i\\\n\m\nmn oim\o\muimuim\uimu }mtJm^^ A RURAL ARITHMETIC MADDEN AND TURNER niiisinisiiiniiuinuinninsonHOinioiiiiOiHiiOiiiiOiiiiC New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. Library Cornell University Library QA 103.M17 A rural arithmetic; a textbooij f or gm 3 1924 002 954 836 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002954836 A EURAL ARITHMETIC A TEXTBOOK FOE GEAMMAE GEADES AND SECOiffDAEY SCHOOLS BT IRWm A. MADDEN Professor of Agriculture Illinois State Normal University AND EDWIN A. TURNER Director of the Training School Illinois State Normal University BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY fflt)E Bitiet^itie ptejs^ jrambtitrse COPYRIGHT, I916, BY IRWIN A. MADDBN AND EDWIN A. TURNER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PRINTING, DECEMBER I9161 REPRINTED, MAY I917. CAMBRIDGE ■ MASSACHUSETTS » . S . A PREFACE Economy in education demands that subject-matter be selected on the basis of its intrinsic value, rather than on the basis of its in- direct or cultural values, since these indirect values naturally ob- tain as a by-product. Because of this growing conviction of the relative importance of educational values, authors of recent texts in arithmetic have shown, in the choice of materials, a strong ten- dency to emphasize concreteness, connectedness, and practica- bility. With a constantly increasing tendency toward speciahzation the task of selecting miscellaneous Usts of problems and of treating general arithmetical topics in a concrete, connected, and practical way is becoming increasingly greater from year to year. A strong conviction of the importance of emphasizing intrinsic values has led to a sharp break in the use of materials and methods which have become traditional. The authors are of the opinion that rural hfe, which directly concerns more than fifty per cent of the American people, has suf- ficient mathematical content to supply adequate incentives and materials for the mastery of the fundamental principles and habits involved in the solution of the practical problems of life. They believe further that arithmetic should be treated as a means to an end and not as an end in itself. As a means, arithmetic becomes but a phase or aspect of a larger division of human thought. Rural life involves problems of soil improvement, crop improve- ment, feeding, building, fencing, marketing, fruit-growing, cook- ing, decorating, commerce, business forms, and accounts. Viewed from this angle, mathematical problems naturally arise in con- nection with economic problems. This notion of the relation of arithmetic to rural life at once lays the foundation for an entirely iv PREFACE new organization of materials. It provides the opportunity of grouping the fundamental processes of arithmetic around large units of subject-matter related to rural hfe, and thus precludes the necessity of doling out a series of small and relatively uninter- esting arithmetical topics in the customary way. This treatment emphasizes arithmetic as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself. In order that this natxu'al and simple treatment of arithmetical processes may be utiUzed without seriously disturb- ing present school organizations and without jarring the nervous organisms of those of us who have become accustomed to the tra- ditional method of treating the topics of arithmetic in the so- called "logical" order, introductory and connecting chapters are employed. Chapters upon the fundamentals, fractions, and percentage, etc., in which there is an abundance of drill exercises and an ade- quate development of principles, provide for the substitution of this book for other grammar-grade texts after the sixth year in rural communities. The variation, gradation, and amount of the materials employed are adequate to provide sufficient mathemati- cal training for pupQs in the grammar grades, the high schools, and for special classes in normal schools and institutions of hke char- acter. It should be noted also that problems related to the inter- ests of girls have been provided as well as problems which make a strong appeal to boys. The problems of this book are based upon the results of scien- tific investigations at the various agricultural experiment stations and elsewhere throughout the country. All of the data are based upon fact and not upon presumption. It is believed that this source material will stimulate a scientific attitude toward rural problems as well as give a concreteness and practicability to prob- lems of arithmetic which has not heretofore been experienced. The authors wish to express their appreciation of the splendid work that has been done at the several experiment stations through- out the country which has made this book possible. They wish also to acknowledge their indebtedness to Messrs. Wright and Funk, of PREFACE V the Wright-Funk Farm, for the valuable data supplied by them; to Mr. George Cade, principal of the Elementary Training School of the Illinois State Normal University, for practical suggestions on the chapter on Measurement; to Miss Agnes Story, critic in the Training School of the Illinois State Normal University, Pro- fessor I. N. Warner, of the State Normal School, Platteville, Wis., and Professor Carl Colvin, of the State Normal School at Charles- ton, Illinois, for a critical examination. of the manuscript; to J. A. Nye, of the University of Mionesota, for the basic materials on Farm Accounts; to Dr. S. A. Courtis, originator of the Courtis Tests in Arithmetic and Supervisor of Educational Research, De- troit Public Schools, for permission to use the problems of his Series B Tests; and to Houghton Mifflin Co. for permission to use the captions "With pencil" and "Without pencil" from the Hoyt and Peet "Everyday Arithmetics." SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS The exercises in this book were prepared to meet the arithmeti- cal needs of seventh- and eighth-grade pupils and those pupils in the high schools, normal schools, and institutions of a similar char- acter, who are pursuing courses in rural Ufe, agriculture, and home economics. During the first six years of school life the child gets his first view of the fundamentals of arithmetic. He also gains some skill in the use of numbers. As a rule, however, he is woefully inaccurate and but ill prepared to apply the principles learned to the solution of everyday problems. The problems of this book are admirably suited to stimulate interest and skiE in the solution of common problems. Nearly one fourth- of the book is given over to a systematic review of the fundamental operations of arithmetic. The method employed is intended to make this review a new view. The prob- lems in the review are drawn from such familiar and interesting situations that an appeal is assured. Problem-solving alone will not insure accuracy and speed in multipUcation, division, subtrac- tion, and addition. To insure this accuracy and speed it is recom- mended that teachers provide formal drUls, both written and oral. These drUls should not exceed five minutes daily. With average classes, a three-minute period is ample to secure good results. It is suggested that the tests given on pages 8 to 17 be given in the faU and in the spring in order to determine the relative abilities of the pupils. When pupils fall far below the average, they should receive special attention. The introductory exercises to the various chapters deaUng with the fundamentals are intended to improve the thinking and mathematical English of pupils. Bad form usually, though not always, results from careless thinking. These introductory exer- viii SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS cises were planned to insure careful thinking and to provide forms appropriate to such thinking. "An ounce of prevention," in this phase of the work, "is worth a pound of cure" later. It is quite important that teachers work for careful thought and expression throughout the early chapters of this book. A careful use of the type exercises provided will aid materially in securing proper habits. The later chapters of the book provide an abundance of concrete and practical problems for the application of principles. In these chapters speed and accuracy should receive relatively more con- sideration than form. Short cuts should be encouraged in an en- deavor to get practical results. The problems in these later chapters are based upon data drawn from experimental situations of a very practical nature. Teachers should dwell somewhat upon the far-reaching significance of experi- mental results of this sort. Since most of these problems are based upon tables compiled from experimental results, it is advisable to give some consideration to methods of carrying on such experi- ments and to discussions relative to the meaning of the various parts of the tables. Exercises of this kind will insure both clearness and motive. Teachers of seventh and eighth grades are aware of the wide variabiUty in the abihties of their pupils. It is believed that the abundance and character of the problems will meet the needs of such wide variabihties. The strongest pupils should be required to work a;ll of the required problems and be permitted to solve some or all of the optional problems, provided this can be done while the weaker pupils are completing their assignments. If the required hst is quite long, it is not wise to insist that the weakest pupils solve all of the problems in it. An adaptation of this sort will provide adequate work for aU and ultimately insure for all the ability to control concrete situations, and provide for a consist- ent forward movement. Nothing is quite so disheartening to strong, vigorous children as "being held up " while the weak children of the class are helped by the teacher. On the other hand, nothing is quite so enervating SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS ix to children of mediocre ability as being freed from a definite re- sponsibility. The arrangement and gradation of the problems in the applied chapters of the book provide for taking care of both types of children. Teachers of special classes in the high schools and higher institu- tions will find their pupils frequently faulty in both a knowledge of the fundamental processes of arithmetic and skill in the funda- mental operations. To meet the needs of such classes it is recom- mended that some time be given to a review of the beginning chap- ters which have been prepared especially for this purpose. Before taking up the problems hsted under the tables in the va- rious sections, it is suggested that a review of the details of the experiment be given. Many of the easier problems should be worked orally by advanced classes. The more diflScult problems of the required Ksts and of the optional Usts wUl provide situations sufficiently difficult to tax the energy and ingenuity of the strongest pupils. It is intended that all students in these special classes be held for all of the optional problems. Students in special classes should be held rigorously at the very outset ior honest and earnest effort. An approximation of answers should not be tolerated. Loose habits of this sort lead inevitably to a lack of interest in the subject and to bad habits of execution. The problems are arranged to develop a tendency or "bent of mind" toward the solution of the fundamental problems of rural life. Carelessness or indifference in the solution of these problems will thwart the purpose back of this arrangement. CONTENTS I. Fundamental Processes 1. Practice in Arabic Notation 1 2. Periods in Arabic Notation 2 3. Practice in Roman Notation 3 4. Practice in Addition 4 5. Addition Test 8 6. Practice in Subtraction 9 7. Subtraction Test 10 8. Practice ia Multiplication 11 9. Multiplication Test 14 10. Practice in Division 15 11. Prime Numbers 16 12. Division Tests 17 13. MisceUaueous Problems 17 II. Denominate Numbers 14. Long or Linear Measure 22 15. Surface Measure 23 16. Cubic Measure 25 17. Avoirdupois Weight 26 18. Liquid Measure 27 19. Dry Measure 28 20. Counting 29 21. Paper Measure . 29 III. Common Fractions 22. Reduction of Common Fractions .31 23. Practice iu finding a Common Denominator .... 31 24. Practice in finding the Least Common Denominator . . 32 25. Multiplication of Common Fractions . . . . . . .34 26. Division of Common Fractions 35 27. Partition and Measurement 36 IV. Decimal Fjbactions 28. Reading and Writing Decimals 38 i CONTENTS 29. Addition and Subtraction of Decimals 39 30. Multiplication of Decimals 40 31. Form in Division of Decimals 41 32. Practice in the Division of Decimals 42 33. Principles of Percentage 43 34. Use of the Equation 46 35. Case 1 47 36. Case S 48 37. Cases 51 38. Review of Decimals 52 39. Simple Interest 54 V. Farm Crops 40. Cost of Yield per Acre 57 41. Broadcasting vs. Drilling 58 42. Preparation of Soil for Wheat 60 43. Cost of growing Com 62 44. Cost of growing Wheat 64 45. Cost of growing Oats 65 46. Cost of growing Hay 66 47. Results of growing Cowpeas and Soy Beans .... 67 VI. Composition and Use of Fertilizers 48. Nitrogen contained in Crops 69 49. Results of rotating Crops 71 50. Fertility in Crops and Fertihzers 73 51. Use of Limestone and Caustic Lime 75 52. Plant Food removed by Crops 77 53. Plant Food contained in Manure 79 54. Cost of Fertilizers 81 55. Plant Food produced by Animals 82 66. Plant Food in Illinois Soils 85 57. Plant Food consumed in the United States 87 58. Use of Fertflizers in growing Hay 88 59. Miscellaneous Problems 89 VIT. Cattle Feeding 60. Cost of preparing Com Meal 91 61. Milk Production on a Modem Dairy Farm 92 62. Value of a Balanced Ration 95 63. Determination of Nutritive Ratios 97 CONTENTS xiii 64. Rations for Dairy Cows 98 65. Digestible Nutrients in Feeds 100 66. An Experiment with Gluten Feed and Bran 104 67. Experiment with Cotton-Seed Meal and Linseed Meal . 104 68. Experimental Feeding of Steers 104 69. Short-fed Steers 106 70. Rations for Beef Cows 107 71. Cotton-Seed Meal for Cattle 109 72. The Composition of Milk Ill 73. Rations for Milk Cows 113 74. Roughages for Milk Cows 114 75. Testing the Milk Production of Cows 116 76. Roughages for Steers 117 VIII. Swine Feeding 77. Feeding Corn to Swine while on Pasture 119 78. Feeding Com and Cane Seed to Swine 120 79. Feeding Shelled Corn to Swine .121 80. Feeding Com and Alfalfa to Swine 122 81. Feeding Hominy Feed and Corn Meal to Swine . . . 123 82. Feeding Hogs off and on Pasture 125 83. A Balanced Ration for Swine 126 84. Weekly Gain of Suckling Pigs 127 IX. Sheep Feeding 85. Silage for Ewes 128 86. Rations for fattening Lambs 128 87. Nutrients required by Sheep 130 X. Horse Feeding 88. Rations for Working Horses 132 89. Winter Ratjons for Horses . 134 90. Feeding Com and Oats to Horses 134 91. Fatteniug Horses for Market 135 92. Experimental Feeding of Colts 137 XI. Poultry Feeding 93. Rations for Laying Hens 139 94. Analysis of Eggs 140 xxiv CONTENTS XII. Household Economy 95. Compositibh of Mak " . . -141 96. Recipes 142* 97. Canning Fruit 144 98. Preserving Fruits 145 99. Food Values of Meats 146 100. The Quantity of Beef 147 101. Wholesale Cuts of Meat 147 102. Fuel Value of Boneless Meat 148 103. Clothing 149 104. Household Furnishings 150 105. Household Conveniences 150 XIII. Ratio and Peopoetion 106. Form in Ratio and Proportion 152 107. The Algebraic Equation 153 108. The Rectangular Method of Standardizing Milk . . .155 XIV. PowEES AND Roots op Numbers .109. Powers of Numbers 157 IIQ. Indicated and Determined Powers 157 111. Roots of Numbers . .158 ,112. Indicated and Determined Roots 158 113. Formal Method of extracting Square Root 159 114. Practice in extracting Square Root 159 XV. Measurements 115. Rectangjilar Areas 162 116. Areas of Parallelograms not Rectangular 163 117. Triangular Areas 163 118. Circular Areas 164 119. Lateral Areas 165 120. Prisms . . . , * 165 121. Cylinders 167 122. Spheres 167 XVI. Fencing 123. Fencing the I. S. N. U. Farm 169 124. Fencing Section 15 170 XVII. Building Construction 125. Dairy Barn Construction 172 CONTENTS XV 126. Painting 175 127. Concrete Floors 176 128. VentUation 177 129. Plastering 178 130. Papering 178 XVIII., Silos 131. Dimensions and Capacities of Silos 180 132. Rate of feeding from Silos 182 XIX. HOETICTJLTURE 133. Spraying of Orchards . 186 134. Efficiency of Spraying Materials 188 135. Spraying for Commercial Fruit . . ... 190 136. Measmrements for Planting of Orchard and Garden Fruits 192 137. Small Fruits . . 193 XX. Business Forms 138. Forms of Credit 195 139. Bills and like Forms 198 140. Contracts 200 141. Deeds and Mortgages 203 142. Notes and Collateral 210 143. Wills 212 144. Insurance 214 145. Leases , . . 214 146. Taxes 217 XXI. Faem Accounts 147. Labor Report 219 148. Milk Records 222 149. Inventory of F. C. Hibbard Farm 224 150. The Cash Account 227 151. Horse and Other Accoimts 229 152. Cattle Account 230 153. Oats and Hay Account 231 154. Food and Fuel Account 232 155. Ground Feed and Other Accounts . . 233 Meaning op Words Pbculiab to Rural Arithmetic . 235 Answers to Problems 237 A RURAL ARITHMETIC CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES NOTATION AND NUMERATION Weiting numbers is called notation. Speaking or reading num- bers is called numeration. I. Practice in Arabic Notation Arabic notation is the process of expressing numbers by use of the ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and the decimal point (.). 1. Express the following numbers by means of the Arabic nota- tion: twenty-two; one hundred seven; four hundred twenty; nine hundred forty; forty thousand nine hundred one; four million twenty-one thousand twenty. ^ 2. Read from the following table the number of pounds of milk produced each week for 8 weeks, at the Illinois Experiment Station, by two groups of cows consisting of 9 each: Table 1 Week Group 1 Group 2 1 2384 lb. 2279 lb. 2 2315 " 1947 " 3 2189 " 1811 " 4 2205 " 1739 " 5 2271 " 1581 '■' 6 2229 " 1537 " 7 2255 " 1421 " 8 2259 " 1652 " 1 There should be constant drill upon the writing of numbers until a high degree of speed and accuracy is secured in arranging the digits of a series of numbers in the proper columns. 2 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES 3. Read from the following table the number of pounds of milk produced each week by the 9 cows of each of the following groups: Table 2 Week Group 1 Group 2 1 2315 lb. 1947 lb. 2 2189 " 1001 " 3 2205 " 1729 " 4 2259 " 1652 " 5 2271 " 1581 " 6 2229 " 1037 " 7 2253 " 1421 " 8 2259 " 1468 " 9 2198 " 1423 " 10 2121 " 1301 ." 2. Periods in Arabic Notation For convenience of reading, numbers are separated by commas into groups of three figures each. Each group of figures is a period. 1. Read the following number: 420,124,480,601 Billions UiUiona Tfaonsands Units Note: The above number is read : 420 billion, 124 million, 480 thousand, 601. 2. Read the following numbers: (1) 1 (8) 21436 (2) 44 (9) 423684 (3) 361 (10) 1234004 (4) 9426 (11) 84236 (5) 84321 (12) 46236 (6) 242424 (13) 724363 (7) 8643214 (14) 3729623 3. How many "periods" are there in each of the above numbers? PRACTICE IN ROMAN NOTATION 3 4. Express in figures: (With pencil) (1) One hundred four. (2) One hundred forty-four. (3) 4 thousand 4 hundred seven. (4) 40 thousand four hundred four. (5) 404 thousand 404. (6) One milhon 80 thousand twenty-eight. (7) One million 406 thousand 264. (8) 40 milhon 40 thousand 436. 3. Practice in Roman Notation Roman notation is the process of writing numbers by the use of capital letters. This notation is sometimes employed in numbering chapters in books, hours on the faces of clocks, in designating differ- ent monarchs of the same name, etc. 1. Express the value of the following letters in Arabic notation: I, V, X, L, C, D, M. (Consult the dictionary if necessary.) 2. IV = 4; IX = 9; XL = 40; XIV = 14; XIII = 13; XC = 90. How is the value of a Roman numeral aiiected by placing a numeral of less value immediately in front of it? How is it affected by placing numerals of less value immediately after it? Illus- trate. The value of a symbol which follows one of equal or greater value is added to the one which precedes it. Thus, II = 2; XI = 11. The value of a symbol which precedes one of greater value is sub- tracted from it: IV = 4; XL = 40. When a sjnaabol stands between two of greater value its value is subtracted from the last and the remainder is added to the first: XIV = 14; LIX = 59. Of the two equivalent ways of representing a number it is preferred that the symbol of larger denomination precede the smaller one. 14 should be written XIV and not VIX. 45 should be written XLV and not VL. 4 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES Eead the following numbers: 3. VI, XV, LX, CL, DC, MC. 4. IV, XL, CD, CM^ 5. XLV, XC, LDX, MCD. 6. XIV, LXVI, XLVI, XLIV. 7. CLXL, CLIX, MCM, MDCCC. (Without pencil) 8. Express the following numbers in Roman notation: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1950, 2000. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 4. Practice in Addition Lack of confidence and failure in the operations of arithmetic are due to the fact that pupils do not know the fundamentals. It is suggested that a lively drill be carried on each day for a period of from three to five minutes. Speed and accuracy are both essential to success. Both are made more certain by reducing addition and subtraction to the single process of addition. (With pencil) I. Before being loaded for shipment, 120 steers were weighed in groups of 4 upon platform scales. The following weights were re- corded. What was the total weight of the shipment? 3420 lb. 3821 lb. 4199 lb. 3640 " 4228 " 3919 3780 " 4522 " 4073 4284 " 3860 " 4029 4420 " 3600 " 4636 3627 " 4636 " 3760 4136 " 4192 " 3950 4024 " 3996 " 4175 3823 " 4061 " 4280 4228 " 3840 " 4060 PRACTICE IN ADDITION 2. A coal dealer distributed a carload of coal to two of his cus- tomers as follows: To Mr. A. 4484 lb. 4624 " 4690 " 4531 " 4720 " 4321 " 4499 " To Mr. B. 4500 lb, 4489 " 4732 " 4398 " 4470 " 4621 " 4321 " How many pounds did the car contain? 3. The following daily purchases were made at a grocery store during the month of October by a family of four living in a small town. Determine the total amount of the grocery bill. Oct. 17. Qt. gasoline $ .05 Potatoes 25 Pecans 10 Nabiscos 10 Apples 10 Celery 10 20 Oct. 1. Apples $ .10 Ainmonia 10 Cleanser 10 6 bananas 08 Macaroni 10 Nabiscos 10 Oct. 2. Butter $ .40 Syrup 25 Bread 05 Oct. 4. Bread $ .10 Pineapple 25 Cheese 10 Pecans 10 Butter 40 Bacon 35 Pie 10 Potatoes 25 Oranges 20 Oct. 6 Butter Corn Bread Cheese Bananas Pecans Cake .40 .25 .25 .10 .10 .10 .20 Oct. 9. Butter $ .35 Apples 25 Celery 05 Oct. 10. Potatoes $ .25 Vinegar 25 Oil 15 Bread 05 Brown sugar 10 Ammonia 10 Lemons 05 Oct. 12. Nabiscos $ .10 Celery 10 Flour 80 Lettuce 05 Oct. 14. Bread $ .05 Cheese 10 Crackers 15 Nabiscos. 10 Oct. 15. > Bananas $ .10 Oranges 15 Bread 05 Crackers 05 Peanut B 10 Oct. 19. Salt.. $ .05 Kaisins 15 Oysters 10 Cranberries 10 Apples 30 Yeast 04 Nabiscos 10 Bananas 08 Oranges 15 Lemons 10 Oct. 20. Sugar $1.35 Butter... 40 Oysters .'. 10 Grape-fruit 25 Oct. 21. Gelatin $ .25 Salmon 25 Lettuce 05 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES Oct. 22. Oct. 24. Potatoes . . . ...$ .15 Crackers . . . . ...$ .25 Apples ... .10 Bacon .35 Crackers . . . ... .05 Potatoes . . . . .25 Dates ... .10 Bread ... .05 Oct. 26. Yeast ... .02 Yeast Gra. flour . . . Oatmeal ...$ .04 .20 .10 Oct. 23. Grapenuts . .15 Oysters .... ...$ .10 Oysters .10 Cocoanut. . . ... .10 Bread .05 Bread ... .05 Nabiscos . . . . .10 Crackers . . . . ... .05 Corn ... .25 Oct. 29. Oil ...$ .15 Nabiscos . . . . .10 Ammonia $ .10 Crackers 10 Bread 05 W. powder 05 Oct. 30. Bread $ .05 Gasoline. 05 Apples 10 Oct. 31. Lard Crackers . Bread . . . Nabiscos . ..$ .95 .. .05 .. .05 .. .10 4. Determine the total acreage and the total yield of the follow- ing crops produced in the United States in a recent year: Table 3 Crop Acres Bushels Corn' 114,002,000 3,125,713,000 Wheat 49,205,000 695,443,000 Oats 35,288,000 1,126,765,000 Rye 2,028,000 33,039,000 Barley 7,257,000 162,227,000 Buckwheat 826,000 17,239,000 Flaxseed 2,916,000 14,116,000 Rice (rough) 722,800 24,510,000 Potatoes 3,591,000 338,811,000 5. How much more corn than wheat was raised? 6. How many more acres were planted in corn than in wheat ? 7. Determine the total number of farm animals reported in the United States for a recent year, as given in the following table: Horses 21,040,000 Sheep 57,026,000 Mules 4,123,000 Cattle of all kinds 89,080,000 Swine 47,782,000 PRACTICE IN ADDITION 7 8. How many more sheep than hogs were reported? g. Give the combined weight of 8 pigs whose weights were re- corded at the Nebraska Experiment Station as follows: 172 lb., 176 lb., 171 lb., 172 lb., 156 lb., 158 lb., 163 lb., 168 lb. 10. The 8 pigs during the 12 weeks of a feeding test ate the fol- lowing amounts of corn respectively; 428 lb., 321 lb., 321 lb., 321 lb., 299 lb., 207 lb., 211 lb., 211 lb. How much did they all eat? 11. An agent for the British Government purchased 10 mules from a Missouri farmer at the following prices: $186, 1190, $210, $240, $245, $250, $250, $222, $222, $240. How much did the farmer receive for the 10 mules? 12. «( )lve tne l ollowii ig problei ns m £ iddition a ,s rapic lly as 3 can: (1) 3421 (2) 1104 (3) 9982 (4) . 2736 8462 8132 4321 3721 5432 3694 1826 4276 1398 7286 5324 8236 6472 2432 8021 1489 5371 8246 9674 3621 (5) 4637 (6) 8256 (7) 5566 (8) 6532 3246 3355 4421 5643 1495 7721 1498 3427 3227 1292 9719 7892 8764 4651 7156 2946 7842 5684 8829 7711 6236 9811 3342 3291 1492 4463 5164 4263 Standard lists of problems in each of the fundamental processes are given to determine the relative skiU of an average child of each class. It is suggested that these problems be used for this purpose only. By permission of Dr. S. A. Courtis the test problems xised here are copied from his Standard Tests. Copies of the Courtis Standard Research Tests may be secured from the author at Detroit, Michigan. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES S. Addition Test ' Work as many of the following problems as you can in eight minutes: "^ (1) 127 (2) 996 (3) 237 (4) 386 (5) 186 (6) 474 375 320 949 463 775 787 953 778 486 827 684 591 333 886 987 240 260 106 325 913 354 616 372 869 911 164 600 261 846 451 564 897 744 755 595 336 167 972 195 833 254 820 554 119 234 959 137 533 877 (8) 537 (9) 237 (10) 564 (11) 632 (12) 674 845 685 492 278 263 158. 981 452 679 947 318 745 693 904 513 522 949 121 184 511 468 989 746 437 772 988 731 243 653 426 749 559 856 334 428 953 256 127 302 669 456 674 258 323 925 142 532 329 ' In the practical operations of arithmetic, skill in the fundamental processes is essential. The approximate degree of skill which should be attained by children of the various grades is now well known. If the children of a particular school have not attained this, the time given to the daily drill should be lengthened or the work should be made more intensive. If the children possess a higher degree of skill than that suggested, it is probable that more consideration should be given to thought processes, and less to drill. Problems given for tests should be used for that purpose only. 2 Late in the spring the pupils of 'a strong sixth grade should average 4.5 correct solutions and 8 attempts. The pupils of a strong seventh grade should average 5.5 correct solutions and 9 attempts. The pupils of a strong eighth-grade class should average 6.5 correct solutions and 10.5 attempts. (Problems not completed are not counted as attempts.) PRACTICE IN SUBTRACTION (13) 421 (14) 258 (15) 326 (16) 267 (17) 873 (18) 622 988 885 770 854 168 479 465 600 753 684 332 283 114 874 199 358 419 791 676 726 469 938 934 808 729 142 643 333 493 253 235 355 698 493 529 419 190 947 186 775 156 952 406 351 173 239 224 522 (19) 485 l20) 172 (21) 236 (22) 537 (23) 648 (24) 584 871 426 578 227 396 157 524 951 877 725 389 617 ,919 537 916 598 374 624 722 989 543 906 859 467 456 565 593 763 191 369 216 230 956 195 423 511 862 673 439 480 849 245 424 258 309 102 342 233 6. Practice in Subtraction Subtraction by addition is easily taught by use of the following method : 15 57 —8 should be read 8 and 7 are 15; —IS' should be read 9 and 8 are 17 and 7 38 2 and 3 are 5. In the process of subtraction the difference is thought of as the second addend in the process of addition and the minuend is the sum of the two addends. (With pencil) I. Solve the following problems by the addition process: (1) 364 (2) 463 (3) 361 (4) 2864 (5) 9842 -122 -124 -264 -1781 -4684 10 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES (6) 3642 (7) 361 (8) 8000 (9) $1364 (10) 6372 -1413 -189 -1463 -136 -2843 2. Out of a total of 9506 apples of the Gano variety 2985 were windfalls. How many apples were picked? 3. The following are weights of 8 steers, respectively, after and before a feeding test. How much did each gain? No. 1 1260 lb. No. 2 1185 lb. No. 3 1190 lb. No. 4 1225 lb. 922 " 840 " 845 " 910 " No. 5. 1212 lb. No. 6 1242 lb. No. 7 1197 lb. No. 8 1280 lb. 916 " 895 " 872 " 915 " 4. Solve the following problems as rapidly as you can : (1) 82463 (2) 36210 (3) 9276 (4) 78643 -14325 -18175 -4169 -7294 (5) 5432 (6) 7325 (7) 52364 (8) 96275 -5291 -7086 -50475 -36094 7. Subtraction Test I. Solve as many of the following problems as you can in four minutes: ' (1) 114957187 (2) 94752808 (3) ' 106089449 -90271797 -67349640 -16915390 (4) 99833978 (5) 115171700 (6) 82484740 -73160227 -63087381 -48207825 1 The pupUs of a strong sixth grade should average 6.2 correct solutions and 8.9 attempts; those of a strong seventh grade should average 7.3 correct solutions and 10 attempts; those of a strong eighth grade or of the high school should average 8.6 correct solutions and 11.7 attempts. PRACTICE IN MULTIPLICATION 11 ( 7) 115916913 -55536329 ( 8) 72229470 -45049173 ( 9) 146246252 -52160891 (10) 80630266 -68164329 (11) 124485018 -73098624 (12) 107419373 -65348405 (13) 37953635 -23913884 (14) 137825921 -62729490 (15) 152695030 -85612816 (16) 178976226 -93060303 (17) 97089301 -20203267 (18) 93994413 -54783938 (19) 108051861 -73463849 (20) 163130569 -91061255 (21) 168354186 -70537861 (22) 188545364 -92471259 (23) 120981427 -64188045 (24) 105755782 -90863147 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION' 8. Practice in Multiplication Good form in multiplication is an aid to clear thinking and accurate figuring. Example: At 6^ each what do 9 oranges cost?t The following solutions if properly interpreted are correct: 6^ X 9 = 540 or 9 X 60 = 540; or 9 X 6 = 54; therefore, the oranges cost 540. Since the multiplier indicates the mun- ber of times the multiplicand is to be taken, it is evident that the multiplier must always be abstract. 60 X 9 = 540 should be read 60 multiplied by 9 equals 540. 9 X 60 = 540 should be read 9 times 60 equals 540. 9X6 = 54 should be read, the cost of the oranges in cents equals in amount the product of 9 and 6, or 540. ^ It must be borne in mind that multiplication and division are supplemental proc- esses. They should be learned at the same time. 3 times 4 are 12, and ^ of 12 is 4, are closely correlated conclusions. As in addition and subtraction there must be constant drill both in the concrete and in the abstract work. Only when these processes have become automatic is the maximum amount of mental energy re- leased for the reasoning processes. . 12 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES 1. Find the cost of 12 doz. eggs at 36fi per dozen. Find the cost of a 1260 lb. steer at 5^ per pound. Convenience will justify the following forms for the solution of these prob- lems: 36^ 1260 12 $.05 $4.32 $63.00 The second problem may be analyzed as follows: the cost of the steer equals 1260 times $.05 or $63.00. 2. Find the cost of 79 A. of land at $200 per acre. It is evident that since the multiplier simply represents the number of times that the multiplicand is to be taken, its location in reference to the multiplicand is merely a matter of convenience. For example, either of the following forms may be used: $200 79 79 200 1800 15800 .-. $15800 1400 $15800 The first of these processes is the better form, the second is often more con- venient. .'., followed by the denomination, is used only when it is necessary to explain the process. , (With pencil) 3. Find the cost of 1600 bu. of corn at 62|!S per bushel. 4. What is the total weight in pounds of 84 tons of hay? 5. During the month of January, 1913, a Missouri farmer sold 36 doz. eggs at 35i per dozen, 14 lb. of butter at 30fS per pound, and 42 lb. of chicken at 16j!S per pound. How much did he receive for his produce? 6. A Tennessee farmer hired a man to build 620jtd72.of woven- wire fence. He paid 13^ per rod for having the fence built. What did the labor on the fence cost? Mc |itttj fv"- )vu - /, S6'' ^ , 7. During the canning season Mrs. Neighbor used 198 lb. of sugar. The average cost of the sugar was 5.2jiS per pound. What did the sugar cost? PEACTICE IN MULTIPLICATION 13 8. Mr. James employed 19 children to pick strawberries. The children picked on an average 43 qt. per day and were paid 2 of each 3-year period. If the corn yielded an average of 60 bu. per acre, and the stalks were left upon the land, what was the actual shortage in nitrogen at the end of the 12-year period? (See Table 25, page 73.) 10. Determine the gain or loss in nitrogen per acre in the follow- ing 4-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and red clover, if the yield per acre is 50 bu. of corn, 40 bu. of oats, 30 bu. of wheat, and 2.5 T. of clover, provided the clover, stalks, and straw are turned under. 11. What was the loss or gain of nitrogen per acre in a 3-year rotation of corn, oats, and clover, if the clover stalks and straw were turned under, provided the average yield was 2.5 T. of clover, 60 bu. of corn, and 35 bu. of oats? 12. What is the result in pounds of nitrogen of a 4-year rotation of clover, corn, oats, and soy beans if the soy-bean straw was returned to the soil and two bushels of beans were harvested per acre, provided the yield of soy-bean straw was 2 T. per acre and the yield and treatment of the other crops was the same as that reported in problem 11? (See Table 25.) 13. After clearing a tract of land a farmer raised upon it three crops of corn in succession averaging 56 bu. per acre. He then raised in succession three crops of wheat yieldiug 20 bu., 26 bu., and 35 bu., respectively. If he burnt the corn stalks and sold the wheat straw, how much nitrogen was taken from the soil? 49. Results of Rotating Crops On the Urbana Field of the Illinois Experiment Station results were obtained in three different rotations. The soil was not treated in any way. (Illinois Soil Report.) 72 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS Table 24 rotation or corn, oats, and clover ContinuouB cropping 2-year rotation a -year rotation Year Corn Corn Oats Corn Oats Clover (bn.) (bu.) (bu.) (bu.) (bu.) (tone) 1889 43.2 37.4 4.04 1890 48.7 54.3 1.51 1891 28.6 33.2 1.46 1892 33.1 37.2 67.6 1893 21.7 29.6 34.1 1894 34.8 67.2 65.1 1895 42.2 41.6 \ 22.2 1896 62.3 34.5 1897 40.1 47.0 1898 18.1 1. When corn was grown continually, what was the average yield for the 10 years? 2. When corn was grown continually, what per cent of the aver- age yield for the first 5 years was the average yield for the last 5 years? 3. How much nitrogen was removed in the grain from an acre of corn land, for the 10-year period? (See Tables 24 and 25.) 4. Determine the average amount of nitrogen removed from one acre of soil by each crop in the 2-crop rotation. 5. Compare the amount of nitrogen contained in an average clover crop with the d,mount of nitrogen contained in an average yield of each of the grains grown in the 3-crop rotation. 6. How many tons of clover must be turned under per acre to replace the nitrogen removed in the grain of the 10 crops of corn reported in Table 25? FERTILITY IN CROPS AND FERTILIZERS 73 50. Fertility in Crops and Fertilizers Table 25 (From Hopkins's Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture) PRODUCE Kind Corn (grain) Corn (grain and stalks) Oats (grain) Oats (grain and straw) . . . . Wheat (grain) Wheat (grain and straw) . . Soy beans (seed) Soy beans (seed and straw) Timothy hay Clover seed Clover hay Cowpea hay Alfalfa hay Cotton lint '..... Cotton seed Cotton stalks Potatoes Sugar beets Fat cattle Fat hogs Milk Butter Fresh farm manure Barnyard manure Corn stover Dried blood Sodium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Raw bone meal Steamed bone meal Acidulated bone meal Raw rock phosphate Acid phosphate Double super phosphate. . . Basic slag phosphate Potassium chloride Potassium sulphate Kainite (Id nite) Wood ashes Oat straw Wheat straw Amount bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. ton bu. ton ton ton ton ton ton bu. ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton Nitrogen (lb.) 1 1,5 .66 .97 1.42 1.92 3.20 6.36 24. 1.7 40.0 43.33 50. 6.0 63.0 51.0 .21 5.00 50.00 36.00 11.40 4.00 10.00 10.00 16.00 280.00 310.00 400.00 80.00 20.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 10.00 Phosphorus flb.) .17 .23 .11 .16 .24 .32 .52 .84 3.3 .5 5.0 4.66 4.50 .8 11.0 9.0 .043 .9 14.0 6.00 1.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 180.00 250.00 140.00 250.00 125.00 400.00 160.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 2.00 2.00 Potassium (lb.) .19 .71 .16 .68 .26 1.16 .96 2.92 14.0 .7 30.0 32.66 24.00 8.0 19.0 28.5 .3 7.85 2.0 2.0 2.4 1.0 8.0 8.0 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 850.00 850.00 200.00 100.00 21.00 14.00 74 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 1. Determine the amount of phosphorus taken from an acre of land which yielded 40 bu. of corn, the stalks remaining on the land. 2. Estimate the amount of phosphorus taken from an acre of land which yielded 40 bu. of corn, if the stalks were removed from the land. (See Table 25.) 3. How much phosphorus is taken from an acre of soil which produces 30 bu. of wheat when the straw is returned to the land? 4. How much phosphorus is required to produce 25 bu. of wheat per acre for 5 years when the straw is removed? 5. In order to replace the phosphorus supply removed annually by 50 bu. of corn per acre, how much steamed bone meal should be added to each acre? (See Tables 23 and 25.) 6. How much raw rock phosphate should be added to each acre every third year to maintain the phosphorus content of the land, where a rotation of corn, oats, and clover is practiced and the average yields are 50 bu. of corn, 2.5 tons of clover, and 46 bu. of oats? 7. How many tons of barnyard manure should be added per acre every third year to keep up the supply of nitrogen iji the soil referred to in problem 6, if all the straw and stalks are returned to the land? 8. A farmer has a quarter section of land on which he practices a 3-year rotation of corn, oats, and clover. The stalks, straw, and clover are all plowed under, and the corn, oats, and clover seed are sold. The corn averages 70 bu. per acre, the oats 60 bu., and the clover 1^ tons of hay and 2 bu. of seed per acre. If this farmer applies 700 lb. of raw rock phosphate per acre every 3 years, what will be the gain or loss in both nitrogen and phosphorus per acre at the end of a 15-year period? USE OF LIMESTONE AND CAUSTIC LIME 75 9. If he should add 700 lb. of acid phosphate per acre every 3 years, what will be the gain or loss in phosphorus at the close of a 15-year period? 10. Raw rock phosphate is quoted at $7.50 per ton, and acid phosphate at $15 per ton. What will the phosphorus supplied as provided in problems 8 and 9 cost? 11. What does phosphorus cost per pound when purchased in raw rock phosphate? 12. Determine the potassium taken in 10 years from an acre of soU which has produced alternately 35 bu. of wheat and 60 bu. of oats. 13. Determine the amount of potassium taken from an acre of soil which yields 40 bu. of corn, if the stalks remain on the land. 14. Determine the amount of potassium chloride needed per acre for a 3-year period to maintain the potassium content of a soil which produces 50 bu. of corn, 30 bu. of wheat, and 55 bu. of oats each 3-year period, if the stalks are returned to the field. 15. If the straw and stalks referred to in problem 14 are taken from the soil, how much potassium chloride is needed to replace the potassium taken by the crops? 16. What is the value of the potassium contained in a bushel of corn, if purchased in the form of kainite costing $18 per ton? 17. If potassium is purchased in the form of potassium chloride, quoted at $51 per ton, what is the cost of the potassium required to produce a bushel of corn (grain and stalks)? A bushel of wheat (grain and straw)? A bushel of oats (grain and straw)? 51. Use of Limestone and Caustic Lime The Maryland Experiment Station carried on a series of experiments covering a period of 11 years, to determine the effect of limestone and caustic lime on crop production. (Hopkins's Soil Fertility and Permanent Agriculture.) 76 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS Table 26 effects of limestone and caustic lime on crops Total amount produced in eleven years Kinds of lime used Corn (bu.) 4 crops Wheat (bu.) 3 crops Hay (tons) 4 crops 98 128 129 148 145 32 32 34 42 43 2 60 Caustic lime burned from stone 3 09 Caustic lime burned from shells 2.82 Calcium carbonate in ground shells Calcium carbonate in shell marl 3.97 4 29 The above yields are estimates, each of which is based on the average of two plots. The yield reported in each case is the total amount pro- duced by the number of crops indicated by the column heading. Thus in the first column 98 bu. is the total amount of corn produced on an acre in four crops. 1. What was the average yield per crop of corn, wheat, and hay on the plots where caustic lime was used? 2. What did the corn, wheat, and hay average per crop on the plots where the calcium carbonate in the form of ground shells was used? 3. How much did the caustic lime increase the average yield of each crop of corn? 4. How much did the calcium carbonate increase the average crop of wheat? 5. What was the average gain per crop of corn, wheat, and hay due to the use of burned limestone? 6. If 2 tons of limestone are required to correct the acidity of an acre of land, how much quick lime is required to do the same amount of work? How much water-slaked lime is required? ^ ' 100 lb. of limestone for. neutralizing acids is equivalent to 56 lb. of quick lime or 74 lb. of water-slaked lime. (Abott, in Indiana Circular 33.) PLANT FOOD REMOVED BY CROPS 77 7. If limestone is quoted at 11.50 per ton, what are quick lime and water-slaked lime worth on the basis of their neutralizing power? 8. If ground limestone is worth $1 per ton, what are quick lime and water-slaked lime worth per ton? 52. Plant Food removed by Crops The following data are taken from Bulletin 169 of the. Kansas Experi- ment Station. The work was carried on by Willard, Swanson, and Wiley, and is a summary of the elements taken from the soil by the various crops. Table 27 amount and value op plant food removed by crops* Crop yield (lb.) Nitrogen Weight Ob.) Cost Phosphorus Weight ab.) Cost Fotassimn Weight Ob.) Cost Wheat (20 bu.) . . Straw Barley (40 bu.) . . Straw Oats (50 bji.) Straw Corn (65 bu.).... Stalks Mangels'. Meadow hay .... Clover Alfalfa Potatoes (150 bu.) Flax (15 bu.) Straw Peas (30 bu.) .... 1200 2000 1920 3000 1600 3000 3640 3000 20000 2000 4000 8000 9000 900 1800 1800 25 10 28 12 35 15 40 35 75 30 40 39 15 $5.00 2.00 5.60 2.40 7.00 3.00 8.00 7.00 15.00 6.00 8.00 7.00 3.00 5.46 3.27 6.55 2.18 5.24 2.62 7.86 .87 15.28 8.73 12.23 13.75 8.75 6.55 1.31 7.86 50.44 .26 .52 .17 .42 .21 .63 .07 1.22 .70 .98 1.10 .70 .52 .11 .63 5.81 23.24 6.60 24.90 8.30 29.10 12.45 49.80 12.45 37.40 54.80 200.8 62.30 6.60 15.80 18.30 $0.35 1.40 .40 1.50 .50 1.75 .75 3.80 .75 2.25 3.30 12.09 3.75 .40 .95 1.10 * The amount of the elements shown in the table does not conform exactly with the amount shown in Table 23. This is due to the fact that Table 23 represents the average amount of several analyses. ** Legumes return nitrogen to the soil when plowed under. When the hay is taken off there is neither loss nor gain since J of the nitrogen contained in the entire plant is in the roots. This is the amount the plant takes from the soil. (See note page 70.) 78 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 1. With the aid of the above table determine the amount of nitrogen removed from the soil in the production of 100 lb. of wheat. (Straw not included.) 2. Determine the amount of nitrogen removed from the soil by 100 lb. of wheat straw.' 3. Determine the value of the nitrogen required to produce 100 lb. of barley with its accompanying straw. 4. Estimate the amount of nitrogen taken from the soil by 25 bu. of corn. 5. How much nitrogen will be returned to the soil by plowing under the stalks from a 40-bu. crop of corn? 6. Determine the amount of phosphorus taken from an acre of soil by a crop of 35 bu. of corn, provided that the stalks are returned to the soil. 7. Determine the amounts of phosphorus and potassium, respec- tively, taken from the soil by 1 bu. of wheat, including roughage. Optional Problems 8. Determine the amount of clover that should be plowed under to supply the nitrogen taken by 3 successive crops of corn averag- ing 56 bu. per acre, provided the stalks were left on the land. (See Tables 23 and 25 for clover.) g. How much nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium will be re- moved from an acre of soil in a period of 3 years by a rotation of corn, oats, and wheat, averaging 65 bu., 58 bu., and 28 bu., re- spectively? 10. How much fresh farm manure, containing the elements hsted in Table 25, is required to supply the nitrogen removed by the crops referred to in problem 9? 1 Unless otherwise stated the problems listed under this table should be based upon the data contained in it. PLANT FOOD CONTAINED IN MANURE 79 11. How much phosphorus was added to the soil by the manure provided in problem 10? 12. Similarly, how much kainite is required to supply the potas- sium not supplied by the manure provided in problem 10? 53. Plant Food contained in Manure The following table, showing the amounts of plant food in the excre- ments of the various farm animals, is quoted from Van Slyke, of the New York Experiment Station. The figures represent the amount of plant food produced annually in the solid and liquid excrements per 1000 pounds of live weight. Table 28 Animal Weight of mixed excrements (lb.) Weight of bedding Ob.) Weight of total manure Ob.) Nitrogen weight Ob.) Phosphorus weight (lb.) Potassium weight (lb.) Horse Cow Pig Sheep Steer Hen 18000 27000 30500 12500 15000 8500 6000 2000 6000 7000 3000 24000 29000 36500 19500 10000 8500 158 171 180 154 135 85 27 21 54 29 24 30 120 120 140 145 60 28 Straw containing .5% nitrogen, .13% phosphorus, and .6% potassium was used for bedding. 1. How much nitrogen is contained in the manure produced an- nually from a stable of 10 horses averaging 1000 lb. each? 2. How much phosphorus is contained in the manure produced annually from the same stable? 3. Similarly, find the amount of potassium contained in the manure referred to in problems 1 and 2. 4. How many pounds of each of the above elements are contained in 1 ton of the manure from a horse stable? 5. How much of this manure is necessary to supply the nitrogen for 3 30-bu. crops of wheat? (See Table 25.) 80 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 6. Determine the per cent of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- sium, respectively, in the manure of each of the following animals: horses, cows, sheep, pigs, and hens. (The total weight of manure is the base and the amount of each element is the percentage, the rate is to be found.) Optional Problems 7. Estimating the average weight of cows at 900 lb., how much nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium will the manure on a dairy farm of 20 cows yield annually? 8. If there are 10 1000-lb. horses on the above farm, what is the yearly yield of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the manure? 9. Referring to Table 25 for the nutrients taken from the soil by the various crops, determine the amount of horse manure that should be spread over an acre of land every four years to replenish the nitrogen taken by 4 corn crops averaging 50 bu. per acre. 10. In Uke manner determine the amount of horse manure needed annually to keep the supply of nitrogen normal when the average yield of wheat is 30 bu. per acre. 11. Determine the cost of potassium per pound in potassium chloride purchased at $41 per ton. In like manner determine its cost per pound in each of the following fertihzers used: potassium sul- phate at $48 per ton, kainite at $12 per ton, and wood ashes at $12 per ton. (See Table 25.) 12. Potash is a compound of potassium and oxygen; 100 lb. of potash contains 83 lb. of potassium. What is the per cent of potas- sium in potash? 13. Determine the cost per pound of potassium in potassium chloride worth $50 per ton. COST OF FERTILIZERS 81 14. A certain commercial fertilizer is guaranteed to contain 6% potassium chloride. What is the actual per cent of potassium in the mixture. (See Table 25.) 15. In 100 lb. of phosphoric acid there are 43.7 lb. of phosphorus. If a commercial fertilizer contains 12% phosphoric acid, what is the per cent of phosphorus? 16. What per cent of phosphoric acid should a commercial fer- tilizer contain to equal the amount of phosphorus in raw rock phosphate containing 13% phosphorus? 54. Cost of Fertilizers The following tables are quoted from Van Slyke, of the New York Experiment Station. They show the retail cost of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Table 29 Retail price per ton Per cent of Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sodium nitrate $46.00 66.00 60.00 53.00 13.00 14.25 8.00 41.00 48.00 79.00 12.00 12.00 26.00 30.00 15.65 20.60 13.20 18. 6.2 7.0 12.3 10.08 8.4 Ammonium sulphate Calcium cyanamid Basic-slag phosphate Ground rock phosphate 41 5 Potassium sulphate 40 Potassium carbonate Kainite 50.0 10 50 Steamed bone meal . ... 1.0 30 82 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 1. How many pounds of nitrogen are there in a ton of sodium nitrate? 2. What does nitrogen cost per pound when secured in anuno- nium sulphate? 3. How many pounds of phosphorus are there in a ton of acid phosphate? 4. What does phosphorus cost per pound when secured in basic- slag phosphate? 5. Obtain the cost per pound of phosphorus, when obtained through the purchase of steamed bone meal. Optional Problems 6. The Rhode Island Experiment Station reports the following results from the use of phosphates: 189 lb. of corn were produced on a plot where no phosphorus was used, and 226 lb. were produced upon a similar plot where steamed bone meal was used. Determine the per cent of increase in corn through the use of bone meal. 7. Deterriiine the cost of the phosphorus in 50 bu. of corn when supplied through the use of ground rock phosphate. 8. A Canadian Experiment Station reports the following results in the use of fertilizers in the growing of potatoes : no fertilizers, 100 bu. per acre; 200 lb. of sodium nitrate, 123 bu. per acre; 150 lb. of potassium chloride, 139 bu. per acre; and 300 lb. of ammonium nitrate, 300 bu. per acre. If potatoes were worth 35)i per bushel, whE^t was each fertilizer worth on the basis of the one crop? 55. Plant Food produced by Animals The following table, quoted from Van Slyke, of the New York Experi- ment Station, represents the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- sium that is produced annually by the various farm animals per 1000 pounds of live weight : PLANT FOOD PRODUCED BY ANIMALS Table 30 83 Kind of animal Horse Cow. Pig.. Sheep Hen.. Nitrogen Solid Ob.) Liquid (lb.) 79 76 101 62 85 49 80 49 57 Phosphorus SoUd (lb.) Liquid Ob.) 19 17 40 18.5 30. 5.3 .9 Solid Ob.) Liquid (lb.) 48 16 61 32 27 37 90 46 73 1. How many pounds of nitrogen are pro(iuced annually by a horse weighing 1000 lb.? By a horse weighing 900 lb.? 1100 lb.? 2. How much nitrogen is produced by five hogs each weighing 200 lb.? 3. How much phosphorus will a team of horses weighing 2000 lb., and three cows weighing 3000 lb. produce in one year? 4. A farmer has the following live stock on his farm: 10 horses averaging 1175 lb., 60 steers averaging 925 lb., 100 hogs averaging 185 lb., and 300 hens averaging 5 lb. Determine the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium produced annually by all of this live stock. Note — Different weights are reduced to a thousand-pound basis by chang- ing the decimal point three places to the left. Example: The 10 horses referred to above will weigh 1175 lb. X 10 or 11750 lb. This is 11.750 times as much as one horse weighing 1000 lb. The table gives the amount produced by one horse weighing 1000 lb. The 10 horses referred to in problem 4 will produce 11.75 times as much plant food as will a 1000-lb. horse. 5. Determine the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- sium produced annually in liquid manure by a team of horses weighing 2800 lb. 6. The nitrogen in the liquid manure is worth 16^ per pound for fertiUzer, and the nitrogen in the sohd manure is worth only about 12fi per pound, since it becomes available for plants more slowly. What is the value of the nitrogen produced yearly by the team mentioned in problem 5? 84 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 7. If the phosphorus produced by the team referred to in prob- lem 5 is worth 3ji per pound, and the potassium bf. per pound, what is the total value of the manure produced yearly by this team? Optional Problems 8. If horse manure is left in the open air for six months, how much nitrogen is lost per ton? (See Table 28.) ' 9. If a ton of manure is thrown into the yard and allowed to weather until 70% of the plant food is lost, how many pounds of nitrogen will have been lost? How many bushels of corn is this amount of nitrogen capable of producing? 10. Find the number of bushels of corn that the phosphorus similarly wasted is capable of producing. (Use Table 25.) Animal Census of the United States Table 31 is quoted from the report of the United States Department of Agriculture. It represents the number of domesticated animals of all kinds shown in the United States by the census of 1910. Table 31 Horses 21,040,000 Mules 4,123,000 Cattle : 69,080,000 Sheep 57,216,000 Swine 47,782,000 11. If the horses in the United States average 1000 lb., what is the value of the nitrogen produced by these horses for one year, provided nitrogen is worth 16^ per pound? 12. Estimate the value of the phosphorus and the potassium produced by these horses if it is quoted at 3fi per pound and 5(i per pound, respectively. I Van Slyke, of tlie New York Experiment Station, estimates that manure allowed to rot in the open air for six months will lose 70% of its plant food. PLANT FOOD IN ILLINOIS SOILS 85 Optional Problems 13. If the average weight of all the mules in the United States is 800 lb., and the excrement produced by them is the same composi- tion as that of the horses, what is the value of the plant food in the sohd and liquid excrements produced by the mules in the United States in 1910? 14. If 70% of the manure referred to in problem 13 is lost by weathering, what is the money value of the plant food lost in this way in the United States in 1910? 15. Determine the number of pounds of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium produced by all the farm animals in the United States in 1910 if their weights averaged as follows: horses, 1000 lb.; mules, 800 lb. ; cattle, 500 lb. ; hogs, 100 lb. ; and sheep, 70 lb. 16. Referring to Table 25, determine the number of bushels of corn that the nitrogen produced by the animals reported in Table 31 would produce. 17. 70% of this nitrogen was lost by leaching. Determine this loss in terms of bushels of corn. 1.8. From prices quoted in problems 11 and 12 above for plant foods, determine the value of the farm manure in the United St9,tes for the year 1910. Use data obtained in problem 15. 56. Plant Food in Illinois Soils The following table is taken from Hopkins's Soil Fertility and Perma- nent Agriculture. It represents the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in 6f in. of the surface soil in the various types of soils common to Illinois. In each case the amount of plant food is based on 2,000,000 lb. of soil, which is the estimated weight of one acre of surface soil. In the case of the sand soil, 2,250,000 lb. is used as a base. While these soils are common to Illinois, they are also common to all sections of the United States where glaciation has taken place. 86 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS Table 32 AVERAGE NUMBER OF POUNDS FEB ACBB OF PLANT FOOD, IN INCHES OF SURFACE SOIL Soil area or glaciation Soil Type Total nitro- gen (lb.) Total phos- phorus (lb.) Total potas- sium (lb.) Prairie lands, undu- lating Lower lUinoisan. . Brown silt loam on tight clay 2,800 840 24,490 Middle lUinoisan . Brown silt loam 4,370 1,170 32,240 Upper lUinoisan . . Brown silt loam 4,870 1,200 82,940 Pre-Iowan Brown silt loam 4,290 1,190 35,320 lowan Brown silt loam 4,910 1,220 32,960 Early Wisconsin. . Brown silt loam 5,050 1,190 36,250 Late Wisconsin. . . Brown sUt loam 6,750 1,410 45,020 Prairie lands, flat Lower lUinoisan . . Drab silt loam 2,800 710 26,260 Middle lUinoisan . Black clay loam 5,410 1,413 31,860 Upper lUinoisan. . Black clay loam 6,760 1,690 29,770 Early Wisconsin . . Black clay loam 7,840 2,030 35,140 Late Wisconsin. . . Black clay loam 8,900 1,870 37,370 Timber uplands, roll- ing or hilly Unglaciated. Yellow silt loam 1,890 950 31,450 Lower lUinoisan . . Yellow silt loam 2,150 950 31,850 Middle lUinoisan . Yellow silt loam 1,870 820 33,470 Upper lUinoisan . . Yellow silt loam 2,010 840 34,860 Pre-Iowan Yellow silt loam 2,390 850 37,180 Early Wisconsin. . YeUow silt loam 1,890 870 32,720 Deep Loess Yellow fine sandy '■ loam 2,170 960 35,640 lowan Yellow fine sandy loam 1,910 910 35,780 Timber uplands, un- dulating Late Wisconsin . . . Yellow gray sUt loam 2,890 810 47,600 lowan Brown sandy loam 3,070 850 26,700 Timber uplands, flat Lower lUinoisan. . Light gray silt loalm on tight clay 1,890 810 2,728 Sand, swamp, and bottom lands Old bottom lands. Deep gray sUt 3,620 1,420 36,350 Sand plains and dunes Sand loam 1,440 23,880 820 30,880 2,930 Late swamp Deep peat 1,960 Late swamp Drab clay 5,760 . 1,900 48,080 Late swamp Marly peat 20,900 1,520 920 Late bottom lands Brown loam 4,720 1,620 39,970 PLANT FOOD CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES 87 1. Determine the amount of nitrogen in the Late Wisconsin brown silt loam after 6 crops of corn averaging 50 bu. per acre have been removed.^ 2. Find the amount of phosphorus in the Late Wisconsin brown silt loam after 8 crops of corn, averaging 50 bu. per acre, have been removed. 3. Compare the phosphorus of the Upper Illinoisan brown silt loam with the Upper Illinoisan black clay loam. 4. Compare the phosphorus of the Lower Illinoisan drab silt loam with the fertility of the Lower Illinoisan yellow sUt loam. Optional Problems 5. Determine the amount of available nitrogen that should be added to the Late Wisconsin yellow gray silt loam to make it cap- able of producing 60 bu. of corn to the acre.^ 6. Determine the amount of ground rock phosphate needed to enrich the Late Wisconsin yellow gray silt loam to the point where 13 lb. of phosphorus are available each year. 57. Plant Food consumed in the United States Table 33 is the census report for 1910 upon the number of acres planted and the number of bushels produced by each of the major farm crops in the United States. Table 33 Crop Acres Bushels Corn 114,002,000 3,125,713,000 Wheat 49,205,000 695,443,000 Oats 35,288,000 1,126,765,000 Rye 2,028,000 33,039,000 ' Unless otherwise stated, both grain and roughage are considered removed from the soil. ' It is assumed that 2% of the nitrogen, 1% of the phosphorus, and |% of the potassium are made available for crops each year by good farming methods. 88 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS Crop Acres Bushels Barley 7,257,000 162,227,000 Buckwheat 826,000 17,239,000 Flaxseed 2,916,000 14,116,000 Rice 722,000 24,510,000 Potatoes 3,591,000 338,811,000 1. Determine the amount of nitrogen taken from the soil by the grain of the corn crop of 1910. 2. What was the amount of the phosphorus taken from the soil in 1910 by the grain of the wheat crop in the United States. (See Table 25.) 3. Determine the average yield per acre of the corn, wheat, and oats produced in the United States in 1910. 4. Determine the average amount of potassium taken from an acre of soil by the oats crop of 1910. 5. What was the average value per acre of the corn, wheat, and oats grown in the United States in 1910, if corn was worth 50fi per bushel, wheat 90|;f per bushel, and oats 35fS per bushel. 58. Use of Fertilizers in growing Hay The following table is an analysis of the expenditures and receipts resulting from the addition of fertilizers to a 60-acre tract of hay land on a New York farm. The fertilizers added increased the yield of hay 1 ton per acre on the entire field. Table 34 8000 lb. of nitrate of soda $185.00 2080 lb. of muriate of potash 39.77 10354 lb. of acid phosphate 47.37 Other costs — ' Freight on fertiUzer 26.66 29.5 man hours hauling fertilizer @ 21.6^ 8.53 58.0 horse hom-s hauling fertilizer @ 13.2^ 7.66 29.0 man hours mixing fertilizer 6.26 84.5 man hours sowing fertilizer . . . ' 18.25 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 89 1C1.5 horse hours sowing fertilizer $13.40 200 man hours hauling in 60 T. of hay 43.20 160 horse hours hauling in 60 T. of hay 21.12 108 man hours pitching hay to baler 23.33 Meals for hay pressers 14.40 Meals for hay pressers' horses 7.30 118 hours man labor hauling 60 tons to railroad 25.49 208 horse hours hauling 60 T. to railroad 27.56 Use of barn (proportionate share) 95.00 Fire insurance (proportionate share) 3.00 Interest above costs for 7 Mo. at 6% 21.46 1. Find the total cost of the fertilizers. 2. Find the cost of each fertilizer per ton. 3. Find the total cost of getting the fertilizers on the field ia- cluding the initial cost, the freight, and other labor expenses. 4. What was the total cost per ton of hay for fertilizers and all items of labor and expense connected with marketing the hay? 5. What was the income on the hay at $11 per ton after the ex- penses provided in Table 34 were deducted? 6. What was the gross income on the hay if it sold for $14 per ton? 59. Miscellaneous Problems I. A complete fertilizer is one which contains nitrogen, phos- phorus, and potassium. It is generally mixed so that these plant foods occur in some definite proportion. The phosphorus and potas- sium are usually quoted in per cent of phosphoric acid and potash. For example, a f ertiUzer having a composition of 2 : 8 : 6 means a fer- tilizer which contains 2% nitrogen, 8% phosphoric acid; and 6% potash. Determine the number of pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in a ton of 2:8:6 fertilizer.' 1 All mixtures are based upon one ton in weight. The compounds when propor- tioned to provide the required elements do not weigh a ton, consequently sand is added to make up the deficiency. 90 COMPOSITION AND USE OF FERTILIZERS 2. What should this fertilizer sell for per ton, when each element in the fertilizer is quoted as follows: nitrogen, 16fS per pound; phosphoric acid, 4f! per pound; and potash bi per pound. 3. Determine the number of pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in a ton of 4:8:7 fertilizer. (Read, "a four, eight, seven fertilizer.") 4. Compare the value of one ton of this fertilizer with one ton of that referred to in problem 2. 5. Make a mixture of rock phosphate and kainite to form a fer- tilizer containing 8% phosphoric acid and 7% potash. (See problems 12 and 15 in section 53, and Table 25.) 6. A field needs plant food in the following proportions: 3:7:5. Make a fertilizer of sodium nitrate, steamed bone meal and potas- sium sulphate to meet this need. How much sand is needed for a filler? 7. what is the value of a 3 : 8 : 6 commercial fertilizer based on the values given in problem 2? 8. How much can a farmer afford to pay for fresh farm manure when the above fertilizer can be secured as indicated in problem 7? CHAPTER VII. CATTLE FEEDING 60. Cost of preparing Com Meal Note — Reports from the lUmois Experiment Station give the following figures on the cost of preparing feeds including the labor employed and the expense of wear on the machinery: shelling corn, $.34 per ton; grinding corn for com meal, $1.20 per ton; and grinding ear corn for corn and cob meal, $1.44 per ton. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin.) 1. When shelled corn costs 45^ per bushel, what is the value of a ton of corn meal? (Cost of corn plus the cost of grinding.) 2. 30.698 tons of corn meal costing $13,699 per ton were fed in fattening 34 steers; how many bushels of corn were consumed? 3. What was the cost of the corn which was used in the prepara- - tion of the corn meal referred to in problem 2? 4. What is corn meal worth per ton when shelled corn is worth 65i^ per bushel? 5. What is the actual cost of com-and-cob meal per ton when ear corn is worth 45fS per bushel? (70 lb. of ear corn per bushel.) 6. What is the value of ear corn per bushel when corn-and-cob meal is worth $16 per ton? 7. What is corn meal worth per ton when ear corn is worth 48ji per bushel? 8. A car is loaded with 66,000 lb. of shelled corn; what will it cost to convert this corn into corn meal? 9. If corn meal is worth $13.00 per ton, what will the carload of corn bring when converted into corn meal? 92 CATTLE FEEDING 10. Find the value of the carload of corn if it is converted into corn meal worth $16.50 per ton. 6i. Milk Production on a Modem Dairy Farm Record kept by the Illinois Cow Testing Association of the herd of 31 cows on the Funk & Wright Dairy Farm at McLean, Illinois, for the year beginning April 1, 1912, and ending March 31, 1913. Table 35 No. months in milk Breed Age No. of cow Milk (lbs.) Teat in fat (per cent) Return for SI in feed Yearly value of fat per cow Value of feed 9.. 12.. 11.5 10.5 11.5 9.5 11.5 12.. 11.. 9. . 11.. 9.. 11.. 11. . 12.. 11.5 12.. 10. . 11.5 10.. 11. . 10.5 9.. 12.. 11.. 11.5, 11.. 9.. 11. . 5.. 8.. J J G G J J G J G G J G G J J G J G J G J J J J J J J J J G G 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 25 27 32 33 34 35 36 40 41 42 43 44 45 30 37 5738 6818 6361 7719 5520 4509 7407 5925 6450 4463 6709 6626 7602 5241 6878 6273 6717 5587 6206 6424 6402 6487 4737 7104 5714 7788 5274 5151 6341 2676 3462 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.9 5.3 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.5 4.3 6.1 3.8 4.3 5.2 3.9 4.4 6.2 6.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.4 5.4 4.7 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.3 5.6 4.0 $1.32 1.62 1.46 1.87 1.64 1.00 1.58 1.79 1.92 1.14 1.89 1.36 1.66 1.54 1.45 1.54 1.80 1.62 1.51 1.52 1.59 1.31 1.39 1.68 1.64 1.74 1.40 1.22 1.45 1.23 .84 $ 86 109 95 131 102 57 112 107 125 67 121 82 82 96 93 99 121 104 94 102 100 85 89 116 102 122 88 78 96 53 49 $65 57 65 70 62 56 71 63 65 69 64 65 65 62 64 64 67 64 62 67 63 63 64 69 62 69 63 64 66 43 56 J = Jersey. G = Guernsey MILK PRODUCTION ON A MODERN DAIRY FARM 93 1. Find the total pounds of milk produced by this herd for the entire year. 2. Find the average yield of milk per cow. 3. Determine the number of pounds of butter-fat produced by cows 1, 3, and 6. (Amount of milk times rate of butter-fat.) 4. Find the amount of butter-fat produced by cows 7, 8, and 9 for the entire year. 5. What was the total value of the butter-fat produced by the herd for the year? 6. Find the average cost of feed per cow. 7. How much did the feed of the entire herd cost for the year? 8. How much did the value of the butter-fat exceed the cost of the feed? 9. There were 11,374.15 hours of man labor, 1670.45 hours of horse labor, and 1670.45 hours of machine labor spent on this herd of cows during the year. At an average of 16.9^ per hour, how much was paid out for man labor? 10. At the rate of 11.27f! per hour for horse labor, how much was expended for horse labor upon the herd? 11. If the average cost of the machine labor for the year was 2.15iii per hour, what was the value of the machine labor? 12. Determine the entire cost of labor on the herd for the entire year. 13. What was the combined cost of labor and feed? 14. The interest on the amount of money invested in the cows was $224.06; what was the entire amount of money expended on the cows? 94 CATTLE FEEDING 15. What was the average cost per quart of milk? (One quart of milk weighs 2.18 lbs.) 16. What was the gain or loss on each quart of milk? Optional Problems 17. Compare the income of the 6 best cows with that of the 6 poorest cows. 18. Compare the average milk production of the Guernseys with that of the Jerseys. (In both cases the cows are "grades" and not pure-bred.) 19. Compare the average value of fat produced by the Jerseys with that produced by the Guernseys. 20. Compare the average per cent of fat produced by the Guern- seys with that produced by the Jerseys. 21. What would have been the income from cow No. 6 had her milk been bottled and sold in the city market at 8^ per quart? 22. The milk from the herd listed in the above table was sold to a milk company for 12^ per gallon. The company bottled and sold it for Sji per quart. How much did the company receive for the total amount secured from the herd? 23. How much more did the milk company receive for the milk than they paid for it? 24. What was the average length of the lactation period of this herd. (Months in milk.) 25. Compare the average per cent of fat produced by the 4, 5, and 6 year old cows, respectively. 26. Compare the average yearly income of the cows aged 4, 5, and 6, respectively. VALUE OF A BALANCED RATION 95 27. If 82 lb. of butter-fat produces 100 lb. of butter, how much butter could have been made from the milk of cows 1, 3, and 6 for the year? 28. What is the value of this amount of butter if it sells for 30^5 per pound? 62. Value of a Balanced Ration At the Illinois Experiment Station a herd of 18 cows was divided into two groups of nine cows each. In a preliminary test in which the cows were all fed the same ration, group 1 averaged 37.8 lb. of milk per cow daily, and group 2 averaged 36.18 lb. of milk per cow daily. The follow- ing table shows the proportion of the various feeds in the ration which was fed to the two groups, and the milk produced by each group. Table 36. Feeds given daily to each cow in each Group Group 1 Group 2 Feed Weight (lb.) Feed Weight (lb.) 30.0 8.0 4.6 3.33 30 Clover Timothy hay 5 3.0 Ground corn 8.0 Milk produced each week per Group Group 1 Group 2 (lb.) (lb.) 1st week 2315.8 1947.6 2d week 2189.6 1811.8 3d week 2205.1 1729.4 4th week 2259.0 1652.9 5th week 2271.6 1581.1 6th week 2229.7 1537.0 7th week 2253.8 1421.8 8th week 2259.5 1467.1 9th week 2198.7 1423.4 96 CATTLE FEEDING Group 1 Group 2 ab.) Ob.) 10th week 2121.3 1381.2 11th week 1990.0 1289.0 12th week 1986.6 1293.6 13th week 2000.6 1265.1 14th week 1989.1 1297.5 15thweek 1961.8 1238.7 • 16th week 1976.1 1242.0 i7th week 1818.8 1232.1 18th week 1905.8 1210.1 5 days 1359.2 808.4 1. Find the difference in the total amounts of milk produced by the two groups of cows for the entire period. 2. Find the difference in the average amount of milk per cow for the two groups. 3. Estimating this milk at 11.50 per 100 lb., how much did the income from group 1 exceed that from group 2? 4. How much did the average income per cow in group 1 exceed that in group 2 for the entire period? 5. This same report shows that owing to the character of the feed group 1 was fed 59,840 lb. for the entire period, and group 2 was fed 52,020 lb. Determine the difference in weight of the average daily ration per cow for each group. 6. Estimating the timothy hay at $15 per ton, the clover hay at $12 per ton, the gluten feed at 130 per ton, the silage at $3 per ton, and the ground corn at $18 per ton, what did the feed for each group of cows cost? 7. Estimating the milk at $1.50 per 100 lb., how much did the value of the milk exceed the difference in the cost of the feed? 8. Group 1 produced a total butter-fat of 1280.82 lb. and group 2 produced 825.95 lb. What fractional part of the weight of the milk was the weight of the butter-fat in each case? ' 9. What per cent of the weight of the milk was the weight of the butter-fat in each case? DETERMINATION OF NUTRITIVE RATIOS 97 10. Determine the value of the feed that was consumed by each group in the production of each 100 lb. of milk. 11. On the basis of prices quoted in problem 6, what was the average cost of milk per gallon for each group? 63. Determination of Nutritive Ratios Table 37 The following table shows the amount of milk produced by each cow in groups 1 and 2 and the amount of nutrients consumed per 100 lb. of milk produced. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 159.) Group 1 Cow No, Milk produced (lb.) Nutrients consumed per 100 lb. milk Digestible protein (lb.) Carbohydrates (lb.) Fat (lb,) 1 4083.1 4317.2 3243.6 4552.6 5140.2 4373.0 4404.9 5473.1 3806.3 5.75 7.03 10.37 6.64 6.28 6.85 7.85 6.30 7.01 33.52 40.24 59.74 37.57 35.86 39.04 44.58 35,85 ' 39.96 2.39 2 2.99 3 4.38 4 2.80 5 2.66 6 2.89 7 3.31 8 2.66 9 2.96 Group Z Cow No. Milk produced (lb,) Protein (lb.) Carbohydrates (lb.) Fat (lb.) 1 2008.5 2329.9 4123,2 3520.5 3913.1 3317.7 2487.7 2626.3 2512.9 6.30 6.73 4.77 5.59 4.91 5.68 7.36 6.95 5,63 62.52 66.79 46.99 53.79 48.52 55.98 72.85 69.00 55.67 3.18 2 3.47 3 2.43 4 2.77 5 2.52 6 2.86 7 3.73 8 3.50 9 2.82 98 CATTLE FEEDING Note — A balanced ration for various animals consists in a known relation or ratio which should exist between the proteins on the one hand and the carbo- hydrates and the fats on the other hand, in order to provide best health condi- tions. This ratio is known as the nutritive ratio. Since the nutritive ratio for various animals is known it is the business of feeders to proportion the various feeds so as to secure this ratio. The following formula is convenient for deter- mining a nutritive ratio: — Carbohydrates + 2j fats Proteins or, C + 2iF Nutritive Ratio; = N. R. P ThB faits are multiplied by 2 J, since they contain 2 J times as much energy as carbohydrates. 1. Determine the average amount of each nutrient consumed by 'each cow in group 1. 2. Determine /the average amount of each nutrient that was consumed by each cow in group 2. 3. Determine the average amount carbohydrates consumed by group 1 per 100 lb. of milk produced. 4. Determine the nutritive ratio of the digestible nutrients con- sumed by each group of cows reported in the table. 64. Rations for Dairy Cows Table 38 digestible nutrients eequired by a 1000-pound cow giving different amounts op milk per dat Fat ^ and car bo- Protein (lb.) hydrate (lb.) 10 lb. of milk testmg 3% fat 1.23 9.35 1.61 11.45 2.03 13.58 2.43 15.58 2.88 17.80 3.28 19.93 20 " " 30 " " 40 " " 50 " " 60 " " • Fats have been reduced to carbohydrate units, (See note attached to Table 37.) RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS 99 Protein (lb.) 10 lb. of milk testing 4% fat 1.25 1.77 2.30 2.80 3.33 3.80 20 " ( (( (( 30 " t (( (( 40 " ( it tl 50 " I (1 it 60 " ( *t it 10 " • 5% " 20 " 30 " ( it it 40 " I tl it 50 " I It (t 60 " t it 11 .1.33 .2.00 .2.55 .3.10 .3.70 .4.32 Fati and carbo- hydrate (lb.) 9.74 12.26 14.78 17.31 19.82 22.37 10.16 13.08 16.31 18.93 21.87 24.81 Note — Since the above table is-based upon a 1000-lb. cow, estimates upon cows above or below this weight should take into account .07 lb. of protein and .72 lb. of carbohydrates and fats, respectively, for each 100 lb. of increase or decrease from this weight. 1. Determine the nutritive ratios of the digestible nutrients required by a 1000-lb. cow whUe producing 10 lb. of nulk, testing 4% butter-fat. 2. Give the nutritive ratios of the digestible nutrients required by a 1200-lb. cow which produces 20 lb. of mUk, testing 3% butter- fat. 3. Give the nutritive ratio of the digestible nutrients required by an 800-lb. cow which produces 30 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter- fat. 4. Give the nutritive ratio of the digestible nutrients required by a 1100-lb. cow producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter-fat. 5. Find the nutritive ratio of the digestible nutrients required by a 1500-lb. Holstein cow producing 60 lb. of milk, testing 3% butter-fat. 6. Find the nutritive ratio of the digestible nutrients required by a 1500-lb. Holstein cow producing 60 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter-fat. ■ Fats have been reduced to carbohydrate units. (See note attached to Table 37.) 100 CATTLE FEEDING 65. Digestible Nutrients in Feeds Table 39 (From Henry's Feeds and Feeding) Name of feed Pounds of dry matter per cwt. Pounds of protein per cwt. Pounds of carbohydrate per cwt. Concentrates — Dent corn Corn meal Corn-and-cob meal Gluten meal Gluten feed Wheat Red dog flour Wheat middhngs Wheat bran Rye.... Barley Emmer (speltz) Oats Ground oats Oat meal Canada field pea Cowpea Soy bean : . Horse bean Kafir corn Ground Kafir corn heads . . Sorghum seed Broom corn seed Millet seed Flax seed Linseed meal (old process) . Linseed meal (new process) Cotton seed Cotton-seed meal Cocoanut cake Sunflower seed Dried brewers grain Wet brewers grain Malt sprouts Wet beet pulp Dried beet pulp Sugar beet molasses Cows milk Skim milk Buttermilk Cotton-seed hulls 89.4 7.8 66.8 85.0 6.1 64.3 84.9 4.4 60.0 90.5 29.7 42.5 90.8 21.3 52.8 89.5 8.8 67.5 90.1 " 16.2 57.0 88.8 13.0 45.7 88.1 11.9 42.0 91.3 9.5 69.4 89.2 8.4 65.3 92.0 10.0 70.3 89.6 8.8 49.2 88.0 10.1 52.5 92.1 11.9 65.1 85.0 19.7 49.3 85.4 16.8 54.0 88.3 29.1 23.3 88.7 23.1 49.8 90.1 5.2 44.3 86.4 4.2 42.4 87.2 4.5 61.1 87.2 4.6 42.2 87.9 7.1 48.5 90.8 20.6 17.1 90.2 30.2 32.0 90.0 31.5 35.7 89.7 12.5 30.0 93.0 37.6 21.4 89.7 15.4 41.2 91.4 14.8 29.7 91.3 20.0 32.2 23.0 4.9 9.4 90.5 20.5 46.0 10.2 0.5 7.7 91.6 4.1 64.9 79.2 4.7 54.1 12.8 3.4 4.8 9.4 2.9 5.3 9.9 3.8 3.9 88.9 13.0 33.2 DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEEDS 101 Name of feed Pounds of dry matter per cwt. Pomids of protein per cwt. Pounds of carbohydrates per cwt. Pounds of fat per cwt. Wiey Meat Scrap Dried blood Tankage Roughages, Dried — Corn (odder (ears on) . Corn stover (ears off) . Timothy hay Orchard grass •. . . Red top Ky. blue grass Bermuda grass Oat hay Buffalo grass Red clover Mammoth clover Alsike clover White clover Crimson clover Sweet clover Soy bean Cowpea Alfalfa Wheat straw Rye straw Oat straw Barley straw Roughages, Green — Ky. blue grass Rye forage Oat forage Red clover Mammoth clover Alsike clover Crimson clover Sweet clover Alfalfa Cowpea Soy bean Canada field pea Potato Mangel Flat turnip Corn silage Corn fodder 6.2 89.3 91.5 89.2 57.8 59.5 86.8 90.1 91.1 86.0 92.0 86.0 85.0 87.7 78.8 90.3 90.3 90.4 92.1 88.2 89.5 91.9 90.4 92.9 90.8 85.8 34.9 23.4 25.0 29.8 20.0 25.2 19.1 20.0 28.2 16.4 24.9 15.3 20.9 9.1 9.9 26.4 20.7 0.6 66.2 70.9 50.1 2.5 1.4 2.8 4.9 4.8 4.4 6.4 4.7 3.0 7.1 6.2 8.4 11.5 10.5 11.0 10.6 9.2 10.5 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.9 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.9 ,2.0 2.6 2.4 2.5 3.6 1.8 3.1 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.0 5.0 34.6 31.2 42.4 42.4 46.9 40.2 44.9 36.7 42.0 37.8 34.7 39.7 42.2 34.9 36.7 40.9 39.3 49.5 35.2 39.6 39.5 49.1 19.7 14.1 11.0 13.6 9.1 11.4 9.1 8.4 12.1 8.7 11.0 6.9 15.7 5.5 6.4 14.2 11.9 0.2 13.4 2.5 11.6 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 Note — The figures in the columns above represent the number of pounds per hundredweight; of the material. 102 CATTLE FEEDING Optional Problems 1. How much corn meal is required to supply the necessary pro- tein for a 1000-lb. cow producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter- fat, if she is fed 10 lb. of alfalfa hay, 35 lb. of corn silage, and 3 lb. of wheat bran daily? (See Table 39.) 2. If corn-and-cob meal is substituted for corn meal, how much is required to supply the needed protein? 3. How much corn meal is required to supply the needed pro- tein in a ration for a cow giving 40 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter- fat; alfalfa hay 10 lb., corn stover 5 lb., silage 35 lb.; linseed meal 1.5 lb., and wheat bran 5 lb.? 4. How much gluten feed is needed to supply the protein for a 1000-lb. cow producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 3% butter-fat; clover hay 10 lb., corn stover 6 lb., corn silage 35 lb., wheat bran 4 lb., and cotton-seed meal .75 lb. 5. To 10 lb. of timothy hay and 20 lb. of corn stover, add 4 lb. of corn meal, and 5 lb. of wheat bran and enough cotton-seed meal to supply the protein for a 1000-lb. cow producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter-fat. 6. If 15 lb. of clover hay, 35 lb. of corn silage, and 5 lb. of corn meal are fed daily to a 1000-lb. cow producing 50 lb. of 4% milk per day, how much ground oats and cotton-seed meal, fed in the proportion of 4 lb. of oats to 1 lb. of meal, are needed to balance the protein? 7. To 10 lb. of corn stover, 10 lb. of clover hay, and 35 lb. of corn silage, add sufficient quantities of corn meal, ground oats, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal, in the proportion of 1 : 1 : 1 : .5, respectively, to balance the protein for a cow weighing 1000 lb. and producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter-fat. 8. To roughages, consisting of 10 lb. of alfalfa hay, 6 lb. of corn stover, and 35 lb. of silage, add a grain mixture of corn meal, wheat DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEEDS" 103 bran, and linseed meal in the following proportions — 1 : 1 : .1 : .5 — which will balance the protein for a 1000-lb. cow producing 30 lb. of milk, testing 3% butter-fat. g. 10 lb. of clover hay, 5 lb. of corn stover, and 35 lb. of corn silage are fed to a 1000-lb. cow producing 40 lb. of milk, testing 4% butter-fat. Determine the exact amount of corn meal, wheat bran, gluten feed, and cotton-seed meal required to prepare a grain mix- ture in the foUowihg proportions — 1 : 1 : 1 : .5 respectively — which will balance the protein in this ration. 10. At the South Carolina Experiment Station 5.1 lb. of cotton- seed meal were fed in conjunction with 34.8 lb. of corn sUage as a daily ration per cow. Determine the silage and cotton-seed meal required to feed a herd of 20 cows for a period of 180 days. 11. Determine the amount of wheat bran required to substitute the protein in the cotton-seed meal provided for in the above ration. 12. On the basis of local prices determine the relative cost of the two rations as provided for in problems 10 and 11. 13. A daily ration per cow, composed of 7 lb. of corn stover, 40 lb. of corn silage, 4.5 lb. of wheat bran, 4.5 lb. of dried brewers' grain, and 2 lb. of cotton-seed meal, was fed at the New Jersey Experiment Station. On the basis of local prices determine the cost of furnishing this ration to a herd of 15 cows for 180 days. 14. In the New Jersey Experiment Station where the above ration was fed, the average daily yield of milk per cow was 37.3 lb. and the average butter-fat was 1.13 lb. Determine the quantity of milk and butter-fat produced by a herd of 15 cows for 150 days, on the basis of this average. 15. On the basis of local prices determine the. relative values of foods fed and of the milk produced as provided in problems 13 and 14. 104 ■ CATTLE FEEDING 66. An Experiment with Gluten Feed and Bran At the Vermont Experiment Station 2 cows were fed alternately on the following rations: No. 1, gluten feed 4 lb., corn meal 4 lb., cut hay 8 lb., and silage at will; No. 2, wheat bran 4 lb., corn meal 4 lb., cut hay 8 lb., and silage at will. The average daily production of cows while on ration 1 was 21.5 lb. of milk, and 1.08 lb. of bujtter-fat, and when on ration 2, the daily production was 18.7 lb. of milk and 0.93 lb. of butter-fat. (From Henry's Feeds and Feeding, p. 398.) 1. What was the per cent of butter-fat produced by each ration? 2. What was the weekly production of butter-fat from each ration? 3. What was the per cent of increase in milk and butter-fat due to the gluten feed ration? 67. Experiment with Cotton-Seed Meal and Linseed Meal At the Pennsylvania Experiment Station 9 cows were fed on a ration consisting of 5.3 lb. of cotton-seed meal, 6.7 lb. of chopped wheat, and 9.3 lb. of corn stover. Later the ration was changed to the following; 6.0 lb. of old-process linseed meal, 9.0 lb. of chopped wheat, and 9.3 lb. of silage. The average daily milk yield for the first ration was 16.3 lb. of milk and .7 lb. of butter-fat, while for the second ration the daily yield of milk was 15.1 lb. and of butter-fat .78 lb. (Henry's Feeds and Feeding, p. 399.) 1. What was the per cent of increase in the milk production while the cows were fed ration 1 as compared with that while fed on ration 2? 2. What was the per cent of butter-fat while fed ration 2 as compared with that while fed on ration 1? 3. What was the per cent of butter-fat in the milk produced by each ration. 68. Experimental Feeding of Steers An experiment was carried on at the Illinois Experiment Station to demonstrate the relative value of two feeds for the fattening of beef EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING OF STEERS 105 cattle. Lot 1 was fed corn, timothy hay,, and corn stover; and lot 2 was fed gluten meal, corn, timothy hay, and corn stover. The feeds were valued as follows : corn 35^ per bushel, gluten meal $29 per ton, timothy hay $10 per ton, corn meal $13.34 per ton, corn-and-cob meal $10.50 per ton, and corn stover $3 per ton. Lot 1 consisted of 12 steers whose combined weight was 11,610 lb. Lot 2 consisted of 12 steers whose combined weight was 11,702 lb. (Mum- ford, Beej Production.) 1. What was the cost of each lot of steers at $3.80 per cwt.? What was the average cost per steer? 2. During the test, lot 1 was fed 225.7 bu. of corn, 7.59 tons of corn-and-cob meal, 1.41 tons of corn meal, 5.37 tons of timothy hay, 3.17 tons of corn stover. What was the cost of the food? 3. $13.57 additional was expended for feeding lot 1 the last week of the test, and $30 was expended on it for freight. What was the total expense of lot 1 in Chicago? 4. Lot 1 weighed 14,063.04 at the end of the test, and brought 15.35 per cwt. on the market. What did the sale of lot 1 amount to? 5. What was the net gain on lot 1? 6. During the fattening period lot 2 was fed 138.27 bu. of corn, .64 tons of corn meal, 6.02 tons of corn-and-cob meal, 2.09 tons of gluten meal, 5.96 tons of timothy hay, and 3.18 tons of corn stover. What was the cost of the combined feed of lot 2? 7. $15.42 was expended for feed in holding lot 2, and $30 was expended for freight and incidental expenses. What was the entire cost of fattening and putting lot 2 on the market? 8. The 12 steers in lot 2 weighed 14,880 lb. and sold for $5.80 per cwt. What was the gross income from lot 2? 9. What was the net income from lot 2? Optional Problems 10. Determine the excess of the sales over the purchasing prices in lots 1 and 2. 106 CATTLE FEEDING 11. What was the average net income per steer in each lot? 12. Work out a statement of expenses and receipts for each lot for purposes of comparison. Which lot gained the most? How much was gained per steer by the use of the cheaper feed? 13. 34 "good-to-choice," fleshy, 3-year-old steers were purchased in the Union Stock Yards in Chicago for the Illinois Experiment Station. They were purchased on August 22 and taken to Cham- paign and fed until November 25. The total weight of the steers on their arrival at the Ilhnois Station was 36,490 lb. What was the total cost at $4.25 per cwt.? 14. $20 was paid for commission and $41.88 for freight. What was the entire cost of these steers? 15. During the time at the Experiment Station the steers were fed 30.608 tons of corn meal at $13,699 per ton, 14.589 tons of oil meal at $28 per ton, 10.175 tons of clover hay at $8 per ton. What was the total cost of the feed? 16. What was the entire cost of these steers when they were ready for the market in November? 17. After the feeding season the 34 steers weighed 44,650 lb. and were sold for $5.60 per cwt. The freight and commission amounted to $73.88. What was the income from the steers after deducting the freight and commission? 18. What was the net profit or loss on the entire lot? 19. What was the net profit or loss per steer? 69. Short-fed Steers The Illinois Experiment Station bought on the Chicago market 130 choice feeding steers averaging 1006 lb. at an average cost of $4,267 per cwt. The freight rate to Champaign, 128 miles from Chicago, on stock cattle was 7.7^ per cwt., being | of the fat cattle rate. The shrinkage per steer from market to feed lot was 53.4 lb. The steers were fed for RATIONS FOR BEEF COWS 107 6 months and gained 480 lb. each feed-lot weights, at a cost of 7.23^ per lb. (not crediting pork produced) on a basis of corn worth 35^ per bushel, clover hay S8 per ton, and linseed oil meal $24 per ton. When shipped to Chicago in June they shrank 22.5 lb. per steer, weighing when sold an average of 1410 lb. They cost the Experiment Station $5.79 per cwt. and sold for $6.10 per cwt. (Mumford, Beef Pro- duction.) 1. Determine the total loss from shrinkage in shipping from Chicago to Champaign. 2. Find the freight cost on the feeding steers. 3. What was the cost per steer in the yards at Champaign? 4. What was the average gain per steer when returned to the stock yards at Chicago over the previous stock yards weights? 5. What did this gain cost per steer? 6. How much did the fattened steers bring on the Chicago market? 7. Find the amount of the freight on the fattened cattle. 8. If the steers dressed 60% of their gross weight, how many pounds of meat did the entire lot dress? 70. Rations for Beef Cows At the Illinois Experiment Station, Mumford made a comparison, covering a period of 140 days, of corn silage, shock corn, and corn stover to determine their relative value for maintaining beef breeding cows. The feeds were charged to the cows at the following prices: corn silage 83.34 per ton, shock corn $5.59 per ton, corn stover $2.25 per ton, shredded stover $2.25 per ton, clover hay $8 per ton, and oat straw SI. 50 per ton. Each lot was fed a ration made up of the following feeds: lot 1, corn silage, clover hay, and oat straw; lot 2, shock corn, clover hay, and oat straw; and lot 3, clover hay, oat straw, and shredded stover. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 3.) 108 CATTLE FEEDING 1. The cows in lot 1 averaged 860.33 lb. at the beginning, and 1010.43 lb. at the end of the period. What was the daily gain per cow? 2. The feed eaten daily per cow in lot 1 was as follows: silage 16.65 lb., clover hay 3.50 lb., and oat straw 9.56 lb. Determine the average cost per cow for the feed given lot 1. 3. What was the average cost per pound of weight gained by lot 1? 4. The cows in lot 2 averaged 858.5 lb. at the beginning, and 964.69 lb. at the end of the period. What was the average daily gain per cow? 5. The average daily feed per cow in lot 2 was as follows: shock corn 8.70 lb., clover hay 3.50 lb., and oat straw 10.83 lb. What was the average cost per cow for the feed given lot 2? 6. What was the average cost per pound of gain in this lot? 7. The cows in lot 3 averaged 859.83 lb. at the beginning, and 916.36 lb. at the end of the experiment. What was the daily gain per cow? 8. The average daily feed eaten per cow in lot 3 was as follows: corn stover (first 42 days) 21.67 lb., shredded stover (last 68 days) 10.29 lb., clover hay 1.56 lb., and oat straw 8.19 lb. What was the average cost per cow for the feed given to lot 3? 9. Determine the average cost per pound of weight gained by this lot. Optional Problems 10. On the basis of the average cost per pound of weight gained by the three rations fed, how much will it cost a cattle-breeder to increase the weight of a herd of 20 cows from 950 lb. to 1000 lb., if he uses ration 1? Ration 2? Ration 3? 11. Not considering the gains in live weight, which is the most economical ration? COTTON-SEED MEAL FOR CATTLE 109 12. How much will it cost a farmer to winter a herd of 50 cows for 180 days on the cheapest of these rations? 13. How much will it cost to winter the same herd for 180 days on the most expensive of the three rations? 71. Cotton-Seed Meal for Cattle Curtis at the North Carolina Experiment Station carried on experi- ments to determine the relative amounts of cotton-seed meal that can be safely fed to fattening cattle. The following table shows the amounts of each feed fed to the various lots during the experimental period. Table 40 Period 122 days Lot 1 was fed 7.53 lb. cotton-seed meal, 26 lb. cotton-seed hulls. Lot 2 was fed 6 .05 lb. cotton-seed meal, 12 .7 lb. corn stover, 13.8 lb. corn silage. Lot 3 was fed 7 .53 lb. cotton-seed meal, 12 .7 lb. corn stover, 13.8 lb. corn silage. Lot 4 was fed 9.07 lb. cotton-seed meal, 12.7 lb. corn stover, 13.8 lb. corn sUage. Lot 5 was fed 7 . 53 lb. cotton-seed meal, 30 . 6 corn silage. 1. The feeds were rated as follows: cotton-seed meal 126 per ton; cotton-seed hulls $6 per ton; corn silage $3 per ton, and corn stover 110 per ton. What was the average cost of food per steer in each lot? 2. The average daily gain per steer in lot 1 was 1.28 lb. Deter- mine the final weight of a steer which made Un average daUy gain, if he weighed 900 lb. at the beginning? 3. The average initial weight of the steers in lot 1 was 945.7 lb. The initial value per cwt. was $3.86. What was the initial value per steer? 4. What was the final average weight per steer? (See problem 2.) no CATTLE FEEDING 5. The value of the steers at the end of the fattening period was $5.50 per cwt. What was the average value per steer? (See problems 2 and 3.) 6. Determine the average net profit per steer in lot 1. 7. Lot 2 averaged 1A6 lb. gain daily per steer. The average initial weight was 919.3 lb. What was the average weight at the end of the test? 8. At an average initial cost of $3.86 per cwt. and a final value of $5.75 per cwt., what was the average gross gain per steer? 9. After deducting the cost of the feed, what was the average net gain per steer in lot 2? 10. The average initial weight of lot 3 was 893.6 lb. and the average initial cost was $3.86 per cwt. What was the average initial cost per steer? 11. The steers in lot 3 gained on an average 1.6 lb. daily. What was the average weight of the steers at the end of the period? 12. What was the cost per cwt. of gain? 13. The final value of the steers in lot 3 was $5.75 per cwt. What was the average net profit per steer? 14. The average initial weight of the steers in lot 4 was 905 lb. and the average initial cost was $3.86 per cwt. Determine the average cost per steer. 15. The average daily gain per steer in lot 4 was 1.64 lb. What was the average gain for the entire period? 16. The final value of the steers in lot 4 was $5.75 per cwt. What was the average net profit per steer? 17. The average initial weight of the steers in lot 5 was 890 lb. and the initial cost was $3.86 per cwt. What was the cost per steer? 18. The average daily gain per steer in this lot was 1.69 lb. What was the final average weight per steer? THE COMPOSITION OF MILK 111 19. The average value of these steers at the end of the fattenmg . period was $6 per cwt. What was the average net profit per steer? Optional Problems 20. Compare the net gains of the several lots. 21. From the table on the composition of feeds determine the amount of dry matter, protein,.fat and carbohydrates in the ration fed to the steers in lot 1. 22. What was the nutritive ratio of the ration fed to lot 1? (See note, section 63.) 23. Give the average amount of protein consumed per steer during the feeding period. 24. Find the average amount of protein per 1000 lb. of initial weight fed to an average steer in lot 2 at the North Carohna Experiment Station. 25. Find the average amount of carbohydrates fed to an average steer in lot 2. 26. What was the average amount of dry matter fed to an aver- age steer in lot 2. 27. How much linseed meal is required to furnish an amount of protein equal to that supplied by the cotton seed meal, which was fed daily to each steer in lot 2? 28. How much alfalfa hay is required to supply the protein in the daily ration fed to each steer in lot 2? 72. The Composition of Milk Wing, of the Cornell Experiment Station, gives the average composi- tion of butter as follows: Table 41 Fat 85% Casein 1% Salt 3% Water 11% 112 CATTLE FEEDING 1. The Holstein cow, Banostine Belle De Kol, produced in one year 27,404.4 lb. of milk containing 1058.34 lb. of butter-fat. How much butter would this nulk produce? (Consider the amount of butter-fat equal to 85% of the butter it will produce.) 2. At 30^ per pound for butter-fat, what was the yearly income from this cow? 3. If a quart of milk weighs 2.18 lb., how many quarts of milk did this cow give in one year? 4. If the milk was sold at lOfS per quart, what was the income from this cow? 5. A butter maker has a churning of 345 lb. of butter. How much salt should he add to make the butter contain the average amount of salt? 6. A grocer bought 115 lb. of creamery butter containing 85% fat and 1% casein, and 115 lb. of country butter containing 80% fat and 6% casein. He paid 30)!S for the creamery butter and 25fi for the country butter. What did the butter-fat cost per pound in each case? Optional Problems 7. The Jersey cow, Jacoba Irene, produced in one year 17,253 lb. of milk containing 952 lb. 15.4 oz. of butter-fat. How many pounds of butter could have been made from this fat? (Use percentage given in Table 41.) 8; How many pounds of salt are required to salt the butter made from this amount of butter-fat? 9. The Holstein cow, Daisy Grace De Kol, produced in one year 27,718.3 lb. of milk containing 963.22 lb. of butter-fat. How much butter could have been made from this amount of fat? What will this amount of milk bring at 8^ per quart? RATIONS FOR MILK COWS 113 10. If an equal amount of milk is sold in the city market for 10^ per quart, what will it bring? 11. If an equal amount of butter-fat is sold in the form of cream, which is one fourth butter-fat, what will the cream need to sell for per pint to bring an amount equal to that secured for the milk at lOi per quart? 12. How much will the butter need to bring per pound to equal the value of the milk at lOsi per quart? 13. The Jersey cow, Sophie 9th, of Hood Farm, produced in one year 15,099.3 lb. of milk containing 931.9 lb butter-fat. What was the value of the milk of this cow at 10^ per quart? 14. If the milk from this cow had been sold in the form of butter- fat at 30fi per pound, how much income would it have brought? IS- How many pints of cream, one fifth butter-fat, can be sold from the butter-fat equal to that produced by this cow? 16. What was this cream worth per pint on the basis of milk worth lOyi per quart? -7. The Guernsey cow, Spotswood Daisy Pearl, pccfduced in one year 18,108.2 lb. of milk containing 951.38 lb. of butter-fat. What was the income from this cow if her milk was made into butter and sold at 35ff per pound? 18. The AjTshire cow, Lilly of Willowmoor, produced in one year 22,106 lb. of milk containing 888.7 lb. of butter-fat. Determine the per cent of butter-fat. 19. On the basis of Table 41 determine the amount of butter that this amount of butter-fat will make. 73. Rations for Milk Cows The New Jersey Experiment Station recommends the following rations for a 1000-lb. dairy cow giving 25 lb. of 4% milk. 114 CATTLE FEEDING Table 42 Price Pounds per ton Ration 1 — Alfalfa hay 10 $24.00 Corn silage 36 3.00 Corn stover 8 10.00 Corn-and-cob meal 4 20.00 Dry brewers' grain 1 30.00 Ration S — Mixed hay 10 $25.00 Corn silage 36 3.00 Corn' stover 8 10.00 Corn-and-cob meal 2 20.00 Dry brewers' grain! ' . . . . 2 30.00 Cotton-seed meal 1.5 33.00 Ration 3 — Corn stover 12 $10.00 Beet pulp 7 25.00 Dry brewers' grain 2 30.00 Wheat bran 2 27.00 Cotton-seed meal 1 33.00 Corn meal 5 33.00 Ration 4 — Mixed hay 10 $25.00 Corn stover 8 10.00 Beet pulp 6 25.00 Corn-and-cob meal 3 20.00 Dry brewers' grain 2 30.00 Cotton-seed meal 1.5 33.00 1. Determine the cost per day of each ration. 2. What will it cost to feed a herd of 20 cows for an entire year on ration 4 set forth in the above table? 74. Roughages for Milk Cows The following tabulated data are the result of an texperiment carried on at the North Carolina Experiment Station to determine the relative value of corn stover and cotton-seed hulls as roughage for cows. Seven grade cows, from 2 to 3 months in lactation, were fed during three periods of 22 days each. The daily grain ration was the same for all cows through- out the three periods and consisted of 4 lb. of cotton-seed meal, 2 lb. of dried brewers' grain, and 1 lb. of linseed meal. All cows received 8 lb. of ROUGHAGES FOR MILK COWS 115 this grain mixture per day, except cows No. 6 and No. 7, which received 10 lb. each, daily. Each cow received 14 lb. of roughage per day except cows No. 1 and No. 4, each of which received 16 lb. Table 43 Cow No. Period Weight of milk (lb.) Per cent of fat Average weight of cows during teat (lb.) 1 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. HuUs 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 1. Stover 2. Hulls 3. Stover 335.2 332.8 316.7 400.2 342.0 316.6 405.4 353.4 340.3 434.4 353.4 340.3 468.7 409.8 363.4 359.6 378.5 262.4 335.6 322.9 284.3 5.0 5.4 5.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 ' 4.4 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.4 5.7 660 656 2..... 639 687 687 672 587 571 3 4 569 824 794 5 767 805 785 6 806 784 769 7 778 683 657 758 1. Determine the amount of butter-fat produced by cow No. 1 during each period of the test. 2. Find the total amount of butter-fat produced by cow No. 2 during the entire test. 3. What was the total amount of milk produced by all the cows during the entire test? 116 CATTLE FEEDING 4. Determine the average amount of milk produced daily per cow when fed corn stover. 5. Obtain the average amount of milk produced daily per cow when fed cotton-seed hulls. Optional Problems 6. Determine the average amount of butter-fat produced daily by cow No. 1 when fed corn stover. When fed cotton-seed hulls. 7. If butter was 85% fat, how much butter did cow No. 1 produce during the time she was fed on corn stover? 8. What was the average amount of butter produced daily by cow No. 1 when fed on cotton-seed hulls? When fed on corn stover? 9. Determine the amount of protein, carbohydrates, and fat fed to cow No. 5 per day, when fed hulls. 10. Determine the nutritive ratio of the average ration fed to each cow. 11. Determine the amount of butter produced by cow No. 4 dur- ing the three periods if it contained 85% butter-fat. 75. Testing the MUk Production of Cows The following table shows the results obtained at the Nebraska Ex- periment Station by testing cows of widely different productions of milk. (■Nebraska Experiment Station Bulletin 129, by Haecker and Frandsen.) Table 44 Name or No. of cow Months in lactation Pounds of milk Average test of butter-fat (per cent) Value of fat Total cost of feed per year No. 36 11 12 11 12 . 12959 4362 10005 1797 3.46 4.38 3.41 2.82 $162.50 71.31 118.16 17.41 $38.92 No. 28 28.22 Lady 38.59 Kate 31.14 ROUGHAGES FOR STEERS 117 1. What was the average daily yield of milk from each of the cows No. 36, and No. 28? (30 days per month.) 2. How much butter -fat did cows No. 28 and No. 36 produce per day during the entire lactation period? 3. Find the profit of each of these cows. 4. How much income was received from cow No. 28 for each dollar's worth of feed consumed by her? 5. How much butter-fat did Lady and Kate each produce? 6. How much did this butter-fat cost per pound? 7. Determine the profit for each of the cows referred to in prob- lem 5. How much were the returns in each case for each dollar's worth of feed? 8. How much did the profit of cow No. 36 differ from that of the cow Kate? Optional Problems 9. Find the yearly profit on a herd of 25 cows yielding on an average as much milk and butter-fat as did cow No. 36? 10. What is the yield in milk and butter-fat of a herd of 25 cows whose average daily yield is equal to that of the cow Kat§? 11. Determine the difference in the profit for one year of the herds mentioned in problems 9 and 10. 76. Roughages for Steers An experiment was carried on by Snyder at the Nebraska Sub-Station at North Platte, to test the relative value of different roughages in the feeding of steers. The six lots were put on feed December 3, and taken off ■ feed August 5, three years later (976 days in all). The table below sum- marizes the essential results. (Nebraska Experiment Station Bulletin 117.) 118 CATTLE FEEDING Table 45 Lot No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forage rations Alfalfa Prairie Cane Alfalfa and prairie hay Alfalfa and cane Prairie hay and cane Av. first weight of 446 1215 5.2 $3.11 31.19 • 10.35 5.13 4.55 450 1092 4.12 $3.11 20.99 10.35 4.59 p 4.25 452 1175 5.19 $10.35 3.11 21.63 4.75 4.50 451 1251 5.19 $10.35 3.11 20.37 5.11 4.70 451 1164 4.73 $10.35 3.11 21.97 4.72 4.50 449* Av. last weight of steers (lb.) Feed eaten per steer during test (tons) . . Cost of feed — Pasture Interest at 6% on total investment (computed at end of each period) .... Value per 100 lb. (Omaha estimate). . •• * Record on lot 6 not complete. 1. Find the average gain of each steer for the entire period. 2. How much was the average daily gain per steer? 3. What was the average cost of feeding the steers in each lot if the interest is included? 4. There was an average shrinkage of 3.1% in transporting the steers from North Platte to the market at Omaha. What was the average weight at Omaha of the steers in each lot? 5. The cost of shipping and selling these steers was $.281 per cwt. (Omaha weight). Find the average freight cost of the steers in each lot. 6. What was the average total cost per steer when sold at Omaha? CHAPTER VIII. SWINE FEEDING 77. Feeding Com to Swine while on Pasture The Nebraska Experiment Station made a series of comparative tests on the various amounts of corn fed to hogs running in alfalfa pasture. The average results from three of the lots are tabulated below. Table 46 Lot No 88 89 90 Period April 25 to June 20 April 25 to July 11 April 25 to July 11 No. of days in period Av. 1st wt. in lb Av. last wt. in lb 56 148 225 76 147 225 76 139 178.5 1. The hogs in lots 88 and 89 were kept until they averaged 225 lb. each. What was the average daily gain per hog? 2. On the basis of the rate of average increase per hog, how long would it have been necessary to feed lot 90 to bring the average up to 225 lb.? 3. Lot 88 was fed 2.91 lb. of ear corn daily per 100 lb. of live weight. The average weight increased from 148 lb. at the begin- ning to 225 lb. at the end of the period. How much corn was fed per average hog during the test? 4. It was estimated that the alfalfa pasture eaten by the hogs in lot 88 was worth 4ji5 per day, and that the corn was worth 47 (^ per bushel. What was the average cost of the feed for each hog in this lot, from April 25 to June 20? 120 SWINE FEEDING 5. What per cent of the total cost of feeding was the cost of the pasture? 6. What was the cost of the feed per 100 lb. of gain in lot 88? 7. The hogs in lot 89 were fed on an average, 1.9 lb. of corn daily 'for each 100 lb. of live weight. What was the average amount of corn fed to these hogs daily? 8. With ear corn worth 47 fi per bushel and alfalfa pasture esti- mated at 6fi per day for each hog, what was the average cost of feeding each of these hogs from April 25 to July 11? Optional Problems 9. What was the average cost of feed per 100 lb. of gain for each hog in lot 89? 10. What per cent of the entire cost of feed for lot 89 was the cost of the alfalfa? 11. Each hog in lot 90 was charged 8^ a day for alfalfa. Find the average cost per hog for the alfalfa eaten during this period. 12. What was the average cost of feed per 100 lb. of gain in lot 90? 13. Compare the results of problems 6, 9, and 12, and note the most economical method of feeding hogs on alfalfa pasture. 14. If lots 88, 89, and 90 had contained 100 hogs each, how much would all the food have cost per lot, respectively? (See-problems 4, 7, and 9.) 78. Feeding Com and Cane Seed to Swine The results of an experiment carried on at the Nebraska Experiment Station to demonstrate the relative value of rations composed of corn and alfalfa, cane seed and alfalfa, and these three feeds taken together, are tabulated below. There were ten pigs in each lot and the test lasted through a period of 63 days. FEEDING SHELLED CORN TO SWINE 121 Table 47 Lot No 72 73 86 87 Ration Corn Corn, chopped alfalfa Cane, chopped alfalfa Corn, cane, chopped alfalfa Av. first wt. (lb.) Av. last wt. (lb.) Amt. of feed (lb.) 1. Corn 2. Cane 3. Chopped alfalfa. . 143.5 245.5 481.2 141.5 248.0 411.0 45.78 140.0 212.5 394.56 43.8 139.5 229.5 198.9 198.9 44.2 1. What was the average daily gain per pig under each system of feeding? 2. With ear corn worth 47 fi per bushel, chopped alfalfa worth $10 per ton, and cane seed worth 50f! per bushel, what was the cost of the ration fed to lot 73? 3. Find the average cost per cwt. of gain for lot 73. 4. What per cent of each ration was alfalfa? 5. What per cent of each ration was corn? 6. What per cent of the ration fed to lot 87 was cane? 7. With sheUed corn worth 47 fS per bushel, what was the cost of the ration fed to lot 72? 8. Find the average cost per cwt. of gain for lot 72. 79. Feeding SheUed Com to Swine The following data on shelled corn for feeding swiae were tabulated from the bulletin reports of eight American Experiment Stations. (Henry's Feeds and Feeding) 122 SWINE FEEDING Table 48 Station reporting No. of pigs No. of days fed Av. weight at beginning Av. daily gain (lb.) Pounds of corn per 100 lb. gain 3 4 2 3 4 4 6 3 42 101 42 84 70 78 56 28 51 95 210 123 139 150 170 239 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.9 1.2 1.7 586 Colorado 540 Illinois 500 479 Kentucky 587 Missouri 482 530 West Virginia 579 1. Find the amount of gain that was produced on one bushel of corn at each station. 2. If hogs are worth 7fS per pound, what is the value of corn on the basis of results obtained at the Colorado Station? 3. When corn is worth 60^ per bushel, what are live hogs worth on the basis of results obtained at the Kansas Station? 4. On the basis of the average gain per bushel of corn at the Missouri Station, what will it cost to increase the weight of a hog from 100 lb. to 145 lb., if corn is worth 655^ per bushel? 5. A farmer is feeding 300 hogs which average 125 lb. each. How much corn is needed to make these hogs weigh 300 lb. each, if they gain as fast as those reported by the Nebraska Station? 6. If 200 hogs averaging 150 lb. are fed according to the lUinois report, how much corn is required to double their weights? To increase their weights by 200 lb.? 80. Feeding Corn and Alfalfa to Swine An experiment for fattening hogs was carried on at the Nebraska Experiment Station to test the relative value of chopped alfalfa, and alfalfa meal with different proportions of corn. FEEDING HOMINY AND CORN MEAL TO SWINE 123 Table 49 Lot No 66 68 69 70 71 100% com 90% com 10% C. A. 75% com 25% C. A. 90% com 10% A.M. 75% com 25% A.M. No. of pigs in lot. . . Av. first wt. (lb.) . . . Av. last wt. Ob.) . . . Pounds of corn 10 168.6 225.0 377.0 10 168.5 225.5 194.06 10 168.5 208.0 141.99 10 168.5 232.7 211.86 10 168.5 216.0 150.575 1. Lots 68, 69, 70, and 71 were fed for a period of 34 days. What was the average daily gain per hog in each lot? 2. At 47 f! per bushel, what was the cost per hog of the ear corn which was fed to each lot? 3. If alfalfa meal was valued at $15 per ton, and chopped alfalfa at $10 per ton, what was the average cost of feeding a hog in each of the lots? 4. What was the average cost per 100 lb. of gain for each of these lots? 5. Estimate the probable cost of fattening a drove of 40 hogs from an average weight of 85 lb. to an average weight of 280 lb., if they are fed on the ration which was fed to lot 70. 6. How many bu. of corn will produce 100 lb. of pork if fed the ration fed to lot 66? 81. Feeding Hominy Feed and Com Meal to Swine In a third test carried on at the Purdue Experiment Station where hominy feed and corn meal were compared, the following results were obtained. This test began October 21 and lasted until February 18, 120 days. (Skinner and Bang, Indiana Experiment Station Bulletin 158.) , 124 SWINE FEEDING Table 50 Lot 3 Lot 1 Hominy feed Com meal 2 parts 2 parts Shorts Shorts 1 part 1 part Average weight at beginning (lb.) 99.1 99.3 Average weight at close (lb.) 176.0 157.9 Total feed consumed (lb.) 3587.0 3471.0 Lot 3 had 8 pigs 69 days, and 7 pigs 51 days. Lot 1 had 8 pigs 95 days, and 7 pigs 25 days. Hominy feed was priced at $25 per ton, shorts at $25 per ton, and com meal at 59^ per bushel. 1. What was the average amount of food eaten daily per pig? 2. What was the total gain per pig of each lot for the entire period? 3. What was the average daily gain per head in each lot? 4. What amount of each grain was eaten for every cwt. of gain by each lot? 5. What was the cost per average cwt. of gain in each lot? 6. If corn was worth 60^ per bushel, shorts $30 per ton, and hominy feed $30 per ton, what was the average cost per cwt. of gain in each lot? Optional Problems During a 40-day test from January 6 to February 15, Skinner and King, of the Purdue Experiment Station, obtained the following results in comparing a corn-meal and tankage ration with a hominy feed and tankage ration. Table 51 Lot 19 Lot 20 5 pigs 5 pigs Hominy feed Corn meal 20 parts 20 parts Tankage Tankage 1 part 1 part Average weight at beginning (lb.) 152.0 152.6 Average weight at close (lb.) 196.4 208.0 Total feed consumed (lb.) 1091.0 1171.0 These feeds were valued as follows: Hominy feed $25 per ton, corn meal 69^ per bushel, and tankage $44 per ton. (Tankage is supplied by packing-houses.) FEEDING HOGS OFF AND ON PASTURE 125 7. Find the average amount of feed eaten daily per head by each lot. 8. Find the total amount of each food fed to each lot. 9. Find the average daily gain per head for each lot. 10. What was the average amount of each ration eaten per pound of gain by each lot? 11. What was the average cost of each cwt. of gain for each lot? 82. Feeding Hogs ofi and on Pasture An experiment was carried on at the Ohio Station to demonstrate the relative value of feeds for hogs off and on pasture. (Ohio Experiment Station Bulletin 242, East and Carmichael.)' Table 52 Lot Ration Initial weight (lb.) Final weight (lb.) 1 Corn and skim milk in dry lot Corn and soy beans in dry lot Corn in dry lot Corn on mixed pasture Corn on clover pasture 291.0 275.5 282.3 285.0 284.0 625 2 542 8 3 447 8 4 550 8 5 580.0 Lot 1: Corn'964 lb.; skim milk 2879.5 lb. Lot 2: Corn 834.4 lb.; skim milk 208.6 lb. Lot 3: Corn 887.3 lb. Lot 4: Com 1134 lb. Lot 5: Corn 1148.31b. 1. What was the gain per pig in each lot? 2. What was the average daily gain per pig in each lot? 3. With ear corn worth 56fi per bushel, skim milk 15^ per cwt., soy beans $1.50 per cwt., and pasture 16.66^ per pig for the entire period, what was the average cost per 100 lb. of gain on lots 3 and 5? ' Three pigs in each lot. The test lasted from June 24 to August 25 (62 days). 126 SWINE FEEDING 4. What was the average amount of pork produced by 1 bu. of ear corn in lot 3? 5. What was the average amount of pork produced by 1 bu. of ear corn in lot 5? Optional Problems 6. What were the average amounts of dry matter, protein, car- bohydrates, and fats in the ration fed to lot 3? 7. Determine the nutritive ratios of the feed fed to each group. 83. A Balanced Ration for Swine (Wolff-Lehmann Standards, showing the amount of food required per ' 1000 lb. of live weight for both growing and fattening swine.) Table 53 Weight (lb.) Digestible nutrients Age in months Dry matter ab.) Protein (lb.) Carbohydrates Ob.) Fat Ob.) Growing swine for breeding 2-3 50 100 120 200 250 50 100 150 200 300 44 35 32 28 25 44 35 33 30 26 7.6 5.0 3.7 2.8 2.1 7.6 5.0 4.3 3.6 3.0 28.0 23.1 21.3 18.7 15.3 28.0 23.1 22.3 20.5 18.3 1.0 3-5 0.8 5-6 0.4 6-8 0.3 8-12 0.2 Growing swine for fattening 2-3 1.0 3-5 0.8 5-6 0.6 6-8 0.4 8-12 0.3 I. Find the nutritive ratio of the food requirements for the swine of various ages grown for breeding. WEEKLY GAIN OF SUCKLING PIGS 127 2. Find the nutrition ratio of the food requirements for swine of various ages grown for fattening? 84. Weekly Gain of Suckling Pigs Henry, of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, recorded the average gains of 12 litters of pigs, containing 84 pigs in aU, for a period of 10 weeks from birth to weaning time. The results are recorded in the fol- lowing table. (Henry's Feeds and Feeding.) Table 54 Average weekly rate of gain for 10 weeks Age Average weight (lb.) At birth 2.5 First week 4.4 Second week 7.0 Third week 9.8 Fourth week 12.5 Fifth week 15.6 Sixth week 18.6 Seventh week 22.6 Eighth week 27.8 Ninth week 33.1 Tenth week 38.5 1. What was the total gain of these pigs for each week of the test? 2. Compute the total weight of the 84 pigs at the end of each week. 3. What per cent of the final average weight was the average weight at birth? 4. A farmer owns 95 pigs 9 weeks old. If they have grown as rapidly as those reported in Table 54, what is their probable weight? CHAPTER IX. SHEEP FEEDING 85. Silage for Ewes At the Purdue Experiment Station, Skinner and Smith carried on some tests to determine the value of silage for ewes with fall lambs, with the following results. (Indiana Experiment Station Bulletin 147.) Table 55 Lot Average gain per ewe (lb.) Average weight per fleece (lb.) Average daily gain per lamb (lb.) 1. Silage and clover hay 2 year. . . . 2. Clover hay 2 year 25.4 16.0 10.8 10.0 .464 47 Note — One lot was fed clover hay alone as a roughage, while the other lot was fed both clover hay and silage as roughage. 1. What per cent of the average gain of the silage-fed ewes was the average gain of the ewes which were not fed silage? 2. Estimating the value of the ewes at S5 per cwt., and wool at 20^ per pound, what was the average increase in the value of the ewes from feeding silage? 3. At the Purdue Station three lots of lambs fed on silage gained daily .43 lb., .42 lb., and .5 lb., respectively. What was the average daily gain per lamb for all of the lots? 4. The average weights of fleeces in each of the six lots of sheep at the Purdue Station were 9.9 lb., 10.35 lb., 11.7 lb., 9.7 lb., 10.8 lb., and 10 lb., respectively. What was the average weight of the fleeces in the six lots? 5. What was the average value of these fleeces at 22ci per pound? 86. Rations for Fattening Lambs At the Purdue Experiment Station, Skinner and King carried on a series of tests to determine the rfelative value of a combination of time- RATIONS FOR FATTENING LAMBS 129 thy, clover, cotton-seed meal, and shelled corn, for fattening lambs. The foods were fed in the proportions tabulated below. (Indiana Ex- periment Station Bulletin 162.) Table 56 Initial cost per cwt Initial wt. (lb.) Final wt. (lb.) Total feed Gb.) — Shelled corn Oats Cotton seed Clover hay Timothy hay Corn silage Actual value in lots without shrinkage Lot 1 Shelled corn timothy hay $6.80 1110.0 1466.0 1815.0 119.0 1463.0 $5.15 Lot 2 Shelled corn cotton-seed meal timothy hay $6.80 1113.0 1642.0 1900.5 119.0 264.0 1631.5 $5.50 Lots Shelled com clover hay $6.80 1120.0 1709.0 2140.0 119.0 2409.0 $5.55 Lot 4 Shelled com cotton-seed meal clover hay $6.80 1123.0 1740.0 1900.5 119.0 264.0 2502.5 $5.65 1. What was the initial cost of each lot? 2. With corn worth 40fi per bushel, oats 32^ per bushel, cotton- seed meal $30 per ton, timothy hay $12 per ,ton, clover hay |10 per ton, and corn silage $3 per ton, what was the total cost of the feed for each lot? 3. What was the total number of pounds gained by each lot for the whole period? 4. At the end of 30 days a lamb weighing 63 lb. died in lot 1. For the reinaining 61 days of the period the estimate on this lot is based on 19 lambs. All other lots consisted of 20 lambs. Determine the average daily gain per lamb in each of these lots. 5. What was the average amount of shelled corn eaten daily per lamb in each lot? 6. Find the average cost per cwt. of gain for each lot. 7. What was the aggregate value of the lambs of each lot at the pnrl of the feedine Deriod? 130 SHEEP FEEDING 8. What was the aggregate loss per lot? 9. What was the average loss per cwt. on each lot? Optional Problems 10. Find the amounts of dry matter, protein, carbohydrates, and fat, respectively, fed to lot 1. 11. What was the nutritive ratio of the feed fed to lot 1? 87. Nutrients Required by Sheep (Wolff-Lehmann Standards, showing the amount of food required per 1000 lb. live weight for both wool and mutton; also for growing, mature, and fattening sheep.) Table 57 Age in months Growing sheep, of wool breeds 4-6 -. 6-8 8-11 11-15 15-20 Growing sheep, of mutton breeds 4- 6 6-8 8-11. 11-15 ' 15-20 Mature sheep Coarse wool Fine wool Breeding ewes with lambs Fattening sheep First period Second period Weiglit (lb.) 60 75 80 90 100 60 80 100 120 150 Digestible Nutrients Dry mat- ter Oh.) 25 25 23 22 22 26 26 26 24 23 20 23 25 30 28 Protein Ob.) 3.4 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.5 4.4 3.5 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.2 1.5 2.9 3.0 3.5 Carbohy- drates (lb.) 15.4 13.8 11.5 11.2 10.8 15.5 15.0 14.3 12.6 12.0 10.5 12.0 15.0 15.0 14.5 Fat Ob.) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY SHEEP 131 1. What was the nutritive ratio of the sheep of each breed which were 11 to 15 months old? 2. A herd of mutton lambs 8 mo. old, weighing 80 lb. each, are fed daily 49 lb. of bran, 36 lb. of linseed meal, and 143 lb. of turnips for each 100 head. Determine the amount of clover hay necessary per 100 head to balance the protein in the ration. (See Tables 39 and 56.) 3. A herd of mutton lambs 8 mo. old, weighing 89 lb. each, was fed daily 67 lb. of shelled corn and 50 lb. of Unseed meal per 100 head. How many pounds of clover hay per 100 head was necessary to balance the protein? / CHAPTER X. HORSE FEEDING 88. Rations for Working Horses At the Illinois Experiment Station series of experiments were carried on to determine the relative value of rations for horses at work upon the Experiment Station farms. The horses were divided into two lots with one horse from each team in each lot. This division insured an equal amount of work and a fair test of the ration used. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 150.) The horses in lot 1 were fed daily an average ration consisting of 7.51 lb. of ear corn, 7.51 lb. of oats, .91 lb. of oil meal, .62 lb. of bran, and 15.85 lb. of timothy hay. Corn was estimated at 50^ per bushel; oats at 40)i5 per bushel; wheat bran at $20 per ton; oil meal at $32 per ton; clover hay at $10 per ton; timothy hay at $12 per ton, and alfalfa hay at $16 per ton. 1. What was the cost of feeding this ration to a team of horses for one year? 2. These horses averaged 8.1 hours of work per day, what was the average cost of feed per hour of work? (Time should be estimated on 300 work-days per year.) 3. Considering each team worth $400 and estimating money worth 6% interest, how much should be received an hour for a team fed upon the above .ration to make it self-supporting? 4. If a man employed at $40 per month drives one of the teams referred to above, how much should be received per day for man and team to make expenses? 5. Estimating that one day in every ten work-days is lost, what will the team and man need to earn each week-day to make ex- penses? OPTIONAL PROBLEMS 133 6. The ration given above was fed to horses averaging 1325 lb. each. Determine the average amount of grain consumed daily by each horse per 100 lb. of hve weight. 7. Find the average amount of hay fed daily per 100 lb. of live weight. 8. Compute the approximate daily ration required of a team of horses weighing 1000 lb. each, whUe doing farm work. 9. Horses in lot 2 averaged practically the same weight as those in lot 1 and did the same amount of work. They were fed the fol- lowing average daily ration: corn 7.25 lb., oats 7.25 lb., oU meal .79 lb., bran .62 lb., and clover hay 15.7 lb. Determine the average cost of feeding a team of horses in this lot for one year. 10. The horses in this lot averaged 8.1 hours of labor ,per day. What was the average cost of feed per hour of labor? Optional Problems 1 1 . What will it cost to supply this ration for one year to a 2000-lb. team under like conditions? 12. Estimating the value of the team of horses in lot 2 at $400 and considering money worth 6% interest, how much should be received per hour for a 10-hour day during the working period of 300 days to make the team self-supporting? 13. Which is the cheaper ration for horses as conditioned by the experiment? (See problems 1 and 9.) 14. What was the average amount of grain fed daUy to each horse LQ lot 2 for each 100 lbs. of live weight? 15. Find the average amount of hay fed daUy to each horse in lot 2 for each 100 lb of live weight. 16. A contractor has 5 teams averaging 2500 lb. each; 4 teams averaging 3200 lb. each; and 3 teams averaging 2800 lb. each. How much grain is required to feed them on the ration fed to lot 2? 134 HORSE FEEDING 17. What will it cost daily to feed them on the grain ration fed to the horses in lot 2? 89. Winter Rations for Horses At the Michigan Experiment Station, Norton carried on a series of feed- ing tests for horses during a 10-week period in the winter months. The feeds used cost per ton as follows. (Henry's Feeds and Feeding.) Table 58 Com stover , $4.00 Oat straw'. 5.00 Carrots 3.00 Timothy hay 12.00 Ear com 20.00 Oats 31.00 Wheat bran 24.00 Dried beet pulp 18.00 Old-process linseed oilcake feed mixture 30.00 Dried beet pulp! Bran- V 21.00 Linseed oilcake J The horses in lot 1 lost 11 lb. aifd those in lot 2 gained 14 lb. Lot 1 was fed 20.4 lb. of timothy hay and 11 lb. of oats daily, and lot 2 was fed daily 4.2 lb. of timothy, 8.6 lb. of corn stover, 4.3 lb. of oat straw, 5.4 lb. of carrots, 3.1 lb. of oats, 4.? lb. of ear corn, and 2.6 lb. of feed mixture. 1. What was the average amount of feed consumed per horse in each lot, for the 10 weeks? 2. What was the cost of an average daily ration for each lot? 3. Estimate the average cost of feeding a horse in each lot for an entire year at the rate of cost for the 10 weeks. 4. What will it cost a farmer to winter 20 head of horses for a period of 120 days on the ration fed to lot 1? 90. Feeding Com and Oats to Horses Carmichael, of the Ohio Experiment Station, carried on an experiment to determine the relative value of corn and oats in conjunction with a mix- ture of timothy and clover. The test extended over a period of 48 weeks. FATTENING HORSES FOR MARKET 135 Corn was valued at 40^ per bushel, oats at 30^ per bushel, and hay at $8 per ton. A lot of three horses taken from as many teams consumed on an average 14.9 lb. of ear corn, and 16 lb. of mixed hay. The other lot of three horses taken from the same teams each consumed daily an average of 14.8 lb. ef oats, and 17.3 lb. of mixed hay. The average weight of the horses fed corn was 1525 lb. and for those fed oats was 1425 lb. 1 . How many bushels of grain were eaten by each group of horses during the 48 weeks of the test? 2. Estimate the amount of grain needed to feed an average team of each group for one year. 3. What per cent of the cost of the corn ration was the cost of the oats ration? 4. With hay quoted at $20 per ton and oats at bQ^ per bushel, what will it cost to feed a similar team of horses the oats ration, for one year? 5. With oats wortji 45 f5 per bushel, what should be the price of corn per bushel in order that the two rations cost the same? 6. On the basis of the local prices of corn and oats, estimate the cost of feeding a team of 1200-lb. horses on each of the rations for one year. 7. With oats at 50fS per bushel, corn at 60|!i per bushel, and hay at $18 per ton, how much will each ration cost per 1200-lb. horse for one year? 91. Fattening Horses for Market A series of experiments in fleshing horses for market was carried on at the Illinois Experiment Station for the purpose of comparing the feeding value of the following rations: corn, clover hay, bran, and oil meal; corn and oats, clover hay, bran, and oil meal; corn and oats, timothy hay, bran, and oil meal. The horses were grouped as follows: 6 horses in lot 1, 4 horses in lot 2, and 4 horses in lot 3. The prevailing prices of feeds consumed were as 136 HORSE FEEDING follows; ear corn 35fi per bushel, oats 30^ per bushel, bran $20 per ton, oil meal $27 per ton, clover hay $8 per ton, and timothy hay $9 per ton. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 141, by Obrecht.) 1. The total feed per average horse in lot 1 from February 6 to May 1 was as follows: corn 1483.4 lb., bran 198.7 lb., oil meal 34.3 lb., and clover hay 1164.5 lb. How much did the cost of the feed average per horse? 2. What was the average daily cost of this feed per horse for the 84-day test? 3. The average daily gain per horse in lot 1 for the 84-day test was 2.29 lb. What was the average cost per pound of gain? 4. The total average amount of feed consumed per horse in lot 2 was as follows: corn 723.84 lb., oats 723.84 lb., bran 202.6 lb., oil meal 34.1 lb., and clover hay 1133.7 lb. How much did the feed cost per horse in lot 2? 5. What was the cost of the average daily ration per horse in lot 2? 6. The average daily gain for the horses in lot 2 was 2.981b. What was the average cost per pound of gain? 7. Lot 3 consumed the following average amount of feed per horse: corn 704 lb., oats 697.1 lb., bran 217.2 lb., oil meal 34 lb., and timothy hay 1234.1 lb. What was the average cost of the feed per horse for the 84 days? 8. What was the average daily cost per horse? 9. The average daily gain per horse in lot 3 was 1.88 lb. What was the average cost per pound of gain? Optional Problems 10. The initial valuation of the horses in lot 1 averaged $188, and the average valuation at the end of the test was $239. How much did the increase in value exceed the cost of the feed? EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING OF COLTS 137 11. The average increase in the weight of the horses in lot 1 for the whole period was 192 lb. What was the value of each pound of increase in weight? 12. How much did the value per pound of increase in weight exceed the cost of the feed per pound of gain? 13. The initial valuation of the horses in lot 2 averaged $180, and the valuation at the end of the feeding period was $228.75. How much did the increase in value exceed the cost of the feed? 14. The average increase in the weight of the horses of lot 2 for the whole period was 250 lb. What was the value of each pound of increase in weight? 15. How much did the value per pound of increase in weight exceed the cost of the feed per pound of gain? 16. The initial valuation of the horses in lot 3 was $168.75 per horse, and the valuation at the end of the feeding period was $215. How much did the increase in value of the whole lot exceed the cost of the feed fed to the lot? 17. The gross gain for lot 3 was 630 lb. What was the value of each pound of gain? 18. How much did the value per pound of increase in weight exceed the cost of the feed per pound of gain? 19. What would be the cost of increasiug the weight of a horse from 1650 to 1900 lb. if fed the ration provided for lot 3? 20. Determine the cost of increasing the weight of a horse from 1650 to 1900 lb. if fed the ration provided for lot 2. 92. Experimental Feeding of Colts On the next page is a record of three lots of colts fed on different rations during the winter and summer from weaning time until they were 3 year.? old. This work was carried on at the Nebraska Station. (Nebraska Experi- ment Station Bulletin 130, by Snyder.) 138 HORSE FEEDING Table 59 (Colts fed from Jan. 1 to Jan. 14, three years later) Lot No Forage ration, winter . Pasture ration, summer . 1 Alfalfa Alfalfa 2 Alfalfa Native grass Prairie hay and cane hay Native grass No. of colts in lot Av. 1st wt. Jan. 1 (lb.) . . Av. last wt. Jan. 14 (lb.) . Cost of feed - Grain Forage. .. . Pasture . . . Av. price. . . . 10 588.5 1268.4 $8.41 31.80 25.09 57.00 9 617.7 1228.3 $8.41 31.80 12.27 53.70 10 617.7 1157.5 $12.28 20.93 12.27 52.00 All of the colts were fed grain during the first winter. Lot 3 was fed grain during the second winter also. ♦ 1. What was the average yearly gain per colt in lot 1? 2. What was the average cost per pound of gain for the colts in lotl? 3. What was the average yearly gain per colt in lot 2? 4. What was the average cost per pound of gain for the colts in lot 2? CHAPTER XI. POULTRY FEEDING 93. Rations for Laying Hens The following table shows the results obtained at the Kansas Experiment Station by Oscar Erf, in a series of tests to determine the best ration for laying hens. The hens in all the pens were White Leghorns. (Bulletin 150 of the Kansas Experiment Station.) Table 60 No. hens Spring (3 mo.) Summer (3 mo.) FaU (3 mo.) 1077 $3.04 848 $3.66 29 $3.53 934 $3.55 549 $3.12 104 $3.90 880 742 61 $4.05 $3.82 $2.29 269 $1.54 169 $0.91 22 $1.43 273 $2.17 210 $2.05 10 $1.52 193 $0.98 154 $0.71 23 $1.18 Winter (3 mo.) 22 20 17 10 10 5. Beef scrap ( No. eggs Value of feed Casein and corn ] pi^(f ^^ Casein, corn- ( No. eggs and-cob meal, -j wheat, corn ( Feed ( No. eggs iFeed Wheat, corn Millet, com ] Beef scrap, Kafir | ^eed^^ :no. IFeed 443 $2.60 431 $1.93 377 $2.10 193 $1.40 153 $1.00 97 $0.63 1. Find the average yield of eggs per hen for each of the 6 pens for each season. 2. Compute the average cost of feed per hen for each of the 6 pens for each season. 3. Compute the average cost of feed per egg for each of the 6 pens for each season. 140 POULTRY FEEDING 4. Estimating eggs at 25(i, ISjif, iO(^, and 45(!S per dozen for the 4 seasons, respectively, find the profit per average hen in each pen for each season. 5. On the basis of this comparison determine which ration is most profitable for each of the seasons. 94. Analysis of Eggs The following table is a report of an analysis of the eggs of several well- known breeds of chickens, made by Willard and Shaw, of the Kansas Ex- periment Station. The average relative amount of each portion is shown in per cents. Table 61 Wt. of egg in ounces Per cent of white Per cent of yolk Per cent of sheU Pei- cent of protein Per cent of fat Per cent of water American Reds — 1.895 56.809 57.24 50.54 57.944 33.377 32.567 32.67 32.155 9.57 10.0 10.47 9.758 12.546 12.65 12.98 13.108 10.97 10.394 10.524 10.411 66 584 Plymouth Bocks — 1.869 66 39 White Leghorns (single comb) — 1.834 65 73 White Leghorns — 1.969 66 55 1. Find the amomit of protein in an average egg from each variety of fowl. 2. Find the amount of water in an average egg from each variety of fowl. 3. What per cent of the white is the yolk of the egg from each breed? CHAPTER XII. HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 9S. Composition of Milk Milk is the most universally used human food. It varies in composition and cleanliness. Milk from the Jersey is usually richer in butter-fat than the milk product of other breeds; however, the milk from individual cows of other breeds may contain a higher per cent of butter-fat than the milk of the Jersey. Table 62 An analysis of average milk Per cent Butter-fat 3.5 Casein and albumen (protein) 3.7 Milk sugar (lactose) 5.0 Ash or mineral matter 70 Water 87.10 1. What per cent of average milk is solid matter? (All but the water.) 2. How many pounds of solid matter are there in 125 lb. of milk? 3. The table shows the average composition of piilk. Most State laws require that milk sold to the public shall contain not less than 3% butter-fat and 8.5% of other solids. What is the minimum requirement of fat in 460 lb. of milk? 4. What is the largest per cent of water in milk permissible by law? (See problem 3.) 5. One quart of milk weighs 2.18 lb. One measuring-cup used in cooking holds one half pint. What is the weight of a measuring cupful of milk? 6. Willard, of the Kansas Experiment Station, found that an average White Leghorn egg weighs 1.969 oz. What is the weight of a dozen average White Leghorn eggs? 142 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 7. White Leghorn eggs contain 13.108% protein. How many quarts of milk contain as much protein as a dozen eggs? 8. The same eggs contained 10.411% fat. How many quarts of average milk are required to contain as much fat as a dozen eggs? Optional Problems 9. Based on the comparative amount of fat alone, what is the value of eggs per dozen when milk costs 10^ per quart? 10. The edible portion of a beef rib roast contains 19.6% protein. How many quarts of milk are required to supply the amount of protein contained in one pound of edible beef roast? 11. When purchased with bone and other waste, a beef rib roast contains 15.2% protein. Based on the protein content, what is the value of this meat per pound, when eggs cost 20(ii per dozen? 12. Round steak as purchased contains 17.5% protein. Sirloin steak as purchased contains 16.5% protein. When round steak is valued at 20ji per lb., what is the value of sirloin on the basis of its protein content? 13. Evaporated or condensed milk is milk from which a part of the water has been removed by evaporation. It should contain about 8.5% fat and about 25% total solids including fats. What portion of water must be evaporated from average milk to produce evaporated milk? 14. How many ounces of evaporated milk are required to supply the solids and fat contained in a quart of average milk? 96. Recipes Recipe for Biscuits The following recipe is sufficient for making biscuits for 60 men: — 10 lb. of flour. 2 oz. salt. 1.25 lb. of fat. 10 oz. of baking powder. 2 oz. sugar. RECIPES 143 1. If a woman makes biscuits for 27 threshing hands, how much flour, salt, sugar, fat, and baking powder should she use? 2. What is the value of the flour if a 49-lb. sack costs $1.85? 3. If the other materials cost as follows, sugar 5?! per pound, lard 20f! per pound, baking powder 25^ per pound, and the salt 2ij^ per pound, what did the materials cost for the biscuits provided in problem 1? Recipe for Com Bread The following is a recipe for corn bread for 15 persons: 1.5 lb. of corn meal 2 oz. of fat f lb. of flour 2 oz. of baking powder f oz. of sugar 4. A boarding-house served corn bread to 22 boarders. Based upon this recipe, what portion of the various materials was required? 5. If corn meal costs 2^ per pound, flour $1.85 per sack of 49 lb., sugar 5^ per pound, baking powder 25^ per pound and lard 20f5 per pound, what is the cost of the corn bread served to 22 people? 6. Make a corn bread recipe for a family of six. Recipe for Lemonade The following is a recipe for lemonade for 20 persons: 3.75 gal. of water 2 lb. of sugar 30 lemons 7. When lemons cost 30fi per dozen, and sugar costs ii per pound, what is the cost of making lemonade for 30 persons? For 100 persons? 8. Make a lemonade recipe for a family of six. Recipe for Cocoa The following recipe is given for making cocoa: \ cup of cocoa 1 cup of water '' "'in of siin-pr 3 cups of milk 144 HOUSEHOLD ECONQMY 9. Determine the amount of milk necessary to make cocoa for 30 persons, if the above recipe is sufficient for four persons. 97. Canning Fruit 1. In canning raspberries 2 cups of sugar are required for 2 qt. of raspberries. Determine the number of pounds of sugar needed to can 2 cr. of raspberries. (1 pt. of sugar weighs 1 lb.; 24 qts. in one cr.; a measuring cup holds 5 pint.) 2. Canned blackberries require the same proportion of sugar as do canned raspberries. If sugar costs $4.80 per cwt., blackberries $1.60 per crate, quart jars 60ji per dozen, what will the canned fruit from 1 cr. of berries cost per quart? (A crate of blackberries should can aboTit 24 qt.) 3. Currants are canned in the proportion of 1 qt. of sugar to 3 qt. of currants. If currants sell for $2.15 per crate, what will it cost to can 3 cr. of currants with sugar at $4.80 per cwt.? 4. A housewife canned during one season 20 qt. of raspberries, 25 qt. of blackberries, and 16 qt. of currants. What did the sugar cost at the rate of $4.75 per cwt.? 5. 1.5 qt. of sugar is mixed with 6 qt. of gooseberries when canned. To this mixture 1 pt. of water is added. With sugar at 5fi per pound, what will it cost to can a crate of gooseberries which cost 9^ per quart? 6. The same proportion of sugar is used with canned cherries as with canned gooseberries, but one half as much water is used. Determine the cost of canning a bushel of cherries which cost $2.50, if sugar costs 5?S per pound. 7. Grapes are canned by using 6 qt. of grapes, 1 qt. of sugar, and 1 gi. of water. What is the cost of the sugar used in canning 3 bu. of grapes when sugar costs $4.80 per cwt.? 8. Peaches are canned by using the materials in the following ■ PRESERVING FRUITS 145 proportions: 8 qt. of peaches, 1 qt. of sugar, and 3 qt. of water. What will the canned fruit cost per quart if the peaches cost 11.50 per bushel, the sugar 14.80 per cwt., and the quart jars 60f! per dozen? (Usually about 16 qt. are canned from 1 bu. of peaches.) 9. Canned apples are prepared by combining 6 qt. of apples, 1.5 qt. of sugar, and 2 qt. of water. Determine the cost of canning 2 bu. of apples which cost 11.50 per bushel, when sugar costs 4.5fi per pound. 10. Plums are canned by using 8 qt. of plums, 2 qt. of sugar, and 1 pt. of water. How much sugar is required to can 2 cr. of plums? 11. A farmer's wife canned in one season 25 qt. of raspberries, 15 qt. of blackberries, 26 qt. of currants, 110 qt. of apples, and 16 qt. of gooseberries. How many pounds of sugar did she use during the season? 98. Preserving Fnxits 1. Equal parts by measure of fruit and sugar are used in pre- serving strawberries, cherries, and currants. Determine the amount of sugar used in preserving 6 cr. of these fruits. 2. Plum preserves are made by using 4 qt. of plums, 2 qt. of sugar, and 1 pt. of water. Determine the amount of sugar required !or preserving 1 bu. of plums. 3. Jellies are made by mixing equal parts of fruit juice and gran- ulated sugar. Determine the value of the sugar that raust be mixed with 65 pt. of fruit juice, if sugar costs $4.80 per cwt. 4. Grape juice is prepared by using ^ cup of sugar with each quart of juice. Determine the cost of the sugar, at 5fS per pound, used in making 40 pts. of grape juice. 5. Sugar advanced 3(4 per lb. How much did this rise in sugar add to the cost of 40 pt. of grape juice? 146 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 99. Food Values of Meats Table 63 The following table shows the fuel value of the various cuts of meat. The data in this table are taken from Farmers' Bulletin 391. Kind of meat Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent of water of protein of fat of ash 54.6 1.5.8 28.S 0.9 66.8 19.0 13.4 1.0 59.3 19.6 21.1 .9 60.0 21.9 20.4 1.0 66.3 20.7 12.7 1.0 57.0 17.8 24.6 .9 67.8 20.9 10.6 1.1 70.3 21.4 8.1 .9 62.2 18.8 18.8 ,9 71.3 20.2 8.1 1.0 53.6 16.2 29.8 .8 58.2 17.6 23.1 1.1 66.5 18.9 13.0 1.0 50.7 16.4 32.0 .9 Fuel value in calories per pound of meat Beef — Brisket Chuck rib . . . Flank Porterhouse . Neck Ribs Round Shank Side Veal — Side with kidney, fat .,. and tallow Mutton — Side without tallow. . . . Lamh — Side without tallow Pork — Tenderloin Chops 1495 920 1255 1270 920 1370 835 740 1145 715 1560 1300 900 1655 1. On the basis of fuel value determine the value of porterhouse per pound when round steak cost 22j!S per pound. 2. On the basis of the protein content what is the value of porter- house \dien round steak costs 22ji per pound? 3. On the basis of protein content what is the value of neck when round steak costs 22ji per pound? 4. On the basis of calories per pound what is the value of shank when round steak costs 22fS per pound? 5. Whaf per cent of the protein is the fat in round steak? In chuck rib? WHOLESALE CUTS OF MEAT 147 100. The Quantity of Beef An experiment was carried on at the IlUnois Experiment Station, under the supervision of Mumford and Grindley, by Hall and Emmet, to deter- mine the quantity of the finished beef product as delivered to the ultimate consumer, and to determine the relative value of these meat products. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 158.) Table 64 Results of slaughter tests steer No. 1 Ob.) Steer No. 2 Ob.) Steer No. 3 Ob.) Live weight Dressed beef, warm . . Dressed beef, cold. . . Right half of carcass . Left half of carcass . . . 902.0 549.0 544.5 274.3 270.2 1190.0 739.0 724.5 357.0 356.0 1360.0 870.0 870.0 430.0 440.0 1. Find the per cent of cold dressed beef that was secured from steer No. 1. 2. Find the per cent of cold dressed beef that was secured from steer No. 2. 3. Find the per cent of cold dressed beef that was secured from steer No. 3. loi. Wholesale Cuts of Meat Table 65 (From Ilhnois Experiment Station Bulletin 158) Steer No. 1 Ob.) Steer No. 2 Ob.) Steer No. 3 Ob.) 42.58 26.53 60.15 61.86 40.13 14.53 13.93 10.65 63.45 35.78 77.12 77.07 51.95 19.30 16.50 17.03 70.46 Rib 40.52 Round 92.11 Chuck 91.55 Plate 72.50 Flank 20.37 Fore shank 21.96 15.06 ' (The above weights include one side of the carcass onlv.) 148 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 1. What per cent of the cold dressed beef of each steer was loin? 2. The cost per pound of the total amount of meat in cuts was: loin 25f!, rib VJ.bi., round 13.9(4, chuck lO.Sji, flank 8ji, fore shank 8.4^ Determine the value of each wholesale cut for steer No. 1. 3. In a sirloin steak (hip bone) the bone averaged 16.05% of the weight of the entire cut. If a consumer purchased a 5.5-lb. cut of this sort of steak at 25 ji per pound, what was the value of the meat per pound? 4. The relative amount of bone in the retail cuts of porterhouse taken from these steers averaged 7.79%. On the basi? of these results, what is the value of the meat in a pound of porterhouse steak which costs 25^ per pound? 5. 54.26% of a 9th and 10th rib roast was lean, 31.41% was fat, and 13.97% was bone. T'ind how many pounds of each is obtainable from a 10-lb. roast. 102. Fuel Value of Boneless Meat Table 66 (From Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 158) Large calories furnished by 100 grams of boneless meat Flank 554.9 Plate •. 483.1 Rib 419.7 Rump 405.8 Loin 396.8 Chuck 313.7 Neck 303.0 Hind shank 257.9 Fore shank 253.7 Round 350.5 Clod 235.1 Note — 453.49 grams equal 1 pound. A large calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade. I. Determine the relative heat-producing quality of these cuts in terms of per cent, using the highest as the base. CLOTHING 149 3. When flank steak costs 10^ per pound and round steak costs 15^ per pound, what is the relative cost per unit of heat produced? 103. Clothing 1. Muslin usually sold at 8^ per yard was marked down to 5^ per yard. What was the per cent of discount? 2. How much did a purchaser save on a 40-yd. purchase by wait- ing for the reduction? 3. Gingham marked at 10^ per yard was sold at 20% below the marked- price. What did this gingham sell for per yard? 4. Taffeta sUk 1 yd. wide was sold at 11.50. At a special sale it was marked down 20%. For what did it sell? 5. How much was saved on a dress requiring 5j yd. of taffeta sUk by waiting for the special sale? 6. Mrs. Wright purchased 15 yd. of crinkle crSpe for children's dresses, at 22ji per yard. What did the material cost? 7. A few days later at a special sale the same quality of crinkle crSpe sold at 13^ per yard. What was the per cent of discount? 8. How much would Mrs. Wright have saved on her purchase if she had waited for the special sale? 9. Find the cost of a silk poplin dress if the materials cost as follows: 65 yd. of poplin at $1.25 per yard, 3 yd. of narrow velvet at 25^ per yard, 1 yd of chiffon at $1 per yard, f yd. of all-over em- broidery at $1.75 per yard, 1 doz. buttons at GOfS, 2 spools of silk thread at 10^ each, 1 card of hooks and eyes at 10?S, and 2^ yd. of lining at lOlf! per yard. 10. Find the cost of the materials for a house dress at the follow- ing prices: 7 yd. of gingham at 125ji per yard, 2 J yd. of embroidery at 25(i per yard, 1| doz. buttons at 30fS per dozen, and 2 spools of thread at 5fS each. 150 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 104. Household Furnishings 1. A Body Brussels rug 9 ft. by 12 ft., usually sold at $32, was marked down to |24, because the firm had discontinued making that pattern. What was the rate of discount? 2. Three Wilton rugs 9 ft. by 12 ft. were purchased at $42 each. If the purchaser received a discount of 5% for cash, what did each of the rugs cost him? 3. Three small Wilton and two small Body Brussels rugs were also purchased. If the Wilton rugs cost $7.50 each and the Body Brussels rugs cost $3.50 each, what was the cash discount on these rugs at 5%? 4. What will it cost to curtain 8 windows with scrim at 35^ per yard, if 2f yd. are needed per single curtain, and two curtains are hung at each window? 105. Household Conveniences Mrs. Eugene Davenport, of the University of Illinois, in a bulletin gives the following prices for household conveniences which make work in the farmhouse lighter: Water system — Pumping outfit with 1.5 H.P. gasoline engine $330.60 Installation of pumping outfit 60.00 Pressure tank for soft water 140 gal J 32.40 Hydraulic lift 35.00 Range boiler 10.00 Household machinery — Shafting $100.00 Washing machine 50.00 Mangle 150.00 Wringer 15.00 Laundry tubs 20.00 Vacuum cleaner 190.00 Installation of cleaner , 15.00 Electric lighting — 40 ampere 30 volt battery $ 60.00 Dynamo 65.00 Switch board 60.00 Lamps 20.00 Installation 105.00 HOUSEHOLD CONVENIENCES 151 1. Determine the total cost of this water system. 2. With interest and upkeep on this water system at 12% per annum, what does it cost per year to supply the house with water? 3. Find the cost of the household machinery. 4. What does the lighting system cost? 5. What is the total cost of all these household conveniences? 6. If 52 washes occur each year and the interest and upkeep on the washing machine, mangle, and tub is 12% of its initial cost, what is the cost of the machinery per wash? 7. The interest and upkeep on all farm conveniences is 12%. What is the cost of the entire outfit per year? CHAPTER XIII. RATIO AND PROPORTION io6. Form in Ratio and Proportion Nothing is morp natural than to predict what will happen from what has happened. From an observation of a known relation we are able to predict to a certainty an unknown relation. We observe that 300 qt. of berries are picked daily by 10 boys. On the basis of this observation we learn that 20 similar boys are needed to pick 600 qt. daily. The quotient of two numbers expressed as a division is a ratio. Consequently the ratio of r—- — -' is the 600 qt. indicated quotient +. Likewise the ratio of ^r— r is -J-- ^ ^ 20 boys ^ Since each of the ratios is ^ it is evident that f f ^ = \%. An equation of two ratios is known as a proportion. A proportion is usually expressed as follows: 300 : 600 :: 10 : 20 It is read: 300 is to 600 as 10 is to 20. By inspection we see that 20 = — T— - — . 20 is the quotient of the product of the mean terms divided by oOu the given extreme term. Since the product of the mean terms of a propor- tion equals the product of its extreme terms and since the mean terms and the extreme terms are related respectively, it follows that: when three terms of a proportion are given the fourth may be found by dividing the product of the two related terms given by the third given term. The character of the unknown term determines the order of the othM terms in a proportion. The following problem requires a different state- ment from the one above though it involves the same numbers. If 10 boys pick 300 qt. of berries daily, how many quarts of berries can 20 such boys pick? The formal statement follows: 10 : 20 :: 300 : ? ?ox^. eoo THE ALGEBRAIC EQUATION 153 107. The Algebraic Equation By the use ef the Algebraic Equation the unknown term is easily deter- mined. By this method the proportion is kept in the form of an equation. For example the above problem may be solved as follows: 10 300 20" a; lOs = 6000 (Obtained by multiplying both terms by 20a;) X = 600 (Result of dividing both terms of the equation by 10) 1. If 200 lb. of silage are required daily by 5 milk cows, how much silage is required to feed 30 cows of similar weight and milk production? Statement: 5: 30:: 200: a; First solution: _5 _200 30 ~ a; 5x = 6000 (Obtained by multiplying both terms by 30x) X = 1200 (Obtained by dividing both terms by 5) Second Solution: on v 200 / = 1200 .-. 1200 lb. of silage are needed 5 2. If 100 apples trees cost $12.50, how many such trees can be purchased for $100? Solution: 100 X 12.50" 100 = X (Obtained by multiplying both sides of the equation by 100) 800 = X (Obtained by simplif3ang the left hand member of the equation) 154 RATIO AND PROPORTION 3. An automobile party traveled 106 miles in 5 hours. At the same rate of travel, how long will it take the party to travel 306 miles? 4. Mr. Smith's taxes in a certain year upon a quarter section of land (160 acres) were $149.48. What were the taxes on an adjoining 50 acres, assessed at the same value as Mr. Smith's land and sub- ject to the same tax levies? 5. A special assessment for improving a new road lying along the side of Mr. Smith's land is $74. What is the special road assessment upon an 84-acre tract similarly located as to the road and valued at the same price per acre? 6. If a county clerk drawing a salary of $1500 per year is assessed $30 by the party henchman for campaign purposes, how much should the county treasurer, who makes $2500 per year, be subject to assessment? 7. If 30 tile are required for a ditch 35 ft. long, how long a ditch will 890 such tile drain? Optional Problems 8. Cement is mixed with gravel in the proportion of 1 part of ce- ment to 6 parts of gravel. How many tons of gravel are required to secure the right proportion when mixed with 24 bbl. of cement? (396 lb. of cement in one bl.) 9. Bordeaux mixture may be made by mixing 4 lb. of copper sulphate with 4 lb. of lime. How much lime is required to make 35 lb. of Bordeaux mixture? 10. Concrete may be made by mixing 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand, and 4 parts of crushed stone. How many tons of crushed stone are necessary to form the proper mixtiure when added to 32 bbl. of cement? (^96 lb. of cement in one bl.) EECTANGULAR METHOD OF STANDARDIZING MILK 155 11. How many barrels of cement are necessary to form a mixture when 6000 lb. of sand are used? 12. How much sand is necessary to properly combine with 24 tons of crushed stone? 13. Lime-sulphur spray may be made by mixing 20 lb. of lime, 15 lb. of sulphur, and 50 gal. of water. How much hme is required to mix with 35 lb. of sulphur to make lime-sulphur? 108. The Rectangular Method of Standardizing Milk Dairymen generally employ the Redan- gular Method of standardizing milk. The simplicity and correctness of this method of mixing cream and milk accounts for its popularity. After the per cent of butter- fat in both the cream and the milk to be mixed is determined and the per cent of butter-fat in the mixture to be formed is decided, the rectangle is drawn and the numbers which equal the per cent of butter- gtjee 7 fat in the cream, in the milk, and in the mixture to be formed, are located as shown in Fig. 7. Given — 1. Cream containing 28% butter-fat. 2. MUk containing 3% butter-fat. Required — LA mixture of the two which contains 5% butter-fat. Process — 5 — 3 = 2 28 - 5 = 23 Result — A mixture of 2 parts of the cream and 23 parts of the milk is required to provide a mixtm-e contairfing 6% butter-fat. Analysis of the Process — 28% — 5% = 23% (The per cent of butter-fat in a unit-quantity of cream in excess of the desired 5% mean) 5% — 3% = 2% (The per cent of butter-fat in a unit-quantity of nulk short of the 5% mean) 156 RATIO AND PROPORTION If 1 unit-quantity of the cream has an excess of 23% butter-fat, -^ part of a unit-quantity of cream has 1% excess of butter-fat over a unit-quantity of the mean. If 1 unit-quantity of the milk has a deficit of 2% butter-fat, -^ of 'a unit- quantity of milk is 1% short of the butter-fat of the mean. It is evident that each time -^ of a unit-quantity of milk is taken, -^^ of a unit-quantity of cream must be taken to offset the deficit below the mean (5%) desired. This process is expressed in the following proportion: irV:i::2:23 1. By means of the rectangular method find how many parts of cream containing 25% butter-fat and how many parts of milk con- taining 3% butter-fat are needed to form a mixture containing 4% butter-fat. 2. A dairj^nan who is imder contract to furnish milk containing 4% butter-fat finds that it tests but 3J% butter-fat. How much cream containing 25% butter-fat will be needed in each gallon of this mixture to secure the required 4% butter-fat? CHAPTER XIV. POWERS AND ROOTS OF NUMBERS 109. Powers of Numbers When a number is repeated two or more times as a factor, the product thus secured is a power of that number. When 2 is taken twice as a factor the second power of 2 is obtained. When it is taken three times as a factor the product is the third power of 2. (Without pencil) 1. Determine the 4th, 6th, and 8th powers of 2. 2. 16 is what power of 2? 3. 27 is what power of 3? 4. What is the second power of all numbers from 2 to 24 inclu- sive? (Drill upon the process of obtaining these powers until they are obtained readily.) 5. How many sq. ft. are there in the area of a square each of whose sides is one yd.? 6. What is the area of a tract of land 160 yd. square? no. Indicated and Determined Powers For convenience, powers of numbers are frequently indicated instead of determined. 8'' = 64; 3' = 27; 8'^ and 3' are indicated powers, while 64 and 27 are determined powers of these nunibers, respectively. A power of a number is indicated by a small figure at the right and shghtly above the number which is repeated as factor to produce the power. This small figure is an exponent. 168 POWERS AND ROOTS OF NUMBERS 1. Indicate the 3d power of 27; the 4th power of 8; the 12th power of 1 ; the 7th power of 36. 2. Determine the 3d power of 6; the 4th power of 2; the 6th power of 2. III. Roots of Numbers A number repeated as a factor to produce a power is a root of thai power. Thus 2 is a root of 4; 6 is a root of 36; 3 is a root of 27; 25 is a root of 625. The number of times a number is repeated as a factor to produce a power determines what root it is of that power. 2 is repeated twice as a factor to produce 4 as a product. Consequently 2 is the square root of 4. 3 is taken 3 times as a factor to produce 27, therefore, 3 is the cube root of 27. 112. Indicated and Determined Roots Like the power of a number, the root may be indicated or it may be de- termined. ■s/4 is an indicated square root of 4, while 2 is the determined square root of 4. Likewise 'i/27 is the indicated cube root of 27, while 3 is the determined cube root of 27. The roots of some numbers may be found by factoring. The factors of 81 are 3 X 3 X 3 X 3. By grouping these factors into two groups we have (3 X 3) (3X3). .•. 9 is the square root of 81. 3 )729 = (3 X 3) X (3 X 3) X (3 X 3) 3 )243 ( 9 )X( 9 )X( 9 ) 3)81 3)27 3]9 Therefore 9 is the cube root of 729. 3 1. Find the cube root of 216 by factoring and grouping the factors. 2. Find the square root of 1296 by factoring and grouping the factors. 3. Find the 5th root of 3125 by factoring and grouping the factors. PRACTICE IN EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOT 159 4. Find the square roots of the following numbers by factoring and grouping their factors: (1) 100 (5) 324 (9) 3600 (2) 144 (6) 784 (10) 1764 (3) 400 (7) 900 (11) 441 (4) 625 (8) 2500 (12) 1024 113. Formal Method of Extracting Square Root When it is difficult to find the square root of a number by factoring, the following method may be employed: (1) Extract the square root of 169. 1 3 (1) Counting from right to left, separate the number into periods 1, 69 of two digits each. (1, 69.) ]_ 23 69 (2) Find the largest square in the left-hand period. Write the 69 square root of this square directly above the period. Sub- tract the square from the period in question and annex the next period to the remainder. (In this case there is no remainder. The next period is 69.) Place twice the root found (2) to the left of the new dividend (69), and use it for a trial divisor of the figures in the new dividend excepting the one on the right (9). Annex to this trial divisor the nimiber 3 which is found by dividing 6 (the trial dividend) by 2 (the trial divisor). Place the trial quotient (3) over the 2d period in the dividend. Multiply the trial divisor (23) by the trial quotient (3). If the product is larger than the last dividend use a smaller trial quotient. If there is a remainder after subtracting the product from the new dividend continue as before. 114. Practice in Extracting Square Root Extract the square root of: I. 324 5- 12321 9- 25600 2. 400 6. 1953.64 10. 2116 3- 2704 7- .81 II. 3844 4- 2.56 8. .0441 12. 17424 160 POWERS AND ROOTS OF NUMBERS FiGTTKE 8 Optional Problems 320 rd3. 13. The number of units ii; the hy- potenuse of a right triangle is equal to the number of units in the square root of the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Determine the length of the shortest distance from the northwest corner to the southeast corner of a sec- tion of land. (See section 117.) 14. A kite was sent up at a point 36 ft. from the base of a vertical tree. When it reached the top of the tree 100 ft. of the string had been unwound. How high was the tree? (The square of the units in the hypotenuse of a right triangle less the square of the units in one of the legs is equal to the square of the number of units in the other leg.) 15. How much will one 140 ft. save in distance in one year by cutting diagonally across a corner lot 60 ft. by 140 ft. instead of fol- lowing the sidewalk, pro- vided he makes two round trips to his home each day for a period of 300 days? 16. The base of a ladder 18 ft. in length is set on the ground at a point 6 ft. from the base of a tree and the top is placed against the tree. How far is the top of the ladder from the ground? 17. If the top of the ladder referred to in problem 16 were placed against the tree 6 ft. lower down, how far would the foot of the ladder be from the base of the tree? If the base of the ladder were 4 ft. from the tree, how high on the tree would the top of the lad- der rest? FlGUKB 9 PRACTICE IN EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOT 161 18. How long a rafter is required for the barn represented in the following figure provided the rafter extends 2 ft. beyond the plate? Figure 10 19. How long a wire "stay" is required to support a vertical telegraph pole 40 ft. high, if the wire is fastened to an iron rod in the level ground 20 ft. from the base of the pole and is attached to the pole 32 ft. from the ground? CHAPTER XV, MEASUREMENTS I I I I I. SURFACE MEASURE 115. Rectangular Areas I. What will it cost to cement a cellar floor 16 ft. sqiMre at lOji per sq. ft.? 1 (Fig. 11.) T] FlGtTRE 11 Bight Angles Two lines diverging from a point form an angle. The point is called the virtex and the lines are called the sides or legs of the angle. (Fig. 12.) If the lines diverge like those represent- ing the sides of the cellar floor the angle is a right angle. When one straight line meets another as in Fig. 12 the angles formed are right angles. i^ FlGURB 12 Rectangles All quadrilaterals whose boundary lines form right angles are rectangles. A square is a rectangle whose sides are equal. (Fig. 11.) 2. How many square feet are there in a rug 9 ft. by 12 ft? 3. How many square rods are there in a rectangular strip of land 320 rd. long and 4 rd. wide? 4. How many square rods are there in a rectangular strip of land 160 rd. long and 1 rd. wide? How many square rods are there in one acre? (See table for land measure.) ' The number of square feet in an area which has all right angles is found by tak- ing the number of sq. ft. in one row as many times as there are rows. There are 16 sq. ft. of surface in one row along one side of the cellar and there are 16 foot-rows in the entire floor. 16 X 16 sq. ft. = 256 sq. ft. TRIANGULAR AREAS 163 5. How many acres are there in a rectangular strip of land 80 rd. long and 40 rd. wide? 6. How many square feet of concrete are required to pave a front walk which is 40 ft. long and 5 ft. wide? 1 1 6. Areas of Parallelograms not Rectangular A parallelogram is a surface bounded by four straight lines the opposite pairs of which are equally distant at all corresponding points. (Figs. 13 and 14; the rectangle is a special form of the parallelo- gram.) Bectangle 9 ft. PiQUKE 13 1. Find the number of square feet in the surface of the parallelogram rep- resented by Fig. 14. Note — Form a rule for finding the area of parallelo- grams not rectangular. 2. Find the area of a tract of land of the following dimensions: Its boundary extends from the northwest corner 30 chains east, thence southwest to a point 30 chains south of the north line; thence 30 chains west; thence northeast to the point of beginning. Figure 14 117. Triangular Areas Areas are often triangular in form, that is they are bounded by three straight hnes. When one of the angles of a triangle is a right angle, the triangle is known as a right triangle. (See Fig. 15.) The side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse of the triangle. The other sides are the legs of the triangle. The square of the number which represents the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the numbers which represent the lengths of the legs Figure 15 (H2 = L2 + L2.) 164 MEASUREMENTS 1. What part of a rectangle is a right triangle whose legs are sides of the rectangle? 2. Form a rule for finding the area of right triangles. 3. Find the number of sq. ft. of lumber required to side the end of the barn shown in (Fig. 10). 4. What is the length of the rafter if it extends six inches beyond the plate? 5. How many squares of paper roofing are required to roof this barn? (A roll contains 1 square or 100 sq. ft.) 6. What will the roofing cost at $2.50 per roll? 7. What will it cost to roof this barn with corrugated iron worth $4.50 per square? ift. .7854 sq.ft. FlQUKB 16 118. Circular Areas I. How many square feet are there in the circular floor of a milk house provided the floor is 8 ft. in diameter? (Fig. 16.) Note — Fig. 16 shows that the area of a circle is less than the area of a square whose sides are the same length as the diameter of the circle. The area of a circle has been found to be approximately .7854 as large as the area of a square whose sides are equal in length to the diameter of the circle. (The area of a circle may be found by multiplying the square of the diameter by .7854, or approximately f .) Area of a circle equals irD^ = X = 3.1416. 2. How many square feet are there in the floor of a silo 16 ft. in diameter? 3. Find the cost of flooring a circular cistern 15 ft. in diameter with concrete at the rate of 15fS per square foot. Determine the cost when concrete is worth 11^ per square f-oot. PRISMS 165 119. Lateral Areas I. How much sheet iron is needed to make a cylindrical jacket for a stove if the jacket is 5 ft. in diameter and 6 ft. high? (What is the shape of this piece of sheet iron, if it is laid flat upon the floor; see Fig. 17.) FiGUBE 17 2. How much will it cost to put two coats of paint on the outer surface of a silo 24 ft. high and 16 ft. inside diameter at 18^ per square yard ? (The walls of the silo are 6 in. thick.) 3. How many feet of lumber are required to board the walls of a silo if the dimensions are as given in problem 2 ? (The amount of sawed timber in boards, beams, etc., is found by hoard measure. The unit is the hoard foot, i. e., the volume of a rectangular board one ft. long, one ft. wide, and one in. thick. When less than one in. thick, lumber is measured as if it were one in. thick. The number of board feet in a " squared" timber more than one in. thick is the product of its length in ft., its width in ft., and its thickness in inches.) CUBIC MEASURE 120. Prisms I. How many cubic feet of space are there in a box 5 ft. long, 5 ft. wide and 3 ft. deep ? (Inside dimensions.) How many cubic feet Figure 18 166 MEASUREMENTS of space are contained in a bottom portion of the box 1 ft. deep? (5x5x1.) How many such portions are there in the box? Form a rule for finding the solid contents of solids the shape of the cube shown in Fig. 19. Solids whose lateral faces are at right angles to their bases as shown in Fig. 19 are known as right prisms. When the surfaces of a right prism are all of equal size the prism is known as a cube. Form a rule for finding the solid contents of cubes and other right prisms. 2. How many cubic feet of space are there in a crib the inside of which is 48 ft. by 14 ft. by 5 ft.? 3. How many bushels of ear corn will a crib of the above dimensions hold? (2^ cu. ft. in a bushel of ear com.) 4. How many gallons of water will a trough of the right prism variety hold, if its dimensions are 12 ft., 3 ft. and 2 ft.? FiGUEE 19 Optional Problems 5. If the volume of water is increased approximately one ninth by freezing, how many quarts of water are contained in a piece of ice of the right prism type, the dimensions of which are 3 ft. by 2 ft. by 18 inches? 6. How many cubic feet of dirt are required to fill a porch box 10 ft. by 6 in. by 8 in.? 7. How many bushels of sheUed corn can be put into a wagon bed 10 ft. by 3 ft. by 3 ft.? (There are 4 as many bushels as there are cu. ft.) SPHERES 167 121. Cylinders I. How many gallons of oil will a circular tank 24 ft. in diameter and 18 ft. high hold? A cubic foot is approximately 7|- gallons. Note — Solids of this tjfpe are known as cylinders. A cylinder of this type has a uniformly curved surface, and equal and parallel Form a rule for finding the solid contents of a cylinder. (See Fig. 20.) 2. The standard Oil Com- pany has nine tanks in one of its sub-stations. Each tank is 20 ft. in diameter and 25 ft. high. How many gallons of oil wUl all of these tanks hold?" FlQUBE 20 3. How much water will a circular tank hold, if it is 6 ft. long and 12 in. in diameter? 122. Spheres FiGUBB 21 How many cubic inches of clay ar* contained in a spheri- cal ball 5 in. in diameter? Cut the clay ball into a num- ber of parts as shown in Fig. 21. Each part is known as a ■pyramid. The contents of cones and pjrramids are determined by multiplying the area of the base by one third of the alti- tude. Since the sphere is made . up of a number of pyramids all of whose bases are the sur- face of the sphere and whose 168 MEASUKEMENTS altitudes are the radii (half the diameter) of the sphere, it is evident that the contents of a sphere may be secured by multiplying the number of units in the area of its surface by one third of the number of units in p its radius. Solid contents = - X S. The surface o of a sphere is 4 times as great as the base of its -base hemisphere. (See Fig. 22.) The base of a hem- isphere is a circle and its area is obtained by multiplying the square of its diameter by .7854 Figure 22 (D^ X .7854) .-. D^ x .7854 =-D^X^. Since the area of the surface of a sphere is equal to an area four times the size of the base of its hemisphere it may be expressed as follows: IT S = 4xD^X7 when S represents the surface of the sphere, D its diam- eter,. R its radius and r represents 3.1416. ■p - X S = Solid contents of a sphere. Substituting the value of S as shown o R IT above, the soUd contents of a sphere equals — X 4 X D'' x r. Since T? 2T? 9T? — = -r- then the solid contents of a sphere = -r- X iX T)^ X t, or a o 4 D , ^, IT ttD' -X4xD2X^,or— . 1. Find the number of cubic feet of gas contained in a balloon 25 ft. in diameter. 2. A boy inflates a small rubber balloon 6 in. in diameter in 4 blows. How many cubic inches of air are in the balloon? What is his approximate lung capacity?' 3. A 5-in. ball used in plajdng five pins, weighs 3.3 lb. How does the weight of this material compare with the weight of an equal vol- ume of water? (A cubic foot of water weighs approximately 62.45 lb.) ' No allowance should be made for the compression of the rubber. CHAPTER XVI. FENCING 123. Fencing the I. S. N. TJ. Fann The east and soulii sides of the " I. S. N. U. Farm " are fenced with the "American Steel Fence Posts" and a 47-in. all number 9 woven-wire, 6-in. stay, "Anthony Fence," protected on the top by a single strand' of "American Special" barbed wire. "End posts" are used at the gates and "corner posts" at the southwest, southeast, and northeast corners, while all other posts are "line posts " set 12 ft. apart. The " end posts " and "corner posts" are 8 ft. long and are braced with gas piping 1.25 in. by 7 ft. The "line posts" are 6.5 ft. long. The gates are 12 ft. wide and are hung on the "end posts." There are two gates, one on each side of the farm fenced. The south side is 1660 feet and the east side 2220 feet. The length of the wire used in splicing is equivalent to the length of the 1. Determine the number of line and end posts necessary to fence the east side of the I. S. N. U. Farm. 2. Determine the number of line, end, and corner posts necessary to fence both the east and south sides of the farm. 3. Determine the cost of the woven-wire fencing at 60 fi per rod for both the south and east sides. 4. What would the line posts cost for both the south and east sides at 30?S each? 5. What would the barbed wire necessary to run one strand along the top of the south and east sides cost if an 80-rd. spool costs S2.40? 6. If end posts cost $2.50 each and corner posts $3.25, gates $7.50 each, what was the entire fencing bill for the south and east sides of the farm? 170 FENCING 124. Fencing Section 15 80 A. w.c. 80 A, J.D. 40 A. J.D. BOA. P.B. 80 A. E.M. 200 A. G.H. 80 A. J.L. Note — There is a road 40 ft. wide on all sides of "Section 15." It must be remembered that the section lines extend to the corner stones which are in the center of the cross-roads. All estiftiates on farms lying along the roads should take this fact into accotmt. I. Determine the num- ber of rods of fence re- quired to enclose the farm belonging to J. D. in " Sec- tion 15." 2. Determine the amount of fence J. L. will FiGUBE 23 need to build in order to enclose his farm. (It should be remembered that he will need to build half of the line fences and all of the road fences.) 3. What will it cost J. L. to build his outside fences of the fol- lowing materials: a number 9 woven-wire "Anthony Fence" 39 in. high with the stays 6 in. apart, supported with two strands of barbed wire; 6.5 ft. cedar posts set 1 rd. apart? A local dealer quoted the posts at 20f5 each, the woven wire at 52(4 per rod, and the barbed wire at $1.20 per spool of 40 rd. each? 4. Estimate the expense of building the fence referred to in problem 3, if the labor cost 12.5fi per rod. 5. G. H. joins J. L. and P. B. in building a fence between their farms and his. What is the expense to each if they used the same kind of posts and wire that J. L. used to fence his eighty acres? 6. What will it cost G. H. to replace a hedge fence along the south side of his farm, with a number 9 woven-wire "Anthony FENCING SECTION 15 171 Fence" and steel posts, if it costs him 45^5 per rod to remove the hedge and if the wire and posts quoted by a local dealer are as fol- lows: wire 62fi per rod, corner posts at $3.35 each; end posts at $2.50 each; and the line posts at 40fS each? The line posts are to be placed 12 ft. apart; 7. W. C. arranges with J. D. and R. M. to build the Une fences on his 80 acres, with a 26-in. all number 9, 6-in. stay, "Anthony Fence," protected on the top with 3 strands of barbed wire and on the bottom by 1 strand of barbed wire. 6.5-ft. cedar posts are to be set 1 rd. apart. What will it cost W. C. for his outside fences if the woven wire is quoted at 42fi per rod, the barbed wire at 3fi per rod, and the posts at 20(4 each? 8. What does it cost J. D. and R. M., respectively, to join W. C? 9. What will it cost R. M. to build the remainder of his outside fences if he builds his road fences like those of J. D., and if he joins G. H. with a fence Kke the one on the south side of G. H.'s 200 acres? 10. Had J. D. and R. M. used a 26-in. woven wire with a number 9 wire at the top and bottom only, all other parts of this fence being constructed of a number 12 wire, how much difference would there be in the initial cost of the fence joining W. G.? (Local dealers quote the woven wire described above at 28^.) 11. Determine the cost of fencing the entire roadside of "Section 15" with cedar posts set 12 ft. apart, and with 5 strands of barbed wire. (Value cedar posts at 20^ each and barbed wire at 3^ per rod.) CHAPTER XVII. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 125. Dairy Barn Construction Fig. 24 shows the method of framing a plank-frame barn. In a barn of this type there is not a piece of lumber used that is more than 2 in. thick and 12 in. wide. When a thicker piece of timber is desired, it is built up by spiking 2-in. planks together. Figure 24 DAIRY BARN CONSTRUCTION 173 1. The barn shown in Fig. 24 is 36 by 50 ft. Determine the num- ber of square feet of surface covered by the barn. 2. The outside walls are 12 in. thick. Find the square feet of surface covered by the floor of the barn. 3. It is 9 ft. from the floor to the ceiling. How many cubic feet of space are there in the first story? 4. There are 2 lines of cow stalls extending through the barn. There are 12 stalls in each hne, and each stall is 3 ft. 3 in. wide. How much space is left for passageways at the ends? 5. A contractor charged 14j^ per square foot for constructing the barn floor. Find^ the cost of the floor. 6. A company which supplies barn equipment furnished the iron work for the stalls for S240. What was the average cost per stall? 7. The concrete wall for the barn was constructed upon a slab or base of concrete 6 in. thick and 2 ft. wide. Find the amount needed to construct this base of the main foundation. 8. On the top of this base a concrete wall 12 in. thick and 7 ft. high was constructed. Determine the amount of concrete in this wall. (There are two 8-ft. and two 4-ft. doors in the bam. These door spaces extend 4 ft. below the top of the concrete wall.) Table 67 (Showing the quantity of materials and the resulting amount of concrete for a two-bag batch of mixture.) Kind of concrete mixture Proportion by parts Two-bag batch materials Cement Sand Stone or gravel Cement bags* Sand (cu. ft.) Stone or gravel (cu. ft.) Water in gal. me- dium wet Concrete (cu. ft.) 1:2:4... 1:2.5:5.. 1 1 2 2.5 4 5 2 2 3.75 4.75 7.5 9.5 8.5 12.5 8.5 10.0 * One bag of cement is approximately 1 cu. ft. 396 lb. of cement equals 1 bl. or 4 bags. 174 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Table 68 (Showing the quantities of materials, and the resulting amount of con- crete for a two-bag batch where a natural mixture of bank sand and gravel is used.) Proportion by parts Two-bag batch materials Kind of concrete mixture Cement Sand and gravel Cementbags Sand and gravel (ou. ft.) Concrete (cu. ft.) 1:2:4 1:2.5:5 1 1 4 5 2 2 7.5 9.5 8.5 10.0 Q. Table 67 shows the amounts of stone, sand, and cement used in constructing the concrete walls. Determine the amount of stone necessary to construct the foundation walls of the barn shown in Fig. 24 if a 1:2:4 mixture is used. 10. Determine the number of barrels of cement necessary to construct the walls of the barn. 11. Find the amount of sand necessary to construct these walls. 12. If the foundation walls were built by a contractor at 30^ per cubic foot and no allowance was made for doors, what did they cost? 13. Find the amount of gravel necessary to build these walls if cement and gravel are used. 14. There are 2 sills 10 in. wide and 10 in. thick, running the entire length of the barn as a support to the joists. How many feet of lumber are there in these sills? 15. -The joists are supported by the sills and in turn support the second floor. It is 12 in. from the center of one joist to the center of the next. How many joists are there in the building? 16. The joists are 2 in. thick and 12 in. wide. How many feet of lumber are there in the joists? PAINTING 175 17. It is 21 ft. from the lower edge of the sills to the top of the plate at the eaves. How many feet of siding are needed to cover both sides of the barn? (Take out 375 sq. ft. for windows.) Optional Problems 18. How many feet of siding are needed to cover the ends of the barn as high as the eaves? (Take out 120 sq. ft. for doors.) > 19. That portion of the rafters extending from the plate at the eaves to the purlin plate is 14 ft. long. Determine the number of feet of lumber in this portion of the rafters, provided the rafters are 2 in. by 6 in. and placed 2 ft. apart on center and that the roof ex- tends 2 ft. beyond the gables. 20. The "look-outs" spiked to the rafters at the eaves are 6 ft. long, and are spiked to the rafters so 3 ft. extend beyond the plate. Determine the number of feet of lumber in these "look-outs." 21. Find the number of square feet of surface in the entire roof if it extends 2 ft. beyond either end of the barn. It is 14 ft. from the purUne plate to the ridge. 22. If the shingles are 4 in. wide, and are laid 4 in. to the weather, how many are necessary to cover 100 sq. ft.? 23. The first row of shingles at the eaves is usually doubled. Determine the number of shingles necessary to cover the entire roof of this barn. 24. The gable of the barn above the eaves is 60% of the gable from the bottom of the studding to the eaves. How many feet of lumber is necessary to side the ends of the barn? (See problem 17.) 126. Painting I. The shingles on the barn were dipped at a cost of $2 per thou- sand. Determine the total cost of dipping the shingles. 176 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2. Determine the cost of painting the entire outside of the build- ing two coats at 30^ per square yard. 3. Find the cost of painting the ceiling of the first story at 30^ per square yard. 4. What was the entire painting bill for the barn including the dipping of the shingles? 127. Concrete Floors 1. Concrete floors and sidewalks are usually made 4 in. thick. 3.5 in. at the bottom is similar to that in concrete walls. Determine the number of cubic feet of this sort of concrete in a sidewalk 3 ft. wide and 188 ft. long. 2. The surface of the walk is made by mixing 2 parts sand and 1 part cement. Determine the number of cubic feet of this material needed to finish the above walk. 3. Concrete silo walls are made of reinforced concrete 6 in. thick. Determine the amount of concrete in the wall of a silo 36 ft. high and 14 ft. inside diameter. 4. Find the amount of concrete in the wall of a silo 50 ft. high and 18 ft. inside diameter. 5. How many square feet are in the concrete floor of the silo pro- vided in problem 4? 6. The foundation wall of this silo is 3 ft. deep and 18 in. thick. How many cubic feet of concrete are in the foundation if its inside dimension is 17 ft.? 7. The farmer building the silo provided in problem 4 hauled . sufficient gravel to complete the structure. The floor was con- structed as provided in problem 1. How many cubic yards of gravel were needed if a 1:2:4 mixture was used? 8. How many barrels of cement were necessary to build the silo described in problem 4? VENTILATION 177 9. How much each of crushed stone and sand is necessary to build this silo? 10. Determine the cost of building 890 ft. of 4 ft. sidewalk at 12.5^ per square foot. 128. Ventilation Table 69 (Showing number of cubic feet of air required per animal per hour to insure a supply of fresh air at all times.) Animal Cu. ft. per hr. Assumed weight per head of animal (lb.) Horses ; 4924 1200 Cows 3953 1100 Swine 1510 160 Sheep 929 100 Hens 37 3 1. Determine the number of cubic feet of fresh air needed per hour for 24 cows. 2. The average speed of air through a ventilating flue is 250 ft. per minute. If the inside dimensions of a flue are 6 in. square, how many cubic feet of air will pass through it in one hour? 3. How many flues of this size are required to ventilate a barn containing 24 cows? 4. How large a cross section of an out-take flue is required to carry out the air supplied by the in-take flues provided in problem 3? 5. If 4 out-take flues are constructed, what should be the cross- section of the inside of each to insure the removal of the air admitted by the in-take provided in problem 3? 6. A register with a face area of 6 in. by 8 in. has a capacity equal to 32 sq. in. of open flue. Determine the area of the faces of the registers needed on the in-take flues of the barn. 178 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 7. Determine the area of the faces required of the out-take regis- ters in the barn if 4 of them are used. 8. In lighting a barn 4 sq. ft. of glass should be provided for each animal in the barn. How many 12-in. by 14-in. window glasses should this barn contain? 129. Plastering 1. Estimating plaster at 5 in. thick, how many cubic feet of pre- pared plaster will it take to plaster a room 12 ft. by 18 ft. by 9 ft., if one tenth of the entire wall space is used for windows and doors? 2. Prepared plaster is sold in 100-lb. sacks for about 50ji per sack. One sack of plaster is equivalent to 1 cu. ft. Determine the cost of the plaster for this room. 3. If a plasterer furnished the material and plastered the room provided in problem 1 for 30fS per yard, without counting the open- ings for windows and doors, what will be the cost of plastering? 4. Determine the cost of plastering a room 12.5 ft. by 17 ft. by 10 ft. at 30fi per square yard. 130. Papering Note — In estimating wall-paper, contractors find the number of square feet in the ceiling and in the walls above the base-board. They determine the number of roUs required to cover this space. From this number of rolls they subtract a number of rolls equal to the numb* of doors and windows less one. A single roll of paper is 8 yd. long and 18 in. wide. A double roll is the same width, and twice as long. Prices on waU-paper are always for single rolls unless otherwise stated. Consider baseboards one foot wide. 1. Determine the number of rolls of paper needed to paper a kitchen 12 ft. wide, 15 ft. long, and 9 ft. high, if there are 3 windows and 2 doors. 2. How many rolls of paper are needed to paper a living-room 18 ft. by 24 ft. by 10 ft., if there are 6 windows and 4 doors in the room? PAPERING 179 3. What will the paper for the above rooms cost at 18^ per roll for the kitchen paper and 60(4 per roll for the living-room paper? 4. Find the cost of papering a bedroom 12 ft. by 15 ft. by 9 ft., provided the ceiling paper costs 42(!i per roll and the wall-paper costs 55jS per roll, if there are 3 windows and 2 doors. CHAPTER XVIII. SILOS 131. Dimensions and Capacities of Silos Table 70 Inside Height Capacity Inside Height Capacity diameter in in diameter in in in feet feet tons in feet feet tons 10 24 37 , 18 42 237 10 26 40 18 44 248 10 28 44 18 46 259 10 30 47 18 48 270 10 32 SO 18 50 280 10 34 55 20 30 188 10 36 59 20 32 295 10 38 03 20 34 218 10 40 68 20 36 235 /12 24 54 20 38 254 12 26 58 20 40 273 12 28 63 20 42 293 12 30 68 20 44 309 12 32 73 20 46 320 12 34 78 20 48 334 12 36 85 20 50 348 12 38 91 22 33 243 12 40 98 22 34 263 14 24 73 22 36 285 14 26 80 22 38 307 14 28 86 22 40 330 14 30 92 22 42 354 14 32 96 22 44 371 14 34 107 22 46 388 14 36 115 22 48 495 14 38 124 22 30 422 14 40 134 24 32 200 14 42 143 24 36 339 14 44 150 24 40 393 16 24 96 24 44 417 16 26 104 24 48 482 16 28 112 24 50 502 16 30 120 27 36 427 16 32 128 27 40 497 16 34 139 27 44 559 16 36 150 27 48 610 16 38 162 27 50 635 16 40 175 30 32 452 16 42 187 30 36 530 16 44 196 30 40 614 16 46 205 30 44 690 16 48 214 30 48 753 16 50 223 30 50 784 18 30 152 36 36 762 18 32 162 36 40 884 18 34 176 36 44 994 18 36 190 36 48 1085 18 38 205 36 no 1130 18 40 221 36 50 DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES OF SILOS 181 Results obtained by the Illinois Experiment Station on the filling of silos. The labor of the men was charged at SI. 25 and that of the teams at $1 each per day of 10 hours. A uniform charge of $2 per day was made for the wear on the silage cutter and for the money invested in it. The engine with en- gineer was charged at $5 per day; fuel at S3 per ton for coal and 15^ per gallon for gasoline; twine at 11^ per pound. These prices were the prevail- ing ones, when data were gathered. (Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 101, by Eraser.) Table 71 Data on silo filling Farm number Diameter of silo (ft.) Depth of silage in ft. after settling 48 hr Tons silage estimated from dimensions Acres cut Distance hauled (rds.) Teams hauling Days labor (teams 10 hr.) DayB labor (men 10 hr.) . . Engine hire Use of cutter Cost of fuel Cost of twine '. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18.25 18. 22. 18. 19. 18.8 20. 21.0 23.5 24.0 27.0 33.0 29.5 22.0 162.7 106.4 163.7 129.8 193.1 161.5 119.6 27.3 15.5 25.0 15.4 20.0 24.25 16.0 100.0 110.0 180.0 60.0 160.0 80.0 20.0 6.0 5.5 6.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 24.5 13.6 24.9 12.0 20.25 16.65 9.3 36.3 17.7 36.4 19.3 33.3 25.9 16.5 $16.50 S10.50 S16.00 $11.0 S23.75 $20.0 $7.5 6.60 4.20 6.40 4.40 9.50 8.0 3.0 6.30 3.75 6.00 2.25 6.75 7.05 4.0 6.87 7.15 12.00 6.72 7.15 6.87 6.0 8 20. 38. 785.7 67.7 100.0 7.0 70.4 145.25 $39.0 15.60 16.40 34.75 1. Find the average tonnage of silage per acre for the 8 farms. 2. What was the cost of team labor employed in filling silo on farm number 5? 3. What was the average cost of team labor per ton of silage for all of the silos? 4. What was the average cost of man labor for each ton of silage for all of the silos? 5. What was the average cost of engine hire per ton of silage for all of the sUos? 6. What was the average cost of cutter hire for each ton of silage for all of the different silos? 7. What was the average cost of the twine per ton of silage for all of the silos? Of the fuel for all of the silos? 8. Compute the average cost per ton of silage for all of the silos. 182 SILOS Optional Problems 9. If the farms were rented for $7 per acre, what was the cost of the silage per ton, provided $7 per acre was expended in preparing the crop? 10. If the average dairy cow eats 35 lb. of silage per day, what will it cost to feed a dairy cow 200 days? (Use average cost determined in problem 9.) 11. How large a herd can be fed from each of these silos for a period of 200 days, if each of the cows uses on an average of 35 lb. of silage per day? 132. Rate of feeding from Silos Table 72 Rate of feeding from silos of different diameters Diam- Approximate mimmum pounds to be fed daily to keep from spoiling Amount of silage consumed daily by the various animals eter (ft.) Summer Winter Horses 600 lb. calves Stock cattle Beef cattle Dairy cattle Sheep 10 12 14 16 18 20 725 755 1030 1340 1700 2100 263 378 515 780 850 1050 101b. 121b. 201b. 251b. 401b. 31b. If a silo is used for winter feeding, only half as many head of stock are required to Iseep the silage in good condition as are required in summer. 1. From Table 72 determine the number of animals of each kind that is required to be fed in winter to kgep the silage from spoiling in a 20-ft. silo. 2. If a silo full of silage is 24 ft. high and 10 ft. in diameter, how long can 22 horses on a full ration be fed from it? 3. How long can 34 dairy cows be fed from a silo like the one referred to in problem 2? RATE OF FEEDING FROM SILOS 183 4. A farmer has a silo 18 ft. by 50 ft. If he feeds 100 horses, how many stock cattle should be fed in summer to prevent the silage from spoiling? 5. How long will the silage last the stock provided in problem 4? 6. A farmer has a silo 20 ft. by 50 ft., and wishes to keep half stock cattle and half beef cattle. What is the minimum number of each he should keep during the winter? How long will the silage last this many cattle? 7. How many silos 20 ft. by 40 ft. will this farmer need to feed his cattle the entire year? 8. How long can 5 carloads of sheep of 140 each be fed from a silo 20 ft. by 50 ft. 9. A farmer feeds 10 horses and 30 dairy cattle. How many sheep should be fed during the summer months to keep the silage, in a silo 18 ft. by 56 ft., from spoiling? 10. A cattle feeder is feeding 150 steers during the winter months. He plans to feed these steers for 160 days. How many silos 16 ft. by 36 ft. should he have to supply a sufficient amount of silage? 11. If he should feed 150 steers and 60 stock cattle, how many sHos of the above dimensions should he have? 12. How many calves can be fed for 180 days from a sUo 20 ft. by 50 ft.? 13. W. A. Stacey, Davenport, Nebraska, built a concrete sUo 14 ft. by 38 ft. for $558.50. What was the cost of this sUo per ton of sUage housed? 14. What number of dairy cattle can Mr. Stacey feed for 200 days? 15. If he feeds 8 horses and 30 sheep, how many dairy cattle could he feed? 184 SILOS 1 6. Bert Mapes, of Norfolk, Nebraska, built a concrete silo at a total cost of $579.24. The silo was 16 ft. by 34 ft. What was the initial cost per ton of its housing capacity? 17. How many sheep will this silo feed for 200 days? 18. How many sheep should Mr. Mapes feed during the siuimier months to keep this silage from spoiling? 19. If Mr. Mapes feeds 10 head of horses, and 5 head of dairy cattle, and 4 calves, how many sheep should he feed during the summer to keep the silage in good condition? 20. A farmer has a silo 20 ft. by 50 ft. He feeds 10 horses, 50 dairy cattle, and 20 calves. How many days will this silage feed his stock? Optional Problems 21. Estimate the tonnage of silage required to feed the herd of 20 cows kept on the "I. S. N. U. Farm" from December 1 to April 1 inclusive. (The average milk cow requires about 40 lb. of silage per day.) 22. Estimate the tonnage of silage required to feed the same herd for an entire year. 23. Estimate the acreage of corn necessary to feed this herd as provided in problem 21. (An acre of good com makes approximately 12 tons of silage.) 24. What should be the diameter of a silo of the proper size to feed the herd of 20 cows on the "I. S. N. U. Farm" from Novem- ber 1 to May 15? 25. How deep should this silo be to feed the herd properly for 250 days? 26. What acreage of corn is required to fill this silo? (See problem 23.) RATE OF FEEDING FROM SILOS 185 27. What is the largest diameter of a silo that may be properly used to feed this herd from May 16 to November 1? 28. What should be the inside depth of this silo to feed the same herd from May 16 to November 1 inclusive? 29. On the condition that this herd consists of 20 milk cows and 15 stock cattle, what should be the diameter of this sUo for win- ter service? 30. If this herd in the summer consists of 20 milk cows and 10 stock cattle, what must be the diameter of the silo to insure economical feeding? 31. Give the dimensions of a silo suitable for a herd of 15 milk cows and 10 stock cattle, if they are put on a diet of silage October 1 and fed until May 15. 32. A farmer has a silo with an inside diameter of 20 ft. and an inside depth of 40 ft. How many milk cows should he keep in the winter months to feed this silage most advantageously? 33. If the herd referred to in problem 32 should be one third stock cattle, how large should the sUo be to properly feed the herd during the winter months? 34. Determine the inside diameter of a sUo required to feed most advantageously a herd of 20 milk cows and 20 brood sows, from November 1 to May 15. (Brood sows require approximately foiir pouflds of silage daily.) CHAPTER XIX. HORTICULTURE 133. Spraying of Orchards Table 73 The Nebraska Experiment Station makes the following summary of work done in the spraying of orchards: Average for four years. (Nebraska Experiment Station Bulletin.) Number of orchards sprayed, 16 Total number of trees sprayed, 3300 Average age of trees, 18 years Average number of sprayings per year, 4 Average quantity of spray per tree each year, 13 gallons Average number of trees per acre, 50 Average cost of spray materials per 100 gal., $0.97 Average cost of applying spray per 100 gal., $0.98 ResvMs of spraying Sprayed trees ^^- ^^^^ p^^ ^^^^ Marketable fruit 44 bu. at 52^ per bushel Culls and windfalls 1 . 1 bu. at 6fi per bushel Unsprayed trees Marketable fruit 1 .8 bu. at 41^ per bushel Culls and windfalls 1 .7 bu. at 5^ per bushel 1. What was the total cost of applying 100 gal. of the spray mixture? 2. What was the average annual cost of the mixture per tree? 3. What was the average annual cost pei* tree of applying the mixture? 4. What was the total annual cost of spraying each tree? 5. Approximate the annual cost of spraying an orchard of 25 acres? SPRAYING OF ORCHARDS 187 6. What was the annual income from the fruit of the sprayed trees? 7. What was the income from an acre of sprayed trees? 8. From an acre of unsprayed trees? 9. What was the gross and net gain per acre gained by spraying trees? 10. How many gallons of spray mixture were required to spray an acre of trees when three applications were given? 11. The Nebraska Station recommends Bordeaux for the first spraying of apple trees, just as the clusters of buds open. This mix- ture consists of 3 lb. of freshly slaked lime, 3 lb. of copper sulphate, and 50 gal. of water. How many pounds of copper sulphate are needed to make one application to an orchard of 50 trees? 12. If a farmer has an orchard of 15 trees, how many pounds of lime and copper sulphate should be used in the spray for the first application? 13. The second spraying should be made just after the petals have fallen, but before the calyx cups have closed. This application should consist of Bordeaux mixture as in the first spraying, com- bined with i lb. of Paris green. Determine the amount of material needed for this second spraying of the orchard provided in prob- lem 12. 14. The material for the third spraying should be the same as that used for the second, and should be used about three weeks after the second. Find the amount of mixture needed to spray seven acres of trees three times. 15. The material for the fourth spraying should be made with J lb. of Paris green in 50gal. of water and applied about seven weeks after the third spray. Approximate the amount of Paris green needed for seven acres of trees. 16. How many pounds of Paris green will a farmer need to spray 18 apple trees for one season? 188 HORTICULTURE 17. If arsenate of lead is used at the rate of 1.5 lb. to 50 gal. of water instead of Paris green, how much of this poison is needed for one acre of fruit during one season? 134. Efficiency of Spraying Materials Experiments in spraying apple trees were carried on by the Kansas Experiment Station for the purpose of demonstrating the relative value of spraying fruit trees and the relative value of lime sulphiu' and Bordeaux mixture as fungicides. Arsenate of lead was added to each fungicide. These experiments were carried on and reported by T. J. Headlee in Bulletin 174 of the Kansas Station. Seven orchards were chosen for the experiment and a part of each was divided into three equal "plats," each of which contained an equal number of trees. The accompanying table on page 189 is a summary of the results obtained. 1. What per cent of the Ganos was merchantable after a treat- ment of lime sulphur and Bordeaux, respectively? 2. Find the per, cent of merchantable Ganos gathered from the unsprayed trees. 3. Find the average yield of merchantable fruit per tree of the sprayed Shacklefords. Likewise find the yield per tree when no spray was used. 4. Find the average yield of merchantable fruit per tree of the Mo. Pippins in the Barnes Orchard where the sprays were used. In like manner find the average yield per tree where the treatment was not applied. 5. Which plot of Jonathans on the Coleman Farm had the largest per cent of culls. , 6. Find the average yield per tree of merchantable fruit on each of the six plots reported from the Snyder-Roediger Farm. 7. On the basis of the average yield per tree on the Snyder- Roediger Farm, find the increase in the amount of merchantable fruit due to the use of each spray. 8. Summarize the results of the experiment by filling out Table 75. EFFICIENCY OF SPRAYING MATERIALS 189 Table 74 Spray No. of trees Variety and no. bu. of merchantable fruit Bushels of cull fruit Coughlin's Orchard — Bordeaux Bordeaux Lime sulphur Lime sulphur No spray No spray 5 5 5 5 5 5 7.85 Gano 22.14 Shackleford 8.30 Gano 15.76 Shackleford .60 Gano 1.59 Shackleford 6.60 5.67 5.45 5.53 7.80 2.14 Barnes's Orchard — Bordeaux Lime sulphur No spray 10 10 10 30.50 Mo. Pippin 29,25 Mo. Pippin 5.15 Mo. Pippin 4.70 5.10 5.20 Snyder-Roediger Orchard — Bordeaux 10 3 10 3 10 3 71.30 Jonathan 24.48 Mo. Pippin 78.70 Jonathan 25.44 Mo. Pippin 37.30 Jonathan 15.66 Mo. Pippin 5.50 5.43 Lime sulphur Lime sulphur 6.40 9.48 4.60 No spray ' . . . . 8.40 Coleman's Orchard — Bordeaux Lime sulphur No spray t 4 2.25 Jonathan 7.37 Jonathan .64 Jonathan 5.76 5.80 5.20 Buckmasier's Orchard — Bordeaux Bordeaux Lime sulphur Lime sulphur No spray 4 2 4 2 4 33.80 Winesaps and Ben Davis 9.00 Mo. Pippin 34.26 Winesaps and Ben Davis 3.48 Mo. Pippin 15.84 Winesaps and Ben Davis 1.08 3.24 1.36 1.00 3.48 Fergus Orchard Bordeaux Lime and sulphur . None . .... 6 6 6 6 6 74.6 Several varieties 90.0 .35 44.34 Varieties 16.98 3.50 12.00 6.80 Tredway Orchard — Bordeaux None 3.94 8.82 190 HORTICULTURE Table 75 Summary of gains in commercial fruit yield through careful spraying Variety and farm Increase in actual yield in bu. per tree Increase in percentage of merchantable fruit Bordeaux Lime sulphur Bordeaux (per cent) Lime sulphur (per cent) Gano on Coughlin Farm 1.45 4.11 .32 .3.40 2.54 3.94 4.50 1.54 2.82 1.35 4.14 2.41 Shacklef ord on Coughlin Farm Jonathan on Coleman Farm Jonathan on Snyder-Roediger Farm. Mo. Pippin on Barnes Farm Mo. Pippin on Snyder-Roediger Farm Md. Pippin on Buckmaster Farm . . . 135. spraying for Commercial Fruit 1. In the experiments carried on at the Kansas Station, 2 lb. of arsenate of lead were added to 50 gal. of the Bordeaux mixture. A like amount of arsenate of lead was added to 50 gal. of the lime- sulphur mixture. The average cost per tree for Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead for the first treatment was $.028, for the second treatment $.0353, and for the third treatment $.0437; the average cost of the labor per tree was $.065, $.0857, and $.0636, respectively. Find the total cost per tree of the Bordeaux treatment and the arsenate of lead, including labor. 2. Find the net gain resulting from spraying the Shacklef ord trees upon the Coughlin Farm if the merchantable apples were sold on the trees at 50 fi per bushel. 3. The average cost per tree for the lime-sulphur treatment was as follows: first treatment $.0318, for the second $.06, for the third $.064 per tree. The average cost per tree for the labor in applying the three treatments was $.1928. Find the entire cost of spraying the 10 Jonathan trees on the Snyder-Roediger Farm. SPRAYING FOR COMMERCIAL FRUIT 191 4. The increased yield on the 10 trees was approximately 41.40 bu. Valuing these apples at 50(5 per bushel on the trees, what was the net profit of this treatment? Table 76 Spraying Results on Coughlin Farm, Argentine, Kansas Total No. Codlin moth Curculio Scab Apple blotch Bordeaux. PlcU — Trees Nos. 2. 5, 6, 9, 10 — Variety Gano Windfalls 1018 2447 708 2590 1259 1284 103 156 78 228 602 733 755 2318 632 2501 1251 1283 83 164 50 229 541 850 1 Picked fruit 20 Lime-Sulphur Plat — Trees Nos. g, 6, 6, 9, 10 — Variety Gano Windfalls Picked fruit 162 Check put — Trees Nos. S, 6, 6, 9 — Variety Gano Windfalls 71 143 Note — " Cheek Plat" was the one not treated. 5. As a result of applying the Bordeaux mixture, find the number of windfalls that were affected by the codlin moth, curculio, scab, and apple blotch, respectively, when the Bordeaux mixture was used. 6. Find the per cent of windfalls not affected by any of the de- structive agencies referred to in problem 1. 7. What per cent of picked fruit treated with Bordeaux was infected with codlin moth, curculio, scab, and apple blotch, respectively? 8. What per cent of the total number of Ganos treated with the Bordeaux was infected with codlin moth, curculio, scab, and apple blotch, respectively? 192 HORTICULTURE 9. What per cent of windfalls from the lime-sulphur trees was infected with codlin moth, curculio, scab, and apple blotch, respec- tively? Optional Problems 10. In like manner determine the per cent of the picked fruit that was infected by each of the agencies referred to in problem 5. 11. Determine the total per cent of apples infected by each of these pests after the use of the lime-sulphur treatment.' 12. Note the results obtained from the Gano trees not treated. Obtain the per cent of windfalls that were infected with codlin moth, curculio, scab, and apple blotch, respectively. 13. In like manner obtain the per cent of picked apples so infected. 14. Find the total per cent of apples in this group attacked by the different pests. 136. Measurements for the Planting of Orchard and Garden Fruits Table 77 -T t... Dietance be- Distance Name of fruit * tweenrows inrows Standard apples 30 ft. 30 ft. Dwarf apples 12" 12" Standard pears. 20 " 20 " Strong growing cherries 20 " 20 " SmaUer cherries 18" 18" Standard plums 16" 16" Standard peaches 16 " 16 " Standard apricots 16", 16" Standard nectarines 16 " 16 " Dwarf pears 16" 16" Grapes 10-16 " 7-16 " Currants and gooseberries 4 " 4 " Raspberries and blackberries 6 " 4 " Strawberries (field culture) 3 " 1 " Strawberries '(garden culture) 2 " 1 " Note — The above distances are for a good soil. It the soil is light the dis- tances should be increased. The distances represent the amount of room needed by the mature plants, and does not mean that there shall be no planting be- tween the rows while the plants are maturing. SMALL FRUITS 193 1. 100 apple trees are planted in 10 rows 30 ft. apart, and the trees are planted 30 ft. apart in the rows. A fence 15 ft. from the trees extends around the orchard. What is the area of the orchard in square feet? 2. Find the number of square feet given to each tree in this orchard. 3. What relation, in per cent, does the area occupied by one tree bear to the area of the entire orchard? 4. Formulate a rule for determining the number of plants per given area, when the distance between the plants is given. 137. Small Fruits 1. First-class currant plants are quoted at S6 per hundred or $50 per thousand. What will it cost to supply the plants for an acre of currants? (See Table 76.) 2. First-class gooseberry bushes are quoted at 20ji each, or $12 per hundred. Find the cost of the plants required to plant one acre. 3. First-class varieties of blackberry plants may be secured for $2.50 per hundred or $18 per thousand. What will the plants required to plant J acre of blackberries cost? 4. The best varieties of raspberries may be had for $1.50 per hundred, or $10 per thousand. Determine the cost of the plants necessary to plant 2.5 acres. 5. Assorted varieties of strawberry plants are quoted at 75^ per hundred or $5 per thousand. Determine the cost of the plants required for 1 acre in field culture. 6. Small orders of strawberry plants are usually delivered by parcel post. A 3-lb. package of plants delivered in the spring con- tains approximately 200 plants. Determine the cost of delivering 600 plants in the Second Zone. (Get rate from postmaster.) 194 HORTICULTURE 7. Plants delivered in the fall have more leaves, hence a 3-lb. package includes approximately 150 strawberry plants. If condi- tions are the same as in problem 6, what will the delivery of 600 plants cost? 8. Asparagus roots are furnished for $1 per hundred. Determine the cost of the plants required to plant 5 acres. The rows are spaced 3 ft. apart, and the plants are placed 18 in. apart in the rows. 9. Extra selected grapes are quoted at $8 per hundred. Deter- mine the cost of the plants necessary to plant 5 acres. (Plants to be set 12 ft. by 10 ft. apart.) 10. Japanese barberry plants are quoted at $10 per hundred. Determine the cost of a sufficient amount of these plants to hedge four sides of a lot 80 ft. by 160 ft. Plants to be spaced 18 in. apart and 15 ft. to be taken out for walks and drives. CHAPTER XX. BUSINESS FORMS 138. Fonns of Credit M. ^^y^Ir^. ^^'r^^ ^y^y^-eytyOtC^ — ^&C^/^ ^"^ToFo — "^ — <^g^ ^r/. ^A-o-Cu-^ _ FlGtTKE 25 The personal check is the most common way of pajdng bills. For ex- ample, Charles H. Brown owes Jordan Marsh Co. a bill of $28.75. He has money in the First National Bank of Boston. Instead of drawing from the bank the money with which to pay the bill, he sends the firm a personal check for the 128.75. The firm takes the check to the bank with which it does business and is given credit for $28.75. A check not drawn upon the bank in which it is deposited is sent to a bank which clears accounts for a number of banks. This Clearing-House Bank gives the local bank which sends in the check credit for its face value. In this case the bank where Jordan Marsh Co. deposit is given credit for 128.75 and the First National Bank is made debtor for the same amount. Thus we see that each bank may do a considerable amount of business with checks and have very little money change hands. It is estimated that about ninety per cent of the business of the country is done through checks because of the ease and safety of this method of exchanging money. The majority of the business of the country could not be done if money had to change hands in every transaction. When credit in a country becomes unsound and the people demand money in payment of bills then there is a shortage of money which is called a financial stringency. OOBO.N^-"^'^"'" 196 BUSINESS FORMS I. Make out a personal check to your groceryman for the weekly grocery bill. Endorse the check with his name. That is, turn the check face down and write across the left-hand end, and about an inch from this end, the name of the payee as it is written on the face of the check. 2. Make a check to the Curtis Pub- '^^^^ lishing Company for one year's sub- scription ($1.50) for the Saturday Evening Post. 3. If the subscription for the Saturday Evening Post is $1.50 per year, and the paper can be purchased from newsboys for 5fi each, what can be saved during the year by subscribing for the paper? 4. When checks are sent to a distant village or city some banks charge a small fee for cashing the checks. This fee is for sending the checks through the clearing-houses and is called exchange. If the exchange on the check sent to the Curtis Publishing Company is lOfS and the postage 2^, what does each weekly issue of the paper cost? Note — Certified checks or Cashiers' checks are frequently used in paying bills in distant cities. A certified check is one on which the certification signed by the cashier is stamped across the face of the check. A cashier's check is one drawn upon the bank fund and signed by the cashier. Another familiar way of paying bills with firms out of one's home city is by the use of the bank draft. Each bank has an established credit with some bank in a large banking center. If a man wishes to pay a bill for $75 to a firm in Philadelphia, he goes to his local bank and buys a draft for $75. This draft is an order from the bank with which he is dealing to some bank with which they have credit to pay $75 upon receipt of the draft. Bankers usually charge a small fee for writing drafts. This fee is for exchange as in the case of checks. 5. A farmer bought a binder for $140 and gave his note for one year at 6% interest. At the end of the year he sent a draft to pay off this note. If the local bank char-ged 5(4 for exchange, what did the binder cost him? FORMS OF CREDIT 197 6. "Mr. Wilson purchased $76 worth of merchandise, for which he received a discount of 6%. If he paid this bill with a draft, which cost him lOji exchange, what did the merchandise cost? Two common methods employed in sending money to firms or people at long distances are the Postal Money Order, and the Express Money Order. Postal money orders are usually employed by people in the country who have no checking account in a bank. Express money orders are usually used for sending money to foreign countries. eOl 00 Boston. Kin. 445661 Dajted States Postal Bone} Order THIPOtTUAUUAT j^ Jf jtI ^ ' """ ' ^ Boston. Mm. 445661 445661 n" Conpon f or P^Tltis Olltcs RECEIPT zi- Figure 27 B When Countersigned W:H, DEriCCtlE'TT DB tlunUlO" □' Ttm OftDCIl KNDEM IT n FiGTJEE 28 14-3274499 AIIERtCAN EXPRESS CO. 198 BUSINESS FORMS Table 78 Bates for Postal Money Orders Not over $2.50 3(* Prom 2.51 to $5.00 5^ From 6.01 to 10.00 8^ From 10.01 to 20.00 10^ From 20.01 to 30.00 12^ From 30.01 to 40.00 15^ From 40.01 to 50.00 18^ From 50.01 to 60.00 20^ From 60.01 to 75.00 25^ From 75.01 to 100.00 30^ Note — If a money order for more than $100 is desired, it will cost a rate of 30^ plus the rate of a money order for the amount over $100. For exam- ple, the rate of a money order for $123 will be 30^ plus the rate of a money order for $23 or a total of 42^. In this case two orders would have to be taken, as $100 is aU that is allowed on one order. 7. Find the rate of money orders for $138, $176, $221, $435, $12.34, $17.65, and $5.46 respectively. 8. A farmer sent a money order to a nurseryman for 12 apple trees costing 15(i each; 50 peach trees at 10^5 each; 25 shade trees at 50fi each. What was the rate on this money order? g. A postmaster wrote money orders for the following amounts the last week in December: $.75, $1.25, $3.60, $5, $8.40, 30jii, $4.20, $6.80, $2.20, QOfS, $12.60, $25, and $15. How much did the post office receive for writiug these money orders? 139. Bills and Like Forms When a purchaser receives a shipment of goods he usually receives with it a bill or invoice, which is a record or itemized list of the goods included in the shipment. It may or may not include a list of the prices. Invoices are for the convenience of the shipping clerk in checking shipments before they are made and for the convenience of the receiver of the goods to insure against a loss in shipment or a possibility of any goods having been omitted from the shipment. BILLS AND LIKE FORMS 199 At the opening of a month following the shipment of a bill of goods the firm shipping them sends an itemized bill, which includes the price of each article and the total of the bill. Usually the purchaser returns it to the firm Terms Cash. TMnfldd , N . j . , ^^ ' ^ '^ .191 5 To W. H. SULLIVAN, Dr. PLUMBER AND GAS FITTER 62 CHESTNUT STREET, Opposite the Railroad Station 7^. /7 2 It. ^ wt.. MyajtiA- pjiif^ 6J!^ .< " ' (J[iC'\^0'yly 50 ,r ee ^ K. &o1 ID u H o u o 1" Q ^ i O J- m tH 5h H •H ^ b: £ ^ O J, ^ 1 o o H ■J? o O .g H a -3 (3 S •0 c O ■ S O) T3 o 1 ^ fl ^ ^ ■" (Mi +* T ■. ca •o M o ^ a (D q , in h- Tl w n « to a: c S 1 ^ < g « STATE OF ILLINOIS,; CoTjNTir OP Cook ) I, .Joh5*..?;.o.P.l5... a Notary Public in and for the said County, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that _ _ Rio!iarKajL AJtiuou^ a^c/Z-^ /9-^£UA — .A C 3^ % .,j-u^ti,/f/^ ^ . '^ • Co. FlGUKE 30 A promissory note is secure if the giver of the note has property in his O'vi'n right and exclusive of exemption laws, equal to or greater than the face of the note. In the absence of such property holdings promissory notes are usually secured by the signature of a second party who possesses property equal to the face of the note or who jointly with the giver of the note pos- sesses property of such value. Collateral. Ordinarily promissory notes are secured by what is com- monly called "collateral." This consists of other notes, stocks of some sort, shares, mortgages or trust deeds upon property, etc. When such hold- ings are used as collateral they are temporarily transferred to the holder of the note subject to release when the note is paid. 1. Make a note for 1 year for $1200 with interest at 5% per annum. 2. What will be the total amount of this note at the end of 1 year? NOTES AND COLLATERAL 211 3. Mr. Wilson needed S500 cash for 90 days. He held 50 shares in a Building and Loan Company, but did not want to bear the loss which he would incur from canceling these shares before a dividend was declared. He used these shares as collateral and borrowed the money from a bank. For what amount did he give his note to the bank to obtain $500 in cash, interest at 6%. (Some banks draw notes so as to include the money borrowed plus the in- terest.) 4. A New Jersey farmer purchased 230 acres of reclaimed land at $30 per acre, conditioned as follows: one tenth cash and one tenth of the remainder each year for 10 successive years. Each of the 9 payments was secured by a note bearing 5% iaterest. How much interest will this farmer have paid on these notes when the last one has been paid? 5. Mr. Brown borrowed $5000 from the North "Western Insur- ance Co. for 5 years at 5J % interest, and secured his note with a mortgage upon his farm. What is the semiannual interest due upon this loan? 6. At the end of 3 years money became cheaper and Mr. Brown obtained a $5000 loan for the remaining 2 years at 5%, with which to pay the 5^% loan. How much did he save in the remaining 2 years by this transaction? 7. In order to purchase an automobile a policy-holder in an " old- line" insurance company borrowed $1085 upon his policy. What is his semiannual interest upon this loan if the rate is 6%? 8. A tenant farmer mortgaged his crops and stock for $2780 to secure money with w^ich to develop and harvest his crops. The note secured by the mortgage was drawn for 9 months at 6%. What was the amount due on the note at maturity? g. A "loan shark" charged a tenant farmer $5 for the use of $25 for 9 months. What rate of interest did he charge? 212 BUSINESS FORMS 10. A speculator bought 320 acres of land at $61 per acre, which he rented for $7 per acre. The taxes and other expenses amounted to $1 per acre yearly. What rate of interest was made upon this investment? 11. An implement dealer bought $15,000 worth of machinery from the International Harvester Company, with the option of 5% discount for cash (payment within 30 days). He decided to pay cash. How much did he pay the company on this bill? 12. A cotton planter harvested 40 bales of cotton averaging 500 lb. per bale. Cotton was worth Sji per pound at harvest time. He decided to hold the cotton and borrow $1000 and secure it with a mortgage on the cotton. At the end of 4 months he sold the cotton for 12 (i per pound and paid off the loan with interest at 6%. What did he make by holding the cotton? 13. A farmer purchased $3000 worth of non-taxable government bonds, paying 3% interest. He could have loaned this money at 6% interest, secured by a trust deed upon a good land property. If state, county, and local taxes amount to 1.33% on the dollar an- nually, how much did he lose each year by purchasing the govern- ment bonds? 143. Wills A will is an instrument for disposing of a person's property after his death. In it he names the persons among whom his property is to be dis- tributed and the amount each is to receive. If a person dies without mak- ing a will, his property is divided as required by law among his so-called "legal heirs." (See p. 213.) I. If Nancy Rowe received $8000 worth of 6% bonds, a 5% mortgage for $16,000, a life insurance of $25,000, which she loaned at 5% interest, and personal property which she sold for $8640, which she loaned at 5%, what was the annual income from her inherited property? WILLS 213 WILL AND TESTAMENT In the Name of God, Amen I,...Ri.5.hard..Rpe , of Chicago, in the County of Cook and State of Illinois, being of sound mind and memory, and considering the uncertainty of this frail and tran- sitory life, do therefore make, ordain, publish and declare this to be my last WILL AND TESTAMENT: FIRST, I order and direct that my Executor hereinafter named pay all my just debts and funeral expenses as soon after my decease as conveniently may be. SECOND, After the payment of such funeral expenses and debts, I give, devise and bequeath to my son, .Richard Roe ,Jr. , all of section 27, Township 125 North of, and Range 16 East of the Third Principal Meridian, in the County of Adams in the State of Illinois. THIRD, To my daughter, Nancy Roe, I give, devise, and bequeath the remainder of my property, consisting of bonds, mortgages, life insurance, and all personal property belonging to me at the time of my death. LASTLY, I make, constitute and appoint Ri.ph.ard., Roe , . Jr ., ^ of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, to be Executor of this, my last Will and Testament, hereby re- voking, all former wills by me made. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed my seal, the first day of _.AE.ril_, in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Sixteen. RI.CHARP....RPE (SEAL) This instrument was, on the day of the date thereof, signed, published, and declared by the said Testator ..Ri.o.ha.r.d....Roe....to be his last Will and Testament, in the presence of us, who at his request have subscribed our names thereto as wit- nesses, in his presence, and in the presence of each other. WILLIAM SMITH ROBERT WILSbN '" -a r! 03 to w m f-i u g T1 •H Pc X ^ < u 3 § 1 ° 1 b 1 S ^ II 214 BUSINESS FORMS 144. Insurance The types of insurance most common in rural communities are fire insurance, tornado or wind insurance, hail insurance, and life insurance. Insurance rates vary according to the risk which the insurance company assumes. Life insurance rates increase with the age of the insured. Fire insurance varies with the danger of fire in the building insured. Tornado insurance varies with regard to the liability of tornadoes in the locality. The amount paid for insurance is called a premium. 1. A farmer paid a premium of $9.35 for a three-year period to insure his household goods valued at $1100. What rate did the agent charge him? 2. Mr. Adams insured his house for $3000 for a three-year period at a rate of $1.12 per $100. What was the amount of his premium? 3. A man aged 35 took out a 20-year endowment life insurance policy for $4000. If the premium for that age is $33.40 per $1000, how much will he pay in premiums in 20 years? 4. What is the compound interest on these premiums for the 20 years? (Compound interest = interest on principal and also on accrued interest which thus becomes an addition to the principal.) 5. A man took out 3 life insurance policies: a $3000 "twenty pay" policy with an annual premium of $35 per thousand; a $2000 twenty year endowment policy with an annual premium of $50 per thousand; and a $10,000 "straight life" poUcy at $14.50 per thou- sand annually. What was his total yearly payment in premiums? 145. Lease When a man owning a farm or house rents it to another, there is drawn up a lease or agreement between them as to the care and management of the property, the payment of rentals, and time of possession. (See pp. 215 and 216.) LEASE 215 FARM LEASE THIS AGREEMENT, made and entered into by and between ...RipMrd._ Rpe_ party of the first part, and PAvid__Jp.5ss.. party of the second part, this first day of .March _1916, WITNESSETH, That .Richard .Rp? the party of the first part, hereby LEASE to said party of the second part, during the year commencing on the first day of March, 1916, and ending on the twenty-eighth day of February, 1917, the following described real estate in Adams County, Illinois, to-wit : All of Section 27 Township 125 North, of Range 16 East. And the said party of the second part, in consideration of the premises and bene- fits to be derived from the use and occupation of the premises above described, hereby agrees and covenants with the first party. 1. To take good care of all buildings, fences and improvements upon said real estate; to properly cultivate and care for the hedges, trees and shrubbery of all kinds that may now be or hereafter put upon said premises, and keep them in as good order and repair as the same now are, natural wear and decay and unavoidable accidents only excepted, to fiu-nish the seed for, and cultivate at his own expense, said real estate during the term aforesaid. 2. To cultivate said land as follows: To plow the land in breaking at least six inches deep, and to harrow and roll the same as much as is necessary to put it in good condition for planting, to plant the corn in. check rows, that it may be plowed each way, and to plow the corn at least three times over. 3. To allow no stock upon said premises with burs upon them, nor to allow any cockle burs to grow on said land while in his possession. 4. To distribute all manure that may from time to time collect in any place or places upon said premises as the first party may direct; provided said manure shall not be 'removed off the premises hereby leased. 5. To keep all ditches and water courses clear from obstruction, so as to allow the water to drain off freely, and not to stand to the detriment of either pasture or plow land. 6. To pay to the first party a yearly rent of one half of all grain, stock, and other produce sold from the premises. Said party of the second part agrees to furnish an itemized account of all sales from the premises at the end of each month. Payment to be made on or before the first day of each month, in the manner afor^aid. 7. Not to assign this lease to any person or persons without the written consent of the first party endorsed thereon. 8. That the party of the first part shall have and hold a lien upon all the crops raised upon said premises to secure the full payment of all rents as stipulated in the sixth article of this agreement, and to secure the payment of aU moneys advanced to said party of the second part while tending said grain. 9. To vacate said premises at the expiration of this lease without any notice to quit or any demand, and to deliver up the premises to the first party. 10. It is understood and agreed that if the party of the second part shall from any cause fail to comply with all his agreements herein, the said party of the first part may at any time when such failure occurs, take active possession of such premises and buildings thereon, which party of the second part agrees to surrender, and employ other persons to tend said crop and perform all the agreements of 216 BUSINESS FORMS the Becond party as herein contained as fully as the same are contemplated in this agreement, and after deducting all moneys advanced, all moneys or grain due for the rent, and the expense of attending said crop as aforesaid, to pay the residue, if any, to the second party. 11. It is hereby agreed that so soon as the crop shall be harvested and taken off the lands, or any portion of the lands rented, or said portion from which said crop or crops is taken, shall at such times be subject to the control of the first party, and said party may enter upon and fully possess and control such land or portion of land aforesaid as if the same had never been leased. 12. It is hereby agreed that all damages resulting to either party from any failure to comply with the terms of this agreement shall be collectible without any relief whatever from the valuation of appraisement laws of the State of Illinois. WITNESS our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Ri.chard.Rpe (SEAL) Da vid Jones (SEAL) 7:7. .". r. . . .". .". : (sead (SEAL) I to H^ o 4 ■ff g H o ji S ^ % c3 £? Pm a 1 1 Q 1 lO ^ H Ph u ^ Q a y, ^ t H i>i c* "n o pj a w 1. A company leased a business property for a term of 10 yr. at $140 per month. The property was sublet to three parties who paid monthly $60, $65, and $50, respectively, for the portions they occupied. How much did the company make in the 10 yr.? 2. What would the company have made had it leased the prop- erty for $125 per month? TAXES 217 146. Taxes Taxes are assessed on real estate and on personal property. The rate of taxation in towns and cities is determined by the amount of money to be raised and the assessed value of the property held in the town or city. City or town property is taxed for the support of the local government, for the maintenance of the schools, for a share in the expense of the county, and of the state. Persons paying taxes should obtain a tax receipt as proof of the fact that they have paid their taxes. This receipt should be regarded as a valuable paper since if the payment is not recorded or the receipt is lost owners of property can be forced to pay the taxes again or have their property sold for taxes. In case of selling property the tax receipts are sometimes asked for as proof that the title is clear. 1. A man paid S16.40 taxes on his personal property. Determine the assessed value of his property, if the tax rate was $4 per $100 assessed valuation. 2. A farmer owns 540 acres of land which is assessed $16 per acre as drainage tax. If this tax is distributed over a period of 20 years, what will his tax bill be per year for drainage only? state tax County tax Town tax Outside tax Corpora- tion tax School tax Total tax Town Taxes Tax on each SlOO value State 2-ii County 14^ Town 3)! Road and Bridges Outside of corporation 16^ Inside of corporation 71^ School 81.40 Note — Tax rates vary in the various towns and districts of the county. They vary from year to year also. 218 BUSINESS FORMS 3. Make a form similar to the one above and distribute in the proper columns the taxes upon property assessed at $560. 4. What was Mr. Johnson's taxes for various purposes upon real estate assessed at $950, and personal property assessed at $440? What was his total tax? 5. How much tax should Mr. Wilson pay if his real estate was assessed at $2700, and his personal property as follows: household goods at $528, and notes, stocks, etc., to the value of $3500? state tax County tax Bridge and road School tax Total County Taxes State 23^ County 14fi Bridge and road. .20i4 School 62|! 6. Make a form similar to the above and make the proper dis- tribution of Mr. Armstrong's taxes on the following assessed values: farm, $1850; stock, and farm implements, $780; household goods, $160; notes, $1200. 7. What was Mr. Jones's taxes on farm property assessed at $2160 and personal property assessed at $760? 8. Get a late tax receipt and determine the total tax rate for your district. 9. What are the taxes on property assessed at $640 by your assessor? 10. What are the taxes of a farmer in your neighborhood if his farm was assessed for $1850, his live stock for $800, his farm imple- ments for $150, and his household goods for $180. CHAPTER XXI. FARM ACCOUNTS ' 147. Labor Report A set of farm accounts kept in a practical way involves considerable labor, and a knowledge of the art of accounting. The system of farm accounting presented here is not as simple as some systems, but it is sufficiently simple to meet the needs of any farm. Those desiring simpler accounts may modify this system. In fact no farm is best served by a system of accounts adapted to another farm. Each system must be modified to suit individual cases. Students should be encouraged to keep a set of accounts related to their home farm, or household. This will be of much more value to them than the formal study of unfamiliar accounts. The labor report is the most important item in farm accounts because it gives the manager an insight into the disposition of labor and aids him in its judicious expenditure. The labor report shown on page 220 gives an easy method of accounting both the man and horse labor of the farm for the entire month. There should be a sheet for each day of the month. By for- warding the totals one has ready access to the amount of labor each man is credited with. He also knows the total amount of labor credited to the horses. By checking the totals for the men with the totals for the work spent on the various departments of the farm one is certain as to the cor- rectness of his accounts. 1. The labor report given on the next page is for June 29. Make out a similar report for June 30 and forward the grand totals for June 29 to the forward columns on the June 30 report. 2. On June 30, W. D. Brickey spent 1 hr. on horses, 1 hr. on poultry, 9 hr. on cattle, 2 hr. on hogs, and 1 hr. on corn. What was his total number of hours for the month of June? 3. Brickey was paid $75 per month for the month of June. What was his average wage per hour? ' A large part of the data on farm accounts is taken from Vye's Farm Accounts. 220 FARM ACCOUNTS Tear 1 1 n 1 > 1 1 H d 1 1 >? ^ 1 1^ i n 1 s a o K I Month, June Day, 29 1 ^ Beal estate.. li li 46 47i li li Machinery . . li i 13 20i 22 1 1 Horses 1 li 2i 85i 87} 6 6 Cattle 9 3 3 13 3 31 897i 928i 4 24 28 Hogs 1 1 39 40 i i Poultry 1 1 49 50 17 17 Corn 9i 9i 2a8i 248 19 345i 364 Oats 25i 26i Wheat 1 1 Clover Alfalfa m 25i 12 130 142 Total 13i 11 3 3 13i 3 li 48i 35 Forward 359} 2793 90i 84i 356i «i 57 86 72 1427i 5261 Qrand total . 373i 290} 93i 87i 3691 Hi 57 86 73i 1475i 560i Note — The above table shows how many hours each man and the several horses gave to the various interests of the farm in Jime. For example W. D. Brickey worked 1^ hr. with machinery, 1 hr. with the horses, 9 hr. with the cattle, 1 hr. with the hogs, and 1 hr. with the poultry on June 29th. At the bottom of the table is shown the number of hours each man worked on June 29th, the number of hours each'man had worked in June previous to June 29th, and also the number of hours each man has worked in the 29 days of June. The three columns on the right-hand side (headed " Total," "Forward," and "Grand Total" respectively) show the number of hours the men have given (1) to the various interests of the farm on June 29th, (2) on the previous days of June, and (3) for the 29 days of June. Other columns show how many hours of horse labor were given to each of the farm interests for the same days of June. 4. On June 30, Morgan spent 1.5 hr. on horses, and 10 hr. on corn. What was his total number of hours for the month of June? LABOR REPORT 221 5. Morgan was paid $50 for his labor for the month. What was his average wage per hour? 6. Braun, Huffmaster, and Joosten spent 3 hr. each on the cattle on June 30. What was the total number of hours for each one of the men for the month of June? 7. These men were paid at the rate of 17.5ji per hour. What amount did each earn during the month? 8. Matthew worked .5 hr. on real estate and 13 hr. on cattle on June 30. What were his total hours for June? 9. He was paid at the rate of $60 per month. What was his rate of wage per hour? 10. Willey worked 1.5 hr. on real estate on June 30. WTiat was his total number of hours for June? What did he earn at 17. 5f! per hour? 11. Marsh and Carr did not work on June 30. What did each receive for the month at 17.5?! per hour? 12. What was the total number of hours for all the men during the month of June? 13. What was the average wage per hour for the month? 14. What was the total amount of horse labor for June, if on June 30 the horses spent 3 hr. on cattle, 24 hr. on corn, and 8 hr. on alfalfa. 15. Complete the labor report for June for the horses. Optional Problems 16. The horse labor was figured at 10^ per hour. There were 4 horses on the farm. What was the income per horse for June? 17. What amount of the horse labor for month of June should be charged to the corn? 18. What was the total pay-roll for the month on the farm? 222 FARM ACCOUNTS 19. What amount of the pay-roll for June 29 and 30 should be charged to the cattle? 20. The average daily income from the sale of milk for June 29 and 30 was $17.50. What per cent of this income was spent for labor? 21. The cost of the feed for the two days was about $12. What was the income above feed and labor? 22. What was the daily income above feed and labor? 23. What would be the yearly net income of the herd at this rate? 24. Make out a labor report for your home farm for one week. 148. Milk Records Another feature of farm accounts essential on all farms where cows are kept is the milk record. By keeping a careful milk record it is possible to detect cows that are not profitable. Under proper conditions it is little trouble to weigh the milk from each cow at the time of milking, and to test for butter-fat on the 5th, 15th, and 25th of each month. These results should be recorded in proper form. Students should^keep a milk record of their cows at home as a part of their exercises in rural arith- metic. The milk record shown on page 223 is for 5 Holstein-Friesian cows. The milk was weighed after each milking. It was tested three times during' the month and the average of the tests recorded. 1. Find the total amount of milk produced by each of the 5 cows for the 31 days. Note — the weights of milk are recorded in pounds and tenths of pounds. 2. What was the average daily production of each cow? 3. What was the total amount of butter-fat produced by cow No. 1 during the month? 4. What was the total amount of butter-fat produced by cows Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5? MILK RECORDS 223 HERD OP. MILK RECORD FROM APRIL 30, 1915, TO MAT 31, 1915 Cow Number 1 2 3 4 6 Cow Number 1 2 3 4 5 Date lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Date lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 A.M. P.M. 14.5 19. 14.7 16.3 13.1 16.1 10.4 13. 13,8 15.6 18.... A.M. P,M, 16.6 19.2 16.2 16.1 15,8 17.6 10.8 10.1 18.3 18.3 2 A.M. P.M. 14.5 18.4 14, 13.8 13.1 14.5 10. 13.1 15,3 9.5 19.... A.M. P.M. 16.2 19. 16. 16. 14.4 16.0 10.3 11.8 18.6 IS. 8 3 A.M. P.M. 18.9 20.2 13.2 14.5 13.3 17.9 10.6 13.6 16,5 18.3 20.... A.M. P.M. 15.1 17.3 16.1 17. 14.4 15.3 9.4 10.7 18. 18.6 4 A.M. P.M. 18.5 18. 13. 16.6 14.8 19.1 12. 14. 16,5 18,5 21.... A.M. P.M. 16 2 17.1 16. 18.6 16. 16. 9.5 11.8 14. 20.5 6 A.M. P.M. 15.6 18.4 16.4 16.6 17. 16.7 12. 13.4 16,5 20. 22.... A.M. P.M. 16.3 17.3 16. 17.8 16.4 15.6 9.7 11. 17. 18. 6 A.M. P.M. 17.6 16.7 15.8 18.2 14.4 15.7 11. 12. 16.3 18.9 23.... A.M. P.M. 17.2 17. 16.5 18. 14.6 19.5 9.6 12.3 16.5 20.8 7 A.M. P.M. 15.6 17.6 15.3 18. 14.6 16.5 10.5 11.8 14.3 20.7 24.... A.M. P.M. 16.3 18.1 17'. 3 18. 16. 18.7 10.6 13.3 18.3 20.7 8 A.M. P.M. 14.4 14.2 15.2 17.6 13. 16.6 8.6 11.7 12. 23.6 26.... A.M. P.M. 16.2 18.4 17,1 17,9 10.6 15.8 11. 10. 17. 18.2 9 A.M. P.M. 13.9 16. 16. 16.7 13.7 16.3 8.6 11.2 12. 30. 26.... A.M. P.M. 17.3 13.1 18,1 19. 17. 17.7 10. 9.1 18. 18.5 10 A.M. P.M. 15.2 16.6 16.4 16. 14.5 17.1 9.2 11.2 13. 21. 27.... A.M. P.M. 14.2 18.6 15.5 18. 14.8 16.6 9. 8.9 16.9 19. 11 A.M. P.M. 15.8 16.2 16. 16.1 15.1 17.6 10.1 16.3 16. 20.5 28.... A.M. P.M. 16.4 16.9 17.5 18.3 16. 18.6 8.6 10.3 17.5 19. 12 A.M. P.M. 15.5 16,2 16.8 16. 16.2 16.1 9.3 9.6 13.1 20.5 29.... A.M. P.M. 16.2 18.4 16.5 19. 14.6 17.4 9. 11.3 18. 20.5 13 A.M. P.M. 14. 16.3 14.7 18. 15.1 15.3 9.5 10.8 12.6 19.2 30.... A.M. P.M. 15.4 18.3 17. 19.5 16.5 17.3 9.6 10.9 19. 20. 14 A.M. P.M. 15.1 15.4 16. 17.2 16.6 18.5 8.6 11.4 16.5 17.5 31.... A.M. P.M. 16.1 20. 16.5 18.2 16. 16.8 10.1 11. 18. 21. 16 A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. 15. 18.8 16.3 17. 15.3 17.9 10,3 11.5 16. 21.3 16 15. 15.5 16.3 16. 16.8 17.8 10.4 11.1 14.2 21.2 Average per cent fat 3.5 3.16 3.5 3.7 3.35 17 A.M. P.M. 16.1 17.2 16.2 15.2 16. 17.5 10.2 11.6 17.2 18.5 Total fat in- come 224 FARM ACCOUNTS 5. What was the average daily butter-fat production of each of the cows? 6. If the butter-fat was sold for 32(4 per pound, what was the income from each cow for the month? 7. What was the average daily income from each cow? 8. What was the total income from the herd for the month? 9. There are 2.18 pounds of milk in 1 qt. How many quarts of milk did each cow produce during the month? 10. What was the average per cent of butter-fat in the milk produced by the 5 cows for the month? 11. Butter made in home dairies usually contains about 80% butter-fat. How many pounds of butter would the butter-fat produced by the herd for the month make? Optional Problems 12. What was the average daily butter yield of each cow? 13. If instead of selling the butter-fat at 32fi per pound it had been made into butter and sold for 35^ per pound, what would have been gained for the month on this labor? 14. If the dairyman owning these cows had sold the milk at Si per quart, what would have been the income from the herd for the month? 15. Make out a milk record for your home herd for the month, and determine each cow's income at the end of the month. 149. Inventory of F. C. Hibbard Farm An inventory of a farm is the estimated cash value of the various prop- erties of the farm including the real estate. Inventories are a necessary feature of farm accounting. INVENTORY OF F. C. HIBBARD FARM 225 INVENTORY OF F. C. HIBBARD FARM FEBRUARY 1 Real Estate S9600. S.B. i Sec. 4 Twp. Ill Range 19 160 A. @ $60. Horses 2 Black mares 6 years old $200. Gray mare 14 " " 126. Gray gelding 16 " " 75. Brown mare 2 " " 40. t( (( 1 " " 20. 460. Cattle Grade Shorthorn 2 " " 30. White heifer 2 " " 25. Red heifer 2 " " 25. Crossy 6 " " 30. Whitey 10 " " 26. Durham 8 " " 30. Black &, white Jersey 8 " " 1 25. Dot 10 " " 30. Star 7 " " 25. Bangs 2 " " 25. Holstein 6 " " 22. Daisy 1 " " 10. Bell 1 " " 18. Bess 1 " ' 10. 2 Bed & white steers 95. Grade Shorthorn 20. 5 Calves 41. 486. Hogs 8 Hogs 92. 3 Brood BOWS @ $16. 46. 8 Hogs 66.20 203.20 Poultry 90 Chickens @ 33J 30. 30. Machinery & Implements 1 Lumber wagon 25. 1 " 6. 1 Boad wagon 45. 1 Surrey 55. 1 One horse buggy 5. 1 Fair light bobs 10. 1 Cutter 16. 1 Binder 15. 1 Mower 18. 1 Hay rake . 3. 1 Seeder 28. 1 Fanning mill 20. 1 Com sheller 5. 1 Cream separator 40. 1 Hay fork and rope 6.60 1 Grindstone .75 1 Sulky plow 35. 2 Walking plows 5. 1 Spring tooth harrow 7. 1 Wood frame borrow 3. IDisc 10. i Cultirator 2 horse 20. 1 " " " 4. 1 " 1 horse 2. 3 rorks 1.28 1 Scoop shovel .75 Small tools 2. 1 Set bam scales 8. 1 Set double harness 20. 226 FARM ACCOUNTS INVENTORY CONTINUED FEBRUARY 1 Forward 1 Set double harness $B. 1 Set doable bamess light 26. Blankets 3. $447.26 Oats 34^ per bu. 512.72 Barley 35(! per bu. 72.70 Corn 35^ per bu. 131.95 Corn fodder 17.82 Hay $6.00 per ton 274.48 House Furnishings 2 Kitchen ranges 30. 2 Tables 10. 9 Chairs 15. 4 Bocking-chairs 7. 6 Kitchen chairs 2. 1 Upholstered chair 5. 2 Upholstered chair 6. 1 Bedroom suites 15. 2 " " 20. 1 5. Carpets 30. Bedding 5o. 2 Couches •5. ( 1 Cot 1. 1 Parlor table 2. 1 Sideboard 15. 1 Wardrobe 50. 1 Desk 15. IDesk 5. 1 Clock 4. 1 Piano 150. Kitchen utensils — stove ware 5. Dishes 25. Refrigerator 15. Chum 2. 488. Clothing Men's 60. Women's 75. 135. Food and Fuel 82.40 Cash on hand 429.91 I. Find the total cash valuation of the properties on the Hib- bard Farm not including real estate and cash. 3. What per cent of the value of the real estate was the value of the personal property? > 3. What was the total investment in real estate and personal property? 4. What is the interest on the total investment at 6%? THE CASH ACCOUNT 227 150. The Cash Account The cash account on page 228 is suitable for the farm accounting. Cash should be thought of as a person and cash should be debited with all moneys paid into the cash account, just as a person receiving money is dfebtor for cash obtained. In the same way cash should be given credit for all moneys paid out of the cash account. The difference between the total of the debit column and the credit column is called the balance. In all cash accounts there is either no money in the cuxount or there is a balance in the debit column. In other words the debit column is always equal to or greater than the credit column in a cash account. In other accounts the total of, the debit and credit column may be equal or either one may be greater than the other. When the debit column of any other account but cash is the greatest the balance is written in the balance column in red ink to show a loss. It may help students of accoimting if each thinks of himself as a person called cash. 1. How much money did Mr. Hibbard have on hand February 1? 2. What was his cash balance on the evening of February 9? 3. What were the cash receipts from February 3 to February 14, inclusive? 4. What was the cash expenditures from February 3 to February 14 inclusive? 5. What was the cash balance on the evening of February 14? 6. Find the total cash receipts for February. 7. Find the total cash expenditures for February. 8. What was the cash balance on the Hibbard Farm March 1? 9. What were the average daily cash receipts for the month of February? 10. What were the average daily cash expenditures for the month of February? 11. What was the average daily balance for the month of February? 228 FARM ACCOUNTS CASH ACCOUNT No. 3 Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 1 BJtkoe Catme $429.91 " 3 Cream 1 gal. Butter 4i#@ 81 5 1.80 " 5 Farm Expenses Personal property tax 17 S6.51 " 5 family Expenses Medicine 60^ Stationer; 27{i 16 .77 " 5 Farm Expenses Binder twine 17 22.60 " 5 Food & Fuel WoodlfS.OO Kerosene 16^ 16 8.15 " 5 Oats 81bu.8#@35^ Cream 5^ qts. @ 20^ Butter 6 # @ 22^ 9 28.44 " 5 Cattle 6 1.10 " 7 Cattle 5 1.32 " 9 Food & Fuel Flour 15 12. " 9 Cattle Butter B#@22^ 6 1.10 " 11 Family Expenses Sub. to Farmers Tribune 16 1. " 11 Family Expenses Medicine 16 .10 " 11 Farm Expenses Clothes line 70^ Tie rope 25^ 17 .95 " 11 Cattle Butter 5 #@22fi 5 , 1.10 " 11 Cattle Cream 4| qts. @ 20^ 6 .95 " 12 Family Expenses Lodge dues 16 1. " 13 Poultry Oyster Shells 7 .25 " 13 Clothing Shoe repairing 14 .16 " 13 Cattle Butters # @ 25 1« Cream 3 qts. @ 20^ 5 1.85 " 16 Cattle Butter 5 #@23^ 5 1.15 " 17 Mach*y & Imp. Sleigh repairs 60|! Saw filing 60^ 8 i.io " 17 Cattle OUmeal 6 1.65 " 17 Ground Peed Grinding 19 .60 " 17 F'amily Expenses Postal cards 16 .24 " 17 Oats 95 bu. @ 35^ 9 33.25 " 18 Clothing Stockings 14 .25 " 18 Family Expenses Degree of Honor 16 2. " 18 Barley 11 bu. @ 42}^ 10 4.70 " 19 Food & Fuel Wood IB 4.60 " 20 Food & Fuel Wood 15 4.50 " 20 Family Expenses Medicine 16 .16 " 20 Cattle Cream 1 gal. 5 .80 " 21 Family Expenses Sub. to American Boy 16 1. " 21 Poultry Eggs 5 doz. @ 25^ 7 1.25 " 22 Poultry Eggs 4 doz. @ 25^ 7 1. " 22 Family Expejises Medicine 65^ Laundry 5^ 16 .60 " 22 Food & Fuel Lemons 16 .10 " 27 Family Expenses Medicine 16 2. " 27 Cattle Cream IJ qts.® 20^ 6 .26 " 28 " 29 Family Expenses Oats Bks. & Stationery 75^ Medicine M 10bu.l8#@33i^ 16 9 3.64 1. " 29 Corn 2bu. 8#@52)! 303 #@ 6.40 per T 11 1.10 " 29 Hay 12 .81 " 29 Food & Fuel Board 16 11.50 " 29 Poultry Eggs 4 Doz. @ 25^ 7 1. HORSE AND OTHER ACCOUNTS 229 151. Horse and Other Accounts HORSE ACCOUNT No. 4 Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 1 " 29 " 29 " 29 Balance Han Labor Team Labor Feeds Feb. Labor Report Team Labor Report Feb. Feed Report S460. 6.66 28.73 £1.91 HOG ACCOUNT No. 6 Feb. 1 " 29 " 29 Balance Man Labor Man Labor Report Feed Report S203.20 2.60 33.24 POULTRY ACCOUNT No. 7 Feb. 1 Balance " 13 Cash " 21 Cash " 22 Cash " 29 Cash " 29 Man Labor " 29 Food & Fnel " 29 Feed Oyster shells Eggs 5 doz. @ 25fi Eggs 4 doz. @ 25fi Eggs 4 doz. @ 25^ Feb. Labor Report Feb. Food Report Feb. Food Report 830. 3 .26 3 $1.25 3 1. 3 1.34 1. 15 5. 2.98 MACHINERY & IMPLEMENT ACCOUNT No. 8 Feb. 1 " 17 Balance Cash Sleigh repairs 60^ Baw fiUng 60^ S447.25 1.10 BARLEY ACCOUNT No. 10 Feb. 1 " 18 ■' 29 Balance Cash Ground Feed llbu.@42J^ 24.18 bu. @ 36|i 3 19 $72.70 $4.70 8.71 1. What was the expense oa the horses for the month of Febru- ary? What was the income from them? 2. What was the total loss on the horses in February? 230 FARM ACCOUNTS 3. What was the expenditures on the hogs at the' close of Feb- ruary? 4. What were the expenses on the chickens for February? 5. What was the income on the chickens for the same time? 6. What was the balance for the chickens March 1? 7. What was the total expenditure on machinery to March 1? 8. What was the balance on barley March 1? 152. Cattle Account CATTLE ACCOUNT Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 1 Balance $486. ' 3 Cash Cream 80)! 4i# butter (fl.OO 3 $1.80 • 5 Cash Cream 5^ qts. @ 20^ 3 1.10 ' 7 Cash 6 4 butter @ W^ 3 1.32 ' 9 Cash 5 i butter @ 22^ 3 1.10 • 11 Cash 5 # butter @ 22i! Cream 95^ 3 2.05 ' 12 Mercantile Co. Butter 5 # @ 22^ 18 1.10 ' 13 Cash Butter 5Jk(^25i Cream 60^ 3 1.85 ' 13 Family Esmenses Butter 11^ f@'m 16 2.53 ' 10 Cash Butter 5 #@ 23^ 3 1.15 ' 16 Mercantile Co. Batter 16J # @ 20^ 18 3.2S ' 17 Cash Oil meal 3 1.65 ' 18 Mercantile Co. Butter 10 7f @ 22^ 18 2.20 ' 20 Cash Cream 1 gal. 3 .80 ' 24 Mercantile Co. Butter 10 #@ 22^ Batter 5 # @ 22^ 18 2.20 ' 24 Mrs. Bixby 25 1.10 ' 27 Mercantile Co. ' Butter 10 #@ 22^ 18 2.20 ' 27 Gash Cream 1^ qts. @ IHt 3 .25 ' 29 Man Labor Feb. Labor 14.98 ' 29 Food & Fuel Mills, Cream, Butter used 11.79 ' 29 Feed Feb. Feed 48.62 ' 29 Feed Skim milk to calves 2.48 ' 29 Feed Skim milk to hogs 3.65 1. What was the balance on the cattle on the Hibbard Farm on February 1? 2. What was the expense of the cattle for the entire month? 3. What was the income from the cattle for the entire month? 4. What was the balance for the cattle on March 1? 5. What per cent of the cost of keeping the cattle for the month of February was the income? OATS AND HAY ACCOUNT 231 153. Oats and Hay Account OATS ACCOUNT No. 9 Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 1 Balance 5512.72 " B Cash 81 bu. 8# ® 35|! per bu. 3 $28.M " IT aOash 95 bu. 01 3S|! 3 33.25 " 2-J Cash 10bu.l8#@33i)i 3 3.54 " 'i'J Man Labor Feb. Labor Report .57 " 2 ' Team Labor Team Labor Report .34 " 29 Ground Feed 25.36 bu, @ 36|! 19 9.13 " '.'9 Feed to cattle Feb. Feed Report .65 " 211 Feed to horses Feb. Feed Report 15.01 " -.'.'J Feed to poultry Feb. Feed Report 3.69 CORN ACCOUNT No. 11 Feb. 1 Balance 8184.20 " 'JU Cash 2 bu. 8 # @ 52^ 3 $1.10 " 2n Feed to horses Feb. Feed Report 1,54 '■ 211 Peed to cattle Feb. Feed Report 11.96 " 2!l Feed to hogs Feb. Feed Report 29.59 " 21i Feed to poultry Feb. Feed Report 1.41 HAY ACCOUNT No. 12 Balance Cash Feed to cattle Feed to horses 303 # @ $6.00 per ton Feb.' Feed Report Feb. Feed Report $274.48 $.91 13.20 12.18 CLOTHING ACCOUNT No. 14 Feb. 1 Balance $135. " 12 Mercantile Co. Overalls 18 .50 " 13 Cash Shoe Repairs 3 .15 " 18 Cash Stockings 3 .25 " 19 Mercantile Co. Cloth & Ribbons 18 1.43 HOUSE FURNISHINGS ACCOUNT No. 13 Balance Mercantile Co. $488. How much had the oats cost by the close of February? 232 FARM ACCOUNTS 2. How much had been received from the oats by the close of February? 3. What was the oats balance March 1? 4. How many bushels of corn were m stock February 1? (See inventory.) 5. What was the credit due the corn for February? 6. What was the corn balance March 1? 7. What was the investment in hay February 1? 8. For how much was hay credited in February? 9. Give the balance for hay March 1? 10. What was the balance for clothing March 1? 11. What was the investment in furnishings at the close of February? 154. Food and Fuel Account FOOD AND FUEL ACCOUNT No. 15 Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 1 Balance $82.40 6 Cash Wood $8 Kerosene 15^ 3 8.15 . 5 Mercantile Co. Groceries 18 .50 ( 9 Cash Flour 3 12. ( 9 Mercantile Co. Sugar 18 1. < 12 Mercantile Co. Groceries 18 .40 ( 17 Mercantile Co. Groceries $1.90 Chimney 10|! 18 2. I 19 Cash Wood a 4.S0 20 Mercantile Co. Kerosene & Oranges 18 .54 I 22 Casli Lemons 3 .10 I 24 Mercantile Go. Crackers 18 .60 ( ■ 27 Mercantile Co. Sorghum & Sugar 18 1.60 ( 29 Gash Board $11.50 t 29 Man Labor Feb. Labor 1.21 t 29 Team Labor Feb. Team Labor .80 I 29 Man Labor Board for man 10.35 1 29 Cattle Dairy produce used 11.79 " 29 Poultry Poultry & eggs used 2.98 1. How much was given for food and fuel in February? 2. For how much were food and fuel debited for February? 3. What was the balance on food and fuel March 1? GROUND FEED AND OTHER ACCOUNTS 233 155. Ground Feed and Other Accounts GROUND FEED ACCOUNT No. 19 Date Title Explanation Post to NO., Debits Credits Balance Feb. 17 " 29 " 29 " 29 " 29 " 29 Cash Man Labor Team Labor Oats Barley Feed to cattle Grinding Feb. Labor Report Feb. Team Report 25.36 bn. @ 36i 24.18 bu.@ 36^ 3 S.60 1.09 .80 9.13 8.71 $20.33 MRS. GREASON ACCOUNT No. 20 Feb. 1 Balance Due F. C. Hibbard $1. CRESCENT CREAMERY CO. ACCOUNT No. 21 Feb. 1 Balance , Due F. C. Hibbard SB.40 SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 78 No. 22 Feb. 1 Balance Due F. C. Hibbard $.16 MRS. SHERPY ACCOUNT No. 23 Feb. 1 Balance DueF. C. Hibbard 81. MRS. DUNLAP ACCOUNT No. 24 Feb. 1 Balance Due F. C. Hibbard S.40 1. How much was expended on ground feed during the month of February? 2. For how much was ground feed credited for February? 3. How much was expended on the other accounts in February" 234 FARM ACCOUNTS FAMILY EXPENSE ACCOUNT No. 16 Date Title Explanation Post to No. Debits Credits Balance Feb. 5 Cash Medicine 50^ Stationery 27^ 3 ».77 " 11 Cash Sub. to Farmers Tribune 3 1. " 11 Caeb 4 Medicine 3 .10 " 13 Cattle Butter given away 5 2.53 " 12 Cash Lodge Dues 3 1. 1 " 17 Cash 3 .24 " 18 Cash Degree of Honor 3 2. " 20 Cash Medicine 3 .15 " 22 Cash Medicine 55)! Candy 5^ 3 .60 " 21 Cash Sub. to Amer. Boy 3 1. " 27 Cash Medicine 3 2. " 28 Cash BkB. & Stationery 75^ Medicine 27)! 3 1. FARM EXPENSE ACCOUNT No. 17 Feb. 5 " 5 " 11 Cash Cash Cash Personal property tax Binder twine Clothes line lOii Tie rope 25^ 3 SC.51 3 22.50 3 .95 MERCANTILE CO. ACCOUNT No. 18 Feb. 1 5 9 12 12 12 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 24 24 27 27 Balance Food & Fuel Pood & Fuel Food & Fuel Clothing Cattle Cattle Food & Fuel House Fgs. Cattle Food & Fuel Clothing Food &, Fuel Cattle Food & Fuel Food & Fuel Cattle Due F. C. Hibbard Grroceries Sugar Groceries Overalls Butter 5 # @ 22)! Butter 16i #@ 22^ Oioceries $1.90 Chimney 10^ •Broom Butter 10 # @ 22^ Crackers Cloth & Ribbons Kerosene & Oranges Butter 10 7^ @ 22|i Crackers Sorghum & Sugar Butter 10 # @ 22^ 51.01 15 J.50 15 1. 15 .40 14 .50 5 1.10 5 3.25 15 2. 13 .35 5 2.20 15 .25 14 1.43 15 .54 6 2.20 15 .60 16 2.20 1.50 4. How much cash did the family spend during the month of February ? 5. What were the farm expenses for the month of February? 6. Balance Mr. Hibbard's account with the mercantile company March 1. Optional Problem 7. What per cent of the farm property was real estate? MEANING OF WORDS PECULIAR TO RURAL ARITHMETIC Apple blotch. A fungous disease which attacks the skins of apples. Basic slag. A compound of phosphorus and other materials resulting from the smelting of iron. Beet pulp. Solid matter of sugar beets after the sugar is taken out. Bordeaux mixture. A mixture of lime and copper sulphate for destroy- ing the fungous diseases of plants. Bran. The seed coat of the wheat grain which has been separated from the rest of the grain. Broadcasting. Scattering seed over the ground, originally with the hand. Casein. The protein in milk. Calorie. Unit for measuring heat. Caustic lime. Unslaked lime. Codlin moth. A small moth, the larva of which is a small worm that attacks apples. Concrete i: 2§: 5 mixture. A mixture of 1 part of cement, 2^ parts of sand, and 5 parts of stone or gravel. Concrete 1:2:4 mixture. A mixture of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand, and 4 parts of stone or gravel. Com stover. Corn fodder with the ears of corn removed. Curculio. An insect which attacks plums and peaches. Depreciation. A lessening in value, due to use or deterioration. Double disked. Cultivated twice with a disk harrow. Dredge. A machine used in digging ditches. Drilled. Seed planted in the ground by means of a drill. Dwarf fruit. A small variety of fruit trees caused by pruning roots and tops or by the selection of small varieties. Experiment Station. A farm where experiments in agriculture are car- ried on. F.O.B. Free on board cars at the station named. Glaciated. Land formed by glacial action. Gluten meal. A by-product of corn or wheat rich in protein. 236 MEANING OF WORDS Gluten feed. A by-product of corn or wheat, which is not so concen- trated as gluten meal. Hominy feed. A by-product resulting from the manufacture of hominy. Kafir com. A dry-climate corn, the grain of which is grown on the tassel. It is of the same family as sorghum. E^ainite. A mineral rich in potassium. It is extensively used as a fer- tilizer. Lactation period. The length of time a cow produces milk. Legume. A member of the family of plants that support the bacteria which take nitrogen from the air and change it to available plant food. The bean is a common member of this family. Lime sulphur. A spray mater^l composed of lime and sulphur and used in destroying fungous diseases and scale insects. Linseed meal. Flax seed from which the oil has been removed. Listed. The operation of planting corn with a lister instead of a planter. A common method of planting corn in arid regions. Loam. A soil rich in organic matter and sand. Lower lUinoisan. An area of southern Illinois, which was formed by a glaciation period called the Lower lUinoisan Glaciation. Malt sprouts. Sprouts from grain sprouted in the process of producing malt liquors, particularly beer. Middlings. Coarse flour which cannot be made fine enough for table use. It usually contains some bran. Modeling-clay. Clay used in schools for modeling various figures. Nutrients. Portions of feeds which support the animal body. Oil-cake. Linseed meal in the form of cakes or large flakes. Rag-doll tester. Seed tester consisting of a piece of cloth marked in squares on which seeds are placed for germination. Rotation. The following of one crop with another one of a different kind. Roughage. A bulky feed such as hay, silage, or fodder. Scab. A fungous disease which attacks fruit. Scratch feed. Feed of small dimensions given to chickens to cause them to scratch. Silt. Soil of very fine particles usually deposited by water. Surface soil. The 7 inches of top soil rich in plant food. Unglaciated. Soil which has never been covered by glaciers. Water-slaked lime. Lime which has been slaked by means of water. ANSWERS Note: The page references in connection with Section numbers indicate the pages of A Rural Arithmetic on which the section itself begins. Occasionally the problems will begin on the following page. Section 4, page 4 I. 121,219 lb. 2. 63,400 lb. 3- $17.26 4. 215,835,800 A.; 5. 2,430,270,000 bu. 6. 64; 797,000 A. 5,537,863,000 bu. 7. 219,051,000 8. 9,244,000 9. 1336 lb. 10. 2319 lb. ii. $2253 ij. [1] 30,556 [2] 30,894 ['] 39,148 [*] 24,079 [6] 36,939 [«] 45,233 ['] 45,695 [«] 41,705 Section 5, page 8 I. 4299 3. 6045 3. 4786 4- 5340 s- 4109 6. 4967 7. 5615 8. 5086 9. 5203 10. 4688 II. 4977 12. 4517 13. 4224 14. 5120 15. 4217 16. 4941 17. 4128 18. 5129 19. 5479 20. 4801 21. 5447 22. 4533 23. 4471 24. 3807 Section 6, page 9 1. [1] 242 [^] 339 ['] 97 [*] 1083 [^] 5158 [«] 2229 ['] 172 [8] 6537 ['] 1228 n 3529 2. 6521 3. [1] 338 [2] 345 ['] 345 . [*] 315 [^] 296 [«] 347 ['] 325 ['] 365 4. ['] 68,138 [2] 18,035 ffl 5107 [*] 71,349 [5] 141 [«] 239 ['] 1889 [^1 60,181 Section 7, page 10 I. [1] 24,685,390 [^] 27,403,168 ['] 89,174,059 [*] 26,673,751 [=] 52,084,319 [^] 34,276,915 ['] 60,380,584 [»] 27,180,297 ['] 94,085,361 ["] 12,465,937 ["] 51,386,394 ['='] 42,070,968 ["] 14,039,751 ["] 75,096,431 [^^] 67,082,214 ["] 85,915,923 ["J 76,886,034 [i«] 39,210,475 ["] 34,588,012 [^O] 72,069,314 [21] 97,816,325 [^^] 96,074,105 [^^] 66,793,382 p*] 14,892,635 238 ANSWERS Section 8, page ii 3. $992.00 4- 168,0001b. S- $23.52 6. $80.60 7. $10.30 8. $16.34; $147.06 12. $12.00 13. $54.00 14. $106.00 15. $668.80 16. 2,340,000 lb. 17. 40,480 lb. 18. ['] 8,644,428 [^J 42,539,745 [»] 17,435,768 [*] 11,913,036 [5] 44,721,972 [«] 3,592,545,282 ['] 20,743,680 [«] 15,056,104 [9] 8,805,176 [i"] 9,878,806 ["] 156,614,094 ["] 55,445,670 Section 9, page 14 1. 231,252 2. 322,431 3. 380,234 4. 134,373 s- 483,340 6. 206,271 7- 4,790,020 8. 477,624 9. 1,778,192 10. 368,714 II. 310,460 12. 397,985 13. 588,596 14. 90,668 is- 574,955 16. 295,301 17. 4,840,872 18. 274,855 19. 3,054,120 20. 287,777 21. 278,616 22. 727,059 23. 487,422 24. 132,475 23. 94,335 26. 239,134 27. 262,581 28. 487,815 29. 243,616 30. 877,404 31. 157,916 32. 4,859,520 33- 372,824 34- 1,772,541 3S- 185,661 Section 10, page 15 L. 2114.38 lb.; 2. 123 lb. 3. 18 da. 30.21 bu. 4- 1128 lb. S- 47.41 lb. 6. [1] 341 [2] 456 [^] 5621 [*] 671 [*] 142 [«] 1376.85 ['] 24 [8] 121 [9] 124 [lO] 347 ["] 842 ^ 436 7. 5115.151b. Section 11, page 16 3. 2 doz.; 40.5(< 4- 1200 lb. s- 3240 qt. 6. 437.09 bu.; $271.00 Section 12, page 17 I. 291 2. 904 3- 290 4. 941 5. 806 6. 421 7. 420 8. 861 9. 451 10. 703 11. 730 12. 450 13. 681 14. 680 IS- 1031.48 16. 571 17. 851 18. 906 19. 850 20. 961 21. 741 22. 740 23. 302 24. 321 Section 13, page 17 1. 300 lb.; 300 lb.; 900 lb. 2. 3 da.; 30 lb. grain; 30 lb. hay; 90 lb. silage 3. 200 lb. bran; 400 lb. mids.; 400 lb. corn meal; 600 lb. ground oats; 500 lb. beef scrap; 10 lb. salt. ANSWERS 239 4. $900 6. 57,477 lb. 7- 6762 gal. 8. $2704.80 9. [^] $270.02 [2] $320.85 [=] $299.34 [^J $143.15 [^] $363.25 ["] $259.76 C] $212.19 [»] $348.56 ['] $208.66 [^"I $279.01 10. $932.60 II. $594.97 12. $337.63 13. $33.76 14. 3271.56 lb. IS. 34.8^ 16. 28.54f5 17. 5702.8 lb. Jerseys; 5792.6 lb. Guernseys 18. 4.75 lb. Jerseys; 4.54 lb. Guernseys 19. $92.40 Jerseys; $94.12 Guernseys 20. 1666.84 lb. Jerseys; 1604.72 lb. Guernseys 21. Jerseys $666.74; $133.35; Guernseys $641.89; $128.38 22. $277.63 23. 31 bu.; 8 bu. 24. 10.4 bu.; 2.7 bu. 25. 327.5 bu. 26. $2173.80; $1953.20 27. 61 bu.; 49.11 bu.; 11.89 bu. 28. 38.77 bu. 29. 31.33 bu.; 28.7 bu. Section 14, page 22 1. 5280 ft. 2. 1760 yd. 3- 321 posts 4. 4 rd. 5. $147.20 6. 149 rd., 15.84 ft. 7. 635 rd., 25 ft. 8. $491.38 9. $94.20 Section 15, page 23 2. 816 grains 4. 4 rd.; 8 rd. s- 80 rd. 6. 2 rd. 7. 5 A. 8. 84 A. Section 16, page 25 3. 150 cu. ft. 4- 1122.07 gal. 5. 385.69 bu. 6. 60.26 bu. .7- 64 cu. yd. 8. 9112.5 ft. Section 17, page 26 I. $22.00 2. $7.50 3- $45 4. 33 lb., 13 oz. 5. $7.44 6. 40 T. 7- 2.4^ 8. 4.6^ Section 18, page 27 I. $9.66f 2. 26.5 gal. 3. 26?S 4. 598.44 gal. Section 19, page 28 I. 33J crates; 25 bu. *" ^. 12^)!i 3- $2000 4. Sfii 5. 8640 qt.; 270 bu.; 13.5)/i; $4.33 , 6. 40.64 bu. 7- 52.58 8. 714.28 bu. Section 20, page 29 I. 50 gr. 2. $15.00 3- $72.00 4- $1.14 s- 2(4 6. $360.00 7. $216.00 240 ANSWERS 2. $3.62 I. 6. II. i6. Section 21, page 29 3. 13 sheets 4. '50^ 5. $72 6. $13.20 Section 24, page 32 2.1} lb. 3. 236H 4.1m in. S- ^ U) ['] iH; ^Ml (^1 Iff [S] 1 [6] ft Section 25, page 34 9. 547j'i sq. ft. 10. 369411 sq. rd. 11. 28i ft. 12. $5.25 Section 27, page 36. 7. $1525.43 II. $7.75 8. $1422 12. 15f in. 9' 13. 8 strips 80 boards 618.672 3699.615 8679.3781 2.2206 7.6041 8711.82 3577.672 $295.20 2. 7- 12. I7. 7- 12. 17 99.67 3853.383 1052.119 495.95 lb, Section 29, page 39 3. 375.364 4. 8. 13. 515.765 1275.196 9- 14. 5210.51 1437.07 412.594 6.7872 276.72 4534.5932 $77.62 ■ Section 30, page 40 3. 395.6 8. 1621.2 13. $96 18. $2637.13 4. 15.3 eggs X. 10; .1; 1000; .001 2. 5.8525 S. 362 6. 3640 9. 142.1 ID. 36.24 13. 4263.1 14. 423.1 17. 3412 18. 3412 21. 211.87 bu. 22. 9.7f! Section 31, page 41 S- .74^ Section 32, page 42 3. .5 7. 122,400 II. 5621 IS. 34.21 19. $2018.925 23. $85.36 Section 33, page 43 12. A; 10% 13. $9.00 14. 10% 16. A; 90%; $1.80; $16.20 17. $100; ^; 50% 44^ S. 108.171 10. 4174.4393 IS. 6715.7904 14,874.8 4.3704 $861 S. 1379.84 10. 5898.2 15. $3489.36 6. .93i; 6.5^ 4. 89.23 8. 36.21 12. 261 16. 426.1 20. 150 pieces 24. 81.4ji IS- 18, $2.50 $100.00 ANSWERS 241 4. $12 I. 7- II. 14. 18. Leib.;!*! 289.08 lb. $714 ITT 10% m.% 2i% 1.197% Section 34, page 46 S. 6% 6. $200 Section 35, page 47 2. 1.2 lb.; 1.44 lb.; 1.51b. 4. $18.61 s- $30 6. 26,790 lb. 8. 221.03 1b. 9. .61b.; 35^ Section 36, page 48 S. 40% 8. m% 12. 20% IS. 62.5% ig. $1513.90; 7.i 9. 24bu.;34bu.; 331%; 14i| 16. 1.317% Section 37, page 51 $12,000; $80.00 4- $24,800 5. $16,800 $3100 8. 25% 9. $165 6800 bu. 12. 962.8 lb. 13. 27,746.4 6. 50%; 400 lb.; i 10. 5%; 7h% 13. 42fi 17. .777% 20. iQi 6. $6.50; $108.33 10. 8%; 3.6% Section 38, page 52 6.25% 4- 127.27% s- 20% 6. 63.63% 82.85% 9. 72% 10. 71i% 11. 71% 22% 14. $276 IS. $88 16. 16 shares Section 39, page 54 $160 2. $30; $30; 3- $565.51 4. $25.98 $75.00 $24; $6 7- 5.3% $163.50 II. $196.96 12. $850 8. $1151.04 13. $576 12. $1.20 17. $81.23 S. $25.60 9. $1303.20 Section 40, page 57 Corn 29.5fS; Wheat 54.8; Oats 32.5?S 2. Clover $4.18; Alfalfa $3.10 17j* 4- 12.58i!i; $2.59 s- $4.75 6. $41.28 35.6(4 8. $3044.40 9. $1392.22 Section 41, page 58 10.5 bu. wheat; 9.175 bu. barley; 31.375 bu. oats; 26.075 bu. emmer; 14.6 bu. wheat 16.275 bu. wheat; 16.525 bu. barley; 39.875 bu. oats; 37.5 bu. emmer; 14.25 bu. wheat 242 ANSWERS 3. 8.5 bu. 4. 240 bu. s- 12 bu.; 1.5 bu.; 5.6 bu. 6. 6.266 bu. 7. 752 bu. 8. $270.72 9. 324 bu.; $116.64 10. 288 bu. Section 42, page 60 I. 50(5 favoring oat stubble 2. 17.55 bu. favoring oat stubble 3. 4.461 bu. favoring wheat stubble; 8.12 bu. favoring oat stubble 4. $3.61 (3 in. deep); $4.19 (7 in. deep) 5. 14j!i 6. l^ji 7- $18.57; $17.38 Section 43, page 62 I. $11.12; $12.02 2. $11.57 3- 29.4(< 4. $7404.80 s- $4975.36 6. $4103.68 7- $6722.66 8. 30.4f! 9. 34.4ji 10. 22.7)i5 Section 44, page 64 I. $12.01; $12.31; $12.16 2. 96j!i I. 33?; ; 32^ 6. $22,412.80 4- 7- 10. 13. Section 45, page 65 i. 56^ 3- $2.95 7. $30,864 4. 58ii 5. 58)!! Section 46, page 66 Clover $8,538; alfalfa $11.33; wild hay $6,722 Wild hay $2,797; clover $3,256; alfalfa $5,134 Clover 61.8%; wild hay 58.3%; alfalfa 54.6% Wild hay $5.38; clover $2.90; alfalfa $3.40 Alfalfa $34.48 $46.02 Section 47, page 67 4. 15.027 bu.; 2.22 tons 5. $51 244.2 lb. nitrogen z, 1653 lb. nitrogen 5 2.6 lb. nitrogen 8, 19 lb. loss, nitrogen n. 407.52 lb. nitrogen Section 48, page 69 . 1848 lb. nitrogen 135 lb. nitrogen 32.67 lb. nitrogen 16.90 lb. gain, nitrogen Section 49, page 71 6. 35.29%; 64.71 3. 90 lb. nitrogen 6. 80 lb. nitrogen 9. 5200 lb. nitrogen 12. 23.22 lb. gain X. 37.28 bu. 2. 112.66% 3- 372.8 lb. nitrogen 4. 474.85 lb. nitrogen 5. Corn 76.29; oats 43.65; clover 93.47 6. 9.32 T. ANSWERS 243 Section 50, page 73 i. 6.8 lb. phosphorus 2. 9.2 lb. phosphorus 3. 7.2 lb. phosphorus 4. 40 lb. phosphorus S- 92 lb. steamed bone meal 6. 250.88 lb. rock phosphate 7. 8.04 tons manure 8. 265 lb. N. lost; 340 lb. P. gained 9. 120.25 gain, P. 10. Raw rock $13.13; acid phosphate $26.25 11. 3(i per lb. 12. 407 lb. potassium 13. 7.6 lb. potassium 14. 192.24 lb. potassium chloride 15. 253.41 lb. potassium chloride 16. 1.71)4 17. 4.26(4 corn; 6.96(4 wheat; 4.08fi oats Section 51, page 75 1. Caustic lime from stone 32 bu. corn; 10.67 bu. wheat; .77 tons clover Caustic lime from shells 32.25 bu. corn; 11.34 bu. wheat; .71 tons clover 2. 37 bu. corn; 14 bu. wheat; .9925 tons clover 3. 7.5 bu. for burned stone; 7.75 bu. for burned shells 4. 3i bu. for burned stone; 3| bu. for burned shells 5. 7.5 bu. corn; no wheat; .1225 tons hay 6. 1120 lb. quick lime; 1480 lb. water-slaked lime 7. $2.68 quick lime; $2.03 water-slaked lime 8. $1.79 quick lime; $1.35 water-slaked lime Section 52, page 77 I. 2.08 lb. nitrogen z. .5 lb. nitrogen 3. 41.7(4 4. 28.85 lb. nitrogen 5. 21.54 lb. pitrogen 6. 4.23 lb. phosphorus 7. 4.37 lb. phosphorus; 1.453 potassium 8. 2.59 tons clover 9. 182 lb. N.; 30.07 lb. P.; 146.3 lb. K. 10. 18.2 tons 11. 36.4 lb. phosphorus 12. 7 lb. kainite Section 53, page 79 I. 1580 lb. nitrogen 2. 270 lb. phosphorus 3 1200 lb. potassium 4. 13.17 lb. N.; 2.25 lb. phosphorus; 10 lb. potassium 5. 13.12 tons 6. Horses Cows Pigs Sheep Hens N. N. N. N. N. .66 .59 .49 .79 1.0 P. P. P. P. P. .11 .072 .15 .15 .35 K. K. K. K. K. .5 .41 .38 .74 .33 244 ANSWERS 7. 3078 lb. nitrogen; 378 lb. phosphorus; 2160 lb. potassium 8. 1580 lb. nitrogen; 270 lb. phosphorus; 1200 lb. potassium 9. 22.779 tons horse manure 10. 4.373 tons horse manure 11. 6^ in kainite; 12fi in wood ashes; 4.82{i in potassium chloride; 5.64|^ in potassium sulphate 12. 83% potassium 13. 5.88)i per lb. 14. 2.55% potassium 15. 5.24% phosphorus 16. 33.615 phosphoric acid Section 54, page 81 1. 313 lb. nitrogen 2. 16.019ji per lb. 3. 124 lb. phosphorus 4. 10.18fi per lb. S. 12.89^ per lb. for phosphorus 6. 19.58% increase 7. 37.38?S 8. Sodium nitrate $80.50 per ton; Ammonium nitrate $466.67; Potassium chloride $182 Section 55, page 82 1. 128 lb. nitrogen; 115.2 lb. nitrogen; 140.8 lb. nitrogen 2. 150 lb. nitrogen 3. 89 lb. phosphorus 4. 13064.5 lb. N.; 2049.75 lb. P.; 8901.75 lb. K. 5. 137.2 lb. nitrogen; 00 lb. P.; 103.6 lb. K. 6. $48.50 7- $62.00 8. 9.22 lb. of nitrogen 9. 7 lb. N.; 4| bu. corn , 10. 6.09 bu. corn 11. $430,899,200 12. $11,992,800 for P.; $89,420,000 K. 13. $83,449,520 for plant food, 14. $58,414,664 lost 15. 9,696,894,480 lb. N.; 1,343,761,388 lb. P.; 6,661,809,000 lb. K. 16. 6,464,596,320 bu. corn 17. 4,525,217,424 bu corn 18. $1,924,906,408.44 Section 56, page 85 1. 6300 lb. N. left 2. 1318 lb. P. left 3. 490 lb. more P. in black clay loam 4. 240 lb. more P. in yellow silt loam 5. 32.2 lb. N. needed 6. 3,920 lb. rock phosphate needed Section 57, page 87 I. 3,125,713,000 lb. nitrogen 2. 166,906,320 lb. 3. Corn 27.42 bu.; wheat 14.13 bu.; oats 31.93 bu. 4. 21.71 lb. potassium 5. Corn $13.71; wheat $12.72; oats $11.18 ANSWERS 245 Section 58, page 88 1. $217.14 2. $46.25 Sodium nitrate; $9.15 Acid phosphate; $38.24 muriate of potash 3. $352.90 4. $10.58 s- $25.34 6. $840 Section 59, page 89 X. 40 lb. N.; 160 lb. phosphoric acid; 120 lb. potash 2. $18.80 per ton 3. 80 lb. nitrogen; 160 lb. phosphoric acid; 140 lb. potash 4. $7.40 5. 559.36 rock phosphate; 1162 kainite; 278.64 sand 6. 195.29 lb. potassium sulphate; sand 959.73 lb.; 489.44 steamed bone meal; 355.54 sodium nitrate 7. $22 8. $2.26 Section 60, page 91 I. $17.27 2. 1096.35 bu. corn 3- $383.69 4- $23.21 s. $14.30 6. 51jli 7- $15.25 8. $39.60 9. $429 10. $544.50 Section 61, page 92 I. 185,309 lb. mOk 2. 5977.7 lb. mUk 3. [1] 246.734 lb.; ['] 273.523 lb.; [«] 378.231 lb. 4. 773.385 lb. butter-fat S- $2963 7. $1969 8. $994 9. $1922.23 II. $35.92 12. $2146.41 13. $4115.41 IS. 5.105j^ per quart 16. 1.62f! per quart loss 17. $736 for 6 best; $386 for 6 poorest 18. Jerseys 6013.63 lb. milk; Guernseys 5920.83 lb. milk 19. Jerseys $98; Guernseys $91.75 20. Jerseys 4.67%; Guernseys 4.6% 21. $283.27 22. $6800.38 23. $4250.21 24. 10.5 months 25. 4 yr. 4.93%; 5 yr. 4.58%; 6 yr. 4.76% 26. 4 yr. $99.33; 5 yr. $99.20; 6 yr. $90.60 27. 1095.84 lb. butter 28. $382.75 Section 62, page 95 I. 12462.3 lb. difference -^. 1384.7 lb. 3. $186.93 4- $20.77 S- 6.63 lb. daily 6. Group 1. $226.33; Group 2. $203.36 7. $150.46 gain for Group 1 8. Group 1. .0326; Group 2. .0307 9. Group 1. 3.26%; Group 2. 3.07% 10. Group 1. 57M; Group 2. 75.7jii 11. Group 1. 5.02ji; Group 2. 6.6^ 6. $63.52 10. $188.26 14. $4339.47 246 ANSWERS Section 63, page 97 P C F 1. Group 1. 7.12; 40.71; 3 2. Group 2. 6.99; 59.12; 3.03 3. 40.71 lb. carbohydrates 4. Group 1. 1:6.66; Group 2. 1: 11 Section 64, page 98 I. 1:7.79 2. 1:7.37 3. 1:6.19 4- 1:6.54 5. 1:6.48 6. 1:5.88 Section 65, page 100 1. 6.61 lb. corn meal 2. 9.16 lb. corn and cob meal 3. 2.327 lb. corn meal 4. Excess .01 lb. protein 5. 2.39 lb. . 6. 9.42 lb. 7. 7.14 lb. 8. 3.874 lb. 9. 9.21 lb. 10. 62.64 tons silage; 11. 16.11 lb. 9.18 tons cotton se«d meal 14. 83,925 lb. milk; 2,542.5 lb. fat Section 66, page 104 1. Ration 1, 5.023%; 2. Ration 1, 7.56 lb.; Ration 2, 4.973 % Ration 2, 6.51 lb. 3. 14% increase in milk; 16.13% increase in fat 1. 7.95% increase 2. Ration 1, 100%; Ration 2, 111.43% Section 67, page 104 3. Ration 1, 4.29%; Ration 2, 5.17% 12. 13- 17- Section 68, page 104 Lot 1, $441.18; 2. $240.71 3- $284.28 4. $752.37 5. $26.91 Lot 2, $444.68 6. $249.89 7. $295.31 8. $863.04 9. $123.05 Lot 1, $311.19; II. Lot 1, $2.24; Lot 2, $418.36 Lot 2, $10.25 Lot 2 gained 724.96 lb. more than lot 1; 264.83 lb. per steer $1550.83 14. $1612.71 is- $909.19 16. $2521.90 $2426.52 18. $95.38 19. $2.81 I. 6942 lb. S. $34.70 Section 69, page 106 2. $100.70 3. $43.70 6. $11,181.30 7- $191.19 4. 404 lb. 8. 109,980 ANSWERS 247 Section 70, page 107 X. 1.07 lb. daUy gain ;s. $6.85 3.4.57(4 4- .758 lb. S. $6.50 6. 6.12j!; 7- .403 lb. 8. $3.54 9. 6.26^ 10. Lot 1, $45.70; Lot 2, $61.20; 11. Lot 1 ration Lot 3, $62.60 12. $227.57 13. $440.36 Section 71, page 109 I. Lot 1, $21.46; Lot 2, $19.87; 2. 1056.16 lb, 3- $36.50 Lots, $22.21; Lot 4, $24.66; 4. 1101.86 IbT s- $60.60 Lot 5, $17.54 6. $2.64 7- 1097.42 lb. 8. $27.62 9. $7.75 10. $34.49 11. 1088.8 lb 12. $11.38 13. $5.91 14. $34.93 IS. 200.08 lb. 16. $3.95 17. $34.35 18. 1096.181b. 19. $13.88 20. Lot 1, $2.64; Lot 2, $7.75; Lot 3, $5.91; Lot 4, $3.95; Lot 5, $13.88 21. Dry matter, 30.117 lb.; protein, 6.21 lb.; carbohydrates, 10.243 lb.; fat, 1.1651b. 22.1:2.071 23. 322.79 lb. protein 24. 351.12 lb. protein 25. 7.216 lb. carbohydrates 26. 15.826 lb. dry matter 27. 7.53 lb. 28. 21.66 lb. Section 72, page in I. 1245.11 lb. 2. $317.50 3- 12,570.83 qt. 4. $1257.08 S. 10.35 lb. salt 6. Creamery butter 35.29jii; Country butter 31.25ii 7. 1121.13 lb. 8. 33.63 lb. g. 1133.2 lb. butter; $1017.19 10. $1271.48 11. 35.97fi per pint 12. $1.12 13. $692.63 14. $279.57 15. 4274.78 pints 16. 16^ per pt. 17. $391.74 18. 4.02% 19. 1045.5 lb. Section 73, page 113 I. Ration 1, 26.9(i; Ration 2, 29.38^; Ration 3, 30.35)4; Ration 4, 32.48fS .t. $2371.04 Section 74, page 114 I. Period [1] 16.76 lb.; Period [^ 17.97 lb.; Period ['] 17.10 lb. ii. Cow No. 2; $44.07 3. 7,455.9 lb. milk 4. 16.19 lb. daily 5. 16.19 lb. daily 6. .769 lb. fat; 8,168 fat 7- 39.84 lb. butter 8. .902 butter from stover; .961 lb. butter from huUs. 9. Protein 2.563 lb.; carbohydrates 6.728 !b.; fats .893 lb. 10. 1:3.409 II. 60.95 lb. butter 248 ANSWERS Section 75, page 116 1. Cow No. 36, 35.5 lb.; Cow No. 28, 11.95 lb. 2. Cow No. 36, 1.36 lb.; Cow No. 28, .54 lb. 3. Cow No. 36, $123.68; Cow 28, $43.09 4. $2.53 S- Lady 341.17 lb.; Kate 50.68 lb. fat. 6. 11.3ji, Lady; 61?!, Kate 7. Lady $79.57 profit; Kate $13.73 loss; Lady $2.06 profit; Kate $.44 loss 8. $137.31 9. $3089.50 10. 44,925 lb. milk; 1267 lb. fat 11. $3432.75 Section 76, page 117 1. [1] 769 lb. p] 642 lb. I^] 723 lb. [*] 800 lb. ['] 713 lb. 2. [1] .7879 lb. [2] .6577 lb. l^] .7407 lb. [*] .8196 lb. l^] .7305 lb. 3. Lot 1, $49.78; Lot 2, $39.04; Lot 3, $39.84; Lot 4, $38.94; Lot 5, $40.15 4. Lot 1, 1177.34 lb.; Lot 2, 1058.15 lb.; Lot 3, 1138.58 lb.; Lot 4, 1212.22 lb.; Lot 5, 1127.92 lb. 5. Lot 1, $3.31; Lot 2, $2.97; Lot 3, $3.20; Lot 4, $3.41; Lot 5, $3.17 6. Lot 1, $53.09; Lot 2, $42.01; Lot 3, $43.04; Lot 4, $42.35; Lot 5, $43.32 Section 77, page 119 1. Lot 88. 1.375 lb.; 2. 89.4 days 3- 303.91 lb. com 4. $4.28 Lot 89. 1.026 lb. s- 52.33% 6. $5.56 10. 71.69% 7. 3.534 lb. corn 8. $6.36 9. $8.15 11. $6.08 12. $15.39 13. Ration fed lot 88 14. Lot 88, $428; Lot 89, $636; Lot 90, $608 Section 78, page 120 1. Lot 72, 1.619 lb.; Lot 73, 1.69 lb.; Lot 86, 1.15 lb.; Lot 87, 1.428 lb. 1 2. $2.99 3- $2.80 4. Lot 73, 10.02%; Lot 86, 9.99%; Lot 87, 10% 5. Lot 72, 100%; Lot 73, 89.98%; Lot 87, 45% 6. 45% 7. $3.14 8. $3.08 Section 79, page 121 1. Ala. 9.56 lb.; Colo. 10.37 lb.; 111. 11.2 lb.; Kan. 11.69 lb.; Ky. 9.54 lb. Mo. 11.62 lb.; Nebr. 10.57 lb.; W.Va. 9.68 lb. 2. 72.59f! per bu. 3- 5.13^ 4- $2.52 S. 4,968.75 bu. 6. 750 lb.; 1000 lb. ANSWERS 249 Section 80, page 122 1. Lot 68, 1.676 Ib.j Lot 69, 1.162 lb.; Lot 70, 1.888 lb.; Lot 71, 1.397 lb. 2. Lot 66, $2.53; Lot 68, $1.30; Lot 69, $.95; Lot 70, $1.42; Lot 71, $1.01 3. Lot 68, llfS; Lot 69, 24f!; Lot 70, 18(4; Lot 71, 38ji 4. Lot 66, $4.49; Lot 68, $2.47; Lot 69, $3; Lot 70, $2.49; Lot 71, $2.92 5. $194.22 6. 11.91 bu. Section 81, page 123 I. Lot 3, 3.946 lb.; ^. Lot 3, 76.9 lb.; 3. Lot 3, .64 lb. Lot 1, 3.712 lb. Lot 1, 58.6 lb. Lot 1, .49 lb. 4. Lot 3, shorts 205.52 lb.; hominy 411.04 lb.; shorts 252.52 lb.; corn meal 505.03 lb. 5. Lot 3, $7.71; 6. Lot 3, $9.25; 7- Lot 19, 5.445 lb.; Lot 1, $8.48 Lot 1, $9.25 Lot 20, 5.855 lb. 8. Lot 19, tankage 51.95 lb.; hominy 1,039. 05 lb. Lot 20, tankage 55.76 lb.; corn meal 1,115.24 lb. 9. Lot 19, 1.11 lb.; 10. Lot 19, 4.91 lb.; 11. Lot 19, $6.37; Lot 20, 1.385 lb. Lot 20, 4.23 lb. Lot 20, $4.72 Section $2, page 125 1. Lot 1, 111.33 lb.; Lot 2, 89.1 lb.; Lot 3, 55.166 lb.; Lot 4, 88.6 lb.; Lot 5, 98.66 lb. 2. Lot 1, 1.795 lb.; Lot 2, 1.437 lb.; Lot 3, .889 lb.; Lot 4, 1.429 lb.; Lot 5, 1.591 lb. 3- Lot 3, $5.36; Lot 5, $4.05 4. Lot 3, 10.45 lb. S- Lot 5, 14.44 lb. 6. Dry matter 793.25 lb.; protein 69.209 lb.; carbohydrates 592.716 lb.; fat 38.1539 lb. 7- 1:9.8 Section 83, page 126 1. Nutritive ratios, 3.98; 4.96; 6; 6.918; 7.5 2. Nutritive ratios, 3.98; 4.98; 5.5; 5.944; 6.325 Section 84, page 127 1. 1.9 lb.; 26 lb.; 2.8 lb.; 2.7 lb.; 3.1 lb.; 3 lb.; 4 lb.; 5.2 lb.; 5.3 lb.; 5.4 lb. 2. 159.6 lb.; 218.4 lb.; 235.2 lb.; 226.8 lb.; 260.4 lb.; 252 lb.; 336 lb.; 436.8 lb. 445.2 lb.; 453.6 lb. 3. 6.49% 4. 3144.5 lb. Section 8s, page 128 I. 62.99% 2. 63ji 3. .45 lb. 4. 10.408 lb. s- $2.29 250 ANSWERS Section 86, page 128 1. Lot 1, $75.48; Lot 2, $75.68; Lot 3, $76.16; Lot 4, $76.36 2. Lot 1, $22.93; Lot 2, $28.51; Lot 3, $28.52; Lot 4, $31.24 3. Lot 1, 356 lb.; Lot 2, 529 lb.; Lot 3, 589 lb.; Lot 4, 617 lb. 4. Lot 1, .2046 lb.; Lot 2, .294 lb.; Lot 3, .327 lb.; Lot 4, .3428 lb. 5. Lot 1, 1.043 lb.; Lot 2, 1.0558 lb.; Lot 3, 1.188 lb.; Lot 4, 1.0558 lb. 6. Lot 1, $6.44; Lot 2, $5.39; Lot 3, $4.84; Lot 4, $5.06 7. Lot 1, $75.50; Lot 2, $90.31; Lot 3, $94.85; Lot 4, $98.31 8. Lot 1, $22.91; Lot 2, $13.88; Lot 3, $9.83; Lot 4, $9.29 9. Lot 1, $1.56; Lot 2, $.85; Lot 3, $.58; Lot 4, $.53 10. Dry matter 2,999.12 lb.; protein 193.01 lb.; carbohydrates 1890.28; fats 102.201 lb.. 11. 1:10.985 ** Section 87, page 130 I. 6.722 lb.; 6.295 lb. 2.140.981b. 3.89.871b. Section 88, page 132 I. $192.27 -^. 7.9(* 3. 8.9(i 4- $2.32 5. $2.58 6. 1.133 lb. 7. 1.196 lb. 8. Corn 11.33 lb.; oats 11.33 lb.; oil meal 1.37 lb.; bran .935 lb.; timothy hay 23.92 lb. 9. $175.03 10. 7.2fS 11. $132.10 12. 6.63^ 13. Lot 2. $17.24 cheaper 14. 1.0943 lb. IS. 1.185 lb. 16. 314.064 lb. 17. $3.08 Section 89, page 134 I. Lot 1, 2198 lb.; 2. Lot 1, 29.29|i; 3- Lot 1, $96.91; 4- $702.96 Lot 2, 2268.0 lb. Lot 2, 19.03(4 Lot 2, $69.46 Section 90, page 134 I. Lot 1, 214.56 bu.; Lot 2, 466.2 bu. z. 155.38 bu.; 337.63 bu. 3. 139.43% 4. $295.11 s- $1-00 7. $99.18; $141.24 Section 91, page 135 I. $14.53 2. 17.3(!S 3. 7.6f5 4. $17.43 5. 20.8j5 6. 6.97^ 7. $18.24 8. 21.7(!5 9- 11.54^ 10. $36.48 II. 19jS 12. 11.4(4 13. $31.32 14. 19.5(4 15. 12.53(4 16. $112.04 17. 29.36fS 18. 17.8(4 19. $28.90 20. $17.43 Section 92, page 137 I. 679.9 lb. 2. 8.38ji 3- 610.6 lb. 4- 8.79fS ANSWERS 251 Section 93, page 139 Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer FaU Winter 48.95 38.5 1.3 20.1 13.8(4 16.6^ .16(4 11.8?; 46.7 27.45 5.2 21.5 15.6(4 19.5(4 9.6?; 51.7 35.9 22.1 22.4(4 13.4(4 12.3?; 26.9 16.9 2.2 19.3 15.4f4 9.1(4 14.3j4 14.0?; 27.3 21.0 1.0 15.3 21.7(4 20.6(4 15.2fi 10.0?; 38.6 30.8 4.6 19.4 19.6fi 14.2J; 23.6?; 12.6?; .28fi AZi 12.3^ .58(4 Spring Summer FaU Winter Penl. 88|!i m 11.6?i 63.7(4 Pen 2. 79.5ii; 25.57?; 2.15(4 71.12?; Pen 3. 84.0(4 43fi 1.5?; 70.8?; Pen 4. 40.6ji; &.2i 7.1 58.36?; Pen 5. 35.2ji; ll.OfS 11.9(4 47.38?; Pen 6. 60.8)* 32^ 4.4(4 60^ 5. Pen 1, spring; pen 3, summer; pen 3, fall; pen 2, winter. Section 94, page 140 1. .2375 oz.; .2364 oz.; .2381 oz.; .2581 oz. 2. 1.261 oz.; 1.240 oz.; 1.205 oz.; 1.310 oz. 3. 58.7%; 56.8%; 64.6%; 55.8% Section 95, page 141 I. 12.9% ^. 16.125 lb. 3- 13.8 lb. 4. 88.5% 5. .545 lb. 6. 23.628 oz. 7- 2.3 qt. 8. 2.015 qt. 9. 20.15?; per doz. 10. 2.428 qt. 11. 15.7^ 12. 18.85^ per lb. 13. 48.4% water evaporated 14. 17.998 oz. Section 96, page 142 1. Flour 4.5 lb.; fat 9 oz.; sugar .9 oz.; salt .9 oz.; baking powder 4.5 oz. 2. 16.99?; 3. Corn meal 2.2 lb.; flour 1.1 lb.; sugar .55 oz.; fat 2.99 oz.; baking powder 2.99 oz. 4. Corn meal, 2.2 lb.; flour 1.1 lb.; .sugar .55 oz; fat 2.933 oz.; baking powder 2.933 oz. s- 17.024?; 6. Corn meal .6 lb.; flour .3 lb.; sugar .15 oz.; fat .8 oz.; baking powder 8 oz. 7. $1,245; $4.15 8. Sugar .6 lb.; 9 lemons g. 1.875 cups cocoa; 1.875 cups sugar; 7.5 cups water; 22.5 cups milk 252 ANSWERS Section 97, page 144 I. 12 lb. sugar a, U.l^ 3- $8.75 4- $1-58 s- $2.76 6. $3.03i 7. 76.8il! 8. 16.2i4 9. $4.44 10. 24 lb. sugar 11. 98.83 lb. Section 98, page 145 1. 288 lb. 2. 32 lb. 3. $3.12 4- 25jl5 S- 15fi Section 99, page 146 I. 33.5f5 2. 23?; 3. 21.7jiS 4- 23.2(4 s- 50.7%; 70.5% Section 100, page 147 I. 60.36% ^. 60.8% 3. 63.9% Section loi, page 147 3. 29.8il5 per lb. 4- 27.1fi per lb. 5. 5.426 lb. lean; 3.141 lb. fat; 1.397 lb. bone Section 102, page 148 1. Plate 87%; rib 75.6%; rump 73%; loin 71.5%; chuck 56.5%; neck 54.6%; hind shank 46%; fore shank 45.7%; round 63%; clod 42% 2. .00029^; .00042ii Section 103, page 149 I. 37i% ^. $1.20 3- 8^ 4- $1-20 5. $1.57 6. $3.30 7. 40.92% 8. $1.35 9. $11.61 10. $2.05 Section 104, page 150 I. 25% 2. 39.90 3. $1-47 4- $15.40 Section 105, page 150 I. $468 2. $56.16 3- $540 4- $310 s- $1318 7. $158.16 Section 107, page IS3 3. 14 hr., 26 min., 2 sec. 4- $46.71 s- $38.85 6. $50 7. 10381 ft. 8. 28.512 T. g. 17.5 lb. lime 10. 25.34 T. II. 7.575 bbl. 12. 12 T. 13. 461 lb. lime Section 108, page 155 I. 21 parts milk 2. ^ gal. ANSWERS 253 Section log, page 157 1. 16, 64, 256 2. 4th 3. 3d s- 9 sq. ft. 6. 25,600 sq. yd.^ Section no, page 157 1. 27^ 8\ 1", 36' 2. 216, 16, 64 Section 112, page 158 1. (2X3) (2X3^ (2X3) 2. (2X3X2X3) (2X3X2X3) 3. (5X5) (5X5) 4. [1] 10 P] 12 [«] 20 [*] 25 [5] 18 [«] 28 ['] 30 [8] 50 [9] 60 ["] 42 M 21 [12] 32 Section 114, page 159 I. 18 2. 20 3. 52 4. 1.6 s- 111 6. 44.2 7. .9 8. .21 9. 160 10. 46 II. 62 12. 132 13. 452.548 rd. 14. 93.2 ft. IS. 10 mi. 268 rd. 6 ft. 16. 16.9 ft. 17. 14.3 ft.; 17.5 ft. 18. 24.62 ft. 19. 37.7 ft. Section 115, page 162 i. 108 sq. ft. 3- 1280 sq. rd. 4. 160 sq. rd. 5. 20 A. 6. 200 sq. ft. Section 116, page 163 I. 27 sq. ft. 2. 900 sq. chains Section 117, page 163 X. One half 3. 896 sq. ft. 4- 23.13 ft. s- 1157 squares 6. $28.93 7. $52.07 Section 118, page 164 I. 50.265 sq. ft. 2. 201.06 sq. ft. 3. $26.51 Section 119, page 165 I. 94.248 sq. ft. 2. $25.64 3. 2990.81 ft. Section 120, page 165 z. 1360 cu. ft. 3. 1493J bu. 4. 538.59 gal. 5. 269.28 qt. 6. 31 cu. ft. 7. 72 bu. 254 ANSWERS 1. 63,108.46 gal. I. 8181.25 cu. ft. 3. Water 2.36 lb. Section 121, page 167 z. 547,816.5 gal. Section 122, page 167 2. 113.0976 cu. in.; 28.2774 cu in. 3. 36.52 gal. Section 123, page 169 , 1. 183 line posts; 2 end posts 2. 318 line posts; 4 end; 3 corner 3. $141.09 4- $95.40 s- $7.05 6. $278.29 Section 124, page 170 I. 637 rd., 9i ft. 2. 356 rd., 6 ft. 3. $267.20 S. P. B. $35.00; J. L. $69.38; G. H. $98.38 6. $265.50 8. $49.20 and $29.60 9. $289.20 10. $48.00 4' 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22, Section 125, page 172 1800 sq. ft. 9 ft. 168 cu. ft. 73.41 bbl. 1101.17 cu. ft. 3672 board ft. 756 board ft. 900 shingles 1632 sq. ft. $228.48 1080 cu. ft. II. 550.585 cu. ft. sand 14. 17- 20. 23. 833J board ft. 1725 board ft. 1080 board ft. 30,456 shingles 3- 6. 9- 12. IS- 18. 21. 24. I. $60.91 Section 126, page 175 2. $138.14 3. $54.40 4. $311.75 7. $263.98 II. $540.10 14,688 cu. ft. $10 1101.17 cu. ft. $403.20 51 joists 1392 board ft. 3348 sq. ft. 907.2 ft. 4. $253.45 ■ Section 127, page 176 1. 164.5 cu. ft. 2. 23.5 cu. ft. 3- 819.96 cu. ft. 4- 1743.59 cu. ft. S. 254.47 sq. ft. 6. 261.54 cu. ft. 7. 67.95 cu. yd. 8. 123.2 bbl. 9. Stone 67.95 yd.; gravel 34.24 yd. 10. $445 1. 94,872 cu. ft. 5. 234 sq. in. 1. 28.35 cu. ft. Section 128, page 177 2. 3750 cu. ft. 3. 26 flues 6. 54 sq. in. . 7. 351 sq. in. Section 129, page 178 2. $14.18 3. $25.20 4. 936 sq. in. 8. 83 glasses 4. $26.75 ANSWERS 255 Section 130, page 178 Ceiling 5 rolls; walls 8 rolls 2. Ceiling 12 rolls; walls 12 rolls 4. $6.50 3. $16.74 Section 131, page 180 1. 8.63 T. z. $134.27 3. 58.9j!i 6. 3.16|!i 7- 4.75j!S, 2.88)^ 8. $1.00 II. 46, 30, 46, 37, 55, 46, 34, 224 cows. 4- 7. II. IS- IS- 23- 27- 31- 22.67fi $2.62 S- 7.91^ L17 Section 132, page 182 Horses 105; 500 lb. calves 88; stock cattle 53; beef cattle 42; dairy cattle 27; sheep 350 35 cattle 7 silos 3 silos 26 cattle 331 sheep 4.03 A. 12 ft. S- 329 days 8. 331 days 12. 322 calves 16. $4.17 20. 297 days 24. 16 ft. 28. 30 ft. 2. 336 days 3. 54 days 6. 24 stock cattle; 24 beef cattle; 644 days 16 ft. by 24 ft. 9. 134 sheep 13. $4.50 17- 463 sheep 21. 48.4 tons 25. 26 ft. 29. 20 ft. 32. 27 cows 10. 2 silos 14. 31 cattle 18. 447 sheep 22. 146 tons 26. 85 acres 30. 12 ft. 33- 18 ft. 34- 18 ft. Section 133, page 186 12.6f 3- 12.7fi 4 1. $1.95 2 6. $18,930.45 7- $286.83 8 10. 487.9 gal. II. 9.75 lb. 12 _. 13- 2925 lb. lime; 2925 copper sulfate; .244 lb. Paris green 14- 3412.5 gal. IS. 5.69 lb. ' 25.35)!i 5- $316.88 $41.15 9. Gross $245.68; net $233 2.925 lb. of each 16. .87751b. 17. 5.265 lb. Section 134, page 1S8 1. 54.3% Bordeau; 65.1% lime sulphur 2. 7.2% 3. 3.79 bu. sprayed; .318 bu. unsprayed 4. 2.99 bu. sprayed; .515 bu. unsprayed 5. 7.69% Bordeau; 44% lime sulphur; 89% unsprayed; 6. Bordeau 7.13 bu.; Bordeau 8.16 bu.; lime sulphur 7.8 bu.; lime sulphur 8.48 bu.; no spray 3.73 bu.; no spray 5.22 bu. 7. Bordeau 3.29 bu.; lime sulphur 3.94 bu. Section 135, page igo 32.13jii z. $9.95 3- $3.49 4. $17.21 5. Codlin moth 10.1%; curculio 74.1%; scab 8.15%; blotch .09% 922 256 ANSWERS 7. Codlin moth 6.3 %; curculio 94.7%; scab 6.7 %; blotch .8% 8. Codlin moth 7.47%) curculio 88.7%; scab 7.1 %; blotch .6% 9. Codlin moth 11.01%; curculio 89.2%; scab 7.06% 10. Codlin moth 8.8 %; curculio 96.5%; scab 8.8 %; blotch 6.2% 11. Codlin moth 9.27%; curculio 94.9%; scab 8.4 %; blotch 4.9% 12. Codlin moth 47.8 %; curcuUo 99.3%; scab 42.9 %; blotch 5.6% 13. Codlin moth 5.7 %; curculio 99.9%; scab 66.2 %; blotch 11.1% 14. Codlin moth 52.4 %; curculio 99.6%; scab 54.6 %; blotch 8.4% Section 136, page 192 I. 90,000 sq.ft. 2. 900 sq.ft. 3- 1% Section 137, page 193 I. $136.10 2. $326.64 3. $22.68 4. $45.37 5. $72.60 8. $484 9. $145.20 10. $31 Section 138, page 195 3. $1.10 4- 3.l2j!i S- $148.45 6. $71.54 . 7. 45f!; m^; 12^; $1.35; lOji; lOji; 8j5 8. 10(4 9. 78)4 Section 140, page 200 I. $5700 2. $8460 3. $1460 4. $1020 Section 141, page 203 1. $7800 2. $2000 3. $9501 4. $6412 Section 142, page 210 2. $1260 3- $507.61 4- $1552.50 s- $137.50 6. $50 7. $32.55 8. $125.10 9. 26|% 10. 9.8% II. $14,250 12. $780. 13. $50.10 Section 143, page 212 I. $2962 Section 144, page 214 I. 9,hi per hundred 2. $33.60 3- $2672 4. 3697.48 interest and principal 5. $350 Section 145, page 214 I. $4200 2. $6000 ANSWERS 257 Section 146, page 217 $410 2. $432 State $1,288; county $.784; town $.168; outside corporation $.896; cor- poration $3,976; school $7.84 State $3,197; county $1,946; town $.417; outside corporation $2,224; inside corporation $9,869; school $19.46 s. $179.64 State $9.17; county $5.59; bridge and road $7.98; school $24.74 $34.75 Section 147, page 219 2. 387.75 hr. 3. 19.3f! per hr. 6. 96ihr.;90ihr.; 47i hr. 8. 383.25 hr. 9. 15.65(4 n. Marsh $9,98; Carr $15.05 14. 595.25 hr. 16. $14.88 19. $10.69 20. 30.55% 23. $2248.40 4- 302.25 hr. 5. 16.5ii; 7- $16.84; $15.84; $8.31; 10. 75 hr.; $13.13 12. 1525.50 hr. 13. 17.33(4 17- 388 hr. 18. $264.32 21. $12.31 22. $6.16 1 Cow No. 1, Cow No. 4, 2. Cow No. 1, Cow No. 4, 3- Cow No. 1, 4- Cow No. 2, Cow No. 5, 5- Cow No. 1, Cow No. 4, 6. Cbw No. 1, Cow No. 4, 7- Cow No. 1, Cow No. 5, 8. $52.72 9- Cow No. 1, Cow No. 4, 10. 3.42% 12. Cow No. 1, Cow No. 4, 13. $18.36 Section 148, page 222 1030.9 lb.; Cow No. 2, 1019.4 lb.; Cow No. 3, 995.5 lb.; 667.9 lb.; Cow No. 5, 1100.3 lb. 33.25 lb.; Cow No. 2, 32.88 lb.; Cow No. 3, 32.11 lb.; 21.54 lb.; Cow No. 5, 35.49 lb. 36.08 lb. 32.21 lb.; Cow No. 3, 34.84 lb.; Cow No. 4, 24.71 lb.; 36.861b. 1.16 lb.; Cow No. 2, 1.04 lb.; Cow No. 3, 1.12 lb.; .801b.; Cow No. 5, 1.191b. $11.55; Cow No. 2, $10.31, Cow No. 3, $11.15; $7.91; Cow No. 5, $11.80 $.37; Cow No. 2, $.33; Cow No. 3, $.36; Cow No. 4, $.26; $.38 472.89 qt., Cow No. 2, 467.61 qt., Cow No. 3, 456.65 qt., 306.38 qt., Cow No. 5, 509.72 qt. II. 205.875 lb. 1.43 lb.. Cow No. 2, 1,3 lb.. Cow No. 3, 1.4 lb., 1.00 lb.. Cow No. 5, 1.49 lb. 14. $177.06 258 ANSWERS Section 149, page 224 1* $3788.77 2. 39.47% 3. $13,388.77 Section 150, page 227 4. $803.33 1* $429.91 2. $413.74 3. $37.66 4. $53.38 5- $414.29 6. $98.01 7. $171.08 Section 151, page 229 8. $356.84 1. $35.39; $1.94 2. $33.45 3. $238.94 4. $6.59 S- $6.23 6. $30.36 7- $448.35 Section 152, page 230 ^ 8. $59.29 1* $486 2. $65.25 3. $43.92 4- $507.33 S. 67.31% Section IS3, page 23X I. $513.63 2. $93^61 3. $402.02 4. 377 bu. s- $45,60 6. $138.60 7. $274.48 8. $26.29 9. $248.19 10. $137.33 11. $488.35 Section 154, page 232 1. $48.07 2. $21.85 3. $108.62 Section 15s, page 233 I. $20.33 2. 20.33 3. Mrs; Greason $1; Creamery $8.40; School District $16; Mrs. Sherpy $1.; Mrs Dunlap $.40; Family Expense $12.39; Farm Expense $29.96; Mercantile Company $11.96 4. $9.86 s. $29.96 6. $2.89 7- 60.53% INDEX Accounts, 219. Addition, 4. test, 8. practical use of, 5. Alfalfa, cost per acre, 57. "And" an aid in reading decimals, 44. Animal census of the United States, 84. Areas, circular, 164. lateral, 165. Avoirdupois weight, 26. Balanced ration, 98. value of, 95. Barley account, 229. Beef, quantity on carcass, 147. Beef cows, rations for, 107. Bills, 199. Biscuits, recipes for, 142. Board measure, 165. Bordeaux mixture, 187. Bran versus gluten feed, 104. Broadcasting small grains, 59. Bushel, volume of, 166. Calorie, 148. Cash account, 227. Cattle account, 230. Caustic lime, 75. Check, 195. endorsed, 196. Clothing, 149. Clothing account, 231. Clover, cost per acre, 57. Cocoa, recipes for, 143. Colts, experimental feeding of, 137. Common denominator, 31. Common fractions, 31. Composite numbers, 16. Concrete, proportion for mixing, 173. Contracts, 200. Conveniences, household, 150. Corn account, 231. Corn bread, recipes for, 143. Com, cost of growing, 62. cost per acre, 57. Corn meal, cost of preparation, 91. Cost of feed per egg, 42. Cotton-seed meal, 109. value of, 104. Counting, 29. Cowpeas, cost of production, 67. Crate, capacity of, 144. Cube, 166. Cubic measure, 25. Cylinders, 167. Dairy barn construction, 172. Decimal fractions, 38. Decimal point, device for location of, 41. Deeds, 203. Digestible nutrients in feeds, 100. required, 98. Division, 15. tests, 17. Drilling small grains, 59. Dry measure, 28. Eggs, analysis of, 140. Endorsement of check, 196. Equation, 46. algebraic, 153. Ewes, silage for, 128. Exponent, 157. Express money orders, 197. Family expense accounts, 234. Farm expense accounts, 234. Fencing, 169. Fertility in crops and fertilizers, 73. Fertilizers, cost of, 81. in growing hay, 88. Floors, concrete, 176. F.O.B., 27. Food and fuel account, 232. Fruit, canning, 144. preserving, 145. 260 INDEX Fruits, small, 193. Furnishings, household, 150. Ground feed account, 233. Gluten feed versiis bran, 104. Hay account, 231. Hay, cost of production, 66. Henj, rations for laying, 139. Hog account, 229. Horse account, 229. Horse, fattening for market, 135. feeding corn and oats, 134. rations for working, 132. winter rations for, 134. House-furnishing account, 231. Hundredweight, 27. Insurance, 214. Interest, 54. Inventory, 224. Labor report, 219. Lambs, rations for fattening, 128. Lease, 214. farm, 215. Least common denominator, 33. Legumes, nitrogen-gathering of, 77. Lemonade, recipes for, 143. Limestone, use of, 75. Linear measure, 22. Linseed meal, value of, 104. Liquid measure, 27. Machinery account, 229. Manure, plant food in, 79. Measuring-cup, capacity of, 144. Meat, wholesale cuts of, 147. Meats, food value in, 146. fuel value in boneless, 148. Mercantile company account, 234. Milk, composition of, 111, 141. production, 92. production testing, 116. standardization of, 155. records, 222. Money order, 197. rates for, 198. Mortgages, 203. Nitrogen contained in crops, 69. taken from air by crops, 70. Notation, 1. Notes, 210. Numeration, 1. Nutritive ratio, value of, 97. Oat account, 231. Oats, cost of production, 65. cost per acre, 57. drilled verstis broadcast, 58. Orchards, measurement for planting, 192. spraying of, 186. Painting, 175. Paper measure, 29. Papering, 178. Parallelogram, 163. Partition and measurement, 36. Percentage, 43. case 1, 47. case 2, 48. case 3, 51. Pigs, weekly gain of, 127. Plant food produced by animals, 82. in Illinois soils, 85. removed by crops, 77. Plastering, 178. Poultry account, 229. Powers of numbers, 157. Prime numbers, 16. Prism, 165. right, 166. Rag-doU seed-tester, 24. Ratio and proportion, 152. Rations for diary cows, 98, 113. Ream, 29. Rectangle, 162. Right angle, 162. Roots of numbers, 158. Rotation of crops, 72. Roughages for milk cows, 114. for steers, 118. Section of land, 24. Sheep, nutrients required by, 130. Silage for brood sows, 185. rate of feeding, 184. yield per acre, 184. Silos, cost of filling, 181. dimensions and capacities of, 180. rate of feeding from 182. summer and winter feeding, 182. INDEX 261 Soy beans, coat of production, 67. Sphere, 167. volume of, 168. Spraying, Coughlin farm results, 191. Spraying commercial fruit, 190. Spraying materials, efficiency of, 188. Square, 162. Square root, method of extracting, 159. practice in extracting, 160. Steers, short fed, 106. Subtraction, 9. test, 10. Surface measure, 23. Surveyors' measure, 22. Swine, balanced ration for, 126. feeding corn and alfalfa, 122. feeding corn to, 119. feeding corn and cane seed, 120. feeding hominy feed and com meal, 123. feeding on and off pasture, 125. feeding shelled corn to 121. Taxes, 217. Triangle, 163. Ventilation of barns, 177. Water, weight per cubic foot, 168. Wheat, cost of production, 64. cost per acre, 57. Wheat land, cost of preparation, 61. Wild hay, cost per acre, 57. WUls, 212.