular songs we have Tiersot's Histoire de la 
 chanson populaire en France) which, though not altogether 
 scholarly, is pleasant to read, and valuable from the musical 
 point of view. An interesting German work (with a valuable 
 bibliography) is Scheffler's Die franzosische Volksdichtung und 
 Sage (2 vols.). There are two charming anthologies of French 
 popular songs gathered from various sources and accompanied 
 by introductions and notes : Crane's Chansons populaires de la 
 France (New York) and Ulrich's Franzosische Volkslieder (1899). 
 Of the fairly numerous French collections of popular songs the 
 
30 
 
 following are particularly valuable : Rolland's Recueil des 
 chansons populaires' de la France, Champfleury's Chansons popu- 
 lates des provinces de la France, Puymaigre's Chants populaires 
 reaceillis dans le pays Messin, Beauquier's Chansons populaires 
 recueillies en Franche-Comte, Bugeaud's Chants et chansons popu- 
 laires des provinces de fouest, Decombe's Chansons populaires 
 recueillies dans le department d'llle-et- Vilaine, Fleury's Litterature 
 orale de la Basse -Normandie, Carnoy's Litterature orale de la 
 Picardie, Gagnon's Chansons populaires du Canada* ^Quebec, 
 1880). The popular songs in Haupt's collection (FranzosiscJie 
 Volkslieder, aus M. Haupfs Nachlass herausgegeben v. A. Tobler), 
 and in Weckerlin's collection (L'ancienne chanson populaire en 
 France, with melodies and notes) are drawn from earlier ,16th 
 and 17th century sources, and G. Paris has edited for the Societe 
 des anciens textes a collection of popular songs of the 15th 
 century (Chansons francaises du XV e specie). Historical popular 
 songs have been collected by Leroux de Lincy (Recueil de chants 
 historiques franfais depuis le XII' jusqiiau XVI" siecle and Chants 
 historiques et populaires du temps de Charles VII et Louis XI). The 
 history of single popular songs has been traced by Fitzgerald 
 (Stories of famous songs), and recently by Pasque and v. Bamberg 
 in their interesting volume Auf den Spuren des franzosischen 
 Volksliedes. Doncieux is preparing a Romancero francais, which, 
 judging by the hitherto published specimens of the author's 
 critical and comparative method, we may expect to be excellent. 
 The history of French chapbooks has been told by Ch. Nisard 
 in his instructive Histoire des , livres populaires (2 vols.). The 
 most scholarly collections of French proverbs are those by 
 Leroux de Lincy (Livre des proverbes), which includes old 
 French proverbs, and by v. Reinsberg-Duringsfeld (Die 
 Sprichworter der germanischen und romanischen Volker, 2 vols., 
 a comparative dictionary of proverbs of the Germanic and 
 Romance rations). An excellent collection of proverbs in 
 the modern Walloon dialec: (with literary French translation 
 and explanations, and a valuable introduction) has been 
 published by Dejardins and Stecher (Dictionnaire d:s spots oi< 
 proverbes wallons, 2 vols.). 
 
3i 
 
 9. Language generally. — A brief and interesting introduc- 
 tion to the science of language (with a short bibliography) has 
 been written for Dent's series of primers by H. Sweet {The history 
 of language). Students may also be advised to read the same 
 author's introduction to .his JVew English Grammar, or the 
 small German book by Delbriick {Einleiiung in das Sprach- 
 s Indium), which gives clear information on the most important 
 problems of the scientific study of language. The most tho- 
 rough treatise on the general laws of the life and development of 
 language is Paul's Printipien der Sprachgeschichte, of which a 
 3rd revised and enlarged edition has lately been published. The 
 2nd edition of this book has been translated into English {Princi- 
 ples of the history of language) by Strong, who has also published, 
 together with Logeman and Wheeler, a free adaptation of Paul's 
 work {Introduction to the study of. the history of language). This is, in 
 many respects, a' new book, and presents the subject in an easy 
 form ; the numerous English examples which it contains make it 
 particularly instructive for English readers. Von der Gabelentz's 
 Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen 
 Ergebnisse is another learned and thoughtful work the study of 
 which can be thoroughly recommended: it offers an abundance 
 of interesting matter, much of which, however, refers to languages 
 not widely known. The first volume of a new and important 
 work on the science of language, by the well-known psycho- 
 logist, Wundt, has just appeared ( Vblkerpsychologie : Vntersuckung 
 der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, My thus und Sitte. vol 1 . Die 
 Sprache). Lastly, Misteli's Charakteristik der hauptsdchlichsten 
 Typen des Sprachbaues is worth studying as a general survey of 
 the different types of the structure of language. Critical readers 
 will also derive profit from the perusal of the older works by 
 Whitney {Life and growth of language and Language and its 
 s/udy), Max Miiller {Lectures on the science of language), Sayce 
 {Introduction to the science of language, and Principles of comparative 
 philology), and Tylor {Anthropology). The following books deal 
 with some special points of the science of language : Henry's 
 Antinomies linguistiques (1896), a lucid and spirited discussion of 
 some fundamental problems of the science of language ; Jesper- 
 
3 2 
 
 sen's Progress in language, an original and attractive book, dealin 
 with the origin and development of language and with the question 
 •whether development of language is progress or decay; Roussekit's 
 Modifications phonttiques du langage, the opening chapter of 
 which explains the author's method of accurately observing 
 pronunciation and its changes ; Passy's Etudes sur les changements 
 phonetiques, a clear investigation into the causes of sound change ; 
 Wegener's Untersuchungen iiberdie Grundfragen des Sprachlebens, a 
 suggestive book dealing with the psychological side of language ; 
 B real's Essai de semantique (1897), and Darmesteter's La vie des 
 mots, which give accounts of the changes of the meaning of 
 words, the latter with special reference to French (cf. the criti- 
 cism of it, by G. Paris, in the Journal des Savants, 1887, April 
 and May). Very judicious remarks on what should properly be 
 the domain of syntax, and on the faults of the old method of 
 treating syntax, are contained in Ries's Was ist Syntax ? and, 
 with special regard to French, in Svedelius's JO analyse du langage 
 appliquee a la langue francaise (Upsala). 
 
 10. Phonetics. — Phonetics have occupied a prominent place 
 in the linguistic studies of the last thirty years. The literature 
 of this important subject has been carefully catalogued in 
 Breymann's bibliography (cf. p. 6). Another survey limited to 
 the most important publications, which however are examined 
 with great minuteness and competence, is contained in the first 
 part of vol. I of Englische Philologie by Storm, who makes by the 
 way numerous valuable observations on French pronunciation. 
 Valuable general works on phonetics are Sweet's Handbook of 
 Phonetics and his Primer of Phonetics, which (practically a 
 shortened and carefully revised new edition of the Handbook) 
 beginners may possibly find too concise. Sweet's History of 
 English Sounds 2 also contains a sketch of phonetics (pp. 1-50). 
 A larger work of great importance is Sievers's Grundziige der 
 Phonetik*. Lastly, students who can read Danish may be 
 advised to use Jespersen's Fonetik (Copenhagen, 1899). A 
 new school of phoneticians employ physical apparatus in their 
 investigations ; their principles and methods are lucidly ex- 
 
33 
 
 plained in vol. I of Rousselot's Principes de phonetique expert- 
 mentale (with numerous illustrations : a second vol. is in the 
 press). A useful, though lengthy, account of the various possible 
 movements of our speech-organs, with advice how to learn to- 
 produce and discriminate different speech-sounds, has been given 
 by Klinghardt in his Artikulations- und Horubungen, where, how- 
 ever, the examples refer mainly to German. An instructive 
 volume on Le larynx et la languehas been published in Witkowsld's 
 Collection Anatomie iconoclaslique : atlas in-/\.°, compose de pla?iches~ 
 dScoupees, collies et superposies, et accompagn'ees d' un texte explicatif. 
 Students who wish to take up experimental phonetics can 
 procure the necessary apparatus from Louis Deffez et fils, Paris, 
 rue St. Severin, 34. 
 
 11. History of the French Language. — The development of 
 French, in comparison with that of the other Romance languages,, 
 is treated of in the Romance grammars by Diez {Grammatik 
 der romanisclien Sprachen, 3 vols., also translated into French ; 
 in some respects antiquated) and by Meyer-Liibke [Grammatik 
 der romanisclien Sprachen, 3 vols., also translated into French; 
 includes popular dialects). The best complete historical French 
 grammar is Darmesteter's Cours de grammaire historique de la 
 langue f ran caise (4 parts, edited by Muret and Sudre), of which we 
 have a careful English translation in Hartog's Historical French 
 Grammar (with a complete index of words and phrases). An ex- 
 cellent Traite de la formation de la languefrancaise (by Darmesteter, 
 Sudre and Thomas) has recently appeared as a supplement to 
 ih&Diciio/inaire generalde la langue francaiseby Hatzfeld, Darmeste- 
 ter and Thomas. Brunot's Precis de grammaire historique de la langue 
 francaise 3 (with bibliography) also deserves to be recommended, 
 especially for its syntax. Cledat's clear Nouvelle grammaire 
 historique du francais is more elementary and less complete. 
 Brachet's formerly very popular Grammaire historique de la langue 
 francaise is antiquated in its French form : Paget Toynbee, in 
 his English revision (with indexes of words and subject-matter), 
 has greatly improved, and, in fact, almost- entirely re-written it. 
 Among historical French grammars written by Englishmen we 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 rna-y, mention in the first place that by Baker {Outlines of French 
 Historical Grammar). Shorter books are Weekley's useful 
 Primer of Historical French Grammar (primarily compiled for 
 London B.A- candidates), which includes a summary of French 
 versification; the SJiart, French Historical Grammar (with an 
 etymological lexicon), by Spiers,, who has tried to reduce the- 
 essentials of French philology to a minimum ; and the older 
 book by Meissner : Philology of the French. Tongue. A noteworthy 
 bopk is the Spaniard Araujo's rich and instructive Gramdtica. 
 mzflnada.histprko-critica de la lengua francesa" (2 vols., 1890-91). 
 Nyxop's Grammaire historique de la languefranfaise promises, when 
 complete, to.excel all its predecessors : it is an attractively written, 
 practical, and clear summary of the latest results of French 
 philological research, and is provided with a full bibliography 
 and indexes. One volume (on the general history of the language 
 and on phonology) has so far appeared, and two more are to follow. 
 Advanced students may be advised to read Suchier's luminous 
 and original chapter on the principal facts of the history of the 
 French and Proven$al languages in Groeber's Grundriss 
 (vol 1, pp. 561-668); there is also a good French translation 
 by Monet, Le franfais et le provenfal, which does not, however, 
 include the useful maps of the original. The best general 
 history of the French language has been written by Brunot : it 
 i? contained in Petit de Julleville's above mentioned work (p. 17) 
 and reviewed by G. Paris in the Journal des Savants, 1897. 
 It now remains to indicate some of the best Works which deal 
 with special parts of historical French grammar. There is a good 
 and clear manual of French phonology 'by Bourciez (Precis de 
 phonetique francaise' 1 , 1900). Thurot's Dela prononciation francaise 
 depuis. le commencement du XVI" siccle (2 vols.) is a vast collection 
 of materials for, a full history of French pronunciation, which 
 still remains to be written. Etymology and word-formation are 
 dpalt^with, in Thpmas's interesting Essais de philologie franfaise- 
 (JS97), and in Cohn's thorough, but somewhat lengthy Suffixr ' 
 wandlungen. im Vulgpirlatein und im vor litter arischen. . Franzosisch .; 
 the Germanic elements^of, French in Mackel's Die germanischen. 
 El,emnte in. der framosischen, und provgnzaliscken Spzwke.; the 
 
35 
 
 ^arly loan-words of French in Die Lehnwiirter in der frarizbsischM' 
 Sprache a/tester Zeit (1899) by Berger, who shows clearly? by 
 what different channels foreign elements penetrated into Freric'K. 
 Two books by Korting contain many inaccuracies and hazardous 
 explanations and, though useful to critical readers, cannot be 1 
 recommended to beginners : Der Formenbau des franzosiscKen 
 Verbums in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung and Der FbrWinp'aii 
 des franzosischen Nomens. A solid investigation into the hist'dry 
 of one class of French verbs is Risop's Studien zur GescMchie dtr 
 franzosischen Konjugation auf -ir. Lindberg (Les locutions verdates 
 figees dans la I angue francaise, Upsala) has carefully and' method- 
 ically studied those idiomatic expressions which contain a verbal 
 form no longer felt as such. The whole of historical FrericH 
 syntax has not yet been treated in a satisfactory work, but rhuch 
 that is useful is to be found in Matzner's Syntax der neufran- 
 zbsischen Sprache, Benoist's De la syntaxe francaise entre Palsgrave 
 ft Vaugelas, Chassang's edition of Vaugelas' Remarques stir la 
 langue francaise (2 vols.), the Cours superieur of Chassang's 
 Nouvelle grammaire francaise, Haase's Franzosische Syntax des 
 XVII fahrhunderts (the French translation of which, Syntaxe 
 francaise an XVII' siecle, by Obert, may be regarded as a second 
 improved edition of the original). Lastly, the close and atteritive 
 study of Tobler's essays ( Vermischte Beitrdge zur franzdsischen 
 Gratnmatik, 3 vols.), which are based on the fullest knowledge 
 of the language in all its periods, and written by a master 6f 
 psychological analysis, cannot be too earnestly recorrirrieh'ded. 
 The monograph Der altfranzbsische Fragesatz by A. Schulze alsd 
 deserves to be mentioned as a remarkable study of a' spie'c'ial 
 chapter of historical French syntax. An excellent accfdunt of 
 the French language in the 16th century has been giveri by 
 Darm'estetef in his Le seisieme siecle en France. The se'cMhd 
 volume of the same author's Reliques scientifiques contains vsfridus 
 articles of interest to the student of historical French grarrfmarl 
 
 12-. Old French. — The standard grammar of old French' is' 
 Sehwan-Be'hrens' Gramitiatik des Altfranzosischen, the 4th editicW 
 of ; \Wiich well represents the actual state of our knowledge arid' 
 
 3* 
 
36 
 
 is provided with a good bibliography. It is, however, for the 
 most part limited to an account of the dialect of the lle-de- 
 France. Chapters on word-formation and syntax are not 
 included, but are promised for a future edition. A French 
 translation of this book by Bloch (with a preface by Brunot) has 
 been recently published {Grammaire de I'ancien fran(ais). The 
 introduction to Bartsch and Homing's La langue et la litt'eratiire 
 
 francaise depuis le X" jusquau XIV siecle is a less complete, but 
 trustworthy sketch of Old French grammar. Of Suchier's 
 Altfranzosische Grammatik only one part (containing a thorough 
 study of the accented vowels) has yet appeared ; a speedy- 
 continuation of this excellent book is much to be desired. 
 Students who aim at acquiring an elementary knowledge of old 
 French may use Cledat's Grammaire elementaire de la vieille langue 
 
 francaise, which, unfortunately, lacks an adequate treatment of 
 phonology. The short and elementary, but very reliable and 
 clear, grammatical introductions to Gaston Paris's Extraits de 
 la Chanson de Roland and Chrestomathie du moyen age are warmly 
 recommended to beginners. As a practical supplement to any 
 old French grammar, Rottger's careful Altfranzosische Laut- 
 tabellen may be used. A full account of old French syntax and 
 word-formation has not yet been written, but the main facts are to 
 be found in Etienne's Essai de grammaire de I'ancie/ifranfais, which 
 is not, however, up to date in many respects. The best and 
 fullest old French Dictionary is Godefroy's Dictionnaire de 
 
 - fancienne langue francaise et de tons ses dialectes die IX" au XV 
 siecle (9 vols., including the Dictionary and the greater part of the 
 Complement, have hitherto appeared) ; but even this voluminous 
 work is far from being a complete and absolutely reliable 
 inventory of the old French vocabulary. La Curne de Sainte- 
 Palaye's large but antiquated Dictionnaire historique de I'ancien 
 langas,e francais (10 vols.) is still sometimes consulted on account 
 of its numerous examples. From Du Cange's Glossarium 
 media et i?ifimm latihitatis (in which old French words are 
 frequently quoted) a handy and useful, but necessarily incom- 
 plete-old French glossary has been, extracted, and edited, with 
 additions from' other sources, by. Favre (Du Cange, Glossaiir 
 
37 
 
 franfais). The Old French glossary which forms the third 
 and last volume of Burguy's Grammaire de la langue d 'oil may 
 also be referred to. Another smaller book which is fairly full 
 and on the whole reliable (except for the etymologies) is Bos's 
 Glossaire de la langue d'o'il. Bonnard and Salmon have just 
 completed a very useful summary of Godefroy's large dictionary . 
 (Godefroy, Lexique de I'ancien franfais) a supplement to which, 
 consisting of an old French grammar by Bonnard and a 
 treatise on French pronunciation down to the 16th century by 
 • Salmon, is in preparation. This dictionary includes most of the 
 words contained in the larger work, and many additions, but 
 only indicates the meanings of the old words, leaving out all 
 examples and references. Old French reading-books for begin- 
 ners are G. Paris's Extraits de la Chanson de Roland (with 
 excellent introduction, notes r and glossary), and the same 
 author's admirable small Chrestomathie du moye?i age, which 
 contains a modern French translation of most of the texts, 
 but no glossary. Sudre's commendable Chrestomathie du moyen 
 age is composed after a similar plan, but has no grammatical 
 introduction. Various collections of extracts from medieval 
 chroniclers also supply easy reading matter. The best among 
 them is that by G. Paris and Langlois {Extraits des chroniqueurs 
 franfais ; with notes, map and a glossary of technical terms), and 
 there are others by Constans (Les grands historiens du moyen age; 
 with notes and glossary), and Petit de Julleville {Extraits des 
 chroniqueurs franfais du moyen age; with historical notes), who 
 has also edited extracts from the Chanson de Roland (La Ch. de 
 Roland, histoire, analyse, extraits). Joinville's Vie de Saint Louis 
 has been well edited for the use of beginners (with introduction, 
 notes and glossary) by N. de Wailly. Several somewhat fuller 
 reading-books have been compiled with special regard to the 
 needs of beginners, e.g. Cledat's Morceaux choisis des auteurs du 
 moyen age, with notes, literary analyses and a glossary [Glossaire 
 du vieux franfais, also to be had separately) : the text of the 
 extracts is unfortunately not carefully revised. A larger collec- 
 tion of texts is to be found in Constans' Chrestomathie de 
 Vancien franfais (with a literary introduction, very full notes, 
 
3 8 
 
 and a good glossary). Paget Toynbee's Specimens of Old French, 
 with notes and a generally reliable glossary, contains mostly old 
 French texts written in England, and will be especially useful to 
 students of Anglo-Norman. Rog.et's Introduction to Old French .- 
 History, Grammar, Chrestomathy and Glossary needs thorough 
 revision to become a trustworthy guide. A Historical Reader of 
 Early French by Strong and Barrett will appear shortly. 
 Students who know German will find a good introduction to the 
 study of old French in Nonnenmacher's Fraktisches Lehrbuch der 
 altfranzbsischen Sprache. They may also be advised to use the • 
 editions, specially prepared for beginners, of : — Aucassin et 
 Nicolete, by Suchier (with notes, paradigms and glossary ; may 
 be usefully compared with the two editions by Bourdillon, 
 mentioned on p. 16) ; of Zwei Altfranzbsische Dichtungen by 
 Schultz-Gora (with full and thorough commentaries and 
 glossary) ; of Adam le Bossu'sy<?zi! de Robin et Marion, by E. 
 Langlois (with modern French translation and notes' ; and of 
 the Chanson de Roland, by Cledat or by L. Gautier (both 
 editions are accompanied by notes and glossaries, and the latter 
 also by a modern French translation). Students of the Chanson 
 4<e Roland may also compare one of the numerous other modern 
 French translations (a very cheap one by A. d'Avril, a 
 "traduction archai'que et rythmee," by Cledat, the "traduction 
 rythmee et assonancee," by Petit de Julleville, a translation 
 " en vers modernes," by Lehugeur, or the cheap one " en 
 yers francais," by Bouchor), or the English translations by 
 O'Haganand Rabillon, and The Song of Roland : a summary, with 
 verse renderings of typical passages by Spencer and Way. The 
 chrestomathies by Bartsch {Chrestomathie de tancien franfais), 
 and by Bartsch and Horning (La langue et la littirature 
 francaise depuis le X" jusqu au XIV" siecle) are suitable for more 
 advanped readers ; they afford a good and fairly complete 
 survey of the whole of old French literature. The glossaries 
 qi both books, as also the critical restitution of the texts, 
 especially in the former, unfortunately leave a good deal to be 
 desired. No serious student of Old French should omit to 
 read G. Paris's edition of La Vie de Saint Alexis, which, 
 
39 
 
 though as regards details no Idnger quite up-to-date, is a 
 model of the method to be followed in editing Old French texts. 
 Other important and interesting editions of Old French texts 
 are : — Les plus anciens monuments de la langue franfaise (by Kosch- 
 witz, of whose Kommentarzu den dltesten franzbsischeh Sprachdenk- 
 malern only vol. i has appeared) ; the following chansons de geste : 
 Das altfranzosische Rolandslied (critical edition by Stengel), AM et 
 Mirabel und Elie de Saint Gille (by Forster), Raoul de CamWai 
 (by P. Meyer and Longnon), Auberi(A. Tdbler, Mitiheilungen aus 
 altfranzosischen Handschriften, I), Les Narbonnais (by Suchier), 
 Bueve cT Hanstone (by Stimming), Karls des Grossen Reise nacn 
 Jerusalem und Konstantinopel (by Koschwitz) ; the poems on 
 Alexander the Great contained in Alexandre le Grand dans la 
 litUrature franfaise du moyen age (by P. Meyer, 2 vols. ) ; Forster's 
 editions of the verse romances of Chrestien de Troyes (large 
 edition, 4 vols. ; small edition with short glossaries, 3 vols.), of 
 whose Chevalier ait lyon there is also an edition by Holland, to 
 which Tobler has contributed valuable notes and A. Schulze is 
 preparing a glossary ; the CEuvres poetiques de Philippe de { Remi, 
 sire de Beaumanoir (by Suchier, 2 vols.) ; the collections Die Lais 
 der Marie de France and Die Fabeln der Marie de France (by 
 Warnke) ; the lyrics printed in the Recueil de motets franfais 
 des XII' et XIII" siecles (by Raynaud), and the CEuvres completes de 
 Villon (by Longnon j ; the didactic works Li dis dou vrai ahiel 
 and Liproverbe an vilain (by Tobler) , the Reimpredigt (by Suchier), 
 and Les contes moralises de Nicole Bozo?i (by L. Toulmin Smith and 
 P. Meyer) ; and the historical textsZa viede Guillaume le Markchal 
 (in verse, ed. P. Meyer), Villehardouin's Conquete de C Onstanti- 
 nofi/e, and Joinville's Histoire de Saint Louis (both ed. by N. de 
 Wailly, with a modern French translation). 
 
 Students who have not had occasion to learn Old French, 
 and yet desire to have some knowledge of medieval French 
 literature, may have recourse to G. Paris's charming Recits 
 extraits des prosateurs et poetes du moyen age mis en franfdis moderht, 
 in which the tone of the old poets and chroniclers is most 
 happily rendered, or to the numerous translated extracts frdm 
 chansons de geste contained in L. Gautier's Lis kpopees frdnpiisis 
 
They may also refer to translations or modern sei tings, such as 
 those mentioned above, of the Chanson de Roland, to those of 
 other chansons de geste by Cledat {Chansons de geste : Roland, 
 Aimeri de Narbonne, Le couronnement de Louis, rendered in a 
 peculiar moijern French with an admixture of archaisms), 
 to Guillaume d Orange . . . mis en nouveau langage 
 (by Jonckbloet), Garin le Loherain, chanson de geste . . . 
 wise en nouveau langage (by P. Paris}, the Collection des romans de 
 chevalerie, mis en prose franfaise moderne (by Delvau, 4 vols.), 
 various volumes of A. d'Avril's Cheap Nouvelle bibliotheque bleue, 
 the Romans de la table ronde, mis en nouveau langage (by P. Paris, 
 5 vols.), the Aventures du maitre Renard et d' Ysengrin son compere, 
 mises en nouveau langage (by P. Paris), and Villehardouin, texte 
 rapproche du francais moderne (by N. de Wailly). Among English 
 versions are : — The history of Huon of Bordeaux and Renaud of 
 Montauban (by Steele), King Arthur and the round table (by Newell, 
 2 vols.), The high history of the Holy Grail (by Evans, 2 vols.), 
 Guingamor ; Lanval ; Tyolet ; The Were Wolf : four lais trans- 
 mit" d from the French of Marie de France and others (by J. Weston), 
 Old French romances (by W. Morris), Aucassin and Nicolette (by 
 Bourdillon, and by A. Lang), Our Lady's Tumbler (by 
 Wicksteed), Villon (by Payne, for the Villon Society), Joinville 
 ■(in the volume Chronicles of the crusades, Bohn's Library), 
 Froissart's Chronicles of England, France, and Spain (published 
 by Routledge & Sons), and the Memoirs of Commines (by 
 Scoble, Bohn's Library). Readers of German may also consult 
 Altfranzosische Sagen (by Keller), Spielmannsbuch (by Hertz), 
 Altfranzosische Volkslieder (by Bartsch). 
 
 13. French Dialects. — The number of important works 
 published since the appearance of Behrens's valuable and 
 indispensable bibliography (cf. p. 7) is not very great. The 
 following deserve to be mentioned in the first instance : Martel- 
 liere, Glossaire du Venddmois ; De la Loje, Glossaire du Bas-Beri 
 (in course of publication) ; Dottin, Glossaire des parlers du Bas- 
 Maine ; Guerlin de Guer, Le patois normand (a good introduction) ; 
 Kdmoat, Lexiaue saint-polois ; Wilmotte, Le Wallon (a good popular 
 
sketch of the history of Walloon literary and intellectual life) ; 
 Perrault-Dabot, Le patois bourgui^non ; Vautherin, Glossaire die 
 patois de Chatenois (in course of publication) ; Richenet, Le patois 
 de Petit-Noir (Jura) ; Roussey, Glossaire du patois de Bournois 
 (Doubs) ; Le patois neuchatelois ; Dauzat, Etudes linguistiques sur la 
 Basse- Auvergne ; Clapin, Dictionnaire canadien-francais. On Cana- 
 dian French the student may consult, (besides various papers 
 by Elliott in the American Journal of Philology, vols. VI, VII and 
 X, and elsewhere, and by Chamberlain in Modern Language Notes, 
 vols. VI-IX) Dunu's Glossaire franco-canadien (Quebec, 1880), 
 Suite's Situation de la langue franfaise au Canada (Montreal, 1885), 
 and Buies's Anglicismes et canadismes (Quebec, 1890). Two great 
 undertakings are at present engaging the special attention of 
 students of French dialects : the Atlas linguistique de la France 
 by Gillieron and Edmont, which will consist of 1700-1900 sheets 
 to be published in about 38 parts at 20 francs each ; and a 
 dictionary of the dialects of la Suisse romande, which is being 
 prepared under the direction of Gauchat. 
 
 1$. ProYengal. — A thoroughly reliable Old Provencal gram- 
 mar is still a desideratum. The student may be advised to 
 learn the phonology from Crescini's useful Manualelto provenzale 
 (in Italian), which contains a grammatical introduction, a 
 collection of Provencal texts, and a glossary ; if he does not 
 know Italian, he may consult the relevant sections of Diez's 
 Grammaiik der romanischen Sprachen (3 vols.). Meyer-Lubke's , 
 Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (3 vols.) pays relatively 
 little attention to Old Provencal. The best account of 
 Provencal accidence is to be found in the grammatical survey 
 prefixed to Appel's excellent Provenzalische Chrestomathie. On 
 Old Provencal literary history there exist a number of at- 
 tractively written English books which may be recommended 
 to the general reader: Hueffer's The troubadours, Rowbotham's 
 The troubadours and courts of love, Rutherford's The troubadours, and 
 especially Smith's The troubadours at home (2 vols., with descrip- 
 tions of travel in southern France, illustrations, and a useful 
 bibliography). No serious student can dispense with the sketch 
 
4 2 
 
 contributed to Grober's Grundriss by Stimming, or with tha 
 second editions of Diez's two standard works (Poesie der Trouba- 
 dours, and Leben und Werke der Troubadours). Restori's 
 primer {Letteratura provenzale, in Italian), of which there is a 
 French translation by Martel ( Histoire de la literature proven- 
 fale), also gives sound and reliable information ; and the sketch of 
 Provencal language and literature in the Encyclopedia Britannica 
 is from the pen of a master (P. Meyer). Oelsner is preparing 
 a volume on the history of Provencal literature for Heinemann's 
 series of literary histories. The best Provencal reading-book is 
 that by Appel (Provenza/ische Ckrestomathie, with a very full 
 glossary). Bartsch's Chrestomathie provencale is very useful too ; 
 it has, however, the same defects as his Old French chresto- 
 mathies. P. Meyer's Recueil cFauaens textes bas - latins, provencaux 
 et francais consists of a limited number of well edited, texts, but 
 has not, unfortunately, any introduction, notes, or glossaries. 
 The best Old Provengal dictionary is Raynouard's Lexique 
 roman (6 vols.), a voluminous supplement to which, by Levy, is 
 in course of publication. The best helps for the study of Modern 
 Provencal are Koschwitz's Grammaire de la langue des filibres, 
 Mistral's Tresor dou felibrige (a Modern Provencal dictionary in 2 
 vols.), Jourdanne's Histoire du felibrige, Hennion's chrestomathy 
 Les fleurs ftlibresques, and Koschwitz's students' edition of 
 Mistral's Mirlio (with an etymological dictionary by Hennicke). 
 Students may also consult Rigaud's Modern French prose 
 translation, which accompanies the French edition of Mireio, 
 and the English verse translation by Preston. A short 
 and attractive survey of the literary revival of Provencal in the 
 nineteenth century is to be found in the Revue encydopedique 
 (number of July 31, 1897, t0 t> e na d separately). 
 
 15. The Teaching of French. — The most important work 
 on the teaching of Modern French is Munch's Didaktik und 
 Methodik des franzbsischen Unterrichts, an off-print from Baumeis- 
 ter's Handbuch der Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre fur hbhere 
 Schulen. It is based on the wide experience and impartial 
 judgment of a very competent and intelligent thinker, and 
 
43 
 
 forms an admirable introduction to the various problems 
 which occupy the attention of modern educationalists. TDfoe 
 attentive perusal of the same author's Zur Fordtrung des 
 franzosischen Unterrichts is likewise to be warmly recommended : 
 it will help to dispel the prejudices both of the adherents of 
 old methods and of extreme reformers. Another work for 
 teachers and learners of modern languages, valuable alike 
 by its criticisms of both older and new«r methods and by its 
 positive advice, is Sweet's The practical study of languages. 
 Ohlert's Allgemeine Methodik des Sprach- Unterrichts is a good 
 manual and book of reference on questions of language teaching. 
 The same author has written an interesting pamphlet on Das 
 Studium der Sprachen i/nd die geistige Bildung. Laurie's 
 thoughtful Lectures on language and linguistic method hi the 
 school will also be found serviceable, and its second and third 
 editions contain a special chapter on the teaching of French. 
 Shorter writings on modern language teaching, which every 
 teacher should read are : — -the reports {by Miss Montgomery, 
 F. Ware, Miss Brebner, and E. Hausknecht) in vols. II and III 
 of Special reports on educational subjects published by the 
 Educational Department (also collected in one vol. under the 
 title Special reports of modern language teaching) ; Breul's 
 suggestive The teaching of modern foreign languages 1 (with a most 
 useful bibliography for teachers of German) ; also, among the 
 essays contained in various collective volumes, the remarkable 
 chapter on modern languages by Spencer in his Chapters on the 
 aims and practice of teaching*, that by Storr in Barnett's Teaching 
 and school organisation, by Allcock in Cookson's Essays on 
 secondary education, and the various papers on the value and 
 methods of modern language instruction, mostly by American 
 authors, which compose the volume entitled Methods of teaching 
 modern languages. Other English writings on the subject are : 
 Colbeck's Lectures on the teaching of modern languages, Widgery's 
 excellent The teaching of languages in schools (with a good 
 bibliography), and Findlay's clear Preparations for instruction in 
 English on a direct method (Marburg, 1893). The number of 
 really helpful French publications on modern language teaching 
 
44 
 
 (apart from various articles in the Revue de tenseignement des 
 ■langues vivantes) is small, but includes Breal's very interesting De 
 Penseignement des langues vivantes, Gouin's Dart d'e?iseigner et 
 d 'kudier les langues, and the three essays which obtained prizes 
 from the Societe pour la propagation des langues etrangeres 
 in 1898, and have been published in a collective volume 
 (Laudenbach, Passy, Delobel, De la methode directe dans fenseigne- 
 ment des langues vivantes). Lastly, Germany has produced during 
 the last 25 years an appalling number of publications on modern 
 language teaching (Breymann, in his capital bibliographies Die, 
 neusprachliche Reform- Literatur von 1876-1893 and Die neusprach- 
 liche Reform- Literatur von 1894-99, nas catalogued 739 theoretical 
 writings for the period 1876-98), and not a few of them, by 
 both adherents and opponents of the ' New Method,' are 
 decidedly worth reading. Among these are : — Quousque 
 tandem (Vietor), Der Sprachunterricht muss umkehren (which gave 
 a great impetus to the reform movement) ; Franke, Die praktischt 
 Spracherlernung auf Grund der Psychologie und Physiblogie der 
 Sprache ; Rambeau, Der franzosische und englische Unterricht in 
 der deutschen Schule ; Bierbaum, Die analytisch-direkte Methode des 
 neusprachlichen Unterrichts ; Ktihn, Der franzosische Anfangs- 
 Unterrkht and his Entwurf eines Lehrplanes fiir den franzosischen 
 Unterricht am Real- Gymnasium ; Klinghardt , Einjahr Erfahrungen 
 mit der neuen Methode and Drei weitere Jahre Erfahrungen mit 
 der imiiativen Methode (both most interesting) ; Tanger (opposed 
 to the ' New Method '), Muss der Sprachunterricht umkehren 1 
 Quiehl, Franzosische Aussprache und Sprachfertigkdt (very com- 
 mendable) ; Soltmann, Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht an der 
 hbheren Mddchenschule and Das propddeutische Halbjahr des franzo- 
 sischen Unterrichts in der hoheren Mddchenschule; Walter, Der 
 franzbsische Klassenunterricht ; Roden (eclectic), In wiefern muss 
 der Sprach- Unterricht umkehren ? and Die Verwendung von 
 Bildern zu franzosischen und englischen Sprechubungen ; Wehrmann, 
 
 Wider die Methodenkunstelei im neusprachlichen Unterricht; 
 Stiehler (moderate), Zur Methodik des neusprachlichen Unterrichts ; 
 Waetzold, Die Aufgabe des neusprachlichen Unterrichts und die 
 
 Vorbildung der Lehrer ; Mangold, Gelbste und ungeloste Fragen der 
 
45 
 
 Methodik auf dem Gebiete der neueren Fremdsprachen ; Alge, Zur 
 Methodik des franzosischen Unterrichts and Beilrdge zur Methodik 
 des franzosischen Unterrichts ; Ohlert, Methodische Anleiiung znvi 
 
 Unterricht im Franzosischen; Hartmann, Die Anschauung im 
 neusprachlichen Unterricht; Baetgen, Der franzdsische Unterricht 
 (off-print from vol. II of Rein's Encyklopddisches Handbuch 
 der Pddagogik) ; Kron, Zur Verwertung der bildlichen Anschattung 
 im neusprachlichen Unterricht ; Lange, Beobachtungen u?id Er- 
 fahrungen auf dem Gebiete der Anschauungsmethode im franzosischen 
 
 Unterricht ; Baerwald,iV«^ undebnere Bahnen imfremdsprachlicheit 
 
 Unterricht and Eignet sich der Unterricht im Sprechen und Schreiben 
 fremder Sprachen jiir die Sckule ? Sallwurk, Fiinf Kapitel vom 
 Erlernen fremder Sprachen. 
 
 Teachers who wish to found on a common basis the instruc- 
 tion in foreign modern languages and in English will find useful 
 
 suggestions in Davenport and Emerson's The Principles of 
 
 Grammar. 
 
 16. French Pronunciation. — The pronunciation of French 
 is dealt with in several clear and popular books by P. Passy, 
 whose statements do not however in all details agree with the 
 pronunciation generally heard in good Parisian society : Les 
 sons die francais : Abrege de prononciation fran$aise ; Le francais 
 parle'' (containing extracts from French authors) ; further, in 
 Beyer-Passy's Elementarbuch des gcsprochenen Franzosisch (with 
 Erganzungsheft by Beyer) : here again, the pronunciation 
 taught would in some points be described as vulgar by 
 well-bred Frenchmen. The best and most accurate manual of 
 French pronunciation is that by Beyer {Franzosische Phonstik, with 
 a good bibliography), but the study of even the best book 
 on this subject will not dispense the student from making 
 careful observations of his own. Another very commendable 
 short book (in Danish) is Nyrop's Kortfattet fransk lydlcere tilbrug 
 for Icerere og studerende (Copenhagen 1893). Matzke has pub- 
 lished a good Primer of French pronunciation (New York). 
 Excellent observations and notes on French pronunciation by 
 a thorough scholar are contained in Koschwitz's Zur Aussprache 
 
4 6 
 
 d»s Franzosischen in Genf und Frankreich. Many good hints are 
 alsotw be found in Ploetz's somewhat old-fashioned Systematiscke 
 Darstellung der franzosischen Aussprache. Vietor's Elemente der 
 Phonetih des Deutschen, Englischen und Franzosischen and his Kleine 
 Phomtik (of which there is a good English adaptation by 
 Rippmann : Elements of Phonetics) give an able and clear account 
 not only of French, but also of English and German pro- 
 nunciation. An elementary handbook of English, French and 
 German phonetics is Miss Soames's Introduction to phonetics, of 
 which Vietor has prepared a second edition. Students intending 
 to make a thorough study of French pronunciation must also 
 consult Trautmann's Die Sprachlaute im allgemeinen und die Laute 
 des Englischen, Franzosischen und Deutschen im besonderen. The 
 well-known experimental phonetician Rousselot is preparing a 
 work on French pronunciation, whose appearance is on all sides 
 eagerly expected ; and his assistant Ziind-Burguet has in the 
 press a practical manual for students {Praktische Ubungen zur 
 Aussprache des Franzosischen, Paris, Welter). A useful wall-chart 
 showing distinctly the different sounds occurring in French has 
 been published by Vietor (Franzosische Lauttafel). 
 
 Among French pronouncing dictionaries, Michaelis-Passy's 
 Dictionnaire phonetique francais is unique in containing the words 
 in the alphabetic order of the pronunciations rather than of the 
 spellings. The arrangement in Favre's Dictionnaire de la pro- 
 nonciution francaise is more convenient for practical purposes, but 
 his phonetic transcripts are awkward. Perhaps the most useful 
 book for the needs of students is Plattner's Worterbuch der 
 Schwierigkeiten der franzosischen Aussprache und Rechtschreibmig, 
 which forms vol. I of part II of his Airtfiihrliche Grammatik der 
 franzosischen Sprache. 
 
 A 1 good selection of phonetically transcribed texts is given by J. 
 Passy and Rambeau in their Chrestomathie francaise ; it must, how- 
 ever, be borne in mind that the pronunciation here given is rather 
 that of familiar conversation than of reading and recitation. A 
 similarly useful book- is Andre's Manuel de diction et de prononciation 
 fmnt;tiise. The American firm of Hinds and Noble (New York) 
 proposes to publish a collection olidtophonic texts, the third series 
 
47 
 
 o£ which will contain Fxench texts for English readers, and' be 
 inaugurated by Halevy's L'abbe Constantin (edited by P. Passy):; 
 the edition will: contain four parallel texts, viz., phonic French, 
 ordinary French, literal English, free English. The peculiar 
 interest and importance of Koschwitz's Pavlers parisiens lies in 
 its not laying down a standard of French pronunciation-, but 
 simply reproducing as accurately as possible the way in which' a 
 number of educated Frenchmen (scholars, authors, actors), and 
 also some persons of only elementary education, read to- the 
 author some skilfully selected extracts. Reading and reciting 
 as an art is taught by Legouve (L'arl de la lecture), Dupont- 
 Vernon (L'art de Men dire and Diseurs et comediens), Cauvet {La 
 prononciation francaise- et la diction), and Gravollet {Declamation). 
 
 17. French Spelling. — In the last twenty years much has been 
 written on the greatly needed reform of French spelling. The 
 best publications on this subject are Renard's excellent guide 
 La nouvelle orthographe, Breal's La reforme de l' or thographe francaise, 
 some articles by Havet collected in the volume La simplification 
 de Vortkographe, Ernault et Chevaldin's Manuel d'ortografe 
 simplifiie, and Lebaigue's La reforme orthographique et I'Acadhnie 
 
 francaise. Henze's Reform der franzosischen Orthographic affords 
 a good and short sketch of the reform movement during the ten 
 years preceding its publication. The history of French spelling- 
 reform from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century is dealt with 
 in Didot's Observations sur I' orthographe. Some practical treatises 
 on French punctuation may be added here : Tassis, Traitfrde la 
 punctuation ; Ricquier, Traite de ponctuation ; Feller, De la 
 ppnctuation francaise : apercu a V usage des classes superieures ; and 
 Glade, Die franzosische Lnterpunktionsltkre. Useful advice for 
 the correcting of French proof-sheets is given in Lefevre's 
 Instruction pour la lecture des epreuves. 
 
 18. Modern French Grammar. — Among grammars of modern 
 French not. exclusively intended for school use the following- 
 are ofc value : Ayer«'s Gratmnaire comparee de: la languefranfaite-, 
 Aubertin's Gramnmire- moderne des ecrivains francaise K&mpmann's 
 
4 8 
 
 Grammaire pratique de la langue franfaise, the small Grammaire 
 selon i ' Acadkmie by Bonneau et Lucan, and the older ones by 
 Girault-Duvivier (Grammaire desgrammaires), Bescherelle (Gram- 
 maire nationale), N. Landais (Grammaire generate des grammaires 
 franfaises), B. Jullien (Cours suptrieur de grammaire) ; also the 
 Courrier de Vaugelas, in which numerous details of French 
 grammar and phraseology are discussed, and Laveaux's Diction- 
 naire des difficulte.s de la langue franfaise (\ e e"d. revue par Marty- 
 Laveaux). Cledat's Grammaire raisonnke de la langue franfaise (with 
 a valuable preface by G. Paris) is not so much a systematic 
 grammar as a series of judicious and instructive observations on 
 selected grammatical questions. Plattner's Ausfiihrliche Gram- 
 matik der franzosischen Sprache is on the whole an excellent 
 . book, and the same author's Etudes de grammaire et de litterature 
 franfaises (2 vols.), which deal much more with grammar than 
 with literature, contain precious collections of materials. 
 Of Koschwitz's Grammatikder neufranzosischen Schrif/spraclie(\mth. 
 notes on the history of the language) only the first part has yet 
 appeared; it treats of spelling, pronunciation, and the origin of 
 French sounds. Lastly, Matzner's Franzosische Grammatik mit 
 besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Lateinischen, though antiquated 
 in its historical parts, is still useful as far as it refers to modern 
 French. 
 
 Various books deal with special parts of Modern French 
 grammar. Koschwitz's Neufranzosische Formenlehre nach ihrem 
 Lautstande (with which his remarks in the Zeitschrift filr franzosische 
 Sprache uhd Litteratur XII; p. 1 ff. must be compared) gives a 
 clear account of French accidence as it appears when the pro- 
 nunciation, not the spelling, of words is considered; as also 
 do Beyer-Passy's Elementarbuch des ge.sprochenen Fransosisch, 
 and Cledat's Precis d'ortkographe et de grammaire phonetujues. 
 Darmesteter's De la creation actuelle de mots nouveaux dans 
 la langue franfaise and Traite de la formation des mots composts 
 dans la langue franfaise (second edition partly re-written and 
 edited by G; Paris) are classical models of treatises on French 
 word-formation. For Modern French syntax the books by 
 Holder (Grammatik der franzosischen Sprache) and Stier '( Franso- 
 
49 
 
 sische Syntax) are very useful by reason of their rich collections 
 of examples, whose arrangement and explanation leave, how- 
 ever, a good deal to be desired. From Brinkmann's large, but 
 carelessly written Syntax des Franzosischen und Englischep, in 
 vergleichender Darstellung (2 vols.) the student will derive 
 relatively little profit. Certain peculiarities or difficulties of 
 modern syntax form the subject of Robert's Questions de 
 grammaire et de langue franfaises Uucid'ees and Bastin's Glanures 
 grammaticales : both authors adduce by way of illustration 
 numerous examples from modern writers. Soltmann has written 
 a thoughtful Syntax des franzosischen Zeitworts, and Rabbinowicz's 
 for the most part very incomplete Grammaire de la la?igue franfaise 
 contains a full and judicious chapter on the use of tenses. The 
 decree of the French Minister of Education regarding the 
 simplification of French spelling and syntax {Simplification de 
 P enseignement de la syntaxe franfaise : arr&te du 31 juillet, 1900, 
 Paris, Delalain freres ; also to be had in English under the 
 title : The Reform of French syntax and orthography) has been 
 edited with a commentary by Rodhe (La nouvelle reforme de 
 I'o rthographe et de la syntaxe franfaise, Lund, Sweden). 
 
 The number of school-grammars and of school-manuals for the 
 study of French is enormous. Only a few of the best can be 
 mentioned here : Eve and de Baudiss's Wellington College French 
 Grammar (the completest French grammar published in 
 England), Fasnacht's Progressive French course (3 vols., with the 
 same author's Teacher's Companion to "Macmillan's Progressive 
 French course" in 3 vols.), Breymann's French Grammar based on 
 philological principles, Weekley's Tutorial French Accidence and 
 Tutorial French Syntax, Grandgent's concise but remarkably clear 
 and well arranged Short French Grammar, Cledat's Grammaire 
 classique de la langue franfaise, and the Cours superieurs of the 
 grammars by Brachet and Dussouchet, Da Costa, Larive and 
 Fleury, Noel and Chapsal, Crousle and Cordelet ; further, 
 Liicking's luminous Franzosische Schulgrammatik, Seeger's Fran- 
 zosische Schulgrammatik, with the same author's most interesting 
 and instructive Lehrbuch der neufranzcsischen Syntax mit syste- 
 matischer Beiiicksichtigung (trs Deutiehen (two parts) and his 
 
 4 
 
5° 
 
 Elemente der lateinischen Syntax mit systematischer Beriicksichtigung 
 des Franzosischen, Ploetz's Syntax und Formenlehre der neufranzbsis- 
 chen Sprache auf Grund des Lateinischen (with a French edition, 
 Nouvelle grammairefran(aise basee sur le latin), Ricken's Grammatik 
 der franzosischen Sprache, Ulbrich 's Kurzgefasste franzosische Schul- 
 grammatik, Soltmann's Lehrbuch der franzosischen Sprache ; lastly, 
 (in Swedish) Vising's Fransk Sprhklara (Lund, 1890-92), and 
 Widholm's Fransk Sprhklara (Stockholm, 1879). A Modern 
 French grammar by Clarke and Murray, with special paragraphs 
 on XVIIth century peculiarities, will appear shortly. The 
 following grammars are noteworthy as types of peculiar methods : 
 Methode Berlitz pour I'enseignement des langues modernes (two parts, 
 Berlin, 1888-9), Beuzemaker's First and Second French Course, 
 .Eugene and Duriaux's The Study of French according to the best 
 and newest systems, Gouin's Langage objectiflo. vols.) and Langage 
 subjectif '(1 vol.), Betis and Swan's The facts of life, idiomatically 
 described and systematically arranged, Hogben's Methode ndlurelle 
 pour apprendre le franfais, Kroeh's French course, Naf's Compre- 
 hensive French manual, Dent's First and Second French books 
 (English adaptations, by Rippmann, of Alge's Leitfaden fur den 
 ersten Unterricht im Franzosischen, in two parts, with Rippmann's 
 Hints on teaching French; with a running commentary to Dent's 
 First and Second French books), Poire's French course for evening 
 •.classes, the First, Second, and Third French Readers and Writers 
 published by Swan Sonnenschein (a fourth part in preparation), 
 Bierbaum's Lehrbuch der franzosischen Sprache nach der analytisch- 
 direkten Methode (three parts), Borner's Lehrbuch der franzosischen 
 Sprache, Brej'mann's Franzosische Grammatik fur den ,Schulge- 
 brauch, Kuhn's Franzosische Schulgrammatik, Mangold .and Coste's 
 Lehrbuch der franzosischen Sprache, Plattner and Heaumier's 
 Fr.anzosisches Unterrichtswerk, Rossmann and Schmidt's Lehrbuch 
 der franzosischen Sprache auf Grund der Anschauung ; lastly, the 
 Original - Unterrichtsbriefe fur das Selbststudium Erwachsener 
 by Toussaint^Langenscheidt and Haeussner's Selbstunterrichts- 
 briefc.zut • Erlernung der modernen Sprachen. • -- '■•"•.. ■•'•••. 
 
 19. Various Handbooks for the Study of French. — A 
 
5i 
 
 good summary of the principal difficulties of French syntax and 
 the chief differences between English and French construction 
 has been written by Storr (Hints on French syntax) ; and a 
 practical handbook by Tarver (French stumbling blocks and 
 English stepping stones) contains useful information partly 
 similar to that supplied by Attwell's French- English pseudo- 
 synonyms, and Deshumbert's Dictionary of difficulties met with in 
 speaking and writing French. For the study of French idioms 
 the careful compilation by Payen- Payne (French idioms and 
 proverbs) may be confidently recommended. J. Bue's Class-book 
 ■of comparative idioms (in 3 vols. : English, French and German) 
 will also be found serviceable. Mariette's collection {French 
 and English idioms and proverbs, 3 vols.) is very full, but com- 
 petent judges find fault with his English renderings. Mme. 
 Plan's Selection of French idioms is also very rich : she explains 
 the French idioms, not by English translations, but by French 
 paraphrases. A good booklet for beginners is H. Bue's First 
 steps in French idioms. Calais's French phrase-book recommends 
 itself by its rational arrangement according to grammatical 
 principles. The titles of the numerous examination handbooks, 
 of collections of more or less elementary French examination 
 questions which have been published for the benefit of can- 
 didates, cannot be here given in full. Suffice it to name the 
 authors of some of these manuals : Barbier, Baumann, Belcher, 
 Brette and Thomas, Davis, Deshumbert, D'Oursy, Julien, 
 Karcher, Ladell, Laurent, Noirit, Perini, Riihle, Spiers, 
 Stedman, and Vecqueray. 
 
 20. Colloquial French. — Colloquial French is taught in 
 Franke's short Phrases de tous les jours (which contains the most 
 usual phrases in good phonetic transcripts), in Storm's excellent 
 and methodically arranged Dialogues frangais (middle and higher 
 courses with Norwegian renderings, the former also in an English 
 adaptation by Macdonell, and both in German adaptations), 
 in H. Swan's Colloquial French (which gives a good selection 
 of phrases, but employs an awkward method to indicate 'the 
 pronunciation), in Gasc's Practical Guide to JModern' French 
 
 V 
 
52 
 
 conversation, Foulchd-Delbosc's Causeries parisiennes, Tarver's 
 Colloquial French for school and private use, Peschier's Causeries 
 parisiennes, Stier's Causeries francaises, Murray's practical and 
 convenient Pocket handbook of travel-talk (English, German, 
 French, and Italian, in parallel columns), and in Ploetz's Voyage 
 a Paris. The following may prove serviceable for Class use, 
 or in the case of candidates for oral examinations : Elwall and 
 East, Dialogues, conversations et questions, en franfais et en anglais, 
 sur la vie scolaire et sur la litt'erature, la geographie et Fhistoire de 
 I'Angleterre et des Etats-Unis, Betis and Swan's class-room! 
 conversations in French, R. Bue's School-boy conversations, English- 
 French dialogues (Boston), Sauveur's Causeries avec mes Sieves and 
 Petites causeries (New York), Riickoldt's Sammlung franzosischer 
 Schulredensarten fur den Sprachunterricht, Musgrave's French 
 conversations with the examiner. Kron's Le petit Parisien (English 
 adaptation by Rippmann : French daily life), and the special 1 
 edition of it for women (entitled En France), supply, though 
 not in the form of dialogues, aDundant matter for conversation. 
 Good systematic collections of words, intended for schools 
 but also otherwise useful, are : Boisseau's Vocabulaire de Fenfance 
 (2 parts), Carre's Vocabulaire franfais (4 parts), Pautex's Recueil de 
 mots franfais par ordre de matieres (of which there is also an Abr'egH), 
 Beljame and Bossert's Common French words, rationally grouped,, 
 Spiers's French Vocabularies for repetition) Stedman's French 
 Vocabularies for repetition, Anderson and Storr's French words- 
 and phrases, Pellissier's French roots and their families (in which, 
 the words are arranged actording to etymological principles), and 
 Ragonot's Vocabulaire symbolique Anglo- Franfais (with illus- 
 tratipns). Practical conversation dictionaries, mainly for the 
 use of travellers, have been compiled by Jaschke {English- 
 French conversation dictionary, with French-English vocabulary), 
 and by Chambers {Handbook Dictionary, English, French, German .- 
 for travellers). Teachers who wish to adopt the system of con- 
 versation pictures may be advised to use those published by 
 Holzel, together with one of the various conversation books, 
 based on them. The best of these books is perhaps Genin and 
 Schamanek's Conversations franfaises sur les tableaux d'l£d~ 
 
53 
 
 Hoehe.l, and there are others by Durand, Bechtel (somewhat 
 monotonous), Kron, Wilke and Denervaud (not in dialogues, 
 but narrative and descriptive), Ricken, and Heine. Nelson's 
 Wall sheets of elementary object lessons in French and German, 
 Lefevre's Lesqualre saisons representees pour la lefon de conversation 
 franfaise d'apres quatre tableaux appeles " Strassburger Bilderfur den 
 Anschauungsunterricht", Lewin's Zwei Kulturgeschichtliche Bilder 
 in franzbsischer und englischer Bearbeitung, Th. Goldschmidt's 
 Bildertafeln fiir den Unterricht im Franzosischen, and Colomb's 
 Lefons de choses en 650 gravures (of which there is an English 
 translation), supply more pictures suitable for the same purpose. 
 
 21. French Composition.— Among books written for the use 
 of French readers which may also be consulted with advantage 
 by foreigners is Albalat's L'art d'ecrire enseigne en 20 legons, 
 which gives an account of the most common faults of style, 
 and shows that even standard authors are sometimes guilty 
 of them. Deschanel's Les deformations de la langue franfaise 
 and R. de Gourmont's Esthitique de la langue franfaise also 
 ■contain useful matter. Good French school books are Keller's 
 Conseils pour la composition franfaise, Lanson's Conseils sur I'art 
 d'ecrire, the same author's Principes de composition et de style and 
 his E\tudes pratiques de composition fran^aise, Pellissier's Premiers 
 principes de style et de composition and his Principes de rhetorique 
 frangaise, A. Henry's Cours pratique et raisonne de style et de 
 composition, and Larousse's Cours lexicologique de style and his 
 L'art d'krire (3 parts). Subjects for easy composition are given 
 by Pierre and Minet (1300 sujets de redaction), and for more 
 advanced composition by Rigault (2000 sujets de compositions 
 franfaises). Advice on the composition of letters, with model 
 examples, may be found in Baume's General French correspondence, 
 Bescherelle's L'art de la correspondance (2 vols.), Kron's Guide 
 epistolaire, Sommer's Manuel de Fart epistolaire, Baroness Staffe's 
 La correspondance dans toutes les circonstances de la vie, and in the 
 anonymous Modeles de lettres et de tklegratnmes pour toutes les 
 circonstances de la vie. Students who wish to have practice in 
 French correspondence may be advised to become members of 
 
54 
 
 the Societe d 'etudes "et de correspondance Internationales, founded 
 by M. Emile Lombard (77, Rue Denfert-Rochereau, Paris), who 
 also edits Concordia, the journal of the Society. 
 
 Among the numerous manuals of French composition 
 published in England (to many of which keys are to be had) the 
 older ones by Blouet (Class book of French composition), Gasc 
 (Materials for French prose composition), Kastner (Elements of 
 French composition), Mariette (Half-hours of French translation), 
 and Boquel (Exercises in French composition for advanced students), 
 are too well known to need recommendation. Some newer books 
 of merit are : the carefully arranged courses by Duhamel and 
 Minssen (4 parts : First steps, Primer, Book of French composition 
 for middle forms, Advanced French prose composition), Anderson's 
 suggestive Manual of French prose composition, Fasnacht's well 
 planned First and Second Course of French composition (with 
 a Teacher's companion to the first course), Weekley's care- 
 ful French prose composition, Spiers's useful Graduated course 
 of translation into French prose, and Mercier's Tutorial handbook 
 of French composition. Meissner's Introduction to French prose com- 
 position is particularly interesting by its theoretical part, in which 
 the principles of French composition are illustrated from 
 Taine and Montegut's translations of English works. Poi'elle 
 attempts to teach French composition through Macaulay's English 
 (3 vols., with helpful notes). Some good books published in 
 America and Germany may here be added : Grandgent's Selec- 
 tions for French composition and Materials for French composition 
 (5 parts, based on French texts, e.g. L'abbe Constantin), Kimball's 
 Exercises in French Composition (2 parts, based on La belle Niver- 
 naise and Colombo.), Wilcke' 's Anleitung zum franzosischen Aufsatz, 
 Marelle's Manuel de la composition et de la correspondance fran- 
 faises (Wiesbaden, 1876), Franke's Franzosische Stilistik, and 
 Scherffig's Franzosischer Antibarbarus. 
 
 22. French Dictionaries. — A fairly complete French-English 
 and English-French dictionary such as the admirable work by 
 . Sachs- Villatte for French and German does not exist, but is 
 badly needed. The best among the larger dictionaries are 
 
55 
 
 by Fleming-Tibbins {Royal Dictionary : English and French, the 
 French-English part of which is practically the dictionary of the 
 French Academy with English renderings added), Smith- 
 Hamilton-Legros {The International French- English and English- 
 French dictionary), Spiers {French-English and English- French 
 dictionary), and Clifton-Grimaux ; somewhat smaller are those by 
 Gasc (which may be recommended as one of the best French- 
 English dictionaries), Edgren-Burnet (with brief indications 
 of etymologies), Elwall, Contanseau, and the abridgment of 
 Fleming and Tibbins's large dictionary ; still smaller are those 
 by Bellows (relatively expensive, but remarkably full for its size), 
 Boyer, James-Mole, Masson, Sadler, 'Weller, Rouband (Cassell) : 
 and among the numerous very small and very cheap ones 
 we may mention those by Clifton, Holtze, Nugent, Surenne, 
 Tibbins, Wessely, de la Voye, and the abridgments of Con- 
 tanseau's and Gasc's larger dictionaries. A curiosity is the 
 Diciionnaire Frangais- Anglais et Anglais-Frangais microscopique 
 (672 pages of 3 columns each, weight 4 grammes ; dimensions 
 28 x 19 mm. ; sold in a metal box with a magnifying glass). 
 Tarver's Royal phraseological French- English and English- French 
 dictionary is composed with special regard to idioms, and a full 
 Dictionary of English, French and German idioms compiled by A. M. 
 de Sainte-Claire, Pasquet and Holscher began to appear in 1879, 
 but was discontinued after Sainte-Claire's death (1880). Pa- 
 chalery's Thesaurus lingua gallicce : dictionnaire phraseologique de 
 la langue franfaise (in progress of publication), though primarily 
 intended for Frenchmen and Russians,willbe found very useful by 
 natives of other countries as well. Commercial phraseology is con- 
 tained in Scholl's Phraseological dictionary of commercial corres- 
 pondence : English and French. There exist also a number of special 
 technical French-English dictionaries. Such are: for commerce, 
 McLaughlin An English and French dictionary of commercial terms, 
 Korts, Commercial Terms; for finance, Meliot, English- French and 
 French-English explanatory dictionary of terms relating to finance ; 
 for medicine, de Menc, Dictionary of medical terms, French- English 
 and English- French; for military and naval affairs, Barrere, 
 Dictionary of English and French military terms, Deshumbert, 
 
56 
 
 Alphabetical French- English list of technical military terms, Burn, 
 Naval and military technical dictionary, English-French and French- 
 English, Delbos, Nautical terms in English and French, Littleton, 
 Vocabulary of sea-words in English, French, German, Spanish and 
 Italian, Picard and Fremantle, Nautical terms and phrases, in 
 French and English, Pirrie, Technical dictionary of sea-terms, 
 English- French and French- English, Pornain, Sea-terms andphrases 
 in English and French ; for technology, Althaus-Dill, Technolo- 
 gists Worterbuch (vol. I Deutsch- Englisch-Franzosisch, vol. II 
 Englisch-Deutsch-FranzosiscK), Fletcher, Pocket glossary of technical 
 terms : English- French and French- English, Hospitaller, Vocabulaire 
 technique, industriel, et commercial: franfais, anglais, allemand, 
 Karmarsch, Technologists Worterbuch in deutscher, franzosisclier 
 und englischer Sprache (3 vols.), Lovendal, Dictionnaire technique 
 francais-anglais, des outils et ustensiles employes dans les metiers 
 manuels, la petite Industrie, le menage, suivi d'un index anglais- 
 franfais, Mothes, Technological dictionary : English- German- French, 
 Offinger, English- French- Italian- German technical pocket dictionary 
 (4 parts), Standring-Thimm, Technical words and phrases : 
 English- French and French-English dictionary of technical and 
 business terms and phrases, Tolhausen, Technological dictionary 
 in the French, English and German languages (3 vols.), Wers- 
 hoven, Vocabulaire technique francais-anglais et anglais-francais. 
 The best of the purely French dictionaries is in many respects 
 that by Littre (Dictionnaire de la langue franfaise, 4 vols, and a 
 supplement ; cf. his charming booklet Comment fai fait mon dic- 
 tionnaire de la langue franfaise). Besides registering the words 
 in present use, it also gives the etymology and history of each, 
 but excludes, as a rule, proper nouns. The pronunciation it 
 recommends is in some points capricious, and the arrangement 
 of the different meanings of words lacks order and method. 
 Abstracts of Littre's dictionary are : the excellent one by his 
 assistant Beaujean (Abrege du dictionnaire de la langue franfaise de 
 Littre . . . avec un supplement historique, biographique et 
 giographique), which is much richer than the dictionary of the 
 Academy, and a smaller and very cheap one (Littre et Beaujean, 
 Petit dictionnaire universe!). Bescherelle aine's Nouveau dictionnaire 
 
57 
 
 national [4 vols.; various abridgments: (1) Nouveau dictioitnaire 
 dassique de la langue francaise (2) Dictionnaire usnel de la langue 
 francaise (3) Petit dictionnaire national} is in some respects even 
 fuller than Littre's dictionary, from which however it differs in 
 that it does not rest on a historical basis. Other useful large 
 dictionaries are : N. Lalndais's Dictionnaire general et grammatical 
 des dictionnahesjrancais, ex trait et complement de tous les dictionnaires, 
 Poitevin's Dictionnaire de la langue francaise (with numerous ex- 
 amples and good notes on synonyms), Legoarand's Nouveau 
 dictionnaire critique de la langue francaise, and Gattel's Dictionnaire 
 universe I de la langue francaise. Larousse's Grand dictionnaire du 
 XIX" sibcle ( 1 7 vols.), and the Nouveau Larousse illustre (in course 
 of publication) are dictionaries and encyclopaedias at the same 
 time. The Dictionnaire de I ' Academie francaise is a critical and 
 somewhat exclusive inventory of the literary language, and is not 
 meant to give a faithful picture of the language as actually 
 spoken ; its orthography is inconsistent, and it rarely indicates 
 the pronunciation (cf. Pautex, Errata du Dictionnaire de F Acadhnie 
 francaise). The just completed Dictionnaire general de la langue 
 francaise by Hatzfeld, Darmesteter and Thomas is an admirable 
 work and in every way up to date ; it gives many words 
 omitted by Littre, excludes, on the other hand, provincial- 
 isms and numerous technical terms, arranges the mean- 
 ings of words in a clear order in conformity with their 
 historical development, gives brief but reliable notes on the 
 derivation and history of words, and contains an excellent intro- 
 duction on the history of the language. Some students may 
 like to possess one of the small and cheap illustrated dictionaries 
 by Larousse {Dictionnaire complet illustre de la langue francaise), 
 Gazier {Nouveau dictionnaire dassique illustre), Benard {Diction- 
 naire dassique universel : edition illustree, of which there is also an 
 ■Edition speciale pour la Belgique), Guerin and Bovier-Lapierre 
 {Dictionnaire universel illustre), and Bergerol and Tulou {Nouveau 
 dictionnaire dassique : edition completement refondue et augmentee <Fun 
 supplement encyclopedique, de 24 tableaux synoptiques et de 23 cartes 
 geographiques . ) 
 
 For French synonyms we possess Lafaye's classical work 
 
58 
 
 Dictionriaire des synonymes de la langue frangaise (with a supple- 
 ment), Guizot's smaller Dictionnaire universe! des synonymes, and 
 a cheap book by Sardou {Nouveau dictionnaire des synonymes 
 frangais). The following works, which facilitate precision of' 
 expression and supply a variety of words for different shades of 
 meaning, afford welcome assistance in the writing of French : 
 Boissiere's large Clef des dictionnaires ou dictionnaire analogique de 
 la langue frangaise, Rouaix's Dictionnaire-manuel illustre des idees 
 sttggSrtes par les mots, and Robertson's Manuel des gens de lettres : 
 dictionnaire ideologique, which is an exact imitation of Roget's 
 Thesaurus of English words and phrases. 
 
 Of French slang dictionaries the best is Delesalle's Dictionnaire 
 argot-franfais et frangais -argot, but even this one is not in every 
 respect quite satisfactory. Other useful works are : Larchey's 
 Dictionnaire historique etymologique et anecdotique de I 'argot frangais, 
 Rigaud's Dictionnaire £ argot moderne, Virmaitre's Dictionnaire 
 d' argot fin de siecle, Rossignol's Dictionnaire d 'argot, and La Rue's 
 La langue verte. English students may also be advised to consult 
 Barrere's Argot and slang : a new French' and English Dictionary of 
 the cant-words, etc., which supplies English equivalents of French 
 slang words. A good French-German slang dictionary is 
 Villatte's Parisismen, which may be supplemented by Lotsch's 
 Worterbuch zu modernen franzb'sischen Schriftstellern. The 
 Supplement- Lexikon to Sachs's Encyklopddisches franzosisch- 
 deittsches Worterbuch is remarkably rich in words used in the 
 newest French literature and speech. 
 
 For the derivation of words the student will do well to consult 
 the etymological part of Hatzfeld, Darmesteter and Thomas's 
 Dictionnaire general. The etymological remarks in Littr6's 
 dictionary are also noteworthy, though less reliable. Among 
 special etymological dictionaries Scheler's readable Dictionnaire 
 d'Stymologie frangaise deserves to be named in the first place : 
 it is not however quite up-to-date. This remark also applies 
 to Brachet's Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue frangaise (of 
 which there is an English translation by Kitchin). Diez's 
 Etymolegisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (with Jarnik's 
 Neuer vollstdndiger Index zu Died etymologischem Worterbuch 
 
59 
 
 der romanischen Sprachen, and Thurneysen's Keltoromanisches : 
 die keltischen Etymologien im etymologischen Worterbuch der roma- 
 nischen Sprachen von F-. Diez) is still an indispensable work for 
 advanced students. Indispensable, too, is Korting's Lateinisch- 
 romanisches Worterbuch (second edition in the press), in which 
 not only Latin, but also Greek, Germanic and other known or 
 supposed primary types of modern Romance words are arranged 
 under one alphabet. The small etymological dictionary by 
 Stappers (Dictionnaire synoptique d'itymologie frangaise) is only 
 remarkable for its original arrangement, the words being grouped, 
 together with their derivatives and compounds, under the , res- 
 pective languages to which their origin is traced. 
 
 23. French Metre. — K. Biicher's Arbeit und Rhythmus may 
 be recommended as a fascinating and stimulating book on the 
 origin of metre generally. The most scholarly treatise on 
 French versification is Tobler's Vom franzbsischen Versbau alter 
 und neuer Zeit 3 (there is a French translation of the 2nd edition 
 by Breul and Sudre : Le vers frangais ancien et moderne). It does 
 not, however, treat of all the problems of the subject. Advanced 
 students may also be advised to read Stengel's chapter on 
 Romance metre in the 2nd vol. of Grober's Grundriss. The 
 number of practical and elementary books on French metre is 
 large. The small Nouveau trait'e de versification frangaise by Le 
 Goffic and Thieulin is very handy, and the outlines of the subject 
 are well treated in Pellissier's Traiti thiorique et historique de 
 versification frangaise and Bonnemain's Nouveau traiti de versifi- 
 cation frangaise. F. de Gramont's Les vers frangais et leur 
 prosodie and Aubertin's La versification frangaise et ses nouveaux 
 tlieoriciens are somewhat fuller handbooks. Quicherat's Traiti de 
 versification frangaise, in many points antiquated, contains a good 
 deal of useful matter ; his Petit traiti de versification frangaise is a 
 still commendable primer. A fresh and stimulating account of 
 French versification is Clair Tisseur's Modestes observations sur 
 Fart de versifier, the historical part of which must, however, be 
 used with caution. On the versification of the classics of the 17th 
 century we have an instructive but rather lengthy book by 
 
6o 
 
 Souriau (L 'evolution du vers francdis au XVII" siecle). Th. de 
 Banville's spirited Petit traite depoksie francaise is mainly important 
 as an exposition of the views of the Romanticists. Among 
 English accounts of French versification Gosset's Manual 
 of French prosody and the brief and clear summaries of essen- 
 tials by Spencer (in his Primer of French verse for upper 
 forms) and Berthon (in his Modern French- verse) are to be 
 recommended to beginners. Advanced students may also be 
 advised to study the suggestive and original books by 
 Becq de Fouquieres (Traite general de versification francaise), 
 Kawczynski (Essai comparatif sur I' origins et I'histoire des 
 rhythmes), and Pierson (Metrique naturelle du langage, which is 
 equally valuable for the linguist) : the views of these authors 
 are in part unacceptable. As French metre is at present passing 
 through a transition stage, it will interest students to read some 
 of the authors who have taken part in the discussion of the various 
 problems awaiting solution. Among these are Prince Bibesco 
 (La question du vers franfais et la tentative des pontes decadents), 
 Sully Prudhomme (Reflexions sur I'art des vers), E. d'Eichtal 
 (Du rythme dans la versification francaise), della Rocca de Vergalo 
 (Poetique nouvelle), R. de Souza (Questions de metrique : le rythme 
 poktique, and La poesie populaire et le lyrisme sentimental), P. de 
 Barneville (Le rythme dans la poesie franfaise), Vigie-Lecocq (La 
 poesie contemporaine), Guilliaume (Le vers franfais et les prosodies 
 modernes). A most accurate description of the pronunciation 
 used by French poets and actors in reciting French verse is to 
 be found in Koschwitz's Parlers parisiens. Dictionaries of 
 French rhymes have been published by Morandini d'Eccatage 
 (Grand dictionnaire des rimes franfaises), Quitard (Nouveau dic- 
 tionnaire des rimes), Landais and Barre (Dictionnaire des rimes 
 frangaises), Sommer (Petit dictionnaire des rimes franfaises), Parisot 
 and Liskenne (Dictionnaire portatif des rimes riches). 
 
 24. Education in France.— Teachers of French will naturally 
 be interested in the organisation of education in France. They 
 will find much valuable information on this point in the Special 
 Reports of the Education Department (vol.1. 12 and vol. II. 22-25: 
 
those of vol. II have been issued as a sectional reprint under the 
 title Special Reports oh education in France), and may also be 
 advised to consult Compayre's Histoire critique des doctrines de 
 Feducation en France depuis le XVI* specie (2 vols.), Marion's Le 
 mouvement des idees pedagogiques en France depuis 1870 and V edu- 
 cation dans I ' Universit'e, Greard's Education et instruction (4 vols.), 
 Lavisse's Questions d' enseignenient national, with his Etudes et 
 etudiants and A propos de nos ecoles, Fouillee's U enseignement au 
 point de vue national, and Petit's L'icole moderne (good journalistic 
 articles on a variety of educational questions). Academical 
 instruction is specially dealt with in Liard's L ' enseignement 
 supkrieur en France (1789-1893), 2 vols., on which is based Schoen's 
 Die franzbsischen Hochschulen seit der Revolution (a commendable- 
 sketch written in clear and fluent German by a French author), in 
 Liard's Universit'es et/aculth,G. de Lamarzelle's La crise universi- 
 taire d'aprh I'enquete de la chambre des diputks, Melon's L 'enseigne- 
 ment sup'erieur et I 'enseignement technique en France, and G. Paris's 
 Le haut enseignement philologique et historique. Baumeister's Hand- 
 buck der Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre filr hbhere Schulen (vol. I, 
 part 2) includes a good article on French secondary schools by 
 Stropeno ( Die Organisation des hohereri Unterrichts in Frankreich ; 
 also to be had separately), and Hartmann's Reiseeindrilcke und 
 Beobachtungen eines deutschen Neuphilologen in der Schweiz und in 
 Frankreich contains critical observations on modern language 
 teaching, especially in secondary schools of Switzerland and 
 France, made during a journey in the winter of 1895-96. A 
 good account of the education of girls in France is given by 
 Rochard (Z 'education de nos filles). On elementary education 
 Allain's L 'instruction primaire en France avant 1789, Greard's 
 Legislation de I 'instruction primaire en France, de 1789 a nos jours, 
 and an attractive and informing sketch by Mey {Die Schulen und 
 der organische Bau der Volksschule in FrankreicK) may all be con- 
 sulted with profit. Information of a practical character on French 
 schools and universities is to be found in Vuibert's Annuaire de la 
 jeunesse: moyens de s'instruire ; choix d'une carriere. Students 
 wishing to take part in one of the French vacation courses for 
 foreigners will do well to Gonsult the 19th report of vol. I of the 
 
62 
 
 Special Reports of the Education Department (dealing with Holiday 
 courses in France and Germany for instruction in modern languages), 
 the Guide illustre" de Vktudiant etranger a Paris (edited by the 
 Alliance francaise ; gives addresses of boarding-houses), and the 
 writings by Bargetzi (Uoer die Ferienkurse der franzosischen 
 Sprache in Paris und Genf), Lachmund (Fin Ferienkursus in 
 Paris), and Dressier (Die Kurse der Alliance francaise). Pro- 
 grammes of French vacation courses may be obtained : for Paris, 
 of the Secretary of the Alliance francaise (45 rue de Grenelle, 
 Paris) ; for Caen, Tours, Elbeuf, and Lisieux, of the Secretary of 
 the Teachers' Guild (74 Gower Street, London); for Nancy, 
 of M. Gavet (46 rue des Tiercelins, Nancy), M. Goury (5 rue des 
 Tiercelins, Nancy), or M. Antoine (7 bis, rue d'Auxpnne, Nancy) ; 
 for Grenoble, of M. Reymond (4, place de la Constitution, 
 Grenoble) ; for Geneva, of Professor Bouvier ; for Lausanne, of 
 Professor Bonnard ; and for Neuchatel, of Professor Dessoulavy. 
 Lists of lectures delivered at the University of Paris are pub- 
 lished by Delalain freres (Livret de I'Hudiant de I' Universite de 
 Paris : appears every year at the beginning of November). 
 Programmes d' admission aux grades universitaires may be obtained 
 of the same publishers. 
 
 25. French society, institutions, and manners. — Biblio- 
 graphical indications on the history of French society, institu- 
 tions, and manners are to be found in Monod's Bibliographie de 
 Vhistoirede France and, with special reference to the middle ages, 
 in vol. LXIII of the Revue hislorique, p. 241 ff. Good general 
 histories of French civilisation are Guizo't's Histoire de la civi- 
 lisation en France jusqua la Revolution francaise (4 vols.), 
 Rambaud's / Histoire de la civilisation francaise depuis les origin'es 
 jusq-u' a nos jours (2 vols.), and his Histoire de la civilisation contem- 
 poraine en France (there is also a primer by the same author : 
 Petite histoire de la civilisation francaise depuis les origines jusqu a 
 nos jours). Two useful German books of reference, Heller's 
 Reakndyklopadie des franzosischen Staats- und Gesellschaftslebens 
 (inconveniently arranged, but provided- with a full index), and 
 Sarrazin-fylahrenholtz's Frankreich;' seine' Gisch'ichte, Verfassung 
 
63 
 
 % und staatliche Einrichtungen, a careful compilation from the best 
 sources, give abundant information on French society, political 
 and administrative institutions, law, industry, science, etc. 
 It will also be of interest for students to refer to Buckle's History 
 of civilisation in England and France, Spain and Scotland (3 vols.), 
 and to H. Spencer's Descriptive Sociology, part 8 : The French 
 civilisation. Commendable works bearing either wholly or 
 partly on French society at different periods are : Rosieres's 
 Histoire de la socikte francaise au moyen age ; Luce's La France 
 pendant la guerre de cent ans; Du Bled's La societefrangaise du X VI" 
 sihle au XX" Steele: XVI" et XVII" siecles ; Livet's Precieux et 
 precieuses ; Cousin's La socikte' francaise au XVII' siecle, d'aprcs le 
 Grand Cyrus de Mademoiselle de Scudery (2 vols.) ; Sainte- 
 Beuve's Port- Royal (7 vols.); A. G. Mason's The women of the 
 French salons (a series of articles on the French salons of the 
 17th and 18th centuries) ; Lomenie'sZw Mirabeau (2 vols.), and 
 Beaumarchais et son temps (2 vols.) ; Desnoiresterres's Voltaire et 
 la sociktk francaise au XVIII" siecle (7 vols.) ; Aubertin's V esprit 
 public au XVIII s siecle ; Rocquain's L'espril rkvolutionnaire avant 
 la Revolution; Young's Travels in France during the years 1787, 
 1788, and 1789 (with introduction and notes by M. Betham 
 Edwards); Levasseur's La France industrielle en 1789; Babeau's 
 Paris en 1789 and La France et Paris sous le directoire; E. and 
 J. de Goncourt's Histoire de la socikte franfaise pendant la Revolution 
 et sous le Directoire (2 vols.) and the same authors' La femtne au 
 XVIII" sihle ; Lady Blennerhasset's Life of Madame de Stael (3 
 vols.) ; Bulwer's France : social, literary and political (2 vols.) and 
 The monarchy of the middle classes (2 vols.) ; Thackeray's Paris 
 sketch-book; (Vandam's) An Englishman in Paris (2 vols.) and 
 French men and manners ; M. Betham Edwards's France of to-day : 
 a survey, comparative and retrospective (2 vols.) and Anglo-French 
 reminiscences ; Vasili's La societe de Paris ; Alb's Living Paris; B. 
 de' Montmorand's La sociStS franfaise contemporaine ; Brownell's 
 French traits ; '-Marshall's French home life; Hamerton's French 
 and English (of which there is a'' French translation by 
 Labouchere : Franfais et Anglais) ; Demolins's Les Franfais 
 a* aujourd' hut : -les types soeiaux du Midget du t&ntre,- Millett's La 
 
64 
 
 Fratice provinciate ; Bazin's En province ; and, lastly, Hillebrand's^ 
 Frdnkreich.und die Franzosen (also translated into French and 
 English), a solid and interesting book by an intelligent German, 
 who lived for many years in France as a University professor. 
 The attention of students may also be drawn to the following 
 special studies, the scope and purpose of which are sufficiently 
 indicated by their titles: Fouillee's, La France au point de vue 
 moral; Demolins's A quoi tient la supSriorite des Anglo-Saxons? 
 Bazalgette's A quoi tient F infer iorite francaise ? Mourre's If oil 
 vient la decadence economique de la France 1 Routier's Grandeur et 
 decadence des Franfais. 
 
 ' Richly illustrated accounts of French life in its different aspects 
 are given in various volumes by Lacroix (4 dealing with the 
 middle ages, 2 with the 17th century, 2 with the 18th century, 
 and 1 with the Directoire, consulat et empire), on which are 
 based the well illustrated clear and pleasant little books of the 
 series L'ancienne France (published under the direction of 
 Louisy ; 14 vols.). A large collection of illustrations, mainly 
 of French life at different periods, is contained in the Album 
 historique published, under the direction of Lavisse', by 
 Parmentier (2 vols., Le moyen age and La fin du moyen age have 
 appeared: a third one, XVI" et XVIL e siecles, is in the press). 
 Of this work there is also a small and cheap school edition, 
 Album historique (Sdition classique)': le moyen Age (du IV* au XIL1 
 siecle), containing about one fifth of the whole number of illus- 
 trations. For the middle ages we J have a beautifully got up 
 popular work in L. Gautier's La c/ievalerie (with a cheap, but 
 inferior English adaptation), the usefulness of which has been 
 increased in the second edition by the addition of a biblio 
 graphical index and a table of contents. A still more valuable 
 and thoroughly scholarly work dealing . with society in the 
 middle ages, especially in Germany and France, is A. Schultz's 
 Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger, the second edition of 
 which is considerably enlarged and contains about 400 good illus- 
 trations. The 17th century is dealt with in Bourgeois's Legrand 
 siecle, a volume skilfully composed of extracts from Voltaire's 
 Siecle de Louis XIV supplemented from authors of the time such 
 
65 
 
 as Dangeau and Saint Simon, and containing more than 500 
 illustrations. Similar works on the 18th and 19th centuries {Le 
 XVIII" Steele and Le XIX e sikle), compiled from contemporary 
 sources, and very fully and well illustrated, have been published 
 by the same firm (Hachette). For the year 1789 we have a 
 richly illustrated work by H. Gautier (Lan 1789). There are 
 also three well illustrated volumes by Dayot dealing respectively 
 with La Revolution franfaise,Journees revolutionnaires : 1830-1848, 
 and Le second empire: 1851-1870. An admirable and most 
 practically arranged survey of all important events of Parisian 
 life in the 19th century, with very numerous and excellent 
 illustrations, is in course of publication (Simond's Paris de 1800 
 a 1900 d'apres les estampes et les memoires du temps ; vol. I, 1800- 
 1830, has appeared, and two more, J830-1870 and 1870-1900, 
 are to follow). A good general account of the history of 
 costume in France is Quicherat's Histoire du Costume en France 
 depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu' a la fin du X VHP Steele 
 (with numerous illustrations). Works of a more special char- 
 acter dealing with French costume are : Bouchot's Epopee du 
 costume militaire franfais ; Detaille and Richard's L'armke fran- 
 gaise : types et uniformes de 1790 a nos jours (2 vols.) ; Chaperon's 
 Le soldat franeais: 32 planches tirees en teinte; Bourgain's Le 
 marin franeais : 32 planches tiries en teinte ; Lame'sangere's 
 Costumes des femmes franfaises cilebres par leur talent, leur rang 011 
 leur beaute (new edition in progress of publication) ; Un siecie.de 
 modes fhninines ( 1 794-1 894) : quatre cents toilettes reproduites en 
 couleurs d'apres des documents authentiques ; and Jullien's Hisloirf 
 du costume au thkatre depuis les origines du tMatre en France jusqu' 
 a nos jours. 
 
 Accounts of special aspects of French life at various epochs 
 are given in Franklin's most interesting collection La vie privet 
 cT autrefois (vols. 1-23 already published), Hopkins's An idler in 
 Old France, and in various solid books by Babeau (La ville sous 
 Pancien rigime, 2 vols. ; Le village sous Tancien regime ; La vie 
 militaire sous tancien rtgime, 2 vols. ; La vie rurale dans tancienne 
 France ; Les Artisans et les domestiques d' autrefois ; Les bourgeois 
 d 1 autrefois) and by G. d'Avenel {La fortune privie a travers sept 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 siecies, I 'argent, la terre ; Paysans et ouvriers depuis sept cents ans ; 
 Le mtcanisme de la vie moderne, 3 vols.) 
 
 For the history of French political and administrative institu- 
 tions and law, students should consult Warnkonig's Franzosische 
 Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte (3 vols.), Viollet's Histoire des institu- 
 tions politiques et administratives de la France (2 vols., a third 
 to follow ; with bibliography) and Prkis de F histoire du droit 
 francais, Fustel de Coulanges's Histoire des institutions politiques 
 de I'ancienne France (6 vols., down to the Carlovingian period), 
 Taine's Les origines de la France contemporaine (6 vols.), and A. 
 de Tocqueville's Cancien regime et la Revolution. The institutions 
 of contemporary France have found a most competent critic in 
 Bodley, whose France is a standard work which cannot fail to 
 interest every student of French. Brief and clear practical 
 accounts of French law and political and administrative organi- 
 sation are to be found in Begis, La pratique des affaires : droit 
 civil et fiscal (in the form of a dictionary) ; Cadet, Dictionnaire 
 usuel de legislation ; Lescceur, La condition legale des etrangers et 
 particulierement des Allemands en France ; Pages, Instruction 
 civique ; Mabilleau, Cours a" instruction civique ; Pierre, Lois 
 constitutiohnelles de la Rcpublique fran$aise, and De la procedure 
 parlementaire ; the cheap series La vie nationale published by 
 Benoist and Liesse (including volumes on La politique ; Le 
 commerce; La question sociale ; L "education; Les finances; Les 
 travaux publics') ; and the still cheaper series Bibliotheque des 
 jeunes Franfais by Block (including volumes on La France,; Le 
 dkpartement ; La commune ; Paris, organisation municipale ; Paris, 
 institutions administratives; Le budget; L'impot ; L 'Industrie ; 
 L 'agriculture ; Le commerce). Biographies, with portraits, of the 
 present French deputies and senators have been published by 
 Grenier (JVos deputes, 1898-1902, and Nos senateurs, 1897-igoo). 
 Information on the French army and navy is to be found in 
 Daily's La France militaire illustrke : organisation des armees de 
 terre et de mer, armes, armures, costumes, drapeaux, decoration's, 
 ordres militaires, Hotel des Invalides, Romagny's Histoire ginirale 
 de Tarmee nationale depuis Bouvines jusqu' a nos jours, Quarre de 
 Verneuil's L'arm'ee en France depuis Charles VII iusqu a la RSvo- 
 
6 7 
 
 i.ution, Menton's Larmee de Tancien regime, Molard's Cent ans de 
 ? armee franfaise : 1789-1889, De La Ronciere's Histoire de la 
 marine franfaise (2 vols.), Loir's La marine franfaise ; on various 
 professions, in Jacquemart's Professions et metiers : guide pratique 
 pour le choix oVune carriere (2 vols.). A scholarly historical 
 work on French commerce is Pigeonneau's Histoire du commerce 
 de la France (2 vols., down to the time of Richelieu) ; the same 
 author has published a small book Les grandes epoques du com- 
 merce de la France (i re partie). 
 
 For advice how to behave in France and in French society 
 students may consult What to do and what to say in France 
 (Whittaker), or the humorous The Continong (Dent), or one of 
 the many French books on good manners, e.g. the baronne de 
 Staffe's Usages du monde : regies dtt savoir-vivre dans la sociite 
 moderne (with a supplement), and La maitresse de maison et Tart 
 de recevoir chez soi ; the vicomtesse Nacla's Dictionnaire du 
 savoir-vivre ; Desrat's Nouveau traite complet des regies et usages 
 du monde. Much useful information on life in Paris is also 
 contained in Paris- Parisien (Ollendorff). 
 
 26. French History. — Sismondi's detailed Histoire des Fran- 
 cais depuis I'origine jusqu'en 1789 (31 vols.), Martin's Histoire 
 de France depuis les temps les plus reculfc jusqu'en 1789 (17 vols, with 
 a continuation, Histoire de France depuis ij8g jusqu a nos jours, 
 8 vols.), Dareste's Histoire de France depuis les originesjusqu , a nos 
 jours (9 vols.), Michelet's picturesque and fascinating, but pre- 
 judiced Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu en 1789 (19 vols.), 
 with its continuations, Histoire de la Revolution franfaise (9 vols.) 
 and Histoire du XIX" sihle (3 vols.), and Kitchin's History of 
 France (down to 1793, 3 vols.) are well known standard works 
 on French history. There is also a good illustrated popular 
 summary by Martin {Histoire de France populaire jusqu a nos jours, 
 7 vols.) and an abridgment of Michelet's history (Abregi d' histoire 
 de France, 3 vols.). An excellent work of recent date, correspond- 
 ing to the present state of historical science and paying special 
 attention to French history, is the Histoire generate du IV e silr/c 
 a nos jours, published under the direction of Lavisse and! 
 
 5* 
 
68 
 
 Rambaud (12 vols., with excellent bibliographical notes). Of the 
 large popular history of France (with numerous illustrations) 
 by de Caix and Lacroix Histoire illustree de la France depuis les 
 erigines jusqu' a nos jours, which is to consist of 20 volumes, and 
 promises to be a careful and trustworthy piece of work, only 
 two volumes have as yet appeared. Another, not illustrated, 
 popular Histoire de France, which will comprehend eight large 
 volumes, and whose excellence is guaranteed by the names of 
 the general editor, Lavisse, and his collaborators, has recently 
 begun to appear. For Belgian history the scholarly work by 
 Pirenne [Histoire de Belgique, in course of publication) is to be 
 recommended. A shorter book is Smythe's Story of Belgium, 
 with a chapter on the Congo Free State. On Swiss history we 
 possess Daguet's Histoire de~ la confidirafion Suisse (2 vols. ; 
 there is also an Abrege de I 'histoire de la confederation Suisse by 
 he same author) and a smaller work by Vulliemin (Histoire de 
 la confederation Suisse, 2 vols.). The history of Canada has 
 been treated accurately and lucidly in Kingsford's large History 
 of Canada (10 vols.), compendiously by MacMullen (History of 
 Canada), Bourinot (Canada, in the Story of the nations series), 
 and Reveillaud (Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens francais), 
 and summarily by Kennedy in the Story of the. Empire series. 
 Giry's Manuel du diplomatique treats most carefully of the 
 sciences which are ancillary to the study of history. 
 
 Good French histories of moderate size are those by Demolins 
 (Histoire de France, depuis les premiers temps jusqu a nos jours, 4 
 vols.), Bordier and Charton {Histoire de France pour tons, 
 compltiee et mise a jour par Ducoudray, 2 vols., with illustrations) 
 Lavallee (Histoire des Franfais, 6 vols.), V. Duruy (Histoire de 
 France, 2 vols. ; there is also a Petite histoire de France by 
 the same author). Among French books for school use or 
 for young readers, the following are perhaps the most com- 
 mendable : Driault and Moriod's Precis d histoire de F Europe et 
 en particulier de la France (4 vols.), Ducoudray's Lemons completes 
 d'histoire de France, Franklin's short Histoire genealogique des 
 souverains de la France, and Fortier's Precis de r histoire de France 
 (a sketch for the use of American colleges, with English notes). 
 
6 9 
 
 Adams's The 'growth of the French nation, an accurate and sober 
 account of the main facts of French history, and the capital 
 handbook by Jervis {History of France, new edition, revised and 
 rc-ivritten by Hassall, with maps and illustrations) are probably 
 the best of the shorter French histories written in English. To 
 younger readers K. Stephen's French history for schools (with 
 maps) and the primer by L. Creighton {A first history of France, 
 with illustrations and maps) may be recommended. Joerg's 
 Outlines of French history is a short examination manual. 
 
 An enumeration of French works on special periods, especially 
 abundant for the age of Louis XIV, the Revolution, and the 
 time of Napoleon I, cannot here be attempted : the student may 
 be referred to Monod's bibliography (down to 1789). Voltaire's 
 short and clear Histoire du siecle de Louis XIV still deserves 
 to be read, especially in the annotated editions by Masson 
 and Prbthero (3 vols.) and by Rebelliau and Marion (with illus- 
 trations). Various well illustrated popular books on special 
 periods of French history have appeared in the series Bibliothique 
 d , histoire illustree {La Gaule merovingietme ; La France sous saint 
 Louis ; La France sous Louis XV; Louis XVI et la Revolution; 
 La France sous le regime du suffrage universe!). Some important 
 English works on special periods of French history are those 
 by Baird {The rise of the Huguenots, 2 vols., and The Huguenots 
 and Henry of Navarre, 2 vols.), M. W. Freer {Henry III, King of 
 France, 3 vols., and History of the reign of Henry IV, 4 vols.), 
 Perkins {France under Mazarhi, 2 vols., France under the Regency, 
 and France under Louis XV, 2 vols.), Stephens {History of the 
 French revolution, 3 vols.), and Sloane {Life of Napoleon, with 
 rich illustrations) . The following are interesting shorter books 
 for general readers : Davis's Charlemagne , Willert's Henry of 
 Navarre, Armstrong's Wars of Religion, the books by Lodge 
 and Perkins on Richelieu, Hassall's Louis XIV, Willert's 
 Mirabeau, Carlyle's French revolution, Rose's The revolutionary 
 and Napoleonic era, Dickinson's Revolution and reaction in modern- 
 France, the two works on Napoleon by Seeley and by O'Connor 
 Morris, Lebon's Modem France (largely a translation of his Cent 
 cms d'histoire interieure). Popular contributions to the history 
 
70 
 
 of the French court are contained in Imbert de Saint-Amand's 
 gossipy volumes on Les femmes des Tuileries (29 vols.), Les 
 femmes de Versailles (.5 vols.), Les femmes de la cour des der'nitrs 
 Valois, and Le second empire (4 vols.), also in Lady Jackson's 
 (French court and society ; The court of France in the reigns of 
 Francis T and Henry II, 2 vols. ; The last' of the Valois, 2 vols. ; 
 The first of the Bourbons, 2 vols. ; The old regime, 2 vols. ; The 
 court of the Tuileries'), and in those by J. Pardoe (The court and 
 reign of Francis the First, King of France), 3 vols. ; The life of 
 Marie de Medicis, 3 vols. ; Louis the Fourteenth and the court of 
 France in the seventeenth century, 3 vols.) ; and by C. A. Bearne 
 (The lives and times of the early Valois queens, and Pictures of the 
 old French court: feanne de Bourbon, Isabeau de Baviere, Anne de 
 Bretagne). A useful series of small volumes of French history 
 told in the words of original sources has been edited by Zeller 
 (Z'histoire de France racontie par les coniemporains , 17 vols., with 
 illustrations), and a similar one for Belgian history by Van 
 Bemmel (Histoire de Belgique, empruntee textuellement aux recits 
 des ecrivains contemporains). 
 
 Well known collections of French memoirs are : Guizot's 
 Collection des memoires relatifs a V histoire de France depuis la fon- 
 dation de la monarchie jusqu' au XIII s siecle (31 vols.) ; Petitot's 
 Collection complete des memoir es relatifs a I 'histoire de France depuis 
 le regne de Philippe- Auguste jusqu en 1763 (52 vols.) ; Buchon's 
 Collection des chroniques fran$aises du XIII s au XVI s siecle (47 
 vols.) ; Buchon's Choix de chroniques et memoires sur I histoire de 
 France de Joinville a la fin du XVIII s siecle (17 vols.) ; Michaud 
 and Poujoulat's Nouvelle collection des mkmoires sur l' histoire' de 
 France depuis le XIII s sikle jusqu 1 a la fin du XVIII s siecle (32 
 vols.); Barriere's Bibliotheque de memoires relatifs a V histoire de 
 France pendant le XVIII s siecle (28 vols.) ; and de Lescure's 
 collection of Memoires sur la Revolution frangaise (9 vols.). For 
 •more .recently edited memoirs the catalogue of Messrs. Plon, 
 Nourrit et Cie should be consulted. Students desiring to sup- 
 plement their knowledge of facts by the reading of historical 
 novels may be referred to H. C. Bowen's Descriptive catalogue of 
 historical novels and tales, also to Sargent and Whishaw's Guide- 
 
7i 
 
 book to books, pp. 176-180 and to Griswold's various Descriptive 
 lists of novels. 
 
 27. French Art. — Books on the general history of French 
 art are Molimier, Roger Marx, and Marcou's L'art franfais des 
 origines a la fin du XIX e siecle (2 vols.), Horsin-De"on's very 
 short Histoire de l'art en France, and the useful compendium by 
 R. G. Kingsley {History of French art: 1 100-1899) which is, 
 however, inadequate for the time preceding the Renaissance. 
 The best history of French painting is the large classical work 
 by Ch. Blanc (Histoire des peintres de toutes les holes, depuis la 
 Renaissance jusqu a no s jours : Acolt franfaise, 3 vols.). Good 
 manuals are Alexandre's Histoire populaire de la peinture : Ecole 
 franfaise, Perreau's Les grands peintres de la France and Perreau 
 and Th. de Wyzewa's Les grands peintres de la France (Ecole 
 contemporaine), Mantz and Merson's La peinture franfaise (2 vols.), 
 and Saint- Aubert's Histoire de la peinture en France (in the form 
 of a dictionary). For French architecture the student may be 
 advised to consult Saint-Paul's Histoire monumentale de la France, 
 Chateau's Histoire de F architecture en France, Gurlitt's Die 
 Baukunst Frankreichs, the parts concerning France in Choisy's 
 excellent Histoire de P architecture (2 vols.), and Bishop's Pictorial 
 architecture of France. For sculpture we possess Gonse's La 
 sculpture francaise du XIV au XIX C siecle. The history of 
 French music has been written by Lavoix (La musique franfaise, 
 with bibliographical notes), and the history of dramatic music 
 by Chouquet (Histoire de la musique dramatique en France depuis 
 ses origines jusqu' a nos jours). 
 
 Valuable works of a more special character dealing with 
 French art are : Male's excellent L'art religieux du XIIP siecle en 
 France : etudes sur Piconographie du moyen Age et sur les sources d' 
 inspiration ; Baudot's La sculpture franfaise au moyen dge et a la 
 Renaissance ; Courajod's La sculpture franfaise avantla Renaissance 
 classique ; Labarte's Histoire des arts industriels au moyen age et k 
 la Renaissance ; Miintz's La Renaissance en Italie et en France a 
 Pipoquede Charles VIII; De Laborde's La Renaissance des arts 
 a la cour de France; Palustre's La Renaissance en France and 
 
72 
 
 L 'architecture de la Renaissance; Gelis-Didot's La peiittiire 
 decorative en France du XVI* au XVIIP siecle ; Goncou'rt's Part 
 au XVIIP siecle ; Lady Dilke's The Renaissance of art in France 
 (2 vols.), French painters of the eighteenth century, French painters 
 Of the nineteenth century, and Frtnch architects and sculptors of the 
 eighteenth century; Chesneau's La peinture francaise au XIX" 
 slide and Peintres et statuaires romantiques ; Hamerton's The 
 present state of the fine arts in France; Lefort's L'ecole francaise 
 contemporaine ; Duret's Les peintres impressionnistes ; Flat's Le 
 muske Gustave Moreau (on Symbolists) ; Bricon's Psychologie d' 
 art: les ma'itres de la fin du XIX* siecle ; Temple's Example's of 
 French art : 30 examples of the most notable French artists, with a 
 brief biography of each ; Marx's Les medailleurs frati(ais depuis 
 1789; Magne's L 'architecture francaise du siecle ; and Servieres's 
 La musiqite francaise moderne. On the history of art in Paris we 
 possess a good and well illustrated popular manual by Riat (Les 
 ziilies d' art celebres : Paris.) 
 
 The history of caricature in France is dealt with in an in- 
 teresting work by Grand-Carteret (Les mceurs et la caricature en 
 France), that of the 19th century in particular in Deberdt's La 
 caricature et ! humour frangais au XIX* siecle, and Bayard's La 
 caricature et les caricaturistes. Excellent sketches of seven living 
 masters of caricature (Caran d'Ache, Forain, etc.), with 100 
 reproductions, have been published by Brisson (Nos humoristes). 
 The principal- technical terms of art are explained by Adeline 
 in the sm'all Lexique des termes d'arl. 
 
 Lastly, various series dealing with art and artists may be 
 recommended : the Monographies des Ma'itres d'art (with 
 engravings and photo-engravings) ; the Artistes celebres (biogra- 
 phical) ; the Illustrated biographies of artists (including volumes 
 o'n Meissonier and R. Bonheur) ; Knackfuss's Kunstlermonographien 
 (m61uding a volume On Watteau) ; and the Bibliotheque aVart 
 (treating of the various branches of art). Biographies and 
 portraits of modern artists are contained in Martin's Nos 
 peintres et sculpteurs, graveurs, dessinateurs. 
 
 28. Geography of France.— There is no lack of good 
 
73 
 
 books on the general geography of France. Larger works are : 
 Malte-Brun'sZa France illustree (4 vols., with atlas), Levasseur's 
 La France et ses colonies (3 vols. ; he has also written a Prkis de la 
 geographie physique, politique et economique de la France avec I ' Algtrie 
 les colonies et les frotectorats) , £. Reclus'sZa France (vol. II of his 
 Nouvelle gkographie universelle, la terre et les hommes). Of manuals 
 the following deserve to be mentioned in the first place: two 
 attractive books by O. Reclus (La France et ses colonies, 2 vols. ; 
 Le-plus. beau royaume sous leciel), Champion's Manuel de ghgraphie 
 descriptive, historique et sociale de la France (in course of publica- 
 tion), Dubois's Geographie de, la France et de ses colonies (cours 
 supirieur), Niox's Ghgraphie generate: La France, Schrader and 
 Gallouedec's Ghgraphie de la France et de ses colonies, Cortambert's 
 Geographie de la France (classe de rhetorique), Foncin's Ghgraphie 
 de la France and Le pays de France (a cheap booklet). Special 
 volumes on the geography of the different departments of France 
 . have been published by Joanne (Geographies departementales de la 
 France et de I'Algerie, 88 vols.) and under the direction of 
 Levasseur (Geographies des departements, 55 vols.), on French 
 colonies by Rambaud (La France coloniale, with a supplement : 
 Les nouvelles colonies de la Republique francaise), Gaffarel (Les 
 colonies francaises), and Henrique (Les colonies francaises, 6 vols, 
 in 20 parts). The history of French colonisation has been told 
 by Legendre (Notre epopee coloniale) and summarised by 
 Deschamps (Histoire sommaire de la colonisation francaise). For 
 Canada (from the French point of view) Gerbi^'s Le Canada et 
 I 'emigration francaise may be consulted. Some English hand- 
 books dealing with the general geography of France are : 
 M. Roberts's France (in the series Foreign countries and British 
 colonies), and Lebon and Pelet's France as it is. Heinemann's 
 series A view of the world in 1900 will also include a volume on 
 the Mediterranean and France by £. Reclus, 
 
 Students or teachers requiring ■ wall maps of France may be 
 referred to the detailed catalogues of Hachette (various maps of 
 France by Meissas, Erhard, Schrader, Vivien de Saint-Martin), 
 Delagrave (maps of France by Levasseur, Niox, and of 
 different departments by various authors under the direction of 
 
74 
 
 Levasseur), Cojin (maps of France and of Paris and its 
 surroundings by Vidal de la Blache), Larousse (maps of France 
 by Sanis, and of France and its colonies by Lecomte and 
 Ollive), Dentu (historical maps by Bernard). The best detailed 
 maps of France are the Carte de France de FF.tat-major (in 273 
 sheets ; scale about \\ miles to an inch ; cf. Plon, Nourrit et 
 Cie's catalogue), the Carte de France publike par le Ministbre de 
 Vlntkritur (scale about ij miles to an inch), and the Carte de 
 France dresske par le service des cartes et plans du Ministere des 
 travaux publics (scale about 3 miles to an inch). For other 
 maps of France see Stanford's Catalogue of maps and books for 
 tourists. Among French gerieral atlases the following are to 
 be recommended : Schrader, Prudent, and Anthoine's Atlas de 
 gkographie moderne, parts of which have been published separ- 
 ately ; (there is also a convenient and cheap Atlas de poche 
 by Schrader), Vivien de Saint-Martin and Schrader's large 
 Atlas universel de geographie (the maps to be had separately), 
 and Nioxls Atlas de gkographie gkn'erale and Atlas de geographie 
 ■bhysique, politique et historique (of which there is also an abridged 
 edition)'. Good atlases of France are : Joanne's Atlas de la 
 France and the smaller ones by Vuillemin (Atlas pour servir a 
 r etude de la gkographie de la France), Levasseur {Petit atlas de la 
 France with, a smaller Petit atlas . de gkographie gknkrale de la 
 France), and Niox (Atlas de la gkographie de la France, avec cartes 
 historiques par Darsy). Of the Atlas Larousse illustrk : 42 cartes 
 en couleurs, 1158 documents photographiques the first volume (La 
 France et ses colonies) may be had separately. The best historical 
 atlas of France, Longnon's Atlas historique de la France depuis 
 , Cesar jusqu' a nos jours is st.ill in progress of publication The 
 maps of France in Schrader's excellent Atlas de gkographie his- 
 torique (with letterpress and index by 22 specialists) are also to 
 be had separately. Smaller historical atlases of France are : 
 Sanis and Delalleau's Gkographie historique de la France (30 cartes), 
 and Bernard's Nouvel atlas historique. There are also various 
 atlases of the French departments and colonies: Guillot's Grand 
 atlas dipartemental de la France et de t 'Algkrie and Hachette's 
 cheap Atlas dkpartemental , de la France, de I' Algkrie et de ses 
 
75 
 
 colonies ; Pelet's Atlas des colonies franfaises, dresse par ordre du 
 Minisiere des colonies (in course of publication, will be complete 
 in 9 parts) with his older and smaller JVouvel alias des colonies 
 franfaises and the Livre-atlas des colonies franfaises, a school-book 
 by Malleterre and Legendre. For Paris alone Paris-atlas 
 (Librairie Larousse) may be consulted. 
 
 Descriptions of parts of France and accounts of travels in the 
 provinces abound. Only a few can be here mentioned : Ardouin- 
 Dumazet's important Voyage en Erance (23 vols, have appeared ; 
 10 more are to follow) ; Hennuyer's collection Atapes dun 
 touriste en France (15 vols., with illustrations); the collection 
 La France par departements (published by Picard and Kaan, and 
 consisting of small volumes by various authors) ; Bourassee's 
 Les plus belles cathedrales de France and Les chateaux historiques de 
 France, histoire et monuments ; Barker's Wayfaring in France and 
 Wanderings by Southern Waters in Eastern Aquitaine ; Dearmer's 
 Highways and byways in Normandy ; Cook's Story of Rouen and 
 Old Touraine : the life and history of the famous chateaux of France 
 (2 vols.) ; Freeman's Sketches of travel in Normandy and Maine ; 
 Hamerton's The Saone : a summer voyage, and Our home in the 
 Aveyron ; James's A little tour in France ; Johnson's Along French 
 byways ; Stevenson's Travels with a donkey in the Cevennes ; and 
 the anonymous Across France in a caravan (from Bordeaux to 
 Genoa). For early travels in France, Babeau's instructive Les 
 voyageurs en France depuis la Renaissance jusqu a la Revolution 
 may be consulted. Valuable illustrations are contained in 
 Gourdault's La France piitoresque, Brossard's Gtographie 
 pittoresque et monumentale de la France (in progress of publication, 
 tomes I and II, La France du Nord and la France de I'Ouest have 
 already appeared : single volumes and parts are also to be had), 
 Terre de France (published by E. Comply) Havard's La France 
 artistique et monumentale (6 vols.), Baschet's Merveilles de France, 
 d'AlgSrie, de Belgique et de Suisse (400 views), Barron's Lesfleuves 
 de France, and Green's French pictures in the "Pen and Pencil" 
 series. Volumes III and IV of Dubois and Guy's excellent 
 Album g'eographique will deal with the French colonies and 
 France respectively and promise to be of considerable interest. 
 
7 6 
 
 The literature on Paris is exceedingly rich. Some of the best 
 works are : Joanne's Paris (extrait du Dictionnaire geographique de 
 la France, with 2 plans, 35 maps, and 143 gravures), Bournon's 
 Paris, histoire, monuments, environs (there is also a primer by the 
 same author, Petite histoire de Paris), E. de Menorval's Paris 
 depuis ses origines jusqu' a no s jours (3 vols.), Dufour's Collection 
 des anciennes descriptions de Paris (10 vols.), the Atlas des anciens 
 plans de Paris (3 vols.), Hoffbauer's splendid and costly Paris nc 
 travers les ages (2 vols, of text and one of plates in chromolitho- 
 graphy), Chauvin's Histoire des lycees et colleges de Paris, Franklin's 
 Les anciennes bibliotkeques de Paris (3 vols.), Fournel's Le vieux 
 Paris : fetes, jeux et spectacles, Normand's Nouvel itineraire -guide 
 artistique et archeologique de Paris (2 vols.), Du Camp's Paris, ses 
 organes, ses fonctions, sa vie (6 vols., still worth reading, though in 
 some points no longer up to date). To these may be added 
 some English works : H. Belloc's History of Paris, Martin's 
 The Stones of Paris in history and letters, Lady Jackson's Old 
 Paris, Edwards's Paris, old and new : a narrative of its history, its 
 people and its places, Harrison's Memorable Paris houses : a handy 
 guide, Whiteing's The life of Paris, and K. de Forest's Paris of 
 to-day; 
 
 Works on Paris which deserve to be consulted for their illus- 
 trations are : Barron's Autour de Paris and Les environs de Paris, 
 Les curiositts de Paris, de Versailles, de Marly, de Vincennes, de 
 .Saint- Cloud et des environs (published by the Ancienne maison 
 Quantin), Vitu's Paris, Baschet's Paris instantant (400 vues et 
 monuments de Paris et de ses environs), and Hamerton's Paris. 
 
 Photographs of works of art and views of Paris and the 
 provinces have appeared in the " Collection Lampue " (E. 
 Pourchet, successeur, 15 rue des Beaux- Arts, Paris). 
 
 Among handbooks for travellers in France the following are 
 well-known and need no recommendation : Baedeker's (5 vols. : 
 that on Paris, Paris et ses environs, is particularly good), Black's 
 (2 vols., or 6 parts), Murray's (2 vols.), Hare's (4 vols., besides 
 Paris, 2 vols., and 'Days near Paris: delightful and especially- 
 useful as intellectual companions, less so as practical guides'),. 
 Grant Allen's {Paris). There are also a host of small guide- 
 
77 
 
 books which must be here omitted. The French Guides Joanne 
 are also a useful collection, and much practical information 
 about Paris is contained in Paris.- Hachette, Paris-Parisien 
 (Ollendorff), and in Heinemann's Exhibition Paris (less than a 
 quarter of this book concerns the Exhibition.) 
 
 Lastly, anyone going to France for the purpose of studying 
 French will find many good hints in Rossmann's J £z>« Studienauf- 
 enthalt in Paris: ein Fiihrerfiir Studierende, Lehrer und Lehrerinnen, 
 Koschwitz's Anleitung zum Studium der franzosischen Philologie fiir 
 Studierende, Lehrer und Lehrerinnen and its English adaptation by 
 Shaw Jeffrey, Hartmann's Reiseeindrikke und Beobachtungen eines 
 deutschen Neuphilologen in der Schweiz und in Frankreich, Eggert's 
 Phonetische und methodische Studien in Paris, and Gaster's Meine 
 Studienreise nach der franzosischen Schweiz, Frankreich und Belgien 
 im Winter halbjahr 1897-98. 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 P. 2. A second edition of Le Soudier's Bibliographie francaise 
 (ic vols.) has just"appeared. 
 
 P. 7. ■ Bibliographie ghgraphique annuelle des Annates de ghgraphie, 
 publike sous la direction de L. Raveneau (since 1891). 
 
 P. 11, 1. 17, read: romaniska sprakstudier. 
 
 P. 13. The Revue encydopedique will henceforward appear under 
 the title Revue universelle. Saintsbury, A History of 
 criticism and literary taste in Europe, vol. I : Classical 
 and mediaval criticism. Spingarn, A History of literary 
 criticism in the Renaissance. 
 
78 
 
 P. 14. Beeching, Two lectures introductory to the study of poetry. 
 
 P. 15. Alexandre- Les mots qui restent (supplement to Musk de 
 la conversation). Biichmann's Gefliigelte Worte 2 ". 
 Harbottle and Dalbiac's Dictionary of quotations French 
 and Italian has recently appeared. 
 
 P. 16. Claudin, Histoire de Vimprimerie en France au XV s ei au 
 XVI" siecle. Christian, Origines de Pimprimerie en France. 
 
 P. 18. I. Dreyfus, Lectures on French literature. 
 
 P. 21. Trolliet, M'edaillons de poetes. De Roberto, Poeti francesi 
 contemporanei (with seven portraits). Pellissier, Etudes 
 de litterature contemporaine : deuxieme serie. 
 
 P 22. Guex, Le th'eatre et la sociki francaise de 1815-1848. 
 Latreille, La fin du theatre romantique et Francois 
 Ponsard. 
 
 P. 24. Avenel, La presse franfaise au XX" specie. 
 
 P. 25. Doumic, Etudes sur la litttrature francaise: quatrieme 
 s'erie. Studies in European literature being the Taylorian 
 lectures, 1 889- 1899. Of Hemon's Cours de litterature, 
 18 parts have appeared. 
 
 P. 26. Of Les grands krivains fran$ais, 44 vols, have appeared. 
 
 P. 28. Breant, Lectures militaires and L armk francaise au XIX" 
 sihle : nouvelles lectures militaires (Vienna). V. Hugo, 
 Theatre choisi (part III of Morceaux choisis). 
 
 P. 29. Popular studies in mythology, romance, and folklore : parts 
 3 (Hartland, Folklore : ivhat is it aud what is the good of 
 it?) and 7 (Hartland, Mythology and folktales : their 
 relation and interpretation). Knortz, Was ist Volkskunde 
 und %vie studiert nian dieselbe ? R. Kohler, Kleinere 
 Schriften (referring to comparative history of literature 
 and folklore), 3 vols. 
 
 P. 32. There is an English translation of Breal's Essai de 
 semantique by Mrs.-H. Custe, with an introduction by 
 Prof. Postgate (Semantics : the science of meaning). 
 
 P. 33. Good primers of Romance philology are : Gorra's Lingue 
 neolatine and Zauner's Romanische Sprachwissenschaft. 
 
 P. 34. M. S. Brittain, Historical primer of French phonetics and 
 inflection. 
 
79 
 
 P. 35. Tardel, Das englische Fremdwort in der riiodernen fran- 
 zosischen Sprache. 
 
 P. 37. Talbot, Extraits de 'la chanson de Roland et des memoires 
 de Joinville. 
 
 P. 40. Aventures merveilleuses de Huon de Bordeaux et de la belle 
 Esclarmonde, mises en nouveau langage par G. Paris. 
 Le roman de Berte aux grands pieds (vers), renouvelS par 
 R. PeYie. Le roman de Tristan et Yseult, traduit et 
 restaure par J, Bedier. The romaunt of the rose, rendered 
 into modern verse by F. S. Ellis (3 vols.). Chronicles oj 
 Froissart, trans I. by John Bourchier, Lord Berners, with 
 an introduction by Prof. W. P. Ker (in course of pub- 
 lication). Chronicles of Froissart, transl. by John 
 Bourchier, Lord Berners, edited and reduced into one 
 ■ volume by G. C. Macaulay. 
 
 P. 44. Deshumbert, How to teach and how to learn modern 
 languages. Exposition des principes de" F Association 
 phon'etique Internationale (supplement to Le mditre 
 phonetique, Nov., 1900). Report' of the Committee of 
 twelve of the Modern Language Association of America. 
 Sauveur, Introduction to the teaching of living languages. 
 Walter, Die Reform des neusprachlichen Unterrichts auf 
 Schule und Universitdt. 
 
 P. 46. Ziind-Burguet's Praktische Ubungen has appeared. Liet, 
 Traite de prononciationfran$aise. Monet, La prononciation 
 franfaise : cours critique complet. 
 
 P. 49. Wall, A concise French grammar {with historical notes). 
 
 P. 50. Clark and Murray's School grammar of modern French has 
 appeared. 
 
 P. 52. H. Paris, Les Francais chez eux et entre eux (Leipzig). 
 Sauveur, Causeries avec mes elcves and Petites causeries. 
 
 P. 53. Rahn, A travers Paris et la France : recueil de (28) gravures 
 a F usage de la conversation franfaise. Also the following 
 may be used as conversation pictures : — La France 
 regionale : collection de 10 tableaux en couleurs (Belin) ; 
 H. d'Alesi, Tableaux scolaires de geographie par F image 
 and Tableaux muraiix encyclopediques (Hachette) ; Ta- 
 
8o •■ 
 
 bleaux muraux (Colin); 1 La geographie par I 'aspect: 
 tableaux muraux en couleurs (Dupont) '•; Collection de 
 tableaux gkographiques, accompagnis de notices explicatives 
 par A. Milhaud (Comely). 
 
 P. 55. Rothwell-Coursier, New and practical Dictionary of 
 English and French languages (3s. 6d). 
 
 P. 56. Cornelis de Witt Wilcox, French- English technical military 
 dictionary. 
 
 P. 57. There is also a Dictionnaire hhtorique de la langue fran- 
 faise publik par I 'Academie franfaise (in progress of publi- 
 cation : 4 volumes have appeared). 
 
 P. 58. Bruant, Dictionnaire franfais-argot. Yve-Plessy Biblio- 
 graphic de I argot et de la langue verte. 
 
 P. 59. The second edition of Korting's Lateinisch-romanisches 
 Worterbuch has just appeared. R. de la Grasserie, 
 Etudes de grammaire comparee : des principes scientifiques 
 de la! versification fran$aise. 
 
 P. 60. Sully Prudhomme, Testament poetique. 
 
 P- 61. Langlois, La question de V enseignement secondaire en 
 France et a I'Stranger. Bourgeois, D enseignen^ent secon- 
 daire selon le vceu de la France. Ribot, La Aforme de 
 r enseignement secondaire. Dugard, De Tkducation mod.erne 
 des jeunes filles. 
 
 P. 68. Bourinot, Canada under British rule : 1760-1900. 
 
 P. 69. Grant, The French monarchy: 1483- 1789 (Cambridge 
 -historical series). Another volume of the same series, 
 France : 1815-J889, by Archbold, is in preparation. 
 
 P. 72. Loth, Les cathkdrales de France. . Rosenthal, La peinture 
 romantique. 
 
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