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 Public Services. 
 
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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Corneii University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cu31924030926921 
 
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THE LIFE 
 
 OF 
 
 General U.S. Grant, 
 
 HIS EARLY LIFE, MILITARY ACHIKVEMEXTS, AN"D HISTORY 
 
 OF HIS CIVIL ADxMINISTRATIOX, HIS SICKXESS AND 
 
 DEATH, TOGETHER WITH HIS 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 His Speeches, Receptions, and Description of His Travels. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 L. T. REMLAP. 
 
 Author of "Gospel Awakening," "General Grant's Tour Around the World," 
 
 "Chautauqua, Descriptive and Illustrated," "The Great Redemption," 
 
 " Select Reading's," Etc., Etq. 
 
 "The good opinion of my countrymen is dearer to me than the praise 
 of all the world beside." — 
 
 General Grant at the Press Reception, San Francisco. 
 
 illustrated. 
 
 33 Centre SL, NEW HAVEN, CONN, 
 WILLIAM H. BROWN. 
 
COPYKlGHTtD BY 
 
 L. T. PALMER, 
 
 1885. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the preparation of this volume the editor has 
 endeavored to present, in a concise and readable 
 form, a faithful and accurate biography of the great 
 chieftain whose military genius restored domestic 
 peace and civil law throughout our land ; who, in 
 his public and political career, while twice occupy- 
 ing the most exalted position of President of the 
 United States, administered the government with 
 moderation, generosit}', wisdom and success, and 
 solved with rare patriotism and intelligence the many 
 complicated and difificult questions that confronted 
 him. Triumphs, which conspired to make Ulysses 
 S. Grant honored and revered by all Americans and 
 the civilized nations of the world. 
 
 In these few pages will be found a delightful 
 picture of grandeur and simplicity of character, — a 
 man thoughtful, reserved and taciturn, of unprece- 
 dented magnanimity, undoubted patriotism, cool 
 judgment, clear-sighted sagacity, singleness of pur- 
 pose, subordination of all egotistical and selfish con- 
 siderations to duty and the public good, impervious 
 to flattery, modest in his bearing, never boastnig of 
 his deeds or selfishly obtruding himself before the 
 public, — a man of tireless energy, of great breadth 
 of comprehension, of the highest order of adminis- 
 trative genius. Such a character, \vhen carefully 
 studied, will teach the mass of mankind that high 
 qualities and great abilities are consistent with the 
 simplicity of taste, contempt for parade, and plain- 
 
IT . PREFACE. 
 
 ness of manners with which direct and earnest men 
 have a strong and natural s^nnpath)-. 
 
 The editor of the San Francisco Chronicle truly 
 voices the sentiment of all Americans Avhen he said; 
 " It was but fitting that he should be crowned with 
 such honors as have never been bestowed by foreign 
 nations upon any citizen of the United States, and 
 become the recipient of such tokens of confidence 
 and enthusiastic affection as have never been exhib- 
 ited by Americans to an}' citizen. For when this 
 generation shall have passed awav, when the fierce 
 passions engendered b}' a bitter strife shall have been 
 tranquilized, the voices of preiudice and calumny 
 that have been so loud against his great name will 
 be hushed forever, and the verdict of impartial his- 
 tory will be that, since the foundation of our gov- 
 ernment, no American, however bright the halo that 
 time has cast around his memory', has deserved better 
 of his country than Uh'sses S. Grant." 
 
 The compiler has availed himself of all reliable 
 sources of information, special care having been 
 taken to verify statements of fact from official 
 sources. He would acknowledge his indebtedness 
 for the military record of General Grant, to Head. 
 lej-'s " Grant and His Campaigns," Greeley's "Amer- 
 ican Conflict," General Badeau's interesting " jNIili- 
 tarv History of General Grant," and Abbott's " Life 
 of Grant." The description of General Grant's tour 
 around the world is largely drawn from two sources : 
 The letters public and private of Jesse Grant to the 
 New York //c'-fc/rf and Chicago /wi'c-Occfl;?, and those 
 of J. Russell Young to the New York Herald. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 GEN. u. s. grant's boyhood. 
 
 The Grant Family MoUo— His Grandfather— His Father— His 
 Father's Marriage — A Pious Mother — Birth of Hiram Ulysses — 
 How His Name was Changed — Early Boyhood School Days — His 
 Father's Limited Means — Incidents in His Early Life, - 17 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 AT WEST POINT. 
 
 Anxious for a Collegiate Education — Adopts the Profession of 
 Arms — Appointed a Cadet at West Point — Improving Opportunities 
 — Rank at Graduation — List of Classmates — Their Military Rank in 
 1861, - - 23 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ENTERS THE ARMY — THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 Breveted Second Lieutenant on the Frontier — Ordered to Texas 
 — Annexation of Texas — Sam Houston — Bombardment of Fort 
 Brown— Battle of Palo Alto— Battle of Re^aca de la Palma — Battle 
 of Monterey — Vera Cruz to Mexico — Garrison Life at Sacketts Har- 
 bor — His Marriage — On the Pacific Coast — Resigns his Commission 
 — Farm Life near St. Louis — Removes to Galena, 111., 32 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR MADE A BRIGADIER. 
 
 The First Shot— Rai-es a Company— Adjutant General of Illi- 
 nois — His valuable Services — Appointed Colonel — Patriotic Letter to 
 
 (5) 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 Mr. Dent — New York Tribune Editorial Comments — ^Joins his Reg- 
 iment — Ordered to Missouri — Made Brigadier General — Appointed 
 to the Command of Cairo, - - 40 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 BELMONT — FORT HENRY — FORT DONETSON. 
 
 The Port of Cairo — Kentucky Neutrality — Occupation of Paducah 
 — Proclamation to the Citizens — Battle of Belmont — Capture of Fort 
 Henr\' — Commodore A. H. Foote — Fort Donelson — Co-operation of 
 the Fleet — General Floyd — Escape of Floyd and Pillow — Uncondi- 
 tional Surrender — Its Importance to the Union Cause — Evacuation 
 of Columbus and Bowling Green, - 45 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PITTSBURG, SHILOH, lUKA AND CORINTH. 
 
 The Confederates at Corinth — Crumps I^anding — Johnston's Pro- 
 clamation — Battle of Pittsburg Landing and Shiloh — Rally of the 
 Union Forces — The Confederate Defeat — Pursuit — Sherman's Remi- 
 niscences — Rebel Retreat to Corinth — Siege of Corinth — Retreat of 
 the Enemy — Other Movements — Battle of luka — Rebel Attack on 
 Corinth, ... ' ' Si 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE ADVANCE TO VICKSBURG. 
 
 The Advance upon Vicksburg — Repeated Failures of Movements 
 to the Northward of Vicksburg — Running the Batteries — March to 
 New Carthage — Admiral Porter — Bombardment of Grand Gulf — 
 Crossing the Mississippi at Bruinsburg— Advance upon Port Gibson 
 — Union Success — Evacuation of Grand Gulf — On the Big Black — 
 Grant's Strategy — Battle of Jackson — Champion's Hill — Big Black 
 River Bridge — Pemberton's Flight to Vicksburg, - - 67 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG. 
 
 The Investment of Vicksburg — Magnitude of the Achievement 
 
CONTENTS. y 
 
 —The Assault and Repulse— Progress of the Siege — Distress of the 
 Besieged — Famine — Bombardment of the City— Explosion of the 
 Mine— The Capitulation -Joy Th oughout the North— The Presi- 
 dent's Letter of Congi atulation — Grant ordered North, - - 78 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE PREPARATIONS AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 Made a Major General — Rosecrans' Defeat at Chickamauga — 
 The Peril of the Army -Grant Appointed to the Command — His 
 Wonderful Energy — Brilliant Relief of the Army — Opening Com- 
 munications — Reorganization — A Grand Army — Sherman Arrives 
 — Burnside's Peril — Assuming the Offensive, - - 87 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE BATTLES OF MISSIONARY RIDGE AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Hooker's Advance — The Battle above the Clouds — Retreat of the 
 Confederates — Movements of Sherman — Thomas's Gallant Charge 
 — The Grand Victory — Sheridan's Pursuit — Sherman Sent to the 
 Relief of Burnside ac Knoxville — The Siege of Knoxville Raised — 
 The Retreat of Johnston, - - - loo 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PUBLIC HONORS — LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. 
 
 Revival of the Grade of Lieutenant-General. — Action of Con- 
 gress — General Grant Nominated by the President — Letter to Sher- 
 man — Public Enthusiasm — New Plans for the Conduct of the 
 War. 115 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 
 
 Grant's Plans — Army Crosses the Rapidan — The Three Days' 
 Battles— Terrible Losses — Battle of Spottsylvania Court House- 
 Defeat of the Confederates — Death of Wadsworth and Sedgwick. ' ^9 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 FROM SPOTTSYLVANIA TO PETERSBURG. 
 
 Lee's Retreat — The Race for Richmond — At the North Anna — 
 Across the Pamunkey— On the Chickahominy — Desperate Battle of 
 Cold Harbor — Grand Strategic Movements to Petersburg — Conflict 
 Around Petersburg. - . - - - 139 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE SEIGE OF PETERSBXHtG. 
 
 Investing Petersburg— Birne3''s Raid — Wilson and Kautz Cavalry 
 Raid — Bombardment of the City — Ewell's Raid on Washington — 
 Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley — Deteat of the Confederates. I46 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Sherman's march to the sea. 
 
 Preliminary Movements — Capture of Atlanta — Confederate At- 
 tack on Nashville — General Thomas Gallant Defense — Sherman's 
 Wonderful March—The Ravages of the March — Capture of Sa- 
 vannah. - • . .'....- i6i 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE FINAL VICTORY. 
 
 Sherman's March Through the Carolinas — Grant's Superior 
 
 Generalship — Lee's Plan of Escape — Flight of the Confederates 
 
 Surrenderor Lee at Appomattox — Surrender of Johnston — Overthrow 
 of the Rebellion — Grant's Farewell Address. ... 169 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 THE WORKS OF PEACE. 
 
 The Disbandment of the Army — Total Force Mustered Out 
 
 Sale of Horses and Mules — Barracks and Hospitals — Railroad Equip- 
 ments — Total Enlisted Men — Total Bounties Paid — Cost of the War 
 
 The Sanitary and Christian Commissions — Ad-Interim Secretary of 
 War. . - 183 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 CHAPtER XVIII. 
 
 GRANT THE STATESMAN. 
 
 Nomination for the Presidency— Great Popularity— Unprecedented 
 Popular Vote — Events of His Administration — The Panic — The 
 Chicago and Boston Fires — The Indian Wars — The Centennial Ex- 
 position — Corruption and OSicial Jobbery— " Let No Guilty Man 
 Escape " — Return to Private Life. • - 19' 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 OFF FOR EUROPE. 
 
 Departure from Philadelphia — Rousing Demonstration — On the 
 Ocean — Arrival at Queenstown — Liverpool — Grand Reception — A 
 Round of Pleasure — At the Docks — Mayor's Reception and Ball. 205 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN LONDON. 
 
 His Arrival — Prince of Wales — Grand Banquet — Duke of Wel- 
 lington — Waterloo Chamber — At Westminster Abbey — Reception at 
 the American Legation — Grand Ball — Buckingham Palace — Free- 
 dom of the city of London — Magnificent Reception — Its Significance 
 — Gold Casket — Distinguished Guests — Marquis of Lome. 215 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 GRANT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 A Letter to D. W. Childs — Dining with the Prince of Wales— 
 At Minister Pierrepont's — Royal Opera House— Banquet by Trinity 
 House — Speech by the Prince of Wales — Address by Earl Carnaervon 
 — General Grant's Reply — Reception by Queen Victoria — State 
 Dinner — Ladies' Toilets— State Concert — Grand Banquet Tendered 
 by the City of Liverpool—Addresses — General Badeau — -United Ser- 
 vice Club — American Legation. - ^-5' 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 At Brussels — Reception and Dinner by King Leopold — At Co 
 
lO CONTENTS. 
 
 logne — Visiting Churches and the Cathedral — At Frankfort— Great 
 Reception — A Grand Ball — At Hamburg — At Lucerne — Berne — 
 Geneva — Laying a Corner Stone — At Pallanza — At Copenhagen — 
 Uljsses — A Happy Speech. ... 2^4 
 
 CHAPTER XXin. 
 
 RETURN TO GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Presented with the Freedom of Edinburgh — Enthusiastic Recep- 
 tion — Lord Provost's Speech — Grant's Reply — Tay Bridge — Its De- 
 scription—City of Wick — At Glasgow — The Finest and Most Enthu- 
 siastic Reception — Speech of Mr. Anderson — -Grant's Long Speech — 
 Remai"kab!e Reception at Newcastle — At Northumberland — Gates- 
 head — At Sheffield — At Birmingham — Speeches. 251 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN PARIS. 
 
 Adieu to England— Boulogne — At Paris — Enthusiastic Reception 
 — Palace de Elysee — Grand Banquet by Resident Americans — Recep- 
 tion by Minister Noyes — Menu — Brilliant Assemblage — Banquet at 
 Marshal McMahon's — Address — Grant's Reply — A Comparison — 
 Mrs. Mackay's Reception — Extravagance of Display — Dinner at Mrs. 
 Sickles' — At Mr. Harjes. - - 266 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THROUGH FRANCE — ITALY. 
 
 At Lyons— -Marseilles — Genoa — Reception on Board the Van- 
 dalia — At Naylos — Mt. Vesuvius — "House of Refuge" — Ruins of 
 Pompeii — Special Excavation— Interesting Relics — Royal Palace— At 
 Palermo— Christinas Dinner — Menu — How He Traveled — Land of 
 Many Civilizations— Brigandage -At Malta — Duke of Edinburgh — 
 Palace San Antoiio— Adieu ~ ... jgj 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 IW EGYPT AND THE LOTUS LAND. 
 
 A Severe Storm— At Alexandria — Oriental Etiquette — The Pasha 
 — Reception— Brilliant Entertainment at Vice-Consul Salvage — 
 
CONTENTS. II 
 
 Henry M. Stanley — The Khedive Calls on General Grant — A Host's 
 Thoughtfulness— At Siout— The Donkey Ride— Inspecting the Town 
 — Speech of the Pasha's Son — At Girgel to Ruined City of Abydos 
 — God Osiris — Excavations — At Thebes — City of a Hundred Gates 
 — Its Magnificent Ruins —The Great Temple of Karnak — At Keneh 
 —At Assowan— PhilEc— The First Cataract— The Return— At Mem- 
 phis — Sacred Bulls at Kaser-el-Nousa - j88 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 TURKEY AND THE HOLY LAND. 
 
 At Jaffa — Ruins of Gezer — David and Goliah — At Jerusalem — 
 Bishops and Patriarchs — Stroll on the Via Dolorosa — Rums and 
 Relics — Dives — Calvary — Brook Kedx"on — Valley of Jehosaphat — 
 Mount of Olives — Bethany — At Damascus — At Athens — Grand 
 Entertainment by the King at Naples — At Rome — His Clerical Visi- 
 tor — At Turin — Return to the French Capital — At the Exposition — 
 A Game of Polo — Ball at Mr. Healy's — At the Hague — Great Dera- 
 onstration at Rotterdam' — At Amsterdam — Enthusiastic Welcome — 
 The Dutch Excited - - - 306 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 GRANT IN GERMANY, NORWAY, SWEDEN, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 General Grant at Berlin— An Evening Stroll — Prince Bismarck 
 — Great Peace Congress — Attempt to Assassinate the Emperor — 
 Bismarck Calls on Mrs. Grant — Reception at Minister Taylor's — 
 Crown Prince — Military Manceuvers — Dining with Bismarck— Bottle 
 of Schnapps — At Gothenburg — Immense Crowd — At Christiana — 
 King Oscar II — Turning out eti masse at Stockholm — Grand Ban- 
 quet—At St Petersburgh— Prince Gortschakoff— With the Czar— At 
 the Versailles of St. Petersburgh— Grand Duke Alexis— At Moscow 
 — At Warsaw — Vienna — Grand Reception— At Zurich - - 315 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Again at Paris— Reception by Minister Noyes In Spain — 
 Spanish Life and Character— Alfonso XII.— San Sebastian— Grand 
 Annual Military Review at Victoria —Palace oi Ayuntatniento — At 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Madrid — Attempt on Alfonso's Life — The Shot Seen by General 
 Grant — Escape — Congralulations — At Lisbon — Dining with King 
 Luis — A Cordial Reception — At Seville — Duke de Montpensier — At 
 Cadiz— Enthusiastic Reception — At Gibraltar — Old Friends — Lord 
 Napier — Grand Review — At Pau — Return to Paris 333 
 
 CHAPTER XXX, 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN IRELAND. 
 
 Irish Interest — A Citizen of Dublin — Grand Ovation — Long 
 Speech from General Grant — Good Times Coming — Trinity College 
 — Insult from Cork — Grant's Friendship Toward Catholics — Unpar- 
 alleled Reception at Derry — Denouncing the Insult of Corkonians — 
 Curiosities of Ulster — Old Soldiers — At Belfast — Imposing and Ex- 
 traordinary Reception — Stoppin;,; the Linen Mills — At the Ship 
 Yards — At Kingston — The Irish Welcome Compared to Others 344 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN INDIA. 
 
 Again in London — Paris — Marseilles — Delightful Trip Through 
 the Mediterranean — Description of Trip — At Alexandria — A Rail- 
 road Ride in Egypt — At Suez— On the Red Sea — At Aden— Bombay 
 — Enthusiastic l\eceplion — Holy Place of the Hindoos— A Parsee 
 Merchant — The Byculla Club — Flagsliip Eurydius— Elephanta Caves 
 — Reception at the Government House— Singular Custom — Caste — 
 Hatred of Races— A Farewell — At Tatulpur — At Allahabad — Agra 
 — The Maharajah of Jeypore — At Amber — A Native City under 
 Native Rule— Gas in India— Elephant Ride— The Temple— A Kid 
 Sacrificed at the Palace — Nautch Dancing; Girls — Playing Billiards 
 — A Royal Photograph - . . jfej 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 STILL IN INDIA. 
 
 At Burtpoor— A Princely Reception— Tuttehpoor Sikva— Akbar 
 —Interesting Ruins— At Benares— Sacred City— At the Ganges 
 "Holy Kasi '—A City of Priests— Fourteen Hundred and Fifty 
 Temples— A Sacred Ruler— Burning the Body— At Delhi— Military 
 Reception— lis Splendor— The Palace of the Grand Mogul— The 
 
CONTENTS. 13 
 
 Kutah Tower — At Calcutta — Lord Lytton's Speech — Continuous 
 Round of Enjoyment — At Rangoon, Burmah — The Philadelphia of 
 Burmah — Commercial Advantages — Opening for American Mer- 
 chants ... - - ... 3go 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN SIAM. 
 
 At Singapore — Interesting Letter from the King of Siam- -Bang- 
 kok — Another Letter — Embarking — Reception at the King's Palace 
 — The ex-Regent — An Aged Statesman — iMr. Borie and tlie King — 
 Royal Proclamation — A Second King — His Income — A Political 
 Influence — First King of Siam — Grand Palace — Elegant Fi.u'nishing 
 — An Audience with the King — The King Returns the Visit — An 
 Interesting Conversation — Correspondence Promised — A State Din- 
 ner — Who Were There — The Surrounding- — King's Speech — Gen- 
 eral Grant's Reply — A Deligl-^tful Week /|o8 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN CHINA. 
 
 At Saigon — The Government House — Hong Kong — At Canton 
 — Its Situation — The Viceroy — Special Honors — Bulletin— Chairs of 
 Rank — Two Hundred Thousand People — Members of Court — The 
 Entertainment — Dinner at Consul-General Lincoln's — Greatest 
 Demonstration of Trip— At Macao— The Grotto of Camoens— 
 Reception at Hong Kong— An Address — General Grant's Reply- 
 Parting Salutes— At Swatow — Chinese Governor— Amoy— A Stroll 
 Through the Town— Letters from the King of Siam and King of the 
 Sandwich Islands and the Viceroy of Canton— Genera! Grant's Re- 
 plies— At Shanghai— Unexpected Greetings— An Address— Reply— ■ 
 At Tientsin — The Viceroy — Extraordinary Conversation at Pekin — 
 Reception by the Prince Imperial— Confidential Proposition— Flat- 
 tering Reception— Unusual Demonstration by the Prince— Return to 
 Tientsin— The Viceroy's Friendly Visits— Pleasure of General Grant 
 —Farewell to China - 428 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN JAPAN. 
 
 At Nagasaki — Banqueted by Citizens— The HeraWt Graphic De- 
 
14 CONTENTS. 
 
 scription— Address of Merchants— Fish and Soup— Arrival at Tokio 
 —Palace o£ Enriokwan— Its Garden"— The Bazaars— A Native 
 Dance— Reception at the College of Engineering — At Yokahama — 
 Grand Reception— Address of Welcome— Feast of Lanterns— A 
 Brilliant Spectacle— Reception by the Emperor — His Palace— Japan- 
 ese Etiquette — Address of the Emperor and Empress — In the Moun- 
 tains — At the Old Capital— Interesting iete a tete with the Emperor — 
 Farewell to Japan — Sailing of the Tokio - - 468 
 
 CHAPEER XXXVI. 
 
 GENERAL grant's RETURN. 
 
 Embarking from Tokio — Date of Arrival — Review of Tour — 
 Preparation for His Reception — The Great Excursion — Not Flatter- 
 ing to the American People — Out of ihe Presidential Race — Admiral 
 Ammen — Hon. E. B. Washburn — Murat Halstead — His Positive 
 Acceptance of the Presidency of the Nicaraugua Ship Canal Com- 
 pany — Letter to Admiral Ammen — Reception Programme at San 
 Francisco — On the Watch — Magnificent Ovation Expected — The 
 "Sand Lot" Braggart — Threat to Hang Grant in EfBgy — Intense 
 Excitement — Probable Result - - J12 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 ARRIVAL AT SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Preparations for His Reception — His Arrival — The Reception 
 Committee — Immense Crowds Assembled — The Mai or's Address — 
 The Proce.sion — Line of March — At the California Theater — Poem 
 by the Poet-Scout — Absence of Personal Vanitv — Grant Compared 
 to Napoleon — Character as a Military Man — The High Pitch of En- 
 thusiasm — Coimnents of the Press - c-jj 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 RETURN TO HIS HOME. 
 
 Formal Presentation of General and Mrs. Grant to the Citizens 
 
 of California — At the Produce Exchange — The Baldwin Theater 
 
 Visit to Oakland- -The Pre^s Banquet— The Carnival at Mechanic's 
 Pavilion — Visit to San Jose — Return to San Francisco — Children's 
 Reception at Woodward's Gardens— In the Yosemite Vallev— Off 
 
CONTENTS. 15 
 
 for Oregon — Homeward Journey and Receptions en Route — Wel- 
 come at Galena — Unparalleled Receptions at Chicago — Speeches 
 at t{ie Receptions of the Society ot the Army of the Tennessee — Col. 
 Vilas, of Wisconsin — Mark Twain — Banquet — The Calumet Club — 
 Return to Galena, ... - - _ . 555 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 POLITICS AND BUSINESS. 
 
 Grant's Galena Residence — In Retirement — The Politicians and 
 Money-makers-- Their Schemes — The Nicaraugua Scheme — Mexi- 
 can Railroads — Grant's Sinceriiy — Influence of Friends — National 
 Republican Convention of iS8o--The Candidates and Political 
 Managers — Conkling's Nomination of Grant — The Old Guard — 
 Nomination of Garfield — Grant's Calm Dignity under Defeat — Sup- 
 port of Garfield — -Grant's Visit to Blaine in the Fall of 1884 — 
 Sublime Loyalty to Republicanism — Removal to New York — Fund 
 of $250,000 raised — A Special Partner in Firm of Grant & Ward — 
 The Marine Bank Failure — Borrowing $150,000 from W. H. Van- 
 derbilt — Failure of Grant & Ward — Complete Financial Ruin of 
 General Grant and His Sons — Personal Property Presented to the 
 United States— The Grant Retirement Bill, 668 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 PAINFUL ACCIDENT, DISTRESSING SICKNESS, HEROIC DEAl H. 
 
 General Grant's General Health During the War — During his 
 Civil Administration — Exposures, and Irregularities o£ Travel — Pain- 
 ful Accident Christmas Eve, 1883 — Condolence of the Nation— Pri- 
 mary Causes of Present Illness — Early Stages— Senator Hill's Case- 
 Alarming Symptoms — Expressions of Deep Sympathy North and 
 South — The Bulletins— Sweet Joys of a Happy Family — Cancer Un- 
 like Ordinary Disease — History Furnishes no Parallel Case — Prome- 
 theus, the Greek— Words of Sympathy from Public Bodie-i and Prom- 
 inent Persons — Funeral Obsequies — ^Commcnts of P]e-s, 6^.) 
 
 Appendices 7 ^ 77- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Portrait of General U. S. Grant (on 
 
 steel) Frontispiece 
 
 Birthplace of U. S. Grant 16 
 
 View of West Point 24 
 
 Portrait of General Houston 35 
 
 Route of the Army from Vera Cruz 
 
 to Mexico 35 
 
 Portrait of General "Winfield Scott. 36 
 Scott's Array Entering" Mexico .... 38 
 
 Fort Sumter in 1S61 41 
 
 The Interior of Fort Henry 4S 
 
 Portrait of Commodore A. H. Foote 50 
 Portrait of Albert Sydney Johnston 53 
 Portrait of P. G. T. Beauregard. ,. $6 
 Portait of Don Carlos Buell .. 60 
 
 Portra.it of John C. Brccltinridge. . 61 
 Portrait i'f "William S. Rosecrans.. 6+ 
 
 Portruit of Eurl Van Dorn . . 65 
 
 Portrait of Admiral Farragut 6S 
 
 The Passage of the Big Black River 76 
 
 The Ca\'cs near Vicksbiirg Si 
 
 Union T\[onument at Vicksburg 86 
 
 Ponrait of Nathaniel P. Banks 87 
 
 View of I.,ookout Mountain and 
 
 Valley..... 89 
 
 Portrait of George H. Thomas. 91 
 
 Portrait of Commodore Porter 92 
 
 Portrait of Jefferson Davis 94 
 
 Portrait of Joseph Hooker 95 
 
 Portrait of Amlirose E. Burnslde.. loO 
 The Battle of Lookout Mount. lin.. 107 
 
 Portrait of Jamijs Eongstrcet 112 
 
 Portrait of U. S. Grant, 1S64 115 
 
 Portrait of George G. Meade 130 
 
 Portrait of Robert E. Lee 13a 
 
 Court HousCj Spottsylvania, Va.. .. 133 
 Battle of Spotts^dvania CourtHouse 135 
 Portrait of Winfield S. Hancock.... 140 
 
 Portrait of Geo. B. McClellan 143 
 
 Portrait of Benjamin F. Butler 143 
 
 Portrait of Philip H.Sheridan 144 
 
 General Grant in the Field 147 
 
 Portrait of William T. Sherman... i6r 
 
 Portrait of W. J. Hardee 163 
 
 Portrait of J. B. Hood 165 
 
 View of Nashville from the State 
 House ,70 
 
 The Confederate Flag _i8i 
 
 The House where Lee Surrendered, jhg 
 
 The Capitol at Richmond lyfi 
 
 The Surrender of General Lee to 
 
 General Grant |Ng 
 
 Portrait of H. W. Bellows, D. D. . igfi 
 
 Portrait of Vincent Colyer 187 
 
 Map of General Grant's Tour ^04 
 
 General Grant Entertained by 
 
 Queen Victoria 137 
 
 View of Edinburg. j^ 
 
 A Street Scene in Alexandria 289 
 
 Down the Nile 399 
 
 The Prime Ministers of Europe..,. 317 
 
 Sackville 3treet, Dublin . . 351 
 
 Nautch Girls Dancing before Gen- 
 eral Grant 3S7 
 
 Governor-General's Palace, Cal- 
 cutta ^j 
 
 l^ord Lytton and Staff, India ^- 
 
 Grant's Arrival at Shanghai.... --, 
 
 The Tea Gardens of Shanghai ^^ 
 
 J.ipanese Shops ^« 
 
 Group of Japanese Women and 
 
 Children 469 
 
 The City of Tokio SfH 
 
 Portrait of General Grant, taken in 
 
 San Francisco 533 
 
 Reception by Militia and Citizens, 
 
 San Francisco 554 
 
 The Decorations and Arches, San 
 
 Francisco $83 
 
 Grant's Rooms and Decorations, 
 
 Palace Hotel 573 
 
 Popular Ovation, San Francisco. .. 5S3 
 
 Down in a Nevada Mine 593 
 
 The Welcome at Galena, 111 617 
 
 On the Lake Shore Drive, Chicago. 641 
 General Grant's Residence, Galena, 
 
 111 669 
 
 Fac-simile of Commission on the 
 
 Retired List 6B1 
 
 General Grant's Sickness, A Life 
 
 Sketch 685 
 
 General Grant's Residence, N. Y. 685 
 
 ' nttnge at Mount N acGregor 716 
 
 Pomb at Riverside ,, ,, 734 
 
 16) 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 u. s. grant's early days. 
 
 No military man of modern times has accomplished 
 as much, with so little ostentation, as he of whom this nar- 
 rative is written. From his earliest history until the pres- 
 ent time, his deeds, and not his words, have spoken in 
 "trumpet tones" for him. On the eve of any important 
 movement or action it has been his custom to assemble his 
 trusted aids — ask for and listen to their counsels, and, if 
 good, adopt their plans — never forgetting to give credit if 
 successful, and assuming the blame if failure ensued. He 
 was never guilty of petty oppressions to those holding in- 
 feiior rank, nor did he ever find it necessary or politic to 
 push himself into notoriety, and yet there is no one living 
 who possesses more fame and celebrity, or has received 
 more marked attention from the world at large. 
 
 Ulysses Simpson Grant was born April 27, 1822, at 
 Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, a small town on 
 the Ohio River, twent3'-five miles above Cincinnati. The 
 Grants are of Scotch descent, and the motto of their clan 
 in Aberdeenshire was, " vStand fast, stand firm, stand sure." 
 Grant inherits from many of his ancestors a love for free- 
 dom and a determination to fight for its cause. In 1799, 
 -his grandfather, a Pennsylvania farmer, joined the great 
 tide of emigration moving to the Northwest Territory. 
 
 His great grandfather. Captain Noah Grant, of Wind- 
 sor, Connecticut, and his brother. Lieutenant Solomon 
 2 (17) 
 
l8 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 Grant, were soldiers in the old French war, and were both 
 killed ill battle in 1756. 
 
 His grandfather, also Noah Grant, of Windsor, hurried 
 from his fields at the first conflict of the Revolution, and 
 appeared as a lieutenant on Lexington Common on the 
 morning of the memorable 19th of April, when the em- 
 battled farmers "fired the shot heard round the world." 
 
 His father, Jesse R. Grant, was born in Westmoreland 
 County, Pennsylvania, in 1794. Was apprenticed to the 
 tanner's trade at the early age of eleven years. Removed 
 to Mayville, Kentucky, thence to Point Pleasant, Ohio, 
 where he followed the business of a tanner. In 1869 he 
 was appointed postmaster at Covington, Kentucky, by 
 President Grant, and died in 1874. 
 
 General Grant's father married in June, 1831, at Point 
 Pleasant, Ohio, Miss Hannah Simpson. She was the 
 daughter of John Simpson, and was born in Montgomery 
 County, Pennsylvania, but removed with her family in 1818 
 to Clermont County. Ten months after marriage their 
 first child Ulysses was born. 
 
 Like other great men. Grant had an excellent mother 
 — a pious woman, cheerful, unambitious of worldly dis- 
 play, watchful of her children, and " looking well to the 
 ways of her household." Her husband pays her the high- 
 est tribute which cim be paid to any wife and mother in 
 saying, " Her steadiness, firmness and strength of charac- 
 ter have been the stay of the family through life." 
 
 Love of their children has ever been a marked trait in 
 the Grant family. 
 
 He was originally christened Hiram Ulysses, his grand- 
 father giving the name of Hiram ; his grandmother, who 
 was a great student of history, giving the name of Ulysses, 
 whose character had strongly attracted her admiration. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I9 
 
 The member of Congress who appointed Grant to his 
 cadetship at West Point when a boy of seventeen, by acci- 
 dent changed his name, in filling liis appointment, to U. S. 
 Grant, Grant repeatedly endeavored to have the mistake 
 corrected at West Point, and at the war department at 
 Washington, but this was one of the few things in which 
 he failed ; his applications were never complied with. As 
 if fate foresaw the patriotic duty, the filial love, the tran- 
 scendant services he was one day to render his country, 
 the government seemed to insist, when adopting him 
 among her military children, on renaming him, and giving 
 to him her own initials, " U. S.," which he has ever since 
 borne. 
 
 As a child, Grant was robust, strong and cool, as he has 
 since shown himself. He was neither a precocious nor a 
 stupid child; he was a well-behaved, dutiful boy. Heat- 
 tended the public school in the village during the winter 
 months; he learned well, but was no prodigy. 
 
 He never liked his father's business of tanning. It was 
 disagreeable; and he early determined not to follow it. He 
 wanted an education. He said he would be a farmer, or 
 trade down the river; but a tanner he would not be. 
 
 His father, with limited means, did not feel that, in jus- 
 tice to himself and his other children, he could aiFord the 
 money to send Ulysses to college. 
 
 The father of General Grant, in an account of his 
 childhood published in the New York Ledger^ gives the 
 following interesting narrative. 
 
 "The leading passion of Ulysses, almost from the time 
 he could go alone, was for horses. The first time he ever 
 drove a horse alone, he was about seven and a half years 
 old. I had gone away from home, to Ripley, twelve 
 miles oif. I went in the morning, and did not get back 
 
 I 
 
GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 until night. I owned, at the time, a three-year old colt, 
 which had been ridden under the saddle to carry the mail, 
 but had never had a collar on. While I was gone, Ulys- 
 ses got the colt and put a collar and the harness on him, 
 and hitched him up to a sled. Then he put a single line 
 on to him, and dro^■e off, and loaded up the sled with 
 brush, and came back again. He kept at it, hauling suc- 
 cessive loads, all day; and, when I came home at night, 
 he had a pile of brush as big as a cabin. 
 
 "At about ten years of age he used to drive a pair of 
 horses alone, from Georgetown, where we lived, forty 
 miles, to Cincinnati, and bring back a load of passengers. 
 
 "When Ulysses was a boy, if a circus or any show 
 came along, in which there was a call for somebody to 
 come forward and ride a ponj', he v\'as always the one to 
 present himself, and whatever he undertook to ride he 
 rode. This practice he kept up until he got to be so large 
 that he was ashained to ride a pony. 
 
 "Once, when he was a boy, a show came along in 
 which there was a mischievous pony, trained to go round 
 the ring- like lightning, and he was expected to throw any 
 boy that attempted to ride him. 
 
 "'Will any boy come forward and ride this pony." 
 shouted the ring-master. 
 
 "Ulysses stepped forward, and mounted the pony. 
 The perlormance began. Round and round and round 
 the ring went the pony, faster and faster, making the 
 greatest effort to dismount the rider, but Ulysses sat as 
 steady as if he had grown to the pony's back. Presentlv 
 out came a large monkey, and sprang ap behind Ulysses. 
 The people set up a great shout of laughter, and on the 
 pony ran; but it all produced no effect on the rider. Then 
 the ring-master made the monkey jump up on to Ulysses' 
 
LIFE AN'D SERVICES. 
 
 shoulders, standing with his feet on his shoulders, and with 
 his hands holding on to his hair. At this there was an- 
 other and a still louder shout, but not a muscle of Ulysses' 
 face moved. There was not a tremor of his nerves. A 
 few more rounds, and the ring-master gave it up; he had 
 come across a boy that the pony and the monkey both, 
 could not dismount." 
 
 It appears that when he was twelve years of age, his 
 father sent him to a neighboring farmer, a Mr. Ralston, to 
 close the bargain for a horse which he was wishing to pur- 
 chase. Before Ulysses started, his father said to him, — 
 
 "You can tell Mr. Ralston that I have sent you to buy 
 the horse, and that I will give him fifty dollars for it. If 
 he will not take that, you may offer him fifty-five; and I 
 should be willing to go as high as sixty, rather than not 
 get the horse." 
 
 This is essentially an old story, probably having a mere 
 foundation in fact; but the peculiarity in this case was, that 
 when Ralston asked Ulysses directly, "How much did 
 your father sav you might give for the horse?" he did not 
 know how to prevaricate, but replied, honestly and em- 
 phatically, — 
 
 "Father told me to offer you fifty dollars at first; if 
 that would not do, to give you fifty-five dollars; and that 
 he would be willing to give sixty, rather than not get the 
 horse." 
 
 Of course, Ralston could not sell the horse for less than 
 sixty dollars. 
 
 "I am sorry for that," returned Grant, "for, on looking 
 at the horse, I have determined not to give more than fifty 
 dollars for it, although father said I might give sixty. 
 You may take fifty if you like, or you may keep the 
 horse." 
 
22 GENERAI. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Mr. Ralston took the fifty dollars, and Ulysses rode 
 the horse home. 
 
 The father also tells the following incident, in which 
 one can trace the same quiet, fixed resolution, which is 
 such a strong feature in his character in his later years. 
 The son possessed his father's unbounded confidence in his 
 ability to take care of himself. When Ulysses was but 
 twelve years of age, his father sent him to Louisville alone. 
 Of this trip his father says: 
 
 " It was necessary for me to have a deposition taken 
 there, to be used in a lawsuit in which I was engaged in 
 the State of Connecticut. I had written more than once 
 about it to my lawyers, but could not get the business 
 done. ' I can do it,' said Ulysses. So I sent him on the 
 errand alone. Before he started, I gave him an open letter 
 that he might show the captain of the boat, or any one 
 else, if he should have occasion, stating that he was my 
 son, and was going to Louisville on my business. Going 
 do\vn, he happened to meet a neighbor with whom he 
 was acquainted; so he had no occasion to use the letter. 
 But wh(n he came on board a boat to return, the captain 
 asked him who he was. He told him; but the captain 
 answered, 'I cannot take you; you may be running away.' 
 Ulysses then proihiced my letter, which put everything 
 right; and the captain not only treated him with great 
 kindness, but took so much interest in him as to invite him 
 to go as far as Mayville with him, where he had relatives 
 living, free of expense. He brought back the deposition 
 with him, and that enabled me to succeed in making a 
 satisfactory adjustment of my suit." 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 AT WEST POINT. 
 
 When a young man, it was Giant's earnest desire to 
 secure a collegiate education. As has heen stated in the 
 previous chapter, his father's limited means presented an 
 almost insurmountable obstacle to the acquireinent of more 
 than a common school education. Under these circum- 
 stances but one way suggested itself to the youthful Grant, 
 and that was by adopting the profession of arms, and ob- 
 taining an appointment of cadet at West Point. He knew 
 that at this school, not only was edtication gratuitous, but 
 that during his course the student was supported well and 
 paid a regular sum, which was more than enough for the 
 ordinary expenses of a student at college. There was 
 also, after graduation, a field open to him either to remain 
 in the army, or to engage in engineering or industrial 
 pursuits. 
 
 In the year 1839 his father secured, through the influ- 
 ence of General Thomas L. Hamer, then a member of 
 Congress from the district, an appointment as cadet at 
 West Point. Grant was at this time but seventeen years 
 of age. It is somewhat remarkable that without any pre- 
 paratory study he was able to pass the rigid examination 
 which all cadets are obliged to undergo. He was admitted 
 into the fourth class, where his studies consisted of mathe- 
 matics, English grammar, — including etymological and 
 rhetorical exercises, composition, declamations, — -geog- 
 raphy, French, and tlie use of small arms. 
 
 (23) 
 
34 
 
 •ENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 During a part of the summer, the cadets at West Point 
 go into camp, living in tents as if "on the field." Young 
 Grant ranked during his first year as a private of the 
 battalion, and enjoyed the privileges and had to submit to 
 all the trials that privates in camp have to suffer. During 
 the year 1S40 he was advanced into the tliird class. His 
 studies consisted of the higher mathematics, French, draw- 
 ing, and the duties of a cavalry soldier. He was also ad- 
 vanced to the rank of corporal in the cadet battalion. 
 
 Uiibi i-oiNr. 
 
 During 1841 Cadet Grant entered the second class at 
 the United States Military school, advancing to the rank 
 of a sergeant in the battalion of cadets. The studies of 
 this class he found were somewhat more laborious, yet his 
 progress here, as in his previous studies, was steadj^ — not 
 rapid, but of the sure kind — mastering thoroughly all that 
 he undertook, holding firmly on to all that he acquired. 
 He never fell back; was ever found faithful in eveiy duty, 
 receiving the approbation of his teachers, and the friend- 
 
LIFE AND SKRVICES. 2K 
 
 ship of his associates. In this class his studies embraced 
 natural and experimental philosophy, chemistry and draw- 
 ing, and practical instruction in horsemanship, and during 
 the summer encampment was well drilled in both infantry 
 and artillery tactics. Passing out of this class with credit, 
 he entered the first or senior class in 1842. In the battalion 
 of cadets he ranked as a commissioned officer, learning here 
 how to command a section, troop or compan3'. In this 
 class he engaged in acquiring the knowledge of civil and 
 military engineering, in the study of ethics; constitutional, 
 military and international law; in mineralogy and geology, 
 and the Spanish language. He was also thoroughly drilled 
 in infantry, artillery and cavalry tactics; in the use of rifled, 
 mortar, siege and seacoast guns ; in small sword and bayonet 
 exercise, as well as in the construction of field works and 
 fortifications, and in the fabrication of munitions and mate- 
 rial of war. 
 
 Thus he received at West Point the best education 
 a man can receive, namely, that which fits him for his 
 work in life. He was subjected to a course of physical 
 training which invigorated his body. Young Grant ap- 
 preciated and improved all the opportunities which weie 
 offered to him. He gave these years diligently to self- 
 improvement in the widest sense. He graduated in June, 
 1843, with a good rank in his class, and, what was better, 
 without vices which enfeebled his body, or mental habits 
 which depraved his mind. It may not be uninteresting to 
 the reader to know who G^ieral Grant's fellow graduates 
 were, and what their relative positions were at the close of 
 the civil war. There were in the graduating class of 1843 
 thirty-nine graduates. Grant standing the twenty-first on 
 the list. The gi'ade and brief biography of each at above 
 date was as follows : 
 
36 GENERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 The cadet who stood first in the class was William 
 Benjamin Franklin, who entered the Topographical Engi- 
 neer Corps; and having passed through a series of adven- 
 tures under various commanders was, at the beginning 
 of 1864, the general commanding the Nineteenth Army 
 Corps, in the Department of the Gulf, under General 
 Banks. 
 
 The names of the next three graduates do not now ap- 
 pear in the army list of the United States. 
 
 William F. Raynolds ranked fifth in the class, entered 
 the infantry service, and was appointed an aide on the staff 
 of General Fremont, commanding the Mountain Depart- 
 ment, with the rank of colonel, from the 31st of March, 
 1862. 
 
 The next graduate was Isaac F. Quinby. He had en- 
 tered the artillery service, and had been professor at West 
 Point, but had retiied to civil life. The rebellion, how- 
 ever, brought him from his retirement, and he went to the 
 field at the head of a regiment of New York volunteers. 
 He afterward became a brigadier-general in the Army of 
 the Potomac. 
 
 Roswell S. Ripley, the author of " The War with 
 Mexico," stood seventh ; but his name did not appear in 
 the official Army Register of the United States, as he had 
 attached himself to the rebel cause. 
 
 The next graduate was John James Peck, who entered 
 the artillery service, and was, on Jan. i, 1864, the com- 
 mander of the district of and army in North Carolina, 
 which then formed a portion of General Butler's Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 John P.Johnstone, the daring artillery lieutenant who 
 fell gallantly at Contreras, Mexico, was the next graduate. 
 
 General Joseph Jones Reynolds was the next in grade. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 3^ 
 
 This officer had gained great credit while in the aimy, as 
 a professor of sciences; but had resigned some time, when 
 the Rebelhon broke out. He was, however, in 1861, again 
 brought forward as a general of three months' volunteers, 
 under General McClellan, in Western Virginia; was after- 
 ward commissioned by the President; and latterly became 
 attached to the Army of the Cumberland. He served on 
 the staff of the general commanding that army, with the 
 rank of major-general, until General Grant assumed com- 
 mand of the military division embracing the Departments 
 of Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland, when he was trans- 
 ferred to New Orleans. 
 
 The eleventh graduate was James Allen Hardie, who, 
 during the War of the Rebellion, became an assistant ad- 
 jutant-general of the Army of the Potomac, with the rank 
 of colonel. 
 
 Henry F. Clarke graduated twelfth, entered the artil- 
 lery service, gained brevets in Mexico, and became chief 
 commissary of the Army of the Potomac, during the War 
 of the Rebellion, with the rank of colonel. 
 
 Lieutenant Booker, the next in grade, died while in 
 service at San Antonio, Texas, on June 26, 1849. 
 
 The fourteenth graduate might have been a prominent 
 officer of the United States army, had he not deserted the 
 cause of his country, and attached himself to the Confedei-- 
 ates. He had not even the excuse of "going with his 
 State," for he was a native of New Jei'sey, and wns ap- 
 pointed to the army from that State. His name is Samuel 
 G. French, major-general of the rebel army. 
 
 The next graduate was Lieutenant Theodore L. Chad- 
 bourne, who was killed in the battle of Resaca de la Palma, 
 on May 9, 1846, after distinguishing himself for his bravery 
 at the head of his command. 
 
28 
 
 Christopher Colon Augur, one of the commanders of 
 the Department of Washington, and major-general of vol- 
 unteers, was the next in grade. 
 
 Franklin Gardner, a native of New York, and an ap- 
 pointee from the State of Iowa, graduated seventeenth in 
 General Grant's class. At the time of the Rebellion he 
 deserted the cause of the United States and joined the Con- 
 federates. He was disgracefully dropped from the rolls of 
 the United States army, on May 7, 1S61, became a major- 
 general in the Confederate service, and surrendered his 
 garrison at Port Hudson, July 9, 1863, through the reduc- 
 tion of Vicksburg by his junior graduate, U. S. Grant. 
 
 Lieutenant George Stevens, who was drowned in the 
 passage of the Rio Grande, May 1 8, 1846, was the next 
 graduate. 
 
 The nineteenth graduate was Edmund B. HoUoway, of 
 Kentucky, who obtained a brevet at Contreras, and was a 
 captain of infantry in the United States regular arm}' at the 
 commencement of the Rebellion. Although his State re- 
 mained in the Union, he threw up his commission on May 
 14, 1 86 1, and joined the Confederates. 
 
 The graduate that immediately preceded General Grant 
 was Lieutenant Lewis Neill, who died on January 13, 1S50, 
 while in service at Fort Croghan, Texas. - 
 
 General U. S. Grant was the next or twenty-first 
 graduate. 
 
 Joseph H. Potter, of New Hampshire, graduated next 
 after the hero of Vicksburg. During the War of the Re- 
 bellion he became a colonel of volunteers, retaining his 
 rank as captain in the regular army. 
 
 Lieutenant Robert Hazlitt, who was killed in the storm- 
 ing of Monterey, Sept. 2i, 1S46, and Lieutenant Edwin 
 Howe, who died while in service at Fort Leavenworth, 
 March 31, 1850, were the next two graduates. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 29 
 
 Lafayette Boyer Wood, of Virginia, was the twenty- 
 fifth graduate. He ib no longer connected with the ser- 
 vice, having resigned several venrs before the civil war. 
 
 The next graduate was Chai'les S. Hamilton, who for 
 some time commanded, as major-genernl of volunteers, a 
 district under General Grant. 
 
 Captain William K. Van Bokkelen, of New York, who 
 was casliiered for rebel proclivities, on Mav S, 1861, was 
 tlie next graduate, and was followed by Alfred St. Amand 
 Crozet, of New York, who had resigned the service sev- 
 eral vears before the breaking out of the civil war, and 
 Lieutenant Charles E. James, who died at Sonoma, Cal., 
 on June S, 1849. 
 
 The thirtieth graduate \vas the gallant General Fred- 
 erick Steele, who participated in the Vicksburg and Mis- 
 sissippi campaigns, as division and corps commander under 
 General Grant, and afterward commanded the Army of 
 Arkansas. 
 
 The next graduate was Captain Henry R. Selden, of 
 Vermont, and of the Fifth U. S. Infantry. 
 
 General Rufus Ingalls, quartermaster-general of the 
 Army of the Potomac, graduated No. 32. 
 
 Major Frederick T. Dent, of the Fourth U. S. Infantry, 
 and Major J. C. McFerran, of the Quartermaster's Depart- 
 ment, were the next two graduates. 
 
 The thirty-fifth graduate was General Henr3' Moses 
 Judah, who commanded a division of the Twenty-Third 
 Army Corps during its operations after the Confederate 
 cavalry general, John H. Morgan, and in East Tennessee, 
 during the fall of 1S63. 
 
 The remaining four graduates were Norman Elting, 
 who resigned the service October 29, 1S46; Cave J. Couts, 
 who was a member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 
30 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 of California during the year 1849; Charles G. Merchant, 
 of New York; and George C. McClelland, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, no one of whom was at this time connected with 
 the United States Service. 
 
 The admirers of General Grant will take no little in- 
 terest in examining the above list and tracing the career 
 of the twenty-first graduate in his outstripping all his 
 seniors in grade. Having surmounted all difficulties, he 
 commanded, at the close of the war, a larger force and a 
 greater extent of territory than all of his thirty-eight class- 
 mates put together, and had risen higher in the military 
 scale than any in his class, notwithstanding the fact that he 
 showed at West Point none of that brilliancy and dash 
 which is thought so much of by collegiates. 
 
 Heni'y Coppee, Esq., who was with young Grant for 
 two years, at West Point Academy, gives the following 
 account of him while there: 
 
 "I remember him as a plain, common-sense, straight- 
 forward youth; quiet, rather of the old-head-on-young- 
 shoulders order; shunning notoriety; quite contented, 
 while others were grumbling; taking to his military duties 
 in a very business-like manner; not a prominent man in 
 the corps, but respected by all, and very popular with his 
 friends. His sobriquet of Uncle Satn was given to him 
 there, where every good fellow has a nickname, from these 
 very qualities; indeed, he was a very uncle-like sort of a 
 youth. He was then and always an excellent horseman, 
 and his picture rises before me as I write, in the old, torn 
 coat, obsolescent leather gig-top, loose riding pantaloons, 
 with spurs buckled over them, going with his clanking sabre 
 to the drill hall. He exhibited but little enthusiasm in any- 
 thing; his best standing was in the mathematical branches, 
 and their application to tactics and military engineering. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 3I 
 
 " If we again dwell upon the fact that no one, even of 
 his most intimate friends, dreamed of a great future for 
 him, it is to add that, looking back now, we must confess 
 that the possession of many excellent qualities, and the 
 entire absence of all low and mean ones, establish a logical 
 sequence from first to last, and illustrate, in a novel man- 
 ner, the poet's fancy about 
 
 'The baby figures of the giant mass 
 Of things to come at large.' '' 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ENTERS THE ARMY THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 On leaving West Point Grant entered the United States 
 army as a brevet second lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry 
 — the date at vvrhich this brevet rank was awarded to him 
 was that of the succeeding day to his graduation, viz.: 
 July 1,1843. Lieutenant Grant's regiment was at this time 
 stationed on the frontier in Missouri and Missouri Terri- 
 tory, among the Indians who were at that time very 
 annoying and dangerous to the early settlers of that region. 
 He remained nearly two years, when in 1845 he was 
 ordered, v\'ith his regiment, to Corpus Christi, Texas, 
 where United States troops were gathering under com- 
 mand of General Ta3dor. 
 
 Corpus Cliristi was an important town on the Texas 
 shore, and was taken possession of by the Americans as a 
 base of operations. While stationed here Grant received 
 his commission as full second lieutenant of infantry. The 
 commission was dated September 30, 1845, and was made 
 out to fill a vacancy in the Second U. S. Infantry. Having 
 become so attached to the officers and men of the Fourth, 
 a request was forwarded to Washington to allow him to 
 remain with his old company, and in the following Novem- 
 ber he received a commission appointing him a full second 
 lieutenant in the Foiuth Infantry. ■* 
 
 Some time before the declaration by Congress of war 
 with Mexico, the struggle commenced in Texas. The biU 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 33 
 
 annexing Texas to the Union having been passed three 
 days before the Tyler administration closed. The State 
 was originally a part of Mexico. It had been largely settled 
 by citizens of the United States. 
 
 The people rebelled and seceded from Mexico under 
 the leadership of General Sam Houston. The battle of San 
 
 GEN. SAM HOUSTON 
 
 Jacinto resulted in the capture of the President of Mexico, 
 General Santa Anna. General Houston making bis release 
 the recognition of the independence of Texas, this condition 
 was complied with. Not long thereafter Texas asked to 
 be annexed to the United States. The war berween Mex- 
 ico and the United States grew out of the annexation of 
 

 34 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Texas largely, and the desire of the South for an enlarged 
 area — the North, on the other hand, bitterly opposing it 
 because the area of sla\ ery would be extended thereby. 
 
 The Americans and Mexicans were facing each other 
 upon the opposite banks of the Rio Grande. Several 
 petty struggles ensued before the actual declaration of war. 
 General Ta3'lor learned that a large force of Alexicans were 
 marching with the intention of crossing the river into 
 Texas. At Fort Brown, ojjposite Matamoras, there was 
 a small garrison of United States troops. The Mexicans 
 besieged this fort. After a se\'eie bombardment they 
 crossed the river six thousand strong to attack the fort in 
 front and rear. The gallant garrison defended the posi- 
 tion with great bravery. Major Brown, who was in com- 
 mand of the foit, signaled General Taylor then at Point 
 Isabel, twelve miles distant, of his peril by firing during the 
 night eighteen pounders at stated intervals. Early on the 
 morning of the Sth of May, 1S46, General Taylor, with 
 2200 men, set out to rescue his comrades. Lieutenant 
 Grant ^\as then with General Taylor, and marched to his 
 first battle ground. At about noon of the same day the 
 American troops encountered the Mexicans at Palo Alto, 
 where they were drawn up in line of battle, to dispute the 
 further advance of the Americans. General Taylor 
 promptly accepted battle and defeated the enemy, mainly 
 through the efficiency of his artilleiy. Lieutenant Grant, 
 though not mentioned in the official reports, has been 
 spoken of by his companions as acting with great bravery. 
 Several of the officers of his regiment received brevets for 
 their gallant and meritorious conduct. The Mexican loss 
 had been 262, while the Americans had lost but four killed 
 and thirtv-two wounded. 
 
 During the night the Mexicans retreated to a new and 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 35 
 
 formidable position a few miles in the rear, called Resaca 
 de la Palma, having left their dead and wounded upon the 
 battle field at Palo Alto. On the following morning Gen- 
 eral Taylor attacked the new position of the Mexicans, 
 opening the battle with artillery, following with charges of 
 infantry and cavalry. Though the Mexicans stubbornly 
 defended their position, they w^ere no match for the 
 more intelligent and better disciplined Americans. They 
 were soon put to flight, having lost in killed and wounded 
 a thousand men. The American loss did not exceed 150. 
 Fort Brown was relieved, the enemy retreating in great 
 disorder across the Rio Grande. 
 
 The American army then advanced up the left bank 
 of the Rio Grande, a distance of 150 miles, where they 
 crossed the river and marched upon Monterey, in the 
 Republic of New Leon, which was garrisoned by 10,000 
 Mexican troops. The army under Taylor comprised 6,220 
 men. Arriving before the city on Sunday morning, Sep- 
 tember 30, a careful reconnoissance showed that the place 
 had been strongly fortified; but General Taylor determined 
 to drive the enemy out of their entrenchments, and suc- 
 ceeded after a terrible and bloody conflict, which continued 
 with but few inter- 
 missions until the 
 24tli, when the city 
 capitulated. The 
 Fourth Infantry, 
 to which Grant was 
 attached, in an at- 
 tempt to capture Fort Teneria, lost two-thirds of their 
 numbers. The American army lost heavily; 43 officers 
 and 517 men were killed and wounded. 
 
 About this time a combined movement of the army 
 
 ROUTE OF THE O. S. ARMY FROM VERA ORUZ TO MEXICO, 
 
26 GENERAL U. S. GRAXT'S 
 
 and navy had been planned by way of Vera Cruz. General 
 Scott having effected a landing above Veia Cruz, a por- 
 tion of the forces on the Rio Grande was sent down the 
 river to co-operate with him, and among others was 
 Lieutenant Grant, who accompanied the Fourth Infantry, 
 and participated in the siege operations which eventually 
 caused the surrender of Vera Cruz— March 39, 1847. On 
 the first day of April he was a2Dpointed regimental quarter- 
 master, a post of recognized importance and responsibility. 
 Lieutenant Grant held this position during the rest of 
 the war. 
 
 Though it is customary' 
 for the quartermaster of 
 a regiment to remain with 
 the regiment's trains of 
 supplies during an en- 
 gagement, 3'et his nature 
 was such that he could 
 not ■ keep out of an en- 
 gagement, and always re- 
 p joined his regiment on 
 such occasions and shared 
 their fighting. At the 
 battle of Molino del Rey, 
 fought Sept. S, 1847, ^^ 
 behaved with such distinguished gallantry and merit that 
 he was appointed a full first lieutenant, to date from the 
 day of the battle. In the fierce battle of Chapultepec, on 
 the 13th ut September, he won the high approval of his 
 superior officers for his distinguished gallantry, and the 
 sagacity of his tactics while under fire — for his brave and 
 meritorious conduct he received the brevet of Captain of 
 the Regular Army. InCapt. Horace Brooks' report of the 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT IN 1S65. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 37 
 
 operations of the Second Artillery at Chapultepec, hesays: 
 
 " I succeeded in reaching the fort with a few men. Here Lieut. 
 U. S. Grant and a few more men of tlie Fourth Infantry found me, 
 and, by a joint movement, after an obstinate resistance, a strong field- 
 work was carried, and the enemy's right was completely turned." 
 
 The report of Major Francis Lee, commanding the 
 Fourth Infantry, of the battle of Chapultepec, says: 
 
 " At the first barrier the enemy was in stiong force, which ren- 
 dered it necessary to advance with caution. This was done, and 
 when the head of the battalion was within short musket range oi 
 the barrier, Lieut. Grant, Fomth Infantry, and Capt. Brooks, Second 
 Artillery, with a few men of their respective regiments, by a hand- 
 some movement to the left, turned the right tlank of the enemy, and 
 the barrier was carried.* * * Second-Lieut. Grant behaved with 
 distinguished gallantry on the 13th and 14th.'' * * * 
 
 The report of Brevet Colonel John Garland, command- 
 ing the First Brigade, of the battle of Chapultepec, says: 
 
 "The rear of the enemy had made a stand behind a breastwork, 
 from which they were driven by detachments of the Second Artil- 
 lery, under Capt. Brooks, and the Fourth Infantry under Lieut. 
 Grant, supported by other regiments of the division, after a short, 
 sharp conflict. I recognized the command as it came up, mounted 
 a howitzer on the top of a convent, which, under the direction of 
 Lieut. Grant, Quartermaster of the Fourth Infantry, and Lieut. 
 Lendrum, Third Artillery, annoyed the enemy considerably. * * * 
 I must not omit to call attention to Lieut. Gi ant, who acquitted him- 
 self most nobly upon several occasions under my observation.'' 
 
 General Worth, in his report of September i6, says: 
 
 " I have again to make acknowledgements to Colonels Garland 
 and Clarke, brigade commanders, as also to their respective staffs; to 
 S. Smith, Haller, and Grants Fourth Infantry, especially." 
 
 Upon the fall of Mexico, and the peace which ensued, 
 1848, the United States troops were recalled, the Fourth 
 Infantry being first sent to New York and then to the 
 

 ,g GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 frontier, Captain Grant going with his company first to 
 Detroit and then to Sacketts Harbor. This year he mar- 
 ried Miss Julia Dent, the sister of one of his classmates at 
 West Point. 
 
 The discovery of gold in California, in the autumn of 
 185 1, carried to that region an immense emigration, many 
 of whom were desperate, vile and reckless, making it 
 necessary to dispatch more troops in order to protect the 
 
 GENERAL SCOTT S ENTRY INTO MEXICO. 
 
 dowds of emigrants from the Indians, who had been pro- 
 voked by the lawlessness of the whites to the most cruel 
 reprisals. The battalion to which Captain Grant was 
 attached was sent into Oregon, taking up its quarters at 
 Fort Dallas in that distant territory. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 39 
 
 In 1853, after a two-years' absence from his family, 
 finding garrison life in that lonely region offered no oppor- 
 tunities of usefulness, he determined to resign his commis- 
 sion — having been promoted to a full captaincy — which he 
 did on the 31st day of Jul}', 1S54, and commenced life as 
 a private citizen, taking up his residence on a small farm 
 near St. Louis, remaining there engaged in commercial 
 pursuits until the year 1859, when he entered into partner- 
 ship with his father in the leather trade at Galena, 111. 
 The firm of Grant & Son soon became a very prosperous 
 concern, and at the outbreak of the Rebellion, to all 
 appearances Captain Grant had one of the best business 
 prospects of any one in Galena. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR MADE A BRIGADIER GENERAL. ^ 
 
 Captain Grant was residing at Galena on the 1 2th cf 
 April, 1861. The '-first shot" at Fort Sumter moved him 
 to the utmost depths of his being, and his loyal spirit was 
 roused to its utmost intensity. He said to a friend : •' The 
 government educated me for the army. What I am, I owe 
 to my country. I have served her through one war, and, 
 live or die, will serve her through this." Going into the 
 streets of Galena he found no difficulty in raising a com- 
 pany of volunteers; he tendered his and their services to 
 the Governor of the State of Illinois. His zeal and straight- 
 forward manner so impressed Governor Yates that he at" 
 once made him Adjutant-General of the State. His famil- 
 iarity with military regulations and the routine of militaiy 
 life enabled him to render efficient service in organizing 
 the several camps that were being formed at different points. 
 It was owing to his zeal and indomitable labors as muster- 
 ing officer that Illinois was enabled to turn out so many 
 men as she did at the early stages of the war. One of the 
 Illinois regiments having a vacant colonelcy, the position 
 was offered to and at once accepted by Grant, his commis- 
 sion dating from June 15, 1S61. 
 
 The following letter by General Grant to his father-in- 
 law, Frederick Dent, then of St. Louis, is of special interest. 
 It shows General Grant's loyalty and unwavering devotion to 
 
 (40) 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 41 
 
 the Union. This letter 
 
 • was first puhlishecl on April 1 3, 1885, 
 just twenty-four years after the surrender of Fort Sumter. 
 
 FORT SUMTER IN 1861. 
 
 Extracts from an editorial in the JV. T. Tribune of April 
 14, 1885, commenting- on this letter, are also given: 
 
 Galena, April 19, i86i. 
 Mr. F. Dknt — 
 
 Dear Sir : — I have but very little time to vi^rite, but, as in these 
 exciting times we are very anxious to hear from you, and know of no 
 other way but by writing first to you, I must make time. 
 
 We get but little news by telegraph from St. Louis, but from all 
 other points of the country we are hearing all the time. The times 
 are indeed startling, but now is the time, particularly in the border 
 slave States, for men to prove their love of country. I know it is 
 hard for men to apparently work with the Republican party, but now 
 
42 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 all party distinctions should be lost sight of, and every true patriot be 
 for maintaining the integrity of the glorious old Stars and Stripes, the 
 Constitution and the Union. The North is responding to the 
 President's call in such a manner that the Rebels maj' truly quake. 
 I tell you, there is no mistaking the feelings of the people. The Gov- 
 ernment can call into the field not only 75 000 troops, but ten or 
 twenty times 75,000 if it should be necessary, and find the means of 
 maintaining them, too. 
 
 It is all a mistake about the Northern pocket being so sensitive. 
 In times like the present, no people are more ready to give their own 
 time, or of their abundant means. No impartial man can conceal 
 from himself the fact that in all these troubles the Southerners have 
 been the aggressors and the Administration has stood purely on the 
 defensive, more on the defensive than she would have dared to have 
 done but for her consciousness of strength and the certainty of right 
 prevailing in the end. The news to-day is that Virginia has gone 
 out of the Union. But for the influence she will have on the other 
 border slave Slates, this is not much to be regretted. Her position, 
 or rather that of Eastern Virginia, has been more reprehensible from 
 the beginning than that of South Carolina. She should be made to 
 bear a heavy portion of the burden of the war for her guilt. 
 
 In all this I can but see the doom of slavery. The North does noi 
 want, nor will they want, to interfere with the institution ; but th"fey 
 will refuse for all time to give it protection unless the South shall re- 
 turn soon to their allegiance; and then, too, this disturbance will give 
 such an impetus to the production of their staple, cotton, in other parts 
 of the world that they can never recover the control of the market again 
 for that commodity. This will reduce the value of the negroes so much 
 that they will never be worth fighting over again. 
 
 I have just received a letter from Fred (Frederick Dent, Jr.) He 
 breathes forth the most patriotic sentiments. He is for the old flag 
 as long as there is a Union of two States fighting under its banner, 
 and when they dissolve, he will go it alone. This is not his language^ 
 but it is the idea, not so well expressed as he expresses it. 
 
 Julia and the children are well, and join me in love to you all. I 
 forgot to mention that Fred has another heir, with some novel name 
 that I have forgotten. Yours truly, u. S. Grant. 
 
 The Tribune says: 
 
 " It is a peculiarly important and timely contribution to history. It 
 
V ■ . ' ■'. 
 
 /■ 
 
 LIFE AiND SERVICES. 43 
 
 was written by a Democrat to a Democrat, at a time when Demo 
 cratic Governors in border States were insultingly replying to the 
 President's proclamation, and refusing troops for what they called " an 
 abolition war," or " the coercion of sister States." The language of 
 the Mugwumps of that day may be profitably contrasted with the 
 private letter of the true patriot, who little dreamed then how large 
 was to be his part in the suppression of the rebellion. 
 
 " This letter comes in time to correct many impressions as to the 
 career of the great soldier and ex-President. It has been commonly 
 tliought that he entered the service as a soldier rather than as a 
 patriot, with not very clearly defined political opinions, but with a 
 clear idea that it was his duty as a soldier to defend the flag of his coun- 
 try, and that his political convictions were mainly formed by inter- 
 course with others, and by the progress of events in later life. His 
 letter of 1861, on the contrary, proves that he had most clearly-de- 
 fined convictions in regard to the question of slavery, the right and 
 wrong of the struggle, and the aggressive spirit of the slave power, 
 even before he had offered his services to his country. He was men- 
 tally a larger and broader man, prior to the war, than the Nation has 
 been prone to suppose, and it is easy to see how, beginning to " work 
 with the Republican party," only as a matter of duty, he soon found 
 its convictions wholly in accord with his own. Shortly after this let- 
 ter was written, he began that active life which has resulted so grandly 
 for his country and so gloriously for himself." 
 
 Captain Grant at once joined his regiment, then organ- 
 izing at Mattoon, Illinois. Attending personally to their 
 drill and equipment, he soon raised the regiment to a state 
 of discipline rarely attained in the volunteer service. Soon 
 after. Colonel Gi^ant and his regiment were removed across 
 the Mississippi River into Missouri, and formed part of the 
 guard of the Hannibal iind Hudson Railroad line, extend- 
 ing across the State from the Mississippi River to St. Joseph 
 on the Missouri. On the 31st of July Colonel Grant was 
 placed in command of the troops at Mexico, Missouri. His 
 force at this time was attached to General Pope's command. 
 There were various movements made by Colonel Grant's 
 regiment of local importance, such as fortifying and garri- 
 
44 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 soning Pilot Knob, Ironton and Marble Creek. These 
 movements occupied most of the time until the latter part 
 of August, 1861, at which time he was detached from his 
 regimental command and promoted to the rank of Briga- 
 dier-General of volunteers, his commission dating from 
 May 17, 1 86 1, being placed in command of the important 
 post at Cairo, Illinois. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 BELMONT, FORT HENRY, AND FORT DONELSON. 
 
 The post of Cairo included within its jurisdiction both 
 banks of the Mississippi from Cape Girardeau to New- 
 Madrid, and the whole of Western Kentucky on the Ohio 
 River. Its importance as a strategic point is evident at a 
 glance; situated at the confluence of the Mississippi and 
 Ohio Rivers, it is the natural base for a military movement 
 upon the South, as also as a defensive military position, 
 It is said that in the first consultation General Scott had 
 with Mr. Lincoln's cabinet at the opening of the war, he 
 placed his finger on the map at Cairo and spoke of it as in 
 every way one of the most important points in the country 
 as a base of supplies, and for military operations. 
 
 At the time of General Grant's taking command at 
 Cairo, the State of Kentucky had assumed a nominal neu- 
 trality, the secession element was very strong and at many 
 points the rebel forces were received with joyous welcome, 
 while everything was done to prevent the progress of the 
 Union armies. The Confederates had seized Hickman, 
 Bowling Green, Columbus, fortified Fort Henry com- 
 manding the Tennessee River, and Fort Donelson on the 
 Cumberland River. As soon as Grant found out that the 
 rebels had encroached upon Kentucky, he ordered the 
 seizure of Paducah, a valuable port at the mouth of the 
 Tennessee River. At the time of taking possession of 
 Paducah' Grant found secession flags flying in various 
 
 (45) 
 
 -li - 
 
1 \S i 
 y 
 
 46 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 parts of the city, in expectation of the speedy arrival of 
 the rebel forces. Occupying the telegraph office, hospitals 
 and all points of importance, he issued the following procla- 
 mation to the citizens: 
 
 Paducah, Ky., September 6, 1861. 
 To THE Citizens of Paducah : — I am come among you, not as an 
 enemy, but as your fellow citizen ; not to maltreat you nor annoy you, 
 but to respect and enforce the rights of all loyal citizens. An enemy, 
 in rebellion against our common government, has taken possession of, 
 and planted its guns on the soil of Kentucky, and fired upon you. 
 Columbus and Hickman are in his hands. He is moving upon your 
 city. I am here to defend you against this enemy, to assist the au- 
 thority and sovereignt)- of your government. / Itave 7iothing to do 
 vjitk ofhiions, and shall deal only with armed rebellion and its aiders 
 and abettors. You can pursue your usual avocations without fear. 
 The strong arm of the government is here to protect its friends and 
 punish its enemies. Whenever it is manifest that you are able to de- 
 fend yourselves, and maintain the authority of the government, and 
 protect the rights of loyal citizens, I shall withdraw the forces under 
 my command. 
 
 U. S. Grant, Brigadier-General Commanding. 
 
 This proclamation is of importance as being the first 
 public expression of one who has shown that in statesman- 
 ship he is as reliable as in war. Its tone was admirable, 
 and represented the spirit of the Union people. 
 
 Following up the occupation of Paducah, General Grant 
 advanced and occupied Smithland, at the mouth of the 
 Cumberland River, thus effectually blockading the entrance 
 to or emergence from the rebel States by those important 
 streams. 
 
 The Confederates had assembled in great force at Col- 
 umbus, on the Kentucky shore of the Mississippi below 
 Cairo, and were sending their forces across the river to 
 General Price at Belmont, Missouri. It is not the purpose 
 of this biography to give a history of the movements of 
 
--M 
 
 LIFE AND SERVICES. 47 
 
 the army generally, only touching briefly the movements 
 in which General Grant was personally concerned. 
 
 On the evening of November 6, General Grant in per- 
 son, with three thousand one hundred and fourteen men em- 
 barked on transports, convoyed by two gunboats, proceeded 
 down the river and landed near Belmont on the west bank 
 just outside the range of the Confederate batteries at Colum- 
 bus. General Grant in a letter to his father, states that: 
 "The object of the expedition was to prevent the enemy 
 from sending a force into Missouri to cut off troops I had 
 sent there for a special purpose, and to prevent reinforcing 
 Price." 
 
 On the morning of November 7, General Grant formed 
 his small force into Tine of battle and immediately attacked 
 the rebel force under General Cheatham, driving them 
 from their camp and capturing a battery of twelve guns; 
 the camp was then burned, and the enemy's baggage and 
 horses taken. Belmont, being sitiuited on low ground, 
 was commanded by the batteries on the bluffs at Columbus 
 and could be made untenable at any time. Grant, seeing 
 this, and the Confederates having sent over large bodies of 
 troops from Columbus, and reinforced those at Belmont, 
 making the enemy numerically stronger than the Union 
 troops, concluded to withdraw his little arm}' to his trans- 
 ports, the retreat being covered by the ordnance of the gun- 
 boats. In this engagement there were y,ooo Confederates, 
 and 2,850 Union troops. Confederate loss was 875, Union 
 loss 400. After his return to Cairo with his forces. General 
 Grant issued the following order congratulating his troops: 
 
 Headquarters District of Southeast Missouri, 
 Cairo, November 6, 1861. 
 The General commanding this military district, returns his thanks 
 to the troops under his command at the battle of Belmont on 
 yesterday. 
 
48 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 It has been his fortune to have been in all the battles fought in 
 Mexico by Generals Scott and Taylor, save Buena Vista, and he 
 never saw one more hotly contested, or where troops behaved vdth 
 more gallantry. 
 
 Such courage will insure victory wherever our flag may be borne 
 and protected by such a class of men. 
 
 To the brave men who fell, the sympathy of the country is due, and 
 will be manifested in a manner unmistakable. 
 
 U. S. Grant, Brigadiev-Geiieral Com»ianding. 
 
 General Halleck, at this time commanding the Depart- 
 ment of the Missouri, appreciating the military ability 
 
 INTERIOR OF FORT HENRY. 
 
 of General Grant in reorganizing his department into 
 proper military districts, issued an order constituting the 
 "District of Cairo," and extending the command until it 
 became one of the largest divisions in the country, appoint- 
 ing General Grant to be the chief in command. 
 
 General Grant at once began organizing the new troops 
 added to his command. On Jauuary 15 he made a strong 
 reconnoissance from Paducah toward Columbus and other 
 points in Kentucky; having ascertained and accomplished 
 all that he desired, he withdrew his forces to Cairo. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. '49 
 
 Strongly impressed with the importance of driving the 
 rebels from the State of Kentucky, General Grant visited 
 General Halleck and asked permission to undertake the 
 capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. On the 30th 
 day of January he received the desired permission, and 
 within three days, with the aid of Comreodore Foote, a 
 combined naval and land expedition set out for Fort Henry, 
 ninety miles above the mouth of the Tennessee River. The 
 land forces consisted of 17,000 men under General Grant, 
 and a fleet of seven gunboats, four of which were iron- 
 clad, under command of Commodore A. H. Foote. 
 
 On the morning of February 6, 1S62, the gunboats 
 opened fire upon the Fort. After about tvs^o hours and a 
 quarter's engagement the rebels, finding that their line of 
 retreat was cut off by the Union troops, who had been 
 landed about four miles below the fort, intending to attack 
 the fort in the rear, while the gunboats attacked the front, 
 lowered their flag and surrendered before the military 
 forces could arrive. General Grant arriving within an hour 
 after it had capitulated, when Commodore Foote turned 
 over the captured fort and prisoners to the army. General 
 Grant telegraphed to General Halleck: "Fort Henry is 
 ours. Gunboats silenced the batteries before the invest- 
 ment was completed. I shall take and destroy Fort Don- 
 elson on the 8th, and return to Fort Henry." The fall of 
 Fort Henry opened the Tennessee to the Union gunboats 
 and pierced the Confederate line of defense across the 
 State of Kentucky. 
 
 General Grant lost no time in preparing for a vigorous 
 movement on Fort Donelson, twelve miles distant, having 
 ordered reinforcements to be sent up the river from Cairo. 
 In the meantime the Confederates, alarmed by their defeat 
 on the Tennessee, concentrated all the force that they 
 
 t 
 
5° 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 could command for the defense of the Cumberland. The 
 greater part of the troops that had garrisoned the works 
 at Fort Henry had escaped and joined the forces on the 
 Cumberland. Fort Donelson was most favorably placed 
 and constructed according to the best rules of engineering 
 skill. The fortress was 
 placed upon a high hill 
 on a bend of the river, 
 a little below the town 
 of Dover. This eleva- 
 tion commanded the 
 stream in front and both 
 north and south, as far 
 as shot could be thrown. 
 At the foot of the fort 
 there were two water 
 batteries of twelve heavy 
 guns; the land side was 
 also fortified strongly. 
 Its garrison consisted of 
 about 23,000 men, and besides the amount of the fort and 
 water batteries, six batteries of light artillery and seven- 
 teen heavy guns. The Confederates were under the com- 
 mand of General Floyd, Secretary of War under Buchanan. 
 General Grant arrived in front of the fort on the after- 
 noon of the 12th and at once took possession of the high 
 ground surrounding it, his right restin^f on Dover, his left 
 wing resting on a small creek to the north of the fort, thus 
 inclosing the entire rebel forces. In making these move- 
 ments considerable skirmishing ensued. On the following 
 day an engagement of two hours occurred between one of 
 the gunboats and the rebel batteries. At 2 o'clock on 
 February 14 the gunboats opened fire on the batteries and 
 
/• '' 
 
 I.IFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 5' 
 
 finally silenced them, but the plunging shots from the fort 
 above having crippled the flag ship and wounded Commo- 
 dore Foote, they withdrew from the action. General 
 Grant now determined to thoroughly invest the fort, either 
 reducing it by siege or to await the repair of the gunboats. 
 In the meantime the Confederates realizing that the result 
 of such an investment meant the entire capture of their 
 forces, planned an overwhelming attack upon the weakest 
 part of the Union lines. Accordingly on the morning of 
 the 15th the attacking column, numbering ten thousand 
 men, struck General Grant's extreme right, which was 
 here commanded by General McClernand, taking him by 
 surprise, and though desperately contesting every inch he 
 was being gradually forced to retire. At this time so con- 
 fident was General Pillow that he had defeated the Union 
 army, he had sent a dispatch to Nashville announcing " on 
 the honor of a soldier^ the day is ours," 
 
 Arriving on the field of battle General Grant at once 
 took in the situation, exclaiming: "They mean to cut 
 their way out; they have no idea of staying here to fight 
 us. Whichever party now attacks first will whip, and the 
 rebels will have to be very quick if they beat me." Riding 
 to the front he ordered General Wallace to recover the 
 lost ground of the morning, while General Smith should 
 storm the enemy's right. Wallace was successful in driv- 
 ing the enemy back and at dark had pushed within one 
 hundred and fifty yards of the enemy's intrenchments. 
 General Smith had also been successful after a desperate 
 struggle, and had he had a half-hour of daylight would 
 have passed the outworks and captured the fort. The 
 army bivouacked on the frozen ground, intending to make 
 an early assault on the rebel lines in the morning, but the 
 morning's sun found a flag of truce waving over the 
 
 .■• r 
 
1^3 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 enemy's works, their commander, General S. B. Buckner, 
 sending a note to General Grant proposing to surrender. 
 During the night the two senior rebel generals, Floyd and 
 Pillow, had deserted their command and crossed the riveV 
 on boats, taking with them some three thousand men. 
 The following correspondence then passed between the 
 commanding generals of the contending armies: 
 
 Headquarters Fort Donelson, Feb. i6, 1862. 
 Sir : — In consideration of all the circumstances governing the 
 present situation of affairs at this station, I propose to the command- 
 ing officer of the Federal forces the appointment of commissioners to 
 agree upon terms of capitulation of the forces I hold under my com- 
 mand ; and, in that view, suggest an armistice until twelve o'clock 
 
 to-day. 
 
 S. B. BUCKNER, Brig. -Gen. C. S. A. 
 
 To Brig. -Gen. Grant, commanding U. S. Fences, Fort Donelson. 
 
 To which General Grant replied as follows: 
 
 Headquarters Army in the Field, 
 Camp near Donelson, Feb. 16, 1S62. 
 To General S. B. Buckner, Confederate Army: 
 
 Yours of this date, proposing an armistice and appointment of 
 commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. JVo 
 terms other tl.an an itnconditional and immediate surrender can be ac- 
 cepted, I propose to move immediately upon your ivorks. 
 
 I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient servant, _ . ^ 
 
 U. S. Grant, Brig.-Gen. U. S. A., Commaftdtng. 
 
 General (Jrant's terms were accepted and the surrender 
 was immediate and unconditional — the forces surrendered 
 were thirteen thousand five hundred men, three thousand 
 horses, forty-eight field-pieces, seventeen heavy guns, 
 twenty thousand stand of arms, and a large quantity of 
 commissary stores, the Confederates having lost in their 
 attack 1,228 men; the Union loss being 446 killed, 1,735 
 wounded and 150 prisoners. The following day two regi- 
 
l.lFJi AND SERVICES. 
 
 53 
 
 merits of rebel Tennesseeans, not having heard of the sui"- 
 render, marched into the fort, and the whole force, 1,475 
 officers and men, were at once captured. 
 
 The capture of Forts Donelson and Henry broke the 
 outer line of the defence of the Confederacy. In a few 
 days after Bowling Green and Columbus were evacuated 
 and taken possession of by the Union forces. 
 
 For this victorious 
 campaign General Grant 
 was at once nominated 
 for and received the 
 confirmation of, the ap- 
 pointment of M aj o r- 
 General of Volunteers 
 to date from the day of 
 surrender of Fort Donel- 
 son. % 
 
 After the capture of 
 Fort Donelson General 
 Grant did not allow his 
 forces to remain long- 
 idle. On the 20th of ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON. 
 
 February he captured Clarksville and occupied Nashville 
 on the 33d. About this time the enemy began collecting 
 a large force under the able command of Albert Sidney 
 Johnston, with headquarters at Corinth, Mississippi, with 
 the intention of holding the line of the Memphis and 
 Charleston Railroad and preventing any advance of the 
 Union forces below the line of the Tennessee Rivei", and 
 also to have at easy command an available force to make an 
 aggressive movement into Kentuckv, should an opportunity 
 occur. They at the same time blockaded the Mississippi 
 River by fortified jjositions at several points, above Mem- 
 phis, and at Vicksburg and below New Orleans. 
 

 .[:%-■{ 
 
 \' 
 
 54 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 General Grant's army jjassed up the river, encamping 
 at Savannah and Pittsburg Landing, tvsrenty miles distant 
 from Corinth. 
 
 General C. F. Smith had been placed in command of 
 the troops in the field, General Grant being detained at 
 .Fort Henry, organizing and fitting out the forces with 
 which he was about to make his aggressive movement. 
 The selection of Pittsburg Landing as a point of rendez- 
 vous and disembarkation was made by General Smith, and 
 not by General Grant. 
 
 A Confederate paper, published at Florence, Alabama, 
 on the morning of March 12, 1S82, contains the following 
 
 significant article : 
 
 • 
 
 " We learned yesterday that the Unionists had landed a very large 
 force at Savannah, Tenn. We suppose they are making preparations 
 to get possession of the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. They 
 must never be allovjed to get this great thoroughfare in their possession, 
 for then lue -would indeed be crippled. The labor and untiring industry 
 of too many faithful and energetic men have been expended on this 
 road to bring it up to its present state of usefulness, to let it fall into 
 the hands of the enemy to be used against us. It must be protected. 
 We, as a people, are able to protect and save it. If unavoidable, let 
 them have our river; but we hope it is the united sentiment of our 
 people, that vje -will have our railroad, " 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PITTSBURG LANDING, SHILOH, lUKA AND CORINTH. 
 
 The Confederate forces at Corinth were said to number 
 forty-five thousand men on the ist of April, 1S62, under 
 command of General Albert Sydney Johnston, with Gen- 
 eral P. G. T. Beauregard second in command, and Gen- 
 eral Bragg with his corps, which had been brought up 
 from Mobile and Pensacola; General Polk, with forces 
 from Columbus and points evacuated in Kentucky and 
 Tennessee; Generals Hardee and Breckenridge were also 
 in command of divisions. General Grant's forces consisted 
 of five divisions, commanded respectively by Generals 
 Sherman, Hurlburt, McClernand, Lew Wallace and W. H. 
 L. Wallace, thirty-five thousand strong, spread over a space 
 of several square miles from Pittsburg Landing to Savan- 
 nah. The country is here rolling, cut up with ravines and 
 intertwined with an inextricable mpze of wood-paths. Gen- 
 eral Grant was resting at this point awaiting the arrival of 
 General Buell, who was marching from Nashville to join 
 him with forty thousand men. Owing to heavy rains and 
 bad roads General Buell had been somewhat delayed, and 
 had not been able to join the army of Grant as was 
 expected. 
 
 On the morning of April 3, the Union videttes of Gen- 
 eral VV^allace's division, who were stationed at Crump's 
 Landing, had a sharp skirmish with the Confederates. On 
 the 4th the Confederates made a reconnoissance in force, 
 
 (55) 
 
-.-,»ti,; -jf 
 
 r6 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 but finding the Federals alert and ready to receive them, 
 retired, General Johnston carefully avoiding a general en- 
 gagement, as he was daily exj^ecting large reinforcements 
 from Generals Van Dorn 
 and Price. On the 5th 
 the Confederate forces ar- 
 rived in position in front 
 of the Union lines; the 
 more advanced were al- 
 lowed no fires, nor were 
 any noises such as are 
 usual to camps permitted. 
 On the 3d of April the 
 Confederate commander 
 had issued the following 
 proclamation to his 
 troops : 
 
 1'. e. T. BEAUBEOAED. 
 
 Soldiers of the Army op the Mississippi: — I have put you 
 in motion tooflfer battle to the invaders of your country, with the res- 
 olution, and discipline and valor becoming men fighting as you are, 
 for all worth living or dying for. You can but march to a decisive 
 victory over agragian mercenaries, sent to subjugate and despoil y u 
 of your liberies, property and honor. 
 
 Remember the precious stake involved; remember tlie depend- 
 ence of your motliers, vour wives, your sisters, and your children, on 
 the result. Remember the fair, broad, abounding lands, the happy 
 homi s that will be desolated by your defeat. The eyes and hopes of 
 , eight millions of people rest upon you. You are expected to show 
 yourselves worthy of your valor and courage, worthy of the women 
 of the South, whose noble devotion in tliis war has never been ex- 
 ceeded in any time. With such incentives to brave deeds, and with 
 trust that God is with us, your General will lead you confidently to 
 the combat, assured of success. 
 By order of 
 
 General A.. .S. Johsst"^m, Cotmnanding. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 5^ 
 
 General Johnston had been able to get an accurate knowl- 
 edge of the strength and position of General Grant's arm}-, 
 and expected to make his attack a surprise and crush the 
 Union forces before General Buell should arrive. So con- 
 fident were they of success, it is stated that Beauregard an- 
 nounced that his men should " water their horses the next 
 day in the Tennessee River or in hell." Sunday, the 6th, 
 was bright and clear. At 5 o'clock in the morning the 
 Confederates advanced at double-quick, in three columns, 
 striking the divisions of Generals Sherman and Pi'entiss, 
 who were three or four miles in advance of Pittsburg Land- 
 ing near Shiloh chnrch. The odds against them were great. 
 The Union troops, though partially surprised, fought des- 
 perately against overwhelming numbers, contesting the 
 ground foot by foot until they reached the inner line 01 
 defense near the rivei". Generals Prentiss and Sherman 
 did all that mortal men could do to stem the disaster to 
 their forces. General Prentiss was soon overwhelmed, his 
 forces dispersed, himself with a large number of his men 
 taken prisoner. The following account from an eye wit- 
 ness, taken from the New Tork Herald oi April 9, 1863, 
 will be found of great interest. The descriptionof this and 
 the subsequent day's battle, written by General Grant, in a 
 late issue of The Century^ should also be read by all of the 
 General's admirers. 
 
 THE FIRST day's STRUGGLE. 
 
 Pittsburg, T-ia Fort Henry. 
 April 9, 3.20 A. M. 
 One of the greatest and bloodiest battles of modern days has just 
 closed, resulting in the complete rout of the enemy, who attacked us 
 at daybreak Sunday morning. 
 
 The battle lasied, without intermission, during the entire day, and 
 was again renewed on Mond.ay morning, and continued undecided 
 until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when the enemy commenced their 
 
58 GEXEKAL U. S. GKANT -3 
 
 retreat, and are still flying toward Corinth, pursued by a large force 
 of our cavalry. 
 
 The slaughter on both sides is 'mmense. We have lost in killed, 
 wounded and missing, from eighteen to twenty thousand ; that of the 
 enemy is estimated at from thirty-five to forty thousand. 
 
 It is impossible, in the present confused state of afiairs, to ascertain 
 any of the details ; I therefore give you the best account possible fi'om 
 observation, having passed through the storm of action during the 
 two days that it raged. 
 
 The fight was brought on by a body of three hundred of ihe Twen- 
 ty-fifth Missouri Regiment, of General Prentiss' Division, attacking 
 the advance guard of the rebels, which were supposed to be the pick- 
 ets of the enemy in front of our camps. 
 
 The rebels immediately advanced on General Prentiss' Division 
 on the left wing, pouring volley after volley of musketry, and riddling 
 our camps with grape, canister and shell. Our forces soon formed 
 into line and returned their fire vigorously. By the time we were 
 prepared to receive them, the rebels had turned their heaviest fire on 
 the left center, Sherman's Division, and drove our men back from 
 their camps; then, bringing up a fresh force, opened fire on our left 
 wing, under General McClernand. This fire was returned with terri- 
 ble effect and determined spirit by both infantry and artillery, along 
 the whole line, for a distance of over four miles. 
 
 General Hurlburt's division was thrown forward to support 
 the center, when a desperate conflict ensued. The rebels were driven 
 back with terrible slaughter, but soon rallied and drove back our men 
 in turn. Frojii about nine o'clock^ the time your covrespondeut arrived 
 o» ihe field, until night closed on the bloody scene, there -Mas no determin- 
 ation of the result of tlie struggle. The rebels exhibited remarkably 
 good generalship. At times engaging the left, with apparently their 
 whole strength, they would suddenly open a terrible and destructive 
 fire on the right or center. Even our heaviest and most destructive 
 fire upon the enemy did not appear to discourage their solid columns. 
 The fire of Major Taylor's Chicago Artillery raked them down in 
 scores, but the smoke would no sooner be dispersed than the breach 
 would again be filled. 
 
 The most desperate fighting look place late in the afternoon. The 
 rebels knew that if they did not succeed in whipping us then, their 
 chances for success would be extremely doubtful, as a portion of Gen- 
 eral Buell's forces had by this time arrived on the opposite side of the 
 
 ■ ■"■' ''^\ 
 ■ ' . v', • 
 
-^■^.:r-\y -y •-V : ^\.C 
 
 Life And services. co 
 
 river, and another portion was coming up tine river from Savannaii. 
 Tliey became aware tiiat we were being reinforced, as they could see 
 General Buell's troops from the river bank, a short distance above us 
 on the left, to which point they had forced tlieir way. 
 
 At 5 o'clock the rebels had forced our left wing back so as to occupy 
 fully two-thirds of our camp, and were fighting their way forward with 
 a desperate degree of confidence in their efforts to drive us into the 
 river, and at the same time heavily engaged our right.. 
 
 Up to this time we had received no reinforcements. General Lewis 
 Wallace failing to come to our support until the day was over. Being 
 without other transports than those used for quartermaster's and com- 
 missary stores, which were too heavily' laden to ferry any considera- 
 ble number of General Buell's forces across the river, and the boats 
 that were here having been sent to bring up the troops from Savan- 
 nah, we could not even get those men to us who were so near, and 
 anxiously waiting to take part in the struggle. JVe were, therefore, 
 contesting against fearful odds, our forces not exceeding thirty-eight 
 tliousand Tnen, -while that of the enemy -was uj>-ward of sixty thottsand. 
 
 Our condition at this moment was extremely critical. Large num- 
 bers of men panic struck, others worn out by hard fighting, with the 
 average percentage of skulkers, had straggled toward the river, and 
 could not be rallied. 
 
 (?• neral Grant and staff", mho had been recklessly riding along tlte 
 lines during the entire dar,amid tlie unceasing storm of bullets, grafe 
 and shell, notv rode froin right to left, inciting the ?nen to stand firm 
 until our reinforcements could cross the rivey. 
 
 Colonel Webster, Chief of Staff, immediately got into position the 
 heaviest pieces of artillery, pointing on the enemy's right, while a 
 large number of the batteries were planted along the entire line, from 
 the river bank northwest to our extreme right, some two and a half 
 milei distant. About an hour before dusk a general cannonading was 
 opened upon the enemy, from along our whole line, with a perpetual 
 crack of musketry. Such a roar of artillery was never heard on this 
 continent. For a short time the rebels replied with vigor and effect, 
 but their return shots grew less frequent and destructive, while ours 
 grew m re rapid and more terrible. 
 
 The gunboats Lexington and Tyler, which lay a short distance off, 
 kept raining shell on the rebel hordes. This last effort was too much 
 for the enemy, and ere dusk had set in the firing had nearly ceased. 
 
•:&;;_; v-j."":^ 
 
 60 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 when, night coming on, all the combatants rested from their awful -work 
 of blood and carnage. 
 
 Our men rested on their arms in the position they had at the close of 
 the night, until the forces under Major-General Lewis Wallace arrived 
 and took position on the right, and General Buell's forces from the 
 op osite side and Savannah, were being conveyed to the battle-ground. 
 The entire right of General Nelson's division Avas ordered to form on 
 the right, and the forces under General Crittenden were ordered to 
 his support early in the morning. 
 
 THE SECOND DAY's BATTLE. 
 
 General Buell, having 
 himself arrived on Sunday 
 evening, on the morning 
 of Monday, April 7, the 
 ball was opened at daylight, 
 simultaneously by General 
 Nelson's division on the 
 left, and Major-General 
 Wallace's division on the 
 right. General Nelson's 
 force opened up a most 
 galling fire on the rebels 
 and advanced rapidly as 
 they fell back. The fire 
 soon became general along 
 the whole line, and began 
 to tell with terrrible effect on the enemy. Generals McClernand, 
 Sherman and Hurlburt's men, though terribly jaded fi-om the previ- 
 ous day's figliting, still maintained their honors won at Donelson ; 
 but the resistance of the rebels at all points of the attack was terrible, 
 and worthy of a better cause. 
 
 But they were not enough for our undaunted bravery, and the 
 dreadful desolation, produced by our artilleiy, which was sweeping 
 them away like chaff before the wind. Bui knoxiiiig that adef eat here 
 zvould be the death-hlo-v to their hofes, and that their all defended on 
 this great struggle, their generals still urged them on in the face of 
 destruction, hoping by flanking us on the right to turn the tide of 
 battle. Their success was again for a time cheering, as they began to 
 gain ground on us, appearing to have been reinforced; but our left, 
 
 DON CARLOS BUELL. 
 
\\, 
 
 LIFE AND SERVICES. 6l 
 
 under General Nelson, was driving them, and with wonderful rapidi y, 
 and by II o'clock General Buell's forces liad succeeded in flank- 
 ing them, and capturing their batteries of artil.ery. 
 
 They, however, again rallied on the left, and recrossed, and the 
 right forced themselves forward in another dcspnate effort. But 
 reinforcements from General Wood and General Thomas were com- 
 ing in, regiment after regiment, which were sent to General Buell, 
 who had again commenced to drive the enemy. 
 
 About 3 o'clock in the afternoon. General Grant rode to the 
 left where the fresh regiments had been ordered, and, finding the 
 rebels wavering, sent a portion of his body-guard to the head of each 
 of five regiments, «?;rf then ordered a charge across the field, himself 
 
 crcrvjnzng tnctory, the cann< n balls zi'et e falling like hail around him. 
 
 The men followed with a shout that sounded above the roar and 
 din of the artillery, and the rebels fled in dismay as froin a destroying 
 avalanche, and never made another stand. 
 
 General Buell followed the retreating rebels, driving them in 
 splendid s'yie, and by half-past 5 o'clock the whole rebel army was 
 in full retreat to^ Corinth, with our cavalry in hot pursuit, with what 
 further result is not known, not having returned up to this hour. 
 
 We have taken a large amount of 
 their artillery and also a number of 
 prisoners. We lost a number of 
 our forces prisoners yesterday, 
 among whom is General Prentiss. 
 The number of our force taken has 
 not yet been ascertained. It is re- 
 ported at several hundred. Gen- 
 eral Prentiss was also reported as 
 being wounded. Among the killed 
 on the rebel side was their General- 
 in-Chief, Albert Sydney Johnston, 
 who was struck by a cannon-ball 
 on the afternoon of Sunday. Of 
 this there is no doubt, and it is fur- 
 ther reported that General Beauregard was wounded. 
 
 This afternoon Generals Bragg, Breckenridge and Jackson w-ere 
 commanding portions of the rebel forces. 
 
 JOHN C. BEECKENRIDQB. 
 
62 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 THE SUMMING UP OF THE TWO DAYS. 
 
 There has never been a parallel to the gallantry and bearing of our 
 officers, from the Commanding General to the lowest officer. 
 
 General Grant and staff were in the field, riding along the lines in 
 the thickest of the enemy's fire during the entire two days of the bat- 
 tle, and all slept on the ground Sunday night, during a heavy rain. 
 On several occasions General Grant got within fange of the enemy's 
 guns and was discovered and fired upon. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel McPherson had his horse shot from under 
 him when alongside of General Grant. 
 
 Captain Carson was between General Grant and 3'our correspond- 
 ent when a cannon-ball took off his head and killed and wounded sev- 
 eral others. 
 
 General Sherman had two.horses killed under him, and General 
 McClernand shared like dangers; also General Hurlburt, each of 
 whom received bullet holes through their clothes. 
 
 The first day's battle having closed with every indication 
 of a complete success for the Confederate cause, on the fol- 
 lowing day General Beauregard, who succeeded Johnston, 
 telegraphed to the Confederate government as follows: 
 
 Corinth, Tuesday, April 8, 1862. 
 To THE Secretary of War, Richmond: 
 
 We have gained a great and glorious victory. Eight to ten thou- 
 sand prisoners and thirty-six pieces of cannon. Buell re-inforced 
 Grant, and we retired to our entrenchments at Corinth, which we can 
 hold. Loss heavy on both sides. 
 
 Beauregard. 
 
 In a congratulatory order issued by General Grant to 
 the troops under date of April 8, he says: 
 
 "The General commanding congratulates the troops who so gal- 
 lantly maintained their position ; repulsed and routed a numerically 
 superior force of the enemy, composed of the flower of the Southern 
 army, commanded by their ablest Generals, and fought by them with 
 all the desperation of despair. In numbers engaged, no such contest 
 ever took place on this continent. In importance of result, but few 
 such have taken place in the history of the world." 
 
\ 
 
 LIFE AND SliRVICES. 63 
 
 Three years after, General Sherman, in a speech de- 
 livered at St. Louis, on the 19th of July, 1865, having 
 reviewed the incidents of the commencement of the war, 
 says of this battle: 
 
 "There was gathered the first great army of the West. Com- 
 mencing with onlj twelve thousand, then twenty, then thirty thousand, 
 and we had about thirty -eight thousand in that battle; and all I claim 
 for it is, that is was a contest for manhood; there was no strategy. 
 Grant was there, and others of us, all young at that time, and un- 
 known men, but our enemy was old, and Sidney Johnston, whom all 
 the officers remembered as a power among the old officers, high above 
 Grant, myself, or anybody else, led the enemy on thai battlefield, and 
 I almost wonder how we conquered. But, as I remarked, it was a 
 contest for manhood — man to man, soldier to soldier. We fought, 
 and held our ground, and therefore counted ourselves victorious. 
 From that time forward we had with us the prestige. That battle 
 was worth millions and millions to us, by reason of the fact of the 
 courage displayed by the brave soldiers on that occasion ; and from 
 that time to this, I never heard of the first want of courage on the 
 part of our Northern soldiers.'' 
 
 After the engagements of Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing, 
 the Confederate forces retreated to Corinth, where all their 
 available forces were again rendezvoused behind a series of 
 fortifications that were deemed impregnable. General 
 Halleck, who had now assumed command, sent for all of 
 the unemployed troops in his department, concentrating 
 them at Pittsburg Landing. He had 120,000 men in his 
 command, with a large array of field and siege guns. This 
 large army he designated as the " Grand Army of the Ten- 
 nessee," and it was composed of three armies, as follows: 
 
 The Army of the Ohio (center) General Buell Commanding-. 
 The Army of the Mississippi (left) General Pope Commanding-. 
 The Army of the Tennessee (right) General Grant Commanding. 
 
 Cautiously the Union General advanced toward Corinth, 
 occupying six weeks in advancing sixteen miles; heavy 
 skirmishing was of daily occurrence, the Union forces being 
 
64 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 generally successful. General Halleck finally planted his 
 army before Corinth, Although General Grant had ex- 
 pressed an opinion that he could carry the works of the 
 enemy by storm, General Halleck rejected it and settled 
 down to a regular siege, which was safely prosecuted ac- 
 cording to the established rules of war, from April 30 to 
 May 30, 1862, the enemy having abandoned their entrench- 
 ments the night before. By this victory the Union forces 
 had broken the second line of the interior defence of the 
 Confederacy, and they were forced back upon their third line 
 the strategic points of which were Vicksburg, Jackson, 
 Meriden, and Selma. The Union forces pursued the retreat- 
 ing foe, capturing many prisoners and destroying much pub- 
 lic property. The importance of Corinth as a stronghold is 
 evidenced b}' the fact that it was kept by the United States 
 forces as a strong military post until the beginning of 1864. 
 
 Several minor move- 
 ments and skirmishes of 
 considerable moment 
 took place in different 
 parts of this department ; 
 on these occasions the 
 Federal forces were gen- 
 erally successful, yet up 
 to September General 
 Grant's department was 
 particularly quiet. In 
 the earlier part of Sep- 
 tember the Confederate 
 forces in the Southwest 
 began to make a general 
 advance. General Grant was at this time in command of 
 the Union forces, General Halleck having been called to 
 
 GENBRAL ROSECRANS. 
 
 .■-k:;-^- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 65 
 
 Washington to supersede McClellan. A large rebel 
 army under Sterling Price had occupied luka, twenty- 
 one miles southeast from Corinth, against whom General 
 Grant advanced by two different routes. General Rose- 
 crans, commanding the Army of the Mississippi, advancing 
 from the south, w hile that under General Ord from the north ; 
 General Rosecrans on September 19, fiercely attacked Price, 
 defeating him in a bloody battle, but Price succeeded in es- 
 caping; uniting his forces with Van Dorn, he marched upon 
 Corinth. General Grant was at this time at Jaclcson, where 
 he \\'as threatened by 
 
 a considerable Confed- ,i^S?^^fe, 
 
 erate force located at 
 La Grange and Ripley. 
 Rosecrans was in com- 
 mand at Corinth hav- 
 ing onlv nineteen thous- 
 and men in his ranks, 
 while the enemy ap- 
 proached witli thirty- 
 eight tiiousand men, 
 witlr the evident inten- 
 tion of retaking Cor- 
 inth at all hazards, or 
 at least, to break the 
 
 Union line of communication, and force a retreat. 
 4th of October the enemy made a furious attacli upon 
 the works, at Corinth, and the most desperate figliting 
 ensued. The rebel troops rushed to tlie assault with 
 their usual bravery; bravely did the garrison defend the 
 position, repelling the enemy witli enormous slaughter; 
 during the- battle Genera] McPherson had arrived from 
 Jackson with reinforcements, having been sent by General 
 
 GENERAT- VAN DORN. 
 
 On the 
 
66 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Grant in aid of the beleaguered garrison. General Grant, 
 feeling confident of the success of the Union, arms, had 
 sent Generals Ord and Huilburt with 4,000 men to strike 
 the enemy in flank upon their retreat. General Rosecrans 
 pursued the enemy from Corinth, pushing them toward the 
 Hatchie Rivi , where the force under Generals Ord and 
 Hurlburt fell i.pon their already bleeding and shattered col- 
 umns, forcing then? back, capturing a battery of artillery 
 and several bunc^ od prisoners. General Rosecrans, on the 
 next day sent the following telegram : 
 
 Chevalla, October 6, 1863. 
 
 To Major-General Grant: 
 
 The enemy is totally routed, throwing everything away. We are 
 following sharply. 
 
 W. S. Rosecrans, Major-General. 
 
 General Grant's congratulatory order to his troops will be 
 found in the appendix. President Lincoln dispatched to 
 General Grant the following congratulations and inquiries: 
 
 Washington, D. C, Octotier 6, 1863 
 
 Major-General GrainT: 
 
 I congratulate you and all concerned in your recent battles and vic- 
 tories. How doco it all sum up? I especially regret the death of 
 General Hackleman, and am very anxious to know the condition of 
 General Oglesby, who is an intimate personal friend. 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 The Federal success at luka and Corinth, relieved West 
 Tennessee from all immediate danger. This brief cam- 
 paign had displayed General Grant's military judgment and 
 the admirable clearness of his perceptions, and made the 
 way clear for his campaign against Vicksbur:^. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE ADVANCE TO VICKSBURG. 
 
 By general orders from the War Department, dated Oc- 
 tober i6, 1S62, General Grant was assigned to the " De- 
 partment of the Tennessee," which was now extended to 
 include the State of Mississippi, in which was Vicksburg. 
 General Grant formally assumed his new command on the 
 25th of October, although he had virtually held it since the 
 departure of Halleck for Washington. In November 
 Grant removed his headquarters from Jackson to LaGcange, 
 that he might be in a better position to support Sherman 
 who was then at Memphis preparing for his movement on 
 Vicksburg. 
 
 On the 2otli of Decemoer the Confeaerate General 
 Van Dorn succeeded in capturing from the Federal forces, 
 through the cowardice of General Murphy, the important 
 post of Holly Springs, which had been made the principal 
 base of supplies for Grant's army. Its loss prevented 
 Grant's co-operation with Sherman in his movement 
 aoainst Vicksburg, which promised to be successful. 
 
 Vicksburg is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 
 twelve miles below the mouth of the Yazoo. All that the 
 Confederacy had of engineering skill and experience was 
 exhausted in rendering it the Gibraltar of America. It 
 was out of the question to capture the town by the river 
 front, and the rear had been made almost as impregnable. 
 Already three attempts had been made by the Federals to 
 
 (67) 
 
68 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 S~^^ 
 
 capture this stronghold. Commodore Farragut, after his 
 capture of New Orleans, had ascended the river as far as 
 Grand Gulf, a short distance below Vicksburg, but accom- 
 plished nothing. On the 8th of June, soon after the cap- 
 ture of Memphis, a second attack was made, and for a time 
 the batteries at Grand Gulf were silenced, but the low state 
 of the water obliged the fleet to return down the river. 
 General Williams had attempted to dig a canal across 
 
 the peninsula opposite 
 Vicksburg, hoping to 
 turn the waters of the 
 Mississippi into it, al- 
 lowing the Union gun- 
 boats and transports to 
 pass below Vicksburg. 
 Unfortunately for the 
 success of this plan, 
 the low condition of 
 the water compelled 
 him to abandon the 
 undertaking, and the 
 Confederates at once 
 filled up the canal. 
 It'had long been pre- 
 dicted that the Mississippi Valley would be the seat of the 
 future Empire of America. Napoleon, when negotiating 
 the cession of Louisiana, said : " The nation w^hich controls 
 the Valley of the Mississippi, will eventually rule the 
 world." De Tocqueville, in his writings, says: "It is the 
 most magnificent dwelling-place prepared by God for man's 
 abode." The river enriches an area of nearly one million 
 and a half of square miles, six times the area of the Em- 
 pire of France. Fifty-seven rivers, many of them a thou- 
 
 
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 ADMIRAI. FARRAGUT. 
 
JAl-E AM) SERVICES. 6q 
 
 sand miles in lengtli, contribute to swell its waters. The 
 Indians called it the "Father of Waters." General Sher- 
 man once said, « The possession of the Mississippi River is 
 the possession of America." Jefferson Davis said to the 
 citizens of Mississippi at Jackson, " Assist in preserving 
 the Mississippi River, that great artery of the Confederacy, 
 and thus conduce more than in any other wav, to the ■perj)et- 
 uation of the Confederacy^ and the success of the cause." 
 Vallandigham, in his speech declaring the inability of the 
 government to conquer the Rebellion, and the determina- 
 tion of the Northwest to go with the South, said: " There 
 is not one drop of rain that falls over the whole vast ex- 
 panse of the Northwest that does not find its home in the 
 bosom of the Gulf." Unlike Vallandigham in his views, 
 yet recognizing the importance of this vast inland sea to 
 the people of the Northwest, the brave and eloquent Gen- 
 eral Logan said : " If the rebels undertake to control the 
 Mississippi, the men of the Northwest will hew their way 
 to the Gulf, and make New Orleans a fish-pond." 
 
 By the retreat of Grant, the Confederates were enabled 
 to reinforce Vicksburg, and fortify Port Hudson on the 
 Louisiana side of the river, in order to blockade the I'iver 
 against the fleet under Farragut from below. General Sher- 
 man, unaware of the mishap to General Grant, had moved 
 his army in front of the Confederate works at Vicksburg, 
 and on December 28 and 29, he made several brilliant and 
 determined assaults on the enemy's lines, but all in vain, the 
 Union forces being compelled to return. After his defeat 
 at Vicksburg, General Sherman planned the capture of Ar- 
 kansas Port, on the Arkansas River, which on the loth of 
 January, 1S63, after a gallant defence, surrendered with 
 nearly 5,000 prisoners. After this success, Sherman 
 returned to the vicinity of Vicksburg in order to co-op- 
 erate with General Grant. 
 
yo GENKRAI, U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Recognizing the importance of the possession of Vicks- 
 burg to the National cause, General Grant, early in the 
 new year, determined to make a second campaign against 
 it. He had become convinced that its capture could only 
 be accomplished by a combined land and river force. Gen- 
 eral Grant's immediate army, soine 50,000 strong, was 
 withdrawn from Northern Mississippi, and transferred to 
 the Mississippi River for the reduction of Vicksburg, 
 the headquarters being at Memphis. 
 
 On the 29th of January, having pushed his preparations 
 forward rapidly, he landed his army at Young's Point and 
 Milliken's Bend, above Vicksburg, making his head- 
 quarters at the latter place. He at once set to work to re- 
 open the canal dug by General Williams; a sudden rise in 
 the river washed the works away, and the enterprise 
 ended in failure. 
 
 While employed at Milliken's Bend, he also cut a short 
 canal from a point seventy miles above Vicksburg to -a 
 sheet of water called Lake Providence, which \vas form- 
 erly the bed of the river. This lake through a baj'ou \vas 
 connected with Swan Lake and the Tensas River; through 
 the latter river, boats could pass into the Black River and 
 thence into the Red River, which enters the Mississippi far 
 below Vicksburg. Just as success seemed assured a drouth 
 came. There was no water in the bayous, and the enter- 
 prise was abandoned. Undismayed by these reverses, he 
 now turned his attention to the east side of the river. 
 
 At a point nearly opposite Helena, there is, but a few 
 hundred yards from the eastern shore of the river, a con- 
 siderable bod}' of water called Moon Lake. From the 
 southern extremity of this sheet of water Yazoo Pass leads 
 into the Coldwater River, this into the Yazoo throuoh the 
 Tallahatchie. Grant's engineers deemed it possible, by cut- 
 
LIFE ANT) SERVICES. 'Jl 
 
 ting a canal into Moon Lake, that a way might be opened 
 for the transports, through these winding streams into the 
 Yazoo far above the Confederate entrenchments so as to en- 
 able the landing of the army in the rear of Vicksburg. On 
 the 2d of February the waters of the river were admitted 
 into the canal, and cut u channel so deep and wide that the 
 largest steamers could pass through into Moon Lake. 
 During these operations, the rebels had been fully informed 
 of the Union army's plans, and had accumulated vast ob- 
 structions lower down the river, filhng the streams with 
 felled trees. After long and tedious work the Union troops 
 opened a passage to the Coldwater, entering it on the 2d of 
 March with twenty-two light transports conveying 4,500 
 men under tlie command of General Ross. This river is 
 about 100 feet wide and runs through a dense and solitary 
 wdderness, a distance of about forty miles, when it enters 
 the Tallahatchie, a broad and deep stream. This difficult 
 navigation was successfully accomplished, and the fleet en- 
 tered the Tallahatchie. General Grant, encouraged by his 
 success, ordered General Quinby with his division to rein- 
 force General Ross. 
 
 The rebels had erected a strong battery at the mouth 
 of the Tallahatchie, called Fort Pemberton, which General 
 Ross was unable to capture. On the i6th of March, Gen- 
 eral Grant sent General Sherman with Stuart's division, 
 assisted by Admiral Porter with five ironclads and four 
 mortar-boats, through Steele's Bayou, intending to reach 
 the Yazoo River sixty miks above its mouth; this accom- 
 plished, he could then attack Fort Pemberton from the 
 rear. General Ross' forces being in critical position at the 
 time. Owing to shallow water, barricaded by felled trees 
 and other obstructions, and unlooked for strength of the 
 enemy at all defensive points, the further prosecution of the 
 
►•3 GENERAT, U. •;. GRAXT S 
 
 expedition was found impractictible, and he returned to the 
 vicinity of Vicksburg. General Ross and his command 
 also withdrew from their perilous entanglements in safety. 
 By the close of March the entire Union force again con- 
 centrated at Milliken's Bend. 
 
 The failure of these attempts to reach the rear of Vicks- 
 burg from the north convinced General Grant that his 
 only hope of capturing the place was to flank the strongly 
 fortified town by moving his army down on the west side 
 of the river. Notwithstanding the almost unanimous pro- 
 test of his commanding generals, Gi'ant, on the 29th of 
 March, ordered General McClernand with the Thirteenth 
 Army Corps to move down the river to New Carthage, 
 the Eleventh and Seventeenth Corps to immediately follow. 
 Arriving at New Carthage it was found that the levee of 
 the Bayou Vidal, which here empties into the Mississippi, 
 had broken, leaving New Carthage an island. They were 
 obliged to make a detour around the Bayou Vidal to Per- 
 kins' plantation, twelve miles below, and distant thirty-five 
 miles from Milliken's Bend. Owing to the wet and spongy 
 condition of the roads, it was deemed hazardous to forward 
 supplies this distance, and Grant, with the cordial concur- 
 rence of Admiral Porter, determined to run the batteries at 
 Vicksburg with transports and gunboats. On the night of 
 the i6th of April, Admiral Porter's fleet and three trans- 
 ports loaded with supplies succeeded, notwithstanding the 
 heavy fiie, in running the batteries with the loss of but one 
 of the transports. A few days 'afterward six more trans- 
 ports were started dov/n the river, five of which reached 
 the Union forces in safety. 
 
 Before leaving the north side of Vicksburg it was de- 
 termined to cut off the rebel coinmunications from the east 
 and south. He detailed for this purpose Colonel B. H. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. ^3 
 
 Grierson with the First Cavalry Brigade for this duty. This 
 force left Lagrange, Tenn., on April 17, 1S63, and marched 
 800 miles through the heart of the enemy's country, arriving 
 safely at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on May i, having cut off 
 the enemy's communication with Vicksburg, capturing over 
 1,000 prisoners, 1,200 horses, destroying over $4,000,000 
 worth of property, and accomplished one of the most brill- 
 iant and daring cavalry exploits of the war. About this 
 time cavalry raids were made into Alabama and Georgia, 
 and to the rear of General Lee's army in Virginia, by Gener- 
 al Stoneman, carrying consternation into the enemy's ranks. 
 
 In order to further mislead the enemy. General 
 Sherman was ordered to make a diversion up the 
 Yazoo toward Haines' Bluff, the gunboats which had 
 been left at Milliken's Bend opening a furious bombard- 
 ment on the works at Vicksburg, creating intense excite- 
 ment in the city. For two days and nights Sherman kept 
 up his threatening preparations for an attack on the city, 
 when he received orders to move down to Perkins' plan- 
 tation with two divisions of his corps as rapidly as possible. 
 
 Finding Perkins' plantation unfit for a base of supplies. 
 General Grant moved his army to Hard Times, Louisiana, 
 several miles below and nearly opposite Grand Gulf. It was 
 the original intention to make a combined army and naval 
 attack upon the latter place, but after five hours' naval en- 
 gagement it became evident that the batteries could not be 
 silenced or taken by storm from in front. Grant therefore 
 changed his plan, and concluded to again run the Confed- 
 erate batteries as he had done at Vicksburg. Under cover of 
 an engagement between the rebel batteries and Admiral 
 Porter's gunboats, the transports successfully passed Grand 
 Gulf, receiving no injury from the enemy. 
 
 General McClernand's corps, on 30th of April effected 
 
74 GENERAL V. S. GRANTS 
 
 a landing at Bruinsburg, twelve miles from Port Gibson, in 
 the rear of the works at Grand Gulf, and on the direct 
 route to Jackson and Vicksburg. The capture of Port 
 Gibson would carry also the fall of Grand Gulf. General 
 McClernand engaged the enemy about 2 o'clock on May 
 I, about eight miles from Brimsburg, forcing them back 
 until dark. Having been reinforced by General Grant 
 early the following morning, about noon a general charge 
 was ordered, and the enemy gave way in all directions 
 Tlie Confederate loss had been very heavy in killed, 
 wounded and prisoners, while that of the Union forces was 
 over 800 killed and wounded. In the morning it was 
 found that the enemy had evacuated Port Gibson, destroy- 
 ing the bridge over the Bayou Pierre. 
 
 So rapid had been the Federal advance that the Con- 
 federates were unable to remove their heavy artillery at 
 Grand Gulf. They abandoned the whole country from 
 Grand Gulf to the Big Black River on the north. Gen- 
 eral Grant having been reinforced by Sherman's corps, who 
 had been left to make a feint on Vicksburg from the north, 
 immediately ordered an advance, but before doing so issued 
 the following modest address to his troops: 
 
 Headquarters Army of the Tennessee, in the Field, I 
 Hawkinson's Ferry, May 7, ) 
 
 Soldiers of the Army of Tennessee : 
 
 Once more I thank you for adding another victory to the long list 
 )f those previously Avon by your valor and endurance. The triumfh 
 ■gained over the enemy near Port Gibson, on the ist, mas one of the moet 
 /mportant of the -war. The capture of five cannon and more than one 
 thousand prisoners, the possession of Grand Gulf, and a firm foot- 
 hold on the highlands between the Big Black and Bayou Pierre, from 
 whence we threaten the whole line of the enemy, are among the 
 fruits of this brilliant achievement. 
 
 The march from Milliken^s Bend to the foint opposite Grand Gulf 
 wot made in stormy weather, over the -vorst of roads. Bridges and ferries 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. ^5 
 
 had to be constructed. Moving by night as -well as by day, -with labor in- 
 cessant, and extraordinary privations endured by men andofficers, such as 
 have been rarely -paralleled in any campaign, not a murmur of complaint 
 has been uttered. A few days continuance of the same zeal and con- 
 stancy will secure to this army crowning victories over the rebellion. 
 More difficulties and privations are before us ; let us endure them 
 manfully. Other battles are to be fought; let us fight them bravely. 
 A grateful country will rejoice at our success, and history ■mill record it 
 with immortal Iwnor. 
 
 U. S. Grant, Major-General Commanding. 
 
 On the morning of the 12th, General Logan's division 
 encountered the enemy strongly posted near Raymond, 
 under command of General Gregg. Brisk skirmishing 
 began at once, followed by a general engagement of three 
 hoiu's' hard fighting, when the enemy withdrew toward 
 Jackson. Clinton was occupied by the Seventeenth Corps. 
 On the 13th this Corps' advance was made simultaneously 
 with tliat of the Fifteenth Army Corps, by wav of Ray- 
 mond on the Jackson turnpike road. 
 
 General Joseph E. Johnston, who commanded at Jack- 
 son, met the advance of Grant's forces outside of the city. 
 After a spirited contest he was defeated, and retreated 
 northward, leaving the city in the hands of the Union 
 forces, abandoning eighteen guns and 386 prisoners in the 
 hands of the Federals. 
 
 Leaving Sherman to gari4son Jackson, General Grant 
 ordered McPherson to march to Bolton on the direct road 
 to Vicksburg, to meet a threatened attack from General 
 Pemberton, who v^^as in command at Vicksburg". Orders 
 were also issued to McCIernand and Blair to concentrate 
 at the same point ; Grant's object being to turn and defeat 
 Pemberton before Johnston and his army could join him. 
 General Johnston, after the battle of Jackson, had en- 
 trenched himself on the north about fifteen miles from the 
 city. General Grant, with an inferior force numerically 
 
176 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 knew that it was of the utmost moment to prevent this 
 union of the rebel forces. Having learned that Pemberton 
 had a force of 25,000 men at Edward's Station, Grant or- 
 dered Sherman to join him as soon as possible, first des- 
 troying all public property at Jackson, and at once made a 
 disposition of his forces. 
 
 The Confederates had chosen an admirable position for 
 defence, their left resting on Champion's Hill, over which 
 the road to Edward's Ferry runs. This hill rises sixty or 
 seventy feet above the surrounding country; its sides are 
 covered with a thick underbrush, and seamed with ravines, 
 while its summit is bai-e, and aflforded an admirable position 
 for artillery. At 1 1 o'clock in the morning the battle 
 of Champion's Hill was begun and was stubbornly con- 
 
 THE PASSAGE OF THE BIG BLACK RIVER.* 
 
 tested with varying results, when a brilliant and successful 
 flank movement of Logan's division, on Pemberton's left 
 threatening to cut off his line of retreat, carried dismay to 
 the hearts of the rebel forces, and by four in the afternoon 
 their rout was complete. This battle virtually cl'^cided the 
 fate of Vicksburg. Pursuing the enemy at da>- light the 
 
LIFE AND SERA'ICES. >Jil 
 
 next morning, he was found strongly entrenched at Big 
 Black River. Animated by their success of the previous 
 day, the Union forces, without waiting for orders, rushed 
 across a bayou, here twenty or more feet wide, in the midst 
 of a murderous fire, which swept down many of their 
 number. So sudden had been the attack of the assaulting 
 party that the astonished rebels did not^ wait to defend their 
 position, but broke and fled precipitately, an entire brig- 
 ade falling into the hands of the Federals. The Confed- 
 erate army, now little better than a mob, fled to Vicksburg, 
 where their unexpectei arrival and demoralized'condition 
 carried dismay and terror to its inhabitants. 
 
 The loss to the Fede als had been nearly three thousand 
 in the two engagements the Confederate loss over nine 
 thousand in killed, wouuded, and prisoners, besides thirty- 
 eight cannon and large quantities of commissary stores. 
 
 Early the next morning the Union army was moving 
 on Vicksburg fifteen miles distant, and the investment of 
 the place began. Scarcely three weeks had passed since 
 the campaign was opened; for thirteen days the men had 
 had only six days' rations, and such supplies as the country 
 afforded. In eighteen days Grant had marched 200 miles, 
 had fought five battles, in which he had taken 6,500 
 prisoners; killed and wounded 6,000 more; taken twenty- 
 seven cannon and sixty-one pieces of field artillery. He 
 had compelled the evacuation of Grand Gulf, had seized 
 the capital of the State of Mississippi, and destroyed its net- 
 work of railroads for thirtv miles in all directions. His 
 losses were 698 killed, 3,407 wounded, and 330 missing. 
 
 As the crowning result of all this, he had invested the 
 city and its garrison that had so long defied the advance oi 
 the Union armies; all this had been accomplished against 
 the advice of his Generals, and the orders of his superiors. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG. 
 
 By the morning of the 19th, the investment ofVicksburg 
 was complete; Slierman occupying the right of the line, 
 McPherson the center, and McClei .and the left. General 
 Grant at once ordered an assault upon the Confederate 
 works, which two days afterwarc" was renewed, both at- 
 tempts being unsuccessful. In hi; official reports he states 
 his reasons for the assault as folio i/zs: 
 
 "There were many reasons to determine me to adopt this course. I 
 believed an assault from tlie position gained by this time could be made 
 buccessfullv.. It was known that Jolinston was at Canton, with the 
 force taken by him from Jackson, reinforced by other troops from the 
 east, and tliat more were daily reaching him. With the force I had, 
 a short time must have enabled him to attack me in the rear, and pos- 
 sibly succeed in raising the siege. Possession of Vicksburg at that 
 time would ha\e enabled me to turn upon Johnston, and drive him 
 from tlie State, and possess myself of all the railroads and practical 
 military highways, thus effectually securing to ourselves all territory 
 west of the Tombigbee, and this before the season was too far ad 
 vanced for campaigning in this latitude. I would have saved govern- 
 ment sending large reinforcements, much needed elsewhere; and, fin- 
 ally the troops themselves were impatient to possess Vicksburg, and 
 would not have worked in the trenches with the same zeal (believing 
 it unnecessary) that they did after their failure to carry the enemy's 
 works." 
 
 The artillery fire was terrific, and played havoc with 
 the enemy's works. The gallant soldiers again and again 
 atternpted to scale the heights, but nothing mortal could 
 
 (78) 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 79 
 
 withstand the leaden hail from the enemy's entrenchments, 
 and before night the troops were withdrawn. 
 
 "The assault," says General Grant, "was gallant in the extreme 
 on the part of all the troops, but the enemy's position was too strong, 
 both naturally and artificially, to be taken in that way. At every 
 point assaulted, and at all of thera at the same time, the enemy was 
 able to show all the force his works could cover. The assault failed, 
 I regret to say, with much loss on our side in killed and wounded; 
 bnt without weakening the confidence of the troops in their ability 
 ultimately to succeed." 
 
 Says Sherman : " These several assaults, made simultaneously, 
 demonstrated the strength of the natural and artificial defenses of 
 Vicksburg, that they are garrisoned by a strong force, and that we 
 must resort to regular approaches." 
 
 Finding that Vicksburg could not be taken by storm, 
 General Grant began a regular siege, and pressed it with 
 ever increasing effort. He received invaluable aid from the 
 fleet of Admiral Porter, who kept up an incessant bom- 
 bardment of the unfortunate town. Space forbids a de- 
 scription of the operations of this siege. From its com- 
 mencement to its close it was one continued roar of battle, 
 through which, notwithstanding the constant exposure to 
 the fire of the foe, forts were erected, and trenches dug. 
 For forty-six da3's the work continued unceasingly. 
 
 While thus engaged General Grant was exposed to an 
 attack from Johnston in his rear. To General Sherman 
 was assigned the task to look after Johnston. The amount 
 of labor performed was prodigious; opposite the rebel 
 works, works of equal inagnitude were erected, twelve 
 miles of trenches dug, eighty-nine batteries erected. By 
 the last of June two hundred and twenty guns were in 
 position. The defense was conducted with as much deter- 
 mination as the assault was pressed. 
 
80 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 On May 25 General Grant wrote General Banks who 
 was then operating below Fort Hudson: 
 
 "I feel that my force is abundantly strong to hold the enemy 
 where he is, or to whip him if he sho\ild come out. The place is so 
 strongly fortified, however, that it cannot be taken without either a 
 great sacrifice of life or by a regular siege. I have determined to 
 adopt the latter course, and save my men. The great danger now to 
 be apprehended is, that the enemy may collect a force outside, and 
 attemp|; to rescue the garrison." 
 
 On the 31st he again wrote: 
 
 "It is now certain that Johnston has already collected a force 
 from twenty thousand to twenty-five thousand strong, at Jackson and 
 Canton, and is using every effort to increase it to forty thousand. 
 With this, he will undoubtedly attack Haines' Bluff, and compel me 
 to abandon the investment of the city, if not reinforced before he can 
 get here.'' 
 
 General Grant had been reinforced by Laitman's divi- 
 sion and four regiments froin Memphis, two divisions of 
 the Sixteenth Army Corps, Major-General C. C. Wash- 
 burn commanding, Herron's division from the Depart- 
 ment of the Missouri, two divisions from the Ninth Corps, 
 under command of Major-General Parke. Sherman's 
 corps held the extreme right, McPherson the center, and 
 General Ord, now in command of General McClernand's 
 corps, McClernand having been relieved, on McPherson's 
 left, while Herron held the extreme left. General Blair 
 held Haines' Bluff and the country between the Yazoo 
 and the Big Black River. He was also ordered to watch 
 the movements of Johnston and hold all fords on the Big 
 Black. 
 
 Every disposition was made by Grant to meet either a 
 sortie from the invested town or from an attack in the 
 rear. The latter part of June the eneiny's ammunition 
 had become exhausted, as also his commissary supplies; 
 
LIFE AND SKRVICES. 
 
 8i 
 
 not only the garrison but the entire population were threat- 
 ened with famine, the troops were reduced to eatin- mule 
 meat; yet they still hoped that Johnston would come to 
 their rehef. Owing to the constant bombardment of 
 the town the mhabitants were compelled to seek safety 
 m caves dug in the steep banks where streets passed 
 through. 
 
 General Grant about this time formed an expedition to 
 resist an advance of Johnston, he having been apprised of 
 
 Caves near vicksburg. 
 
 his threatened advance with a very large force. General 
 Sherman was placed in command. In his notes to Gen- 
 eral Sherman, accompanying the order for this advance 
 movement, General Grant spoke pf several letters written 
 by the imprisoned garrison to their wives and friends. 
 These letters had been found on a captured rebel courier. 
 He says : " They seem to put a great deal of faith in the 
 Lord and Joe Johnston, h\xt you must whip Johnston at 
 \&&%t fifteen miles from here." He also issued the follow- 
 ing: order to General Parke, it shows the same decided de- 
 
82 GKNKRAI. U. S. GRANt's 
 
 termination to -whip the rebel cliief, should he make the 
 attempt to raise the siege ; 
 
 June 22, 1863. 
 General Parke: — Sherman goes out from here with five brig- 
 ades, and Osterhaus' Division subject to his orders besides. In addi- 
 tion to this, another division, 5,000 strong, is notified to be in readiness 
 to move on notice. In addition to this, I can spare still another divi- 
 sion, 6,000 sti-ong, if they should be required. We want to whip 
 Johnston at least fifteen miles off, if possible. . 
 
 U. S. Grant, Major-Geueral. 
 
 The result of this movement was, that General John- 
 ston finding Grant in force and ready to give battle, gave 
 up all hopes of rescuing the doomed city, and retreated to 
 Jackson. 
 
 On the 35th of June the sappers and miners had 
 pushed their work to coinpletion and the mines were ready 
 to be sprung, the utmost secrecy having been observed, the 
 worl< being performed after dark. Everything being in 
 readiness for the explosion a mine which had been dug 
 under an important part of the enemy's works was fired. 
 In this mine two thousand two hundred pounds of powder 
 were placetl. Its explosion was to be the signal for a 
 simultaneous attack from ever}' gun on land and in the 
 fleet — through the gorge cut by the explosion several 
 thousand men were to rush to gain an advance position. 
 
 In a dispatch of the same date a correspondent gives a 
 brief sketch of the explosion: 
 
 This morning the work was completed, an immense quantitj- of 
 gunpowder was stored in the cavity prepared to receive it, and the 
 fuse train was laid. At nocn tlie different regiments of the Seven- 
 teenth Corps, selected to make the assault upon the breach when it 
 should have been effected, were marshaled in long lines upon the 
 near slopes of the hills immediately confronting the doomed rebel 
 lortifications, where, di-iposed for the attack, they impatiently awaited 
 tlie denouement. The rebels seemed to discover that some movement 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 83 
 
 ■was on foot, for from the moment our troops came into position until 
 the explosion took place their sharpshooters kept up an incessant fire 
 from the whole line of their works. 
 
 At length all was in readiness ; the fuse train was fired, and it 
 went fizzing and popping through the zigzag line of trenches, until 
 for a moment it-vanished. Its disappearance was quickly succeeded 
 by the explosion, and the mine was sprung. So terrible a spectacle 
 is seldom witnessed. Dust, dirt, smoke, gabions, stockades, timber, 
 gun-carriages, logs — in fact, everything connected with the fort — 
 rose hundreds of feet into the air, as if vomited forth from a volcano. 
 Some who were close spectators even say that they saw the bodies 
 of the poor wretches who a moment before had lined the ramparts of 
 the work. 
 
 The Union lines were still pressed forward and on the 
 3d of July were within a few hundred feet of the rebel 
 defenses. It was understood in both armies that the time 
 had c<nTie for the fin'al assault, and that July 4 was the day 
 selected. General Pemberton was well aware that he 
 could not repel the assault, and that he would be unable to 
 cut his way out; further resistance was hopeless, and would 
 cause unwarranted sacrifice of life. 
 
 On the morning of the 3d, Pemberton sent a flag of 
 truce borne by General Bowen and Colonel Montgomery 
 to General Grant proposing an armistice with the object of 
 arranging terms of capitulation, stating that it was his wish 
 to save further effusion of blood. General Grant replied: 
 
 Headquarters Department of Tennessee, ^ 
 In the Field, near Vicksburg, July 3 1863. j 
 
 Lieutenant-Genekal J. C. Pemberton, 
 
 Commanding- Confederate Forces, etc.. 
 General: — Your note of this date, just received, proposes an arm- 
 istice of several liours, for the purpose of arranging terras of capitu- 
 lation through commissioners to be appointed, etc. The effusion of 
 blood vou propose stopping by this course, can be ended at any time 
 you may choose, by an unconditional surrender of the city and garrison. 
 Men who have shown so much endurance and courage as those now 
 
84 ©ENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 in Vicksburg, will always challenge the respect of an adversar/, and 
 I can assure you will be treated with all the respect due them as 
 prisoners of war. I do not favor the proposition of appointing com- 
 missioners to arrange terms of capitulation, because I have no other 
 terms than those indicated above, 
 
 I am, General, very respectfully your obedient servant, 
 
 U. S. Grant, Major-General. 
 
 General Bowen requested that General Grant meet 
 General Pemberton in a personal interview. General 
 Grant readily agreed to do this, and at 3 o'clock in the 
 afternoon a conference was held, resulting in no definite 
 decision. A further correspondence between the command- 
 ers resulted in General Grant agreeing to certain modifica- 
 tions of his fii'st letter, and General Pemberton immediately 
 forwarded his acceptance of the terms proposed. At 10 
 o'clock on the morning of July 4, 1863, Vicksburg sur- 
 rendered. By the act of capitulation the defenders, num- 
 bering over thirty thousand men, became prisoners of war; 
 213 pieces of artillery, 35,000 stand of arms, and an im- 
 mense amount of ordnance and other matter fell into the 
 hands of the victors. On the afternoon of the same da}^ 
 General Grant's army marched into the city. Headley in 
 his valuable work, " Grant and his Campaigns," closes his 
 article on the surrender of Vicksburg with the following 
 comments: 
 
 " In a review of this great campaign, Grant's actions shine so pre- 
 eminently, that an estimate of the biographer, in the way of a sum- 
 mury, is totally unnecessary. He was active, versatile, tenacious ot 
 purpose, Napoleonic in his judgment and use of men, with moral cour- 
 age to assign or remove them according to tlieir merits. And, com- 
 bined with all these high qualities, he had exliibited remarkable skill 
 in manoeuvring large armies in the field; in learning instant lessons 
 from repulses ; in conducting an arduous siege; in brushing away a 
 succoring army — always preserving that equal mind which it is more 
 difficult to keep in the extreme of prosperity than in that of adversity. 
 
I.IFK AXIl SHK\-UES. 85 
 
 Undisturbed by his great troubles, he was not puffed up by the great 
 success, but was ready for new labors, and, if God should send them, 
 final successes. 
 
 " It is no injustice to otliers to say that his chief supporters were 
 Sherman, McPherson and Logan. Sherman, like Grant, has achieved 
 such imiversal reputation, that we need not pause to eulogize him, 
 McPherson here exhibited to the public those qualities which Grant 
 had long known him to possess, and which were to shine witli increas- 
 ing luster until his lamentable fall in the Georgia campaign. Logan's 
 dashing valor was eminently conspicuous. Having declared tliat the 
 Western men would hew their way to the Gulf, he was a bright 
 example of the truth of his prediction; ever at his post, and always 
 distinguished for that fearless impetuosity which the world now con- 
 siders his characteristic." 
 
 Grant had now become the " ideal " General of the 
 Union. His name was a household word, and his portrait 
 adorned every home, high or low, throughout the land. 
 
 When the news of this glorious victory officially reached 
 President Lincoln, he wrote an autograph letter to Grant, 
 as follows : 
 
 Executive Mansion, Washington, July 13, 1863. 
 
 To Major-General Grant: 
 
 My Dear General : — I do not remember that you and I ever 
 met personally. 1 write this now as a grateful acknowledgement for 
 the almost iuesthiiable service you have done the country. I wish to say 
 a word further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg, I 
 thought you should do what you finally did — march the troops across 
 the neck, run the batteries with the transports, and thus go below; 
 and I never had any faith, except a general hope that you knew bet- 
 ter than I, that the Yazoo Pass expedition and the like could succeed. 
 When you got below and took Port Gibson, Grand Gulf and vicinity, 
 I thought you should go down the river and join General Banks ; and 
 when you turned northward east of the Big Black, I feared it was a 
 mistake. I now wish to make a personal acknowledgement that you 
 ■were right and I -was wrong. Yours very truly, 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
86 
 
 GENERAI. U. S. GRANTS 
 
 The brilliant success of Vicksburg did not induce Grant 
 to rest his army, but only spurred him on to renewed efforts 
 to disperse all organized troops in his district. General 
 Sherman, with a strong force, was sent to drive Johnston 
 out of Jackson, he having fallen back within the defenses 
 of that city. Sherman prepared at once for the invest- 
 ment of the place. 
 Johnston, fearing the 
 fate of Vicksburg, 
 after slight skirinish- 
 ing, evacuated the 
 town. While this 
 was taking place 
 Grant sent ilerron 
 with his division to 
 Yazoo City, where 
 there was a consider- 
 able rebel force, re- 
 sulting ill its capture 
 with se\eral hundred 
 prisoners, artillery 
 and public st(,)rus. On 
 the Sth of July Port 
 Hudson surrendered 
 to General Banks. 
 By its capitulation 
 the Mississippi River was absolutely in control of the 
 Union from itssource to theGulf,andneveragain passed into 
 the hands of the Confederacy. The Mississippi Valley 
 campaign was now virtually closed. President Lincoln 
 honored the victor by nominating him to the vacant Major- 
 Generalship in the Regular Army of the United States, 
 his commission dating from July 4, 1863. 
 
 UNION^ MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PREPARATIONS AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 Immediately succeeding the close of the Vicksburg cam- 
 paign General Grant gave his time to the reorganization 
 and administration of his department. Visiting from point 
 to point, he personally inspected the condition and needs of 
 each locality, settling all perplexing questions that naturally 
 arose, owing to the absence of civil authority, regulating 
 the military and civic jurisdiction over the conquered terri- 
 tory, all of which were settled with great good judgment, 
 and met with the hearty 
 concurrence of the gov- 
 ernment at Washington. 
 Various expeditions 
 were sent out in every 
 direction to "spy out the 
 nakedness of the land." 
 An important one under 
 General Ransom cap- 
 tured Natchez; among 
 the " spoils " were five 
 thousand head of cattle 
 designed for the Confed- 
 erates. General Steele 
 was dispatched to Helena to render important aid to 
 General Schofield, commanding Department of the Mis- 
 souri. Ord and Herron joined General Banks to take part 
 
 (87) 
 
 NATHANIEL P. BANKS. 
 
88 GENERA!, l^. S. GRANt's 
 
 in new movements projected in the Department of the 
 Gulf. Testimonials and banquets were tendered to, and 
 accepted by General Grant, from the cities of Memphis 
 and New Orleans. 
 
 At the latter city, while returning from a review of the 
 Thirteenth Army Corps, his horse became frightened by 
 the letting off of steam by a railroad locomotive. Dashing 
 madly against a carriage that was coming in an opposite di- 
 rection, horse and rider were thrown upon the street. The 
 result was a most serious accident. His hip being tempor- 
 arily paralyzed, rendered him quite helpless, nor was he able 
 to walk without crutches, or mount his horse, without assist- 
 ance until after he had reached Chattanooga, near the close 
 of October. Many seriously thought that his services 
 would be lost to the country. 
 
 Rosecrans, as stated in the previous chapter, had, "by a 
 scratch," won the battle of Murfreesboro, January 2, 
 driving the Confederate General Bragg, into Southern 
 Tennessee. On June 24, 1863, having had a long rest, 
 and recruited his army, he again moved upon the enemy, 
 and, by a series of flank movements, succeeded in crowding 
 him into Georgia. The Union general following closely 
 took post on the 9th of September, at Chattanooga, on the 
 left bank of the Tennessee. 
 
 Chattanooga at this time was probably the most import- 
 ant strategic position in the Rebel States. It commands the 
 southern entrance into Tennessee, and lies at the mouth of 
 Chattanooga Valley, which is formed by Lookout Mountain 
 and Missionary Ridge, through which Chattanooga Creek 
 flows into the Tennessee. It is also the junction of the rail- 
 ways leading from Memphis to Charleston, from Rich- 
 mond to Nashville, and south to Atlanta. 
 
 The Confederates had been strongly reinforced by John- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 89 
 
 Ston from Mississippi, and Longstreet from Virginia, Bragg 
 having at tliis time an army of sixty thousand men; while 
 Rosecrans' effective force was only forty-five thousand, he 
 having had to garrison the places he had left in his rear. 
 These were divided into three corps, commanded by 
 Thomas, McCook, and Crittenden; the latter general held 
 Chattanooga while the other corps were in the mountains, 
 Irwenty miles distant. 
 
 Owing to the threatened attitude of JBragg, Rosecrans 
 brought his army together at Chickamauga Creek, about 
 
 VIEW OF LOOKOUT MOITNTTAIN AND VALLEY FROM CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 nine miles from Chattanooga. Qn the 19th of September 
 General Bragg attacked the Union forces, and after two 
 days' desperate fighting pierced the center, and scattered 
 the rio-ht wing in utter rout from the field. General Rose- 
 crans, with the shattered corps of McCook and Crittenden, 
 left the field, retiring to Chattanooga. General Thomas 
 commanding the Union left, with desperate firmness, hardly 
 equalled in the annals of war, resisted every attempt of the 
 enemv to dislodge him or to get between him and Chatta- 
 
)0 
 
 GENERAI, U. S. GRANTS 
 
 noo'j-a. Bragg, finding that his attacks were useless, de- 
 sisted from the attempt; when, at nightfall, under cover of 
 the darkness, Thomas withdrew to Chattanooga. 
 
 The Union losses in this hard-fought defense amounted 
 in killed, wounded, and missing to nearly nineteen thou- 
 sand, while the Confederates, being the attacking party, was 
 even greater. Owing to the timely arrival of General 
 Hooker with two corps from the Army of the Potomac, 
 the army of Rosecrans was saved from a state of siege 
 and all possibility of annihilation. 
 
 On the i6th of October General Grant received a tele- 
 grapliic dispatch from Halleck instructing him to proceed 
 at once to Louisville, Kentucky, with his staff, etc., for im- 
 mediate operations in the field. At Indianapolis he was 
 met by Secretary of War Stanton, who placed in his hands 
 the following order of the War Department: 
 
 General Orders No. 337. 
 War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, 
 Washington, October 16, 1S63. 
 By dij-ection of the President of the United States, the Departments 
 of the OliiOjOf tlie Cumberland, and of the Tennessee, will constitute 
 the Military Division of the Mississippi. Major-General U. S. Grant, 
 United States Army, is placed in command of the Militarj- Division 
 o£ the Mississippi, with his headquarters in the field. 
 
 Major-General W. S. Rosecrans, United States volunteers, is re- 
 lieved from the command of the Department and Army of the Cum- 
 berland. Major-General G. H. Thomas is hereby assigned to that 
 command. 
 
 By order of the Secretary of War, 
 
 E. D. Townsend, a. a. G. 
 
 By this order General Grant was intrusted with the most 
 extensive territory ever controlled by one general coxnr 
 mander in the field in America. It comprised three depart- 
 ments, before known as the Cumberland, the Ohio, and the 
 Tennessee, embracing nine States and portions of States. 
 
I.IP'E AND SKK\'ICES. 
 
 It extended from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi, and 
 contained over two hundred thousand soldiers. The re- 
 pulse of Rosecrans at Chattanooga had caused intense 
 anxiety and interest throughout tlie North. It was felt 
 that the crisis demanded energetic action, and that the hero 
 of Vicksburg could alone extricate the Union forces from 
 their perilous position. 
 
 General Sherman, who was at Memphis when he 
 heard that Grant had been ordered North, at once wrote to 
 him as follows: "Accept the command of the great Army 
 of the Center; don't hesitate. By }our presence at Nash- 
 ville you will unite all discordant elements, and impress 
 the enemy in propor- 
 tion; all success and 
 honor to you! " 
 
 Notwithstanding 
 Grant's crippled con- 
 dition, he at once set 
 to work to concen- 
 trate his forces at 
 Chattanooga. T o 
 General Thomas at 
 Chattanooga he tele- 
 graphed at 1 1 o'clock ' 
 on the night of Oc- 
 tober 19, from Louis- 
 ville: "Hold Chatta- 
 nooga at all hazards; I will be there as soon as possible." 
 Back flashed over the wires from the brave and noble 
 Thomas: "I will hold the town till we starve." 
 
 Early the next morning he proceeded to Nashville 
 from which point he issued several orders. To Burnside, 
 who was in command of the Department of the Ohio, and 
 
 GEORGE H. THOMAS. 
 
92 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 in a critical position at Knoxville, Tenn., he telegraphed: 
 "Have you tools for fortifying? Important points in East 
 Tennessee should be put in condition to be held by the 
 smallest luni : i' of men as soon as possible. * * * * 
 I will be in Stephenson to-morrow night, and Chattanooga 
 the next night." 
 
 To Admiral Porter he telegraphed : "General Slier- 
 man's advance was at Eastport on the 15th. The sooner a 
 gunboat can be got to him, the better. Boats must now 
 be on the way from St. Louis with supplies to go up the 
 
 Tennessee to Sherman." 
 To Thomas, ^vho was 
 compelled to cart his 
 supplies by wagon road 
 from Nashville, sixt^r 
 miles over the moun- 
 tain, he wires: "Should 
 not large working 
 parties be put upon the 
 road to Bridgeport and 
 Chattanooga at once?" 
 Nearing Bridgeport he 
 telegraphs back to Nash- 
 ville : "Send to the front, 
 as speedily as possible, 
 vegetables for the army. Beans and hominy are espe- 
 cially required." All this time the army under Thomas was 
 on half rations; three thousand men were in the hospital, 
 ten thousand mules and horses had died around the town, 
 while their ammunition had been so reduced that they could 
 not have fought another battle. The whole army seemed 
 disheartened. Arrived at Bridgeport, Grant and his staff 
 mounted horses and proceeded in a pouring rain over roads 
 
 COMMODORE PORTER. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 93 
 
 torn up by the mountain torrfenls, and strewn with debris 
 of army wagons, trains and dead animals. 
 
 On the night of October 23, cold, weary and hungry he 
 readied Chattanooga and proceeded at once to General 
 Thomas' tent. The following morning Grant and Thomas 
 rode out along the front, examining critically every position 
 held by the enemy. Before nightfall he had matured plans 
 and issued orders for a movement to open a road between 
 Chattanooga and Bridgeport. The southern shore of the 
 Tennessee being then held by the enemy, prevented the use 
 of this road by the Union army. Once in their possession, 
 supplies could be received by steamers, or ordinary teams 
 from Bridgepoit. General Grant selected General Hooker, 
 who had earned the soubriquet of " Fighting Joe Hooker," 
 at the East, for this undertaking. The details of this 
 movement were as follows : General Hooker with the Elev- 
 enth and Twelfth Corps was to cross the river at Bridge- 
 port twenty miles below, and advance up Lookout. Valle_v to 
 Wauhatchie, and threaten on Bragg's flank. General W. F. 
 Smith, with 4,000 men was to seize the range of hills north 
 of Lookout Valle}-, near Brovvn'sFerry. A force under Gen- 
 eral Palmer was to cross in front of the city, and marcii down 
 the river to apoint opposite Whitesides,toHooker's support. 
 
 On the night of October 26, 1,400 picked men from 
 Hazen's brigade, floated down in fifty-six pontoon boats, 
 each containing about thirty men; hugging the northern 
 bank, they passed the rebel batteries and pickets without 
 being discovered, and landed on the south side of the river 
 near Brown's Feriy. After a slight skirmish they drove 
 the Confederate pickets, and took possession of a ridge 
 which is here 300 feet high, and before daylight had estab- 
 lished their position, thrown up entrenchments and planted 
 their batteries; by 10 o'clock a very excellent pontoon 
 bridge was completed. 
 
94 
 
 GENERAI, U. S. GRANT S 
 
 While this important movement was in progress, the 
 column, under Hooker, after considerable fighting, forced 
 its way up Lo»kout Valley, and formed a junction with 
 Hazen, thereby placing the Valley once more in the hands 
 of the Union army. General Braog, realizing the impor- 
 tance of the Union position, sent Longstreet with his 
 whole corps to make a night attack upon this vital point. A 
 fierce conflict ensued, resulting in the repulse of the enemy. 
 Thus, in five davs after Grant's arrival, he had opened 
 connection with his base of supplies at Nashville; food, 
 
 clothing, blankets, and 
 shoes were supplied to 
 the half-starved troops, 
 and all danger of pros- 
 pective starvation re- 
 moved. The condition 
 of the army was now 
 changed; he had found 
 the troops cheerless, 
 feeble from lack of food, 
 and disheartened by re- 
 cent defeat. Now they 
 felt the inspiriting ef- 
 fects of a master mind, 
 they were hopeful, courageous, and well-fed. 
 
 Just previous to Grant's taking command, General 
 Bragg, in his report to Richmond, says: "These disposi- 
 tions, faithfully sustained, insured the speedy evacuation ol 
 Chattanooga for want of food and forage. Possessed of 
 the shortest route to his depot, and the one by which rein- 
 forcements must reach him, we held him at our mercy, and 
 his destruction was only a question of time." 
 
 About this time President Davis visited the rebel army, 
 
 JEFFERSON DAViS. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 95 
 
 to ascertain the true condition of affairs, and it is stated 
 that the following scene occurred. As Da\is looked down 
 upon the Union army almost beneath his feet in the valley 
 below, from the lofty eminence of Lookout Mountain: "I 
 have them now," said he," in just the trap I set for them." 
 To this remark. General Pemberton, wlio was sitting on 
 horseback beside him, remarked, " Mr. Da^-is, you are 
 Commander-in-Chief, and you are here; you think the 
 enemy are in a trap, and can be captured by vigorous as- 
 sault ; I have been 
 blam.ed for not having 
 ordered a general at- 
 tack on the enemy 
 when they were draw- 
 ing around me their 
 lines of circumvalla- 
 tion at Vicksburg. 
 Do you no^v order an 
 attack upon tliesc 
 troops down there 
 below us, and I will 
 bet you my life that 
 
 not one G — d 
 
 man of the attacking 
 
 column will ever come back across that valley, except as 
 
 a prisoner." 
 
 When Rosecrans was removed the Rebel press sneered 
 at the appointment of Grant; they said: "The Federals have 
 taken away one general (Rosecrans) and put two fools 
 (Grant and Thomas) in his place." Some one called Presi- 
 dent Lincoln's attention to this attempt at wit by the Rebel 
 paper, who said that he was "reminded of the story" of 
 the Irishman, who, when buying a cooking stove, being 
 
 JOSEPH BOOEES. 
 
c)6 
 
 SENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 told that "this one will save half 3'our fuel," answered : 
 "Faith then, I'll take two stoves and save the whole." 
 He said : "If one fool like Giant can win such victories 
 and accomplish what he has, I don't object to two; for they 
 will certainly wipe out the rest of the Rebellion." 
 
 After Grant's successful movement in relieving his army, 
 The Richmond Enquirer^ in an editorial, became 
 alarmed, and sevei'ely criticised the movements and apathy 
 of Bragg. It said : "The enemy was out-fought at Chick- 
 amauga; (thanks to the army!) but the present position of 
 affairs looks as though we had been out-generaled at Chat- 
 tanooga." An Atlanta newspaper of November 9, 1S63, 
 fully realizing the importance of crushing the Union force 
 at Chattanooga, said : 
 
 "The Yankee Array of the Cumberland holds 'the door to lower 
 East Tennessee, and this door we must leave open. * * * Ifweconlinue 
 to gaze listlessly from the bold knobs of Missionary Ridge upon the 
 comfortable barracks of the Federals below, then may we tremble for 
 the next campaign ;for, as sure as there is any surety in the futui-e, the 
 spring of 1S64 must see us far from the borders of Georgia, or near to 
 the verge of destruction. Nail it to your door posts, men of the 
 South, and refuse to be deluded into any other belief. Food and rai- 
 ment are our needs. We must have them. Kentucky and Middle 
 Tennessee can only supply them. Better give, up the sea- coast .^ bettef give 
 up the South-west^ aye., better to giz'e up Richmond vjithoiU a struggle., 
 and ivin these, than lose the golden yield, ivhose grain and ivool are our 
 sole hope. The enemy has just one army too many in the field for us. 
 We must crush tliis overplus; we inust gain one signal Stonewall 
 Jackson campaign. Destiny points to the very place. Be Rosecrans 
 the victhii. Defeat him, pulverize him, run him to the Ohio River, 
 and then close the war with the next summer. And how.? Nothing 
 easier. The bee which has really stung our flank so long, once dis- 
 posed of, our Iriumpliant legions have a clear road before them. Fed 
 sumptuously through the winter, well shod and clad, they have only to 
 meet a dispirited foe, retake the valley of the Mississippi, secure the 
 election of a peace Democrat to the Presidency in the fall, and arrange 
 
LIFE AMD SERVICES. 97 
 
 the terms of treaty and independence. Tliese resultf, can be accom- 
 plished nowhere else than in this department. The Northwest is ou» 
 real adversary." 
 
 Grant now made every preparation for an aggressive 
 movement. Stores of all kinds were hurried forward, and 
 daily drills and parades toolc place in fiont of the works — 
 witliin plain view of the enemy's pickets and sentinels. 
 Everything had settled down into a quiet routine. Yet in 
 the midst of this quiet the Union Commander was matur- 
 mg schemes for the annihilation of the rebel forces in his 
 front, and the relief of East Tennessee. The vast complica- 
 tions involved in these plans, and their subsequent successful 
 accomplishment, show the master mind of Grant. His 
 watchful eye was everywhere. Sherman toiling with his 
 army four hundred miles overland from Memphis, was 
 daily watched. On October 24 Grant telegraphs him: 
 "Drop everything east of Bear Creek and move with your 
 entire force toward Stepirenson, until you receive further 
 orders. The enemy are evidently moving a large force 
 toward Cleveland, and may break through our lines and 
 move on Nashville, in which event your troops are the only 
 forces at command that could beat them there." Again on 
 November 7 : "The enemy have moved a great part of 
 their force from this front toward Burnside. I have to 
 make an immediate move from here toward their lines of 
 communication, to bring them back if possible. I am 
 anxious to see your old corps here at the earliest moment." 
 At Fayette Sherman receives another dispatch: "Come 
 on to Stephenson and Bridgeport with your four divisions. 
 I want your command to aid in a movement to force the 
 enemy back from their present position, and to make Burn- 
 side secure in his." 
 
 The sufferings of the noble Union men of Eastern Ten- 
 
 7 
 
gS UHiXERAL U. S. GKANT'S 
 
 nessee deeply moved the commanding general. The per- 
 secutions from the rebel element were of every conceivable 
 form. "They were thrown into filthy prisons; they had 
 been hung or shot; tied to logs and whipped to death; 
 their houses plundered and burned over their heads; hus- 
 bands murdered before their wives and children; or, es- 
 caping this, they had fled to caves to die by starvation, or 
 to be fed by the hand of charity." Everything that the 
 "barbarism of slavery" could devise to force the people 
 into supjjort of the Rebellion was done. They had from the 
 first protested against secession and proved loyal to the 
 Union through all their sufferings. General Grant deter- 
 mined to put a stop to this style of warfare, and issued the 
 following order, which he saw was executed to the letter 
 whenever opportunity offered. 
 
 Headquartkrs Military Division of the Mississippi, ) 
 IN THE Field, Chattanooga, Tenn., November 5, 1863. ) 
 
 [General Oi'dtrs A'o. ^.] 
 
 The habit of raiding parties of rebel cavalry visiting towns, villages 
 and farms where there are no Federal forces, and pillaging Union fam- 
 ilies, having become prevalent, department commanders will take im. 
 mediate steps to stop the evil, or inake the loss by such raids fall upon 
 secessionists and secession svinpathizers in the neighborhood where 
 such acts are committed. For every act of violence to the person of 
 an unarmed Union citizen, a secessionist "will be arrested and held as 
 hostage for the delivery of the offender. For every dollar's worth of 
 property taken from such citizens, or destroyed by raiders, an assess- 
 ment will be made upon secessionists of the neighborhood, and col- 
 lected by the neai-est military forces, under the supervision of the 
 commander thereof, and the amount thus collected paid over to the 
 sufferers. When such assessments cannot be collected in money, 
 property useful to the government may be taken at a fair valuation, 
 and the amount paid in money by a disbursing officer of the govern- 
 ment, who will take such property upon his returns. Wealthy seces- 
 sion citizens will be assessed in money and provisions for the support 
 of Union refugees who have been a]id may be driven fi'om their homes 
 
LIFE AXD SrmvlCES. 
 
 99 
 
 and into our lines by the acts of thos>=^ with whom secession citizens 
 are in sympathy. All collections airl payments under this order will 
 be through disbursing officers of ! he government, whose accounts 
 must show all money and prope-ty received under it, and how dis- 
 posed of. By orde.' oT 
 
 Major-General U. S. Grant. 
 T. S. Bowers,^!. A. G. 
 
 The commanding Geneial fulh- realized the exigence, 
 and needed no urging. Every ner\-e of energ}' was strained 
 to its utmost tension. To reinforce Burnside was impos- 
 sible, even if they could have been sjjared, for there was no 
 means of supplying them with food. From all portions of 
 the East and Southeast rebel forces were being hurried for- 
 ward to Longstreet; few believed that he would be able 
 to withstand the assaults that would be made upon him. 
 Grant never wavered in his confidence in the soldierly 
 qualities of Burnside, and believed that he would maintain 
 his position until relief should come. 
 
 General B ideau in his "Military History of General 
 Grant," in speaking of the measures adopted for Burnside's 
 relief, says: 
 
 "The continent shook with the tramp of advancing armies. 
 Bridges were built in Eastern cities for these soldiers to march over. 
 Engines w ere brought from Western towns to transport their Supplies. 
 The greatest rivers of the Republic, the Tennessee and the Cumber- 
 land, the Mississippi and the Ohio, weie croAvded with steamers 
 bringing clothes and shoes to those who were weai'ing out their gar- 
 ments in mighty m.arch- s, and ammunition and food to replace what 
 had already been expended in the campaigns for Chattanooga. 
 
 "Over half the territory in rebellion, through these great moun- 
 tain ranges and by the side of these rusliing streams, along the deso- 
 lated cornfields and amid the startled recesses of the primeval forests, 
 the bustle and the stir of war were rife. Two hundred thousand sol- 
 diers were concentrating from the East and the West, either in 
 motion for this one battle-field, or guarding its approaches, or bring- 
 ing up supplies, or waiting anxiously for those who were, with them, 
 to fight the b.ittle of Chattanooga. And o\ er all these preparations, 
 and all these armies, the spirit of one man was dominant." 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 BATTLES OF MISSIONARY RIDGE AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 On the 13th of November the head ofGeneral Sherman's 
 Corps arrived at Bridgeport, its commander immediately vis- 
 iting Grant at Cliattanooga. Tlie addition of this "figliting 
 corps" to tlie Union forces removed all anxiety from the 
 mind of Grant; and he was in condition to deliver a stun- 
 ing blow to the enemy, who had made the fatal mistake of 
 detaching the veteran corps of Longstieet with its able 
 commander to attack Burnside, and take Knoxviile. Noth- 
 ing could have proved more satisfactory to Grant, and it 
 
 was impossible for him 
 to wholly conceal his 
 ^^ joy. Burnside had been 
 
 yi!S*i.- ^g^ warned as early as No- 
 
 vember 5, by Grant, as 
 ?y, follows: "I will en- 
 
 fe- deavor, from here, to 
 
 ■^/^i^'v^'^saih^ bring the enemy back 
 
 from 3'our right flank as 
 soon as possible. Should 
 vou discover him leav- 
 ing, you should annoy 
 him all you can with 
 your cavalry, and in 
 fact, with all. the tioops vou can bring to bear. Sher- 
 man's advance will be at Bridgeport about Monday next. 
 
 (100) 
 
 A^IEROSE E. BURNSIDE. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. lOI 
 
 Whether Thorr.as makes any demonstration before his 
 arrival, will depend upon advices of the enemy's 
 movements." 
 
 On the 7th he issued the following order to General 
 Thomas: "The news is of such a nature that it becomes 
 an imperative duty for your force to draw the attention of 
 the enemy from Burnside to your own front. I deem the 
 best movement to attack the enemy, to be an attack on the 
 northern end of Missionary Ridge, with all the force you 
 can bring to bear against it ; and, when that is carried, to 
 threaten and even attack, if possible, the enemy's line of 
 communication between Dalton and Cleveland. Rations 
 should be ready to issue a sufficiency to last four days the 
 moment Missionary Ridge is in our possession ; rations to be 
 carried in haversacks. Where there are not horses to 
 move the artillery, mules must be taken from teams, or 
 horses from ambulances; or, if necessary, officers dis- 
 mounted, and their horses taken. Immediate preparations 
 should be made to carry these directions into execution. 
 The movement should not be made a moment later than 
 to-morrow morning." 
 
 On the same day he said to Burnside: "I have ordered 
 an immediate move from here to Missionary Ridge, and to 
 threaten or attack the railroad between Cleveland and 
 Dalton. This must have the effect to draw the enemy 
 back from your western front." Thomas was in such con- 
 dition at this time that he could not make this forward 
 movement, and so informed Giant. Having no horses for 
 his artillery, under the circumstances, and a sober second 
 thought, suggested by that ''calm prudence which is one of 
 his best characteristics," be concluded to await the arrival of 
 Sherman's force; and while thus waiting he had to content 
 liiin^elf with exhorting Burnside to keep firm, and with 
 
I02 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 preparing the means for supplying his army with supplies 
 and material, so that it would be able to take the offensive 
 when the time came for so doing. 
 
 The anxiety of the government at Washington for the 
 safety of Burnside is shown in the dispatches that follow. 
 On the 14th Halleck telegraphed: "Advices received 
 from East Tennessee indicate that Burnside intends to 
 abandon the defense of Little Tennessee River, and fall 
 back before Longstreet toward Cumberland Gap and the 
 upper valley. Longstreet is said to be near the Little Ten- 
 nessee, with from twenty to forty thousand men; Burnside 
 has about thirty thousand in all, and can hold his position; 
 he ought not to retreat. I fear further delay may result in 
 Burnside's abandonment of East Tennessee. This would be 
 a terrible misfortune, and must be averted if possible." 
 
 To this Grant replied, reassuringly: "Burnside cer- 
 tainly can detain Longstreet in the Tennessee Valley until, 
 we can make such moves here as will entirely free him 
 from present dangers. I have asked him if he could hold 
 the Knoxville and Clinton line for one week; if so, we can 
 make moves here that will save all danger in East Tennes- 
 see. . . . Sherman is now at Bridgeport. He will 
 commence moving to-morrow or next day, throwing one 
 brigade from Whiteside into Trenton, thus threatening the 
 enemy's left flank. The remainder of his force will pass 
 over Kelly's Ferry, evading view from Lookout, and 
 march up to the mouth of Chickamauga. Pontoons are 
 made, and making, to throw across at that point, over 
 which it is intended that Sherman's foixe and one division 
 of Thomas' shall pass. This force will attack Missionary 
 Ridge, with the left flank of Thomas supporting from 
 here. In the meantime Hooker will attack Lookout, and 
 cany it, if possible. If Burnside can hoKl the line from 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I03 
 
 Knoxville to Clinton, as I have asked him, for six clays, I 
 believe Bragg will be started back for the south side of 
 Oostanaula, and Longstreet cut off." 
 
 On the 1 7th he telegraphs : "I have not heard from you 
 since the 14th. What progress is Longstreet making, and 
 what are your chances for defending yourself ? Sherman's 
 forces have commenced their mo^■ement from Bridgeport, 
 threatening the enemy. This alone may turn Longstreet 
 back, and if it does not, the attack will be prosecuted until 
 we reach the roads oyer which all the supplies must pass, 
 while you hold £ast Tennessee." 
 
 Later on the same day: "Your dispatch received. 
 You are doing exactly what appears to me to be right. I 
 want the enemy's progress retarded at every point all it can 
 be, only giving up each place when it becomes evident that 
 it cannot longer be held without endangering your force to 
 capture. I think our movements here must cause Long- 
 street's recall within a day or two, if he is not successful 
 before that time. Sherman moved this morning from 
 Bridgeport, with one division. The remainder of his com- 
 mand moves in the morning. There will be no halt until 
 a severe battle is fought, or the railroads cut supplying the 
 enemy." 
 
 On the 1 8th he telegraphs Halleck: "Dispatches from 
 General Burnside received at 10 p. m. yesterday. Troops 
 had got back from Knoxville. Sherman's advance reached 
 Lookout Mountain to-day. Movements will progress, 
 threatening enemy's left flank, until forces can be got up 
 and thrown across the river to attack their right flank and 
 }vIissionary Ridge. A battle or a falling back of the enemy 
 is inevitable by Saturday, at the farthest. Burnside speaks 
 hopefully." 
 
 On this day he also gives written orders to Thomas 
 
I04 GENliKAI, U. S. GHANT S 
 
 and Sherman, Those to Thomas were as follows: "All 
 preparations should be made for attacking the enemy's posi- 
 tion on Missionary Ridge by Saturday morning, at day- 
 light. . . . The general plm is for Sherman, with the force 
 brought with him, strengthened by a division from your 
 command, to effect a crossing of the Tennessee River just 
 below the mouth of the Chickamauga; his crossing to be 
 protected by artillery from the heights of the north bank 
 of the river (to be located by your chief of artillery), and 
 to secure the heights (Missionary Ridge) from the north- 
 ern extremity to about the railroad tunnel, before the enemy 
 can concentrate against him. You will cooperate with 
 Sherman. The troops in the Chattanooga Valley should 
 all be concentrated on your left flank, leaving only the 
 necessary force to defend fortifications on the right and 
 center, and a movable column of one division in readiness 
 to move wherever ordered. This division should show 
 itself as threateningly as possible, on the most practicable line 
 for making an attack up the valle}'. Your effort, then, will 
 be to form a junction with Sherman, making your advance 
 well toward the northejn end of Missionary Ridge, and 
 moving as near simultaneously with him as possible. The 
 junction once formed, and the Ridge carried, connection 
 will be at once established between the two armies by 
 roads on the south bank of the river. Further movements 
 will then depend on those of the enemy. 
 
 "Lookout Valley, I think, will be easily held by 
 Geary's Division, and what troops you may still have there 
 of the old Army of the Cumberland. Howard's Corps can 
 then be held in readiness to act, either with you at Chatta- 
 nooga, or with Sherman. It should be marched, on Friday 
 night, to a position on the north side of the river, not 
 lower down than the first pontoon bridge (at Chatta- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 105 
 
 nooga), and then held in readiness for such orders as may 
 become necessary. All these troops will be provided with 
 two days' cooked rations, in haversacks, and one hundred 
 rounds of ammunition on the person of each infantry 
 soldier." 
 
 To Sherman a copy of these instructions was furnished 
 Tor his guidance, and he was told : "It is particularly desir- 
 able that a force should be got through the railroad between 
 Cleveland and Dalton, and Longstreet thus cut off from 
 communication with the South; but being confronted by a 
 large force here, strongly located, it is not easy to tell how 
 tliis is to be effected until the result of our first effort is 
 known." 
 
 The preliminary movements and furiously contested 
 battles around Chattanooga occupied several days and re- 
 sulted in an overwhelming victory for the Union forces. 
 The details of this important contest cannot better be told 
 than in the following pithy dispatch from Genej'al Meigs, 
 Quartermaster General of the United States Army, who 
 was present during the entire action : 
 
 Headquarters Chattanooga, Nov. 26, 1863. 
 Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War: 
 
 Sir: — On the 23d inst, at half-past 11 a. m., General Grant 
 ordered a demonstration against Missionary Ridge, to develop the 
 for^e holding it. The troops marched out, formed in order, and 
 advanced in line of battle, as if on parade. 
 
 The Rebels watched the formation and movement from their 
 picket lines and rifle pits, and from the summits of Missionary Ridge, 
 five hundred feet above us, and thought it was a review and drill, so 
 openly and deliberately, so regular, was it all done. 
 
 The line advanced, preceded by skirmishers, and at 2 o'clock 
 p. M. reached our picket lines, and opened a rattling volley upon the 
 Rebel pickets, who replied and ran into their advanced line of rifle- 
 pits. After them went out our skirmishers and into them, along the 
 
io6 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 center of the line of 25,000 troops which General Thomas had so 
 quickly displayed, until we opened fire. Prisoners assert that they 
 thought the whole movement was a review and general drill, and 
 that it was too late to send to their camps for re-inforcements, and 
 that they were overwhelmed by force of numbers. It was a surprise 
 in open daylight. 
 
 At 3 p. M. the important advanced position of Orchard Knob and 
 the lines right and left were in our possession, and arrangements 
 were ordered for holding theim during the night. 
 
 The next day at dayligirt General Sherman had 5,000 men across 
 the Tennessee, and established on its south bank, and commenced 
 the construction of a pontoon bridge about six miles above Chatta- 
 nooga. The Rebel steamer " Dunbar ' was repaired at the right 
 moment, and rendered effective aid in this crossing, carrying over 
 6,000 men. 
 
 By nightfall General Sherman had seized the exti-emity of Mis- 
 sionary Ridge nearest the river, and was entrenching himself. Gen- 
 eral Howard, with a brigade, opened communication with him from 
 Chattanooga on the south side of the river. Skirmishing and can- 
 nonading continued all day on the left and center. General Hooker 
 ecaled the slopes of Lookout Mountain, and from the valle-. of Look- 
 out Creek drove the Rebels around the point. He captured some 
 2,000 prisoners, and established himself high up the mountain side, 
 in full vievv of Chattanooga. This raised the blockade, and now 
 steamers were ordered from Bridgeport to Chattanooga. They had 
 run only to Kelly's Ferry, whence ten miles of hauling over moun- 
 tain roads and twice across the Tennessee on pontoon bridges, 
 brought us our supplies. 
 
 All night the point of Missionary Ridge on the extreme left, and 
 the side of Lookout Mountain on the extreme right, blazed with tlie 
 camp fires of loyal troops. • 
 
 The day had been one of dense mists and rains, and much of 
 General Hool;er's battle was fought above the clouds, which con- 
 cealed him from our view, but from which his musketry was heard. 
 
 At nightfall the sky cleared, and the full moon— "the traitor's 
 doom"— shone upon the beautiful scene, until i A. M., when twink- 
 ling sparks upon the mountain side showed that picket skirmishing 
 was going on. Then it ceased. A brigade sent from Chattanooga 
 crossed the Chatt.inooga Creek, and opened communication with 
 Hooker. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. IO9 
 
 General Grant's headquarters during the afternoon of the 23d 
 and the day of the 24th were in Wood's redoubt, except when, in the 
 course of the daj', he rode along the advanced line, visiting the head- 
 quarters of the several commanders in Chattanooga Valley. 
 
 At daylight on the 2Sth the Stars and Stripes were descried on 
 the peak of Lookout. The Rebels had evacuated the mountain. 
 
 Hooker moved to descend the mountain, striking Missionary 
 Ridge at the Rossville Gap, to sweep both sides and its summit. 
 
 The Rebel troops were seen, as soon as it was light enough, 
 streaming regiments and brigades along the narrow summit of Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, either concentrating on the right to overwhelm 
 Sherman, or marching for the railroad to raise the siege. 
 
 They had evacuated the valley of Chattanooga. Would they 
 abandon that of Chickamauga.' 
 
 The twenty -pounders and four-and-a-quarter inch rifles of Wood's 
 redoubt opened on Missionary Ridge. Orchard Knob sent its com- 
 pliments to the Ridge, which, with rifled Parrotts, answered, and tie 
 cannonade, thus commenced, continued all day. Shot and shell 
 screamed from Orchard Knob to Missionary Ridge, and from Mis- 
 sionary Ridge to Orchard Knob, and from Wood's redoubt, over the 
 heads of Generals Grant and Thomas and their staffs, who wtre 
 with us in this favorable position, from whence the whole battle could 
 be seen as in an amphitheatre. The headquarters were under fire all 
 day long, 
 
 Cannomding and musketry were heard from General Sherman, 
 and General Howard marched the Eleventh Corps to join him. 
 
 General Thomas sent out skirmishers, who drove in the Rebel 
 pickets and chafed them into their entrenchments, and at the foot of 
 Missionary RiJge Sherman made an assault against Bragg's right, 
 entrencheJ on a high knob next to that on which Sherman himself 
 lay fortified. Tlie assault was gallantly made. 
 
 Sherman reached the edge of the crest, and held his ground for 
 (it seemed to mc) an hour, but was bloodily repulsed by reserves. 
 
 A general advance was ordered, and a strong line of skirmishers 
 followed by a deployed line of battle some two miles in lengtli. At 
 the signal of leaden shots from headquarters on Orcliard Knob, the 
 line moved rapidly and orderly forward. The Reijel pickets dis- 
 charged their muskets and ran into their rifle-pits. Our skirmishers 
 followed on their heels. 
 
 The line of battle was not far behind, and we saw the gray Rebels 
 
no GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 swarm out of the ledge line of rifle-pits and over the base of the hill 
 in numbers which surprised us. A few turned and fired their pieces; 
 but the greater number collected into the many roads which cross 
 obliquely up its steep face, and went on to the top. 
 
 Some regiments pressed on and swarmed up the steep sides of 
 the Ridge, and here and there a color was advanced beyond the lines. 
 The attempt appeared most dangerous; but the advance was sup 
 ported, and the whole line was ordered to storm the heights, up:i ; 
 which not less than forty pieces of artillery, and no one knew how 
 many muskets, stood ready to slaughter the assailants. With cheers 
 answering to cheers, the men swarmed upward. They gathered to 
 the points least difficult of ascent, and the line was broken. Color 
 after color was planted on the summit, while musket and cannon 
 vomited their thunder upon them. 
 
 A well-directed shot from Orchard Knob exploded a Rebel caisson 
 on the summit, and the gun was seen being speedily taken to the right, 
 its driver lashing his horses. A party of our soldiers intercepted 
 them, and the gun was captured, with cheers. 
 
 A fierce inusl.etrv fight broke out to the left, where, betw-een 
 Thomas and Sherman, a mile or two of the Ridge was still occupied 
 by the Rebels. 
 
 Bragg left the house in which he had held his headquarters, and 
 rode to the rear as our troops crowded the hill on either side of him. 
 
 General Grant proceeded to the summit, and then only did we 
 know its height. 
 
 Some of the captured artillery was put into position. Artillerists 
 were sent for to work the guns, and caissons were searched for 
 ammunition. 
 
 The Rebel log breastworks w-ere torn to pieces and carried to the 
 other side of the Ridge, and used in forming barricades across. 
 
 A strong line of infantry was formed in the rear of Baird's line, 
 and engaged in a musketrj' contest with the Rebels to the left, and a 
 secure lodgment was soon effected. 
 
 The other assault to the right of our center gained the suminit, 
 and the Rebels threw down their arms and fled. 
 
 Hooker, coming into favorable position, swept the right of the 
 Ridge, and captin-ed man^' prisoners. 
 
 Bragg's remaining troops left early in the night, and the battle of 
 Chattanooga, after days of manoeuvring and fighting, was won. The 
 strength of the l-iebellion in the center is broken. Burnside is 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. Ill 
 
 relieved from danger in East Tennessee. Kentucky and Tennessee 
 are rescued. Georgia and tlie Soutlieast are tiireatened in the rear, 
 and another victory is added to the chapter of " Unconditional Surren- 
 der Grant.'''' 
 
 To-niglit the estimate of captvires is several thousand prisoners 
 and thirty pieces of artillery. 
 
 Our loss for so gi-eat a victory is not severe. 
 
 Bragg is firing the railroad as he retreats toward Dalton. 
 Sherman is in hot pursuit. 
 
 To-day I viewed the battle-field, which extends for six miles along 
 Missionary Ridge and for several miles on Lookout Mountain. 
 
 Probably not so well-directed, so well ordered a battle, has taken 
 place during the war. But one assault was repulsed ; but that assault, 
 by calling to that point the Rebel reserves, prevented them repulsing 
 any of the others. 
 
 A few days since Bragg sent to General Grant a flag of truce 
 advising him that it would be prudent to remove any non-coinbatants 
 who might be .still in Chattanooga. No reply has been returned ; 
 but the combatants having removed from the vicinity, it is probable 
 that non-combatants can remain without imprudence. 
 
 M. C. Meigs, ^lartermasier-General. 
 
 In securing this great victory tlie Union forces had lost 
 757 liilled, 4,529 wounded and 330 missing. The loss of 
 the Confederates has never been ascertained, but reached 
 probably beyond fifteen thousand. General Grant cap- 
 tured 6,143 prisoners, 40 pieces of artillery, 69 artillery 
 carriages, and caissons, and 7,000 stand of small arms. 
 
 Not satisfied with the first fruits of this victory Grant 
 ordered the retreating enemy to be hotly pursued, which 
 was successfully accomplished, they being forced back 
 upon Ringgold. Further pursuit was abandoned, owing to 
 the necessity of relieving Burnside at Knoxville. 
 
 Grant had by his masterly movement in turning the 
 enemy back upon Dalton and Ringgold thrown Sherman 
 and his corps between Longstreet and Bragg, and he at 
 once dispatched General Granger and other forces under 
 
112 
 
 GENERAI. U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Shern^n to the relief of Buniside who had fallen back 
 within the entrenchments at Knoxville, in order to draw 
 Longstreet :is far away from Bragg as possible and thereby- 
 preventing liim from reinforcing that unfortunate yet 
 brave general. 
 
 Learning that Bragg had been defeated at Chattanooga, 
 and realizing that Grant would at once reinforce- Burnside 
 and raise the siege, Longstreet determined to carry the 
 Union works by storm, and selected November 29, 1863, for 
 the assault. Though made with great gallantry the as- 
 sault proved a failure, 
 and long before he 
 could recover from the 
 effects of this he found 
 that the several Union 
 columns sent for the 
 relief of the besieged 
 city were gathering 
 around him in such a 
 manner that if he did 
 not withdraw from his 
 position, he would be 
 completely surround- 
 ed. On the night of 
 December 4 he raised 
 retreated eastward toward 
 
 JAMES LONGSTREET. 
 
 the siege of the place and 
 Virginia. 
 
 With the raising of the siege of Knoxville this re- 
 markable campaign ended, and the war in the Southwest 
 was substantially closed. 
 
 On the same day the President issued the following 
 proclamation for a national thanksgiving: 
 
life and services. ii3 
 
 Executive Mansion, 
 Washington, D. C, December 7, 1S63. 
 
 Reliable information being received that tlie insurgent force is 
 retreating from East Tennessee, under circumstances rendering it 
 probable that the Union forces cannot hereafter be dislodged from 
 that important position; and esteeming this to be of high national 
 consequence, I recommend tliat all loyal people do, on receipt of 
 this information, assemble at" their places of worship, and render 
 special homage and gratitude to Almighty God for this grest ad- 
 vancement of the national cause. A. Lincoln. 
 
 The follov\'ing day he sent the following di.spatch to 
 Major-General Grant: 
 
 Washington, Dec. 8. 
 Major-General Grant: 
 
 Understanding that your lodgment at Chattanooga and Knoxville 
 is now secure, / -wish to tender you and all under your command my 
 more than thanks — my frofoundest gratitude for the skill, courage 
 and perseverance ivith ■which you and thev, over so great diffictdties, 
 have effected that important object. God bless you all ! 
 
 A. Lincoln. 
 
 The campaign ended, General Grant issued the follow- 
 ing congratulatory orders to the army: 
 
 Headquarters Military Division of the 
 Mississippi, in the Field. 
 
 I 
 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee, December 10, 1S63. 
 
 \General Orders No.t)^ 
 
 The General Commanding takes this opportunity of returning 
 his sincere thanks and congratulations to the brave armies of tlie 
 Cumberland, the Ohio, the Tennessee, and their comrades from the 
 Potomac, for the recent splendid and decisive successes achieved over 
 the enemy. In a short time you have recovered from him the control of 
 the Tennessee River from Bridgeport to Knoxville. Tou dislodged 
 him from his great stronghold upon Lookout Mountain, drove him 
 jrom Chattanooga Valley, -wrested from his determined grasp the 
 possession of Missionary Ridge, repelled tvith heavy loss to him his re- 
 peated assaults upon Knoxville, forcing him to raise the siege there. 
 
114 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 driving him at all joints, utterly rovted and discomfited , beyond the 
 limitsof the State. By your noble heroism and determined courage, 
 you have most effectually defeated the plans of the enemy for regain- 
 ing possession of the States o£ Kentucky and Tennessee. You have 
 secured positions fi-om which no rebellious power can drive or dis- 
 lodge you. For all this the General commanding thanks you col- 
 lectively and individually. The loyal people of the United States 
 thank and bless you. Their hopes and prayers for your success 
 against this unholy rebellion are with you daily. Their faith in you 
 will not be in vain. Their hopes will not be blasted. Their prayers 
 to Almighty God will be answered. You will yet go to other fields 
 of strife; and with the invincible bravery and unflinching loyalty to 
 justice and right which have characterized you in the past, you will 
 prove that no enemy can withstand you, and that no defences, how- 
 ever formidable, can check your onward march. 
 
 Bv order of Maj.-Gen. U. S Grant. 
 
 T. S. Bowers, A. A.-G. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PUBLIC HONOTSS — GRADE OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL 
 REVIVED. 
 
 General Grant's successful Vicksburg campaign opened 
 the Mississippi, severing the Confederacy ; thereby cutting 
 off the great suj)plies of cattle fro:n Texais for the support 
 of their armies. The Chattanooga-Knoxville extraordi- 
 nary campaign had virtually closed the war for the time in 
 
 the Southwest, and shut 
 the rebels out from the 
 rich granaries of Ten- 
 nessee and Kentucky. 
 With the single excep- 
 tion of Virginia, their 
 forces had been driven 
 from their strongholds, 
 and so scattered that 
 V'^cMtheiij could present no 
 effectual barrier to the 
 onward movement of 
 the victorious Union 
 forces. The repeated 
 defeat of the Confeder- 
 ates operating against 
 General Grant, had carried dismay to the people through- 
 out the South, and they began to lose hope of the issue; 
 the cause of the rebellion fell rapidly in the opinion of 
 
 ("5) 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GEXERAI- U. S. GRANT. 
 
I l6 GENERAL U. S. GKANT's 
 
 political speculators, both at home and abroad; while at 
 the North the faith of the wavering was confirmed, and 
 the patriots were reassured. 
 
 General Grant was not quite forty-three years of age; 
 his personal appearance at this time is thus described by a 
 correspondent: 
 
 "The appearance o£ General Grant is far from what an idealist 
 would picture of a great hero. He is a man of medium height, and 
 but little above the minimum standard of officers of the army. The 
 appearance of his countenance during repose is far from commanding; 
 but on the field there seems to be soinething in the determined glance 
 of his eye, the contracted brow, and the firm-set teeth, that would 
 imply that his wishes " must and shall be carried out." Otherwise 
 there is but little in his countenance that could be called striking. 
 "His brow is straight and square, but cannot be characterized as lofty, 
 although it is far from ignoble. His head is covered by a fair quan- 
 tity of light brownish hair. His eyes are blue, sharp, and expressive, 
 vet at times, calm and mild. His nose is aquiline, its bold lines delicately 
 chiseled. His mouth and chin are well formed, but are concealed 
 under a heavy reddish beard and moustache, which is kept cut some- 
 wliat shorter than it deserves. 
 
 " His manner is inild, even in times of the greatest excitement, and 
 tlie humblest drummer-boy can as easily reach the General with his 
 complaints, as could his corps, or departmental commanders. 
 
 " His sty\e of dress has often been alluded to in the course of this 
 narrative. He assumes no gaudy plumes nor trappings, and takes 
 but little consideration as to his personal appearance. This apparent 
 carelessness is a conclusive evidence that his mind is employed witli 
 more important matters." 
 
 The first announcement of General Grant's victorious 
 campaign m Georgia and Tennessee was made on the day 
 of the first assembling of Congress for 1S63-4. Mr. Wash- 
 burne, Member of the House from Galena, Illinois, immedi- 
 ately gave notice of the introduction of two bills, one, "To 
 revive the grade of Lieutenant-General of the Arm " and 
 
LIFE yVND SERVICES. ny 
 
 the other, " To provide that a medal be struck for General 
 Grant and the otKcers of the army." When the latter 
 resolution was brought up, it was passed by both Houses 
 of Congress without opposition, receiving the signature of 
 the President, and became the first law of the session of 
 1863-4. The following is a copy of the official document: 
 
 General Orders No. 398. 
 
 JOINT EESOLUTION of thanks to Major Gefteral Ulysses S. Grant and the officers 
 and soldiers who have fought under his command during- this rebellion ; and 
 providing- that the President of the United States shall cause a medul to he 
 struck^ to be presented tn Major-General Grant in the name of the people of 
 the United States of America. 
 
 Be it resolved.^ by the Senate and House of Repi esevtatives of the 
 United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the thanks of 
 Congress be, and they hereby are, presented to Major-General Ulys- 
 ses S. Grant, and through hira to the officers and soldiers who have 
 fought under his command dur ng this rebelHon, for their gallantry 
 and good conduct in the battles in wiiich they have been engaged; 
 and that the President of tlie United States be requested to cause a 
 gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems, devices, and inscrip- 
 tions, to be presented to Major-General Grant. 
 
 Sec. 2. And be it further resolved, Thai, when tlie said inedal 
 shall have been struck, the President shall cause a copy of this joint 
 resolulion to be engrossed on parchment, and shall transmit the saine, 
 together with the said medal, to Major-General Grant, to be presented 
 to hiin in the name of the people of the United States of America, 
 
 Sec 3. Andbeit further resolved. That a sufficient sum of money 
 to carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any 
 money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Schuyler Colfax, 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 H. Hamlin, 
 Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. 
 
 Approved, December 17, 1863: Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 The medal, as selected by the committee having the 
 matter in charge, w.is designed by Leutze, and is thus de- 
 scribed by the N. f Evening Post: 
 
IlS GENERAL U. ^. GUANt's 
 
 "The obveise of tlie medal wai to consist of a profile likene»s of 
 the hero, sanounded by a wreath of laurels; his name and the vear 
 of his victoi ies inscribed upon it, and the whole surrounded by a 
 galaxy of stars. The design for the rever-e was original, appropriate, 
 and beautiful. It was the tigure of Fame seated in a graceful a'titude 
 on the American eagle, which, witli outspread winys, seems preparing 
 for flight. In her right hand she licKl the s\ inbolical trump, antl in 
 her lei't, a scroll, on A\'hich were inscribed the names of the g.illant 
 chief's various battles, viz. . Corinth, Vicksburg, Mississippi River, and 
 Chattanooga. On her head was a helmet, ornamented in Indian tash- 
 ion, with feathers radiating from it. In front of the eagle, its breast 
 resting agahist it, was the emblematical shield of the United States. 
 Just underneath this group, tlieir stems crossing each other, were 
 single sprigs of the pine and the palm, tj'pical of the North and South. 
 Above the figure of Fame, in a curved line, the motto, 'Proclaim 
 Liberty throughout the Land.' The edge was surrounded, like the 
 obverse, with a circle of stars of a stile peculiar to the Byzantine 
 period, and rarely seen except in the illuminated MSS. of that age. 
 These stars wc, e more in number tlian the existing States — of course, 
 including those of the South — thereby suggesting further additions in 
 he future to the Union." 
 
 The Legi.slatures of New Yoi'k, Ohio and other States 
 passed resohitions of llianks to Genei'al Grant and his 
 army, while other honors were paid him by societies, elect- 
 ing him honorary hfe member, etc. 
 
 Wliiie these honors were being- showered on General 
 Grant by his admiring countrymen, he was busily occupied 
 in gathering up his strength to pursue the war with 
 unabated vigor. About Christmas he visited Kno.'cville to 
 inspect the condition of the troops there, and found the 
 men in great need of clothing; many were without shoes, 
 others had but a single blanket. The winter was the 
 most inclement, that had been known for thirty years. 
 The roads encumbered with snow and ice, were almost 
 impassable. The resources of the country had become 
 exhausted, owing to the gathering of such large armies. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. II9 
 
 To add to these innumerable cares, lie found tliat the rebel 
 cavalry were constantly attacking his outposts. The diffi- 
 culties of the route to Kiioxville rendered it almost impos- 
 sible to remedy the sufferings of his men ; but all that 
 could be done was done. 
 
 From Knoxville he visited Nashville, crossing the 
 country by the Cumberland Gap on horseback, passing 
 through Barbersville, London and Lexington. Wherever 
 he went, crowds thronged to greet him. Various efforts 
 were made to induce him to make speeches, but never with 
 success. At Lexington, General Leslie Coombs, said to 
 the crowd: " General Grant has told me in confidence that 
 he never made a speech, knows nothing about speech- 
 making, and has no disposition to learn." 
 
 Elaborate plans had been matured by Grant for the 
 prosecution of the war and the crushing of the Rebellion 
 in the Southwest, as soon as the weather would admit of 
 active operations. A concerted movement of all our 
 armies under one policy, and so far as possible, under one 
 direction. 
 
 The policy of General Grant, is shown in one of his 
 communications to the War Department. He said: 
 
 " I look upon the next line for me to secure to be that from 
 Chattanooga to Mobile, Montgomery and Atlanta being the import- 
 ant intermediate points. To do this, large supplies must be secured 
 on the Tennessee River, so as to be independent of the railroad from 
 here (Nashville) to the Tennessee, for a considerable length of time. 
 Mobile would be a second base. The destruction wliich Sherman 
 will do to the roads around Meridian will be of material importance to 
 us in preventing the enemy from drawing supplies from Mississippi, 
 and in clearing that section of all large bodies of rebel troops. . . . 
 I do not look upon any points, except Mobile in the South, and the 
 Tennessee River in the North, as presenting practicable starting- 
 points from which to operate against Atlanta and Montgomery." 
 
I20 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Space prevents a description of the several movements 
 of troops in tlie Southwest. General Grant directed the 
 complicated movements of three armies extending from 
 the Alleghanies to the Mississippi. General Thomas was 
 at Chattanooga threatening Hardee, who had relieved 
 Bragg soon after the battle of Chattanooga. Longstreet 
 was being closely watched by Schofield, who had suc- 
 ceeded Burnside at Knoxville, and Sherman was at Vicks- 
 burg preparing for his magnificent raid into Mississippi — 
 all received their instructions from General Grant. 
 
 Moving from Vicksburg with McPherson's Seventeenth 
 Army Corps, in light marching order, General Sherman 
 drove the rebels out of the State, destroyed the great railway 
 center of Meridian, with the tracks to Quitman, to Lau- 
 derdale Springs and to Cuba Station; returning to Vicks- 
 burg on the 25tli of February, having supported his army 
 upon the rebel stores which he captured, and brought 
 back with his triumphant column 400 prisoners, 5,000 
 negroes, 1,000 white refugees, and 3,000 animals — all this 
 being accomplished in about one month, during which 
 time his army had marched nearly 400 miles, losing but 
 170 in killed, wounded and missing. 
 
 On January 24 General Grant was suddenly called to 
 St. Louis, to the sick bedside of his eldest son. Arriving 
 unheralded and unannounced, the first intimation the citi- 
 zens of the city had that the hero of the Western arm\ 
 was among them was on seeing on the hotel register the 
 name of " U. S. Grant, Chattanooga." The intelligence 
 of his arrival spread rapidl}', and crowds gathered around 
 the hotel to see him. He was at once invited to a public 
 dinner. His reply to this invitation was characteristic: 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 121 
 
 St. Louis, Mo , Jan. 27, 1864. 
 Colonel John O'Fallan, Hon. John How, 
 And Citizens of St. Louis, — 
 Gentlemen: — Your highly complimentary invitation " to meet 
 old acquaintances and make new ones," at a dinner to be given by 
 citizens of St. Louis, is just received. 
 
 I will state that I have only visited St. Louis on this occasion to 
 see a sick child. Fiiidirg, l.owever, that he has pa-jed the crisis of 
 his disease, and is pronounced out of danger by his physicians, I 
 accept the invitation. My stay in this city will be short- probably 
 not beyond the ist proximo. On to-morrow I shall be engaged. Any 
 other day of my stay here, and any place selected by the citizens of 
 St. Louis, it will be agreeable foi' me to meet them. 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully. 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 U. S. Grant, Mcijor-Geuend U. S. A. 
 
 The banquet was sumpliioiis and elegant in all respects, 
 over 200 guests being present in the spacious hall at the 
 Lindell Hotel. Wlien the toast was given, " Our distin- 
 guished guest, Major-General Grant," the band struck up 
 " Hail to the Chief!" General Grant rose and said, "Gen- 
 tlemen, in response it will be impossible to do more than 
 thank you." During the evening he was serenaded, and 
 the hotel was surrounded by thousands anxious to catch a 
 sight of him, and clamorous for a speech. Ste[)ping out 
 upon the balcony, he was received with cheer upon cheer. 
 Removing his hat amid profound silence, he said : "Gentle- 
 men, I thank you for this honor. I cannot make a speech. 
 It is something I have never done and never intend to do; 
 and I beg you will excuse me." This did not pacify the 
 crowd, and their demands for a speech were only the 
 greater. 
 
 Several gentlemen standing near urged him to address 
 the people. One, more enthusiastic than the rest, said, 
 " General, tell them you can fight for thein, but you 
 
122 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 cannot talk to them; do tell them that." Calmly turning 
 to the speaker, he said : " Some one else must say that if 
 it is to be said." The immense multitude continuing their 
 shouting, the General leaned over the balcony and said, 
 slowly, deliberately, and firmly: "Gentlemen, making 
 ■speeches is not my business. I never did it in my life and 
 ne\er will. I thank you, however, for your attendance 
 here." He then bowed and retired. 
 
 The bill which had been introduced into Congress the 
 first days of the session, "to revive the grade of Lieutenant 
 General " was passed ahnost unanimousl}^ on the 26th of 
 February, 1S64. On March 2d the President nominated 
 General Grant as Lieutenant-General, and on the following 
 day the Senate confirmed the nomination. But two men 
 had ever held this position. In 179S, the country being 
 apprehensive of a war with France, President Adams 
 appointed George Washington " Lieutenant Genral of the 
 armies of the United States." In 1855 General Winfield 
 Scoct had the office conferred on him by brevet. 
 
 The same day of his confirmation as Lieutenant-Gen- 
 eral he was ordered to Washington, and started on the 
 f illowing morning, March 4. Before leaving for the East, 
 General Grant wrote the following letter to General Sher- 
 man, who was then at Memphis. This letter, with Sher- 
 man's answer, which follows, exhibits both these great 
 commanders in a most attractive light: 
 
 Dear Sherman,— The bill reviving the grade of Lieutenant- 
 General has become a law and my name has been sent to the S.nate 
 for the place. I now receive orders to report to Washington imme- 
 diatelv in person, which indicates a confirmation, or a lilcelihood of 
 confirmation. I start in the morning to comply witff the order. 
 
 Whilst I have been eminently successful in this war, in at least 
 gaining the confidence of the public, no one feels more than I how 
 
LIKR AND SF.in'ICER. 132 
 
 mucli of this success is due to the energy, sl<ill, .-ind the liarmonious 
 putting forth of that energy and slciH, of those wliom it has l)een my 
 good fortune to have occupying suhordinate positions under me. 
 
 There are many officers to whom these remarl^s are apphcalile to 
 a greater or less degree, proportionate to their ability as soldiers; but 
 what I want is to express my thanks to you a]id McPherson, as the 
 men to whom, above all others, I feel indebted for whatever I have 
 had of success. 
 
 How far your advice and assistance have been of help to me, you 
 know. How far your execution of whatever lias been given you to 
 do entitles you to the reward 1 am receiving, you cannot know as 
 \vcll as I. 
 
 I feel all the gratitude this letter would express, giving it the 
 most flattering construction. The word you I use in tlie plural, 
 intending it for McPlierson also. I would write to him, and will 
 some day; but, starting in the morning, I do not know that I shall 
 find time just ]iow. Your friend, 
 
 U. .S. Grant. 
 
 The following is General Shcrniairs reply: 
 
 Dii.xR Genkral, — I have your more tlian kind and characteris- 
 tic letter of the 4th instant. I will send a copy to General McPherson 
 at once. 
 
 Vou do yourself injustice, and us too much honot , in assigning 
 to us too large a share of the Tncrits "which ha\'c led to yoin- high 
 advanceiTient. I know you approve the friendship I have ever prof- 
 fered to you, and will permit me to contiiuie, as heretofore, to 
 manifest it on all proper occasions. 
 
 You are now Washington's legitimate successor, and occupy a 
 position of almost dangerous elevation ; but if you can continue, as 
 heretofore, to be yourself, — simple, honest and unpretending, — you 
 will enjoy through life the respect a)id love of friends, and the 
 homag .' of millions of human beings, who will award you a large 
 share in securing to them and their descendants a go\'ernment of 
 law and stability. 
 
 I repeat, you do Geneial McPherson and myself too much honor. 
 At Belmont you manifested your traits; neither of us being near. 
 At Donelson, also, you illustrated your whole character. I was not 
 near, and General McPherson was in too subordinate a capacity to 
 influence you. 
 
12^ GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Until you had won Donelson, I confess I was almost cowed by 
 the terrible array of anarchical elements that presented themselves 
 at every point; but that admitted a ray of light I have followed 
 _since. I believe you are as brave, patriotic, and just as the great 
 prototype, Washington; as unselfish, kind-hearted, and honest as a 
 man should be: but the chief characteristic is the simple faith in 
 success you have always manifested, which I can liken to nothing 
 else than the faith a Christian has in the Saviour. 
 
 This faith gave yoxi the victory at Shiloh and at Vicksburg. 
 Also, when you have completed your best preparations, j'ou go into- 
 battle witliout hesitation, as at Chattanooga — no doubts, no reserves; 
 and I tell you, it was this made us act with confidence. I knew, 
 wherever I was, that you thought of me, and if I got in a tight 
 place, you would help me out, if alive. 
 
 My only point of doubt was, in your knowledge of grand strategy 
 and of books of science and history ; but, I confess, your common- 
 sense seems to have supplied all these. 
 
 Now, as to the future. Don't stay in Washington. Come West; 
 take to yourself the whole Mississippi Valley. Let us make it dead 
 sure, — and I tell you, the Atlantic slopes and Pacific shores will 
 follow its destiny, as sure as the limbs of a tree live or die with the 
 main trunk. We have done much, but still much remains. Time, 
 and time's influences are with us. We could almost afford to sit 
 still, and let these influences work. 
 
 Here lies the seat of the coming empire; and from the West, 
 when our task is done, we will make short work of Charleston and 
 Richmond, and the impoverished coast of the Atlantic. 
 
 Your sincere friend, 
 
 W. T. Sherman. 
 
 On the afternoon of March 8 he reached Washing- 
 ton, and quietl}' and unrecognized, repaired to Willard's 
 Hotel. While seated at the dining table with his young 
 son by his side, before he had half finished his dinner, a 
 gentleman lately from New Orleans recognized him, and, 
 rising, informed the guests that General Ulysses S. Gi'ant 
 was in the room. Simultaneousl)', and as by an instinctive 
 impulse, all arose, and a storm of cheers rang through the 
 
LIFE AND 'SKRVICES. I 25 
 
 hall, many pressed around him to take him by the hand, 
 and it was some time before he could finish his dinner. In 
 the evening he attended the President's levee, entering the 
 reception room unannounced, but was soon recognized and 
 greeted with great cordiality by Mr. Liucohi. The noted 
 visitor then became the observed of all observers. 
 
 On the afternoon of the following day he was presented 
 by Mr. Lincoln with his commission, the ceremony taking 
 place in the presence of the Cabinet, General Halleck, the 
 retiring Gcneral-in Chief, the members of Grant's staff, 
 tliat officer's son, the President's private secretary, and 
 Representative Owen Lovejoy. When General Grant 
 entered the room he was cordially received by Mr. Lincoln 
 and presented to the Cabinet. The President then ad- 
 tliessed him as follows: 
 
 General Grant: The nation's appreciation of what 30U have 
 done, and its reliance upon you for what still remains to be accom- 
 plis-hed in the existing great struggle, are now presented witli this 
 commission, constituting jou Lieutenant-General in the army of the 
 United States. With this high honor devolves upon you, also, a cor- 
 responding responsibility. As the country herein trusts you, so, 
 under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add, that with 
 what I here speak for the nation, goes my own hearty personal con- 
 currence. 
 
 To which General Grant replied as follows: 
 
 Mr. President: I accept the commission, with gratitude for 
 the high honor conferred. With the aid of the noble armies that 
 liave fought on so many fields for our common country, it will be my 
 e.irnest endeavor not to disappoint your expectations. I feel the full 
 weight of the responsibilities now devolving on me, and I know that 
 if they are met, it will be due to those armies, and, above all, to the 
 favor of that Providence which leads both nations and men. 
 
 A short time was spent in pleasant social conversation, 
 
136 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 and this simple and interesting interview ended. The 
 next day, March lo, General Grant visited the Army of 
 the Fotomac, then lying north of the Rapidan, in company 
 with General Meade, its commander. On his return to 
 Washington he immediately made preparations for his 
 departure for the West, leaving on the following day. 
 
 On the I2th a special order of the President assigned 
 the new Lieutenant-General to the command of the armies 
 of the United States, the headquarters of the army being 
 in Washington, and " with Lieutenant-General Grant in 
 the field." 
 
 The Lieutenant-General found opposed to him at the 
 time he assumed command of the armies of the United 
 States, General Lee in Virginia, who was the senior officer 
 of the Confederacy, strongly posted along the south 
 bank of the Rapidan, covering Richmond. Lee was the 
 idol of the Confederacy, cool and brave, clear-headed and 
 quick in the dispositions of a battlefield, an excellent gen- 
 eral, and a worthy antagonist for Grant. 
 
 General Johnston, whom Grant had several times met 
 and defeated, was in command of the second great army 
 at Dalton, Ga. This army covered Atlanta, a great rail- 
 road center, and an immense military depot for the 
 Confederate army. Next to Richmond, of the most vital 
 importance to the rebels, General Forrest was operating 
 with a large force of cavalry in Northeastern Mississippi; 
 while portions of Western Virginia, the eastern angle of 
 Tennessee, and tlie Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, were 
 in the enemy's hands. West of the Mississippi, with few 
 exceptions, was also in rebel possession and held by a force 
 of not less than eighty thousand men. This large force 
 had become somewhat disintegrated b}^ inaction and want 
 of opposition by our armies. It will readily be seen that 
 
LIFE AND SP:RVICES. 127 
 
 the objective points of the new campaign were Atlanta 
 and Richmond. 
 
 To oppose and destroy the army of Lee, and to cap- 
 ture Richmond, was the duty assigned to the Army of the 
 Potomac, under that able General, George G. Meade, who 
 so brilliantly won the battie of Gettysburg. Lieutenant- 
 General Grant was to accompany him. 
 
 Upon Grant's promotion, Major-General William 
 Tecumseh Sherman had been assigned to the command of 
 the Military Division of the Mississippi, with headquarters 
 at Chattanooga. He was to operate against Johnston and 
 drive him back and take Atlanta. His campaign was to 
 be an aggressive one, to follow Johnston wherever he went 
 and prevent his joining or rein^forcing the army of Lee. 
 
 General Banks commanded the Department of the 
 Gulf, and was to make an advance up the Red River as 
 far as Shreveport. If his expedition was successful he 
 was to turn over his command to General Steele. By 
 withdrawing a portion of the garrisons at different points 
 on the Mississippi he could collect an army of nearly thirty 
 thousand men, and was to co-operate with Admiral Farra- 
 gut in an attack oil Mobile. 
 
 General Butler was to make an advance up the south 
 bank of the James with an army of thirty thousand men, 
 threatening Richmond. General Sigel was in command 
 of the forces in West Virginia and the Shenandoah. He 
 was to advance southward in two columns, to co-operate 
 with the Army of the Potomac. Pending these movements 
 all other organizations were actively employed in garrison 
 duty in a hostile territory, protecting land and water coinmu- 
 nications, and in providing supplies for the army in the field. 
 A new era was to be inaugurated hereafter; instead of 
 independent action of our armies east and west, the enemy 
 
I2S GKNEHAI. V. S. (JHANx's 
 
 was to be engaged at all ini|-)ortant points at once and con- 
 tinuously, thereby preventing the shifting of troops from 
 one point to another. They were to be beaten if possible, 
 but if that could not be done, then they must be worn out 
 by constant shocks and attrition -in the latter case force of 
 numbers alone would in the end produce the coveted result. 
 The sequel proved the wisdom of General Grant's plans itnd 
 purposes as the director and supervisor of all the campaigns. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 
 
 On the 23d of March General Grant, accompanied by 
 Mrs. Grant and his eldest son, General Rawlins and three 
 other members of his staff, arrived in Washington. The 
 eyes of the whole nation were upon him. For the first 
 time the army of the United States was so unified that it 
 could be handled to the best advantage. General Grant 
 was given unlimited scope. He had left his trusted Gen- 
 erals Sherman, Thomas, McPherson, and others of lesser 
 note, in the West, and was about to take command in per- 
 son of the veteran Army of the Potomac. He at once 
 placed the dashing and fearless Sheridan, hitherto in obscu- 
 rity, in command of the cavalry service. 
 
 The Army of the Potomac was at once reorganized; 
 the Corps ^vere consolidated and reduced to three — the 
 Second, Fifth and Sixth. The Second, commanded by 
 Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock, with Generals 
 Gibbon, Barlow, Birney and Barr in command of divisions, 
 and Generals Webb, Owen, Ward, Hayes and Mott of 
 brigades. The Fifth Corps, commanded by the brilliant 
 and skillful Major-General G. K.Warren; his division 
 commanders were Generals Wadsworth, Crawford, Rob- 
 inson and Griffin, and brigades under Ayres, Cutter, Bax- 
 ter, Barnes and Rice — all veterans. The Sixth Corps was 
 under command of Major General John Sedgwick, one of 
 
[30 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 the most popular ofScers of the army. He had more than 
 once been offered command of the Army of the Potomac, 
 but his modesty caused h'un to decline it. His corps had 
 won a position second to none in the army, and fully de- 
 served the epithet which it received as the "Bloody Sixth." 
 He was ably assisted by Generals Wright, Getty and 
 Prince as division commanders, with Generals Torbert, 
 Shaler, Wlieaton, Neill, Eustis and Russell, and Colonels 
 Upton, Burnham and Grant, in command of brigades. 
 Brigadier-General Henry J. Hunt was Chief of Artillery. 
 General James C. Duane commanded a brigade of engi- 
 neer troops and pontoon trains. The quartermaster's de- 
 partment and immense pack of supply wagons was directed 
 by Brigadier-General Rufus Ingalls. ^ The wliole, imder 
 the command of Major General George G. Meade. 
 
 The latter part of 
 April the Ninth Corps, 
 commanded bv General 
 A. E. Burnside, joined 
 the Army of the Poto- 
 mac at Culpepper. This 
 corps was composed in 
 part of colored troops, 
 who were now for the 
 first time sent to the 
 front. Reinforcements 
 had been pouring in 
 during the month of 
 April. Everything was 
 now in readiness for the 
 army to move, and the order was given to advance. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 3d of May, 1864, the tents 
 of the army were struck, and at night the troops began 
 
 GEORGE G. MEADE. 
 
LIFE AND SHR\ICKS. 
 
 131 
 
 crossing the Rapidau ;it Germania and Ely's Fords. Be- 
 fore the close of the following day, over one hundred thou- 
 sand men had crossed the river and were marching toward 
 the Wilderness. This is a wild, desolate tract of country, 
 situated in Spottsylvania County, al^out five miles broad 
 and ten miles long. It is an immense jungle, co\'ered 
 with a thick, almost impenetrable underbrush, cut up 
 with ravines, preventing the movement of artillery and 
 cavahy. 
 
 General Lee, ever watchful, had purposely allowed tiie 
 Union forces to advance without giving battle, having de- 
 termined to attack Giant in the Wilderness, where he and 
 his men were perfectly familiar, hoping to be able to de- 
 stroy his army in the opening of the campaign. Hidden 
 in the forests, Lee could mass his troops and hurl them on 
 any point of the Union line which he chose to attack. 
 
 About noon May 5, Warren, who held the advance of 
 Grant's army, was furiously attacked by the enemy, fight- 
 ing with the most determined bravery. The Union forces, 
 largely outnumbered at this point, slowly fell back, con- 
 testing every foot of ground. Receiving reinforcements, 
 they rallied and drove the rebels back with great slaughter. 
 Before night, the enemy having been repulsed at all points. 
 General Grant ordered an immediate advance along the 
 entire line, but darkness intervened before the final arrange- 
 ments were completed. The losses during this bloody con- 
 flict had been terrible, and the hospitals were crowded. Or- 
 ders were sent out for a renewal of the battle at daylight. 
 "Attack along the whole line at 5 in the morning." 
 Lee had made similar preparations, and at a quarter before 
 5 in the morning of Friday, made a furious onset on 
 Sedgwick, who held the extreme right. Undismayed by 
 this attack, Grant's entire line advanced jDrecisely at the 
 
133 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 time he had ordered, and steadily drove the enemy in con- 
 fusion nearly two miles. The contest was desperate, the 
 rebels fighting with reckless heroism, yet unable to resist 
 the valor of our soldiers. 
 
 The attack on Sedgwick had proven only a feint, the 
 real attack being made by Longstreet on Hancock, who 
 held our left. All efforts to dislodge him proved ineffect- 
 ual. Again and again were these columns flung upon our 
 lines with terrific power, occasionally pressing back our 
 men some distance. In seeking to stem the tide, the be- 
 loved General VVadsworth, of New York, was shot in the 
 
 heait. Amid fearful car- 
 nage our men again ral- 
 lied, forcing the enemy 
 back with heavy loss, 
 taking up their former 
 position. Night closed 
 upon the bloody scene; 
 neither party had gained 
 a decided triumph ; the 
 Confederate leader had 
 found a foe who had 
 come out to fight, and 
 one that would take no 
 stej) backward. The 
 Union commander was 
 At his headquarters, calm and determined. To a member of 
 his staff he had remarked : " I notice that these Southerners _ 
 fight desperately at first; yet, when we hang on for a day 
 or two, we ivhip the?n awfully P 
 
 On Saturday morning there was some slight skirmish- 
 ing, hut neither party seemed willing to attack. It had 
 not been Grant's intention to fio;ht in the Wilderness. It 
 
 ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
MFE .WMi Sliin'ICKS. loo 
 
 was Lee who had chosen this as a batlletield, and in leaving 
 it he confessed that he had been defeated in his attempt to 
 prevent the advance of the army under General Grant. 
 
 In the two days' terrible slaughter in the Wilderness, 
 Grant had lost nearly iS,ooo men. Among the National 
 killed were Generals VVadsworth and Hays; and Gene- 
 rals Getty, Gregg, Owen, Bartlett and Webb, wounded. 
 Lee had lost fully 13,000 men Generals Jenkins and Jones 
 killed, and Generals Longstreet (severely), Stafford (mor- 
 tally), Pickett, Pegram and Hunter, wounded. 
 
 At noon it was reported to Grant that Lee was in full 
 retreat toward Spottsylvania Court House, thirteen miles 
 "^ distant. Having sev- 
 
 eral hours the start, 
 and inside line of 
 march, he was able to 
 secure the high ground 
 that surrounds the 
 Court House before the 
 Union forces could ar- 
 rive, though the pur- 
 suit was immediate 
 and by forced marches. 
 Arriving on Sunday, 
 the Confederates were 
 
 Spottsylvania C:ourt House. 
 
 found strongly entrenched. The greater part of the day, 
 and that of the next, was spent in bringing up the Union 
 forces and assigning them to their proper places, and loca- 
 ting batteries. While employed on Monday in giving di- 
 rections to some of his artillerymen, the Union General 
 Sedgwick was shot dead by a rebel sharpshooter. His 
 loss was an irreparable one to the army, and caused sincere 
 mourning throughout the entire army, for he was beloved 
 
134 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 by his soldiers. Headley, in Inis History, speaks of his 
 death in these words: 
 
 "Words of eulogium, which would seem like flattery if spoken of 
 other men, are inadequate to express his virtues. A thorough soldier, 
 a skillful general, and one of the very best of men^ he was at once 
 respected and beloved by all^who knew him. Simple in heart and 
 manner; modest as a youth ;"very generous to all around him ; never 
 seeking his own aggrandizement to the detriment of others, but 
 rather preferring theirs to his own ; he was the modern example of 
 Chaucer's 'ver^'parfit, gentil knight.' Forever green be the turf 
 above his quiet grave at Cornwall Hollow, watered by the tears of 
 friendsliip, and cherished by the pious care of patriot pilgrims." 
 
 In these inovenients for position, the Confederates had 
 been unceasing in tlieir attaclcs upon the advance lines, and 
 disputed ever\' inch of ground. 
 
 By the morning of the loth everything was in readi- 
 ness for battle, and an attack on the enemy's line to carry 
 his entrenchments was ordered, but failed. Assault upon 
 assault followed. Late in the afternoon a successful and 
 memorable charge was inade by the Second Brigade of 
 the Sixth Corps. Springing over the enemy's works, they 
 captured upward of a thousand prisoners and several can- 
 non, but were compelled to retire from their perilous posi- 
 tion, owing to non-support on their left 
 
 In no previous battle of the war had there been such 
 fearful carnage. Fully ten thousand men on each side had 
 fallen, with no decisive results. Thus ended the first day's 
 battle of Spottsylvania. At midnight Lee withdrew to his 
 inner line of defense. 
 
 On the nth the battle was renewed, and was but a 
 repetition of that of the preceding day. Assaults and coun- 
 ter-assaults were made with unsurpassed heroism, and met 
 by the most stubhoin resistance. By a singular coincidence, 
 

 
 
LIFI ANI> SERVICKS. 
 
 '37 
 
 both Generals had determined to assault each other on the 
 same plan and at the san^e time. The result was a desper- 
 ate effort on either side' to break the line of the other. 
 
 Grant's first communication with Washington since his 
 advance, was made in the morning of the nth. It was as 
 follows: 
 
 Headquarters in the Field, May n, 1864 — 8 a. m. 
 
 We have now ended the sixth day of very heavy fighting. The 
 result, to this time, is much in our favor. 
 
 Our losses have been heavy, as well as those of the enemy. I 
 think the loss of the enemy must be greater. 
 
 We have taken over five thousand prisoners by battle, while he 
 has taken from us but few, except stragglers. 
 
 I PROPOSE TO FIGHT IT OUT ON THIS LINE IF IT TAKES ALL 
 
 SUMMER. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General^ 
 
 Commanding the Armies of the United States. 
 
 Finding the enemy's left too strong to be turned, General 
 Grant determined to attack his right center, Generals H:in- 
 cock, Barlow and Gibbon being selected to storm the ene- 
 my's works. Advancing in the early morning at a double- 
 quick, they rushed over the rebel works, engaging in 
 a hand-to-hand conflict. The fight was short and sharp, 
 and ended in the capture of twenty colors, thirty guns, and 
 three thousand prisoners — among them Generals Johnson 
 and Stewart. The position thus gained was hotly de- 
 fended during the day. Five times the rebels made savage 
 assaults upon it only to be repulsed as many times, with 
 terrible slaughter. General Grant, at the close of the day, 
 sent the following dispatch to Washington : 
 
 Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. 
 The eighth day of the battle closes, leaving between three and four 
 thousand prisoners in our hands for the day's work, including two 
 general officers and over thirty pieces of artillery. 
 
138 GKXKRAL U. S. GRAXt's 
 
 The enemy is obstinate, and seems to have found the last ditch 
 We have lost no organization, not even a company, while we have 
 destroyed and captured one division, one brigade, and one regiment 
 entire of the enemy. U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General . 
 
 Several days were now spent in endeavoring to find 
 some weak spot in the rebel line. The army was em- 
 ployed in constant movement from one portion of tlie line 
 to another. At every point the Confederates had skilUulh- 
 met movement by movement. Finding that all attempts 
 to carry the position was hopeless, Grant resolved to turn 
 it by a flank movement, and immediately commenced pre- 
 parations to do so. The enemy discovering his plans attacked 
 his right, and delayed the movement until the night of the 
 30th of May, when moving by the left, the army took up 
 its march for Richmond. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 FROM SPOTTSYL\'ANIA TO PETERSBURG. 
 
 Notwithstanding the desperate defense of the enemy, 
 Grant was not disheartened or shaken in his purpose; with 
 dogged perseverance he followed up one battle with 
 another. Though he failed to fight it out on " that line all 
 summer," the character of the man and the secret of his 
 power was revealed in those words, and we find him again 
 and again turning the Confederates from their entrench- 
 ments, and compelling them to secure another and still 
 another line of defense. 
 
 The magnitude of such an undertaking is hardly under- 
 stood. It is stated, by Abbott, that Grant's "vast army of 
 one hundred thousand men — infantry, artillery, cavalry arid 
 baggage train — would fill in a continuous line of march, any 
 road to its utmost capacity for a distance of loo miles. In 
 this mai'ch the immense army crowded the whole region 
 over a breadth of ten to fifteen miles; all the public roads, 
 Cross roads and wood paths were traversed. One mind 
 oresided over these operations, as day after daj', night after 
 night, through darkness, through forests, through morasses, 
 over streams and rivers, storming entrenchments, and fight- 
 ing their way against a determined foe of a hundred thou- 
 sand men, the Union troops pressed resistlessly on. 
 
 " General Lee was continually watching his opportunity 
 to strike General Grant by a flank attack on his long line 
 of march. But the foresight of General Grant, and the 
 
 (139) ^ 
 
140 
 
 GEXEUAI, r, 
 
 GRAXT S 
 
 heroism of his officers and soldiers, averted every danger. 
 The foe made several attacks during the day, but in all he 
 vsras repulsed. Our troops were now within forty miles of 
 Richmond. In the race for the rebel metropolis, there 
 was no time to be lost." 
 
 On the 2 1st Grant's advance reached the North Anna 
 River; here he found the rebels gathered in force and 
 
 strongly entrenched. 
 Hancock, who was 
 in the advance, im- 
 mediately opened 
 upon the foe with a 
 furious cannonade, fol- 
 lowing it up with a 
 charge, driving the 
 enemy from the en- 
 trenchments. The fol- 
 lowing day the w^hole 
 army crossed at dif- 
 ferent points with but 
 wiNFiELD s. HANCOCK. little fighting. 
 
 By tlie 25th the entire army was in a strong position, 
 stretching out about four miles on the south side of the 
 river, with its base of supplies at Port Royal, about thirty 
 miles below Fredericksburg. A reconnoissance sent out 
 showed that the Confederates were so strongly entrenched, 
 that their works could not be carried without great loss of 
 life. Under cover of a strong demonstration against the foe 
 General Grant withdrew, recrossed the river and marched 
 down its northeastern bank to the Pamunkey, which is 
 formed by a union of the North and South Anna. 
 
 Early Friday morning General Grant took possession 
 of Hanover Ferry on the Pamunkey River, sixteen miles 
 
 
LIFE AND SERVICED. I4I 
 
 from Richmond, making liis base of supplies at the White 
 House, but a few miles distant. His military strategy in 
 this march from the Rapidan has ever excited the wonder 
 and admiration of military critics; all the efforts of the able 
 and experienced Lee, with an army nearly equal in nunf>~- 
 ber under his command — and as many more at Richmond - 
 to oppose tliis steady and unfaltering advance, were baffled. 
 
 On Sunday, the 29th, the entire army with all its bag- 
 gage train, had crossed the Pamunkey in safety. On 
 Wednesday morning, June i, tlie advance cavalry force 
 had reached Cold Harbor. General Sheridan was placed 
 in command there with orders to hold the place at all haz- 
 ards, and the promise of infantry re-inforcements before 
 nightfall. Foiled in every attack by day, the rebels renewed 
 it in the night, only to meet with disappointment; the 
 struggle had been desperate, our soldiers losing two thous- 
 and men. 
 
 Posting his troops in line General Grant presented an 
 unbroken front extending from Bethesda Church to Cold 
 Harbor, a distance of eight miles. Assaults were con- 
 tinually made at various parts of the line by the Toe, none 
 of which met with any success; the National forces 
 retammg their position. 
 
 General Grant was now on the ground made mem- 
 orable during the " seven days" fight, under McClellan; 
 he was in front of the formidable outer line of entrench- 
 ments erected for the defense of Richmond, behind which 
 were not only Lee's veteran soldiers, but the ganison of 
 Richmond had been called from the inner works to re- 
 inforce him. Without delay Grant determined to test the 
 strength of these works. An assault was ordered to be made 
 by the Sixth and Eighteenth Corps; while General Burn- 
 side attacked the left, the first line of works was carried 
 
142 
 
 GEN'I'-.RAI. I'. S. GUANTS 
 
 and held. The record of the day's fighting was like that 
 previously described ; 
 charges made with 
 bravery and patriotism 
 that feared not death; 
 this was met by a 
 courage as fearless as 
 it was misplaced. In 
 every instance the as- 
 sault had failed. Thus 
 nearly a week passed 
 away; each day was 
 like the preceding 
 one, a day of frequent 
 skirmishing, of con- 
 stant practice of sharp- 
 shooters, and incessant cannonading. 
 
 All this time the Union General was maturing plans 
 for the most extraordinary movements of this or any other 
 campaign, the transfer by flank of his entire army from the 
 Chickalfoniiny to the south side of the James. By ob- 
 taining twenty four hours the start of tiie Confederates, 
 he hoped to be able to seize a position to the south of Rich- 
 mond, tapping the raih'oads concentrating at Petersburg, 
 and in the event of defeating Lee, to prevent his retreat to 
 the Carolinas, where he might be able to continue the con- 
 flict indefinitely. Abbott has graphically described this 
 " chanofe of base " as follows: 
 
 M CLELLAN. 
 
 " On Sund.iv morning, June the 12th, the army, veiled from ob 
 servation by its earlliworkK and by clouds of skirmishers, quietly com 
 menced its miirch from its entrenchiricnts. For miles these enti-ench 
 ments were within reach of the enemy's guns, Unseen and unsus 
 pecLed in the movements, tliis niajeslic iiost of a Iiundrcd and fifty 
 
LIFE AND SliRVICES. 
 
 H3 
 
 thousand men, — infantry, artillery, and cavalry, — with their almost 
 interminable line of wagons, pressed on hjward their goal. All day 
 long of Sunday and of Monday, and vmtil Tuesday afternoon, with 
 scarcely any rest, even at night, the-e iron men tr;imped on in si- 
 lence, till the extraordinarv feat was accomplished. They crossed 
 the Chickahominy and the James, accoraplishing a march of fifty- 
 five miles without the loss of a wag m or a gun. This extraordinary 
 movement was effected in the presence of an enemv a hundred 
 thousand strong, desperate in courage, ably officered, and whose ram- 
 parts were in many places within fifty yards of the entrenchments 
 from which General Grant marched his troops. E\ery possible 
 path was crowded with the immense host. Through swamps and 
 dust, and the blaze of noonday and the gloom of midnight, the 
 army, guided by the energies and protected hy the sagacity of one 
 mind, pressed forward till the mar\'elous feat was accomplished." 
 
 It will be remembered that Grant had ordered Butler 
 to ascend the south bank of the James River to menace 
 Richmond from the South, and thus prevent the with- 
 drawal of the garrisons 
 . in and around Rich- 
 mond — the Confederate 
 forces "were under com- 
 mand of Beauregard, 
 who had gone South to 
 meet Butler with an 
 overwhelming force. 
 Butler, learning of this, 
 and fully realizing tlrat 
 he could not success- 
 fully meet such an army 
 in the open field, se- 
 cured a commanding 
 
 BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. 
 
 position and entrenched his army; the enemy rearmg 
 strong entrenchments in front of his lines, had held him 
 where he was and prevented any advance on his part. 
 
•44 
 
 HXIRAI, U. S. SRANT S 
 
 On Wednesday, the 15th, the advance of the Union 
 army crossed the James River and joined Butler at Ber- 
 muda Hundred; by the i6th the whole army was on the 
 South side. Previous to the arrival of the Arm}' of the 
 Potomac, General Butlei' had made an ineffectual attempt 
 to capture Petersburg, twenty-two miles south of Rich- 
 mond — this city is the center of all the railways running 
 South from Richmon.l, and once in the possessioii of the 
 Union forces would compel the evacuation of the Confed- 
 erate capital. By the dilatory movements of the Union 
 
 officer intrusted with 
 the Older to occupy 
 Petersburg, General 
 Lee and his veterans 
 had arrived in force, 
 and was able to re- 
 pulse the several 
 subsequent assaults . 
 by the troops of 
 Meade, Burnside, 
 Warren, Hancock, 
 and othercommand- 
 ers. The assaults 
 were made; unpar- 
 alleled in heroism by 
 the Northern soldiers — but General Grant became satisfied 
 that the formidable entrenchments manned by the veterans 
 of Lee could not be carried by assault, as they were cap- 
 able of resisting five-fold their numbers. Petersburg could 
 not be taken except by siege. 
 
 May 9 General Sheridan had been sent with Gen- 
 erals Merritt, Gregg and Custer, and a force of cavalry to 
 cut Lee's communications. Cutting loose from the armv he 
 
 SHERIDAN. 
 
I.IFE AX I) SKK VICES. 
 
 H5 
 
 swept around the right flank of the rebel army, striking the 
 Virginia Central Railroad at Beaver Dam Station, destroy- 
 ed ten miles of track, three trains of cars, a million and a 
 half of rations, liberated 400 Union prisoners taken in the 
 Wilderness and then on the way to Libby prison. On the 
 nth he captured Ashland Station, on the Fredericksburg 
 road, destroying the railroad property and a large amount of 
 supplies. Being charged with the duty of menacing Rich- 
 mond, he pushed on to Yellow Tavern, a few miles north 
 of Richmond, where he was confronted by that able rebel 
 cavalry leader. General Stuart. After a sharp engagement 
 he drove the Confederates toward Ashland with the loss 
 of their gallant commander. Dashing down the road to 
 Richmond he made a spirited charge upon the outer works 
 — which were bravely carried by Custer, who captured 
 over 100 prisoners. Finding the second line too strong 
 for his force, he crossed the Chickahominy at Meadow 
 Bridge, where he destroyed the railroad bridge, pushing 
 southward to Huxhall's Landing on the James — here he 
 rested three days — rejoining the army on May 25. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE SIEGK OF PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND. 
 
 Peteisburo^ contained at this time a population of about 
 fifteen thousand. It is situated on the south banic of the 
 Appomattox River, twelve miles above its mouth, and 
 twenty-five miles south of Richmond. It vvras the inten- 
 tion of the Union commander to seize the railways leading 
 south from the city, investing it on the south and west. 
 The first railroad south of the James, which was easily 
 seized, was the one running from Petersburg to Norfolk. 
 The next one, some ten or twelve miles west of this, was 
 the Petersburg and Weldon, and still further west was the 
 Petersburg and Lynchburg road, running nearly west. 
 Both of these roads were of vital importance to the Con- 
 federacy, opening as they did all of the resources of the 
 South. 
 
 After General Grant had become convinced that it 
 would be impossible to carry the strong entrenchments of 
 the city, manned by the veterans of Lee's army, it became 
 necessary to close the avenues of supplies, in order that a 
 siege might be successfully prosecuted; and he at once 
 instruclcd the Sixth and Second Corps to advance toward 
 the Weldon road. The movement was made on the zist, 
 and advanced as far as the Jerusalem plank road, about 
 midway between the Norfolk and the Weldon roads. 
 Here they encountered the enemy in such force that they 
 
 (14O) 
 
.\':if.: 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I49 
 
 were compelled to retire. Lee, realizing the importance 
 of this road to him, had placed its defense in the hands of 
 that able and brilliant leader, A. P. Hill. On the 22d and 
 23d the attempt was renewed, but with only slight advan- 
 tage gained. While this attempt was being made in 
 every part of the line each day had its battle. This was 
 the daily story of two weeks of constant manoeuvering, 
 the losses on each side being fully fifteen thousand men. 
 Every extension of the Union Ihie westward was met by a 
 continuation of the defensive works of the enemy. 
 
 General Foster, with a division of the Tenth Corps, on 
 the night of the 20th occupied Deep Bottom, a place but 
 ten miles from Richmond, and on the north side of the 
 James. An entrenched camp was at once formed, and by 
 thus holding it the Federal commander was able at any 
 time to threaten Richmond. A pontoon bridge was at 
 once laid connecting it with General Butler, at Bermuda 
 Hundred. Lee had met this possible movement by con- 
 structing a pontoon bridge over the James at Drury's Bluff, 
 thus enabling him to protect the defenses of Richmond 
 with comparative ease. 
 
 The Union army now occupied a circuitous line around 
 Petersburg, on its eastern and southern side, about thirty 
 miles in extent. By extending his line, and by a constant 
 movement of his troops, Grant hoped to find a weak point 
 in the rebel line of defense. Tlie energies of the entire 
 army were devoted to the erection of strong defensive 
 works, so that the position could be held with a compara- 
 tively small force, thus allowing a column to be spared for 
 offensive operations at the proper time. These works were 
 completed during the last days of July. 
 
 On the other hand, Lee, having the inner line of defenses, 
 
150 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S ^ " 
 
 which were almost impregnable, could mass vast numbers 
 at his leisure and throw them against any portion of the 
 Union line for its destruction, thus requiring the greatest 
 vigilance on the part of the Federals. During all this time 
 shells from heavy siege guns on the Union side, dropped 
 in all parts of the city every five and fifteen minutes during 
 the day and night, exploding with thundering roar, scat- 
 tering ruin and destruction around. On the 30th many 
 buildings were fired by these shells. Hour after hour the 
 doomed city burned, and yet no cessation from the Federal 
 bombardment. 
 
 While General Grant was tightening his hold on Peters- 
 burg, he sent out a strong cavalry column under Generals 
 Wilson and Kautz, eight thousand men in all, their object 
 being to destroy the roads that could not at the time be 
 reached by his army. Marching rapidly southward, the 
 expedition struck the Weldon Road at Reams Station, 
 where they destroyed the depot and tore up several miles 
 of the road. Moving without delay, they struck the South- 
 side road at a point fifteen miles from Petersburg; thence 
 they went to Nottaway Station, destroying twenty-two 
 miles of the track. Near this place the enemy's cavalry 
 was encountered, under the command of General W, F. 
 Lee. Wilson drove the enemy from his front. Kautz at 
 this point was detached to destroy the railroad at Burke's 
 Station, the junction of the Danville and Southside roads. 
 This being successfully accomplished, he. rejoined Wilson, 
 and the united forces destroyed the Danville road to Ro- 
 anoke Bridge, twenty-five miles in extent. 
 
 Finding the enemy strongly posted and assembling at 
 all points, Wilson started to return. At several points he 
 wag forced to desperately fight his way through over- 
 
LIFIi AND SKR\[CES. I5I 
 
 whelming numbers; reaching our hnes, his men and horses 
 were in a pitiable condition, in his efforts to escape he lost 
 his entire artillery and trains. Notwithstanding these dis- 
 asters, he had been successful in severing the connection 
 with Richmond for several weeks. General Grant said 
 that the " damage done the enemy in this expedition more 
 than compensated for the losses we sustained." 
 
 After the defeat of General Sigel, in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, General David Hunter had been placed in com- 
 mand. He was ordered to co-operate with the Army of 
 the Potomac, and make a rapid advance southward, to cap- 
 ture Staunton and Gordonville, thence to Charlottesville 
 and Lynchburg, — destroy the canals and railroads as he 
 passed, and work his Way back to his original base, or join 
 the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Passing rapidly up the valley, the enemy were driven 
 from all points until North River was reached, w^here a 
 desperate battle of ten hours' duration was fought, and 
 the enemy routed with the loss of fifteen hundred prison- 
 ers, three hundred stand of arms, three cannon, and death 
 of their commander, W. E. Jones, — the Union loss being 
 but fifty men. 
 
 On the Sth he occupied Staunton, where he was joined 
 by Averill and Crook. The combined forces pushed for- 
 ward to Lynchburg, passing through Lexington. On the 
 1 6th Lynchburg was invested. The reinforcement of the 
 city from Lee's army, and his ammunition giving out, 
 compelled Hunter to retire in haste. His retreat was by 
 the line of the railroad, through Liberty to the Kanawah 
 River. By this line of retreat he threw the entire Shen- 
 andoah Valley open to the advance of the Confederates, 
 with no force to oppose them. Such an opportunity was 
 
1^2 GENERAL U. S. GKANt's 
 
 not lost by the Confederate General Lee, who at once 
 dispatched General Ewell, with a carefully-selected corps 
 of 25,000 men, to make a raid into Maryland, and, if possi- 
 ble, capture Washington. The small Union force left 
 behind by Hunter was not sufficiently strong to resist the 
 .olid battalions that swept lilce a flood down the valley. 
 They quickly evacuated their positions, not even waiting 
 10 destroy the valuable stores and material in their hands. 
 
 Finding little or no opposition, the rebels crossed the 
 Potomac at several points, sending out from the main col- 
 umn strong forces of fleet cavalry, whose sole object was 
 to plunder and destro}^. The panic all through Maryland 
 and Pennsylvania was terrible. Hagerstown was seized, 
 and $20,000 demanded from the inhabitants to save it 
 from the flames. Frederick was captined by the guerilla 
 Mosb}', who pillaged stores, and extorted the sum of 
 $300,000 as a ransom for sparing the city. These maraud- 
 ing bands swept onward. Striking the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, they destroyed it for several miles. 
 
 The Union troops had been hurried forward from all 
 points, and were gathered ten thousand strong under Gen- 
 eial Wallace at Monocacy Junction, a few miles from 
 Frederick. Against this small band General Ewell threw 
 his column of 20,000 veterans. The battle that followed 
 was desperate, and hotly contested. The Union troops 
 were dri\en from the field, falling back upon the defenses 
 of Washington and Baltimore, having sufliered severe loss. 
 Consternation and terror seized the inliabitants of these 
 cities. Detaclnments of the enemy were pushed forward 
 to the outer works surrounding Wasliington, while others 
 continued their work of destruction, plundering and levvmg 
 contributions from the inhabitants. 
 
LII'K A\D S]iK\'ICJiS. 
 
 153 
 
 General Augur, who was in command at Washington, 
 hastily summoned the marines, the home guards, invalid 
 soldiers, and even the employes of the government depart- 
 ment, to aid in the defense of the capital. Other forces 
 of rebels swept around to the north of Baltimore, even 
 penetiating to the Philadelphia & Wilmington Railroad, 
 tearing up the track and burning bridges. 
 
 Finding that there was rapidly gathering around them 
 a large body of troops, and conscious that their stay must 
 be short, and that they were ill prepared to fight a des- 
 perate battle, the Confederates commenced their retreat. 
 They had inflicted an immense amount of damage, and 
 filled their wagon trains with supplies that woidd for a few 
 additional days supply their army; but their rnain object 
 had miscarried, — the withdrawal of a large force from 
 Grant's army, and a possible raising of the siege of Peters- 
 burg and Richmond. 
 
 General Grant was not misled by this raid. He knew 
 full well that the raid would be only very transient, that the 
 North could easily collect a force sufficiently strong to 
 repel the invaders. Instead of abandoning his operations 
 in front of Petersburg to rush to the defense of the North- 
 ern cities, he quietly withdre\v the Sixth Army Corps, 
 sending them on tiansports — one division to Baltimore 
 and two to Washington, to render these cities secure. The 
 raiders retreated on the line of their advance, resting in the 
 Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 So long as this force remained in the valley, just so 
 long would they be a inenace to the inhabitants of the 
 States of Pennsylvania and Maryland. Fully realizing 
 this, the Union commander sent the brave Sheridan to 
 drive them from the Valley. After fighting several des- 
 
154 
 
 • JtNKRAL U. S. 6RANT S 
 
 perate and heroic battles, he ahnost totally annihilated the 
 Confederate general, capturing all of his baggage, wagon 
 train and cannon at Cedar Creek and Fisher's Hill. With 
 the exceptionof two or three more skirmishes between cav- 
 alry, there was no more fighting in the Valley, and Sheri- 
 dan and his troops were withdrawn, and rejoined the army 
 before Petersburg. 
 
 Step by step General Grant was advancing nearer to 
 the foe. The Weldon Railroad so coveted by him was 
 still in the rebels' hands. Late in July plans had been 
 matured for another attempt to seize and hold it. Grant's 
 plan was to send secretly a strong force under the gallant 
 and intrepid Sheridan to make an attack on Richmond 
 from the north ; when, should Lee withdraw a large force 
 from Petersburg for the defense of the capital, Grant 
 could then strike heavily^upon any weak point in the rebel 
 line. On the other hand, should Lee fear to send a force 
 for the reinforcement of the entrenchments above Rich- 
 mond, Sheridan would be able to secure very important 
 positions there. 
 
 The Second Corps was detailed to accomplish this diffi- 
 cult undertaking in connection with Sheridan's cavalry 
 force. Crossing the James at Jones' Neck, they pushed 
 rapidly forward to Deep Bottom, within twelve miles of 
 Richmond, where a considerable encampment of rebels 
 were found; they immediately attacked and dispersed them, 
 capturing their cannon and their entrenchments. Lee be- 
 coming alarmed immediately dispatched twenty thousand 
 men and twenty pieces of artillery to repel the assailants. 
 Grant's object having been gained, a furious cannonade was 
 opened upon the rebel lines in front of Petersburg, in prep- 
 aration for a general charge. 
 
I.IFK AND SERVICES. 
 
 155 
 
 For a month or more the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania 
 Regiment, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pleas- 
 ants, had been diligently at work in digging a mine to 
 blow up one of the most formidable forts of the rebels, 
 situated in front of General Burnside's lines. The work 
 was completed on the 23d of July, and charged with four 
 tons of gunpowder on the 25th. Beyond the rebel fort 
 w^as a crest called Cemetery Hill, which, once in the pos- 
 session of the Union forces, would command the city and 
 adjacent rebel lines, and compel Lee to retreat. 
 
 On the night of the 29th, General Meade issued 
 instructions for the disposition of the forces and their duty. 
 The eighth and succeeding paragraphs of this order refers 
 to the explosion of this mine, and is as follows : 
 
 " 8. At half-past three (3:30) in the morning of the 30th, Major- 
 General Burnside will spring his mi;ie, and his assaulting columns 
 will immediately move rapidly upon the breach, seize the crest in the 
 r^ar, and effect a lodgment there. He will be followed by Major- 
 General Ord, who will support him on the right, directing his move- 
 ment to the crest indicated, and by Major-General Warren, who will 
 support him on the left. 
 
 "Upon the explosion of the mine, the artillery of all kinds in 
 battery will open upon those points of the enemy's works whose fire 
 covers the ground o\'er which our columns must move, care being 
 taken to avoid impeding the progress of our troops. Special instruc- 
 tions respecting the direction of fire will be issued through the chief 
 of artillery. 
 
 "9. Corps commanders will report to the commanding general 
 when their preparations are complete, and will advise him of every 
 .step in the progress of the operation, and of everything important 
 that occurs. 
 
 " 10. Promptitude, rapiditj' of execution, and cordial co-operation, 
 are essential to success; and the commanding General is confident 
 that this indication of his expectations will insure the hearty efforts 
 of the commanders and troops." 
 
156 GENERAL U. b. GRA^t'S 
 
 At the appointed hour the fuse was hghted, but no ex- 
 plosion followed. Upon investigation it was found that 
 the fuse had gone out at a point where it had been spliced. 
 Lieutenant Douty and Sergeant Henry Reese volunteered 
 to enter the mine. Relighting the fuse, the mine exploded 
 at forty-two minutes past four — ^just one hour and twelve 
 minutes after the time appointed. 
 
 The explosion was a triumjjhant success — a crater two 
 hundred feet long, sixty wide and thirty deep had been 
 formed, opening the enemy's line for aii assault, and had so 
 paralyzed them tliat their artillery was silent. An unneces- 
 sary delay of some minutes followed, when the charging 
 column rushed into the gap and there halted and at once 
 commenced to entrench. This delay was fatal. The Con- 
 federates, having recovered from their surprise, opened fire 
 upon the crater from every gun that commanded it. The 
 important point to be taken was tlie crest of Cemetery 
 Hill, four hundred yards beyond. At seven, two hours 
 after his first advance. General Ledlie, who commanded 
 the assaulting column, still halted in the crater, where he 
 had been joined by Generals Wilcox and Potter. Making 
 no attempt to move forward, he prevented the latter from 
 doing so. The three divisions soon became so inter- 
 mixed that general confusion prevailed. An attempt by 
 Potter to take the crest was easily repulsed, as he was 
 unsupported. The crater now became a slaughter pen. 
 The day, which opened so auspiciously for the Union 
 force, had been lost. To longer remain was certain death, 
 to advance was impossible, while it was equally as certain 
 death to attempt a retreat. In this "miserable affair," as 
 Grant termed it, we lost, in killed, wounded and missing, 
 four thousand men, the enemy losing but a thousand- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 157 
 
 In the subsequent examination of this affair by the 
 Committee on the Conduct of the War, they assigned the 
 following as reasons why the attack should have been suc- 
 cessful : 
 
 1. The evident surprise of the enemv at tlie time o£ tlie explosion 
 of thie mine, and for some time after. 
 
 2. The comparatively small force in the enemy's works. 
 
 3. The inefiective fire of the enemy's artillery and musketry, 
 there being scarcely any for about thirty minutes after the explosion, 
 and our artillery being just the reverse as to time and power. 
 
 4. The fact that some of our troops were able to get two hundred 
 yards beyond the crater, toward the crest, but could not remain there 
 or proceed further for want of supports, or because they were not 
 properly formed or led. 
 
 The Committee gave the following as the causes of the 
 failure : 
 
 1. The injudicious formation of the troops in going forward, the 
 movement being mainly by flank instead of extended front. General 
 Meade's order indicated that columns of assault should be employed 
 to take Cemetery Hill, and that proper passages should be prepared 
 for those columns. It is the opinion of the court that there were no 
 proper columns of assault. The troops should have been formed in 
 the open ground in front of the point of attack, parallel to the line of 
 the enemy's works. The evidence shows that one or more columns 
 might have passed over at and to the left of tlie crater, without any 
 previous preparation of the ground. 
 
 2. The halting of the troops in the crater instead of going forward 
 to the crest, when there was no fire of any consequence from the 
 enemy. 
 
 3. No proper employment of engineer officers and working par- 
 ties, and of material and tools for their use, in the Ninth Corps. 
 
 4. That soine parts of the assaulting columns were not properly 
 led. 
 
 5. The want of a competent common head at the scene of the 
 assault, to direct affairs as occurrences should demand. 
 
 Had not failure ensued from the above causes, and the crest been 
 
1^8 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 gained, the success might have been jeopardied by the failure to have 
 prepared in season proper and adequate debouches through the Ninth 
 Corps' lines for troops, and especially for field artillery, as ordered by 
 Major-General Meade. 
 
 While the repulse was a great disappointment to the 
 army, yet it did not occasion the least shade of despondency 
 in the army or throughout the North. During the follow- 
 ing summer and autmnn months the siege was pressed 
 forward. Not a day of idleness was allowed in the trenches. 
 The restless activity and indomitable perseverance of Grant 
 kept them constantly employed in attempts to cut the ene- 
 my's line of communication and diversions upon the north 
 side of the James to threaten Richmond. 
 
 On the I2th of August a strong expedition was sent out 
 from Deep Bottom, and with reckless courage stormed the 
 Confederate entrenchments and obtained a strong position 
 within six miles of Richmond. This attack was intended 
 as a feint, to cover a movement of the Union forces in an- 
 other attempt to obtain possession of the VVeklon Railroad. 
 
 On the morning of the l8th General Gregg, with his 
 cavalry division, succeeded in striking the railroad six miles 
 south of Petersburg, and succeeded in tearing up the road, 
 pushing his advance within three miles of the city,whe^'e 
 he entrenched his forces. The cavalry were strongly 
 reinforced by Warren and his corps, and though Lee made 
 desperate and furious attacks day after day to I'egain the 
 road, he was repulsed with great slaughter, and the 
 Union forces refused to relinquish their hold. 
 
 The loss of the road would prove a terrible calamity to 
 Lee, not only cutting off his most important line of supplies 
 and recruits, but it foreboded the destruction of his entire 
 army. Concentrating an immense force, gathered from all 
 
LIFE A\n SER\-TCES. 
 
 '59 
 
 points of his encampment, Lee massed them in heavy col- 
 umns, concealed by the forest, and on the mornnig of the 
 2oth rushed upon the Union lines,leaping over breastworks, 
 engaging in a hand to hand fight with the desperation of a 
 "lost cause." The carnage was fearful, the Federals fight- 
 ing as desperately against overpowering numbers. Though 
 their losses were nearly five thousand they held their posi- 
 tion, which was now made perfectly secure, and they had 
 permanently cut off from the Confederates their line of 
 supplies. 
 
 Subsequent operations were pushed to the left from 
 time to time, not without constant and desperate struggle, 
 yet always I'esulting in the gradual advancement of the 
 Union lines, and on the 5th of February they had reached 
 Hatcher's Run, which was brought into our lines only after a 
 se\'ere struggle. At this point the Boydtou plank road 
 crosses; after the capture of the Weldon Road this had be- 
 come very valuable and necessary to the enemy in the 
 transportation of supplies from the Weldon Road at a point 
 several miles below the Union lines. The Confederate 
 defences at Hatcher's Run also covered the Southside Rail- 
 road two miles further west. Thus days and vv^eeks of 
 constant and uninterrupted warfare passed in the several 
 departments of the army without any very decisive results, 
 though in each movement Lee was losing and Grant was 
 gaining. 
 
 On the 4th of September the joyful tidings that Sher- 
 man had captured Atlanta was announced to the army 
 before Petersburg. A salute of a hundred shotted guns 
 was discharged upon the doomed city, which was defiantly 
 answered by fire from every Rebel gun. On the 25th of 
 December Sherman had achieved his triumphant march to 
 
l6o GENKRAI. V. S. GRAXt's 
 
 the sea, which is more particularly noticed in the following 
 chapter. 
 
 Grant and his army around the Rebel capital was now 
 in winter quarters. His operations were principally of a 
 defensive character. His lines were strengthened, his army 
 recruited, men were furloughed, and the festivities of the 
 camp revived. Sitting in his little wooden hut at City 
 Point, the Union commander was perfecting plans and 
 making preparations for the spring campaign, which was 
 destined to be the death blow to the Confederacy. Already 
 the gloom of despondency had settled upon the South, and 
 the early overthrow of the "Slaveholders' Rebellion" was 
 foreseen. The hero of Vicksburg and Chattanooga had 
 now a firm hand upon the throat of the Rebellion, and not- 
 withstanding its death throes and writhings, he would not 
 relinquish his hold until the monster was strangled. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THB SEA. 
 
 General Grant's plan of operations at the time of his 
 assuming command of tlie armies of the United States em- 
 braced the co-operation, as has been previously stated, of all 
 of the Union forces. The principal co-operating force, 
 and the second army in point of numbers, was the force 
 gathered at Chattanooga, under Major-General W. T. 
 Sherman. This force numbered nearly one hundred thou- 
 sand men, with two 
 hundi-ed and fifty-four 
 guns. Opposed to him 
 was a large arm}', ful- 
 ly sixty thousand men, 
 under General Joseph 
 E.Johnston, encamped 
 in and about Dalton, 
 Georgia. S 
 
 General Sherman J 
 commenced h i s ad- 
 vance movement on 
 May 6th, and by the "^ 
 loth of July, after a I- 
 most brilliant series of 
 manoeuvers and fierce fighting at Buzzard's Roost, Snake 
 Gap, Resaca, Cassville, Dallas, Kenesavv, Pine Hill, and 
 
 (i6i) 
 
 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 
 
103 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Lost Mountain, he had forced his antagonist to fall back 
 beyond the Chattahoochie, and within eight miles of At- 
 lanta. Here Johnston was relieved and General J. B. Hood 
 assumed the command, inaugurating his taking command 
 by a desperate attack on Sherman on the afternoon of the 
 20th. The blow was gallantly received and returned with 
 equal force, and the assailants were driven back within 
 their entrenchments with heavy loss. 
 
 On the 22d another attack, led by General Hardee, 
 was made upon the Army of the Tennessee, with McPher- 
 son at its head — a furious brittle ensued, in which McPher- 
 son was killed; for a time the attack of the Confederates 
 threatened the entire wing of the army. Sherman, fully 
 comprehending the importance of checking the advance of 
 the rebels, reinforced this whig and ordered Logan, who 
 had assumed command of McPherson's Division, to charge 
 the enemy at any cost, which was gallantly accomplished, 
 the Confederates giving way and retiring to their entrench- 
 ments. 
 
 Sherman, the following day, commenced a flank move- 
 ment to his right, capturing the Montgomery and Macon 
 Railroad, compelling Hood, a few days after, to retire from 
 Atlanta. The city being at once occupied by General 
 Slocum, of the Twentieth Corps, Sherman now gave his 
 army a short rest, and set himself to work refitting it, and 
 preparing for his " march to the sea." 
 
 While Sherman was thus occupied. General Hood had 
 broken up his encampment at Florence and Tuscumbia, 
 and abandoned the South which Sherman was no,w about to 
 invade, by marching northward, he hoped to be able to cut 
 Sherman's lines of communication and compel him to re- 
 turn to Chattanooga. Sherman, amazed at Hood's folly 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 163 
 
 in leaving the South defenceless, wasted no time in follow- 
 ing him or defending the positions in his rear, but assigned 
 to Thomas the protection of Tennessee and to take Hood 
 in hand. Tiie Fourth Corps under Stanley, and the 
 Twenty-third under Schofield, were detached from his 
 army and given to Thomas. Before cutting loose from his 
 base of supplies. General Sherman considered it a military 
 necessity to dismantle and destroy the City of Atlanta — 
 having first removed all citizens from the city, and sent 
 them into the Confederate lines. 
 
 On the 14th of November he began his sublime march 
 southward — a march which has no parallel in history. 
 With his magnificent army he swept across the entire State 
 of Georgia, in a path sixty miles in width and over three 
 hundred in length, destroying everything which could give 
 aid or comfort to the enemy. In this " grand gallop 
 through Georgia " he 
 found no enemy to op- 
 pose him. A force of 
 sixty thousand men were 
 gathered under his ban- 
 ners; before his advance 
 the hurriedly-gathered 
 forces of Johnston rap- 
 idly disappeared. The 
 wail of agony of the 
 Confederacy was fierce 
 and bitter. Passing 
 around Savannah, he 
 stormed and captured 
 Fort McAllister, while 
 Beauregard and Hardee were glad to escape from the city. 
 
164 GENERAI, U. S. GRAXt's 
 
 Twenty-four days had been occupied in the march, with the 
 loss of but five hundred and sixty-seven men — in killed 
 and wounded. Thirteen hundred and thirty-eight of the 
 Confederate Army had been made prisoners, twenty thou- 
 sand bales of cotton burned, beside twenty-five thousand 
 captured at Savannah. Thirteen thousand head of beef 
 cattle, nearly ten million pounds of corn, and ten million 
 and a half pounds of fodder were taken from the country'; 
 five thousand horses and four thousand mules impressed 
 for the cavahy and trains; three hundred and twenty 
 miles of railroad were destroyed — every tie being burnt 
 and rails twisted by the heat; also every depot, engine- 
 house, repair tank, water tank, and turn-table. Only by 
 this seemingly harsh method could the Confederate Army 
 of Virginia be effectually severed from that in the West. 
 The Union General felt that the hour for temporizing had 
 passed, and that only by such direful blows could the Re- 
 bellion be brought to an end. While this waste and 
 destruction was going on the discipline of the army was 
 well maintained. 
 
 From the time Sherman left Atlanta until its arrival 
 before Savannah, not a word of intelligence respecting his 
 advance was received by our Government, except through 
 rebel sources. On the 25th day of December, President 
 Lincoln received the following telegram from General 
 Sherman: 
 
 " I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, 
 with a hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and 
 also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton.'' 
 
 To this President Lincoln immediately replied : 
 
 " My Dear General .Sherman, — Many, many thanks for your 
 Christmas gift, — the capture of Savannah. When you were about to 
 leave Atlanta tor the Atlantic, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feel- 
 
l.IFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 165 
 
 ing that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing 
 risked, nothing gained,' I did not interfere. Now, this undertaliing 
 being a success, the honor is all yours; for I believe that none of us 
 went further than to acquiesce. And taking the work of General 
 Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great 
 success. 
 
 " Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate militar}' advan- 
 tages, but in showing to the world that your army could be divided, 
 putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving 
 enough to vanquish the old opposing forces of the whole, — Hood's 
 army, — it brings those who sat in darkness to see a great light. 
 
 " But what next.' I suppose it will be safe, if I leave General 
 Grant and yourself to decide. Please make my grateful acknowl- 
 edgements to your whole army, — officers and men. 
 
 " Yours very truly, 
 
 " A. Lincoln." 
 During Sherman's march to the sea, Hood hi his 
 march North moved rapidly into Tennessee, ciossing the 
 Tennessee River at Florence. At this time Thomas' effec- 
 tive force under Schofield was onlj' about thiity thousand 
 
 men. At different 
 points holding impor- 
 tant posts, he had also 
 twenty or more thou- 
 sand men, while 
 Hood, who had just 
 ^^^¥^ ^^MlKlilfflS^^^^t been reinforced by 
 
 ^^^^^HH^^B^^^ General Taylor's 
 .^^^^^^^^^S^^M^^^g^-^ ^'"™y fi'o™ Mobile, 
 
 now had about fifty- 
 five thousand. 
 
 On November I'j, 
 General Hood ad- 
 j. B. norm. vanced in two col- 
 
 umns toward Nashville. Thomas had resolved to keep as 
 
. l66 GENERAL U. S. GRAN I's 
 
 strong a force as possible in front of the rebel advance, fall- 
 ing slowly back upon Nashville, — carefully avoiding a 
 battle until he felt sufficiently strengthened to warrant a 
 success in a conflict. Hood now advanced rapidly, and it 
 became necessary for Thomas to fight a battle at Franklin, 
 in order to get his trains across the Big Harpeth River, 
 and into Nashville. The battle of Franklin was gallantly 
 fought by Schofield, on the 30th of November, who had 
 but eighteen thousand men to confront the entire force of 
 Hood. The rebels charging with the greatest impetuosity 
 in columns four deep, notwithstanding they were met by 
 a fearful fire of artillery and musketry, were able to hurl 
 back the advance Union line in utter confusion upon the 
 main line,— pi^essing on, the victors, after a most desperate 
 struggle, forced their way within the second line, planting 
 their flag upon the National entrenchments. All seemed 
 lost, when General Opdyke's brigade, with General Con- 
 rads in support, charged upon the victorious Confederates. 
 Swiftly, steadily and irresistibly they bore back the rebel 
 line, driving them with fearful slaughter, recapturing tine 
 works and guns, and restoring the Union line, — from 
 which they were not again driven, although Hood again 
 and again hurled his columns against it, only desisting at 
 nearly midnight. Sorely disappointed and chagrined, he 
 gave up the contest, having lost heavily, among which 
 were thirteen general officers and over six thousand men. 
 The Federals lost twenty-three hundred, Schofield having 
 accomplished his purpose, and secured the trains, he fell 
 back during the night. Of this battle General Grant says 
 as follows : 
 
 " This was the first serious opposition the enemy met with, and I 
 am satisfied, was the fatal blow to all his expectations. During the 
 
LIFE AND SER\ICfiS. 1 67 
 
 night General Schofield fell back toward Nashville; tliis left the field 
 to the enemy, — not lost by battle, but voluntarily abandoned, so that 
 General Thomas' whole force might be brought together." 
 
 Hood pressed forward to Nashville, and by December 
 had di'awn his lines around the city. Skirmishes were 
 now of daily occurrence, principally by the cavalry force 
 of the contending armies. By the 14th Thomas was 
 ready to take the offensive, and gave orders accordingly. 
 During the following two days he fought a continuous 
 battle, breaking through the rebel lines, defeating and 
 routing him, — capturing four thousand, four hundred and 
 sixty-two prisoners, nearly all of his artillery, and drove 
 him southward, a disorganized mass of stragglers rather 
 than an army, its spirit broken beyond hope of recovery. 
 Hood had entered Tennessee with a well-organized army 
 of fifty-five thousand men, full of enthusiasm, confident of 
 victory. He left it with half that number, intent only 
 in saving themselves from becoming prisoners of war. 
 Thomas pursued the rebel forces as rapidly as he could 
 rebuild bridges destroyed by the retreating foe. On the 
 30th of December he annoimced the campaign ended, 
 and distributed his troops in winter cantonments. 
 
 General Grant, who at one time was greatly concerned 
 at the bold advance of Hood and the seemingly dilatory 
 movements of Thomas, has presented his views and the 
 great pleasure which he felt at the result, in these words: 
 
 "Before the battle of Nashville, I grew very impatient over, as 
 it appeared to me, tlie unnecessary delay. This impatience v.'as 
 increased upon learning that the enemy had sent a force of cavalry 
 across the Cumberland into Kentucky. I feared Hood would cross 
 his whole army, and give us great trouble there. After urging upon 
 General Thomas the necessity of immediately assuming' the offen- 
 sive, I started West to superintend matters there in person. Reach- 
 
l6S GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 ing Washingtoa City, I received General Thomas' dispatch announc- 
 ing his attack upon the enemy, and the result, as far as the battle had 
 progressed. I was delighted. All my fears and apprehensions were 
 dispelled. I am not yet satisfied but that General Thomas, imme- 
 diately upon the appearance of Hood before Nashville, and before he 
 had time to fortify, should have moved out with his whole force and 
 given him battle, instead- of wailing to remount his cavalry, which 
 delayed him until the inclemency of the weather made it impractica- 
 ble to attack earlier than he did. But his final defeat of Hood was so 
 complete, that it will be accepted as a vindication of that distinguished 
 officer's judgment.'' 
 
 Thomas had been more than vindicated, and it had con- 
 firmed him in the good opinion of his superiors and the 
 army at large, as a cool, determined and far-seeing gen- 
 eral. For this achievement he was appointed Major-Gen- 
 eral in the regular army, to date from the 15th day ot 
 December, the date of his victory at Nashville. 
 
 Thus closed the year 1S64. At every point the armies 
 of the Union had been victorious, " everywhere the rebel- 
 lion was reeling and staggering beneath the blows which 
 were dealt it." 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THB FINAL VICTORY. 
 
 The fourth year of the war was now entered upon. 
 The final overthrow of the Rebelhon was near at hand. 
 It was evident, not only to the North and foreign powers, 
 but the South, also, that their affairs were hopeless, and 
 that a prolongation of the conflict could only prolong the 
 reign of misery and death. Throughout the entire North 
 there was a desire for peace, and a willingness to concede 
 almost any terms consistent with national honor and terri- 
 torial integrity. 
 
 President Lincoln, during the latter part of the winter 
 of 1864-5, visited the army in front of Petersburg, and for 
 the first time witnessed war in all of its horrors. Plis hu- 
 mane nature was deeply stirred by the revolting spectacle. 
 Headley, in his "Sherman and His Campaign," in speak- 
 ing of this visit, says: 
 
 "He walked over ground covered with bodies of tiie slain, more 
 
 numerous than he could count or cared to count. He saw living men 
 
 with broken heads and mangled forms, and heard the hopeless groans 
 
 and piteous wails of th ■ d\'ing whom no huinan hand could save. He 
 
 witnessed the bloody work of the surgeons, — those carpenters and 
 
 joiners of human fra-ncs. — and sa\^ ainputated legs and arms piled 
 
 up in heaps, to be carted awa3' like the ofta! of a slaughter-house; and 
 
 he turned from tl e horrid sight, exclaiming, ' This is war, horrid 
 
 war — the trade of barbarians.' Appealing to his principal officers, he 
 
 inquired, ' Gentlemen, is there no way by which we can put a stop 
 
 to this fighting ? ' " 
 
 (169) 
 
lyo 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GItANT S 
 
 The Rebel Government had madly resolved to over- 
 throw free institutions, and tliey refused to listen to any 
 terms whatever which would tend to a reconstruction of 
 the Union divested of slavery and State rights doctrines. 
 To the Nationals, nothing was left but to strike, with all 
 their strength, the final blows. The stirring events which 
 followed, and the magnificent combinations which were 
 brought to a triumphant conclusion, if told in detail, would 
 
 STATE HOUSE, MONTGOMERY. 
 
 require another volume. Sutfice it to say, that in March, 
 1S65, General Canb}' was advancing from New Orleans 
 against Mobile, to co-operate with Admiral Farragut ; after 
 a hard-fought and desperately contested battle at Blakely, 
 the city surrendered on the morning of April 13. 
 
 General J. H. Wilson, with a cavalry expedition of fif- 
 teen thousand men, was sent out from Thomas' command 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 in Middle Tennessee, to co-operate with General Canby, 
 in the reduction of Mobile. Sweeping over the region 
 watered by the Tombigbee and Black Warrior Rivers, 
 they captured Selma after a hard fight with Forest's Cav- 
 alry and Taylor's Infantry, capturing man}' prisoners aud 
 guns, and destroying all public property, stores and cotton; 
 moving rapidly to Montgomery, he entered it unopposed 
 on the morning of April 12. The Rebel Commander 
 Adams, not waiting for his arrival, had set fire to ninety -five 
 thousand bales of cotton before he fled. The " original " 
 capital of the Confederacy was now in the hands of the 
 Federals, and the "Stars and Stripes" were unfurled in tri- 
 umph over the State House where, four years previous, the 
 first Confederate flag was given to the breeze, upon its 
 adoption as the ensign of the Confederacy by the " Provis- 
 ional Government," at Montgomery, March 4, 1861. Stop- 
 ping two days only at Montgomery, his columns swept 
 eastward across the State into Georgia, capturing Cokun- 
 bus, and West Point, reaching Macon on the 20th. Here 
 he was informed of the surrender of Lee to Grant, and at 
 once suspended hostile operations in accordance with an 
 arrangement between Sherman and Johnston, which is 
 mentioned later on. During the raid Wilson caiDtured five 
 fortified cities, two hundred and eighty-eight pieces of artil- 
 lery, six thousand eight hundred and twenty prisoners, and 
 destroyed a vast amount of property. He lost seven hun- 
 dred and twenty-five men, ninety-nine of whom were 
 killed. 
 
 General Stoneman was sent from East Tennessee with 
 a cavalry force into North Carolina, to destroy railroads 
 and military resources, and release the starving Union sol- 
 
172 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 diers at Salisbury, North Carolina, all of which was gal- 
 lantly accomplished. 
 
 General Hancock had been sent to Winchester to guard 
 against a Rebel raid north, through the Shenandoah Val- 
 ley, or to make an advance south, as might be expedient. 
 General Sheridan had attacked and badly used up General 
 Early, at Waynesborough, capturing one thousand, six 
 hundred prisoners, eleven guns, seventeen staod of colors, 
 and two hundicd loaded v^'agons. 
 
 General Terry captiued Fort Fisher at the entrance of 
 Cape Fear River, January 15, 1865, opening the port of 
 Wilmington to the Union forces, and compelling its aban- 
 donment by the Rebels. Fort Fislier had previously gal- 
 lantly resisted a cqmbined naval and army attack under 
 General Buller and Admiral Porter. This capture did not 
 attract much attention in the North at the time, owing 
 partly to the fact that there were other more moment- 
 ous operations of the army that engrossed public atlention. 
 Alexander H. Stephens, in speaking of its importance to 
 the South, in his history, saN's: " The closing of the port 
 of Wilmington (the result of that capture) was the com- 
 plete shutting out of the Confederate States from all inter- 
 course by sea with foreign countries. The respiratorv 
 functions of external trade, so essential to the vitality of all 
 communities, had been performed for the whole Confed- 
 eracy, mainly, for three years, through the small aperture 
 of the little port, choked to wheezing, as it was, b\ a cor- 
 don of armed ships drawn aroiuid its neck." 
 
 General Sherman commenced his northward march 
 from Savannah with an army of sixty thousand men, mov- 
 ing in four parallel columns, several miles apart, the troops 
 mainly subsisting on the country through which they 
 
LIFK AND SERVICES. 1 73 
 
 passed. All public property that could aid the Rebellion 
 was destroyed. All railroads, depots, mills, foundries, fac- 
 tories, arsenals, and machine-shops, were laid in ruins. The 
 triumphant Union foices pressed forward — sweeping away 
 all opposition — Charleston was evacuated; Columbia, the 
 capital of South Carolina, captured and burned. On April 
 r3th, Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, was 
 occupied. 
 
 At Goldsboro', North Carolina, General Johnston had 
 collected in great strength, hoping to overwhelm General 
 Sherman. General Schofield, with a large force, was sent 
 by way of Newberne to advance to the aid of and join 
 Sherman; this was accomplished, though not without a 
 stubborn resistance from the Confederates — the forces of 
 Sherman and Schofield meeting at Goldsboro on March 
 23d and 24th. Feeling that his army was secure. General 
 Sherman made a brief visit to City Point, where he met 
 General Grant, President Lincoln, and other officers. He 
 returned to Goldsboro on the 30th. Mr. Coffin, who was 
 an e3'e-witness, has thus described this interesting confer- 
 ence: 
 
 " I "Was sitting in the office of General Grant's adjutant-general, on 
 ttie morning of ttie 2Stli of Marcli, and saw President Lincoln, with 
 Generals Grant, Sherman, Meade, and Sheridan, coming up the walk. 
 Look at the men whose nan-.es are to have a conspicuous place in the 
 annals of America: Lincoln, — tall, round-shouldered, loose-jointed, 
 large featured, deep-eyed, with a smile upon his face ; he is dressed in 
 black, and wears a fashionable silk hat. Grant is at Lincoln's right, 
 shorter, stouter, more compact; wears a military hat, with a stiff 
 broad brim; has his hands in his pantaloons pocket, and is puffing 
 away at a cigar, while listening to Sherman. Sherman, — tall, with 
 high, commanding forehead; is almost as loosely built as Lincoln; 
 has sandy whiskers, closely cropped, and sharp, twinkling eyes, long 
 arms and legs, shabby coat, slouch hat, his pants tucked into his 
 
1 7-1 GENERAL 
 
 CHANT S 
 
 boots. He is talking luuTiccily, gesticulating now to Lincoln, now to 
 Grant, his eyes wamiering everywhere. Meade, — also tall, with thin, 
 sharp features, a gray beard, and spectacles; is a little stooping in his 
 gait. Sheridan, — the shortest of all, quick and energetic in all his 
 nio\eraont3, with a face bronzed by snn and \yind ; courteous, 
 attable, a thorough soldier. The plan of the lieutenant-general was 
 then made known to his subordinates, and all departed, din-ing the 
 day, to carry into execution the respective parts assigned tliem." 
 
 Lee \v;is at this time in a perilous position; there was 
 now no hope for the preservation of his army from starva- 
 tion or capture — all line of supplies had been destroyed by 
 the ever-moving and resistless coluirms of Grant. But one 
 ray of light penetrated the gloom that surroinided him. If 
 he could break through the Union lines and form a junction 
 with Johnston in North Carolina, he might be able to re- 
 vi^'c, or at least prolong the life of the Confederacy. He 
 was well aware that the attempt was a perilous one — but it 
 seemed to him the least of two evils, and he chose it. 
 
 Giant, e\er watchful, at once detected this intended 
 movement of Lee, and on the 34th of Jvlarch issued orders 
 for a geneial movenient on the 29th. On the 25th Gen- 
 eral Lee mavle a bold attack on Fort Steadman, a strong 
 point situated in front of the Ninth Corps, distant not more 
 than oiie hundred yards from the Rebel entrenchments. 
 
 Two divisions of the enem}' made a bold rush upon 
 the fort; the surprise was complete, and ivi a few moments, 
 in the hands of the Rebels, twenty tiiousand men stood 
 readv to support this attack — but from some unexplained 
 reason, this supporting column did not advance immedi- 
 ately. The Union forces soon rallied; e\ery available 
 piece of arlillevy was opened upon the fort, and the result 
 was the capture of t\\"o thousand, sexon hundred prisoners. 
 Lee had withdrawn tlie attacking force from tlie left of his 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 1^5 
 
 line. Grant ordered an immediate advance of the Second 
 and Sixtli Corps on Lee's weakened front; the attack was 
 gallantly made, and the strongly entrenched picket was 
 carried and permanently held, notwithstanding the des- 
 perate efforts of the enemy to retake it. Tlie dash of 
 Lee upon Fort Steadman did not change General Grant's 
 plans for an advance on the 39th. 
 
 On Friday, the last day of March, tlie Fifth and Sec- 
 ond Corps crossed Hatcher's Rnn ; both faced north and 
 advanced on the enemy's right. Sheridan, with a large 
 force, had passed around Lee's right and was at Dinwiddie 
 Court House — several miles to the left of tlie infantry, 
 where he bivouacked on the night of tlie 29th. General 
 Grant sent him the following dispatcli : 
 
 " I now feel like ending the matter, if it is possible to do so, be- 
 fore going back. I do not want you, therefore, to cut loose, and go 
 after the enemy's roads at present. In the morning push around the 
 enemy if jou can, and get on to his right rear. The movements of 
 the enemy's cavalry may, of course, modify your action. We will 
 act all together as one army here until it is seen what can be done 
 with the enemy. The signal-officer at Cobb's Hill reported at half 
 past eleven, a. m., that a cavalry column had passed that point from 
 Richmond toward Petersburg, taking forty minutes to pass. 
 
 U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. 
 
 Major-General p. H. Sheridan. 
 
 The 30th the rain fell in such torrents as to make an 
 advance movement impossible. On the 31st Sheridan was 
 at Five Forks, on the Southside Railroad. This was the 
 key to the whole Rebel line. Here the enemy appeared 
 in strong force. Dismounting his cavalry, Sheridan repulsed 
 their advance with great slaughter. During the night he 
 was reinforced by the Second Corps, and at daylight the 
 battle was renewed. The troops moved into battle mag- 
 
176 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 nificently ; the enemy were pressed steadily back to their 
 works, when the infantry charging in flank and rear 
 rushed over the entrenchments with a force that was irre- 
 sistible. The Rebels fled toward the west, but were 
 charged and pursued with unsparing vigor until long after 
 the shades of night had settled upon the scene. In the 
 severe battle of Five Forks the Rebels had lost six thou- 
 sand prisoners, and all their artillery. 
 
 On the following day, Grant ordered an advance along 
 the entire Union line. With fearful power he hurled his 
 army against tlie Rebel entrenchments — the battle raging 
 
 CAPITOL AT RICHMOND. 
 
 with great determination on the one side, and stubborn re- 
 sistance on the other. On the 3d, Lee's line was broken at 
 all points, and the following morning Richmond and Pe- 
 tersburg were hastily evacuated, and the Union forces took 
 possession. The warehouses of the Confederate capital 
 were fired by the retreating army, and the better part of 
 the city was destroyed. 
 
LIFH AND SERVICES. 
 
 177 
 
 The strife lasted but a few days longer. General Lee 
 retreated as fast as possible up the north bank of the Ap- 
 pomattox, and Grant followed on the south side. Lee was 
 pressing forward to reach Burkesville, confident that by so 
 doing he could make a successful retreat and a prolonged 
 campaign. Grant hotly pursued him, and by the 4th had 
 gained a commanding position half way between Burkes- 
 ville and Amelia Court House — thus effectually preventing 
 a retreat in that direction. The Confederate Army was 
 now at Grant's mercy — it could not escape. 
 
 General Lee now turned to escape by way of Lynch- 
 burg, and reach the mountains beyond. At Sailor's Creek 
 a severe battle was fought between Ewell and Sheridan, 
 supported by the Sixth Corps, resulting in the overwhelni- 
 intj defeat and capture of the former, with six thousand 
 men. 
 
 On the 7th, General Grant, anxious to save further 
 effusion of blood, addressed the following dispatch to Lee: 
 
 " April 7, 1865. 
 "General: — The result of the last week must convince you of 
 the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and I 
 regard it as mv duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any 
 further effusion of blood by asking of you the surrender of that 
 portion of the Confederate-States army known as the ' Army of 
 Northern Virginia.' 
 
 **U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General, 
 
 "Gen. R. E. Lee." 
 
 The next morning, before leaving his headquarters, he 
 received the following reply: 
 
 "April 7, 1865. 
 "General: — I have received your note of this date. Though 
 not entertaining the opinion you express on tht; hopelessness oj 
 further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I 
 
1 78 GENERATE U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 reciprocate jour desire to avoid useless eftusion of blood, and there- 
 fore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer 
 on condition of its surrender. 
 
 " R. E. Lee, General. 
 "Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant." 
 
 General Grant at once forwarded the following reply : 
 
 " April 8, 1865. 
 
 "General: — Your note of last evening, in reply to mine of same 
 date, asking the condition on which I will accept the surrender of the 
 Army of Northern Virginia, is just received. In reply, I would say 
 that, peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I would 
 insist upon ; namely, that the men and ofiicers surrendered shall be 
 disqualified for taking up arms again against the government of the 
 United States until properly exchanged. I will meet you, or will 
 designate officers to meet any officers you may name for the same 
 purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging 
 definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the army of 
 Northern Virginia will be received. 
 
 " U. S. Grant, Lieutenanl-General. 
 
 " Gkn. R. E. Lee." 
 
 Sheridan had secured a strong position at Appomattox 
 Station, where he captured four heavily-laden trains for 
 Lee's army. He pushed on toward Appomattox Court- 
 house, striking Lee's advance, capturing twenty-five guns, 
 a hospital train, wagons, and many prisoners. He was 
 now directly across the line of Lee's retreat, and was 
 strongly supported by infantry. The Union lines were 
 prepared, and the order was about- to be given, to charge 
 the Confederates, when a horseman was seen advancing 
 from the enemy's lines bearing a white flag, asking for a 
 truce until a surrender could be completed. 
 
 At two o'clock in the afternoon of Palm Sunday, April 
 9, 1865, the two generals met each other in the parlor of 
 Wilmer McLean's residence, at Appomattox Court House. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I^Q 
 
 The two officers shook hands courteously, and engaged 
 in conversation. It was agreed that the Union commander 
 should put his proposition in the form of a letter, to which 
 
 X^' *'. 
 
 .JM^Sg.'.J' 
 
 v' tSvT'^ 
 
 '■■f''T 
 
 ,„rr-a «.-- 
 
 McLean s house wheee lee sueeendeked 
 
 General Lee would return a formal answer. Grant imme- 
 diately drew up the following memorandum : 
 
 "Appomattox Court Houss, Va,, April 9, 1865. 
 •' General : — In accordance with the substance of my letter to you 
 of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the Army o£ 
 Northern Virginia on the following terms, to-wit: Rolls of all the 
 officers and men to be made in duplicate ; one copy to be given to an 
 officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such other 
 officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their 
 individual paroles not to take up arms against the GoverniTient of the 
 United States until properly exchanged ; and each company or regi- 
 mental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their com- 
 mands. The arms, artillery, and public property, to be packed, and 
 
l8o GENKRAI. U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive 
 them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their 
 private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and inan will be 
 allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States 
 authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force 
 where they reside. 
 
 " U. S. Grant, Lieutetiant-GeneraV^ 
 
 To this memorandum General Lee responded as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 " Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia, ) 
 
 April 9, 1S65. \ 
 "General: — I received your letter of this date, containing the 
 terms of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, as proposed 
 by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in 
 your letter of the 8*h inst., they are accepted. I will proceed to 
 designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect. 
 
 "R. E. Lee, GeneraV 
 
 No pen can describe the exultation of the men of both 
 armies. For miles the hills and forests rang with the loud 
 acclamations. Grant at once issued twenty thousand rations 
 to the starving Confederates, and as fast as paroled thev 
 were furnished food and transportation to their homes by 
 the government they had sought to destroy. 
 
 Johnston was in a hopeless condition in North Carolina. 
 With Sherman and Schofield in his front and the victorious 
 army of Grant in his rear, he could be instantly crushed 
 beneath the Union forces. On April i/|. he asked for a 
 cessation of hostilities, preparatory to surrender. General 
 Sherman accepted terms that were rejected by the Gov- 
 ernment, and Grant proceeded to Raleigh with full power 
 to act in the premises. Ai riving on the 24th, he acquainted 
 Sherman with the views of the Government. Sherman at 
 once communicated with Johnston, and the second day after 
 Grant's arrival Johnston surrendered to Sherman on the 
 same terms which were accorded to General Lee by Gen- 
 
 tv'J- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. l8l 
 
 eial Grant. On the 28th General Grant returned to his 
 headquarters at Washington. 
 
 General Khby Smith, who commanded 
 the Rebel forces west of the Mississippi, 
 surrendered his entire force to Major-Gen- 
 eral Canby on May 26. Thus the last 
 Rebel band surrendered or dispersed to 
 their homes, and the war was terminated. 
 The number of Confederate prisoners sur- 
 rendered was 174,233; the number of pris- 
 oners in the hands of the Federal army was conitdc-rate pia?. 
 98,802. The whole Union force under command of Gen- 
 eral Grant was 1,000,516. 
 
 The Rebel President Davis at the time of the fall of 
 Richmond, fled, with other members of the government, 
 to Danville; thence, accompanied by a small cavalry force, 
 he endeavered to escape to some Southern seaport, and 
 take sliip for foreign lands. He was caught at Irwinsville 
 in Georgia, on the morning of May 10. 
 
 On the 33d and 23d of May, the Union armies were 
 reviewed at Washington by the President of the United 
 States and his Cabinet and the Lieutenant-Gcneral. The 
 splendid pageant was witnessed by the members of the 
 diplomatic corps, and by numbers of citizens from all parts 
 of the Union, who had assembled to unite in this ovation 
 to the volunteer soldiers of the Republic. 
 
 On the 2d of June General Grant took leave of all 
 of the armies which had been so long guided by his 
 genius. This address will be found in the Appendices to 
 this volume. 
 
 The Civil War had ended. The Commanding 
 General advised the reduction of the great armies, — a 
 
l82 GENEKAJ, U. S. CHANT'S 
 
 work which was at once begun, and more fully noted in 
 the succeeding chapter. 
 
 We cannot better close this record of General Grant 
 than by quoting from the author of " Grant and his Cam- 
 paigns," who says: 
 
 " Of General Grant's talents and character it is unnecessary to 
 add a single word. Sagacious, brave, skillful, his strongest elemei.t 
 subsidizing all the rest, is that tenacity of purpose, that iron will 
 which was the characteristic of Wellington, and which won the 
 Waterloo of the Great Rebellion. 
 
 "Closely connected with this is his moral courage. He dares to 
 do right, without respect of persons or opinions. His reports are 
 full of clear criticisms of his generals. Courteous and kind, he 
 never regards private feelings v/here great public interests are at 
 stake. 
 
 "Joined to these qualities is a modesty which displays itself in an 
 unostentatious demeanor, and in great reticence at all times. 
 
 " He is an admirable judge of men. In this he is like the great 
 Emperor. Grant's generals have been judiciously chosen, each for 
 his specific work, — Sherman for Atlanta, Thomas !or Nashville, 
 Sheridan for the Shenandoah and Five Forks, Meade for the Army 
 of the Potomac. And when they did well, no spice of envy ever 
 kept him from rejoicing in their success, and awarding them the 
 highest praise." 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE WORKS OF PEACE. 
 
 The most tragic event of the war occurred a few days 
 subsequent to the surrender of Lee, and on the night of 
 the very day that Jolinston asked Sherman for an armis- 
 tice. This event caused tlie profoundest grief througliout 
 the whole country and the nations of the world, — the 
 cowardly assassination of President Lincoln. On the night 
 of April 14 he was shot by J. Wilkes Booth, while 
 attending a theatrical entertainment at Ford's Theatre, 
 Washington, — dying before morning. Secretary of State 
 Seward narrowly escaped being killed by a co-conspirator. 
 The shock was terrible, and the loss incomparable. 
 
 General Grant was at the time in Washington, and it 
 had been announced that he would attend the theatre in 
 company with the President; but he was unavoidably 
 detained, and was absent at the time. In the trial of the 
 conspirators it was shown in ' evidence that it was the 
 intention to have murdered General Grant at the same 
 time and place. 
 
 Gilbert, in his " History of the World," says of the 
 loss of President Lincoln: " A great statesman, one who 
 would have harmonized the nation, and restored the reign 
 of law at the South satisfactorily to both sections — gave 
 place to a politician singularly unsuited to the great task 
 in hand. The passions of the war had not had time to 
 
 (183) 
 
184 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 cool when that assassination occurred; but it was evident 
 that the South sincerely deprecated the great crime." 
 Ridpath, in his " History," says: "So ended in darkness, 
 but not in shame, the career of Abraham Lincoln. He 
 was one of the most remarkable men of any age or country 
 — a man in whom the qualities of genius and common 
 sense were strangely mingled. He was prudent, far- 
 sighted and resolute; thoughtful, calm and just; patient, 
 tender-hearted and great. The manner of his death con- 
 secrated his memory. From city to city, in one vast fun- 
 eral procession, the mourning people followed his remains 
 to their last resting-place at Springfield, From all nations 
 rose the voice of sympathy and shame — sympathy for his 
 death, shame for the dark crime that caused it." 
 
 General Grant now addressed himself with great 
 energy to the works of peace. By the 2 2d of August 
 he had succeeded in mustering out of the army 719,338, 
 and by November 15 there had been returned to their 
 homes 800,963 men. This was rapidly followed every 
 month, until 1,023,021 had been discharged. 
 
 Nothing in all the history of the Republic was more 
 creditable than the good behavior of the soldiers after dis- 
 bandment. More than a million men were released from 
 the discipline of military duty and remanded to the walks 
 of civil life. Though long accustomed to the camp 
 and field, 'they resumed the duties of peace in a quiet, 
 orderly manner, absorbed into the general mass of the 
 population, without any of the horrors usually attending 
 in such cases in other lands. 
 
 The records of the War Department show that by 
 November 15, 1S65, there had been sold horses and 
 mules to the value of $15,269,000, barracks and hospitals 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 185 
 
 $447,873; damaged clothing yielded $902,770. Military 
 railroads, 2,630 miles, 6,695 cars, 433 locomotives trans- 
 ferred to proper authorities, and railroad equipments vsrere 
 sold, amounting to $10,910,813. 
 
 The whole number of men enlisted at different times 
 during the war was 2,688,522. Of these, 56,000 were 
 killed in battle; 210,400 died of wounds and disease in the 
 military hospitals, and 80,000 died after discliarge, from 
 disease contracted during service; making a total loss of 
 about 300,000 men. About 200,000 were crippled or per- 
 manently disabled. Of colored troops, 180,000 enlisted 
 and 30,000 died. More th;in $300,000,000 was paid in 
 bounties, and by States, towns and cities, for the support of 
 the families of the soldiers. 
 
 The records of the medical department of the army 
 give the number treated as 5,825,000, including field and 
 hospital both. Of these the fatal cases were 166,623. 
 The wounded were 273,175, of which 33,777 died. 
 
 A furtlier investigation of the Records of the War 
 Department show that, during the struggle, 220,000 Con- 
 federate soldiers were captured, of whom 26,436 died of 
 wounds or disease during their captivity; while of 126,940 
 Union soldiers captured, 22,756 died while prisoners. 
 This shows that but 1 1 per cent, of the Confederate pris- 
 oners died in the hands of the government, while i 7.6 per 
 cent. Union prisoners died in the hands of the Confederates. 
 
 Extensive and complete arrangements for the care of 
 the sick and wounded, had been made by the Government. 
 At the close of the war, there were no less than 204 gene- 
 ral hospitals, fully equipped, having a capacity of 136,894 
 beds; besides these, there were numerous temporar}' and 
 flying hospitals, in camps, or on vessels. 
 
1 86 
 
 GENERAI^ U. S. GRANT S 
 
 The low rate of mortality in the Union army was due to 
 several causes, prominent among which was the employment 
 of competent surgeons, a bountiful provision in all hospitals 
 to every necessity; and, perhaps, the most creditable fea- 
 ture of the entire period of conflict, was the beneficent pro- 
 vision made during the 
 war by the United 
 States Sanitary Com- 
 mission, and the Chris- 
 tian Commission, and 
 the untiring labors of 
 women everywhere. 
 The Sanitary Commis- 
 sion disbursed $14,600,- 
 000 in money and sup- 
 plies; and the Christian 
 Commission is believed 
 to have expended not 
 less than $6,000,000 in 
 the same way, the onh h^nry ^^ btitoa\^, d tj, irivoER 
 difference being that '"• ^- ^^-^'Taki .-u.vi.^hsmu.n. 
 
 the latter Commission looked after the religious and liter- 
 ary wants of the soldiers as well as to their physical 
 requirements. 
 
 General Grant, during the summer and fall of 1S65, 
 made tours of pleasure and inspection through the North, 
 continuing them to the West and South. He was every- 
 where received with the greatest enthusiasm. Harvard Col- 
 lege made him a Doctor of Laws. To enumerate the 
 gifts and honors showered upon him would require a vol- 
 ume in itself. The adulation of his countrvmen did not 
 change him from the quiet, unpretending, steady man who 
 
l.IFK AND SERVICES. 
 
 187 
 
 had ever exhibited tlie -same calm and unexcited exterior. 
 
 In July, Congress 
 created the grade of 
 "General of the Army 
 of the United States," 
 and General Grant was 
 nominated and immedi- 
 ately confirmed for the 
 position on the 25th of 
 July, 1S66. 
 
 The South was un- 
 dergoing the convulsions 
 incident to the close of a 
 great civil war, an entire 
 re-organization of soci- 
 ety, and a change in the 
 relations of master and slave. The disbanded officers and 
 soldiers of the rebel armies had returned to the South, and 
 sought to resume their former influence on political 
 questions, a condition of affairs as stated hy General 
 Sheridan to be "anomalous, singular and unsatisfactory." 
 To add to these complications and embarrassments, about 
 this time a serious disagreement arose between President 
 Johnson and Congress, touching the great question of re- 
 organizing the Southern States, the former holding that 
 the ordinances of secession were, in their very natuie, null 
 and void, and therefore, the seceded States had never been 
 out of the Union; while the majority in Congress held 
 that the acts of secession were illegal and unconstitutional, 
 but, that these States had been, by these acts, actually de- 
 tached from the Union, and that special legislation, and 
 
 VINCEN'T COLYER, CHAIRMAN U. S. 
 CHRISTIAN COMMISSION. 
 
l88 GENERAL U. S. GRANt'S 
 
 special guarantees were necessary in order to restore them 
 to their former relations under the government. 
 
 President Johnson began, early in the summer, meas- 
 ures of reconstruction in accordance with his own views, 
 while the National Congress pursued its own policy in 
 regard to the reconstruction of the South. The attitude 
 of the executive and legislative department became con- 
 stantly more unfriendly. Mr. Stanton, then Secretary of 
 War, did not coincide with the President in his views upon 
 the question of reconstruction in the Southern States, and 
 became peculiarly obnoxious to Johnson. President John- 
 son determined to remove Stanton from the office of Secre- 
 tary of War, and appoint General Grant as Secretaiy ad 
 interim. 
 
 General Grant remonstrated with the President against 
 the proceeding, but Johnson was not to be influenced, and 
 ihe next day sent Grant a letter directing him to act as Sec- 
 retary of War ad inicrim. It is not oui' purpose to write a 
 history of the differences between President Johnson and 
 Congress on the question of reconstruction in the rebel- 
 lious States, except so far as the action of General Grant is 
 concerned. 
 
 General Grant addressed a letter to Mr. Stanton as 
 soon as he received the notification that he was to supei- 
 sede that gentleman, which expressed in strong terms his 
 high sense of the valuable services rendered by him to the 
 country, and to the arm}'. 
 
 On the 17th of August President Johnson requested 
 Geneial Grant to remove from command at New Orleans 
 General Sheridan, who had by a faithful carrying out of 
 the laws in the States of Louisiana and Texas, made him- 
 self offensive to the rebel element. He at the same time 
 
LIFE AND SKRVICKS. 1 89 
 
 requested Grant to make any suggestions in regard to the 
 order. Grant unhesitatingly replied: 
 
 " I am pleased to avail myself of this invitation to urge, earnestly 
 urge, urge in the name of a patriotic people who have sacrificed 
 hundreds of thousands of loyal lives and thousands of millions of 
 treasure to preserve the integrity and union of this country, that this 
 order be not insisted on. It is unmistakably the expressed wish of 
 the country that General Sheridan should not be removed from his 
 present command. 
 
 " This is a republic, -where the %vill of the people is the lajv of the land. 
 I beg that their voice may be heard. 
 
 "General Sheridan has performed his civil duties faithfully and 
 intelligently. His removal will only be regarded as an effort to de- 
 feat the laws of Congress." 
 
 For a time the order was suspended, but General Sher- 
 idan was afterward removed. On the 13th of January the 
 Senate passed the following resolution: 
 
 "Resolved, That having considered the evidence and reasons 
 given by the President in his report of the 12th of December, 1867, 
 for the suspension, from the office of Secretary of War, of Edwin M. 
 Stanton, the Senate do not concur in such suspension." 
 
 As soon as General Grant was informed of this action 
 he refused to continue longer to act as Secretary of War 
 ad inierhn, and surrendered the keys of the office to the 
 Adjutant General, the custodian of the building, and re- 
 turned to his office at the headquarters of the army. In a 
 letter to the President defending his conduct, he uses the 
 following forcible language: 
 
 " The course you have understood I agreed to pursue was in vio- 
 lation of law, and that without orders from you ; while the course I 
 did pursue, and which I never doubted you fully understood, was in 
 accordance with law, and not in disobedience of any orders of my 
 superior. And now, Mr. President, when my honor as a soldier, and 
 integrity as a man, have been so violently assailed, pardon me for 
 
190 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 saying that I can but regard this whole matter, from beginning to 
 end, as an attempt to involve me in the resistance of law for which 
 you hesitated to assume tiie responsibility-, in order thus to destroy 
 my character before the country. I am in a measure confirmed in 
 this conclusion by your recent orders directing me to disobey orders 
 from the Secretary of War, my superior, and your subordinate, with- 
 out having countermanded his authority. I conclude with the 
 assurance, Mr. President, that nothing less than a vindication of my 
 personal honor and character could have induced tliis correspond- 
 ence on my part, 
 
 " I have the honor to be, verv respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 U. S. Grant, General" 
 
 President Johnson in his message to Congress, Decem- 
 ber 12, 1867, giving his reasons for suspending Mr. Stan- 
 ton, closes with these words: "Salutary reforms have 
 been introduced by the Secretary ad interim (General 
 Grant) and great reductions of expenses have been effected 
 under his administration of the War Department to the 
 saving of millions to the Treasury. Andrew Johnson." 
 From this time forward General Grant confined himself 
 exclusively to his military duties as head of the armies of 
 the United States. The time for holding another Presi- 
 dential election was at hand. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 GRANT THE STATESMAN. 
 
 On May 21, 186S, at the meeting of the National 
 Republican Convention, held at the Opera House, Chi- 
 cago, General Ulysses S. Grant received on the first ballot 
 and without a dissenting voice, the nomination for the 
 Presidency of the United States. General Logan, Chair- 
 man of the Illinois Delegation, since a candidate for the 
 Vice-Presidency, took the floor and said: "In the name of 
 the loyal citizens and soldiers and sailors of this great 
 Republic of the United States of America; in the name 
 of loj'alty, liberty, humanity and justice; in the name of 
 the National Union Republican party, — I nominate as 
 candidate for the chief magistracy of this nation Ulysses 
 S. Grant." 
 
 Round after round of applause greeted his name. The 
 Secretary then began to call the roll of States and Terri- 
 tories, to receive' the vote of their delegation. As the call 
 proceeded. State after State in turn gave its unanimous 
 vote for General Grant, — the enthusiasm rising higher and 
 higher until it seemed as though the roof must be lifted 
 up by the surging volume of sound, as Wisconsin, the last 
 State on the roll was reached, and cast her vote for Grant. 
 The President then said: "The roll is completed. Gen- 
 tlemen of the Convention, you have six hundred and fifty 
 votes, and you have given six hundred and fifty votes for 
 
 (190 
 
192 GENERAI, U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Grant." The scene now was grand and overpowering. 
 The Convention and the vast audience rose to their feet, 
 and greeted the result with tumultuous clieenng- and every 
 demonstration of applause, without interruption, for several 
 minutes. 
 
 The same evening a large concourse of the citizens of 
 Washington serenaded General Grant at his house. He 
 was introduced in a few eloquent reinarks bv Senator 
 Boutwell, and made the following response : 
 
 Gentlemen: — Being entirely unaccustomed to public speaking, 
 and without the desire to cultivate that power [laughter], it is impos- 
 sible for me to find appropriate language to thank you for this demon- 
 stration. All that I can say is, ttoat, to whatever position I may be 
 called by your will, I shall endeavor to discharge its duties with 
 fidelity and honesty of purpose. Of my rectitude in the performance 
 of public duties, you will have to judge for yourselves by my record 
 before you. 
 
 On the 29th of May the officers of the Convention 
 visited Washington, and formally made known to General 
 Grant his nomination as President. General Grant replied 
 briefly, but with evident emotion, to the eloquent address 
 of General Hawley, and closed by sa\"ing, " If elected 
 President, / shall have no folicy of my ozvii to ejiforce 
 against the will of the people." He subsequently accepted 
 the nomination in a formal letter to General Hawley, 
 which is given in the Appendix. 
 
 The Democratic Convention nominated Horatio Sey- 
 mour of New York, as their candidate. The canvass was 
 attended with great excitement. All tlie States took part 
 in the election except Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi and 
 Texas, which had not been reconstructed at that time. 
 
 General Grant received 214 electoral votes, while his 
 competitor received only 80. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I93 
 
 Of the popular vote General Grant received 3,015,071 
 against 2,703,600 given to Seymour. At the same elec- 
 tion the choice for the Vice-Presidency fell on Schuyler 
 Colfax, of Indiana. The election also settled forever the 
 validity of the amendments to the Constitution adopted 
 subsequent to the war, including- universal suffrage. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, on the 4th of March, 1S69, was 
 inaugurated the eigliteenth President of the United States, 
 and on the following day sent to the Senate his nomina- 
 tions for cabinet officers. For Secretary of State, Elihu 
 B. Washburn, of Illinois; for Secretary of the Treasury, 
 Alexander T. Stewart, of New York ; for Secretary of 
 the Interior, Jacob D. Cox, of Ohio; for Secretary of the 
 Navy, Adolph E. Borie, of Pennsylvania; for Secretary 
 of War, John M. Scliofield, of Illinois; for Postmaster- 
 General, John A. J. Cresswell, of Maryland; for Attor- 
 ney-General, E. R. Hoar, of Massachusetts. These nom- 
 inations were at once confirmed; but it was soon discovered 
 that Mr. Stewart was ineligible, being engaged in com- 
 merce, and George S. Boutwell, of Massachusetts, was 
 appointed in his stead. 
 
 The last hope of the Southern Confederacy must have 
 been dispelled by the election to the Presidency of General 
 Grant, — the chief representative of the force which main- 
 tained the Union. He was at the head of the government 
 from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. Those eight 
 years witnessed great prosperity, followed by most dis- 
 tressing depression in business. 
 
 The first event of note during General Grant's admin- 
 istration was the completion of the Pacific Railroad, May, 
 1869. The work of construction was in progress six 
 years. The Central Pacific extends from San Francisco 
 
194 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 to Ogden, in Utah, a distance of 8S2 miles, where it meets 
 the Union Pacific, which extends to Omalia, Nebraska, 
 a distance of 1,032 miles. This remarkable enterprise 
 opened up a "short line" between the markets of China, 
 Japan and Australia with those of the United States and 
 Europe. 
 
 During the autumn of this year occurred the most 
 extraordinary financial excitement ever known in the 
 United States, or possibly in the world. A popular histo- 
 rian says of it: 
 
 " A company of unscrupulous speculators in New York City, 
 headed by Jay Gould and Jim Fisk, Jr., succeeded in producing 
 what is known as a ' corner ' in the go'.d market, and brought the 
 business interests of the metropolis to the verge of ruin. During 
 the Civil War the credit of the government had declined to such an 
 extent that at one time a dollar in gold was worth two hundred and 
 eighty-six cents in paper currency. But after the restoration of the 
 national authority the value of paper money appreciated, and in the 
 fall of 1S69 the ratio of gold to the greenback dollar had fallen to 
 about one hundred and thirty to one hundred. There were at this 
 time, in the banks of New York, fifteen million dollars in gold coin 
 and in the sub-treasury of the United States a liundred millions 
 more. Tlie plan of Gould and Fisk was to -get control by purchase 
 of the greater part of the fifteen millions, to prevent the Secretary of 
 the Treasurj' from selling an_v part of the hundred millions under his 
 authority, then, — having control of the market — to advance the price 
 of gold to a fabulous figure, sell out all which they held themselves, 
 and retire from the field of slaughtered fortunes with their accumu- 
 lated millions of spoils! Having carefully arranged all the prelimi- 
 naries, the conspirators, on the 13th of September, began their work 
 of purchasing gold, at the same time constantly advancing the price. 
 By the 22d of the month, they had succeeded in putting up tire rate 
 to a hundred and forty. On the next day the price rose to a hundred 
 and forty-four. The members of the conspiracy now boldly avowed 
 their determination 1 1 advance the rate to two hundred, and it seemed 
 that on the morrow they would put their threat into execution. On 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. I95 
 
 the morning of the 24th, known as Black Friday, tlie bidding in the 
 gold loom began wilh intense excitement. The brokers of Fisk and 
 Gould advanced the price to a hundred and fi£t\% a hundred and fifty, 
 five, and finally to a hundred and sixty, at which figure they were 
 obliged to purchase several millions by a company of mercha ts who 
 had banded themseh-es together with the determination to fight the 
 gold-gamblers to tlie last. Just at this moment caine a dispatch that 
 Secretary Boutwell had ordered a sale of four inilliohs from the sub- 
 treasury! There was an Instantaneous panic. The price of gold 
 went down twenty per cent, in less than as many ininute^! The 
 speculalors were blown away in an up. oar; but thej' managed, by 
 accumulated frauds and corruptions, /<? airr/ <?^ -vHh t/iem more than 
 eleven million dollars as tJie frui's of their nefarious g<nn>' I Several 
 months elapsed befoe the business of the country recovered from 
 the efl'ccts of tlie shock." 
 
 In March, 1S70, the work of recoiistructioa was com- 
 pleted by the readrnissioa to Congress of all the Southern 
 States. Tlie Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution 
 having been ratified by the States, was dechired to be 
 adopted. It pro\ided that "the right of the citizens of 
 tl'.e United States to vote shall not be denied, or abridged 
 by the United States, or any State, on account of race, 
 coloi, or previous condition of ser\itude." 
 
 In this year was completed the ninth census of the 
 United States. It was a work of great importance, and 
 the result presented was most encoaiaging, inasmuch as 
 many e -onomists had projjlie-ied that, owing to the dis- 
 tuiliaiice of geiicial trade and destruction of property 
 during the Cl\il War, the result would show a decrease in 
 general incica-e. Notwithstanding the ra\'ages of war 
 the last decade h:id been a period of remarkable growth 
 and progress. The population had increased over seven 
 millions. Agriculture and manufactures had grown to an 
 enormous augiegate, and were successfully competing 
 with the markets of the world. 
 
196 GENERAL U. S. GKANt'S 
 
 In January, 1S71, President Grant appointed a coUl 
 mission to visit Santo Domingo, and report upon the advis- 
 ability of annexing that island to the United States. The 
 subject had received considerable attention, and had been 
 agitated for several ye 3, and v^as earnestly advocated by 
 the President. This Commission, composed of Senator 
 Wade, of Ohio, Dr. Howe, of Massachusetts, and Prof 
 White, of New York, after a brief visit to Santo Domingo, 
 returned and reported in favor of the annexation. But so 
 much oppijsition was manifested in Congress, led by 
 Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, that it was defeated. 
 
 On the 37th of February, 1871, a joint high commis- 
 sion assembled at Washington 'to settle the claim of the 
 United States against Great Britain, growing out of the 
 depredations of the Alabama and other Confedefate pri- 
 vateers fitted out in England during the Civil War. This 
 Commission framed a treaty known as the Treaty of 
 Washington, by virhich it was agreed to refer all claims of 
 either nation to a board of arbitration to be appointed by 
 friendly nations. Such a court was formed, and met at 
 Geneva, Switzerland, on the 15th of December, 1871. 
 This tribunal was composed of five arbitrators: The Pres- 
 ident of the United States, Hei Britannic Majesty, the 
 King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation, 
 and the Emperor of Brazil. The cause of the two nations 
 was ably presented by their respective advocates, ami 
 impartially heard, and on the 14th of September, 1873, 
 decided in favor of the United States. The result was 
 that Great Britain was to pay into the Federal treasury, 
 as an indemnity for the wrong done, the sum of $ 15,000,000 
 in gold. This award was paid by Great Britain the fol- 
 lo\/mg year. 
 
LIFE AXD SHi;\MCES. 107 
 
 Another important decisioii by arlVitration in favor of 
 the United States was made by the Emp.eror William I., 
 of Germany, on the 2!st of October, 1S72, he ha^•ing 
 been selected by Great Britain and the United States as 
 arbitrator for the settlement of tlie Noi thwestern boundary 
 dispute. After hearuig the cause of each, he decided the 
 boundary in question should be a hne drawn through the 
 middle of the Canal de Haro, between A^ancouver Island 
 and the Island of San Juan, instead of the middle of 
 Rosario Straits, as demanded b\' Great Britam. By this 
 decision the United States gained the Island of San Juan. 
 In the year 1871 occurred the most memorable confla- 
 gration of modern times — the Chicago Fire. It commenced 
 on the 4th of October and continued until the 6th. It 
 spread over nearly five square miles, and resulted in an 
 immense destruction of property. The entir-e business 
 portion of the city was destroj'ed, and a great portion of 
 the residence part. The number of lives lost could never 
 be ascertained, and was variously estimated at from ^^o to 
 200. Not less than 100,000 people were renileretl home- 
 less, and many who were in affluence were rendered pen- 
 niless. The loss of property was not less than $200,000,000. 
 The immediate wants of the people were nobly met by a 
 charitjr as wide as the civilized world and absolutely prodi- 
 gal in its generosity. In 1S74, another fife of vast, if gi'eatly 
 less proportions, visited Chicago. 
 
 In 1872 Boston, too, had its "burnt district." The fire 
 laid waste the buildings covering sixty acres, in the busi- 
 ness part of the city, and destroyed pioperty valued at 
 $80,000,000. It may be added that both cities long since 
 rebuilt fully and upon a grand scale. 
 
 In the spring of 1S72 the Modoc Indians, who had been 
 
p8 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 removed from their lands in Oregon and placed on a new 
 reservation in California, left it and began depredations on 
 the frontier settlements, and kept up the war through the 
 winter, and then retreated to some nearly inaccessible fast- 
 nesses called the Lava Beds. Here they were surrounded, 
 but not subdued. On the nth of April seveial of tlie 
 Peace Commission met the Modocs, and General Canby 
 and Dr. Thomas were treacherously murdered. Mr. 
 Meacham, another member, was shot and stabbed, but 
 escaped with his life. The Modocs were at last compelled 
 to surrender, and their leader, Captain Jack, with three 
 others, were hanged in the following October. 
 
 In the year 1873 occurred another presidential election. 
 The first ticket in the field was headed by Horace Greeley, 
 who for thirty years had been a leading journalist and 
 ardent opponent of the Democratic party. He was nomi- 
 nated by the Liberal Convention. The Democratic Na- 
 tional Convention accepted him as the candidate of the 
 Democracy, in the hope that he would draw enough 
 Republican votes to elect him, and he did; but the Demo- 
 crats failed to fulfill their part of the conti'act. Many of 
 them staid away from the polls altogether. Some of them 
 united in supporting for the presidency that eminent Dem- 
 ocratic lawyer of New York, Charles O'Conor. General 
 Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming majority, and 
 with him Henry Wilson for Vice-President. Mr. Greeley 
 made a very remarkable campaign upon the policy of 
 reconciliation and good feeling between the sections. After 
 the popular election and before the meeting of the Electoral 
 Colleges of the several States, he died, and the nation was 
 once more in mourning. No American was better known 
 or more profoundly respected as a pure patriot than the 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. IQQ 
 
 founder of the New York Tribune, well called our second 
 Franklin. 
 
 In the following October occurred the panic of 1873, 
 which inaugurated a period of hard times, which continued 
 until after resumption in 1879, nearly six years. Notwith- 
 standing good crops, hard times continued year after year. 
 The general depression of business gave rise to a political 
 party which demanded a large increase in the volume of 
 currency, and deprecated any attempt to resume specie 
 payments. This Greenback party was especially hostile to 
 the national bank system. 
 
 Intense excitement throughout the country was occa- 
 sioned by the discovery of gold within the limits of the 
 reservation occupied by the Sioux Indians among the 
 Black Hills lying in the Territories of Wyoming and Da- 
 kota. A bill was passed by Congress taking away that 
 portion of their reservation lying within the Territory of 
 Dakota. The Sioux at once organized for war, and United 
 States troops were dispatched against them, led by the 
 intrepid and fearless General George A. Custer, who, push- 
 ing forward, regardless of danger, was met by an over- 
 whelming force of Sioux under Sitting Bull, and though 
 he inflicted terrible punishment upon them, be, with two 
 hundred and sixty-one men, nearly his entire force, were 
 killed June 25, 1S76. Sitting Bull and his band at once 
 retired into the British Possessions, where they were safe 
 from pursuit of the United States forces. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1875, the Territory of Colorado 
 was authorized by Congress to form a State Constitution, 
 and the following year it was ratified by the people and 
 admitted as the " Centennial State " of the Union. 
 
 The year 1876, which completed the first century of 
 
200 GKNKUAI. V. S. CHANTS 
 
 American independence, was celebrated by a grand Expo- 
 sition at Philadelpbia, at which were represented all the 
 countries of the world, cixilized and luicivilized, the most 
 successful affair of its kind exer projected. 
 
 The year 1S76 was also the year for another presi- 
 dential election. Two grovernors were the standai'd-bearers 
 of the two great parties, Rutherford ]?. Hayes, then Go\-- 
 ernor of Ohio, and Samuel J. Tilden, then Governor of 
 New York. The former was nominated as a compromise 
 candidate after a convention of memorable excitement. 
 Many wanted General Grant nomniated for a tliini term, 
 but his name was not presented in the Con\enlioii. 
 
 The campaign was so very close that each party claimed 
 the victory. Charges and counter-charges of fraud were 
 freely and fiercely made. The Repulilicans conceiled that 
 Mr. Tilden had lacked only one electoral \ote of a majorit\'. 
 There was very serious tlanger of civil war. Both parties 
 seemed ripe for bloodshed, Init finally the patriotism and 
 sagacity of a few men in Congiess seciu'cd the passage of a 
 law creating an Electoral Commission. It was conceded 
 that "I'ililen had 18 |. \-olesoutofa total of 369. The votes 
 of South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana, especially the 
 latter, were stoutly claimed by both parties. This extra- 
 constitutional and national returning-lioanl was to decide 
 the matter in dispute. The result was that Hayes received 
 the 1S5 votes, ami was duly declared elected. 
 
 Genera! Giant vacated the piesidency only upon the 
 expiration of his time, March 4, 1877. ^^^' won the admi- 
 ration and love of his countrymi'U by his great military 
 achievements, wisdom and loyalty, retaining it thiring his 
 political and public career, lie administered the govern- 
 ment with moderation, generosity, wisdom and success; he 
 
LIFE AND SEHVICES. 20I 
 
 solved with rare patriotism and intelligence the many com- 
 plicated and difficnlt questions that confronted him, and his 
 place in history will e\'er be among the foremost. 
 
 The foregoing were the principal events of General 
 Grant's administration of the Government during eight 
 years. During the time he undoubtedly made many mis- 
 takes, but they were errors of the heart rather than of the 
 mind. During the heated campaign of '73, notwithstand- 
 ing the vituperation heaped upon his head by his enemies 
 and the split in his own party, the people's faith in him 
 was undisturbed, he being re-elected by an overwhelming 
 popular majority, the greatest ever given to a presidential 
 candidate. This was regarded as a complete vindication 
 and refutal of the aspersions which had been cast upon his 
 character. In his second inaugural address he refers to 
 this subject in these words: 
 
 " From my candidacy for 1113' present office in 1868, to the close of 
 tlie last presidential campaign, I have been the subject of abuse and 
 slander, scarcely ever equaled in political history, which to-day I feel 
 I can afford to disregar^l in view of your verdict, wliich I gratefully 
 accept as my vindication." 
 
 To one who has read what General Grant has done 
 little need be said as to what manner of man he is. The 
 outline of his life shows his ability. Such achievements 
 are not the result of luck or accident. They are seldom 
 seen in historv. He has not only shown great ability, but 
 wisdom, practical sagacity and independence in the whirl 
 of extraordinary and important events which have occurred 
 at Washington and in the Soutli since the close of the war. 
 
 For some months previous to the expiration of General 
 Grant's second term of office, he felt the need of absolute 
 rest, and that he might be entirely relieved from all cares 
 
203 GENIiltAI, V. S. GHANIS 
 
 and annoyances that would necessarily reach him, even in 
 retirement, he planned a tour of the world, to occupy at 
 least two years, hoping to find the relief sought for. The 
 history of this trip, witli its unprecedented and unlooked- 
 for ovations and triumphal tour will be found of intense 
 interest to every American. 
 
 The following pages, desci'iptive of this journey, were 
 originally issued by the publishers of this volume, immedi- 
 ately after the General's return. Its insertion here will 
 not detract from the interest the reader has in this subject. 
 One of the most, if not the most, important eras in General 
 Grant's life was this absolutely unique tour. To trace this 
 journey step by step the reader is taken through the pal- 
 aces and courts of royalty, and within " sacred walls " where 
 no other American traveler ever penetrated. To witness 
 the pomp and parade of armies, exhibited for General 
 Grant's special pleasure, and to see all that is most beautiful 
 in nnture and art, will be found to possess an interest and 
 fascination that cannot be resisted, and is as readable as a 
 romance. 
 
^^z:7\% 
 
 
 c;KNF.1!AI, CllANI'S TOUR AKOUN'I) 1111'; WOKIJi. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 OFF FOR EUROPE. 
 
 On May 17th, 1877, ex-President U.S. Grant, his wile, 
 and son Jesse, sailed from Philadelphia for Europe, via 
 American Line steamer Indiana. His departure was made 
 the occasion of a great parting demonstration, in which 
 all classes of the community seemed to take a hearty and 
 enthusiastic share. The courtesies extended to him in 
 every city through which he had passed since his retire- 
 ment from the Presidency were alike creditable to those 
 who proffered, and to him who received them, and were 
 the outburst of a people who recognized his great military 
 and civil services. Before leaving the steamer that con- 
 veyed the General to the Indiana, a very interesting cere- 
 mony took place on board. In the ladies' cabin a private 
 table was spread for the distinguished guests, among whom 
 were General Grant, at the head of the table; General 
 Sherman, on his right; Mayor Stokley, of Philadelphia, 
 on his left; Honorable Hamilton Fish, Colonel Fred. 
 Grant, Honorable Zach. Chandler, Honorable Simon Cam- 
 eron, Honorable Don Cameron, and other prominent 
 military and civil officers. After luncheon. Mayor Stokley 
 arose and toasted the " honored guest of the day " in a few 
 appropriate and eulogistic remarks. General Grant replied : 
 
 "Mr. Mayor and Gkntlkmen: I had not expected 
 to make a speech to-day, and therefore can do nothing 
 more than thank you, as I have had occasion to do so often 
 
 205 
 
2<)6 OKNBRAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 within the past week. I have been only eight days in 
 Philadelphia, and have been received with such unexpect 
 ed kindness that it finds me with no words to thank you. 
 What with driving in the park, and dinners afterward, 
 and keeping it up until after midnight, and now to find 
 myself still receiving your kind hospitality, I am afraid 
 you have not left me stomach enough to cross the Atlan- 
 tic." 
 
 This was followed by short and highly complimentary 
 speeches from General Sherman, ex-Secretary Fish, ex- 
 Secrelary Chandler, ex-Secretary Robeson, ex-Senator 
 Cameron, General Bailey, Governor Hartranft, and others; 
 and go affected General Grant that he replied: 
 
 "My Dear Friends: I was not aware tnat we 
 would have so much speech-making here, or that it would 
 be necessary for me to say any more to you, but I feel that 
 the compliments you have so showered upon me were not 
 altogether deserved — that they should not all be paid to 
 me, either as a soldier or as a civil officer. As a General 
 your praises do not all belong to me — as the executive of 
 the nation they are not due to me. Tbere is no man who 
 can fill both or either of these positions without the help 
 of good men. I selected my lieutenants when I was in 
 both positions, and they were men, I believe, who could 
 have filled my place often better than I did. I never flat- 
 tered myself that I was entitled to the place you gave me. 
 My lieutenants could have acted perhaps better than I, had 
 the opportunity presented itself. Sherman could have 
 taken my place, as a soldier or in a civil office, and so could 
 Sheridan, and others I might name. I am sure if the coun- 
 try ever comes to this need again there will be men for the 
 work. There will be men born for every emergency. 
 Again I thank you, and again I bid you good-bye; and 
 once again I say that, if I had failed, Sherman or Sheri- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE ^VORLD. 
 
 207 
 
 dan, or some of my other lieutenants, would have succeed- 
 ed." 
 
 Shortly after this the General was transferred to the 
 Indiana, last good-byes were said, and the steamer pro- 
 ceeded on her way to England, arriving at Queenstown 
 May 27, without mishap, the General and party having 
 passed a delightful voyage, almost entirely free from the 
 disagreeable effects of " seasickness", that renders an 
 " ocean trip " so unpleasant. He was met by a delegation 
 of prominent city officials, and tendered the hospitalities 
 of Queenstown, with the assurance that every village and 
 hamlet of Ireland had resounded with the praises of hi« 
 name, and would welcome him with all the warmth and 
 candor of the Irish people. He replied that he could 
 not then avail himself of their hospitality, but would 
 return to Ireland within a short time. 
 
 Reaching Liverpool at half past two p. m., all the ship- 
 ping in the Liverpool docks exhibited a profuse display of 
 bunting, the flags of all nations waving along the seven 
 miles of water front. An immense crowd was. gathered 
 on the docks to welcome the ex-President, and he landed 
 amid cheers such as must have reminded him ot the days 
 directly after the war, when he was received by New York 
 and other American cities. The Mayor of Liverpool read 
 him an address of welcome, saluting him as an illustrious 
 statesman and soldier, and when the ex-President modestly 
 and in a few brief words acknowledged the honor done 
 him, and expressed the very great pleasure he had from 
 his reception, new cheers burst forth and a great crowd 
 followed his carriage to the hotel. 
 
 The judgment of strangers resembles somewhat the 
 judgment of posterity. As he is regarded in European 
 countries, so, doubtless, he will stand in history, when the 
 bitterness and the littleness of partisan strife have passed 
 
,r>S GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 away, and his real services to his country and his real char- 
 acter are better understood. But in spite of partisan bitter- 
 ness and personal opposition, such as a man of his positi-ve 
 character, placed in the most difficult position in the world, 
 and kept there during eight long j-ears, could not fail to 
 arouse, nothing is more certain than that General Grant 
 has to-day a larger share of the gratitude and the affection 
 of the American people than any other of our public mer. 
 No matter how widely men may have differed firom him, 
 no matter how they may have opposed him, if they are 
 really Americans, and if they are manly and patriotic men, 
 in their hearts they w^ish well to the man who led our 
 armies to victory; whose firm will saved the Union, and 
 who — no matter what they may think his errors during 
 his Prpsidency — entered political life against his will, and 
 at the demand of the people gave up the great and per- 
 manent position the nation had given him, to serve it in a 
 new and to him untried and unwelcome field; and who, 
 during sixteen long and weary years, stood at his post of 
 duty unrelieved and wthout rest. 
 
 It is a fact not generally remembered, that Grant's great 
 lieutenants in the war — Sherman, Sheridan and Farragut 
 — all enjoyed the "vacation in Europe" which they had 
 so well earned. To General Grant, their honored chief, 
 alone, was rest denied. The country required of him, and 
 him alone, that he should derange all his plans m life, 
 that he should put off the period of rest which he coveted 
 and which he had earned, that he should even surrender 
 the place at the head of the armies, to which he was ap- 
 pointed amid the plaudits of the people, in order contin- 
 uously to serve them. Few men of such arduous and 
 conspicuous services have had so long and difficult a tom 
 of duty imposed upon them. Republics are said to be un- 
 grateful, but our own is not so entirely cold and devoid of 
 gratitude that men do not feel a keen sense of gratilicatioii 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 209 
 
 when they see their faithful and tired servant taking his 
 ease at last, and receiving in foreign lands the honors and 
 the respect to which his remarkable career so eminently 
 entitle him. 
 
 To the statesmen and soldiers whom he will meet, even 
 more than to the general mass, he will be an object of 
 great curiosity. Except Field Marshal Von Moltke, no 
 general of our davs has commanded and Avielded such 
 masses of men ; no general whom he will meet can boast 
 of a more brilliantly conceived or a more daringly exe- 
 cuted campaign than that of Vicksburg ; no one of them 
 has had the control of so vast a field of war as he, and 
 surely none has seen hotter fire than Grant withstood in 
 the desperate days of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and 
 Cold Harbor. In every country in Europe which he may 
 visit, lie will find distinguished military chiefs who have 
 studied his c.anipaigns, who know how to appreciate the 
 dogged courage of Shiloh, the brilliant audacity of Vicks- 
 burg, the genius which recovered an imperilled position 
 before Chattanooga, the indomitable perseverance of the 
 Virginia campaigns, and the broad and comprehensive view 
 which enabled him to plan the operations of armies 
 stretched across half a continent. 
 
 Nor will distinguished cixilians be less eager to hear his 
 voice and to scrutinize his features, for they will remem- 
 ber that he acted a foremost part in many of the most 
 notable events of the century; they will see in him the 
 supporter and right hand of Lincoln in the emancipation 
 of the slaves, the restorer of peace, the general who re- 
 turned a million of soldiers to peaceful industries, the ruler 
 of the American republic during eight years of extraordi- 
 nary political turbulence. 
 
 All the journals of the city next day appeared with 
 highly complimentary editorials, assuring General Grant 
 of a generous hospitality. The Daily News said that 
 
2 10 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 " General Grant was unquestionably the greatest soldier 
 living." The General and Mrs. Grant had a perfect round 
 of festivities at Liverpool. Hurried visits were made to 
 all points of interest, visiting and examining the docks of 
 the city, enlisting great interest from General Grant in the 
 magnificent dock system, and, contrasted with the system 
 of piers in the United States, he admitted the superiority 
 of these supurb and substantial structures over those of 
 the East and North rivers. 
 
 The party returned to the city, and were driven to the 
 town hall to lunch with the Mayor and other civic digni- 
 taries. This building is one of the most interesting in the 
 city, and the figure of Britannia, looking abroad from the 
 summit of the great dome, reminds the visitor of the now 
 celebrated Hermann monument in Germany. The ex- 
 President was escorted to the reception saloon, and subse- 
 quently examined the portraits of former mayors and 
 wealthy merchants, who have long since passed away; 
 the famous Chantry statues of Canning and Roscoe, and 
 the elegant tapestry with which the various saloons are 
 fitted up. 
 
 Lunch was prepared. Covers were laid for fifty, the 
 table being beautifully decorated with choice flowers and 
 ornaments in confection, suggestive of very elaborate pre- 
 paration. Among those present, were the Mayor, the 
 Mayoress, members of the city council, one member of 
 parliament, the City Solicitor and several prominent mer- 
 chants. Mrs. Grant sat on the left of the Mayor, and our 
 ex-President on his right. The repast was served immedi- 
 ately the guests assembled, and was a most enjoyable affair. 
 
 At the conclusion of lunch, the Mayor arose and pro- 
 posed the health of the Queen, in accordance with the 
 tradition which places English majesty first on all state 
 and festive occasions. This was drank standing. The 
 host next proposed the health of " General and ex-Presi- 
 
TOUR AKOUND THE WORLD 21! 
 
 dent Grant, the distinguished soldier and statesman pres- 
 ent," remarking that it would be unnecessary for him to 
 repeat the earnestness of their welcome, their desire to 
 draw closer the bonds of friendship between the two great- 
 est commercial nations in the world, and especially to honor 
 the hero of a hundred battles, whose courage and skill 
 challenged their admiration. 
 
 Grant responded with unusual gayety of manner, 
 acknowledging the pleasure with which he received their 
 constant manifestations of good will, believing that ulti- 
 mately the bonds of union must be strengthened between 
 the two countries. He excused himself from an extended 
 reply. During the luncheon, the streets leading to the town 
 hall were packed with spectators. 
 
 General Grant afterw^ard visited the exchange and news- 
 rooms, where he was received with great enthusiasm. 
 Leaving Liverpool for Manchester, May 30, immense 
 crowds gathered along the route, and the stations were 
 beautifully decorated, the American flag being everywhere 
 prominent. Arriving at Manchester at eleven o'clock, he 
 was received by the Mayor and Aldermen and a tremen- 
 dous crowd of citizens, who manifested their enthusiasm by 
 continued cheering. The Mayor's speech was quite lengthy, 
 and referred feelingly to a similar occasion, when, in 1S63, 
 the ship Griswold brought a cargo of provisions to the 
 suflfering operatives of the city, who had been thrown out 
 of employment, owing to the failure of the cotton crop 
 from the South. This address was followed by a laudatory 
 and congratulatory address by Sir John Heron, recalling the 
 kind expressions which the Queen's birthday had evoked 
 in America. He hoped for a constant increase of the exist- 
 ing good feeling, and trusted that the visit of the ex-Presi- 
 dent would ultimately lead to free commercial intercourse 
 between England and the United States. 
 
 The General, who had listened to the addresses with 
 
3 13 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 that quiet composure of manner peculiar to him — •» 
 unmoved, though the target of thousands of eyes, as though 
 alone — rising, acknowledged the presentation. " It is 
 scarcely possible for me," he said, " to give utterance to tne 
 feelings evoked by my reception upon your soil from the 
 moment of my arrival in Liverpool, where I have passed 
 a couple of days, until the present moment. After the 
 scene which I have witnessed in your streets, the elements 
 of greatness, as manifested in your public and industrial 
 buildings, I may be allowed to say, that no person could be 
 the recipient of the honor and attention you have bestowed 
 upon me, without the profoundest feelings. Such have 
 been incited in me, and I find myself inadequate to their 
 proper expression. It was my original purpose on my 
 arrival in Liverpool to hasten to London, and from thence 
 proceed to visit the various points of interest in the co»m- 
 try. Among these I have regarded Manchester as the 
 most important. As I have been aware for years of the 
 great amount of your manufactures, many of which find 
 their ultimate destination in my own country, so I am aware 
 that the sentiments of the arreat mass of the people of Man- 
 chester went out in sympathy to that country, during the 
 mighty struggle, in which it fell to my lot to take some 
 humble part. The expressions of the people of Manchester 
 at the time of the great trial, incited within the breasts 
 of my countrymen a feeling of friendship tow^ard them, 
 distinct from that felt toward all England; and in that 
 spirit 1 accept, on the part of my country, the cornpliments 
 paid me as its represeatative, and thank you." 
 
 After General Grant had concluded his address ot 
 thanks, luncheon was served in the large banquet hall. 
 Toasts to the Queen and the Prince of Wales were pro- 
 posed and drank with all the honors. The Mayor of Man- 
 chester responded to each in loyal speeches. The health of 
 President Hayes was then proposed, and was received with 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 215 
 
 enthusiasm. Mr. Newton Crane, United States consul to 
 Manchester, responded amid applause. After these form- 
 alities, the Mayor of Manchester proposed the health of 
 General Grant, amid the plaudits of the assemblage. 
 
 General Grant replied, with a humorous twinkle in his 
 eye, that Englishmen had got more speeches and of greater 
 length out of him than his own countrymen; but they 
 were poorer, because they were longer than he was accus- 
 tomed to make. He warmly returned thanks for the 
 reception he had received at the hands of the people of 
 Manchester, and concluded his remarks by proposing the 
 health of the Mayoress and the ladies. The Mayor replied 
 in suitable terms. 
 
 Mr. Jacob Bright, M. P., being called upon for a 
 speech, said : "No guest so distinguished has ever before 
 visited Manchester. General Grant is a brave soldier, and 
 he has pursued a generous, pacific policy toward the ene- 
 mies he had conquered. He should be honored and beloved, 
 and deserves the hearty reception he will receive through- 
 out the realm." After the banquet, the General was intro- 
 duced to the assemblage, and a general hand-shaking fol- 
 lowed. In the evening he visted the Theatre Royal, and 
 spent a short time at the Prince's Theatre. His reception 
 at both places was very enthusiastic. 
 
 The journey from Manchester to London was marked 
 by hearty greetings and welcomes at the several stations, 
 and imposing demonstrations were made at Leicester and 
 Bedford, as the handsomely decorated cars reached those 
 places. To some of the addresses that were made to him, 
 General Grant replied with an ease and sincerity which, 
 no doubt, made our British cousins wonder how he came 
 by his title of the "silent president." The secret lies, prob- 
 ably, in the fact that the General detests forms and shams 
 and political intrigue, and he had good reasons for his taci- 
 turnity when he found himself surrounded by politicians 
 
314 OBNKRAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 whom his judgment told him it was dangerous to trust. 
 His w^elcome in England was a genuine outpouring of a 
 nation's respect and admiration, and as such General Grant 
 received it, and responded to it with an unembarrassed and 
 earnest sincerity. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN LONDON. 
 
 General Grant arrived at the terminus of the Midland 
 Railway (St. Pancras Station), London, June i, where he 
 was met hy Minister Pierrepont, in behalf of the United 
 States, and Lord Vernon. Huge crowds thronged the 
 entrance to the station, and cheered loudly, but there 
 were no speeches. General Grant and party at once 
 entered Minister Pierrepont's carriage, and were driven 
 rapidly down Tottenham Court Road into Oxford street, 
 thence to the residence of the American Minister. During 
 the afternoon he was introduced to the Prince of Wales, it 
 being his first visit of importance since reaching the city. 
 
 The following day General Grant, Prince of Wales, 
 Duke of Cambridge, Lord Dudley, Lord Eicho, the Duke 
 of Hamilton, the German Ambassador, Count Munster, 
 and a number of Peers, left London by rail to witness 
 the races at Epsom. Returning to London, General 
 Grant was entertained at a grand banquet at Apsley House, 
 given in his honor by the Duke of Wellington. It was 
 a splendid and hearty reception. The guests were Mrs. 
 and General Grant, Count and Countess Gleichen, Lord 
 and Lady Abercromby, Lord and Lady Churchill, Mar- 
 quises Tweeddale, Sligo and Ailesbury, Earl Roden, Vis 
 count Torrington, Lords George Paget, Calthorpe, Hough- 
 ton, Strathnairn, the Marchioness of Hertford, Countess 
 of Hardwicke, Countess of Bradford, Lady Wellesley, 
 Lady Emily Peel and Lady Skelmersdale, Miss Wellesley, 
 
 215 
 
2l6 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 and a number of others well known to the London world 
 of high social life. ^ 
 
 The banquet was served up in the famous Waterloo 
 Chamber, where the old Iron Duke loved to meet the war 
 generals of 1815 °" ^^^ ^^^^ of June every year, and cele- 
 brate the anniversary of the great battle which forever 
 closed the fortunes of Napoleon Bonaparte. Here, over- 
 looking Hyde Park and within view of his own statute at 
 the entrance to the park at Hyde Park corner, the old 
 Duke presided over the annual banquet, reviewing the 
 events of the momentous times when the supremacy of 
 Great Britain was hanging in the balance, with strong 
 probabilities of the scale turning against her. The Water- 
 loo Chamber has been closed a good deal since the death 
 of Arthur Wellesley, for the present Duke and Duchess 
 have spent most of their time when in England at the 
 lovely estate in Winchelsea, which was presented to the 
 eminent soldier by the Crown after the close of the great 
 European wars. 
 
 The present owner of the estates and titles of Welling- 
 ton is a quiet, unassuming gentleman, who loves the fine 
 arts, is a writer of ability, fishes in his lake at Winchelsea, 
 and, during the season in London, patronizes the clubs. He 
 is Lord of the Manor of Surrey, appoints the justices 
 of the peace and attends to the poor. He is a member of 
 the House of Lords, of course, but he has rarely done more 
 than record his vote on such extraordinary occasions as 
 the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, and mat- 
 ters affecting the autonomy in his party. The Duchess is 
 considered one of the handsomest ladies in Europe, and has 
 always been a great favorite with Queen Victoria. As a 
 lady in waiting, she attends Her Majesty on all state occa- 
 sions. Hence the tastes and desires of the Duke and 
 Duchess have lead them to neglect Apsley House to some 
 extent 
 
TOUR AROUND THB WORLD. 
 
 '7 
 
 This Waterloo Chamber still contains some of the fine 
 old paintings which were hung upon the walls by the first 
 Duke. For instance, there is the celebrated painting, " Sign- 
 ing the treaty of Westphalia," where the commander-in- 
 chief is the central figure of a galaxy of generals, such as 
 has seldom been gathered together since. A magnificent 
 life-size portrait of Napoleon, Landseer's " Van Amburgh 
 and the Lions," Correggio's " Christ on the Mount of 
 Olives," on a panel, and full length portraits of foreign 
 sovereigns and notabilities, by Velasquez, Wilkie and 
 Teniers, are in the saloons adjoining. Tiie Duke was look- 
 ing out of the main window overlooking the park at the 
 time the house was mobbed by the reformers whom he 
 opposed. 
 
 It was a dramatic incident, that the conqueror of Lee 
 should meet in this revered chamber the descendant of the 
 conqueror of Napoleon the Great. General Grant was 
 given precedence in the honors of the evening, escorting 
 the Duchess of Wellington to supper, and afterward escort- 
 ing her to the reception, at which were present the Duke 
 and Duchess of Cleveland, the Duke and Duchess of Suth- 
 erland, the Duke and Duchess of Manchester, and many 
 of those already mentioned above. 
 
 There were no speeches of note at the supper, which 
 was a quiet though brilliant affair. The grand gaseliers 
 lit up the magnificent hall and the lovely damasks and 
 laces, and revealed the wealth of gold and silver and the 
 flowers and confections of the table. 
 
 General Grant attended divine service on the 3d in 
 Westminster Abbey. An eloquent sermon was preached 
 by Dean Stanley, from Genesis xxvii. 38. In the course 
 of his sermon he alluded to ex-President Grant, saying, 
 " that in the midst of the congregation there was one of 
 the chiefest citizens of the United States, who had just laid 
 down his sceptre of the American commonwealth, who, 
 
2l8 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 by his military prowess and generous treatment of his com- 
 rades and adversaries, had restored unity to his country. 
 We welcome him as a sign and pledge that the two great 
 kindred nations are one in heart, and are equally at home 
 under this fraternal roof Both regard with reverential 
 affection this ancient cradle of their common life." 
 
 Although the Duke of Wellington was the first to 
 exhibit to a circle of admirers the great lion of the season, 
 yet it was only possible for him to make a restricted use of 
 his triumph in favor of the type of humanity that can be 
 invited to a ducal mansion. The real introduction of the 
 ex-President to the world of Londoners was made on the 
 5th, by the American Minister, in a reception so brilliant 
 that all occasions of the sort which have hitherto shonf 
 in the annals of our legations aoroad will become a prey 
 to " dumb forgetfulness." In each one of the engage- 
 ments scored for a month ahead, the ex-President met 
 some one set of English society — men of this or that 
 party or shade of opinion, men of science or of letters, 
 army men or navy men — but at the legation, and presentcil 
 by the American Minister, he had an opportunity to make 
 the acquaintance of English society, without regard to the 
 lines which divide it into so many coteries, and saw at its 
 best that average quantity of the London world which 
 he could never get at one view save on some such neutral 
 ground as our Minister's parlors. The reception at Min- 
 ister Pierrepont's was immensely successful. The lega- 
 tion in Cavendish Square was interiorly decorated with 
 the grandest profusion of flowers, with the grand old 
 American flag over all. Since the announcement was 
 made that the Minister would receive the ex-President, 
 Mrs. Pierrepont had been overwhelmed with requests for 
 invitations, and out of lier good nature acceded, until the 
 number of cards out guaranteed perhaps a greater throng 
 than would ordinarily be comfortable. But, after all, what 
 
TOUR AROUND THK WORLD. 210 
 
 is a reception without a crusii? Despite the immense 
 crowd, especially of on-lookers, in Cavendish Square, 
 there was not the slightest confusion. Carriages rolled 
 up, occupants moved out and up into the mansion, with 
 that absence of surrounding noise and shouting that char- 
 acterizes your true reception where the ton is bon and the 
 servants well drilled. 
 
 On entering, the guests, were shown into the cloak 
 rooms, on the ground floor, where wraps w^ere left and a 
 last glance in the mirrors taken. Who, even a philoso- 
 pher, disdains that last reflective glance? 
 
 On ascending the drawing-room floor, the guests were 
 announced in the small ante-room where stood Mrs. 
 Pierrepont, General Grant, Colonel Badeau, Mrs. Grant, 
 and Mr. Fierreponc, in the order given. 
 
 General Grant was attired in plain evening dress, which 
 was conspicuous in its plainness amid the stars, garters 
 and ribbons worn by many of lesser note; even the Jap- 
 anese Minister was more gorgeous. As for the Chinese 
 Embassy, no tea chest ever equalled their curious splendor. 
 
 Mrs. Grant wore a toilet of claret-coloied stamped vel- 
 vet, and cream satin, high-necked, and with long sleeves. 
 
 Mrs. Pierrepont was clad in an elaborate costume of 
 scarlet and black. 
 
 Among the English notables present, were the Lord 
 Chancellor, the Dukes of Leeds and Bedford, the Marquises 
 of Salisbury and Hertford, the Earls of Derby, Belmore, 
 Longford, Dunravan, Ducie, Caithness and Shaftesbury, 
 Lord Airey, General Probyn, Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone, 
 with peers and peeresses innumerable. 
 
 Every American resident responded to the Minister's 
 invitation. The Morgans and the Feabodys, Mr. James 
 McHenry, Chevalier WikofF, Mr. G. W. Smalley, Chief 
 Justice Shea, Mr. Moncure D. Conway, Mr. Newton Crane, 
 Consul at Manchester, Mrs. Fairchild, Mrs. Julia Ward 
 
23() i;K.\]iRAL U. =>. GItA.VTS 
 
 Howe and her daughter Maud, Mr. and Mrs. Ives, Mrs. 
 Hicks and Miss Nannie Schomberg, were among the most 
 prominent. 
 
 The immense majority of the dresses of the ladies 
 were in excellent taste, and none w^ere censurable. The 
 American belles carried away the palm for style and beauty, 
 as they usually do on such occasions. 
 
 At half-past twelve Mrs. Pierrepont and General Grant 
 came down stairs, and, standing in the lower hall, bade 
 farewell to the parting guests, while Mrs. Grant, Mr. 
 Pierrepont and Colonel Badeau took up position in a separ- 
 ate room, the amiable Secretary of Legation, Mr. William 
 J. Hoppin, hovering over one and all. The children of 
 both nations left the legation with a feeling that the tie be- 
 tween them had been strengthened in the generous hospi- 
 tality of the American representative and the cordial 
 response of England's best and greatest. 
 
 On the 6th, General Grant dined with the Earl Car- 
 narvon, and in the evening attended the royal concert at 
 Buckingham Palace; on the yth, dined with Lord Hough- 
 ton ; on the Sth, with the Marquis of Hertford, where he 
 met about fifty of the members of the house of lords, and 
 in the evening a grand reception tendered by General 
 Badeau, in Beaufort Gardens. Here his reception was 
 brilliant, and only eclipsed by that of Minister Pierrepont. 
 When General Grant arrived, a distinguished company had 
 already assembled in the drawing-room, by whom he was 
 most warmly greeted. Among the first to welcome him 
 was Mr. Gladstone, who appeared to take great interest in 
 American affairs. 
 
 As General Grant moved about the saloon, he encoun- 
 tered Lord Northbrooke, Lord Fitzwilliam, Lord O'Hagan, 
 Sir Charles Dilke, Sir James Colville, Viscount Reid- 
 haven. Sir Patrick and Lady Grant, who claim some kind 
 of kinship with our illustrious countryman; the Lord 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 37 ( 
 
 Bishop of Bristol and Gloucester, Jacob and Mrs. Bright, 
 Mr. Kinglake, Tom Hughes, who has become almost a 
 hero to Americans; Mr. Macmillan, the publisher of the 
 celebrated magazine bearing his name; Mr. Walter, pro- 
 prietor of the Tijnes ; Mr. Bothwick, of the Morning 
 Post^ and Baron Reuter. 
 
 On the 9th, General Grant attended a reception at the 
 Hertford mansion, having lunched with Lord Granville 
 previously. On the nth, he was at his daughter's, Mrs. 
 Sartoris, remaining until the 15th, when occurred the 
 grand reception by the corporation of London, at which 
 time he was made an honorary citizen, and presented with 
 the freedom of the city. 
 
 The presentation of the freedom of the city of London 
 is always an event of importance. It is no common honor. 
 The greatest heroes and the proudest monarchs have been 
 reckoned among the " freemen." George IIL, who always 
 expressed a supreme contempt for ordinary matters and 
 mortals, had to acknowledge that the city of London could 
 bestow a franchise more valuable than all the knighthoods 
 and baubles of the crown. Since his day hundreds of men, 
 whose works will ever be regarded as the gems of history 
 — statesmen, scientists, lawyers, merchants, princes — have 
 been recorded in the grand old book which is prized by 
 the corporation of London more than all the privileges and 
 immunities granted by the government. George Peabody, 
 the noble and benevolent American merchant, whose name 
 is ever uttered by the poor of the English metropolis with 
 affectioiiatereverence, was made a freeman. General Gari- 
 baldi, the liberator of Italy and the father of Italian unity, 
 received the same privilege. The Shah of Persia, the Sul- 
 tan of Turkey, the Czar of Russia, Prince Leopold of 
 Belgium, Napoleon III., General Blucher and M. Thiers 
 were also presented with the rights, privileges and immu 
 
233 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 nities of the dwellers within " ye Bis!iopsf,r.Ue " and Temple 
 Bar. 
 
 It has often been asked, What is the freedom of the 
 city of London? It is simply this — a small slip of parch- 
 ment, inscribed with the name and titles of the person to 
 whom it is to be presented, guarantees to the holder and 
 his children after him forever the right to live and trade 
 within the city prescribed by St. Clements in the west, 
 Bishopsgate in the cast, Pentonville on the north, and the 
 shores of the Thames on the south, without having to pay 
 a tax on the goods as they are brought through the gates. 
 It exempts them from naval and military service, and tolls 
 and duties throughout the United Kingdom. It insures to 
 his children the care of the Chamberlain, who, in case they 
 are left orpnans, taKes cnarge of their property and admin- 
 isters it in their interest until they arrive at years of matu- 
 rity. The parchment bears the seal and signature of the 
 Lord Mayor and Chamberlain, and is generally ornamented 
 with ribbon, and illuminated. It is always enclosed in a 
 long, thin gold box, and is intended, of course, as an heir- 
 loom. 
 
 When the corporation have decided to confer the parch- 
 ment upon any distinguished individual, he is notified in the 
 old-fashioned style by the City Chamberlain, whose missive 
 begins, " You are hereby commanded to appear in the 
 common hall," etc., naming the date when the city fathers 
 will be present. He is met in the common hall by the 
 Mayor and Councillors. The City Chamberlain informs him 
 that the city has decided to confer upon him the privileo-es 
 of a free citizen, and makes an address, usually applauda- 
 tory of the special services or merits of the individual. The 
 recipient signs his name in the Clerk's book, and this offi- 
 cial and the City Chamberlain then sign their names beneath, 
 guarantors or " compurgators," becoming, according to the 
 
TOL'K AKOU.NU TllH WOULD, 222 
 
 rule, responsible for his acts as a citizen. The recipient 
 then steps forward, the oath is administered by the Cham- 
 berlain, who demands that he shall be in all and every 
 respect true and loyal to the interests of the city ; he shakes 
 hands with the Mayor, Chamberlain, Clerk and Councillors, 
 and the gold box is committed to his care. 
 
 The reception was a complete success. It was a his- 
 torical event in the history of two great nations. The 
 event excited unusual |_interest, even in cynical London. 
 The day was sunny and clear, being what many of the 
 spectators called " Queen's weather." 
 
 General Grant arrived most unostentatiously in the 
 private carriage of the American Minister, accompanied 
 by his wife, Jesse (his son), Mr. and Mrs. Pierrepont ane" 
 General Badeau. Ten thousand spectators crowded to the 
 edge of the barricades and greeted him with that heart) 
 cheering peculiar to the English when they desire to wel 
 come a stranger of distinction. 
 
 Just as much enthusiasm was manifested as on the occa 
 sion of the visits of the Shah, four years before, and when 
 Garibaldi took the Emperor of the French by surprise and 
 accepted an ovation such as will never be forgotten by 
 those who witnessed it at the Mansion House. 
 
 As Grant alighted, he was met by a deputation ol 
 London Aldermen, arrayed in their gorgeous crimson 
 robes and with the gold chains of office glittering in the 
 sunlight. As he passed on into the corridor, a company of 
 the City Guards and Yeomen presented arms and the 
 crowd again gave a long cheer. It was a brilliant scene. 
 
 The distinguished party were then escorted into the 
 library. Here the scene became bew^ildering in its antique 
 splendor. The stately hall, with its stately alcoves lined 
 with books, and its many colored windows which blushed in 
 the golden sunlight, the ladies attired in their variegated 
 spring toilets, the Aldermen in scarlet and the Counc'ilmen 
 
3^4 GH>fERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 in their mazarine robes, all presented an ensemble at once 
 charming and inspiring. The band played " Hail Colum- 
 bia " as the party entered. 
 
 General Grant walked in a dignified and self-possessed 
 manner toward the Mayor's chair, and took a seat to the 
 left of the dais, amid the most cordial cheering. The 
 City Chamberlain arose, and read the formal address on 
 behalf of the Mayor, tendering to the General the right 
 hand of fellowship, and referring at length to the fact that 
 he was the first President of the American Republic who 
 had been elevated to the dignity of citizenship of the city 
 of London. 
 
 Alluding to the kindness extended by America to the 
 Prince of Wales and Prince Arthur, he said the corpor- 
 ation received General Grant, desiring to compliment the 
 General and the country in his person by conferring on him 
 the honorary freedom of their ancient city, a freedom exist- 
 ing eight centuries before his ancestors landed on Ply- 
 mouth Rock — nay, even before the time of the Norman 
 Conqueror. London, in conferring the honor, recognized 
 the distinguished mark he has left on American history, 
 his magnanimity, his triumphs and his consideration for his 
 vanquished adversaries. It also recognized the conciliatory 
 policy of his administration. 
 
 They, the corporation, fervently hoped he would enjoy 
 his visit to England; that he might live long, and be 
 spared to witness the two great branches of the Anglo- 
 Saxon family go on in their career of increasing amity and 
 mutual respect, in an honest rivalry fc^r the advancement 
 of the peace, the liberty and the morality of mankind. 
 
 In conclusion, the speaker said: "Nothing now remains, 
 General, but that I should present to you an illuminated 
 copy of the resolution of this honorable court, for the 
 reception of which an appropriate casket is preparing, and, 
 finally, to offer you, in the name of this honorable court, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 335 
 
 the right hand of fellowship as a citizen of London." 
 The Chamberlain then shook General Grant's right hand 
 amid loud cheering. 
 
 Grant arose, and very briefly and appropriately thanked 
 the court for the distinguished honor, and then signed his 
 name to the roll of honor, with the Clerk and Chamberlain 
 as compurgators. 
 
 The gold casket, containing the freedom of the city, is 
 in the cinque cento style, oblong,, the corners mounted by 
 American eagles, and beautifully decorated. On the 
 reverse side is a view of the entrance to the Guildhall, and 
 an appropriate inscription. At the ends are two figures, 
 also in gold, finely modeled and chased, representing the 
 city of London and the United States, and bearing their 
 respective shields, the latter executed in rich enamel. At 
 the corners are double columns laurel wreathed with com 
 and cotton, and on the cover a cornucopia, emblematic of 
 the fertility and prosperity of the United States. The 
 rose, shamrock and thistle are also introduced. The cover 
 is surmounted by the arms of the city of London. The 
 casket is supported by American eagles, modeled and 
 chased in gold, the whole standing on a velvet plinth deco- 
 rated with stars and stripes. 
 
 The company then proceeded to the banqueting hall, 
 where seats had been provided for one thousand guests. 
 The Lord Mayor presided. At his right sat General and 
 Mrs. Grant, Minister and Mrs. Pierrepont, General 
 Badeau and Jesse Grant. 
 
 Among the distinguished guests present, were Sir Staf- 
 ford Northcote, Lord and Lady Tenderden, Mr. Stans- 
 field, Mr. A. E. Foster, several peers prominent in the 
 house of lords, a number of the members of the house of 
 commons, consuls, merchants, and other citizens of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 The room was decorated with miniature English and 
 
»i26 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'* 
 
 American flags, and the tables presented an interesting 
 and artistic appearance. 
 
 After the dejeuner^ the toastmaster, dressed in a gor- 
 geous silk sash formed of stars and stripes, arose, and the 
 bugle sounded. The first toast was "The Queen," the sec- 
 ond was " The Health of General Grant," which was 
 received by the guests standing, and amid great cheering. 
 
 The Lord Mayor then said : "I, as chief magistrate 
 of the city of London, and on the part of the corporation, 
 offer you as hearty a w^elcome as the sincerity of language 
 can convey. Your presence here, as the late President of 
 the United States, is especially gratifying to all classes of 
 the community, and we feel that, although this is your first 
 visit to England, it is not a stranger we" greet, but a tried 
 and honored friend. Twice occupying, as you did, the 
 exalted position of President of the United States, and, 
 therefore, one of the foremost representatives of that coun- 
 try, we confer honor upon ourselves by honoring you. Let 
 me express both the hope and the belief that, w^hen you 
 take your departure, you will feel that many true friends 
 of yours personally, and also of your countrymen, have 
 been left behind. I have the distinguished honor to pro- 
 pose to your health. May you long live to enjoy the best 
 of health and unqualified happiness." 
 
 General Grant's reply was made with deep emotion, and 
 was simply to return his thanks for the unexpected bono: 
 paid him, and his desire to say much more for their brilliant 
 reception than he could express. 
 
 " The United States " was coupled with the name of 
 Mr. Pierrepont, who responded in a happy speech, com- 
 plimenting Grant and England. The final toast was " The 
 city of London," and responded to by the Lord Mayor. 
 The company then dispersed with "three cheers for Gen- 
 eral Grant and the United States." 
 
 After leaving the Guildhall, the company proceeded 
 

 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 237 
 
 to the Mansion House, at the corner of what was once 
 the famous Bucklesbury and Poultry. Here they took 
 coffee with the Mayor. 
 
 Then the Mayor's state carriage was ordered, and they 
 drove over to S3'denham to the crystal palace, arriving at 
 the main entrance at half past four o'clock p. m. They 
 were received with the most boisterous enthusiasm. There 
 were at least thirty thousand persons present. A tour ot 
 the vast building was rapidly made, the party dining in the 
 wiest wing. General Grant avoided all demonstrations 
 made by the crowd. When darkness set in, Grant was 
 escorted to the place of honor in the Queen's corridor of the 
 palace, where he remained for some time smoking and 
 chatting with his friends and their ladies. 
 
 A grand display of fireworks took place during the 
 evening. The principal pyrotechnic display pieces were 
 the portrait of Grant and the capitol at Washington, which 
 were received with prolonged cheers. 
 
 At about eleven o'clock the demonstration finished, 
 and the party returned to town in their carriages. Gen- 
 eral Grant, on parting with the Mayor, expressed his ex- 
 treme gratification and pleasure. 
 
 On the 1 6th, General and Mrs. Grant dined with the 
 Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise, at Kensington 
 castle; on the i8th, at breakfast with Mr. George W. 
 Smalley, correspondent New York Tribune. Everything 
 was recherche., and the company of the choicest. Among 
 the guests were Professor Huxley, the scientist; Matthew 
 Arnold, Sir Charles Dilkc, Sir Frederick Pollock, Robert 
 Browning, A. W. Kinglake, Anthony Trollope, Tom 
 Hughes, Meredith Townsend, Frank Hill, Right Honorable 
 James Stanfield, and many others. 
 
 In the evening General Grant was the guest of the 
 Reform club, Earl Granville presiding. The party num- 
 bered forty, and represented the liberal ideas which the club 
 
22^ c;p:Nfc:iiAL u. s. (grant's 
 
 • 
 sets itself the task of embodying. The dinner itself WM 
 
 among the finest ever given in London, the cuisine of thu 
 
 association of liberal gentlemen being celebrated all over 
 
 the world, and free from all danger of its cic/" ever being 
 
 calleil on to fight for his reputation in the courts, as the 
 
 Napoleon of the soup tureen who composes banquets for 
 
 a rival club was obliged to do of late. The table was a 
 
 picture in itself, not to speak of the good things between 
 
 the top and bottom of the men24. 
 
 Earl Granville, as soon as the cloth was removed, pro- 
 posed the health of Her Majesty the Queen. To this the 
 Right Honorable William E. Forster responded in a 
 singularly eloquent speecli. In the course of his remarks 
 he referred to the great services of General Grant in the 
 cause of human freedom. He dwelt with particular em- 
 phasis upon the importance to civilization of the cultivation 
 of amicable relations between the two great countries, Eng- 
 land and the United States. With great felicity he pictured 
 the results of such a state of friendliness, and elicited con- 
 tinued clieering. Passing on to a more practical branch of 
 his subject, he amplified upon the opportunities for ad- 
 vancement to the human race, which a hearty concord 
 between the two nations would give. He saw in it the ac- 
 celeration of discoveries in every branch of science, the 
 material progress of the masses and the setting up of loftier 
 standards of priv-ite taste and public virtue. 
 
 Earl Granville proposed the health of "the Illustrious 
 Statesman and Warrior, General Ulysses S. Grant," al- 
 luding in the course of his pithy speech to the beneficent 
 results accruing to both nations from the settlement of the 
 Alabama Claims. " England and America," he said, "nay, 
 civilization throughout the universe, recognize in General 
 Grant one of those extraordinary instruments of Divine 
 Providence bestowed in its beneficence to the human race." 
 
 Upon rising to reply, General Grant was greeted with 
 

 I . I 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WOHI-D. 
 
 329 
 
 a perfect storm of applause. " I am overwhelmed," he 
 said, "with the kindaess shown by Englishmen to me 
 and expressed to America. I regret that I am unable ade- 
 quately to express, even with the temptation to do so of 
 the omnipresent enterprise of the New York Herald 
 [cheers] — to express my thanks for the manifold fraternal 
 courtesies I have received. Words would fail, especially 
 within the limitations of a public speech, to express my 
 feelings in this regard. I hope, when an opportunity is 
 offered me of calmer and more deliberate moments, to put 
 on record my grateful recognition of the fraternal senti- 
 ments of the English people, and the desire of America to 
 render an adequate response." " The speech of Earl Gran- 
 ville," he continued, " has inspired thoughts in my bosom 
 which it is impossible for me adequately to present. Never 
 have I lamented so much as now my poverty in phrases to 
 give due expression to my affection for the mother country." 
 
 General Grant spoke under the pressure of unusual 
 feeling, and continued with unusual eloquence to express 
 the hope that his words, so far as they had any value, would 
 be heard in both countries and lead to the union of the 
 English speaking people and the fraternity of the human 
 race. During the delivery of his speech the applause and 
 cheering was almost continuous while he was on his feet. 
 The dinner was the greatest demonstration yet made in the 
 ex-President's honor. 
 
 The interest taken by the American public in the move- 
 ments of General Grant not only concerns itself with the 
 honors showered upon the great soldier, but also partakes 
 of curiosity to observe what effect all this will have upon 
 the man. He has always been individually an object of 
 speculation. 
 
 During the war, people studied his cigar stumps, and 
 we aH remember what Lincoln, judging by results, thought 
 of his brand of whisky. His silence was symbolical, and 
 
230 GBNERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 es^er partisans, and often the nation, grasped at his centen- 
 tious utterances — if not us the rallying cries of ne>v ideas, 
 at least as old ones put into fighting form. From operating 
 on millions of men he has become a being to be operated 
 on. Princes, dukes, earls, marquises, viscounts, have him 
 within short range, and fire dinners and receptions at him. 
 Princesses, duchesses, marchionesses, open all their batter- 
 ies and smiles and soft speech upon him. The heavy shot 
 of statesmen, scientists and philanthropists bang into hi» 
 brain. British brass bands blaze away at him, British 
 crowds let fly volleys of cheers at him, and away ahead are 
 seen the ammunition trains of the nobility, gentr\' and com- 
 mon people, coming up with more dinners, receptions, civic 
 honors, brass bands and cheers. Almost enough to make 
 us pity JMin. How will he come out of the ordeal? 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 GRANT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 The following letter, written by Gen. Grant to George 
 W. Childs, of Philadelphia, will be of general interest: 
 
 "London, Eng., June i6, 1877. 
 "My Dear Mr. Childs: — After an unusually stormy 
 passage for any season of the year, and continuous sea- 
 sickness generally among the passengers after the second 
 day out, we reached Liverpool Monday afternoon, the 28th 
 of May. Jesse and I proved to be among the few good 
 sailors. Neither of us felt a moment's uneasiness during 
 the voyage. 
 
 "I had proposed to leave Liverpool immediately on arri- 
 val, and proceed to London, where I knew our Minister had 
 made arrangements for a formal reception, and had accepted 
 for me a few invitations of courtesy; but what was my sur- 
 prise to find nearly all the shipping in port at Liverpool 
 decorated with flags of all nations, and from the mainmast 
 of each the flag of the Union was most conspicuous. 
 
 "The docks were lined with as many of the population 
 as could find standing room, and the streets, to the hotel 
 where it was understood my party would stop, were packed. 
 The demonstration was, to all appearances, as hearty and 
 as enthusiastic as at Philadelphia on our departure. 
 
 "The Mayor was present with his state carriage, to con- 
 vey us to the hotel, and after that to his beautiful country 
 residence, some six miles out, where we were entertained 
 at dinner with a small party of gentlemen, and remained 
 
 2^1 
 
233 GENEllAI. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 over night. The following day a large party was given at 
 the official residence of the Mayor, in the city, at which 
 there were some one hundred and fifty of the distinguished 
 citizens and officers of the corporation present. Pressing 
 invitations were sent from most of the cities of the kingdom 
 to have me visit them. I accepted for a day at Manchester, 
 and stopped a few moments at Leicester, and at one other 
 place. The same hearty welcome was shown at each place, 
 as you have no doubt seen. 
 
 "The press of the country has been exceedingly kind 
 and courteous. So far I have not been permitted to travel 
 in a regular train, much less in a common car. The Mid- 
 land road, which penetrates a great portion of the island, 
 including Wales and Scotland, have extended to me the 
 courtesy of their road, and a Pullman car to take me 
 wherever I wish to go during the whole of my stay in 
 England. We arrived in London on Monday evening, the 
 30th of May, when I found our Minister had accepted 
 engagements for me up to the 27th of June, having but a 
 few spare days in the interval. 
 
 "On Saturday last we dined with the Duke of Welling- 
 ton, and last night the formal reception at Judge Pierre- 
 pont's was held. It was a great success, most brilliant in 
 the numbers, rank and attire of the audience, and was 
 graced by the presence of every American in the city who 
 had called on the minister or left a card for me. I doubt 
 whether London has ever seen a private house so elabo- 
 rately or tastefully decorated as w^as our American minis- 
 ter's last night. I am deeply indebted to him for the pains 
 he has taken to make my stay pleasant, and the attentions 
 extended to our country. I appreciate the fact, and am 
 proud of it, that the attentions I am receiving are intended 
 more for our country than for me personally. I love to see 
 our country honored antl respected abroad, and I am proud 
 to believe that it is by most all nations, and by some even 
 
TOUR AnOUND THE WORLD. 233 
 
 loved. It has always been my desire to see all jealousy 
 between England and the United States abated, and every 
 sore healed. Together they are more powerful for the 
 spread of commerce and civilization than all others com- 
 bined, and can do more to remove causes of wars by cre- 
 ating moral interests that would be so much endangered 
 by war. 
 
 "I have written very hastily, and a good deal at length, 
 but I trust this will not bore you. Had I written for publi- 
 cation, I should have taken more pains. 
 
 "U. S. Grant." 
 
 On the 19th, General and Mrs. Grant, Minister and 
 Mrs. Pierrepont, and Consul-General Badeau, dined at 
 Marlborough House with the Prince of Wales. The din- 
 ner was a full dress aifair. Earls Beaconsfield, Derby and 
 Granville, and the leading members of the government, 
 were present. The ex-President occupied the seat of honor 
 at the table. The dinner proved one of the most enjoyable 
 since the General's arrival. 
 
 On the 20th, a deputation waited on ex-President Grant 
 at General Badeau's house, to present an address and ex- 
 press gratitude for his aid in procuring from the government 
 of the United States recognition of the claims of Mrs. 
 Carroll, whose husband was killed in a naval engagement 
 during the American war. The deputation was presented 
 by Mr. Mullaly. Dr. Brady, M. P., said he had been 
 greatly gratified, as had all Irishmen to whom he had 
 spoken, at the reception of General Grant in this country. 
 
 The General said it was very gratifying to him to 
 know that a case, no doubt worthy and deserving, had been 
 righted, and that this act of justice had been performed un- 
 der his government. As to himself, he was simply the 
 executive, and could claim no credit in the matter further 
 than for having approved what was done. The government 
 
234 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 of the United States was much like that of England, and 
 was divided into three branches, each distinct and independ- 
 ent. Of course, his own branch had its share in urging 
 the claims of this case, but without legislative action nothing 
 could have been done. 
 
 On the 2ist, ex-President Grant dined at the residence 
 of Minister Pierrepont. The Prince of Wales was pres- 
 ent, attended by Major General Sir Dighton Probyn, con- 
 troller of his household. General Grant sat on the right 
 of the prince, and Mrs. Pierrepont on the lefl. Mrs. Grant 
 sat opposite the Prince, having the Duke of Richmond on 
 her right and Mr. Pierrepont on her left. Mesdames Grant 
 and Pierrepont were the only ladies present. The other 
 guests were the Turkish, Austrian, German, French, Italia* 
 and Russian ambassadors; me Dukes of Argyle, Welling- 
 ton and Westminster; the Marquises of Salisbury, Hertford 
 and Lansdowne; the Earls of Beaconsfield, Derby and 
 Carnarvon; Earls Granville and Manvers; Lords Caime, 
 Manners and Houghton, also Sir Stafford Northcote; Mr. 
 Cross, Home Secretary; Mr. Gawtliorne Hardy, Mr. Hop- 
 pan, Mr. Beckwith and Jesse Grant. 
 
 On the 22d, a special performance at the London Royal 
 Italian Opera was given in honor of General Grant. The 
 house was filled. General and Ivlrs. Grant and General 
 Badeau arrived at half-past eight. The curtain immediately 
 rose, disclosing Mile. Albani and the full chorus of the 
 company, behind whom was a group of American flags. 
 Mile. Albani sang the " Star Spangled Banner," with the 
 full chorus and orchestra. General Grant, for the first time 
 since his arrival in England, was dressed in the full uniform 
 of a major general. The entire audience rose on the Gener- 
 al's entrance, and remained standing during the singing, as 
 did also the General and wife. After the song was fin- 
 ished, he was loudly applauded and bowed in response. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 235 
 
 General Grant was obliged to leave early to go to the 
 Queen's ball at Buckingham Palace. The General's box 
 was decorated with flowers. 
 
 On the 24th, General Grant was present at a banquet 
 given by the corporation of Trinity House. The Prince 
 of Wales presided. Prince Leopold, Prince Christian, the 
 Prince of Leinington, the Prince of Saxe- Weimar, the 
 Duke of Wellington, the Marquis of Hertford, the Earl of 
 Derby, the Earl of Carnarvon, Sir Stafford Northcote, 
 Mr. Cross, and Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cockburn, 
 were among the distinguished company present. 
 
 The Prince of Wales, referring to General Grant, in 
 the course of his speech, said : " On the present occasion 
 it is a matter of peculiar gratification to us as Englishmen 
 to icvcive as our guest General Graiii. I tnii assure him 
 for myself, and for all loyal subjects of the Queen, that it 
 has given us the greatest pleasure to see him as a guest in 
 this country." 
 
 Earl Carnarvon proposed the health of the visitors, and 
 coupled with it General Grant's name. 
 
 He said " Strangers of all classes, men of letters, arts, 
 science, state, and all that has been most worthy and great, 
 have, as it were, come to tliis center of old civilization. I 
 venture, without disparagement to any of those illustrious 
 guests, to say that never has there been one to whom we 
 willingly accord a freer, fuller, heartier welcome than we 
 do to General Grant on this occasion — not merely because 
 we believe he has performed the part of a distinguished 
 general, nor because he has twice filled the highest office 
 which the citizens of his great country can fill, but because 
 we look upon him as representing that good will and affec- 
 tion which ought to subsist between us and the United 
 States. It has been my duty to be connected with the 
 great Dominion of Canada, stretching several thousand 
 Eoileg along the frontier of the United States, and during 
 

 - N- 
 
 236 GENERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 the last three or four years I can truthfully say that noth- ^ 
 ing impressed me more than the interchange of friendly 
 and good offices which took place between the two coun- y. 
 
 tries under the auspices of President Grant." ' 
 
 General Grant replied that he felt more impressed than 
 he had possibly ever felt before on any occasion. He came 
 here under the impression that this was Trinity House, and 
 that trinity consisted of the army, navy, and peace. He 
 thought it was a place of quietude, where there would be 
 no talk or toasts. He had been, therefore, naturally sur- 
 prised at hearing both. He had heard some remarks from ^ . 
 His Royal Highness which compelled him to say a word in 
 response. He begged to thank His Highness for these 
 remarks. There had been other things said during the .; , - 
 evening highly gratifying to him. Not the least gratify- ".V 
 ing was to hear that there were occasionally in this country 4^ - 
 party fights as well as in America. He had seen before 
 now a war between three departments of the state, the 
 executive, the judicial, and the legislative. He had not 
 seen the political parties of England go so far as that. He ■ * ^ , 
 would imitate their chaplain, who had set a good example 
 of oratory — that was shortness — and say no more than >■ 
 simply thank His Royal Highness and the company on 
 behalf of the visitors. 
 
 This reception at Windsor Castle, on the 26th, may be 
 regarded as the culmination of the remarkable social atten- 
 tions which were bestowed on General Grant in such pro- 
 fuse abundance during his visit to England. No such 
 honor'-., nor anything approaching them, have ever before 
 been paid to an American citizen. While their distinguished 
 recipient modestly regards them as a compliment to 
 his country rather than to himself, it is pretty safe to say 
 that there is no other American citizen through whom such 
 honors to our Republic would have been possible. The 
 English people feel, as all mankind in all ages have felt, 
 
 4 
 
< ' ^ 
 
 K 
 D 
 
 to 
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 o 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 w 
 
 S! 
 
 •t 
 Q 
 d 
 
 2 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 
 " s-*'-/ ' 
 
 *'-**»■*.-. 
 
 ^'<r:'- ■ 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 239 
 
 the magic of great military names. It is General Grant's 
 resplendent and successful career as a soldier, rather than the 
 fact that he has been twice elected the chief magistrate of a 
 g^eat country, that has broken down so many social barri- 
 ers in his favor. His quiet and undemonstrative personal 
 manners have contributed to his favorable reception. He 
 is such a contrast to the offensive bumptiousness too often 
 exhibited by Americans, that Englishmen are ready to 
 concede a great deal more than he would ever think of 
 claiming for himself. While his splendid reception is no 
 doubt a compliment to the American people, it is also a great 
 personal compliment to the only man who could have 
 evoked such a series of demonstrations. 
 
 General Grant and wife left London by the five p. u. 
 train from Paddington, and arrived at Windsor at thirty- 
 five minutes past five. The Mayor, several members of the 
 corporation, and a number of spectators, were assembled 
 on the platform to witness the arrival. The General and 
 Mrs. Grant, who were accompanied by Minister Pierre- 
 pont, were conveyed in one of Her Majesty's carriages to 
 the castle, where they were received by the Queen at the 
 bottom of the staircase at the Queen's entrance, and con- 
 ducted through the state corridor to the white drawing 
 room. After a short interview. General Grant and wife 
 were conducted to apartments over the Waterloo Gallery, 
 overlooking the Home Park. In the evening a grand 
 dinner party was given in General Grant's honor. 
 
 Dinner was served in Oak Room, according to custom, 
 which reserves St. George's Hall for state banquets. The 
 party was small, because etiquette requires that the Queen 
 shall converse with every guest. 
 
 The introductions were made as follows: Minister 
 Fierrepont, advancing, introduced General Grant; then 
 Lord Derby stepped forward with Mrs. Grant. The Queen 
 shook hands with them, while the ladies in waiting simply 
 
240 GENERAL U. 8. GRANT'S 
 
 bowed. This formality at an end, the gentlemen led the 
 way to the Oak Room. The Queen sat at the head of the 
 table. On her right were respectively Prince Leopold, 
 Princess Christian and General Grant; on her left Prince 
 Christian, Princess Beatrice and Minister Pierrepont. Then 
 came the Duchess of Wellington, Lord Elphinstone and 
 Mrs. Pierrepont; Lord Derby and Mrs. Grant; the Duch- 
 ess of Roxburgh and Lord Biddulph; the Countess of 
 Derby and Jesse Grant. 
 
 During the dinner, the band of the Grenadier Guards, 
 under Dan Godfrey, played in the quadrangle. The en- 
 joyment of the party was unconstrained, the Queen taking 
 a prominent part in the lively conversation, during which 
 all kinds of topics were discussed, American and English, 
 political and social. The Princess Beatrice is a brilliant 
 conversationalist, and she was particularly interesting on 
 many American social topics, which she thoroughly under- 
 stood. 
 
 Most of the ladies were all dressed in black with white 
 trimmings, owing to the deaths recently of the Queen of 
 Holland and the Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. The Queen 
 was attired in a similar style, but her toilet comprised a 
 very magnificent array of diamonds. 
 
 After dinner, the Queen's party proceeded to the corridor, 
 for the purpose of enabling the visitors to examine it more 
 closely. Here they met another party from the Octagon, 
 and a lively conversation ensued, during which Her Majesty 
 talked with every person present. 
 
 At about ten o'clock Her Majesty shook hands with her 
 lady guests, bowed to the gentlemen, and retired, followed 
 by other members of the royal family present. 
 
 The guests then entered one of the magnificent draw- 
 ing-rooms along the east front, where they were enter- 
 tained by the Queen's private band. 
 
 Refreshments having been served, General Grant and 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 241 
 
 Minister Pierrepont played whist with the Duchesses of 
 Wellington and Roxburgh, during which, of course, the 
 gentlemen were beaten. Mr. Pierrepont played badly; »o 
 did the ex-President. 
 
 At half-past eleven o'clock, the Americans retired to the 
 rooms, which were in a different part of the palace. 
 
 The following morning. General and Mrs. Grant were 
 driven in the great park, in a carriage usually used by the 
 Queen, at half-past ten. He, with Americans, accompanied 
 by Mr.Ward Hunt, first Lord of the Admiralty, and Colonel 
 Gardiner, went to the station and took the train for Bish- 
 op's road (Paddington). 
 
 A state concert was given at Buckingham Palace at 
 night. General Grant and Mrs. Grant, the Emperor and 
 Empress of Brazil, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the 
 Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince Christian and the 
 Princess Helena, the Princess Louise and the Marquis of 
 Lome and the Duke of Cambridge were present. 
 
 On the 28th, Liverpool again honors General Grant 
 with a grand banquet. Upwards of two hundred gentle- 
 men, including representatives of all public bodies in the 
 town, attended the banquet, which was held in the large 
 ballroom of the town hall, and was a very grand affair. 
 General Grant, who was in the uniform of a major general, 
 was received with the greatest enthusiasm. He sat on 
 the right of the Mayor. Next to General Grant sat Lieu- 
 tenant General Sir Henry de Bathe, commander of the 
 forces in the northern district. 
 
 The Mayor, proposing General Grant's health, spoke 
 of the sterling qualities he possessed as a soldier, which had 
 enabled him to restore peace and prosperity to his country. 
 General Grant, responding, said the reception he encoun- 
 tered in Great Britain was far beyond his expectation, and 
 was such as any living person might well be proud of He 
 believed, however, that it was indicative of the friendly 
 
242 
 
 GENERAL U. 8. GRANT'S 
 
 relations which existed between two peoples, who were erf 
 one kindred blood and civilization. He hoped that friend- 
 •hip would continue to be cultivated and long endure. 
 Referring to some remarks relative to the British army, he 
 said there were as many soldiers now at Aldershott as in 
 the regular army of the United States, which had a frontier 
 of thousands of miles; but if necessary the United States 
 could raise volunteers, and he and Mr. Fairchild were 
 examples of what those volunteers were. 
 
 On the 30th, General Grant attended a dinner given by 
 a personal friend belonging to the American press, at 
 Grosvenor Hotel. The company numbered forty, consist- 
 ing chiefly of distinguished journalists of the London press, 
 and authors. There were no speeches, the dinner being 
 strictly a social and private one. 
 
 On the 3d of July, a deputation of forty men, each 
 representing a different trade, and representing altogether 
 •bout one million English workingmen, waited upon Gen- 
 eral Grant at Consul General Badeau's house, and presented 
 him an address, welcoming him to England, and assuring 
 him of their good wishes and deep regard for the welfare 
 and progress of America, where British workmen had al- 
 ways found a welcome. Impromptu speeches were then 
 made by various members of the deputation, all of which 
 were extremely cordial. 
 
 General Grant replied as follows: "In the name of 
 my country, I thank you for the address you have pre- 
 sented to me. I feel it a great compliment paid my gov- 
 ernment and one to me personally. Since my arrival on 
 British soil I have received great attentions, which were 
 intended, I feel sure, in the same way, for my country. I 
 have had ovations, free hand-shakings, presentations from 
 differen*^ classes, from the government, from the controlling 
 authorities of cities, and have been received in the cities by 
 tbe populace, but there has been no reception which I am 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 243 
 
 prouder of than this to-day. I recognize the fact thnt what- 
 ever there is of greatness in the United States, as indeed in any 
 other country, is due to labor. The laborer is the author 
 of all greatness and wealth. Without labor there would 
 be no government, or no leading class, or nothing to pre- 
 serve. With us, labor is regarded as highly respectable. 
 When it is not so regarded, it is iecause man dishonors 
 labor. We recognize that labor dishonors no man; and, no 
 matter what a man's occupation is, he is eligible to fill any 
 post in the gift of the people; his occupation is not consid- 
 ered in selecting, whether as a law maker or as an executor 
 of the law. Now, gentlemen, in conclusion, all I can do 
 is to renew my thanks for the address, and repeat what I 
 have said before, that I have received nothing from any 
 class since my arrival which has given me more pleasure." 
 
 After the speech there was an informal exchange of 
 courtesies, and the deputation then withdrew. 
 
 In the evening, a banquet was given by the United 
 Service Club. The Duke of Cambridge presided, having 
 on his right General Grant and Lord Hampton, and on his 
 left Minister Pierrepont and Lord Strathnairn. Admiral 
 Sir Charles Eden was the vice-president, having on his 
 right Sir George Sartorios, and General Sir William 
 Codington on his left. There was a very full attendance 
 of guests. 
 
 The Duke of Cambridge proposed the health of Gen- 
 eral Grant. The General, in reply, alluded to the visit of 
 the Prince of Wales to the United States. He said he 
 knew from all his friends, as well as of his own personal 
 knowledge, that His Royal Highness was received, as the 
 son of England's Queen, with the sincerest respect. He 
 thanked the company for their hospitality, which was one 
 of the greatest honors he had received. 
 
 On the 4th, a reception was given at the American 
 Legation, which was a social event of a very high order, and 
 
2^4 GHNKRAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 very enjoyable throughout. It lasted from four until seven 
 o'clock. Nearly all the Americans in London, estimated 
 at over one thousand, called during that time. A large 
 silk American flag hung over the entrance, and the interior 
 was beautifully decorated with flowers. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Pierrepont, General and Mrs. Grant, received all the guests. 
 The reception closed with the singing of the " Star Span- 
 gled Banner " by Miss Abel, an American. 
 
 On the 5th, General and Mrs. Grant, their son, and 
 General Badeau, left London for the continent. They were 
 accompanied to the station by a number of friends, and the 
 parting was most enthusiastic. With the exception of 
 brief stops at Tunbridge and Ashford, there was nothing 
 worthy of note. 
 
 A large crowd had collected at the Folkestone station 
 when the train arrived, and as General Grant alighted he 
 was loudly cheered. The Mayor's carriage was in waiting, 
 and the party were driven to the town hall. Here the 
 Mayor recei\'ed them in his robes of oflice, surrounded by 
 the members of the town council and a large number of 
 citizens. As the clerk to the corporation read the address, 
 the whole assemblage remained standing. The address 
 recited the idea of honoring the General for his deeds in 
 the battle-field, and concluded by expressing the wish that 
 he might have a third term as President of the United 
 States, and advancing the opinion that he would. In his 
 reply the ex-President ignored this. He thanked them, as 
 he said he did all their countrymen, for their kindness and 
 courtesy. He believed it would be to the mutual interests 
 of the two great English-speaking nations to maintain the 
 friendly relations which now existed. England and 
 America must lead in commerce and civilization. He also 
 expressed his gratification at the settlement of the Alabama 
 claims, which had been referred to. But he carefully 
 avoided any allusion to politics. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 345 
 
 The reception over, the party started at once for the pier, 
 where the steamer Vittoria was waiting to convey them to 
 Ostend, Belgium. The American flag was seen flying 
 among the shipping in the harbor, in honor of the town's 
 guest. A great crowd had gathered again at the pier, and 
 cheered loudly as the Vittoria lefl: and passed out into the 
 straits, the General bowing repeatedly from the bridge 
 of the steamer. General Grant's stay in England had been 
 made pleasant by honors which were extremely gratifying 
 to Americans. His excellent taste in ignoring the toady- 
 ism of the Englishman at Folkestone, shows how quickly 
 the General could resent such a piece of impertinence, and 
 that he thought, correctly, that foreigners have no busineat 
 with our politics. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 General Grant arrived at Brussels, Belgium, at six o'clock 
 on the eveningof July 6, and proceeded to the Bellevue Hotel. 
 No official reception was given him, as it was understood 
 that he was traveling incognito. Within an hour of his 
 arrival, an aide-de-camp of King Leopold visited the Gen- 
 eral, conveying from his royal master an invitation to din- 
 ner, and placing at his disposal his aides and the carriage of 
 state. In the evening General Grant dined with ex-Minis- 
 ter Sanford. Several Belgian functionaries were in attend- 
 ance at the board. 
 
 On the 8th, General Grant dined with the King and 
 royal family; all the high officials of state and foreign min- 
 isters were present. King Leopold took Mrs. Grant to 
 dinner, and the ex-President had the honor of escorting the 
 Queen. On Sunday the King paid the General a visit, a 
 step which is considered by the Belgians as being a great 
 honor, as it is entirely out of the usual course. The Gen- 
 eral and Mrs. Grant visited the King and Queen in the after- 
 noon. On Monday morning all the foreign ministers in 
 Brussels called on the General, previous to his departure. 
 The King's aide-de-camp and members of the American 
 legation accompanied the party to the railway station. 
 During General Grant's stay he was treated with the great- 
 est distinction. 
 
 On the 9th, General Grant arrived at Cologne, and waa 
 received at the railway station by the American Consul, 
 
 24'' 
 
TOUR AROUND THS WOULD, 
 
 247 
 
 President of Police, and the civil and military governors of 
 the city, the Emperor having commanded that every atten- 
 tion should be paid to their honored guest. At Cologne 
 the General visited several churches and the cathedral, and 
 made an excursion over the suspension bridge to Deutz, 
 returning by the bridge of boats. In the evening he was 
 serenaded at the Hotel du Nord, by a military band. 
 
 On the loth, he left Cologne, and proceeded up the 
 river Rhine, stopping at Bingen, Coblentz and Weisbaden, 
 reaching Frankfort on the 12th, where a grand reception 
 was given him at the Palmer-garten; the burgomaster 
 presided, and one hundred and twenty guests were present. 
 This included all the prominent officials of the town, offi- 
 cers of the garrison, and leading citizens. The banquet 
 hall was beautifully illuminated and decorated. After the 
 toasts to the Emperor and President Hayes had been drunk 
 and duly responded to, Henry Seligman, the banker, pro- 
 posed the health of General Grant. Mr. Seligman, in giving 
 the toast, made a few appropriate remarks, in the course of 
 which he said that the General was universally honored and 
 esteemed. General Grant, in reply, thanked the city of 
 Frankfort for the confidence it placed in the Union during 
 the late civil war. He concluded by drinking to the wel- 
 fare and prosperity of the city. At the conclusion of this 
 short speech, the General was given a magnificent ovation. 
 The guests rose to their feet and cheered lustily, and the 
 crowd outside, numbering six thousand people, caught up 
 the cheer, and were enthusiastic in their demonstrations of 
 welcome. 
 
 After the conclusion of the banquet, a grand ball was 
 given, at which the elite of the city was present. Jessf 
 Grant opened the ball with an American lady. 
 
 On the following day, General Grant visited Hamburg, 
 and held a reception, the chief burgomaster presenting the 
 guests. A grand concert was given in the grounds of the 
 
24sS GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 zoological garden afterward, which was attended by many 
 thousands of people. 
 
 On the i6th, General Grant spent several days in the 
 immediate vicinity of Lucerne and Interlaken, Switzerland, 
 whence he made excursions to the mountains in the vicin- 
 ity. On the 24th, we find him at Berne, Switzerland, 
 where he was received by the President of the Swiss Con- 
 federation. On the 27th, he was at Geneva, where he laid 
 the corner stone of a new American Protestant church in 
 that city. Large crowds were present, and hundreds of 
 American flags were displayed from the windows of citi- 
 zens' houses. The authorities of the city, and also the 
 English and American clergymen of Geneva, were present. 
 Speeches complimentary to General Grant were made by 
 M. Carteret, President of Geneva, and by several of the 
 principal clergymen. General Grant said, in replying to 
 the toast given to America, that the greatest honor he had 
 received since landing in Europe was to be among Amer- 
 icans, and in a republic, and in a city where so great a serv- 
 ice had been rendered to the Americans by a Swiss citizen 
 in the settlement of a question which might have produced 
 war, but which left no rancor on either side. On the 30th, 
 the General left Geneva for the North Italian lakes, thence 
 to Ragatz, where he spent several days for rest and recuper- 
 ation with his brother-in-law, M. J. Cramer, American 
 Minister to Denmark. 
 
 On the 5th of August, General Grant went to Pallanza, 
 on Lake Maggiore; thence to Lake Como, stopping at 
 Bellagio; thence to Varese. At each of these points he 
 was received with great enthusiasm, his stay being one 
 grand round of festivities, each city seeming to vie with the 
 other in the hospitalities offered. At Lake Maggiore, ad- 
 dresses were made by the Mayor and an officer who served 
 under General Garibaldi. General Grant, in his reply, re- 
 ferred to the exceeding hospitality he had received, praised 
 
TOUR AROUND THB WORLD. 
 
 349 
 
 the general conduct of the people so far as he had seen 
 them, expressed his delight at the grand and lovely scenes 
 that had met his eye at every turn since he had crossed the 
 Alps, and concluded by saying, " There is one Italian whose 
 hand 1 wish especially to shake, and that man is General 
 Garibaldi." This allusion was greeted with a perfect storm 
 of applause. 
 
 On the i8th, the General visited Copenhagen, where 
 he was received with distinguished honors, and at Antwerp 
 a like cordial reception was given. 
 
 On the 25th, he returned to England, having made a 
 hurried and fatiguing continental tour, where he rested, 
 previous to accepting the urgent and flattering invitation to 
 visit Scotland. 
 
 The fact that General Grant is named Ulysses, and 
 that, in making " the grand tour," has suggested a classic 
 comparison to the good-natured jokers of the obvious. It 
 seems, too, as though the General had determined to keep 
 up the character of the wandering king of Ithaca; for the 
 heavy English journals, after slowly lifting their eyebrows 
 to the point of astonishment that Ulysses the Silent could 
 speak at all, have found the word " wise " to apply to what 
 he did utter. Indeed, one of them believed that the term 
 silent was ironical, and as proof quoted from " his remark- 
 able speech " that sentence about fighting it out on a certain 
 line if it took all summer. Perhaps if we use a society 
 phrase, and say that General Grant has been " happy" in his 
 recent after-dinner utterances, w^e shall come nearer the 
 mark. When there are certain unpleasant topics that might 
 be touched on, it is " happy " to avoid them at such times; 
 and when the speaker who ignores them plunges into plati- 
 tudes about " common blood and kindred peoples," he may 
 be called felicitous when he is only politely adroit. In 
 England, for instance, the General kept clear of blockade 
 runners and Confederate scrip, and, when the Alabama was 
 
3i^O GBNKRAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 forced before him, only touched on that piratical craft as a 
 sort of blessing in disguise to both peoples. On the other 
 hand, he was overwhelmingly unctuous in calling the En- 
 glish our blood relations, making the glasses dance on the 
 festive board with the thunderous applause he evoked from 
 noble lords and lofty commoners. 
 
 In Frankfort, however, he had a chance to say a 
 "happy" thing, and he said it. In Frankfort they bought 
 our bonds, when it was vital to the nation that our securi- 
 ties should find purchasers. To be sure, they made a good 
 thing of it, for they bought them cheap; but England and 
 poor generals had cheapened them. Hence it was a " haj>- 
 py" thing for the soldier who brought our "boys" and our 
 bonds "out of the wilderness" — the former to Richmond, 
 and the latter to par and beyond — to tell the Frankforters 
 how well they had stood by the Union in its darkest days. 
 There was much good German blood spilled in the cause 
 of the Union, so that his hearers were aware that the Gen- 
 eral referred to heart-strings as well as pUrse-strings in his 
 compliment to them. So, also, at Geneva, his compliment 
 to the representative whose "casting vote" turned the 
 scales in the Geneva award was not forgotten; in fact, the 
 General seemed to be in a "happy" vein, complimenting 
 without stint. This change, or rather drawing out of Gen- 
 eral Grant's thoughts, will surprise none more than his inti- 
 mate friends, who have known him only by works, not 
 words. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 RETURN TO GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The freedom of the city of Edinburgh was presented to 
 General Grant on the 31st of August. He left London in 
 a Pullman car. On the way from London — four hundred 
 miles- — the scenery was exceedingly attractive. All through 
 England and in the south of Scotland, the country is a 
 perfect garden, and only when you get among the chilly 
 - hills, valleys and crags of northern Scotland, do you feel 
 that you are getting into the. open country. Wlnat a pity 
 that there are no forests to cover these beautiful and historic 
 mountains, where in centuries gone by the horns of the 
 leaders summoned the clans to bloody work! 
 
 The reception given to General Grant as each station 
 was reached, was whole-souled and fully meant hospitality. 
 At Carlisle — the dinner stopping-place — at Galashiels, Mel- 
 rose, Harwick, and a number of smaller towns in Scotland, 
 there were expressions of joy and enthusiasm that reminded 
 one of the railroad receptions that General Grant gets at the 
 towns of Illinois and Ohio. It seemed as though they knew 
 him perfectly well — his face, his history, etc.- — for they 
 recognized him everywhere, and demanded as much hand- 
 shaking as could be done in the limited time the train was 
 to stay. Then the cheers and hurrahs always sounded in 
 the distance above the whistle of the locomoti\e. Mrs. 
 Grant was quite clieerful and talkative. She looked very 
 much better than when she left Washington, tliough she 
 gaid she was always in good health there. Washington 
 
252 GENERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 has a slightly malarial atmosphere, and the complexion of a 
 Washingtonian changes for the better after a trip to 
 Europe. She enjoyed her European trip. She said her 
 lines of association there had always fallen in pleasant 
 places, and that she had been greatly pleased with every 
 acquaintance she made in Europe. Mrs. Grant is a quiet, 
 rather reserved lad}', but one who impresses her associates 
 by her kind nature, her broad views upon the subject under 
 discussion, be it commonplace or important, and her sensible 
 ideas of life. She sprang from one of the best families of 
 the Mississippi Valley, well known and highly respected 
 since a hundred years and more ago, and her early training 
 was not lost. All the ladies who met her and became her 
 acquaintances at the White House, loved her, from first to 
 last. \ 
 
 The freedom of the city of Edinburgh was presented 
 to ex-President Grant by Lord Provost Sir James Falshaw, 
 in Free Assembly Hall, two thousand persons being pres- 
 ent. In reply to the Lord Provost's speech, General Grant 
 said: 
 
 " I am so filled with emotion that I scarcely know how 
 to thank you for the honor conferred upon me by making 
 me a burgess of this ancient city of Edinburgh. I feel 
 that it is a great compliment to me and to my country. 
 Had I .the proper eloquence, I might dwell somewhat on 
 the history of the great men you have produced, on the 
 numerous citizens of this city and of Scotland who have 
 gone to America, and the record they have made. We are 
 proud of Scotchmen as citizens of America. They make 
 good f itizens of our country, and they find it profitable to 
 themselves. I again thank you for the honor conferred 
 upon me." 
 
 On September ist, General Grant and party visited Tay 
 Bridge. One of the most striking features of the view 
 obtained from the deck of the little steamer is that of the 
 
 ■ J 
 
W: 
 

 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 255 
 
 bridge itself, which-, as seen from some little distance, com- 
 bines massiveness with airiness of structure, impressing one 
 even more than the almost fairy-like span of the Menai 
 tubular bridge, or the larger and equally reputed, though 
 perhaps less elegant, viaduct across the Hollandsche Diep. 
 
 A few minutes' sailing brought the party to VVormi 
 Pier, on the south side of the river, and immediately under 
 the first span of Mr. Bouch's grand structure. At this 
 place Admiral Maitland Dougal, Mr. Matthew McDougal, 
 United States Consul at Dundee, and ex-Provost Ewan, 
 -Dundee, were in waiting to do honor to the General, not to 
 speak of a numerous concourse of the public, comprising 
 seemingly most of the workmen connected with the bridge, 
 as well as many persons from the neighboring villages. 
 After landing General Grant, Mrs. Grant and some others 
 were conducted to one of the rooms in the contractor's 
 offices, where Mr. Grothe, the resident engineer, explained, 
 with the aid of models and diagrams, the manner in which 
 the large piers of the bridge were constructed, mentionmg 
 first that the bridge was designed on what is known as the 
 lattice girder principle, and then stating that the piers were 
 built on shore, floated out between two barges to the de- 
 sired position m the river, sunk to a suitable foundation, and 
 then brought up to high water mark. By means of an- 
 other working model, the manner in which the girders were 
 transported from the shore was illustrated, it being shown 
 that the tide was the motive power by which masses of 
 iron work weighing as much as two hundred tons were 
 moved. The method by which these girders were raised 
 from the river to the required height of eighty-eight feet 
 above high water mark, through the agency of hydraulic 
 apparatus, was also explained. 
 
 Describing the work generally, Mr. Grothe said there 
 were in all eighty-five spans, thirteen of which, over the 
 navigable part of the river, were each two hundred and 
 
256 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 forty-five feet in length, and carried nearly tw^o hundred 
 
 tons weight, while the smaller ones on either side of the 
 channel were from sixty-seven to one hundred and forty- 
 five feet long. It was further stated that considerable 
 progress had been made with the works during the present 
 season, and especially during the last month, nine spans of 
 an aggregate weight of more than nine hundred tons hav- 
 ing been lifted and fixed in their places within the latter 
 period — a feat which has been accomplished by almost in- 
 cessant work. In concluding his remarks, Mr. Grothe 
 stated that in the winter the shortness of the day had of 
 course been found very much against the progress of the 
 work, and that to get over this difficulty there were used 
 powerful electric lights, the currents for which were gener- 
 ated by magneto-electric machines driven by a four-horse- 
 power engine. It was added that the bridge was nearly 
 completed, all the spans up forming a continuous line, and 
 the fixing of timber and laying of rails on the top at pres- 
 ent actively carried on. 
 
 On the 7th September, General Grant was presented with 
 the freedom of the city of Wick, and, in accepting, said : 
 " During the eight years of my Presidency it was my only 
 hope, which I am glad to say was realized, that all differ- 
 ences between the two nations should be healed in a manner 
 honorable to both. In my desire for that result it was my 
 aim to do what was right, irrespective of any other consid- 
 eration whatever. During all the negotiations, I felt the 
 importance of maintaining friendly relations between the 
 great English speaking peoples, which I believe to be essen- 
 tial to the maintenance of peace and principle throughout 
 the world." 
 
 On the 8th, at Inverness, General Grant was presented 
 with the freedom of the city, and a great reception given 
 him. 
 
 Ex-President Grant received the freedom of the city of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 -57 
 
 Glasgow on the 13th. Replying to the address of the Lord 
 Provost, he said that he would ever remember the day, and 
 when back in America would refer with pride to his visit to 
 Glasgow. He was so much a citizen of Scotland that it 
 would be a serious question where he would vote. He 
 thanked the Lord Provost for his kind words and the audi- 
 ence for its welcome. The parchment was contained in a 
 gold casket. The ceremony was witnessed by a large crowd, 
 and the General was enthusiastically cheered. A banquet in 
 his honor was given in the evening, but was of a private 
 character. 
 
 The reception of General Grant in Scotland was hearty 
 and continuously enthusiastic. There was not a day since 
 the General came to Scotland that he was not overwhelmed 
 with kindnesses. 
 
 The enthusiasm of the Scotch people and the great atten- 
 tion shown to General Grant have a double significance. 
 The people of Scotland sympathized with the North during the 
 civil war, and always rejoiced when Grant or his generals 
 won a victory. They have been curious to see the great man 
 they have talked so much about, and take great pride in the 
 fact that he is of Scotch descent. Hence the magnificent 
 ovations at Edinburgh, Dundee, Melrose, Ayr, Glasgow, 
 the Trossachs, and all the places at which he stopped. 
 
 The finest and most enthusiastic reception was given at 
 Glasgow. An immense hall, accommodating several thou- 
 sand persons, was, all but places for four hundred specially 
 invited guests, thrown open to the public. The cheering 
 was so general and continuous that the ceremonies could 
 only with difficulty be heard. At night the grand banquet 
 at corporation hall was a splendid affair, embracing in the 
 menu the viands and wines that make the best dinner Scot- 
 lind could furnish. Even tropical delicacies were in profu- 
 sion, and the wines were exceptionally fine and in great vari- 
 
..^•C"^ iVt tu-' 
 
 33S GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 ety. Several toasts were given, and speeches followed up to 
 eleven o'clock. 
 
 At this banquet the Lord Provost announced that there 
 were no reporters present, and the editors there were 
 expected to let the speeches pass without comment, in order 
 that everybody could feel perfectly free in speaking. General 
 Grant, on this account, probably, made the longest speech of 
 his life, and the Lord Provost was finally, at the end of the 
 feast, persuaded to yield his position against newspaper enter- 
 prise. 
 
 The speech of General Grant was brought about by a 
 speech of Mr. Anderson, M. P., of Glasgow, wherein he 
 charged, turning to General Grant, that the United States 
 had gained a victory over Great Britain in the creation of the 
 Geneva arbitration. However, he said, Great Britain had 
 agreed to the Washington treaty, and while disappointed 
 with the result at Geneva, had stood manfully by it. In view 
 of this, and the fact that the United States had completed 
 the distribution of the award, and had some |8, 000, 000 left 
 after all claims had been satisfied, he would be pleased to see 
 the goveinment return that amount in the interests of con- 
 cord and thorough amity. This was said in a half earnest, 
 half joking way, but was met with "hear, hear," all along 
 the tables. 
 
 General Grant in reply said that he had a great deal 
 to do with the negotiations concerning the Washington 
 treaty, and that he had ahvays felt that our government had 
 yielded too much to Great Britain in the matter. He was 
 determined, however, from the first, that, if possible, the 
 experiment of peaceful arbitration should prevail. It was 
 his ambition to live to see all national disputes settled in 
 this way. " I am called a man of war," said he, " but I 
 never was a man of war. Though I entered the army at 
 an early age, I got out of it whenever I found a chance to 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 259 
 
 do so creditably. I was always a nnan of peace, and I shall 
 always continue of that mind. Though I may not live to 
 see the general settlement of national disputes by arbitra- 
 tion, it will not be very many years before that system of 
 settlement will be adopted, and the immense standing 
 armies that are depressing Europe by their great expense 
 will be disbanded, and the arts of war almost forgotten in the 
 general devotion of the people to the development of peace- 
 ful industries. I want to see, and I believe I will. Great 
 Britain, the United States and Canada joined with com- 
 mon purpose in the advance of civilization, an invincible 
 community of English-speaking nations that all the world 
 beside could not conquer." The General went on in this 
 vein for some time, and finally again touched the Alabama- 
 claims question. He said: " There was one point in con- 
 nection with that matter that I was glad we yielded — that 
 was the indirect damage claim. I was always opposed to 
 it, because I feared the future consequences of such a 
 demand. In any future arbitration we would have been 
 placed at a great disadvantage by its allowance. After 
 that was settled we made our other demands, you made 
 yours. It was a long time'before the Joint High Commis- 
 sion came together, but each side yielded here a bit and 
 there a bit, until about as good a treaty as we could expect 
 to get was completed. Mr. Anderson says many of the 
 people of Great Britain believe we got the best of the 
 bargain. I can assure you that we did not come out of the 
 discussion as much benefited as we should have been. 
 Many of our people were quite incensed, and fought the 
 confirmation of the treaty, claiming that its terms were not 
 broad enough to cover the losses of local interests, but a 
 very large majority determined to stand by it in the inter- 
 ests of peace and manly dealing with friends. We yielded 
 more than we intended to yield, but had gone so far into 
 the business of doing what we advocated that nine-tentha 
 
2()(J CKSERAI. V. S. GRANTS 
 
 of our people had no desire to recede. We did not want 
 war, or even a new arbitration. We had been satisfied 
 with the former, and the latter meant delay. We wanted 
 the question settled peacefully, at once and forever. As to 
 the $S,ooo,ooo surplus INTr. Anderson mentions, I will 
 explain that brief!)-. After the $15,500,000 awarded at 
 Geneva was paid bv Great Britain, the matter of its dis- 
 tribution was presented to Congress. It became necessary 
 to distribute it under the terms of the treaty, and it was 
 found that if the insurance companies which had received 
 war premiums were admitted to participation in the sum, it 
 would not be large enough to go around. So they and 
 other parties were excluded. Congress will legislate 
 further in the matter, and the money will be distributed to 
 rightful claimants, so that it will not be necessary to discuss 
 the question of returning it to Great Britain." The 
 General explained the workings of the s^'stcm of dis- 
 tributing the money, details of fact that are familiar to all 
 Americ.ins. We cannot reproduce his speech in full, because 
 lead ]icncils and note books were prohibited. But the 
 above, with expressive remarks touching his magnificent 
 receptions in Scotland, and the renewed expressions of good 
 feeling between Great Britain and the United States, is his 
 speech in carefully prepared substance. At the end of it, 
 the entire party, of pcihaps two hundred persons, ap- 
 plauded to the echo, and in this applause Mr. Anderson 
 was one of the most ardent participants. 
 
 General Grant's visit to Newcastle-on-Tyne, on the 
 2ist, ^vasthe occasion of a most enthusiastic and remarkable 
 demonstration. During the day the visitors visited the 
 Exchange and other places of interest in Newcastle. 
 There were numerous banners along the route, and large 
 crowds of spectators. In the Exchange, General Grant 
 received an address from the Chamber of Commerce, and, 
 replying, thanked the large and enthusiastic audience for its 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WOULD. 26 1 
 
 kind reception, which was highly gratifying to him and the 
 American people, who would accept it as a token of friend- 
 ship between the two nations — he could not say two peo- 
 ples, for they were really one, having a common destiny, 
 which would be brilliant in proportion to their friendship. 
 He referred to the honorable settlement of all differences 
 between England and America, and said they ought not 
 only keep peace with each other, but with all the world, 
 and by their example stop the wars which are now devasta- 
 ting Europe. The speech was loudly cheered. General 
 Grant and the corporation then proceeded down the Tyne 
 in a steamer, which was saluted with guns from almost 
 every factory on the banks, every available spot on which 
 was crowded with people. General Grant stood on the 
 bridge of the steamer during the greater part of the voyage, 
 bowing in response to repeated cheers. The steamer 
 stopped at Jarrow and Tynemouth, at both of which places 
 the municipal authorities presented most cordial addresses. 
 The ceremony* was witnessed by large and enthusiastic 
 crowds. General Grant made suitable replies, of similar 
 tenor to his Newcastle speech. At Tynemouth he said he 
 had that day seen one hundred and fifty thousand people 
 leave their homes and occupations to manifest friendship 
 to America. The ex-President held a reception at New- 
 castle in the evening. 
 
 A great demonstration of the workmen of Northum- 
 berland and Durham was held on the town moor of New- 
 castle in honor of General Grant. Twenty-two trade 
 societies participated in a procession, which occupied twenty 
 minutes in passing a given point. The number of persons 
 present on the moor was estimated at from forty to fifty 
 thousand. The demonstration had no precedent since 
 the great political meetings at the time of the Reform 
 Agitation. Mr. Thomas Burt, member of Parliament for 
 Morpeth, presented an eulogistic address to General Grant, 
 
?f>2 GENERAl, u. b. GRANTS 
 
 who said he thanked the woikingmcn for their very wel- 
 come address, and tliought this reception was the most 
 honorable he could meet with. Alluding to what Mr. 
 Burt had said concerning the late civil war, General Grant 
 declared he had always been an advocate of peace, hut when 
 war was declared he went to the war for tht cause which 
 he believed to be right, and fought to the best of his ability 
 to secure peace and safety to the nation. In regard to the 
 relations between America and England, the General said 
 that friendship now existed between the two countries, 
 which he fully believed was increasing, and which would, 
 in common with industry and civilization, increase in the 
 future. 
 
 On the same day the Mayor and Town Council of 
 Gateshead presented the ex-President with a congratulatory 
 address. General Grant expressed pleasure at his enthusi- 
 astic reception in all the towns in the North of England, 
 and said he was glad the good feeling between England 
 and America was warmer to-day than it had ever been. 
 A banquet was given in honor of General Grant in the 
 evening, by the Mayor of Newcastle. In response to a 
 toast to his health, the General said his reception in New- 
 castle exceeded anything he had expected, and had been 
 the warmest and best he had had or could have had. 
 
 General Grant was met at Sunderland railway station 
 by the Mayor and Messrs. Gourley and Burt, members of 
 Parliament. The day was observed as almost a general 
 holiday. Nearly ten thousand members of trade and 
 friendly societies marched in procession. General Grant 
 was present at the laying of the foundation stone of the 
 library and museum. Replying to an address of the friendly 
 and trade societies, General Grant said he would simply 
 renew what he had said relative to the way in which labor 
 was regarded in the United States, and the way in which 
 he personally regarded it. 
 
TOUR AROUND THH vVOKLD. 
 
 263 
 
 At Leamington, Warwick, a grand reception was given 
 General Grant, and participated in by the Mayor and lead- 
 ing citizens. 
 
 On arriving at Sheffield, on the 26th, General Grant 
 was received at the railway station by the Mayor and cor- 
 poration. A procession then formed to the Cutlers' Hall, 
 where congratulatory addresses were presented by the Cor- 
 porated Cutlers' Company and the Chamber of Commerce, 
 to which General Grant briefly replied, referred to the 
 American tariff", and reminded his hearers that the United 
 States had to raise money to pay off" the great debt incurred 
 by the war. The revenue from imports was regarded solely 
 as the means of attaining that end. If the United States 
 w^ere to abolish the revenue from imports, foreign bond- 
 holders would very soon cry out when their interest was 
 not forthcoming. He added: "We get along well enough 
 with the payment of our debt, and will compete w^ith you 
 in your manufactures in the markets of the world. The 
 more of your merchants and mechanics that goto America, 
 the better. Nothing pleases us more than the immigration 
 of the industry and intelligence of this community. We 
 have room for all, and w^ill try to treat you as you have 
 treated me to-day." The General v^as loudly cheered. 
 
 The following evening a grand banquet was given in 
 his honor by the Mayor and corporation of Sheffield. The 
 proceedings were most enthusiastic and cordial. 
 
 General Grant arrived at Stratford-on-Avon on the 28th, 
 and met with a brilliant reception. His visit was made the 
 occasion of a festival, in which the whole town took part. 
 The houses were decorated with flags, among which the 
 American colors were conspicuous. The stars and stripes 
 were displayed from the Town Hall and the Mayor's resi- 
 dence. The Ma3for and members of the corporation re- 
 ceived the General and Mrs. Grant, who were accompanied 
 
26| GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 by General Badeau, at the railway station, and escorted 
 them to Shakespeare's birthplace. Thence the party pro- 
 ceeded to the Museum, the church, Anne Hathaway's cot- 
 tage, and other places of interest. 
 
 The distinguished visitoi's were subsequently entertained 
 at a public lunch in the Town Hall. A toast to the health 
 of General Grant was proposed and drank with cheers, 
 and he was presented with a very cordial address, enclosed 
 in a casket made from the wood of the mulberry tree 
 planted by Shakespeare. The General, replying to the 
 toast, spoke most heartily of the welcome given him. He 
 declared it would have been impossible for him to leave 
 England without visiting the birthplace and home of 
 Shakespeare. He pointed to the numerous American 
 Shakespearian societies as proof of the honor paid the poet 
 in the United States. 
 
 General Grant and wife spent several days visiting their 
 daughter, Mrs. Sartoris, at Southampton. 
 
 On the 6th October, the corporation of the city received 
 him, presenting a complimentary address. At Torquay, 
 Mr. Alfred D. Jessup, of Philadelphia, gave a brilliant re- 
 ception, the leading residents and noblemen of Torquay 
 and vicinity being present. 
 
 On the i6th. General Grant and party visited Birming- 
 ham. On their arrival, they were received by the Mayor, 
 and driven to the Town Hall, where the Town Council, a 
 deputation of workingmen, and the Peace Society, pre- 
 sented the General with addresses, which he briefly ac- 
 knowledged. He was the guest of Mr. Chamberlain, 
 M. P. The following evening General Grant was enter- 
 tained at a banquet, the Mayor presiding. After the health 
 of the Queen was drank, the Mayor proposed that of the 
 President of the United States, as a potentate all should 
 honor. This was received with due honor by the comijany. 
 
TOUK AltOUND IHK WORLD. 365 
 
 Mr. Chamberlain, M. P., then proposed the health of ex- 
 President Grant in a happy speech, complimentary to the 
 distinguished guest and his countrymen. 
 
 General Gi ant, in lesponse, referring to the last speak- 
 er's allusion to the prompt disbandment of the army after 
 the civil wai", said: " We Americans claim so much per- 
 sonal independence and general intelligence that I do not 
 believe it possible for one man to assuine any more author- 
 ity than the constitution and laws give him." As to the re- 
 marks that had been made as to the benefits which would 
 accrue to America by the establishment of free trade, the 
 General said he had a kind of recollection that England 
 herself had a protective tariff until her manufactures were 
 established. American manufactures were rapidly pro- 
 gressing, and America was thus becoming a great free 
 trade nation. [Laughter.] The General then warmly 
 thanked the company for the reception they had given 
 him. 
 
 General Grant found the labor of accepting the hospi- 
 taliiv of his English friends more arduous tlian the cares 
 of State. It had, in fact, become so great a tax upon his 
 (lealth that from the first of October he had determined to 
 retire to private life, and that the first thing he would do 
 would be to avail himself of the courtesy extended by the 
 Secretary of the Navy, to visit the Mediterranean in one 
 of the vessels of the European squadron, and spend some 
 time in the waters of Italy. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 GRANT IN PARIS. 
 Ex-President Grant, accompanied by his wife and son, 
 left London for Paris on the morning of October 24, 1877. 
 On the arrival of the General and party at the railway sta- 
 tion in Charing Cross, to take the train for Folkestone, he 
 was greeted by a large crowd of Americans and English- 
 men, who gave him a hearty cheer as he stepped out of his 
 carriage. A special train was in waiting to convey the dis- 
 tinguished party. The large space in front of the hotel 
 and station, extending through to Trafalgar square, was 
 filled with vehicles and pedestrians. After considerable 
 hand-shaking in the waiting-room, and lively greetings on 
 the platform, Sir Edward Watkin, the chairman of the 
 Southeastern Railway Company, being in attendance, he 
 and his guests boarded the train, which moved off precisely 
 at ten o'clock. After a pleasant run of about two hours 
 the train arrived at Folkestone, where General Grant was 
 met at the wharf by the Mayor and members of the Com- 
 mon Council; and fully two thousand of the inhabitants of 
 this old Kentish town welcomed the ex-President with 
 loud cheers. The General at once went on board the spe- 
 cial yacht Victoria, accompanied by the Herald correspond- 
 ent, Sergeant Gazelee, and one or two other officials, these 
 being the only guests. As the trim-looking yacht, with 
 the American flag flying at its fore, left the chalk cliffs of 
 old England, the General stood upon the bridge and waved 
 hi* hat, responsive to the cheers and adieus from the shore. 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 267 
 
 The sea was calm, with only a gentle swell, and a fine 
 summer yachting breeze prevailed. The General paced 
 the deck, enjoying his cigar and studying the interesting 
 points and scenery along the majestic cliffs on the south- 
 eastern coast, where William the Conquerer landed and 
 fought the battle of Hastings. On nearing the French 
 coast he beheld the sunny hills and shores of the memora- 
 ble site of Napoleon's Boulogne camp, where the Auster- 
 litz army so long prepared for the invasion of England. 
 
 The Victoria arrived at the Boulogne wharf at a quar- 
 ter to two o'clock. A large crowd of Frenchmen, who had 
 been advised of the arrival of t\\e grand guerrier Amertcain, 
 was in attendance, and received the guests with a hearty greet- 
 ing. On entering the special train, the sub-Prefect of the 
 Department met and was introduced to the General. In 
 the name of the Marshal-President and of the French peo- 
 ple, he welcomed him to the shores of France. 
 
 The General expressed his warm acknowledgments, 
 saying he had long cherished the wish to visit France, and 
 he was delighted with the present opportunity. M. Hoguet- 
 Grandsire, the Senator representing the Department of the 
 Pas de Calais, also bade him welcome in a brief address, 
 full of sympathy and kindly feeling. 
 
 After a long delay, somewhat in contrast to the prompt- 
 ness of the English railroads, the train started for Paris. 
 On the way the General studied closely the scenery of the 
 lovely country along the route, noted the principal indus- 
 trial sections, and especially observed the wonderful agri- 
 cultural resources of the country. 
 
 General Grant spoke a great deal about his reception 
 in England; that it had been unvarying in warmth, and, as 
 to the hospitalitv of the people there, nothing could be 
 more kind, considerate and gracious. Everywhere he had 
 experienced, both in official and private circles, courtetj 
 
368 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 and respect. At Amiens General Grant quietly partook ai 
 a dish of cousomme. 
 
 As the train neared Paris the moon rose, and the Gen- 
 eral curiously studied the prominent features of the great 
 French capital. They reached the station at a quarter to 
 eight o'clock. Generals Noyes and Torbert entered the 
 car, accompanied by the Marquis d'Abzac, first Aide-de- 
 Camp of the Marshal-President, the official whose duty it 
 was to introduce ambassadors. 
 
 In the name of the President of the French Republic, 
 the Aide-de-Camp tendered General Grant a cordial wel- 
 come. In reply, the General thanked the Marshal, saying 
 he anticipated great pleasure and interest from his visit to 
 France. Generals Noyes and Torbert greeted him warmly. 
 The party had borne the journey splendidly, none of them 
 showing the least fatigue. 
 
 Among the Americans awaiting the arrival of General 
 Grant at the station, in the company of the Minister, were 
 General Meredith Read, from Greece; ex-Minister Part- 
 ridge, Admiral Wordeii, the bankers Seligman, Winthrop 
 and Munroe; Dr. Johnson, Dr. Warren, and the representa- 
 tives of the leading New York journals. 
 
 A richly carpeted salon was prepared at the station for 
 the reception of the distinguished party. The ladies of the 
 party, conducted by General Torbert, passed through this 
 salon on their way to the carriages. A splendid bouquet 
 was presented to Mrs. Grant by a French journalist on the 
 way. General Grant followed, leaning on the arm of Min- 
 ister Noyes. As soon as he appeared in the crowded salon, 
 several rounds of hearty cheers were given, and a number 
 of people were presented to him. 
 
 The party then entered carriages, in company with 
 General Noyes and the Marshal's Aide-de-Camp and intro- 
 ducer of ambassadors. They drove to the Hotel Bristol, 
 
rOUH AROUND THS WORLD. 360 
 
 where a handsome suite of rooms had been engaged for 
 them. After a quiet dinner, General Grant smoked a cigar 
 and retired early. 
 
 The following morning opened dismally. Rain fell in 
 tor»ents, and there seemed no prospect of its cessation. 
 During the morning General Grant called upon his bank- 
 ers, Messrs. Drexel, Harjes & Co. Upon his return, a mul- 
 titude of visitors, including diplomatists, ambassadors and 
 Americans, began to arrive, and continued to come until 
 noon. The most eminent men of France were among the 
 callers. At two o'clock, General Grant, wife and son, with 
 Minister Noyes, drove to the Elysee, through a pouring 
 rain. President MacMahon, the Duchess of Magenta, and 
 the Duke Decazes, received the General most cordially. 
 The Duchess did everything in her power to render the 
 occasion agreeable. 
 
 General Grant wore plain evening dress, calling upon 
 the official head of the French people simply as any Amer- 
 ican citizen, properly introduced, might. 
 
 President MacMahon said that he was truly glad to 
 welcome so eminent a soldier and citizen to France. 
 
 In brief, the ex-President of the United States replied 
 that the oppoitunity of expressing to the chief magistrate 
 of France the friendly sentiments entertained throughout 
 the length and breadth of America toward the French 
 people was equally pleasing to him. 
 
 The interview was entirely informal and exceedingly 
 cordial. President MacMahon extended and General Grant 
 accepted an invitation to dine at the Elysee on the Thurs- 
 day following. 
 
 At four o'clock the committee of resident Americans 
 called to invite General Grant and family to a grand ban- 
 quet to be given in his honor by the American residents of 
 Paris, upon any date the General might see fit to appoint. 
 General Grant named November 6, thanking the commit- 
 
270 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 tee for the honor conferred upon him by his own country- 
 men in a foreign land. Much agreeable conversation fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 In the evening General Grant, accompanied by a per- 
 sonal friend, took a long walk around the Tuilleries, Palais 
 Royal, Place de la Concord and the Boulevards, for two 
 hours, seeing Paris by gaslight. 
 
 This unanimity of the American residents in Paris, in 
 assisting to make his stay a pleasant one, was one of the 
 most pleasing incidents of the General's tour, and the cour- 
 teous reception accorded by President MacMahon was not 
 so much formality as it was an expression of the kindly 
 feelings that exist between the French nation and our own, 
 and will be regarded as an evidence that the century-old 
 ties that bind the two nations together are not weakened 
 by time or an}' alterations of the political conditions that 
 have arisen, or are likely to arise, in either country. 
 
 On the 27th, General Grant visited the Herald Bureau, 
 remaining an hour or more. He then went to the studio of 
 Mr. Healy, the American artist, and gave a sitting for a 
 portrait; afterwards strolled about Montmartre and climbed 
 the hill, which affords a fine \iew of Paris. In the even- 
 ing he was honored by visits from several distinguished 
 people, including the Comte de Paris, head of the Orleans 
 family, and the Duchess of Magenta, wife of the Marshal- 
 President. 
 
 If being much feted brings much pleasure. General 
 Grant must have been in a happy frame of mind. After the 
 stately round of London festivities, which were led off by 
 the magnificent reception at Minister Pierrepont's ; after 
 becoming a citizen of some twenty -five Scotch burghs; 
 after going through Belgium, and dining with kings and 
 such; after the return to England, which led to the eating 
 of dinners with some twenty-five fine old English corpora- 
 tions, the imperturbable ex- President took his way to 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 371 
 
 Paris. He who would fight anything out on a certain line, 
 if it took him all the four seasons, is not the man you can 
 frighten with a string of long dinners. He has the confi- 
 dence in himself that says, I can eat my way through all 
 the marshals and marquises, from Finistere to the Alps. 
 His -Scotch campaign, no less than his English, proved 
 what broadsides of hospitality he can safely withstand. 
 
 On the 29th, Minister Noyes gave a grand banquet and 
 reception to General Grant. The banquet was a superb 
 eflFort of culinary skill, which can work such gastronomic 
 wonders when given carte blanche and where there is a 
 cellar of monte christo to draw upon. President MacMa- 
 hon had been invited, but declined on the ground of having 
 recently refused to be present at several diplomatic dinners. 
 He promised to be present at the reception in the evening. 
 Twenty -two guests vsrere present at the table: General 
 and Mrs. Grant; Minister and Mrs. Noyes; Mme. Ber- 
 thaut; M. Caillaux, Minister of Finance; M. Brunet, 
 Minister of Public Instruction; M. Voisin, Prefect of 
 Police; General Berthaut, Minister of War; M. Paris, 
 Minister of Public Works; General Marquis d' Abzac, 
 Aid-de-Camp to the President; Due de Broglie, President 
 of the Council, Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice; 
 Miss Lincoln; Jesse R. Grant; M. Duval, Prefect of the 
 Seine; M. De Fourtou, Minister of the Interior; Viscounte 
 de Meaux, Minister of Commerce; Miss Stevens; Duchess 
 Decazes; M. Mollard, Introducer of Ambassadors; Lieu- 
 tenant de la Panouse, Staff Officer of the Marshal; and 
 M. Vignaux, Assistant Secretary of Legation. The fol- 
 
 lowng was the menu: 
 
 MENU. 
 
 POTAGES. 
 
 Tortue a I'Anglaise. 
 
 Consomme a la Sevigne. 
 
 HORS D'CEUVRES. 
 
 Bouchees Agnes Sorel. 
 
 RELEVE. 
 
 Turbot, sauce creme, et crevettes. 
 
PUNCH. 
 
 Rose, 
 
 ROTIS. 
 
 Faisans truffe». 
 
 Cailles sur croustadee. 
 
 ENTRKMKTS. 
 
 Pate de foie gras de Strasbourg. 
 
 Salade Parisienne. 
 
 Crt-pes a la Bordelaise. 
 
 Timbales d'ananas, Pompadour. 
 
 Gateaux noisettes. 
 
 DESSERT. 
 VINS. 
 
 Vieux Madere. 
 
 Chateau d'Yquem, creme 1864. 
 
 Chateau Lafitte, 1864. 
 
 Chateau Margaux, 1869. 
 
 Johannisberg, Metternich's, 1857. 
 
 Clos Vougeot, 1858. 
 
 Romanee Conti, 1865. 
 
 Champagne Dry Monopole, 187a 
 
 Amontillado. 
 
 Vieux Port, vintage 1858. 
 
 Cognac, 1844. 
 
 Kirschwaster. Anisette. Chartreu»«. 
 
 Curaooa. 
 
 The banquet passed off without any special incident 
 wrorthy of note, that charming flow of polite and witty, or, 
 »t least, pleasantly pointed conversation which character- 
 izes French dinners, kept time to the melody of the repast 
 itself. There was no English reserve to thaw — the 
 French and the American entendent without difficulty, and 
 hence they make the best of neighbors around the snowy 
 damask. 
 
 At about nine o'clock the general reception began. A 
 heavy rain had been falling all the afternoon and evening. 
 It, of course, had no deterrent effect on the invited. It was 
 not long before the salons were filled with guests. The 
 guests were received by General Grant, Mrs. Grant and 
 
 372 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 273 
 
 their son, General and Mrs. Noyes, Consul-General Tor- 
 bert, and Secretary Vignaux making the introductions, 
 Mrs. Grant was dressed in a costume of heavy white satin, 
 Mrs. Noyes appeared in a similar dress, General Grant 
 and Minister Noyes wore plain evening dress, and General 
 Torbert appearing in the full uniform of a major-general. 
 The rooms, as the guests arrived," became perfect gar- 
 dens of lovely colors. Brilliant uniforms, diplomatic orders 
 and decorations, mingling with the sheen of silks and satins, 
 made up a wonderful picture. Marshal MacMahon arrived 
 early. He wore a plain evening dress, with the ribbon of 
 the Legion, and a breast covered with orders. The Mar- 
 shal stood for nearly an hour beside General Grant, join- 
 ing in the conversation and receiving congratulations. As 
 the two renowned soldiers stood side by side, one could not 
 help contrasting them. Marshal MacMahon's ruddy, 
 honest, Celtic face, white moustache and white hair, recalled 
 the poet's figure of "a rose in snow"; Grant, calm, mas- 
 sive and reserved, wore the same imperturbable face so 
 well known at home. MacMahon seemed all nerve and 
 restlessness; Grant looked all patience and repose. The 
 contrast in person was indeed remarkable. Although each 
 had come to the Presidency of a powerful republic over 
 the same red road, the passion of arms commanding two 
 great nations had led each to choose its foremost soldier as 
 executive head. One had laid down his power at the feet 
 of the people who conferred it. The other, a few months 
 later, after a long and severe struggle with the hot and 
 ungovernable radicals, was forced to give way to one 
 more in sympathy with the dominant party. Meantime two 
 great warlike careers touched in friendship in the parlors of 
 Minister Noyes. 
 
 The reception drew together the largest assembly of the 
 American colony known in years, and they compared 
 
-71 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 favorably with the many European nations represented 
 there. 
 
 The refreshment tables were exquisitely arranged and 
 well patronized, which is just how such a host as General 
 Noyes would desire to have his sumptuous hospitality 
 appreciated. 
 
 On the 31st, General Grant visited the Palais d' Indus- 
 trie, and the works where the statue of " Liberty" for New 
 York harbor is being constructed. The sculptor, M. Bar- 
 thokli, presented him with a miniature model of the statue. 
 In the evening the General attended the opera, where he 
 was enthusiastically received by the audience, and treated 
 with great ceremony by the officials. 
 
 On November i, Marshal MacMahon gave a dinner at the 
 Elysee, in honor of General Grant. Cabinet and Marshal's 
 military household and prominent French and American 
 residents were present. The banquet was a very brilliant 
 and animated affair. After dinner. General Grant and Pres- 
 ident MacMahon had a long conversation in the smoking- 
 room. The Marshal invited General Grant to breakfast 
 with him, as a friend, and also to witness some of the sit- 
 tings of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, which the 
 General accepted, and was much pleased with his cordial 
 reception. 
 
 If Paris is the place where good Americans go after 
 death, it is, all the same, a good place for great Americans 
 to go during life. The magnificent banquet tendered No- 
 vember 6, in the gay capital, to General Grant, by the resi- 
 dent Americans, is a proof of the latter. The three hundred 
 and fifty Americans who greeted our great soldier so hand- 
 somely, one and all, thought so. As for the General, him- 
 self, he has had so many courtesies from occasional kings 
 and nobles, that he must have felt a thrill of pleasure pass 
 through him, as he found himself face to face with a com- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 275 
 
 pany in which every man was a sovereign. As for the 
 ladies, God bless them! they are queens everywhere. 
 Among those beside the General at the banquet, were men 
 who carried the names, dear to all patriotic Americans, of 
 Rochambeau and Lafayette. Thus did old France look 
 kindly through the eyes of her descendants upon the chil- 
 dren of the Republic of the West, which her blood and 
 treasui'e did so much to found. 
 
 The banqeting hall was splendidly decorated and illu- 
 minated. The Franco-American Union contributed a 
 portrait of General Grant, which, adorned with flags, was 
 hung over the principal table. A band stationed An the 
 gallery played at intervals, and vocal music was given by 
 a chorus furnished by the director of the Italian opera. 
 
 General Grant, Minister Noyes and General Torbert 
 were in full military uniform. 
 
 Mr. Noyes, as chairman, proposed the following 
 toasts : — 
 
 "The President of the United States," which was re- 
 sponded to by music only. 
 
 "The President of the French Republic," to which a 
 similar response was made. 
 
 These were followed by the toast of the evening, " Our 
 Guest, General Grant," which was proposed by the Chair- 
 man in the following speech: — 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: It has generally hap- 
 pened, according to the world's history, that when a great 
 public crisis has occurred, such as a revolution for inde- 
 pendence or a struggle for national existence, some man 
 has been found specially fitted for and equal to the emer- 
 gency. He appears suddenly from unexpected quarters, 
 and is not always selected from the arena of politics or from 
 among the most prominent of his countrymen. He as- 
 sumes at the proper time leadership and control, simply 
 
276 OBNERAL U. 8. GRANt'S 
 
 because he was born for it and seems to have waited for 
 the opportunity and the necessity. 
 
 "When the war of secession was inaugurated in America, 
 in 1861, a quiet and silent man, who had received a 
 military education, was pursuing an avocation in civil life 
 in a small town in Illinois. As soon as the first hostile 
 guns opened upon Fort Sumter, he offered his services to 
 his country and was appointed colonel of a regiment of 
 volunteers. It was then believed that the war would be of 
 short duration and limited in extent, but the North had un- 
 derrated the spirit and perhaps the courage and endurance 
 of the rebellious section. Early reverses and doubtful con- 
 tests that were either defeats or drawn battles soon made it 
 apparent that all the energies and resources of the govern- 
 ment would be taxed to the uttermost. The theater of war 
 rapidly extended until it stretched westward a thousand 
 miles from the sea, across great rivers and mountain ranges. 
 Immense armies were assembled in the South, composed 
 of brave and chivalric soldiers and commanded by able and 
 accomplished leaders. There were serious political troubles 
 and divided sympathies among the people of the North, 
 but both sides nerved themselves for the bloody and terri- 
 ble struggle, which lasted four years and resulted in the 
 success of the national forces. 
 
 "Meantime our Illinois Colonel had risen in rank until 
 there was no grade sufficient for his recognition and re- 
 ward, and two new ones were successively created. This 
 silent man had shaken the continent with the thunder of his 
 artillery and the tramp of his victorious columns. At the 
 close of the war he was general-in-chief, commanding all 
 the armies of the Republic, which carried upon their muster 
 rolls 1, 100,000 men. The Union was preserved, and its flag 
 everywhere respected. After the close of the war he was 
 twice called by a grateful nation to the highest office in the 
 gift of forty- five million people. 
 
TOUH AROUND THE WORLD. 377 
 
 "He administered the government with moderation, gen- 
 erosity, wisdom and success. The civil power was con- 
 fronted by many complicated and difficult questions. He 
 solved them with rare patriotism and intelligence, and his 
 place in history as a civil magistrate will be among the 
 foremost. After sixteen years of such labor as few men 
 could endure, after such success in war and peace as few 
 men ever attain, he seeks recreation in many lands, and an 
 opportunity to compare the institutions of his own country 
 with the civilization and forms of government of the Old 
 World. It is our happy privilege to-night to welcome the 
 great soldier and statesman to this, the Queen City of the 
 world, and to wish for him and his family health and hap- 
 piness. Without detaining you longer, I propose the health 
 of the distinguished guest of the evening, General Grant, 
 ex-President of the United States." 
 
 The delivery of General Noyes' speech was frequently 
 interrupted by enthusiastic applause. 
 
 General Grant, on rising to reply, was received with 
 prolonged cheering. He said: 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen : After your flattering 
 reception, and the compliments of Governor Noyes, I am 
 embarrassed to thank you as I should wish. During the 
 five and a half months I have been in Europe, my recep- 
 tion has been very gratifying, not only to me, but also, 
 above all, to my country and countrymen, who were hon- 
 ored by it. I thank the American colony of Paris. I hope 
 its members will enjoy their visit here as I am doing and 
 hope to do for some weeks yet. I hope when you return 
 home you will find you realized the benefits predicted by 
 our Minister." 
 
 Loud and enthusiastic applause followed the General's 
 speech. 
 
 M. de Lafayette replied to the toast of "France." He 
 uud France duly appreciated the great leader and greal 
 
278 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 citizen who honored her by his visit. M. de Lafayette re- 
 marked that General Grant quitted power solely to bow 
 before the laws of his country. He thanked him for visit- 
 ing France, because he w^as a great example for her, and 
 because France gained from close inspection. In con- 
 clusion, he alluded to the Revolutionary war, and expressed 
 an ardent wish that the French and American republics 
 should never be sejDarated, but form an indissoluble union 
 for the welfare, liberty and independence of peoples. 
 
 The Marquis of Rochambeau also spoke in eulogy of 
 General Grant. 
 
 The toast, " The Army and Navy," was responded to 
 by the singing of the " Star Spangled Banner " by the 
 Italian chorus. 
 
 Mr. Noyes finally proposed " The Ladies," and General 
 Torbert offered " The Health of the United States Min- 
 ister." Mr. Noyes replied briefly, and the company then 
 adjourned to the drawing-room. 
 
 After nearly a month's stay in Paris, having been dined 
 and feted by nearly all the prominent and distinguished 
 civilians and oflicials in this gay city, the great sensational 
 event was ihe. fete, consisting of a dinner and ball, given in 
 honor of ex-President Grant by Mrs. Mackay, wife of 
 "Bonanza" Mackay, on November 21, at her splendid 
 mansion in the Rue Tilsit. The affair overshadowed in 
 importance, as far as the American colony and fashionable 
 society are concerned, anything that had preceded it in 
 brilliant extravagance of display. Even the reporters were 
 at a loss for hyperboles of descriptive style that could do 
 justice to the pomp, splendor and sparkle of the occasion. 
 The house where the affair took place cost one mil- 
 lion five hundred thousand francs, and the furniture five 
 hundred thousand francs. It looks out upon the Place 
 d'Etoile, and is a splendid residence. The garden 
 wa» brilliantly illuminated and decorated with national 
 
TOUR AROUND IHK WORLD. 379 
 
 flags, and with emblems set in thousands of gas jets. The 
 orchestra, consisting of thirty-six musicians, was stationed 
 on a pavilion built out from the house in front of the Rue 
 Tilsit. A dozen footmen, in liveries of crimson and gold, 
 lined the entrance and stairway. 
 
 The carriages occupied the causeway in front. The 
 vestibule, staircase and passage-ways were \ ""ofusely deco- 
 rated with flags and beautiful flowers. Tht rooms were 
 magnificent. Everything that money could supply and ele- 
 gant taste select was there to add to the beauty and im- 
 pressiveness of the scene. 
 
 There were covers for twenty-four, and the guests were 
 General Grant and family, and the members of the Amer- 
 ican Legation and Consulate and their families. There 
 were no unofficial Americans present at the dinner. The 
 menu was inscribed on small silver tablettes, as in the case 
 of the famous dinner to Senator Sharon at San Francisco. 
 After the dinner, a grand reception and ball took place, 
 at which three hundred guests were present. Among 
 the guests were the Marquis de Lafayette, MM. de 
 Rochambeau and de Bois-Thierry, the Due de Rivoli, 
 the Due and Duchesse de Bojano, the Due and Mile. 
 Ribon de Trohen, Comtes de Beon, Serrurrier, de 
 Montferraut, de Divonns and Excelmans, the Baronne 
 Delort de Gleon, Barons Houbeyran and de Reinach, and 
 Vicomtes de Villestrux and Marchand, the Due Decazes, 
 Senator Laboulaye, MM. Henri Martin and Leon Say, 
 Mme. Guizot, Mr. and Mrs. Seligman and M. Cernuschi. 
 
 The American colony was largely represented, and the 
 number of beautiful women was very remarkable. The 
 ladies' costumes displayed extraordinary taste, elegance and 
 richness. The dancing commenced early and continued 
 till four o'clock in the morning. 
 
 During the latter part of November, General Grant 
 ■was, feted and dined by Mrs. General Sickles, at her resi- 
 
2^0 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 dence in the Rue Presbourg, which was a brilliant affair; 
 by the Marquis de Talleyrand-Perigord; by the Comte de 
 Paris; Emile Girardin, editor of La France; M. Gam- 
 betta; Mr. Healy, the American artist; M. Laugel, a prom- 
 inent Orleanist, and at the house of Mr. Harjes, the banker, 
 was toasted for the last time in Paris. The gentlemen in 
 the party were all Americans, and the affair was one of the 
 most elegant which has taken place in Paris this season. 
 
 As a guest of many distinguished persons in the gay 
 capital, and a man honored in all circles, he had enjoyed an 
 uncommonly brilliant round of festivities, and had been the 
 subject of \vide and various criticism, and had stood the fire 
 of festivities and criticism alike with that imperturbable 
 tranquility which is an inseparable element of his identity. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THROUGH FRANCE. ITALY. 
 
 General Grant and party reached Lyons on the 2d of 
 December, and were received by the Prefect, the President 
 of the Municipal Council, American residents and several 
 of the leading silk merchants of Lyons. After a tour of 
 inspection of the quays and places of interest, he left for 
 Marseilles on the 3d, where he was received with great 
 enthusiasm. On the 15th we find him at Genoa, he hav- 
 ing previously visited Villa Franca and Leghorn. After 
 visiting the town of Genoa, the General gave a reception 
 to the authorities on board the United States steamer Van- 
 dalia. Commander Robeson. 
 
 Reaching Naples, early on the evening of the 17th, on 
 the following day, in company with Mrs. Grant and son, he 
 made the ascent of Mount Vesuvius, but, the day being 
 cold, the party did not reach the crater. Luncheon was 
 served at the "House of Refuge," near the Observatory, 
 and a pleasant hour spent in enjoying the remarkable view 
 of Capri and Ischia. The plain is studded with twenty 
 villages and lined with snow clad hills, and the snow looked 
 beautifully clear and white in the gorgeous sunlight of an 
 Italian sky. They returned in the evening to the Vanda- 
 lia, after having spent a delightfully pleasant day. 
 
 On Wednesday the General and family, accompanied by 
 Consul Duncan, Commander Robeson, Lieutenants Strong, 
 Rush a»^ Miller, and Engineer Baird, visited the ruins of 
 
 3bl 
 
3S2 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 Pompeii. The government had made arrangements for 
 a special excavation in honor of General Grant, so 
 that he might see how the vvfork was done, and see 
 some of the curiosities recovered just as they were 
 placed when the city was suddenly destroyed. The day 
 was a little cold, but clear, and in every way favorable 
 for the work. The director of the excavations received 
 General Grant and party, and conducted them to the prin- 
 cipal points of interest. Two hours were spent wandering 
 among the ruins of this ancient and memorable city, and 
 «t every step something of interest was seen. The work- 
 ingmen then proceeded to dig out the chamlier of a buried 
 house, and discovered some fragments of a table made of 
 wood and bronze. The workmanship was very curious 
 and elaborate, and was examined with great interest by the 
 whole party. The next object of interest discovered was 
 a loaf of bread, wrapped neatly in cloth and perfectly dis- 
 tinguishable. Many other curious and interesting articles 
 were found and inspected by the party of visitors, and all 
 expressed themselves as highly gratified with their visit to 
 the ruins of the ancient city. They returned in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 On Thursday ex-President Grant returned the official 
 visits of the civil and military authorities of the city. As 
 he left the Vafidalia the yards were manned and a salute 
 fired, the salute being returned by the Italian Admiral, 
 General Grant then landed, and was met by the General 
 commanding the district, who had a regiment of Bersaglieri 
 drawn up in front of the Royal Palace, and reviewed by 
 General Grant. Accompanied by the Italian officials, he 
 then visited the naval and military schools and the palace, 
 after which he attended a reception at the house of Consul 
 Duncan. 
 
 During these visits General Grant was accompanied by 
 hi* sou, Commander Robeson, Lieutenants Rush and 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 38 
 
 
 
 Miller, and a splendid retinue of Italian officials. The 
 whole tone of the reception accorded him was cordial and 
 stately. The General expressed himself with the greatest 
 admiration of the Italian troops. 
 
 Christmas we find General Grant and party on board the 
 Vandalia, at Palermo. The General remained onboard until 
 noon to receive the visit of the Prefect, who came in state, 
 and was honored with a salute of fifteen guns. Plis Honor 
 remained only a few minutes, during which he tendered 
 the General all the hospitalities and courtesies of the town, 
 but General Grant declined them, with thanks. 
 
 After the departure of the city authorities, the General 
 and Captain Robeson went on shore, and sauntered about 
 for two or three hours, looking on the holiday groups, who 
 made the day a merry one in their Sicilian fashion. A 
 Christmas dinner was furnished from the ship's larder. 
 The hosts were Chief Engineer J. Trilley, Surgeon George 
 Cooke, Lj^eutenant-Commander A. G. Caldwell, Lieutenant 
 E. T. Strong, Past- Assistant-Engineers G. W. Baird and 
 D. M. Fulmer, Lieutenant Jacob W. Miller, Paymaster J. 
 P. Loomis, Lieutenant Richard Rush, Captain L. E. 
 Pagan, commanding the marines, Lieutenant H. O. 
 Handy, Lieutenant W. A. Hadden and Master J. W. 
 Dauncliower. These comprised the names of the ward- 
 room officers of the Vandalia — a gallant, manly, chivalrous 
 company they were. The guests of the evening were Gen- 
 eral Grant and wife. Commander H. B. Robeson, and 
 Jesse R. Grant. This was the company; the menu will 
 ■give an idea of wljat a sliip's kitchen can do for a Christ- 
 mas dinner: 
 
 MENU. 
 
 Potage. 
 
 Tomate puree. 
 
 Bouchees a la reine. 
 
 Cabellon a la Hollandaise. 
 
 Puree de pomrr.cs. 
 Dindonneau aux huitre*. 
 Haricots verts. 
 
2St GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Filets aux champignons. 
 
 Petits pois. 
 
 Punch a la Romaine. 
 
 Salade. 
 
 Plum pudding. 
 
 Mince pies. 
 
 Dessert. 
 
 It was nearly six when th^ soup made its appearance, 
 and it was half-past eight before the wriitt-rs brought in the 
 coffee. There was no hurry — no long pauses. The chat 
 went round the table, the General doing his share of talk. 
 It was a genial, home-like feast. Thus, Christmas, 1S77, 
 closed merry and pleasant. 
 
 The next morning there were calls to make — official 
 calls; this is one of the duties of the General's trip. The 
 incognito of General Grant is one that no one will respect. 
 He declines all honors and attentions, so far as he can do 
 so without rudeness, and is especially indifferent to the 
 parade and etiquette by which his journey is surrounded. 
 It is amusing, knowing General Grant's feelings on the 
 stdiject, to read the articles in English and American papers 
 about his craving for precedence, and his fear lest he may 
 not hnve the proper seat at the table and the highest num- 
 ber of guns for a salute. He had declined every attention 
 of an official character thus far, except those whose non- 
 acccpt;mce would have been misconstrued. When he 
 arrived at a port, his habit was to go ashore with his wife 
 and son, see what was to be seen, and drift about from pal- 
 ace to picture gallery, like any other wandering, studious 
 American, "doing Europe." Sometimes the officials were 
 too prompt for him, but generally, unless they called by 
 appointment, they found the General absent. 
 
 In this country a large class of our citizens have been 
 misled by the false reports of the press and enemies of ex- 
 President Grant, and believe that the General traveled 
 like a prince, with a large retinue; that he was enabled to do 
 BO, because the men who fattened on the corruptions of his 
 
TOUR AHOUNt) THE WORLD. 285 
 
 administration gave him a share of their plunder. The 
 truth is, General Grant traveled as a private citizen. He 
 had one servant and a courier. His courier arranged for 
 his hotel accommodations, and the one who did office for 
 the General took pains to get as good bargains for his 
 master as possible. So far as General Grant being a rich 
 man, it is known by his friends that, when he left this 
 country, the duration of his trip would depend entirely 
 upon his income, and this income depends altogether upon 
 the proceeds of his investment of the money presented to 
 him at the close of the war. The Presidency yielded him 
 nothing in the way of capital, and he has not now a dollar 
 that came tc him as an official. By this is meant, that the 
 money paid to General Grant as a soldier and as a Presi- 
 dent was spent by him in supporting the dignity of his 
 office. Everybody knows how much money was given 
 him at the close of the war; as this was all well invested 
 and has grown, one may estimate the fortune of the Gen- 
 eral, and about how long that fortune would enable liim to 
 travel like a prince over Europe. 
 
 At Palermo General Grant and family remained several 
 days, enjoying the delightful climate and picturesque attrac- 
 tions. This Sicily is the land of many civilizations. Here 
 Greek, the Carthagenian, the Roman and the Saracen, 
 have made their mark. This is the land of the poetry of 
 Homer, the genius of Archimedes, the philosophy and piety 
 of Paul. These hills and bays and valleys have seen mighty 
 armies striving for the mastery of the world. Certainly if 
 example or precept, or the opportunity for great deeds, 
 could ennoble a nation, Sicily should be the land of heroes. 
 But its heroism has fallen into rags, and the descendants of 
 the men who destroyed the Athenian fleet in Syracuse, and 
 who confronted the power of Carthage at Agrigentum, 
 now spend their time sleeping in the sun, swarming around 
 chapel doors to beg, and hiding in the hills to waylay trav- 
 
286 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 elers and rob them or keep them for a ransom. Brigand- 
 age has <br generations been the dominant industry in the 
 Sicilies, but it is due to tlie present Italian government to say 
 that they are doing all in their power to suppress it 
 
 On the 2Sth, General Grant and party arrived at La 
 Valetta, Malta. At this place the General was visited 
 by the Duke of Edinburgh, who was at Malta in com- 
 mand of the Sultan, an English ironclad. His Royal 
 Highness was received at the gangway by Captain Robe- 
 son. He was dressed in his uniform as Captain, wearing 
 on his breast the star of the Garter. 
 
 General Grant advanced and greeted the Duke, and 
 presented the gentlemen with him, and they retired to the 
 cabin. They remained in conversation for the best part of 
 an hour, talking about Malta, its antiquities, its history, 
 England, education and the Eastern question. The Duke 
 S])oke of the visit of his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke 
 Alexis, to America, and of the gratification of the family 
 at the reception tendered him in America. His Royal 
 Highness is a pattern of a sailor, and has all the ease and 
 off-hand grace of the family. On taking his leave, he 
 invi?''d the General and family to visit him at his palace of 
 San Antonio and take luncheon, which was accepted. 
 
 The palace of San Antonio is about four miles from 
 town; it is surrounded by orange groves and walls, and is 
 noted as the only large garden on the island. The drive 
 was through an interesting country, and greatly enjoyed 
 by the visitors. At the palace, the Duke and Duchess 
 received the General and Mrs. Grant and their son in the 
 most gracious manner. After luncheon His Roj'al High- 
 ness escorted them through the orange groves. At noon 
 General Grant visited the Governor-General of Malta. 
 
 On leaving, the General was saluted with twenty-one 
 guns. A regiment was drawn up in front of the palace as 
 a jfuard of honor. The Governor, a famous old English 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 2S7 
 
 General, Van Straubeuzee, wore the Order of the Grand 
 Cross of the Bath. He received the General and party at the 
 door of the palace, surrounded by his council and a group 
 of Maltese noblemen. After presentation to Lady Van 
 Straubeuzee, the same ceremonies were repeated. In the 
 evening there was a state dinner to the General and party 
 at the palace, including, among the guests. Commander 
 Robeson and Lieutenant-Commander Caldwell, of the 
 Vandalia, as well as the Captain and executive officers of 
 the Gettysburg. At the dinner General Grant's health was 
 proposed, which was responded to in the heartiest manner. 
 There were many temptations to remain in Malta. 
 Hospitalities were showered upon General Grant. All the 
 great ones vied with one another in making his visit a pleas- 
 ant one. Yet on the last day of the year the General bid 
 good-bye, and sailed for the land of the Lotus. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 IN EGYPT AND THE LOTUS LAND. 
 
 The voyage from Malta to Egypt was exceedingly un 
 pleasant. A severe storm prevailed most of the time, ren- 
 dering life anything but comfortable. Unlike the majority 
 of military heroes, General Grant seems to take kindly to 
 the waves, and to be as much at home on them as if he 
 had been educated at Annapolis instead of W^est Point. 
 
 No storm, however severe, could deprive him of his 
 cigar, or, to use a sea phrase, keep him below. In this 
 respect he is very unlike Napoleon, who detested the sea, 
 and whom the smell of tar invariably sickened. The 
 English humorists never tired of twitting him on the fact, 
 and the patriotic prints and cartoons at the time he was 
 planning his celebrated invasion depict the conqueror of 
 I he continent in some exceedingly ludicrous positions. 
 
 The General and party stopped at Alexandria because 
 they wanted a safe anchorage, though they had intended 
 going direct to Cairo. He remained there three days. 
 The Vandalla had hardly anchored when the Governor of 
 ihe d\sitrict, the Admiral and the General, Pachas and Beys, 
 Consul-General Farman, Judges Bariinger and Morgan, 
 and resid>jnt missionaries, came on board, and were received 
 by General Grant. The Governor, in the name of the 
 Khedive, welcomed General Grant to Egypt, and offered 
 him a palace in Cairo, and a special steamer up the Nile. 
 It is Oriental etiquette to return calls as soon as possible, 
 and accordingly in the afternoon the General, accompanied 
 
 2SS 
 
A STREKT IN ALEXANDRIA. 
 
TOUR AROUND THH WORLD. 
 
 391 
 
 by his son, Commander Robeson, Chief Engineer Trille.f) 
 and Lieutenant Handy of the navy, landed in the official 
 barge. As this was an official visit, the Vandalia manned the 
 yards and fired twenty-one guns. These salutes were 
 responded to by the Egyptian vessels; a guard of honor 
 received the General at the palace, and the reception was 
 after the manner of the Orientals. 
 
 We enter a spacious chamber and are seated on a cush- 
 ioned seat or divan, according to rank. The Pacha offers 
 the company cigarettes. Then compliments are exchanged, 
 the Pacha saying how proud Egypt is to see the illustrious 
 stranger, and the General answering that he anticipates 
 great pleasure in visiting Egypt. The Pacha gives a signal, 
 and servants enter bearing little porcelain cups about as 
 large as an egg, in filigree cases. This is the beverage — 
 cofl!ee — or, as was the case with this special Pacha, a hot 
 drink spiced with cinnamon. Then the conversation con- 
 tinues with judicious pauses, the Orientals being slow in 
 speech and our General not apt to diffuse his opinions. In 
 about five minutes we arise and file down-stairs in slow, 
 solemn fashion, servants and guards saluting, and the visit 
 is over. 
 
 General and Mrs. Grant dined with Vice-Consul Sal- 
 vage, and in the evening attended a ball given in their 
 honor. This was an exceedingly brilliant entertainment, 
 and interesting in one respect especially, because it was 
 here that the General met Henry M. Stanley, just fresh 
 from the African wilderness. Stanley sat on the right of 
 the General, and they had a long conversation upon African 
 matters and the practical results of the work done by the 
 intrepid explorer. The Consul-General proposed the 
 health of General Grant, and Judge Barringer propn-^ed 
 that of Mrs. Grant, who was prevented by fatigue from 
 attending. Then a toast was proposed in honor of Stan- 
 ley, who made a grateful response, saying. that it was one 
 
392 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 of the proudest moments of his life to find himself seated 
 by the guest of the evening. The entertainment at Mr. 
 Salvage's at an end, the visitors returned on board the 
 Vandalia. Sunday was spent quietly in a stroll about the 
 town. Here the General and party left the Vandalia to 
 visit Cairo and the Nile. Going by rail, they reached 
 Cairo after a run of four hours. Here he was met by Gen- 
 eral Stone, the representative of the Khedive, and also 
 Gnieral Loring, both Americans, and late of the Confed- 
 erate States army. General Grant and General Stone 
 were together at West Point, and old friends. Their meet- 
 ing was quite enthusiastic. The General asks Generri 
 Loring to ride with him, while General Stone accompanies 
 Mrs. Grant, and so they drive off to the Palace of Kassr- 
 el-Doussa — the palace placed at General Grant's disposal 
 by the Khedive. Commander Robeson and Lieutenant 
 Rush accept the General's invitation to reside in the palac« 
 while they are in Cairo, and the remainder of the part| 
 find homes in the hotel- 
 
 The General dined quietly with his family, and nel. 
 day called on the Khedive. The hour fixed for the recep*- 
 tion was eleven, and a few minutes before that hour the 
 state carriages called at the palace. The General wore 
 plain evening dress, and was accompanied by the following 
 officers: Commander H. B. Robeson, commanding the 
 Vandalia; Joseph Trilley, chief engineer; George H. 
 Cooke, surgeon; Lieutenant E. T. Strong, Lieutenant J, 
 VV. Miller, Paymaster J. P. Loomis; G. W. Baird, en- 
 gineer; H. L. Hoskinson, ensign; B. F. Walling and E, 
 S. Hotchkin, midshipmen; E. R. Freeman, engineer. 
 Jesse R. Grant and Consul-General Farman accompanied 
 the General. They reached the palace shortly after eleven. 
 Ther2 was a guard of honor, and the officers of the house- 
 hold were ranged on the stairs. The General entered, and 
 was met by His Highness the Khedive at the foot of the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 3no 
 
 stairs. The General, his son, and Mr. Farman, went into 
 an inner room, where the ceremonies of the formal pre- 
 sentation took place. The officers then entered, and were 
 received by His Highness, who expressed his gratification 
 at seeing so many representatives of the navy. This recep- 
 tion'^lasted about half an hour. They then returned to the 
 palace, and had scarcely entered when the carriage of the 
 Khedive was announced. The General received the Khe- 
 dive, who was accompanied by his Secretary for Foreign 
 Affairs, and welcomed him in the grand saloon. The offi- 
 cers of the Vandalia were present, and their striking uni- 
 forms, the picturesque costumes of the Khedive and his 
 attendants, and the splendid, stately decorations of the room 
 in which they assembled, made the group imposing. At 
 the close of the interview. General Grant escorted the Khe- 
 dive to his carriage. Official calls were then made upon 
 the two sons of the Khedive, who at once returned the 
 calls, and so ended official duties. 
 
 Judge Batcheller and Consul-General Farman each 
 g-avc a gjanu dinner and bail m nonor of the General, whicn 
 were attended by the notables of all nations residing at 
 Cairo. 
 
 The thoughtful Khedive gave our distinguished traveler 
 a steamer specially adapted to the intricate and difficult navi- 
 gation of the Nile, also guides, interpreters, and professors 
 learned in the mysterious language of the monuments and 
 ruins which tell of a civilization that was old a thousand 
 years before the dawn of the Western Roman empire. The 
 party consisted of General and Mrs. Grant, their son, Sami 
 Bey, Emile Brugsch, Consul-General Farman, Chief Sur- 
 geon Cooke, Lieutenant Hadden, Ensign F. A. Wilner, 
 and a correspondent of the New York Herald — ten in all. 
 
 On the morning of the 19th of January, General Grant 
 and party reached Siout, the capital of Upper Egypt, and 
 containing twenty-live thousand inhabitants, where wo 
 
•294 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 have a Vice-Consul, the city being at some distance from 
 the river. After having^ received a call from Vice-Consul 
 Wasif-el-Hayat, a Syrian, they all drove to the town. It 
 was over parched fields, through a country parched with 
 the drought, but in more favorable years blooming like a 
 garden. All the town seemed to know of their coming, 
 for wherever they went great crowds swarmed around, and 
 they had to force their donkeys through masses of Arabs 
 and Egyptians, of all ages and conditions. The stores are 
 little holes of rooms, in front of which the trader sits and 
 calls upon you to buy. As these avenues are less than 
 six feet, one can imagine the trouble had in making prog- 
 ress. The town has some fine mosques and houses, but 
 in the main is like all the towns of Upper Egypt, a collec- 
 tion of mud hovels. A grand reception was given by the 
 Vice-Consul. The dinner was regal in its profusion and 
 splendor, and consisted of fully twenty courses, all well 
 served. When it was concluded, the son of the host arose, 
 and, in remarkably clear and correct English, proposed the 
 General's health. We give a fragment of this speech: 
 
 "Long have we heard and wondered," said the speaker, 
 " at the strange progress which America has made during 
 this past century by which she has taken the first position 
 among the niost widely civilized nations. She has so 
 quickly improved in sciences, morals and arts that the world 
 stands amazed at this extraordinary progress, which sur- 
 passes the swiftness of lightning. It is to the hard work of 
 her great and wise men that all this advance is imputed, those 
 who have shown to the world what wise, courageous, pat- 
 riotic men can do. Let all the world look to America and 
 follow her example — that nation which has taken as the 
 basis of her laws and the object of her undertakings to 
 maintain freedom and equality among her own people, and 
 secure them for others, avoiding all ambitious schemes 
 which would draw her into bloody and disastrous wars, 
 
TOUR AROUXD THE WORLD. 29^ 
 
 and trying by all means to maintain peace internally and 
 externally. The only two great wars upon which she has 
 engaged were entered ujion for pure and just purposes — 
 the first for releasing herself from the English yoke and 
 erecting her independence, and the otl^.er for stopping slav- 
 ery and strengthening the union of the States; and well 
 we know that it was mainly, under God, due to the talent, 
 courage and wisdom of his excellency. General Grant, that 
 the latter of the two enterprises was brought to a success- 
 ful issue." The speech closed by a tribute to the Gen- 
 eral and the Khedive. General Grant said in response 
 that nothing in his whole trip had so impressed him as this 
 unexpected, this generous welcome in the heart of Egypt. 
 He had anticipated great pleasure in his visit to Egypt, and 
 the anticipation had been more than realized. He thanked 
 his host, and especially the young man who had spoken of 
 him with so high praise, for their reception. The dinner 
 dissolved into cofTee, conversation and cigars. 
 
 On the 2 1st, at the town of Girgel, the General and 
 party take to the donkeys and make a trip under the broil- 
 ing hot sun, to the ruined city of Ab^-dos. This was the 
 oldest city in Egypt. It went back to Menes, the first of 
 the Egyptian Kings, who reigned, according to Egyptian 
 history, four thousand five hundred years before Christ. 
 The ruins are on a grand scale. Abj'dos is a temple 
 which the Khedive is rescuing from the sand. Here, 
 according to tradition, was buried the god Osiris. To 
 the ancient Egyptian, the burial place of that god was 
 as sacred as Mecca to the Moslems, or the Holy S<-p- 
 ulchre was to the Mediaeval Christians. The govern- 
 ment is trying to reclaim this temple, and has been 
 digging in all directions. One excavation over fifty feet 
 deep was visited. Remnants of an old house or tomb could 
 be seen. Millions of fragments of broken pottei)' aroimd. 
 The strata, that age after age had heaped upon the luuied 
 
296 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 city, were plainly visible. The city was really a city of 
 tombs. In the ancient days the devout Egyptian craved 
 burial near the tomb of Osiris, and so for centuries their re- 
 mains were brought to Abydos from all parts of Egypt. 
 Lunch was taken with Sallb, an Arabian, who had for 
 twenty years been worliing at the excavations, working 
 with so much diligence that he had become entirely blind, 
 and it is now his only comfort to wander through the ruins, 
 direct the workmen, and trace with his finger many a loved 
 inscription that his zeal has brought to light. Salib lives 
 near the ruin, on a pension allowed by the Khedive. After 
 an hour's rest, having ridden fifteen miles on donkeys and 
 walked two or three in the sand, the visitors returned to 
 the shelter and repose of the cabin of the Vandalia. 
 
 We next find our visitors at Thebes, once a city that 
 covered both banks of the Nile, was known to Homer as the 
 city of the hundred gates. It had a population of three 
 hundred thousand inhabitants, and sent out twentj- thousand 
 armed chariots. It was famed for its riches and its splendor 
 until it was besieged. Here was the temple of Memnon and 
 its colossal statues, and the palace temple of the great Ram- 
 eses, the only ruin in EgyjDt known to be the home of a 
 King; the columns of the Luxor, and the stupendous ruins 
 of Kanark, and the tombs of the kings, ^'isiting the town 
 of Luxor, a collection of houses built upon the ruins of the 
 old temple, erected over three thousand years ago; there is 
 a fine obelisk here, the companion to the one now standing 
 in the Place Concordia, Paris; also a statue of Rameses, of 
 colossal size, now broken and partly buried in the sand. 
 Next morning the party crossed the ri\er, and prepared 
 for a ride to visit Memnon statues; arrived at their destina- 
 tion, they found all that is left of ]SIemnonisra are the two 
 colossal statues. A good part of the base is buried in the 
 earth, but they loom up over the plain, and can be seen miles 
 and miles awa_\-. Some idea of their size can be formed, 
 
TOXTR AROUNn THE WORLD. 
 
 297 
 
 when it is known that tlie statue measures eighteen feet 
 three inches across the shoulders, sixteen feet six inches 
 from the top of the shoulder to the elbow, and the portions 
 of the body in due proportion. After examining these 
 statues and resting a half hour, they visited the temple of 
 Medesnet Habro, one of the great temples of Thebes, 
 and the palace temple of the great Rameses, who lived 
 thirteen hundred years before Christ, and is supposed by 
 some to be the Pharaoh that brought the plagues upon 
 Egypt. The walls of the palace are covered with inscrip- 
 tions. After carefully exploring these interesting ruins, and 
 luncheon being served in one of the old King's apartments, 
 our party returned by the route of the early morning. 
 Next morning, after a ride of forty minutes from Luxor, our 
 party were at the ruined temple of Kanark, built in the 
 days of Abraham. It is hard to realize that in the infinite 
 and awful past, in the days when the Lord came down to 
 the earth and communed with men and gave His command- 
 ments, these columns and statues, these plinths and entabla- 
 tures, these mighty, bending walls, upon which chaos has 
 put its seal, were the shrines of a nation's faith and sover- 
 eignty ; yet this is all told in stone. 
 
 Kanark, which was not only a temple, but one in the 
 series of temples which constituted Thebes, is about half a 
 mile from the ri\'cr, a mile or two from the temple of 
 Luxor. The front wall or propylon is 370 feet broad, 50 
 feet deep, and the standing tower 140 feet high. Leading 
 up to this main entrance is an avenue, lined with statues and 
 sphinxes, 200 feet long. When you enter this gate, 3'ou 
 enter an open court-yard 275 feet by 329. There is a cor- 
 rlder or cloister on either side; in the middle a double 
 line of columns, of which only one remains. We now 
 come to another wall or propylon, as large as the entrance, 
 and enter the great hall — the most magnificent ruin in 
 Egypt. The steps of the door are 40 feet by 10. The 
 
J()S (,1;N El!.\l, r. r-. liliANT s 
 
 room Is a 170 feet h\ 329, and the roof was supported by 
 134 columns. These columns are all or nearly all standing, 
 but the roof has gone. Twelve are 62 feet high without 
 the plinth, and 1 1 feet 6 inches in diameter. One hundred 
 and twenty-two are 42 feet ^ inches in height, and 2S feet 
 in circumference. Thc\' ^vere all brilliantly colored, and 
 son'ie of tliem retain their colors still; and \'0U can well 
 im;'.gine what must hn\ e been the blaze of light and color, 
 when the lyings and priests passed through in solemn pro- 
 cession. We pass through another gate into an open court. 
 Here is an obelisk in granite 7^ feet high, and the fragments 
 of another, its companion. The inscriptions on them are 
 as clear as though the\ hatl been cut \'csterda\', so gentle 
 is this climate in Its dealings with time. The\' celebrate 
 the victoi'ics and \ irtues of the kings who reigned 1700 
 ^•ears before Christ, and promise the kings in the name of 
 the immortal gods that their glory shall live for ages. 
 We pass into another chamber \er\- much in ruins, and 
 see another obelisk, 92 feet hlgli and 8 feet square — the 
 largest in the world. Tliis mommient commemorates the 
 virtues of the king's daughter — womanh' and qucenl\- vir- 
 tues, which met their reward, let us hope, thlrt\--ln e cen- 
 turies ago. One ma\' form some idea of what the Eg\ p- 
 tians could do in the wav of mechanics and engineering, 
 when it is known that this obelisk is a snigle block of 
 granite, tliat it was brought from the quarrv, miles and 
 miles awav, erected and inscribed, in seven months. The 
 next room was the sanctury, the holv of holies, and Is now 
 a mass of rubbish reciuiring nimble feet to climb. We 
 scramble oyer stones antl sand, until we come to what was 
 the room where King Amenophis III., who lived sixteen 
 centuries before Christ, was represented as giving offerings 
 to fifty-six of his royal predecessors. The hall is a ruin, 
 and some French ^',•^ndals carried off the tablet — one of 
 the most valuable in Egvpt — to Paris. Altogether the 
 
DOWN THE NU^E. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 30 1 
 
 building alone was i,io8 feet long, and about 300 feet wide, 
 the circuit around the outside, according to a Roman histo- 
 rian who saw it in its glory, being about a mile and a half. 
 
 This was the temple, but the temple was only a part. 
 There were three avenues leading from it to the other tem- 
 ples ; these avenues were lined with statues, large and small, 
 generally of the Sphinx. Soine distance from the temple 
 is a pool of water, known as the Sacred Lake. When an 
 Egyptian died and was embalmed, his body was brought 
 to the lake, where, if the deceased had lived worthily, the 
 body was sprinkled with water from the lake by the priests, 
 and was carried across to the other shore, and removed 
 from there to the catacombs. 
 
 Wherever we find walls we have inscriptions. Tlie in- 
 scriptions are in hieroglyphic language — a language as 
 clear to scholars now as the Latin or Sanscrit. They tell of 
 battles and the glory of the King Rameses, who is supposed 
 to be the Sesostris of the Greeks. We see him leading his 
 men to attack a fortified place. Again we see him leading 
 foot soldiers and putting an enemy to the sword. We see him 
 leading his captives as an offering to the gods, and offering 
 not only prisoners, but booty of great value. The group 
 of prisoners are rudely done, but you see the type of the 
 race clearly outlined. We trace these types, and thus learn 
 of the warlike achievements of this monarch whose fame 
 is carved all over Egypt, and about whose name there is 
 an interesting debate. Again and again these war themes 
 are repeated, one king after another reciting his conquests 
 and his virtues, wars and treaties of peace. It seemed in 
 the building of these temples that the intention was to 
 make the walls monumental records of the achievements 
 of various reigns. When the walls were covered, or a king 
 wished to be especially gracious to the priests, or, as is more 
 probable, desired to employ his soldiers, he would build a 
 ■•W wing or addition to the temple already existing, striv- 
 
^03 GENERAL U. S. GRANT 8 
 
 ing, if possible, to make his own addition more magnificent 
 than those of his predecessors. In this way came the great 
 temple of Karnak. As a consequence, these stupendous, 
 inconceivable ruins were not the work of one prince or one 
 generation, but of many; and as there was always some- 
 thing to add, and always a new ambition coming into play, 
 we find these temples, tombs, pyramids and obelisks, all 
 piled one upon another, all inspired by the one sentiment, 
 and all telling the same story. Here are the records, and 
 here are the ruins. If the records read like a tale of en- 
 chantment, these ruins look the work of gods. The world 
 does not show, except where we have evidences of the con- 
 vulsions of nature, a ruin as vast as that of Karnak. Let 
 the reader imagine a city covering two banks of the Hud- 
 son, running as far as the Battery to Yonkers and back, 
 seven miles, all densely built, and you have an idea of the 
 extent of Thebes. But this will only give you an idea of 
 size. The buildings were not Broadways and Fifth Av- 
 enues, but temples and colossal monuments and tombs, the 
 greatness of which, and the skill and the patience neces- 
 sary to build them, exciting our wonder to-day. Thebes 
 in its day must have been a wonder of the world — even of 
 the ancient world, which knew Nineveh and Babylon. 
 To-day all that remains are a few villages of mud huts, a 
 few houses in stone, flying consular flags, a plain here and 
 there strewed with ruins, and under the sand ruins even 
 more stupendous than those we now see. 
 
 At Keneh the General and his party landed and in- 
 spected the town, making several purchases. The Pacha 
 of the province, learning that so illustrious a visitor was in 
 his domain, sent couriers at once to invite the General to his 
 palace, which was accepted. This palace was a low brick 
 building, like a barracks. The visitors were shown into the 
 reception chamber, and ranged on the divan. There was a 
 long w«iting, when the Governor appeared, a stout, pleas- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 303 
 
 ant looking, gray mustached soldier, in his full uniform of 
 a general. He received the General with courtesy, and 
 there was the usual exchange of compliments; then came 
 the coffee and the pipes, and the adieu. The Governor ac- 
 companied General Grant in his return walk, calling upon 
 the German Consul, who had waylaid him and begged that 
 he would honor his house. This officer lived in style ap- 
 proaching splendor, and when his visitors were served with 
 coffee and pipes they noticed that the pipestems were 
 amber garnished with diamonds, and the coffeecups were 
 of the finest porcelain in cases of silver and gold. These 
 ceremonies over, the General and party returned to the 
 boat, through a gust of sand. 
 
 At Assouan, a town of four thousand inhabitants, 
 five hundred and eighty miles south of Cairo and seven 
 hundred and thirty from the Mediteranean, General 
 Grant and party intended to end their journey. Assouan 
 is the frontier station of Old Egypt, on the boundary of 
 Nubia, and supposed to lay directly under the equator. In 
 the ancient days tlie town was a quarry, and here were found 
 the stones which became obelisks, temples and tombs. 
 When Islam was marching to conquer the world, the Sar- 
 acens made a town here and an outpost, and for years waa 
 the battlefield in the constant strifes and schisms between 
 Nubian and Egyptian. At Assouan the aspect of the tour 
 changes; w^e see the Nubian type, the predominance of the 
 Negro. The people seem happy enough. They are 
 sparing of clothes, live on sugar cane, and lie in the sun — 
 a happy, laughing, idle, dirty, good humored race. 
 
 Next day General Grant visited Philae, situated on aa 
 island at the foot of the first cataract of the Nile. It was by 
 far the most interesting and picturesque ruin that our party 
 had seen. The island is green, and the date palms of luxu- 
 riant growth, and, unlike other portions of Egypt, we mia* 
 the sand, and can step trippingly over stones and turf. Th« 
 
304 GEXERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 river here spreads in various channels, and runs over rocks. 
 One channel is used for vessels ascending the river; the 
 other for vessels descending the stream. The river is nar- 
 row^, the banks are steep, and the stream rolls and dashes 
 like a sea, the waves roaring and lashing the banks. The 
 danger is from the rocks and being dashed against its 
 banks. 
 
 In the morning the boat's prow is turned, and the Gen- 
 eral is moving back toward the Vandalia. On his return 
 trip the General stopped over night at Keneh, saw his old 
 friend the Governor, stopped an hour at Siout, and on the 
 3d of February reached Memphis. Here are the tombs of 
 the sacred bull. 
 
 It was believed in the Egyptian mythology that the 
 god Osiris came to earth and allowed himself to be put to 
 death in order that the souls of the people might be saved. 
 After his death there was a resurrection, and the immortal 
 part of him passed into a bull, called Apis. 
 
 The ride to the tombs of Memphis was a pleasant one. 
 The ruins of Memphis are two or three tombs and the 
 serapeum or mausoleum of the sacred bulls. One of the 
 tombs being open, the visitors examined it, the walls 
 having the same profuse decoration as had been noted at 
 other points, entering a long, arched passage, with par- 
 allel passages, candles having been placed at various points. 
 On each side of this passage were the tombs. Each tomb 
 was in its alcove; the bull was placed in a huge sarcophagus, 
 the surface finely polished and covered with inscriptions. 
 These coffins were stupendous. The tombs have all been 
 violated by the early conquerors, to find gold and silver. 
 In most cases the cover has been shoved aside. The 
 inside was so large that eight or ten men could enter. 
 
 After finishing this study of the tombs, the party of visit- 
 ors rode back to their boat, and in the morning steamed 
 down to Cairo. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 305 
 
 General Grant had seen the Nile much more rapidly 
 than is the custom. 
 
 The General sent for the captain, and thanked him, and 
 made him a handsome present, and gave presents to all on 
 the boat, including the crew. 
 
 At 12 o'clock the boat passed the bridge and moored 
 at the wharf. The General and party returned to the pal- 
 ace of Kaser-el-Nousa, where he remained three days, and 
 then resumed his journey. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII, 
 
 TURKEY AND THE HOLY LAND. 
 
 General Grant and party arrived at Jaffa on the morning 
 of Sunday, February lo, liaving spent just one month on 
 the Nile and vicinit}'. Upon landing, the visitors at once 
 went to Vice-Consul Hardegg, and there found welcome 
 and entertainment. There was a little archway of 
 flowers and branches over the road, surmounted by the in- 
 scription, "Welcome, General Grant," and all the town 
 was out to do him honor. After visiting all the jjiaces of 
 interest, General and Mrs. Grant, with four of the ofliicers 
 of the Vandalia, prepared to visit the Holy Cit}-. Having 
 obtained three ciumsy open wagons, eacli drawn bv three 
 horses, they drove out of the town into the plain of Sharon. 
 It was too early in the season to see Palestine in its glory, 
 but the plain was rich and fertile. The part_y reached 
 Ramleh at about sundown, and remained over night, resum- 
 ing their journey at six in the morning. Passing from the 
 plain of Sharon into the country of Joshua and Sampson, the 
 road becomes rough and stony, and the carts go bumping, 
 thumping over the worst road in the world. The fertility of 
 Palestine lies in the jjlain below. Around and ahead, the 
 beauty of Palestine, the beauty of Nature in her deso- 
 lation; no houses, no farms, no trace of civilization but the 
 telegraph poles. The first biblical view is the ruins of 
 Gezer, once a royal city of Canaan. Passing through the 
 Kirjath Jearim, the valley of Ajalon and the scene of the 
 great battle between David and Goliath, the valle^■ is deep 
 
 306 
 
TOUR AROUND THE \VORLD. 307 
 
 and the brook still runs a swift course. This was the last, 
 ravine this side of the heights of Jerusalem, and one of the 
 strongest natural defenses of the city. At this point Gen- 
 eral Grant was met by a troop of cavalry, representatives 
 from all of the Consulates, delegations from the Americans, 
 Jews, Armenians and Greeks, resident in Jerusalem — in all 
 quite a small army — and, instead of quietly entering the city 
 as he had expected, he was coinmanded to enter as a con- 
 queror, in a triumphal manner. 
 
 Arrived at the city, General Grant was at once called 
 upon by the Pacha and the Consuls. The Bishops and the 
 Patriarchs all came and blessed the General and his house. 
 The Pacha sent his band of fifty pieces in the evening to 
 serenade the ex-President. The Pacha also gave a state 
 dinner, which ^vas largely attended. Early the following 
 morning General Grant stole away, before the reception 
 ceremonies, and ^valked over the street Via Dolorosa, con- 
 secrated to Christianity as the street over which Jesus 
 carried His cross. The General lived while in Jerusalem 
 vvithin nve minutes' walk of Calvary, unci witiiin sight from 
 his chamber. The first place of interest on this street is 
 the Coptic monastery. Here Christ sank under the weight 
 of the cross. At the ruins of the Hospice of the Knights 
 of St. John; here is where Jesus addressed the women 
 who followed him. A few steps further and we are at the 
 house and tomb of Veronica, who wiped the blood from 
 Jesus' holy brows, and left His image on her napkin. De- 
 scendmg a slippery path, and at the corner is the house 
 against which Christ leaned, overcome by agony. You 
 see a dent in the stone. This dent was made by the hand 
 of our Lord, as He stretched it out to support His burden. 
 It is smooth and dark with the kisses of millions of believ- 
 ing lips. 
 
 The next house is that of Dives, the rich man. At this 
 corner Simon of Cyrene took the cross and carried it a 
 
joS GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 part of the way. In front of the house of Dives is a stone, 
 and over it a hovel. The hovel was the house of the 
 beggar; the stone is wliere he sat in quest of alms, and 
 ander this archway Jesus stood and pronounced the para- 
 ble which is found in the sixteenth chapter of Luke. 
 Here the road makes another bend, and we pass a broken 
 column, that must at one time have been a stately 
 ornament. The column broke where Jesus sank upon 
 it, and the fissure is clear and deep. We keep on until we 
 come to a church, a bright, new church, with an arch over- 
 hano-ino- the street. This is the church of Ecce Homo. It 
 was here or hereabouts that the road to the cross began. 
 There is a barracks on the site of Pilate's judgment hall. 
 We go into the church. Behind the altar is an arch, and 
 under tliis arch Pilate stood when he delivered over Jesus to 
 the Jews and \^•ashed his hands of innocent blood. Here, 
 in an enclosure, was the whipping, the crowning with 
 thorns, the decoration with the purple robes, and here also 
 Jesus took up the cross, which He carried to Cahary. 
 
 We can readily see, as we retrace our wa\- up the Via 
 Dolorosa, that it must have been a rough and weary road 
 to one rent and torn and Isleeding and crushed under th 
 
 le 
 
 cruel burden of the cross. E\en to the wayfarer, in full 
 possession of his faculties, it is a tedious task to climb the 
 hill of Calvar\-. 
 
 After finishing" the Via Dolorosa, the visitors kept on 
 outside of the gates and over the vallcv of Jehoshaphat. 
 Crossing the brook Kedron, the verv brook hallowed b}' 
 our Lord's holy and sorrowful footsteps, and ascending the 
 hill a short distance, they come to a \valled garden. Here 
 Jesus knelt and prayed, and made holv fore\cr the Garden 
 of Gethsemane. The good monk gathered some flowers 
 for Mrs Grant, and for the others twigs and lea^•es from 
 the " Tree of Agon\-." 
 
 The party climbed the Mount of Olives to the summit, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE 'WORLD. 
 
 309 
 
 and entered the chapel, said to be the site of the Ascension, 
 now a Moslem mosque. From its minarets one can look 
 far beyond to the land of Moab, the valley of the Jordan 
 and the Dead Sea. Here a French princess has erected a 
 toinb, and around the walls of which is the Lord's Prayer 
 in thirty-two languages. 
 
 Resuming the walk over a hill, they came to the vil- 
 lage of Bethany, where Jesus lived when He preached in 
 Jerusalem. Here was Lazarus, His friend, whom He raised 
 from the tomb. Here lived Marv and Martha, whom 
 Jesus loved. Riding under the overhanging ruins of the 
 dwelling in which Jesus found home, shelter, friendship, 
 love, they walk around Bethany, which is only a collec- 
 tion of ruins and hovels. 
 
 Passing over the graveyard where Lazarus was buried, 
 they continue along the road that leads to Jerusalem again, 
 by the road sloping at the base of the mountain. It was 
 over this road that Jesus rode when He entered Jerusalem 
 on an ass. At the head of the hill, Jesus wejDt over the city 
 and prophesied its destruction. 
 
 Entering the city by the Damascus gate, it was but a 
 few minutes before General Grant and party reached their 
 hotel. The walk had been a long and weary one, yet full 
 of interest, every moment awakening a memory of the 
 noblest moinent of life, and every step taken had been over 
 hallowed ground. 
 
 Leaving Jerusalem, they visited Damascus, where their 
 stay was made enjoyable by the attention of the Turkish 
 officials. 
 
 On March loth General Grant and party arrived at 
 Athens, and were escorted by three Greek ironclads, a large 
 crowd witnessing the landing. On the 9th they were pre- 
 sented to the King and Queen of Greece, and a grand ban- 
 quet given in their honor on the loth. The ruins of the 
 ancient temples and tire Parthenon were brilliantly illu- 
 
JIO GENERAI. V. S. GRANTS 
 
 minated. On the 13th General Grant entertained the King 
 of Greece at luncheon on board the United States Steamer 
 Vandalia, and also lunched with the King on the 14th af 
 the American Legation. The General's reception had been 
 enthusiastic and hospitable. 
 
 General Grant reached Naples on Monday evening, and 
 proceeded at once to Rome. Here he was visited by 
 Cardinal McCloskey, Lieutenant-General Count Sounaz, 
 King Humbert's Aid-de-Camp, and all the dignitaries of 
 the government, diplomatic agents, and prominent citizens. 
 On the 35th, Minister Marsh gave a grand banquet and 
 soiree in honor of General Grant. The foreign ministers, 
 members of the cabinet, and most of the American resi- 
 dents were present. Several days were spent in visiting 
 places of interest. 
 
 On May 5th, General Grant arrived at Turin, where he 
 met with a hearty and entliusiastic reception, and on the 
 7th returned to the gay French capital. On Thursday the 
 Ex-President paid visits to President JvIcMahon, the Princp 
 of Wales, Duc'd Aosta, the Due Saxe-Coburg, the Prefect 
 of the Seine, and the Prefect of Police. On Friday he 
 called upon the English, Turkish, Swedish and Japanese 
 Ministers; in the afternoon he drove to the Bois de Boulogne 
 and witnessed a game of polo, in which he took a lively in- 
 terest. On Saturday the General and Mrs. Grant and their 
 son visited the Exposition. He was received by Chief 
 Commissioner McCormick and staff, and by the Commis- 
 sioners from the various States of the Union, Minister 
 Noyes, Consul-General Toi'bert and wife, and- the leading 
 ladies and gentlemen of the American colony in Paris. 
 
 The American marines were drawn up in military 
 array, and gave the party a military salute on their arrival 
 at the American section. 
 
 The General and his party then examined the whole 
 American department in detail. They spent a good deal 
 
TOXiR AROUND THE WORLD. JII 
 
 of time among Tiffany's exhibit, where Bonanza Mackay's 
 gorgeous service of silver plate, which cost one hundred 
 and fifty thousand dollars, is exhibited. 
 
 Then they proceeded to the machinery department, 
 where the General was placed upon a square American plat- 
 form — that of the Howe scale. General Grant, in fact, was 
 weighed, and for the first time in his life "found wanting," 
 having lost seventeen pounds by his Egyptian trip. 
 
 Mr. Cunliffc Owen did the honors, in the Prince of 
 Wales' pavilion, to the General and his party. 
 
 A handsome collation was served in the Alimentation 
 group. No. 17, of the American department, after which 
 the party proceeded to visit the other sections. 
 
 The following week. General Grant was the object of 
 further attention, and enjoyed the amenities of Paris life to 
 the full, receiving a visit from President McMahon and his 
 wife. Prince Hassan of Egypt, Prince Albert and Prince 
 Frederick of Austria, Prince and Princess of Denmark. 
 The Comte de Paris sent his boxes at the Italian fy' 
 Thursday, and at the grand opera on Friday. He dined 
 with Mr. Ridge way on Saturday. 
 
 One of the jjleasant things of the week was General 
 Grant's visit to the polo grounds in the Bois de Boulogne. 
 The Prince of Wales also went the same day. They wit- 
 nessed a very interesting game. General Grant was ac 
 companied by his family and ex-Minister Beale. They 
 remained an liour. 
 
 The General said he thought the game might be intro- 
 duced with great effect into the cavalry regiments and at 
 West Point, as a good school of horsemanship for young 
 soldiers. 
 
 The third week of General Grant's stay in Paris was 
 equally as pleasant, and every attention shown him. Mr. 
 Morton, the banker, gave a "stag" dinner on Monday, and 
 the same night Mr. Waddington, the minister of foreign 
 
312 GENKRAI. U. S. GRANTS 
 
 affairs, gave the grandest ball of the season. Five thousand 
 invitations were issued, and there was a perfect crush, but 
 the costumes of the ladies were something even for a man 
 to rave about. 
 
 On Tuesday the American artist, Healy, gave a ball. 
 On Wednesday there was a reception and ball at the Min- 
 istry of Agriculture. On Friday Mrs. Hooper's private 
 theatricals attracted a distinguished party. On Saturdaj- 
 there was a soiree dansantc at Mrs. Wagner's, and on Sun- 
 day Prince Orloff, the Russian minister, gave a grand 
 dinner to General Grant, which proved to be one of the 
 most enjo3'able entertainments given in his honor. These 
 festivities were kept up, with little abatement, until the 
 middle of June, when General Grant turned his eyes 
 toward the northern lands of Europe, and paid his respects 
 to his friends in Paris, and bowed himself out of that daz- 
 zling sphere of dissipation, to recuperate in a series of mild 
 Dutch festivities — mild compared to the mad whirl of fes- 
 tive Paris. 
 
 General Grant arrived at the Hague in safety, and was 
 met by Minister Birney, and, with Mrs. Grant, took up his 
 residence, by special invitation, in the latter gentleman's 
 house. 
 
 Immediately upon the ex-President's arrival — almost 
 before he had time to repose himself after his journey — in- 
 vitations began to pour in upon him, and the routine of 
 dinners, rece^^tions, balls and visits began anew. On 
 Monday evening Minister Birney entertained his distin- 
 quished guest at a splendid dinner, which proved to be one 
 of the great events of the season. Preparations on a large 
 scale had been made for this occasion, which was a grati- 
 fying success in every respect. 
 
 All the members of the diplomatic corps in the city were 
 present at this dinner, which was rendered still more brill- 
 iant by the presence of the wives and lady friends of the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 3I3 
 
 diplomats. After the dinnei'j which went off joyously, a 
 splendid reception was given, in which the court circle, with 
 its picturesque retinue of noble ladies and gentlemen, most 
 of the members of Parliament, and other distinguished 
 guests, participated. General Grant was, of course, the 
 centre of attraction, and was treated witli marked deference 
 and honors. His manl}-, soldier-like bearing was admired 
 on all sides, and every one was desirous of making his ac- 
 quaintance. The reception continued until the small hours 
 of morning, and was thoroughl}' enjoyable from beg-inning 
 to end. 
 
 On TuesdaN" e\ening a similar dinner \vas gi\en in honor 
 of the General at the residence of the iMinister of For- 
 eign Affairs, Baroa de Heckeven de KcU. This was also 
 followed by a reception no less brilliant than its predecessor. 
 On the same day General Grant accepted an invitation to 
 visit His Roval Higlmess Prince Frederic, uncle of the 
 King. He chose the forenoon for the purpose of paying 
 his respects to the Prince, who entertained him generously 
 at a private dejeuner. After this fi'iendly repast, the Pj'ince 
 ordered his carriage and had his guest dri\eu through the 
 spacious and beautiful grounds of the estate. A call was 
 also made on Prince Alexander, son of the King. 
 
 Each day was destined to bring its separate enjoyment. 
 Wednesday was set apart for a parade of a portion of the 
 troops of Holland, and the General was invited to review 
 these sturdy Dutch soldiers, whose martial bearing im- 
 pressed him very fa\orably. A large number of distin- 
 guished ladies and gentlemen ^vere present at the re\'iew, 
 and the scene was exceedingly picturesque and attractive. 
 The troops looked their best, and marched with fine pre- 
 cision and dignity. 
 
 The General limited his stay at The Hague, although he 
 expressed a hope that he might return there before his de- 
 parture. He then took the train for Rotterdam, where he 
 
314 GENERAL U. b. GRANTS 
 
 arrived in a short time. He was received by the Burgo- 
 master of that city, and was escorted around and shown va- 
 rious objects of interest by this dignitary. The Burgomas- 
 ter gave a dinner in his honor, to which a great many of 
 the principal citizens were invited. The affair was very 
 social and cordial. 
 
 On Thursday the General made his way into the fa- 
 mous city of Amsterdam, where he was greeted by throngs 
 of people, who welcomed him in a truly enthusiastic man- 
 ner. Several prominent citizens escorted him about, and 
 extended to him an invitation for dinner on Saturday eve- 
 ning. His residence in Amsterdam, although necessarily- 
 short, was as pleasant as could have been desired. 
 
 General Grant's flying tour on Dutch territory was 
 marked by attentions as gracious and as flattering as any he 
 had yet received. In the steady, plodding cities of Hol- 
 land, the phlegmatic citizens had been excited to enthusi- 
 asm by the presence of the ex-President, and signified their 
 admiration of his character and achievements by crovvd 
 ing the streets which he passed. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 GRANT IN GERMANY, NORWAY, SWEDEN, RUSSIA 
 AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 On Wednesday, June 26, General Grant and party 
 arrived at Berlin, Minister Taylor having met them at 
 Stendahlj sixty miles below Berlin. 
 
 On the evening of his coming, he strolled along the 
 Unter den Linden, and his Berlin visit may be summed up 
 in this sentence, that he walked the greater part of each day, 
 and there was not a quarter of Berlin that he did not explore 
 on foot witli an energy as sightseer which no amount 
 of exertion seemed to diminish. The General had an 
 early interview with the members of the Congress of 
 great diplomats assembled in Berlin to settle the Eastern 
 question. 
 
 At an interview Avith Prince GortschakofF, the General, 
 in company with Mr. Taylor, calling at the Prince's .request 
 (as the gout prevented the Prince calling on the General), 
 Gortschakoff said that Russia would be glad to se6 and 
 welcome the General, and he seemed delighted with the 
 visit. Of the members of the Congress, Lord Beaconsfield, 
 Lord Salisbury, M. Waddington and Count Corti were 
 known to the General. Mehemet Ali he had met in 
 Turkey. Visits were exchanged with these gentlemen and 
 with the other members of the Congress. 
 
 Among the first calls left on the General was that of 
 Prince Bismarck, and as it did not find him at home it was 
 left again. As the General was anxious to see the Prince, 
 
316 GF.XERAI, i:. S. GRAXT'S 
 
 for whose character and services he had so high an admira- 
 tion, he returned these calls at once, and sent His Highness 
 a message saying that he would make his visit at any time 
 that would suit the Prince, whom he knew to be a busy 
 and an ill man. 
 
 The afternoon at four was the hour named for the visit, 
 and, as the General lives within a few moments' walk of the 
 Bismarck Palace, at five minutes to four he slowly saim- 
 tered through the Frederick Place. The Frederick Place 
 is a small square, with roads and flowers and some famous 
 old trees, laid out in memory of the great Frederick. It is 
 decorated with statues of his leading generals. Everything 
 runs to war in Germany, and the prevailing religion is 
 swordsmanship. In this park are bronze statues of Ziethen, 
 Seidlitz, Wintcrfeldt, Keith, Schwerin, and the Prince of 
 Dessau. Passing out of the park, on the right, is the palace 
 and honie of the fimous Prince Bismarck. An iron railing 
 separates it from the street, and from the roof the flag of the 
 German empire floats in the breeze. 
 
 The General saimters into the courtyard, and the sen- 
 tinels eye him a moment curiously, and then present arms. 
 His visit had been expected, but certainly an ex-President 
 of the United States would come in a carriage and six, and 
 not qufetly on foot. Throwing away a half-smoked cigar as 
 he raises his hat in honor of the salute, he advances to the 
 door, but before he has time to ring, two servants throw 
 them open, and he passes into an open marble hall. Of all 
 princes now living, this is, perhaps, the most renowned — 
 this of Bismarck-Schinhausen — who comes with a swino-- 
 ing, bending gait through the opened and opening door's, 
 with both hands extended, to meet the General. You note 
 that time has borne heavily on the Prince these past few 
 years. The iron-grey hair and mustache are nearly white; 
 there is weariness in the gait, a tired look in the face. But 
 all the lines are there that are associated with Bismaick- for 
 
WADDINGTOX, 
 France, 
 
 GORTCHAKOFF, 
 RtlKsia. 
 
 BISMARCK, 
 Germany . 
 
 EUROPEAN PRIME MINISTERS. 
 
 BEACONSFIELD, 
 Ejigland, 
 ANDRASSY. 
 'A iistria. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 319 
 
 if ever manhood, courage, intellect are written on a man's 
 face by his Creator, they are written on this face of the 
 German Chancellor. There is the lofty station, which 
 seems to belong to the Bismarck stamp of men, the bold 
 outlines of the brain, under which empires have found their 
 fate, the frank, intrepid, penetrating eye, and in that firmly 
 knit mouth the courage 'of the Saxon race. The Prince 
 wore an officer's uniform, and, on taking the General's 
 hand, said, " Glad to welcome General Grant to Germany." 
 
 The General answered that there was, no incident in his 
 German visit that more interested him than this opportu- 
 nity of meeting the Prince. Bismarck expressed surprise 
 at seeing the General so young a inan, but on a compari- 
 son of ages it was found that Bismarck was only seven 
 years the General's senior. 
 
 " That," said the Prince, " shows the value of a military 
 life; for here you have the frame of a young man, while I 
 feel like an old man." 
 
 The General, smiling, announced that he was at that 
 period of life when he could have no higher compliment 
 than being called a young man. By this time the Prince 
 had escorted the General to a chair. 
 
 It was his library or stud\ , and an open window looked 
 out upon a beautiful park, upon whicli the warm June sun 
 was shining. This is the jjrivate park of the Radziwill 
 Palace, which is now Bismarck's Berlin home. The library 
 is a large, spacious room, the walls a gray marble, and the 
 furniture plain. In one corner is a large and high writing- 
 desk, where the Chancellor works, and on the varnished 
 floors a few rugs are thrown. The Prince speaks English 
 with precision, but slowly, as though lacking in practice, 
 now and then taking refuge in a French word, but showing 
 a thorough command of the language. 
 
 After inquiring after the health of General Sheridan, 
 who was a fellow-campaigner in France, and became a 
 
320 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 great friend of Bismarck's, they discussed the Eastern ques- 
 tion, military armament and strength, and the late atrocious 
 attempt to assassinate the Emperor, giving the two great 
 men an opportunity to discuss this phase of socialism. In 
 speaking of this attempt on the life of the Emperor, the 
 Prince paid this glowing tribute to the Emperor: 
 
 " It is so strange, so strange and so sad. Here is an old 
 man — one of the kindest old gentlemen in the world — and 
 yet they must try and shoot him! There never was a more 
 simple, more genuine, more ^ what shall I say? — more 
 humane character than the Emperor's. He is totally un- 
 like men born in his station, or many of them, at least. You 
 know that men who come into the world in his rank, born 
 princes, are apt to think themselves of another race and 
 another world. They arc apt to take small account of the 
 wishes and feelings of others. All their education tends to 
 deaden the human side. But this Emperor is so much of a 
 man in all things! He never did any one a wrong in his 
 life. He never wounded any one's feelings; never imposed 
 a hardship! He is the most genial and winning of men — 
 thinking always, anxious always for the comfort and well- 
 fare of his people, of those around him. You cannot con- 
 ceive a finer type of the noble, courteous, charitable old 
 gentleman, with every high quality of a prince, as well as 
 every virtue of a man. I should have supposed that the 
 Emperor could have walked alone all over the Empire 
 without harm, and yet they must try and shoot him." 
 
 T4ie Prince asked the General when he might have the 
 pleasure of seeing Mrs. Grant. The General answered 
 that she would receive him at any convenient hour. 
 
 " Then," said the Prince, " I will come to-morrow 
 before the Congress meets." 
 
 Both gentlemen arose, and the General renewed the ex- 
 pression of his pleasure at having seen a man who was 
 so well known and so highly esteemed in America. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 32 1 
 
 " General," answered the Prince, " the pleasure and the 
 honor are mine. Germany and America have always been 
 in so friendly a relation that nothing delights us more than 
 to meet Americans, and especially an American who has 
 done so much for his country, and whose name is so much 
 honored in Germany as your own." 
 
 The Prince and the General walked side by side to the 
 door, and after shaking hands the General passed into (he 
 square. The guard presented arms, and the General lit 
 a fresh cigar and slowly strolled home. 
 
 "I ain glad I have seen Bismarck," he remarked. "He 
 is a man whose manner and bearing fully justify the opin- 
 ions one forms of him. What he says about the Emperor 
 \vas beautifully said, and should be known to all the Ger- 
 mans and those who esteem Germany." 
 
 Notable, also, among incidents of the Berlin stay, \vas a 
 quiet, informal reception given to the General by Mr. Tay- 
 lor, American Minister. Mr. Taylor was not aware of the 
 General's coming until a day or two before his arrival, and 
 the news found him an ill man. Then he had had no per- 
 sonal acquaintance with the General, and if his home 
 political syinpathies ran in one direction more than another 
 it was not in the direction of the General. Mr. Taylor 
 regretted that the state of mourning in which the attempt 
 on the Emperor's life had thrown Berlin, and the presence 
 of the Congress, prevented his entertaining the General in 
 a more ostentatious manner. But he made all the arrange- 
 ments with the Court, and gave the General an evening 
 party, which all the Americans in Berlin attended. The 
 evening was enjoyable and interesting. The next day there 
 was a small dinner party at the Embassy, and, in addition, 
 there was a great deal of going around and seeing Berlin 
 in a quiet way, which form of foreign life the General en- 
 joys beyond any other. 
 
322 GE.VERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 The Crown Prince sent word to General Grant asking 
 him to name an hour when he would review some troops 
 in all arms. The General answered that any hour most 
 convenient for the troops would be pleasant to him. So it 
 was arranged at half-past seven iti the morning. The 
 General asked Mr. Coleman, of the Legation, to be one of 
 his company. It had rained all night, a heavy, pitching, 
 blowing rain, and when the morning came the prayers 
 which Mr. Coleman had been offering up all night for 
 better weather were found to have availed not. The 
 General himself had a severe cold and a chill, which had 
 been hanging o\er him for two days, and when he arose 
 he could scarcely speak. There was a suggestion that the 
 review be postponed. But the troops were under way, and 
 the General would not hear of the suggestion. The place 
 selected was the Tempelhof, a large open field outside of 
 Berlin. When General Grant drove on the ground in a 
 palace carriage he ^vas met by the General commanding 
 the Berlin troops and a large staff. A horse from the royal 
 stables ^\•as in waiting, but the General was suffering so 
 much that he would not mount. The rain kept its wild 
 wa}', and the wind swept it in gusts across the open field, 
 so much so that in a few moments, even with the protection 
 of a carriage, the occupants were all thoroughly drenched. 
 
 The manoeuvres went on all the same. There was a 
 sham fight with infantry, all the incidents of a real battle 
 — moving on the flank, in skirmish line, firing and re- 
 treating, firing and advancing. Then came the order to 
 fix bayonets and charge at double quick, the soldiers shout- 
 ing and cheering as they advanced with that ringing cheer 
 which, somehow, no one hears but in Saxon lands, and 
 which stirs the blood like a trumpet. General Grant was 
 attended by Major Igel, an intelligent officer. The General 
 complimented the movements of the troops highly. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 323 
 
 After the mancEuvres and the sham fight, there was a 
 march past, the General reviewing the Hne with bared 
 head, to which the pitiless rain showed no mercy. 
 
 " These are fine soldiers," he said, and thanked the com- 
 mander for his courtesy. 
 
 Then came artillery practice, the guns firing and sweep- 
 ing over the field in a whirling, mad pace. This was fol- 
 lowed by an artillery inarch past, which the General 
 reviewed on foot, the rain still beating down. 
 
 Then came cavalry. This was the most interesting 
 phase of the display, especially one movement, where the 
 battalion broke into disorder and rallied again. 
 
 " This," said the Major, " we do to accustom our men to 
 the contingency of disorder on the field, and enable every 
 man to know how to take care of himself." 
 
 The movement was effective and beautiful, and showed, 
 said the General, the highest state of discipline. It was 
 followed by a charge and a march past, the General, on foot, 
 reviewing, and the rain whirling like a gust. 
 
 After this they all drove to a military hospital and 
 inspected it. Then to the quarters of a cavalry regiment, 
 under the command of the Prince of Hohenzollern. The 
 General was received by the officers, and went carefully 
 through the quarters. After inspection there was a quiet 
 mess-room lunch and a good deal of military talk, which 
 showed that the General had not forgotten his trade. 
 
 The General, at the close of the lunch, asked permis- 
 sion to propose the prosperit}' of the regiment and the 
 health of the Colonel. It was a regiment of which any 
 army would be proud, and he hoped a day of trial would 
 never come; but, if it did, he was sure it would do its part 
 to maintain the ancient success of the Prussian army. He 
 also desired to express his thanks to the Crown Prince for 
 the pains that had been taken to show him this sample of 
 his magnificent army. 
 
334 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 The Prince answered in German, which Major Igel 
 translated, that he was much complimented by the Gen- 
 eral's toast, and that the annals of his regiment would 
 always record the pride they felt in having had at their 
 mess and as their guest so illustrious a leader. This closed 
 the military services of the day. 
 
 About midday a coupe stopped at the door of Minister 
 Taylor's residence, and Prince Bismarck descended and 
 touched his hat to the crowd. He wore a full militarj' uni- 
 form, a gilded helmet covering his brows, and was con- 
 ducted to the apartments of the General, who presented the 
 Prince to his wife and Mrs. Taylor, the wife of the Minis- 
 ter. The Prince expressed again his satisfaction at seeing 
 General Grant and his wife in German^-, and hoped Mrs. 
 Grant would carr}' home the best impressions of the coun- 
 try'. It had been raining, and the skies were heavy with 
 clouds, and the General himself, suffering from a cold, had 
 been sitting in a carriage for two hours, the rain beating 
 in his face, watching horsemen, artillery and infantry march 
 and countermarcn over tne Tempelhof grounds. Altogether 
 it had been a trying dav, and everybody felt cheerless and 
 damp. But Mrs. Grant has a nature that would see as 
 much sunshine in Alaska as in Itah', on whose temper rain 
 or snow never makes an impression, and she told His High- 
 ness how delighted she was with Germany, with Potsdam 
 and the Crown Prince, and more especially the Crown 
 Princess, Avhose motherly, womanlv wavs had won quite a 
 place in her womanlv, motherly heart. They had had 
 pleasant talks about children and households and wedding- 
 anniversaries, and domestic manners in Germany, and had 
 no doubt exchanged a world of that sweet and sacred in- 
 formation which ladies like to bestow on one another in the 
 confidence of friendly conversation. Moreover, she was 
 pleased to see Prince Bismarck, and expressed that pleasure, 
 and there was a half hour of the pleasantest talk, not about 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 335 
 
 politics or wars or statesmanship, but on very human 
 theines. 
 
 The gentler side of the Prince came into play, and one 
 who was present formed the opinion that there was a very 
 sunny side to the man of blood and iron. As two o'clock 
 drew near, the Prince arose and said: " I must go to my 
 Congress, for, you see, although the business does not con- 
 cern us greatly, it is business that inust be attended to." 
 The General escorted the Prince, and as he descended the 
 crowd had become dense, for Bismarck rarely appears in 
 public, and all Berlin honors him as foremost ainong Ger- 
 man men. 
 
 On July II, the General dined with the Prince. The 
 invitation card \vas in German, not French — a large, plain 
 card, as follows; ^ 
 
 FUERST VON BISMARCK 
 beehrt sich General U. S. GRANT zum Diner am Montag, 
 den I, Juli, um 6 Unr, ganz ergebenst einzuladen. 
 iJ. A. w. g 
 
 The menu was in French. 
 
 MENU. 
 
 LuNDi, le ler juillet. 
 
 Potage Mulligatawny. 
 
 Pates a la financiere. 
 
 Turbot d'Ostende a I'Anglaise. 
 
 Quartier de bceuf a la Holsteinaise. 
 
 Canetons aux olives, 
 
 Ris de veau a la Milanaise. 
 
 Punch remain. 
 
 Poulardes de Bruxelles. 
 
 Salade. Compotes. 
 
 Fends d'artichauts a la Hollandaise. 
 
 Pain de Fraises a la Chantilly. 
 
 Glaces. 
 
 Dessert. 
 
 The General, with his military habits ot promptness, 
 
 entered the palace at six precisely, accompanied by his wife. 
 
336 GENERAL V. S. (iRANT's 
 
 Mr. Bayard Taylor, the Minister, and Mrs. Taylor, and H. 
 Sidney Everett, the Secretary of Legation. The Prince 
 and Princess Bismarck, and the Countess Marie GrafinVon 
 Bismarck, accompanied by the Prince's two sons, met the 
 General at the door of the salon and presented him to the 
 various guests. There was a heart}' greeting for the Min- 
 ister and his party, and the Princess and Mrs. Grant were 
 soon on the Avaves of an animated conversation. The 
 comp:iny numbered about thirty, and a few moments after 
 the General's arrival dinner was announced. The Prince 
 led the way, escorting Mrs. Grant, who sat on his right, 
 with Mrs. Taylor on his left, the General and the Princess 
 vis-a-vis, with Mr. Von Schlozer, the German Minister at 
 Washington, between. The remainder of the company 
 were members of the Cabinet and high persons in Berlin. 
 
 About half-past seven, or later, the dinner was over, 
 and the company adjourned to another room. 
 
 General Grant had several interviews with Bismarck, 
 and the interchange of opinion and criticism took a wide 
 range, and seemed to strengthen the high opinion each had 
 for the other. The contrast between the two faces was a 
 study; no two faces, of this generation, at least, have been 
 more widely drawn. In expression Bismarck has what 
 might be an intense face, a moving, restless eye, that might 
 flame in an instant. His conversation is irregular, rapid, 
 audacious, with gleams of humor, saying the oddest and 
 frankest things, and enjoying anything that amuses him so 
 much that, frequently, he will not, cannot finish the sen- 
 cence, for laughing. Grant, whose enjoyment of humor is 
 keen, never passes beyond a smile. In conversation he 
 calks his theme directh' out with care, avoiding no detail, 
 correcting himself if he slips in any, exceedingly accurate 
 in statement, and who always talks well, because he never 
 talks about what he does not know. 
 
 One notes in comparing the two faces how much more 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 327 
 
 youth there is in that of Grant than of Bismarck. Grant's 
 face was tired enough two years ago, when fresh from that 
 witches' dame of an Electoral Commission — it had that 
 weary look v/hich you see in Bismarck's, but it has gone, 
 and of the two men one would certainly deem Grant the 
 junior by twenty years. 
 
 Mr. Taylor, the American Minister, was evidently 
 impressed with the historical value of the meeting of Grant 
 and Bismarck. He remembered a German custom that 
 you can never cement a friendship without a glass of old- 
 fashioned schnapps. There was a bottle of a famous 
 schnapps cordial, among other bottles — no matter how old 
 it was — and the Minister said, " General, no patriotic Ger- 
 man will believe that there can ever be lasting friendship 
 between Germau}' and the United States unless yourself 
 and the Prince pledge eternal amity between all Germans 
 and Americans over a glass of this schnapps." The Prince 
 laughed, and thanked the Minister for the suggestion. 
 The schnapps was poured out, the General and Prince 
 touched glasses, and the vows were exchanged in hearty 
 fashion. 
 
 General Grant arriv-ed at Gothenburg on the 12th of Julv. 
 He was met by a crowd of over five thousand people, 
 who cheered loudly for him of whom they had Incnrd so 
 much. The Swedes, who have emigrated in such large 
 numbers to the United States, have spread his fame among 
 their countrymen at home. The ships in the harbor we)-e 
 all decorated in his honor. He passed the day in Gothen- 
 burg, and then continued his journey to Cliristiana. All 
 the villages along the route were decorated, and his com- 
 ing was made the occasion of a gala day. 
 
 He landed at Christiana on the 13th, and was received 
 with great ceremony. Ten thousand people flocked to 
 greet him. King Oscar 11. came to Christiana from Stock- 
 
T^ZS GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 holm to meet the General, and gave him a dinner and a 
 reception. 
 
 The General set out sightseeing, and was conducted to 
 the old castle of Aggershuus, with its citadel and church 
 on the brow of a point jutting out into the fiord, over whose 
 winding shore-line and smooth waters, broken by wooded 
 islands, it gives a tine view. 
 
 The reception of the ex-President throughout Scandi- 
 navia was enthusiastic and remarkable, everywhere the 
 citizens turning out en masse to welcome and honor him. 
 At Stockholm, on the 24th, he was tendered a grand state 
 banquet and dinner at the Embassy, and was serenaded, 
 and a large crowd assembled and cheered him as he 
 embarked for Russia. 
 
 General Grant arrived at St. Petersburg July 30. On 
 arriving in the Russian capital, he was met by Minister 
 Stoughton, whose wonderful coronal of snow}- locks never 
 shone more magnificently over his rosy cheeks. 
 
 The Emperor's Aid-deCamp, Prince GortschakofF, anr' 
 other high ofnciais ui" ii,v, ..nperiai court, called immedi- 
 ately, welcoming the ex-President m the name of the Czar. 
 
 On the following day General Grant had an audience 
 with the Emperor Alexander, which was of a pleasant 
 nature. 
 
 The imperial yacht conveyed the General to Peterho'" 
 the Verseilles of St. Petersburg. It is fifteen miles from 
 the capital, but it has one advantage over the old French 
 royal extra-mural residence in that, from the imperial palace, 
 one has almost urivaled views over Cronstadt and the Gulf 
 of Finland, and of the capital itself The fountains were 
 played in honor of the visit. 
 
 He afterward visited the great Russian man-of-war, 
 Peter the Great. The band played American airs, and a 
 royal salute of twenty-one guns was fired. The imperial 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 329 
 
 yacht then steame<l slowly ainoug the Russian fleet lying 
 off Cionsiadt, the ships running out American colors, and 
 the sailors cheering. 
 
 Subsequently the General had an interview with the 
 Czar at St. Petersburg. The Emperor manifested great 
 cordiality. The General was presented by Prince Gort- 
 schakoff. His Majesty talked of his health and the Gen- 
 eral's travels. He seemed greatly interested in our national 
 wards, the Indians, and made several inquiries as to their 
 mode of warfare. 
 
 At the close of the interview^ the Emperor accompanied 
 General Grant to the door, saying : — 
 
 " Since the foundation of your government, the rela- 
 tions between Russia and America have been of the friend- 
 liest character; and as long as I live nothing shall be spared 
 to continue that friendship." 
 
 The General answered that, although the two govern- 
 ments were directly opposite in character, the great inajor- 
 ity of the American people were in sympathy with Russia- 
 and would, he hoped, so continue. 
 
 At the station. General Grant met the Grand Duke 
 Alexis, who was very cordial, recalling with pleasure his 
 visits to America. 
 
 A visit was also made to the great Chancellor, Prince 
 Gortschakoff, with whom the General spent some hours, 
 smoking and discussing American and European affairs. 
 
 The Czarowitch also received General Grant at special 
 ■ludience. 
 
 The French Ambassador gave a dinner to the General, 
 and there was a special review of the fire brigade in his 
 honor. The attentions of the Emperor and the authorities 
 were so marked that he prolonged his stay several days. 
 
 On the 9th instant he was in Moscow, the ancient capital 
 of Russia. He dined with Prince Dogoroff on the loth, 
 
3^0 GENERAL V. S.. (iRANT S 
 
 was at Warsav\- the 13th. At all of these cities he was 
 received with the same marked cordiality, and his visit 
 recalled with feelings of pleasure. 
 
 On the iSth our ex-President arrived at Vienna. At 
 the railroad station he was met by Minister Kasson, the 
 secretaries and members of the American Legation, and a 
 large number of the American residents. He was loudly 
 cheered as he stepjjed out of the railway carriage. 
 
 On the 19th the General was visited at the Legation (A 
 the United States b}- Count Andrassy, the First Minister 
 of the Council, and several colleagues. In the evening he 
 dined with the Countess and Mrs. Grant at Post's. On 
 the 20th he had an audience of His Imperial Majesty Fran- 
 cis Joseph, at the lovelj- palace of Schoenbrunn, spending 
 tlie remainder of the da\" driving about the imperial 
 grounds and forests, and visiting points of interest in that 
 romantic and historic neighborhood. 
 
 On the 3 1st General and Mrs. Grant were entertained 
 by the imperial family, and dined with the Emperor in the 
 evening. During the morning Baron Steinberg accom- 
 panied the Emperor's American guests to the Arsenal. 
 
 On the 23d Minister Kasson gave a diplomatic dinner 
 in honor of our ex-President, at which nearly all the for- 
 eign Ambassadors were present. The members of the 
 Austro-Hungarian Cabinet attended the reception in the 
 evening, and added to the attractiveness and brilliancy ot 
 the occasion. The General expressed himself greatly 
 pleased with Vienna, and thought it a charming city. He 
 was gratified also at the marked attentions of the Emperor's 
 household, and the earnest endeavor shown to honor him 
 as a citizen of the United States. 
 
 On September 23 General Grant was at Znrich, and 
 dined with the American Consul, S. H. Byers, at the Hotel 
 Bauer. Among the distinguished guests were Burg-omas- 
 
TOiTR ARorxT) THE ^voRI,^. 331 
 
 ter Roemer, of Zurich; Feer-Herzog, a National Council- 
 lor; the German poet, Kinkel; General Vogelli, of the 
 Swiss army; Mr. Nicholas Fish, the American Charge 
 d'Affaires at Berne, and man\' prominent Swiss citizens. 
 
 When the cloth was removed. Consul Byers, after a few 
 appropriate reinarks, asked his guests to drmk the health 
 of his renowned countr\man, "who, having led half a mil- 
 lion of men to victory, and having governed a great nation 
 for eight years, needs no praise from me." General Grant's 
 health was then drank with idl the honors. The Burgo- 
 master expressed, in a brief and happy speech, the interest 
 with which the Swiss people followed General Grant's 
 career as a soldier and as President of the great Republic, 
 and said that the honor done and the pleasure given to the 
 citizens of Zurich by ex- President Grant's visit v\'as very 
 great. 
 
 In response, General Grant expressed a deep sense of 
 pleasure and honor at meeting such distinguished Swiss 
 gentlemen. He thanked the citizens of Zurich, through 
 their Mayor, for their cordial reception, v^fhich he regarded 
 as a symbol of the good feeling existing between the two 
 countries. The General concluded by proposing the health 
 of the President of the Federal Council and nation, and 
 the prosperity of the city of Zurich. 
 
 Feer-Herzog replied in an eloquent allusion to the 
 amity existing between the two countries, and ended by 
 proposing the health of President Haves. Mr. Nicholas 
 Fish responded, testifying to " the memory cherished by 
 all true United States citizens of the Switzers ■who fought 
 and died during the American war — giving their lives and 
 services from the pure, unselfish svmpath\' of their hearts 
 and their inborn love of freedom. The acts of those heroes 
 are to Americans the guarantee of Switzerland's sympathy 
 in the hour of need and of despair." 
 
 Other speeches were mule, and the dinner was, alto- 
 
332 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 gether, a thoroughly enjoyable occasion. In every respect 
 General Grant's reception in the land of William Tell has 
 been as hearty as in any place in Europe. The General 
 left for Paris the following morning. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 General Grant arrived at the French capital on Septem- 
 ber 25, from Belfort. He was met at the station by 
 Minister Noyes, ex-Governor Fairchild, ex-Governor Mc- 
 Cormick, and other American officials. The General was 
 in excellent health and spirits, and had experienced so little 
 fatigue during his journey that, after dining en famille, he 
 strolled along the boulevards for more than two hours. 
 
 A grand dinner was given to the ex-President October 
 3 by Mr. Edward F. Noyes, the United States Minister, at 
 the Legation. Among the invited guests were the follow- 
 ing distinguished Americans: General and Mrs. Grant, 
 John Welsh, Minister to England; John A. Kasson, Min- 
 ister to Austria; J. Meredith Read, Charge d' Affaires to 
 Greece; General Hazen, United States Army; General 
 Lucius Fairchild, Consul-General at Paris; ex-Governor 
 McCormick, Commissioner-General to the Paris Exposi- 
 tion ; ex-Governor Smith, of New Hampshire, and Miss 
 Waite, daughter of the Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. 
 
 General Grant, having abandoned his contemplated 
 trip to India for the present, concluded to remain in Paris 
 and vicinity for the winter, and planned a month's tour 
 through Spain, Portugal and Algiers. 
 
 Tiie ex-President and party arrived in Vittoria, hav- 
 ing entered Spain from France by the Bayonne route. 
 The little town of Irun, which is just over the frontier, 
 
 333 
 
334 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 afforded the first glimpse of Spanish Hfe and character. 
 Its neat railway station was draped with flags and bunting, 
 and on the platform was a group of officers of the royal 
 guard, standing apart from those privileged citizens who 
 had been admitted within the barriers. Beyond, clearly 
 seen through the gates and station windows, struggling for 
 a glimpse of the distinguished visitor, were the villagers 
 and the country people, who, denied admission to the yard, 
 were none the less active in their demonstrations of curi- 
 osity. 
 
 As the train drew up at the platform. General Grant 
 alighted from his carriage. The ranking officer of the del- 
 egation, a general on the staff of Alfonzo XII., advanced, 
 and, saluting the visitor, welcomed him, m the King's name, 
 to the Iberian Peninsula. He stated that he was directed 
 by His Majest\' to place at the General's disposal the special 
 railway carriage of the King, and to beg an acceptance of 
 the same. General Grant expressed his thanks in a few 
 words, and accepted the proffered courtesy. The train 
 moved out of the little village toward the war-begrimed 
 city of San Sebastian — the last stronghold of the Carlists. 
 
 At Saa Sebastian, General Grant was recei\ ed by 
 Emilio Castelar, ex-President of the Spanish Republic. 
 To the well known statesman and journalist, General Grant 
 was exceedingly cordial. He concluded his remarks by 
 saying: "Believe me, sir, the name of Castelar is espe- 
 cially honored in America." Here, as at Irun, were gath- 
 ered many people to see General Grant, and he was 
 presented to the town officials and the distinguished citi- 
 zens. The contracted harbor reflected the green of the 
 tree-covered hills that encircle it so nearly, and beyond the 
 cone-like isle at its mouth was the sheen of the noonday sun 
 on the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Leaving this place, the road leads southward toward 
 Tolosa and Vergara. vVt Imth of these stations a squad of 
 
TOUR AROUND lllJi WORUU. 
 
 335 
 
 soldiers was stationed. The usual military guard had been 
 doubled in honor of the American General. After wind- 
 ing about the hills beyond the station of Tolpsa, the train 
 suddenly leaver the defiles behind and smoothly skirts the 
 side of a great hill, giving the occupants of the carriages a 
 grand view to the southward. Near at hand are seen the 
 peaks of the Pyrenees — only the extreme western spur of 
 the range, to be sure, but very formidable looking barriers 
 to railway engineering. Altogether, the journey is a 
 charming, Swiss-like ride, creeping, as the traveler does, 
 through what were once dangerous mountain paths, and 
 where, even yet, the railway coaches are alternately in the 
 wildest forests of scraggy pine and the long-leaved chestnut. 
 Passing the summit, the descent southward is soon 
 marked by a radical change in the aspect of the country. 
 Villages are met more frequently, until, winding towai-d 
 the west through the Welsh-looking hills, the train dashes 
 into Vittoria. Her'e the General was received on alighting 
 by the civil and military authorities attached to the King's 
 military and civil staflf". He repaired at once to his hotel. 
 The annual mancEuvres of the Spanish army were being 
 held here, and the King and his entire staff were in Vittoria. 
 At night the General strolled out through the tangled 
 streets of the old part of the town. He inspected the 
 bazaars in the Plaza Nueva, and the pretty streets in the 
 new portion of the city. The Alameda was crowded 
 with people, and the General seemed to enjoy the life al 
 fresco almost as much as the citizens of the capital of Alava. 
 The following morning General Grant was received by 
 King Alfonzo at the Ayuntamiento^ or residence of the 
 Alcade, quite a palace in its exterior and interior adorn- 
 ments. The King, who speaks English fluently, said that 
 he had long had a curiosity to meet the General, whose 
 civil and military career was so familiar to him. He said 
 there was no man living whom Spain woidd more gladly 
 
336 TtEnhral u. s. grant's 
 
 honor. The interview was long and cordial, and mucH 
 good feeling was shown on both sides. 
 
 At eleven o'clock, General Grant, King Alfonzo and a 
 splendid retinue of generals, left the King's official resi- 
 dence to witness the manceuvres that were to take place on 
 the historic field of Vittoria, where the French, under 
 Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan, were finally crushed in 
 Spain by the allies, under Wellington (June 21, 1S13). 
 
 King Alfonzo and General Grant rode at the head of 
 the column side by side, His Majesty pointing out the objects 
 of interest to the right and the left, and, when the vicinity 
 of the famous field was reached, halting for a few minutes 
 to indicate to his guest the locations of the different armies 
 on that famous June morning. As they proceeded thence, 
 General Concha was called to the side of the King and 
 introduced to General Grant. Several other distinguished 
 officers were then presented. The weather was very fine, 
 and the scene was one of great interest to the American 
 visitor. General Grant spent all day on horseback, wit- 
 nessing the manoeuvres. 
 
 The King and liis guest, returned to the city late in the 
 afternoon. At night he dined with the King, and the next 
 day General Grant reviewed the troops, and at night 
 he left for Madrid. Altogether, both at the palace 
 and on the field. General Grant's reception vs^as royal in 
 pomp and attention, and will be likely to impress the 
 reader with the opinion that in no country has the reception 
 of our great soldier been more free, manly and royal than 
 in Spain. Met at the frontier by representatives of His 
 Majesty, escorted to the presence of the monarch, shown a 
 review on the battlefield of Vittoria, and treated in all ways 
 as the especial guest of the sovereign, the ex-President cer- 
 tainly received in this case every mark of consideration and 
 honor that a king could bestow upon a visitor. General 
 Grant, it is true, has expressed in Europe the sense of his 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 33^ 
 
 satiety with the military shows of Ufa, and they might have 
 hit his individual taste more accurately in some other way; 
 yet a review on a famous battlefield is a piece of historic 
 pageantry aside from ordinary reviews; and an honor in 
 which history itself is called upon to pay tribute to a visitor 
 is not to be had every day. 
 
 The General was especially favored in the conditions un- 
 der which he has visited the various nations of Europe, 
 meeting all its great statesmen on friendly terms. Bea- 
 consfield, Bismarck, GortschakofF, Gambetta and others 
 have chatted with him familiarly, and he has heard much 
 from them about the socialists and their crazy theories. In 
 Berlin he heard from Bismarck's lips his hot indignation 
 over the recent wounding of the Emperor, and now in 
 Spain he actually witnesses an attempt on the life of a king. 
 With all the horror of the crime and contempt of the crimi- 
 nals which must have entered his mind, he has, doubtless, 
 pondered over the state of society in Europe which makes 
 these atrocious attempts seem epidemic. He must have 
 recognized a social disease, to diagnose which the statesmen 
 he met did not bring unbiassed minds. It would be curi- 
 ous to know his impressions on the subject of misgovern- 
 ment in Europe. 
 
 The excitement occasioned by the attempt on King 
 Alfonso's life was intense. The criminal fired from the 
 sidewalk in front of house No. 93 Calle Mayor, not far 
 from the arched entrance to the Plaza Mayor. He aimed 
 too low, however, and the ball passed through the hand of 
 a soldier standing guard on the opposite side of the street. 
 The King saw the flash, and, with an involuntary move- 
 ment of his hand, checked his horse momentarily. He 
 then rode tranquilly onward toward the palace. Several 
 women who were standing near the man who fired pointed 
 him out with loud cries, and he was at once secured. He 
 did not make the slightest attempt to escape. Terrible in- 
 
538 
 
 GEMERAJ. U. S. GKANT S 
 
 (ligiiatioii was manifested among the people forming the 
 crowd that ahnost immediately gathered from the bazaars 
 and the markets in the Plaza Mayor — that doleful old en- 
 closed square, where the autos da fe and the fiestas reales 
 took place during and even since the days of the Inquisi- 
 tion, but now given over to the venders of dates, pome- 
 granates and base metal Jewelry. Attempts were made to 
 wreak summary vengeance upon the assassin when he was 
 on his way to the Gobierno .Civil. Thence he was soon 
 removed to the Captain-Generalcy. 
 
 The prisoner displayed great coolness during his com- 
 mitment. He insolently drew a cigar from his pocket, 
 which, after having struck a match, he coolly lit and began 
 to smoke. He is a verv thin man, of medium height, wears 
 a light mustache, and has his hair closely cropped. He 
 admitted the crime, and triumphantly declared himself a 
 socialist and internationalist: but, when interrogated as to 
 who his accomplices were, denied that he had acted in con- 
 cert with an)' one. He said that he came alone from Tara- 
 gona purposch' to kill a king. This was his first serious 
 disappointment in life. 
 
 General Grant was standing, when the shot \vas fired, at 
 a window of the Hotel de Paris (situated at the junction of 
 the Carrera San Geronimo and the Calle de Alcala), over- 
 looking the Puerta del Sol. This hotel is a long distance 
 from the scene of the attack, but looks across the great cen- 
 tral plaza of Madrid, directly down the Calle Mayor. Gen- 
 eral Grant, who was following with hi-s e_yes the progi'ess 
 of the royal cavalcade which had just passed across the 
 Puerta del Sol before him, said that he clearly saw the flash 
 of the assassin's pistol. The General had already "booked" 
 for Lisbon by the night train leaving at seven o'clock, and 
 therefore could not in person present his congi'atulations to 
 King Alfonso; but to Scnor Silvera, the Minister of State, 
 who called soon after and accompanied him to the. railway 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. -, og 
 
 station, General Grant expressed his svinpathies, and re- 
 grets that lie was unable to postpone his journey in order 
 that he might personally call upon His Majesty. He 
 begged Senor Silvera to convey to the King his sincere 
 congratulations on his escape from the assassin's bullet. 
 There was a great gathering of diplomats, nobles and men 
 of all parties at the palace to offer congratulations on Friday 
 night and Saturday morning. Marshal Serrano (Duke de 
 la Torre) was one of the first callers. Minister James 
 Russell Lowell and Mr. Ried, Secretai-y of Legation, called 
 at the palace Saturday, and expressed their gratification at 
 the King's escape. The King made light of the whole 
 affair, but the popular indignation was intense. 
 
 General Grant dined with King Luis at Lisbon, 
 November i. All the members of the ministry were present, 
 including the Marquis of Avilae Bolama, Minister of State 
 and of Foreign Affairs; Conseilhero J. de Mello e Gauvea, 
 Finance Minister; Conseilhero J. de Sande ALagalhaes 
 Mexia Salema, Minister of Justice; Conseilhero A. F. tie 
 Sousa Pinto, Minister of War; the Count De Castro, and 
 other members of tlie judiciary and militar\- departments 
 of the kingdom. The palace was ga}l_\- trimmed with 
 flags, and the day was a festival throughout the cit\'. 
 
 King Luis' reception of the ex-President of the United 
 States was very cordial. His Majesty offered the General 
 the highest decoration of knighthood known to the king- 
 dom. General Grant thanked the King, but said he was 
 compelled to decline the honor's, as the laws of the United 
 States made it impossible for an officer to wear decorations, 
 and, although he was not now in office, he preferred to 
 respect the law. He thanked His Majesty heartily for the 
 honor intended. King Luis then offered him a copy of his 
 translation of "Hamlet" into Portuguese, which General 
 Grant accepted with many thanks. 
 
 Amoug the pleasantest experiences of his European 
 
340 (JENERAL U. S. ORANT'S 
 
 tour General Grant will certainly rank his cordial reception 
 by King Luis at Lisbon. Overshadowed as Portugal is 
 politically by the greater power on the Iberian Peninsula, 
 it has a sturdy life of its own, which, until thrones are abol- 
 ished, it promises to retain. The house of Braganza, which, 
 through the stress of circumstances, sent its scions to this 
 side of the Atlantic, builded better than it knew. In Brazil 
 it found a scope for its usefulness that it could not have 
 hoped for in the narrower limits of the parent kingdom. 
 The coming of General Grant was, doubtless, quite an im- 
 portant event in the somewhat dull routine of court life.at 
 Lisbon, and everything appears to have been done to make 
 it pleasant and memorable for the guest. General Grant's 
 polite but firm refusal to accept the highest order of knight- 
 hood in the kingdom may have come with a certain shock 
 to the monarch, for kings are seldom refused in such matters. 
 
 The ex-President arrived at Seville on the 8th, and was 
 received with great honor by the civil and military author- 
 ities of the city. The populace showed every mark of 
 respect to the distinguished American, and the bearing oi 
 the officials was most cordial. On Friday he. breakfasted 
 with the Duke de Montpensier, father of the late Queen 
 Mercedes. 
 
 On Tuesday he reached Cadiz. He was received at 
 the landing place by the Mayor of the city and the civil 
 and military officials. A guard of honor was in attendance, 
 and a large crowd cheered the ex- President as he passed 
 out. The reception was most enthusiastic on the part of 
 the peojjle, and very cordial on that of the authorities. 
 
 On the 17th General Grant and party left Cadiz for 
 Gibraltar. The sea was very calm, and the delightful 
 voyage was greatly enjoyed by all. The first welcome sight 
 to the visitors was the American flag flying from one of 
 our men-of-war. There was some trouble in distinguish- 
 ing the vessel until a near approach, when old friends 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 :^4i 
 
 were recognized in the persons of Captain Robeson and 
 shipmates of the Vandalia. 
 
 The General directed his vessel to steam around the 
 Vandalia, and cordial greetings were exchanged between 
 the two ships. As they headed into port, the Vandalia 
 mounted her yards, and Captain Robeson came in his 
 barge to take the General on shore. The American 
 Consul, Mr. Sprague, and two officers of Lord Napier's 
 staff, met the General and welcomed him to Gibraltar in 
 the name of the General commanding. Amid a high sea, 
 which threw its spray over inost of. the party, they pulled 
 ashore. On landing, a guard of honor presented arms, and 
 the General drove at once to the house of Mr. Sprague, on 
 the hill. 
 
 Mr. Sprague has lived many years at Gibraltar, and 
 is the oldest consular officer in the service of the United 
 States. General Grant was the third ex-President he has 
 entertained at his house. Lord Napier, of Magdala, the 
 commander at Gibraltar, had telegraphed to Cadiz, ask- 
 ing the General to dinner on tne evenmg of his arrival. 
 At seven o'clock, the General and Mrs. Grant, accompa- 
 nied by the Consul, went to the palace of the Governor, 
 called The Convent, and were received in the most hospi- 
 table manner by Lord Napier. His Lordship had expressed 
 a great desire to meet General Grant, and relations of cour- 
 tesy had passed between them before — Lord Napier, who 
 commanded the expeditionary force in Abyssinia, having 
 sent General Grant King Theodore's bible. The visit to 
 Gibraltar may be summed up in a series of dinners — first, 
 at the Governor's palace; second, with the mess of the Royal 
 Artillery; again, at the Consul's. Then there were one or 
 two private and informal dinners at Lord Napier's; and, in 
 fact, most of General Grant's time at Gibraltar was spent 
 in the companv of this distinguished commander — a stroll 
 around the batteries, a ride over the hills, a gallop along the 
 
343 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 beach, a review of troops, and taking part in a sham battle. 
 Lord Napier was anxious to show General Grant his troops, 
 and although, as those who know the General can tes- 
 tify, he has a special aversion to military display, he spent 
 an afternoon in witnessing a march past of the British gar- 
 rison, and afterward a sham battle. It was a beautiful 
 day for the mancEuvres. General Grant rode to the field, 
 accompanied by Lord Napier, Gen. Conolly, and others of 
 the staff. Mrs. Grant, accompanied by the Consul and the 
 ladies of the Consul's family, followed, and took up her 
 station by the revievv;ing post. The English bands all 
 played American airs out of compliment to the General, 
 and the review was given in his honor. Lord Napier was 
 exceedingly pleased with the troops, and said to General 
 Grant he supposed they were on their best behavior, as he 
 had never seen them do so well. The General examined 
 them very closely, and said that he did not see how their 
 discipline could be improved. " I have seen," said the 
 General, "most of the troops of Euiope; they all seemed 
 good; I liked the Germans very much, and the Spaniards 
 only wanted good officers, so far as I could see, to bring 
 them up to the highest standard; but these have something 
 about them — I suppose it is their Saxon blood — which 
 none of the rest possess; they have the swing of conquest." 
 
 The General would have liked to have remained at Gib- 
 raltar longer, but there is nothing in the town beyond the 
 garrison. We suppose his real attraction to the place was 
 the pleasure he found in Lord Napier's society, and again 
 coming in contact with English ways and customs, after 
 having been so long with the stranger. 
 
 General Grant spent several days at Pan, where he was 
 engaged in hunting, and making short journeys into the 
 Pyrenees. He returned to Paris on the i ith of December, 
 having accepted the offer of President Hayes to go to India 
 on the United States corvette Richmond. The President's 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 343 
 
 offer was made in the most flattering terms. After visiting 
 Ireland, his plan was to embark at Marseilles and proceed 
 direct to India via the Suez Canal. In no country had the 
 great American soldier been more royally received, or 
 favored with more noteworthy associations, than in Spain 
 and Portugal. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN IRELAND. 
 
 If anything was a moral certainty, it was that when 
 General Grant visited Ireland he would meet with a popu- 
 lar reception of the most enthusiastic description. That 
 he was a great and successful soldier was a high claim upon 
 a people with such admiration of the chivalrous; that he 
 had led to victory so many thousands of Irishmen ana sons 
 of Irishmen in the war for the Union, brought him still 
 closer to them, fof there is scarcely a household in all Ire- 
 land that has not some family link with the Irish beyond 
 the Atlantic. To him Fame justly ascribes the salvatioL 
 of that government and that flag under which the famine- 
 stricken, the oppressed and the evicted of Ireland had found 
 homes, prosperity and freedom. During the war for the 
 Union the people of Ireland prayed, like Lincoln at Get- 
 tysburg, that this " government of the people, for the peo- 
 ple and by the people, should not perish from the earth." 
 They could not fit out ships to fight the Alabamas that En- 
 gland was letting go, but they sent out many a sturdy son to 
 do battle for the Union. To an immense proportion of the 
 Irish people General Grant typifies the republican form of 
 government which they hope for. By the oflicials of the 
 British government General Grant was, of course, received 
 as a foremost citizen of a friendly power; but it was in its 
 popular feature that his visit was the most interesting. 
 
 General Grant and family, accompanied by Minister 
 Noyes, arrived in Dublin, by boat, on the morning of 
 
 344 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 34^ 
 
 January 3, 1879. The ex-President was met bj' repre- 
 sentatives of tlie corporation. He was driven to the Shel- 
 bourne Hotel, and at once prepared to visit the City Hall 
 to meet the Lord Mayor. The city was full of strangers, 
 and much enthusiasm was manifested when the General 
 and his party left their hotel to drive to the JSlansion House. 
 On arriving at the Mayor's official residence, they were 
 cheered by a large crowd that had gathered to greet the 
 illustrious ex-President. The Lord Mayor, in presenting 
 the freedom of the city, referred to the cordiality always 
 existing between America and Ireland, and hoped that in 
 America General Grant would do ever_ything he could to 
 help a people who sympathize with everv American move- 
 ment. The parchment, on which was engrossed the free- 
 dom of the city, was inclosed in an ancient, carved bog-oak 
 casket. 
 
 General Grant appeared to be highly impressed by the 
 generous language of the Lord Mayor. He replied: "I 
 feel very proud of being made a citizen of the principal cit^ 
 of Ireland, and no honor that I have received has given me 
 greater satisfaction. I am by birth the citizen of a country 
 where there are more Irishmen, native born or by descent, 
 than in all Ireland. When in office I had the honor — and 
 it was a great one, indeed — of representing more Irishmen 
 and descendants of Irishmen than does Her Majesty the 
 Queen of England. I am not an eloquent speaker, and can 
 simply thank you for the great courtesy you have shown 
 me." Three cheers were given for General Grant at the 
 close of his remarks, and then three more were added fo; 
 the people of the United States. 
 
 Mr. Isaac Butt, the well known home-rule member 
 of" Parliament, speaking as the first honorary freeman of 
 this city, congratulated General Grant on having consoli- 
 dated into peace and harmony the tui'bulent political and 
 sectional elements over which he triumphed as a soldier. 
 
34^ GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 His speech throughout was highly comphmcntaiy ot tiie 
 ex-President. 
 
 In the evening a grand banquet was given in honor of 
 the ex- President, over two hundred guests being present. 
 
 The Lord Mayor presided. General Xoyes returned 
 thanks for a toast to President Hayes' health. When Gen- 
 eral Grant's name was proposed, the company arose and 
 gave the Irish welcoine. 
 
 The ex-President made in response the longest speech 
 of his life, speaking in a clear voice, and being listened to 
 with rapt attention. He referred to himself and fellow citi- 
 zens of Dublin, and intimated, amid much laughter and 
 cheering, that he might return to Dublin one day and run 
 against Barrington for Mayor, and Butt for Parliament. 
 He warned those gentlemen that he was generally a troub- 
 lesome candidate. 
 
 Then passing to serious matters, the General said: — 
 "We have heard some words spoken about our country — 
 my country, before I was naturalized in another. We 
 have a very great country, a prosperous country, \vith room 
 for a great man}- people. We have been suffering for 
 some years from very great oppression. The world has 
 felt it. There is no question about the fact that, when you 
 have fort3'-five millions of consumers such as we are, and 
 when they are made to feel poverty, then the whole world 
 must feel it. 
 
 " You have had here great prosperity because of our 
 great extravagance and om- great misfortunes. We had a 
 war which dicw into it almost e\'ery man who could bear 
 arms, and my friend who spoke so eloquently to you a 
 few moments ago lost a leg in it. You did not observe 
 that, perhaps, as he has a wooden one in place of it. 
 
 "When that gi eat conflict was going on, we were spend- 
 ing one thousand million dollars a year more than we were 
 producing, and Europe got every dollar of it. It made for 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 347 
 
 you a false prosperity. You were tfetting our bonds and 
 our promises to pav. You were cashing them yourselves. 
 That made great prosperity, and made producers beyond 
 the real necessities of the world at peace. But we finally 
 got through that great conflict, and with an inflated cur- 
 rency which was far belo\v the specie yoiruse here. It 
 made our people still more extravagant. Our speculations 
 were going on, and we still continued to spend three or 
 four hundred millions of money per year more than we 
 were producing. 
 
 "We paid it back to you for your labor and manufac- 
 tures, and it made you apparently and really prosperous. 
 We, on the other hand, were getting really poor, but being 
 honest, however, we came to the da}' of solid, honest pay- 
 ment. We came down to the necessit}' of selling more 
 than we bought. Now we have turned the corner. We 
 have had our days of depression; yours is just coming on. 
 I hope it is nearly over. Our prosperity is commencing, 
 and as we become prosperous you will, too, because; we 
 becoine increased consumers of your products as well as 
 our own. I think it safe to say that the United States, 
 with a few years' more such prosperity, will consume as 
 much more as they did. Two distinguished men have 
 alluded to this subject — one was the President of the 
 United States, and he said that the prosperity of the United 
 States would be felt to the bounds of the civilized world. 
 The other was Loi'd Beaconsfield, the most far-seeing man, 
 the one who seems to me to see as far into the future as 
 any man I know, and he says the same as President 
 Hayes." 
 
 General Grant's speech created a profound sensation, 
 and was loudly cheered during its delivery. 
 
 The following morning ex-President Grant, Mr. Noyes 
 and Mr. Badeau visited the Royal Irish Academy, in Kil- 
 dare Street, in company with Lord Mayor Barrington. 
 
;,48 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Here, after some time spent in inspecting the treasures of 
 ancient Irisii art in gold, silver and bronze. Saint Patrick's 
 bell and sacred cross, and O'Donnell's casque, the party 
 went to the buildmg that was the old Parliament house. It 
 is now the bank of Ireland, and the walls which formerly 
 echoed with the eloquence of Grattan, Curran and Plunk- 
 ett, now resound with the chaffering of the money 
 changers. Trinity College was then visited. The party 
 was received by the Provost and Fellows and escorted 
 through the library, chapel and halls of this venerable and 
 majestic pile. 
 
 General Grant drove to the vice-regal lodge of the 
 Duke of Marlborough, Phoenix Park, early in the after- 
 noon, where he had dejeuner with the Vicero}'. He 
 afterward visited the Zoological Gardens, then returned to 
 his hotel, where he rested a couple of hours. 
 
 It may be interesting to notice the contrast between the 
 generous welcome extended to General Grant bv the peo- 
 ple of Dublin, and the uncalled-for and spiteful slight aimed 
 at him by a clique of the Cork City Council, as showing 
 to what lengths sectional and religious agitation are some- 
 times carried. The United States Consul at Cork addressed 
 a letter to the Council, announcing that Grant would 
 probably arrive in Cork within a few days. Mr. Tracy, a 
 nationalist, proposed at the Council meeting that the letter 
 should simply be marked "read," and that no action should 
 betaken. Mr. Harris, a conservative, said : " It will be 
 to the interest of our fellow-countrymen in the United 
 States if a proper reception is accorded to General Grant, 
 who represents the governing part}- in that countr_v. There 
 can be no personal antipathy to the gentleman himself; 
 neither was there anything in the government of the ex- 
 President objectionable to the Irish people nor unpleasant 
 to the Irish in America. Probably General Grant would 
 again be at the head of the United States, in which event 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 349 
 
 it would be to the interest of our fellow-countrymen in. 
 America if proper recognition was given to General Grant 
 on his arrival at Cork." 
 
 Mr. Barry, an extreme nationalist, said the ex-President 
 had insulted the Irish people in America. He got up the 
 " No Popery " cry there. 
 
 Mr. Tracy said it would be unbecoming for the Catholic 
 constituency of Cork to welcome such a man. It would 
 be ungenerous to refuse him hospitality if he deserved it, 
 but he saw nothing in General Grant's career that called 
 for sympathy from the Irish nation. He never thought of 
 the Irish race as he thought of others, and he went out of 
 his way to insult their religion. 
 
 Mr. Dwyer, an advanced nationalist, would not couple 
 General Grant's name with America. The Irish who 
 sought a refuge and a home in the United States had re- 
 ceived kindness and attention from the American people. 
 President Grant had never given them the same recogni- 
 tion as the other inhabitants. It would be an impropriety 
 to pay any inark of respect personally to General Grant. 
 
 Messrs. McSweeny and Creedon, nationalists, spoke to 
 the same effect, and with a great shout of " Aye," there 
 being no dissenting voices, Cork refused to receive General 
 Grant. 
 
 The New York Herald^ commenting on this action of 
 the City Council of Cork, said: 
 
 " The Town Council of Cork has done more to ad- 
 vertise itself in connection with General Giant than the 
 municipal authority of any other city in Europe. The 
 respectful hosjDitalities of which the American ex- Presi- 
 dent has been the object since he left his native shorei 
 nearly two years ago have been so constant, so uniform 
 so unbroken, that the recital of them was beginning tc 
 pall upon public attention. Monotony at last grows 
 tiresome, even if it be a monotony of highly seasoned com- 
 
330 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 plimeiits. A break of continuity in the long round of 
 festive receptions given to General Grant heightens their 
 effect by a little dash of contrast. It is like one of those 
 rough lines which poets sometimes introduce into their 
 compositions to recall attention to the harmony which 
 pervades the general structure of their verse." 
 
 '• The Town Council of Cork has made a discovery 
 which had escaped the rest of Catholic Europe and of 
 Catholic Ireland. It proclaims, as a justification of its dis- 
 courtesy, that President Grant went out of his way to 
 insult its religion. The deeds of General Grant have not 
 been done in a corner, and it seems odd enough that it was 
 reserved for the Town Council of Cork to detect and pro- 
 claim a fact which has escaped the knowledge of Europe and 
 America. Our traveling ex-President has been as warmly 
 received in Catholic Italy and Spain as in Protestant 
 England and Germany; he has been as much honored by 
 the Catholic President MacMahon, as by the Protestant, 
 Queen Victoria; and even Catholic Dublin has not fallen 
 behind the sister cities of the United Kingdom. The 
 Town Council of Cork would seem to be better Catholics 
 than the Pope himself. 
 
 " General Grant had decided, before learning of the 
 singular action at Cork, that it would not suit his conven- 
 ience to pay a visit to that city. He thinks that its author- 
 ities have convicted themselves of a strange inattention to 
 American history. It is, indeed, well enough known that 
 General Grant is not a Catholic; but it is equally well 
 known that he is superior to all narrow and illiberal pre- 
 judices against members of that communion. His two 
 most intimate friends in the armj- are General Sherman and 
 Lieutenant-General Sheridan, both Catholics. He did all in 
 his power to advance the interests of these distinguished 
 soldiers before he became President, and after his accession 
 he promoted them to the two highest positions in the 
 
TOUR ARdllNI) THE WOKLH. 35=; 
 
 American army. His zealous friendship was not founded 
 on their religion, but their personal qualities; but their 
 Catholic connection never abated in the least his generous 
 care of their interests. In civil affairs his freedom from 
 religious bigotrv h.is been equally genuine, though less con- 
 spicuous. He appointed Mr. Thomas Murphy Collector 
 of the Port of New York, one of the most important and 
 responsible positions in the civil service, and both in office 
 and out of office Mr. Murphy was treated liv him as an 
 intimate personal friend and favorite. 
 
 " We suppose the Cork orators must have heard of 
 President Grant's i)js Moines speech, in which he declared 
 hiinself in favor of anti-sectarian free schools. But man\- 
 American Catholics are supporters of our cominon school 
 system. The ablest and most distinguished Catholic now iri 
 public life in this country, Senator Kernan, has always been 
 a steady friend of our common schools. He was for many- 
 years the most efficient member of the School Board of 
 Utica, the city of his residence. The Town Council of 
 Cork has acted on a misconception, and its members have 
 reason to be heartily ashamed of their ignorance, as well 
 as of their illiberality and discourtLSv." 
 
 This action of the city of Cork produced a profound 
 sensation throughout Ireland, the people looking at it as a 
 violation of the rites of hospitality. General Grant smiled 
 when told of the action of the Cork Councilmen, and said 
 he was sorry the Cork people knew so little of American 
 history. 
 
 The respectable liberals and conservatives of the city 
 and county- of Cork were indignant at the action of the 
 clique in the Council who insulted ex-President Grant. An 
 ex-Mayor of the city said : " The obstructionists who op- 
 posed a cead mille failthe to General Grant are not worth 
 a decent man rubbing up against. It is a pity that the 
 General has determined to return to Paris instead of visit 
 
j^^C] GENERAL U. S. GHANfTS 
 
 ing Cork, where he would have received such an ovation 
 irom the self-respecting populace as would prove that the 
 Irish heart beats in sympathy with America." 
 
 General Grant quietly left Dublin on Monday morning, 
 January 6, Lord Mayor Barrington taking leave of him 
 at the railway station. The morning was cold, and, as the 
 train progressed noithward, ice, snow, cold winds and 
 finally rain were encountered. At Dundalk, Omagh, Stra- 
 bane and other stations, large crowds were assembled and 
 the people cheered the ex-President, putting their hands 
 into the cars and shaking hands with him whenever pos- 
 sible. The expressions of ill-feeling toward General Grant 
 in Corlv had aroused the Protestant sentiments of the Irish 
 people of Ulster in his favor. 
 
 At two o'clock the train reached Derry. A heavy rain 
 had covered the ground with ice, rendering the view of the 
 city and surroundings most charming, as seen through the 
 mists and gossamer of falling snow. At the station an im- 
 mense crowd, apparently the whole town and neighbor- 
 hood, had assembled. The multitude was held in check by 
 the police. The Mayor welcomed General Grant cordially, 
 and he left the station amid great cheering, mingled with 
 groans from the nationalist members of the crowd, ^vho 
 called out, " Whv did n't ye receive O'Connor Power ?" 
 The great majority of the crowd cheered madlv, and fol- 
 lowed General Grant's carriage to the hotel. The ships in 
 the harbor were decorated with flags and streamers, and 
 the town was az fete. A remarkablv cold, driving rain 
 set in at three o'clock, just as General Grant and his party 
 drove in state to the ancient town hall. The crowd was so 
 dense near the hall that progress through it was made with 
 great difficulty. At the entrance of the building the 
 Mayor and Council, in their robes of office, received the 
 ex-President. Amid many expressions of enthusiasm from 
 the people of Londonderry, an address was read extolling 
 
TOUP AROUND THE WORLD. ■7'»7 
 
 the military and civil career of General Grant, which was 
 pronounced second in honor only to that of Washington. 
 
 General Grant signed the roll, thus making himself an 
 Ulster Irishman. He then made a brief address. He said 
 that no incident of his trip was more pleasant than accept- 
 ing citizenship at the hands of the representatives of this 
 ancient and honored city, with whose history the people of 
 America were so familiar. He regretted that his stay in 
 Ireland woidd be .so brief He had originally intended 
 embarking from Queenstown direct for the United States, 
 in vvliich case he would have remamed a much longer time 
 on the snug little island; but, having resolved to visit India, 
 he was compelled to make his staj' short. He could not, 
 how ever, he said in conclusion, return home without seeing 
 Ireland and a people in whose welfare the people of the 
 United States took so deep an interest. The ex-President 
 retuined to his hotel, making a short visit at the house of 
 Consul Liveiinore en 7-oute. 
 
 A banquet was tendered to the General, at which he 
 was present. The leading citizens of the province of 
 Ulster attended, and the dinner was remarkably good. 
 The reception of the ex-President was enthusiastic and cor- 
 dial in the extreme. General Grant, in response to a toast, 
 made a brief speech, saying that he should have felt that 
 his tour in Europe was incomplete had he not seen the 
 ancient and illustrious city of Londonderry, whose history 
 was so well known throughout America. Indeed, the 
 people of Derry, and all about there, had had a remarkable 
 mtluence upon the development of American character. 
 He cordially welcomed to the United States all the Irish- 
 men \n\-\o chose to make their homes there, and this was 
 a welcome shared by the American people. Minister 
 Noyes made a speech of the same general tenor, and at 
 eleven o'clock the company separated. 
 
 The following morning General Grant strolled about^ 
 
^_t; eiiNERAL u. s, grant's 
 
 looking at the historic walls, visiting Walker's Pillar, Roar- 
 ing Meg, and the other curiosities of the town. The Gen- 
 eral's treatment by the people of Londonderry during his 
 stay was unusually cordial. 
 
 General Grant's tour in Ulster was, in some respects, the 
 most remarkable of his European experiences. People 
 resented the action of the city of Cork as a slander upon 
 Irish hospitality. 
 
 General Grant left Derry on the yth, accompanied by 
 Sir Hervey Bruce, Lieutenant of the county, Mr. Taylor, 
 M. P. for Coleraine, and other local magnates. A cold 
 rain and mists, coming from the Northern Ocean, obscured 
 the wonderful view of the Northern Irish coast. The 
 General studied the country closely, remarking on the 
 sparseness of the population, and saying he could see no 
 evidence of the presence of seven millions of people in 
 Ireland. 
 
 At every station there were crowds assembled, and, 
 when the cars stopped, the people rushed forward to 
 shake hands with the General. Some were old soldiers 
 who had been in the American army. One remarked that 
 Grant had captured him at Paducah. Another asked Gen- 
 eral Grant to give him a shilling in remembrance of old 
 times. The people were all kindly, cheering for Grant and 
 America. At Coleraine there was an iinmense crowd. 
 General Grant, accompanied by the Member of Par- 
 liament, Mr. Taylor, left the cars, entered the waiting-room 
 at the depot, and received an address. In replv. General 
 Grant repeated the hope and belief, expressed in his Dublin 
 speech, that the period of depression ^vas ended, and that 
 American prosperity \vas aiding Irish prosperity. At 
 Ballvmonev there was another crowd. As the train neared 
 Belfast, a heavy rain began to fall. 
 
 The train reached Belfast station at half-past t\vo 
 ^j'clock. The reception accorded General Grant was im- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 3^9 
 
 posing and extraordinary. The linen and other mills had 
 stopped work, and the workmen stood out in the rain in 
 thousands. The platform of the station was covered with 
 scarlet carpet. The Mayor and Members of the City 
 Council welcomed the General, who descended from the 
 car amid tremendous cheers. Crowds ran after the car- 
 riages containing the city authorities and their illustrious 
 guest, and afterward surrounded the hotel where the Gen- 
 eral was entertained. Belfast was en fete. The public 
 buildings were draped with American and English colors, 
 and in a few instances with orange flags. Luncheon was 
 served at four o'clock, and the crovi'd, with undaunted valor, 
 remained outside amid a heavy snow storm, and cheered at 
 intervals. The feature of the luncheon was the presence 
 of the Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese, who was 
 given the post of honor. The luncheon party numbered 
 one hundred and seventy — the Mayor said he could have 
 had five thousand. 
 
 The Belfast speakers made cordial allusions to inany 
 people in America, and were anxious to have Grant de- 
 clare himself in favor of free trade, but the General in his 
 reply made no allusions to the subject, to the disappoint- 
 ment of many of those present. Minister Noyes made a 
 hit in his speech when he said that General Grant showed 
 his appreciation of Belfast men by appointing A. T. Stew- 
 art, of Belfast, Secretary of the Treasury, and offering 
 George H. Stuart, a Belfast boy, the portfolio of Secretary 
 of the Navy. 
 
 After the luncheon was over, General Grant remained 
 quietly in his apartments, receiving many calls, some from 
 old soldiers who served under him during the war. 
 
 At ten o'clock on the morning of January 9, General 
 Grant and his party, accompanied by Mayor Brown, vis- 
 ited several of the large mills and industrial establishments 
 of the city. Before he left the hotel he was waited on by 
 
360 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 \ number of the leading citizens and several clergymen. 
 Bishop Ryan, the Catholic Bishop of Buffalo, and Mr. 
 Cronm, editor of the Catholic Union, were among the 
 callers, and had a pleasant interview. The General then 
 drove to the warehouses of several merchants in the linen 
 trade, to the factories and shipyards. At the immense ship- 
 yard where the White Star steamers were built, the work- 
 men, numbering two thousand, gathered around Grant's 
 carriage and cheered as they ran alongside. The public 
 buildings and many of the shops were decorated. The 
 weather was clear and cold. 
 
 At three o'clock in the afternoon the General left for 
 Dublin. Immense crowds had gathered at the hotel and 
 at the railway station. The Mayor, with Sir John Pres* 
 ton and the American Consul, James M. Donnan, accom- 
 panied the General to the depot. As the train moved off 
 the crowd ga\-e tremendous cheers, the Mayor taking the 
 initiative. One Irishman in an advanced stage of enthusi- 
 asm called out: "Three cheers for Oliver Cromwell 
 Grant!" To this there was only a faint response. 
 
 At Portadown, Dundalk, Drogheda and other stations, 
 there were immense crowds, the populations apparently 
 turning out en masse. Grant was loudly cheered, and 
 thousands surrounded the car with the hope of being able 
 to shake the General by the hand, all wishing him a safe 
 journey. One little girl created considerable merriment 
 by asking the General to give her love to her aunt in 
 America. All the Belfast journals, in more or less acri- 
 monious terms, denounced the action of the Council of Cork. 
 At Dundalk, the brother of Robert Nugent, who was 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth New York Regi- 
 ment in 1 86 1, and afterward commander of a brigade in tiie 
 Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, said he was glad to 
 welcome his brother's old commander. 
 
 The Belfast limited mail train, conveying General 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 36! 
 
 Grant, arrived at Dublin fourteen minutes behind time on 
 the Sth. Lord Mayor Harrington and a considerable num- 
 ber of persons were on tlie platform at the railway station, 
 and cordially ^velcomed the General. As soon as all the 
 party had descended, the Lord Mayor invited the General 
 into his carriage and drove hiin to Westward Row, where 
 the Irish mail train was ready to depart, having been de- 
 tained eight minutes for the ex-President. 
 
 There was a most cordial farewell and a great shaking 
 of hands. The Mayor and his friends begged General Grant 
 to return soon and make a longer stay. Soon Kingston was 
 reached, and in a few minutes the party were in the special 
 cabin which had been provided for them on board the mail 
 steamer. Special attention was paid to the General by the 
 officers of the vessel. General Grant left the Irish shores at 
 twenty minutes past seven o'clock. 
 
 When the steamer was about to start, the Inspector of 
 Detectives inquired minutely concernuig each member of 
 the General's party then on board, apparently to satisfy him- 
 ielf that they were exactly tne same gentlemen who iancieu 
 here five days before, and that none who cainc were disguised 
 Fenian emissaries masquerading as American generals, and 
 who had remained behind wdiile allowing some of their ac- 
 complices to get away under the same disguise. 
 
 In his reception at Belfast was shown, down to the very 
 moment of his departure, an exuberant enthusiasm of 
 welcome, that is, perhaps, justly understood as owing some 
 part of its warmth to a desire to protest against the Cork- 
 onian blunder. His welcome at Dublin by the Lord Mayor 
 was another pleasant tribute of good will; while the un- 
 easiness of the police inspector, eager to know whether 
 this descent of a foreign soldier on Irish soil was not, after 
 all, some Fenian project in disguise, was characteristic, 
 laughable, and perhaps the best a policeman could do in the 
 way of a compliment. General Grant's visit to Ireland was 
 
^62 GEXEKAI. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 ended; and it may he fairly said of it that a public man, 
 from a far distant country, without official character, known 
 to the world for his military glory and for services that 
 saved a great republic from anarchy, was never inoreiieni- 
 ally, warmly, earnestly and enthusiastically made to feel 
 that heroism, and, above all, heioism in the cause of lib- 
 erty, has no country, but is equally at home in any part of 
 the world, where there is a people with a soul to appreciate 
 great services and the aspiration to be free. An event like 
 General Grant's welcome in Ireland does not happen in the 
 lives of many men. Our own welcome to Lafayette on 
 his revisiting this country might be compared to it, but 
 that we ^vere under the obligation of a people m whose 
 o-wn cause that soldier fought, and the Irish welcomfe to 
 General Grant was, therefore, even more generous, for there 
 was not even the obligation of gratitude in it. As for the 
 little fly spot put on this fine picture by the Corkoni- 
 ans, why, it may be admitted that even an Irish city 
 can produce some pitiful fellows, who want to become 
 distinguished for their very meanness, if they have no 
 worthier qualities. Some sharp-sighted democrats have 
 seen in this visit to Ireland a strategic move on the Irish 
 vote, should the General ever enter public life again. It 
 is one of the misfortunes that dog public men in a country 
 like ours, that every act of their lives has to be judged 
 from the standpoint of those who contemplate it in the light 
 of the ignoble hunt for votes. Some ground is given by 
 what opponents of General Grant say to the opinion that 
 they have stirred up this Corkonian trouble to head off this 
 hunt. If this be true, they must have been inspired under 
 the influence of Grant's lucky star, for they have done him 
 a service for which he could not have counted- upon them, 
 except under the general principle that a great part of every 
 distinguished man's good fortune is due to blunders of his 
 adversaries. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 GRANT IN INDIA. 
 
 General Grant again visited London, where a grand 
 dinner and reception was given him by our Minister to 
 England, Mr. Welsh, which was largely attended by the 
 elite of London, and American residents. At every station 
 en route the greatest enthusiasm was manifested. The 
 General left the next day for Paris, where he was the 
 recipient of a grand dinner at the United States Legation 
 on January 14, and a grand state dinner and reception at 
 the Palais d' Elysee, the residence of President Mac- 
 Mahon. 
 
 Among the invited guests were General Grant and 
 family, M. Waddington and wife, General Noyes and wife, 
 Miss King, Miss Stevens, the memliers of the Chinese 
 Embassy, the representatives of San Salvador, Buenos 
 Ayres, Chili, Guatemala, Peru, Colombia and Uniguay, 
 and many French generals and admirals. 
 
 The General left Paris for Marseilles on the evening of 
 January 21. The party accompanying him consisted of 
 Mrs. Grant, Colonel Fred. Grant, ex-Secretary of the Navy 
 A. E. Borie, Dr. Keating, and the Herald correspondent, 
 who made the whole trip to India. General Badeau went 
 as far as Marseilles. Generals Noyes and Fairchiid, Secre- 
 taries Hill, Itgneau, and a large lumiber of Americans, went 
 to the station to see the part\- off. The train left at a quar- 
 ter past seven o'clock, and arrived at Marseilles the follow- 
 ing morning at eleven o'clock. Consul John B. Gould 
 
 363 
 
364 GENERAI, U. S. GRANT's 
 
 received them at the railway station. An afternoon recep- 
 tion was held at the Consulate, where General Grant met 
 the leading citizens of Marseilles. At noon the party 
 embarked on the French steamship Labourdonais for India, 
 via Suez. The party embraced General and Mrs. Grant, 
 ex-Secretary Borie, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick D. 
 Grant, Dr. Keating, of Philadelphia, and the Herald cor- 
 respondent. 
 
 General Badeau, Consul Gould, J. B. Lippincott, of 
 Philadelphia, John Munroe, the banker, and many other 
 citizens, took leave of General and Mrs. Grant. The day 
 was cold and the sky was filled with masses of gray cloud. 
 The people of Marseilles evinced great interest in the 
 General's departure. The ships in the harbor \vere dressed 
 with flags and streamers. General Grant and his party 
 were in the best of health and spirits. 
 
 The steamer moved out of the harbor shortly after 
 twelve o'clock, and the, land journey of General Grant in 
 Europe closed amid the kindest manifestations of hi* 
 countrymen at Marseilles and the French citizens of that 
 great Mediterranean port. Marshal MacMahon had sent 
 orders to the French admirals on foreign stations and to 
 the governors of French colonies to treat ex-President 
 Grant with all the honors due to the head of an independ- 
 ent State. 
 
 The first hours on the Mediterranean were on a high 
 sea, but on second the day the sea went down and charming 
 yachting weather was enjoyed. On Friday, January' 24, 
 the steamer passed between Corsica and Sardina, having a 
 a fine view of the dusky coasts of the former island. On 
 the 25th, about noon, Ischia was sighted, and through the 
 hazy atmosphere faint oullines of Vesuvius could be traced. 
 Ischia is a beautiful island, dotted with smiling villages, 
 and presenting an inviting appearance. Passing the island, 
 Capri was left to the right, and the vessel sailed into the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 16^ 
 
 beautiful Bay of Naples. The King's palace, the convent, 
 the range of hills and the towering landscape remained un- 
 changed, and at once recognized, though a year had nearly- 
 passed since the General's first visit. As soon as the anchor 
 was dropped, Mr. Maynard, our Minister to Turkey, and 
 Mr. Duncan, our Consul at Naples, came on hoaicl, and a 
 delightful hour was passed. In the afternoon the Labour- 
 donais steamed out to sea. On the mornnig of the 26th 
 Stromboli was in sight. The General and party, owing 
 to the stormy weather, were unable to see this lamed 
 island upon the previous voyage over this same route, but 
 they were now sailing under the shadow of this ancient 
 island. The volcano was throwing out ashes and smoke in 
 a feeble, fretful manner. At the base of this volcano is a 
 cluster of houses or a village. What reason any human 
 being can give for remaining in Stroinboli is beyond the 
 knowledge of man. They are at the absolute mercy of 
 the sea and the furnace, and far away from neighbors and 
 refuge and rescue. It must be to gratify some poetic io 
 stinct, for Stromboli is poetic enough. With every turn of 
 the screw our visitors were coining into the land of classic 
 and religious fame; these islands through which they were 
 sailing are the islands visited by the wandering Ulysses. 
 
 Reggie was passed, which in ancient days was called 
 Rhegiurn. It was here that St. Paul landed, after S}-racuse 
 and Malta adventures, carrying with him the message of 
 Christ, going from this spot to preach the gospel to all 
 mankind. 
 
 Leaving Etna to the left, they sailed through Messina 
 Straits, the sea scarcely rippling, and were soon again in 
 the open sea, the land fading from view. 
 
 On the second morning Crete was passed, the snow 
 upon her mountain ranges being plainly visible from the 
 decks of the steamer. At noon Crete faded from their 
 sight, and a last farewell to Europe was uttered — farewell 
 
366 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 to many a bright and happy hour spent on its shores, of 
 which all that remains is the memory. 
 
 On the evening of the 29th of January — it being the 
 evening of the seventh day of their journey from Mar- 
 seilles — they came to anchor outside of the harbor of 
 Alexandria. There was some disappointment that the 
 steamer did not enter that evening, but they were an hour or 
 so late, and so they swung at anchor and found what conso- 
 lation they could in the enrapturing glory of an Egyptian 
 night. In the morning when the sun arose, the steamer 
 picked her way into the harbor, and when our visitors 
 came on deck they found themselves at anchor, with Alex- 
 andria before them, her minarets looking almost gay in the 
 fresh light of the morning sun. A boat came out about 
 eight, bringing General C. P Stone, Mr. Farman, our 
 Consul-General, Mr. Salvago, our Consul in Alexandria, 
 and Judge Morgan of the International Tribunal. Gen- 
 eral Stone came with kind messages from the Khedive, and 
 the hope that General Grant might be able to come to 
 Cairo. But this was not possible, as he had to connect 
 with the English steamer at Suez, and Suez was a long 
 day's journey. So all that was left was that they should 
 pull ashore as rapidly as possible and drive to the train. 
 The Consul-General, with prudent foresight, had arranged 
 that the train should wait for the General, and thus it came 
 that the General's ride through Egypt, from Alexandria to 
 Suez, was during the day, and n<it, as otherwise would 
 have happened, during the long and weary night. 
 
 It must have been pleasant to General Grant to land in a 
 quiet, unostentatious fashion, without pomp and ceremony 
 and pachas in waiting and troops in line, the blaze of trum- 
 pets and the thunder of guns. The escape from a salute 
 and a reception was a great comfort to the General, who 
 seemed to enjoy having no one's hands to shake, to enjoy a 
 snug corner in an ordinary railway car, talking with Gen- 
 
TOUR AROlXn I'llE \\ORI,D. 
 
 367 
 
 eral Stone and Mr. Borie and the Consul-General. The 
 train waited lialf an hour for the General and party, 
 and ■would have been detained longer but tor the energy 
 and genius shown by Hassan — the General's old friend 
 Hassan — who accompanied him on the Nile. Hassan, as 
 the official guard of the Legation, wearing a sword, was 
 an authority in Eg) pt, and he used his authority to the 
 utmost in ha\'ing the traps and parcels carried from the 
 wharf to the train. The ride to Suez was ■without inci- 
 dent, and Egypt, as seen from the car ■windo^ws, was the 
 same Egypt about which so much has been ■written. The 
 fields were green, the air was clear and generous, the 
 train people were civil. When Arabs gathered at the doors 
 to call for backsheesh in the name of the prophet Hassan 
 made himself, not without noise and effect, a beneficent 
 influence. The General chatted with Stone about school 
 times at West Point, about friends. Mr. Borie made vari- 
 ous attempts to see the Pyramids from the cars, and talked 
 over excurs ons that some of the party had made, and so 
 much interested was he that the paity offered to remain 
 over one steamer to enable him to visit the Pyramids, and 
 the Sphinx, and the Serapeum at Memphis. But General 
 Grant was too late for India, and Mr. Borie would not con- 
 sent to the sacrifice of valuable time on the General's part, 
 anil so they kept on to Suez. The hotel at Suez was formerly 
 a harem of the Egyptian princes. From the balcony one can 
 look out on the Red Sea, on the narrow hue of waterwhich 
 has changed the comiirerce of the world — the Suez canal 
 Suez is a small, clean town — clean from an Oriental stand- 
 point. As the steamer tiiat was to convey General Grant 
 and party to India had not ai'i-ived, but was blocked in the 
 canal, the visitors had a fine opportunity to visit the bazaars 
 and town. 
 
 About five in the afternoon the boat was sighted, and, as 
 the sun went down. General Grant went on board the 
 
^ 6N GENERAI. U, S. (,Uy\Nl'S 
 
 steamer, Mr. Farman and General Stone remaining until 
 the last moment, to say farewell. At eight o'clock on the 
 evening of January 30, the steamer Venetia, of the Penin- 
 sular and Oriental Steamship Company's line, moved out 
 into the Red Sea, and the last words of farewell were 
 spoken. Owing to heavy head winds, the Venetia did not 
 make much headway, losing nearly two days. At the 
 mouth of the Red Sea is Aden, a town with a population 
 of over twenty thousand inhabitants. It juts into the mouth 
 of the Red Sea, commanding the entrance. It was taken 
 by the British in 183S, as a part of the English policy of 
 dotting the world with guns and garrisons. There is a 
 garrison, and the forts are manned with heavy guns. The 
 government is martial law, tempered with bribery. The 
 British pay the native chiefs annual tribute money to behave 
 themselves. Aden is a sort of gateway to the Red Sea 
 and the Indian Ocean, and the regulations of the British 
 government in reference to commerce are stringent, and 
 would scarcely be tolerated on the coasts of a stronger 
 power than Arabia. Every vessel carrying more than a 
 certain number of passengers must stop at Aden. The 
 nominal reason is to obtain a clean bill of health. The real 
 reason is, that it enables the government to keep a close 
 scrutiny upon all that is doing in the Indian waters. It 
 also adds to the revenues of Aden, for every vessel that 
 stops sends money on shore, and thus the fort, while secur- 
 ing a most important position, while commanding the Red 
 Sea and making it almost a British lake, supports 'itself. 
 It is observed in studying the growth of the British Em- 
 pire, that the self-supporting principle is always encour- 
 aged. The British give good government and make the 
 governed ones pay the bills, with a little over for home 
 revenues when possible. Remaining at Aden only long 
 enough to coal, on the morning of February 6 the steamer 
 headed for Bombay. The trip was a delightful one, the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORI.D. 
 
 3<~^9 
 
 steamer scarcely rolling. On the morning of February 
 13 Bombay was reached. 
 
 The departure from Europe had been so sudden that 
 General Grant had no idea that even our Consul at Bom- 
 bay knew of his coming. All arrangements were made to 
 go to a hotel, and from thence make their journey ; but the 
 Venetia had scarcel)' entered the harbor before evidences 
 were seen that the General was expected. Ships in the 
 harbor were dressed with flags, and at the wharf was a 
 large crowd — soldiers, natives, Europeans. As the En- 
 glish flag-ship was passed, a boat came alongside with an 
 officer representing Admiral Corbett, welcoming the Gen- 
 eral to India. In a few minutes came another boat bearing 
 Captain Frith, the military aid to Sir Richard Temple, 
 Governor of the Presidency of Bombay. Captain Frith 
 bore a letter from the Governor welcoming the General 
 to Bombay, and offering him the use of the Government 
 House at Malabar Point. Captain Frith expressed the 
 regret of Sir Richard that he could not be in Bombay to 
 meet General Grant, but duties connected with the Afghan 
 war kept him in Sind. The Consul, Mr. Farnham, also 
 came with a delegation of American residents, and wel- 
 comed the General and party. 
 
 At nine o'clock in the morning the last farewells were 
 spoken. They took leave of the many kind and pleasant 
 friends they had made on the Venetia, and went on board 
 the government yacht. The landing was at the Apollo 
 Bunder — the spot where the Prince of Wales landed. As 
 they drew near the shore there was an immense crowd 
 lining the wharf, and a company of Bombay volunteers in 
 line. As the General ascended the steps he was met by 
 Brigadier-General Aitcheson, commanding the forces; Sir 
 Francis Souter, Commissioner of Police; Mr. Grant, the 
 Municipal Commissioner, and Colonel Sexton, command- 
 ing the Bombay Volunteers, all of whom gave him a 
 
,,.Q GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 hearty welcome to India. The volunteers presented arms, 
 the band played our national air, and the General, amid 
 loud cheers from the Europeans present, walked slowly 
 with uncovered head to the state carriage. Accompanied 
 by Captain Frith, who represented the Governor, and at- 
 tended by an escort of native cavalry, the General and party 
 made off to Malabar Point. 
 
 The General's home in Bombay was at the Govern- 
 ment House, on Malabar Point, in the suburbs of the city. 
 Malabar Point was in other days a holy place of the Hin- 
 doos. Here was a temple, and it was also believed that if 
 those who sinned made a pilgrimage to the rocks there 
 would be expiation oi- regeneration of the soul. The Por- 
 tuguese who came to India were breakers of images, who 
 believed that the religion of Christ was best served by the 
 destruction of the Pagan temples. Among the temple^ 
 which were subjected to their pious zeal was one on Mala- 
 bar Point. There are only the ruins remaining, and masses 
 of rock, bearing curious inscriptions, lie on the hillside. 
 Malabar Point is an edge of the island of Bombay jutting 
 out into the Indian Ocean. Where the bluff overlooks the 
 waters it is one hundred feet high. This remnant of the 
 rock has been rescued from the sea and storm and decorated 
 with trees and shrubbery, the mango and the palm. Over- 
 looking the f ^a is a batter\- with five large guns, shining 
 and black, looking out upon the ocean and keeping watch 
 over the Empire of England. It is difficult to describe a 
 residence like Government House on Malabar Point. Ar- 
 chitecture is simpl\- a battle with the sun. The house is a 
 group of houses. As you drive in the grounds through 
 stone gates that remind you of the porter's lodges at some 
 stately English mansions, you pass through an avenue of 
 mango trees, past beds of flowers throwing out their deli- 
 cate fragrance on the warm morning air. You come to a 
 one-storied house surroundi d with spacious verandas. 
 
TOLR AJvULND 1 UE WOKLD. 
 
 371 
 
 There is a wide state entrance covered witli red clotli. A 
 guard is at the foot, a native guard wearing tlie English 
 scarlet, on his shoulders the number indicating the regi- 
 ment. You pass up the stairs, a line of servants on either 
 side. The servants are all Mohammedans; they wear long 
 scarlet gowns, with white turbans; on the breast is a belt 
 with an imperial crown for an escutcheon. They salute 
 you with the grave, submissive grace of the East, touching 
 the forehead and bending low the head, in token of wel- 
 come and duty. You enter a Irall and pass between two 
 rooms — large, high, decorated in blue and white, and look 
 out upon the gardens below, the sea beyond and the towers 
 of Boinbay. One of these rooms is the state dining-room, 
 large enough to dine fifty people. The other is the state 
 drawing-room. This house is only used for ceremonies, 
 for meals and receptions. 
 
 General Grant was the guest of the Governor, and the 
 honors of his house were done by Captains Frith and Rad- 
 cliff of the army. Meals were taken in the state dining- 
 room. Mrs. Grant enjoyed e\ery moinent of her visit. 
 
 The attentions paid to the General and his party by the 
 people of Bombay were so marked and continuous that 
 most of their time was taken up in rcceivmg and acknowl- 
 ing them. What most interested them, coming fresh from 
 Europe, was the entire novelty of the scene, the Avay of 
 living, the strange manners and customs. All impressions 
 of India, gathered from the scattered reading of busy days 
 at home, are vague. Somehow one associates India with 
 ideas of pageanty. The history of the country has been 
 written in such glowing colors — one who has read Oriental 
 poems, and fallen under the captivating rhetoric of Mac- 
 aulay, looks for nature in a luxuriant form, for splendoi 
 and ornament, for bazaars laden with gems and gold, for 
 crowded highways, witli elephants slowly plodding their 
 way along. 
 
373 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Therefore, when India is seen — India as seen in this her 
 greatest city — one is surprised to find it all so hard and baked 
 and brown. The greenness of field and hillside is missed. 
 A people who have nothing in common with any race 
 known. There are so many types, curious and varying, 
 that impressions are bewildering and indefinite. In time, 
 as the country is known and understood, it will be seen that 
 this civilization has lines of harmony like that left behind; 
 that there are reasons for all the odd things, just as there 
 are reasons for many odd things in America; arid that 
 Indian civilization even now — when its glory has departed, 
 its mightiest States are mere appendages of the Bi'itish 
 Empire, when day after day it bends and crumbles under 
 the stern hand and cold brain of the Saxon — is rich in the 
 lessons and qualities which have for ages excited the am- 
 bition and wonder of the world. 
 
 On Friday night. General Grant visited the ball of the 
 Volunteer Corps, and was received by Colonel Sexton. 
 The ballroom was profusely decorated with flags — the 
 American flag predominating. On Saturday, at two 
 o'clock, he visited Dossabhoy Merwanjee, a Parsee mer- 
 chant. The reception was most cordial, the ladies of the 
 family decorating the General and party with wreaths of 
 jasmine flowers. In the afternoon he drove to the By- 
 culla Club, lunched, and looked at the races. In the eve- 
 ning there was a state dinner at the Government House, 
 with forty-eight guests. The government band played 
 during dinner. The member of council, Hon. James 
 Gibbs, who represents the Governor, was in the chair. At 
 the close of the dinner, he proposed the health of the Gen- 
 eral, who arose, amid loud cheering, and said that he was 
 now carrying out a wish he had long entertained, of visit- 
 ing India and the countries of the ancient world. His 
 reception in Bombay had been most gratifying. The cor- 
 diality of the people, the princely hospitality of the Gov- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 373 
 
 ernor, the kindness of the members of the household, all 
 combined to make him feel the sincerity of the welcome. 
 It was only a continuance of the friendliness he had met 
 in Europe, and which was especially grateful to him 
 because it indicated a friendly feeling toward his own coun- 
 try. In this spirit he accepted it, for he knew of nothing 
 that would go further toward insuring peace to all nations, 
 and with peace the blessings of civilization, than a perfect 
 understanding between Englishmen and Americans, the 
 great English-speaking n'ations of the world. The Gen- 
 eral said he hoped he inight see his hosts in America. He 
 would be most happy to meet them, and return the hospi- 
 tality he had received. He was sorry he could not see Sir 
 Richard Temple, the Governor of Bombay, of whom he 
 had heard a great deal and whom he v/as anxious to meet. 
 But he would ask them to join with him in drinking the 
 health of the Governor. This sentiment was drank with 
 all the honors. The dinner was fineh' served, and after 
 dinner the General and guests strolled about on the veranda, 
 smoking or chatting, looking out on the calm and murmur- 
 ing ocean that rolled at their feet, and the lights of the city 
 beyond. There was a luncheon with Sir Michael R. Wes- 
 tropp, Chief Justice of Bombay. 
 
 Subsequently General Grant visited the English man- 
 of-war Euryolus, the flagship of the English squadron in 
 India. Admiral Corbett received the General, and on his 
 leaving the vessel fired twenty-one guns. There was a 
 visit to the Elephanta caves, one of the sights in India. 
 The visitors left the wharf, and steamed across the bay in 
 a small launch belonging to the government. The after- 
 noon was beautiful, the islands in the bay breaking up the 
 horizon into various forms of beauty, that resembled the 
 islands of the Mediterranean. Elephanta caves belong to 
 Hindoo theology. Here in the rocks the Brahmins built 
 their temples, and now on the holy days the people come 
 
^y t GEMEUAL V. S. GRANT S 
 
 and worship their gods according to the ritual of their 
 ancestors. What the temple might have been in its best 
 days cannot be imagined from the ruins. 
 
 Having reached the temples, they strolled about, study- 
 ing the figures, noting the columns and the curious archi- 
 tecture, full, rude, massive, unlike any forms of architectural 
 art familiar to Americans. The main temple is one hun- 
 dred and twenty-five feet long, and the same in width. 
 Tlie idols are hewn out of the rock. The faces of some 
 aie comelv, and there is a European expression in the fea- 
 tures that startles you. The type is a higher one than 
 those seen in Egypt. One of the idols, supposed to he the 
 Hindoo Trinity — Brahmin, Vishnu and Siva. There is a 
 figure of a woman — the wife of Siva — and it is seen in 
 these pagan faiths that woman, who holds so sad a place 
 in their domestic eeonom}',.was worshiped as fervently as 
 some of us woi'ship the ^"irgin. It is tlie tribute which 
 even the heathen pays, as if by instinct, to the supreme 
 blessing of maternitw But when the Portuguese came, 
 with the sword and the cross, little mercy was shown to 
 the homes of the pagan gods. It is believed that these tem- 
 ples were cut out of the rocks in the tenth century, and 
 that for eiglit hundred years these stony emblems were 
 woishiped. 
 
 On Mondav tlie General was entertained in state at the 
 Government House at ]SIalabar Point. Hon. James Gibbs, 
 the member of the coinicd who acted as Governor in the 
 absence of Sir Richard Temple, presided, and at the close 
 of the ilinncr the eonipanv ilrank tlie liealth of the General. 
 In response tlie (Jeneral referred to the kindness he had 
 received in Imlia, \\ hich w.i-- oiil\- renewing the kindness 
 shown him all over Euroj^e, and which he accepted as an 
 e\idence of the good will w likli lealh' existed between 
 b^nglishmcn and Americans, jud \\ hicli was to his mind 
 the liest assurance of peace li)r all nations. After the din- 
 
TOIT, AliOUXD THE WORLD. 37^ 
 
 ner the General iecei\"ed a large number of the native 
 merchants and gentlemen of Bombay. It may seem odd 
 to American eyes that merchants and gentlemen should be 
 asked to come in at the end of a feast, and not to take 
 part. But this exclusion is their own wish. Many of 
 these merchants and gentlemen belong to castes who look 
 on the food of the Europeans as unclean, who believe m 
 the sacredness of life and will not eat animal food, and 
 who could not sit at the table with the General without 
 losing caste. These men will meet }'ou in business, will 
 serve you in various ways, but their religion prevents 
 their sharing your table. So the invitation to the natives 
 to meet the General was fixed at an houi' when dinner was 
 over. 
 
 They came in groups — Hindoos, Arabs, Parsees, native 
 officers — in uniforms, in quaint flowing costuines. The 
 General stood at the head of the hallway, with Mr. Gibbs 
 and Major Rivet-Carnac, the Governor's military secre- 
 tary. As each native advanced, he was presented to the 
 General with some word of history or compliment from 
 Mr. Gibbs. " This is So-and-So, an eminent Brahmin 
 scholar, who stands hi?' among our barriste , ' or, " this 
 is So-and-So, a Par' ^ merchant, who has done a great 
 deal of good to Bombay, and has been knighted for his 
 services by the Queen;" or, "this is the oldest Arab 
 merchant;" or, "this is a gallant officer of our native 
 cavalry;" or, "this is the leading diamond merchant 
 in Bombay, a Hindoo gentleman, one of the richest 
 in India." As each of them advanced, it was with folded 
 hands, as in prayer, or saluting by touching the breast 
 and brow in the submissive, graceful, bending way. 
 Here were men of many races — the Parsee, from Persia, 
 the Arab, from Cairo, whose ancestors may have ridden 
 with Omar; the Brahmin of a holy caste, in whose veins 
 runs the stainless blood of Indian nobility, descendant of 
 
2-76 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 men who were priests and rulers ages before England had 
 risen from her clouds of barbarism. Between these races 
 there is no love. If they do not like England, they hate 
 one another. Religious differences, tradition, memories of 
 war and conquest, the unaccountable antipathies of race 
 which have not been eliminated from their civilization — 
 all generate a fierce animosity which would break into 
 flames once the restraining hand were lifted. What welds 
 them together is the power of England; and as }'ou look 
 at this picturesque group — their heads, full eyes, their fine 
 Asiatic type of face, clear and well cut — here assembled 
 peacefully, you see the extent of the empire to which 
 they all owe allegiance, and admire the genius and courage 
 which has brought them to submit to a rule which, what 
 ever it may have been in tne past, grows more and more 
 beneficent. 
 
 The General left Bombaj' on Tuesday, February i8, 
 having driven into town and made some farewell calls. 
 At five he left Government House in a state carriage, 
 accompanied by Major Carnac, who represented Governor 
 Temple, . ^d escorted by a squadron of cavalry. On arriv- 
 ing at the . tion there was a g_ --d of honor of native 
 infantry drawn up, which presente. arms and lowered 
 colors. All the leading men of the Bombay Government 
 — Parsee and native merchants; our Consul, Mr. Farnham, 
 whose kindness was untiring; Mr. Gibbs, and all the mem- 
 bers of the government household, were present. In a 
 tew minutes the signal for leaving was made, and, the 
 General thanking his good friends of Malabar Point, the 
 train pushed off amid cheers and the salutes of the mili- 
 tary. 
 
 On the 2oth of February the party arrived at Tatul- 
 pur, and visited the Marble Rocks, on the Norbudda 
 River, riding there on elephants provided by the govern- 
 ment. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE ^VORI.D. 
 
 377 
 
 The General arrived at Allahabad on the 22d of Feb- 
 ruary, where he was received by Sir George Cowper, 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest Provinces, and 
 was escorted to the Government House. 
 
 The General arrived at Agra on the 23d, and on the 
 following day he visited Jeypore, where he was received 
 by the Maharajah with his ministers, and the English 
 Resident, Dr. Handle)'. As the General descended, the 
 Maharajah, who wore the ribbon and star of the Order of 
 India, advanced and shook hands, welcoming him to his 
 dominions. The Maharajah is a small, rather fragile per- 
 son, with a serious, almost a painful, expression of counten- 
 ance, but an intelligent, keen face. He looked like a inan of 
 sixty. His movements were slow, impassive — the move- 
 ments of old age. Tins may be a mannerism, nowever, 
 for on studying his face you could see that there is some 
 youth in it. On his brow were the crimson emblems of 
 his caste — the warrior caste of Rajpootana. His Higliness 
 does not speak English, although he understands it, and 
 our talk was through an interpreter. After the exchange 
 of courtesies and a few moments' conversation, the General 
 drove off to the English Residency, accomjjanied by a com- 
 pany of Jeypore cavalry. The Residency is some distance 
 froin the station. It is a fine, large mansion, surrounaeu 
 by a park and garden. 
 
 It was arranged that the General should visit Amber, 
 the ancient capital of Jeypore, one of the most curious 
 sights in India. Amber was the capital until the close of 
 the seventeenth century. It was one of the freaks of the 
 princes who once reigned in India, that when they tired of 
 a capital or a palace, they wandered off and built a new 
 one, leaving the other to run to waste. The ruins of India 
 are as a general thing the abandoned palaces and temples 
 of kings who grew weary of their toy and craved another. 
 This is why Amber is now an abandoned town and Jeypore 
 
37>'^ GENEftAI. U. S. SRANT'S 
 
 the capital. If the Maharajah were to tire of Jeypore and 
 return to Amber, the town would accompany him, for 
 \vithout the Court the town would die. Traveling in India 
 must be done very early in the morning, and, although the 
 visitors had had a severe day's journey, they left for Amber 
 at seven in the morning. A squadron of the Maharajah's 
 cavalry accompanied them. The}- are fine horsemen, and 
 wear quilted uniforms of printed cotton. The drive 
 through Jeypore was interesting, from the fact that they 
 were now in a native city, under native rule. Heretofore 
 the India they had seen was India under Englishmen; but 
 Jeypore is sovereign, with power of life and death over its 
 own subjects. The city is purely Oriental, and is most 
 picturesque and striking. There are two or three broad 
 streets, and one or two squares, that would do no discredit 
 to Paris. The architecture is Oriental, and, as all the houses 
 are painted after the same pattern, in rose color, it gives 
 you the impression that it is all the same building. The 
 streets had been swejjt for the coming of the visitors, and 
 men, carrymg goatskins of water, were sprinkling them. 
 Soldiers were stationed at various points to salute, and 
 sometimes the salute was accompanied with a musical bang- 
 ing on various instruments of the national air. The best 
 that India can do for a distinguished American, is " God 
 Save the Queen." 
 
 There are gas lamps in Jeypore; this is a tremendous 
 advance in civilization. One of the first things General 
 Grant heard in India, ^vas that in Jevporc lived a great 
 prince, a most enlightened prince, quite English in his ideas, 
 who had gas lamps in bis streets. He had a theatre almost 
 ready for occupancy; there was a troupe of Parsee players 
 in town, who had come all the way from Bombay, and 
 were waiting to open it. The Maharajah was sorr_v he 
 could not show the General a plav. 
 
 To go to Amber, General Grant and party must ride 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. J--o 
 
 elephants, for after a few miles the hills come, and the roads 
 are broken, and carriages are of no value. Camels or horses 
 could be used, but the Maharajah had sent elephants, and 
 they were waiting foi- them under a grove of mango trees, 
 drawn up by the side of the road, as if to salute. The 
 principal elephant wore a scarlet cloth, as a special honor 
 to the General. The elephant means authority in India, 
 and, when you wish to do your guest the highest honor, you 
 mount him on an elephant. The Maharajah also sent sedan 
 chairs for those who preferred an easier and swifter convey- 
 ance. 
 
 Mrs. Grant chose the sedan chair, and was switched off 
 at a rapid pace up the ascending road by four Hindoo 
 bearers. The pace at which these chairs is carried is a 
 short, ineasured quickstep, so that there is no uneasiness to 
 the rider. The rest mounted the elephants. Elephant- 
 riding is a curious and not an unpleasant experience. The 
 animal is under perfect control, and very often, especially 
 in the case of such a man as the ruler of Jeypore, has been 
 for generations in the same family. The elephant is under 
 the care of a driver, called a mahout. The mahout sits on 
 the neck, or more properly the head, of the elephant, and 
 guides him with a stick or sharp iron prong, with which he 
 strikes the animal on the top of the head. Between the 
 elephant and mahout there are relations of affection. The 
 mahout lives with the elephant, gives him his food, and 
 each animal has its own keeper. The huge creature be- 
 comes in time as docile as a kitten, and will obey any order 
 of the mahout. The elephant reaches a great age. It is 
 not long since there died at Calcutta the elephant which 
 carried Warren Hastings when Governor General of India, 
 a century ago. Thei'e are two methods of riding elephants. 
 One is in a box like the four seats of a carriage, the other 
 on a square quilted seat, your feet hanging over the sides, 
 something like an Irish jaunting car. The first plan is 
 
^So GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 good for hunting, but for comfort the second is the better. 
 
 At a signal from the mahout the elephant slowly kneels. 
 
 When the elephant rises, which he does two legs at a time, 
 
 deliberately, the rider must hold on to the rail of the seat. 
 
 Once on his feet, he swings along at a slow, wabbling pace. 
 
 The motion is an easy one, like that of a boat in a light 
 
 sea. In time, if going long distances, it becomes very 
 
 tiresome. 
 
 Arrived at Ambe', the General found Mrs. Grant with 
 
 her couriers, havi;.- arrived some time before, and had 
 mounted to a window high up in the palace, and was 
 
 waving her handkerchief. The visitors had reached the 
 temple while worship was in progress. Dr. Hendley 
 informed the General that he was in time to take part 
 in the services and to see the priest offer up a kid. 
 Every dav in the year in this temple a kid is offered 
 up as a propitiation for the sins of the Maharajah. 
 
 The temple was little more than a room in the palace — a 
 private chapel. At one end was a platform raised a few incb 
 es from the ground and coverea over. On this platform were 
 the images of the gods — of the special God. Whatever 
 the god, the worship was in full progress, and there was 
 the kid ready for sacrifice. Entering the enclosure, the 
 visitors stood with uncovered heads; only some half a dozen 
 worshipers were crouching on the ground. One of the 
 attendants held the kid, while the priest was crouching over 
 it, reading from the sacred books, and in a half humming, 
 half whining chant blessing the sacrifice, and as he said 
 each prayer putting some grain or spice or oil on its head. 
 The poor animal licked the crumbs as they fell about it, 
 quite unconscious of its holy fate. Another attendant took 
 a sword and held it before the priest. He read some pray- 
 ers o\-er the sword and consecrated it. Then the kid was 
 carried to the corner, where there was a small heap of sand 
 or ashes and a gutter to carry away the blood. The priest 
 
TOUK AROL"\I) THE WORLD. 3S1 
 
 continued his prayers, the kid's liead was suddenly drawn 
 down and with one blow severed from the body. The 
 virtue of the sacrifice consists in the head falling at the first 
 blow, and so expert do the priests become that at some of 
 the great sacrifices, where buffalo are offered up in expiation 
 of the princely sins, they will take off the buffalo's head 
 with one stroke of the sword. The kid, having performed 
 the office of expiation, becomes useful for the priestly 
 dinner. 
 
 Of the palace of Amber the most one can say is that it 
 is curious and interesting as the home of an Indian King in 
 the days when India v\'as ruled by her Kings, and a Hastings 
 and a Clive had not come to rend and destroy. The 
 Maharajah has not quite abandoned jt. He comes some- 
 times to tne great feasts of the faith, and a few apartments 
 are kept for him. His rooms were ornamented with look- 
 ing-glass decorations, with carved marble which the artisan 
 had fashioned into tracery so delicate that it looked like 
 lacevvork. What strikes one in this Oriental decoration is 
 its tendency to light, bright, lacelike gossamer work, 
 showing infinite pains and patience in the doing, but without 
 any special value as a real work of art. The general effect of 
 these decorations is agreeable, but all is done for efl?"ect. 
 There is no such honest, serious work as you see in the 
 Gothic cathedrals, or even in the Alhambra. One is the 
 expression of a facile, sprightly race, fond of the sunshine, 
 delighting to repeat the caprice of nature in the curious and 
 quaint; the other has a deep, earnest purpose. This is an 
 imagination which sees its gods in every form — in stones 
 and trees and beasts and creeping things, in the stars above, 
 in the snake wriggling through the hedges — the other sees 
 only one God, even the Lord God Jehovah, who made the 
 heavens and the earth and will come to judge the world at 
 the last day. As you wander through the courtyards and 
 chambers of Amber, the fancy is amused by the charac- 
 
3^- GENERAL L'. S. (,KANt's 
 
 ter of all that surrounds you. There is no luxury. All 
 these Kings wanted was air and sunshine. They slept on 
 the floor. The chambers of their wives were little more 
 than cells built in stone. Here are the walls that surround- 
 ed their section of the palace. There are no windows 
 looking into the outer world, only a thick stone wall 
 pierced with holes slanting upward, so that if a curious 
 spouse looked out she would see nothing lower than the 
 stars. Amber is an immense palace, and could quite ac- 
 commodate a rajah with a court of a thousand attendants. 
 
 There were some beautiful views from the terrace. The 
 General would like to ha\c remained, but the elephants had 
 been down to the water to lap themselves about, and were 
 now returning refreshed to bear us back to Jeypore. The 
 visitors had onl\ given themselves a day for the town, and 
 had to return the call of the Prince, which is a serious 
 task in Eastern etiquette. 
 
 Mr. Borie was much exhausted by his ride and the heat 
 of the sun, and was prevailed upon to make the descent in 
 a chair, as Mrs. Grant had done. Returning to Jeypore 
 the same day, our party were very tired, and early sought 
 rest. 
 
 The following day, at Jeypore, the General visited the 
 school of arts and industry, in which he was greatly inter- 
 ested, one of his special subjects of inquiry being the indus- 
 trial customs and resources of the country. This school is 
 one of the Prince's fnorite schemes, and the scholars showed 
 aptness in their work. Jeypore excels in the manufacture 
 of enameled je^veh■y; some of the specmiens seen were 
 exceedingly beautiful and costlx". The Mint was visited, 
 and here the workmen were seen beating the coin and 
 stamping it. 
 
 At the collection of tigers, a half dozen brutes were 
 cagev., each of whom had a history. There were man-eaters ; 
 one enormous creature had killed twenty-five men before 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ^8 :; 
 
 he was captured. Having passed the day in seeing the 
 sights, the party returned to the Residency, and found a 
 group of servants, from the palace, on the veranda, each 
 carrying a tray hiden with sweetmeats and nuts, oranges 
 and fruit. This was an offering from th^ Prince, and it 
 was necessary that the General should touch some of the 
 fruit and taste it, and say how much he was indebted to 
 His Highness for the remembrance; then the servants re- 
 turned to the palace. 
 
 The Maharajah sent word that he would receive Gen- 
 eral Grant at five. The Maharajah is a pious prince, a de- 
 votee, and almost an ascetic. He gives seven hours a day 
 to devotions. He partakes only of one meal. When he is 
 through with his prayers he plays billiards. He is the hus- 
 band of ten wives. His tenth wife was married to him a 
 few weeks ago. The court gossip is that he did not want 
 another wife, that nine were enough; but in polygamous 
 countries marriages are made to please families, to consoli- 
 date alliances, to win friendships, \er\' often to give a home 
 to the widows or sisters of friends. The Maharajah was 
 under some duress of this kind, and his bride was brought 
 home, and is now with her sister brides behind the stone 
 walls, killing time as she best can, while her lord prays and 
 plays billiards. These wives live in cloistered seclusion. 
 The}' are guarded by eunuchs, and even when ill are not 
 allowed to look into the face of a physician, but put their 
 hands through a screen. It was said in Jeypore that no face 
 of a Rajput Princess ^vas ever seen by a European. 
 
 These prejudices are respected and protected by tlie Im- 
 perial Government, which respects and protects ever}' cus- 
 tom in India so long as the States behave themselves and 
 pay tribute. In their seclusion the princesses adorn tliem- 
 selves, see the Nautch girls dance, and read romances. 
 They are not much troubled by the Maharajah. That 
 great prince, I hear, is tired of everything but his devotions 
 
384 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 and his billiards. He has no children, and is not supposed 
 to have hopes of an heir. He will, as is the custom in these 
 high families, adopt some prince of an auxiliary branch. 
 
 The government of the kingdom is in the hands of a 
 council, among whom are the Prime Minister and the prin- 
 cipal brahmin. 
 
 General Grant drove to the palace at four o'clock, and 
 at once inspected the stables. There were some fine horses, 
 and exhibitions of horsemanship which astonished even the 
 General. He was shown the astronomical buildings of Jai 
 Singh H., which were on a large scale and accurately graded. 
 He climbed to the top of the palace, and had a fine view of 
 Jeypore. The palace itself embraces one-sixth of the city, 
 and there are ten thousand people within its walls — beg- 
 gars, soldiers, priests, politicians, all manner of human 
 beings — who live on the royal bounty. The town looked 
 picturesque and cool in the shadows of the descending sun. 
 
 At five precisely we entered the courtj-ard leading 
 to the reception hall. The Maharajah came slowly down 
 the steps, with a serious, preoccupied air, not as an old man, 
 but as one who was too weary vvjth a day's labors to make 
 any effort, and shook hands with the General and Mrs. 
 Grant. He accompanied the General to a seat of honor 
 and sat down at his side. They all arranged themselves 
 in the chairs. On the side of the General sat the mem- 
 bers of his party; on the side of the Maharajah the mem- 
 bers of his Cabinet. Dr. Hendley acted as interpreter. 
 The Prince said Jeypore was honored in seeing the fiice 
 of the great American ruler, whose fame had reached 
 Hindostan. The General said he had enjoyed his visit, 
 that he was pleased and surprised with the prosperity of 
 the people, and he should have felt he had lost a gi-eat 
 deal if he had come to India and not seen Jeypore. The 
 Maharajah expressed regret that the General made so 
 short a stay. The General answered that he came to 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 3S5 
 
 India late, and was rather pressed for time from the fact 
 that lie wished to see the Viceroy before lie left Calcutta, 
 and to that end had promised to be in Calcutta of 
 March lo. 
 
 His Highness then inade a gesture, and a troop ol 
 dancing girls came into the court-yard. One of th( 
 features of a visit to Jeypore is what is called the Nautch 
 The Nautch is a sacred affair, danced by Hindoo girls of 
 a low caste in the presence of the idols in the palace 
 temple. A group of girls came trooping in, under the 
 leadership of an old fellow with a long beard and a hard 
 expression of face, who might have been the original of 
 Dickens' Fagin. The girls wore heavy garments em- 
 broidered, the skirts composed of man}' folds, covered 
 with gold braid. They had ornaments on their heads and 
 jewels in the side of the nose. They had plain faces, and 
 carried out the theory of caste, if there be anything in 
 such a theory, in the contrast between their features and the 
 delicate, sharply-cut lines of the higher class Brahmins 
 and the other castes who surrounded the Prince. The 
 girls formed in two lines, a third line was composed of 
 four musicians, who performed a low, growling kind of 
 music on unearthly instruments. The dance had no value 
 in it, either as an expression of harmony, grace or motion. 
 
 Tlie Nautch dance is ineaningless. It is not even im- 
 proper. It is attended by no excitement, no manifesta- 
 hons of religious feeling. A group of course, ill-formed 
 women stood in the lines, walked and twisted about, 
 breaking now and then into a chorus, which added to the 
 tlin of the instiuments. This was tlie funous Nautch 
 dance, which they were to see in Jeypore with amazement, 
 and to remember as one of the sights of India. Either as 
 an amusement or a religious ceremony it had no \alue. 
 
 The General did not appreciate the dance, though he 
 remained during its performance. Dr. Hendley, evidenth 
 
3.' ;i (,i-;\l:kai. r. ,-. (,kaxt s 
 
 thinking that the dance had served every useful purpose, 
 said a word to the Prince, who made a sign, the dance 
 stopped, the girls vanished, Tind the whole party retired to 
 the billiard room. 
 
 The Maharajah plays billiards when he is not at prayers. 
 He was anxious to ha\e a game with the General. The 
 General played in an indiscriminate, promiscuous manner, 
 ■And matle some wonderful shots in the wa}' of missing balls 
 he intended to strike. Mr. Borie, whose interest in the 
 General's fortunes extends to billiards, began to deplore 
 those eccentric experiments, when the General said he had 
 not played billiards for thirty years. The Maharajah tried 
 to lose the game, and said to one of his attendants that he 
 was anxious to show the General that delicate mark of hos- 
 pitality. The game ended. His Highness winning. 
 
 Then the\' strolled into the gardens, and looked at the 
 palace towers, which the Prince took pleasure in showing 
 to the General, and which looked airy and beautiful in the 
 ros}' shadows of the descending sun. There were beds of 
 flowers and trees, and the coming night, which comes so 
 swiftly in these latitudes, brought a cooling breeze. Then 
 His Highness gave each a photograph of his royal person, 
 consecrated with his royal autograph, which he wrote on 
 the top of a marble railing. Then thej' strolled toward the 
 grand hall of ceremony to take leave. Taking leave is a 
 solemn act in India. The party entered the spacious hall, 
 where the Prince received the Prince of Wales. Night 
 had come so rapidly, th^t servants came in all directions 
 carrying candles and torches that lit up the gaudy and glit- 
 tering hall. An attendant carried a trav bearing \vreaths 
 of the rose and jasmnie. The Maharajah, taking two of 
 these wreaths, put them on the neck of the General. He 
 did the same to Mrs. Grant, and all the members of the 
 party. Then, taking a string of gold and silken cord, he 
 placed that on Mrs. Grant as a special honor. The Gen- 
 

 
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 eral, who was instructed bv the English Resident, took 
 four wreaths antl put them on the neck of the Maharajah, 
 ^'\•ho pressed his hands and bowed his tlianks. Another 
 servant came, l:)earing a small cup of gold and yenis con- 
 taining ottar of roses. The jNIaharajah, putting some of 
 the perfume on his fingers, transferred it to Mrs. Grant's 
 hantlkerchief With another portion he passed his hands 
 along the General's breast and shoulders. This was done to 
 each ol the party. The General then taking the perfume, 
 passed his hands o\er the ^Maharajah's shoulders, and so 
 concluding the cercmon\', which, in all roval interviews in 
 the East, is supposed to mean a lasting friendship. Then 
 the Prince, taking General Grant's hand in his own, led 
 him from the hall, across the garden and to the gatcNvay of 
 Inis palace, hokling his hand all the tinre. The carriages 
 \\ ere w aiting, and the Prince took his leave saving ho^v 
 much he was honored b^" the General's \'isit. The cavalry 
 e-^curt formed in line, the guard presented arms, and the 
 \'isitors tlrove at fuh gallop to their home. And so ended 
 one of the most interesting and eventful days in the Gen- 
 eral's \isit to India. 
 
chaptp:r xxxii. 
 
 STILL IN INDIA. 
 
 General Grant and party visited the Maharajah of Burt- 
 poor, a young prince about thirty years of age. His state 
 is small — its area 1,974 'TiJles, with a population of 743,710, 
 and a revenue of $15,000,000. The dav was hot, and the 
 ride had been through a low country, the scenery not \-erv 
 attractive at the best, but now brown and arid under a 
 steaming sun. Arrived at the station, all Burtpoor seemed 
 to be awaiting the General's appearance, with the Maha- 
 rajah at the head. The prince \vas accompanied by the 
 British officers attached to liis court, and, .idvancing, shook 
 hands v\dth the Geneial and welcomed him to his capital. 
 He wore a blazing uniform, covered with jewels. He had 
 a firm, stern face, with strong features, a good frame, and 
 unlike his brother of Jeypore, -^vho gives his days to prayers 
 and his evenings to billiards; and, although he has the Star 
 of India, has long since seen the vanity of huinan glor\', 
 and hates power, is a soldier and a sportsman, and is called 
 a firm and energetic luler. From the station the part\' 
 dro\e to the palace, through a town whose dismantled walK 
 speak of English valor and English shame, past bazaars, 
 where people seemed to sell nothing, only to broil in the 
 sunshine, and under a high archway into a court^-ard, and 
 thence to the palace. There was nothing special about the 
 palace, except that it was very large and very uncomfortable. 
 The prince does not live in this palace, but in one more 
 suited to Oriental tastes. It \vas here where he received 
 
 390 
 
TOUR AROliM) TllK 'WORLD. 39] 
 
 the Prince of Wales on the occasion of his visit in 1S76. 
 There was a breakfast prepared, whicli the prince left his 
 guests to enjoy in company with their English friends. In 
 this country the hospitality of the highest princes never 
 goes so far as to ask you to eat. The rules of caste are so 
 marked that the partaking of food with one of another 
 caste, and especially of another race, would be defilement. 
 The host at the close of the breakfast returned in state, and 
 there was the ceremony of altar and pan, and cordial inter- 
 changes of good feeling- between the Maharajah and the 
 General. 
 
 The General and part}- visited the famous ruins of 
 Futtehpoor Sikva. In the days of the great Moham- 
 i-nedan rulers there A\-as none so great as Akbar. He 
 founded the city and built the palace. The night had fallen 
 before the visitors arri\'e(l at their destination, so that they 
 were compelled to ren->ain o\ er night in the ruins. Mr. 
 Lawrence, the British Collector at Agra, had sent forward 
 bed and bedding, and all that was necessai-y to make the 
 guests comfortable. After a night's rest, the following 
 morning an early start was made to \iew the ruins. To 
 see all of this stupendous ruin would include a ride around 
 a circumference of seven miles. The ruins were well -worth 
 a study. The General examined first a courtyard, or quad- 
 rangle, four hundred and thirty-three feet b}' three hundred 
 and sixty-six feet. On one side of this is the mosque, which 
 is a noble building, suffering, howevei-, from the over- 
 shadowing grandeur of the principal gateway, the finest, it 
 is said, in India, looming up out of the ruins with stately 
 and graceful splendor, but dwarfing the other monuments 
 and ruins. This was meant as an arch of triumph to the 
 glory of the Emperor, " King of Kings," " Heaven of the 
 Court," and " Shadow of God." There are many of these 
 inscriptions in Arabic, a translation of which is found in 
 Mr. Keene's handbook. The most suggestive is this: 
 
39^ 
 
 GENEKAI. U. S. GRAXTS 
 
 "Know that the world is a glass, where the flivor has come 
 and gone. Take as thine own nothing more than what 
 thou lookest upon." The prevailing aspect of the archi- 
 tecture was Moslem, with traces of Hindoo taste and deco- 
 ration. The mosque, the tombs and the gateway are all 
 well preserved. At one of the mosques were a number of 
 natives in prayer, who interrupted their devotions long 
 enough to show General Grant the delicate tracing on the 
 walls and beg a rupee. One of the pleasures of wandering 
 among these stupendous ruins is to wander alone and take 
 in the full meaning of the work and the genius of the men 
 who did it. The guides have nothing to tell you. The 
 ruins to them are partly dwelling-places, pretexts for beg- 
 ging rupees. 
 
 General Grant and party visited Benares — the sacred 
 city of the Hindoos — a city of temples, idols, jDriests, and 
 worship. The General found so much to interest him in 
 India that it was a source of regret to him that he did not 
 come earlier in the season. Every hour in the country had 
 been full of interest, and the hospitality of the ofBcials and 
 the people so generous and profuse, that his way had been 
 especially pleasant. Tra\el during the day in India is very 
 severe. Mrs. Grant stood the journey, especially the se- 
 verer phases of it, marvellously, and justifies the reputation 
 for endurance and energy which she won on the Nile. 
 The General is a severe and merciless traveler, ^vho never 
 tires, always ready for an excursion or an experience, as in- 
 different to the coinforts or necessities of the way as if he 
 had been on the tented field. Upon arriving at the station 
 of Benares, Mr. Daniels, the representative of the Vicero}-, 
 met the General and party. A large guard of honor was 
 in attendance, accompanied b\' the leading military and 
 civic English representatives and nati\e rajahs, who walked 
 down the line with uncovered heads. 
 
 In honor of the General's coming, the road from the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 393 
 
 station to the Government House had been illuminated. 
 Poles had been stuck in the ground on either side of the 
 road, and from tliese poles lanterns and small glass ves- 
 els filled with oil were swinging. So as they drove, before 
 and behind was an avenue of light that recalled the Paris 
 boulevards as seen from Montmartre. It was a long drive 
 to the house of the Commissioner. A part of his house 
 Mr. Daniels gave to General and Mrs. Grant and Mr. Borie.. 
 For the others there were tents in the garden. 
 
 Benares, the sacred city of the Hindoos, sacred also to 
 the Buddhists, is one of the oldest in the world. Macau- 
 lay's description, so fainiliar to all, is worth reprinting, from 
 the vividness with which it represents it, as to-day. " Ben- 
 ares," says Macaulay, in his essay on Warren Hastings, 
 "was a city which, in wealth, population, dignity and sanc- 
 tity, was amoTig the foremost in Asia. It was commonly 
 believed that half a million human beings were crowded 
 into that labyrinth of lofty alleys, rich with shrines and 
 minarets, and balconies and carved oriels, to which the 
 sacred apes clung by hundreds. The traveler could scarcely 
 make his way through the press of holy mendicants and 
 not less holy bulls. The broad and stately flights of steps 
 which descended from these swarming haunts to the bath- 
 ing places along the Ganges were, worn every da}' by the 
 footsteps of an innumerable multitude of worshipers. 
 The schools and temples drew crowds of pious Hindoos 
 from every province where the Brahininical faith was 
 known. Hundreds of devotees came thither every month 
 to die, for it was believed that a peculiarly happy fate 
 awaited the man who should pass from the sacred city 
 into the sacred river. Nor was superstition the only motive 
 which allured strangers to that great metropolis. Com- 
 merce had as many pilgrims as religion. All along the 
 shores of the venerable stream lay great fleets of vessels 
 laden with rich merchandise. From the looms of Benares 
 
39 + 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 went forth the most delicate silks that adorned the halls oi 
 St. James and Verseilles; and in the bazaars the muslins 
 of Bengal and the sabres of Oude were mingled with the 
 jewels of Golconda and the shawls of Cashmere." Ben- 
 ares to one-half the human race — to the millions in China 
 who profess Buddhism and the millions in India who wor- 
 ship Brahina — is as sacred as Jerusalem to the Christian 
 or Mecca to the Mohammedan. Its greatness was known 
 in I he days of Nineveh and Babylon, when, as another 
 writer says, " Tyre was planting her colonies, ■when Athens 
 was gaining in strength, before Rome became known, or 
 Greece had contended with Persia, or Cyrus had added to 
 the Persian monarchy, or Nebuchadnezzar had captured 
 Jerusalem." The name of Benares excites deep emotionf 
 in tne breast of every pious Kmaoo, and his constant pi'ayer 
 is, " Holy Kasi ! Would that I could see the eternal city 
 favored of the gods ! Would that I might die on its sacred 
 soil!" 
 
 Benares is a city of priests. Its population is over twe 
 hundred thousand; of tnis numoer twenty-five thousana 
 are Brahmins. They govern the city, and hold its temples, 
 wells, shrines and streams. Pilgrims are constantly arriv- 
 ing; as many as two hundred thousand come in the course 
 of the year. Not long since, one authority counted fourteen 
 hundred and fifty-four Hindoo temples, and two hundred 
 and seventy-two mosques. In addition to the temples, 
 there are shrines — cavities built in walls, containing the 
 image of some god — as sacred as the temples. Pious 
 rahjas are always adding to tlie temples and shrines. The 
 streets are so narrow that only in the widest can even an 
 elephant make his way. They are alleys — narrow alleys, 
 not streets — and, as you thread your way through them, 
 you feel as if the town were one house, the chambers only 
 separated by narrow passages. Benares, the holy city — 
 holy even now in the eyes of more than half the human 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 395 
 
 race — whose glories, religious and civic, have been forgot- 
 ten in the noise and glitter of our recent civilization. 
 
 The priest is a sacred ruler. He is the first in caste; 
 the world was made for him, and other men depend upon 
 him. If he is angry and curses, his curses can overturn 
 thrones, scatter troops, even destroy this world and summon 
 other worlds into existence. He is above the King in dig- 
 nity. His life is sacred, and, no matter the enormity of the 
 crime, he cannot be condemned to death. The Brahmins 
 are the strongest social and religious force in Hindostan. 
 Benares is their city. The policy v^'hich founded the order 
 of Jesuits has often been cited as a masterpiece of govern- 
 ment, of combining the strongest intellectual force toward 
 missionary enterprise. But the order of Jesuits is a society 
 under rules and discipline only bmcung its members. The 
 Brahmins not only govern themselves as rigidly as the 
 Jesuits, and hold themselves ready to go as far in the serv- 
 ice of their faith, but they have imposed their will upon 
 every other class. Men of the world, men in other callings, 
 use the name of Jesuit as a term oi rep)roach, and even 
 Catholic kings have been known to banish them and put 
 them outside of civil law. There is not a prince in Hindos- 
 tan who would dare to put a straw in the path of a Brah- 
 min. Brahminism is one of the oldest institutions in the 
 world, one of the most extraordinary develojjments of 
 human intellect and discipline, and there is no reason to 
 suppose that its power over India will ever pass away. 
 
 Here is the sacred river Ganges. No office is so sacred 
 to the dead as to burn his body on the banks of the Ganges. 
 Several slabs were observed near the burning Ghat; these 
 were in memory of widows who had burned themselves on 
 that spot in honor of their husbands, according to the old 
 rite of suttee. Benares sits on the sacred river, an emblem 
 of the strange religion which has made it a holy city, and 
 there is solemnity in the thought that for ages she has kepi 
 
'^.v- 
 
 396 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 her place on the Ganges ; that for ages her shrines have been 
 holy to millions of men ; that for ages the wisest and purest 
 and best of the Indian race have wandered as pilgrims 
 through her narrow streets and plunged themselves as peni- 
 tents into the waters to wash away their sins. It is all a 
 dark superstition, but let us honor Benares for the comfort 
 she has given to so many millions of sinful, sorro-\ving 
 souls. And as the white towers and steps of Benares, glis- 
 tening in the sunshine, are left behind, the tourists look 
 back upon it with something of the respect and affection 
 that belong to antiquity, and which are certainly not 
 unworthily bestowed upon so renowned, so sacred and so 
 venerable a city. 
 
 General Grant visited Delhi. Upon his arrival there 
 was a grand reception by troops, and the General and his 
 wife drove to Ludlow Castle, the home of the chief officer. 
 Delhi is a beautiful city, as the houses are built for air, and 
 not, as in American cities, several stories high. This will 
 account for the great size of Indian cities — that they are so 
 many miles long and so many broad. 
 
 There are few cities in the world which have had a 
 more varied and more splendid career than Delhi. It is 
 the Rome of India, and the history of India centres around 
 Delhi. It has no such place as Benares in the religion of 
 the people, but to the Indians it is what Rome in the 
 ancient days was to the Roman Empire. One of its au- 
 thentic monuments goes back to the fourth centurj' before 
 Christ. Its splendor began with the rise of the Mogul 
 empire, and the splendor of the Moguls is seen in what 
 they built, and the severity of their creed in what they 
 destroyed. Outside of the English section, nothing but the 
 ruins and desolation of many wars and dvnasties. 
 
 From the Cashmere gate to the Rutab, a ride of eleven 
 miles, your road is through monumental ruins — tombs, 
 temples, mausoleums, mosques, in all directions. The hori- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 397 
 
 zon is studded with minarets and domes, all abandoned, 
 and many in ruins. 
 
 The General and party visited the palace of the Grand 
 Mogul; saw the throne of Aurungzebe — the peacock 
 throne. This was simply a mass of jewels and gold, val- 
 ued at thirty millions of dollars. Mr. Beresford, in his 
 book on Delhi, says it was called the peacock throne from 
 its having the figures of two peacocks standing behind it, 
 their tails expanded, and the whole so inlaid with sapphires, 
 rubies, emeralds, pearls and other precious stones of appro- 
 priate colors, as to represent life. The throne itself was six 
 feet long by four feet broad. It stood on six massive feet, 
 which, with the body, were of solid gold, inlaid with rubies, 
 emeralds and diamonds. It was supported by a canopy of 
 gold, upheld by twelve pillars, all richly emblazoned with 
 costly gems, and a fringe of pearls ornamented the borders 
 of the canopy. 
 
 A visit to the Kutab tower was worthy of remem- 
 brance. This tower ranks among the wonders of India. 
 It is two hundred and thirty-eight feet high, sloping from 
 the base, which is forty-seven feet in diameter, to the sum- 
 mit, which is nine feet. It is composed of five sections or 
 stories, and with every story there is a change in the de- 
 sign. The lower section has twenty -four sides, in the form 
 Df convex flutings, alternately semi-circular and rectangii 
 'ar. In the second section they are circular, the third angjf 
 lar, the fourth a plain cylinder, and the fifth partly fluted 
 and partly plain. At each basement is a balcony. On the 
 lower sections are inscriptions in scroll work, reciting, in 
 Arabic characters, the glory of God, verses from the Koran, 
 and the name and achievements of the conqueror who buii. 
 the tower. It is believed that, when i-eally complete, with 
 the cupola, it must have been twenty feet higher. 
 
 Attended by an officer who took part in the siege, the 
 General visited the lines held by the English and the Se 
 
-,>!;• -■ 
 
 39S GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 poys during the mutiny, when the Enghsh Empire in India 
 depended for months upon the valor and endurance of the 
 small army which invested Delhi. 
 
 On February 28, General Grant arrived at Calcutta. The 
 railroad authorities, not having any intimation of the Gen- 
 eral's visit, made no arrangements for his reception at the 
 railway station. Only a few gentlemen were present. A 
 company of the Madras Fourteenth Regiment, with band 
 and colors, were drawn up in line on the platform, and at 
 the bridge was posted the European constabulary of the 
 Calcutta police, under the superintendence of Mr. Percy. 
 Tlie gentlemen on the platform were Captain Muir, Aide- 
 de-Camp to His Excellency the Viceroy; Mr. Lambert, the 
 Deputy Commissioner of Police; General Litchfield, the 
 American Consul; Mr. R. Macallister, Mr. Frederick 
 Coke, Mr. Manockjee Rustomjee and son, and some mas- 
 ters of American ships in the river. When the tram ar- 
 rived, some difficulty was experienced in finding tiie car 
 riage the General was m, as it was lar down the platform, 
 where the company of soldiers was drawn up. The Gen- 
 eral, Mrs. Grant and Colonel Grant, and two gentlemen 
 belonging to his staff, then stepped out of a first-class car- 
 riage and were received by the gentlemen, one of whom 
 handed to the General a letter from Nawab Abdul Gunny 
 Meah, of Dacca, inviting the General over to his place- 
 The party then drove to Government House, in two car- 
 riages of the Viceroy, which were in waiting outside the 
 platform. As the party neared Government House, there 
 was a salute of twenty-one guns. In the evening the Vice- 
 roy entertained the General and his party at a dinner-party 
 at Government House. About fifty ladies and gentlemen 
 were honored with invitations to meet them. After the 
 toast of the Queen-Empress was drank. Lord Lytton rose, 
 and spoke as follows: 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen — I sincerely beheve that 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 401 
 
 there is no toast unconnected with our own country and its 
 institutions which is lionored with greater cordiality by 
 Englishmen of all classes, and in all parts of the world, 
 than the toast I ain now about to propose to you — because, 
 ladies and gentlemen, we English cannot look, and never 
 do look, upon America as a foreign country, or upon the 
 American people as a foreign people. They are flesh of 
 our flesh and bone of our bone. It is true, no doubt, that 
 our fathers and their fathers have had their family quarrels, 
 over which they have shaken hands — for quarrels will oc- 
 casionally occur in the best regulated families; but these 
 are quarrels which I trust that neither their children nor 
 our children will ever iiave occasion to renew, for they have 
 been practically settled by a separation of political partner- 
 ship, prolific in substantial benefits to the best interests of 
 mankind. Meanwhile, we Englishmen of the presenj: day 
 all regard our American kinsfolk as, if I may say so, the 
 rising generation, and the most go-ahead representative of 
 that good old sturdy family stock which, while lovingly, 
 loyally and, I hope, lastingly honoring and keeping hon- 
 ored its ancestral roof-tree, still sends forth from its little 
 island home in the northern seas the hardy oflispring of a 
 race that has planted and is spreading in every quarter of 
 the habitable globe the language in which Shakspeare 
 wrote, the liberty for which Washington so nobly labored, 
 the social principles of the Code of Blackstone, and th» 
 ethical principles of the creed of Christianity. 
 
 " Ladies and Gentleinen, the toast I am going to 
 propose to you is that of the President of the United States 
 of America. This is a toast to which I am sure you would, 
 in any circumstances, respond with cordiality. But I am 
 confident that in the circumstances which have brought us 
 together this evening your cordiality will be quickened by 
 the presence of an eminent guest who has twice filled with 
 renown the high office we are about to honor in the per- 
 
402 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 son of its present incumbent. That office, ladies and gen- 
 tlemen, is, I think, the highest that can possibly be held — 
 the highest that ever has been filled by the citizen of a free 
 country, and never has that high office been more worthily 
 won or more worthily filled than by the distinguished sol- 
 dier to whose sword America is indebted for the re-estab- 
 lished Union and permanent peace of those great sovereign 
 States, over whose united destinies he has twice success- 
 fully presided. It was said by the great poet of our own 
 commonwealth that 'peace hath her victories no less re- 
 nowned than w^ar,' and with the victories of peace, asvi^ell 
 as those of war, I am persuaded that the name of General 
 Grant will long be honorabl}' associated by a double re- 
 novs'n. ■; 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen, it is neither customary nor 
 proper to couple the name of an>' jjrivate individual, 
 however eminent he may be, with toasts proposed in honor 
 of the ruling power of a sovereign state. I am not going 
 to infringe that rule; and, as regards the rules of hospi- 
 tality, I think you must all feel that of hospitality and of 
 sympathy the best expi-ession is in deeds, not words. I 
 think, therefore, that it would be on my part an inhospita- 
 ble deed if to this toast I added any words which would 
 possibly require from our honored guest the conventional 
 formality of a reply. But, ladies and gentlemen, this at 
 least let me say before I sit down: General Ulysses Graat 
 like his classic namesake, has seen men and cities in almost 
 every part of the world, enlarging tlie genius of the states- 
 man and the soldier by the experience of the traveler. Let 
 us hope that when he returns to that great empire of the 
 West, which he has once rescued and twice ruled, he will 
 at least take with him a kindly recollection of his brief so- 
 journ in this empire of the East, \\-here his visit will long 
 be remembered with gratification by many sincere friends 
 and well wishers, Ladies and gentlemen, I have now to 
 

 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 405 
 
 request that you will fill your glasses and drink with all 
 honor to our last toast this evening. 'The President of 
 the United States of America.' " 
 
 General Grant replied, briefly returning tiianks for the 
 honor tendered him. 
 
 After a continuous round of enjoyment and thorough 
 inspection of all points of interest, the General left Calcutta 
 by steamer for a visit to British Burmah. Arriving at the 
 city of Rangoon, General Grant and party were saluted by 
 two British men-of-war. They had their yards manned in 
 honor of the General. All the vessels in the river were 
 gaily dressed. The landing was covered with scarlet cloth, 
 and the American and British standards were blended. 
 All the town seemed to be out, and the river bank was 
 lined with the multitude, who looked on in their passive 
 Oriental fashion at the pageant. As soon as the boat came 
 to the wharf, Mr. Aitcheson, the Commissioner, came on 
 board, accompanied by Mr. Leishmann, the American Vice- 
 Consul, and bade the General welcome to Burmah. 
 
 On landing, the General was presented to the leading 
 citizens and officials, and officers of the men-of-war. The 
 guard of honor presented arms, and they all drove away to 
 the Government House, a pretty, commodious bungalov\' in 
 the suburbs, buried among trees. Mr. Aticheson is one of 
 the most distinguished officers in the Indian service. He 
 was for some time Foreign Secretary to Calcutta. Burmah, 
 however, is already one of the most important of the Brit- 
 ish colonies in Asia, and this importance is not diminished 
 by the critical relations between British Burmah and the 
 court of the King. Consequently, England requires the 
 best service possible in Burmah, and, as a result of her 
 policy of sending her wisest men to the most useful places, 
 Mr. Aitcheson finds himself in Rangoon. 
 
 The days spent in Rangoon were pleasant; the town is 
 interesting. The streets are wide and rectangular, like 
 
4o6 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 those of Philadelphia, and the shade trees are grateful. 
 Over the city, on a height, which you can see from afar, is 
 a pagoda, one of the most famous in Asia. It is covered 
 with gilt, and in the evening, when we first raw it, the sun's 
 rays made it dazzling. This is the land of Buddha and 
 that remarkable religion called Buddhism. 
 
 Unlike Brahminism, there is no institution of caste, no 
 priestly caste. The priests are taken from any rank in life, 
 never marry, and they deny themselves all the pleasures of 
 the sense, live a monastic life, dress in yellow gowns, shave 
 their heads and beards, and walk barefooted. The priests 
 go in procession. They chant hymns and prayers, and burn 
 incense. They carrj' strings of beads like the rosary, which 
 they count and fumble as the say their prayers. There is 
 no single, solemn ceremony like the sacrifice of the mass. 
 Priests and people kneel before the images surrounded by 
 blazing wax lights, the- air heavy with incense. They pray 
 together, the priests only known by the yellow gowns. 
 They pray kneeling with clasped, uplifted hands. Some- 
 times they hold in their hands a rose, or a morsel of rice, or 
 a fragment of bread, as an offering. During their prayers, 
 they frequently bend their bodies so that the face touches 
 the ground. There are convents for women. The tem- 
 ples are places of rest and refuge. Hither come the unfor- 
 tunate, the poor, the needy, the halt and blind, the belated 
 traveler. All are received, and all are given food and 
 alms. 
 
 Rangoon is not only interesting from a religious sense, 
 but it one of the largest commercial centers of the British 
 colonies, and General Grant found no part of his visit more 
 interesting, or more worthy of his attention, than the devel- 
 opment of the commerce of Rangoon with the United 
 States. American merchandise now goes to Burmah in 
 English ships, and has to pay an English tax before it 
 can enter this market. With a little effort on the part of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 407 
 
 the merchants of the United States, a large market would 
 be found for " Yankee notions," petroleum and ice ; for, if 
 proper houses were built for storing ice, it could be made a 
 steady and profitable trade. Ice is now made by machinery, 
 but it is poor, costly and unsatisfactory, and the machinery 
 constantly out of order. 
 
 A trade based on those articles, established in Rangoon, 
 would supply Burmah, permeate Upper Burmah, Siam and 
 China, and make its way into the islands and settlements. 
 
 No country in the East is more worthy of the attention 
 of our merchants than BvuTnah; the harvest is ripe, and 
 whoever comes in will reap a hundred fold. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN SIAM. 
 
 General Grant, on landing at Singapore, was landed 
 an autograph letter by Major Struder — a letter enclosed 
 in an envelope of blue satin, from the King of Siam; the 
 letter read as follows : 
 
 The Grand Palace, Bangkok, ) 
 
 4th February, 1S79. j 
 
 Aly Dear Sir: Having heard from my Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs, on the authority of the United States 
 Consul, that you are expected in Singapore on your w^ay 
 to Bangkok, I beg to express the pleasure I shall have 
 in making your acquaintance. Possibly you may arrive 
 in Bangkok during my absence at my country residence, 
 Bang Pa In; in which case a steamer will be placed at 
 your disposal to bring you to me. On arrival I beg 
 you to communicate with His Excellency, my Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs, who will arrange for your reception 
 and entertainment. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Chulahlongkorn, R. S. 
 
 To General Grant, late President of the United States. 
 
 The letter that the King had taken the trouble to send 
 all the way to Singapore, and the desire of General Grant 
 to see all that was to be seen, decided him in accepting 
 this flattering invitation, and visit Siam. So the General 
 and party prepared at once for Siam. A heavy rain 
 swept over Singapore as they embarked on the small 
 steamer Kang See, on the morning of the 9th of April. 
 
 408 
 
-\ 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 409 
 
 The run to Bangkok is set down at four days, and 
 sometimes there are severe storms in the Gulf of Siam; 
 but fortune was with them in this, as it had, indeed, 
 been with them, so far as weather at sea is concerned, ever 
 since they left Marseilles. The evening of their sailing 
 some one happened to remember was the anniversary of 
 the surrender of Lee — fourteen years ago to-day — and 
 the hero of the surrender was sitting on the deck of a 
 small steamer smoking and looking at the clouds, and 
 gravely arguing Mr. Borie out of a purpose which some 
 
 one has wickedly charged him with entertaining the 
 
 purpose of visiting Australia and New Zealand and New 
 Guinea, and spending the summei and winter in the Pacifijc 
 Ocean. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th of April, the little steamer 
 in putting into Bangkok lost her reckoning and could not 
 pass the inner bar. About ten o'clock the royal yacht 
 anchored within a cable's length — a long, stately craft, 
 with the American colors flying at the fore, and the royal 
 colors at the main. A boat put off at once, conveying 
 Mr. Sickles, our Consul, the son of the Foreign Minister, 
 representing the Siamese govei'nment, and an aid of the 
 King. Mr. Sickles presented the Siamese officials to the 
 General, and the King's aid handed him the following 
 letter, enclosed in an envelope of yellow satin: — 
 
 The Grand Palace, Bangkok, ) 
 
 April II, 1879. j 
 
 Sir : I have very great pleasure in welcoming you to 
 Siam. It is, I am informed, your pleasure that your recep- 
 tion should be a private one; but you must permit me to 
 show, as far as I can, the high esteem in which I hold the 
 most eminent citizen of that great nation which has been 
 so friendly to Siam, and so kind and just in all its inter- 
 course with the nations of the far East. 
 
 That you inay be near me during )'0ur stay, I have 
 commanded my brother, His Royal Highness the Celestial 
 Prince Bhanurangsi Swangwongse, to prepare rooms for 
 
1 i 
 
 410 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S fe 
 
 you and your party in the Saranrom Palace, close to my | 
 
 palace, and I most cordially invite you, Mrs. Grant and j 
 
 your party at once to take up your residence there, and my 1 
 
 brother will represent me as your host. j 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 Chulahlongkorn, R. S. ' f 
 
 His Excellency General Grant late President of the United States. 
 
 At four o'clock the General embarked on a royal gon- ,^ 
 
 dola, and was slowly pulled to the shore. The guard pre 
 sented arms, the cavalry escort wheeled into line, the band 
 played "Hail Columbia." On ascending the stairs, Mr. 
 Alabaster, the royal interpreter. Captain Bush, an English 
 officer commanding the Siamese navy, and a brilliant 
 retinue, were in waiting. The Foreign Minister advanced 
 and welcomed the General to Siam, and presented him to' 
 the other members of the suite. Then entering carriages, 
 the General and party were driven to the palace of Hwang 
 Saranrom, the home of His Royal Highness the Celestial 
 Prince Bhanurangsi Swangwongse. As they drove past 
 the barracks the artiller\' were drawn up in battery, and the 
 cannon rolled out a salute of twenty-one guns. On reaching 
 the palace a guard was drawn up, and another band played 
 the American national air. At the gate of the palace, Phra 
 Sri Dhammason, of the foreign office, met the General and 
 escorted him to the door of the palace. Here he was met 
 by his Excellency Phya Bashakarawangse, the King's pri- 
 vate secretary, and a nobleman of rank corresponding to 
 that of an English earl. At the head of the marble steps 
 wa^gjHis Royal Highness the Celestial Prince, ^vearing the 
 decorations of the Siamese orders of nobilit\', surrounded 
 by other princes of a lesser rank and the members of his 
 household. Advancing, he shook hands with the General, 
 and, offering his arm to Mrs. Grant, led the party to the 
 grand audience chamber. Here all the party were presented 
 to the Prince, and there was a short conversation. The 
 Celestial Prince is a young man about twenty, with a clear, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 4II 
 
 expressive face, who speaks English fairly well, but, during 
 the interview, spoke Siamese, through Mr. Alabaster, who 
 acted as interpreter. The Prince lamented the weather, 
 which was untimely and severe. However, it would be a 
 blessing to the country and the people, and His Royal 
 Highness added a compliment that was Oriental in its 
 delicacy when he said that the blessing of the rain was a 
 blessing which General Grant had brought with him to 
 Siam. The Prince then said that his palace was the Gen- 
 eral's home, and that he had been commanded by the King, 
 his brother, to say that anything in the Kingdoin that would 
 contribute to the happiness, comfort or honor of General 
 Grant, was at his disposal. The Prince entered into con- 
 versation with Mrs. Grant and the members of the Gen- 
 eral's party. The General expressed himself delighted 
 with the cordiality of his welcome, and said he had been 
 anxious to see Siam, and would have regretted his inability 
 to do so. The Prince offered his arm to Mrs. Grant, and 
 escorted her and the General to their apartments, while the 
 members of his suite assigned the remainder of the party 
 to the quarters they were to occupy while they lived in the 
 capital of Siam. 
 
 The evening was passed quietly, the General and party 
 dining quietly with the Celestial Prince. The programme 
 arranged by the King for the entertainment of his guests 
 was submitted to General Grant, who regretted his inability 
 to follow the whole of it. Not being on his ovi^n ship (the 
 Richmond), which would have awaited his convenience, 
 the General was compelled to return to Singapore on the 
 ordinary mail steamer, which, leaving on Friday, only left 
 him five days for Bangkok. So one or two dinners were 
 eliminated, the visits to the temples and elephants massed 
 into one day, and the run up the river to Ayuthia, the old 
 capital of Siam, added. 
 
 On the morning after the General's arrival, a visit was 
 
412 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 made to the ex-Regent. This aged statesman is one of the 
 leading men in Siam, the first nobleman in the realm in 
 influence and authority. He was the intimate friend and 
 counsellor of the late King. He governed the Kingdom 
 during the minority of the present sovereign. It -was 
 through his influence that the accession of His Majestv 
 was secured without question or mutiny. He is now the 
 chief of the Council of State, and governs several prov- 
 inces of Siam Avith the power of life and death. His 
 voice in council is potent, partly because of his rank and 
 experience, and jDartly because of his old age, which is 
 always respected in Siam. Their journey to the Regent's 
 was in boats in Venetian fashion, and, after a half-hour's 
 pulling down one canal and up another, and across the river 
 to a third canal, and up that to a fourth, they came to a 
 large and roomy palace shaded with trees. Orders had been 
 given by the King that the canals and river should be kept 
 free from trading craft and other vessels at the hours set 
 down in the programme for the ofKcial visits. As a con- 
 sequence, whenever they took to their boats they pulled 
 along at a rapid pace with no chance of collision. 
 
 As the boat pulled up to the foot of the palace, the ex- 
 Regent, his breast bearing many orders, was waiting to 
 receive the General. He was accompanied by Mr. Chand- 
 ler, an American gentleman who has spent many years in 
 Siam, and knows the language perfectly. The ex-Reo-ent 
 is a small, spare man, with a clean-cut, well shaped head, 
 and a face reminding you, in its outlines and the general set 
 of the countenance, of the late M. Thiers. It lacked the 
 vivacity which was the characteristic of M. Thiers, and 
 was a grave and serious face. He advanced, shook hands 
 with the General, and, taking his hand, led him up 
 stairs to the audience room of the palace. A guard of 
 honor presented arms, the band played. The Regent led 
 us into his audience hall, and, placing General Grant on his 
 
■ ^, " 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLt). 
 
 413 
 
 right, we all ranged ourselves about him on chairs. An 
 audience with an Eastern Prince is a serious and a solemn 
 matter. The Siamese is a grave person. He shows you 
 honor by speaking slowly, saying little, and making pauses 
 between his speeches. After you take your seat, servants 
 begin to float around. They bring you tea in small china 
 cups — tea of a delicate and pure flavor, and unlike our ow^n 
 attempts in that direction. They bring you cigars, and in 
 the tobacco way we noted a cigarette with a leaf made out 
 of the banana plant, which felt like velvet between the lips, 
 and is an improvement in the tobacco way which even the 
 ripe culture of America on the tobacco question could with 
 advantage accept. In Siam you can smoke in every place, 
 and before every presence, except in the presence of the 
 King. 
 
 The Regent, after some meditation, spoke of the great 
 pleasure it had given him to meet with General Grant in 
 Siam. He had long known and valued the friendship of the 
 United States, and he was sensible of the good that had 
 been done to Siam by the counsel and the enterprise of 
 the Americans who had lived there. 
 
 The General thanked the Regent, and was glad to 
 know that his country was so much esteemed in the East. 
 There was a pause and a cup of the enticing tea and some 
 remarks on the weather. The General expressed a desire 
 to know whether the unusual rain would aflFect the crops 
 throughout the country. The Regent said there was no 
 such apprehension, and there was another pause, while the 
 velvet-coated cigarettes and cigars passed into general c, xu- 
 lation. The General spoke of the value to Siam and to 
 all countries in the East of the widest commercial inter- 
 course with nations of the ouuer world, and that, from all 
 he could learn from the Siamese and the character of their 
 resources, any extension of relations with other nations 
 would be a gain to them. His Highness listened to this 
 
4-14 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Speech, as Mr. Chandler translated it in a slow and delib- 
 erate way, standing in front of the Regent, and intoning it 
 almost as though it were a lesson from the morning service. 
 Then there was another pause; then the Regent responded: 
 Siam, he said, was a peculiar country. It was away 
 from sympathy and communion with the greater nations. 
 It was not in one of tbe great highways of commerce. Its 
 people were not warlike nor aggressive. It had no desire 
 to share in the strifes and wars of other nations. It existed 
 by the friendship of the great powers. His policy had 
 always been to cultivate that friendship, to do nothing to 
 offend any foreign power, to avoid controversy or pretexts 
 for intervention by making every concession. 
 
 All this was spoken slowly, deliberately, as if every 
 sentence was weighed, ths old Minister speaking slowly, 
 like one in meditation. His deliberate speech seemed to 
 have unusual significance, and made a deep impression 
 upon his visitors — the impression that he who spoke was 
 one in authority and a staicsman. After further talk, the 
 Regent addressed himself to Mr. Borie, and asked him his 
 age. Mr. Borie answered that he was sixty-nine. " I am 
 seventy-two," said the Regent: "but you look much 
 older." It is a custom in Siamese, when you wish pay a 
 compliment to an elderly person, to tell him how old he 
 looks, to compliment him on his gray hairs and the lines in 
 his brow. In speaking with Mr. Borie, the Regent became 
 almost playful. " You must not have the trouble of a navy 
 in another war." Mr. Borie expressed his horror of war, 
 and added that America had had enough of it. " At our 
 time of life," said the Regent, putting his hand on Mr. 
 Borie's shoulder in a half playful, half affectionate manner, 
 " we need repose, and that our lives should be made smooth 
 and free from care, and we should not be burdened with 
 authority or grave responsibilities. That belongs to the 
 others. I hope you will be spared any cares." This 
 
, TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 415 
 
 practically closed the interview, and the Regent, taking the 
 hand of the General in his own, in Oriental fashion, led 
 him down-stairs and across the entrance-way to the boat, 
 the troops saluting and the band playing. Then he took a 
 cordial farewell of Mr. Borie, telling him he was a brave 
 man to venture around the world with the burden of so 
 many years upon him. 
 
 The King of Siam issued the following order for the 
 reception and entertainment of General Grant, which was 
 faithfully carried out: 
 
 " Programme for the reception and entertainment of General U. S. 
 
 Grant, ex-President of the United States of America, subject to 
 
 such modifications as he may deem expedient: 
 "First Day. — On the arrival of the inail steamer Kong 
 See, convey nig General Grant and party, at Paknam, a 
 deputation, consisting of Phra Bairaybakya Bhakdi, Phra 
 Sri Sombat and Luang Salayut Witikan, Captain of the 
 Royal Body Guard, will proceed on board the steam yacht 
 Rising Sun to the steamer Kong See. On going on board, 
 they will welcome General Grant in the name of His 
 Majesty, and, on presenting His Majesty's best wishes to 
 General Grant and party, will invite them on board the 
 Rising Sun and convey them up to Bangkok. On their 
 arrival at Bangkok the steam yacht will anchor off the In- 
 ternational Court House. Officers of the Foreign Depart- 
 ment will then proceed to the steam yacht in house boats, 
 with paddles, one of eight and one of seven fathoms in 
 length, to invite and convey General Grant, Mrs.- Grant 
 and party to the landing at the International Court House. 
 There will be a company, consisting of one hundred sol- 
 diers, with a military band, at the landing, as a guard of 
 honor. Phya Pihasbarawongree, Private Secretary to His 
 Majesty, Phra Bpaksa Nanajorates Kich, Judge of the In- 
 ternational Court, with officers of the Royal Horse Guard 
 and o.fficers of the Foreign Department, will be in waiting 
 
4.l5 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 at the landing to invite General Grant, Mrs. Grant and 
 party to take carriages and proceed to the Grand Saronrom 
 Palace. A guard of honor will be di'awn up in front of 
 the palace, consisting of twenty soldiers and a military band 
 for the occasion. Phra Sudham Maitre and Phra Sri 
 Dhamasan will be in waiting at the door of the palace to 
 receive General Grant and party. His Royal Highness 
 Somdech Chowfa Bhanurangse Sawangwongo, and His 
 Excellency Chow Phya Bhann Wongse Maha Cosa Dhi- 
 poti. Minister for Foreign Affairs, will be in waiting in the 
 upper porch to v^^elcome them to the palace. General 
 Grant and party having gone into the palace, a salute of 
 twenty-one guns will be fired. In case the arrival occurs 
 in the night, the salute will be deferred until the morning. 
 
 "Second Day At ten o'clock a. m. the officers will 
 
 invite General Grant to visit His Highness Somdech Chow 
 Phya Boom Maha Suramngse, the ex-Regent, and mem- 
 bers of the Senabodi, and will be conveyed in carriages to 
 the landing of the International Court, then in boats. They 
 will return by the same route. At four o'clock p. m. the 
 officers will invite General Grant, Mrs. Grant and party 
 to an audience with His Majesty the King of Siam, in the 
 royal palace. The audience will be held in the grand 
 audience hall, Boromraj Satet Maholan. After the royal 
 audience they will be conveyed in carriages to an audience 
 with His Majesty Krow Phrarajawany Pawara Sthar 
 Mongal, second Kmg. At nine o'clock p. m. His Royal 
 Highness Somdech Chowfi Bhanurangse Sawangwongo 
 will hold a reception in honor of General Grant at the Pal- 
 ace Saronrom. 
 
 "Third Day. — On the morning of this day His Maj- 
 esty the King of Siam will return the visit of General 
 Grant at the Palace Saronrom. At four p. m. the officers 
 will invite General Grant and party to pay a visit to His 
 Royal Highness Somdech Phra Chow Boronwongee Ter 
 
.[g GENKKAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 will invite General Grant and party to embark on board 
 the royal yacht Vesatri, to take an excursion, to view the 
 scenery on the River Chow Phya. General Grant and 
 party will be conveyed in carnages to the landing, and 
 thence embark on board the Vesatri, and will return in the 
 same manner. At four o'clock in the afternoon the officers 
 will invite General Grant, Mrs. Grant and party to a royal 
 audience with His Majesty at the royal palace." 
 
 In Siam there is a second King, or as occupying a posi- 
 tion similar to that of the Vice-President of the United 
 States. 
 
 In Siam the second King is a person and an authority, 
 entitled to royal honors, living in a palace, with troops, a 
 court, a harem and a Foreign Minister. He has an income 
 from the State of $300,000 a year. Of authority he has 
 none beyond tiie management of his household and the 
 command of troops in certain of the provinces. 
 
 The second King, therefore, is a political influence iu 
 Siam — great, because behind him is the supposed powef 
 of England. Take that power away, and His Majesty 
 would be ranked among the nobles, allowed the position 
 of a duke, given his place after the royal family, and the 
 present office would be eliminated altogether from the 
 government of Siam. It certainly seems to be an expen- 
 sive and an almost useless function, one that might readily 
 be absorbed into the royal office with a gain to the treasury 
 and no loss to the State. The prince who holds the posi- 
 tion is in his fortieth year and is a gentleman of intelligence. 
 His Majesty the first King of Siam, and absolute sover- 
 eign, is named Chulahlongkorn. This, at least, is the name 
 which he attaches to the royal signet. His name as given 
 in the books is Phrabat Somdetch Phra Paramendo Mahah 
 Chulah-long-korn Klow. 
 
 On the afternoon of April 14, at three o'clock, General 
 Grant and party had their audience with the King of Siam. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 419 
 
 Our Palace of Saronrom, in which we are living, is next 
 to the Grand Palace; but so vast are these royal homes 
 that it was quite a drive to the house of our next-door 
 neighbor. The General and party went in state carriages, 
 and at the door of the palace were met by an officer. Troops 
 were drawn up all the way from the gate to the door of 
 the audience hall, and it was quite a walk before, having 
 passed temples, shrines, outhouses, pavilions and statelier 
 mansions, we came to the door of a modest building and 
 were met by aids of the King. A wide pair of marble 
 steps led to the audience room, and on each side of the steps 
 were pots with blooming flowers and rare shrubs. The 
 band in the courtyard played the national air, and as the 
 General came to the head of the stall's the King, who was 
 waiting, and wore a magnificent jeweled decoration, ad- 
 vanced and shook the hands of the General in the warmest 
 manner. Then, shaking hands with Mrs. Grant, he offered 
 her his arm, and walked into the audience hall. The au- 
 dience hall is composed of two large, gorgeously decorated 
 saloons, that would not be out of place in any palace. The 
 decorations were French, and reminded you of the Louvre. 
 In the first hall were a series of busts of contemporary sov- 
 ereigns and rulers of states. The place of honor w^as 
 given to the bust of General Grant, a work of art in dark 
 bronze which did not look much like the General, and 
 seems to have been made by a French or English artist 
 from photographs. From here the King passed on to a 
 smaller room, beautifully furnished in yellow satin. Here 
 the King took a seat on a sofa, with Mrs. Grant and the 
 General on either side, the members of the party on chairs 
 near him, officers of the court in the background standing, 
 and servants at the doors, kneeling in attitudes of sub- 
 mission. The King is a spare young man, active and 
 nervous in his movements, with a full, clear, almost glitter- 
 ing black eye, which moved about restlessly from one to 
 
420 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 the other, and while he talked his fingers seemed to be 
 keeping unconscious time to the musical measures. When 
 any of his court approached him, or were addressed by 
 him, they responded by a gesture or salute of adoration. 
 Everything about the King betokened a high and quick intel- 
 ligence, and, although the audience was a formal one, and the 
 conversation did not go beyond words of courtesy and wel- 
 come from the King to the General and his party, he gave 
 you the impression of a resolute and able man, full of re- 
 sources and quite equal to the cares of his station. This 
 impression was confirmed by all that we heard or saw in 
 Siam. The audience at an end, the King led ISIrs. Grant 
 and the General to the head of the stairs, and we took our 
 leave. 
 
 At three o'clock, on the 15th of April, the King 
 returned the General's visit, by coming in state to see him 
 at our palace of Saronrom. This, we were told, ^v^s a 
 most unusual honor, and was intended as the highest com- 
 pliment it was in His Majesty's power to betow. A state 
 call from a King is an event in Bangkok, and long before 
 the hour the space in front of the palace was filled with 
 curious Siamese and Chinese, heedless of the rain, waiting 
 to gaze upon the celestial countenance. As the hour came, 
 there was the bustle of preparation. First came a guard, 
 which formed in front of the palace; then a smaller guard, 
 which formed in the palace yard, from the gate to the 
 porch; then a band of music, which stood at the rear of 
 the inner guard; then came attendants, carrying staves in 
 their hands to clear the streets, and give warning that the 
 King was coming, that the streets should be abandoned by 
 all, so that His Ivlajcsty should have unquestioned way. 
 Then came a squadron of the royal body guard in scarlet 
 uniform, under the command of a royal Prince. The King- 
 sat in a carriage alone on the back seat, with two princes 
 with him, who sat on the front seats. His Roval High- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 42: 
 
 ness and the members of the household arrayed themselves 
 in state garments, the Prince wearing a coat of purple 
 silk. The General and his party wore evening dress, as 
 worn at home on occasions of ceremony. When tire trum- 
 pets announced tlie coming of the King, the General, 
 accompanied by the Prince, the members of his household 
 and party, came to the foot of the stairs. Colonel Grant, 
 wearing the uniform of a lieutenant-colonel, \vaited at the 
 gate to receive the King in his father's name. 
 
 The General waited at the foot of the marble steps, 
 and, as the King advanced, shook hands with him cordially 
 and led him to the reception room. The King was dressed 
 in simple Siamese costume, wearing the decoration of Siam, 
 but not in uniform. Mr. Alabaster, the interpreter, stood 
 behind the King and the General. The King, who spoke 
 Siamese, said he hoped that the General had found every- 
 thing comfortable for himself and party at the Saranrom 
 Palace. 
 
 The General said that nothing could be more agreeable 
 than the hospitality of the Prince. 
 
 The King said he hoped that the General, if he wanted 
 anything, to see any part of Siam, go anj'where or do any- 
 thing, would express the wish,- as he vi^ould feel it a great 
 privilege to give him anything in this kingdom. 
 
 General Grant said he appreciated the King's kind- 
 ness, and thanked hiin. 
 
 The King, after a pause, said that General Grant's visit 
 was especially agreeable to him, because, not only in his 
 own reign, but before, Siam had been under obligations to 
 the United States. Siam saw in the United States not only 
 a great but a friendly power, which did not look upon the 
 East with any idea of aggrandizement, and to whom it ^vas 
 alvs^ays pleasant to turn for counsel and advice. More than 
 that, the influence of most of the Americans who had come 
 
A22 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 to Siam had been good, and those who had been in the 
 government's service had been of value to the State. The 
 efforts of the missionaries to spread a knowledge of the 
 arts and sciences, of machinery and of medicine, among the 
 Siamese, had been commendable. The King was glad to 
 have the opportunity of saying this to one who had been 
 the chief magistrate of the American people. 
 
 General Grant responded that the policy of the United 
 States was a policy of non-intervention in everything that 
 concerned the internal affairs of other nations. It had 
 become almost a traditional policy, and experience con- 
 firmed its wisdom. The country needed all the energies of 
 its own people for its development, and its only interest in 
 the East was to do what it could to benefit the people, 
 especially in opening markets for American manufactures. 
 The General, in his travels through India and Burmah, had 
 been much gratified with the commendations bestowed 
 upon American products; and although the m.arket was as 
 yet a small one, he felt certain that our trade with the East 
 would become a great one. There was the field at least, 
 and our people had the opportunit}'. Nothing would please 
 him more than to see Siam sharing in this trade. Beyond 
 this there was no desire on the part of the American gov- 
 ernment to seek an influence in the East. 
 
 The King said nothing would please hiin more than the 
 widest possible development of the coininerce between 
 Siam and America. The resources of Siam \vere great, 
 but their development limited. Siam was like the United 
 States in one respect, that it had a large territoiy and a 
 small population, and the development of many sources of 
 wealth that were known to exist had been retarded from 
 this cause. 
 
 General Grant thought this difficulty might be met by 
 the introduction of skilled labor, such, for instance, as 
 
TOin{ AROUND TIIK 'WORLn. 
 
 43,3 
 
 mining experts from Nevada and California, wlio could 
 prospect and locate mines, and labor-saving machiner}', in 
 which- the Ainericans especially excelled. 
 
 The King assented to this, with the remark that the 
 Siamese Avere a conservative people and studied any- 
 thing new verv carefullv before adopting it. Their policy 
 in foreign relations had been a simple one — peace ^vith 
 foreign po\vers and steady development of the country. 
 Siam ^vas a small country with limited resources, and she 
 knew that she could not contend with the great foreign 
 po\vers. Consequently she ahvavs depended upon the jus- 
 tice and good will of foreign powers. This sometimes led 
 to their appearing to consent or to submit to some things 
 Avhich under other circumstances and by other and greater 
 nations ^vould not he endured. In the end, ho\vever, it 
 worked right, and Siam, looking back over her relations 
 with the great powers, found, on the whole, no reason for 
 regret. In the main these relations had been for the good 
 of the Siamese people. From the foreign poAvers Siam 
 had always received encouragement. 
 
 The King led the way to the upper audience chamber, 
 the saloon of the statues. Here ensued a long conversa- 
 tion between the King and the General and the various 
 members of the partv. Ivlrs. Grant, in the inner room, 
 had a conversation ■with the Queen, who had not been at the 
 table. In conversing ^vith the General, the King became 
 warm and almost affectionate. He w.as proud of having 
 made the acquaintance of the General, and he wanted to 
 know more of the American people. He wished Ameri- 
 cans to know that he was a friend of the country. As to 
 the General himself, the King hoped when the General 
 returned to the United States that he would write the 
 King and allow the King to write to him, and alwavs be 
 his friend and correspondent. The General said he would 
 alwavs remember his visit to Siam; that it v.'ould afford 
 
P4 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 him pleasure to know that he was the friend of the King; 
 that he would write to the King and always be glad to 
 hear from him; and if he could ever he of service to the 
 King it Vi'ould be a pleasure. With Mr. Borie the King 
 also had a long conversation, and his manner toward the 
 venerable ex-Secretary was especiall}' kind and genial. It 
 was midnight before the party came to an end. 
 
 On the next morning there \vas a state dinner at the 
 royal palace. The party consisted of the King, His Royal 
 Higlmess the Celestial Prince, several princes, members of 
 the royal family of lower rank, General Grant and party, 
 the Ainerican Consul, Mr. Sickles, and Miss Struder, 
 daughter of the Consul at Singapore; Mr. Torrey, the 
 American Vice-Consul, and Mrs. Torrey; the Foreign 
 Minister, his son, the King's private secretary, Mr. Ala- 
 baster, the members of the Foreign Office, and the aids of 
 the King Avho had been attending the General. The 
 Siamese all wore state dresses — coats of gold cloth, lichly 
 embroidered — and the King -wore the familv decoration, a 
 star of nine points, the centre a diamond, and the other 
 points Avith a ricli jewel of different character, embracing 
 the precious stones found in Siam. The General was re- 
 ceived in the audience hall, and the dinner was served in 
 the lower hall or dining-room. There were fortv guests 
 present, and the service of the table was sih-cr, the prevail- 
 ing design being the three-headed elephant, which belongs 
 to the arms of Siam. This service alone cost ten thousand 
 pounds in England. There were two bands in attendance, 
 one pla)'ing Siamese, and the other European music, alter- 
 nately. The Celestial Prince escorted Mrs. Grant to dinner, 
 and sat opposite the King at the centre of the table. General 
 Grant sat next the King. The dinner was long, elaborate, 
 and in the European style, with the exception of some 
 dishes of curr)' dressed in Siamese fashion, which we were 
 not brave enough to do more than taste. The nio-ht was 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 435 
 
 warm, but the room was kept moderately cool by a system 
 of penekahs or large fans swinging from the ceiling, which 
 kept the air in circulation. 
 
 After tliey had been at the table about three hours there 
 was a pause and a signal. The fans stopped, the music 
 paused, and Mr. Alabaster, as interpreter, took his place 
 behind tlie King. His Majesty then arose, and the coin- 
 pany with him, and, in a clear accent heard all over the 
 saloon, made the following speech in Siamese : 
 
 "Your Royal Highness, Ladies and Gentle- 
 men, Now Assembled: I beg you to hear the expres- 
 sion of the pleasure which I have felt in receiving as my 
 guest a President of the United States of America. Siam 
 has for many years past derived great advantages from 
 America, whose citizens have introduced into my kingdom 
 many arts and sciences, much medical knowledge and many 
 valuable books, to the great advantage of the country. 
 Even before our countries were joined in treaty alliance, 
 citizens of America came here and benefited us. Since 
 then our relations have greatly imjDroved, and to ihe great 
 advantage of Siam, and recently the improvement has been 
 still more marked. Therefore it is natural that we should 
 be exceedingly gratified by the visit paid to us by a President 
 of the United States. General Grant has a grand fame, 
 that has reached even to Siam, that has been known here 
 for several years. We are well aware that as a true soldier 
 he first saw glory as a leader in war, and, thereafter accept- 
 ing the office of President, earned the admiration of all 
 men as bemg a statesman of the highest rank. It is a great 
 gratification to all of us to ineet one thus eminent both in 
 the government of war and of peace. We see him and 
 are charmed by his gracious manner, and feel sure that his 
 visit will inaugurate friendly relations with the United 
 States of a still closer nature than before, and of the most 
 enduring character. Therefore I ask you all to join with 
 
' y '-^' - ''■' ' • ' ,'■' '■. . . '"'v;',^ 
 
 /|.26 GENEKAI. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 me in drinking the health of General Grant and wishing 
 him every blessing." 
 
 When the King finished, Mr. Alabaster translated the 
 speech into English, the company all the time remaining 
 on their feet. Then the toast was drank with cheers, the 
 band playing the American national air. 
 
 General Grant then arose, and, in a low but clear and 
 perfectly distinct voice, said : 
 
 "Your Majesty, Ladies and Gentlemen: I 
 am very much obliged to Your Majesty for the kind and 
 complimentary manner in which you have vv'elcomed me 
 to Siam. I am glad that it has been m}' good fortune to 
 visit this country and to thank Your Majesty in person for 
 vour letters inviting me to Siam, and to see with iny own 
 eyes your country and your people. I feel that it would 
 have been a misfortune if the programme of my journey 
 had not included Siam. I have now been absent from 
 home nearly t\vo years, and during that time I have seen 
 every capital and nearly every large city in Europe, as 
 well as the principal cities in India, Burmah and the Malay 
 Peninsula. I have seen nothing that has interested me 
 more than Siam, and every hour of my visit here has been 
 agreeable and instructive. For the welcome I have re- 
 ceived from Your Majesty, the princes and members of the 
 Siamese government, and the people generally, I am very 
 grateful. I accept it, not as personal to myself alone, but 
 as a mark of the friendship felt for my country b}' Your 
 Majesty and the people of Siam. I am glad to see that 
 feeling, because I belie\-e that the best interests of the two 
 countries can be benefited by nothing so much as the estab- 
 lishment of the most cordial relations between them. On 
 mjr return to America I shall do what I can to cement those 
 relations. I hope that in America we shall see more of the 
 Siamese, that we shall have embassies and diplomatic rela- 
 tions, that our commerce and manufactures will increase 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 427 
 
 with Siam, and that your young men will visit our country 
 and attend our colleges as they now go to colleges in Ger- 
 many and England. I can assure them all a kind reception, 
 and I feel that the visits would be interesting and advan- 
 tageous. I again thank Your Majesty for the splendid 
 hospitality which has been shown to myself and mv party, 
 and I trust that your reign wdl be happ\' and prosperous, 
 and that Siam will continue to advance in the arts of civili- 
 zation." 
 
 General Grant, after a pause, then said : 
 
 " I hope you will allow me to ask you to drink the 
 health of His Majesty the King of Siam. I am honored 
 by the opportunit_y of proposing that toast in his own capi- 
 tal and his own palace, and of saying how much I have 
 been impressed with his enlightened rule. I now ask you 
 to drink the health of His Majesty the King, and prosperity 
 and peace to the people of Siam." 
 
 After a round of receptions, entertainments and excur- 
 sions, the General bade adieu to Siam, having passed ' 
 delightful week. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN CHINA. 
 
 On April 25, General Grant arrived at Saigon in the 
 French mail steamship Irawaddy. He and his party 
 were invited by Rear-Admiral La Fond, Governor of 
 French Cochin Cliina, to sojourn at the Government House. 
 They passed the night there, and next day visited public 
 buildings and places of interest. A public levee was given 
 on the evening of the 26th. The guests returned to the 
 ship about midnight, and the voyage was resumed on the 
 37th. They reached Hong Kong on the evening of April 
 30. The ship v\'as immediately boarded by United States 
 Consuls Mosby, of Hong Kong; Lincoln, of Canton; 
 Charge d' Affaires Holcombe, and deputations of citizens 
 of various countries, including Japan. The same evening 
 the visitors proceeded to the United States ship Ashuelot, 
 where thev were received with a salute of twenty-one 
 guns. 
 
 After partaking of refreshments, they went ashore in 
 the Colonial government launch. Salutes were fired bv 
 batteries all along the river. 
 
 General Grant arrived at Canton on the evening of 
 May 6, and was received by the Consular oflicials, and con- 
 ducted to the Viceroy's yaman, three miles from the point 
 of debarkation. Canton is situated on the Pearl River, 
 thirt}' miles from the coast. The Viceroy sent a gunboat 
 out as escort up the river. This vessel, bearing the Ameri- 
 
 42S 
 
TOi;it AROUND THE WOULD. 429 
 
 can flag- at the fore out of compliment to the General, fol- 
 lowed all the way. 
 
 At various points in the river — wherever, indeed, there 
 were forts — salutes were fired and troops paraded. These 
 lines of troops, with their flags — and nearly every other 
 inan in a Chinese army carries a flag — looked picturesque 
 and theatrical as seen from our deck. 
 
 It was nine o'clock in the evening before the lights of 
 Canton were seen. The Chinese gunboats, as the General 
 and party came to anchorage, burned blue lights and fired 
 rockets. The landing was decorated with Chinese lanterns, 
 and many of the junks in the rivei burned lights and dis- 
 played the American flag. The whole city had been wait- 
 ing all the afternoon, and had now gone home to dinner. 
 Next morning salutes were exchanged between the Ash- 
 uelot and the Chinese gunboats. The General remained 
 at home during the morning to receive calls. The coming 
 of General Grant had created aflutter in the Chinese mind. 
 No foreign barbarian of so high a rank had ever visited the 
 Celestial Kingdom. As soon as the Viceroy learned of 
 the visit, he sent word to the American Consul that he 
 would receive General Grant with special honors. The 
 Viceroy ordered all the houses closed, streets cleared and 
 the troops paraded. A placard issued, that a foreigner was 
 coming to do the Viceioy honor, and that the people must 
 do liim hi nor. Wc give a translation of one of these extra 
 bulletins: 
 
 " We have just heard that the King of America, being 
 on friendly terms with China, will leave America early in 
 the third month, biinging with him a suite of officers, etc., 
 all complete on board the ship. It is siiid that he is bring- 
 ing a large number of rare presents with him, and that he 
 will be here in Canton about the 6th or 9th of May. He 
 will land at the Tintsy ferry, and will proceed to the Vice- 
 roy's palace by way of the South gate, the Fantai's Nga- 
 
43° GENERA!, V. S. GUAM'l-'S 
 
 niuii ;iiul tlic \\':iiiiu;4 Street. \'icei(>y I^:iii lias arranged 
 that all tlu- mandarins shall ho there to meet him, and a 
 full Court will be held After a little friendly conversa- 
 tion he will lea\-e the Viceroy's palace, and visit the vari- 
 ous objects of interest within and without the walls. He 
 will then jiroceeii to the Roman Catholic Catheilral, to con- 
 verse and pass the nij^ht. It is not stated what will then 
 take place, but notice will be >;'i\'en." 
 
 As the hour approached for the (rcneral to enter Can- 
 ton, the crowd on the street <^rcw larjj^er and larger. A 
 Tartar officer arrived with a detachment of soliliers, who 
 formetl, anil kept the crowd back. Then came the chairs 
 and the chair bearers, for in Canton you must ride in chairs 
 and be borne on the shoulders of men. Rank is shown by 
 the color of the chair and the number of attendants. Tb'* 
 General's chair was a stately afl'air. On the top was a sil- 
 ver "lobe. The color was green, a color highly esteemed 
 in China, and next in rank to yellow, which is sacred and 
 consecrated to the Emperor, vvno alone can riile ni a yellow 
 chair. The chair is borne oy eigni men, and swings on 
 long bamboo poles. In addition to the chair bearers, there 
 was a small guard of unarmed soldiers, some ahead and 
 others behind the chair, whose piesencc gave dignity to 
 the chair and its occupant. The principal business of this 
 guard seemed to be to shout and to make all the noise 
 possible. 
 
 At last they were under way for their visit to the Vice- 
 roy. First rode the single Tartar officer, then came the 
 shouting guard, then General Grant in his chair of state. 
 The General wore evening dress. The crowd and enthu- 
 siasm manifested all along the route was an extraordinary 
 sight wherever the street was intersected with other streets. 
 The crowd became so dense that additional troops were 
 required to hold them in place, and at various points the 
 Chinese salute of three guns was fired. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 43 I 
 
 The road to the viceregal palace was three miles, and 
 as the pace of the coolie who carries the chair is a slow 
 one, and especially on days of multitudes and pageantry, 
 they were over an hour on their journey, and for this hour 
 they journeyed thi-ough a sea of faces, a hushed and silent 
 sea, that swept around them, covering windows, doors, 
 streets, roof tops, wherever there was room for a pair of 
 feet or hands. 
 
 Some of the party estimated that there were two hun- 
 dred thousand people to witness General Grant's progress 
 through Canton. Two hundred thousand men, women 
 and children may be taken, therefore, as an estimate by 
 one who saw and took part in the ceremony. But no 
 massing together of figures, although you ascend into the 
 hundreds of thousands, v.m11 give an idea of the multitude. 
 The march was a slow one. There were frequent pauses. 
 Arrived at the palace of the Viceroy, the visitors descend 
 from their chairs, and enter the open reception room or 
 audience chamber. But the booming guns, which boom in 
 a quick, angry fashion; the increasing cro\\'ds, the renewed 
 lines of soldierj', now standing in double line, their guns at 
 a present; the sons of mandarins, the Viceroy's guard, un- 
 der trees, and the open, shaded enclosure into which we 
 are borne by our staggering, panting chair-bearers, tell us 
 that we are at our journey's end, and at the palace of the 
 V^iceroy. We descend from our chairs, and enter the open 
 reception room or audience chamber. The \ icero}' him- 
 self, surrounded by all the great officers of his court, is wait- 
 ing at the door. As General Grant advances, accompanied 
 by the Consul, the Viceroy steps forward and meets him 
 with a gesture of welcome, which to our barbarian eyes 
 looks like a gesture of adoration. He wears the man- 
 darin's hat, and the pink button and flowing robes of silk, 
 the breast and back embroidered a good deal like the sac- 
 rific--l robes of an archbishop al high mass. The Viceroy 
 
43- GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 is a Chinaman, and not of the governing Tartar race. He 
 has a thin, somewhat worn face, and is over fifty years of 
 age. His manner was the perfection of courtesy and cor- 
 diality. He said he knew how unworthy he was of a visit 
 from one so great as General Grant, but that this unwor- 
 thiness only increased the honor. Then he presented the 
 General to the members of his Court — Chang Tsein, the 
 Tartar General; Jen Chi, the Imperial Commissioner of 
 Customs; San Chang Mow, the Deputy Tartar General, 
 and Chi Hwo, the Assistant Tartar General. After Gen- 
 eral Grant had been presented, each of his party in turn 
 were welcomed b}' the Viceroy, and presented to his 
 suite. 
 
 During this interchange of compliments the reception 
 room was filled with members and retainers of the Court. 
 Mandarins, aids, soldiers — all ranks were present. The 
 whole scene was one of curiosity and excitement. The 
 Chinamen seemed anxious to do all they could to show 
 General Grant how welcome was his coming, but such a 
 visit was a new thing, and they had no precedent for the 
 reception of strangers who held so high a position as Gen- 
 eral Grant. 
 
 After the civilities were exchanged, the Viceroy led the 
 General and party into another room, where there were 
 chairs and tables around the room in a semi-circle. Between 
 each couple of chairs was a small table, on which were 
 cups of tea. The General was led to the place of honor 
 in the centre, and the Chinese clustered together in one 
 corner. After some persuasion the Vicero)- was induced 
 to sit beside the General, and the conversation proceeded. 
 Nothing was said beyond the usual compliments, which 
 were only repeated in various forms. 
 
 After sitting fifteen minutes thev drank tea in Chinese 
 fashion. The tea is served in two cups, one of which is 
 placed over the other in such a manner that when 3'ou take 
 
TOUR AROUMD THE WORLD. 433 
 
 up the cups you have a globe in your hands. The tea is 
 plain, and as eacii particular cup has been brewed by itself — 
 is, in fact, brewing while you are waiting — you have the 
 leaves of the tea, avoiding the leaves by pushing the upper 
 bowl down into the lower one so as to leave a minute open- 
 ing and draw out the tea. Some drank the tea in orthodox 
 home fashion, but others, being sensitive to the reputation 
 of barbarism, perhaps, managed the two bowls very much 
 as though it were an experiment in jugglery, and drank the 
 tea like a mandarin. This ceremony over, they were led 
 into another room that opened on a garden. Here were 
 guards, aids and mandarins and lines of soldiers. They 
 found a large table spread covered with dishes- — eighty 
 dishes in all. A part of a Chinese reception is entertain- 
 ment, and the General's was to be regal. They sat around 
 the table and a cloud of attendants appeared, who with 
 silver and ivory chopsticks heaped their plates. Beside 
 each plate were two chopsticks and a knife and fork, so that 
 they might eat their food as they pleased, in Chinese or 
 European fashion. 
 
 The food was all sweetmeats, candied fruits, walnuts, al- 
 monds, ginger, cocoanuts, with cups of tea and wine. The 
 Viceroy with his chopsticks helped the General. This is 
 true Chinese courtesy, for the host to make himself the serv- 
 ant of his guest. Then came a service of wine — sweet 
 champagne and sauterne — in which the Viceroy pledged 
 us all, bowing to each guest as he drank. Then, again, 
 came tea, which in China is the signal for departure, an in- 
 timation that your visit is over. The Viceroy and party 
 arose and led them to their chairs. Each one was severally 
 and especially saluted as they entered their chairs; and as 
 they filed off under the trees, their coolies dangling them on 
 their shoulders, they left the "Viceroy and his whole court, 
 with rows of mandarins and far-extending lines of soldier's 
 in an attitude of devotion, hands held together toward the 
 
434 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 forehead and heads bent, the soldiers with arms presented. 
 The music, real, banging, gong-thumping Chinese music, 
 broke out, twenty-one guns were fired, so close that the 
 smoke obscured the view, and they plunged into the sea of 
 life through which they had floated, and back again, through 
 one of the most wonderful sights ever seen, back to their 
 shady home in the American Consulate. 
 
 Consul-General Lincoln gave a grand State dinner on 
 the nth. In addition to the members of the 'General's 
 party there were Captain Perkins, Mr. McEwen, Mr. 
 Deering, Mr. Case and Mr. Strickland, of the Ashuelot, 
 and the leading members of the foreign settlement to the 
 number of fortv. The whole house was dressed with 
 wreaths and evergreens and American flags, and in front 
 of the house was a piatrorm for fireworks. The day har 
 been fitful as tar as ram was concerned, and heavy black 
 clouds hanked themselves in the skies. But the fire- 
 works were foirly successful, and the dinner was good, and 
 Mr. Lincoln made an excellent speech, to which the Gee 
 eral replied by thanking the Consul for his courtes}'. he 
 had, he said, visited every capital and nearly every large 
 city in Europe, and looked forward with interest to his con- 
 tinued progress through Asia. The honors he received 
 were paid, not to him, but to his country, and in that spirit 
 he accepted them. He believed that peace could have no 
 better assurance than in the harmony and cordial good 
 feeling of the civilized nations of the world, and in presence 
 of so many representatives of these nations he felt he 
 could propose no better sentiment than the health of the 
 rulers and governments they represented. Mr. Rowe then 
 proposed the health in flattering terms of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln thanked Mr. Rowe in a few well 
 turned remarks, and the partj- left the dining-room to wit- 
 ness a grand display of fireworks. A bamboo erection, 
 sixty feet high, had been placed in front of the Consulate, 
 
 ;^:- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 435 
 
 and after a number of rockets, Catherine wheels and color- 
 ed lights of all kinds had been let off, a set piece displaying 
 a pagoda was fired and a magnificent spectacle was pro- 
 duced, winding up with a volley of rockets of all colors. 
 At ten o'clock a reception was held at the Consulate, when 
 the whole of the American and European community were 
 presented to General Grant by Mr. Lincoln. 
 
 The welcome given General Grant at Canton was 
 even more enthusiastic, and, in point of numbers participat- 
 ing, the most demonstrative, of any that had preceded it. 
 There was so much ceremony during the General's visit 
 that he had scarcely any opportunity to see the city, he 
 having given himself but four days to see Canton, and had 
 promised to return to Hong Kong to be present at a garden, 
 party to be gi\en on Monday. 
 
 General Grant and pai'ty sailed down the river from 
 Canton over to Macao, within five hours' sail of Hong 
 Kong. Macao is a colony of Portugal, and has been for 
 more than three centuries. Owing to the serious illness of 
 the Cjovernor, there was no public reception. The Gov- 
 ernor sent the most cordial greeting and v^^elcome to 
 Macao. The General landed and drove to a hotel. In the 
 evening he strolled about, and in the morning visited the 
 one site that gives Macao world-wide fame — the home 
 and grotto of Camoens. Camoens was a soldier-poet, lost 
 his sight in a conflict with the Moors, and, dissatisfied with 
 the condition of affairs in Portugal, sailed for the East, and 
 came in banishment to Macao. Here he wrote the 
 " Lusiad." Senor Marques, a Portuguese resident, is now 
 the owner of the Grotto. The General was shown over 
 the grounds by the Senor, who, in honor of his coming, 
 had built an arch over the entrance with the inscription, 
 "Welcome to General Grant." The grounds surrounding 
 the Grotto are beautiful and extensive, and for some time 
 the party walked past the bamboo, the pimento, the coffee. 
 
- v ' 
 
 436 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 and other tropical trees and plants. Then they ascended 
 to a bluff overlooking the town and sea, and from that 
 point they had a commanding view of the town, the ocean, 
 and the rocky coasts of China. The Grotto of Camoens is 
 enclosed with an iron railing, and a bust of the poet sur- 
 mounts the spot where, according to tradition, he was wont 
 to sit and muse and compose his immortal poems. General 
 Grant inscribed his name in the visitors' book, and, accom- 
 panied by Senor Marques, returned to the Ashuelot, which 
 at once steamed for Hong Kong. Salutes were fired from 
 the Portuguese battery as they left, and at two o'clock they 
 landed in Hong Kong harbor, where Governor Hennessy 
 met the General and took him to the Government House. 
 
 General Grant's reception at Hong Kong was as brill- 
 iant and enthusiastic as that at Canton. Disembarking 
 amid salutes from the Ashuelot and the Japanese corvette 
 Nishin, they were received at a decorated landing-pier by 
 Governor Hennessy and staff, meinbers of the Legislative 
 Council, heads of the military and naval services, a guard 
 of honor, and a multitude of American, European and 
 Chinese spectators. Aftei- introductions, they were escorted 
 to the Government House. Many streets were adorned 
 with flags, etc., and houses were illuminated. On May i 
 General Grant called upon Consul Mosby and informally 
 inspected localities of importance. On May 2 he held a 
 public reception at the United States Consulate, and dined- 
 with Chief Justice Sir John Smale. May 3 he attended a 
 state dinner at Government House. The felicitous address 
 of Governor Hennessy was warmly commended by the 
 Americans. General Grant responded briefly and effect- 
 ively, giving the sentiment of "Good will and alliance 
 between Britons and Americans." 
 
 The citizens of Hong Kong hatl arranged a garden 
 party to be given General Grant on Monday, but the 
 weather interfered, and the General uas compelled to leave 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 437 
 
 on Monday, to keep engagements made for him in the 
 North. He spent Sunday quietly with the Governor, and 
 on Monday morning took leave of his brilliant and hospita- 
 ble host. Before leaving, the General, accoinpanied by the 
 Governor and our Consul, Colonel John S. Mosby, received 
 a deputation of Chinese, who wished to present him with 
 an address. The presentation took place in the parlors of 
 the Government House, when the following address was 
 read : — 
 
 " To General Ulysses S. Grant, late President of the United States 
 of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army 
 
 " Sir : On the occasion of your honoring Hong Kong 
 with your presence, we, the undersigned, on behalf of the 
 Chinese cominunity, approach you to give you a Inearty 
 welcome, and beg to present you an address expressive of 
 our high esteem and respect for you. During your Presi- 
 dency your geat name and noble deeds were known far 
 and wide, and by the carrying out of a just policy you 
 commanded admiration and respect from all classes of 
 people under your rule. We have been delighted to find 
 that in international questions you have shown a spirit of 
 impartiality and fairness, treating Americans and foreigneis 
 alike, and the Chinese who have been trading in the United 
 States have sung, and continue to sing, praises of the many 
 good actions done by you wliile in office. 
 
 " We had longed to see you, but, being far away, we 
 were hitherto not permitted to realize our wish. Now 
 that you have favored us with a visit we avail ourselves of 
 the opportunity to present you with a scroll inscribed with 
 these four words, "Benefit to Chinese People," which we 
 hope may serve as a souvenir of your interview with the 
 Chinese community of Hong Kong. 
 
 "Signed by Lee Ting, Ho Amei, Lee Tuck Cheong, 
 and ninety others." 
 
 General Grant said: — "Gentlemen, I am very happy to 
 
:^f■ 
 
 43^"^ GENERAI. U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 meet so many representatives of the Chinese community 
 in Hong Kong, and for the kind words of your address 
 accept my thanks. I have looked forward for a long time 
 to my visit to China, and am pleased to see, as I have seen 
 in Hong Kong, that the Chinese are a thrifty, industrious 
 and intelligent people. I have no other wish than that 
 between the two peoples there shall be harmony and the 
 best relations, and in this spirit I accept your address and 
 the beautiful memento which accompanies it, and thank you 
 for your good wishes." 
 
 After giving the address the General and party, accom- 
 panied by Governor Hennessy and wife and Colonel 
 Mosby, took chairs and proceeded to the landing, to embark 
 for the north. There was a guard of honor at the wharf, 
 and all the foreign residents were present. As the General 
 went on board the launch, hearty cheers were given, which 
 were again and again repeated as he steamed into the bay. 
 The Governor took his Jeave of General Grant on board 
 the Ashuclot, and, as he left, the vessel fired a salute of sev- 
 enteen guns in his honor, with the British flag at the fore. 
 
 General Grant's trip along the coast of China was ex- 
 ceptionally pleasant, so far as winds and waves were con- 
 cerned. There was a monsoon blowing, but it was just 
 enough to help along without disturbing the sea. Then 
 it was a pleasure to come once more into cooler latitudes. 
 Ever since they left Naples they had been under the sun, 
 and nearly four months' battle with it had told upon them 
 all. It was a luxury to tread the deck, and feel a cool 
 breeze blowing from the north; to roll yourself in a blanket 
 as you slept on deck; to look out warmer clothing, and 
 feel that life was something more than living in a Turkish 
 bath. On the morning of the 13th they came to Swatow. 
 
 Swatow is one of the treaty ports thrown open to for- 
 eigners under the treaty of Lord Elgin. It is at the mouth 
 of the river Hau. The entrance lo tlie river is strikin"- in 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 439 
 
 point of scenery, and as they came in sight of the town all 
 the Chinese forts saluted, and the shipping in the harbor 
 dressed, C. C. Williams, Consular Agent, came on board 
 to welcome the General, and in his company he landed, and 
 spent an hour in threadmg the old Chinese town. The 
 streets were narrow. While in Swatow the Chinese Gov- 
 ernor called in state, and said that he had orders from the 
 government to pay all possible attentions to General Grant. 
 It was the custom of the country in making these calls to 
 bring an offering, and, as nothing is more useful than food, 
 he had brought a live sheep, six live chickens, six ducks 
 and four hams. While the Governor was in conference 
 with the General, the animals were outside. There was 
 nothing for the General to do but to accept the homely 
 oiTering, and present it to the servants. 
 
 General Grant visited Amoy, another of the treaty 
 ports open to foreign trade. It is on the Island of Hea- 
 mun, at the mouth of the Dragon River. The .scenery, as 
 seen in approaching the island, is picturesque. All the bat- 
 teries fired a salute, and there was a welcome from one of 
 the United States men-of-war, tlie Ranger, commanded 
 by Commander Boyd. Vice-Consul Stevens came on 
 board, and welcomed the General to Amoy. He landed, 
 and strolled through the Chinese town, which was very old 
 and dirty. i\t noon there was a large luncheon party, at 
 which we met all the Consuls, the leading citizens, and the 
 commanders of the Ashuelot and the Ranger. Among 
 the guests was Sir Thomas Wade, the British Minister to 
 Pekin. Mr. Stevens proposed the health of the Genera! 
 in a complimentary speech, and at five they went on board 
 the Ranger to attend a reception. The Ranger, under the 
 inspiration of the officers, was transformed i'l':' .,.,y 
 
 scene, and nothing could have been mc ,.,u and hospita- 
 ble than the captain and officers. Mrs. Boyd assisted her 
 husband in entertaining his guests. At seven o'clock, as 
 

 440 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 the sun was going down, they took their leave of the brill- 
 iant gathering in the Ranger, and steamed to Shanghai. 
 The following letters were exchanged between Gen- 
 eral Grant and the King of Siam, the King of Hawaii and 
 the Viceroy of Canton: 
 
 Grand Palace, Bangkok, April 20, 1879. 
 My Dear General Grant: 
 
 I received your kind telegram on leaving Siam, and 
 was very much pleased to hear that you were satisfied 
 with your reception. 
 
 Your reception was not all I could have wished, for I 
 had not sufficient notice to enable me to prepare much that 
 I desired to prepare, but the good nature of Your Excel- 
 lency and Mrs. Grant has made you excuse the deficiencies. 
 You will now pass on to wealthier cities and more 
 powerful nations, but I depend on your not forgetting Siam, 
 and from time to time I shall write to you, and hope to 
 receive a few words in reply. 
 
 I shall certainly never forget the pleasure your visit 
 has given me, and shall highly prize the friendships thus 
 inaugurated with Your Excellency and Mfs. Grant. 
 
 I send my kind regards to Mr. Borie, wishing him long 
 life, health and happiness, and with the same wish to your- 
 self and Mrs. Grant and 3'our family, 
 I am your faithful friend, 
 
 CnuLAi^oNKORN, King of Siam. 
 
 To General Grant. 
 
 United States Steamer Ashuelot, ) 
 Near Shanghai, May 16, 1879. J 
 To His Majesty The King of Siam. 
 
 Dear Sir: Just before leaving Hong Kong for 
 Shanghai, I received your very welcome letter of the 20th 
 of April, and avail myself of the first opportunity of reply- 
 ing. I can assure you that nothing more could have been 
 done by Your Majesty and all those about you, to make the 
 visit of myself and party pleasant and agreeable. Every 
 one of us will retain the most pleasant recollections of our 
 visit to Siam, and of the cordial reception we received 
 from vourself and all •with whoin ^ve were thrown in con- 
 tact. 
 
 I shall always be glad to hear from you, and to hear of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 44^ 
 
 the^ prosperity and progress of the beautiful countr}- over 
 which 3'ou rule with so much justice and thought for the 
 ruled. 
 
 My party are all well, and join me in expression of 
 highest regards for yourself and Cabinet, and wishes for 
 long life, health and happiness to all of you, and peace and 
 prosperity to Siam. Your friend, 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 ToLANi Hall, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, Feb. i8, 1879. 
 
 Dear Sir : The public newspapers give me the infor- 
 mation that you are at present on your passage to the East, 
 and are intending to return to the Unitd States across the 
 Pacific Ocean. When I was in the United States during 
 your Presidency, you manifested such interest in the pros- 
 perity of my kingdom, that I am proud to ^ink it will not 
 be uninteresting to you to observe the progress we have 
 made, and the general state of the country. 
 
 I will not remind you that other travelers have found 
 the natural features of the islands, and more especially their 
 volcanic phenomena, interesting, and I entertain a hope 
 that if you accept the invitation which I now tender to you 
 to visit us, as a guest of myself and this nation, on j'our 
 return to your native country, such a visit will be a pleas- 
 ant rememberance to you. 
 
 For myself, it will afford me a great gratification to 
 receive and entertain you, and my people will be proud to 
 do everything in their power to make your visit agreeable. 
 I am your friend, Kalakua. 
 
 To General U. S. Grant. 
 
 United States Steamer Ashuelot, '\ 
 Near Shanghai, May 16, 1879. j' 
 His Majesty, King Kalakaua. 
 
 Dear Sir : On the eve of my departure from Hong- 
 Kong for Shanghai, China, I was put in possession of 
 your very polite invitation of the iSth of February for 
 me to visit your kingdom, and to be the guest of Your 
 Majesty. I can assure you that it would afford me the 
 greatest pleasure to accept your invitation if I could do so. 
 I have always felt the greatest desire to visit the Hawaiir.n 
 Islands, and cannot say positively yet that I may not be 
 able to do so. But it will be impossible for me to give a 
 
■.V 
 
 ^-Ti'i-y^^n 
 
 - i 
 
 444 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 positive answer until I get to Japan and learn of the run- 
 ning of the vessels between Yokohama and Ilonoluki, and 
 between the latter place and San Francisco. 
 
 I shall visit Pekin before going to Japan, and remain 
 in the latter country a month or six weeks. As soon as it 
 is determined whether I am to have the pleasure of visiting 
 your most interesting country or not, I will inform you. 
 Hoping that I may be able to go, Your friend, 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 To His Excellency, the Late President: 
 
 It has been a high honor and a source of the deepest 
 satisfaction to myself, the high provincial authorities and 
 the gentry and people of Canton, that Your Excellency, 
 whom we have so long desired to see, has been so good as 
 to come among us. 
 
 Upon learning from you of your early departui-e, while 
 I dared not interfere to delay you, I had hoped, in company 
 with my associates, to present my humble respects at the 
 moment of 3'our leaving. I refrained from doing so in 
 obedience to yoiu' command. 
 
 I have ventured to send a few trifles to your honored 
 wife, which I hope she will be so kind as to accept. 
 
 I trust that you both will have a prosperous journe}- 
 throughout all your way, and that you both may be granted 
 many years and abundant good. Should I ever be honored 
 by my sovereign with a mission abroad, it will be my most 
 devout prayer and earnest desire that I may meet you 
 again. 
 
 I respectfully wish you the fulness of peace. 
 
 Liu Kun. 
 
 United States Steamer Ashuelot, [ 
 Near Shanghai, China, May 16, 1S79. j 
 His Excellency, the. Viceroy of Kwangtung and Kwanghai. 
 Dear S/r: Before leaving Hong Kong for more ex- 
 tended visits through the Celestial Empire, I was placed in 
 possession of your very welcome letter giving expression 
 to the best wishes of Your Excellency and of all the high 
 oflrcials in Canton for myself and mine. Since then it has 
 been my good fortune to visit Swatow and Amoy, both, I 
 understand, under Your Excellency's government," and have 
 received at each the same distinguished reception accorded 
 at Canton. Myself and party will carr^ with us from China 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 445 
 
 the most pleasant recollections of our visit to the country 
 over which you preside, and of the hospitalities received at 
 your hands. 
 
 Mrs. Grant desires to thank you especially for the beau- 
 tiful specimens of Chinese work which you presented to 
 her. With the best wishes of myself and party for your 
 health, long life and prosperity, and in hopes that we may 
 meet again, I am your friend, 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 General Grant's welcome at Shanghai was a fitting 
 climax to the extraordinary reception he had received in 
 China. The story of his two-days' residence here is a 
 story of festivals and pageanti'y, culminating in the cele- 
 bration and reception by the Governor and Council. As 
 the General and party came to the spot selected for land- 
 ing, the banks of the river were thronged with Chinamen, 
 and at least one hundred thousand lined the bank. 
 
 At three o'clock precisely the barge of the Ashuelot 
 was manned, the American flag was hoisted at the bow, 
 and General Grant, accompanied by Mrs. Grant, Mr. Borie, 
 Colonel Grant, Mr. Holcombe, Acting Minister at Pekin; 
 Mrs. Holcombe, Consul-General Bailey, and Dr. Keating, 
 embarked. As the boat slowly pulled toward the shore 
 the guns of the Ashuelot thundered out a national salute, 
 while the other men-of-war manned the yards. In a few 
 minutes the boat came to the landing, which was covered 
 with scarlet cloth. Mr. Little, Chairman of the Municipal 
 Council, and the committee, shook hands with the General, 
 and the procession marched into the building. As General 
 Grant entered, the audience rose and cheered heartily. On 
 reaching the scat prepai-ed for him he was presented to the 
 Chinese Governor, who had come to do his part in the re- 
 ception. The Governor was accompanied by a delegation 
 of mandarins of high rank. The band played " Hail, 
 Columbia," and after the music and cheering ceased, Mr. 
 Little advanced and read the following address: 
 

 4^6 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Shanghai, May 17, 1879. 
 To General U. S. Grant. 
 
 Sir: On behalf of this community I have the honor 
 of welcoming you to Shanghai. In this the easternmost 
 commercial settlement of the continent the lines that unite 
 the old and new worlds meet, and here we on the eastern. 
 edge of the oldest empire in the world appropriately greet 
 an illustrious representative of the great Republic of the 
 New World. 
 
 Devoted as we are to trade, we have little to show that 
 is of interest to the ordinary traveler. But as the head for 
 two periods of a great cosmopolitan, commercial state, we 
 trust that you will find something to interest you in this 
 small coinmercial republic, itself as cosmopolitan as the 
 great country from which you come. 
 
 We thank you for coming to visit us. We trust that 
 you will find that we have done all in our power to make 
 your visit pleasant. We wish for you a future as happy 
 and distinguished as your past, and that after j'ou leave us 
 you will remember with pleasure this little band of self- 
 governed representatives of all States, united in peaceful 
 pursuits, and furthering, we believe, not without success, 
 the cause of progress in this country. 
 
 I have the honor to be, sir, on behalf of the foreign 
 community of Shanghai, your obedient servant, 
 
 R. W. Little, 
 Chairman of the Committee. 
 
 After a moment's pause, General Grant, speaking in a 
 low, conversational tone of voice, said : 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen: — I am very much obliged 
 to you for the hearty welcome which you have paid me, 
 and I must say that I have been a little surprised, and 
 agreeably surprised. I have now been a short time in the 
 country of which Shanghai forms so important a part in a 
 commercial way, and I have seen much to interest mc and 
 much to instruct me. I wish I had known ten years ago 
 what I have lately learned. I hope to carry back to my 
 country a report of all I have seen in this part of the world, 
 for it will be of interest and possibly of great use. I thank 
 you again for the hearty welcome you have given me." 
 

TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ^^g 
 
 The speech over, there were other presentations, and 
 General Grant was escorted to his carriage. There was a 
 guard of honor composed of sailors and marines from the 
 American and French men-of-war, and the Volunteer 
 Rifles of Shanghai. 
 
 On Monday night General Grant went to the house of 
 Mr. Cameron to witness a torchlight procession and illumi- 
 nation in his honor. The town had been agog all day pre- 
 paring for the illumination. 
 
 The two occasions on which Shanghai had exerted herself 
 to welcome and honor a guest, were on the visits of the 
 Duke of Edinburgh and the Grand Duke Alexis. The 
 display in honor of General Grant fir surpassed these, and 
 what made it so agreeable was the heartuiess with which 
 English, Americans, French, Germans and Chinese all 
 united. Tiie scene as the General drove out into the open 
 street was bewildering in its beauty. Wherever you looked 
 was a blaze of light and fire, of rockets careering in the 
 air, of Roman lights and every variety of fire. The ships 
 in the harbor were a blaze of color, and looked as if they 
 were pieces of fireworks. The lines of the inasts, the rig- 
 ging and the hulls were traced in flames. The Monocacy 
 was very beautiful, every line from the bow to the topmast 
 and anchor chain hung with Japanese lanterns. This grace- 
 ful, blending mass of color thrown upon the black evening 
 sky was majestic, and gave an idea of a beauty in fire 
 hitherto unknown to the visitors. " Never before," said the 
 morning journal — "has there been such a blaze of gas 
 and candles seen in Shanghai." 
 
 At ten the General returned to the house of Mr. 
 Cameron, and from there re\iewed the firemen's procession. 
 Each engine was preceded by a band, which played Ameri- 
 can airs. After the procession passed and repassed, there 
 was a reception in Mr. Cameron's house, and at midnight 
 the General drove home to the Consulate. So came to au 
 
45° 
 
 • ENERAL U. ». BRANT* 
 
 <nd a wonderful day — one of the most wonderful in the 
 history of General Grant's tour around the world. 
 
 As the Ashuelot came into the Peiho River, the forts 
 fired twenty-one guns, and all the troops were paraded. A 
 Chinese gunboat was awaiting, bearing Judge Denny, our 
 Consul, and Mr. Dillon, French Consul and Dean of the 
 Consular corps. As General Grant and party came near 
 Tientsin the scene was imposing. Wherever they passed 
 a fort twenty-one guns were fired. All the junks and ves- 
 sels were dressed in bunting. A fleet of Chinese gunboats 
 formed in line, and each vessel manned yards. The boom- 
 ing of the cannon, the waving of the flags, the manned 
 yards, the multitude that lined the banks, the fleet of junks 
 massed together and covered with curious lookers-on, the 
 stately Ashuelot, carrying the American flag at the fore, 
 towering high above the slender Chinese vessels and an- 
 swering salutes gun for gun; the noise, the smoke, the glit- 
 ter of arms, the blending and waving of banners and flags 
 which lined, the forts and the rigging like a fringe — ali 
 combined to form one oi tne most vivid and imposing 
 pageants of their journey. The General stood on the 
 quarter-deck, with Commander Johnson, Mr. Holcombe, 
 Judge Denny and Mr. Dillon, making acknowledgments 
 by raising his hat as he passed each ship. As they came 
 near the landing, the yacht of the Viceroy, carrying his 
 flag, steamed toward them, and as soon as their anchor 
 found its place hauled alongside. First came two mandarins 
 carrying the Viceroy's card. General Grant stood at the 
 gangway, accompanied by the officers of the ship, and as 
 the Viceroy stepped over the side of the Ashuelot the yards 
 were manned and a salute m as fired. Judge Denny, ad- 
 vancing, met the Viceroy and presented him to General 
 Grant as the great soldier and statesman of China. The 
 Viceroy presented the members of his suite, and the Gen- 
 eral, taking his arm, led him to tht upper deck, where the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 45 1 
 
 two Generals sat in conversation for some time, while tea 
 and cigars and wine were passed around in approved 
 Chinese fashion. 
 
 The great Viceroy, perhaps to-day the most powerful 
 subject in China, had taken the deepest interest in the coming 
 of General Grant. He was of the same age as the Gen- 
 eral. They won their victories at the same time, the South- 
 ern rebellion ending in April, the Taeping rebellion in 
 July, 1865. While General Grant was making his progress 
 in India, the Viceroy followed his movements, and had all 
 the particulars of the journey translated. As soon as the 
 General reached Hong^ Kong, our Consul, Judge Denny, 
 conveyed a welcome from the Viceroy. When questions 
 were raised as to the reception of the General in Tientsin, 
 the viceroy ended the matter by decianng 'nat no honor 
 should be wanting to the General, and that he himself 
 would be the-first Chinaman to greet him in Tientsin and 
 welcome him to the chief province of the empire. Between 
 General Grant and the Viceroy friendly relations grew up, 
 and while in Tientsin they saw a great deal ot each other. 
 The Viceroy had said that he did not care merely to look 
 at, or even to make his acquaintance, but to know him well 
 and talk with him. The Viceroy is known among the 
 most advanced school of Chinese statesmen, anxious co 
 introduce all the improvements of the Western world, to 
 strengthen and develojD China. This subject so dear to 
 him was one that the General has, whenever he has met 
 Chinese statesmen, tried to impress upon their minds — the 
 necessity of developing their country, and of doing it them- 
 selves. 
 
 The General formed a high opinion of the Viceroy 
 as a statesman of resolute and far-seeing character. This 
 opinion was formed after many conversations — official, 
 ceremonial and personal. The visit of the Viceroy to the 
 General was returned next day in great pomp. There was 
 
45-! GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 a marine guard from the Ashuelot. 'They went to the 
 viceregal palace in the Viceroy's yacht, and as they steamed 
 up the river every foot of ground, every spot on the junks, 
 was covered with people. At the landing, troops were 
 drawn up. A chair lined with yellow silk, such a chair as 
 is only used by the Emperor, was awaiting the General. 
 As far as the eye could reach, the multitude stood expect- 
 ant and gazing, and they went to the palace through a line 
 of troops, who stood with arms at a present. Amid the 
 firing of guns, the beating of gongs, the procession slowly 
 marched to the palace door. The Viceroy, surrounded by 
 nis mandarins and attendants, welcomed the General. At 
 the close of the mterview General Grant and the Viceroy sat 
 for a photograph. This picture Li-Hung Chang wished 
 to preserve as a memento of the General's visit, and it was 
 taken in one of the palace rooms. A day or two later there 
 was a ceremonial dinner given in a temple. The hour was 
 noon, and the Viceroy invited several guests to meet the 
 General. The dinner was a stupendous, princely affair, 
 containing all the best points of Chinese and European 
 cookery, and, although the hour was noon, the afternoon 
 had far gone when it came to an end. 
 
 Before it ended, Mr. Detring, on behalf of the Viceroy, 
 arose and read this speech : 
 
 "Gentlemen: It has given me great pleasure to 
 welcome you as my guests to-day, more especially as you 
 aid me in showing honor to the distinguished man who is 
 now with us. General Grant's eminent talents as a sol- 
 dier and a statesman, and his popularity while chief ruler 
 of a great country, are known to us all. I think it maj' be 
 said of him now, as it was said of Washington a century 
 ago, that he is "first in war, first in peace, and first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen." His fame, and the admiration 
 and respect it excites, are not confined to his own country, 
 as the events of his present tour around the world will 
 
< / 
 \ 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 453 
 
 prove, and China should not be thoiu^^ht unwilHng to wel- 
 come such a visitor. I thank the General for the honor he 
 has conferred upon me. I thank you all, gentlemen, for 
 the pleasure you have given ine to-day, and I now ask you 
 to join me in drinking the health of General Grant, ana 
 wishing him increasing fame and prosperity." 
 
 The Vicero}' and all his guests arose and remained 
 standing while Mr. Detring read this speech. At the close, 
 the Viceroy lifted a glass of wine, and, bowing to the Gen- 
 eral, drank the toast. General Grant then arose and said: 
 
 "Your Excellency and Gentlemen of the 
 Consular Corps: I am very much obliged to you for 
 the welcome I have received in Tientsin, which is only a 
 repetition of the kindness shown to me by the representa- 
 tives of all nations since T came within the coasts of China. 
 I am grateful to the Viceroy for the especial consideration 
 which I have received at his hands. His history as a sol- 
 dier and statesman of the Chinese Empire has been known 
 to me, as it has been known to all at home who have fol- 
 lowed Chinese affiiirs, for a quarter of a century. I am 
 glad to meet one who has done such great service to his 
 country. My visit to China has been full of interest. I 
 have learned a great deal of the civilization, the manners, 
 the achievements, and the mdustry of the Chinese people, 
 and I shall leave the country with feelings of friendship 
 toward them, and a desire that they may be brought into 
 relations of the closest commercial alliance and intercourse 
 with the other nations. I trust that the Viceroy will some 
 time find it in his power to visit my countr3', when I shall 
 be proud to retin-n, as far as I can, the hospitality I ha^'e 
 received from him. Again thanking your Excellency for 
 your reception, and 3'ou, gentlemen of the Consular corps, 
 for your kindness, I ask you to join with me in a toast to 
 the prosperity of China and the health of the Viceroy." 
 
 When this speech was ended there was tea, and then 
 
454 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 came cigars. The Viceroy had arranged for a photograph 
 of the whole dinner party. So their portraits, were taken 
 in the room where they had dined, the Viceroy and the 
 General sitting in the middle, beside a small tea table. On 
 the side of the General were the European, on that of the 
 Viceroy the Chinese, members of the party. This func- 
 tion over, they returned to their yacht amid the same cere- 
 monies as those which attended their coming, and steamed 
 back to the Consulate, the river still lined with thousands 
 of Chinamen. 
 
 There vv^as ?ifete at the French Consulate — it was made 
 brilliant by a display of fireworks and also of jugglery; 
 the Viceroy, the General and the ladies of the party sitting 
 on the balcony and watching the performers ; at midnight 
 the/c/c ended, and, considering the small colony and the 
 resources possible to so limited a company, was a complete 
 success. After enjoying a delightful series of receptions, 
 dinners and fetes, the General and party bid farewell to 
 Tientsin, and embarked in a large, clumsy boat, called ^ 
 mandarin's boat, for Pekin, one hundred and fifty miles 
 from Tientsin. After a tiresome journey, on the third 
 day their boats tied up to the bank at the village of Tung 
 Chow. At this point the party were carried in chairs to 
 Pekin, arriving at midday. After a severe and uncomfort- 
 able ride of five hours they entered the Legation, and met 
 a grateful and gracious welcome. 
 
 On the evening of their arrival the American residents 
 in Pekin called in a body on the General to welcome him 
 and read an address. Dinner over, the General and party 
 entered the Legation parlors and ■were presented to the 
 small colony of the favored people who have pitched their 
 tents in Pekin. The members of this colony are mission- 
 aries, members of the customs staff, diplomatists and one or 
 two who have claims or schemes for the consideration of the 
 Chinese government, x^fter being introduced to the Gen- 
 
TOUR AROUN'D THE WORLD. 
 
 455 
 
 eral and party, Dr. Martin, the President of the Chinese 
 English University, stepped forward and read the following 
 address : 
 
 "Sir: Twenty years ago the American flag for the 
 first time entered the gates of this ancient capital. For 
 the greater part of that time your coimtr_vmen have been 
 residing liere under its protecting folds, and it is with feel- 
 ings of no ordinary type that we gather oursch-es beneath 
 its shadow this day to welcome your arrival ; because to 
 3'ou, sir, under God, it is due that its azure field had not 
 been rent in fragments and its golden stars scattered to the 
 winds of heaven. Haying borne that banner through a 
 career of victory which finds few parallels in the page of 
 history, it was your high privilege to gather around it in 
 a new cemented union the long discordant members of our 
 national family. Occupying the most exalted position to 
 which it was possible for j'ou to be elevated by the voice 
 of a grateful people^ your strength was in the justice and 
 moderation of your administration, a force more potent 
 than that of armed cohorts. After conferring on our 
 country these inestimable benefits, as its leader in war and 
 its guide in the patlis of peace, we reflect with pride that 
 you have shown the world hov\' a great man can descend 
 from a lofty station and yet carry with him the homage of 
 his people and the admiration of mankind. As 3'ou travel 
 from land to land, everywhere welcomed as the citizen of 
 a wider commonwealth than that of our native country, we 
 cannot forget that your visits to their shores possess an in- 
 ternational character of which it is impossible to divest 
 them. You are honored as the highest representative of 
 our country who has ever gone beyond her borders, and 
 America is the more respected for having given birth to 
 such a son. Your presence here to-day directs the atten- 
 tion of this venerable empire to the great republic from 
 which you come. It will also have the effect of turning 
 
456 GENERAI, IT. S. GHAXT'S 
 
 the eyes of our countrymen toward the teeming millions of 
 Eastern Asia; and fervently do we trust that it will help 
 to impress them with the obligations of justice and human- 
 ity in their dealings with the people of China. Your 
 antecedents, sir, leave us in no doubt as to the polic}' that 
 would meet your approval. Hoping that your influence 
 may contribute to the adjustment of difficulties Avhich 
 threaten to react so disastrously on American interests in 
 China, and that thereb}' you will add another to the many 
 laurels that crown your brow, we hail your visit as both op- 
 poitune and auspicious, and again with one heart we bid 
 you welcome to the capital of China. 
 
 "W. A. P. Martin, H. Blodget, D. C. McCoy, H. B. 
 Morse, C. C. Moreno, J. H. Pyke, W. F. Walker, H. H. 
 Lowry, J. H. Roberts, W. C. Noble, Chester Holcombe. 
 '■^Pekin, June 3, iSjgP 
 
 The General, in a quiet, conversational tone, said he was 
 always glad to meet his fellow countrymen, and the kind 
 words in which he had been welcomed added to the pleas- 
 uie which such a meeting afforded in Pekin. The iVmeri- 
 cans were a wonderful people, he said, smiling, for you 
 found them everywhere, even here in this distant and in- 
 accessible capital. He was especially pleased with the 
 allusion in the address to the fact that in America a career 
 was possible to the humblest station in life. His own career 
 was one of the best examples of the possibilities open to 
 any man and every man at home. That feature in America 
 he was proud to recognize, for it was one of the golden 
 principles of our government. The General again thanked 
 the delegation for their kindness, wished them all pros- 
 perity in their labors in China, and a happy return to their 
 homes, where he hoped some day to meet them. 
 
 Within an hour after the General's arrival, he was 
 waited upon by the members of the Cabinet, who came in 
 a body, accompanied by the military and civil Governors of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 457 
 
 Pekin. These are the highest officials in China, men of 
 grace and stately demeanor. They were received in Chi- 
 nese fashion, seated around a table covered with sweet- 
 meats, and served with tea. The first Secretary brought 
 with him the card of Prince Kung, the Prince Regent of 
 the Empire, and said that His Imperial Highness had 
 charged him to present all kind wishes to General Grant, 
 and to express the hope that the trip in China had been 
 pleasant. The Secretary also said that, as soon as the 
 Prince Regent heard from the Chinese Minister in Paris 
 that General Grant was coming to China, he sent orders to 
 the officials to receive him with due honor. The General 
 said that he had received nothing but honor and courtesy 
 from China, and this answer pleased the Secretary, who said 
 he would be happy to carry it to the Prince Regent. 
 
 General Grant did not ask an audience of the Emperor. 
 The Emperor is a child seven years of age, at his books, 
 not in good health, and under the care of two old ladies, 
 called the Empresses. When the Chinese Minister in Paris 
 spoke to General Grant about audience, and his regret that 
 the sovereign of China was not of age that he might per- 
 sonally entertain the ex-President, the General said he 
 hoped no question of audience would be raised. He had 
 no personal curiosity to see the Emperor, and there could 
 be no useful object in conversing with a child. 
 
 As soon as General Grant arrived at Pekin, he was 
 met by the Secretary of State, who brought the card of 
 Prince Kung, and said His Imperial Highness would be 
 glad to see General Grant at any time. The General named 
 the succeeding day, at three. The General and party left the 
 Legation at half past two. 
 
 The way to the Yamen was over dirty roads, and through 
 a disagreeable part of the town, the da}' being warm. When 
 they came to the court-yard of the Yamen, the Secretaries 
 and a group of mandarins received the General and his 
 
'-■%w 
 
 458 GENERAL U. S. GIIANt's 
 
 party, ;ind escorted them into the inner court. Prince 
 Kung, who was standing at "he door, with a group of high 
 ofHcers, advanced and saluted the General, and said a few 
 words of welcome, which were translated by Mr. Hol- 
 combe, the acting Minister. 
 
 The Prince saluted General Grant in Tartar fashion, 
 looking at him for a moment with an earnest, curious gaze, 
 like one who had formed an idea of some kind and was 
 anxious to see iiow far his ideal had been realized. The 
 sun was beating down, and the party passed into a large, 
 plainly furnished room, where was a table laden with Chi- 
 nese food. The Prince, sitting down at the centre, gave 
 General Grant the seat at his left, the post of honor in 
 China. He then took up the cards, one by one, which had 
 been written in Chinese characters on red paper, and asked 
 Mr. Holcombe for the name and station of each member 
 of General Grant's suite. 
 
 As princes go, few are more celebrated than Prince 
 Kung. He is a Prince of the imperial house of China, 
 brother of the late Emperor and uncle of the present. In 
 appearance the Prince is of middle stature, with a sharp, 
 narrow face, a high forehead — made more prominent by 
 the Chinese custom of shaving the forehead — and a 
 changing, evanescent expression of countenance. He has 
 been at the head of the Chinese government since the 
 English invasion and the burning of the Summer Palace. 
 He was the only Prince who remained at his post at that 
 time, and consequently when the peace came it devolved 
 upon him to make it. This negotiation gave him a 
 European celebrity, and a knowledge of Europeans that 
 was of advantage. European powers have preferred to 
 keep in power a prince with whom they have made 
 treaties before. In the politics of China, Prince Kung has 
 shown courage and ability. When the Emperor, his 
 brother, died, in 1861, a council was formed composed of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 459 
 
 princes and noblemen of high rank. This council claimed 
 to sit by the will of the deceased Emperor. The inspiring 
 element was hostilit}- to foreigners. Between this Regency 
 and the Prince there was war. The Emperor was a 
 child — his own nephew — just as the present Emperor is a 
 child. Suddenly a decree coming from the child-Emperor 
 was read, dismissing the Regency, making the Dowager 
 Empress Regent, and giving the power to Prince Kung. 
 This decree Prince Kung enforced with vigor, decision 
 and success. He arrested the leading members of the 
 Regency, charged them with having forged the will under 
 which thej' claimed the Regenc}', and sentenced three of 
 them to death. Two of the regents were permitted to 
 commit suicide, but the other was beheaded. From that 
 da}', under the Empresses, Prince Kung has been the ruler 
 of China. 
 
 General Grant could not reinain long enough in the 
 Yamen to finish the dinner, as he had an engagement to 
 ^■isit the college for the teaching of an English education 
 to young Chinese. This institution is under the direction 
 of Dr. Martin, an American, and the buildings adjoin the 
 Yamen. Consequentl}-, on taking leave of the Prince, 
 who said he would call and see the General at the Lega- 
 tion, they walked a few steps, and were escorted into the 
 classroom of the College. Doctor Martin presented Gen- 
 eral Grant to the students and professors, and one of the 
 students read the following address: 
 
 "General U. S. Grant, ex President of the United States: 
 "Sir: We have long heard j'our name, but never 
 .dreamed that we would ha^•e an opportunity to look on 
 your face. Formerly the people of your Southern States 
 rebelled against your government and nearly obtained p.js- 
 session of the land, but, through your abihty in leading the 
 national forces, the rebel chief was captured and the coun- 
 trv tranquilized. Having commanded a million of men 
 
<f^^- 
 
 _|_6o GENERAI, U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 and survived a hundred battles, your merit was recognized 
 as the highest in your own land, and j-our name became 
 known in every quarter of the globe. Raised to the 
 Presidency by the voice of a grateful people, you laid 
 aside the arts of war and sought onl}' to achieve the victo- 
 ries of peace. The people enjoj'cd tranquilit}', commerce 
 flourished, manufactures revived, and the whole nation 
 daily became more wealthy and powerful. Vour achieve- 
 ments as a civil ruler are equally great 'with 3'our military 
 triumphs. Now that you have resigned the Presidency, 
 you employ your leisure in visiting different parts of the 
 world, and the people of all nations and all ranks welcome 
 your arri\al. It requires a fame like vours to produce 
 effects like these. We, the students of this college, are 
 very limited in our attainments, bat all men love the wise 
 and respect the virtuous. We, therefore, feel honored by 
 this opportunity of standing in j-our presence. It is our 
 sincere hope that another term of the Presidency may come 
 to \ ou, not only that your own nation may be benefited, 
 but that our countrymen resident in America may enjoy 
 the blessings of ^-our protection. 
 
 "Wang Fengtsar., tutor in Mathematics. 
 
 "Wen Hsii, tutor in English. 
 
 "Na San, tutor in English. 
 "On behalf of the students of Tunguon College. 
 " Ktvang Sti, J y. 4 m. 16 d. — Jiitie ^, ^Syg." 
 The General, in lesponse, said: 
 
 "Gentlemen: I am much obliged to you for your 
 welcome and for the compliments ^-ou pay me. I am glad 
 to meet you and see in the capital of this vast and ancient 
 empire an institution of learning based upon English 
 principles, and in which you can learn the English 
 language. I have been struck with nothing so much in 
 my tour around the world as with the fact that the progi-ess 
 of civilization — of our modern civilization — is marked by 
 
 "f 
 
TOUR AROUND THK WORLD. 46 1 
 
 the progress of the Enghsh tongue. I rejoice in this fact, 
 and I rejoice in your efForts to attain a knowledge of En- 
 glish speech and all that such a knowledge must convey. 
 You have my warmest wishes for your success in this and 
 in all your undertakings, and my renewed thanks for the 
 honor you have shown me." 
 
 Prince Kung was punctual in his return of the call of 
 General Grant. He came to the Legation in his chair, and 
 was received by General Grant in the parlors of the Lega- 
 tion. Several officers from the Richmond happened to be 
 in Pekin on a holida}', and the General invited them, as 
 well as the officers of the Ashuelot, who were at the Lega- 
 tion, to receive the Prince. As all the officers were in full 
 uniform, the recejDtion of the Prince became almost an im- 
 posing affiiir. The Prince was accompanied by the Grand 
 Secretaries, and, as soon as he was presented to the mem- 
 bers of the General's party, he was led into the dining- 
 room, and the}' all sat around a table, and were given tea 
 and sweetmeats and champagne, During this visit there 
 occurred a remarkable conversation, which may not be 
 without its effect upon the politics of the East. The gen- 
 eral features of this conversation were no less than a prop- 
 osition to utilize the services of General Grant as a peace- 
 maker. 
 
 In the form of asking General Grant's "advice," and 
 under cover of an anxiety to confer with him, and with a 
 graceful aj^ology for talking business to a visitor out of the 
 harness, this adroit diplomatist engaged in conversation 
 on the subject of the seizure of the Loochoo Islands by 
 Japan, and the consequent disturbance of friendly relations 
 between Japan and China. " I feel that I should apologize 
 even for the reference," said the Prince, "which I would 
 not have ventured upon, but for our con\'iction that one who 
 has had so high a place in determining the affiiirs of the 
 world can have no higher interest than that of furthering 
 
^gj GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 peace and justice." There can be no handsomer way than 
 this to compel attention and demand assistance; and, when 
 one is tlius pressed by a man of Prince Kung's dignity — by 
 the ruler of the greatest aggregation of human creatures of 
 which history has any record — the generous mind perceives 
 that a grand condescepsion thus presented as a request can- 
 not be put aside. General Grant's own succinct statement 
 of the spirit of the foreign policy of the American govern- 
 ment was also such as to exhibit his sympathy with this 
 fine conception, that a desire to aid the progress of justice 
 in the world should be the first interest of a gentleman in 
 whatever circumstances he might be called upon — a senti- 
 ment of knight errantry in statesmanship. Our foreign 
 policy, the General said, is made up of " fair play, con- 
 sideration for the rights of others, respect for international 
 law," which is a handy adaptation to national circumstances 
 of the three points laid down by Justinian's lawyers as 
 suflScient to properly regulate every human life — '■'•honeste 
 vivere, alteriwi noii locdcre, suuin cuique tribuere" Between 
 two men of great experience, accustomed to deal in the great 
 concerns of human life, and whose minds have taken color 
 from their great functions, it is not strange to find this 
 ready sympathy on such a topic, and the world will not be 
 astonished to hear that General Grant straightforwardly 
 said: "I told the Viceroy at Tientsin that everything I 
 could do in the interest of peace was my duty and my pleas- 
 ure. I can conceive of no higher office for any man." 
 
 The Prince, when he had finished his conversation, 
 drew toward him a glass of champagne, and, addressing 
 Mr. Holcombe, said he wished to again express to Gen- 
 eral Grant the honor felt by the Chinese government at 
 having received this visit. He made special inquiries as to 
 when the General would leave, the hour of his departure, 
 the ways and periods of his journey. He asked whether 
 there was anything wanting to complete the happiness of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 +63 
 
 the General, or show the honor in which he had been held 
 by China. In taking his leave, he wished to drink espe- 
 cially the health of General Grant, to wish him a prosper- 
 ous voyage, and long and honorable years on his return 
 home. This sentiment the General returned, and, rising, 
 led the way to the door, where the chair of the Prince and 
 the bearers were in waiting. The other Ministers accom- 
 panied the Prince, and, on taking leave, saluted the Gen- 
 eral in the ceremonious Chinese style. The Prince entered 
 his chair, and was snatched up and carried away by his 
 bearers, the guard hurriedly mounting and riding after. 
 
 General Grant and jDarty returned to Tientsin by boat, 
 and immediately upon his landing received a message from 
 the Viceroy that he was on his way to call. The General 
 received the Viceroy at the house of Consul Denny. After 
 a warm welcome, together they passed into an inner room 
 and received tea and sweetmeats in Chinese fashion. The 
 Viceroy had received instructions from the Prince Regent 
 to continue the conversation with General Grant on the 
 matter of the issue with Jajian. After a long and intensely 
 intci'esting conversation, and a thorough analysis of the 
 matters at issue, the Viceroy pressed every point to influence 
 the General to act as mediator, laying special stress upon 
 the name and influence of General Grant. The General 
 thought it was a diplomatic question, and could be settled 
 through the good offices of ministers of other nations. 
 The Viceroy claimed that it was not a diplomatic c[uestion, 
 as Japan had refused to notice any communication from 
 China; consequently there was no chance of reaching a 
 solution by the ordinary methods of diplomacy. How can 
 you talk to ministers and governments about matters which' 
 they will not discuss.'' But when a man like General GranI 
 comes to China and Japan, he comes with an authoritv 
 which gives him power to make peace. In the interest of 
 peace, China asks the General to interest himself Cliin:, 
 
164 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 cannot consent to the position Japan has taken. On that 
 point there is no indecision in the councils of the govern- 
 ment. The Viceroy had no fear of Japan or of the con- 
 sequences of any conflict which Japan would force upon 
 China. 
 
 General Grant said his hope and belief were that the 
 difficulty would end peacefully and honorably. He appre- 
 ciated the compliment paid him by the Chinese govern- 
 ment. The Viceroy and Prince Kung overrated his power, 
 but not his wish, to preserve peace, and especially to prevent 
 such a deplorable thing as i\ war between China and Japan. 
 When he reached Japan he \\-ould confer with Mr. Bing- 
 ham and see how the matter stood. He would study the 
 Japanese case as carefully as he proposed studying the 
 Chinese case. He would, if possible, confer with the Jap- 
 anese authorities. What his opinion would be when he 
 heard both sides he could not anticipate. If the question 
 took such a shape that, with advantage to the cause of peace 
 and without interfering with the wishes of his own gov- 
 ernment, he could advise or aid in a solution, he \vould be 
 happy, and, as he remarked to Prince Kung, this happiness 
 would not be diminished if in doing so his action did not 
 disappoint the Chinese government. So came to an end 
 an interesting and extraordinary con\'ersation. 
 
 Pleasant, notabl}-, were General Grant and party's rela- 
 tions with the great Viceroy, whose kindness seemed to 
 grow with every hour, and to tax itself for new forms in 
 which to form expression. Li-Hung Chang's reception of 
 General Grant was as notable an e\'ent in the utter setting 
 aside of precedents and traditions as can be foimd in the 
 recent histor}' of China. 'It required a great man, ^^-ho 
 could afford to be progressive and independent, to do it. 
 
 There was probably nothing more notable than Ijlie en- 
 tci'tainmcnt given to Mrs. Grant In- the wife of the Vice- 
 ro^•, on the last night of the General's sta\- in Tientsin. 
 
TOUR AROUND Tllli WORLD. 
 
 465 
 
 The principal European ladles in the colony were invited. 
 Some of these ladies had lived in Tientsin for j-ears, and 
 had never seen the wife of the \'icerov — had never seen 
 him except through the blinds of the window of his chair. 
 The announcement that the Viceroy had rcalh' invited 
 Mrs. Grant to meet his wife, and European ladies to he in 
 the company, was even a more transcendent event than the 
 presence of General Grant. Societ)' rang \vith a discus- 
 sion of the question which, since Mother Eve introduced it 
 to the attention of her husband, has been the absorbing 
 theme of ci^■ilization — what shall ^ve wear? The cjues- 
 tion was finally decided in favor of the resources of civiliza- 
 tion. The ladies Avent in all the glorv of French fashion 
 and taste. Tliey came back from tine \iceregal din- 
 ner at about eleven at night, and General Grant and party 
 \vent immediately on board the Ashuelot. Here the fare- 
 wells to kind friends were spoken, and it was witli sincere 
 regret that the}- said farewell. The Viceroy had sent word 
 that he would not take his leave of General Grant until he 
 was on the border of his dominions and out at sea. He 
 had gone on ahead in hi^ 3-acht, and, with a fleet of gun- 
 boats, would await the General at the mouth of the river, 
 and accompany him on board the Richmond. Orders had 
 been given that the forts sliould fire salutes, and that the 
 troops should parade, and the vessels dress with flags. 
 About eleven o'clock in the morning the Ashuelot came 
 up with the viceregal fleet, at anchor under the guns of 
 the Waku forts. As they passed, every vessel manned 
 yards, and all their guns and the guns of the fort thundered 
 a farewell. Three miles out the Richmond was sighted, 
 and the Ashuelot steamed direct toward her, and in a short 
 time the Ashuelot swung around amid the thunder of the 
 o-uns of the Richmond. At noon the General passed over 
 the sides of the Richmond, and was received by another 
 
^66 GEXEKAL U. S. (JRANT'S 
 
 salute. After the General had been received, the ship's 
 barge was sent to the Viceroy's boat, and in a few min- 
 utes returned with Li-Hung Chang. General Grant re- 
 ceived the Viceroy, and again the yards were manned, and 
 a salute of nineteen guns was fired. 
 
 The Viceroy' and his suite were shown into the cabin. 
 Tea was served, and, Li-Hung Chang having expressed a 
 desire to see the vessel, he was taken into every part, gave 
 its whole arrangement, and especially the guns, a minute 
 inspection. This lasted for an hour, and the Viceroy re- 
 turned to the cabin to take his leave. He seemed loath to 
 go, and remained in conversation for some time. General 
 Grant expressed his deep sense of tlie honor which had 
 been done him, his pleasure at having met the Vicero}'. 
 He urged the Vicero)- to inake a visit to the United States, 
 and in a fe^v earnest phrases repeated his hope that the 
 statesmen of China would persevere in a policy which 
 brought them nearer to our civilization. The Viceroy -was 
 friendly, almost affectionate. He hoped that Genera) 
 Grant would not forge: nmr; tnat he would like to meet 
 the General now and then, and if China needed the Gen- 
 eral's counsel he would send it. He feared he could not 
 visit foreign lands, and regretted that he had not done so 
 in earlier years. He spoke of the friendship of the United 
 States as dear to China, and again commended to the Gen- 
 eral and the American people the Chinese who had gone 
 to America. It made his heart sore to hear of their ill 
 usage, and he depended upon the justice and honor of our 
 government for their protection. He again alluded to the 
 Loochoo question with Japan, and begged General Grant 
 would speak to the Japanese Emperor, and in securing jus- 
 tice remove a cloud from Asia which threw an ominous 
 shadow over the East. The General bade the Vicero}' fare- 
 well, and said he would not forget what had been said, and 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. aQj 
 
 that he would always think of the Viceroy with friendship 
 and esteem. So they parted, Li-Hung Chang departing 
 amid the roar of our cannon and the manning of the 
 yards, while the Richmond slowly pushed her prow into 
 the rippling waves and steamed along to Japan. 
 
CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT IN JAPAN. 
 
 General Grant and party arrived at Nagasaki on June 
 21, on the United States steamer Richmond, accompanied 
 by the Ashuelot, the latter bringing Judge Denny, Consul 
 at Tientsin, and other friends from China. There was no 
 formal demonstration by foreign residents, further than an 
 address of welcome by the committee of thirteen, chosen 
 to represent all alien nationalities. Frequent entertainments 
 were given by the Japanese. 
 
 The Governor of the province gave a state dinner on 
 the evening of the 23d' of June, served in French fashion; 
 one that in its details would have done no discredit to the 
 restaurants in Paris. To this dinner the Governor asked 
 Captain Benham, of the Richmond; Commander Johnson, 
 of the Ashuelot, and Lieutenant-Commander Clarke. At 
 the close. His Excellency Utsumi Tadakatsu arose and 
 said : 
 
 " General Grant and Gentlemen: After a two- 
 years' tour through many lands, Nagasaki has been honored 
 by a visit from the ex- President of the United States. 
 Nagasaki is situated on the western shore of this Empire, 
 and how fortunate it is that I, in my ofhcial capacity' as 
 Governor of Nagasaki, can greet and welcome j'ou, sir, us 
 you land for the first time on the soil of Japan. Many 
 years ago, honored sir, I learned to appreciate vour great 
 services, and tluring a \isit to the United States I was filled 
 \vith an ardent desire to Icani more of }our illustrious deeds. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 471 
 
 You were then the President of the United States, and 
 little then did I anticipate that I should be the first Governor 
 to receive you in Japan. Woi'ds cannot express my feel- 
 ings. Nagasaki is so far from the seat of government that 
 I fear you cannot have matters arranged to your satisfac- 
 tion. It is my earnest wish that you and Mrs. Grant may 
 safely travel through Japan and enjoy the visit." 
 
 This address was spoken in Japanese. At its close an 
 interpreter, who stood behind His Excellency during its 
 deliver}', advanced and read the above translation. When 
 the Governor finished. General Grant arose and said : 
 
 "Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 You have here to-night several Americans who have the 
 talent of speech, and who could make an eloquent response 
 to the address in which my health is proposed. I have no 
 such gift, and I never lamented its absence more than now, 
 when there is so much that I want to say about your coun- 
 try, your people and your progress. I have not been an 
 inattentive observer of that progress, and in America we 
 have been favored with accounts of it from my distinguished 
 friend, whom you all know as the friend of Japan, and 
 whom it was iny privilege to send as Minister — I mean 
 Judge Bingham. The spirit which has actuated the mis- 
 sion of Judge Bingham — the spirit of sympathy, support 
 and conciliation — not only expressed my own sentiments, 
 but those of America. America has much to gain in the 
 East — no nation has greater interests — but America has 
 nothing to gain except what comes from the cheerful ac- 
 quiescence of the Eastern people, and insures them as 
 much benefit as it does us. I should be ashamed of my 
 country if its relations with other nations, and especially 
 with these ancient and most interesting empires in the East, 
 were based upon any other idea. We have rejoiced over 
 your progress. We have watched you step by step. We 
 have followed the unfolding of your old civilization, and its 
 
472 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 absorbing the new. You have had our profound symjDathy in 
 that work, our sj'mpathy in the troubles which came with it, 
 and our friendship. I hope that it may continue — that it 
 may long continue. As I have said, America has great 
 interests in the East. She is your next neighbor. She is 
 more affected by the Eastern populations than any other 
 power. She can never be insensible to what is doing here. 
 Whatever her influence may be, I am proud to think that 
 it has always been exerted in behalf of justice and kindness. 
 No nation needs from the outside powers justice and kind- 
 ness more than Japan, because the work that has made 
 such marvelous progress in the past few years is a work 
 in which we are deeply concerned, in the success of which 
 we see a new era in civilization, and which we should en- 
 courage. I do not know, gentlemen, that I can say anything 
 more than this in response to the kind words of the Gov- 
 ernor. Judge Bingham can speak with much more elo- 
 quence and much more authority as our Minister. But I 
 could not allow the occasion to pass without saving how 
 deeply I sympathized with Japan in her efforts to advance, 
 and how much those efforts were appreciated in America. 
 In that spirit I ask 3'ou to unite with me in a sentiment: 
 ' The prosperity and the independence of JajDan.' " 
 
 General Grant, a few minutes later, arose and said that 
 he wished to propose another toast — a personal one ^ the 
 drinking of which would be a great pleasure to him. This 
 was the health of Judge Bingham, the American Minister 
 to Japan. He had appointed the Judge Minister, and he 
 was glad to know that the confidence expressed in that 
 appointment had been confirmed by the admiration and 
 respect of the Japanese people. When a Minister serves 
 his own country as well as Judge Bingham has served 
 America, and in doing so wins the esteem of the authori- 
 ties and the people to whom he is accredited, he has 
 achieved the highest success in diplomacy. 
 
TOUR AnOUNU TILE WORLD. 
 
 473 
 
 Mr. Yoshida, the Japanese Minister, arose and asked 
 leave to add his high appreciation of Mr. Bingham, and the 
 value which had been placed on his friendship to Japan bj' 
 the government. He was proud to bear public tribute to 
 Mr. Bingham's sincerity and friendliness, and to join in 
 drinking his health. 
 
 Judge Bingham, in response to the sentiments of per- 
 sonal regard offered by Mr. Yoshida, acknowledged the 
 courtesy to himself, and said that he had come hither to 
 join the official representatives of His Majesty the Em- 
 peror, and also the people of Nagasaki in fitting testimo- 
 nials of respect to General Grant, the friend of the United 
 States of America, and the friend of Japan. He had come 
 to Japan as Minister, bearing the commission issued by the 
 distinguished guest of the evening. It had been his en- 
 deavor to faithfully discharge his duties, and in such man- 
 ner as would strengthen the friendship between the two 
 countries, and promote the commercial interests of both. 
 He knew that in so acting he reflected the wishes of the 
 illustrious man who is the guest of the Empire, and the 
 wishes also of the President and people of the United 
 States. " The Government of my country," said Mr. 
 Bingham, " has, by a recent treaty with Japan, manifested 
 its desire that justice may be done, by according to Japan 
 her ri#ht to regulate her own commercial affiiirs, and to do 
 justice is the highest duty, as it is the highest interest, of 
 civil government." 
 
 On June 24, General Grant was banqueted by the citi- 
 zens in the style of the daimios, the feudal lords of Japan. 
 The place selected was the old temple in the heart of the 
 city. The party numbered about twenty, including Gen- 
 eral Grant and party. Consul Mangum and family, and 
 Consul Denny and family. The Herald correspondent ac- 
 companving General Grant speaks of this dinner as follows: 
 
 " The dinner was served on small tables, each guest 
 
/|74 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 having a table to himself. The merchants of the city 
 waited on their guests, and with them a swarm of attend- 
 ants wearing the costumes of Japan. The bill of fare was 
 almost a volume, and embraced over fifty courses. The 
 wine was ser\-ed in unglazed porcelain wine cups, on white 
 wooden stands. The appetite was jjampcred in the begin- 
 ning with dried fish, edible seaweeds and isinglass, in some- 
 thing of the Scandinavian style, except that the attempt did 
 not take the form of brandy and raw fish. The first serious 
 dish was composed of crane, seaweed, moss, rice bread and 
 jDOtatoes, which we picked over in a curious way, as though 
 we were at an auction sale of remnants, anxious to rummage 
 out a bargain. The soup, when it first came — -for it came 
 many times — was an honest soup of fish, like a delicate 
 fish chowder. Then came strange dishes, as ragout and as 
 soup, in bewildering confusion. The first was called 
 namasu, and embodied fish, clams, chestnuts, rock mush- 
 rooms and ginger. Then, in various combinations, the fol- 
 lowing: duck, truffles, turnips, dried bonito, melons, pressed 
 salt, aromatic shrubs, snipe, egg plant, jelh', boiled rice, 
 snaj^per, shrimp, potatos, mushroom, cabbage, lassfish, 
 orange flowers, powdered fish, flavored with plum juice 
 and walnuts, raw carp sliced, mashed fish, baked fish, isin- 
 glass, fish boiled with pickled beans, wine, and rice again. 
 This all came in the first course, and as a finale t?D the 
 course there was a sweetmeat composed of white and red 
 bean jelly cake, and boiled black mushroom. With this 
 came powdered tea, which had a green, monitory look, 
 and suggested }'our earliest experience in medicine. When 
 the first pause came in the dinner, two of the merchant 
 hosts advanced toward General Vjrant and read the follow- 
 ing address : — 
 
 " 'General U. S. Grant : In the name of the citizens 
 of Nagasaki we offer you a sincere welcome to this small 
 town. We feel greatly honored by your visit to Nagasaki, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 477 
 
 and still more so by your becoming our guest this evening. 
 Any outward signs of respect and hospitality we offer you 
 are but a fraction of our kindly feelings toward you, 
 and are quite inadequate to express the great admiration 
 we have for you. On your return to your own great 
 country, after having visited this Eastern Empire, we trust 
 you will carry with you pleasant reminiscences and friendly 
 feelings toward our country and people. We wish you 
 a successful career and a long life and health to enjoy the 
 illustrious name and position you have made for 3'ourself. 
 The dinner at which j-ou have honored us with your com- 
 pany is given in this country to convey from the hosts 
 their well wishes and the friendship thev feel toward their 
 honorable guest; and in the hope that a long and sincere 
 intimacy may be promoted between our guest and those we 
 have the honor to represent to-night, we have offered you 
 this poor entertainment. 
 
 " ' We have the honor to be, Avith much respect, your 
 most obedient servants, 
 
 '"AWOKI KiNHICHIRO, 
 
 '"Matsuda Gongoro. 
 " 'June 24, iSig: 
 
 " ' General Grant arose, and said: 
 
 " ' Gentlemen : I am highly honored by your address, 
 and also by this sumptuous entertainment. I have enjoyed 
 exceedingly iny visit to Japan, and appreciate more than I 
 can say the kindness that has been shown me b}' all per- 
 sons. But I have enjoyed nothing more than this, because 
 it comes from the citizens of Nagasaki, and is entirely unof- 
 ficial. That I take as an especial compliment, coming as it 
 does from the people and not the government. For while 
 I am deeply gratified for all that your government is doing 
 to render my trip here agreeable and instructive, I have a 
 peculiar pleasure in meeting those who are not in author- 
 ity, who are the citizens of a country. I shall take away 
 
47S GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 from Nagasaki the most grateful remembrances of your 
 hospitality and the most pleasant recollections of the 
 beauty of the place. Again accept my sincere thanks for 
 your kindness.' 
 
 " When the second course was finished — the course that 
 came to an end in powdered tea and sweetmeats, composed 
 of white and red bean jelly cake and boiled black mush- 
 room — there was an interval. All arose from the table 
 and sauntered about on the graveled walk, and looked down 
 upon the bay and the enfolding hills. One never tires of 
 a scene like Nagasaki; everything is so ripe and rich and 
 old. Time has done so much for the venerable town, the 
 eddies of a new civilization are rushing in upon Nagasaki. 
 The town has undergone vast changes since the day when 
 Dutch merchants were kept in a reservation more secluded 
 than we have ever kept our Indians; when Xavier and his 
 disciples threaded those narrow streets preaching the salva- 
 tion that comes through the blood of Jesus; when Chris- 
 tians were driven at the point of the spear to yon beetling 
 cliff and tumbled into the sea. These are momentous events 
 in the history of Japan. They were merely incidents in 
 the history of Nagasaki. The ancient town has lived on 
 sleepily, embodying and absorbing the features of Eastern 
 civilization, unchanged and unchanging, its beauty expres- 
 sive because it is a beauty of its own, untinted b}' Euro- 
 peans. We have old towns in the European world. We 
 even speak as if we had a past in fresh America. But 
 what impresses you in these aspects of Eastern develop- 
 ment is their antiquity, before which the most ancient of 
 our towns are but as yesterday. The spirit of ages breathes 
 over Nagasaki, and you cease to think of chronology and 
 see only the deep, rich tones which time has given and 
 which time alone can give. 
 
 " But while we could well spend our evening strolling 
 over this graveled walk and leaning over the quaint brick 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. AJg 
 
 wall and studying the varied and ever changing scene that 
 sweeps beneath us, we must not forget our entertainment. 
 On returning to the dining-room, we find hliat the serv- 
 ants have brought in the candles. Before each table is a 
 pedestal, on which a candle burns, and the old teinple lights 
 up with a new splendor. To add to this splendor the walls 
 have been draped with heavy silks, embroidered with gold 
 and silver, with quaint and curious legends in the history 
 of Japan. The merchants enter again, bearing meats. 
 Advancing to the centre of the room, and to the Gen- 
 eral, they kneel and press their foreheads to the floor. 
 With this demure courtesy the course begins. Other 
 attendants enter, and place on each table the lacquer bowls 
 and dishes. Instead of covering the tables with a variety 
 of food, and tempting you with auxiliary dishes of water- 
 melon seeds and almond kernels, as in China, the Japanese 
 give you a small variety at a time. Our amiable friend, 
 the Japanese Minister, warned us in the beginning not to 
 be in a hurry, to restrain our curiosity, not to hurry our in- 
 vestigations into the science of a Japanese table, but to pick 
 and nibble and wait — that there were good things coming, 
 which we should not be beyond the condition of enjoying. 
 What a comfort, for instance, a roll of bread would be, and 
 a glass of dry champagne! But there is no bread and no 
 wine, and our only drink is the hot preparation from rice, 
 with its sherry flavor, which is poured out of a teapot into 
 shallow lacquer saucers, and which you sip, not without 
 relish, although it has no place in any beverage known to 
 yDur experience. We are dining, however, in strict Jap- 
 anese fashion, just as the old daimios did, and our hosts are 
 too good artists to spoil a feast with champagne. Then it 
 has been going on for hours, and when you have reached 
 the fourth hour of a dinner, even a temperance dinner, with 
 nothing more serious than a hot, insipid, sherry-like rice 
 drink, you have passed beyond the critical and curious into 
 
4S0 
 
 GENERAI- U. S. GRANT S 
 
 the resigned comlitioii. If we had only been governed by 
 the Mmister,we might have enjoyed this soup, which comes 
 first in the course, and, as you hft the lacquered top, you 
 knov4f to be hot and fragrant. It is a soup composed of 
 carp and mushroom and aromatic shrub. Another dish is 
 a prepared fish that looks like a confection of cocoanut, but 
 which vou see to be fish as you prod it with your chop- 
 sticks. This is composed of the red snapper fish, and is 
 served in red and white alternate squares. It looks well, 
 but you pass it bv, as well as another dish that is more 
 poetic, at least, for it is a preparation of the skylark, wheat- 
 flour cake and gourd. We are not offended by the next 
 soup, which comes hot and smoking, a soup of buckwheat 
 and egg-plant. The egg-plant alwa3-s seemed to be a vul- 
 gar, pretentious plant, that might do for the trough, but 
 was never intended for the dignitv of the table. But buck- 
 wheat in a soup is unfitting, and, allied with the egg plant, 
 is a degradation, and no sense of curious inquirv of investi- 
 gation can tolerate so grave a violation of the harmony of 
 the lable. You push your soup to the end of the table 
 and nip off the end of a fresh cigar, and look out upon the 
 town, over which the dominant universe has thrown the 
 star-sprinkled mantle of night, and follow the lines of light 
 that mark the welcome we are enjoying, and trace the 
 ascending rockets as they shoot up from the hillside to 
 break into masses of dazzling fire and ' illuminate the 
 heavens for a moment in a rhapsody of blue and scarlet 
 and green and silver and gold. 
 
 " If you have faith, you will enter bravely into the dish 
 that your silk-draped attendant now places before you, and 
 as he does bows to the level of the table and slides away. 
 This is called oh-hira. The base of this dish is panyu. 
 Panyu is a sea fish. The panyu in itself would be a dish, 
 but in addition we have a fungus, the roots of the lily and 
 the stems of the pumpkin. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 4S I 
 
 " While our hosts are passing around the strange dishes 
 a signal is made, and the musicians enter. They are maid- 
 ens with fair, pale faces, and small, dark, serious eyes. You 
 are pleased to see that their teeth have not been blackened, 
 as was the custom in past daj's, and is even now almost a 
 prevalent custom among the lower classes. We are told 
 that the maidens who have come to grace our feast are not 
 of the common singing class, but the daughters of the mer- 
 chants and leading 'citizens of Nagasaki. The first group is 
 composed of three. They enter, sit down on the floor, and 
 bow their heads in salutation. One of the instruments is 
 shaped like a guitar, another is something between a banjo 
 and a drum. They wear the costume of the country, the 
 costume that ^vas known before the new days came upon 
 Japan. They have blue silk gowns, white collars, and 
 heavily brocaded pearl- colored sashes. The principal in- 
 strument was long and narrow, shaped like a coffin lid, 
 and sounding like a harpsichord. ■ After they had played 
 an overture, another group enterfti, fourteen maidens simi- 
 larly dressed, each carr3-ing the small banjo-like ■ instru- 
 ment, and ranging themseh'es on a bench against the wall, 
 the tapestry and silks suspended over them. Then the 
 genius of the artist was apparent, and the rich depending 
 tapestry, blended with the blue and white and pearl, and 
 animated with the faces of the maidens, their music and 
 their songs, inade a picture of Japanese life which an artist 
 might regard with env}-. You see then the delicate features 
 of Japanese decoration which have bewitched our artist 
 friends, and which the most adroit fingers in vain try to 
 copy. When the musicians enter, the song begins. It is 
 an original composition. The theme is the glorv of America 
 and honor to General Grant. The}' sing of the joy that 
 his coming has given to Japan; of the interest and the pride 
 they take in his fame; of their friendship for their friends 
 across the great sea. This is all sung in Japanese, and we 
 
482 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 follow the lines through the mediation of a Japanese friend 
 who learned his English in America. This anthem was 
 chanted in a low, almost monotonous key, one singer lead- 
 ing in a kind of solo, and the remainder coming in with 
 a chorus. The song ended, twelve dancing maidens enter. 
 They wore a crimson-like overgarment fashioned like 
 pantaloons — a foot or so too long — so that when they 
 walked it was with a dainty pace, lest they might trip and 
 fall. The director of this group was constantly on his 
 liands and knees, creeping around among the dancers, 
 keeping their drapery in order, not allowing it to bundle 
 up and vex the play. These maidens carried bouquets of 
 pink blossonis, aitificially made, examples of the flora of 
 Japan. They stepped through the dance at as slow a 
 measure as in a minuet of Louis XIV. The movement of 
 the dance was simple, and the music a humming, thrum- 
 ming, as though the performers were tuning their instru- 
 ments. After passing through a few measures the dancers 
 slowly filed out, and were' followed by another group, who 
 came wearing masks — the mask in the form of a large 
 doll's face — and bearing children's rattles and fans. The 
 peculiarity of this dance was that time was kept by the 
 movement of the fan — a graceful, expressive movement, 
 which only the Eastern people have learned to bestow on 
 the fan. With them the fan becomes almost an organ of 
 speech, and the eye is employed in its management at the 
 expense of the admiration we are apt at home to bestow 
 on other features of the amusement. The masks indicated 
 that this was a humorous dance, and when it was over four 
 special performers, who had unusual skill, came in with 
 flowers, and danced a pantomime. Then came four others, 
 with costumes different — blue robes, trimmed with gold — 
 who carried long, thin wands, entwined in gold and red, 
 from which dangled festoons of pink blossoms. 
 
 " All this time the music hummed and thrummed. To 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ^S ^ 
 
 vary the show, we had even a iDore grotesque amusement. 
 Fii'st came eight children, who could scarcely do more than 
 toddle. They were dressed in white, embroidered in green 
 and red, \vearing purple caps formed like the Phrygian 
 liberty cap, and dangling on the shoulders. They came 
 into the temple enclosure and danced on the graveled walk, 
 while two, wearing an imitation of a dragon's skin, went 
 through a dance and ^■arious contortions, supposed to be a 
 dragon at play. This reminded^ us of the pantomime ele- 
 phant, where one performer plays the front and another 
 the hind legs. In the case of our Japanese dragon the legs 
 were obvious, and the performers seemed indisposed even 
 to respect the illusion. It was explained that it was an 
 ancient village dance, one of the oldest in Japan, and that on 
 festive occasions, when the harvests are ripe or when some 
 legend or feat of heroism is to be commemorated, they assem- 
 ble and dance it. It was a trifling, innocent dance, and you 
 felt as you looked at it, and, indeed, at all the features of our 
 most unique entertainment, that there was a good deal of 
 nursery imagination in Japcinescfotcs and games. A more 
 striking feature were the decorations which came with the 
 second course of our feast. First came servants, bearing 
 two trees, one of the jjine the other of the plum. The 
 plum tree was in full blossom. One of these was set on a 
 small table in front of Mrs. Grant, the other in front of the 
 General. Another decoration was a cherry tree, surmount- 
 ing a large basin, in which were living carp fish. The carp 
 has an important position in the legends of Japan. It is 
 the emblem of ambition and resolution. This quality \vas 
 shown in another decoration, representing a waterfall, with 
 cai'p climbing against the stream. The tendency of the 
 carp to dash against rocks and climb waterfalls, which 
 should indicate a lower order of intellect and perverted judg- 
 ment, is supposed to show the traits of the ambitious man. 
 " The soups disappear. You see we have only had seven 
 
,|..S4 GENERAL V. S. (JRANT S 
 
 distinct soups served at intervals, and so cunningly pre- 
 pared that you are convinced that in the ancient davs of 
 Japanese splendor soup had a dignity which it has lost. 
 
 " With the departure of the soups our dinner becomes 
 fantastic. Perhaps the old daimios knew that by the time 
 ■their guests had eaten of seven soups and twenty courses 
 in addition, and drank of innumerable dishes of rice liquor, 
 they were in a condition to require a daring flight of genius. 
 
 " The music is in full-flow, and the lights of the town 
 grow brighter with the shades of darkening night, and 
 some of the company have long since taken refuge from 
 the dinner in cigars, and over the low brick wall and in 
 the recesses of the temple grounds crowds begin to cluster 
 and form, and below, at the foot of the steps, the crowd 
 o-rows larger and larger, and you hear the buzz of the 
 throng and the clinking of the lanterns of the chair bearers, 
 for the whole town was in festive mood, and high up in our 
 open temple on the hillside we have become a show for the 
 town. Well, that is only a small return for the measure- 
 less hospitality we have enjoyed, and, if we can gratify an 
 innocent curiosity, let us think of so much pleasure given 
 in our way through the world. It is such a relief to know 
 that we have passed beyond any^ comprehension of our din- 
 ner, which we look at as so many conceptions and prepara- 
 tions — cui-ious contrivances, which we study out as though 
 they were riddles or problems adjusted for our entertain- 
 ment. The dining quality vanished with that eccentric 
 soup of lassfish and orange flowers. With the General it 
 went much earlier. It must be said that for the General 
 the table has few charms, and, long before we began on 
 the skylarks and buckwheat degraded by the egg plant, he 
 for whom this feast is given had taken refuge in a cigar, 
 and contented himself with looking upon the beauty of 
 the town and bay and cliff, allowing the dinner to flow 
 along. You will observe, if you have followed the narra- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 485 
 
 tive of our feast, that meat plays a small and fish a large part 
 in a daimios dinner — fish and the products of the forest and 
 field. The red snapper has the place of honor, and, 
 although we have had the snapper in five different shapes — 
 as a soup, as a ragout flavored with cabbage, broiled with 
 pickled beans, and hashed — .here he comes again, baked, 
 decorated with ribbons, with every scale in place, folded in a 
 bamboo basket. 
 
 "As a final course, we had pears prepared with horse 
 radish, a cake of wheat flour and powdered ice. The din- 
 ner came to a close after a struggle of six or seven hours, 
 and as we drove home through the illuminated town, bril- 
 liant with lanterns and fireworks and arches and bonfires, 
 it was felt that we had been honored by an entertainment 
 such as we may never again expect to see." 
 
 After having spent several days in this old town and its 
 vicinit}', the General and party bid adieu to the many 
 friends and acquaintances, and embarked for Yokohama, 
 where he was received with great and enthusiastic demon- 
 strations. After a short reception to the princes, Ministers 
 and high officials of the Japanese government, the General 
 and party were driven to the railroad station, and at two 
 o'clock the train entered the station at Tokio. An im- 
 mense crowd was in waiting. As the General descended 
 from the train, a committee of citizens advanced and asked 
 to read an address. The following was then read in Japan- 
 ese, by Mr. Fukuchi,and in English by Dr. McCartee: 
 
 "Sir: On behalf of the people of Tokio, we beg to 
 congratulate you on your safe arrival. How you crushed 
 a rebellion, and afterward ruled a nation in peace and right- 
 eousness, is known over the whole world, and there is not 
 a man in Japan who does not admire your high character 
 and illustrious career. Although the great Pacific Ocean 
 stretches for thousands of miles between your country and 
 ours, your people are our next neighbors in the East, and, 
 
^86 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 as it was chiefly through your initiative that we entered 
 upon those relations and that commerce with foreigners 
 which have now attained such a flourishing condition, our 
 countrymen have always cherished a good feeling for your 
 people, and look upon them more than on any other for- 
 eign nation as their true friends. Moreover, it was during 
 the happy times of your Presidency that the two countries 
 became more closely acquainted and connected, and almost 
 every improvement that has been made in our country may 
 be traced to the example and lessons rec-eived from yours. 
 For years past, not only our Minister, but any one of our 
 countrymen who went to your country, was received with 
 hospitality and courtesy. It is, therefore, impossible that 
 our countrymen should now forbear from giving expression 
 to their gratification and gratitude. 
 
 " Your visit to our shores is one of those rare events 
 that happen once in a thousand years. The citizens of 
 Tokio consider it a great honor that they have been afforded 
 the opportunity of receiving you as their guest, and they 
 cherish the hope that this event will still more cement the 
 friendship between the two nations in the future We now 
 offer you a hearty and respectful welcome. 
 
 " The Tokio Reception Committee. 
 
 " The 3d July, iSjgr 
 
 General Grant said: 
 
 " Gentlemen: I am veiy much obliged for this kind 
 reception, and especially for your address. It affords me 
 great pleasure to visit Tokio. I had been some days in 
 Japan, having seen several points of interest in the interior 
 and on the inland sea. I have been gratified to witness the 
 prosperity and advancement of which I had heard so 
 much, and in which my countrymen have taken so deep an 
 interest. I am pleased to hear your kind expressions toward 
 the United States. We have no sentiment there that is not 
 friendly to Japan, that does not wish her prosperity and 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 4S7 
 
 independence, and a continuance on her part of her noble 
 policy. The knowledge that your country is prosperous and 
 advancing is most gratifying to the people of the United 
 States. It is my sincere wish that this friendship may 
 never be broken. For this kind welcome to the capital of 
 Japan I am again very much obliged." 
 
 General Grant's home in Tokio was at the palace of 
 Enriokwan, only a few minutes' ride from the railroad sta- 
 tion. This palace was one of the homes of the Tycoon; it 
 now belongs to the Emperor. If one's ideas of palaces are 
 European, or even American, he will be disappointed with 
 Enriokwan. One soinehow associates a palace with state, 
 splendor, a profusion of color and decoration, with upholstery 
 and marble. There was nothing of this in Enriokwan. 
 The approach to the grounds was by a dusty road that ran 
 by the side of a canal. The canal was sometimes in an 
 oozing condition, and boats were held in the mud. There 
 is a good deal of ceremony in Enriokwan, with the constant 
 coming and going of great people, and no sound is more 
 familiar than the sound of the bugle. Passing a guard 
 house and going down a pebbled way to a low, one-story 
 building with wings, the palace of Enriokwan is reached. 
 Over the door is the chrysanthemum, the Emperor's special 
 flower. The main building is a series of reception rooms, 
 in various styles of decoration, notably Japanese. There 
 are eight different rooms in all. General Grant used the 
 small room to the left of the hall. On ceremonial occasions 
 he used the main saloon, which extended one-half the length 
 of the palace. Here a hundred people could be entertained 
 with ease. This room was a beautiful specimen of Japanese 
 decorative art, and the General never became so fiimiliar with 
 it that there were not constant surprises in the way of color 
 or form or design. Each of these rooms was decorated dif- 
 ferently from the others. The apartinents of General Grant 
 and party were in one wing, the dining-room, billiard room 
 
^SS GENERAI. U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 and apartments of the Japanese officials in attendance in 
 another wing. Around the palace was a verandah, with 
 growing flowers in profusion and swinging lanterns. The 
 beauty of the palace was not in its architecture, which was 
 plain and inexpressive, but in the taste which marked the 
 most minute detail of decoration, and in the arrangement 
 of the grounds. 
 
 Enriokwan is an island. On one side is a canal and 
 embanked walls, on the other side th^ '"cean. Although 
 in an ancient and populous city, surrou..aed by a teeming, 
 busy metropolis, one feels as he passes mto Enriokwan that 
 he is as secure as in a fortress and as secluded as in a 
 forest. The grounds are large, and remarkable for the 
 beauty and finish of the landscape gardening. In the art 
 of gardening Japan excels the world, and the visitors had 
 seen no more attractive specimen than the grounds of 
 Enriokwan. Roads, Hower beds, lakes, bridges, artificial 
 mounds, creeks overhung with sedgy o\-ergrowths, lawns, 
 boats, bowers o\er which vines are trailing, summer houses, 
 all combine to gi^■e comfort to Enriokwan. Sitting on 
 this verandah, under the columns where the General sat 
 every evening, he could look out upon a ripe and perfect 
 landscape, dowered with green. If they walked into the 
 grounds a few minutes they passed a gate — an inner gate, 
 which was locked at night — and came to a lake, on the 
 banks of which is a Japanese summer house. The lake is 
 artificial, and fed from the sea. They crossed a bridge and 
 came to another summer house. Here were two boats tied 
 up, with the imperial chrysanthemum emblazoned on their 
 bows. These are the private boats of the Emperor, and if 
 they care for a pull they can row across and lose themselves 
 in one of the creeks. They ascend a grassy mound, however, 
 not more than forty feet high. Steps are cut in the side of 
 the mound, and when they reach tiie summit thev sec beneath 
 them the waves and before them the ocean. The sea at 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. pSc 
 
 this point forms a bay. When the tides are down and the 
 waves are cahn,* fishermen are seen wading about, seeking 
 shells and shellfish. VV^hen the tides are up, the boats sail 
 near the shore, and sometimes as one is strolling under the 
 trees he can look up and see through the foliage a sail float 
 past him, firm and steady- and bending to the breeze. 
 
 The summer houses hv the lake are worthy of stud}'. 
 Japan has taught the Avorld the beautv of clean, fine grained 
 natural wood, and the fallacy of glass and paint. Nothing 
 coukl be more simple, at the same time more tasteful, than 
 these siunmer houses. It is one room, with grooves for f 
 partition if two rooms should be needed. The floor is cov' 
 ered with a fine, closelv -svoven mat of bamboo strips. Ovei 
 the mat is thrown a rug, in which black and brown pre- 
 dominate. The walls looking out to the lake are a series 
 of frames that can be taken out — lattice work of small 
 squares, covered 'vvith paper. The ceiling is plain, unvar- 
 nished wood. There are a few shelves, with vases, blue 
 and %vhite potter\-, containing growing plants and flowers. 
 There are t\vo tables, and their onlv furniture a large box 
 of gilded lacquer, for stationer\-, and a smaller one, con- 
 taining cigars. These boxes are of exquisite workmanship, 
 and the gold crvsanthemum indicates the imperial owner- 
 ship. This was a tvpe of all the houses that were seen in 
 the palace grounds, not onl\- at Enriokwan, but elsewhere 
 in Japan. It sho^vs taste and econom^". Evervthing about 
 it was \vholes6me and clean, the ^vovkmanship true and 
 minute, with no tawdrj- appliances to distract or ofTend the 
 eye. 
 
 The General's life in Enriokwan \vas verv quiet. The 
 weather had been such that going out during the da}- was 
 a discomfort. During the da^' there \vere ceremonies, calls 
 from Japanese and foreign officials, papers to read, visits to 
 make. If the evening was free, the General had a dinner 
 partv — sometimes small, sometimes large. One night it 
 
# 
 
 49° 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 was the royal Princes, the next the Prime Ministers, on 
 other evenings other Japanese of ranl< and station. Some- 
 times he had Admiral Patterson or officers from the fleet. 
 Sometimes Mr. Bingham and his familj'. Governor Hen- 
 nessy, the British Governor of Hong Kong, was there dur- 
 \ng a part of his stay. General Grant was the guest of the 
 Governor during his residence in Hong Kong, and formed 
 a high opinion of the Governor's genius and character. 
 The Governor was a frequent visitor at Enriokwan, and no 
 man was more welcome to the General. Prince Dati, Mr. 
 Yoshida, and some other Japanese officials, live at Enriok- 
 wan, and formed a part of the General's family. They rep- 
 resented the Emperor, and remained with the General to 
 serve him, and make his stay as pleasant as possible. 
 Nothing could be more considerate or courteous or hos- 
 pitable than the kindness of their Japanese friends. Some- 
 times they had merchants from the bazaars, with all kinds 
 of curious and useful things to sell. But when 'Mr. Borie 
 went home, the reputation of General Grant's party as pur- 
 chasers of curious things fell. Sometimes a fancy for curi- 
 riosities took possession of some of the party, and the result 
 was an afternoon's prowl about the shops in Tokio, and 
 the purchase of a sword or a spear, or a how and arrows. 
 The bazaai-s of Tokio teemed with beautiful works of art, 
 and the temptation to go back laden with achievements in 
 porcelain and laccjuer was too great to be resisted, unless 
 their will was under the control of material influences too 
 sordid to be dwelt upon. 
 
 On July 8, three Princes and Princesses called at the 
 palace and escorted General and Mrs. Grant to one of the 
 Ministers, where a native dance was performed for their 
 amusement. In the evening the grand i-eception, for which 
 great preparations had been made, came off at the College 
 of Engineering. It was the first of three great entertain- 
 ments intended to be given the General in Tokio, for which 
 
TOUR AROUND THK WORLD. 
 
 491 
 
 thirty thousand yen had been subscribed. The weather 
 during the afternoon had been threatening, but, tliough a 
 few drops of rain fell, there was not sufficient to interfere 
 with the brilliant display of Japanese lamps with \vhicli 
 the roadway from the Enriokwan to the college, and the 
 compound of the college, was illuminated. In the com- 
 pound there were six thousand lamps of variegated colors, 
 the majority having the national flags of Japan and America 
 painted on them. At the entrance to the main hall was an 
 arch, composed entirely of lanterns, which \vas a mag- 
 nificent spectacle. The letters " U. S. G.," in green foliage, 
 were suspended in the centre, and the flags of Japan and 
 America, joined together, reached from one side to the 
 other. From the branches of every tree and shrub in the 
 grounds hung lanterns, presenting a most unique and pic- 
 turesque appearance. The hall in which the reception took 
 place was a fine building, capable of holding a thousand 
 or more people comfortably on the ground floor, while the 
 extensive galleries would contain several hundred persons. 
 A more appropriate building for the occasion could not 
 have been found in Tokio. The waiting-room was com- 
 modious and well filled with excellent seats, but rather 
 poorly lighted. It would have been a great improvement 
 if some lamps had been fixed on the walls, and thus have 
 enabled visitors to distinguish their friends easily. The 
 supper room was some distance away from the I'eception 
 hall, and in another building, and the committee had pru- 
 dently provided against any inclemency on the part of the 
 weather by erecting a temporary roof over the whole path- 
 way leading to it. As to the supper itself, little may be 
 said; there was plenty of everything and everything of the 
 best. Shortly after S o'clock the Governor of the Tokio 
 Fu arrived in his carriage, and on alighting courteously 
 saluted every individual in the waiting-room. At 9 o'clock 
 General Grant, iVIrs. Grant, General T. B. Van Buren, 
 
.|92 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Admiral Patterson and several Japanese of distinction left 
 the Enriokwan and arrived at the college in a quarter of an 
 hour. The guest of the evening was conducted to a room 
 up-stairs which had been prepared for him. By this time 
 over a thousand guests had arrived, including princes of the 
 blood, Ministers of the different departments, Japanese 
 naval and military officers, the Foreign Ministers, officers 
 from the Richmond, Monongahela and Ashuelot, and many 
 dl linguished foreigners and native citizens. Soon the 
 secretary of the entertainment committee cleared the way, 
 and soon afterward General Grant entered, leaning on the 
 arm of a Japanese official. Mrs. Grant was under the cai'e 
 of another. The General, Mrs. Grant, Mrs. Hennessy 
 and Japanese Princesses were conducted to the far end of 
 the room, where seats were provided. On a dais at their 
 backs, which was prettily ornamented with flowers and 
 shrubs, were stationed Admiral Patterson, Captain Ben- 
 ham, General Van Buren and several other personages of 
 note. The large hall was crowded with people of all 
 nationalties, dressed in bright and picturesque costumes, 
 making as brilliant a display as any of the kind that had 
 ever taken place in Tokio. 
 
 For over half an hour General and Mrs. Grant stood 
 on their feet to shake hands with and receive the greetings 
 of the people of Tokio. It was warm work while it lasted. 
 The General with one hand returned the grasp of each per- 
 son as he or she passed by, and wiped the perspiration off 
 his brow with the other. The reception being over, a 
 move was made for the supper room, and, a short time 
 afterward, General and Mrs. Grant returned to the Enriok- 
 wan. Many of the guests also returned to their homes 
 about the same time, but others remained to enjoy them- 
 selves. The excellent imperial and military bands, which 
 had been pla\'ing in the grounds all the evening, were 
 brought inside and discoursed alternately. A faint attempt 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 493 
 
 was made to get up a dance, but no spirit was displayed, 
 and it was not persevered with. And so tlnis entertainment 
 came to an end. 
 
 On the 9th, the General was to be received in Yoko- 
 hama. During the forenoon General and Colonel Grant 
 visited the military college in Tokio, and were received by 
 its president. Every branch of the college was carefully 
 examined, and a drill by the cadets witnessed. There were 
 also present a large number of ministers, generals, council- 
 lors of state, and other officials. Three members of the 
 committee of entertainment of Yokohama visited the Gen- 
 eral at the Enriokwan, to conduct him to the evening train. 
 Arriving at the station about nine o'clock, they were re- 
 ceived by the committee and escorted to the town hall, 
 whei"e the reception was held. The principal streets were 
 gaily decorated with lanterns bearing the American and 
 Japanese flags, and along one side of the street leading to 
 the depot were several large dashi, or festival cars, in which 
 native music and pantomime were performed. The town 
 hall was brilliantly illuminated, and the imperial naval band 
 in attendance gave a fine selection of music. After arriving 
 at the hall. General Grant held a reception, which was fol- 
 lowed by exhibitions of native dancing and acting. A well- 
 spread table supplied the inner wants of the guests. The 
 party returned to Tokio by a special train. 
 
 On the loth. General and Mrs. Grant visited the female 
 normal school at Tokio, in company with the acting Min- 
 ister of Education, Mr. Tanaka, Mrs. Tanaka, and several 
 members of the foreign department. On arriving at the 
 school, they were received by the director, Mr. Nakamura, 
 who conducted his visitors to the room where the students 
 were learning their lessons. The General and Mrs. Grant 
 were much pleased with the arrangements, and, having 
 been shown over the various apartments, took their leave 
 and proceeded direct to the educational museum at Uyeno, 
 
494 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 where they were entertained at a banquet. On returning 
 to the Enriokwan, the General walked through the Uj'eno 
 gardens. 
 
 In the afternoon, a number of the reception committee 
 of Yokohama visited the Enriokwan, and were received in 
 the drawing-room of the palace. Admiral Patterson and 
 staff, in full uniform, were present also. After presenting 
 the gentlemen of the committee. General Van Buren said: 
 
 " General Grant, the gentlemen who have just been 
 presented to you are representatives of the foreign com- 
 munity of Yokohama, a community composed of all nation- 
 alities, and gathered from almost every clime. They have 
 commissioned me to greet you in their name, and to bid 
 you welcome to Yokohama whenever you are prepared to 
 honor them with a visit. They are familiar with your his- 
 tory, and believe that the eminent services you have ren- 
 dered your country have, in some sense, been rendered to 
 the world at large, and are entitled to a world's recognition. 
 Appreciating the kind and generous hospitality extended 
 to you by the government and people of Japan, the foreign 
 residents of Yokohama desire an opportunity to meet you 
 in person and to express to you personally their admiration 
 and regard. To this end they propose to have an entertain- 
 ment in the form of a garden party at such time as may 
 suit your convenience, and they will be pleased to receive 
 your assent to the proposition and your acceptance of this 
 most cordial invitation." 
 
 General Grant replied: "I thank the foreign residents 
 of Yokohama most cordially for their kind invitation, 
 which I accept with great pleasure; but it will be impossi- 
 ble for me at present to fix a positive date for the enter- 
 tainment. On the 1 6th instant it is arranged that I go to the 
 mountains, to be gone ten days or two weeks. I expect to 
 be back in Tokio the later part of the month, after which, 
 before I leave Japan, which I now think will be on the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 -195 
 
 27th of August, I am to go north to Hakodate and vicinity. 
 I think it would be safe, ttierefore, to fix the first week in 
 August, or such a day as you may prefer." 
 
 The committee, after taking refreshments, ■were con- 
 ducted about the grounds, which were in excellent order. 
 
 The next day, the party at the palace remained quiet. 
 On the 1 3th, Saturday, what may be styled the " Feast of 
 Lanterns," took place on the Sumida river in Tokio, and 
 was of unusual brilliancy. 
 
 Shortly before eight o'clock, General and Mrs. Grant 
 and Mr. and Mrs. Yoshida in one carriage, Colonel Giant, 
 General T. B. Van Buren, Lieutenant Belknap and Mr. 
 Young in another carriage, left the Enriokwan for the 
 scene of festivities. Mr. Hachiska's residence on the rivei 
 had been fitted up for the reception of the illustrious guest, 
 who was met by the Japanese princes, members of tho 
 ministry, Mr. Mori, Hon. John A. Bingham, Miss Bmg- 
 ham, Mr. and Mrs. Hennessy (the latter astonished the na, 
 tives by appearing -in Japanese costume, and, when asked 
 why she was so dressed, replied that it was not only con- 
 venient to wear Japanese clothing in hot weather, but sh(i 
 also wore it out of respect to Japan), and several others who 
 were invited. In the locality of the house were several 
 foreigners who had not been fortunate enough to be among 
 the invited, but who were glad to have the privilege of 
 obtaining a good view without being crushed in the 
 crovi^d. 
 
 The streets and the Riogoku-bashi were thronged with 
 visitors, and it was a pretty sight when seen to advantage. 
 The river was ablaze with red and white lanterns, which, 
 together with an almost incessant display of fireworks, 
 formed such a brilliant spectacle as beggars description on 
 paper. General and Mrs. Grant were delighted. They 
 had never seen anything of the kind before, and the Gen- 
 
496 GEJIERAI. U. S. grant's 
 
 eral expressed his opinion that he never expected to see 
 such an interesting and beautiful illumination again. 
 
 At ten o'clock Mr. Hachiska's guests partook of a sump- 
 tuous repast, which had been provided ; shortly afterward a 
 terrific shower, such as occasionally bursts over this part ot 
 fapan, almost totally extinguished the illumination. The 
 rain poured down in torrents, so that even passengers by 
 the train could not shut it out of the carriages. As for 
 the immense congregation of people on the bridges and in 
 the streets, they were drenched in a few seconds. A rush 
 was made for shelter, but no shelter was to be found, and 
 the crowd surged backward and forward in a bewildered 
 state for the space of half an hour. The same state of con- 
 fusion prevailed among the boats. The rain put nearly all 
 lights out, boats collided one with the other, and the shouts 
 of the sendoes only made "confusion worse confounded." 
 When the rain ceased, the majority of speculators had had. 
 their ardor sufficiently dampened to induce them to make 
 for their homes, as speedily as jinrikisl^as could take them, 
 which was not very fast, certainly. Every now and then 
 a whole streetful of these vehicles would be blocked up, 
 unable to move for several minutes. 
 
 About eleven o'clock General Grant and his party 
 returned to the Enriokwan. 
 
 On July 4 occurred the reception by the Emperor at his 
 palace. The hour for the reception was two o'clock in the 
 afternoon. General Grant invited several of his naval 
 friends to accompany him. The palace of the Emperor 
 was a long distance from the home of the General. Their 
 drive led them through the damios quarter and through 
 the gates of the city. 
 
 The impression a foreigner gets ot Tokio is that it is a 
 city ot walls and canals. The walls are crude and solid, 
 surrounded by moats. In the early days of pikemen and 
 sword bearers, there could not have been a more effective 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 497 
 
 defense. After crossing a dozea or more bridges in the 
 course of the drive to the palace of the Emperor, they ar- 
 rived at a modest arched gateway. Soldiers were drawn up, 
 and the band played "Hail Columbia." The carriages 
 drove on past one or two modest buildings, and drew up in 
 front of another modest building, on the steps of which the 
 Prime Minister, Iwakaura was standing. The General and 
 party descended, and were cordially welcomed and escorted 
 up a narrow stairway into an ante-room. The home of the 
 Emperor was as simple as that of a country gentleman at 
 home. There are many country gentlemen with felicitous 
 investments in petroleum and silver who would disdain the 
 home of a prince who claims direct descent from heaven, 
 and whose line extends far beyond the Christian era. 
 What marked the house was its simplicity and taste. One 
 looks for splendor, for the grand — at least the grandoise — 
 for some royal whim like the holy palace near the Escu- 
 rial, which cost millions, or like Versailles, whose cost is 
 among the eternal mysteries. Here we are in a suite of 
 plain rooms, the ceilings of wood, the walls decorated with 
 natural scenery, the furniture sufficient but not crowded, 
 and exquisite in style and finish. There is no pretense of 
 architectural emotion. The rooms are large, airy, with a 
 sense of summer about them, which grows stronger as seen 
 out of the window and down the avenues of trees. The 
 General was told that the grounds are spacious and fine, 
 even for Japan, and that his Majesty, who rarely goes out- 
 side of his palace grounds, takes what recreation he needs 
 within the walls. 
 
 The palace is a low building, one or at most two stories 
 in height. They do not build high walls in Japan, and 
 especially in Tokio, where earthquakes are ordinary inci- 
 dents, and the first question to consider in building up is 
 how far you can fall. The party entered a room where all 
 the ministers were assembled. The Japanese Cabinet is a 
 
49^ GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 famous body, and tested by laws of physiognomy would 
 compare with that of any cabinet ever seen. Tine Prime 
 Minister is a striking character. He is small, slender, with 
 an almost girl-Hke figure, delicate, clean cut, v^^inning fea- 
 tures, a face that might be that of a boy of twenty or a 
 man of fifty. The Prime Minister reminded the visitors 
 of Alexander H. Stephens in his frail, slender frame, but it 
 bloomed with health, and lacked the sad, pathetic lines 
 which tell of the years of suffering which Stephens has 
 endured. The other Ministers looked like strong, able 
 men. Iwakura had a striking face, with lines showing firm- 
 ness and decision, and they saw the scar v^'hich marked the 
 attempt of the assassin to cut him down and slay him, as 
 Okubo, the greatest of Japanese statesmen, was slain not 
 man}' months ago. That assassination made as deep an 
 impression in Japan as the killing of Lincoln did in 
 America. The spot where the murder was done was seen 
 on the way to the palace, and the Japanese friend who 
 pouited it out spoke in low tones of sorrow and affection, 
 and said the crime there committed had been an irreparable 
 loss to Japan. 
 
 A lord in waiting, heavily braided, with a uniform that 
 Louis XIV. would not have disliked in "^^ersailles, came 
 came softly in, and made a signal, leading the way. The 
 General and Mrs. Grant, escorted by Mr. Bingham, and 
 their retinue, followed. The General and the Mniister 
 were in evening dre.-s. The naval officers were in full 
 uniform, Colonel Grant wearing the uniform of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. They walked along a' short passage and entered 
 another room, at the farther end of which were standing 
 the Emperor and Empress. Two ladies in waiting were 
 near them in a sitting, what appeared to be a crouching, 
 attitude. Two other princesses were standing. These 
 appeared to be the only occupants of the room. The Gen- 
 eral and party slowly advanced, the Japanese making a 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 499 
 
 profound obeisance, bending the hcRid almost to a right 
 angle with the body. The ro^'al princes fonned in line near 
 the EiTiperor, along with the princesses. The Emperor 
 stood quite motionless, apparently unobservant or uncon- 
 scious of the homage that was paid him. He was a young 
 man with a slender figure, taller than the average Japan- 
 ese, and of about the middle height. He had a striking 
 face, with a mouth and lips that reminded one somewhat of 
 the traditional mouth of the Hapsburg family. The fore- 
 head was full and narrow, the hair and the light mustache 
 and beard intensely black. The color of the hair darkened 
 what otherwise might pass for a swarthy countenance at 
 home. The face expressed no feeling whatever, and but 
 for the dark, glowing eye, which was bent full upon the 
 General, ore might have taken the Imperial group for 
 statues. The Empress, at his side, Avore the Japanese 
 costume, rich and plain. Her face was very white, and her 
 form slender and almost childlike. Her hair was combed 
 plainly and braided with a gold arrow. The Emperor and 
 Empress had agreeable faces, the Emperor especially show- 
 ing firmness and kindness. The solemn etiquette that per- 
 vaded the audience chamber was peculiar, and might 
 appear strange to those familiar with the stately but cordial 
 manners of a European court. But one must remember 
 that the Emperor holds so high and so sacred a place in the 
 traditions, the religion, and the political system of Japan, 
 that even this ceremony is so far in advance of anything of 
 the kind ever known in Japan that it might be called a 
 revolution. The Emperor, for instance, as the group was 
 formed, advanced and shook hands with the General. This 
 seems a trivial thing, but such an incident ^vas never known 
 in the history of Japanese majesty. Many of these details 
 may appear small, but our party were in the presence of an 
 old and romantic civilization, slowly giving way to the 
 fierce, feverish pressure of European ideas, and one can 
 
500 GENERAL ^U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 only note the change tn those incidents which would be 
 unnoticed in other lands. The incident of the Emperor of 
 Japan advancing toward General Grant and shaking 
 hands, becomes a historic event of consequence. The 
 manner of the Emperor was constrained, almost awkward, 
 the manner of a man doing a thing for the first time, and 
 trying to do it as well as possible. After he had shaken 
 hands with the General he returned to his place, and stood 
 with 'his hand resting on his sword, looking on at the 
 brilliant, embroidered, gilded company, as though uncon- 
 scious of their presence. Mr. Bingham advanced and 
 bowed, and received just the fiuntest nod in recognition. 
 The other members of the party were each presented by 
 the Minister, and each one, standing about a dozen feet 
 from the Emperor, stood and bowed. Then the General 
 and Mrs. Grant were presented to the princesses, each 
 party bowing to the other in silence. The Emperor then 
 made a signal to one of the noblemen, who advanced. 
 The Emperor spoke to him a few moments in a low tone, 
 the nobleman standing with bowed head. When the 
 Emperor had finished, the nobleman advanced to the Gen- 
 eral, and said he was commanded by His Majesty to read 
 him the following address : 
 
 " Your name has been known to us for a long time, and 
 we are highly gratified to see you. While holding the high 
 office of President of the United States you extended 
 toward our countrymen especial kindness and courtesy. 
 When our ambassador, Iwakura, visited the United States, 
 he received the greatest kindness from you. The kindness 
 thus shown by you has always been remembered by us. 
 In your travels around the world you have reached this 
 country, and our people of all classes feel gratified and 
 happy to receive you. We trust that during your sojourn 
 in our country you may find much to enjoy. It gives me 
 sincere *ileasure to receive vou. and we aye esDecisliy sjrati- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 501 
 
 fied that we have been able to do so on the anniversary of 
 American independence. We congratulate you, also, on 
 the occasion." 
 
 This address was read in English. At its close, General 
 Grant said : 
 
 "Your Majesty: I am very grateful for the welcome 
 you accord me here to-day, and for the great kindness with 
 which I have been received, ever since I came to Japan, by 
 your government and your people. I recognize in this a 
 feeling of friendship toward my country. I can assure you 
 that this feeling is reciprocated by the United States; that 
 our people, without regard to party, take the deepest inter- 
 est in all that concerns Japan, and have the warmest wishes 
 for her welfare. I am happy to be able to express that 
 sentiment. America is your next neighbor, and will always 
 give Japan sympathy and support in her efforts to advance. 
 I again thank Your Majesty for your hospitality, and wish 
 you a long and happy reign, and for j'our people prosperity 
 and independence." 
 
 At the conclusion of this address, which was extempore, 
 the lord advanced and translated it to His Majesty. Then 
 the Emperor made a sign, and said a few words to the 
 nobleman. He came to the side of Mrs. Grant and said 
 the Empress had commanded him to translate the following 
 address : 
 
 " I congratulate you upon your safe arrival after your 
 long journey. I presume you have seen very many inter- 
 esting places. I fear you will find many things uncom- 
 fortable here, because the customs of the country are so 
 different from other countries. I hope you will prolong 
 your stay in Japan, and that the present warm days may 
 occasion you no inconvenience." 
 
 Mrs. Grant, pausing a moment, said in a low, conversa- 
 tional tone of voice, with animation and feeling: 
 
 " I thank you very much. I have visited many coun- 
 
502 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 tries, and have seen many beautiful places, but I have seen 
 none so beautiful or so charming as Japan." 
 
 The reception ceremonies over, our party returned to 
 their home at the palace Enriokv^^an. 
 
 All day during the Fourth, visitors poured in on the 
 General. The reception of so many distinguished states- 
 men and officials reminded one of state occasions at the 
 White House. Princes of the imperial family, princesses, 
 the members of the Cabinet and citizens and high officials, 
 naval officers. Ministers and Consuls, all came; and car- 
 riages were constantly coming and going. In the evening 
 there was a party at one of the suminer gardens, given by 
 the American residents in honor of the Fourth of July. 
 The General arrived at half-past eight and was presented 
 to the American residents by Mr. Bingham, the Minister. 
 At the close of the presentation, Mr. Bingham made a brief 
 but singularly eloquent address. Standing in front of the 
 General, and speaking in a low, measured tone of voice, 
 scarcely above conversational pitch, the Minister, after 
 words of welcoine, said : 
 
 "In common with all Americans, we are not unmindful 
 that in the supreme moment of our national trials, when 
 our heavens were filled with darkness, and our habitations 
 were filled with dead, you stood with our defenders in the 
 forefront of the conflict, and with them amid the consum- 
 ing fires of battle achieved the victory vv^hich brought 
 deliverance to our imperiled countrj'. To found a great 
 coinmonwealth, or to save from overthrow a great com- 
 monwealth already founded, is considered to be the greatest 
 of human achievements. If it was not your good fortune to 
 aid Washington, the first of Americans and the foremost 
 of men, and his peerless associates, in founding the Repub- 
 lic, it was given to you above all others to aid in the no 
 less honorable work of saving the Republic from over- 
 throw." Mr. Bingham continued his speech, saying: 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 503 
 
 "Now that the sickle has fallen from the pale hand of 
 Death on the field of mortal combat, and the places which 
 but yesterday were blackened and blasted by war have 
 grown green and beautiful under the hand of peaceful toil; 
 now that the Republic, one and undivided, is covered with 
 the greatness of justice, protecting each by the combined 
 power of all, men of every land, of every tongue; the 
 world, appreciating the fact that your civic and military 
 services largely contributed to these results, so essential not 
 only to the interests of our own country but to the interests 
 of the human race, have accorded to 3'ou such honors as 
 never before within the range of authentic history have 
 been given to a living, untitled and unofficial person. I 
 may venture to say that this grateful recognition of your 
 services will not be limited to the present generation or 
 the present age, but will continue through all ages. In 
 conclusion, I beg leave again to bid you welcome to Japan, 
 and to express the wish that in health and prosperity you 
 may return to your native land, the land which we all love 
 so well." 
 
 In response, General Grant said : 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: I am unable to answer 
 the eloquent speech of Judge Bingham, as it is in so many 
 senses personal to myself. I can only thank him for his 
 too flattering allusions to me personally and the duty 
 devolving on me during the late war. We had a great 
 war. We had a trial that summoned forth the energies 
 and patriotism of all our people — in the army alone over a 
 million. In awarding credit for the success that crowned 
 those efforts, there is not one in that million, not one among 
 the living or the dead, who did not do his share as I did 
 mine, and who does not deserve as much credit. It fell to 
 my lot to command the armies. There were many others 
 who could have commanded the armies better. But I did 
 my best, and we all did our best, and in the fact that it was 
 
504 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 a struggle on the part of the people for the Union, for the 
 country, for a country for themselves and their children, we 
 have the best assurances of peace, and the best reasons for 
 gratification over the result. We are strong and free 
 because the people made us so. I trust we may long con- 
 tinue so. I think we have no issues, no questions that need' 
 give us embarrassment. I look forward to peace, to gene- 
 rations of peace, and with peace prosperity. I never felt 
 more confident of the future of our country. It is a great 
 country — a great blessing to us — and we cannot be too 
 proud of it, too zealous for its honor, too anxious to develop 
 its resources, and make it not only a home for our children, 
 but for the worthy people of other lands. I am glad to 
 meet you here, and I trust that your labors will be prosper- 
 ous, and that you will return home in health and happiness. 
 I trust we may all meet again at home, and be able to 
 celebrate our Fourth of July as pleasantly as we do to- 
 night." 
 
 Dr. McCartee, who presided, made a short address, pro- 
 posing as a toast, "The Day We Celebrate." To this 
 General Van Buren made a patriotic and ringing response, 
 making amusing references to Fourth of July celebrations 
 at home, and paying a tribute to the character and military 
 career of General Grant. General Van Buren's address 
 was loudly applauded, as were also other speeches of a pat- 
 riotic character. There were fireworks and feasting, and, 
 after the General and Mrs. Grant retired, which they did 
 at midnight, there was dancing. It was well on to the 
 morning before the members of the American colony in 
 Tokio grew weary of celebrating the anniversary of our 
 Declaration of Independence. 
 
 On the morning of July 7, General Grant reviewed the 
 army of Japan. Great preparations had been made to 
 have it in readiness, and . all Tokio was out to see the 
 pageant. The review of the army by the Emperor in 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 505 
 
 itself is an event that causes a sensation. But the review 
 of the army by the Emperor and the General was an event 
 which had no precedent in the Japanese history. The 
 hour for the review was nine, and at half past eight the 
 clatter of horsemen and the sound of bugles was heard in 
 the palace grounds. In a few moments the Emperor's 
 state carriage drove up, the drivers in scarlet livery, and 
 the panels decorated with the imperial flower, the chrysan- 
 themum. General Grant entered, accompanied by Prince 
 Dati, and the cavalry formed a hollow square, and their 
 procession moved on to the field at a slow pace. A drive 
 of twenty minutes brought them to the parade ground, a 
 large open plain, the soldiers in line, and behind the soldiers 
 a dense mass of people — men, women and children. As 
 the General's procession slowly turned into the parade 
 ground, a group of Japanese officers rode up and saluted, 
 the band played " Hail Columbia," and the soldiers pre- 
 sented arms. .Two tents had been arranged for the recep- 
 ception of the guests. In the larger of the two were 
 assembled officers of state, representatives of foreign powers, 
 Governor Hennessy, of Hong Kong, all in bright, glowing 
 uniforms. The smallet tent was for the Emperor. When 
 the General dismounted, he was met by the Minister of 
 war and escorted into the smaller tent. In a few minutes 
 the trumpets gave token that the Emperor was coming, and 
 the band played the Japanese national air. His Majesty 
 was in a state carriage, surrounded with horsemen and 
 accompanied by one of his Cabinet. As the Emperor 
 drove up to the tent. General Grant advanced to the car- 
 riage steps and shook hands with him, and they entered and 
 remained a few minutes in conversation. 
 
 At the close of the review, General Grant and party 
 drove off the ground in state, and were taken to the Shila 
 palace. This palace is near the sea, and, as the grounds 
 3re beautiful aiid attractive, it was thought best that the 
 
co6 GENERAL U. S. GHANt's • 
 
 breakfast to be given to General Grant by His Majesty 
 should take place here. The Emperor received the Gen- 
 eral and party in a large, plainly furnished room, and led 
 the way to another room, where the table w^as set. The 
 decorations of the table were sumptuous and royal. Gen- 
 eral Grant sat on one side of the Emperor, whose place 
 was in the centre. Opposite was Mrs. Grant, who sat 
 next to Prince Arinagawa, the nearest lelative to the Em- 
 peror, and the Commander-in-Chief of the army. The 
 guests, in addition to the General's party, were as follows: 
 Her Imperial Highness Princess Aimayaura, their Impe- 
 rial Highnesses Prince and Princess Higashi Fushimi, Mr. 
 Saujo, Prime Minister; Mr. Iwakura, Junior Prime Min- 
 ister; Mr. Okunea, Finance Minister; Mr. Oki, Minister 
 of Justice; Mr. Terasnuna, Minister of Foreign Affairs; 
 Mr. Ite, Home Minister; Lieutenant-General Yamagata, 
 Lieutenant-General Kuroda, Minister of Colonization; 
 Lieutenant-General Saigo, Minister of War;. Vice- Admiral 
 Kawamusa, Minister of Marine; Mr. Inonye, Minister of 
 Public Works; Mr. Tokadaifi, Minister of the Imperial 
 Household; Mr. Mori, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs; 
 Mr. Yoshida, Envoy to the United States; Mr. Sagi, Vice- 
 Minister of the Imperial Household; Mr. Yoshie, Chief 
 Chamberlain; Mr. Bojo, Master of Ceremonies; Prince 
 Hachisuka, Prince Dati, Mr. Insanmi Naboshima, Mr. 
 Bingham, and Mrs. Bingham; Ho-a-Chang, the Chinese 
 Minister; Mr. Mariano Alvaray, Spanish Charge d' Af- 
 faires; Baron Rozen, Russian Charge d'Affaires; M. de 
 Balloy, French Charge d'Affaires; Governor Pope Hen- 
 nessy, and Mrs. Hennessy. 
 
 The Emperor conversed a great deal with General 
 Grant through Mr. Yoshida, and also Governor Hennessy. 
 His Majesty expressed a desire to have a private and 
 friendly conference with the General, which it was ar- 
 ranged should take place after the General's return from 
 
V TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 507 
 
 Nikko. The feast lasted for a couple of hours, and the 
 view from the table was charming. Beneath the window 
 was a lake, and the banks were bordered with grass and 
 trees. Cool winds came from the sea, and, although in the 
 heart of a grer.t capital, they were as secluded as in a forest. 
 At the close of the breakfast, cigars were brought, and the 
 company adjourned to another room. Mrs. Grant had a 
 long conversation with the princesses, and was charmed 
 with their grace, their accomplishments, their simplicity, 
 and their quiet, refined Oiiental beauty. At three o'clock 
 the imperial party withdrew, and the guests drove home 
 to their palace by the sea. 
 
 Entertainments in honor of General Grant were con- 
 stantly occupying public attention. He visited the various 
 colleges, and pronounced the cadets of the military school 
 as promising a body as any seen by him in Europe. He 
 witnessed the annual ceremony of the opening of the 
 principal river of Tokio, which consisted of a brilliant night 
 congregation of illuminated boats, and the most successful 
 of all displays in his honor, a theatrical performance, 
 especially prepared. 
 
 On July 17, General Grant and party went to the shrine 
 of lyeyasu, the founder of the great Tokugausa family, at 
 Nikko, a famous and sacred resort one hundred miles in 
 the interior. After spending nearly three weeks, enjoying 
 a delightful time, the General returned to the capital, and 
 started on a new excursion to Kamakara, the ancient seat 
 of military government, and its neighborhood, and in the 
 mountain range of Hakone. 
 
 General Grant returned to Tokio, August 19th. During 
 his stay at Tokio he was visited by the Mikado, who con- 
 sulted on many important points of international policy, 
 and to some extent of domestic policy. The confidence 
 and reliance manifested by the government and people 
 were unprecedented. 
 
to8 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 General Grant found himself burdened with unexpect- 
 ed questions in relation to Eastern policy. During his visit 
 to North China both Prince Kung and the Viceroy, L. 
 Hang Chang, laid before him their side of the Loochoo 
 controversy, asking him to use his influence w^ith Japan to 
 prevent a serious misunderstanding between the two Em- 
 pires. The General is believed to have replied that the other 
 side would doubtless express themselves as strongly from 
 their standpoint when heard, and, though a rupture would 
 be lamented by all observers, he did not see that he had 
 any right to interfere. The Japanese authorii^ss on hearing 
 this took great pains to prepare a documentary vindication 
 of their claims, which was submitted for the ex-President's 
 inspection by the Cabinet. This appearance of over- 
 anxiety does not commend itself strongly to spectators 
 generally, Japan's supremacy over the Loochoo Islands 
 being so plainly defined and thoroughly established as to 
 need no superfluous demonstration. But the circumstances 
 are interesting as showing the weight attached to General 
 Grant's influence and the favorable view taken of that 
 gentleman by both governments. 
 
 General Grant had now reached the end of his journey 
 and stay in Japan. He had been nearly two months with- 
 in her Empire; had witnessed the most enthusiastic and 
 the most spontaneou^ demonstrations of his trip, from first 
 to last; he had been accorded inore privileges such as no 
 other ruler or potentate had ever enjoyed. 
 
 After exchanging a series of formal visits, and a delight-' 
 ful round of dinners, receptions and entertainments, the 
 General and party embarked from Yokohama on board the • 
 steamer Tokio, September 3, for the United States. 
 There were men-of-war of various nations in the harbor, 
 each of which manned their yards and fired salutes of fare- 
 well. For half an hour the bay rang with the roar of 
 cannon, and was clouded with smoke. The scene was 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 5II 
 
 wonderfully grand — the roar of cannon, the clouds of 
 smoke wandering off over the waters, the stately, noble 
 vessels streaming with flags, the yards manned with sea- 
 men, the guards on deck, the officers in full uniform 
 gathered on the quarter-deck to salute the General as he 
 passed, the music and the cheers which came from the 
 ships, the crowds that clustered upon the wharfs, all formed 
 a sight that once seen can never be forgotten. To the 
 General and party this enthusiastic demonstration will ever 
 be recalled with grateful remembrance, and was a fitting 
 climax of his now historical " tour around the world." 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT'S RETURN. 
 
 After an absence of over two years, General Grant is 
 on his way back to the United States, having sailed from 
 Tokio on September 3, 1S79, and will reach San Francisco 
 about the 2 1 St. During this period he has visited almost every 
 European capital, and has seen with his own eyes the peo- 
 ple of every nation. Everywhere — in England, Ireland 
 and Scotland, in France and Germany, Italy and Austria, 
 in Switzerland, as in Sweden and Denmark, Russia and 
 Egypt, as in India and Siam, China and Japan — he 
 has been welcomed by rulers and people alike, in a manner 
 and with a splendor and fervor of hospitality which have 
 rightly been felt, by the mass of the American people, as 
 not merely a compliment to the General and ex-President, 
 but as a gratifying evidence of good will toward us as a 
 people. It is not pleasant to reflect that, while he was thus 
 received and honored abroad, here at home there have not 
 )een wanting carping critics who indulged in petty fault 
 inding with his conduct, as though they were jealous of 
 the honors paid him — fortunately for our credit as Ameri- 
 cans, liowever, tliis carping spirit has not been general. The 
 public sense of propriety has frowned it down. It would have 
 been more gracious and more creditable to our people had 
 there been no such criticism and fault finding. While 
 General Grant was President, he was, as every man in 
 public office is, the subject of comment; his acts were the 
 proper objects of criticism. But when he laid down the 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 513 
 
 presidential office and retired to private life — it has always 
 been thought and held that he ceased to be, in any proper 
 sense, a subject of adverse public comment. When he 
 went abroad it was, as is well known, in pursuance of a 
 design he had long entertained, and which he would earlier 
 have accomplished had not public duties detained him at 
 home. That he was received with extraordinary honors 
 everywhere in Europe and Asia was due not only to the 
 exalted positions he had filled, but to the world-wide ap- 
 preciation of the fact that under his skillful and vigorous 
 command the greatest war of modern times had been 
 brought to a successful conclusion, and the security and in- 
 tegrity of the American Union assured. His reception by 
 people and rulers abroad was thus a token of universal 
 good will, not merely toward the General, but toward the 
 nation of which he was one of the chief citizens, and it 
 was not a gracious act in any American to raise his voice 
 in criticism of General Grant or of the honors showered 
 on him. 
 
 The friends of General Grant viewed with alarm and 
 disgust certain officious preparations ostentatiously making 
 here for his welcome home. The plan of a monster excur- 
 sion under the auspices of notorious politicians, when they 
 were to furnish tickets to the Pacific coast and return for 
 twenty-five dollars — fully expecting that fifty thousand 
 persons would embrace the ppportunity to witness the 
 General's reception — and the ill advised motions of other 
 politicians, in the New York and Pennsylvania Legislat- 
 ures, in the same direction, were in the worst possible taste; 
 and it is believed that none of the real friends of General 
 Grant took any part in them, but tried to discourage them 
 in every way. It was as an American, and not as a Re- 
 publican politician, that General Grant received his spon- 
 taneous, honorable and gratifying welcome in every foreign 
 land that he visited; and it is as an American, and not as 
 
514 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 a Republican politician, that we are confident he desires to 
 be welcomed home. Hence, as before written, the politicians 
 ought to be made to keep their hands off. Their help and 
 management are not needed to secure the General a rous- 
 ing and real welcome from his countrymen. Their officious 
 interference, which looked as though the)- feared that with- 
 out their manipulations the General might not be well 
 received, was an offense to him, and, if it had been per- 
 severed in, could not tail to place him in a painful and 
 even ridiculous position. Commenting on this intended 
 hippodrome performance, the Utica (N. Y.) Herald said: 
 " Manufactured enthusiasm is always ridiculous; and it 
 will be easy to make the reception of General Grant ridic- 
 ulous in the eyes of the American people. When the late 
 Secretary Seward returned from a similar trip abroad, 
 where he was greeted with honors hardly less generous 
 than those extended to Grant, he had a welcome to his 
 home in Auburn, which made a profound impression upon 
 the country, for there was visible in it the sincere personal 
 esteem of his friends and neighbors, and the suspicion of 
 an ulterior purpose did not enter. Somewhat similar ought 
 to be the welcome extended to the first public man of the 
 United States who has made the tour of the world since 
 William H. Seward returned. We believe that General 
 Grant himself will be least pleased with a grand reception. 
 He is singularly averse to the blare and glamour of care- 
 fully arranged demonstrations. Notwithstanding his 
 remarkable public experiences, he has retained that sim- 
 plicity of taste and habit which distinguished him in the 
 days of his obscurity. He hates the formalitv of a demon- 
 stration. He has suffered more annoyance, we dare say, 
 from the excessive formality under which he has been com- 
 pelled to make his travels, than from an\- other cause. 
 He hates speech making, for he has sense enough to know 
 that he is not felicitous at it. It would not be surprising if 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 5'5 
 
 the ex-President's antipathj' to parade led him to positively 
 interdict any such uproar over his return as has been out- 
 lined." 
 
 The Cincinnati Star said, speaking of the same sub- 
 ject: "There is not the least probability that General 
 Grant will end his voyage around the world by allowing 
 himself to be used as a side-show to a circus on wheels. 
 The cheap excursion mania is veiy strong among the Amer- 
 ican people, whether it be to visit some famous natural 
 scenery, to attend a horse race, or see a two-headed babj'; 
 and a band of speculators ha\'e lately learned how to make 
 money out of this tendency, in the American beehive, to 
 swarm during the hot months of summer. It is assumed 
 as quite certain that General Gi^ant will give the cold 
 shoulder to anj' such ovation as this contemplated, and that 
 he will have both sense and monej^ enough to remain 
 quietly in San Francisco until the locust-like storm shall 
 blow over, and the tired and disgusted excursionists seek 
 their homes." 
 
 There is not an admirer or friend of General Grant 
 who wants to see the General's return made a sort of hip- 
 podrome performance, exactly the reverse of, the compli- 
 ments paid to him abroad. The object of foreign nations 
 and governments in honoring him was to pay a compli- 
 ment to the American people, whom lie in a certain sense 
 represented; but the object of this excursion, and of the 
 more recent political movements in legislature, was only to 
 glorify him as a party man, and a possible party candidate; 
 and to place him under obligation beforehand to the poli- 
 titians who would rush forward to capture him as he 
 landed; and to exhibit him through the country as their 
 prey, in a manner which would leave the managers open to 
 ridicule and make a burlesque of his whole journey. 
 
 There was really no danger or fear that the General's 
 real and respectable friends would allow him to become a 
 
5l6 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 victim of such people. That he will receive a warm and 
 universal welcome from his countrymen there is no doubt, 
 and he deserves it; but it will not be managed by self-seek- 
 ing and designing politicians. It will be a spontaneous, 
 hearty, unsolicited welcome from the American people. 
 His friends would prefer to see him make the journey from 
 the Pacific shores to his home in Philadelphia, as he will, 
 doubtless, prefer himself, with entire avoidance of ostenta- 
 tion, like a great and eminent, but nevertheless a plain, 
 citizen returning to his native land after a visit to foreign 
 countries. It would be ungracious in him to deny his fel- 
 low-citizens a sight of him, and he has now come to that 
 age where traveling by easy stages, instead of rushing 
 through on lightning express, 15 for his comfort and that 
 of Mrs. Grant. He will find in the 'principal Western 
 cities man)' of his old, persona! friends, who will desire to 
 once more shake his hand. In a natur.al way — without 
 the distasteful management of tricksters and politicians — 
 the General can see and be seen by the greater part of the 
 countrv, and he will receive everywhere the warmest wel- 
 come an admiring and hospitable people can give him. No 
 sensible man doubts that General Grant's name and fame 
 are dear to every true American, or that he ranks in all 
 hearts as the foremost American citizen of the day. His' 
 great and long services to the Union have secured to him 
 the lasting, and indeed the increasing, gratitude and admi- 
 ration of the people. His sterling qualities of honesty and 
 clear common sense ; his patriotic love for his countiy's 
 welfare, and desire for the success of our institutions; his 
 severe and arduous, and often thankless public service; the 
 pathetic manner in ^vhich, on several occasions, he has pub- 
 licly confessed his mistakes while asserting his good inten- 
 tions; — all these are known to and valued by the people, 
 and it is a sure evidence that, though he was, while Presi- 
 dent, the subject of hostile and often acrimonious criticism, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 517 
 
 no sooner did he leave the (to him) unhappy pohtics, than 
 all ill-will disappeared, and he resumed, as of right, his 
 high place in the affectionate regards of his fellow-citizens, 
 without regard to party. He returns home from a long 
 journey in foreign parts, at every stage of which the hon- 
 ors which have been paid him by eminent persons of all 
 classes have been watched with pleasure by the whole 
 American people; but the most distinguished honors of his 
 life remain, and will be found in the spontaneous welcome 
 hoine of his fellow-citizens. To them, now, he occupies 
 a quite peculiar position ; for, whatever designing politicians 
 may propose, to the people he is a citizen who has hon- 
 orably and laboriously fulfilled his term of faithful public 
 service, and whom, for the rest of his life, they will regard, 
 not as a partisan, not as the candidate of or even a mem- 
 ber of a part}', but as one raised above party, and who, liv- 
 ing in such privacy as such eminence as his can secure, will 
 be, while he lives, the trusted adviser of all administra- 
 tions. As a private citizen, the most illustrious and the 
 most trusted of the Republic, he will rise constantly higher 
 in the general esteem and affection, and it will be the de- 
 light of all Americans to guard and honor his declining 
 years. But to re-enter now the ar^na of partisan politics 
 would be to imperil his great reputation ; to weaken the 
 hold he has on the hearts of the people; to descend to the 
 level of common men — a descent into the mire from an 
 elevation rarely attained by any man in history. Those 
 who would tempt him to his fall are not his friends, but his 
 worst and most dangerous enemies. 
 
 The recent statement made by Rear Admiral Ammen in 
 regard to General Grant's intentions for the future definitely 
 removes the latter from the political field. Admiral 
 Ammen's statement is entitled to much reliance for several 
 reasons. The Admiral himself is a loan of high character, 
 who would not make so important an assertion without 
 
^l8 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 considering himself sure of the facts; he has been on terms 
 of close personal intimacy with Grant during life; the 
 circumstances related by the Admiral bear internal evidence 
 of the correctness of his conclusion; and, finally, General 
 Grant's disinclination to be a " third-term " candidate for 
 the Presidency is confirmed by others in a position to know 
 his sentiments. Among the evidences of this determination 
 is General Grant's reply to Li Hung Chang, the Viceroy 
 of Tientsin, when the latter expressed the hope that his 
 visitor would again become President of the United States. 
 Grant's words on that occasion were as follows: 
 
 " Your Excellency is very kind, but there could be no 
 wish more distateful to me than what you express. I have 
 held the office of President as long as it has ever been held 
 by any man. There are others who have risen to great dis- 
 tinction at home, and who have earned the honor, who are 
 worthy, and to them it belongs, and not to me. I have no 
 claims to the office. It is a place distasteful to me, a place 
 of hardshijD and responsibilities. When I was a younger 
 man these hardships were severe and never agreeable. 
 They would be worse now. No man who knows what 
 the Presidency imposes would care to see a friend in the 
 office. I have had my*hare of it, — have had all the hon- 
 ors that can be or should be given to any citizen, and there 
 are many able and distinguished men who have earned the 
 office. To one of them it should be given." 
 
 General Grant could not have chosen language more 
 emphatically declaring his disinclination to be a candidate 
 without being actually oflfensive to the American people, 
 and there is no reason why his word should not be accepted 
 as honestly conveying the meaning which they imply. 
 
 The Hon. E. B. Washburne has also contributed addi- 
 tional confirmation of Grant's purpose through a private 
 letter from Grant, written still more recently, in which the 
 latter declares that he cannot conceive any possible circum- 
 
■-,^t.- -:' T_% 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 519 
 
 Stances which could induce him to consent to be a candi- 
 date. Both General Grant's best friends and his most 
 uncompromising opponents accept the declination as final; 
 among the former may be classed Mn George W. Chiids, 
 of Philadelphia, and among the latter Mr. Murat Halstead, 
 of Cincinnati. Mr. Chiids says that Grant's recent de- 
 clarations comport with his private utterances several months 
 ago, and he has no doubt that they express Grant's real 
 sentiments. Mr. Halstead also reports Grant as talking in 
 the same way when both were in Paris, and he believes 
 the ex-President to be sincere. Indeed, there Is no doubt 
 that Grant has repeatedly given expression to his desire 
 and purpose lo retire from public life, and there is no good 
 reason to disci'edit his sincerity. Admiral Ammen affirms 
 positively that the General will take the Presidency of the 
 American Nicaragua Inter-Ocean Canal Company, and 
 devote his energy and ability to the construction of the 
 highly important international work for which that com- 
 pany is to be organized. 
 
 The story of General Grant's active personal interest in 
 the Nicaragua International Canal scheme may be briefly 
 restated as follows: 
 
 He was educated at West Point as a military and civil 
 engineer. When he became President, he set about to de- 
 termine for himself the best route for a water connection 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific, and to that end dispatched 
 at different times several officers of the army and navy to 
 examine the several proposed routes. His investigation led 
 him to the conviction that the Nicaragua Ship Canal will 
 be the most desirable for American interests. The San 
 Juan River, connecting with the Nicaragua Lake, furnishes 
 a natural water route most of the way across the isthmus, 
 and there will be only a strip on the west side of some 
 seven or eight miles wide to cut through. These conditions 
 will render the work far cheaper than the proposed deep- 
 
c;20 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 cut canal upon a level with the sea across Panama. The 
 Nicaragua route also saves some seven hundred or eight 
 hundred miles of ocean travel as far as American ships are 
 concerned — about three hundred miles on the Atlantic and 
 four hundred or five hundred miles on the Pacific in going 
 from an American Atlantic port to a Pacific port, or to 
 China or Japan. The fact that the Nicaragua route will 
 be longer than the Panama route is more than offset by the 
 saving in time and cost by the reduced ocean voj'age. 
 General Grant's convictions in the matter were strength- 
 ened by the information he obtained during his European 
 tour. At the conclusion of the Paris conference on the 
 Isthmus Canal, Admiral Ammen wrote to General Grant 
 a clear statement of the case, urging him to consent to serve 
 as President ot an American comjjany for the Nicaragua 
 loute. In the same inclosure, Ammen sent Grant a letter 
 lie had received from an American politician, insisting that 
 Grant must hold himself free to run as the Republican can- 
 didate for President, and also his (Aminen's) reply to that 
 letter, in which the position was taken that Grant's services 
 in the arm}' and as President should exempt him from any 
 further demands on the part of the public. About the time 
 Grant had received these letters, he had the interview with 
 the "Viceroy of Tientsin, in which he stated emphatically 
 that he would not again be a candidate for the Presidency 
 of the United States, and shortly after he telegraphed 
 Admiral Ammen the two words, " I approve." Admiral 
 Ammen adds: 
 
 " These letters are of a private character, and I do not 
 desire that they should go out to the public for the present. 
 It is hardly necessary for me to assure you that the enter- 
 prise is in the hands of men whose reputation is unques- 
 tioned, and whose interest in promoting the work will be 
 greatly increased now that they know that General Grant 
 is committed to its success. You know mv views on this 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. c;2i 
 
 subject. They were made public through my letter to the 
 Secretary of State a month ago. It would not be 
 proper for me to enter into details regarding the organiza- 
 tion just at present. I may say, now that General Grant's 
 wishes are known or will be known when the facts I have 
 given you are made public, that a new company will be 
 rapidly .formed in this country which will include in its 
 ranks the leading capitalists of our own and -European 
 nations, whose purpose will be to construct the inter- 
 oceanic canal under the leadership of General Grant." 
 
 On the 8th of September, Admiral Ammen received a 
 letter from General Grant in reply to his letter of July 2, 
 in which the Admiral urged upon his friend the importance 
 of allowing the use of his name as one of the corporators 
 for an inter-oceanic canal company via Nicaragua, and, if 
 elected by the corporators, to assent to the proposition to 
 serve as president of the campany. Deeming it important 
 to hear from General Grant at the earliest moment, he 
 suggested that if the proposition met his approbation he 
 should telegraph " I approve." General Grant acknowl- 
 edges the receipt of the letter, and states that on August 7 
 he telegraphed as suggested, in order that it might be a 
 sufficient basis for Admiral Ainmen to take the preliminary 
 steps for the beginning of a moveinent which would effect 
 an organization for the building of a canal. He then adds 
 that he has given the subject serious consideration, and after 
 two tlays' deliberation he is fully convinced of the impor- 
 tance of acting in the matter promptly. He is of the 
 opinion that great care should be exercised in the formation 
 of the company, and, when properly organized, the neces- 
 sary steps should be had to secure from the Nicaraguan 
 Government such concessions as will make the undertaking 
 a practical business scheme. When these are secured he 
 would be glad of the opportunity to devote his attention to 
 the work, and would accept the Presidency of the Com- 
 
523 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 pany with the determination to accomplish the task, and 
 to that end would exert himself to push the work as rapidly 
 as the surveys and engineering- skill of his assistants would 
 permit. The letter merely repeats what the General has 
 frequently said to Admiral Ammen upon the importance 
 of obtaining the most favorable concessions from the 
 Nicaraguan Government, in order that the enterprise might 
 enlist capital and secure the protection of the United States. 
 He makes no allusion to politics whatever in this letter. 
 
 He expects to reach San Francisco some time in Sep- 
 tember, and be in Philadelj.hia in November, when the 
 business matter can be talked over leisurely, and definite 
 arrangements made for inaugurating the compan}'. 
 
 Exceptions have been taken to the statement made, 
 that the quiet purpose General Grant had in view during 
 his tour through Europe was to learn for himself what 
 encouragement the construction of an inter-oceanic canal 
 would receive from European capitalists, if the enterprise 
 were in American hands. "That statement was based upon 
 the correspondence which General Grant had with a prorri- 
 inent officer of our armv, and to whom he wrote fully froin 
 time to time during his stay in Europe as to what he heard 
 and learned on the subject. In addition to this, just before 
 he left the United States, he had a long interview with 
 President Hayes, which was wholly devoted to this inter- 
 oceanic canal project. He explained to his successor his 
 personal interest in the scheme, and all he had done during 
 his administration to forward the surveys. He regietted 
 that he had not been able to accomplish more than to finish 
 the numerous surveys, but thought that this perfect work 
 was a great step in the direction of settling the route to be 
 chosen, and that he was satisfied that the Nicaragua line was 
 the feasible one upon wiiich to build the canal. He com- 
 mended Admiral Ammen's interest in the project, and told 
 the President that he had recalled him from a foreign sta- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 533 
 
 tion and appointed him chief of the Bureau of Navigation in 
 the navy department, that he might be in a position w^here 
 he could give his zeal unlimited sway in furtnering the am- 
 bition of both the Admiral and himself, which was to deter- 
 mine accurately and as speedily as: :iOssibIe the best route 
 by which the two oceans could be connected for the pur- 
 pose-of commerce. He regretted that he had not been able 
 to do more, but w^as glad that so much had been accom- 
 plished as would enable President Hayes to take up the 
 subject in a manner that warranted the hope that, during 
 his term of office, something would be done to practically 
 utilize the labor of our surveying parties. He explained 
 his reasons for wishing to impress upon President Hayes 
 his great interest in the subject, and added that he should 
 not lose sight of it during his travels in Europe. He was 
 confident that his experience abroad would only confirm 
 the belief that this great project should be distinctly Amer- 
 ican, and would have to be undertaken by American engi- 
 neers. So favorably did the President receive the views of 
 General Grant, that, when the news came of the decision 
 of the Paris Congress, he was prepared to reiterate the 
 idea of the General, that an inter-oceanic canal must be an 
 American project and carried out by American enterprise, 
 expanding the Monroe doctrine in a broader sense than had 
 ever been thought of by President Monroe or John Quincy 
 Adams, who is credited with having originated it. 
 
 In explanation of the apparent neglect of the matter, 
 President Hayes said that he was expecting, from time to 
 time, to hear of the results which General Grant would 
 develop in his visit to Europe. One of the results un- 
 doubtedly was the necessity which the French engineers 
 saw they were under to anticipate the American plan, by 
 calling a congress, and determining before its meeting to 
 select another route. Then came the invitations to out 
 20 
 
524 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Government to send delegates to the Paris Congress. The 
 matter was officially considered by the Cabinet, and it was 
 deemed advisable not to send delegates, but to have repre- 
 sentatives, who should merely set forth the work already 
 accomplished, and the conclusions formed by the Commis- 
 sion appointed during President Grant's administration 
 upon the practicability of the Nicaragua route. It was 
 argued that, if we sent delegates, our Government v^^ould 
 be held by the decision of the Congress, which was to be 
 avoided under all circumstances, and therefore they should 
 not go in an official capacity. Time was consumed before 
 the Congress met, and then followed Rear- Admiral Am- 
 inen's prompt action in acquainting General Grant with 
 the exact situation of affairs, and the importance of secur- 
 ing his co-operation. "In other words," said President 
 Hayes, "we have waited patiently for the time to come 
 when General Grant would give shape to this project, and 
 now we are prepared to do everything in our power to 
 proinotc its success." 
 
 It is not surprising that General Grant has determined 
 not to re-enter American political life. A man who has 
 had so brilliant and successful a career as he has had must 
 have an ambition to preserve it for history', and it would be 
 a hazardous experiment to resume public responsibilities. 
 Gjant has the good judgment to understand this, and the 
 poise and self-control to act upon it. He is now the 
 "Great Undefeated"; a campaign for a third term might 
 hand his name down to posterity as the " Great Defeated." 
 
 The Nicaragua International project opens to him a 
 field worthy of his ability. His name and energy will en- 
 list the necessary capital and influence to give the Ameri- 
 cans the control of the inter-oceawic route, and the 
 completion of such a scheme, shortening the route between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and between Europe and 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 .>'D 
 
 the Indies, by several thousand milts, will be an undertak- 
 ing in whicn an ex-President of the United States may 
 engage with credit to himself and honor to his country. 
 
 There is reason both to commend and to congratulate 
 General Grant upon the stand he h;!S taken. His fame is 
 as radiant now as it ever can be, unless some new danger 
 shall threaten the Republic during his life, and in that case 
 the American people will turn to him with such unanimity 
 and confidence that he will be in no doubt as to his duty. 
 
 The reception of General Grant upon his arrival on our 
 shores promises to be a magnificent ovation, a spontaneous 
 and enthusiastic reception by the people of California, 
 without distinction of party. Our record would be incom- 
 plete without giving an account of the preparations in 
 progress. 
 
 Mayor Bryant, of San Francisco, in compliance with 
 the clearly expressed sentiment of the citizens of that city, 
 has named a number of the prominent citizens to confer 
 with the Board of Supervisors with a view of making 
 preparations for a suitable reception to General Grant. 
 The names chosen by the Mayor in this connection repie- 
 sent every shade of political opinion, as was fitting in 
 arranging for a demonstration which is neither deinocratic 
 nor republican in its character, but purely national and 
 patriotic. The list embraces men of all parties — George 
 C. Perkins, Samuel Wilson, W. H. L. Bai'nes, M. S. La- 
 'tham, Horace Davis, Eugene Casserly and John H. Wise. 
 Here we have republicans and democrats, inen who st(;od 
 up for the North during the civil war, and men who hon- 
 estly sympathized with the Confeder:;te cause. Yet now 
 they are all willing to ignore political differences, and old 
 party feuds, and to unite in doing honor to a dist nguished 
 American citizen, whose name is identified with the liistory 
 of his country, and whose character and career are a part 
 of her historical treasures. As is eminently fitting on such 
 
j26 GENERAL U. S. GKAXTS 
 
 an occasion, all petty political animosities disappear for tlx". 
 time, and the most eminent citizens of San Francisco, with- 
 out distinction of party, will unite in paying honor to their 
 distinguished guest. 
 
 The watch for the steamer Tokio, at the Cliff House, 
 will, upon sighting the masts of the steamer, flash the in- 
 telligence in every direction. 
 
 Gradually the demonstration undertaken by the citizens 
 of San Francisco, in honor of General Grant, has swelled 
 into proportions far beyond all original expectations. What 
 was designed at the outset to be a welcome by the people 
 of that city has developed into a grand ovation by the 
 people of the State of California. Deputations from Oak- 
 land, Sacramento, San Jose, Vallejo, Petaluma, the far-off 
 oi'ange groves of Los Angeles, and a hundred other cities 
 and towns all over the State, and even from some beyond 
 the boundaries of California, vfiW join in the demonstration. 
 
 The preparations for the event have been upon such a 
 scale of magnificence as will throw all previous celebra- 
 tions, not excepting that of the Centennial of American 
 Inilependence, into the shade. The unanimity of feeling 
 and sentiment that is manifested by all classes of the com- 
 munity, without regard to differences of political opinion 
 or social contlition, is something amazing, and altogether 
 unprecedented. The soldiers who fought for the Union, 
 and those who upheld the cause of the Confederacy, will 
 march side by side in the procession in honor of the man 
 of whom General Lee said : " I have no hesitation in de- 
 claring that, both as a gentleman and an organizer of victo- 
 rious war, General Grant hath excelled all vour most noted 
 soldiers. He has exhibited more real greatness of mind, 
 more consummate prudence from the outset, more heroic 
 braver}', than anyone on your side." 
 
 A telegram from San Francisco, dated September iS, 
 says : 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 527 
 
 " The preparations are now complete. All the neces- 
 sary arrangements are perfected, and everything is ready 
 for the reception of the illustrious guest." 
 
 The foUowmg is a summary of what may be expected 
 upon the arrival of the Tokio, as telegraphed from San 
 Francisco: 
 
 When the City of Tokio appears in the offing, she 
 will first be signaled from Point Labos to the Merchant's 
 Exchange, whence the news will be disseminated. The 
 Bell Telephone Company and the American District Tele- 
 graph Company will be notified, and they will inform all 
 their stations, and the individuals with whom they are con- 
 nected, and the flag on the Exchange Building will be 
 hoisted at once, and a line of flags stretched from the staflf 
 to the front and rear of the roof. The officer at Point 
 Labos will hoist a designated signal, thereby informing the 
 commander of Fort Point, and also communicate with the 
 Merchants' Exchange, and Captain Low, who is in charge at 
 the Fort, will hoist the American flag and also use signals. 
 Alcatraz and Angel Island will be signaled from Fort 
 Point, if necessary. 
 
 Signal guns will be fired from the Fort Alcatraz and 
 Angel Island from the time of sighting the steamer, and 
 national salutes when the Tokio passes from the upper and 
 lower Casemate Batteries at the Fort Point, Alcatraz and 
 Angel Island. 
 
 As so )n as the news is received at the Merchants' 
 Exchange, eleven taps will be given three times, with due 
 intervals, from all the fire alarm bells in the city. Church 
 bells will be rung, and there will be the blowing of steam 
 whistles at discretion. As soon as the Tokio is sighted, 
 the Committee of Reception, with Jesse Grant and Mr. 
 Dent, will go on board the Millen Griffiths and meet her 
 as far out as possible, to notify General Grant of the prepa- 
 rations being made to welcome him. If necessary, they 
 
528 CENERAI. U. S. grant's 
 
 will detain the Tokio until the marine procession can be 
 duly formed. Two hours will be allowed after the first 
 signal for the starting of the V)arge steamers of the escort. 
 
 The China will leave the Pacific Mail Steamship 
 Company's dock, and retinning, disembark iicr passengers 
 there. The St. Paul and Ancon will leave from the foot 
 of Broadway. Much criticism has been excited by the 
 arrangement for towing the yachts, which, as they are the 
 most picturesque craft on the bay, will scarcely be rigidly 
 adhered to. 
 
 The Tokio will jjrocecd to her anchorage just south 
 of the usual line of the Bakland Ferry. 
 
 As soon as convenient aftei' the first signal, the Execu- 
 tive Committee will meet Mayor Biyant in parlor 160, 
 Palace Hotel, wearing red, white and blue rosettes, and in 
 the dress already specified. From the hotel they will take 
 carriages to the ferry steamer, City of Oakland, which will 
 convey them to the Tokio as soon as sufficient time has 
 elapsed for the St. Paul, China, Ancon and other steamers 
 to have disembarked their passengers, who will take their 
 proper places in the procession. 
 
 The Oakland will run alongside the Tokio, and 
 General Grant and suite will be transferred to her. Mayor 
 Bryant will deliver his brief speech of vvelcome. General 
 Grant will reply. Introductions will be in order, and the 
 guest and committee will land and take their places in car- 
 riages at the head of the procession, 
 
 Dennis Kearney, the "sand-lots" braggart, proposed, 
 in one of his violent, intemperate speeches to the working- 
 men of San Francisco, to burn General Grant in effigy. 
 Just why this agitator wished to burn the General in effigy 
 is not plain. Referring to this subject, the Chicago Inter 
 Ocean says : 
 
 " In 1861 (jcneral Grant was a working-mini at Galena, 
 in this State. He offered his sci vices to the Governor of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ^2g 
 
 Illinois in an}' capacity where he might be useful, and his 
 offer was accepted. Tliiough the long years that followed, 
 the Galena workingman maintained a modest bearing, and 
 never boasted of his deeds or selfishly obtruded himself 
 upon the public. He became the foremost man of the age, 
 the most remarkable soldier of modern times, the twice- 
 chosen President of a great nation, anti the honored guest 
 of almost every go\ernment on earth; hut still his modesty 
 did not forsake liim, antl he never for a moment forgot 
 that his country was a republic and that he was a citizen 
 of that republic. 
 
 " He is now returning from his long absence abroad, 
 and will soon land upon the shores of the countrv he did 
 so much to save. The people with almost one accord 
 desire to do him honor; but Dennis Kearney proposes to 
 insult him and insult them by a public indignity at the 
 place where General Grant disembarks, and on the day of 
 his arrival. • 
 
 " There are some things that try the patience of a law- 
 abiding people very sorely, and this is one of them. We 
 do not know where Mr. Kearney was during our long 
 struggle for national life, or what his services were; but 
 we take it for granted that they weie hardly superior to 
 tho^e of General Grant, and that the people of San Fran- 
 cisco ought to be able to express their giatitude and admi- 
 ration for a great soldier, a former comrade, and an ex- 
 President of the republic, without meeting insult from 
 Kearney or his followes. San Francisco but voices the 
 feeling of the nation in extending its welcome to General 
 Grant, and the insult which Dennis Kearney contemplates 
 is an insult to the country which protects his own carcass 
 from violence, which shields him in his freedom of speech 
 and which makes it possible for him to threaten this indig- 
 nity without being kicked into the Bay of San Francisco. 
 
-^O GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Wc hope Mr. Kearney will think better of his propo- 
 sition, and abandon it. If he does, not, the cause which he 
 advocates will receive a blow in this country from which 
 it will not soon recover. The workingmen of Chicago, 
 who belie\e in the right of Americans to welcome a dis- 
 tinguished citizen without a public insult of this character, 
 should meet and promptly denounce the proposed out- 
 rage." 
 
 It is not believed that this silly threat will be carried 
 out, or that any one will dare attempt to carry it out. 
 Even the most rash and infatuated of his deluded followers 
 must realize by this time that Dennis perpetrated a mon- 
 strous blunder when he indulged in that outrageous and 
 disgusting menace. There has never been in San Fran- 
 cisco a more unanimous and overwhelming manifestation 
 of popular indignation than that which has been caused by 
 Kearnejf's infamous threat. A New York Herald dis- 
 patch of September 14th, says: 
 
 "On the sand-lots, where Kearney belched forth the 
 braggart threat that he would burn General Grant in effigy, 
 Confederate and Federal will meet and salute the honored 
 citizen, and in that number will be many workingmen them- 
 selves who have listened to Kearney for the last time. Nu- 
 merous ruinors are abroad about the workingmen's part}' de- 
 manding Kearney's abdication. To-daj', Wallock, the for- 
 mer Vice-President of the party, tried to pass resolutions 
 pledging the workingmen to unite with all loyal citizens 
 in demonstrations to the honor of General Grant, but 
 Kearney opposed them in a violent speech, still evincing 
 his cowardice over the effigy business, yet without manli- 
 ness enough to avow his folly. It has, liowever, been de- 
 monstrated at the sand-lots, to-day, that Kearney has given 
 himself his death wound. San Francisco has wiped out 
 the reproach of Kearneyism." 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 53 1 
 
 The wisest thing which the sand-lot agitator will do 
 will be to get out of town and hide himself away in some 
 rural seclusion, until the storm which he has evoked by his 
 rashness and folly shall have passed over. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 ARRIVAL OF GENERAL GRANT. 
 
 The steamer City of Tokio, in which General Grant 
 embarked for his homeward voyage, arrived in the harbor 
 of San Francisco on Saturday evening, September 20. 
 The long-expectant people of San Francisco had been for 
 some days prepared to give a suitable welcome to the illus- 
 trious soldier, statesman and traveler, who, though a simple 
 citizen, occupies a larger space in the world's regard than 
 the proudest contemporary heirs of ancient thrones. The 
 General's arrival at San Francisco completes his journey 
 " around the world." In San Francisco the excitement 
 over his c iming reached fever heat, and the reception 
 given him was on a scale of magnificence never before 
 seen in this country. 
 
 Every one, during the forenoon of Saturday, was on 
 the tip-toe of expectation over his arrival. The city was 
 densely crowded, especially the hotels. As the Tokio did 
 not arrive eai'ly in the day, it was generally believed that 
 the General would not arrive before Sunday. The Re- 
 ception Committee were discussing the propriety of post- 
 poning the reception until Monday, when, at a signal given 
 by the fire brigade that the City of Tokio was sighted, the 
 fire bells rang, whistles sounded, and the thunder of cannon 
 reverberated over the hills and harbor, and a general uproar 
 was created. 
 
 Every kind of business was suspended, and people 
 poured forth in sucli numbers that m a few minutes the 
 
 53^ 
 
t%: 
 
 ;:■.! 'I 
 
 GENJlRAL ULYSSES S. GRANT, 
 
 From a Photograph taken i.v San Francisco, immediatalt upon his Return, 
 
 BY I. \V. Faber. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 535 
 
 streets were densely crowded with citizens flocking toward 
 the ferry tlown Market street. The sun was shining brill- 
 iantly, and the effect upon the decorated buildings, arches 
 and flags was ver^' fine. The utmost good humor pre- 
 vailed; and, as evening approached, the streets were lined 
 with people, and business wholly suspended, and the city 
 turned out. 
 
 Immediately on receipt of the intelligence that the 
 steamer City of Tokio was nearing port, the Reception 
 Committee, consisting of Frank M. Pixley, ex-Senator 
 Cole, General Miller and R. B. Cornwall, repaired to the 
 tug Millen Griffith, lying with steam up at the Pacific Mail 
 dock, and at once started to meet the incoming steamer. 
 The Millen Griffith stood well out to sea, and several miles 
 outside the Heads met the City of Tokio coming in. The 
 tug drew alongside, and the Executi\e Committee, quar- 
 antine officer and customs officials and a number of repre- 
 sentatives of the press, boarded the steamer. No ceremony 
 was observed, except a general shaking of hands, and after 
 the committee had announced the object of their visit, and 
 informed General Grant of the reception prepared for him, 
 the conversation became general, as the City of Tokio 
 continued on her course. Soon after the government 
 steamer McPherson came alongside, and Major-General 
 McDowell, commanding the Division of the Pacific, ac- 
 companied by his staff, boarded the Tokio and rejoined his 
 old comrade in arms. 
 
 While this was transpiring the general Committee of 
 Arrangements, with several thousand invited guests, assem- 
 bled on board the large side-wheel P.acific Mail steamer 
 China, and a number of smaller steamers, while tugs took 
 squadrons of the San Francisco yacht clubs in tow and 
 started down the channel. 
 
 In the meantime it seemed as though the whole popu- 
 lation of the city — men, women and children — had sought 
 
gjG GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 positions from wliicli a view of the naval pageant could be 
 obtained. Every eminence commanding the channel was 
 black with assembled thousands. Telegraph Hill was a 
 living mass of human bodies, and the heights beyond Pre- 
 sidio, the Clay street hill, the sea wall at North Point, and 
 every pier-heati, were covered with spectators. 
 
 The sun was declining in the west as the steamers and 
 yachts, o-ay with bunting, moved down the channel. Low 
 clouds hung along the western horizon. Mount 1 amauli- 
 pas and the distant mountains north of the bay were veiled 
 in a mist, and Mission Hill and the seaward heights of the 
 peninsula were shrouded in a fog, but the channel was un- 
 obstructed, and the bold outlines of the Golden Gate rose 
 sharply against the sky, while the bay itself, with the 
 islands and shores of Alameda and Contra Costa were 
 bathed m sunlight. From every flagstaff in the city flags 
 were flying, and the shipping along the city front was 
 brilliantly decked v^'ith ensigns, festooned flags and stream- 
 ers. The impatient crowds that covered the hilltops stood 
 straining their eyes to catch the first glimpse of the Tokio. 
 A hundred times the crv was raised, " There she comes," 
 as chance arrivals came in view between the Heads. 
 
 It was half-past five o'clock when a puff of white 
 smoke from seaward, from off the earth works back of and 
 above Fort Point, and the booming of a heavy gun, an- 
 nounced that the steamer was near at hand. Another and 
 another followed in rapid succession. Fort Point next 
 joined in the cannonade, firing with both casemate and 
 barbette guns, anil the battery at Lime Point added its 
 thunders to the voice of welcome. In a few moments the 
 entrance to the harbor was veiled in wreaths of smoke, 
 and as the batteries of Angel Island, Black Point and Al- 
 catraz opened fire in succession, the whole channel was 
 soon shrouded in clouds from their rapid discharges. Foi 
 some time the position of the approaching ship could nol 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 5- 
 
 be discovered, but shortly before six o'clock the outlines of 
 the huge hull of the City of Tokio loomed through the 
 obscurity of smoke and rapidly approaching shades of 
 evening, lit up by the flashes of guns, and in a few- 
 moments she glided into full \'iew, surrounded by a fleet 
 of steamers and tugs, gay with flags and crowded with 
 guests, while the yacht squadron brought up the rear, 
 festooned from deck to truck with brilliant bunting. Cheer 
 after cheer burst from the assembled thousands as the ves- 
 sels slowly rounded Telegraph Hill, and were taken up by 
 the crowds on the wharves and rolled around the city 
 front, hats and handkerchiefs being waived in the air. The 
 United States steamer Monterey, lying in the stream, added 
 the roar of her guns to the general welcome, and the 
 screaming of hundreds of steam whistles announced that 
 the City of Tokio had reached her anchorage. 
 
 The crowds that had assembled on the hills and along 
 the city, now, with a common impulse, began to pour along 
 toward the ferry landing at the foot of Market street, 
 where General Grant was to land. The sidewalks were 
 blocked with hurrying pedestrians, and the streets with 
 carriages conveying the cominittees. The steamers and 
 yachts made haste to land their passengers, and in a few 
 minutes the vicinity of the ferry landing was literally 
 jammed with people, extending for blocks along Market 
 street and the water front just in front ot the landing, the 
 entrances to which were closed and guarded. A space was 
 cleared by the police and marshals, into whicli hundreds of 
 carriages for use of the guests were crowded, and outside 
 of that space line after line of troops and civic organiza- 
 tions were ranged, while the outside constantly increasing 
 throng surged and pressed, excited and enthusiastic, cheer- 
 ing at intervals, and waiting impatiently for a first glimpse 
 -at the city's honored guest. Within the gates of the ferry- 
 house were assembled the gentlemen charged with the duty 
 
CC^S GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 of the immediate reception of General Grant, the Board 
 of Supervisors ranged on the left of the gangway, and 
 Governor Irwin and staff, and the Executive Committee, 
 consisting of Governor-elect Perkins, W. H. L. Barnes, 
 Samuel Wilson, William T. Coleman, Tiburcio Parrott, 
 J. P. Jackson, John McComb, John Rosenfeld, Claus 
 Spreckels, John H. Wise, W. W. Montegu, occupied the 
 right, Mayor Bryant taking his position about half way 
 tlovvn the center ol the gangway. 
 
 About seven o'clock General Grant landed from the 
 ferryboat Oakland, according to arrangement. As soon as 
 the General stepped from the ferry, leaning upon tire arm 
 of General John F. Miller, he was introduced to Mayor 
 Bryant. 
 
 The Mayor, after acknowledging the introduction, 
 addressed (ieneral Grant as follows: 
 
 "General Grant: As Maj'or of the city of San 
 Francisco, I have the honor antl pleasure to welcome you 
 on your return to your native country. Some time has 
 passed since you dep;irted from the Atlantic shore to seek 
 the relief which a long period in your countr}''? service 
 had made necessary, but during this absence the people of 
 the United States have not forgotten \'ou. They liave read 
 with intense interest the accounts of \our vovage by sea 
 and your travels by land ai-ound the world, and they ha\-e 
 observed with great pleasure the honors you have received 
 in the different countries which you have \'isited, and the 
 universal recognition which your brilliantcareer as a soldier 
 and American citizen has obtained. They have feU proud 
 of you, and. at the same time, of their country, which you 
 have so fully represented. And now, sir, you are again on 
 your native soil, and the thousands who here greet you re- 
 member that your home was once in this city. This bay, 
 these hills, the pleasant homes about us, are familiar to you. 
 Great changes, it is true, have taken place. The young 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 539 
 
 city is now the rival of cities wliich were old wlien its 
 history began. But the men to whom this marvelous pros- 
 perity is due were in those early days yourpersonal associates 
 and friends, and many of them are here to-day, waiting anx- 
 iously to take N'ou by the hand once more. It is a pleasing 
 incident of your journey, that, leaving your country at the 
 ancient city of Philadelphia, Mayor Stokely expressed the 
 hope of that city for a safe journey and a happy return. It 
 is now my privilege to express the joy of San Francisco 
 that the hope of her elder sister has been realized. The 
 city desires to receive you as an old and honored resident 
 and friend returning after a long absence, and to extend to 
 you such courtesies as may be agreeable to you ; and, in obe- 
 dience to such desire, which extends through all classes, I 
 tender to you the freedom of the cit}' and its hospitalities. 
 In the short time allowed us we have nrranged a reception 
 in your honor, arid ask that for an hour you will permit us 
 to present our people to you, and we beg thSt, while jou 
 remain in the citv, yourself and your family and your travel- 
 ing companions will be its guests. Permit me, in conclu- 
 sion, to exjjress the wish of each and every one of us for 
 the future happiness and prosperity of yourself and every 
 meinber of your family." 
 
 General Grant replied as follows: 
 
 "Mayor Bryant: I thank you and the city of San 
 Francisco for this cordial welcome, and I feel great pleasure 
 in returning to California after a quarter of a century's 
 absence. I shall be glad to participate in the procession." 
 
 General Grant was then escorted to the carriage in 
 which he rode with the procession. Mrs. Grant occupied 
 another carriage with Hon. Frank Pixley, and Jesse Grant 
 and John Russell Young, of the party, occupied another 
 carriage. 
 
 After a delay of over an hour at the landing, at 8 o'clock 
 the Presidential party was turned over to the Executive 
 
54C 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Committee having in charge the reception. Then the 
 Grand Marshal gave out his orders, and the immense con- 
 course of citizens, w^ho vs^ere ready to take part in the pro- 
 cession, v\^ere summoned to their places, and formed in the 
 following order: 
 
 Detachment of Police. 
 
 Grand Marshal— Major-General W, L. Elliott 
 
 Chief ot Staff— Col. A. W. Preston. 
 
 Chief Aids— S. M. Taylor, T. McGregor, G. W. Smiley, C. M. Lea\'y, W. Harney, 
 
 Lieutenant Henry Hammond, Colonel F. O. Von Fritsch. 
 Aids to Grand Marshal— D. \V. White. D. Roth, B. Seg-uine, W. G. Elliott, Thomas 
 Manner, A. T. McGill, Dr. J. M. McNulty, T. H. Goodman, P. n'. Ames, 
 N. T. Messer, G. W. Wharton, J. H. Thompson, H. Beudel, 
 W. H. Simond, E. Carlsen, Z. B. B. Adams, T. C. 
 Otis, A. S. Hallidie, I. Simon, C. C. Bcmis, 
 G. A. Fisher, L. Wadham, P.J. White, 
 A. Harlow, D. Bigley, J. Austin, George S. Ladd, A. Laver, J. P. Martin, W. B. 
 Larzelcre, M. Doane, General J. Harris, C. N. EUcnwood, C. H. Carter, 
 M. Skelly, George A. Case, C. I^. Tetream, Henry Duvenve, C. 
 Van Dyke Hubbard, Walter Turnbull, A. Wheeler. 
 Volunteer Officers, Soldiers and Sailors of the War of the Rebellion, including- ex- 
 Confederate OfTicers, Soldiers and Sailors. 
 ^cond Brigade, Brigadier-General John McComb. 
 Oakland Light Cavalry escort. 
 General Ulysses S. Grant and the Honorable A. J. Bryant, Mayor of San Francisco. 
 Veterans of the Mexican War, as Guard of Honor. 
 Board of Supervisors and Executive Committee. 
 Regular troops of the Uniced States Army. 
 His Excellency, William Irwin, Governor of California, and Staff, 
 Vlajor- General Irwin McDowell, commanding Military Division of the Pacific, 
 
 and Staff, 
 
 Commodore E, R. Calhoun, United States Navy, and Staff. 
 
 judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, United States Circuit Court, 
 
 and District Judges of the Ninth Circuit. 
 
 Committee on Parade and Decoration. 
 
 United States Senators and Representatives to Congress. 
 
 Foreign Consuls, Officers of the L^^nited States Army and Navy, and Marine Corps. 
 
 Judges of the Supreme Court oi Caliiornia and the District Courts. 
 
 United States District Attorney and Assistants, Registrars in Bankruptcy. 
 
 United States Marshal and Deputies, Collector of Customs, Surveyor of the Port, 
 
 Naval Officer, United States Treasurer and Surveyor-General, United States 
 
 Collector of Internal Revenue, and Deputies, Post- Master and Deputies. 
 
 State Officers, City and County Officers. 
 
 Board of Trade. 
 
 Oakland City Authorities. 
 
 City Authorities of Stockton. 
 
 Board of Trustees of the City of Benicia. 
 
 Committee of Citizens 6f Sacramento. 
 
TOUR VUiOL'ND THE WORXD. 54] 
 
 University Battalion. 
 
 Garibaldi Guard, Italian Bersaglieri, Austrian Jaegers. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cadets, Italian Fishermen. 
 
 California Pioneers, Territorial Pioneers, Patriotic Sons of America. 
 
 Delegation ot the Fire Department. 
 
 American District Telegraph Messenger Boys. 
 
 Union League, McClellan Legion, Occidental Club. 
 
 Second Ward Republican Club, Eureka Club, Mutual Benevolent Society, West 
 
 Indian Benevolent Association. 
 
 Oakland Literary and Historical Society. 
 
 School Children. 
 
 Handel and Haydn Society. 
 
 Grant Invincibles. 
 
 Nelly Grant Blues. 
 
 Organizations Not Yet Reported. 
 
 Steam Calliope and Bells. 
 
 The line of march decided upon was from the Market 
 Street wharf, up Market Street to Montgomery, thence to 
 Montgomery Avenue over Kearney Street, back to Mar- 
 ket again, up the nortli side of Market Street, counter- 
 marching down Market Street, south side, passing in 
 review at New Montgomery Street. On reaching Sansome 
 Street, the procession was instructed to disperse. Prob- 
 ably no city on this globe ever beheld a grander sight than 
 was the procession of Saturday night. 
 
 The streets w^ere made as bright as day by the electric 
 lights, and the decorations, fantastic and beautiful as they 
 were under the glai'e of the sun, looked still more pleasing, 
 rich and elegant under the soft and mellow light of the 
 great lanterns which the greatest of modern inventors has 
 given us. In the line of march a thousand banners flapped 
 in the evening breeze. The starry flag of our country was 
 of course the most prominent among them, but everv 
 nation on earth was represented by her colors, and the flag 
 of the " lost cause," side by side with the flag of the Union, 
 was not the least conspicuous. 
 
 The Grand Marshal and his aids were mounted upon 
 the best horses that this State could produce — charging 
 steeds, with all the pride and spirit of the thoroughbred 
 21 
 
54^ GENEKAI. IT. S. grant's 
 
 flowing through their veins. The average Californian is 
 large, well-fotmeJ, and handsome. There v\>as not an ill- 
 looking man among the fifty who marched at the head of 
 the procession. The volunteer officei's and soldiers and 
 sailors of the war of the rebellion, including those who had 
 fought with and against the great commander, made a 
 magnificent display, and were cheered along the entire 
 line of march. The band played "Battle Cry of Free- 
 dom," and an occasional war-whoop, such as has not been 
 heard since Lee surrendered, resounded through the streets 
 of the city. The Second Brigade, N. G. C, commanded 
 by General McComb, the editor of the Alta, who was one 
 of the Argonaut's of '49, followed. Then came a light 
 cavalry escort from the beautiful and prosperous city of 
 Oakland, across the bay. Then came the hero, himself, 
 at the side of whom sat the Mayor of San Francisco, the 
 Hon. A. J. Bryant. 
 
 As the General passed, the crowds along the street fairly 
 shook the buildings, with their cheers. The heart of Gen- 
 eral Grant must have been more gratified than at any time 
 since his name became a distinguished one in the history of 
 his country. He has met with enthusiastic receptions and 
 cheers before, but it was when his services to the country 
 we^e fresher in the minds of the people, and at a time when 
 th-s soul of the nation was full of gratitude to all her de- 
 fenders. But that feeling, were it but temporarv, as is too 
 often the case, has had time to die out. 
 
 Fourteen years of peace has many a time before buried 
 the hero of a war. The commander of the Northern 
 armies in the great rebellion must have felt, after he had ac- 
 complished all that the country could ask for, that his 
 memory would =iOon pale, too. For, had he not been taught 
 from childhood that republics were ungrateful ? If he ever 
 feared a change in the sentiment of his fellow countrymen, 
 that fear must have disappeared that night. He could not 
 
lOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 543 
 
 feel but that the heart of the nation was unchanged; that 
 it would never cease to lienor him^ that it would never be- 
 come ungenerous, cold or distant tr the man of its choice, 
 as two hundred thousand men, women and children cheered 
 him until their throats were sore. He must have felt that this 
 republic, at least, was not ungrateful to him. He bowed 
 his head, a trifle grayer than it was when he left the 
 country two years ago, and waved his hat left and right to 
 the surging, crazy populace. Never for a moment from the 
 time the procession left the landing until he was taken into 
 the Palace Hotel did his interest in the festivities slacken, 
 or his wonderful presence of mind desert him. He was at 
 once a smiling, courteous, jolly-looking American citizen, 
 and a distinguished, dignified and honored American states- 
 man and soldier. His bearing pleased the multitude, and 
 it cheered again. 
 
 The great throng of people assembled in the vicinity 
 of the hotel remained unbroken for nearly two hours after 
 the passage of the General under the triumphal arch. The 
 cheering was continuous on the outside, and the cries for a 
 speech could be heard in the room where the General was 
 receiving a select number of gentlemen. The cries for a 
 speech became so loud that one of the members of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee finally suggested to the General that he 
 show himself to the populace, at least, and he consented. 
 
 What the General said when he appeared will never be 
 known, for no human voice could be distinguished where 
 fifty thousand throats were being tested, and a mighty swell 
 of sounds drowned everything save the sounds themselves. 
 The General appreciated the situation, saw that he was 
 " bottled up," so to speak, and retired from the fight a de- 
 feated and defended man. He was kept out of his bed by 
 visitors as long as decency would allow, and, after the ex- 
 citement had subsided a little, vvas allowed to resume con- 
 trol of his own actions again. Although he must have 
 
544 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 been greatly fatigued, he did not sliovv the slightest im- 
 patience during the trying ordeal of hand-shaking which 
 he passed through. 
 
 There was not a prouder city in America that night 
 than San Francisco. She felt that she had distinguished 
 herself by honoring General Grant. She had not had the 
 experience of eastern cities, but she had done fully as well 
 as any of them could do. The General might meet with 
 receptions grander than they had given him as he journeys 
 toward the Atlantic, but he could not meet with a heartier 
 one. 
 
 At 1 1 o'clock a chorus of about two hundred voices 
 sang an anthem of welcome at the Palace Hotel. It was 
 ni the nature of a serenade, and was well rendered and 
 received. 
 
 During Sunday General Grant made no public appear- 
 ance other than to take a ride in the Golden Gate Park 
 with Mayor Bryant. In the evening a crowd was drawn 
 to the corridors of the Palace Hotel, but the General did 
 not show himself. 
 
 The future movements of General Grant and party 
 embrace a grand entertainment at the California Theatre 
 on Monday, September 22. On Tuesday evening he will 
 attend a reception given by Mayor Bryant. On Wednes- 
 day or Thursday night the grand banquet at Bellmont 
 will be given. The following is one of the poems to be 
 read at this banquet. It is, in its way, a novelty, and was 
 written by the famous poet-scout, John Wallace Crawford. 
 It will be read with a number of others. 
 
 Dear Gineral, I ain't no g;reat scollar. 
 
 An' 1 never done nothin' to bra^, 
 'Cept this: I wor one of the outfit 
 
 As foLig^ht for our star-spantrled flag. 
 
 An' to-day, while yer toasted by scholars, 
 
 An' by bigr bugs as made a ^reat noise, 
 Why, I thought it the squar' thing to write yer, 
 
 An' chip in a word for yer boys. 
 
TOUR AUv'JUXD THE WORI.D. :;_|.5 
 
 'Cos, yer see, we ain't got the colatral 
 
 Nor the hirnin' to dish it up right; 
 But ye'U find, should there be any trouble, 
 
 Our boys are sUH ready ter fight. 
 
 As for you, if they didn't correll yer, 
 
 You'd shake comrades' hands that yer seed, 
 
 An' that's why I wanted Luf tell yer 
 We'll just take the will for the deed. 
 
 But ye're back, an' the men of all naiions 
 
 Were proud to do honor ter yer ; 
 An' I reckon, Ulysses, yer told 'em 
 
 Ye were Jiroud of yer comrades in blue. 
 
 For you, we are sure, of all others, 
 
 Remembered our boys in the ranks 
 Who follered yer inter the battle, 
 
 An' g;a]lantly guarded the flanks. 
 
 So, welcome! a thousand times welcome! 
 
 Our land is ablaze with delight; 
 Our people give thanks for yer safety; 
 
 Yer comrades are happy to-night. 
 
 We know yer are wearied an' tuckered. 
 
 But, seein' as ye're a new comer, 
 Ye'll Grant us one glance on this line, if 
 
 In reading it takes yer all summer. 
 
 The banquet at which this poem will be read promises 
 to be one of the most brilliant affairs of the kind that Cali- 
 fornia has ever had. The millionaires, the beauty and the 
 talent of the Golden State, will be represented. It is said 
 that at one table in the Bellmont mansion, the old home of 
 Ralston, men will sit down whose aggregate fortunes will 
 foot up nearly $300,000,000. Among them will be John 
 W. Mackey, the bonanza king, and Messrs. Jones, Sharon, 
 Flood, Fair, and other inen of vast wealth who reside in 
 that city. But the entertainment will not be confined to 
 representatives of wealth alone, for every branch of the 
 arts, sciences and industries of the Pacific States will be 
 ably represented at the supper. 
 
 On the 30th he will go to the Yosemite Valley, re- 
 maining there about ten days. Then he will return to 
 Saf. Francisco and leave for Oregon. After visiting Port- 
 
^,^1. GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 land, ihe Dalles, and other places, he will pay a visit to the 
 Bonanza mines at Virginia City, where he will be the 
 guest of his friend, John W. Mackey, the millionaire. 
 After this he will go straight to Chicago, where he will 
 attend the Army and Navy Re-union, November 5, then 
 to St. Louis, and then to his old home at Galena. 
 
 Dispatches from Oregon, Nevada, Yosemite Valley 
 and other parts of the country show that the grand wel- 
 come extended to the General at San Francisco will be but 
 the forerunner of those yet grander that await him. His 
 coming recalls the splendor of his military achievements. 
 The popular heart quickens to welcome the hero of the 
 war, who out of disaster organized victory. 
 
 The Romans were accustomed to give their generals a 
 triumphal march on their return from successful campaigns 
 of conquest by the sword. The whole world has united 
 in making General Grant's trip around the world a tri- 
 umphal march, and that, too, in honor at once of military 
 and pacific record--. The foremost soldier of this genera- 
 tion, to say the least, he w.,s a promoter of good will 
 among the nations, and especially of the policy of arbitra- 
 tion in international disputes. These two contrasting, yet 
 not inconsistent, records, conspired to make him honored, 
 and we might almost say revered, from Liverpool to Yo- 
 kohama. 
 
 The journe}', which is now over so far as concerns the 
 outside world, was absolutely unique. History furnishes 
 no parallel to it. It can hardh' be possible for him to reach 
 his final destination without being the recipient of most 
 flattering ovations. There was nothing partisan about the 
 reception at San Francisco. There were no distinctions 
 of republican and democrat. Even the Confederate 
 soldiers on the coast joined cordially in the honors, and 
 well thev might. Never did the victor show such magna- 
 nimity as Grant at Appomattox. When General Lee 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 347 
 
 directed the horses in his command turned over, General 
 Grant interrupted: "No, no; no horses. General Lee. 
 Your people will need them all for plowing." That little 
 incident, told by General Lee himself, fairly illustrates the 
 policy he pursued then and ever afterward toward the 
 South. The people of the United States might well join 
 as one inan in expression of affectionate respect for " the 
 wanderer returned." 
 
 As General Grant's tour around the world is unprece- 
 dented in the annals of historv, so his deportment appears 
 to have been unexampled in its freedom from the least alloy 
 of vanit)-. Surprised by the magnificent ovation in San 
 Francisco, he embraced his old classmate and fellow sol- 
 dier, General McDowell, in the presence of the eager mul- 
 titude, with the warmth and abandon of a bov. A hundi'cd 
 ovations from the rulers and peoples of the Old World 
 seem not to have lifted him a hair's-breadth in his own esti- 
 mation. It seems to be as impossible to "turn his head" 
 as it was during the Rebellion to turn the flank of one of 
 his armies. The attentions showered upon him abroad 
 have been gratefully received and acknowledged as marks 
 of honor to his country, but personally regarded onlv as 
 pleasing incidents of a journej- undertaken with a purpose 
 — the purpose of seeing the Old World and studving man- 
 kind, their habits, social customs and political institutions. 
 From this purpose he was no more to be swer\"ed bv the 
 blandishments of power than bv the dictates of a false gen- 
 erosity before Fort Donaldson, when, to General Buckner's 
 request for a commission to arrange terms of capitulation, 
 he wrote : " JVo terms otJicr than an unconditiotial and im- 
 mediate surrender can be accepted. T propose to move im- 
 mediately upon your ■works.'''' 
 
 Obstinacy and modesty are not often combined in the 
 same character. With obstinacv there is usunllv much self- 
 assertion, as in the case of Andrew Jackson. It is also true 
 
54S ci-;nerai, u. s. chant's 
 
 that the armor of an obstinate character is not infrequently 
 successfully assailed by flattery. But General Grant is as 
 impervious to flattery as he is free from the vice of self- 
 assertion. The career of General Grant is scarcely less mar- 
 velous and far more illustrious than that of Napoleon I. 
 But, while with Napoleon it was, "I am the State," with 
 Grant it is, "I was an humble instrument in the hands of 
 the ncoplc." Napoleon's confidence in himself bordered 
 closely on belief in his own infallibility; but General Grant, 
 in his letter accepting a second nomination to the Presidency, 
 said, humbly: " Experience may guide me in avoiding mis- 
 takes inevit.-ible with novices in all professions and in all 
 occupations." vSuch a confession is rai'e in a state paper, 
 and it shows the courage of an integrity fearless of results. 
 To an unconspicuous friend General Grant once sent this 
 message: "I am now convinced that I did^'ou injustice. I 
 rcgiet it, and, if I ever have an opportunit}', I will recom- 
 pcnsate you." In this characteristic of daring to confess an 
 error, whether in a state paper or in a communication to an 
 humble friend. General Grant resembles Lincoln. The 
 maityr President had no pride of opinion where public 
 interest or private right was concerned; neither has Gen- 
 eral Grant. This quality is by no means peculiar to all 
 great men. It is found only in characters which, intrinsic- 
 ally grand, arc rendered almost sublime by their simplicity. 
 Writing of General Grant in 1S65, the New York World 
 made this estimate of his ciiaractcr as a military man: 
 
 " When the mass of men look upon such a character, 
 they may learn a truer respect fir ihemselves and each 
 other; they are taught by it that liigh qualities and great 
 abilities are consistent with the simplicity of taste, con- 
 tempt for parade, and plainness of manners with which 
 direct and earnest men have a strong and natural sympa- 
 ^\^y * * * Grant stands fre-eminent among all the 
 generals who have served in this war in the completeness 
 
TOUR AKOU.Ni) THE -WOKLD. 1^49 
 
 of his final results. * * * jf an^boLh- is so obtuse or 
 wrong-headed a^ to sec nothing great in General Grant 
 beyond his marvelous tenacity of will, let that doubter ex- 
 plain, if he can, how it has happened that, since Grant 
 rose to high commnntl, this qu.iiity has always been exerted 
 in conspicuous energy j^recisely at the point on which 
 everything in his whole spliere of operations hinged. 
 There has been no display of great qualities on small oc- 
 casions; no expenditure of herculean cflbrt to accomplish 
 objects not of the first magnitude. It is only a very clear- 
 sighted and a very comprclicnsivc mind \\vAi could always 
 thus have laid the whole emphasis of an indomitable soul 
 so precisely on the emphatic place." 
 
 General Grant's series of receptions beyond the oceans 
 was the logical result of this excellent estimate of his char- 
 acter as developed chiefly in his military career. Let it be 
 admitted that General Gi jnt's remarkable journey is merely 
 evidence of the hero-worship to which mankind is so 
 strongly addicted. Still it must be conceded that all the 
 world does not unite to crown a man a hero without good 
 cause. Napoleon ended his brilliant career miserably, a 
 prisoner at St. Helena, held there by the feais and hates of 
 all Europe. 
 
 General Grant, having enjoyed the highest honor the 
 nation can bestow, returns from his triumphal tour aiound 
 the world, to be made the recipient of a welcome as hearty, 
 fraternal and tender as the subdued cry of joy with which 
 the father embraces his first-born child returning from a 
 long absence. 
 
 In the presence of this grand demonstration, this spon- 
 taneous outpouring of patriotism and affection, partisansliip 
 is hushed, and the American people, as a unit, receive hack 
 to their bosom and confidence the belo\'ed General who 
 beat back the waves of rebellion and sa\ed the nation. 
 
 The welcome extended to him comes up from the hearts 
 
Z^O GENEUAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 of the people. It is expressive of the gratitude of the 
 nation — of the popular confidence in the tried captain in 
 war and leader in times of perilous civil commotion. It is 
 not confined to the Pacific slope. It is not confined to this 
 day or generation. The place vs'hich he to-day holds in the 
 hearts of the people is that which he will hold in the hearts 
 of the American people while the nation exists. 
 
 Perhaps nothing will better illustrate the high pitch of 
 public enthusiasm in San Francisco so much as the follow- 
 ing extracts from the three leading newspapers there. The 
 Chronicle had a column leader headed, " Hail to the Chief," 
 from which the following is selected: 
 
 " The jubilant peal of bells throughout the city, the shrill 
 scream of a hundred steam whistles, and the reverberated 
 thunders of artillery from the batteries of the fortresses that 
 f uard our harbor and the Golden Gate, have announced the 
 arrival of San Francisco's expected guest. He returns to 
 this country after receiving the homage of the civilized 
 world, crowned with such honors as have never before been 
 bestowed by foreign nations upon any citizen of the United 
 States. Regarded everywhere as a great representative 
 American, the testimony of admiration and respect paid him 
 at every stage of his journey redound to the honor of his 
 country, with which, throughout the world, his name and 
 fame and illustrious deeds are identified. Thus the nation 
 itself derives fresh prestige from the renown and achieve- 
 ments of its most distinguished living citizen, who, without 
 official position, occupying a private station, with no favors 
 to bestow and no patronage to dispense, will be welcomed 
 home by his grateful countrymen with such tokens of con- 
 fidence and enthusiastic aflfection as have never been (exhib- 
 ited by Americans to any citizen, or any illustrious visitor 
 from abroad, since the days of Washington and Lafayette; 
 and it is fitting that this should be so, for, assuredly, when 
 this generation shall have passed away, when the fierce pas- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 55I 
 
 sions engendered by a bitter strife shall have been tranquil- 
 ized, the voices of prejudice and calumny that have been so 
 loud against his great name will be hushed forever, and the 
 verdict of impartial history will be that, since the foundatiori 
 of our government, no American, however bright the halo 
 that time has cast around his memorv, has deserved better 
 of his country than Ulysses S. Grant." 
 
 The Ca//, after reviewing the glorious war record of the 
 General, and quoting his modest, magnanimous language 
 to General Sherman, when the rank of General of tht 
 Army was conferred upon him, goes on to say : 
 
 " What picture of grandeur and simplicity of character 
 is presented in this career; what magnanimity, what patri- 
 otism, what cool judgment, what clear-sighted sagacity, 
 what singleness of purpose, what subordination of all ego- 
 tistical and selfish considerations to duty and the public 
 good! Here was a man who sought no personal ends, who 
 had none of the airs of little greatness, who abhorred fuss 
 and feathers, who never attitudinized before the public, or 
 courted popularity by melodramatic vices; a man such as 
 Tennyson has described the ' Iron Duke ' to be — inoderate, 
 resolute, our greatest, yet with least picture foremost, cap- 
 tain of his time, rich in saving common-sense, and, as the 
 greatest only are, in his simplicity'sublime." 
 
 The Alta CaIifo?-nian, General McComb's paper, had 
 ji double-leaded editorial, as follows: 
 
 " The Tokio has come, and so has Grant, at present the 
 foremost man of the nation, and whom San Francisco and 
 California are pleased and happy to honor. He left this 
 State more than a quarter of a century ago, when it was 
 but a crude country, known chiefly for its gold and climate, 
 and for the inrushing hosts of 'fresh-lipped men,' seeking 
 gold, and anticipating a speedy retuni to the old home- 
 steads. He left us and went to the East. Since then the 
 scarcely more than a territory with a population of miners 
 
552 GF.N. U. S. grant's TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 has become almost an Empire State, summing lier popula- 
 tion b}' the million, and boasting of her prolific soil, richer 
 in its productions of breadstuffs than it had formerly been 
 in its crop of gold; and General Grant cannot but be sur- 
 prised, if not astonished, as he sees the evidences here of 
 that intelligence, industiy and confidence wdiich have 
 changed a sand bank into a city of a third of a million 
 people. We noticed him as he rode through the streets last 
 niglit over solid pavements, which he left as little better 
 than sand and mud, as his eyes were seeking some well 
 known and remembered shanty or abode of an ancient con- 
 struction. But instead they followed up the facades of pal- 
 ace-like structures, their windows brilliant with illumina- 
 tions of gaslight, electiicity, and ladies' eyes froin the Orient 
 isles, ju,t awakened from their dreams of centuries, and 
 rushing forward in the race of a new civilization with the 
 vnn and vigor of a new-born people. He coines back to 
 the scenes of his young manhood, to a people who have 
 already built up here a State and city and civilization which 
 will compare with any he has visited while girding the 
 world about; and this people have shown their delight at 
 his presence by a welcome which comes from the heart, as 
 a tribute to the foremost man of the nation. And so say 
 we all." 
 
CHAPTER XXXVni. 
 
 On the morning of September 23d the Methodist Con- 
 ference, which had been in session for several days, called 
 in a body on General and Mrs. Grant. Bishop Haven 
 made an address of welcome, and a- formal presentation to 
 the General and Mrs. Grant followed. An hour was taken 
 up before the presentation was concluded. The prepara- 
 tions made around the new city hall for the formal pre- 
 sentation of General and Mrs. Grant to the citize..s of San 
 Franci'.co were of an elaborate character. The Mayor's 
 office, w^hich w^as used as a reception room, was hand- 
 somely draped with flags. At half-past twelve o'clock a 
 crowd began to assemble in front of the McAllister street 
 entrance, and shortly after the passage, steps and every 
 point of advantage were thronged with people. At the 
 Market street side of the building there was also a large 
 crowd awaiting the arrival of the veterans to fire salutes 
 from the sand lots. As the hour for the reception ap- 
 proached, the crowd grew denser, filling vip the corridors 
 and entrances of the building. A squad of thirty police- 
 men was detailed to keep the passages open. At a quarter 
 to one the veterans — Federal and Confedei'ate — arrived 
 upon the " sand lots," taking up a position nep.r Market 
 street. The first gun was fired at ten minutes to one, the 
 other thirty-seven guns succeeding each other at intervals of 
 one minute. The people massed along the line of Market 
 street. After the salute the veterans fell into line, entered 
 the corridor, and marching down its length countermarched 
 
 555 
 
SS^ OEXERAI, U. S, grant's 
 
 and took up a position awaiting the arrival of the General. 
 A few minutes later the ex-President and party arrived at 
 the McAllister street entrance and were greeted with 
 cheers. The windows of the houses opposite and the 
 housetops Avere crowded with people who v^^aved handker- 
 chiefs and sent up cheer after cheer as the party alighted. 
 As the General proceeded along the pavement, escorted by 
 the Mayor, the enthusias.n hroke out afresh along the 
 corridor. Running from the lovv^er entrance to the Mayor's 
 office ■were ranged the veterans, posted in two lines. Their 
 commander, Colonel Lyons, stepped forward as General 
 Grant and the Mayor reached the corridor, and said: 
 " Now, boys, three cheers for your old commander!" The 
 veterans responded ^vith enthusiastic hurrahs. The party 
 then proceeded to the Mayor's office, where a committee of 
 ladies were waiting to receive Mrs. Grant and assist her. 
 Mrs. Grant did not arrive until some time after the General, 
 who took up his position in the centre of the room. The 
 southeast corner of the room was assigned to the ladies. 
 
 Directions were then issued to admit the multitude. 
 After a few of the invited guests had been presented to the 
 General the crowd filed in, shook hands with the city's 
 guests, and joassed out at the Market street entrance after 
 presentation to Mrs. Grant. All the afternoon a constant 
 stream of visitors poured through the apartments, and all 
 were greeted with a hearty shake of the hand, the General 
 not adopting the suggestion of the Mayor that hand shak- 
 ing might he dispensed w^itli on account of the great rush, 
 and expressing his opinion that he could " fight it out on 
 that line all summer." 
 
 Previous to the salute on the " sand lots," the General 
 reviewed the veterans at their rendezvous in Mechanics' 
 Pavilion. 
 
 On the morning of the 24th General Grant visited the 
 Produce Exchange, and witnessed a grand display of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 557 
 
 cereals of the Pacific coast, which no city in the world 
 could probably excel. He was much gratified at the ex- 
 hibition, and expressed in a few "words his congratulations. 
 After that, accompanied by General McDowell, a govern- 
 ment tug conveyed him to all the forts in the bay, where 
 he vtras received with military honors. Upon landing at 
 Black Point, General McDowell's headquarters, the party 
 was greeted by a salute, and the troops were drawn up in 
 line to receive General Grant. At General McDowell's 
 residence a collation was prepared, and a formal reception 
 tendered to the distinguished guest. Among the jDromi- 
 nent citizens present -were Governor Irwin and Governor- 
 elect Perkins, ex-Governor Stanford, cx-Governor Low, 
 Senator B.ooth, Senator Sharon, ex-Senator Stewart, Jus- 
 tice S. J. Field, Judge Ogden Hoffman, D. O. Mills, and 
 other distinguished citizens, generally accompanied by their 
 ladies. 
 
 Before the reception began, the General was visited by 
 the chief representatives of the Chinese community, headed 
 by their Consul and the Chinese Vice-Consul, who read 
 the following congratulatory welcome : 
 
 " General — We feel deeply gratified that we were per- 
 mitted to meet you face to face, and express to you how 
 sincerely we appreciate the fact that you have visited our 
 country, and consulted with its rulers, and become familiar 
 with the important features of both government and peo- 
 ple. It gives unbounded pleasure to learn that you re- 
 ceived a warm welcome, commensurate "with the high 
 esteem your noble deeds fully entitled you to at the hands 
 of the Chinese authorities and people. Let us hope that 
 your visit will have a tendency to bring the people of the 
 oldest and youngest nations in still closer friendly and com- 
 mercial relations. The Chinese of California join with 
 your countrymen in the acclaim,' Welcome home,' and add 
 the sentiments that you may live long, and, like the great 
 
55'3 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 Washington, be first in war, first in peace, and first in the 
 hearts of your countrymen." 
 
 To this was added by the dignitaries: 
 
 " To General Grant — We join our voices to prolong 
 the pean which lias girdled the earth, wafted o'er seas and 
 continents. Praises to the warrior and statesman most 
 graciously presented by the Chinese of California." 
 
 The General replied: 
 
 " Gentlemen — I am very glad to meet the representa- 
 tives of the Chinese community, and receive this address. 
 1 have, as you say, just returned from a visit to your coun- 
 try. It was a most interesting visit — one that I shall 
 always remember, and especially because of the kindness 
 and hospitality shown me bj- the people and the authorities 
 of China. For that I am grateful, and glad of an oppor- 
 tunity of expressing that gratitude so soon after my arrival 
 at home. I hope that the remark you make about China 
 breaking down the seclusion in which she has been shrouded 
 for ages \vill prove true in all senses, and that China will 
 continue lo draw near to her the sympathy and the ti-ade 
 of the cixilized world. The future of China will largely 
 depcd upon her policy in this respect. A liberal policy 
 will enlarge your commerce, and confer great commercial 
 advantages upon the outside world. I hope that America 
 will have a large share in this. Again I thrnk vou." 
 
 Afcer presenting the address Colonel Be said that 
 Mrs. Grant had done more to break down the spirit of do- 
 mestic cxclusiveness that reigned in China than the warrior 
 had done, by the honors shown her in Tientsin. He 
 begged that she would accept a small casket of ivory as a 
 memento of the occasicn. The reception lasted till 6 
 o'clock; the party returned to the city, and in the evening 
 attended Baldwin's theater. 
 
 The annour.ccmcnt that General Grant would visit the 
 Baldwin theater sufficed to pack the building to its utmost 
 
TOUR AROUND TlIK WORLD. 
 
 559 
 
 capacity. The proscenium iDOx designetl for the occupancy 
 of the General and his party, was handsomely decorated 
 with flowers and national colors. The programme for the 
 evening comprised the "balcony " and other scenes from 
 " Romeo and Juliet," and " Diplomacy." General Grant 
 and party arrived shortly before 9 o'clocli, between the 
 acts. A great ciowd gathered at the entrance, cheering 
 vociferously as he alighted. On making his appearance in 
 the box the audience rose to their feet and cheered and 
 applauded for several minutes, while the orchestra struck 
 up "• See, the Conquering Hero Comes," followed by a 
 iTiedley of national airs, accented by discharges of mus- 
 ketry from behind the scenes. 
 
 On the 25th General Grant visited Oakland, the resi- 
 dence of thousands of San Francisco merchants, and tlie 
 second largest city on the Pacific Coast. The General was 
 received with a salute of thirty-eight guns, the fire whis- 
 tles, profusion of bunting, masses of people, and display 
 of flowers of all descriptions at once announced that an 
 ovation was in store for him. Mayor Andrus, of Oakland, 
 who was formerly a carpenter, received General Grant 
 with the following words : 
 
 " General Grant: Your merited ovations have en- 
 circled the world ; they have been as grand and varied as 
 the nations that have offered them; and yet, along them 
 all there has been no more earnest, sincere, and cordial w^el- 
 come than the city of Oakland now extends to you — this 
 pre-eminently city of homes and of families, of husbands 
 and wives, of parents and children, of churches and 
 schools. There is no tie more sacred and lasting than that 
 of the family. At the family altar the fires of liberty are 
 first kindled, and there patriotism is born. Love of home, 
 of kindred, and of country is the source and foundation of 
 our welcome to you — defender of our firesides and fami- 
 lies." 
 
GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 The procession then formed and moved along Broad- 
 way. The enthusiasm of the populace- was unbounded. 
 
 At the entrance of Clay and Fourteenth street 5,000 
 school children greeted General Grant, who alighted from 
 the carriage, passing down one row of children and up 
 another, while the little ones literally bestrewed his path 
 with flowers, the High School singers chanting a glee, and 
 Grant's Des Moines words, " The free schools are the pro- 
 moters of that intelligence which is to produce us a free 
 nation," hanging high above his head. All the girls wore 
 white dresses, tastefully trimmed, and, as the General re- 
 entered his carriage they cast showers of floral tributes at 
 his feet. General Grant was visibly affected, and every 
 now and then would stretch forth his hands to embrace 
 some very small child who would approach timidly with 
 her bouquet. Not alone the schools of Oakland, but those 
 of Haywards, San Leandro, Alameda, and other suburban 
 points were represented. A prettier display could not have 
 been made. Garlands of red, white and blue streamers 
 stretched across the street, while the national colors floated 
 high above all on the city hall. 
 
 As the procession passed on again along Broadway and 
 Twelfth streets, the words, " Welcome and Honor the 
 Brave," in red geraniums and white candy tufts, were visi- 
 ble at more than a dozen houses. Soon after i o'clock the 
 pavilion was reached, and General Grant, with the Mayor, 
 took seats in a canopied dias in the center of the building, 
 which was tastefully decorated with festoons, bouquets, 
 wreaths and plumes of Pampas grass. On the wall facing 
 the General were the words, " Honor to Grant," and over 
 them the coat of arms of Illinois, surrounded by a wreath, 
 while beneath and around were shields representing the 
 other thirty-seven states. The First Regiment band 
 played "Hail Columbia," and the Oakland Cavalry, Mexi- 
 ican War Veterans, and National Guard Infantry, together 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 56 1 
 
 with representatives of Oakland's renowned Fire Depart- 
 ment, marched in and around the halls. 
 
 About two o'clock the procession moved on to Tubb's 
 hotel, where an excellent lunch was spread. The arrange- 
 ments were admirable. Every person entering the lunch- 
 room had a ticket, and thus all confusion was avoided. At 
 a quarter to four o'clock Mayor Andrus rose and proposed 
 General Grant's health, after which, all speeches being 
 taken as read or spoken, the party adjourned. The Gen- 
 eral entered a carriage with six horses, and was taken round 
 the Fruitvale Road, toward the Mills seminary, the young 
 ladies from which had come out in full force. Returning 
 at 4:15 to the hotel, the carriages proceeded to Badger's 
 Park, where an old sailors' and soldiers' camp-fire took place. 
 Ex-President Grant was escorted to a platform, on which 
 were ranged tables with pork and beans, coffee in camp- 
 kettles, tin cups, platters and spoons, iron- table-knives, 
 tobacco and clay pipes, the camp-tire lights being visible 
 from the platform. The Federal and Confederate veterans 
 had here united to do him honor, and many were those who 
 stepped up to the General, and reminded him of " Auld 
 Lang Syne." About five o'clock Major L. B. Edwards 
 silenced the cheering crowd, and said: "Veterans, allow 
 me to introduce General Grant." The hero of Appomat- 
 tox then stepped forward, and, amid breathless silence, 
 spoke as follows: 
 
 Gentlemen of the two Armies and Navies : I am 
 very proud of the welcome you have given me. I am partic- 
 ularly happy to see the good-will and cordiality existing be- 
 tween the soldiers of the two armies, and I have an enduring 
 faith that it will always be so. I hope we shall never have 
 a foreign war; but, if we do, I doubt not you and your 
 children will be found fighting on the same side, and against 
 a common enemy. I hope the day will never come when 
 it will be necessary for uj '.'o take up r.rms again. I am 
 
562 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 perfectly satisfied, from travel around the world, that no 
 foreign power desires to come in conflict with us, should 
 any difficulty unfortunately arise, that they will always be 
 willing to submit to friendly arbitration, and that being all 
 that we can desire, I feel confident America has a long ca- 
 reer of peace and prosperity before her. 
 
 The enthusiasm created by this speech was indescrib- 
 able. One veteran shouted, " That's the longest speech 
 Grant ever made." A brief walk through the park termi- 
 nated the proceedings, and at 5:40 General Grant took the 
 train at Clinton station and returned to the city, thanking 
 Mayor Andrus and W. VV. Crane, of the arrangements 
 committee, for their admirably organized reception. 
 
 The Mayor had previously handed General Grant a 
 richly-mounted morocco case containing the freedom of the 
 city, embossed on parchment; and armed with this, and 
 both hands full of bouquets presented by children, the Gen- 
 eral returned at seven o'clock, with Shipping Commigioner 
 Stephenson and United States District Judge Hoffman, to 
 the Palace hotel. He made a brief appearance at the pi'ess 
 banquet, then being given to John Russell Young, of the 
 New York Herald. 
 
 In reply to a toast. General Grant responded, briefly 
 expressing his gratification at the welcome awarded him in 
 California, concluding with "The good opinion of my coun- 
 trymen is dearer to me than the praise of all the world be- 
 side." 
 
 After attending the press banquet, the General and 
 party went to the carnival at Mechanics' Pavilion, where 
 more than ten thousand persons were assembled. Col- 
 onel Andrews, of the diamond palace, who organized this 
 ball, signalized the occasion by presenting Mrs. Grant with 
 a bouquet composed of the flowers indigenous to the vari- 
 ous countries she passed through in her tour around the 
 world. These flowers were placed in regular order, start- 
 
iRAND ARCH ERECTED ON NEW MONTCIOMERY STREET, SAN FRA \'CIsi_;0 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. -(,' 
 
 ing from Philad.elphia and ending with San Francisco. 
 The bouquet-holder, five inches long, was of pure Califor- 
 nia gold, and inlaid with quartz, and a collection of other 
 metals found on this coast. It was a costly present, and 
 will undoubtedly be esteemed as a precious memento of the 
 visit to California. Mechanics' Pavilion was superbly dec- 
 orated with several hundred large stars, the fountains play- 
 ing in the center space, opposite the box reserved for the 
 Grant party. This box was magnificently arranged with 
 flowers and flags, satin programmes being provided for the 
 honored guests. Seven different committees, each com- 
 posed of nine persons, were to decide upon the best-dressed 
 lady, the best-dressed gentleman, and the most original 
 character, lady and gentleman ; the best sustained charac- 
 ter, the best-formed lady, the handsomest blonde, the hand- 
 somest brunette, the best waltzer, the tallest lady, the short- 
 est lady, the fattest lady, the leanest lady, the handsomest 
 lady, the homeliest gentleman, the best-dressed girl, the 
 best-dressed boy, and the best-sustained character, boy and 
 girl. The prizes were seventy-nine in number. The only 
 ladies' committee was that selected to decide on the chil- 
 dren's prizes. At 9 o'clock commenced the grand march 
 around the pavilion, a miniature mardi gras. Subsequent 
 arrangements comprised a prize waltz at 11, at which only 
 the competitors were allowed on the floor, forty soldiers of 
 the First Regiment drilling shortly afterwards in the Gen- 
 eral's presence, and Haverly's Minstrels playing before 
 him half an hour later. Midnight was fixed for the an- 
 nouncement and distribution of prizes. The supper ar- 
 rangements were in the hands of the Baldwin and Palace 
 hotel chiefs. Forty ushers ofiiciated, and the whole thing 
 was conducted on a scale of completeness rare even in older 
 communities than San Francisco. 
 
 On the 26th General Grant and party left on a special 
 
566 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 train for San Jose. As it passed San Mateo, the cadets of 
 St. Matthew's academy were drawn up on a platform at 
 "present arms." The whole population of the village be- 
 hind tliem greeted the train with cheers. Flags \vere flj'- 
 ing all over the town. The train arrived at San Jose at 
 1 1 :30 A. M. There was an immense crowd at the depot, 
 and the train was met by Mayor Archer and the commit- 
 tee. Upon stepping from the train, the Mayor, in a 
 brief address, welcomed General Grant, who, in response, 
 said : 
 
 Mr. Mayor and Ladies and Gentlemen — I 
 am glad to see you all, and thank you for this kind recep- 
 tion. You speak of my reception by the sovereigns and 
 princes of the world. I am prouder of this than all — this 
 kindness from the sovereign people of mv own country. 
 Ladies and gentlemen, I thank you. 
 
 General Grant then, accompanied by Mayor Archer, 
 entered a barouche drawn by four magnificent horses. The 
 other guests followed, and the procession proceeded through 
 the principal streets of the city, halting at the court-house, 
 where one thousand school children stood, and bedecked 
 the General's carriage with flowers, shortly afterwards 
 uniting in singing "America." San Jose was festooned and 
 decorated as befitted a rural country seat, the emblems be- 
 ing appropriate and handsome. 
 
 At 1 o'clock the Fair Grounds were reashed, and an ex- 
 hibition of fine stock was paraded before the party. A 
 magnificent Australian horse was among the animals ex- 
 hibited. The Mexican veterans were then introduced to 
 Grant, and it was remarked, "You see, General, these 
 veterans still live." " Yes," I'eplied Grant : " most of those 
 now living are older than I am but, when the last of them 
 has dropped off, then I must be thinking of departing." 
 
 At precisely 3 o'clock began the trotting match between 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 567 
 
 Gov. Leland Stanford's Occident and Daniel Cook's horse 
 Graves — the latter horse winning in three straight heats,' 
 time 3 :20, 2 :30, 2:33. 
 
 Shortly after 4 o'clock the party re-entered the carriages 
 and drove to Santa Clara, passing the old Jesnit Seminary, 
 built in 1773, and inspecting the splendid grounds of J. P. 
 Pierce, formerly owned by Gen. William Leut, of Bodie 
 Bonanza fame. While the carriages were passing through 
 Santa Clara on the way back, a number of tanners in every- 
 day working-clothes turned out and greeted their ex-fellow- 
 crafts inan. 
 
 San Jose, where all business was suspended, was again 
 reached at 5 o'clock, and here the illustrious guests were 
 vouchsafed a season of rest. As the evening drew on, ex- 
 President Grant received a number of citizens at the Auze- 
 rias house, and at S o'clock took place the grand banquet, 
 100 gentlemen dining with Gen. Grant, and twenty ladies 
 with Mrs. Grant. The party returned to San Francisco 
 after ip o'clock. The whole affair, under the auspices of 
 Mayor Archer, Gov. Woods, T. O. Houghton, and G. F. 
 Baker, was a grand success, and San Jose will undoubtedly 
 remain enshrined in the General's memory in connection 
 with his reception. 
 
 On the 37th the General visited the San Francisco Stock 
 and Exchange Board. Pine street between Sansome and 
 Montgomery was thronged with people in anticipation of 
 his visit. The hall and lobby were densely crowded, a lane 
 for entrance being kej)t open by the police. The Board- 
 rooin which is a work of art in itself, was tastefully 
 decorated with flowers, ferns and smilax. Business opened 
 at the usual hour and soon afterwards the ex-President and 
 his party arrived. President Peckham led his guests to the 
 centre of the arena, those sacred precincts usually reserved 
 exclusively for the brokers, and there, in an excellently 
 worded speech, introduced the General to his fellow-brok- 
 
::;6ti OENEllAl. U. S. GKANT's 
 
 ers. The bulls and bears cheered, ami shouted in unison 
 for once in their lives, and then Mr. Peckhani contkictcd 
 the visitors to a dias canopied with rich tlags of California 
 silk, sprigs of evergreens, ferns and verdure in general. 
 This dias, a little to the callers' right, commanded a full 
 view of the proceedings, which thereupon re-commenced 
 in good earnest. There w is the ordinary hustling and 
 jostling of the apparently infuriated maniacs, as they strove 
 to obtain their number of shares, at five or ten cents below 
 the market rates. Gen. Grant was much amused as he be- 
 held theni swaying to and fro. Sellers in pursuit of buyers, 
 and I'tce versa. The General remained until the close of 
 the Comstock call and then departed, escorted to the door 
 by President Peckham, and Vice-President Lissak. The 
 passage and steps were lined with ladies and gentlemen, 
 forming an improvised guard of honor, till the General 
 reached his carriage. 
 
 On leavuig the Stock Board, Gen. Grant visited the 
 Anglo-California bank, and subsequently the California 
 market. 
 
 About 3 o'clock he accompanied Mrs. Grant to the 
 California theatre to witness the last acts of the " Color 
 Guard," and at night they were again at the same theater, 
 with General and Mrs. McDowell and Mayor and Mrs. 
 Bryant. The performance consisted of an opera " never," 
 or, perhaps more correctly, " hardly ever," played in the 
 East, in which Emelie Melville played "Josephine," and 
 Frank Unger played the "Admiral's " nart. After "Sir 
 Joseph " had vocally nariated a wholly unfamiliar story, he 
 was so loudly applauded that, removing his hat and turn- 
 ing to the mezzanino box to his left, he s.-ing: 
 
 "And now, an the ruler ot the Q^ieen's navee, 
 I am pleased our honored guest to sec, 
 Who has sailed the briny ocean o'er, 
 But has never seen the good ship "Pinafore." 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. :;69 
 
 He's the only man in the world, do you see, 
 
 That has never met the ruler of the Queen's navee." 
 
 WJiereat the audience applauded enthusiastically, and 
 Mrs. Grant smiled. As there were no physicians about, it 
 is impossible to give a diagnosis of Grant's symptoms after 
 seeing " Pinafore." Suffice it to say he is still an Ameri- 
 can, and " its greatly to his credit." 
 
 At ID o'clock the General visited the camp-fires of the 
 Federal and Confederate soldiers and sailors, at Mechanics' 
 Pavilion. Only ex-soldiers were admitted to the floor, and 
 it was estimated there were five thousand of these present, 
 while the galleries were crowded with spectators. Not 
 only coffee and hard-tack, but beer, cheese, crackers and 
 plug tobacco formed prominent features of the entertain- 
 ment. There seemed to be a lack of organization at this 
 camp-fire. Invitations were issued by thousands in excess 
 of the capacity of the building. The great idea of the 
 managers seemed to have been a big demonstration, and 
 to that end tickets were distributed right and left, admit- 
 ting " bearer and ladies." The doors appear to have been 
 placed in charge of irresponsible youngsters, who received 
 those best qualified to enter, with fixed bayonets. Occa- 
 sionally a squad of men would enliven the scene by charg- 
 ing the surging crowd, and those without tickets seemed, 
 on the whole, to stand a better chance of getting in than 
 those with tickets. 
 
 Crowds forced their way into the place until the floor 
 must have contained from 7,000 to 8,000 persons. They 
 climbed on chairs, on tables, and many were the break- 
 downs and numerous the screams. Meanwhile the sentinel 
 barred the doors, and thus excluded men like Gen. Mc- 
 Comb and Marcus Boruck. The veterans outside were 
 indignant at being left out, grew uproarious, and some got 
 step-ladders and scaled the walls, entering by the windows. 
 Then sentinels from within battened down the windows. 
 
57© GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 while policemen withdrew the ladders. Fortunately no 
 one was injured, but a very bad feeling prevailed. On the 
 estrade beneath which General Grant was seated were 
 tents, cannon, and masses of bunting. General Grant, in 
 reply to his health, expressed his pleasure at being among 
 the veterans. All the orators who followed bellowed forth 
 their remarks, and a lady orator, reciting some heroic 
 verses, pitched her voice at about sixty-horse power. 
 Ladies and invited guests fared no better than any one else. 
 It was a scene notably never to be forgotten by those 
 present. 
 
 General Grant' s reception of public school children, 
 at Woodward's Gardens, on the 29th, was the most enthu- 
 siastic ovation he had yet received. Before eleven o'clock 
 not less than twenty thousand youngsters swarmed the 
 Gardens, while the street cars were jammed, and thousands 
 making their way to the rendezvous on foot. At 1 1 130 the 
 General's arrival was heralded by a discharge of cannon, 
 and the vociferous cheers of Lincoln school boys, who 
 were drawn up at the entrance as a guard of honor. 
 Escorted by the Board of Education, he walked between 
 the files of children, crowded in everj^ avenue, to the 
 jDavillion, where a stage had been arranged for the recep- 
 tion of the party. Ten thousand boys and girls were 
 crov^rded in the building, and as the General made his 
 appearance, the cheers, stamping, vi^histling and " cat call- 
 ing" were deafening, while from every part of the building 
 bouquets rained upon the stage and the occupants. After a 
 few minutes the enthusiastic youngsters were reduced to 
 comparative quiet, when Mr. Heister, President of the 
 Board of Education, addressed General Grant as follows: 
 
 "General Grant: Your loyalty to the public 
 school system of the United States has impelled the 
 school children of San Francisco to extend this special 
 greeting. The children, their parents, and the Board of 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 57' 
 
 Education, recognize in you a true and fearless friend of 
 popular education, and are proud to look you in the face 
 and take you by the hand. Allow me, sir, to present you 
 to the children and teachers connected with the public 
 schools of San Francisco. These happy faces will tell 
 "heir own story. " 
 
 Another uproarious outbreak of applause followed, after 
 which the General addressed his audience to the following 
 effect : 
 
 " It is a gratifying sight to witness this evidence of edu- 
 cational privileges afforded by this young city. The crowds 
 gathered inside and outside this building indicate that 
 every child of an age fit for school is provided for. When 
 education is universally diffused we may feel assured of the 
 permanenc}' and pei'petuity of our institutions. The great- 
 est danger to our people grows out of ignorance, and this 
 evidence of universality of education is the best guarantee 
 of your loyalty to American principles." 
 
 More appropriate, remarks could not have been made, 
 and they deserve to be treasured up by the people as the 
 embodiment of a great and incalculably important truth. 
 No tampering with popular education should be tolerated 
 in any part of the country. In the large cities the danger 
 of this is very considerable. 
 
 At the conclusion of his remarks. Gen. Grant and the 
 Board of Education made their way out of the building, 
 and, following the winding avenues of the gardens, pro- 
 ceeded to the great amphitheatre on the other side of the 
 grounds. Children by thousands lined the walks, and. 
 pelted the party with bouquets, while shrill cheers and the 
 continual rattle of drums with which each class was pro- 
 vided, created a bedlam of noise. On reaching the 
 amphitheatre, where at least 20,000 boys and girls were 
 massed, the storm of floral missiles became heavier, and, 
 
572 GENERAL U. S. ORANt's 
 
 on gaining the stand near the exit, the party proceeded, 
 thoroughly dilapidated and crushed in appearance. 
 
 The General took a seat at the front of the platform, 
 and the assembled throngs then marched by to enable each 
 one to obtain a good look at him. As the enthusiastic 
 throng surged by, hundreds of hands were thrust out for a 
 passing shake, and the demand for autographs was alto- 
 gether beyond the General's ability to supply. The 
 shower of flowers was kept up, despite the efforts of teach- 
 ers and members of the Board to stay it, and the party 
 was almost overwhelmed with these tributes. At least 
 20,000 children were present, and, though the teachers 
 were able to maintain reasonably good order, it was impos- 
 sible to restrain the holiday spirits of the mass within the 
 bounds of decorum. 
 
 At I o'clock the young legions were still maixhing 
 past in review with drums, banners, mottoes, and flags, 
 while the General maintained his position and faced the 
 constant fire of bouquets with his accustomed tenacity and 
 pluck. 
 
 At 3 o'clock the General returned to the Palace hotel 
 and wrote some private letters. At 4 o'clock he, with his 
 family, drove down to Milbrae, where he dined with a 
 small party at D. O. Mills' house- returning late in the 
 evening to the Palace hotel. 
 
 Gen. Grant and party left Oakland wharf for the Yo- 
 Semite Valley at 8:30 A. M., Sept. 30th. The wharf was 
 covered with a dense mass of people. As the train moved 
 off" three cheers were given. The General occupied a 
 special drawing-room car, and accompanying him were Mrs. 
 Grant, U. S. Grant, Jr., G. W. Dent, Gen. John F. Miller 
 wife, and daughter; Miss Flora Sharon, Miss Jennie Flood, 
 and John Russell Young. Throngs of people were gath- 
 ered at various way stations. At Martinez, a salute was 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ^75 
 
 fired, and near the depot the houses were decorated with 
 the National colors. At Antioch, school children were 
 drawn up in line upon the depot platform, and waved their 
 handkerchiefs as the train moved past. At Stockton, the 
 General was welcomed by Mayor Hyat and escorted along 
 a line composed of military companies, the Stockton fire 
 department, Union veterans, and veterans of the Mexican 
 war, to a carriage drawn by four white horses. The pro- 
 cession then formed and traversed the principal streets until 
 the court house was reached, where there was a concourse 
 of several thousand school girls dressed in white, who 
 saluted the visitors by waving 'kerchiefs and clapping their 
 hands. After jaassing the procession in review the General 
 was driven to the Yosemite house, where he received the 
 prominent citizens. 
 
 At the conclusion of the reception at the Yosemite 
 house, the General retired to his apartments. At 4 o'clock 
 the distinguished guest and his party entered the dining- 
 room to partake of a collation offered by the leading citi- 
 zens. After viands had been discussed. Gen. Grant, in 
 reply to an address of welcome by Maj'or Hyat, said : 
 
 " Gentlemen: I am very much pleased to be back 
 in your city once more, which I have not seen in twenty- 
 five years. I am very much obliged for the hearty recep- 
 tion at your hands, and will say that, though I have been 
 here several times, I have never stayed so long before. 
 When I was on the Coast before I visited Stockton six 
 times, but this is the first time a roof ever sheltered me in 
 your city. Among many gentlemen I met to-day was one 
 who was sure he knew me at Knight's Ferry in 1849. 
 While I would not dispute the gentleman's word, I wa<i 
 never on this side of the Rockies previous to 1S52. I was 
 only three times at Knight's Ferry in 1S52 and 1S54, and 
 think some one must have been personating me there. 
 
5y6 GENERAY U. S. GRANt's 
 
 [Loud laughter.] However, I am glad to meet you to-day> 
 and can never henceforth deny being in Stockton in 1879." 
 
 Dr. G. A. Shurtleff and State Senator Hudson, spoke 
 briefly, after which the company broke up. The General 
 and party left at 7 :2o for the Yosemite, via Madeira, 
 which point they reached after midnight, and remaining in 
 the sleeping-car during the night, started by stage directly 
 after breakfast. 
 
 Previous to his departure from Madeira, the General 
 had a brief reception with citizens and residents of Fresno 
 City, and among the number who congratulated him upon 
 his return to his native land were several Unio'n and Con- 
 federate veterans. At Fresno Flat he received further 
 congratulatory calls from Fresno County veterans. The 
 coach which conveyed the party was handsomely decor- 
 ated. Thirty-six horses were used in the trip, six changes 
 being made. Upon the arrival of the distinguished party 
 at Clarke's Station they were met at the stage and wel- 
 comed by J. B. Bruce and S. Washburn, and escorted to 
 the parlor of the hotel. The Mariposa brass band had 
 crossed the mountains, a distance of thirty-six miles, to join 
 in the ceremonies, playing " Hail to the Chief." Dinner 
 followed, after which an informal reception was held in 
 the hotel parlors. The General was serenaded, and retired 
 at an early hour. 
 
 On the morning of October 3d the General and party 
 entered the Yosemite Valley from Clark's Station, the 
 General and Mrs. Grant occupying the front seat of the 
 '• coach and six," with the driver, fullv determined to view 
 the delightful scenery, which the visitors said surpassed 
 anything they had observed on the Rhine or in Switzer- 
 land. Mrs. Grant was even more pleased than the ex- 
 President, Monroe, the driver, stating to a bystander, " I 
 iiever hauled a lady over these roads who was so enthusi- 
 astic." 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 577 
 
 At Lookout Point, whence there is a view of the distant 
 San Joaquin Valley and the hazy Coast Range, the stage 
 stopped awhile. At Inspiration Point, whence a sight is had 
 of the wl^le valley, the point of view in some of Hill's 
 pictures, the stage again stopped, and every one alighted. 
 The General mounted the top of the stage, and sat for some 
 time viewing the splendid prospect, and evidently appreci- 
 ated fully its grandeur and beauty. When all were satis- 
 fied, the stage drove down the winding road and on to 
 Bernard's seven miles distant. While going through the 
 valley, the General allowed no object of interest to escape 
 him. He noted all the domes, roads and peaks, and asked 
 Monroe about bights and distances. The rest were equally 
 delighted. At the lower bridge over the Merced, a dozen 
 blasts had been set, -which were fired in succession as the 
 stage was passing, unrolling terrific echoes. Nearly all the 
 population of the valley, including the tourists, were on 
 horseback, skurrying all the roads, at the windows, or on 
 the porches of the hotels, which were hung with flags and 
 liberally adorned with boughs of evergreen. As the stage 
 approached Leidig's, the proprietor of the hotel came out 
 and tendered the hospitalities of his place to the party. At 
 Black's the guests were on the front porch. The stage 
 dashed on up to Bernard's, which had been trimmed with 
 evergreens and flags, and in many ways given a gala ap- 
 pearance, though Mr. Bernard had but a few hours' notice 
 of the honor intended him. As the vehicle neared the 
 steps, the Mariposa band, brought here for the purpose, 
 woke the echoes of the surrounding cHfFs with " Hail to 
 the Chief" Some cheering followed, and there was a gen- 
 eral rush from the neighboring buildings toward the hotel. 
 The party were hardly recognizable for dust. There were 
 few o-reetings; all were at once shown to their rooms. 
 
 The following days were spent in exploring and visit- 
 ing principal points of interest — Glacier Point, Sentinel 
 
578 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Dome, El CajDitan, the Three Graces, the Three Brothers, 
 Half Dome, North Dome and Yosemite Rock. After 
 spending a few as delightful days as the General had yet 
 seen, he, with his party returned to San Franciyo, via of 
 the Big Trees and Mariposa and Merced. Arriving by 
 special train on the morning of the 7th, after spending a 
 few hours in the city, the General and party left early 
 in the afternoon, with Senator Sharon, for Belmont, where, 
 on the following evening, a grand reception was tendered 
 him by Senator Sharon. This fete at Belmont was the 
 most brilliant gathering that had ever taken place on the 
 Pacific Coast. The richness of ladies' costumes, the mag- 
 nificence of internal decorations, and the brillianc}' of the 
 superb grounds, illuminated by thousands of Chinese lan- 
 terns, render the scene one of unsurpassed splendor. The 
 preparations were worthy of Senator Sharon's reputation. 
 Nothing had been omitted to give enjoyment to the guests, 
 and lend eclat to the occasion. The picture gallery of 
 the museum had been transformed into a vast banqueting- 
 room, where, among other preparations for the visitors, 
 figured one hundred baskets of champagne and fifteen 
 thousand Eastern oysters. Three trains took the city guests 
 down. The first, advertised to start at 7 130, left fifteen 
 minutes earlier, owing to the number of persons waiting 
 on the platform. Some of these had arrived at the depot 
 as early as six o'clock. 
 
 Belmont was reached in about an hour, and there 
 abundance of vehicles had been provided to convey the 
 party to the mansion about a mile distant. Considering 
 that each train consisted of ten cars, it will be understood 
 this was no slight task. Numbers of ladies carried their 
 toilets in baskets with them, so that the uninitiated might 
 have thought them bent on a picnic excursion. 
 
 Nearly 3,500 guests were present. Dancing and ban- 
 queting were the order of the evening. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 579 
 
 At 1 1 o'clock the following morning, Gen. Grant re- 
 turned to the city, and at 12 o'clock was received by the 
 Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade at the Mer- 
 chants' Exchange Building, in a manner exhibiting the 
 greatest respect and admiration for the illustrious man. The 
 two mercantile societies attended in full force. The rooms 
 of the Chamber of Commerce were decorated in a gor- 
 geous style for the occasion. Gen. Grant was escorted to 
 the platform from the Chairman's desk by the Hon. J. P. 
 Jones, and was. met there by Governor-elect Perkins, the 
 President of the Chamber of Commerce, and Jacob T. 
 Taber, President of the Board of Trade, Mr. Jones inti-o- 
 duced the General with these words: 
 
 " Presidents AND Members of the Chamber of 
 Commerce and Board of Trade: I have the honor of 
 introducing a most distinguished citizen of the United 
 States, honored at home and abroad. Gen. Ulysses S. 
 Grant." 
 
 After enthusiastic cheers, Gov. Perkins made the follow- 
 ing address of welcome. 
 
 " General Grant: The merchants of San Francisco, 
 represented by the Chamber of Commerce and Board of 
 Trade, have the honor to pay you their respects, desiring, 
 as merchants, to express their appreciation of your services 
 to our common country, recognizing the fact that universal 
 prosperity is best promoted by domestic and national inter- 
 course, and that through commerce and trade the nations 
 of the world are brought in most intimate relations, to 
 which great end peace is absolutely essential. They regard 
 you as the great chieftain whose military genius restored 
 domestic peace and civil law throughout our country. In 
 the hour of triumph your magnanimity did not allow you 
 to forget that the good-will of all our countrymen was as 
 necessary as the success of the armies under your command. 
 When intrusted with the highest office in the gift of the 
 
cSo GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 people you proved to the world how war could be avoided 
 and peace secured by friendly arbitration. We regard you 
 as an honorable representative of our Republican citizen- 
 ship, more especially to be so esteemed because, although 
 successful in our war you have so fully appreciated the ad- 
 vantages of peace, while the honors bestowed upon you by 
 foreign potentates have never caused you to swerve from 
 the path of Republican simplicity and true American citi- 
 zenship. The merchants of San Francisco welcome you 
 to your native land, wishing you a happy return to youi 
 home, many years of happiness, and an old age which shall 
 command the continued honor and the reverence of your 
 countrymen." 
 
 General Grant I'eplied as follows: 
 
 " Gkntlejmen of the Chamber of Commerce and 
 Board of Trade of San Francisco: I hardly know 
 how to express my gratification at the kind and cordial 
 reception you, and not only you, but the people in every 
 place in the State and city that I have visited have given 
 me. There is no question but that the prosperity of the 
 country depends upon the class of peojDle you gentlemen 
 represent. It requires just such people as we see here to 
 make it profitable for a man to labor with his hands; also, 
 to make profits for the whole nation. Anybody who has 
 been over the world as I have, has seen the degradation to 
 which laborers have fallen without some head to guide 
 them into. the right course. In other countries the laborer 
 is sunk far below the poorest and most abject citizen of this 
 country. We have not a healthy person in Ainerica who 
 is willing to work, who is not better off than the best 
 laborers in any other country. We need not be envious 
 or jealous of any country in the world." 
 
 Applause and hand shaking followed. 
 
 A scroll on which the address of the two associations 
 was engrossed in a handsome manner, signed by the 
 
TOUK AROUND THE WORLD. 5S1 
 
 presidents and secretaries, was presented to the General, 
 enclosed in a beautiful cylindrical case of Russia leather, 
 with this inscription embossed in gold letters: 
 
 " To General Uo S. Grant, from the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and Board of Trade of San Francisco." 
 
 After leaving the Merchants' Exchange the General 
 drove to the Palace Hotel, and thence to Front street 
 wharf, where a vast crowd had gathei'ed to see him depart 
 on the steamer St. Paul for Oregon. 
 
 The steamer and all other shipping in the vicinity were 
 gayly decorated. As General Grant went aboard a beau- 
 tiful American flag was run up to the masthead. There 
 was no cheering ainong the people, who seemed sorry to 
 have him go. Many distinguished people went on board 
 to bid him good-b3\ The party from the tug, besides the 
 General and his wife, included, among others, U. S. Grant, 
 Jr., Miss Jennie Flood, ex-Governor Low, wife and daugh- 
 ter, Senators J. P. Jones and A. A. Sargent, Lieutenant 
 Otis, Jolin Russell Young, Louis Sloss, Captain Niebaum, 
 Martin Bulger, Fred. Kabe, C. F. Crocker and Mrs. Mc- 
 Dowell and daughter. 
 
 At 2:15 the St. Paul swung gracefully out from the 
 wharf, amid waving of handkerchiefs, quiet farewells, and 
 admiring remarks of the people. 
 
 The steamer St. Paul, with General Grant and party 
 on board, arrived at Portland, Oregon, on the 14th, the 
 citizens' committee and members of the press, having joined 
 tlie General at Vancouver. Just before leaving the wharf 
 at the latter place for Portland, the Honorable H. W. Cor- 
 bitt, chairman of the committee of reception, made the fol- 
 lowing address of welcome: 
 
 General Grant: I take pleasure in introducing 
 to you this committee, and these distinguished officers 
 and gentlemen. We come to welcome you, and tender 
 you the hospitalities of the citizens of Portland; also to 
 
582 GENERAL U. S, GRANt's , J 
 
 the » tends that accompany you. We evidently do not -| 
 now welcome the Lieutenant that left us twenty-six years .^ 
 ago; neither can we receive you as a Lieutenant-General, tt) 
 or as a General of the once great army of the Republic, . ' 
 nor as President of these once more united States; but we 
 do receive you as a pre-eminently distinguished citizen, 
 who has enjoyed all these honors, who has won so many lau- 
 rels, and who has worn them with so much modesty and 
 grace. It will be the pleasing duty of another to express 
 more fully our sentiments, at the general reception tendered 
 you Wednesday evening at our new pavilion, where we 
 shall have the pleasure of presenting to you friends and 
 citizens from all parts of the State and the adjoining terri- 
 tory, ■\vho desire personally to testify their appreciation of 
 you and your valuable services to the nation. You are 
 welcome, thrice welcome, to Oregon. It will give us 
 pleasure to escort you to our city at your earliest conven- 
 ience, where we hope to make your stay pleasant and agree- 
 able. 
 
 General Grant replied in a few words, simply express- 
 ing his thanks. 
 
 At least twenty thousand persons had assembled in the 
 vicinity of the dock, awaiting the arrival of the distin- 
 guished guest, amid the thunders of artillery, the clangor 
 of bells and the screaming of v^'histles, the St. Paul came 
 alongside her dock. 
 
 General Grant was met at the wharf by Mayor Thomp- 
 son, \vho said : "General Grant, as Ma3'or of the city of 
 Portland, on behalf of the citizens of this city, we extend 
 to you welcome, and tender 3'ou the hospitalities of Port- 
 land." 
 
 General Grant simply replied: "Mayor Thompson, I 
 thank you." 
 
 The part}' were then escorted to carriages in waiting. 
 The procession, under charge of Grand Marshal Colonel 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. =85 
 
 McCracken, at once formed in the following order: Grand 
 Marshal and aides, Twenty-first Regimental band, carriage 
 containing General Grant, Mayor D. P. Thompson, Gov- 
 ernor W. W. Thayer, and General O. O. Howard. The 
 first division consisted of forty carriages containing promi- 
 nent visitors and officials. Federal, State and military. Fol- 
 lowing these came carriages containing- officers of the Munic- 
 ipal Government of Portland and East Portland, members 
 of the Washington Territorial Legislature, and many other 
 invited guests from abroad. The second division comprised 
 various military comjaanies. United States troops, and four 
 militia companies of this city. The third division consisted 
 of the entire Fire Department of Portland, five companies 
 with their steam engines gayly trimmed and decked with 
 flags and ribbons. The fourth division was coinj^osed of 
 members of the Grand Army, civic societies and citizens. 
 
 The procession arriving opposite the Central school 
 building, were met by two thousand or more school child- 
 ren, who were ranged along the sidewalk, dressed in gay 
 holiday attire. When the carriage containing General 
 Grant came opposite the centre column, the pupils' proces- 
 sion halted. Four little girls, each bearing in her hand a 
 large and elegant bouquet, stepped forward from the front 
 line and advanced to the carriage in which General Grant 
 sat, and presented him with the floral offerings. He took 
 the tributes and bowed his thanks. When the quartet 
 withdrew and resumed their places in line, two thousand 
 childish voices immediately struck up the National anthem 
 "America." At the close of the singing, the Twenty-first 
 Regiment band responded, and rendered an appropriate 
 air. 
 
 The procession then resumed its line of march. These 
 exercises were witnessed by many thousands, and consti- 
 tuted one of the most pleasing and attractive episodes of 
 the day's demonstration. Continuing the line line of march. 
 
586 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 the procession moved down Morrison to Front, and down 
 that street to the Clarendon hotel, where General Grant 
 and party stopped. The city was attired in gay hohday 
 trappings. Front and First streets presented to the eye a 
 perfect wilderness of flags and bunting for nearly a mile. 
 Shipping in the port displayed a profusion of flags and 
 streamers on every hand. Enthusiasm assumed a form 
 quite extravagant. For hours before the procession 
 moved, and during the time it was m motion, the streets 
 were jammed for many blocks by eager and enthusiastic 
 thousands. At times the streets were so crowded that the 
 procession moved with difficulty. 
 
 In the evening the General visited the Mechanics' 
 Pavillion, and attended a ball, at which one thousand per- 
 sons were present. Here he met many old comrades in 
 arms. 
 
 Late in the afternoon of the 15th, General Grant vis- 
 ited, by special invitation, several public schools in the city 
 in company with Mayor Thompson. Short addresses 
 were made by the children, to which the General res- 
 ponded. On taking his leave Grant was heartily cheered 
 by the children. 
 
 In the evening he was honored with a reception at the 
 Cascades, which was an enthusiastic and- fitting tribute. 
 Eight thousand persons were present. Ex-Senator Corbitt 
 welcomed the distinguished part}', and was followed by 
 Judge Strong in a most hearty inanner. General Grant 
 responded at some length, alluding to his early residence 
 and acquaintance on the Pacific Coast. He concluded: 
 
 "In your remarks you have alluded to the struggles of 
 the past. I am glad that they are at an end. It never was 
 a pleasure to me that they had a beginning. The result 
 has left us a nation to be proud of, strong at home, and 
 respected abroad. Our reputation has extended beyond the 
 civilized nations; it has penetrated even in the less civilized 
 
TOUR AROUND THE AVORLD. 
 
 5S7 
 
 parts of the earth. In 1113^ travels I have noticed that for- 
 eign nations appear to respect us more than we respect 
 ourselves. I have noticed the grandeur at which we have 
 been estimated by other powers, and their judgments 
 should give us a higher estimate of our own greatness. 
 They recognize that poverty, as they understand it, is not 
 known with us. And the iTian of comparative affluence, 
 with them, is sometimes no better clad or fed than our pau- 
 per. Nowhere are there better elements of success than 
 on the Pacific Coast. Here those who fought on opposite 
 sides during the war are now peacefully associated together 
 in a country of which they all have the same right to be 
 proud. I thank the people again, through you, Judge 
 Strong, for this reception." 
 
 At the conclusion of the response, General Grant was 
 presented to the citizens. He remained at the Pavillion 
 about an hour, during which time thousands came forward 
 and shook hands with the guest. On leaving the Pavillion 
 the party proceeded to the Newmarket theatre to witness 
 a rendition of the military drama, " Ours." 
 
 On the i6th, the General and party visited Salem. 
 They were met at the depot by a large crowd of citi- 
 zens. Members of the Common Council acted as a com- 
 mittee of reception, and were in waiting at the depot. 
 Mayor G. W. Gray met the Ex-President at the platform, 
 and delivered a brief address of welcome, to which a very 
 short response was made. The entire party then entered 
 carriages and proceeded to the hotel. As the procession 
 filed past the court house. General Grant was saluted by 
 pupils with hearty cheers. The procession marched on to 
 the hotel, and reaching which, the party alighted from the 
 carriages and were conducted into the parlor. An address 
 of welcome was delivered by S. C. Adams, to which the 
 Ex-President responded in brief and fitting terms. The 
 doors of the parlor of the hotel were thrown open, and a 
 
588 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 general public reception followed. The reception lasted 
 about an hour, during which time over one thousand per- 
 sons passed through the room and were presented to Gen- 
 eral Grant and the other memljers of the party. At two 
 o'clock the reception ended, and the guests were escorted 
 to the dining room, where a collation ^was spread; about 
 one hundred and fifty persons sat down to the lunch. 
 Among the party were Governor Thayer, R. P. Earhart, 
 Secretary of State, and other State officials. Lunch being 
 over, the party took carriages, and, preceded by bands, 
 marched to the depot, and took a special train for Portland 
 at four o'clock. Salem was handsomely decorated in 
 honor of the event, and great enthusiasm was manifested. 
 General Grant stated that it was the first time he had ever 
 visited the city, and expressed himself as being gratified 
 with its handsome, thrifty appearance, and the hearty wel- 
 come accorded him. 
 
 At Gervais the citizens assembled at the depot, and 
 gave General Grant a hearty welcome. Flags were dis- 
 played from many buildings. The train stopped for only a 
 few minutes. At Aurora a like enthusiastic welcome was 
 given. At Oregon City over one thousand persons had 
 gathered at the depot, and received him with deafening 
 cheers and strains of music. IMayor Randall appeared on 
 the platform, and in a few appropriate words welcomed 
 the General, who responded by thanking him. The train 
 stopped but a few moments, but hundreds improved the 
 opportunity to shake hands with him. 
 
 In the evening he attended a grand sacred concert at 
 Turn Halle, given by the Handel and Hayden Society, and 
 the following day the entire party sailed on the steamer 
 St. Paul for San Francisco. 
 
 On the morning of October 31, the steamer St. Paul, 
 with General Grant and party on board, arrived at San 
 Fv.incisco, and the same evening they attended a reception 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 5S9 
 
 at the residence of Charles Crocker. The house was ele- 
 gantly decorated for the occasion, and a brilliant company 
 numbering nearly eight hundred were present. 
 
 On the 22d, the General and party visited Vallejo, 
 inspected the Mare Island works, and then boarded the 
 train for Sacramento, arriving there at one o'clock, p. m. 
 All along the route they were heartily greeted at stations, 
 and a large concourse of people was at the depot when the 
 train arrived at Sacramento. A procession w^as formed 
 which competely filled the neighboring streets. Gov. Irwin 
 and Mayor Turner escorted their distinguished visitor to 
 a carriage; after marching through the principal streets, the 
 procession halted at the Capitol, where the Hi^n. Henry 
 Edgerton delivered an address of welcome. 
 
 General Grant responded, thanking the people of the city 
 and State for their warm reception, -which was alike a1 
 every place on the coast which he had visited. He said 
 "Of all the hospitality bestowed, all the honor conferred, 
 there has been nothing so grateful to my heart as the recep- 
 tions I have received at the hands of the people here. 1 
 would not say what has been done abroad. It has been 
 all that could be done for mortal, but it has not been done 
 for me. It has been done for the people whom I see before 
 me, — for the people of a great country that is recognized 
 abroad as one of the greatest countries of the world. If we 
 all — every one of us — could see other countries, as I have 
 seen them, we would all make better citizens, or, at least, 
 the average of our citizens would be better." 
 
 In the evening. General Grant received in the Assembly 
 room, and Mrs. Grant in the Senate Chamber. Twenty 
 thousand people were in and about the building, which, 
 with the grounds, was brilliantly illuminated with calcium 
 lights, while fireworks were generally displayed during the 
 passage of the party to and from the Capitol. Nine 
 thousand people shook hands with the General 
 
59© GENERAL U. S. GUANT'S 
 
 At ten o'clock the following morning, General Grant 
 and invited guests visited the Grammar school to meet the 
 veteran soldiers and sailors and their families. He was 
 introduced, and informally passed around the room, shaking 
 hands with them. The children filed in and sang 
 " America." 
 
 After lunch, the party proceeded to Pioneer Hall, where 
 General Grant was presented with a certificate of member- 
 ship in the Sacramento Society of Pioneers. The General 
 returned thanks for the honor conferred, staling that he 
 supposed his early participation in the struggles which made 
 California a State had made him eligible as a Pioneer. He 
 paid a warm compliment to California and her people. 
 
 Members of the society and their families were then 
 presented. 
 
 The next place visited was Agricultural Park, where a 
 grand military review and sham battle took place. Gen- 
 eral Grant there, as elsewhere during the day, entered with 
 zest and spirit into tlie entertainment. 
 
 General and Mrs. Grant returned to San Francisco on 
 the 24th. At 3 p. M., the General visited the hall of the 
 California Pioneers, and was made a member; thence to 
 the Mexican War Veteran's headquarters, and dined with 
 Mayor Bryant. In the evening he attended the Pioneers' 
 banquet at the Lick House. 
 
 Notwithstanding the lengthy stay of General Grant on 
 the Pacific coast, the excitement continued as intense as 
 when he arrived five weeks before. Every thing possible 
 was done to show him personal respect; and even more 
 than this was done to express to the distinguished guest a 
 national appreciation of his past services to his country. 
 People of all classes and political parties vied with each 
 other in their attentions showered upon him. At the resi- 
 dences of Senator Sharon, Charles Crocker, Mayor Bryant 
 
TOUR AROUND THK WORLD. 59 1 
 
 and at the Palace Hotel, elegant entertainments were 
 given him, and everywhere even more than imperial 
 honors were paid him. He was made an honorary mem- 
 ber of the California Pioneers, of the St. Andrews, Cale- 
 donian, Army and Navy Clubs, and, in fact, of every 
 organization of note on the coast. Wherever he ajDpeared 
 he was greeted by an ovation. Fifty thousand people 
 attended his public reception at the City Hall, while at 
 Sacramento and Oakland the citizens turned out en inasse 
 on the occasion of his visit to those cities. Elegant, costly 
 testimonials of regard were presented to the General and 
 Mrs. Grant from admiring friends. 
 
 In the afternoon of the 35th, the General and party, 
 with Mayor Bryant, Senator Sharon, and Charles Crocker 
 attended an exhibition trot at Oakland, where a large 
 crowd greeted the ex-President with cheers. The first 
 trot was a field of eight trotters; between the heats St. 
 Julian was brought out to beat the best time made by 
 Rarus. At the word he passed under the wire at a square 
 trot, and for the entire mile made not a slip, finishing in the 
 unprecedented time of 2:13^. The result was received 
 with prolonged cheering, the General joining with the 
 rest. 
 
 In the evening, before his departure for Nevada, a ban- 
 quet, more elegant, more numerously attended than any 
 ever before given in that city, was tendered him at the 
 Palace Hotel. Invitations were issued to the representa- 
 tive men of the coast, and the result was that the banqueting 
 hall was a perfect congress of learned and honored men. 
 The banquet was held in the magnificent dining rooms o) 
 the hotel. These were gorgeously decorated for the occa- 
 sion. Rare exotics and flowering plants were there in full 
 bloom, the odor from which permeated the air. Mayor 
 Bryant presided, and toiisted the guest of the evening in 
 
593 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 an appropriate speech, to which the General responded 
 as follows : 
 
 Gentlemen of San Francisco: The unbounded 
 hospitality and cordiality with which I have been received 
 since I first put my foot on the soil of California has taken- 
 deep root in my heart. It was more than I could have 
 expected; and, while it entailed some little fatigue at times, 
 I assure you I have been grateful for it. I have previously 
 been in California and on the Pacific coast, but have been 
 away a quarter of a century, and when I landed here the 
 last time, I found that none of the pioneers had growr 
 old, but if I should remain aw^ay another quarter of a cen- 
 tury, I might be compelled to confess that some of you had 
 grown old ; and I want to see you again in your prime and 
 youth. 
 
 Gentlemen, in taking my departure, I want to thank 
 you all for the farewell reception given me this evening, 
 and to express the hope that whether or not I am to have 
 the happiness ever to visit your city again, I shall, at least, 
 meet one and all of you elsewhere, and if it should not be 
 in this life, that it may be in a better country. 
 
 At half past eleven o'clock at night, the General's party 
 bade good-bye. The company took a special train for 
 Nevada, being accompanied to the depot^by many citizens. 
 
 General Grant's party arrived at Truckee station at 
 about noon the following day. From this point they visited 
 Lake Tahoe — one of the most beautiful places on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 On arrival at the lake, the party was met by a number 
 of ladies and gentlemen from Carson. General Edwards 
 made a brief speech of welcome, after which the party took 
 passage on a small steamer, and in an hour were landed 
 at Glenbrook, where an open train, with two engines richly 
 decorated, climbed up the mountain side, giving the guests 
 a most magnificent view of the forest lake. 
 

 fc.l—fc i» AmmA J 
 
TOUR AllOU.Vn THE (VORI.D. 595 
 
 At Summit, only three miles distant from the lake, as 
 the bu"d flies, but nine by rail, carriages were in waiting, 
 and Hank Monk, of Horace Greeley notoriety, with four 
 prancing greys, drove the General to the capitol of Nevada. 
 On arrival there, the city seemed in a blaze. On the prin- 
 cipal streets were bonfires twenty feet apart, which gave 
 pleasant warmth to the welcome. 
 
 On the 27th, the General visited Virginia City. As 
 the train approached the city, they were greeted with a 
 chorus of whistles, salutes, firing, anvils and shouts. There 
 was a terrific jam at the depot. Mayor Young delivered an 
 address of welcome, extending the warm hospitality of a min- 
 ing town, the hearts of whose people would on acquaintance 
 prove, like the mines, to be warmer as they are explored. Gen- 
 eral Grant replied with a bow and word of acknowledgment. 
 H e was escorted to a carriage, the military forming a hollow 
 square about him ; the procession moving through the prin- 
 cipal streets, they were joined by a large delegation from 
 Carson. At the Savage ofiice he reviewed the people, of 
 whom there was an immense concourse in line. In 
 response to persistent calls, the ex-President spoke briefly, 
 thanking the citizens for the reception. 
 
 A sumptous lunch w^as served at 4 o'clock, after which 
 the Mexican, Union, and Confederate veterans were 
 received. 
 
 In the evening a general reception was given and 
 largely attended, follow^ed by a grand banquet. 
 
 On the 28th the General and party, as the guest of Mr. 
 Mackey,visited the famous Consolidated Virginia Mine. Af- 
 ter donning miners' costumes they entered the three-decked 
 cage ; the ladies of the party taking the middle deck. The cage 
 was lowered very slowly to the 1750 feet level. After in- 
 specting the drifts, the ladies of the party returned to the 
 surface, while the rest of the party went down to the 2150 
 
596 GEXERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 feet station, and thence to the 2340 feet station. After thor- 
 oughly exploring the different drifts, they returned to the 
 surfa'.e. General Grant expressed himself as highly pleased 
 with fiis visit. 
 
 While passing through the Assay Office a solid brick o 
 gold and silver, four inches long and two and a half wide 
 was presented to Mrs. Grant, with the following engraved 
 inscription : 
 
 Scavenir of the Consolidated Virginia Mine to 
 
 Mrs. General U. S. GRANT. 
 
 Virginia City, Nev., Oct. 27, 1879. 
 
 Colonel Fair presented to Mrs. Grant a small phial with 
 the ir..Tnption : 
 
 One-half of my first day's work in California, 
 1849. 
 
 Its value in dust did not probably exceed $40, but as a 
 souvenir it was beyond price. Before changing their miners' 
 dresses a splendid photograph was taken of the party. Af- 
 ter bathing and dressing they were driven to the stamp and 
 pan mills, where they finished a most instructive day's work. 
 In the evening the General visited the hall of the Pacific 
 Coast Pioneers, w^here he was made an honorary member. 
 A badge of office and the credentials of the society were 
 given him. He was introduced by Dr. Harris. Colonel 
 Robert Taylor delivered the address, to which the General 
 responded as follows: 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Members 
 OF THE Society of Pacific Coast Pioneers: Your 
 President has already said what I feel in appreciation of my 
 reception here. Nothing which I received abroad was such 
 a source of pleasure to me. I do not mean by that to dis- 
 parage my greeting abroad. It was honest and hearty, and 
 showed the high esteem felt for our country by foreign na- 
 tions. It would have been quite different a quarter of a 
 
TfeUR AROUND THE WORI.D. 
 
 597 
 
 century ago. Now we are regarded as the most powerful 
 nation on the earth. We have much which European na- 
 tions have not — that is, we have a populatibn whicli as yet 
 does not threaten to crowd any inhabited district or exliaust 
 the productiveness of the soil. We have an extensive soil 
 and immense undeveloped resources to exhaust before our 
 population will become so dense as to make the raising of 
 sufhcient to live on a serious problem. In this respect we 
 have great promise for the future. The fact of the matter 
 is, we are more thought of abroad than we think of our- 
 selves. Yet, at the same time, we think considerably of 
 ourselves, and we are a little conceited over our advantages. 
 Newspapers and politicians, however, think there are a good 
 many bad people in the world, and that things are on the 
 verge of ruin, but I guess we are all right. Still, we can 
 be improved. If I was not an American, I would not dare 
 to talk like this for fear of being mobbed. I thank you all 
 for this kindly expression of your esteem. 
 
 The following day General Grant, accompanied by Gov- 
 ernor Kingkead, of Nevada, Colonel James G. Fair, U. S. 
 Grant, Jr., Philip Deidenheimer, and a dozen invited guests, 
 visited the Sutro Tunnel. Upon arriving at the town of 
 Sutro his welcome was emphasized by the ringing of bells 
 and blowing of whistles at the company's workshops, and 
 by a heavy discharge of giant powder from the mountain 
 tops overlooking the town. 
 
 The party were received at the Sutro mansion by Mrs. 
 Adolphe Sutro, Superintendent H. H. Sheldon, and the offi- 
 cers of the comjjany. After an examination of the works 
 of the company at the mouth of the tunnel, and the recep- 
 tion of the citizens of the town and vicinity, a sumptuous 
 breakfast was served. 
 
 The visitors went to the tunnel under the guidance of 
 Superintendent Sheldon, Secretary Young, and Foreman 
 
:;yS GENERAL U. S. GRANt'S 
 
 Bluett. The party were placed aboard the cars, and amid 
 the cheers of the assembled citizens, disappeared in the dark- 
 ness. Quick time was made underground. Shaft No. I, 
 one mile from the entrance, was reached in eight minutes; 
 shaft No. 2, two miles from the entrance, in seventeen min- 
 utes; and the station of the north lateral tunnel, in thirty- 
 five minutes. Here the party left the cars and walked to 
 the north header, the better to examine the underground 
 walkings, and witness the performances of the powerful 
 drilling appliances required in driving a work of this char- 
 acter. Tire covered boxes, which convey the steaming hot 
 water from the Comstock mines, were also an object of 
 considerable interest. 
 
 Returning to the cars the trip was continued to the face 
 of the south lateral tunnel, after which the party were 
 escorted to the 1640 foot station at the "Savage Incline," 
 where they wei'e given in charge of the officers of the Sav- 
 age Company, and were hoisted to the surface at Virginia 
 City. 
 
 Throughout the entire trip the General evinced great in- 
 terest in what he saw. He considered the tunnel one of the 
 greatest works of the age. 
 
 Leaving Virginia City on the 29th the General arrived 
 at Ogden, Utah, on the 30th. Governor Emery and Gen- 
 eral Nathan Kimball welcomed him in addresses, to which 
 he responded pleasantly. The special train left after half 
 an hour's wait. 
 
 At Laramie 2000 persons had assembled, the train 
 st'^pping for breakfast. 
 
 At Cheyenne. Gov. Hoyt and Gov. Pitkin, with their 
 staffs, and prominent citizens of the State, received the Gen- 
 eral, and were joined by sevei-al hundred members of the G. 
 A. R. from Nebraska and other States. There were no 
 speeches at Sidney, where a large crowd had collected. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 599 
 
 The General was introduced, but excused himself from 
 making a speech. One old fellow in the crowd called out: 
 " Old man, you can jest set it down that you've got jest as 
 many friends in this Western country as anywhere else," 
 to which General Grant good-humoredly replied that he 
 was glad to hear that; The crowd gave him three cheers. 
 It was then that the most curious incident of the reception 
 occurred. One of the bumpkins, who must have been 
 slightly muddled, sang out: " General, I'm from Connecti- 
 cut, and when you go back there, tell 'em you saw out 
 
 West a from the old Nutmeg State." Grant, with 
 
 great dignity, simply replied, " You should never swear. 
 It has been a principle of mine never to swear at any time 
 in my life." The reprimand was an effective one, and the 
 fellow slunk away abashed. 
 
 At Central City, Clark, Silver Creek, Jackson and 
 Columbus he found a hearty welcome. At Schuyler, State 
 Senator Clarkson, brother of Bishop Clarkson, presented an 
 address of welcome. The General replied: 
 
 Senator: I am very much obliged for the kind words 
 which you have said on behalf of your people of this prairie 
 town, and I only express the gratification I have felt at all 
 other points in your State through which we have passed, 
 when I say that apparently you have all been out. I am 
 glad to see this prairie State growing as it appears to be, 
 the ground being dotted all over with farms and prosperous 
 villages, and I hope that you may realize your expectations 
 after the census af iS8o, in having at least three Represent- 
 atives in the Lower House of Congress. I thank you, 
 gentlemen, for your attendance and your kindness. 
 
 At North Bend, Millard's, a like cordial reception was 
 given. As the train approached Omaha a salute of artillery 
 announced the General's arrival. At the Union depot an 
 immense crowd had assembled. The Grand Army, the 
 
6oO GENERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 Ninth U. S. Infantry, headed by their regimental band, 
 formed the escort. Gov. Nance, Mayor Chase, and Gen- 
 eral Crook riding with the General. 
 
 The order of the procession was as follows: 
 
 FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 Platoon of Police. 
 
 Battalion Ninth Infantry and Ninth Infantry Band. 
 
 Section of Battery. 
 
 Company G Second Regiment, N. S. M. 
 
 SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 Union Pacific Band. 
 Fire Department. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION. 
 
 Brandt's Band. 
 
 Lej'ran Singing Society. 
 
 Union Pacific Shopmen. 
 
 Civic Societies. 
 
 Mannerchor. 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION. 
 
 University Cadets with their Band. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Carriages containing Gen. Grant, party, escort and prominent 
 
 citizens. 
 
 FIFTH DIVISION. 
 
 City Band. 
 
 Company H, Second Regiment, N. S. M. 
 
 Trade representatives. 
 
 The line of march was through the principal streets. 
 Crowds from Lincoln, York, Nebraska City, Fremont and 
 adjacent towns, made up the enthusiastic throng. The 
 decorations on the line of the route were generous in num- 
 bers and attractive in display. 
 
 At Capitol Hill an address of welcome by Gov. Nance, 
 was brief and eloquent. 
 
 General: On behalf of the State of Nebraska I 
 extend to you a cordial greeting to Omaha, that vigorous 
 young metropolis of the West. Nebraska is pre-eminently 
 a patriotic State. A vast majority of our pioneers were 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 6oi 
 
 with you during your marches, and helped achieve your 
 victories at Donaldson and Shiloh, and the Wilderness, and 
 finally at the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Doubtless 
 every regiment in every corps has its rejDresentative on 
 Nebraska soil. As their confidence in you never wavered 
 in the dark and troubled hours of the Nation's peril, I bid 
 a double welcome to Nebraska to-day. 
 
 Mayor Chase in behalf of the city, said : 
 
 General Grant: A very agreeable duty has devolved 
 upon me upon this occasion, that of giving you welcome to 
 our city. Since you were here four years ago, on this very 
 spot where we stand, and addressed the school children, we 
 are aware that you have traveled in foreign lands, that you 
 have traveled at home, and made yourself as familiar with 
 other countries as you were already with this, and we know 
 full well the result of your travels. We are aware that the 
 comity and amity of foreign nations has been greatly 
 increased, and that their relations to this country have been 
 favored by the fact that you have socially and freely had 
 intercourse with those peoples abroad, and we are aware 
 too, that our people throughout the United States have 
 watched your progress wherever you have gone, from 
 place to place, and from port to port, with the deepest 
 interest, and you know full well, sir, with what gratitude 
 American hearts have beat from the fact that you have been 
 everywhere welcomed, not only as an American citizen, 
 but as a representative of this Republic, both for your per- 
 sonal merits and virtues. 
 
 And now. General, permit me to say that, while this 
 little city of 30,000 people is not capable of presenting to 
 you such external decorations as you have witnessed in your 
 travels you have nowhere been where warmer hearts beat 
 for your welfai-e, and where more grateful greetings were 
 extendcxl to you. With gratitude to the kind Providence 
 
6o2 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 that has watched over you and yours in your travels, we 
 remember with tlie greatest pleasure that you have returned 
 to us to greet us once more. And now, sir, on behalf of 
 this young city, I bid you again and again welcome, wel- 
 come, v^relcome. 
 
 Turning to the audience the Mayor presented General 
 Grant to their view, and the air resounded with cheers 
 for several minutes. As it ceased General Grant said: 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen of Nebraska and of 
 Omaha: It would be impossible for me to make any 
 number of you hear a word if I had anything very special 
 to say. It is cold and windy, and there are multitudes 
 waiting, and I will only say a few words, and that to 
 express the gratification I feel at meeting you all here 
 to-day. I state to you in addition how glad I am to get 
 back again once more upon American soil. Wherever I 
 have been in all my travels in the last two and a half years 
 I have found our country most highly spoken of, and I 
 have been, as a sort of representative of the country, most 
 elegantly entertained. For the many kindnesses that I 
 have received at the hands of foreign nations and Princes 
 I fee! gratified myself and I know that all of you do. The 
 welcome given to me there has been a welcome to this grand 
 Republic, of which you are all equal representatives with 
 myself. As I have had occasion to say several times before 
 since my arrival in San Francisco, we stand well abroad, 
 infinitely better than we did twenty years ago, as a nation 
 and as a people; and as a result of that to-day the credit of 
 the United States in the European market is higher than 
 that of any other country in the world. We are there 
 more highly appreciated than we appreciate ourselves as a 
 whole, and I can and will say that as individuals we do not 
 think well enough of ourselves. Gentlemen, I say again 
 that I am highly gratified at meeting you here to-day, and 
 thank you. 
 
TOUR AROUND TlIK WORLD. 603 
 
 The welcome w<as most cordial and enthusiastic. A 
 public reception at the Custom House followed. In the 
 evening a banquet at the Withnell House, at which 6o or 
 more prominent citizens participated, this wound up the 
 d,ay and the General left immediately afterwards for Fort 
 Omaha as the guest of General Crook. 
 
 On Sunday, No^'. 2, General Grant, General Crook, and 
 escort, attended the First Methodist Church, where serv- 
 ices were held. The church was filled to overflowing by 
 regular worshipers and those drawn together out of curi- 
 osity to see the distinguished guest and visitor. The edifice 
 was profusely decorated with banners, flags, evergreens, 
 festoons and autumn leaves, and a small banner bearing the 
 legend "Welcome" in bright gilt letters. 
 
 General Grant and escort were given a reserved seat well 
 in front. 
 
 The opening prayer vv^as made by Rev. James Haynes. 
 In the closing invocation he referred to the moie than ordi- 
 nary character of the occasion, rendered extraordinary, in 
 fact, by the presence of a distinguished fellow-citizen, who 
 had been feted and honored all around the world; who was 
 now returning in safety, and whose pleasure it was to wor- 
 ship with God's people to-day. They were thankful he 
 was able to be with them, and the reverend gentleman 
 prayed that he might always be on the side of virtue and 
 religion; that his influence might always be on the side of 
 right and justice, and that God's special blessing might rest 
 on him and those who worshiped with him. 
 
 The sermon was delivered by Rev. J. B. Maynard, pas- 
 tor of the church, and was an able discourse on the origin 
 of the Christian Church, and an interposition of Divine 
 Providence in the affairs of men. His illustrations on the 
 latter head were singularly striking. " It wasn't the peo- 
 ple," he said, " who selected Mr. Lincoln to guide the 
 
6o4 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 Nation in the hour of its peril. He was brought forward 
 and placed at the head of the Government by One who 
 knew the coming evils, and who selected him to guide the 
 Nation through the impending storm. The same is true," 
 continued the reverend gentleman, " in regard to leading 
 minds in and out of Congress, and eminently so in regard 
 to the commanders of our army and navy. How blind 
 most of their appointments, and how uncertain in conse- 
 quence were our battles and campaigns! But at the right 
 time, how strongly did an unseen power bring forward the 
 men, and especially the one great commaitder to lead our 
 armies through carnage and strife to final triumph of lib- 
 erty! How clearly are God's acts vindicated! No matter 
 how obscure and unpretending, God chose him, and we at 
 once saw in him the man for the emergency. Thus did 
 Omnipotent wisdom adjust the conditions of our final suc- 
 cess." 
 
 The allusion was, of course, clear to everybody, inclu- 
 ding General Grant himself, though his immobile features 
 would never have revealed it. 
 
 At the conclusion of the service the General and escort 
 passed out first, and the pious and curious ones vied with 
 each other to shake the hero's hand. 
 
 General Grant's eastern journey was resumed on the 3d. 
 General and Mrs. Grant, Col. and Mrs. Fred Grant, and 
 daughter left Fort Omaha about 8 o'clock, under the 
 escort of the officers of the garrison. Companies G and H, 
 Ninth Infantry, and the Ninth Infantry Band. The party 
 and escort were met at the Withnel House by the Nebraska 
 Grand Army of the Republic boys and the Citizens' Recep- 
 tion Committee. General Grant, Mayor Chase, arid C. W. 
 Mead, of the Union Pacific, rode together in a carriage to 
 the depot, where a large crowd had collected to see the 
 party off. The train was standing inside the Union depot, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 6os 
 
 and its particularly handsome appearance made it the cyno- 
 sure of all eyes. D. W. Hitchcock, General Western Pas- 
 senger Agent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, had 
 laid himself out as he never tlid before to do something that 
 would be memorable, and would redound to the ci'edit of 
 the road he represents. 
 
 Very little time was lost after the party reached the 
 depot. The troops were drawn up on the right 
 of the train, forming a passage through which the 
 escort led General Grant and private party. The crowd 
 cheered itself hoarse. The engine-bell rang, the band 
 pLiyed "Marching Through Georgia," and at 9:55, amidst 
 all the disjjlay of enthusiasm, the train moved out of the 
 depot, and was soon on its way over the big bridge, out of 
 Nebraska, and nearing Iowa. When it reached the middle 
 of the bridge, General Manderson, who, with a number of 
 the Nebraska Grand Army boys, had remained on board, 
 formally transferred the party to the care of the Iowa 
 Grand Army boys, who were represented by Major A. A. 
 Perkins, of Burlington, Post Department Commander of 
 Iowa. General Manderson was in his usually happy vein, 
 and his speech was as follows: 
 
 Comrade Perkins: At their eastern terminus of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad and the Eastern boundary of the 
 State of Nebraska and in the middle of that classic stream, 
 the Big Muddy, I have the pleasant duty to perform, of 
 turning over to you the duty of escorting comrade Grant 
 through the State of Iowa. I hope your journey will be 
 as pleasant as ours was through the State of Nebraska, and 
 wish you and your comrades good luck and continued 
 prosperity. 
 
 Major Perkins, in a brief reply, accepted the trust. 
 
 As the train drew up at Council Bluffs, a large ciowd 
 welcomed it with cheers upon cheers. They were here 
 
5o6 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 joined by Gov. Gear and Col. Griswold, Department Com- 
 mander G. A. R., where formal speeches where made. Col 
 Griswold welcomed the General in the following address:. 
 General Grant: Knowing you would pass through 
 our Department on your way home from your trip around 
 the world, the Grand Army of the Republic, at our last 
 semi-annual meeting, resolved to welcome you at our 
 borders and escort you through the lines. We are here 
 to perform that pleasant duty. I have the pleasure of in- 
 troducing to you as such escort the officers and comrades of 
 the Posts of the Department and the Chief Executive of 
 our Commonwealth. 
 
 General Gear welcomed the General as follows: 
 General Grant: On behalf of our people, I bid 
 you welcome to the Commonwealth of Iowa, a welcome 
 not alone to the soldier, who in the Nation's hour of 
 supreme peril carried its flag to victory, nor yet to the 
 public servant who in a critical period of this country's 
 history, occupied the highest office, but also the illustrious 
 citizen who, after many years of continuous and arduous 
 labor in his country's service, has been enjoying a ■well- 
 earned rest in visiting the people of the Old World, in 
 seeing new phases of human life, and in returning home 
 bringing an increase of honors to his country in the 
 attention he has received at the hands of rulers and the 
 people of other lands. To me, sir, is also allotted the 
 pleasant duty of extending to you a hearty welcome in 
 behalf of the Grand Army of the Republic of the 
 Department of Iowa, whose niembership is composed of 
 your old comrades in arms, most of whom have followed 
 you in many a perilous campaign, and shared with you the 
 triumphs of many well-fought battle fields. From all 
 parts of this Commonwealth they went forth to swell the 
 ranks of the historic Army of the Tennessee, whose fame is 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WOIiLD. 6o7 
 
 SO imperisliably bound up witif yours, and so inseparably a 
 part of the Nation's brilliant military record. The men of 
 that army, and many others of many remote regions here 
 to-day, and all over our State, feel themselves to have been 
 honored in your person in all parts of the world, and your 
 brave comrades rejoice at the safe return of their renowned 
 'eader to his native land, a joy in which all of our people 
 participate. We welcome, then with a glad welcome, you 
 to our State, in the affection of whose people you have 
 ever held a distinguished place. A hearty welcome to the 
 soldier, statesman and citizen. 
 
 Qeneral Grant replied: 
 
 Gov. Gear, and Gentlemen of the Grand Army 
 OF THE Republic : I am very glad to meet you here, and 
 I accept the escort which you have tendered me with great 
 pleasure, having had your escort on former occasions when 
 your protection was highly necessary. On this occasion I 
 hope it will be a more joyous one than on previous occa- 
 sions referred to. I believe that we might go through this 
 State even without an escort, and with an escort with- 
 out arms we are perfectly secure. Governor, it's not nec- 
 essary for me to say more on this occasion than to thank 
 you and the citizens of Iowa, not only for their escort, but 
 for their good will, as expressed by you. 
 
 At Red Oak, Villasco, and Creston the General was 
 received with enthusiastic and hearty ovations from the 
 whole populace. At the latter place, in response to the 
 address of the Mayor, he said: 
 
 Citizens of Creston: I am very glad to meet the 
 people of this State in your city. I looks very much as 
 though a great many people had settled here within a very 
 few years. My recollection is that the last time I crossed 
 this part of the state, the praries had very little upon therr 
 except grass and prairie chickens. Now^ you have 
 
6o8 GENERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 got people enough to stamp out the prairie chickens and 
 to produce from the soil millions of bushels of grain to 
 support and sustain human life, and make America pros- 
 perous. I am very glad to see all these citizens assembled, 
 and glad to be among you." 
 
 Brief stops were made at Murray and Osceola. At Char- 
 iton he was received by all the school teachers and school 
 children in the place. Col. Duncan welcomed the General 
 At its close, a novel portion of the reception awaited him 
 A precocious little girl of six years, Mary Cushman by 
 name, who was held in her teacher's arms, presented 
 Grant with a boquet, and in an innocent, childish verse, 
 made him a little speech, which closed with a wish that he 
 would " always love and remember his country." Grant 
 kissed the little thing, who appeared to realize that it was 
 the proudest moment of her young life. 
 
 At Albia, Chillicothe, Ottumwa and Mount Pleasant, 
 vast crowds had collected. It was dark, and huge bonfires 
 were sending out weird glare; the decorations and crowds 
 surging to and fro showed off well in the light of the bon- 
 fires. 
 
 At Burlington the reception was one of the noisiest, 
 liveliest and mdst brilliant on the route. 
 
 As the train entered the city they were received by long 
 and piercing blasts from all the locomotives in the city, 
 church and fire bells, salutes, and the display of fire-works, 
 numerous bonfires and illuminations of nearly all the house 
 windows, the great cheering crowds — all added to the noise 
 and fury, and proclaimed a joyous welcome. The General 
 was met by the mayor, Vvho addressed his guest as follows: 
 
 General Grant: Burlington bids you welcome. The 
 formal words of greeting fall from my lips, but they find 
 sympathetic response in every heart in this great assem- 
 blage. If all these spoke, one word would rise and fill the 
 
\ 
 \ 
 
 TOOR AROLNl) THE WORLD. 6og 
 
 autumn air with its glad chorus, until the rocks and cliffs of 
 old Flint Hills would send back the cordial, hearty tones in 
 re-echoing refrain the one word, " welcome." We have 
 been deeply interested in the magnificent ovations and 
 receptions that have been tendered you in the many lands 
 that you have visited. They have been given you as a 
 plain American citizen without rank, position or credentials. 
 Your fame, however, as a warrior and a statesman preceded 
 you, and each nation v^^as proud to render you the homage 
 due to one who had occupied and discharged the highest 
 trusts in the Government of the United States with honesty 
 and fidelity. The tones of welcome do not weaken as you 
 journey towards your old home, but every city, town and 
 hamlet on your route, from West to East, vie with each 
 other in making the welkin ring with their shouts of wel- 
 come to our distinguished fellow-citizen." 
 
 General Grant replied: 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: The welcome I have 
 received since coming into Iowa is exceedingly gratifying. 
 I have seen a population in crossing your State, on a single 
 line of railroad greater than that of the State a quarter of a 
 century ago. This is remarkable, and shows a growth and 
 enterprise in this great State that is most gratifying. The 
 impossibility of making one hear all my remarks will force 
 me to do as I have seen them do in Washington. I will 
 ask permission to have my speech printed." 
 
 The speech was received with cheers and laughter by the 
 crowd. The ex-President and escort were invited to car- 
 riages, and line of march taken up to the Mayor's house. 
 The decorations encountered on every hand excited uni- 
 versal admiration. The party proceeded with its escort 
 through the principal streets to Mayor Adams' residence, 
 where, as soon as possible thereafter, its members retired to 
 rest 
 
6iO GENERAL V. S. GRANTS 
 
 The following morning General Grant, Governor Gear 
 and Mayor Adams drove round Burlington's numerous 
 hills. At noon a reception w^as given to Iowa journalists 
 at the IJawkeye office; here the General was presented with 
 a copy of the Hawkeye printed on silk ; this was followed at 
 1 : 30 P. M. by an elegant repast at the Mayor's residence, and 
 later, by a public reception at the Barrett House, Mrs. Grant 
 holding a reception at the Mayor's house, where were 
 assembled the beauty and elite of the city to do her honor. 
 The reception at the Barrett House over, the General 
 and escort visited the High School building, where 6,000 
 school children of all ages, their teachers and members of 
 the school board had collected. C. B. Parsons, president of 
 the school board, extended a formal vyelcome, to which 
 General Grant replied: 
 
 "Members of the School Board, and Scholars 
 OF the City of Burlington, Iowa: It does me great 
 pleasure to meet and see 5,000 or more of the school chil- 
 dren of the city of Burlington. I think that if ever there 
 is another war in this country it will be one of ignorance 
 versus intelligence, and in that battle the State of Iowa will 
 achieve a grand victory. Furthermore, I thmk that 
 that war will be one of ignorance and superstition combined 
 against education and intelligence, and I am satisfied that 
 the children here will enroll in the army of intelligence and 
 wipe out the common enemy, ignorance. I thank you for 
 your kind attention." 
 
 A vast chorus of young, fresh voices then sang "Amer- 
 ica" The General was apparently much taken with the 
 undisguised heartiness and earnestness of the reception he 
 met. After a long season of hand-shaking, at 4 o'clock thg 
 ex-President returned to the Mayor's residence, where final 
 preparations were made to resume the journey. A large 
 crowd had collected at the depot, and cheered him as he 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 6u 
 
 ascended the steps. While the bands played and cheers of 
 the people the train moved off. 
 
 At Monmouth a large crowd had assembled at the depot, 
 and a dozen bonfires illuminated the scene. Capt. Walker 
 introduced General Grant, who said : 
 
 " Gentlemen: I am very glad to get back to Illinois 
 again, and very glad to see you all, but I have a great deal 
 of sympathy with these press-men who are along with us, 
 and who take down every word I say. I am a man of 
 economy, I believe in economy, and thev telegraph every 
 word I say, and I want to save them expenses." 
 
 At Galesburg the biggest kind of a reception awaited the 
 party. Mayor Greenleaf introduced the General to the 
 crowd, numbering at least 5,000 people. General Grant 
 responded as follows: 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: It would be impossible for 
 me to make myself heard by all of you or a large fraction 
 of you, even if I was in the habit of public speaking. I 
 will do no more, therefore, than thank you for turning 
 out at this time of night to welcoine me on my way home, 
 and I will say to you that in the two and a half years that 
 I have been away from you I have had a very pleasant 
 time. I have seen a great many pleasant people, and I 
 have been very well received at every place I have been as 
 a mark of respect and honor to the great country which you 
 help to make up. But, as I have had frequent occasion to say 
 since my return to my own country, I aj^preciate the welcome 
 which I received from the sovereigns of my own country 
 above all other receptions that they gave us elsewhere. I 
 have had the pleasure of seeing the people of Galesburg 
 out on one other occasion. I passed through in 1S6S, when 
 I thought all the people in the city were about this spot. I 
 am very glad to see you all again to-night." 
 
 The speech was received with cheers, but it was only 
 
6l2 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 heard by those standing very near one side of the platform, 
 and, when the General stepped to the other side of the 
 platform, the crowd on that side cried out, "Speech!" 
 " Speech! " " General, only a few words." 
 
 General Grant said: 
 
 "My Friends: I have only been in Illinois one hour, 
 and during that time I have already made two speeches, 
 and feel talked out." 
 
 A voice in the crowd — " We didn't hear the one you 
 made here. General." 
 
 General Grant — " Well some one," (indicating a reporter 
 back of him), " will be pretty sure to print what I said. 
 You can buy a copy of the morning paper and find it all." 
 
 There were loud cries for Mrs. Grant, who appeared on 
 the platform. She simply bowed, and soon retired; the 
 train then again started, and a final three cheers were given 
 as they moved on. 
 
 A short stop was made at Yates City, where the Gen- 
 eral was enthusiastically received by those in vv'aiting. 
 
 Owing to the lateness of the hour the train was run 
 down to Lombardville, some twenty-five miles off the main 
 line, and run on to a side track until the following morning; 
 the distinguished party having a two-fold object, to get the 
 election returns unmolested by a large crowd of people, a 
 skillful operator having been taken aboard at Galesburg, 
 and a good night's rest. Early the following morning the 
 train was run back upon the main line of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington and Quincy, arriving at Mendota at 9:20 a. m. Mr. 
 Potter, Captain Walker and General Hitchcock, of the 
 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, turned the General and 
 his party over to the Illinois Central Railroad. These 
 gentlemen, who had been tireless in energy, lavish in 
 expenditure, and delicate in their attentions to their distin- 
 guished guest, received the warmest thanks. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 613 
 
 At Mendota vast crowds swarmed about the depot, 
 whose cheers, united to the thunder peals of ordinance, 
 conspired to make the noisiest and lieartiest kind of wel- 
 come. A local reception committee were on hand, while 
 Company F, Twelfth Battalion National Guards, under 
 ■ command of Capt. Ingalls, was drawn up on the platform. 
 A. line was formed, and General Grant passed through it, 
 escorted by Gov. Gear, Collector Crocker. Mayor Hastings, 
 Mr. Ruggles, and took seats in the first carriage. The 
 procession formed with two bands at its head, followed by 
 one platoon of militia in advance and one in the rear of 
 the first carriage. The other carriages, containing the 
 balance of the party and citizens followed, and the proces- 
 sion wound its way along the finely decorated streets to 
 the First Baptist Church, where it halted. Arches had 
 been erected over its front doors, under which the General 
 passed, being made of flags and evergreens, bearing in large 
 letters the word " Welcome." General Grant and escort 
 passed up the church-aisle to the pulpit, which had been 
 enlarged and handsomely decorated with flowers, flags and 
 evergreens. An arch over its edge bore simply the word 
 " Grant." The church was filled to overflowing with 
 citizens generally, and a large delegation of school-children. 
 Mayor Hastings and General Grant rose from the sofa 
 where they had sat down, and Mendota's Executive 
 delivered the following address of welcome: 
 
 "General Grant: In behalf of the citizens of 
 Mendota and vicinity, independent of party, I congratulate 
 you upon your safe return to the State of Illinois and the 
 near arrival to your home. We have read with the 
 greatest interest of the honorable manner in which you 
 have been received by the governments that you have 
 visited, and are happy to realize that your distinguished 
 services to your country were as fully appreciated abroad 
 
6i4 
 
 GENERAI. U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 as they are at home. In your reception this morning the 
 citizens of this city and vicinity have turned out en masse 
 to greet you, manifesting the same enthusiasm, in the 
 appreciation of your distinguished services in the field and 
 as President of this great republic, as had greeted you from 
 San Francisco to this point. We sincerely hope that your 
 life may be long protracted, and that you may always 
 realize the deep affection of a grateful public for the services 
 you have rendered your country." 
 
 General Grant responded as follow^s: 
 
 " Citizens of Mendota: The receptions which I have 
 received on my return to my own country, upon my first 
 arrival at San Francisco up to Mendota, have been to me 
 gratifying. The receptions referred to abroad have been a 
 mark of respect thq^t foreign nations feel for the United 
 States as a'country, and for its citizens as energetic, progres- 
 sive and independent people. The honor has been yours, 
 and not mine. In getting back now, to my own home, I 
 feel especially gratified to meet the citizens of my own 
 state, and to be welcomed by them. I am sure I shouldn't 
 want to stay long in Illinois if I didn't feel that I could 
 have had a good feeling and a reception of the people of this 
 State. In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for 
 what I see here, before me, this morning, and tor the words 
 which have just been heard." 
 
 Hand shaking to an almost unlimited extent closed the 
 reception at the church, after which the General was 
 escorted back to the depot. Here the guests were joined by 
 a large party of friends from Chicago, who had come 
 down by special train to meet him and attend the reception 
 at Galena, also by Gov. Cullom, who was greeted warmly 
 V)y the General. Gov. Cullom after silencing the noisy 
 crowd addressed General Grant in the following speech of 
 welcome. 
 
TOUR AROUND THK WORLD. GlK 
 
 " Gknerai, Grant: On behalf of your old friends who 
 are here present, and in the name of the people of 
 the State of Illinois, I extend to you and to your 
 family a sincere and heartfelt welcome home. This great 
 central valley is proud to acknowledo^e you as the 
 most honored and best-beloved of all her living sons. 
 Eighteen years ago you left us in the service of our common 
 country, at the head of the Twenty-first brave regiment of 
 Illinois Volunteers. I need not recite to those present wrho 
 join in the greeting, the well-known story of your progress. 
 We have followed you every step, through all the 
 dark days, which ended in the glorious success of the 
 army of the Union, and which gave to you that which 
 you so richly deserved — the position of General of the 
 Army. Later, you were twice called to the highest civil 
 office of the nation. Illinois at each time gave to you her 
 voice in no uncertain tones. When you laid aside the cares 
 and toils of office, and sought in foreign travels the rest and 
 recreation which you so much needed, your fellow-citizens 
 from your own State, have thrilled -with pride and pleasure 
 when they saw the recognition of j'our services to civilization 
 and the age, of your abilities as a chieftain and a ruler, and 
 of your virtues as a man by all the great and good of the 
 entire world. Our pleasure and pride in following you 
 from shore to shore, when nation vied with nation and 
 princes with princes to do you honor, have not been 
 lessened by any fear that all this adulation would in any 
 way hurt you. We had an abiding confidence that the time 
 would come when you would return among us, that same 
 quiet, modest man whom we had last known, to assume 
 your position and take your place as a private citizen. And 
 in that place I want to remind you that one of your chief 
 duties is to hold yourself in readiness when your country calls 
 for your exertions either in the Cabinet of the nation or in 
 
6l6 GENERAI. U. S. GRANTS 
 
 the field. Again, in behalf of your old friends present, and 
 in the name of the whole people of the great Republic, I 
 welcome you home. 
 
 General Grant's reply was a practical verification of 
 Governor CuUom's remark, that adulation could not hurt 
 him. Without apparently noticing the Governor's allusion 
 to what the future might bring forth, he responded: 
 
 " Governor : I thank the citizens of the State of Ilhnois, 
 and I thank you, for the welcome you have extended to 
 me. I shall make no further remarks now. Having been 
 received in one of the churches of this city by the popula- 
 tion of Mendota, and having already had an opportunity of 
 taking, I think, nearly everybody by the hand, I will there- 
 fore reserve any thing further that I have to say for another 
 occasion." 
 
 Gov. CuUom proposed three cheers for General Grant, 
 which were given with a yell and hurrah that must, indeed, 
 have assured tlie General of his welcome, if anything more 
 were necessary. 
 
 The train moved off amid the cheers and hurrahs of 
 thousands of people. The first stop was at Amboy, -where 
 a great crowd had assembled; a brief stop was made at 
 Dixon, where the General spoke briefly. On the arrival of 
 the train at Polo it was boarded by a reception committee 
 appointed by the citizens of Galena. At Forreston, Free- 
 port and Warren, large and enthusiastic crowds had col- 
 lected. The approach to Galena for miles s^warmed with 
 people, who cheered and waved their handkerchiefs as the 
 train flew by. Galena, the General's old home, was reached 
 at 3:20 p. M., and the trip overland came to a temporary 
 stop. 
 
 A salvo of artillery greeted General Grant as he entered 
 his old home, and 10,000 citizens gathered at the depot 
 and on the streets adjoining to give a royal welcome to 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 6ig 
 
 America's most distinguished living citizen. The crowd 
 pressed back and forth, and there was some trouble about 
 the landing; but in a few minutes this was adjusted, and 
 way was made for General Grant to his carriage. The 
 depot of the Illinois Central is located in East Galena, 
 while the city proper is on the other side of the river.. 
 When the General had reached his carriage, a procession 
 was formed. The hour was late, and there was no time to 
 lose if the business of the day was to be finished before 
 nightfall. The procession was formed as follows: 
 
 Veterans bearing colors of the old Forty-fifth Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, better known as the 
 Washbift-ne Lead Mine 
 Regiment. 
 Gen. W. R. Rowley, the only living member of General 
 Grant's Individual Staff, and Chief Marshal 
 of the Da^'. 
 Gen. John C. Smith, State Treasurer, commanding the 
 Militia, and Capt. J. W. Luke, Aid and 
 Assistant Marshal. 
 Two Companies of the Third Illinois Militia. 
 An Iowa Militia Company with Band, etc. 
 The Soldiers' and Sailors' Veteran Association of Jo 
 Daviess County. 
 The Veteran Corps of Dubuque, Iowa. 
 The Dversville, Iowa, Veteran Club. 
 Crippled Veterans of the War, in carriages. 
 Knights of Pythias from Dubuque and Galena. 
 Libertv and Neptune Fire Companies. 
 The carriage, drawn by four grey horses, which bore 
 General Grant, Gov. Cullom, Senator 
 McClellan, and Mayor '' 
 Hunkins. 
 '"" Disting.uished visitors and well-known citizens in 
 carriages. 
 A thousand citizens, many being old veterans. 
 
 The procession moved rapidly through the prii.apal 
 streets to the corner of Main and Green streets, where a 
 
630 GENHRAI. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 grand stand had been erected. Stretching across the street 
 from the De Soto House to the stand was an arch, embowered 
 in green. On one side it bore the mottoes, " From Galena 
 to Appomattox Court House." " From Galena to the White 
 House." "From Galena Around the World;" and also 
 the words, " Welcome to Your Home, General." On the 
 other side was the motto, " Loved at Home and Honored 
 Abroad," and the names of "Grant,'' " Sherman," " Sher- 
 idan," " Rawlins." The whole was surmounted by a 
 carved eagle, formerly the property of the Grey Eagle fire 
 company. It was about 4:15 when the head of the proces- 
 sion halted in front of the grand stand, and the vast crowd 
 there assembled set up a welcoming cheer. At last every 
 thing was in readiness for the oratorical features of the 
 reception. After an address of welcome from the Mayor, 
 State Senator McClellan addressed General Grant, as 
 follows: 
 
 "General: The Mayor and your fellow-citizens ol 
 Galena have assigned to me the pleasing duty of tendering 
 you, in their name and on their behalf, a hearty welcome 
 home again. Without distinction of party, sect, or nation- . 
 ality, all your neighbors and townsinen give you cordial sal- 
 utation, and hail your return to your old home with joy and 
 profound satisfaction. They are deeply sensible of the 
 honor you do them in continuing to make this city your res- 
 idence, and they will be only too happy to contribute so far 
 as they may be able to render your stay here profitable and 
 agreeable. You, sir, have been the recipient of many ova- 
 tions, remarkable alike for their spontaneous heartiness and 
 their almost imperial magnificence. Your journey from the 
 Golden Gate to this place has been one continual triumphal 
 progress, marked everywhere by demonstrations of honor, 
 respect, admiration, and homage, never heretofore accorded 
 to a private citizen in this country. We in Galena cannot 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 631 
 
 vie with those splendid displays. We are too poor, and too 
 few for that. In our little city we cannot give you the 
 plaudits of hundreds of thousands of people : we cannot erect 
 triumphal arches emblazoned with gold and silver; we are 
 not able to provide royal banquets with princely service, but 
 we are able and glad to give you the homage of honest, lov- 
 ing and loyal hearts. 
 
 " We can and do give you and your family a supremely, sin- 
 cere and heartfelt welcome. Other cities may make grander 
 and more imposing demonstrations, but be assured, sir, that 
 no people in all this broad land are so glad to see you as are 
 your fellow-citizens of Galena. None greet you with a 
 warmer affection, none can be more proud of you, your 
 achievements and your fame, and we come to-day in our 
 own humble fashion, with none of that pomp and pageantry 
 to which you are accustomed on like occasions, to give ex- 
 pression, as best we may, to the delight and satisfaction we 
 feel in seeing you once more among us; to testify the love 
 and respect we have for you as a man and a fellow-citizen, 
 and the honor and esteem we entertain for you as a soldier 
 and a statesman. 
 
 " In the dark days of lS6i you left us to fight the battles 
 of your country. Your career since then has become a large 
 part of that country's most interesting and eventful history. 
 The nation's integrity vindicated and the Union restored, 
 the highest military lionors a grateful people could bestow 
 were lavished upon you. Twice have the suffrages of a 
 free people placed you in the highest civil position in their 
 gift, a position more honorable than that of a King or Em- 
 peror, inasmuch as it is not determined by the accident of 
 birth, but given as the reward of genius and ability, patriot- 
 ism, and public service. As a private citizen you have just 
 made the circuit of the globe. Nothing could equal the 
 courtesies and distinctions you received from the powers of 
 
632 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 the old world, save the modesty, good sense, and demo- 
 cratic simplicity which characterized your reception oi 
 them. Imperial splendors, the glitter and glare of royalty, 
 never for a moment dazzled your republican vision. The 
 guest of kings and prime ministers of extended empires, you 
 bore yourself with the quiet dignity of an American citizen. 
 The just compliments of the titled and great to your illus- 
 trious services and personal worth you modestly disclaimed, 
 and credited them all to your country. In the presence of 
 sovereigns you never forgot that you \vere yourself a sover- 
 eign — one of a nation of forty million sovereigns — and it is 
 most gratifying, sir, to your own countrymen to learn from 
 a speech made by yourself, that you return to your native 
 land a more ardent admirer of republican institutions than 
 ever before, and that your love for your country has been 
 increased and your faith in the progress, future greatness, 
 and grand destiny of this nation has. been strengthened by 
 your observations and experiences abroad. In all your for- 
 eign travels you could doubtless say of your country with 
 the poet: 
 
 Where'er I roam, whatever realms I see, 
 My heart, untraveled, fondly turns to tliee. 
 
 " Again, in the name of this great congregation of patri- 
 otic, admiring, enthusiastic people, I bid you thrice welcome 
 to this little town — a town of small importance, indeed, of 
 itself, but made famous and heroic by the deeds of yourself, 
 and those of many other distinguished men who have gone 
 forth from us to do service to the State. Some of these, 
 with their martial robes about them, sleep on battle- 
 fields, some are still with the army guarding the frontier, 
 and some, illustrious in their several spheres as jurists, for- 
 eign ambassadors, and successful men of affairs, we have the 
 pleasure of seeing before us on this occasion. They have 
 come back to this, their former home, to unite their acclaim 
 with ours in your honor to-day. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 633 
 
 " In conclusion, sir, permit me to express the wish that 
 your future may be as serene and happy as your past has 
 been eventful and glorious; and as you pass into the 'sere 
 and yellow leaf of life's autumn, may all that which should 
 accompany old age, as honor, love, obedience, troops of 
 friends be yours." 
 
 In response to this cordial greeting. General Grant spoke 
 as follows: 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen, and Citizens of Gale 
 na: It is with some embarrassment that I reply. Your wel- 
 come is exceedingly gratifying to me, but it is difficult for me 
 to reply to what I have just heard, and to what I have seen. 
 Since I first left here, eighteen years ago, it has always been 
 the greatest pleasure for me to return to Galena, and now, 
 after an absence of two and a half j^ears from your city, 
 during which time I have visited almost every country in 
 the world, it is a pleasure to be greeted in this manner by 
 you. During my travels I received princely honors, but 
 they were all due to this country, and to you as citizens and 
 as sovereigns of so great a country. When I saw during 
 my absence, especially in the far East, how hard the inhab- 
 itants had to toil even for a m.aintenance, I realized more 
 than ever the greatness of our country, where want is 
 scarcely ever known, and where the question of sustenance 
 is not daily considered. I will only add, that I thank you 
 again for your reception." 
 
 Brief but feeling remarks were made by Gov. Cullom, 
 of Illinois; Gov. Gear, of Iowa; Gov. Smith, of Wiscon- 
 sin; General Logan, Senator Allison, of Iowa; Hon. E. B. 
 Washburne and Major Hawkes. 
 
 The open air ceremonies concluded with the presentation 
 of Mrs. Grant to the people. Then three times three cheers 
 were given to General Grant, and the out-door welcome 
 home terminated. 
 
524 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GHANTS 
 
 General Grant repaired to the DeSoto House, where he 
 received his friends. The parlors of the hotel were over- 
 flowing for fully an hour, and the hand-shaking was almost 
 endless. The General submitted with good grace to it all, 
 and occasionally, when he met an old acquaintance, the 
 greeting was very cordial. Behind him stood the colo," 
 bearers of the Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers, with their bat- 
 tered ensigns. 
 
 In the evening the city was briiliantl}' illuminated, and 
 there was a fine display of fire-works. During this display 
 the triumphal arch, which was well stored with rockets, 
 Roman candles, etc., became ignited, and an explosion fol- 
 lowed that shook the windows of the buildings in the vicin- 
 ity. Postmaster Huntington was injui-ed in the fire. Gen- 
 eral and Mrs. Grant entertained a few friends at their resi- 
 dence; there -were none but guests present from abroad, as 
 the General will entertain his Galena friends later. And so 
 ended the great reception, which was so general and gener- 
 ous on the part of Galena. 
 
 After a few days rest. General Grant left Galena 
 at 5 o'clock Wednesday morning, November 12th, for 
 Chicago. At nearly all of the stations on the route 
 large and enthusiastic crowds collected, the train generally 
 - stopping a few moments to allow the General to satisfy 
 their curiosity, and the General was often compelled to go 
 through the ordeal of the pump, shaking hands with all 
 who requested it. At one o'clock the train reached Park 
 Row, and was received by General B. R. Raum, General 
 Theodore Jones, Major A. Fitch, Colonel W. S. Oliver, 
 General E. H. Murray, and Major H. C. McArthur, who 
 escorted the distinguished guest to a carriage drawn by six 
 horses. Then followed Mayor Harrison and Governor Cul- 
 lom, who took a seat in the ex-President's carriage, and the 
 cavalcade started. A body guard, consisting of officers Schu- 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 625 
 
 macher, Fife, Lueders, Soergel, Rierdon and Bruton, sur- 
 rounded the carriage. At this moment a drenching rain set ia, 
 and the multitude that but a minute before was a packed, soHd 
 mass, began to move, at first slowly, and then quicker and 
 quicker, until it almost reached a trot. Park Row and the 
 lake front was transformed into a surging, seething mass of 
 human beings and umbrellas, moving northward on Mich- 
 igan avenue. It was a strange sight. In spite of the rain, 
 patriotic throats would cheer, and resounding artillery would 
 roar; in spite of the- mud the crowd dashed on, cheering 
 lustily, and in spite of all the elements combined, General 
 Grant's advent into Chicago was signalized by a display of 
 the most unbounded enthusiasm. 
 
 The procession having formed, the command to march 
 was given about 1.30 o'clock, by Lieutenant General Phil. 
 Sheridan, Grand Marshal, and the column moved in the 
 following order: 
 
 FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 Detachment of mounted police, under command oi Major George Heinzman, 
 
 Jefferson Barracks Band. 
 
 General Sheridan and staff. 
 
 General J. T. Torrence and staff. 
 
 First Reg^iment of Cavalry, Major Welter. 
 
 Second Regiment Infantry, Colonel Quirk. 
 
 Sixth Battallion Infantry, Colonel W. H. Thompson. 
 
 Sixteenth Battalion Infantry, Colonel Scott. 
 
 Battery D, Major Tobey. 
 
 Battalion of miscellaneous compames, Major De Younf . 
 
 First Reg-iment of Infantry, Colonel Knox. 
 
 First Reg-iment Cadet Corps. 
 
 Lackey Zouaves. 
 
 Janesville Guards. 
 
 SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 Loesch's Military Band. 
 Captain Neelv and Staff of aids. 
 
 GENERAL GRANT, 
 
 aoconptiiied by Mayor Harrison and the Hon. Thomas Hoyne, In a carriage drawn 
 
 by six caparisoned horses and escorted bv the Society of 
 
 the Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 Platoon of police, commanded by Acting Chief G'Donnelland associate!. 
 
 Carriag-es containiDg Governor Shelby M. Cullom and General W, T. Sherman. 
 
 Carriages containing the Citizens' Reception Committee of 600. 
 
626 GENERAL V. S, GRANT^S 
 
 Carriages containing distinguished maimed and crippled soldier*, 
 
 Lubbig's Milwaukee Band. 
 
 Society ot the Army of the Cumberland, General Whipple 
 
 Northwestern Band. 
 
 Society of the Army of the Potomac, General White. 
 
 Nevans' Military Band. 
 
 Union War Veterans. 
 
 Union Democratic War Veterans. 
 
 Veteran organizations in general, Colonel Scrlbncr. 
 
 Clarinda, Iowa, Cornet Band. 
 
 Mexican War Veterans. 
 
 Fort Wayne Band. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Colonel Swain. 
 
 Grand Army Fife and Drum Corps Band. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION. 
 
 Columbus Barracks Band. 
 
 General Wallace and Staff. 
 
 Old Settlers, as invited participants, in carriages. 
 
 Judges of the Federal and State Courts, carriages. 
 
 The Chicago Common Council, carriages. 
 
 The Board of Cook County Commissioners. 
 
 Division composed of the County Clerk's and Sheriff's Deputies. 
 
 The City Clerk's and City and County Treasurer's Deputies. 
 
 Hyde Park autliorities and South Park Commissioners. 
 
 First Regiment Trumpeters. 
 
 The Fire Patrol. 
 
 Illinois Skirmishers* Battalion. 
 
 Brothers of Union. 
 
 United Fellows. 
 
 Downer's Grove Bund. 
 
 The Union Labor League. 
 
 Mail Carriers, detachment of 30. 
 
 The Danish War Veterans. 
 
 First Norwegian Total Abstinence Society. 
 
 Jacksonville Drum Corps. 
 
 Chicago Labor Union. 
 
 Stock Yards Troopers. 
 
 Langan's Band. 
 Chicago Turngemeinde. 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION. 
 
 Elgin Military Band. 
 
 General Sherer and staft 
 
 Detachment of 14 engines and 4 trucks of the Chicago Fire Department 
 
 Jackson, Mich., Band. 
 
 Wvision of S60 decorated wagons, escorted by the West, South, and North Park 
 
 Police, mounted. 
 
 The commanders of the various divisions, who were 
 seen after the march was over, stated that there were at 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 627 
 
 the smallest estimate 10,000 or 13,000 participants in the 
 procession. 
 
 There were over 3,000, perhaps 3,500, in the First 
 Division, over 2,500 in the Second, about the same in the 
 Third, and nearly 1,500 in the Fourth. The route of 
 march was about 4 miles long, and the rear of the column 
 had not yet formed on Michigan avenue when the head 
 had arrived at the Palmer House. The procession occupied 
 about three hours in passing a given point. 
 
 From a balcony erected at the N. E. end of Palmer 
 House General Grant reviewed the first and secoiid Divis- 
 ions, when the General descended and proceeded to the 
 platform erected in the rotunda of the hotel, and on behalf of 
 the citizens of Chicago was formally welcomed to the city 
 by Mayor Harrison (a Democrat), who spoke as follows: 
 
 "General Grant: The people of Chicago recognize 
 in you the most renowned of Ameiica's citizens. They have 
 watched you for several months journeying around the world. 
 They have seen you the recipient of honors heretofore con- 
 ferred only upon those of exalted rank; and yet, sir, you 
 had no other passport than that you were an American 
 citizen. 
 
 "Princes, rulers, and their people delighted to honoryou, 
 and in honoring you they lavished honor upon your 
 country. This people, sir, now that you are returning 
 home, are desirous of tendering you a befitting reception. 
 With this end they have appointed a committee of five 
 hundred gentlemen to receive you here in the heart of the 
 city and to welcome you to the homes of our people and to 
 the hearts of the people. 
 
 " Upon me as chairman of that committee, devolves the 
 pleasing duty of clothing in words what their hearts would 
 warmly express. Sir, for many long years you have been 
 cons+fuitly before the eyes of this people." 
 
62S GENERAL U. S. GRAN'T's 
 
 " Eighteen years and two months ago a neighooring state 
 had adopted the rule of neutrality in the dread internecine 
 war then commencing. Our statesmen v/ere deeply troubled 
 and knew not how to solve the problem. You, Sir, like 
 the Macedonian conqueror, \vith your sw^ord cut the Gor- 
 dian knot, and the first born daughter of the Constitution 
 no longer wavered in her devotion to the Union and to the 
 Union's flag. Two months after we saw you writing 
 your name in blood at fiercely contested Belmont. 
 Before the frosts of winter had thawed, 3'ou threw your 
 regiments around Donelson. Its commander, feeling the 
 death-grip upon him, asked for terms of capitulation. 
 That laconic reply, "Unconditional surrender; I propose 
 immediately to move upon your works," enriched the page 
 of military literature, and 15,000 of Confederate prisoners 
 came here to Chicago, living witnesses of your great 
 victory. Ere the buds of spring had burst into the sum- 
 mer's flower, Corinth, and Pittsburg Landing were your 
 trophies. And the waters of the Cumberland and 
 Tennessee rivers flowed freely, bearing the stars and 
 stripes through the Ohio, through on the Mississippi 
 to Memphis and below; but the mighty river refused 
 to carry you on to the gulf. Vicksburg, deemed 
 impregnable, frowned upon its turbulent waters, de- 
 manding a toll of death. You resolved that Vicksburg 
 should fall, and for you to resolve, has seemed in the past 
 for you to do. After months of strategic movement, long 
 marches, and many battles, you lay your army in front of 
 the Gibraltar of the South. But Vicksburg was vulnera- 
 ble only from the rear. Desirous of saving your army, you 
 endeavored to make a new channel for the mighty stream. 
 But the father of waters, despising your human efforts, 
 rolled on majestically — on beneath the enemy's guns. Sir, 
 unable to bridle the monster, you mounted his foaming 
 
^ TOUR AROUND T}IE WORLD. * 629 
 
 back, rode through the storm of fire and hail of shot. 
 Vicksburg fell, and Chicago shouted: " The backbone of the 
 Confederacy is broken." Chattanooga, Lookout Mountian, 
 and Missionary Ridge were then flowers in the chaplet 
 encircling your brow. We then saw you at the nation's 
 Capital commanding your country's armies. But your own 
 special duty was to reach Richmond, which had in the 
 past seemed a noli me tangere. You chose the line of the 
 Wilderness, and to the immortal Lincoln you declared that 
 you would 'fight it out on that line if it took you all 
 summer,' thus giving evidence of the tenacity of your 
 own will, rousing the wavering and lifting up the down- 
 hearted. You did, sir, 'fight it out on that line,' and 
 Richmond was ours. 
 
 " We next saw you, sir, at Appomattox Court House, 
 receiving the sword of the brave, but mistaken Lee. You 
 handed it back to him. 'Keep it,' said you; 'a braver 
 man never wore a sword.' You bade him keep his horses, 
 for his folks would need them at the plow. You bade his 
 armies return to their homes, to rebuild their broken fire- 
 sides, and to re-establish their shattered fortunes. Sir, 
 Chicago and the world then applauded the clement 
 conqueror, as before they had admired the dauntless soldier. 
 The bloody war over, you said, ' Let us have peace,' and 
 a grateful nation lifted you to the highest position in its gift; 
 aye, the highest in the world. Eight years you were 
 President. Then, wearied with sixteen years of service to 
 your country, you sought rest in travel, turning your eyes 
 to the East. Moving off toward the cradle of the sun, you 
 were greeted in all lands, and received every greeting in 
 the name of your country. 
 
 " Sir, you have served your country nobly; your country 
 has honored you grandly. Like the immortal Washington, 
 you rose from the lowly walks of life, passed through all 
 
630 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 military grades until you commanded its victorious armies. 
 Like him, you filled the office of President two long terms. 
 He, when his two terms were over, was offered a crown ; 
 but, preferring the immortality of fame to temporary power, 
 he retired to private life, lives in the hearts of his people, 
 and all time will call him his country's father. You, too, 
 sir, when your two terms were over, obeying that part of 
 your country's Constitution in its unwritten traditions, hal- 
 lowed by the example of the immortal Washington — you, 
 too, retired, and you, too, sir, live and will live forever in 
 your countrymen's hearts. 
 
 " Sir, in the name of Chicago and its people, I prophesy 
 that v^'hen time shall have grown old; w^hen the page of 
 history shall have become dim by the side of the great 
 quartet who have gone before you, your name, your statue, 
 will be placed, and by the side of Washington, of Jefferson, 
 of Jackson, and of the immortal Lincoln, will live the name 
 of Grant. 
 
 " Sir, again allow me to tender to you a hearty welcome 
 to the homes, to the fire-sides, and to the hearts of all the 
 people of Chicago, regardless of creed or of party." 
 
 At the conclusion of the Mayor's remarks. General 
 Grant bowed slightly, and responded as follows: 
 
 " Mr. Mayor, Gentlemen of the Committee of 
 Reception, Gentlemen of Chicago and of Illinois: 
 I feel very much honored by the welcome which I am 
 receiving at your hands to-day. I feel highly honored by 
 the speech of welcome which has just been uttered by your 
 worthy Mayor. It is something that is so personal to my- 
 self that it would hardly be in good taste for me to respond 
 to the language of it^ and it leaves nothing, therefore, for 
 me to do than to repeat my thanks to this committee and to 
 the citizens of your city for the hearty reception which they 
 have given me. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WOULD. 63 I 
 
 " In regard to one allusion, to my receptions abroad, I 
 will say that in every case I felt it was a tribute to my own 
 country. I will add, further, that our country stands differ- 
 ently abroad in the estimation of the Europeans and East- 
 ern nations from what it did a quarter of a century ago. 
 An American citizen is regarded in a different light from 
 the American citizen of a quarter of a century ago. At 
 that time it was believed that we had not a nation; that it 
 was merely a confederation of states tied together by a rope 
 of sand, that would give way upon the slightest friction. 
 They have found out their grand mistake. They know 
 tlrat we have now a government, that we are a Nation, and 
 that we are a strong, intelligent, and brave people, capable 
 of judging and knowing our rights, and determined on all 
 occasions to maintain them against either domestic or 
 foreign foes. And that is the explanation of the receptions 
 which you have received through me while I was abroad. 
 Gentlemen, I thank you." 
 
 As General Grant concluded his remarks, the Mayor 
 invited the ci'owd to come forward in twos and shake hands 
 with the General, stating that the General had seen a great 
 deal and was very hungry. Many of the old comrades 
 came forward and reminded him pleasantly in passing ot 
 the last time they met. 
 
 The pressure of the crowd became so great that Mayor 
 Harrison was compelled to ask them to desist, and at 4 
 o'clock the Mayor and Colonel George R. Davis took him 
 in charge, and conducted him to his private parlor, where 
 a small company was assembled, consisting of Mrs. General 
 Grant, Mrs. Sheridan, the Hon. Thomas Hoyne, and 
 others. After a few complimentary remarks, he was con- 
 ducted to his carriage by General Chetlain and the Hon. 
 Thomas Hoyne, and departed to take dinner at his son's 
 house. 
 
633 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's ^ 
 
 Speaking of the decorations, the Inter- Ocean of the 13th 
 says: " The ajDpearance of the city -was a surprise to the 
 people of Chicago themselves. The gay attire which they 
 had been planning for weeks being richer and more com- 
 plete than had been pictured in anticipation. There were a 
 number of establishments that might be named which spent 
 over a thousand dollars in each adornment; but when thou- 
 sands worked with willing hands and loving hearts, if with 
 a smaller expenditure of money, to swell the general wel- 
 come of the city to her guest, it would be perhaps unfair, 
 as it is unnecessary, to mention the few who, in this respect, 
 were able to surpass the rest." 
 
 "The grand arch, upon which the General first looked as 
 he stepped from the cars, spanned his path, with the words, 
 'Chicago's Welcome,' and as he rode. over the four miles 
 of the route Chicago's welcomes were spoken "all along 
 the line" in bowers of living green; in arches bright with 
 the colors of gay bunting; in lovely festoons of flowers 
 which drooped to the very ground from the highest tops of 
 the brown-stone fronts of Michigan avenue; in rich cano- 
 pies which carried their tributes out to the very steps of his 
 carriage; in the magnificent trappings and beautiful hang- 
 ings on marble fronts; in floating pendants and waving ban- 
 ners; in the millions of flags which covered the city almost 
 as a great mantle of patriotism and loyalty, and finally in 
 portraits on every side of Grant himself, and in matters 
 which repeated again his own terse and patriotic utterances 
 that have become the dearly-prized household words of the 
 people. 
 
 " From out such wondrous profusion in decorations and 
 such bewildering beauties of embellishment along four 
 miles of thoroughfare, it is a manifest impossibility to 
 describe the appearance of each building, or even any con- 
 siderable number of the most prominent." 
 
TOUR AKOrXD THE \V0I;LD. 633 
 
 The St. Louis Globe Democrat^ in spealsing of the C 
 cago reception on the 12th said, " Chicago was gloriouisly 
 decorated. * * * The scenes along the route of the 
 procession were almost beyond description, * * * the 
 four hundred thousand people who lined the streets were 
 wildly, madly enthusiastic." St. Louis Republican (Dem.): 
 " The whole central part of the city was a gorgeous scene 
 of patriotism, embodied in bunting and flowing out in 
 colors such as would make the rainbow hide its head." It 
 seems as if the ■whole Northwest had poui'ed out its pop- 
 ulation to the citizen thus auspiciously returning to his 
 home." 
 
 The Cincinnati Co?nmercial said: "A noticeable fea- 
 ture of the decorations was that not only were buildings own- 
 ed by Republicans replete with ornaments, but those of prom- 
 inent Democrats were among the most brilliant in their dis- 
 play of colors and evergreens. Jilessrs. Field & Leiter, both 
 outspoken Democrats, made a lavish displa}'. The Deino- 
 cratic Palmer House, besides having made itself his head- 
 quarters during his stay, presented adornments in profusion, 
 which were of the most patriotic character. McVicker, who 
 is a life-long Democrat, enveloped his theatre from top to 
 bottom with red, white, and blue, with flags at every avail- 
 able point, and allegorical paintings fifty-two feet long and 
 fifteen feet high, representing General Grant as a tanner at 
 Galena, as the victorious soldier at Appomattox, and as the 
 inaugurated President of the nation. 
 
 The Cincinnatti Gazette said: "The military display 
 was fine. * * * The reception in the evening was 
 an indescribable ovation." 
 
 The Cincinnati Enquirer (Dem.) said : " This was 
 Grant's day. The Soldiers of the State of Illinois, of the 
 State of Indiana, of Michigan, and of Wisconsin gave him 
 such a demonstration as was never before seen in this city, 
 
634 OKNERAL U. S. grant's 
 
 or indeed any Western city. There was no concealing or 
 denying it because the enthusiasm was so unusual that every- 
 body had to acknowledge the fact." 
 
 The Louisville Courier-Journal (J)em.) said: "Gen- 
 eral Grant and party appeared at the head of the 
 second division, and the enthusiam was indescribable. He 
 appeared tired, wearied, and exhausted, but as cheer on 
 cheer arose he lifted his hat wearily and smiled. A descrip- 
 tion of the entire progress of the procession might be 
 summed in the words, no living or dead man ever received 
 such an outburst of enthusiam. Ten minutes after the pro- 
 cession started, the sun burst through the clouds, adding 
 fresh zeal to the excitement. No such a rain storm has 
 occurred this year; no such a depth of mud was ever known ; 
 so grand a street pageant was never seen, and no such wild 
 and unbridled excitement was ever experienced, is the 
 verdict." 
 
 The Indianopolis Journal said: "Chicago to-day 
 gave Grant a heroic reception, a cosmopolitan wel- 
 come, and to her hundreds upon thousands of popu- 
 lation there were added a hundred thousand visitors. 
 Never has this city been so densely packed, and never was 
 an American citizen accorded such a hearty greeting as has 
 been given this man. Chicago is celebrated for great deeds, 
 but this event will pass to record as the grandest and the 
 greatest and there is no event in the prophesy of man that 
 can call out a more brilliant one." 
 
 The Detroit Post said: " Chicago has never seen any- 
 thing like this day in all its history, or rather, it has seen 
 several occasions bearing some analog}' to it, but none to 
 equal it in magnitude. Never before has the city pre- 
 sented such a festive appearance. Millions of flags and 
 banners were floating to the bi'eeze, and every building on 
 the South Side and thousands of private residences every, 
 where were covered with the decorations." 
 
TOUrt AROUND THE WORLD. 6,35 
 
 The formal reception by the society of the Army of the 
 Tennessee, at Haverly's theatre, in the evening, fitly closed 
 the extraordinary record of the day. The stage had been 
 transformed into a picturesque war scene, the hills in the 
 vicinity of Vicksburg rising in the distance, and nearer, the 
 fortifications of the Union troops. Field pieces were in 
 place pointing outward through the embrasures, and on 
 them and about them were grouped artillery men in regula- 
 tion dress. The grouping had a tableaux effect that 
 brought into clear relief the gathering of distinguished 
 gentlemen in front. The theatre was beautifully and elabo- 
 rately decorated in flowers and evergreens. 
 
 In the parquette, dress circle, balcony and gallery was 
 a select audience, taking in the members of the different 
 army societies and many of Chicago's leading citizens. As 
 many of the veterans wore uniforms, and as many of the 
 ladies, even in the gallery were in full dress, the assemblage 
 was a brilliant one, even for that city. 
 
 Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. H. W. Thomas. 
 The first address of the evening was by the Hon. E. B. 
 Washburne, who spoke a general welcome to the society 
 and to General Grant. Mr. Washburne was at his best, 
 and his courtly manner and well chosen words gave to his 
 speech of welcome a special charm. A warm tribute to 
 McPherson, and a graceful mention of Grant, called out 
 responsive bursts of applause. 
 
 He was followed by Governor Cullom, who spoke the 
 welcome of the state. His unusually clear cut tones, his 
 dignified deliberation, and his special emphasis were hints 
 to those who knew him that his speech was not to be an 
 ordinary one, and it was not. His first reference to national 
 sftntiment and nationality was the signal for a hearty round 
 of enthusiasm, and the plain talk that followed was 
 applauded to the echo. He made a dramatic mention of 
 
 fc^'.S '■ ' 
 

 St^6 general ^, s. grant's 
 
 Grant that brought that gentleman to his feet in response 
 to continued calls from the audience. A reference to the 
 incomparable Sherman and the chivalric Logan compelled 
 each of those gentlemen to follow the example of Grant, 
 and rise in answer to the calls from the people in front. 
 
 Mayor Harrison spoke the welcome of the city, speaking 
 in his usual style, and saying many good things, whenevei 
 he dropped an incidental remark about the distinguished 
 ex-President, the audience stopped Mr. Harrison with 
 cheers, and kept up the noise until General Grant arose and 
 acknowledged the compliment with a bow. 
 
 General Sherman responded briefly and pointedly, his 
 first remark, to the effect that Chicago was ready and will- 
 ing, for a consideration, to feed the world, calling out a 
 double round of applause. 
 
 The annual address, by General Gresham, was read in 
 a smooth, lawyer-like manner, and, coming after the 
 impromptu speeches, seemed at first as not likely to claim 
 the close attention of those outside of army circles. But 
 soon the people awoke to the realization that a scholarly 
 gentleman was discussing vital questions of general interest, 
 and the speaker not only had the closest attention of all, 
 but the heartiest commendation. 
 
 After the presentation of a banner to the Society by 
 General Logan in a graceful speech, and a response, half 
 playful, half earnest, by General Sherman, it was an- 
 nounced that there would be a song. This was met by a 
 determined call for General Grant, and he arose as if to 
 excuse himself, saying he would fill the regular order on 
 the programme. The audience, quick to see the drift of 
 this remark, informed him that he was not on the pro- 
 gramme, and insisted that he should go on. As he took 
 from his pocket a few pages of manuscript, the crowd 
 cheered, and the officers on the stage turned toward him 
 with new interest on their faces. 
 
 y 
 
•.:-■-■ ^ ^ - 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 637 
 
 The General stepped forward and said: 
 
 Comrades of the Society of the Army of the 
 Tennessee: After an absence of several years from the 
 gatherings of the society of the Army of the Tennessee, 
 it affords me heart-felt pleasure to again be with you, my 
 earliest comrades in arms in the great conflict for nationality 
 and union of all the states under our free and always-to-be 
 maintained government. In my long absence from the 
 country I have had the most favorable opportunity for seeing 
 and comparing, in my own mind, our institutions with all 
 European countries, and most of those of Asia — comparing 
 our resources, developed and dormant, the capacity and 
 ensrgy of our people for upholding and developing its 
 resources, with most of the civilized people of the world. 
 Everywhere, from England to Japan, from Russia to Spain 
 and Portugal, we are understood, our resources highly 
 appreciated, and the skill, energy, and intelligence of the 
 citizens recognized. My receptions have been everywhere 
 kind, and an acknowledgement that the United States is a 
 Nation, a strong, independent, and free Nation, composed 
 of strong, brave, and intelligent. people, capable of judging 
 of their rights, and ready to maintain them at all hazards. 
 This is a non-partisan association, but composed of men 
 who are united in the determination that no foe, domestic or 
 foreign, shall interpose between us and the maintenance 
 of our grand, free, and enlightened institutions, and unity 
 of all the States. The area of our country, its fertility, 
 the energy and resources of our people, with a sparsity of 
 population compared to area, postpones the day for genera- 
 tions to come when our descendants will have to consider 
 the question of how the soil is to support them, how the 
 most can be produced to sustain human life, without refer- 
 ence to the taste or desires of the people, and when but few 
 can exercise the privilege of the plain luxury of selecting 
 

 33S GENERAL U. S. GRA.Nl's 
 
 the articles of food they will eat, the quantity and quality 
 of clothing they wear, but will remain the abundant home 
 of all who possess the energy and strength, and m. ike good 
 use of them, if we remain true to ourselves. Such a country 
 fs one to be proud of. I am proud of it — proud that I am 
 an American citizen. Every citizen, North, South, East, 
 and West, enjoys a common heritage, and should feel an 
 equal pride in it. 
 
 "I am glad these society meetings keep up their 
 interest so long after the events which, in a sense, they com- 
 memorate, have passed away. They do not sei-ve to keep 
 up sectional feeling or bitterness toward our late foe; but 
 they do keep up the feeling that we aie a nation, and that 
 it must be preserved, one and indivisible. We feel and 
 maintain that these who fought, and fought bravely, on 
 the other side from us, have equal claims with ourselves in 
 all the blessings of our great and common country. We 
 claim for them the right to travel all over this broad land 
 and select where they please, the rightt o settle, become 
 citizens, and enjoy their political and religious convictions, 
 free from molestation or ostracism either on account of them 
 or their connection with the past. We ask nothing more 
 for ourselves, and would rejoice to see them become pow- 
 erful rivals in the development of our great resources, sn 
 the acquisition of all that shall be desirable in this life, and 
 in patriotistn and love of country'." 
 
 The little speech was extremely well received, and as 
 the General folded his paper and put it in his vest pocket, 
 there was a round of applause, intenupted by a vigorous 
 call for General Sheridan, which soon brought him to the 
 front to make a happy little two-minute speech. Then, at 
 the order of the now determined audience, came Pope, 
 Oglesb}', Schofield, and Mark Twain, each to speak briefly. 
 Frank Lumbard's quartet did fine service. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. ' 639 
 
 The tattoo was then given, and the president announced 
 the society adjourned till the following morning. 
 
 The J liter- Ocean in summing up the welcome given 
 General Grant, said: 
 
 Chicago has spoken her welcome. With what warmth 
 and demonstrativeness is best shown in our reports giving 
 particulars of the great display. If the warmth and earnest- 
 ness of the great display are to be judged b}' the magnitude 
 of the parade, by the numbers and enthusiasm of the people, 
 by the presence in the procession of representatives of every 
 department of government, every branch of business, every 
 industrial interest, and every class of citizens, then Chicago 
 has spoken as has no other coinmunity. The commanders 
 and soldiers of the old armies, the commanders of the pres- 
 ent army, the miltary authorities and military forces of the 
 state, the different departments, of the city government, the 
 manufacturing and commercial interests of the state and 
 city, were never before combined to speak so grand a wel- 
 come. Chicago has spoken as only Chicago can speak. 
 And she means it. 
 
 The following day the General attended a reception 
 given by the Union Veteran Club, given at McVicker's 
 theatre, at 10:30 a. m. The speech making was preceded 
 by an allegoi-ical tableau. 
 
 The tableau presented a semicircle of young girls, with 
 a throne in the middle of the arc bearing the presiding 
 genius. This central figure was a representative of Colum- 
 bia, who excited unanimous approval. She was seated on 
 a dais, and above her gleaming helmet she bore a standard 
 — that of the Twenty-first Illinois Infantry — which was a 
 mere tatter. The bare arms were bound at wrist and upper 
 arm with broad gold bracelets. The pure white of the 
 waist was relieved by a silken flag draped as the skirt. 
 The lady, Miss Adeila Barker, by her many charms, pre 
 

 640 GEXERAI. U. S. grant's 
 
 sided a worthy Quccii over the goddesses. On her broad 
 shield she bore the salutation to General Grant, "In the 
 name of the United States you saved, I welcome you." 
 
 The young and charming representatives of the states 
 who supported them, were dressed in pure white, with 
 strands of flowers caught in their skirts and clusters of 
 flowers on the breast and in the hair. They wore graceful 
 crowns of blue, edged with crimson and ornamented, each 
 with three silver stars. Flowing down from the crowns, 
 the luxuriant hair, in almost every instance blonde, reached 
 to the waist. In her right hand each goddess held a blue 
 shield bearing the name of a state and the words after it, 
 " Welcome j'ou." In the other hand she flourished a small 
 flag. 
 
 Six little goddesses, representing the Territories, stood 
 a little in advance of the main line, directly in front of 
 Columbia, and bloomed all over with gay flowers. 
 
 A noticeable representative of a State was the tall bru- 
 nette, bearing on her shield the legend, " Michigan wel- 
 comes you." Her raven hair s\\ eeping down her shoulders 
 was matched by a broad, black scarf, in memory of 
 Chandler. 
 
 General Chetlain, President of the Union Veterans, 
 made an address of welcome. An eloquent address by 
 Gen. Hogan received hearty and enthusiastic notice; he was 
 followed by General Grant, who said: 
 
 "Comrades and Veterans of the Late War: I 
 was entirely unaware ot the object of my coming here this 
 morning. I thought it was to be the place where we were 
 to meet this evening, or some other place. I was not aware 
 that I was going to meet so many of my old comrades. 1 
 assure you it affords me great pleasure to meet you here, 
 and to meet you everywhere. 
 
 "Veterans of the old war, and my former companions in 
 


 TOUll AROUND THE WORLD. 643 
 
 all my travels, I have not been in a country, in hardly a 
 town, and in hardly a place, in the twro and a-half years 
 that I have been away from my own country where I 
 have not met some of your number. As we heai-d last 
 night, wars, while not desirable, still are not always unat- 
 tended with good. We believe sincerely that the war 
 which we waged was attended with great good to our coun- 
 try. We believe that our victory redounded to the benefit 
 of the vanquished, as well as to ourselves. We believe 
 that they to-day would have been in a very much worse 
 condition had their cause succeeded, and we certainly would 
 have been infinitely worse off. Wars render another ben- 
 efit. People who grow up in time of profound peace are 
 very apt to vegetate and live along in the place, or neai 
 the place, of their birth, but having been torn away from 
 their homes, as you all were, and having passed through 
 the struggles and privations of the war, you were the more 
 content to return to your homes, or to go to the best places 
 for the development of your intelligence and your talents. 
 The veterans of the war are now scattered over this broad 
 land, are now developing our Territories, opening new 
 mines, clearing new farms, and in every way adding to the 
 greatness and prosperity of our nation. They are making 
 our country felt, known, and appreciated wherever a flag 
 can wave. 
 
 "Now, gentlemen, I have said a great deal more than I 
 had any idea I could say when I got up. But, as Mark 
 Twain very aptly remarked last evening, I could make a 
 very much better extemporaneous speech if I had a couple 
 of hours to prepare it." 
 
 The General's address aroused the wildest enthusiasm, 
 the audience springing to its feet and giving round after round 
 of applause. Hon. Emory A. Storrs delivered the address of 
 the day, and was accorded a flattering reception In 
 
644 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 response to repeated calls from the audience, Gen. Fuller, 
 ex-Gov. Oglesby, Gen. Woodford, of N. Y., made brief 
 but eloquent addresses. " Taps " ended the programme, 
 
 At 12 o'clock, General Grant lunched at the residence 
 of Hon. E. B. Washburne. The affair was private and 
 unostentatious. At 2 :^o o'clock he attended the reception 
 of the society of the Army of the Tennessee. Mrs. Grant 
 received with the General. Receiving with her were Mrs. 
 Gen. Logan, Mrs. W. Q. Gresham, Mrs. P. H. Sheridan, 
 Mrs. A. L. Chetlain, and Mrs. Fred Grant. The ladies 
 who received with the General, were in full dress. 
 
 Gen. Chetlain and Gen. Logan presented each of the 
 long line, announcing their names and passing them on. 
 The General stood the ordeal with grim silence, occasion- 
 ally muttering a word with old acquaintances. Each comer 
 was presented to Mrs. Grant, and the receiving ladies as 
 far as possible, but the encounter with the General and his 
 wife was generally sufficient for all who passed. 
 
 To carry out the programme of the day, at 3:30 the 
 General was compelled to leave, and attend the reception 
 of the Union Veteran Club, where the wildest enthusiasm 
 was manifested. Shortly after 4 o'clock, he withdrew to 
 his private parlors to seek the needed rest and prepare him- 
 self for the evening's business. 
 
 In the evening the General attended the grand banquet 
 at the Palmer House, given by the members of the Army 
 of the Tennessee. No handsomer sight was ever seen in 
 Chicago than that afforded, when the 460 banqueters had 
 all found seats at eighteen tables, which had been prepared 
 for their reception. The hall was handsomely draped with 
 flags and embellished with evergreens and flowers. Gen. 
 W. T. Sherman presided. The supper itself was a success. 
 We give the menu: 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 64r 
 
 THIRTEENTH ANNUAL BANQUET 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SOCIETY OF THE ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
 
 MENU. 
 
 Blue Point Oysters on the Shell. Sauterne. 
 
 Green Turtle Soup. Sherry. 
 
 Boiled California Salmon. Holland Sauce. Claret. 
 
 Pariiienne Potatoes. 
 
 Roast Fillet of Beef, Larded with Mushrooms. 
 
 Champagne. 
 
 Croquets of Potatoes. 
 
 Cutlets of Minced Game. 
 
 Sweet-breads with Spinach. 
 
 ' Croquets of Chicken. 
 
 Roman Punch. 
 
 Roast Saddle of Venison. 
 
 Roast Prairie Chicken. 
 
 Buff.ilo Steaks. Truffle Sauce. 
 
 Breasts of Ducks, Larded, Currant Jelly. 
 
 Fillet of Wild Turkey. Cranberry Sauce. 
 
 Chicken Salad. ' 
 
 Shrimp Salad. 
 Celery Salad 
 Neapolitan Ice Cream. 
 Ices. 
 Cakes, assorted. 
 
 Wine Jellies. 
 
 Charlotte Russe. 
 
 Meringes, assorted. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Hard Tack. 
 
 Roquefort and English Cheese. 
 
 Celery, 
 
 Coifee. 
 
 Cognac. 
 
 ■ Cigars. 
 
 Palmer House, Nov. 13, 1S79. 
 
 At 10:45 General Sherman arose and quieted the tumuVt 
 and proceeded to say: 
 
 "Gentlemen: We have a long list before us, and one 
 of the richest I have ever had spread before me. And I am 
 extremely anxious that this evening shall be a bright one in 
 our future meinories. We can only accomplish this result 
 by almost absolute silence; and I beg, almost implore of 
 you, every man, to be just as quiet as possible, because 
 
6 l6 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 sounds added together reverberate in this hall, and will spoil 
 the best speech that can possibly be made." 
 
 He then complimented the musicians upon the excel- 
 lence of their efforts thus far; and suggested that where the 
 programme called for music, they simply give a soft strain 
 and not a whole tune. " Make it, as it were, a loop be- 
 tween the speeches. With a few admonitions of this kind, 
 I am sure we will have an evening, a night, if you please, 
 of cheering entertainment. 
 
 " I do not pretend to say any thing myself; but will call 
 the toasts in the order in which they are recorded on the 
 programme, siinply introducing each speaker. There hap- 
 pen to be three speakers absent, but their places have been 
 filled by the Committee, and I have recorded their names, 
 so that the speeches will follow each other in quick succes- 
 sion. Each speaker is requested to speak as long as he 
 holds his audience. As to applause, gentlemen, recollect 
 that that takes a good deal of time. A good, hearty laugh 
 and marked applause are all right, but don't drawl it out 
 into a long giggle, or into a noise. Let the applause be 
 short and emphatic. 
 
 "No\v, gentlemen, -we will proceed at once to the regu- 
 lar order of the evening. And I am pleased to see every- 
 body smiling and pleasant. Some of the speakers who are 
 in your midst will speak from their present position, either 
 by getting on a chair or standing as thev please. But, 
 wherever they are, I beg the audience to give them a re- 
 spectful hearing." 
 
 " The first toast of the evening," said Gen. Sherman, "is 
 Our Country — Her Place Among Nations, "and will be 
 responded to by Gen. U. S. Grant." 
 
 As General Grant arose he was received with tumultu- 
 ous applause and cheers, which lasted several minutes, the 
 greeting being extremely cordial. When silence was re- 
 stored he said: 
 
^■•; 
 
 TOUll AROUND THK WORLD. 647 
 
 "Mr. Prksjdknt and Gentlemen of the society 
 OF THE Army of the Tennessee, and Guests: Notice 
 was sent to ine some days ago that I was to respond to a 
 toast here, l)ut I paid no attention to it at the time, and had 
 no idea, until I got liere, of" the toast I was to reply to. I 
 had relied upon it that there would be half a dozt-n or more 
 speakers before I would be called upon, and that, during 
 that time, there would be a man out in the hall I would 
 want to see, or thought I would exert some other flank 
 movement by which I would get out of it. Finding, how- 
 ever, after m)' arrival here, that I was to be the first one 
 called upon, and hardly feeling it ^\■ould be proper to look 
 for that man so earl_v in the evening, I put in a substitute, 
 but the President of your Society has not called upon the 
 man. I kno\v if he h d called the name on his paper you 
 would have heard much more said about the position of our 
 country ainong the nations of the earth than I can say to 
 you. I can feel what the Mayor would probably have said 
 if the President had called upon him. But, as I have to 
 say a word, I shall rely now upon your signifying, in a very 
 few moments, your disaj^probation of what I am saying, so 
 as to let me off. The President has given notice that we 
 are not to speak any longer than we can hold the audience. 
 Our Nation we have been in the habit ourselves of looking 
 upon as being one of the first nations of the earth. 
 
 "For a long period back the Yankee has had not only a 
 very respectable opinion of himself individually, but of his 
 country as a whole. It has been our own opinion that we 
 had nothing to fear in a contest vidth any other Power. I 
 am pleased to say, that from the observations that I have 
 been able to make in the last two and a half years, we are 
 beginning to be regarded a little by other Powers as we in 
 our vanity have heretofore regarded ourselves. We do, 
 ainong other nations, 1 think, to-day, not only in our own 
 
6aS general u. s. grant s 
 
 conceit, but in the acknowledgment of other nations, occupy 
 the position of one of the first Powers in all that goes to 
 make up a great nationality. We have the strength, we 
 have the individual self-assertion, independence; and we 
 have to a greater degree than almost any other nation the 
 power of colonizing, of settling up new country, opening it 
 and developing it. We have also the very great advantage 
 of being without neighbors to molest or make us afiaid. It 
 is true we have a northern frontier, and we have a southern 
 frontier, but we get along with a very small army. We 
 keep no standing army. What little we do keep, as some 
 one remarked the other day, is a standing anny because it 
 has no time to sit down. Mr. President [who was seated], 
 I find you filling the position with a good deal of ability. I 
 don't know of anything I can specially add to what I have 
 said, except in the way of advice; and that is, let us be true 
 to ourselves; avoid all bitterness and ill-feeling, either on 
 the part of sections or parties, toward each other, avoid 
 quarreling among ourselves, and we need have no fears for 
 the future of maintaining the stand that we have taken 
 among nations, so far as opposition from foreign nations 
 goes. Gentlemen, I am much obliged for your attention." 
 
 The "President and Congress" was responded to by 
 General Logan, in an eloquent address, which was received 
 with rapturous applause. " The Army of the Tennessee" 
 was responded to by General Hurlburt, and was a glorious 
 tribute to its two commanders. Grant and Sherman. The 
 speaker took his seat amid great enthusiasm and cheers. 
 The toast, "Our First Commander, Gen. U. S. Grant," 
 was responded to by Col. Vilas, of Madison, Wis., — a War- 
 Democrat — as follows: 
 
 " Your call invites me, sir, I am conscious, to give 
 expression to the profound feeling with which every heart 
 of our assembled companions respond to the stirring send- 
 
TOUR ARClUNTD THE WORLD. 6 
 
 \9 
 
 ment. But how shall I attempt to choose,- in the brief 
 compass the occasion allows, from the multitudinous 
 thoughts that crowd the mind? Our first commander, the 
 illustrious General, whose fame has grown to fill the world ! 
 Nay, more! Our old Band of the Tennessee was his first 
 army! What honorable memories of old association you, 
 comp;inions, may now recall ! How splendid was your 
 entrance on the scene of arms! The anxious eye of the 
 North had long been fixed on the Eastern theatre, almost 
 unconscious of the new-formed Army of the Tennessee 
 and its unknown General. Suddenly there fell on the 
 startled ear the roar of your fight at Donelson and your 
 chieftain's victorious cry, — which waked the country's heart 
 to ecstasy, and rung, like a prophetic knell, the doom our 
 Army of Salvation bore to Rebels, — ' Nothing, but uncon- 
 ditional surrender.' 
 
 " Then, but a few days later, there burst, at Shiloh, upon 
 this Army of the Tennessee, the flame and fury of ' the 
 first great field-fight of the war.' In desperate doubt the 
 night-fall of the bloody day closed on the unequal struggle. 
 Higher, then, rose the iron resolution of that great com- 
 mander. Urged by cautious counsel to prepare the way 
 for retreat, with trust in your valor, he gave the character- 
 istic answer, ' I have not despaired of whipping them yet.' 
 And loyally, on the morrow, was he vindicated in that 
 reliance, as he rode before his soldiery, driving the enemy 
 over the victorious fields. How darklj^ comes back in recol- 
 lection the long and dismal toil in the pestilential swamps 
 before impregnable Vicksburg. The sky was overhung in 
 gloom, and the soaked earth sunk under the foot. Unlit by 
 the flash of powder, unheralded by the noise of arms, in 
 miserable darkness, the last enemy irresistibly plied his 
 fatal work, changing the river levees — where only was 
 solid ground for burial — ^into tombs for our trebly-decimated 
 
650 GKNEKAl, U. S. CIKANT's 
 
 ranks. Then, again, new liglit broke fiom his troubled 
 genius on the scene, and disphiycd the possible patli of 
 valor, l^rcaking past the rebel battlements and across the 
 great river, he flung our army into the midst of the hostile 
 host, like a mighty gladiator surrounded by his (oes, choos- 
 ing no escape but in victory. There, with fiery zest, in 
 fierce rapidity, he smote the foe the crushing strokes for 
 Fort Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Chainpion Hills, and 
 Black River, and seized the doomed city with the unrelent- 
 ing grasp of his Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 "And when, on the new biithdav of the Republic, her 
 flag shook out its beautiful folds above tlie ramparts of that 
 boasted citadel, the territory of revolt was finally split in 
 twain, — the backbone of the Rebellion was broken. 
 
 " Such, in a glance, your splendid story,comp;mions, under 
 our first commander. He and his annv of the Tennessee 
 entered on the page "f history together. Together thej' 
 achieved the first great prophctie triumphs for the Union; 
 together thc\' followed and fought her enemies from field 
 to field, pushing our advancing arms in steady career 
 towards the Gulf; nor were their efforts for our country 
 disunited until, having dismembered the vast Rebellion, the 
 beginning of its utter downfall hail been seen. 
 
 "Guided by his genius, your army had learned to fight 
 only to conquer. Parted from him, it forgot not the teach- 
 ing. Its march and war struck every revolted State save 
 two, but never General anywhere lamented over its retreat 
 from the field of arms. Joyfully may we point to that 
 exalted fame which, rising like a pinnacle of the Alps, 
 breaks through the firmament above to carry up the name 
 of the unconquered Grant; for it is our felicity that, on the 
 solid base from which it lifts, history has written the prond 
 legend of the Army of the Tennessee, which never shunned' 
 and never lost, a battle with its foes. 
 
 '. ■' V *t !(L .~' 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 65' 
 
 Joined to it by sucii a story, and especially when so 
 assembled, his old associates and soldiers in war, we may 
 rightfully without censure and without adulation, claim and 
 speak the just measure of his merit and renown. Nor shall 
 his piesence deny that satisfaction to us. His reputation is 
 not his, nor even his country's alone. It is, in part, ourpecu- 
 liar possession. We, who fought to aid its rising, may well 
 rejoice in its meridian splendor. 
 
 The foundations of his title are deep laid and safe. 
 There was reaction in- the minds of our people after the 
 intense strain of war, and many distracting subjects for 
 attention. But, with regained composure and reflection, 
 his reputation augments, and its foundations appear more 
 and more immovably fixed for lasting duration. They 
 spring not from merely having enjoyed possession of the 
 honors of place and power which his countrymen have 
 bestowed; others have had them too. They lie not spe- 
 cially on his shining courage and personal conduct before the 
 enemy, who was never outdone in calm intrepidity, nor in 
 the splendid daring with which he ever urged the battle he 
 immediately ordered; though long these will live in song 
 and story. Beyond the warrior's distinction, which was 
 his earlier glory, his is the true genius of the General. The 
 strategic learning of the military art was to him a simple 
 implement, like colors and brush to a Raphael, not fetters 
 to the mind. How like a weapon in a giant's hand did he 
 wield the vast aggregation of soldiery whose immensity 
 oppressed so many minds! How easily moved his divis- 
 ions, yet how firm the place of all ! How every soldier 
 came to feel his participation a direct contribution to the 
 general success. And when, at length, his merit won the 
 government of the entire military power of the North, how 
 perfect became, without noise or friction, the co-operatior 
 of every army, of every strength, throughout the wide tei 
 
6~,2 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 ritory of war towards the common end! Subordinate every 
 will and jealous soul, the profound military wisdom of the 
 capital even, to the clear purpose and comprehensive grasp 
 of the one commanding mind. Then how rapidly crum- 
 bled on every side the crushed revolt! When shall we find 
 in past records the tale of such a struggle so enormous in 
 extent, so nearly matched at the outset, so desperately 
 contested, so effectively decided ? Through what a course 
 of uninterrupted victory did he proceed from the earliest 
 engagements to a complete dominion of the vast catastro- 
 phe! Nor should it be forgotten, he fought no barbarians, 
 ill-equipped, undisciplined, not commanded by educated 
 skill; but against soldiers of the finest spirit, armed with the 
 best weapons; standing on their own familiar ground, and 
 led by veteran Generals of well-trained science, one of 
 whom, at least, was never overmatched on his chosen field 
 before. 
 
 " Spare, in pity, the poor brain which cannot see, in this 
 career, more than a dogged pertinacity! Out upon the 
 unjust prejudice which will consciously disparage the true 
 meed of genius! Leave it where his reliant silence leaves 
 it; leave it to history! leave it to the world. 
 
 " But in the great cause, so ■well understood, and the great 
 results to men, so well accomplished, the basis of his renown 
 is justly broadened. For the salvation of this Government 
 of freedom for mankind we took up arms. When liberty 
 was safe they were laid down again. Risen to the highest 
 seat of power, he has descended as a citizen of equal rank 
 with all. This goes to the soul of American liberty, 
 ennobling individual citizenship above all servants in 
 office. His is indeed the noblest grandeur of mankind who 
 can rise from the grasp of overtopping power above the 
 ambition of self to exalt the ambition of humanity, 
 denying the spoils of the brief time to the lasting 
 

 TOUR AKOL'ND THE WORLD. 653 
 
 guerdon of immoi-tal honor. The judgment of imme- 
 diate contemporaries has been apt to rise too high or 
 fall too low. But let not detraction or caluinny mislead. 
 They have ever been the temporal accompaniments of 
 human greatness. That glory cannot rise beyond the clouds, 
 which passes not through the clouds. We may confidently 
 accept the judgment of the world. It has been unmistak- 
 ably delivered. But lately, as he had pressed his wander- 
 ing course about the round earth, mankind have every- 
 where bowed in hoinage at his coming, as the ancient 
 devotees of the East fell before the sun at rising. These 
 honors were not paid to his person, which was unknown ; 
 they were not paid to his country, for which he went on no 
 errand, and whose representative never had the like before; 
 they were not paid to him as to some potentate of a people, 
 for he journeyed not as a man in power. They have been 
 the willing prostration of mortality before a glory imper- 
 ishable. 
 
 "His memory shall, indeed, be in the line of the heroes of 
 war, but distinctive and apart from the greater number. 
 Not with the kind of Alexander, who ravaged the earth to 
 add to mere dominion; nor of Belisarius, who but fed the 
 greedy craving of an rmperial beast of prey; not with 
 Marlborough, Eugene, Wellington, who played the parts 
 set them by the craft of diplomacy ; not with the Napoleons, 
 who chose " to wade through slaughter to the throne, and 
 shut the gates of mercy on mankind;" not with Caesar, who 
 would have put the ambitious hand of arms on the delicate 
 fabric of constitutional freedom; America holds a higher 
 place in the congregation of glory for her heroes of 
 Liberty, where sits in expectation, her majestic Washington. 
 In nobler ambition than the gaining of empire, they have 
 borne their puissant arms for the kingdom of man, where 
 Liberty reigneth forever. From the blood poured out in 
 
^- 'I- 
 
 V - r- , 
 
 654 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 their warfare, sweet incense rose to Heaven; and angels 
 soothed, with honorable pride, the tears which sorrow 
 started for the dead. 
 
 " Home again now, our first commander, after the journey 
 of the world! Here, here again, we greet him, at our 
 social board, where with recurring years, we regale on 
 the deeper-ripening memories of our soldiership for Free- 
 dom. Partakers of the labors, the perils, the triumphs, 
 which were the beginnings of his glory, we join now, with 
 exultation, in the welcoming honors by w^hich his grateful 
 countrymen tell their foreknowledge of the immortality 
 of his renown. Long and many be the years, illustrious 
 leader before your hour of departure come ! Green and vig- 
 orous be your age, undecayed every faculty of mind and 
 sense, in full fruition of the well-earned joys of life; happy 
 in the welfare of your native land, the love of your coun- 
 trymen, the admiration of the world ! " 
 
 The vast assembly rose to its feet as the eloquent 
 Colonel concluded his response and sat down. The hall 
 resounded with applause and cheers, and everybody waved 
 a napkin or a handkerchief in the air to show appreciation 
 of what must be considered as the most dignified and 
 scholarly response, made all the more enjoyable by the 
 Colonel's eloquence, of the entire evening. Colonel Vilas 
 was obliged to respond to all this enthusiasm by remounting 
 his chair and receiving three rousing cheers as he did so. 
 
 The " Officers and Soldiers of the Mexican War,'' 
 responded to by General Woodford. " The Army of the Po- 
 tomac," responded toby Leonard Swett. "The Army of the 
 Cumberland — its leaders." Response by General Wilson. 
 " The other Armies. " Response by General Pope. " The 
 Volunteer Soldiers," by Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll. 
 " The Patriotic People," Emory A. Storrs. "Woman," 
 General Fletcher. The last regular toast of the evening 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 655 
 
 was, " The Babies ; as they comfort us in our sorrows, let 
 us not forget them in our festivities," responded to by 
 Marls Twain. He said : 
 
 " I like that. We have not all had the good fortune to 
 be ladies. We have not all been generals, or poets, or 
 statesmen, but when the toast works dov^^n to the babies we 
 stand on common ground, for we have all been babies. It 
 is a shame that, for a thousand years, the world's banquets 
 have utterly ignored the baby, as if he didn't amount to 
 anything, If you will stop and think a minute, — if you will 
 go back fifty or a hundred years to your early married life, 
 and recontemplate your first baby, — you will remember 
 that he amounted to a good deal, and even something over. 
 You soldiers all know that when that little fellow arrived 
 at family headquarters you had to hand in your resignation. 
 He took entire command. You became his lackey — his 
 mere body-servant, and you had to stand around, too. He 
 was not a commander who made allowances for time, dis- 
 tance, weather, or any thing else. You had to execute his 
 order whether it was possible or not. And there was only 
 one form of machinery in his manual of tactics, and that 
 was the double-quick. He treated you with every sort of 
 insolence and disrespect, and the bravest of you didn't dare 
 to say a word. You could face the death storm of Donel- 
 son and Vicksburg, and give back blow for blow, hut when 
 he clawed your whiskers, and pulled your hair, and twisted 
 your nose, you had to take it. When the thunders of war 
 were sounding in your ears, you set your faces toward the 
 batteries, and advanced with steady tread, but when he 
 turned on the terrors of his war-whoop, you advanced in the 
 other direction, and mighty glad of the chance, too. When 
 he called for soothing-syrup, did you venture to throw out 
 any side remarks about certain services being unbecoming 
 an officer and a gentleman? No. You got up and gol 
 
 
656 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 it. When he ordered his pap bottle, and it was not warm 
 did you talk back? Not you. You went to work and 
 warmed it. You even descended so far in your menial 
 office as to take a suck at that warm, insipid stuff, just to see 
 if it was right, — three parts water to one of milk, — a touch 
 of sugar to modify the colic, and a drop of peppermint to 
 kill those immortal hiccoughs. I can taste that stuff. And 
 how many tilings you learned as 3'ou went along! Senti- 
 mental 3'oung folks still take stock in that beautiful old say- 
 ing, that when the baby smiles it is because the angels are 
 whispering to him. Very pretty, but too thin — simply 
 wind on the stomach, my friends. If the baby projDOsed to 
 take a walk at his usual hour, 2 o'clock in the morning, 
 didn't you rise up promptly and remark, with a mental 
 addition which would not improve a Sunday-school book 
 much, that that was the very thing you wei'e about to pro- 
 pose yourself? Oh! you were under good discipline, and, 
 as j'ou went faltering up and down the room in your 
 undress uniform, j-ou not only prattled undignified baby- 
 talk, but even tuned up vour martial voices and tried to sing 
 " Rock-a-by baby in the tree top," for instance. What a 
 spectacle for an Army of the Tennessee! And what an 
 affliction for the neighbors, too, for it is not everybody within 
 a mile around that likes military music at three in the morn- 
 ing. And when you had been keeping this sort of thmg 
 up two or three hours, and your little velvet-head intimated 
 that nothing suited him like exercise and noise, what did 
 you do? You simply went on until you dropped in the lasit 
 ditch. The idea that a baby doesn't amount to anything! 
 Why, one baby is just a house and a front yard full by 
 itself. One baby can furnish more business than you and 
 your whole Interior Department can attend to. He is 
 enterprising, irrepressible, brimful of lawless activities. 
 Do what you please, you can't make him stay on the reser- 
 
;/■-■ 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. fir-^ 
 
 vation. Sufficient unto the day is one baby. As long as 
 you are in your right mind don't you ever pray for twins. 
 Twins amount to a permanent riot. And there ain't any 
 real difference between triplets and an insurrection. 
 
 "Yes, it was high time for a toast to the masses to recog- 
 nize the importance of the babies. Think what is in store 
 for the present crop! Fifty years from now we shall all be 
 dead, I trust, and then this flag, if it still survive (and let us 
 hope it may), will he floating over a republic numbering 
 200,000,000 souls, according to the settled laws of our 
 increase. Our present schooner of state will /have grown 
 into a political leviathan — a Great Eastern. The cradled 
 babies of to-day will be on deck. Let them be well trained, 
 for we are going to leave a big contract on their hands. 
 Among the three or four million cradles now rocking in the 
 land are some which this nation would preserve for ages as 
 sacred things, if we could know which ones tliey are. In 
 one of these cradles, the unconscious Farragut of the future 
 is at this moment teething; think of it, and putting in a 
 word of dead earnest, inarticulated, but perfectly justifiable 
 profanity over it, too. In another the future renowned 
 astronomer is blinking at the shining milky way with but a 
 liquid interest, poor little chap! and wondering what has 
 become of that other one they call the wet nurse. In 
 another the future great historian is lying, and doubtless 
 will continue to lie until his earthly mission is ended. In 
 another the future President is busying himself with no pro- 
 founder problem of state than what the mischief has become 
 of his hair so early, and in a mighty array of other cradles 
 there are now soine 60,000 future office-seekers, getting 
 ready to furnish him occasion to grajTjpIe with that same 
 old problem a second time. And in still one more cradle, 
 somewhere under the flag, the future illustrious commander- 
 in-chief of the American armies is so little burdened with 
 
■ " '•, ■' ' ' ''' '- 'J. '- '■ 
 
 ^'s^; 
 
 63.S GENERAL U. S. GRANT S I 
 
 his approaching gjandeurs and responsibihties as to be giv- 
 ing his whole strategic mind at this moment to trying to 
 find out some way to get his big toe into his mouth— an 
 achievement which, meaning no disrespect, the illustrious 
 guest of this evening turned his attention to some fifty-six 
 years ago; and if the child is but a prophecy of the man, 
 there are mighty few who will doubt that he succeeded." 
 
 Letters of regret were read from President Hayes, 
 members of the cabinet, governors of states, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, civil, military and naval officers. The 
 Chicago jT-ibune, speaking of speeches at this banquet, 
 said: 
 
 ' These were specimens of oratory, for the most part, that 
 every American may be proud of; one or two of the addresses 
 were so brilliant that, like IngersoU's eulogy on Blaine 
 in the Cincinnati Convention, they are likely to find their 
 way into the prints of all countries; one or two others were 
 strikingly chai-acteristic of the humor and sentiment of the 
 American people. In an oratorical tournament General 
 Grant is, of course, better as a listener than as a talker; he 
 is a man of deeds rather than words. The same might be 
 said of General Sherman, though, as presiding officer and 
 toast-master of the occasion, his impromptu remarks were 
 always pertinent and keen." 
 
 Col. Bob. Ingersoll succeeded in retaining the laurels 
 which was so long since placed upon his brow, though 
 when Col. Vilas, of Madison, sat down, it was thought 
 that even IngersoU's powers cf oratory would be severely 
 taxed to arouse equal enthusiasm. IngersoU's theme — "The 
 volunteer soldiers " — was one that drew from his warm heart 
 the most earnest outpourings of gratitude and eulogy. He 
 had an opportunity to pay a tribute to the men whom he 
 most loves and respects in all the world, because they fought 
 freely and heroically in the cause of the nation and univer- 
 
^^r-^' 
 
 J TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 659 
 
 sal humanity. His speech glittered with hyperbole, rendered 
 more brilliant by the orator's earnest delivery, and nearly 
 every word seemed like a beautiful picture to the delighted 
 senses of his hearers. What more bountiful imagery could 
 have been presented than when he spoke of the volunteer 
 soldiers as "the defenders of humanity, the destroyers of 
 prejudice, the breakers of chains," or, again, as "the sav- 
 iors of the Republic and the liberators of men !" How strik- 
 ing the figure that Lincoln, in his Emancipation Proclama- 
 tion, "copied with the pen what the grand hands of brave 
 comrades had written with their swords!" How pictur- 
 esque the greeting to Grant as, "the great leader who, hav- 
 ing put a shining band of friendship — a girdle of clasped 
 and loving hands around the globe, came home to find 
 that every promise made in war has now the ring and gleam 
 of gold!" How appropriate and stirring was his final apos- 
 trophe, ending: "Let us drink to all the living and all the 
 dead — to Sherman, and to Sheridan, and to Grant, the 
 laureled soldiers of this world, and last to Lmcoln, whose 
 loving life, like a bow of peace, spans and arches all the 
 clouds of war!" There is little wonder that Ingersoll was 
 interrupted at every sentence with loud and rin^jing ap- 
 plause, though the night was far spent and the assembled 
 hundreds weary." 
 
 The speech of Col. Vilas, who responded to the toast, 
 " Our First Commander — U. S. Grant," was a genuine 
 surprise. Even those who had reason to expect something 
 brilliant from him must have been astonished at the rich 
 garnishment of language which this Wisconsin orator 
 brought to Grant's glory. The latter-day prejudice against 
 what is known as " fine writing " was dissipated by the 
 sonorous and well rounded periods which he turned off so 
 magically, and which took the multitude off their feet. 
 This tribute to Grant's renown was the more effective 
 
66o GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 because it came from an old Democrat, and there was 
 something very hke a pointed rebuke to many member." of 
 his own party when CoL Vilas exclaimed : " Spai e, in 
 pity, the poor brain which cannot see in this career more 
 than a dogged pertinacity! Out upon the unjust prejudice 
 which will consciously disparage the true meed of genius! 
 Leave it where his reliant silence leaves it, — leave it to 
 history, leave it to the world." The sketch of Giant's 
 military achievements was rapid, impetuous, and vivid, but 
 the most eloquent part of the speech was that contrasting 
 America's military heroes with those of other nations, illus-. 
 trating their worthier motives, and ending: "In nobler 
 ambition than the gaining of empire, they have borne their 
 puissant arms for the Kingdoin of Man, where Liberty 
 reigneth forever; from the blood poured out in their war- 
 fare sweet incense rose to Heaven, and angels soothed with 
 honorable pride the tears which sorrow started for the 
 dead." 
 
 There were other speeches at the Palmer House 
 banquet which, if not so spirited as the two from which we 
 have quoted, were still specimens of oratory of which all 
 Americans will be proud. Notable among these were the 
 address of Gen. Woodford who spoke for the Army of the 
 Potomac, and that of Mr. Storrs, who paid tribute to the 
 patriotism of those who fed and clothed our armies. Mark 
 Twain's speech was a characteristic specimen of that 
 peculiar American humor that perplexes the people of 
 other lands and other manners, and its success is best 
 attested by the roars and convulsions of laughter with 
 which it was received at an hour when people ordinarily 
 find it difficult to hold up their heads and keep their eyes 
 open. His sketch of the immature heroes of the future 
 -was made up of genuine wit, aiid, altogether, he was 
 delivered of one of the happiest efforts of his life. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 66 [ 
 
 The eloquence of the Palmer House banquet will be 
 felt throughout the length and breadth of the land, and 
 will be memorable in the annals of the Army of the 
 Tennessee till the last survivor of that Association shall 
 pass away. 
 
 On the 14th, Col. and Mrs. Fred Grant gave a recep- 
 tion at their home from 12 to 4 o'clock, and was one of the 
 most pleasant gatherings given the honored guest, and was 
 attended by the elite of the city. Everj'thing was elegant 
 and in perfect order. A profusion of rich and elaborate re- 
 ception toilets were displayetl by the ladies present, and the 
 tasteful blending of colors served to lend an additional 
 beauty to the already brilliant picture. 
 
 Mrs. Grant was richly attired in a princess dress of heavy 
 royal purple velvet, with front of fringe and purple beads; 
 corsage square, and filled in with point lace; heavy wrought 
 gold bracelets; diamond cross and earrings; hair in coil, 
 fastened with tortoise comb. 
 
 Mrs. Fred Grant wore a rich dress of white striped 
 grenadine, embroidered with white silk, with clusters of 
 pinks and white roses; diamond jewelry ; hair dressed high, 
 with gold band and bangles, and gold ornaments. 
 
 In the evening a reception by the Chicago Club at their 
 club house, was second only, perhaps, in importance in the 
 series of receptions given General Grant, to that of the 
 banquet by the Army of the Tennessee; 1,200 were pres- 
 ent. Mr. and Mrs. Grant and the reception party arrived 
 early, and took their places in the card room — which is the 
 largest apartment in the building — promptly at 8 o'clock, in 
 the following order: Mr. Grant, with Mrs. Grant immedi- 
 ately on his right. Next came Mrs. Gen. Sheridan, then 
 Mrs. Fred Grant, then Mrs. Rebert Lincoln and Mrs. Wirt 
 Dexter. Immediately on the left of General Grant stood 
 Mr. J. M. Walker and E. B. McCagg, who acted as an in- 
 troductory committee. 
 
- ^ 
 
 GENERAL U. S. pRANT'S 
 
 At about lo o'clock supper was announced. 
 
 At about 10:45 o'clock the guests began to call for their 
 carriages and take their departure for their homes. From 
 this time forth the rooms rapidly thinned out, for at a little 
 after 11 o'clock the reception closed, and Mr. and Mrs. U. 
 S. Grant, accompanied by their son. Col. Fred Grant, and 
 his wife, were driven away to the home of the latter. 
 
 Everybody seemed to be well pleased with the enter- 
 tainment, and from beginning to end it was a stupendous 
 success. The Chicago Club established its reputation for 
 giving receptions at the entertainment given in honor of 
 President and Mrs. Hayes a year ago, but last night's effort 
 capped the climax. Not aforeak or a hitch was perceptible 
 throughout, and every person must have felt that special 
 arrangements had been made for his or her entertainment. 
 A more thoroughly enjoyable occasion is not on record in 
 Chicago. 
 
 On the Saturday morning the Mexican veterans called 
 upon the General in a body, and were received with great 
 warmth and cordiality. Speeches were made by Leonard 
 Swett, Col. Buell, of California, Hon. A. L. Morrison and 
 others. The speakers were rewarded bv prolonged 
 applause. At two o'clock a general reception was given at 
 the Grand Pacific Hotel, and was very generally participated 
 in by the people. The reception closed promptly at five 
 o'clock. 
 
 In the evening Potter Palmer entertained the dis- 
 tinguished guests, and was fully up to the high order o( 
 entertainments which had been given to the General since 
 he first planted foot in Chicago. It being Saturday, the 
 reception was not intended to be prolonged until a late 
 hour. At eleven o'clock, the guests were greatly dimin- 
 ished in numbers, and General and Mrs. Grant took their 
 leave of Mr. and Mrs. Palmer, and drove to their son's res- 
 idence with the latter and his wife. 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 663 
 
 The display of elaborate and costly toilets outshone any 
 previous display of the week, and each lady seemed to vie 
 with the other in the elegance of her costume. 
 
 Mrs. General U . S. Grant wore an elaborate toilet of 
 white satin, with white duchess lace front and shirred bot- 
 tom, black drapery of lace and trimming of rich embroidery 
 and pearls, very low corsage and short sleeves; heavy 
 wrought gold bracelets, and diamond and pearl ornaments, 
 
 Mrs. Potter Palmer was richly dressed in a white satin 
 plaited skirt, trimmed with wine and gold brocade; superb 
 diamond ornaments. 
 
 Mrs. Col. Fred. Grant wore a rich robe of white satin, 
 covered with Spanish lace; gold coronet and diamonds. 
 
 Mrs. General Sheridan was tastefully attired in a plain 
 black cashmere dress, cut low, and trimmed with duchess 
 lace; jet ornaments. 
 
 On Sunday jiiorning, the General attended the Cente- 
 nary Methodist Church, H. W. Thomas, D. D., pastor, 
 being " at home " during the rest of the day only to his 
 most intimate friends. 
 
 The visit of the school children to General Grant at the 
 Exposition building on Monday was one of the most not- 
 able features of his sojourn. The huge building swarmed 
 with the little people, forty or fifty thousand in number, all 
 of whom had an opportunity to see the hero of the war of 
 the rebellion, and many of them a chance to shake hands 
 and speak with him. 
 
 The Calumet club entertained the General and Mr* 
 Grant, in the evening at their club house. The guests were 
 not so numerous as at the Chicago club reception on Friday 
 evening. There was a decided effort made to eclipse the 
 other affair by making the list smaller and more select. 
 There was a greater display of dress and fashion also. The 
 people present numbered about five hundred, and besides 
 
664 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 being representative of the first society of Chicago, com- 
 prised also a fair proportion of distinguished persons froir 
 abroad who were in the city. 
 
 The toilets were generally of the most fashionable make 
 and of extremely rich materials. Experienced society peo- 
 ple expressed astonishment at the beauty of many of the 
 costumes worn and at the brilliancy of the display of jewelry 
 — diamonds especially seemed to be as fashionable as ever, 
 and imported laces for neck wear and trimming were 
 almost the rule. 
 
 Mrs. General Grant was attired in an elegantly made 
 white silk, watered, in combination with garnet brocaded 
 silk, with rich fringe of the same; elegant oriental fan, bou- 
 quet, tortoise-shell comb in hair, which was dressed high; 
 elegant diamond brooch, and solitaire pendants. 
 
 Mrs. Colonel Grant \vore a combination cream-colored 
 and wine-colored brocaded silk; point lace and diamonds. 
 
 The menu was of the most artistic pieces of culinary 
 art seen in Chicago for many a day, and will doubtless 
 become one of the models of the season. It was as follows: 
 
 CALUMET CLUB. 
 
 Reception to 
 
 GENERAL AND MRS. GRANT. 
 
 MENU. 
 
 Escalloped Oysters. 
 Oyster Patties a la Bachamel. 
 
 Gelatine of Turkey with TrufHes, en Belle Vue. 
 
 Boned Paitridge with Jelly, en Voliere, 
 
 Boned Quail with Truffles, a la Regence. 
 
 Sliced Bufl'alo Tongue, a la St. Hubert. 
 
 Breast of Cliicken, with Mayonaise, a la Parisenne. 
 
 Gulf Shrimp Salad, Wine Jelly. 
 
 Fillet of Salmon with Mayonaise, 
 
TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 665 
 
 Rolled Sandwiches. Vienna Cream Rolla. 
 
 Ornamental Confectionery. 
 
 Assorted Creams and Icea. 
 
 Pudding Glace. Bisque Glacei 
 
 Pudding, a la Viesselrode. 
 
 Charlotte Russe, Wine Jelly. 
 
 Assorted Cake. 
 
 Fruit Coffee. 
 
 November 17, 1879. 
 
 The last day of General Grant's stay in Chicago was 
 crowded full of incidents of interest. In the forenoon oc- 
 cun"ed a visit to the Chicago Commandery of the Order of 
 the Loyal Legion of the United States, where General 
 Grant was formally received and decorated as a member oi 
 the Order. Then followed a call from the only four sur- 
 viving veterans of the war of 181 3 residing in Chicago, all 
 of them octogenarians, and proud of the privilege of greet- 
 ing a military hero who was born ten years after their ser- 
 vices ended. General Grant's visit to the Protestant Or- 
 phan Asylum, the first charitable association organized in 
 Chicago, was an important episode in the history of that 
 worthy institution, and a memorable experience for its in- 
 mates. In the evening the General shed the lustre of his 
 presence upon the performance at McVicker's Theatre, as 
 the guest of the Second Regiment, and thus ended the pub- 
 lic portion of his sojourn in Chicago. 
 
 The General and Mrs. Grant left Chicago Wednesday 
 morning for their home at Galena, where they arrived 
 safely the same day. 
 
 The Inter- Ocean, in summing up the week's series of 
 entertainment, said: 
 
 "The demonstration last night at McVicker's closed the 
 
666 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 week in Chicago devoted to the reception of General Grant 
 The week has been a memorable one, and Chicago may 
 well be proud of the record she has made. There has been, 
 from the time of the great demonstration on Wednesday, 
 scarcely a break in the line of receptions and entertainments. 
 On Wednesday there were over one hundred thousand 
 strangers in Chicago, and these, with the citizens who took 
 part in the parade, or who turned out to witness it, swelled 
 thu crowd on the streets to over three hundred thousand. 
 Although people were wild with enthusiasm and greatly 
 excited, not a single serious accident occurred that day or 
 during the week. The railroads centering in Chicago 
 brought the great crowd of visitors to the city within the 
 space of twenty-four hours, and although scores of extra 
 trains came in such a way as to bewilder through passen- 
 gers and suburban residents, there was little confusion, no* 
 disaiTangement of time tables, and no accidents. 
 
 "Chicago has succeeded in speaking vociferously a most 
 hearty welcome to General Grant, and in prolonging the 
 festivities and formalities incident to so great an occasion 
 without having the record marred by any public or private 
 calamity." 
 
 In all these gatherings Grant has been the central 
 figure. The people have employed every possible means to 
 express their enthusiam and good feeling. The numerous 
 receptions, banquets, and informal meetings were but the 
 outgrowth of this sentiment. Not content with a general 
 shout of acclamation, or with one great outburst of 
 enthusiasm, finding expression in swelling cheers and 
 elaborate decorations, the people of Chicago have sought 
 to testify their appreciation of the work and character of 
 General Grant in ways that seemed to them most fitting 
 and most expressive. They had only a week in which to 
 speak volumes, and they have made good use of the time. 
 
W '■ 
 
 TOUR AROUND THE WORLD. 667 
 
 The series of receptions has been in effect a continuous ova- 
 tion, and when the people say good-bye to General Grant, 
 on his departure for Galena to-day, they will feel that, after 
 all that has been said and done during this week, so 
 remarkable for its demonstrations, Chicago has not spoken 
 half as earnestly as she feels. Through all this experience 
 General Grant has conducted himself in such a way as to 
 make old friends still more devoted, and to make new ones 
 quite as enthusiastic as the dd ones. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 POLITICAL AND BUSINESS LIFE. 
 
 It was the evening of the 19th of November when 
 General Grant and his wife reached their home in Ga- 
 lena, and were escorted by old friends to the family resi- 
 dence, which had been donated to the general immedi- 
 ately after the war. It is an unpretentious brick house, 
 one of the best in the somewhat deserted village, situated 
 upon a bluff overlooking the town, " beautiful for situa- 
 tion," if not " altogether lovely." 
 
 The great tour was now over, the most memorable in 
 many respects ever known in human history. No man 
 had ever traveled so far and been received with such dis- 
 tinguished consideration wherever he went. He had cir- 
 cumnavigated the globe without getting beyond the 
 reach of his fame. That in itself was something which 
 no other man could do, not even excepting Gladstone or 
 Bismarck. The modest gentleman who had said a few 
 years ago, half seriously, half jestingly that he had no 
 other ambition than to return to Galena and be the alder- 
 man of his ward, was home again, having been greeted 
 in even the " uttermost parts of the earth," with salvos 
 of honor, content to spend the rest of his days in digni- 
 fied retirement, " far from the madding crowd." But 
 such was not to be his fate; unfortunately two distinct 
 lines of activity at once began to juggle with his name — 
 the politicians who sought restoration to or perpetuation 
 in power through his leadership and the money makers 
 who saw a commercial value in his name. Without be- 
 
 06S 
 
> (if "''T&* Vssr ' 
 
 >; 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 67 1 
 
 ing ambitious or avaricious, he fell a prey to both classes 
 of schemers. Hardly had he settled himself to rest at 
 his own fireside when the press began to teem with 
 the great enterprises with which his name was to be 
 connected, and with the '' uprising of the people " in 
 favor of his election to a third term of the presidency. 
 First came the Nicaraugua canal scheme, more fully 
 noted in chapter XIX, for which not less than $100,000,- 
 000 were to be raised. General Grant to be at the head 
 of it. Mexico was to be gridironed with railroads con- 
 verging toward the United States, and other projects 
 hardly less gigantic and visionary were broached. But 
 business was soon oversloughed by politics and culmi- 
 nated before he turned his attention to money making. 
 
 There is no reason to question the sincerity of Gen- 
 eral Grant's remarks previously quoted (chapter XIX), to 
 the Chinese statesman, in which he disclaimed any and all 
 third term aspirations. But importunate friends, some of 
 them in his own household, insisted that he should let 
 events take their course, and neither solicit nor discour- 
 age support for the presidential nomination, and to that 
 policy he yielded himself, never in any way departing 
 from it. 
 
 It was already evident that if General Grant did not 
 enter the field in 1880, the Republican nomination would 
 go to James G. Blaine, incomparably the most popular 
 civilian in the United States. His great rival, Roscoe 
 Conkling,had no hope of stemming the tide of that 
 popularity by pushing his own candidacy. The same 
 was true of General John A. Logan. The only available 
 name for that purpose was Ulysses S. Grant. The Na- 
 tional Republican Convention was called to meet at 
 Chicago, Wednesday, June 2d, and the location selected 
 was deemed favorable to the hero of Appomattox, al- 
 though Mr. Blaine was not without strong backing in 
 
672 GENERAI, U. S. grant's 
 
 that city. A third candidate entered the field in the 
 hope of being a compromise candidate. John Sherman, 
 the great financier, then at the head of the Treasury 
 Department. The convention was composed of emi- 
 nent statesmen, and, in the high character of its mem- 
 bers, was the most illustrious political gathering ever 
 witnessed on this continent. Mr. Conkling led the New 
 York delegation, and was the recognized captain of the 
 Grant forces. Mr. Blaine had several trusty lieutenants 
 in the field, while he was the real general. The first 
 point of advantage was won by the Blaine men in secur- 
 ing the permanent chairmanship of the convention for 
 Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts. A long wrangle oc- 
 curred over district representation. It was found that if 
 the delegates, which had been instructed by State Con- 
 ventions, were obedient to those instructions. General 
 Grant would doubtless be nominated; while if the dele- 
 gates from congressional districts were allowed freedom 
 of action, it would add somewhat to Mr. Blaine's 
 strength. Several contested seats turned upon the right 
 of district or congressional conventions to name their 
 own representatives as against their selection by state 
 conventions. This was especiall)^ true in Illinois. In 
 this stage of the contest, the Sherman men made com- 
 mon cause with the Blaine men against the Grant men, 
 and General Garfield, the leader of the former, came to 
 the front during the debate on district representation, 
 advocating the cause which he espoused with such con- 
 summate ability, that he not only won a brilliant victory 
 over Conklingbut won the hearts of the convention, as it 
 finally proved. It was not until the fourth day of the 
 session that the names of the candidates were formally 
 presented. Mr. Blaine was placed in nomination first, 
 then Mr. Windom, of Minnesota, who had simply been 
 set up for the purpose of weakening Blaine in a state 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 673 
 
 which was really favorable to his nomination. Then 
 came the presentation of the name of Ulysses S. Grant 
 by that great but indiscreet orator Roscoe Conklingin a 
 speech which was a masterpiece of eloquence, but singu- 
 larly deficient in tact. It deserves preservation in con- 
 nection with the memoir of the subject, and will be 
 found in full, in the appendix to this volume. General 
 Garfield presented the name of John Sherman in a no 
 less able and far more adroit manner. Mr. Billings, of 
 Vermont, followed in favor of George F. Edmunds, of 
 that state, -and Mr. Cassidy, of Wisconsin, urged the 
 claims of E. B. Washburne. It was midnight of Satur- 
 day when the speeches were over, and an adjournment 
 taken to lo o'clock Monda}^ morning. The interval was 
 a busy period with the politicians. General Grant him- 
 self kept entirely aloof from the fray. The first ballot 
 stood: Total numbers of votes cast, 755; necessary to a 
 choice, 378, of which Grant received 304; Blaine, 284, 
 Sherman, 93; Edmunds, 34; Washburne, 30; Windom, 10. 
 This was a fair representation of the way the delegates 
 actually stood; thirty-six ballots were taken before the 
 contest closed. General Grant's votes remaining almost 
 stationary. He had two more votes on the last ballot 
 than he had on the first. On the next to the last he 
 reached high-water mark; he had 313 to Blaine 257. It 
 was then evident that he was gaining on his competitor, 
 and he seemed to be on the home-stretch. It was then 
 Tuesday. There had been twenty-eight ballots taken 
 Monday, Grant gaining three and Blaine losing five. 
 General Garfield had received one vote, sometimes two. 
 When the first day closed, the Blaine men set about 
 negotiating for a compromise candidate, but at no time 
 did the Grant men so much as entertain the idea of a 
 second choice. They rallied around their leader, and 
 
674 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 met defeat at last in the same spirit that the old guard 
 met death at Waterloo. 
 
 No word of complaint ever escaped General Grant's 
 lips. He accepted the verdict of the convention with a 
 calm dignity which added fresh laurelfi to his brow, and 
 when the campaign needed his services he rendered them. 
 Mr. Conkling showed a disposition to sulk in his tent, and 
 it is believed that it was General Grant's personal influ- 
 ence which brought him out into the battle. Many- 
 causes contributed to General Garfield's election — prom- 
 inent among which was the active participatfon of Gen- 
 eral Grant in the canvass. At the critical moment he 
 appeared with Senator Conklingat a grand republican 
 rally in Ohio, thus bidding his comrades forget the disap- 
 pointment of June and give Garfield the same support 
 they would have given himself. 
 
 One other incident in the life of General Grant, and 
 we dismiss liis political career. That other and latest 
 incident was his call upon Mr. Blaine at the headquarters 
 in New York of the national republican committee, in 
 the fall of 1884. He had taken no part whatever in the 
 contest for the nomination which had proved to be a duel 
 between Mr. Blaine and President Arthur, neither of 
 whom was the real first choice of General Grant. The 
 contest of four years before had so strained their personal 
 relations that they were not on speaking terms, as the 
 phrase is. But General Grant in his sublime loyalty to 
 republicanism put aside all personal feeling and took 
 that occasion to make known his unswe'ving- devotion to 
 the political principles which he profejsed. The inter- 
 view was perhaps the most pathetic incident of the cam- 
 paign. There was no formal reconciliation, the great 
 men met in forgetfulness of past rivalries, and chatted 
 pleasantly for some time, parting for the last time on 
 earth in the same spirit that Adams and Jefferson— after 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 675 
 
 much longer enstrangement — had, by correspondence, 
 renewed their friendly relations. 
 
 It is now time to resurhe the thread of more personal 
 narrative. 
 
 General Grant wearied of the dull monotony of life in 
 Galena, from which many of his friends had removed to 
 Chicago and elsewhere. New York city attracted him. 
 His friends, Cyrus W. Field, E. D. Morgan, G. W. Childs, 
 George Jones and others raised a fund for him amount- 
 ing to $250,000, which was invested and held in trust for 
 Mrs. Grant, with a view to placing the general and his 
 family above the possibility of pecuniary want. At New 
 York his sons entered into a partnership with a young 
 man by name of Ferdinand Ward, under the firm name 
 of Grant and Ward, the general himself being a silent 
 partner, and Ward the practical head of the firm. For a 
 time all went well and the firm seemed to be immensely 
 prosperous — although there was a steady shrinkage in 
 values. General Grant seemed to be as highly favored 
 by fortune in private life as he had been in public life. 
 But early in May, 1884, the crash came. The Marine 
 National Bank, of New York, went down on the 7th of 
 that month, dragging down with it Grant and Ward. 
 General Grant had tried to save the firm by borrowing 
 $150,000 of William H. Vanderbilt, but that sum disap- 
 peared in the whirlpool — failing to avert the calamity. 
 To this day the exact condition of the broken firm is not 
 known, but the failure was for millions. General Grant's 
 testimony, taken before a commission at his home a few 
 days previous to his death, giving a full statement of his 
 connection with this firm, will be found in another part of 
 this volume. 
 
 No suspicion of personal dishonesty attaches to Gen- 
 eral Grant or his sons, not even to U. S. Grant, Jr., who 
 was an active member of the firm. The fact \/as that 
 
676 GENERAL U. S, GRANt's 
 
 Ward had conducted the business, and plunged the firm 
 into the bottomless pit of Wall street speculation. Not 
 only did General Grant surrender all his property, but 
 the entire family did the same. 
 
 Some six months after the failure, when it was well 
 understood and conceded that General Grant had suf- 
 fered irretrievable financial ruin through no dishonesty 
 of his own, a movement was set on foot b)' General Sher- 
 man, wealthy friends eagerly joining in the effort to raise 
 a fund for his benefit. Mr. Vanderbilt contributing liber- 
 ally to it, but General Grant interposed and put a stop 
 to it. Mr. Vanderbilt had, in the meanwhile, been put 
 in possession of property, personal and real, to satisfy his 
 claim for the $150,000 loaned to the general the day pre- 
 vious to the failure of Grant and Ward. The personal 
 property consisted largely of presents which the General 
 had received when abroad, and other tokens of his great- 
 ness. He desired to give them to Mrs. Grant, with the 
 understanding that they go to the general government 
 ultimately, to be treasured in perpetuation of the hero's 
 greatness. After some hesitation she declined the well- 
 meant gift, in a very courteous letter, and Mr. Vanderbilt 
 then presented them directly to the United States, and 
 they now form a part of the "crown jewels" of American 
 sovereignty. We are now come to the last phase of 
 General Grant's life, his sickness and heroism, which form 
 the subject of the next chapter. 
 
 During the earlier session of the forty-eighth congress 
 the friends of General Grant in and out of congress 
 started a movement for the retirement of the General 
 with full rank of general in the army, and a bill to this 
 effect was introduced, after considerable progress had 
 been made in the matter. General Rosecrans, as mem- 
 ber of congress from California, bitterly opposed it, and 
 it seemed highly probable that congress would adjourn. 
 
LIFE ANr) SERVICES. 
 
 677 
 
 and General Grant pass away without that crowning 
 recognition "of his great services. This bill originally in- 
 troduced in the senate by Edmunds, of Vermont, had 
 passed there and was in the house. The story of its pas- 
 sage and of the subsequent action thereunder is well told 
 in a Washington despatch of the same day, as follows: 
 
 Washington, March 4. — Mr. Randall submitted the 
 conference report on the sundry civil appropriation bill. 
 He refrained from making any remark in respect to it, 
 except to say that when this report was adopted, the 
 house v^rould have finally acted on every appropriation 
 bill. [Applause.] The report was adopted. 
 
 THE GRANT RETIREMENT BILL. 
 
 Mr. Randall then asked unanimous consent to take 
 from the Speaker's table and pass the Grant retirement 
 bill. [Applause.] 
 
 Mr. Bennett, of North Carolina, and Mr. Weller, of 
 Iowa, objected. 
 
 Mr. Randall then moved to suspend the rules and 
 place the bill on its passage, but the Speaker ruled the 
 motion was not in order, pending a decision of the elec- 
 tion case. 
 
 Mr. Randall then endeavored to secure his point by 
 moving to suspend the rules and lay the election case on 
 the table, but the Speaker decided this was equally out 
 of order. 
 
 The confusion and excitement in the chamber was in- 
 tense. Dozens of members were on their feet demanding 
 recognition, but above the babel of voices rang out Ran- 
 dall's voice appealing to Mr. Bennett, of North Carolina, 
 to withdraw the election case. Finalh^^ when he could 
 be heard, Mr. Bennett said that if the house would con- 
 sent to vote on the Fredericks-Wilson case, all objection 
 to Mr. Randall's motion would be withdrawn. 
 
 This declaration was greeted by a storm of consents 
 from the republican side, and the confusion was so great 
 that it required five minutes' diligent work by the ser- 
 geant-at-arms with his mace in hand before comparative 
 order was restored. 
 
67S 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Then Mr. Wilson, of Iowa, contesting in the election 
 case, rose, and amid a storm of cheers on the republican 
 side, said that if the house would put General Grant on 
 the retired list, he was willing to be sacrificed. 
 
 Mr. Miller, of Pennsylvania, who has been leading the 
 filibustering against the election case, said that if the 
 house would permit a vote on Mr. Randall's motion the 
 opposition to the election case would be withdrawn. This 
 was greeted by shouts of objection from the democratic 
 side, and Mr. Randall, rushing down to the space in front 
 of the clerk's desk, cried out, " Don't let anything stand 
 in the way. Agree to anything." 
 
 Then, said Mr. Miller, in order that there may be no 
 excuse, I withdraw and permit a vote on the proposition 
 of the gentleman from North Carolina, and I ask the 
 house to treat us fairly on both votes. 
 
 After another scene of confusion, Mr. Bennett de- 
 manded the previous question on the resolution of the 
 committee on elections declaring Fredericks entitled to 
 the seat. 
 
 The resolution was adopted without any opposition 
 from the republican side, and instantly upon Fredericks 
 taking the oath of office, Mr. Randall was on his feet 
 with his motion to suspend the rules and pass the senate 
 bill for the retirement of General Grant, without specifi- 
 cally naming him. 
 
 McMillen demanded a second, while shouts of " Shame " 
 and " Oh, don't go back on your word," and "That's 
 fair " went up. Nearly every member was on his feet, 
 adding to the tumult, and prominent among them wei*e 
 Cassidy and Robertson, of Kentucky, demanding fair 
 play. Again did the services of the sergeant-at-arms 
 and his mace become necessary to seat the members, and 
 then, a second having been considered as ordered, Mc- 
 Millen, Stockslager and Watson briefly opposed the bill 
 as inaugurating a system of civil pensions. 
 
 Mr. Randall, who, under the rules was entitled to fif- 
 teen minutes debate, waived the right, and the yeas and 
 nays were immediately taken on the motion to suspend 
 the rules and pass the bill. When the name of Mr. Fred- 
 ericks, the newly-seated member was called, he arose and 
 voted in the affirmative, and the friends of the bill treated 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 679 
 
 him to a round of applause. The motion to suspend the 
 rules and pass the bill was agreed to — yeas 108, nays 78. 
 
 The announcement of the result was hailed with three 
 cheers and with long and continued applause. 
 
 Mr. Skinner asked unanimous consent that the Speaker 
 be authorized to send a telegraphic dispatch to General 
 Grant announcing to him the result. At first objection 
 was made by Mr. Cobbe, but it was subsequently with- 
 drawn, and the Speaker was authorized as stated. 
 
 Mr. Randall was warmly congratulated on his success 
 by a number of members on both sides of the house. 
 
 IN THE SENATE THE CLOSING PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Morrill the Chair appointed a com- 
 mittee of two senators to act with such committee as 
 the house may appoint to notify the President of the 
 United States that congress, having finished its business, 
 was now ready to adjourn. 
 
 The senators "appointed were Messrs. Morrill and 
 Harris. At 11:35 ^ messenger from the house announced 
 the passage of a bill authorizing the president to place one 
 person on the retired list of the army. [Applause.] The 
 bill was read at length. 
 
 Mr. Ingalls then said: "Mr. President, the Nation 
 knows who that one person is. I ask unanimous consent 
 that the reference of this bill to the committee be waived, 
 and that it be now considered by the senate." 
 
 The presiding officer (Mr. Garland), stated the bill 
 was a senate bill, and nothing further was necessary to 
 make it a law, except the proper signatures. [Applause.] 
 
 Mr. Edmunds, resuming the chair, stated he had re- 
 ceived a communication which would now be read. He 
 handed the communication to Chief Clerk Johnson, who 
 read as follows: 
 
 To the Hon. George F. Edmunds, President pro tempore 
 United States Senate. — The accompanying communication, 
 although an executive message, may be read in open 
 session. Chester A. Arthur. 
 
 [Applause.] 
 
 The President pro tempore of the Senate. — Manifestations 
 of applause are not in order. 
 
6So GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 The clerk read as follows: 
 
 Executive Mansion, March 4, 1885. 
 To the Senate of the United States. — I nominate 
 Ulysses S. Grant, formerly commanding the armies of 
 the United States, to be general on the retired list of the 
 army, with the full pay of such rank. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 The president pro tem. of the senate then announced 
 that the nomination would be considered in open ses- 
 sion. "The question now is. Will the senate advise and 
 consent to this appointment ? All senators in favor will 
 say aye. [A storm of ayes.] All opposed, no. [Dead 
 silence.] The ayes have it unanimously." 
 
 We cannot better close this chapter than by quoting 
 the editorial comments of the Chicago Ititer Ocean of 
 March 5, under the head of " Rally on the Centre." 
 
 The forty-eighth congress, that hailed for a time in 
 the path of the rising tide of popular feeling in favor of 
 justice to General Grant, turned m its last hours and ran 
 with the waves. With the world listening in indignation 
 and pity, with the people all over the United States 
 bending in sympathy toward the old commander and 
 demanding as with one voice that justice be done him, 
 congress put quick hand to the work, and it was done 
 as it ought to have been done months ago, in a whirl of 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 Practically the passage of the Edmunds bill may not 
 be of much benefit to a man marked for the grave, but it 
 will be like incense burned in his sick room to remember 
 that the vote was as it was, and that the applause in the 
 senate chamber over the announcement of the result was 
 echoed round the world. It was most fitting that a 
 democratic house should take action as it did yesterday, 
 and give the last of the line of republican presidents the 
 opportunity to approve a measure so near to the hearts 
 of the people. 
 
 In this case there was no mistaking the trend of 
 popular sentimient, and there are times when the most 
 foolhardy of partisans realize that the people must rule. 
 

 M^^U&jS^ 
 
 
 
 «ni^JtaA^,f^£TcU'/ifA^^i 
 
 
 • • ."■ 
 
 - ^ 
 
 !* 'if/Si 
 
 J(r<«fc-*??«5!f 
 
 FAC-SIMILK OF GKNKRAI, GRANT'S COMMISSION. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 6S3 
 
 In the vote of March 4, on the Grant bill, the people had 
 their way, and the members of the house scampered into 
 line to give expression to an emphasized popular demand. 
 It was to the forty-eighth congress the last grand rally 
 on the center — on the old flag and the old commander. 
 And it will never be forgotten. 
 
 t 
 
CHAPTER XL. 
 
 PAINFUL ACCIDENT, DISTRESSING SICKNESS AND DEATH. 
 
 Throughout all his military life from Mexico to Ap- 
 pomattox General Grant was almost wholly exempt from 
 every form of sickness, though it will be remembered he 
 suffered for several months from a painful accident at New 
 Orleans received just previous to his Chattanooga-Knox- 
 ville Campaign. His arduous duties as chief magistrate 
 of the nation were borne without any visible strain upon his 
 iron constitution. As a sojourner in all climes, and subject 
 to the nameless exposures and irregularities of travel, he 
 was exempt from every ill. It seemed as if nothing could 
 harm his close-knit physique, and that he bore a charmed 
 life. 
 
 When on Christmas morning, 1883, it was announced 
 that he had slipped and fallen upon the icy pavements in 
 New York City the evening previous, very little heed was 
 paid to the matter; though it was added that he was 
 lame from the effects of it, the public saw in it only a 
 trivial accident, worthy of any attention at all, only because 
 the injury was sustained by one in whom the public felt a 
 keen and abiding interest. But it proved a most distress- 
 ing calamity. From it may be dated the long and ex- 
 cruciatingly painful prostration which called out such a 
 phenomenal volume of condolence. 
 
 Not that the cancer which fastened upon his throat can 
 be set down as directly caused by that fall. The mys- 
 
Gi > IIM- GRANT'S SICKNESS (A SKKTCH FROM LIFE). 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 68^ 
 
 teries of cancerous affections baffle the inquiry of the most 
 expert medical skill. But one thing is certain, General 
 Grant never rallied from that shock. Perhaps he would 
 have been overtaken and slain hy the same cruel enemy had 
 he suffered no shock of that kind. It can only be said that 
 from that moment he did not see a day (5f health. The 
 pain and anguish of his financial troubles which came 
 some months later, no doubt had much to do with the 
 development of the seeds of disease; how much, will never 
 be known and is a much mooted question among physi- 
 cians. 
 
 The disease first showed itself in the form of a slight 
 soreness of the mouth and throat, supposed to be cankerous, 
 rather than cancerous. The family physician seeined to 
 think lightly of it. If he really felt that it was alarming 
 he kept the secret well, and the public first learned of the 
 trouble in a way to excite the least possible apprehension. 
 The fact that Senator Hill of Georgia, had died not long 
 before, after a long and distressing sickness, caused by 
 cancer in the mouth, tended somewhat to stimulate the 
 public fear that the malady had found another victim. 
 But the reports were so positive in the assurance that 
 nothing serious need be apprehended, that the intelligence 
 produced hardly a ripple upon the sea of popular thought 
 and sentiment. 
 
 It was in the last months of the year 1884, that the 
 people first learned that something, whether serious or 
 not, none knew, was ailing his mouth and throat. All 
 through the winter the daily press continued frequent 
 mention of his symptoms, and it was evident that he was 
 getting worse rather than better, but it was not until late 
 in February that the case became so bad that, in spite of 
 every effort at concealment, his true condition became 
 
688 GENERAL V. S. GRAXT S 
 
 generally known. The conviction that the great defender 
 of the Union was the victim of a cancer. 
 
 The waters of that flood permeated the whole country 
 —even the South, which once looked upon him as a con- 
 queror, have shown by their expressions of deep and keen 
 sympathy that the people of that section have come to 
 see in him the defender and saviour of a Union in which 
 they really have as much interest as the Northern people. 
 The swift and concordant action of Congress in restoring 
 him to the army, and placing him upon the retired list, 
 was only an echo, faint and feeble, of the universal senti- 
 ment of the American people. 
 
 The progress of the disease was so rapid that by the 
 latter part of March the bul'etins announced that death 
 was hourly expected. For several days the country 
 watched with tender solicitud-?, in expectation that the 
 next dispatch would state that the end had come. The 
 press news was eagerly scanned morning and evening, and 
 the whole nation seemed almos' absorbed in anxiety. The 
 sick man looked for earl}' release from his torture, and 
 evidently longed for it. To Mm death had no terrors, and 
 the sv^reet joys of a happy frmily life had been turned to 
 the bitterest gall by his 'fell calamity. But he rallied. 
 Hopes began to be entertained of his final recovery, 
 although at no time did his physicians encourage the 
 idea as a possibility, — tb^'y having pronounced his malady 
 incurable; that he wa<- mortally ill, and that whether his 
 death be lingering or a sudden one, its shadow was upon 
 him. While he had what are called " well days," when 
 he was comparatively free from paiii, his son states that his 
 system seemed to V-e entirely broken, his appetite was poor, 
 and the powsr -^ recuperation was apparently lost. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 689 
 
 For many months, and during his illness, General Grant 
 had been at work on his " Memoirs," having been spe- 
 cially solicitous to finish them ere his powers should fail 
 him. His publishers announce that they are at last com- 
 pleted, and that they will be issued from the press during 
 the last month of the present year. In his persistent 
 labors on these memoirs, continuing at his task when suffer- 
 ing severely from the murderous disease that is now sap- 
 ping his vitality, the old hero showed the same great qualities 
 which he displayed in battles with the rebels. He was the 
 least excited, though the most interested character on this 
 scene, as on those of the great battles he won. His 
 patience and serenitv, under pain and arnid conflict, were 
 equally displayed now as then, and he fought witli the 
 "monster" Death, as with the Rebellion, — with the obsti- 
 nacy of a great mind and a strong constitution. 
 
 There is something exceptionally pathetic in the tor- 
 tures to which General Grant was subjected. Cancer is 
 unlike ordinary disease. It is not the wasting away of 
 nature at any given point, but a distinct and horrible entity, 
 — a wild beast — a veritable man-eating tiger, springing 
 from the jungle and fastening its terrible fangs upon a 
 helpless victim. The system fosters and nurtures this 
 beast of prey in the jungle of the blood many years, per- 
 haps, before the fatal leap is made. If its work were 
 done speedily, like yellow fever, or cholera, or if delirium, 
 nature's anaesthetic, afforded any mitigation, it would be 
 less pathetic. Slowly the work goes on, the monster 
 tightening his grasp continually, and bringing his fangs 
 and claws deeper and deeper in the quick and quivering 
 flesh every day, — the victim all the while conscious of his 
 fate. 
 
690 GENERAL U. S. GRAXT'S 
 
 All history would be searched in vain for a parallel to 
 this case in all its fullness. It required telegraphy to ena- 
 ble the distant millions to stand, as it were, by the bedside 
 of the sufferer, and of all of the illustrious dead who have 
 died since that invention, none have gone to their death by 
 so hard a road as this. Abraham Lincoln was killed 
 instantly. General Garfield was only dimly conscious of 
 his own condition; but General Grant, with no imjjairment 
 of a single faculty, with every particle of his brain tissue 
 in its normal condition, stood befoje the world the victim 
 of pains by the side of which inquisitorial tortures were 
 trifles. 
 
 The nearest approach to a parallel to General Grant's 
 case, known to all literature, is found in that supreme con- 
 ception of Greek dramatic art, Prometheus. That great 
 ideal benefactor of the human race is f)ortrayed as bound to 
 a rock, the vultures gnawing his vitals, which grew ever as 
 they were eaten away, — thus prolonging his agony beyond 
 all conception of pain. For more than two thousand 
 years the civilized world has stood with tear-wet eyes 
 before that terrible picture of agony. Now, at last, a ver- 
 itable Prometheus stands before mankind, and as long as 
 America is remembered, the Promethean tortures will 
 stand out in history as verified in the experiences of Ulysses 
 S. Grant. 
 
 The startling and pathetic announcement that General 
 Grant's illness was fatal went home to hearts the world 
 over. His residence was besieged with sympathetic, 
 but inconsiderate visitors, while from all parts of our 
 own country, and indeed from all parts of the world, 
 came messages of tender solicitude and substantial proffers 
 of aid and hospitality. The impulsive warmth to which 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 69I 
 
 the public feeling was stirred reveals as by a sun burst 
 the true regard in which General Grant, the hero and the 
 foremost representative American, was held by the people 
 of the world. 
 
 On the morning of June i6th, General Grant was re- 
 moved from his residence in New York City to the cottage 
 of Mr. Joseph Drexel at Mount Mac Gregor near Saratoga, 
 being conveyed by rail in the special car of William H. 
 Vanderbilt. Every precaution had been taken to render 
 the journey as pleasant as possible. During the last stage 
 of the journey the General suffered greatly from fatigue 
 and pain. Arriving at Mac Gregor at 2 p. m,, the patient 
 was unable to walk to the cottage and had to be carried in 
 a chair, and when he reached the house his speech had 
 utterly failed him. Dr. Douglas, who accompanied Gen- 
 eral Grant and family, stated that his patient had borne up 
 wonderfully through the whole day — though, he added, it 
 was more strength of mind and will power than physical 
 vigor. 
 
 Col. Fred. Grant, in speaking to a correspondent of 
 this trip, said: "Father has surprised us all by keeping up 
 so well on the journey. In fact, we expected him to be 
 rather exhausted when he reached here, but he seems to be 
 doing very well. His voice is stronger to-night than it 
 was when he started, and we have hopes of his regaining 
 it in a few days. We are delighted with the place -so far, 
 and I think father will be greatly benefited by the change. 
 We don't look for any permanent benefits now. Dr. 
 Douglas will remain here a week at least, and perhaps 
 longer. Our plans for the summer depend entirely on 
 father's condition, and are likely to be changed at any time. 
 If all goes well we will remain here until August, when 
 we go to the Catskills." 
 
692 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 During the early morning hours of July 23d, five weeks 
 after General Grant's arrival at Mount MacGregor, it was 
 announced from the sick hero's bedside that alarming 
 symptoms had appeared during the previous day, and that 
 there was grave cause to fear a termination of his life ere 
 the close of the day. Consulting physicians were sum- 
 moned from New York City, and all of the absent mem- 
 bers of the family urged to attend at the earliest possible 
 moment. During these five weeks on the mountain the 
 General had suffered several relapses that threatened to 
 end the heroic struggle he was making for life, but with 
 remarkable recuperative powers he was able to rally from 
 time to time. 
 
 On the evening of the 20th he had been wheeled in his 
 bath carriage from the cottage to a point on the mountain 
 distant about one-fifth of a mile, called the Eastern Look- 
 out. On this trip he was compelled to alight from the 
 vehicle and walk a few rods while the carnage was being 
 carried over the mountain railway track — remaining 
 scarcely fifteen minutes at the point. He was conveyed 
 back to the cottage, where, upon reaching his room it was 
 found that he was far more exhausted than was at first 
 thought, and extra care was taken of him. 
 
 The following day he was unable to leave his room and 
 suffered considerable more pain and discomfort than for 
 several days." During the afternoon the fact was appar- 
 ent, and could not be concealed by patient or friends that 
 he was hourly growing weaker. In a hurriedly written 
 note to. Dr. Douglass — the General using this method of 
 communication, owing to the fact that all attempt to speak 
 irritated the disease of the throat and caused intense dis- 
 tress — he requested the physician to furnish him stimulants 
 of some kind to relieve the excruciating pain that was toi"- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 693 
 
 turing him. Dr. Douglass administered morphine, when 
 the old commander fell asleep and secured an hour of rest. 
 Later in the afternoon he was attacked with hiccoughs, 
 which disturbed and rapidly weakened him. 
 
 The afternoon had been sultry and almost breathless, 
 with the thermometer registering as high as 85°. There 
 ■were no reviving elements in the atmosphere and the sun 
 went down after a day of stifling discomfort even to per- 
 sons in good health. The General remained in his room 
 and was not dressed during the day. Sitting in his chair 
 listlessly, neithe* caring to move nor write, in a condition 
 not fully aware of, but indifferent to his surroundings, he 
 presented a picture of pathetic hopelessness and helpless- 
 ness that deeply moved the strongest hearts. Food was 
 repeatedly given him, and while he did not repel it, he ex- 
 perienced great difficulty in swallowing, as the muscles of 
 the throat refused to perform their functions, and the great- 
 er part of it was thrown 6ut, and the quantity retained was 
 very small. 
 
 At 8:30 it was announced that he was failing rapidly, 
 and that he was unconscious and could not be aroused. 
 The affecting scene at this time is thus described by a cor- 
 respondent: 
 
 "The General was seated in the great chair that the nurse had 
 cushioned with pillows. Mrs. Grant took a place beside her husband 
 and fanned him almost incessantly. Dr. Douglass, when questioned, 
 said the General had been brought into the parlor so he might benefit 
 by freer air; but, though the sick man was coherent when he spoke 
 in whispers, he spoke but little, and was sinking surely. The dusk 
 had given way to darkness. The General, seeming to take little note 
 of occurrences about him, still sat with his face toward the door, 
 while the nurse and Mrs. Grant waved fans before his face. Critical 
 moments were passing. All felt that the end might at any time 
 occur. Mrs. Grant whispered to Dr. Newman shortly before 9 
 o'clock, and asked him to offer prayer. The clergyman knelt beside 
 
694 GENERAL U. b. GRANT'S 
 
 the General and offered prayer, while the family and physician stood 
 about with bowed heads. For an hour the patient's pulse had been 
 fluttering and weak, but soon after 9 o'clock it steadied and grew a 
 shade firmer. Then he lowered his feet and crossed his knees; next 
 he raised his hand to his face and rested his cheek against it. 
 
 " Dr. Douglass was beside him, and as these changes took place he 
 glanced up significantly into the faces of the family grouped about 
 the chair. Finally, as the hour of 10 o'clock drew near. Gen. Grant 
 looked up and spoke to his daughter Nellie. Then he indicated a 
 purpose to write, and did so. These were instructions for his family. 
 Handing one note to Col. Fred, the General looked up into his face 
 with large eyes that had in them a pitiful expression. ' I have already 
 attended to that, father,' returned the Colonel, asi he bent over the 
 General. The General addressed other members of the family. The 
 pulse was growing steadier and the night had passed beyond 11 
 o'clock, and a half hour later the sick man demonstrates that he is 
 General to the last. The family were sitting on the piazza or stand- 
 ing near the windows and entrances. The General beckoned Dr. 
 Douglass to his side. ' Tell them all to go to bed,' he whispered, and 
 then added, ' There is no earthly use of their sitting up any longer.' 
 Dr. Douglass walked out on the piazza and delivered this message of 
 command," 
 
 Hourly bulletins were issued from the patient's bedside 
 during the 22d, each successive one showing decreasing 
 strength and falling powers. At 2 115 p. m. the members 
 of the family were grouped in the darkened room, near the 
 General. Observing their evidences of feeling, he said, "1 
 do not want anybody to be distressed on my account." 
 Though dying, he was hero to the last. Forgetful of self 
 he murmurs words of comfort and afFection to the loved 
 members of his family. 
 
 The Chicago Inter Ocean gives the following beautiful 
 pen picture of the domestic circle of which General Grant 
 Was the head. It says: 
 
 " When history comes to its canonization of the name of Grant, it 
 will not fail to note the high ideal of domestic life which clusters 
 about the name. Whether in the humility of a tanner or the exalta- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 695 
 
 tion of a world-adored hero, General Grant was always the same 
 model family man. The most beautiful picture of a family ever 
 painted by the imagination could not excel in loveliness the ideal 
 realized by the Grant family. And during the long months of agony, 
 when they have, as it were, lived in a glass house, every movement has 
 been in harmony with the best conception of domestic life. Acting 
 a part well was impossible, but, true to the instincts of natural affection, 
 the spectacle presented has been not only above criticism, but of a 
 character to impress all beholders who have any appreciation of the 
 higher ranges of living with the charms and merits of family ties. A 
 fiction which is truly fictitious has portrayed vice as moving along 
 paths decked with flowers, when as a matter of fact the beauty and 
 the fragrance are peculiar to virtue, and anything tending to impress 
 this truth upon the consciousness must be of the highest usefulness 
 to society. 
 
 " General Grant was taciturn and reserved in general deportment, 
 but at home he was companionable. No child of his will remember 
 him as the stern father, ' ruling well his own household,' but as the 
 very personation of loving kindness. As a reward the tortures of 
 his long sickness have been relieved by ministries of affection which 
 must have been infinitely more precious to him than the sympathy of 
 all the world besides, appreciative as he has been of all the gentle 
 interest which has been so universally taken in his welfaie." 
 
 As the night advanced, the evidences to the friends 
 grouped near the sick man of approaching death rapidly 
 ■ multiplied — the inevitable close of the General's long ill- 
 ness seemed more and more imminent. The feeble pulse- 
 beats wore themselves by their rapidity to a fluttering 
 throb that could not be gauged beneath the finger of the 
 physician. Hypodermics of brandy were frequently given 
 to stimulate the flagging physical powers, but later this 
 failed to affect the patient, whose vitality and physical 
 forces were so far spent as to furnish no footing for re- 
 bound. The increased respirations were not alone more 
 rapid but more shallow. The lungs and the heart were 
 giving way; so weak had the patient grown by 3 o'clock 
 on the morning of the 23d that, though he frequently at- 
 
696 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 tempted to do so, he was unable any longer to clear his 
 throat from the gathering mucus which accumulated and 
 remained, and expectoration was impossible. At 4 o'clock 
 the significant rattle of mucus that was filling the lunga 
 and clogging the throat was noticed — the breathing had 
 quickened, the finger nails had become blue, and the hands 
 further evidenced the progress of numbness of the extremi- 
 ties. At 3 o'clock he had asked for water. These were 
 the last words he uttered. 
 
 The scenes and incidents of the closing hour of the weary 
 sufferer as he passed to the " Home Beyond," is feelingly 
 told in the Associated Press dispatches of the 23d : 
 
 '' A few minutes before 8 o'clock, Drs. Douglass, Shrady and Sands 
 stood on the cottage veranda conversing of the condition of General 
 Grant, and discussing the probabilities of his death, and the limit of 
 life left the sick man; Mrs. Sartoris and Stenographer Dawson were 
 conversing a little distance away, when Henry, the nurse, stepped 
 hastily upon the piazza and spoke quietly to the physicians. He told 
 them he thought the General was very near to death. The medical 
 men hastily entered the room where the sick man was lying, and ap- 
 proached his side. Instantly upon scanning the patient's face, Dr. 
 Douglass ordered the family to be summoned to the bedside. Haste 
 was made, and Mrs. Grant, Mr. Jesse Grant and wife, U. S. Grant, 
 Jr., and wife, and Mrs. PVed Grant were quickly beside the doctors 
 at the sick man's cot. Mrs. Sartoris and Mr. Dawson had followed 
 the doctors in from the piazza, and the entire family was present ex- 
 cept Colonel Fred Grant. A hasty summons was sent for him, but 
 he entered the sick-room while the messenger was searching for him. 
 The Colonel seated himself at the head of the bed, with his left arm 
 resting on the pillow above the head of the General, who was breath- 
 ing rapidly and with slightly gasping respirations. 
 
 " Mrs. Grant, calm, but with intense agitation bravely suppressed, 
 took a seat close by the bedside. She leaned slightly upon the cot, 
 resting upon her right elbow, and gazed with tear-blinded eyes into 
 the General's face. She found there, however, no token of recogni- 
 tion, for the sick man was peacefully and painlessly passing into an- 
 other life. Mrs. Sartoris came behind her mother, and, leaning over 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 697 
 
 her shoulder, so witnessed the close of a life in which she Irad con- 
 stituted a strong element of pride. Directly behind Mrs. Grant and 
 Mrs. Sartoris, and at a little distance removed, stood Drs. Douglass, 
 Shrady and Sands, spectators of a closing life their efforts and coun- 
 sel had so prolonged. On the opposite of the bed from his mother, 
 and directly before her, stood Jesse Grant, and by his side U. S. 
 Grant, Jr., and near the corner of the cot, on the same side as Jesse 
 and near to each, was Mr. N. E. Dawson, the General's stenographer 
 and confidential secretary. At the foot of the bed and gazing direct- 
 ly down into the General's face was Mrs. Colonel- Fred Grant, Mrs. 
 U. S. Grant, Jr., and Mrs. Jesse Grant, while somewhat removed 
 from the family circle Henry, the nurse, and Harrison Tyrrell, the 
 General's body servant, were respectively watching the closing life 
 of the patient, their master. Dr. Newman had repaired to the hotel 
 to breakfast, and was not present. The General's little grandchildren, 
 U. S. Grant, Jr., and Nellie, were sleeping the sleep of childhood in 
 the nursery room above. Otherwise the entire family and house- 
 hold were gathered at the bedside of the dying man. The members 
 of the group had been summoned not a moment sooner than it was 
 prudent. The doctors noted, on entering the room and proceeding. 
 to the bedside, that already the purplish tinge which is one of na- 
 ture's signals of final dissolution, had settled beneath the finger nails. 
 The hand that Dr. Douglass lifted was fast growing colder than it 
 had been through the night. The pulse had fluttered beyond the 
 point where the physician could distinguish it from the pulse beats 
 in his own finger tips. The respiration was very rapid, and was a 
 succession of shallow, panting inhalations, but happily the approach- 
 ing end was becoming clear of the rattling fullness of the throat and 
 lungs, and, as the respirations grew quicker and more rapid at the 
 close, they also became less labored and almost noiseless. This fact 
 was in its results a comfort to the watchers by the bedside, to whom 
 was spared the scene of an agonizing or other than a peaceful death. 
 The wife almost constantly stroked the face, forehead and hands ot 
 the dying General, and at times, as the passionate longing to prevent 
 the event so near would rise within her. Mi s. Grant pressed both his 
 hands, and, leaning forward, tenderly kissed the face of the sinking 
 man. Colonel Fred Grant sat silently, but with evident feeling, 
 though his bearing was tliat of a soldierly son at the death-bed of a 
 hero father. U. S. Grant, Jr., was deeply moved, but Jesse bore the 
 scene steadily, and the ladies, while watching with wet cheeks, were 
 
698 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 silent, as befitted the dignity of a life such as was closing before them. 
 The morning had passed five minutes beyond 8 o'clock, and there 
 was not one of the strained and waiting watchers but who could 
 mark the nearness of the life tide to its final ebbing. Dr. Douglass 
 noted the nearness of the supreme moment, and quietly approached 
 the bedside and bent over it, and, while he did so, the sorrow of the 
 grey-haired physician seemed closely allied with that of the family. 
 Dr. Shrady also drew near. It was seven minutes after 8 o'clock, 
 and the eyes of the General were closing. His breathing grew more 
 hushed as the last functions of the heart and lungs were hastened to 
 the closing of the ex- President's life. A peaceful expression seemed 
 to be deepening in the firm and strong-lined face, and it was reflect- 
 ed as a closing comfort in the sad hearts that beat quickly under the 
 stress of loving suspense. A minute more passed and was closing, as 
 the General drew a deeper breath. There was an exhalation like 
 that of one relieved of long and anxious tension. The members of 
 the group were impelled each a step nearer the bed, and each waited 
 to note the next respiration, but it did not come; then — it never came. 
 There was absolute stillness in the room and a hush of expectancy, 
 feo that no sound broke the silence save the singing of birds in the 
 pines outside the cottage and the measured throbbing of the engine 
 that all night had waited by the little mountain depot down the 
 slope. All over. ' It is all over,' quietly spoke Dr. Douglass, and 
 there came then heavily to each witness the realization that General 
 Grant was dead." 
 
 General U. S. Grant was dead! The most remarkable 
 career in American annals was ended. At S:o8 o'clock on 
 the morning of July 23d he breathed his last so peacefully 
 that the silent watch around his bed could hardly believe 
 that the end had come. But it was all over, and his weary 
 spirit took its flight, and in a moment afterward the electric 
 spark had sent the message of his death to the uttermost 
 parts of the world. 
 
 The great struggle was over. It had been a long and 
 trying one. For nine months he had been treated for the 
 disease that finally caused his death. Hardly a moment 
 had passed during this time, when the patient was con- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 699 
 
 scions, that he was free from pain that always accompanies 
 cancer, but with a fortitude that has challenged the admira- 
 tion of the world he bore his sufferings without a word of 
 complaint, and met the most excruciating pain as long as 
 his strength lasted with a happy smile that always gave 
 encouragement to his family and friends; and he gave no 
 evidence of the horrible torture through which he was 
 passing. The gallant old General looked upon death a 
 thousand times without flinching, and when the end final- 
 ly came he met it, as he always hoped he would die, in 
 perfect serenity and peace. 
 
 Death to him had no terrors, and during the last few 
 days he looked hopefully forward to the time when he 
 would breathe no more. But while his spirit was willing 
 to go, the only regret being the separation from his family, 
 his strong physical constitution would not give up its grip 
 on life until every vestige of life-giving principle in his 
 body had been burned away. It was a quiet struggle, 
 with not an unpleasant feature to mar the grandeur of his 
 taking off, and if he had been an infant going to sleep in 
 its mother's arms he could not have gone to his eternal 
 sleep with more complacency. 
 
 The outpouring of universal sympathy and expressions of 
 sorrow when the news of the death of General Grant was 
 received, knew no boundary. Nations, municipalities, pub- 
 lic men, religious and secular bodies, and the press from 
 every part of the world, united in one general tribute of 
 honor at the fallen chieftain's bier. From every city, 
 village and hamlet of the country came news of mourning. 
 Public and business buildings, private Tiouses alike displayed 
 signs of sorrow. Flags were at half-mast, and bells sent 
 forth their mournful peals everywhere. A complete record 
 of the estimate of the character and ability of Genera/ 
 
700 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRAXT S 
 
 Grant would fill several volumes, yet it would seem as a 
 fitting memorial that a few of these should be mentioned. 
 Immediately upon President Cleveland's receiving infor- 
 mation of the death of General Grant, he sent the following 
 dispatch to Mrs. Grant: 
 
 Accept this expression of my heartfelt sympathy in this hour of 
 your great a-ffliction. The people of the Nation mourn with you and 
 would reach, if they could, with kindly comfort the depths of the 
 sorrow which is yours alone, and which only the pity of God can lieal. 
 
 And issued the following National Proclamation: 
 
 The President of the United States has just received the sad tidings 
 of the death of that illustrious citizen and ex-President of the United 
 States, General Ulysses S. Grant, at Mt. MacGregor, in the State of 
 New York, to which place he had lately been removed in the endeavor 
 to prolong his life. In making this announcement to the people of 
 the United States the President is impressed with the magnitude of 
 the public loss of a great military leader, who was in the hour of 
 victory magnanimous; amid disaster, serene and self-sustained; who 
 in every station, whether as a soldier or as a chief magistrate, twice 
 called to power by his fellow-countrymen, trod unswervingly the path- 
 way of duty, undeterred by doubts, single-minded and straightfor- 
 ward. The entii-e country has witnessed with deep emotion his pro- 
 longed and patient struggle with painful disease, and has watched by 
 his couch of suffering with tearful sympathy. The destined end has 
 come at last, and his spirit has returned to the Creator who sent it 
 forth. The great heart of the Nation, that followed him w-hen living 
 with love and pride, bows now in sorrow above him dead, tenderly 
 mindful of his virtues, his great patriotic services, and of the loss 
 occasioned by his death. 
 
 In testimony of respect to the memory of General Grant, it is 
 ordered that the Executive Mansion and the several departments at 
 Washington be draped in mourning for a period of thirty days, and 
 that all public business shall on the day of the funeral be suspended, 
 and the Secretaries of War and of the Navj' will cause orders to be 
 issued for appropi-iate military and naval honors to be rendered on 
 that day. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
 eeal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 Done at the city of Washington, this 23d day of July, A. D. 1885, 
 and the independence of fhe United States the iioth. " 
 
 (Signed.) Grover Cleveland. 
 
 By the President. 
 
 T. F. Bayard, Secretary of Stale. 
 
 Telegrams were received by the bereaved family from 
 
LIFE AND SERVtCKS. 70I 
 
 hundreds of sympathizing friends, among which we give 
 
 the following as specimens: 
 
 Fremont, Ohio, July 33. — Please assure Mrs. Grant and the sor. 
 rowing family that they have the deepest sympathy of Mrs. Hayes 
 and mj self. R. B. Hayes. 
 
 Mrs.. U. S. Grant : — Please accept my profoundest sj'mpathy in your 
 great bereavement. The entire Nation mourns the los^ of its fii-st 
 soldier and its first citizen. James G. Blaine. 
 
 To Col. F. D. Grant: — The painful news to me of your father's 
 death has just been received. The sympathy of myself and family 
 goes out froiTi the depth of our hearts to your mother and all of you 
 in your great bereaveinent. The country is filled with sympathy and 
 grief at this news, but the greatness of its loss must grow upon it as 
 the future unfolds the coming years. John A. Logan. 
 
 Mrs. Gen. Grant : — \ have heard with great sorrow of Gen. Grant's 
 death. I offer full measure of sympathy. 
 
 Samuel J Randall. 
 
 Fort Reno, I. T., July 23. — Col. F. D. Grant: — Will you please 
 express to Mrs. Grant my grief at the loss of my dearest friend and 
 comrade, and my sincere sympathy and condolence with her in this 
 hdur of her gi eat distress f 
 
 P. H. Sheridan, Lieutenant-General. 
 
 Col. F. D. Grant: — You have our deepest sympathy. The illness 
 of Mrs. Stewart, also Mrs. Hughes and Mrs. Russell, prevents a 
 personal visit of condolence. Please command me for any service 
 you may need. Henry Hilton. 
 
 The President's proclamation was followed by procla- 
 mations from the Governors of the several States, North 
 and South. That of the Governor of New York was as 
 follows: 
 
 State of New York, Executive Chamber. — Ulysses S. Grant, 
 twice President of the United States, the defender of the Union, the 
 victoiious leader of our soldiers and General on the retired Ust of the 
 nrmv, is dead. To the last he was the true soldier, strong in spirit, 
 patient in suffering, brave in death. His warfare is ended. After the 
 close of his official life, and following that journey around the world, 
 when tributes df esteeiri from all nations were paid hiin, he chose his 
 home among the citizens of our State. He died upon our soil, in the 
 county of Saratoga, overlooking scenes made glorious by Revolulion- 
 arv memories. It is fitting that the State wliich he chose as his home 
 should especially honor his memory. The word-, of grief and the 
 tokens of sorrow by which we mark hisdcatli ^hall honor, too. the 
 
703 GENKKAL U. S. GRAXT S 
 
 offices which he held, anJ proclaim that praise which shall ever be 
 accorded to those who serve the Republic. 
 
 Therefore, it is hereby directed that flags on the public buildings of 
 the State be' placed at half mast until his Imrial: and on that day, yet 
 to be appointed, all ordinary business in the Executive Chamber and 
 the departments of the State Government will be suspended. The 
 people of the State are called upon to display, until the funeral, em- 
 blems of mourning, and it is requested that at that hour they cease 
 h-om their business and pay respect to the distinguished dead. 
 
 Given under my hand and the privy seal of the State of New York 
 at the Capitol, in the city of Albany, the 23d day of July, 1885. 
 
 David B. Hill. 
 
 By the Governor. 
 
 William G. Rice, Private Secretary. 
 
 The Governor of Iowa issued the following Proclama- 
 tion: 
 
 A great man has fallen ; a mighty Nation mourns its most emi- 
 nent citizen. The greatest soldier of all times, after a miUtary career 
 which was without spot or error, and was uniformly triumphant 
 everywhere, and whose management of the largest armies the w^orld 
 ever saw has made forever illustrious the name and fame of the 
 American citizen-soldier, has made the only surrender ever known to 
 him and calmly and fearlessly walked down to the grave " like one 
 who wiaps the drapery of his couch about him and lies down to 
 pleasant dreams." Nor less brilliant and successful were his civil ser- 
 vices to his Nation, which will live in the hearts of his countrymen so 
 long as the Republic endures — without selfishness, with no thought 
 but for the betterment of his fellow-citizens and the perpetuity of a 
 Government " by the people, of the people, and for the people.'' 
 Ulysses S. Grant goes out in the ripeness of years and full of honors 
 — the most sincerely lamented of any of earth's distinguished citizens. 
 His memory will remain with us a fragrant heritage forever, and his 
 virtues for the einulation of every inhabitant of the land. In respect 
 tor his memory, I recommend that our people suspend their usual 
 business between the hours of 10 and 4 o'clock the day of the funeral, 
 and I hereby direct that all Executive Departments of the State be 
 closed that day. Let all the people as one person join in sincere 
 respect to his memory. 
 
 BuREN R. Sherman, Governor. 
 
 The following are a few of the press tributes from the 
 leading cities of the United States : 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 T!ie Timcf : The name of General Grant will be remembered by 
 Americans as that of the saviour of their country in a crisis more 
 appalling than any it has passed through since the United States 
 became a nation. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 703 
 
 Commercial Advertiser : His few faults will be softened to posterity 
 by the memory of his noble virtues, exalted fidelity to country, and 
 magnanimity in tlie hour of victory. 
 
 Mail and Express: No pomp, however grand, and no ceremony, 
 however elaborate, can be excessive in such a case as this. 
 
 Brooklyn Eagle: Like gold from the furnace of the refiner, the 
 character of our greatest soldier emerges from the crucible of disease 
 cleansed from every infirmity and fitted to circulate as sterling coin in 
 the moral Exchanges of the world. . 
 
 Sun: What an instructive story is presented in the chronicle of the 
 life which is now ended ! What lessons and what warnings! What 
 encouragement for patriotism, for fidelity, for weariless defense of the 
 great interests of mankind! 
 
 Tribune: The foremost man of the Nation has closed a career 
 second to no other in the historj' of the Republic. The faults of 
 others, which he shouldered through life, fall from him at the grave. 
 
 World: Let us speak of him and think of him only as the soldier 
 whose fame has not a spot to mar its brilliancy. 
 
 Herald: Sincere patjiot, brave soldier, pure-mannered and pure- 
 minded citizen — these are Gen. Grant's titles to the respect and love 
 of his countrymen now and forever. 
 
 PHILADELPHI.V. 
 
 The Times: The unbroken verdict of history will record General 
 Grant as hero, statesman, patriot, and as among the wisest and best 
 'of the world's immortal chieftains. He is at rest, and liis memory 
 will be fadeless in everj' clime where the altar of freedom has wor- 
 shipers. 
 
 The Ne-Ms: The lessons of this sublime spectacle are so plain that 
 he who runs may read. They are that patriotisin is as vital as ever 
 in the American breast, that consecration to duty has compensations 
 beyond all else, and that "government of the people, by the people, 
 for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 
 
 The Press: His charity to all, his absolute absence of malice, his 
 chivalry toward a fallen enemy, his love and tenderness for his lamily, 
 above all his sturdy simplicity and quiet dignity of bearing in any 
 and all circumstances. 
 
 The Inter-Ocean : His character lives in the esteem of the Nation — 
 a character that sprung into strength and fullness from the obstruc- 
 tions of lowly life, bearing with it an ever-abiding sympathy with 
 lowly condition. The man who was great enough to stand admired 
 in the presence of kings and potentates, receiving the homage of 
 nations that knew him alone in his glory, was also great enough to 
 hold and cherish the love of the common people, from whom he came 
 Great as a soldier, great as a statesman, great in heart, great in mind, 
 and great in character, Grant lived a noble career, possible alone, wi*'- 
 an American. 
 
nO^ GENERAL U. S. GRAN'J S 
 
 T7ie Tribune : In the midst of misfortune not untouched by shame- 
 less calumny, weighed down with physical infirmity and mental suf- 
 fering, the .man upon whom the whole country leaned barely a score 
 of years ago has passed away silently and uncomplainingly, leaving 
 behind him an immortal name as a valiant and true soldier who 
 turned the scales for the Union in the most deadly peril which ever 
 encompassed it. General Grant will be best known in history as the 
 foremost soldier of his time, and as the peer of the great soldiers of his 
 century. ' 
 
 The Evening Jonrnal: General Grant's example is among the best 
 legacies which he has left to posterity. By its stud^ the adolescent 
 minds of all civilized lands may learn how to live and how to die. By 
 his career the ambitious may know how greatness is to be achieved, 
 and how fame is to be won. The student in war ma^' acquire from 
 his battles the science of victory. The pattern of his patriotism will 
 invite imitation during all the "future of history. His continence, his 
 probity, his mastery of himself, his steadfastness in friendship, his en- 
 dearing domestic traits, his fortitude in all extremes of fortune, were 
 among the conspicuous elements of his greatness. Those who make 
 the annals of mankind the subiect of research will find in his genius 
 and character the full perfection of those magnificent qualities by 
 which nations are saved in periods of encompassing danger, and are 
 led with equal success along the delightful paths of abundance, pros- 
 perity and peace. 
 
 Journal: Me lived long enough to witness the waning of old ani- 
 mosities, and to find himself the center of a regard whicii knew no 
 sectional or party limitations. His fame is secure, and his monument 
 is the Union which he helped to preserve. 
 
 Herald : The character of Gen. Grant was the most transparent of 
 any of our eminent Americans. No man since Washington has been 
 less moved than he by personal ambition. No citizen has been more 
 thoroughly and unselfishly a patriot. Like Wa-liington, he did his 
 duty because it was his nature, almost his religion, to do so. Gen. 
 Grant was incapable of deceit, or envy, or malice, or uncharitableness. 
 
 Evening Record : Gi.'n. Grant's deeds are his sufficient eulogv. His 
 character is best illustrated by his career. A staunch friend, a faithful 
 citizen, a model husband an J father, a true patriot, a consummate sol- 
 dier, and a great General, I'lysses S. Grant was as unique and as ad- 
 mirable a chaiacter, in his own time and place, as were Washington 
 and Lincoln in their generations. 
 
 Transcript : Gen. Grant's title to fame is second only to that which 
 has enshrined the name of Lincoln among the illustrious personages 
 of all races and times. His generous and confiding nature was such 
 that even his mistakes, public or private, added to the universal 
 respect now accorded to his character. It will be to the General's 
 lasting credit that his ambitions as a commander were always 
 patriotic, and that while in command of the United States army he 
 
I.IFE AN'n SERVICES. 705 
 
 never permitted iiolitics to come between him and his duty to tlie 
 General Governmenl. 
 
 Globe: This is no time for criticism, but it may be truthfully said 
 that the mistakes of his political career can probably be charged to 
 the good qualities of the man. Henceforth he will only be remem- 
 bered for the g' eatness of his mih'tary genius and his patriotic devotion 
 to the Union and the liberties of his'country. 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 Times-Star: History, -with its thousand tongues, will proclaim U. 
 S.Grant the greatest General of modern times. In the days of the 
 Rebellion he represented tlie spirit and power of the North more truh 
 than any other man of the period. His endurance, heroism, and inde- 
 fatigable energy, united with consummate capacity for leadership, 
 fitted him to conquer. 
 
 Telegram: Since the foundation of the American Union two men 
 have lived and died, having filled a place in the hearts and affections 
 of the people, and have deserved and g.ithered honors equal with 
 those of Gen. Gran . Those men were George Washington and 
 Abraham Lincoln, and there are none other. 
 
 Post : His work has been perfected. Few men, soldiers or states- 
 men, have ever seen so complete finish made of their labors. Not 
 only had he completed all the public duties to which he had been 
 assigned by his countrymen, both in the field and in the cabinet, but 
 he had written a history of his wars, which, however much its conclu- 
 sions may be questioned, or even its statements challenged, must 
 alwas remain the most valuable contribution to history that any actor 
 on either side could by any possibility have made. 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Express ; He died to be mourned with a sincere sorrow by all his 
 countrymen — a sorrow which is a nobler monument to his memory 
 than artist's brain has ever conceived, or sculptor's hand ever 
 fashioned. 
 
 Commercial Advertiser : In Grant's life there was everything to 
 appeal to the ambition and emulation of the living. In Grant's way 
 of meeting death there was everything to stimulate the fortitude, the 
 admiration of his fellow-men, who, like him, wait for the summons 
 that humanity must obe}'. 
 
 CLEVELAND. 
 
 Plaindealer : The errors of his Presidential Administration were all 
 explained by the business catastroplie that overwhelmed him in after 
 years. Hirnself incapable of deceit, he could not believe in the rascal- 
 ity of his friends. But the American people have of late been think- 
 ing most of the brave old hero sitting in the shadow of a false friend- 
 ship and betrayed trust, bravely sacrificing t verything to atone as far 
 as he could for the faults of otners, and facing with calm courage the 
 steady approach of a painful death, cheered only by the assurances 
 
706 GENERAL U. S. CiRANT'S 
 
 pouring in from every quarterof the unsliaken faith and deep affection 
 of his countrymen. 
 
 Leader and Herald: Like Gustavus Vasa, ISIartin Luther, and 
 Abraham Lincoln, he was one of those great men born and nursed in 
 the bosom of the multitude to emerge when most needed to lead a 
 people through. The last few years of his life were clouded by mis- 
 fortunes for which no blame can be laid at his door. His fellow- 
 countrymen will deeply mourn his loss, and where\'er an American 
 dwells'in any part of the world, the tidings of this sad event will cause 
 him to bow his head in grief and sorrow over the Nation's loss. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 The Chronicle : As a soldier, Grant's fame will rest on his practical 
 realization of his objective point and his disregard of evervthing else 
 to reach that. He did his work. He accomplished a result. Is there 
 any better test of genius.' 
 
 The Call : No man since Lincoln in our time and Washington in a 
 former epocli, will be so deeply mom-ned. 
 
 The Examiner : The place which Grant occupied in this country 
 will be filled bv no other man in this generation. 
 
 The Bulletin : He was not a statesman, but he was the patriot who 
 brought the country through tiie greatest perils it had ever 
 encountered. 
 
 The Post : He was the radiant product of American civilization — 
 ours to love, honor, and imitate. 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 Americafi : On the pages of American history glow a number of 
 illustrious naines, but only two stand out so brightly as his. One of 
 these is George Washington; the other is Abraliam Lincoln. 
 
 The Snn : Kindly qualities indicating that Gen. Grant was opposed 
 to the persecuting and aggressive spirit of politicians won for him 
 frit nds at the South and among the Democracy of the North, and if 
 he liad not been tempted to surrender for the Presidency his position 
 as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United States, his after 
 life might have been a happier one, and the errors and misfortunes 
 tliat tended to break him down might have been avoided. 
 
 The £>m'ly JVeu's : He will be judged kindly now. The gold that 
 was in him will be separated from the dross, and pati-iotism and 
 hvmianity will consign the latter to oblivion. His goodness and 
 gi-eatness will be preserved; his services and virtues ex'oUed; Iiis 
 faults and vices forgiven or ignored, and lie will find the niche in the 
 temple of fame to which he is entitled, and Avhich during life has been 
 denied him. 
 
 The Herald : Well as the people knew him, thev failed to measure 
 him fully till misfortune threw him in upon himself and made him 
 exhibit Grant — the man in the strength of his manhood. Then it was 
 that they saw that it was not destiny, nor fa\-or, nor fortuitous condi- 
 tions that raised the obscure militia-man to the head of the greatest 
 
LIFE AND sl;n^•K■|■;s. yoy 
 
 army that has taken the field in modern times, and made him verita- 
 bly the first citizen of the Republic, but innate genius, courage, and 
 strength of purpose — the elements of true manliness. 
 
 ST. LOUIS. 
 
 The Re;publicaH : In tlie death of Gen. Grant the country' loses its 
 mo-t illustrious citizen and the world one of its most distinguished 
 soldiers. Whatever greatness he possessed — and it is impossible even 
 lor his enemies to deny him a large measure of it — was due to his 
 career as a soldier. As a soldier he relied on hiinself and became 
 great; but he failed of greatness as a statesman, primarily because he 
 relied on others, for whose mistakes he was held responsible living, 
 though they will not be set against him dead. He was a man single 
 of purpose, incapable of deceit, and so warm in his friendships that 
 nothing turned him fnim them. The work which occupied the closing 
 hours of his life g ive him an opportimitv to display a fortitude higher 
 than the courage ot'tiie battle field. 
 
 The Post-Disl-dtth ■ Gen. Grant's career is ended. It is a record 
 that has lain in the light of the whole world's gaze for twenty odd 
 years in the al'ternoon of the nineteenth century, and, as the record 
 of a man sprung trom the people to leave behind him, one of the few, 
 the immortal names, that were not born to die. 
 
 Nilw orlb;ans. 
 
 The Picayune: Brethren of the Nortli and South, let us join 
 mournful hands together around that newly -opened grave, remember- 
 ing that, while all eartlily goods are evanescent, honor, truth, and love 
 are eternally secure. 
 
 Times-Democrat : Everv soldier heart in this wide land will pray 
 God this morning that the generous measures he meted to his foe in 
 lime of victorv may be remembered and meted again to Ulysses S. 
 Grant in this his hour of defeat and judgment 
 
 The States spoke of him as " Great as a soldier; but: erring, unscru- 
 pulous, arbitrary, and tyrannical as a statesman." 
 
 The Chronicle: A united country mourns an honored son. His 
 private virtues were equal to his patriotism and military genius. 
 
 GALVESTON, TEX. 
 
 The Ne^vs: Gen. Grant, without being comprehensively a great 
 man, was one of the most illustrious men of his time. As Gen. 
 Grant, and not as President, will Grant stand as an imposing monu- 
 mental figure in hist^irv. 
 
 The IVeivs: Taking him all in all, from his boyhood to his declining 
 ye irs, he was an American of whom all Americans might well be 
 proud. He was brave, and generous, and faithful. He never turned 
 his back on either friend or foe. His services were great. There were 
 great honors conferred upon him, and now that he is no more all his 
 countrymen, North, South, East, and West, mourn him. 
 
 The Evening Tribune: The feeling in Galveston was one of gen- 
 
•JoS GICNliKAl. V. S. ('.[{ANTS 
 
 eral aiul sincere regret. Those of the gray v.lio hail foiiglit ngainsl 
 him are earnest in their sorrow thai a gallant soldier liad gone to liis 
 long resting place. 
 
 SAVANNAH, G,\. 
 
 The Moriniii;- Mcirs : The news of Gen. Grant's death will be read 
 with protbund sorrow in this counhj, and with deep regret through- 
 out the civilized world. Gen. Grant was ,i great soldier. Even it 
 historv should not give him tlie first place among the soldiers of tlie 
 Civil War, it wilf rank him with the great soldiers of the world. 
 Gen. Grant achieved nothing in civil life that added to his fame. His 
 two terms as President were not distinguished for anything that indi- 
 cateJ that he possessed the qualities ol' a statesman. His intentions 
 appealed alwavs to have been good, and, il' faults were committed by 
 tliose for whose conduct lie was indirectly responsible, he did not 
 attempt to avoid resj')onsibiiit>'. IlesulVered for liie faidts of others 
 in silence. There are those who were against him in tlie War to 
 whom lie reached out a helping hand when the War was over, and 
 when thev sadly needed help. He was popular with the sokliers, 
 because he knew how to appreciate soldierly qualities. His magna- 
 niiiiit>' at the Appomattox surreiuler showed tli.it he was as generous 
 as he was hra\'e. 
 
 BIOlilLE, ALA. 
 
 T/ie Jiegi-'i/fr: He is gone. The grave closes over a brave soldier, 
 a man whose impulses, had they been properly directed, would have 
 made him tlie foremost man of his times. The South unites with the 
 North in paying tribute to his memory. He sax'ctl the ihiioii. For 
 this triumph — and time has shown it to be a triumph for the South as 
 well as the North — he is entitled to and will receive the grateful trib- 
 ute of the millions who in the course of time will crowd this conti- 
 nent witli a hundred imperial States and spread to the world the bless- 
 ings of republican freedom, 
 
 UlCII^UlNl), VA. 
 
 T/ie Dlsl'iilcli : In our opinion, not only is his " One of the few iin- 
 mortal names that were not born to die," but bis is one of the still 
 fewer names that are entitled to immortality upon eiuth. He is not 
 only one of the immortals, but he is one of them by right. He was an 
 Agamemnon — a " King of Men." 
 
 The Stale: But the people of this reunited country — the people ol 
 the Southern no less than of the Northern Slates — are in no mood at 
 this hour for the critical analysis of the man who has fallen. Tliey 
 stand around his bier as lliev stood in silent sorrow liv the stricken 
 body of the departed Garfield— all thought of war, all thought of party 
 buried, even as will be he who is so soon to be laid in the arms of 
 Mother Earth. The gi catest General of the Union army is dead. The 
 people of the Uniteil Slates respect bis memory. 
 
 LOUISVU-LF., ICY. 
 
 The livciiina Times: lie was .1 fail hful, unliiing, almost pitiless 
 
>i^ \y>. uit'' ■'--.:■ ' '* 
 
 ' LIFE AND SERVICES. 709 
 
 soldier while an armed enemj' remained to menace the perpetuity of 
 the Government. When that enemy laid down his arms the warm 
 heart beneath tlie soldier's exterior beat responsive to the toucli of 
 nature that maizes the world aliin, and when, in the name of lire great 
 Government whicli he represented, lie said "Go in peace " to tlie sol- 
 diers of the South, he built in their hearts a monument wliich death 
 alone can destroy- 
 
 The Evening Post: This is not the time for passing upon the mili- 
 tary qualities and achievements of the foreinost Union General of the 
 War. All criticisms are silenced in the presence of the emaciated 
 corpse of a man who so recently coinmanded 1,000,000 of soldiers. It 
 seems but yesterday when he passed in review the battle-scarred 
 legions upon their return from the conquest of tire South. Whatever 
 may be his inerits or deinerits, both as a soldier and statesman, history 
 and posterity mr.st determine. It is sufficient now merely to 
 announce that the most distinguished citizen of America has passed 
 awav to his long home and his last sleep. 
 
 The Commercial : The greatest soldier since the daj' of Napoleon is 
 dead. A nation weeps and the whole civilized world regrets that 
 Ulysses S. Grant is dead at MacGregor. 
 
 The Courier-Journal had a lengthy and beautiful editorial from 
 the pen of Mr. Watterson, in which the dead General is spoken of as 
 a great soldier and a great President 
 
 CHARLESTON, S. C. 
 
 i I The News and Courier: It was as General of the armies of the 
 
 United States that Gen. Grant was held in most joyous and honorable 
 remembrance by the North, and by the act of the North and South 
 alike he died as General of the armies of the United States. The 
 North had no tliought save of the man of Appomattox, and the South 
 had no tliought save of him who told thi worn and ragged Confeder- 
 ate soldiers of Lee's army that they must take their horses home with 
 them, as they would need them for the spring sowing. There is 
 peace throughout the land — peace in the North and peace in the South. 
 The country- is one again in heart, and thought, and hope. The great 
 soldier who laid In blood the foundation of this second and more 
 enduring union is now at his rest. " Let us have peace," he said years 
 ngo, and peace his people have in their hearts and minds. In this 
 time of peace there is naught but regard and regret for him for whom 
 strife and disquiet are no more. 
 
 OTHER CITIES. 
 
 The Indianapolis News: Grant was not for an age, but for all time 
 —a sturdy character, peerless in its strength; a siinple character, 
 modest in every station, pure in every personal expression, the incar- 
 nation of bravery in every attribute, "with firmness in the right as 
 God gave him to'see the right"; America's greatest soldier, one of the 
 three of her greatest men to whom it was given to play leading parts 
 in lier life — Washington, Lincoln, Grant. 
 
 '--\::^ . 
 
yiO GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 The Indianapolis Journal: After the conflicts of life, Ulysses S. 
 Grant sleeps with the heroes of the ages gone. "There were heroes 
 before Agamemnon," so there will be heroes after Grant; but in his 
 day and generation he had no equal. Stern in war, demanding every- 
 thing that -was necessary to preserve the honor and dignity of his 
 country, yet his magnanimity to the conquered surpassed even his 
 valor in the field. His sole aim was the honor, the glory and the per- 
 petuity of his country. 
 
 The Minneapolis Tribune: The death of Gen. Grant has come in 
 the course of nature and in the fullness of time. His work as a pub- 
 lic man was accomplished. The stately epic of his life was rounded 
 out and finished. His life was spared until his career had worked 
 itself out as a historical whole with an artistic unity. 
 
 The Minneapolis Evening Journal: His death, even in the fullness 
 of time and perfect achievements of a noble character, is the world's 
 regret and the Nation's sorrow. The Nation's history \\\\\ preserve 
 him to the future. The Nation's tears testify to the affectionate re- 
 gard in which he was held in his own time. 
 
 The St. Paul Pioneer-Press says : Few are the biographies that will 
 suffer as little from addition or expurgation at the hands of history as 
 his whom now the Nation mourns. In the fierce trials of life and 
 death, in the stern battles with foes, mortal or invincible, by which his 
 life was rounded, the people of America learned to pass a just verdict 
 upon one whom they had chosen for their hero, and posterity will 
 not learn to set it aside. It is a< the saviour of his country that he will 
 be known to the unborn generations who will study dispassionately 
 the history of the great civil strife. 
 
 The Detroit Post^ in a long review, s.iid: He loved his friends; 
 he revered his country ; he clung to his choice through good and evil 
 report with all the tenacity of the single-minded, and in his choosing 
 he rarely erred. Ask history of its truth and let Sherman and Sheri- 
 dan, Thomas and McPherson testify. Envy might point at mistakes 
 and tell-tale tongues might tattle of faults to prove the man was 
 human. If all else be blotted from the tablets of memory, let this be 
 ever retained — let this be clung to even to the last; that the arm of 
 Grant was never lifted against the right, for his soul abhorred the 
 wrong. 
 
 The Topeka (Kan.) Daily Common'diealth : Called by the breaking 
 out of the Civil War from comparative obscurity, the life of Gen. 
 Grant thereafter reads as a romance more eventiful and wonderful 
 than was ever evolved from the brain of a Sue or a Dumas, while his 
 fame and conspicuous services are imperishably stamped on the his- 
 tory of his country for all coining time, and will be spoken by a grate- 
 ful posterity as long as the English language shall endure. 
 
 The Topeka (Kan.) Daily Journal: Gen. Grant in his death leaves 
 voluminous material for the historian, for no man of this century has 
 taken a more extensive or prominent part in public affairs. He was 
 an eminent citizen of not only his own country, that had honored him 
 as no other citizen or soldier had ever been honored since Washing- 
 ton, but he was offered the enviable honor of sovereign recognition 
 
LIFE AND StRVICES. 
 
 711 
 
 by all nations of the world. As a civilian he will be classed among 
 the most profound and patriotic; his will be the one great '-silent 
 statesman and soldier " who listened to the plans of all with honesty 
 of purpose and wisdom, successfully' marked out the course he thought 
 best, often differing from his counselors. 
 
 The Des Moines (la.) Regiiter: The Nation has had anew insight 
 into Gen Grant's character as it has witnessed its revealment through 
 the shadows of its closing career. The brave and manly way in 
 which he took up the burdens which the faults of others had placed 
 upon him, the unmurmuring submission with which he has suffered 
 pains of a protracted dissolution, the kindness of spirit he has mani- 
 fested to all mankind, have touched very deeply the hearts of his 
 countrymen, and called forth their tenderest love and respect. His 
 death at this time is crowned not alone with the honor which the world 
 always pays to true greatness, but with the appreciative affection 
 which it I'eserves for true nobility. 
 
 The Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin: His was a finished life. The 
 work for his fellow men to which he gave himself had been fulfilled. 
 As soldier and civilian he accomplished results more magnificent than 
 those achieved by any other man who has lived in any age. 
 
 The M Iwaukee Journal: The news will not cause shock or sorrow, 
 as did that of Lincoln or Garfield. Grant was not a man to i"each the 
 hearts of the people. He lived to secure rewards of a Nation's grati- 
 tude for his services. 
 
 The Milwaukee Sentinel: He has gone where the trustful Lincoln 
 abides — gone to join the many dead who fell as they followed his flag, 
 leaving a poor handful of gray-haired and weary men to talk over 
 the days when they fought with Grant. 
 
 FOREIGN. 
 
 The London (Eng.) Times: "With all his faults. Gen. Grant 
 loomed larger in the people's eye than any of his rivals or contempo- 
 raries. If his nature was of metal or far more mixed alloy than that 
 of the founder of the Republic, as even his warmest admirers must 
 admit, it may be fairly pleaded that he was in this only the creature of 
 his time. If his faults were those of his age and country, the military 
 qualities on which the fortunes of his country at the critical moment 
 depended, were his own." 
 
 The London Daily Telegrafh devoted two columns to a review of 
 Gen. Grant's military career, and editorially said he was the greatest 
 leader whom the United States had produced. 
 
 The London Daily Nevjs: "There have been few braver men than 
 Grant. England will sincerely regret his death. It is as a soUlier 
 that he will be remembered. His name will ever be associated with 
 the great and righteous struggle of which Lincoln was the brain and 
 heart and Grant the arm and weapon." 
 
 City of Mexico, July 23. — The news of Gen. Grant's death was 
 received here by the press in advance of the official notification to the 
 American Legation. On all sides much sympathy is expressed for 
 the American people in their great loss. Mexicans feel that the illus- 
 
yia (iKNEKAL U. S. CK ANT'S 
 
 trious soldier and statesman was their greatest friend in the United 
 States, and they mourn iiis death as that o£ a distinguished friend and 
 patriot who could look bfyond the boundaries of his country and 
 sympathize with a neighboring; p-ople. Tlie Government will take 
 appropriate action to sliow its syjnpathy for the American people. 
 
 As soon as it: wiis known that Gon. Grant was dead, sev- 
 eral cities tendered public ground for a Ijuriai place, a strenu- 
 ous effort being made to secure a decision in favor of National 
 ground at West Point or Washington. For various reasons 
 the members of the deceased's family decided to accept the 
 proffer of the Mayor and City Council of New York, and 
 Central Park was chosen, but subsequently Riverside Park, 
 New York City, was decided upon. It was an evidence of 
 Gen. Grant's domestic fidelity that he provided that Mrs, 
 Grant should be allowed a sepulchre by his side; in accepting 
 a burial place for Gen. Grant stipulation was made for Mrs. 
 Grant's interment at her demise by his side. 
 
 Outside of New York much dlssatisfiiction and regret 
 was expressed tliat New York should iiave been chosen as 
 a luuial place. This feeling was particularly strong at 
 Washington, yet it should be conceded that neither the 
 government nor the people had the right, nor should they 
 affect the presumption to dictate to Mrs. Gi ant or her fam- 
 ily where the body of her illustrious husband should repose. 
 The coinitry has his fame ; it glories in his record ; it is 
 rich and great in the legacy of the restored Union which he 
 left ; it will build his monuments and memorials, but it 
 could not, without offense, intrude upon the privacy of his 
 darkened household to divest its mourners of a privilege 
 which is theirs by all the most sacred and inviolable of all 
 titles. 
 
 Riverside Park is a narrow, irregular strip of land lying 
 between Riverside avenue and the Hudson River from 73d 
 street north to 130th street. The average width from east 
 
 ,/ / 
 
!''m life and services. 713 
 
 to west is about five hundred feet, while the entire length 
 is nearly three miles. Tlie area is about one hundred and 
 seventy-eight acres, part of which has been laid out in 
 walks by the department of public works, while other 
 parts still await the landscape-gardener's touch. The 
 ground is considerably above the level of the Hudson River, 
 The views from the drive are striking and picturesque, giv- 
 ing glimpses of the undulating, tree-covered park, stretches 
 of the Hudson River and the Weehawkeu,hills opposite. It 
 is believed that the vicinity of Riverside Park will in time be- 
 come the pre-eminently aristocratic part of New York. 
 
 The point selected for the temporary and permanent 
 tomb is at nearly the extreme northwest corner. The tem- 
 porarj^ vault faces the Hudson, and is situated about forty 
 feet from the main drive. It is constructed of Philadelphia 
 pressed brick in red and black, and faced with blue stone 
 trimmings; the walls are twenty inches in thickness. 
 
 When General Grant's family accepted Pi'esident Cleve- 
 land's offer of a National military funeral, Gen. Hancock, 
 being in command at New York, was designated by the 
 President to take charge of the body at Mount MacGregor, 
 and had full charge and direction of its removal to New 
 York, and of tlie ceremonies in that city. The smoothness 
 and perfectness with which all the arrangements were car- 
 ried out, shews the wisdom of his appointment, and reflects 
 great credit upon him and his ability in organizing large 
 bodies into an orderly and compact body. President Cleve- 
 land also named the pall bearers who acted at the final 
 obsequies. 
 
 Within twentv minutes after the death of General Grant 
 the sculptor, Karl Gerhardt, of Hartford, who had been 
 making a study of the General, was summoned to the cot- 
 
714 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 tage, and was highly successful in making a plaster mask 
 of the dead hero's face. 
 
 The embalming of the body was satisfactorily accom- 
 plished on the following day, the cheeks and face by tiie 
 process made use of, were made to assume a natural full- 
 ness, the deeper furrows and lines filling out, and the ex- 
 pression of the face was one of peace and rest. 
 
 On the following Monday the remains were placed in a 
 casket, and the near friends were permitted to view them. 
 The casket was of polished oak lined with copper, and- 
 covered with dark purple velvet ; a solid silver bar ex- 
 tended the entire length on either side, and solid silver 
 handles decorated either end ; the lid opened the full 
 length, and was ornamented with solid silver handles and 
 a heavy plate of solid gold, on which was engraved the 
 name, " U. S. Grant." 
 
 *^ The coffin was lined with cream-colored satin in tufts, 
 and contained a pillow of some white material. A canopy 
 was erected about the cotRn. It was eight feet in height, 
 and the entire covering and draping were of black broad- 
 cloth and satin damask. The heavy curtains on either 
 side were trimmed with chenille fringe, and looped back 
 by dark silk cords and tassels. The panels were of black 
 broadcloth, ornamented with corded moulding, and the 
 corner parts were richly carved mahogany. The Stars 
 anil Stripes were draped with a slight outward incline from 
 the base of the coffin to the floor. Before burial this coffin 
 was placed in an air-tight cedar box lined with lead, and 
 this in turn was sealed up and riveted within an oval steel 
 case. It is estimated that, with the assistance of the em- 
 balming fluid, the body will thus remain intact for years 
 to come. 
 
 On Momhiy night, Aug. 3, the family, in a group and 
 
K-f^:' 
 
LIFK AND SKKVICES. 'Jl'J 
 
 alone, took their tinal farewell of the remains of the dead 
 soldier, and the following day surrendered his body to the 
 Nation. 
 
 Impressive public ceremonies were held at the cottage 
 on the morning of Aug. 4. At eight o'clock the doors 
 of the cottage were thrown open, and from that hour un- 
 til ten o'clock, the time appointed for the commencement 
 of the funeral services, a steady throng of people passed by 
 the casket and took a last look at the face of him 
 whom the\' loved so Avell. The visitors were made up 
 from the surrounding country — many of whom had driven 
 miles in vehicles of all sorts to pay tribute to the heroic 
 dead. 
 
 At 9:30 a train of two cars brought General Hancock 
 and a large number of distinguished visitors. Two com- 
 panies of United vStates regulars -were drawn up to receive 
 them. They proceeded to the cottage in the following 
 order: General Hancock and Colonel Jones; Admiral 
 Rowan and General Sherman; Senator Evarts and Gen- 
 eral Rufus Ingalls; Senator Miller and J. VV. Drexel; 
 General Hancock's staff; Miss Drexel, her aunt and cousin, 
 dressed in deep mourning. On the same train came the 
 Loyal Legion, under Past Assistant Paymaster Gilbert 
 A. Robinson, Brevet Brigadier General Charles A. Carle- 
 ton, Paymaster George De Forest Barton, Brevet Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Floyd Clarkson, Brevet Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel August M. Clark and Captain Edmund Blunt. 
 
 The funeral services from the cottage were witnessed 
 by fully one thousand persons. The services were most 
 impressive. The piazza was filled with clergymen and 
 favored friends of the deceased, and the large audience was 
 hushed as if the angel of death were in reality passing by. 
 The exercises were begun by a Scripture reading of the 
 
yi8 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Ninth Psalm, by Rev. Dr. Agnew, of Philadelphia, after 
 which Bishop Harris oflfered an eloquent prayer. The 
 hymn « My Faith Looks up to Thee " preceded the funeral 
 discourse by the Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman. Dr. Newman 
 began his remarks at 10:30 a. m., and occupied one hour 
 and twenty-three mmutes in his delivery. Speaking from 
 manuscript he took for his text the words from St. Mat- 
 thew, chapter xxv. and verse 21. Owing to the great 
 length of this discourse, space forbids giving it in its en- 
 tirety. After reviewing General Grant's career and eulo- 
 gizing his character as a soldier, a statesman, a private citi- 
 zen, a dutiful son, a loving husband, and a tender, sympa- 
 thizing father, he closed his sermon as follows: 
 
 Who does not regret the death of such a man? Heaven may be 
 richer, but earth is poorer. On one of those delusive April days 
 when hope revived in all our hearts, I said to him: " You are a man 
 of Providence; God made you the instrument to save our Nation, 
 and He may have a great spiritual mission to accomplish by you, and 
 mav raise you up." In the most solemn and impressive manner, with 
 a mind clear and a voice distinct, he replied: " I do not wish to pro- 
 claim it; but should He spare my life it is my inteniion and resolve 
 to throw ail my influence by my example in that direction." 
 
 He is gone, but shall 'death defeat a purpose so beneficent.' Is he 
 not mightier in his death than in his life.' What home has not felt 
 the sympathetic chord touched b^- the invisible hand of his terrible but 
 patient suffering.' How the embers of sectional strife have died out 
 on the hearthstone of the Nation ! How political animosities have 
 skulked away in shame from the peaceful spirit of his last moments.' 
 How sectarian prejudice shrank into oblivion when around his couch 
 all bowed in praj'er before a universal Saviour! How the young men 
 of the republic realized that life is worth living when they felt the 
 touch of his great soul! How the little children of the Nation united 
 his name with that of father and mother in their purer prayers, and 
 opened the tablets of their young memories to receive the image of 
 his life and character! And wherever he had touched the circuit of 
 the earth, there came from Japan, China and India, from the temples 
 of Jerusiilem and the Pyramids of Egypt, from Attic plains and an- 
 
LIFE AND SER\-ICES. 719 
 
 cient Troy, from the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn, from the 
 Danube and the Rhine, from the Seine and the Thames, the voice of 
 love that made all men akin. O who would not even dare to die to 
 do so much for mankind? And this was his consolatioi\. When 
 near his end he sought to cheer that precious woman who loved him 
 as her life: "You ought to feel happy under any circumstances. My 
 expected death called forth expressions of sincerest kindness from all 
 the people, of all sections of the country. The Confederate soldier 
 vied with the Union soldier in sounding my praise. The Protestant, 
 the Catholic and the Jcav appointed days for universal prayer in my 
 behalf All societies passed resolutions of sympathy for me and 
 petitions that I might recover. It looked as if my sickness had had 
 something to do to bring about harmony between the sections. The 
 attention of the public has been called to your children, and they 
 have been found to pass muster. Apparently I have accomplished 
 more while apparently dying than it falls to the lot of most men to be 
 able to do." O ! " Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my 
 last end be like his! " 
 
 And where in all the annals of the church shall we find a dying 
 hour so full of divine repose.' His calm faith in a future state was 
 undisturbed by anxious doubt. His suft'ering and wasted body was 
 but the casket for the resplendent jewel of his soul, and when death 
 ruthlessly broke that precious casket an angel carried the jewel to the 
 skies to laj- it at the Saviour's feet. In the early light of April 1, 
 when all thought the end was come, the sufferer said to me : " Doc- 
 tor, I am going.'' 
 
 " I hope the prospect of the future is clear and bright," was my re- 
 sponse; and the answer came: "Yes; oh, yes!" Then followed a 
 scene of infinite tenderness. The honored wife, the precious daugh- 
 ter the devoted sons and their wives, each in turn approached and he 
 tenderly kissed them. " Do you know me, darling.? " was the loving 
 wife's inquiry, and he whispered back: " Ce? tainly I do, and bless you 
 all in my heart." Such love melted the marble heart of Death, and 
 the " King of Terrors " fled affrighted. The sufferer revived. Heaven 
 added months to a life so dear to us all. When he had recovered 
 sufficiently, I asked him : " What was the supreme thought on your 
 mind when eternity seemed so near.'"' 
 
 " The comfort of the consciousness that I had tried to live a good 
 and honorable life," was the response which revealed the hidden life 
 of his soul. Again the angel of death cast his shadow over the one 
 
X-,;. 
 
 720 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 a Nation loved. Amid the gathering gloom, I said: " You may have 
 many awaiting you on the other side." 
 
 " I wish they wouJd come and not linger long," was the answer oi 
 his Christian faith and hope. They came at last. They came to 
 greet him with the kiss of immortality. They came to escort the 
 conqueror over the "last enemy" to a coronation never seen on 
 thrones of earthlv power and glory. Who came.'' His martyred 
 friend, Lincoln.' His companion in arms, McPlrerson.? His faithful 
 Chief of Staff, Rawlins.' His great predecessor in camp and cabinet, 
 Washington.' And did not all who had died for Liberty come.' O! 
 calm, brave, lieroic soul, sing thou the song of Christian triumph: 
 "O, death, where is thy sting, O, grave, where is thy victory ? Thanks 
 be to God, which giveth us the victory, through Jesus Christ, our 
 Lord." 
 
 And that victory was at hand. From his view on Monday at the 
 eastern outlook he was to ascend to behold a grander vision. Tues- 
 day came and went. Night drew on apace, and death seemed immi- 
 nent. Around his chair we knelt in prayer for some divine manifes- 
 tation of comfort. Our prayer was heard. The sufferer revived. 
 Again he wrote messages of love and wisdom. The night wore 
 away. Wednesday dawned on hill and dale. Hope revived. His in- 
 tellect was clear, and his consciousness was supreme. Again he wrote, 
 and again he whispered the wishes of his heart. As came the even- 
 tide, so came his last night. From out of that chair wherein he had 
 sat and suffered, and wrote and prayed, tenderly he was carried to 
 that couch from which he was never to rise. Around him we gath- 
 ered and bowed in prayer to commend his departing spirit to the love 
 and mercy of Him who gave it. He answered in monosyllables to 
 questions for his comfort. The brain was the last to die. All were 
 watchers on that memorable night. Recognitions were exchanged. 
 A peaceful death and consciousness to the last breath were granted 
 unto him. The last night had passed. 
 
 'Tis morning. The stars have melted into the coming light. The 
 rosy fingered morn lifts the drapery of the night. The distant moun- 
 tains stand forth aglow. The soft, pure light of early dawn covers 
 earth and sky. The dewdrops sparkle on the grass and in the daisy's 
 cup. The birds from their sylvan coverts carol the melociy of a 
 thousand songs. The world rejoices, and its many minstrels challenge 
 the harpers of the sky. In an humble cottage, prone upon his couch, 
 lies "our old commander." He is dying! 
 
i.iKK \\i) sEin'iCKS. 721 
 
 'Tis morning, and in the liglit of that day thousands of earnest 
 faces flash \Yith renewed concern. From many a shaded lane 
 and mountain slope, from many a farmhouse and splendid man- 
 sion, eager eyes look toward the mount of suffering and breathe a 
 prayer to God for the one we loved, Alas! he is dead. 
 
 'Tis morning. It is the promise of a brighter day. The trumpeters 
 of the skies are sounding the reveille. Their notes have reached 
 the earth. Their notes liave reached our General's ear. He has gone 
 to join the triumphant host. 'Tis morning in Heaven! 
 
 The services were closed with the hymn, "Nearer My 
 God to Thee." The music was in charge of Chorister 
 Camp, of Brooklyn. The benediction was pronounced by 
 Bishop Harris. 
 
 Shortly before i o'clock the body was brought out by the 
 main entrance of the cottage, being borne down the steps 
 by thirteen veterans, members of U. S. Grant Post 337, 
 Brooklyn, and was preceded by a detachment of soldiers 
 and two buglers plaj'ing the " Dead March in Saul." Gen. 
 Sherman and Col. Fred. Grant and Jesse and Ulysses 
 Grant walked two by two in advance. Then came Gen. 
 Frederick Dent, a brother of Mrs. Grant, and Dr. Sharpe, 
 brother-in-law of Mrs. Grant; Gen. J. A.J. Cresswell and 
 the Mexican Minister, Senor Romero; a detachment of 
 artillery with arms reversed, marching as infantry; Gen. 
 Hancock and staff; Senators Evarts and Miller ; Gen. Horace 
 Porter, Thomas Ochiltree of Texas; Dr. Douglass, Gen. 
 Rufus Ingalls, Admiral Rowan, and many friends of the 
 General. 
 
 The military were drawn up and a salute was paid the 
 remains as they passed to the depot, and the throng stood 
 with uncovered heads while the casket was borne to the 
 car. The inountain train waited at the little rustic depot. 
 The transfer from the cottage to the train was completed 
 
■■^■py-j^''-/- j^v 
 
 722 
 
 GEXERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 without difficulty. Among those representing the military 
 were the following: 
 
 Gen. W. S. Hancock, Gen. William T. Sherman, Gen. 
 Rufus Ingalls, Gen. H. A. Perry, Col. Sutherland, Col. 
 John P. Nicholson, Lieut.-Col. Finley Anderson, Capt. G. 
 S. L. Ward, Capt. John H. Weeks, and Lieut. Eugene 
 Griffin. The guard of honor, U. S. Grant Post, Brooklyn, 
 consisted of Col. William H. Barker, Maj. B. R. Corwin, 
 Dr. George W. Brus, Reese B. Gwillim, J. P. Howalt, 
 Commander John H. Johnson, Henry W. Knight, R. S. 
 Mackellar, WiUiam McDonald, William J. McKelvey, 
 George J. Collins, Noah Tibbitts, George B. Squires, and 
 six men of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 The general mourners were represented by William M. 
 Evarts, Admual Rowan, Warner Miller, Joseph W. 
 Drexel, Potter Palmer, Gen. J. A.J. Cresswell, and others. 
 
 At I o'clock the order to start was given, the bluffs and 
 ridges on each side of the track were densely thronged 
 with people, standing with uncovered heads, in hushed 
 sadness, disturbed only as the heavy half-minute guns from 
 the bluff above thundered forth their sad farewell. The de- 
 scent to Saratoga was safely accomplished; on approaching 
 the town the train was saluted with half-minute guns by a 
 battery from the 4th U. S. Artiller}'. 
 
 At 1 :5o p. M. the train came to a full halt alongside of 
 the train which was to convey the remains and party to 
 Albany, a transfer being necessarj' from the narrow gauge 
 road that leads to Mount MacGregor. Thousands of per- 
 sons had assembled at this point and stood in respectful 
 silence with uncovered heads; the buglers playing a dirge 
 while the precious casket was removed from one car to the 
 other. 
 
 The car " Woodlawn" was used as a funeral car; the 
 
I.IFK AND SERVICES. 723 
 
 entire train ot nine cars was beautifully draped; no wood- 
 work except the sashes of the windows was visible. The 
 engine-tender was draped with pleated black, radiating from 
 a rosette center. The sides of the cab were covered in like 
 manner. Black cloth was draped from the boiler-rails 
 and the front was tixed with taste. The funeral car 
 "Woodlawn" was placed in the panels and centers, and 
 the National flag was festooned gracefull}', but so that 
 there was no fluttering. The other cars were not so elab- 
 orately finished, but all were draped with good taste. 
 
 The nine cars were occupied as follows: The funeral 
 car was occupied b}' the Brooklvn Guard of Honor and si x 
 men of the " Loyal Legion," with a detachment of regu- 
 lars and two men of Wheeler Post G. A.R.; car No. 2, by 
 the clergy and Dr. Douglass; third, the sons and notable 
 mourners; fourth, General Hancock and his staff; fifth, 
 Governor Hill and staff; sixth, the Press; seventh and 
 eighth, the military escort; ninth, baggage. 
 
 The scene at Saratoga was most impressive and never 
 to be forgotten by those who witnessed it. The village 
 church-bells and the fire alarm tolled forth their deep- 
 mouthed tones, the cannons on the hillsides thundered 
 forth the sounds familiar to the great chieftain in his prime. 
 
 At every street-crossing, cross-roads, and village through 
 which the train passed, the resident population turned out 
 en masse to witness the passage of the funeral train. At 
 3 :40 the train reached Albany, where the casket was trans- 
 ferred from the train to the funeral car by the members of 
 the U. S. Grant Post, and the line of march was taken up 
 to the State Capitol. 
 
 At the head of the column came Gen. Hancock on a 
 black charger, accompanied by his staff. The Chief !Mar- 
 shal of the day, Maj.-Gen. Farnsworth, followed with his 
 
724 
 
 GKNEliAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 Staff. In the first division, headed by Maj. -Gen. Joseph B. 
 Carr and staff, were about 1,500 members of the State 
 National Guard. Next came tiie funeral car, drawn by six 
 black horses. 
 
 The car comprised a platform set on a heavy truck and 
 covered with black cloth. Upon this was a dais covered 
 with flags, upon which the casket rested. Falling down 
 the sides from the platform to within two or three inches 
 of the ground was heavy material pleated over and relieved 
 by full festoons of black cloth. The uprights supported a 
 dome of pyramidal form sin-mounted by a ball. Across 
 the eaves was a series of festoons with tassels in between. 
 The uprights were draped with flags caught up gracefully 
 about a third the distance above the platform. The car 
 was flanked by Company E, Twelfth United States In- 
 fantry, Lieut. Withcrspoon, and a delegation of U. S. 
 Grant Post, as a guard of honor, and following it came the 
 pall-bearers and friends of the deceased in carriages. The 
 first carriage bore Dr. Douglass, the Rev. Dr. Newman 
 and Dr. Shrady. With Gov. Hill were Gen. W. T. .Sherman 
 and (Jen, D. D. Wylie of the Governor's staff. The State 
 officers, members of the Legislature, city officers, and Com- 
 mon Council occupied succeeding carriages. None of the 
 Grant family was in the procession. The sons and male 
 relatives of the General went to the Executive Mansion, 
 where they were the guests of the Governor. 
 
 The Second Division attracted much interest, being large- 
 ly composed of men who fought under the illustrious Gen- 
 eral, both in the Southwest and in Virginia. Gen. James 
 M. Warner, a gallant veteran, was in command of the divi- 
 sion, which contained 2,000 or 3,000 men. 
 
 The Third Division had 1,500 men, of whom 500 were 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 725 
 
 furnished by the Grant Club and 250 by the German sing- 
 ing societies of Albany. 
 
 When the head of the procession reached the Capitol the 
 military drew up in line on the south side of State street 
 and presented arms as the funeral car passed. The regulars 
 entering the Capitol, took possession of the vestibule and 
 cleared the space around the catafalque. The remains, 
 after a few preparations at the hands of the undertakers, 
 were placed in the catafalque. An inspection of the body 
 showed that the embalming process had been completely 
 successful, no traces of decomposition being noticeable. 
 
 The catafalque, under which on a dais covered with flags 
 thejiandsome purple and plate glass casket rested, was a 
 model of elegance, simplicity and good taste. It was per- 
 fectly square, and as high as the low ceiling would permit. 
 Two narrow strips of roval purple silk ribbons around the 
 top relieved, and at the same time set off the somberness of 
 the black, and the roof was upholstered on the under side 
 with a delicate lavender colored satin. 
 
 The procession in the order of its formation fileil through 
 the Capitol and then at 5 p. m. the doors were thrown open 
 to the public. During the afternoon and the entire night 
 dense crowds passed rapidly through the building, being 
 permitted to walk two abreast on each side of the -casket 
 and by 10:30 a.- m. of the following morning, at which 
 time the doors were closed, over 77,000 people had viewed 
 the remains, and thousands more were shut off. 
 
 At 1 1 : 30 the guard of honor, with their precious bur- 
 den, placed the casket again within the funeral car, prepar- 
 atory to its transfer to New York City — the line of march 
 was taken up amid the dull boom of cannon and the tolling 
 and chiming of the church bells of the city — all along the 
 line of march to the depot, the procession was viewed by 
 
7 
 
 -6 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 a dense throng. The remains were placed in the car 
 " Woodlawn," the entire train being composed of the same 
 cars that brought the remains from Saratoga — with two 
 cars added, occupied by the New York Committee of one 
 iiundred. At every station, village and town there were 
 tolvcns of mourning, and seemingly the entire resident pop- 
 ulation had turned out to show their respect to the nation's 
 dead, as the train hurriedly passed by. At precisely 5. P. 
 M., on schedule time, the memorable and impressive train 
 arrived at the Grand Central Depot. General Grant's last 
 journey had ended, and from the start at Saratoga there 
 had been no clang of bell or sound of whistle from the 
 engine, so perfectly had all of the arrangements been carried 
 out. 
 
 Without unnecessary delay the casket was transferred 
 from the train to the catafalque, which was drawn by 
 twelve black horses, each led by a colored groom. When 
 all vv'as in readiness, solemnly and slowly the long col- 
 umn rolled down Fourth avenue, under escort of the va- 
 rious regiments composing the National Guard of New 
 York ; a file of mounted police officers heading the ad- 
 vancing column. After them, mounted on a black horse, 
 came General Hancock and staff. Next came a battery of 
 light artillery, preceded by the Fort Hamilton band. Fol- 
 lowing these were four companies of U. S. Regulars. The 
 next following were two companies of armed marines and 
 two companies of men-of-wars men preceded by Rear Ad- 
 miral Jouett and his staff. Then followed General Shaler, 
 a battery of artillery, Gilmore's band, and four companies 
 of the National Guard. After the soldiers came an open 
 carriage in which sat Rev. Dr. Newman and Dr. Doug- 
 lass — then the funeral car, behind which marched Under- 
 taker Merritt, followed by carriages containing members 
 
-4^ 
 
 1 '- 
 
 LIFE AND SERVICES. ^2^ 
 
 of the dead General's family, Governor Hill and his staff, 
 Mayor Grace and officers of the municipnl government, 
 the members of the Committee of One Hundred, and 
 delegations from the Senate and Assembly of the States 
 following which was the Second Brigade of the National 
 Guard, composed t)f four regiments. 
 
 All along the line of march every inch of available 
 space was thronged with people, from the housetops to the 
 curbstones, as the catafalque approached. Men uncovered 
 and bowed their heads, the women looked straight in front 
 of them, awesome, and deeply impressed. The regiments 
 marched to slow music, and with reversed arms. On 
 Broadway all business houses were closed, but every win- 
 dow held spectators. 
 
 Arrived at the City Hall where were assembled many 
 thousands of people, the casket was removed from the 
 funeral car by the Guard of Honor, into the vestibule, where 
 it was placed upon a catafalque. The vestibule had been 
 heavily draped, from whicli depended two large electric 
 lights, giving the phice the appearance of a massive and 
 elaborately wrought sepulchre. Looking clown upon the 
 catafalque from a black pedestal standing on the central 
 stairway, which w^as completely hidden in folds of black, 
 was the first bronze bust taken from the plaster cast of the 
 hero made by Rupert Schmid, of Munich, last April. Be- 
 neath the bust on the right was a laurel wreath and sword, 
 in the center an eagle, and on the right a spear. The in- 
 scription was written in the plaster cast by General Grant 
 himself, and reads: 
 
 " Article of capitulation — Unconditional surrender. 
 • "U. S. Grant." 
 
IJ28 GENERAL U. S. GRAXT's 
 
 At the foot of the casket stood a bronze medallion of the 
 dead General's head, framed in black and purple. 
 
 At 9 o'clock p. M. the gates were opened to allow the 
 public to view the face of the dead; from this hour until 
 I o'clock A. M. two great streams of people poured into the 
 hall; orderly, well-behaved and sorrowful men, women and 
 children of all ranks, each onebeliay^ng in some way 
 
 ,> ) 
 
 hv 
 
 look or an action, their sorrow at the death of the great 
 soldier. The police arrangements were perfect, and at no 
 time did a hitch occur to mar the peaceful quietness of the 
 scene. At 6 o'clock A. m. on the following day the gates 
 were again opened, and the vast multitude, many of whom 
 had waiteil for several hours, hurriedly viewed the remains 
 of the hero of Vicksburg and Appomattox. Over three 
 hundred thousand people passed through the vestibule of 
 the City Hall, while the body lay in state. 
 
 On Saturday, Aug. S, the last sad rites were paid to 
 the dead hero. A description of this grand funeral pageant 
 and the closing scenes are graphically given in the Asso- 
 ciated Press dispatches of that day. 
 
 At S o'clock, upon the very stroke of the hour, the head of the mili- 
 tarv column that liad been forining for hours arrived at the postoffice. 
 On the park siJe of Printing House Square and on the park side of 
 Broadway the people were like a slowly-moving stream in intensely 
 cold weathei-, and the tendency to stagnate and then stop altogether, 
 was constant. Suddenly, in the midst of the most strenuous efforts 
 of the police to induce the crowd to keep moving, there was a cry of 
 "Here's Hancock!" and all motion and movement in the crowd 
 ceased at once. A half battery of the Fifth Regiment, with four guns 
 and selected men, arrived at the postoffice, and formed lines on each 
 side, leaving spa e for therapidly arriving troops. At twenty minutes 
 past S o'clock Gen. Hancock and his staff arrived at the Batterv. He 
 rode rapidly up to the city hall. At ten minutes to 9 o'clock the 
 members of the Liederkranz Society, accompanied by a selected band 
 of trombones and French horns, made their way through the heavy 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 739 
 
 lines of police and took their station on the steps of the City Hall. 
 Thev sung first the ' Pilgrim Chorus" from " Tannhauser," followed 
 by Schubert's " Spirit Choir." 
 
 At 9: P"; o'clock a detachment of the Fifth United States Artillery, 
 composed of eighty men, headed by the Davids Island band, marched 
 to the city hall, under command of Col. W. B. Beck. The men formed 
 two lines on the steps from the front of tlie catafalcpie to tlie pave- 
 ment. Then a regimental band was stationed on the pavement at the 
 right and rendered a dirge, Avhile the Guard of Honor marched aiound 
 the building and entered at the side. At half-past nine the bodv was 
 in charge of nine membei-s of U S. Grant Post, No. 227, of Brooklyn. 
 The charge was transferred to the Guard of Honor, which had just ar- 
 rived. 
 
 The scene at the entrance to the City Hall at this time was impos- 
 ing. The catafalque, under the electric light in the corridor, the 
 flowers in the background, the gates in the front open, and the line of 
 military on each side of the entrance, all thrown into bold relief 
 against the dark background of draper^', made a subject for a great 
 picture. Presently the black funeral-car was ohser^'ed coining into 
 position, drawn b\' twenty-tour je!-black horses, each in mom-ning 
 trappings, and with a colored groom at the head of each. The car 
 was S)4 feet -wide, i6}4 feet long, and i.i^i feet high. The wheels 
 were concealed from view by heavy drapery of c'oth with bullion 
 fringe. The black canopy was supported by four stanchions, and five 
 black plumes rose from it — one in each corner and one in the center. 
 There were four steps of elevation to the car, on the top one of which 
 the cofBn rested. At the rear of the car was placed a sei'ies of steps 
 leading from the ground to the platform upon which the casket was 
 carried. 
 
 At twent}' minutes to 10 the pall-bearers arrived. They were as 
 follows: Gen. Sherman, U S. A.; Lieut. Gen. Sheridan, U.S.A. 
 Admiral Porter, U.S. N.; Rear Admiral Worden,U. S. N.; Gen. J. E 
 Johnston, Virginia; Gen. S. B. Bnckner, Kentucky; George S. Bout 
 well, Massachusetts; A. J. Drexel, Pennsylvania; George W. Childs, 
 Pennsylvania; John A. Logan, Illinois; George Jones, New York; 
 Oliver Hoyt, New York. 
 
 They werevecei\ed bv Mayor Grace in the corridor. When in 
 position to move Commander Johnston gave the order, " Lift tlie re- 
 mains," and the twelve men laid hands on the silver bars. "March!" 
 was the next order, and the coffin was lifted. At twenty minutes e' 
 
7 ' 
 
 73© GENKRj\.I, U. S. GRANTS 
 
 lo it was borne down the steps to the car, Commander Johnston 
 stepping aside while the guard carried the casket up the steps to the 
 dais. Having deposited it on the car, they filed down the steps and 
 took their positions. • 
 
 After Undertaker Merritt had arranged the casket on the platiorrh 
 of the funeral-car the steps were removed, and the last journey of the 
 General was read}' to begin. Col. Beck moved to the head of the line 
 of black horses, gave the order to " move on," and the great car 
 rolled out into Broadway. The car was immediately followed by the 
 Loyal Legion guard. The clergy and physicians, who had paid 
 their last homage to the dead General by alighting from their carriages 
 and attending the body to. the hearse, followed ne.\;t, in this order: 
 Rev. Dr. Newman, Bishop Harris, Bishop Potter, Rev. Dr. Cham- 
 bers, Rev. Dr. Field, Rev. Dr. Bridgeman, Rev. Dr. West, Rev. 
 Father Deshon, Rev. Robert CoUyer, Rabbi Browne, and Drs. 
 Douglass, Shrady and Sands. At five minutes of nine they were 
 fully formed, with the organizations in the streets facing Broadway 
 ready to fall in line, and the funeral cortege was under way. It had 
 not proceeded bej'ond Duane street when there was a delay of more 
 than an hour while the military organizations were deploying into 
 column to precede the funeral car. At fifteen minutes past eleven it 
 was again started, and moved on without further delay up Broadway 
 to Union square and Fifth avenue. As the catafalque passed Grace 
 Church at Broadway and Tenth street the chimes were played, and 
 this, together with the plaintive strains rendered by the band, pro- 
 duced a most mournful effect. All along the line of march the great- 
 est deference was paid as the remains passed. A sea of uncovered 
 heads was visible for blocks, and a weird silence reigned. The fu- 
 neral-car, with the casket resting in it, and surrounded by the pall- 
 bearers and military escort, was photographed before leaving the City 
 Hall plaza. 
 
 At precisely fifteen minutes past ten o'clock A. M. the head of the 
 procession passed Fifth Avenue Hotel. At 3:20 p. M. the last of it 
 went by, making the time of passage exactly five hours and fi\-e 
 minutes. This procession moved by company fronts throughout, so 
 far as the military were concerned, or in files of not less but frequent- 
 ly more than eighteen front with the Grand Army men, veteran asso- 
 ciations, and civilians generally, and in close order, while the car- 
 riages were driven never less than two abreast, commonly three and 
 frequently four, so that throughout its formation it was a very com- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 731 
 
 pact procession. It is not recalled tliat the time occupied in its pas- 
 sage has everbeen exceeded bj any procession in this country. And 
 then, too, the step talcen was not the usual funeral pace, but when- 
 ever practicable the ordinary route step of a moving column was 
 maintained, so that more rapid progress was made than with similar 
 pageants generally. Indeed, the immensity of the procession had 
 been fully anticipated and every eiibrt made to quicken its movement 
 without unseemly hurrying, in order that all who desired might par- 
 ticipate in it. Thus it is apparent that, considering the amount of 
 time consumed, the close order of the formation, and the rapidity of 
 its movement, this procession exceeded all previous demonstrations 
 of its kind in the numbers participating in it. Of course it would be 
 the merest guesswork to give the number composing the column, 
 but the most intelligent estimate would make it not less than jorty- 
 five thousand. It was a most admirably managed, imposing, and beauti- 
 ful procession. It was no improvised Fourth of July affair, nor, though 
 composed largely of State militia, Grand Army men, and civilians, was 
 it conducted in the usual amateurish manner of so many demonstra- 
 tions. It was commanded by Maj.-Gen. W. S. Hancock in person, 
 who is a soldier by instinct and training, a strict disciplinarian, and 
 utterly opposed to all tomfoolery and nonsense. It moved on time, and 
 when designated organizations were not ready to fall into place, 
 others were promptly started, so that there was no hitch. The de- 
 tails had been attended to and approved by Gen. Hancock. Thus, 
 when passing the Fifth Avenue Hotel it was a complete and perfect 
 column, with no breaks or outward gaps, and save the two or three 
 halts ordered to rest the men, it moved along continuously and even- 
 ly, like a vast army on review, until the last man had passed. 
 
 At 4:30 o'clock the head of the column reached the 
 tomb at Riverside Park. The order of arrival and the 
 subsequent order of exercises were as follows 
 
 " Dr. Newman and Bishop Harris occupied the first carriage, 
 then the clergy, and then Drs. Douglass, Shrady and Sands. The 
 bearers came after these. Gen. Joe Johnston rode beside Gen. Sher- 
 man, and Buckner and Sheridan were paired, while Gen. Logan and 
 ex-Secretary Boutwell followed, and other distinguished men came 
 also. The bearers and those invited alighted and took places near the 
 tomb. The David's Island band, playing Chopin's Funeral March, 
 
:"*:) 
 
 'J-72 GENEli.M. U. S. GRANT S 
 
 came into view, while behind the black plumes of the luneral-car 
 could be seen. The car stopped abreast of the tomb. The guard of 
 honor ascended to bear down the casket. Col. Beck formed his two 
 companies of escort in a hollow square between the tomb and the 
 hearse. The family- carriages had drawn ne.'M-. The occupants 
 .-ilighted and took positions near the foot of the steps of the car. So 
 they stood while the casket was being removed from the car, and 
 when it was borne into the hollow square toward the vault the rela- 
 tives followed in this order; Col. Fred. Grant and wife, Mrs. Sartoris 
 and the Colonel's children, Julia and U. S. Grant ; U. S. Grant, Jr., 
 and wife, leading little Nellie, the daughter of Jesse Grant; Jesse 
 Grant and wife, U. S. Grant second (the son of Orville Grant), with 
 Mr. Fred Dent and Mrs. Dent, Dr. Cramer and wife, Potter Palmer 
 and wife, and Hon. John A. CressAvell and wife. The cedar case 
 rested on supports at the door of the sepulchre. The casket was de- 
 posited therein. Meade Post, No. i,of Philadelphia, represented by 
 fifteen men, circled the casket. The commander took his post at the 
 head, with officers and post commanders at the foot. The chaplain 
 stood at the foot, and the colors were placed in front. The ritual ser- 
 vice was then performed. 
 
 The Post Commander, Alexander Reed, said: 
 
 Assembled to pay the last sad tribute of respect to our late com- 
 mander and illustrious comrade, U. S. Grant, let us unite in prayer. 
 The chaplain will invoke the divine blessing. 
 
 Post Chaplain C. Irvine Wright then praved as follows: 
 
 God of battles, Father of all, amidst this mournful assemblage, we 
 seek Thee, with whom there is no death. Open every eve to behold 
 Him who changed the night of death into morning. In the depths 
 of our hearts we would liear the celestial word : " I am the resurrec- 
 tion anil the life. He that belicveth in Me, though he w^ere dead, yet 
 shall he live." iVs conn aJc alter comrade departs and we march on 
 with ranks broken, help us to be faithful unto Thee and to each other. 
 We beseech Thee look in mercy on the widow and children of our 
 deceased comrade, and with Thine own tenderness console and com- ' 
 fort Ihose bereaved by this event, which calls us here. Give them 
 the oil of joy for mourning— the garment of praise for the spirit of 
 hea\ iness. tltavenly Father, bless and save our countrv with the 
 freedom niul peace of righteousness, and through Thv great mercy, a 
 Saviour's grace and Thy Holy Spirit's favor, may we all meet at last in 
 
fi -T.\A-l\ ''■^^ 
 
 tjy 
 
 
 ff: ( \ "^s. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ I M, ' «;-' 
 
LIFE AND SF.R\'rCF.S. ^35 
 
 joy before Thy throne in heaven, und to Thy great name shall be 
 praise forever and forever. 
 
 All Comrades, Amen. 
 
 Post Commander Alexander Reed then spoke as follows: 
 
 We are called together to fulfill the last sad rites of respect to our 
 comrade of the war. The present, full of the cares and pleasures of 
 civil life, fades away, and we look back to the time when shoulder to 
 shoulder on many battle-fields or around the guns of our men-of-war, 
 we fought for our dear old flag. We may indulge the hope that the 
 spirit with which, on land and sea, hardship, privation, and danger 
 were encountered by our dead heroes may never be blotted out froin 
 the history or memory of the generations to come — u spirit uncom- 
 plaining, obedient to the behests of duty, whereby to-day our national 
 honor is secure, and our loved ones rest in peace under the protection 
 of the dear old flag. May the illustrious life of him whom we lay in 
 the tomb to-day prove a glorious incentive to the youth, who, in ages 
 to come, may be called upon to behold the destiny of our country. 
 As the years roll on we, too, shall have fought our battles through 
 and be laid at rest, our souls following the long column to the realms 
 above, as grim death, hour by hour, shall mark its victims. Let us 
 so live that when that time shall come I hose we leave behind may say 
 above our graves: " Here lies the body of a true-hearted, brave, and 
 earnest defender of the republic." 
 
 Junior Vice Commander Louis A. Moore (laying a wreath of ever- 
 green upon the coffin) : 
 
 In behalf of the Post, I give this tribute — a symbol of undying love 
 for comrades of the war. 
 
 Vice Commander John A. Weidersheim ( laying a bunch of flowers 
 upon the coffin): 
 
 Symbol of purit}', we offer at this sepulchre a rose. May future 
 generations emulate the unselfish devotion of even the lowliest of our 
 heroes. 
 
 Post Commander A. J. Sellers (laying a laurel wreath upon the 
 coffin): 
 
 Last token of affection from comrades in arms, we crown these re 
 mains with a symbol of victory. 
 
 Rev. J. W. Sayers, chaplain-in-chief of the Department of Prnn- 
 sylvania, G. A. R., delivered an address, after which Rev. H. Clay 
 Trumbull offered prayer. The bugle-cail "rest" was then sounded. 
 . Dr. Newman and Bishop Harris then read the ritual service for 
 burial of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
'17,6 GENERAL U. S. GUAN'T's 
 
 Directly behind the burial party stood Geii. Hancock. At his el- 
 bow were President Cleveland, Vice-President Hendricks, and mem- 
 bers of the cabinet. Near the head of the casket, on the right, Sher- 
 man and Sheridan in full uniform were uncovered the entire service. 
 At their sides were ex-Presidents Arthur and Hayes, and Senator 
 Sherman. On the other side of the casket, opposite, were Admiral 
 Porter, Fitz Hugh Lee, Gen. Gordon, and Gen. Buckner. When the 
 religious services had ended the trumpeter of Company A, Fifth Ar- 
 tillery, stepped close to the casket and sounded the tattoo. Little 
 Jiilin then laid on the colTm a wreath "To Grandpapa." 
 
 Half a minute later two regiments of the First Division of the 
 National Guard fired three volleys of musketry over the tomb. Fol- 
 lowing them. Battery F, Fifth United States Artillery, of four guns, 
 fired three salvos, after which the " President's salute " was fired by 
 the same battery. 
 
 The bod}' was then lifted from the catafalque, and, to the strains of 
 funeral music, it was borne slowly and tenderly into the dark. portals 
 of its last resting-place. The usual salutes from the shipping in the 
 river and the artillery in the park, closed the interment ceremonies. 
 
 Undertaker Merritt closed the doors, locked them, and, putting the 
 key in a velvet-covered case, handed it open to Gen. Hancock, who 
 gave it to Mayor Grace, the latter in turn delivering it to the Presi- 
 dent of the park. Commissioner Crimmins. 
 
 The family carriages were not out of sight when persons attempted 
 to deface the tomb by writing their names upon it, and a guard of 
 regulars was mounted at once. The military marched, and the dig- 
 nitaries rode away, and the long chapter was ended. 
 
 Estimates of the number of persons in the different sections of the 
 procession, based partly upon actual count and partly upon statements 
 made by company and regimental commanders, yield the following 
 results: 
 
 Federal troops and marines 1,498 
 
 First Division National Guard 4,850 
 
 Second Division National Guard 2 650 
 
 Independent military local bodies 015 
 
 Out-of-town military bodies 4 112 
 
 Gen. Sickles' veteran division 18 2";o 
 
 Civic division, carriages, etc 8000 
 
 Total 40,17s 
 
LIFE AND SKRVICKS. 
 
 737 
 
 Gath, the popular correspondent, thus sums up the 
 universal verdict: 
 
 " The universal encomium upon this great scene is that such a fune- 
 ral has never been seen, at least in this city, if in this land. Old men 
 compare it to the great celebration nearly half a century ago at the 
 introduction of the Croton water to Nevir York City. Some say that 
 the only pageants comparable to it in numbers were the great torch- 
 light parades in the last political campaign ; but this funeral was nec- 
 essarily restrained in its decorations and methods by the solemn fact 
 of death, and the great vi^onder is that so many men of age and in- 
 firmity should have been drawn from so many portions of the countr}- 
 to give their voluntary labor to the almost superiluous rites of death. 
 As a representative thing Grant's funeral was a wonderful testimonial 
 from this continent, and incidentally from our kindred nations, to the 
 strength of a devoted, simple biography devoted to great purposes 
 and associations, to guarding Liberty and Union, and making forgive- 
 ness and mercy national. 
 
 A bird's eye view of to-day's procession, with every point taken up 
 and every individual sketched, would be beyond the power of one 
 hand. The great length of the procession, its extraordinary time of 
 passing, the strangeness of many of the important persons present, 
 and the wide distance between the points of departure and of concen- 
 tration, leave upon the mind the effect of a battle which is only cor- 
 rectly related some time after its details have been assembled from 
 different eye witnesses. Suffice it to say that not even the distribution 
 of the great armies at the close of the War, which I witnessed in 
 Washington, gave such general satisfaction as to-day's funeral. Those 
 veterans came in from the field with battered flags and uniforms faded 
 and dirty, and their own ranks decimated, and as they marched along 
 the loose, disjointed street of Pennsylvania avenue, there was but lit- 
 tle except the moral impression of their work, whereas to-day the 
 cleanly rank, the thorough taste, the aged and thoroughly-acquitted 
 biography, the intermingling of civil deeds and civil government 
 with military character, and the thorough restoration of peace which 
 the death of Grant seems to have accomplished, conjointly with his 
 life and sword, make this specacle agreeable to every recollection, 
 while Nature seems to have smiled upon the scene and given in the 
 heat of summer her choicest autumn breath to freshen the garland 
 of Grant." 
 
^38 SENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 At the hour when the last sad rites were being shown 
 to the dead chieftain's remains in New York, in nearly all 
 of the leading cities and towns of the country, bells were 
 tolled, cannons fired, memorial services held, and military 
 bodies, fire and police departments, civil bodies and orders 
 co-operated in making a funeral pageant that testified how 
 broad and deep ran the current of love for the man whom 
 it was their privilege to honor. 
 
 A notable event long to be remembered was that of a 
 memorial service held in Westminster Abbey, London, on 
 Aug. 4. The large edifice was crowded with a congre- 
 gation nearly every member of which was a distinguished 
 person. The order of the service was as follows: 
 
 1. Schubert's " Funeral March." 
 
 2. The funeral procession up the nave of the cathedral to the choir. 
 
 3. The opening of the burial service. 
 
 4. The Ninetieth Psalm. 
 
 5. The day's lesson. 
 
 6. The funeral sermon, by Canon Farrar. 
 
 7. Spohr's anthem, " Blest are the Departed." 
 
 8. Handel's anthem, " His Body is Buried in Peace." 
 
 9. The two concluding prayers of the burial service. 
 
 10. Blessing. 
 
 11. The " Dead March " in " Saul." 
 
 The funeral address, delivered by Canon Farrar, was 
 most impressive, and was listened to in almost breathless 
 silence. Canon Farrar took his text from the Acts, 
 chapter 13, verse 36. He said: 
 
 " Eight years have not passed since the late Dean Stanley, whom 
 Americans so loved and honored, was walking around this Abbey with 
 Gen. Grant, explaining its wealth of great memorials. Neither of 
 them had nearly attained the allotted span of human life. Both might 
 have hoped tliat many years would elapse before descending to the 
 grave full of years and honors. This is the fourth summer since Dean 
 Stanley fell asleep. To-day we assemble at the obsequies of the great 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 739 
 
 soldier whose bun set while it was yet day, and at whose funeral ser- 
 vice in America tens of thousands are assembled at this moment to 
 mourn with the weeping family and friends. I desire to speak simply 
 and directly, with generous appreciation, but without idle flattery, of 
 him whose death has made a nation mourn. His private life, his 
 faults or failings of character, whatever they inay have been, belong 
 in no sense to the world. They are before the judgment of God's 
 merciful forgiveness. We will touch only upon his public actions 
 and services. Upon a bluff overlooking the Hudson his monument 
 will stand recalling to the future generations the dark page in the 
 Nation's history which he did so much to close." 
 
 After eloquently tracing Gen. Grant's boyhood and man- 
 hood, the speaker said : 
 
 " If the men who knew him in Galena — obscure, silent, unprosper- 
 ous, unambitious— had said, if any one had predicted, that he would 
 become twice President and one of the foremost men of the day, that 
 prophecy would have seemed extravagantly ridiculous. But such 
 careers are the glory of the American Continent; they show that the 
 people have a sovereign insight into intrinsic force. If Rome told 
 with pride that her Dictators came from the plow tail, America may 
 record the answer of the President who, when asked what would be 
 his coat of arras, answered, proudly mindful of his early struggles 
 " A pair of shirt-sleeves." The answer showed a noble sense of the 
 dignity of labor; a noble superiority to the vanities of feudalism; a 
 strong conviction that men should be honored simply as men, not ac- 
 cording to the accident of bii-th." 
 
 "America has had two martyred Presidents, both sons of the people; 
 one, a homely man, was a farm lad at the age of 7, a rail-splitter at 
 19, a Mississippi boatman at 28, and who in manhood proved 
 one of the strongest, most honest, and God-fearing of modern rulers ; 
 the other grew from a shoeless child to be an humble teacher in the 
 Hiram Institute. With those Presidents America need not blush to 
 name the leather-seller of Galena. Every true man derives patent 
 nobleness direct from God. Was not the Lord for tliirty years a carpen 
 ter In Nazareth.' Lincoln's and Garfield'sand Grant's early conscien- 
 tious attention to humble duties fitted them to become kinsjs of men. 
 The year 1S61 saw the outbreak of the most terrible of modern, 
 wars. The hour came and the man was needed. Within four yeari 
 Grant commanded an army vaster than had ever before been handled 
 
74© GBNBRAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 by man. It was not luck, but the result of inflexible faithfulness, 
 indomitable resolution, sleepless energy, iron purpose, persistent tenac- 
 ity. He rose by the upward gravitation of natural fitness. The very 
 soldiers became impregnated with his spirit. General Grant has been 
 grossly and unjustly called a. butcher. He loved peace and hated 
 bloodshed. But it was his duty at all costs to save the country. The 
 struggle was not for victory, but for existence ; not for glory, but for 
 life or death. In his silence, determination, and clearness of insight 
 Grant resembled Washington and Wellington. In the hottest fur^' 
 of battle his speech never exceeded " Yea, yea," and " Nay, nay." 
 God's light has shown for the future destinies of a mighty nation, but 
 the war of 1861 was a necessary, a blessed, work. The church has 
 never refused to honor the faithful soldier fighting for the cause of 
 his country and his God. The cause for which Grant fought— the 
 unity of a whole people, the freedom of a whole race— was as great and 
 noble as when at Lexington the embattled farmers fired the shot 
 which resounded around the world. The South accepted a bloody 
 arbitrament. But the rancor and fury of the past are buried in obliv- 
 ion. The names of Lee and Jackson will be a common heritage with 
 those of Garfield and Grant. Americans are no longer Northerners 
 or Southerners, but Americans. What verdict history' will pronounce 
 upon Grant as a politician and a man I know not, but here and now, 
 the voice of censure, deserved or undeserved, is silent. We leave his 
 faults to the mercy of the merciful. Let us write his virtue on brass 
 for men's example. Let his faults, whatever they may have been, 
 be written on water. Who can tell if his closing hours of torture 
 and misery were not blessings in disguise. God purging the gold 
 from dross until the strong man was utterly purified by his strong 
 agony. Could we be gathered in a more fitting place to honor Gen- 
 eral Grant? There is no lack of American memorials here. We add 
 another to-day. Whatever there be between the two nations to for- 
 get and forgive is forgotten and forgiven. If the two peoples which 
 were one be true to their duty, who can doubt that the destinies of tlie 
 world are in their hands.? Let America and England march in the 
 van of freedom and progress, showing the world not only a magnifi- 
 cent spectacle of human happiness, but a still more magnificent spec- 
 tacle of two peoples united, loving righteousness and hating iniquity, 
 inflexibly faithful to the principles of eternal justice, which are the 
 unchanging law of God." 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 74I 
 
 The solemnly grand events of this never-to-be-forgotten 
 reverent magnificence to the mortal remains of the illus- 
 trious Grant, must have an influence upon the youth of our 
 land, broader, more enduring, more ennobling than any- 
 thing which has transpired during the past decade. To 
 witness a Nation in profound mourning above its honored 
 dead, is a spectacle almost holy in its grandeur, sublime in 
 its devotion, divine in its reverence of the qualities of heart 
 and mind and soul that made possible such universal sor- 
 row in its loss. Deaths so taken into account are benefits 
 to the race of men. They make the world better. They 
 fix examples to inspire the youth and content the old — 
 for it is in the circumstances of death alone that the glories, 
 the triumphs, the supreme values of a great career shine 
 forth clear and unclouded, fully perceived and freely ac- 
 knowledged. 
 
 The reception of the funeral train at all points illustrates 
 how grandly General Grant had lived in the esteem 
 of his countrymen. Great men have from time to time 
 been distinguished at their death by National honors 
 over their remains, but to none was ever accorded 
 greater distinction in the reverent grandeur of the 
 funeral cortege, than was paid to General Grant's 
 memory — in the reception of his body^and in the last final 
 rites at Riverside. The scenes described are thrilling in 
 their evidences of popular grief shared by all classes alike, 
 the solemnity indicating profound and universal sorrow, and 
 the reverence had for the name and fame of the "Old Com- 
 mander." Surely if there is no inspiration in this, if there 
 is no noble lesson for the future to grow out of this earthly 
 crowning of a high career, then men live and achieve in 
 vain, temples and shrines are follies, and monuments are 
 satires. 
 
742 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 The editor of Harper's Weekly thus feelingJy wrote 
 of General Grant's sickness: 
 
 « General Grant's wonderful vitality has made a brave 
 struggle against death, and the attitude of the public 
 during the past week has been one of anxious suspense. 
 Alternate exhaustion and revival are characteristics of the 
 disease which has so remorselessly worn away that hardy 
 life. The crisis of Thursday was such that the end 
 seemed inevitably to have come. The silent sufferer him- 
 self, for the first time, gave up, and bestowed his farewell 
 blessings upon those around him. But the sleep which 
 followed was not that of death. A gradual revival took 
 place, and before the dawn of Good Friday he was dozing 
 in his easy-chair in that condition described by his physi- 
 cians as comfortable. His face never gave much indica- 
 tion of his enfeebled condition. He has been able, most 
 of the time, to walk about the room with the assistance of 
 Harrison, his faithful colored valet, or even alone. His 
 most comfortable rest has been obtained in his easy-chair. 
 As a natural result of the means employed to keep his 
 system in action — namely, the hypodermic administration 
 of stimulants — the drowsy condition of the patient has in- 
 creased from day to day. His mind, however, has always 
 remained clear. His silent moments seem often to have 
 been devoted to reminiscent thoughts and dreams. 
 
 "General Grant's wife, his sons, Mrs. Sartoris, Dr. 
 Newman, and the two physicians, Dr. Douglass and 
 Shrady, have remained at his side almost constantly, day 
 and night. Outside the house, a group of reporters on 
 duty, and a miscellaneous crowd, attracted by sympathy or 
 by idle curiosity, has also been in regular attendance, 
 
 " Frequent bulletins from the sick-chamber have been 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 7+3 
 
 sent clown to these waiting crowds, to be eagerly caught 
 up, discussed in grave and subdued tones, and telegraphed 
 instantly throughout the city and country." 
 
 The editor of the New York Evenins: Mail a:ives a 
 graphic pen picture of the bed-side. The whole world 
 was really watching: 
 
 "As with the martyred Garfield at Elberon, so with 
 the dying Grant at his home near Central Park, the types 
 and electric -vires have put the people at his bedside, and 
 he could feel the gentle, but powerful pulsations of 
 popular sympathy and affection, like the steady and noise- 
 less movements of the resistless tides. Indeed, it is the 
 new romance and pathos of our civdization, in these days 
 when the electric wires have become a nervous system for 
 the world, that whenever men feel that they are about to 
 lose a world's hero, a hero for all lands and times, the 
 world's consciousness of the situation is made manifest and 
 active, and it is not by poetic license but by poetic achieve- 
 ments of modern science that the world becomes both wit- 
 ness and watcher." 
 
 Ex-Postmaster General Cressvvell paj's the following 
 touching tribute, in speaking of General Grant's character- 
 istics : 
 
 « I had more admiration for General Grant than for any 
 man I ever saw, and it grieves me to the soul that he should 
 be ending his days in suffering. His qualities of true man- 
 liness were more pronounced than those of any man I ever 
 knew. In all my close relations with him while I was a 
 member of his Cabinet I never heard him say a harsh or 
 petty thing; never heard him speak impulsively, or use a 
 profane word. 
 
 " Grant's great characteristic was his sublime and un- 
 
744 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 flinching coinage. It was of that kind that no impression 
 could be made ujoon it by opposition. He discharged his 
 duties alwa3'S witli unselfishness, never stojDjjiiig to consider 
 how an action would affect him personally. All he wanted 
 to know was ' What is just, what is right?' Grant never 
 lost his head. When we came so near being engaged in a 
 war with Spain on account of the Virginius affair, there 
 was a good deal of excitement at the Cabinet meeting, and 
 a war with Spain was imminent. Grant knew^ what war 
 meant, and by his coolness and sound judgment prevented it. 
 He was assisted in this by the Spanish representative in 
 this country-, who was a naval officer. He, too, knew what 
 fighting ineant, and these two really jDrevented a war. I 
 asked Grant once if, when giving orders for an engage- 
 ment, he was not appalled bv the great loss of life which 
 would ensue. He replied, 'No, it was war, but I realized 
 what it meant. I never gave such orders until I was satis- 
 fied that it was the best course to pursue, and then I was 
 willing to shoulder the responsibility.' 
 
 " General Grant wrote with great facility. His style, 
 like his character, was the embodiment of diiectness. He 
 used few metaphors and little ornamentation, and never two 
 words where one would do, preferring Saxon words to 
 Latin or French. -He never hesitated for a word and al- 
 ways went right to the point. He wrote all his own 
 pajjers, notwithstanding the reports to the contrary, and all 
 his messages were framed and written by him. Those who 
 thought that Grant couldn't talk made a mistake. When 
 he became intimate with any one he would talk as much 
 as any companion should. I have heard him do nearly all 
 the talking for an hour or two. He was a good talker, but 
 ■slow, sometimes hesitating for a \^■ord, something he never 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 745 
 
 did in writing. He either has implicit confidence in a man 
 or he has none. He was quiclc to form an estimate of a 
 man, and if his suspicions were once aroused his firm jaw- 
 would shut like a trap and he would remain cold and silent 
 and by his ajjpearance would chill a speaker, no matter 
 how earnest he might be. He was always modest and un- 
 assuming, never presented himself as a hero of any occasion, 
 and never introduced military subjects in conversation. He 
 didn't desire to be President a third term for any glory or 
 reputation, but his sole object was to reconcile the North 
 and the South, and I think he would have done it thor- 
 oughly. The solid South would have been a thing of the 
 past." 
 
 The following pathetic statement from Hamilton Fish, 
 touching the changed appearance and sufferings of Gen- 
 eral Grant, will prove interesting. He saj's, in an interview 
 with a repoiter of a New York paper: 
 
 " Here is a picture, perhaps the best ever taken of him, while he 
 was general of the armv. His face is full. There are no wrinkles. 
 His broad brow and massive jaws are indicated strongly. Now tlie 
 general is sadly emaciated. He reclines, almost without a change, in 
 a broad arm-chair, resting his feet upon a small chair near it. He's 
 wra ped up warm in blankets, and every care is taken to avoid a sud- 
 den chill. His face is deeply wrinkled — lines either of constant anxi- 
 ety or ol pain. The lower part is swollen by the disease, and in con- 
 sequence the waste of flesh is not noted so much at a full front view- 
 as -when one sees him walking from room to room in liis restless way. 
 The general never complains. He bears excruciaing pains Avithout a 
 murmur. I do not believe that his sufferings are incessant. They 
 must be spasmodic; but in watching the general one can only notice 
 a quiver of the muscles w-hen one of these darts of pain occurs It is 
 impossible to say that his condition is improved. It is, I am 
 afraid, too late to talk of any marked impr< \ craent. His family as 
 w-ell as himself are now waiting for the cad which must surely 
 come. The physicians are fighting bravely and nobly to defer the 
 
7.|6 GENERAL U. S. GRANt's 
 
 death of their patient — not to prevent it. At present the disease is 
 continually increasing its surface, and it can only be a little time when 
 one of three things will occur. The first danger is, of course, from the 
 accumulation of mvicus in the throat, which would of necessity- cause 
 suffocation ; the second is the progress of the disease into the throat 
 and the severance of one of the large arteries. This would cause a 
 suffusion of blood and would result in suffocation. A third danger is 
 from a failure of the heart through weakness. The physicians think 
 death, when it comes, will be very sudden. It will result from one of 
 those reasons, and wilf come witliout warning. His struggle has been 
 a remarkable one, and indicates clearly the iron nature of the man. 
 He seems to be restless. Of course he doss not remain on his feet 
 for any length of time. He rises from his chair, walks across the 
 room aud then returns. He does this simply to change his position 
 and so get rest. He dreads to go to bed on account of the rapid accui 
 mulation in his throat." 
 
 We cannot better conclude this subject than by giving 
 an extract from an editorial of the New York Tribune^ on 
 the anniversary of the battle of Appomattox: 
 
 " Twenty years ago this day occurred the historic scene 
 of Appomattox. General Lee's army, reduced to 35,000 
 men, had been forced to retreat froin Richmond westward, 
 and owing to General JVI cade's energetic pursuit and the 
 daring advance of General Sheridan's cavalry upon the 
 southern lines of railway communication, it was cut off 
 from supplies, constantly harassed, and finally surrounded. 
 On the night of April 6, 1S65, General Lee's officers, 
 after a consultation around their bivouac fires, desired Gen- 
 eral Pendleton to express to him their conviction that the 
 prolongation of the struggle would involve a needless sacii- 
 fice of life, inasmuch as a surrender was inevitable. On the 
 next morning General Grant formally proposed negoti- 
 ations for a capitulation, and receiving on the following 
 day a favorable reply, immediately offered to accept a sur- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 747 
 
 render on the single condition that the officers and men 
 laying down their arms should be disqualified for taking 
 up arms against the Government of the United States 
 until pi-operly exchanged as prisoners of war. So generous 
 were these terms that General Lee, while denying that the 
 supreme emergency had yet arisen, consented to appoint a 
 meeting for the next morning between the picket lines of 
 the two armies, at which the general situation might be 
 discussed. This appointment was not kept, General Grant 
 replying that he had no authority to treat on the subject of 
 peace. Later in the day, April 9, General Lee asked for an 
 immediate meeting; the two commanders had a brief con- 
 sultation; and the terms of surrender were adjusted with- 
 out difficulty. This was Appomattox. 
 
 " The heroic soldier, whose fame was crowned by that 
 great achievement twenty years ago, has been fighting for 
 many weeks as hopeless a battle as that in which General 
 Lee's dispirited and famished but not demoralized followers 
 were then engaged. Racked by the torments of merciless 
 disease, he has endured the hardness like a brave soldier, 
 bearing his sufferings with cheerfulness and resignation, and 
 displaying the same resolute courage and invincible vi'ill 
 which were his distinguishing characteristics during his cam- 
 paigns. His sickroom has witnessed triumphs of self-con- 
 quest, self-repression and quiet endurance worthy of the hero 
 of Appomattox. The same generosity and thoughtfulness 
 for others, which shaped his negotiations with General Lee, 
 have been evinced in the weary veteran's daily greetings 
 and messages to his friends and in the gentle courtesies 
 bestowed upon all who enter the sick room. There has 
 been no sign of impatience; no sound of murmuring. On 
 the eve of Appomattox the old soldier sighs for peace, but 
 is brave and resolute still." 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
 A 
 
 The following congratulatory order of General Grant was issued 
 Jttst after the repulse of the Confederates in their attempt to recover 
 Corinth, Miss., a description of whicli will be found on page 66. 
 
 General Orders No. SS. 
 
 Headquarters Department of West Tennessee, ) 
 Jackson, Tenn., October 7, 1862. f 
 
 It is with heartfelt gratituile tlie General commanding congratu- 
 lates the armies of the West for another great victory won by tlicm 
 on the 3d, 4th and 5th inst , over the combined armies of Van Dorn, 
 Price and Lovell. 
 
 The enemy chose his own time and place of attack, and know- 
 ing the troops of the West as he does, and with great facilities for 
 knowing their numbers, never would have made the attempt, except 
 with a superior force numerically. But for Ihe iindaiiuled bravct y of 
 officers and soldiers -who have yet lo learn defeat, the efforts of the 
 enemy must have proved successful 
 
 Whilst one division of the armj', uncjer Major-General Rosccrans, 
 was resisting and repelling the onslaught of the rebel hosts at Cor- 
 inth, another, from Bolivar, under IVIajor-General Ilurlbut, was 
 marching upon Ihe enemy's rear, driving in their pickets and cav- 
 alry, and attracting the attention of .- large force of infantry and 
 artillery. On the following day, under Major-Geneial Ord, these 
 forces advanced with unsurpassed gallantry, driving the enemy back 
 aci-oss the Hatchie, over ground where it is almost incredible that a 
 superior force should be driven by an inferior, captuiing two of the 
 batteries (eight guns), many liundred small arms, and several hundred 
 prisoners. 
 
 To those two divisions of tlie army all praise is due, and will be 
 awarded by a grateful country. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 749 
 
 Between them there should be, and I trust are, the warmest bonds 
 of brotherhood. Each was risking life in the same cause, and, on 
 this occasion, risking it also to save and assist the other. No troops 
 could do mote than these separate armies. Each did all possible for 
 it to do in the places assigned it. 
 
 As in all great battles, so in this, it becomes our fate to mourn 
 the loss of many brave and faithful officers and soldiers, who have 
 given np their lives as a sacrifice for a great piinciple. The nation 
 mourns for them. 
 
 By command of Major-General U. S. Grant. 
 
 John A. Rawuns, A. A. G. 
 
 B 
 
 General Grant, having I'eceived repeated complaints from farmers 
 in the vicinity of his headqiiai ters, of the conduct of the Confed- 
 erate forces while passing through their country, to prevent his troops 
 from falling into the like disgraceful system of plunder, he issued the 
 following order: 
 
 Headqu.\rters Department of the Tennessee, ) 
 Lagrange, Tenn., November 9, 1S62. f 
 
 [Special Field Orders No. z.] 
 
 Hereinafter stoppage will be made on muster and pay rolls 
 against divisions for the full ainoiuit of depredations committed by 
 any member or members of the division, unless the act can he traced 
 either to the individuals committing them, or to the company, regi- 
 ment, or brigade to which the offenders belong. 
 
 In all cases the punishment will be assessed to the smallest 
 organization containing the guilty parties. 
 
 Confiscation acts zvere never intended to he executed by soldiers/ and 
 if they were, the general government should have full benefit of all 
 property of which individuals are deprived. A stoppage of pay 
 against offenders will effect this end, and, it is to be hoped, will cor- 
 rect this growing evil. 
 
 /;" /5 not only the duty of commissioned officers to correct this evil, 
 but of all good men in the ranks to report every violation; and it is 
 determined now that they shall have a pecuniary interest in doing so. 
 
 Assessments will also be made against commissioned oflicers, in 
 the proportion of their pay proper. 
 
yeo GHNHRAi^ u. s. grant's 
 
 Where ofFcnccs of the nature contemplated in this order are traced 
 to individuals, they will be summarily punished to the full extent 
 formerly given to garrison court-martials, or be arrested and tried by 
 a general court-martial, according to the enormity of the oflence, and 
 the severest penalties provided imposed and executed. 
 
 This order will be read on parade, before each regiment and 
 detachment, for three successive evenings. 
 
 By order of Major-General U. S. Grant. 
 
 The Treasury Department having laid down certain rules for the 
 guidance of those engaged in trade in the insurrectionary States after 
 they had come within the Union lines, to prevent such traffic becom- 
 ing a source of aid and comfort to the enemy, yel, notwilhstanding 
 these stringent orders, the Jewish camp followers were found to be 
 continually engaged in illegal traffic, whereupon General Grant 
 expelled thein all from his departinent, issuing the following order: 
 
 Headquarters Department of the Tennessee, ) 
 OxKiiRD, Miss., December 17, 1S62. f 
 
 [d'cjtera/ Orders No. //.] 
 
 The Jews, as a class, \'ioIating every regulation of trade estab- 
 lished by tlie Treasury Department, also department orders, are 
 hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours from 
 the receipt of tliis order by post coinmanders. They will see that all 
 tliis class of people are furnished with passes and required to leave; 
 and any one returning after such notification will be arrested and held 
 in confinement until an opportunity occurs of sending them out as 
 prisoners, unless furnished with jiermits from these head-quarters. 
 No p.asses will be given these people to visit headquarters for the 
 purpose of making personal application for trade permits. 
 
 By order of Major-General Gr.ant. 
 
 D 
 
 On the 20lh of December, 1S62 (as slated on page 67), Holly 
 Springs, Miss., was disgracefully surrendered. The commanding 
 general expressed his displeasure in the following condemnatory order : 
 
life and services. ^51 
 
 Headquarters Thirteen^th Army Corps, ) 
 
 Department of the Tennessee, [- 
 
 Holly Springs, Miss., December 24, 1S62. ) 
 
 [Special Field Orders No. 2^.11 {Extract.) 
 
 It is -with pain and tnortification that ilie General Commanding 
 reflects upon the disgraceful surrender of the place, ivilh all ilie valuable 
 stores it contained, on the 20th insf., and that without any resistance 
 except by a few men, who form an honor.ible excep'ion; and this, 
 too, after warning had been given of the enemy nortliward, tlie even- 
 ing previous. Willi all the cotton, public stores, and substantial 
 buildings about the depot, it would have been perfectly practicable to 
 have made, in a few hours, a defence sufficient to resist, wi h a small 
 garrison, all the cavalry force brought against then until the re-inforce- 
 ments which the commanding officers was notified were marching to 
 his relief could have reached him. 
 
 The conduct of ollicers^and men in accepting paroles, under the 
 circumstances, is highly reprehensible, and, to siy the least, thought- 
 less. By the terms of the Dix-Hill cartel each party is bound to take 
 care of their prisoners, and to send them to Vicksburg, or a point on 
 the James River, for exchange, or parole, unless some other point 
 is mutually agreea upon oy the generals commanding the opposing 
 armies. 
 
 £y a refusal to be paroled, the enemy, from his inability to take care 
 of the prisoners, woidd have been comprlled either to have refused them 
 unconditionally, or to have abandoned further aggressive movements 
 for the time being, zvhich would have made their recapture, and the dis- 
 comfiture of the enemy almost certain . 
 
 The prisoners paroled at this place will be collected in camp at 
 once by the post commander, and held under close guard until their 
 case can be reported to Washington for further instructions. 
 
 Commanders throughout the department arc directed to arrest and 
 hold as above all men of their commands and all stragglers who may 
 Iiafe accepted their paroles upon like terms. 
 
 The General Commandnig is satisfied that the majority of the 
 troops who accepted a parole did so thoughtlessly, and from want of 
 knowledge of the cartel referred to, and that in future they will not 
 be caught in the same way. 
 
 By order of Major-General U. S, Grant. 
 
 John A. Rawlins, A. A. G. 
 
753 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 On June 2, 1865, General Grant took leave of all the armies 
 under his command, in the following farewell address. In it he tells 
 in glowing words of the great services vphich, with him, they had 
 performed for the country. 
 
 " Soldiers of the Armies of the United States, — By your 
 patriotic devotion to your country in the hour of danger and alarm, 
 your magnificent figliting, bravery, and endurance, you have main- 
 tained the supremacy of the Union and the Constitution; overthrown 
 all armed opposition to the enforcement of the laws, and of the procla- 
 mations forever abolishing slavery, — the cause and pretext of the Re- 
 bellion; and opened the way to the rightful authorities to restore 
 order and inaugurate peace, on a permanent and enduring basis, on 
 every foot of American soil. 
 
 " Your marches, sieges, and battles, in distance, duration, resolu 
 tion, and brilliancy of results, dim the luster of tlie world's past mili- 
 tary achievements, and will be the patriot's precedent in defence of 
 liberty and right in all time to come. In obedience to your country's 
 call, you left your homes and families, and volunteered in its defence. 
 Victory has crowned your valor, and secured the purpose of your 
 patriotic hearts. And with the gratitude of your countrymen, and 
 the highest honors a great and free nation can accord, you will soon 
 be permitted to return to your homes and your families, conscious of 
 having discharged the highest duty of American citizens. 
 
 "To achieve these glorious triumphs, and secm-e to yourselves, 
 your fellow-countrymen, and posterity the blessings of free institu- 
 tions, tens of thousands of your gallant comrades have fallen, and 
 sealed the priceless legacy with their lives. The graves of these a 
 grateful nation bedews with tears, honors their memories, and will 
 ever cherish and support their stricken families.'' 
 
 General Grant's formal acceptance of the nomination for the 
 Presidency in 1S68 was made in the following letter: 
 
 Washixgton, D. C., May 29, i86S. 
 To Gkn. Joseph R. Hawley, President of the National Union R«- 
 pnblican Convention, — 
 
LIFH AND SERVICES 7^3 
 
 In formally receiving the nomination of the National Union Re- 
 publican Convention of the 2ist of May instant, it seems proper that 
 some statement of my views, beyond tlie mere acceptance of the 
 nomination, should be expressed. The proceedings of the Conven- 
 tion were marked Avith wisdom, moderation, and pa;riotism, and, I 
 believe, express the feelings of the great mass of tliose who sustained 
 the country through its recent trials. I indor-e their resolutions. If 
 elected to the office of President of the United States, it will be my 
 endeavor to administer all the laws in good faith, with economy, and 
 with the view of giving peace, quiet, and protection ever3'where. In 
 times like the present, it is impossible, or at least eminently improper, 
 to lay down a policy' to be adhered to, right or Avrong, through an ad- 
 ministration of four years. New political issues, not foreseen, are 
 constantly arising ; the viev/s of the public on old ones are constantly 
 changing; and a purely administrative officer should aUvaj'S be left 
 free to execute the will of the people. I always have respected that 
 will, and always shall. Peace, and universal prosperity, its sequence, 
 with economy of administration, will lighten the burden of taxation, 
 while it constantly reduces the national debt. Let us have peace. 
 Witli great respect, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 U. S. Grant, 
 
 General Hawley, as late as April, 1SS5, said: " The most precious 
 autograph in my collection is the letter of acceptance which was ad- 
 dressed to me as president of the convention, and in which occurs the 
 famous expression, ' Let us have peace.' It is all in his own hand, 
 was his first draft, and contains only one correction— the change of a 
 word at the suggestion of Mr. Colfax." 
 
 The following is the celebrated speech of Senator Roscoe Conk- 
 ling, delivered before the Republican National Convention of 1S80, 
 at the Exposition Building, Chicago, in nominating General Ulysses 
 S. Grant for a third term; more particularly noticed in Chapter 
 XXXIX. On the call of the State of New York, Mr. Conkllng, of 
 New York, arose, and was greeted with tumultuous applause, which 
 continued several moments ; as soon as quiet was restored, he said : 
 
754 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 '"And when asked what State he hails from, 
 Our sole reply shall be, 
 He hails from Appomattox, 
 And its famous apple tree.' 
 
 "In obedience to instructions which I should never dare to disre- 
 gard, expressing also my own firm convictions, I rise, Mr. President, 
 in behalf of the State of New York, to propose a nomination with 
 which the country and the Republican party can grandly win. The 
 election before vis is the Austerlitz of American politics. It will de- 
 cide, for many years, whether the country shall be Republican or 
 Cossack. The supreme need of the hour i, not a candidate who can 
 carry Michigan. All Republican candidates can do that. The need 
 is n )t of a candidate popu ar in the Territories, because the Terri- 
 tories have no vote. The need is of a candidate who can carry doubt- 
 ful States. Not the doubtful States of the North alone, but also doubt- 
 ful States of tlie South, which we have heard, if I understand aright, 
 ought to take little or no part here, because the South has nothing to 
 give, but everj'thing to receive. The need which urges itself on the 
 conscience and reason of the convention is of a candidate who can 
 carry doubtful States, both North and South. And believing that he, 
 more surely than any other man, can carry New York against any 
 opponent, and can carry not only the North, but several States of the 
 South, New York is for Ulysses S. Gi-ant. 
 
 " Never defeated^in peace or in war — his name is the most illus- 
 trious borne by living man. 
 
 "His services attest his greatness, and the country — nay, the 
 world — know them by heart H is fame was earned not alone by 
 things written and said, but by the arduous greatness of things done; 
 and perils and emergencies will search in vain in the future, as they 
 have searched in \ ain in the past, for any other on whom the nation 
 leans with such confidence and trust. Never having had a policy to 
 enforce against the will of the people, he never betrayed a cause or a 
 friend, and the people will never desert or betray him. Standing on 
 the highest eminence of human distinction, modest, firm, simple and 
 self-poised, having filled all lands with his renow-n, he has seen not 
 only the high-born and the titled, but the poor and the lowly, in the 
 uttermost ends of the earth, rise and uncover before him. He has 
 studied the needs and the defects of many systems of government; 
 and he hat returned a better American than ever, with a wealth o£ 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 755 
 
 knowledge and experience added to the hard common sense which 
 shone so conspicuously in all the fierce light that beat upon him dur- 
 ing sixteen years, the most trying, the most portentous, the most per- 
 ilous in the nation's history. 
 
 " Villified and reviled, ruthlessly aspersed by unnumbered presses, 
 not in other lands, but in his own, assaults upon him have seasoned 
 and strengthened his hold on the public heart. Calumny's ammuni- 
 tion has all been exploded; the powder has all been burned once — its 
 force is spent — and the name of Grant will glitter a bright and imper- 
 ishable star in the diadem of the republic when those who have tried to 
 tarnish it have moldered in forgotten graves ; and when their memo- 
 ries and their epitaphs have vanished utterlj^. 
 
 " Never elated by success, never depressed by adversity, he has 
 ever, in peace as in war, shown the very genius of common sense. 
 The terms he presented for Lee's surrender foreshadowed the wisest 
 prophecies and principles of true reconstruction. Victor in the great- 
 est war of modern times, he quickly signalized his aversion to war 
 and his love of peace by an arbitration of international disputes which 
 stands the wisest, the most majestic example of its kind in the world's 
 diplomacy. 
 
 " When inflation, at the height of its popularity and frenzy, had 
 swept both Houses of Congress, it was the veto of Grant, single and 
 alone, which overthrew expansion, and cleared the way for specie re- 
 sumption. To him, immeasurably more than to any other man, is 
 due the fact that every paper dollar is at last as good as gold. 
 
 " With him as our leader, we shall have no defensive campaign. 
 We thall have nothing to explain away. We shall have no apologies 
 to make. The shafts and arrows have all been aimed at him, and they 
 lie broken and harmless at his feet. 
 
 " Life, liberty and property will find a safeguard in him. When 
 he said of the colored men in Florida, 'Wherever I am, they may 
 come also,' he meant that, had he the power, the poor dwellers in the 
 cabins of the South should no longer be driven in terror from the 
 homes of their childhood and the graves of their murdered dead. 
 When he refused to receive Dennis Kearney in California, he meant 
 that communism, lawlessness and disorder, although it might stalk 
 high-headed and dictate law to a whole city, would always find a foe 
 in him. He meant that, popular or unpopular, he would hew to the 
 line of right, let the chips fly where they may. 
 
756 ' GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 " His integrity, his common sense, his courage, his unequaled ex- 
 perience, are the qualities oSered to his country. The only argument 
 — the oyily one — that the wit of man or the stress of politics has de- 
 vised is one which would dumbfounder Solomon, because Solomon 
 thought there was nothing new under the sun. Having tried Grant 
 twice and found him faithful, we are told that we must not, even after 
 an interval of years, trust him again. Mv countrymen! my country- 
 men! what stultification does such a fallacy- involve. Tlie American 
 people exclude Jefferson Davis from public trust. Why.' Because 
 he was the arch-traitor and would-be destroyer. And now the same 
 people is asked to ostracise Grant, and not to trust hvn. Why.' 
 Why 1 I repeat. Because he was the arch-preserver of his country, 
 and because, not only in war, but twice as Civil Magistrate, he gave 
 his highest, noblest efforts to the republic. Is this an electioneering 
 juggle, or is it hj-pocrisy's masquerade? There is no field of human 
 activity, responsibiity or reason in which rational beings object to an 
 agent because he has been weighed in the balance and not found 
 wanting. There is, I say, no department of human reason in which 
 sane men reject an agent because he has had experience, making him 
 exceptionally competent and fit. From the m.in who shoes your 
 horse to the lawyer who tries your cause, the officer who manages 
 your railway or j'our mill, the doctor into whose fiands you give your 
 life, or the minister who seeks to save your soul — what man do vou 
 reject because by his works you have known him, and found him 
 faithful and fit.' 
 
 "What makes the presidential office an exception to all things 
 else in the common sense to be applied to selecting its incumbent? 
 Who dares to put fetters on that free choice and judgment Avhich is 
 the birthright of the American people.' Can it be said that Grant 
 has used official power and place to perpetuate his term.' He has 
 no place, and official power has not been used for liim. Without pa- 
 tronage, without emissaries, without committees, without bureaux, 
 without telegraph wires running from his house or from the seats of 
 influence to this convention, without appliances, without electioneer- 
 ing contrivances, without effort on his part. Grant's name is on his 
 country's lips. He is struck at by the whole Democratic party 
 because his nomination is the death-blow of Democratic success. 
 He is struck at by others, who find an offense and disqualification in 
 the very sei-vices he has rendered, and the very experience he has 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 757 
 
 gained. Show me a better man. Name one and I am answered. 
 But do not point as a disqualification to tlie very experience which 
 makes this man fit beyond all others. 
 
 "There is no 'third term' in the case, and the pretense will die 
 with the political dog-days that gendered it. One week aftpr the, 
 Democratic convention we shall have heard the lastof this rubbish 
 about a 'third term.' Nobody now is really disquieted about a 
 third term except those hopelessly longing for a first term, and their 
 dupes and coadjutors. Without effort or intrigue on his part, he is 
 ihe candidate whose friends have never threatened to bolt, unless 
 this convention did as tliey said. He is a Republican who never 
 wavers. He and his friends stand by the creed and the candidates of 
 the Republican party. They hold the rightful rule of tlie majority 
 as the very essence of their faith, and they mean to uphold that 
 faith against not only the common enemy, but against the charlatans, 
 jayhawkers, tramps and guerillas who deploy between the lines, and 
 forage, now on one side and then on the other. This convention is 
 master of a supreme opportunily. It cau name the next president 
 of the United States. It can make sure of his election; it can 
 make sure not only of his election, but of his certain and peaceful 
 inauguration. 
 
 " It can assure a Republican majority in the Senate and the House 
 of Representatires. More than all, it can break that power which 
 dominates and mildews the South. It can overthrow an organization 
 whose very existence is a standing protest against progress. 
 
 " The purpose of the Democratic party is spoils. Its very hope 
 and existence is a solid Soutli. Its success is a menace to order and 
 prosperity. This convention can overthrow and disintegrate these 
 hurtful forces. It can dissolve and emancipate a distracted ' solid 
 South.' It can speed the nation in a career of grandeur eclipsing all 
 past achievements. 
 
 " Gentlemen, we have only to listen above the din and look beyond 
 the dust of an hour, to behold the Republican party advancing, with 
 its ensigns resplendent with illustrious achievement, marching to 
 certain and lasting victory, with its greatest marshal at its head." 
 
 H 
 
 The following i» General Grant's painful story of hi« deception 
 
75S 
 
 GENERAL U. S. GRANT S 
 
 by Ward, and the methods that brought financial disaster to those 
 who -were associated with the rascally banker. The testimony as 
 given is from a private dispatch to the Philadelphia Press, of March 
 28, 1SS5: 
 
 " New York, March 27. — The testimony of General Grant, taken 
 in his house yesterday by James H. Fish, the official stenographer of 
 the court in which the trial of ex-President Fish, of the Marine 
 Bank, is proceeding, was read to-day in court. 
 
 " In answer to questions by Mr. Clark, General Grant said that 
 he supposed he was a member of the firm of Grant '& %\'ard, as the 
 books showed him such, though up to the time of the failure he sup- 
 posed that he was simply a special partner. His connection dated 
 from about November i, iSSo. He then paid in $50,000 and shortly 
 after $50,000 more, though he did not recall the date. That was all 
 he had paid in. 
 
 " NO SUSPICION" OF RASCALITY. 
 
 " On the 4th of May, 1SS4, General Grant supposed he was 
 worth ' well on to a million.' He could not recall whether he knew 
 James D Fish before the copartnership or not. ' I had no suspicion 
 of any rascality, and, therefore, there was nothing to confine my 
 mind to any such dates. ' 
 
 " When asked through ^vhose introduction he became acquainted 
 with Fish, General Grant said : 
 
 '"I suppose it was by my son and Mr. Ward. I suppose if vou 
 should go clear back that it was my son who got acquainted with 
 Mr. Ferdinand Ward through Mr. Ward's brother, and that the 
 acquaintance was led on to in that way. The man was supposed, so 
 far as I ever knew, to be a reputable banker until after the fail- 
 ure, and it was not astonishing that a person should make his 
 acquaintance.' 
 
 " General Grant said he had a dim recollection of receiving a 
 letter from Fish while living at Long Branch. It might ha\-e been 
 the letter of July 6, 1SS3. He did not know where the letter was. 
 'I suppose,' said he, ' Mr. Wai-d took very good pains that I should 
 .not have it. I don't suppose that I ever saw the one that was 
 published.' 
 
 " The General recalled answering the letter, and saying that he 
 believed the matter the firm was engaged in was all right, or some- 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 759 
 
 thing like that. He had no recollection as to what became of the 
 letter, and did not believe it was the one published. He had searched 
 in vain for the letter. 
 
 "LETTERS IN HIS SIDE POCKET. 
 
 " ' I have never been in the habit of preserving private letters, and 
 if I was to try I suppose I should make a poor record. My busine-^s 
 in life has been such that somebody else has always taken care of 
 letters that had to be saved, and the only way that I have now of 
 preserving a letter that I wish to preserve until I do something with 
 it is to put it in my side coat pocket, or put it in the drawer where I 
 write, and then when I want to look for a letter it is about the last 
 one I find.' 
 
 " The deponent identified a letter shown him. as being in his own 
 hand-writing. It was dated July 6, 1SS2, and addressed to Mr. Fish. 
 It referred to a letter received from Mr. Fish the day before, but 
 General Grant did not recall whether or not the letter referred to had 
 been shown to him by Fei-dinand Ward. Mr. Ward transacted all 
 the business, and General Grant supposed that Ward brought the 
 other letter to him, got the answer, and delivered it to Mr. Fish. 
 
 "General Grant volunteered the information that at the time he 
 went into the firm he had a very small income, saved for him bj' his 
 son during his trip around the world. His son proposed to let him 
 have a half interest in the firm, so that the General should have an 
 income to live upon. Afterward an income was raised for him, and 
 the firm generously, as he then thoug'.it, concluded to let him in as 
 a half partner, and, later, as a whoie partner, special, not general. 
 
 " In answer to a question of Mr. Root, counsel for the govern- 
 ment, as to the time at which he was accustomed to reach his office 
 when staying at Long Branch in the summer of 1SS2, General Grant 
 said he had forgotten the exact time of leaving Long Branch in the 
 morning, but lie usually reached the office about 10 A. M. 
 
 " SUSPICION'S OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. 
 
 "The deponent recalled no reference to government contracts in 
 Mr. Fish's letter, to which the letter just identified was an answer. ' I 
 had told Mr. Ward, when it was mentioned, that there must never be 
 any government contracts there. There is nothing wrong in being 
 
yfio <;enkkal u. s. grants 
 
 engaged in government contracts more than in anj'thing else unless 
 made wrong bj' the acts of tlie individual, but I had been Pre^ident of 
 the United States, and I did not think it was suitable for me to have 
 my name connected with government contracts, and I linew that there 
 was no large profit in tlicm, except by dishonest measures. There 
 are some men who got government contracts year in and year out, 
 and whether they managed tlieir affairs dishonestlj' or not, to make a 
 profit, they are sometimes supposed to, and I did not think it was any 
 place for me.' 
 
 " In answer to a further question, General Grant said that, had lie 
 found any reference to government contracts in the letter, he would 
 have stopped, but, as a matter of fact, he might never have seen that 
 letter, as Ward might simply have given him a statement of its 
 contents,"' 
 
 " ward's methods. 
 
 " The deponent knew Ward to be a director of the Marine Bank, 
 and to be there a great deal, but suspected nothing wrong. He knew 
 of but one government contract in which Ward professed to be in- 
 terested, and in that case, Ward said tliat he had just bought 350,000 
 bushels of oats, and that there was a further large quantity to be pur- 
 chased, all for delivery to a third party, who had the contract. Gen- 
 eral Grant saw nolliing wrong in this, as the firm had not taken the 
 Government contract. Afterward he began to fear. It was near the 
 failure, and there were whispers that Grant Jv: Ward had Government 
 contracts. lie questioned Ward, and the latter said that he was not 
 going to do anj'thing that would injure the General, or anything that 
 the General requested him not to do. He denied that he had contracts 
 anywhere. He intimated that his acquaintance with city ofHcers en- 
 abled him to get municipal contracts, and General Grant told him 
 he saw no great difference between city and government contracts. 
 Ward then said that he never had a contract with either the City 
 of New York, or the Government of the United States. 
 
 " Ward illustrated the nature of his contracts, by citing the case of 
 a man having a contract for a section of railroad connecting Pitts- 
 burg with the Reading system. The contractor, being unable to ob- 
 tain horses, supplies, and the like, came to Grant & Ward for money 
 with which ..^ prosecute this contract. When General Grant had 
 objected to such transaction as unsafe, Ward had replied that the 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. y6l 
 
 firm kept the contract in its possession, and tlie money was all paid 
 into tlie firm's office. General Grant supposed Ward was more of a 
 business man tlnan he, and accepted the explanation. 
 
 "Mr. Fisli Iiad never questioned him about government contracts, 
 and Geneial Grant would have repudiated them, had he done so. 
 Fish did not consult with him about Grant & Ward's affairs after 
 July 5, 1SS2. Sometime in the winter of 1SS3, General Grant, Mr. 
 Fish, Colonel Grant, Mi. Ward, James R. Smith, Mayor Edson, City 
 Comptroller J. Nelson Tappan, and Treasurer Spencer, of the rail- 
 road, were four daj'S together in a special car, in Western Pennsj-l- 
 vania, but Mr. Fish did not speak of business, though they spoke of 
 Ward, and agieed that he was a man of great energy and ability. 
 Fish said, that he had never in his life before got anything so good. 
 
 "HE LOST PROFITS AND ALL. 
 
 " When asked whether he had drawn fiom the firm the profits he 
 was led to suppose had been made. General Grant said: 'No, I did 
 not. I left them Avitli the concern, and everything that I had beside, 
 and I haven't got it out. I had some lil-tle items, bnt I don't know 
 what amount, that weie purchased, some of them for me, with the 
 money of the firm that weie profits of the firm; they never were 
 pu chased, but then they were supposed to be, and I was charged 
 with the purchase of them.' 
 
 " He drew fi'om the firm at the rate of $2,000 per month in 1SS3, 
 and $3,000 per month in the early part of 1S84, up to the failure. 
 That was the limit of his di atts. 
 
 '"Everything that I had in the world went,' said General Grant. 
 'Ward came up here on Sunday night before the failure, and asked 
 me to go down witli liiin to see Mr. Newcomb, to see if he couldn't 
 get $150,000 from him; that he had himself raised -$230,000, and if 
 he could raise $150,000 moi-e, it would carry the Marine Bank 
 through; that we had $66o,oco in the ISIarine Bank, besides $1,300,- 
 000 of securities in our vaults; that we should be inconvenienced 
 very much if we couldn't cairy the bank through, and he said that the 
 Marine Bank was all sound and solid, if it had time to collect in, or 
 draw in a little of its time loans, and I Avent down there with him, 
 and Mr. Newcomb was not at home, and he asked me if I knew Wm. 
 H. Vandeibilt well enough to ask him, and I, after some little hesita- 
 tion said I did, and Mr. Vanderbilt loaned it to me without hesitation 
 
762 GENERAI, U. S. CRANT S 
 
 at all. He said at the time he gave it to me, that he was lending this 
 to me, and that he had no recollection of ever having done such a 
 thing before, but that he would do it for me. Well, that has taken all 
 the remaining property that I had.' 
 
 " Ward said notliing of the firm's indebtedness to the bank. He 
 said the firm had seven hundred and odd thousand in the bank, and so 
 the books of Grant & Ward showed. Mr. Fish had expressed no 
 distrust of Ward in the spring of 1884. General Grant was sorry to 
 say that he had not the slightest distrust of Ward the night before the 
 failuie, and his son, U. S. Grant, Jr., after the failure, said that Ward 
 would come out all right. He had such friendshijj for Ward's brother 
 William, that he did not believe Ferdinand could do a dishonest act. 
 It took the General a day or two to realize that Ward had acted so 
 He had never heard of Mr. Fish's apprehension that Ward had run 
 awaj- a week before the failure. He understood from Ward, the Sun- 
 day before the failure, that the firm had $750,000 in cash in the bank. 
 Ward was in the habit of making statements as to their business, but 
 General Grant could recall no recent statements, except that Ward 
 would show certain calculations, and name the profits figured U]>. 
 General Grant looked at them later, and his recollection was that the}' 
 showed the nature of the profits. He had none of those statements 
 in his possession. He never read one of them until after the failure. 
 They showed from month to month the profits of the firm. 
 
 " Ex-President Fish, of the Marine Bank, was examined prior to 
 the reading of General Grant's deposition, and he explained his rela- 
 tions with Ward, in their earlier transactions. Several letters from 
 Ward to Fish were read, in one of which. Ward spoke of expected 
 advantages of his acqjiaintance with Grant, and apparently depre- 
 cated some expression of distrust by Mr. Fish. 
 
 I 
 
 It having been repeatedly stated that the Trust fund raised by the 
 admirers of General Grant, as mentioned in Chapter XXXIX, was 
 unsafe, and that the General or his heirs would not long receive an 
 income from it, the following letter from Mr. Henry Day to the 
 editor of the Ne-.u Tork Tribune will no doubt set at rest the fears of 
 all such, as Mr. Day undoubtedly believes it to be perfectly safe, and 
 that it will sutler no loss. 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 763 
 
 To the Editor of The Tribune: 
 
 Sir: — Your editorial remarks of tlie 12th inst. on my statements 
 as an executor of Governor Morgan in regard to tlie Grant fund may 
 give a wrong impression of tlie views and intentions of tlie trustees 
 in respect to the guarantee of the fund by Go\-ernor Morgan. I 
 stated in the interview the only possible conlingencj' which could in 
 any manner affect the complete guarantee of the principal and inter- 
 est on the fund. It would not be proper for the trustees under Gov- 
 ernor Morgan's will to state publicly what course they would pursue 
 in a future contingency which might arise affecting the interests of a 
 large number of persons, residuary legatees under the will. The 
 rights of such legatees must be determined by law, and not by opin- 
 ions or wishes of the trustees. But it is proper to repel the insinua- 
 tions of your article, if any such were intended, that the executors 
 might possibly resort to a " legal quibble " for the purpose of " escap- 
 ing a liability which their testator has imposed upon them." The 
 Tribune has no right to suggest such a possibility after the statement 
 I made to your reporter that I considei ed the guarantee a perfectly 
 legal obligation, that "even if any flaw could be found in the guaran- 
 tee from a legal point of view under no circumstances would the exec- 
 utors repudiate Governor Morgan's written promise, which he him- 
 self regarded as a sacred obligatio)!," and that they had asked and 
 obtained the "order of the Surrogate that they should hold the 
 residuary estate subject to this lien of the Grant fund." 
 
 Could the executors do or say more to allay all fears in regard to 
 the safety of the fund .' You say in yom- editorial : " Would it not 
 be gratifying to him (General Grant) and the nation which watches 
 his death-struggls with sincere sorrow to have the assurance that the 
 money which the people contributed as an honorable competence for 
 him and his family is beyond all danger from the fluctuations in the 
 stock market .'' ' 
 
 If it can be any comfort to General Grant in these last hours of 
 his life, or any gratification to his family in this impending sorrow, or 
 to the nation which watches with solicitude the last battle of their 
 great hero, if the executors can add to the assurances above given, I 
 will say in the name of the executors of Governor Morgan, that all 
 they can do to carry out the guarantee of Governor Morgan in its 
 broadest and most equitable construction and to the fullest extent of 
 their powers, and in the same spirit and to the same eftectas Governor 
 
764 GENERAL U. S. GRANT'S 
 
 Morgan himself would have done if alive, will he done by them; and, 
 furthermore, that as a matter of opinion the executors believe that the 
 fund is perfectly safe, and that under no contingency can it suffer loss 
 and that it is, as it ought to be, one of the best secured trust funds in 
 the United States. Henry Day. 
 
 Ne-u) Tork, April 22, 1885. 
 
 J 
 
 The removing of the relics, medals, swords and tokens of honor, 
 belonging to General Grant, from his residence was made on June 
 II, 1SS5, when they were surrendered to Colonel R. N. Batchelder 
 of the War Department. It will be remembered that these relics 
 were offered to and accepted by Wm. H. Vanderbilt in payment of 
 his loan of $150,000 to General Grant, and given by him to Mrs. 
 Grant in trust, to be turned over to the Government at some future 
 time. This pathetic list of memorials was prepared by Colonel Fred 
 D. Grant, and was as follows: 
 
 Mexican onyx cabinet, presented to General Grant by the people 
 of Pueblo, Mexico, 
 
 Aerolite, part of which passed over Mexico in 1S71. 
 
 Bronze vases presented to General Grant by the people of Yoko- 
 hama, Japan. 
 
 Marble bust on pedestal, presented by working men of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Large elephant tusks, presented by the King of Siam, 
 
 Small elephant tusks, presented by the Maharajah of Joharie. 
 
 Picture of General Scott, by Page, presented by gentlemen of New 
 York. 
 
 Crackleware bowls (very old) presented by Prince Kaon of 
 China. 
 
 Cloisonne jars (old), presented by Li-Hung-Chang of China. 
 
 Chinese porcelain jars (old), presented by Prince Kaon of China. 
 
 Arabian Bible. 
 
 Coptic Bible, presented by Lord Napier, who captured it from 
 King Theodore of Abyssinia. 
 
 Sporting rifle. 
 
 Sword of Donelson, presented to General Grant after the fall of 
 
LIFE AND SEKVICES. 
 
 765 
 
 Fort Donelson by officers of the army and used by him to the end of 
 the war. 
 
 New York sword, voted to General Grant at a New York fair. 
 
 Roman mug and pitclier. 
 
 Silver menu and card, farewell dinner of San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Silver menu of Paris dinner. 
 
 Horn and silver snuffbox. 
 
 Silver match-box used by General Grant. 
 
 Gold table, modeled after the table in Mr. McLean's house, on 
 which General R. E. Lee signed the articles of surrender, and pre- 
 sented to General Grant by ex-Confederate soldiers. 
 
 Gold cigar cases from the celestial and second Kings of Siam. 
 
 Gold-handled knife, presented by the miners of Idaho Territory. 
 
 Silver trowel, used by General Grant in laying the corner-stone of 
 the Museum of Natural History, New York. 
 
 Knife made at ShefSeld for General Grant. 
 
 General Grant's gold pen. 
 
 Embroidered picture (cock and hen), presented by citizens of 
 Japan. 
 
 Field-glasses used by General Grant during the war. 
 
 Iron-headed cane made from tlie Rebel ram Merrimac. 
 
 Silver-headed cane from wood used in defense of Fort Sumter. 
 
 Gold-headed cane made out of wood from old Fort Duquesne, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gold-headed cane presented in token of General Grant's humanity 
 during the war. 
 
 Gold-headed cane used by Lafayette and presented by the ladies ol 
 Balthnore. 
 
 Carved wood cane from estate of Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Uniform as General of the United States army. 
 
 Fifteen buttons cut from coats during the war by Mrs. Grant after 
 various battles. 
 
 Hat ornaments used at Belmont and Fort Donelson. 
 
 Shoulder straps (Brigadier-General), worn by General Grant at 
 Belmont, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, and straps of Lieutenant-General, 
 cnt from the coat used by General Grant in the campaigns against 
 Richmond, Petersburg, and Lee's army. 
 
 Medal (gold) from the American Congress for opening the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
766 GENERAL U. S. GRANT's 
 
 t 
 
 Gold medal from Philadelphia. 
 
 Forty-five medals in gold,, silver, and bronze. 
 
 Silk papers printed for General Grant. 
 
 Collection of coins, Japanese. This is the only complete set, 
 except one in the Japanese Treasury. Seven of these prices cost 
 $5,000. Presented by the government of Japan. 
 
 Warrant as cadet at West Point and army commissions from 
 Brevet Second Lieutenant to that of General of the Uniied States 
 army. 
 
 Papers and mementoes, comprising addresses, honorary society 
 commissions, and resolutions of respect, as well as the freedom of 
 cities presented abroad. 
 
 K 
 
 From the time that the General's voice began to fail, as previously 
 mentioned, up to the time of his death, he communicated with his 
 attending physician very freely by written tablets. These are of in- 
 tense interest ; by them one can see how the distinguished patient 
 watched every progress of his wasting fatal malady ; how hope alter- 
 nated with fear, and how at last he gave up the unequal struggle. 
 The tablets as given below were furnished by the correspondent of 
 the Albany Evening yonrnal: 
 
 I shall have to be careful about my writing. I see every person I 
 give a piece of paper to puts it in his pocket. Some day they will be 
 coming up against my English. 
 
 It was General Grant's style to read up books concerning the his- 
 tory of the War and the records of the Rebellion very closely and 
 carefully, and then to sit down and wiite for hours at a stretch on his 
 memoirs. The 23d of June, at 5 ;3o p. m., he wrote the following 
 page: 
 
 I said I had been adding to my book and to my coflin. I presume 
 every strain on the mind or body is one more nail in the coffin. 
 
 The 27th of June, at 10 A. M., the General wrote: 
 
 I don't talk because my mouth is easy, and I want to keep it so as 
 long as possible. If I should get up now, I would probably go to 
 work preparing something for reading up. 
 
 The same day he wrote a tablet saying that he had still been at 
 work, despite what he had said in the morning. He wrote at 4 
 o'clock in the afternoon : 
 
LIFE AND bKK\'lCKS. 
 
 767 
 
 I wrote four pages; I tore it oH, and have it, I must read up l)erore 
 I can write properlj. 
 
 Most of the tablets — all of them, with a few exceptions, in fact- 
 refer to the symptoms of the disease that was eating intj his vitals. 
 By following the tablets from the time the General arrived at Mount 
 MacGregor until the closing of his life one obtains a very fair idea of 
 the insidious, deceptive course of the deadly cancer. The 29th of 
 June, at 3 p. M., it was raining, but the General wrote the following 
 i ablet: 
 
 I have had a very restful day. I hope, however, we will have a 
 pleasant day outside to-morrow. 
 
 Within an hour he began to experience a change, for at 4 o'clock 
 he wrote : 
 
 This is always the trouble. No matter how well I get along the 
 balance of the twenty-four hours, when the middle of the afternoon 
 comes I begin to feel stuffy, stopped up, and generally uncomfort- 
 able. 
 
 The 30th of June the General wrote the following: 
 
 The atmosphere here enables me to live in comparative comfort 
 while I am being treated, or while nature is taking its course with 
 my disease. I have no idea that I should have been able to come 
 here now if I had remained in the city. It is doubtful whether I 
 would have been alive. Now, I would be much better able to move 
 back than I was to come up at the time I did. U. S. Grant. 
 
 The General objected to stimulants. The 1st of July he expressed 
 the wish to have the wine discontinued, and wrote as follows: 
 
 I have not taken any wine in six days. So far as I have tried, I 
 don't think alcoholic drinks agree with me. They seem to heat me 
 up and have no other effect. 
 
 The 2d of July at 2 p. m. the General wrote this interesting tablet: 
 
 I have had no rest since you left here. Think I feel more like 
 work than any time since J have- been here. I will try to rest a little, 
 however. I have worked and feel a little weak from it, but I cannot 
 sleep. From 7 this morning I have dozed off a few times, but not 
 half an hour in the aggregate. I have been writing upon my views 
 of some of our Generals and of the character of Lincoln and Stan- 
 ton. I don't place Stanton as high as some people do. Mr. Lincoln 
 cannot be exalted too highly. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of cancer patients is that they have periods 
 of great despondency. General Grant had these periods, and July 3 
 he wrote as follows : 
 
 There are times when I could not recover if left to myself. What 
 
y68 GENEKAL U. S GKANt's 
 
 is to be my fate to-night, doctor? Will I have to lie awake, making 
 it a study how to get a breath? It is about as much as I could stand 
 to go through another night. 
 
 To indicate how hope and fear alternated with General Grant we 
 append two tablets. July 4 at 7 p. M. he wrote: 
 
 I have been getting along very well to-day. There is a growing 
 weakness, however. 
 
 July 5, at 10:30 A. M., he wrote: 
 
 I think I am not so weak as I was at this time yesterday. 
 
 July 6, at II o'clock at night, he wrote this question to the doctor: 
 
 Is the hotel pretty full now? 
 
 The following was written July 7: 
 
 At 1 1 p M. he wrote to the doctor about the use of cocaine and said : 
 
 I may have to use cocaine. If I do I will take the liberty of wak- 
 ing you up to administer it. 
 
 The thoughtf ulness of the General in expressing himself in mak- 
 ing his wants known, is disclosed by this last tablet. He was very 
 anxious at all times not to disturb the physician more than was 
 necessary. 
 
 July 8, at II o'clock in the morning, the General wrote: 
 
 I feel pretty well, but get sleepy sitting in the air. I took a half 
 an hour's nap. Do you want me to go in the house? I am as bright 
 and well now, for the time at least, a» I ever will be. 
 
 Soon after this he wrote: 
 
 I believe I will go in, after all. 
 
 The visit of the Mexican editors, July S, tired him very much, and 
 at 7 p. M. he wrote : 
 
 I must avoid such afternoons as this. All that fatigued me very 
 much. I will take dinner and get to bed while you are at your dinner. 
 
 Cocaine afforded him much relief. July 9 he wrote: 
 
 I got a very considerable amount of rest. That last cocaine did 
 me a power of good. The water P wanted very much, and it gave 
 me an easy relief, with fi ee breath and brief rest. 
 
 The same day, at i o'clock in the afternoon : 
 
 I have been sitting up ever since about 9 o'clock. Until just now 
 I have not been drowsy all that time. I feel very much better than 
 for some time. I walked about this morning with ease and pleasure 
 
 At 3 p. M. . 
 
 I have rested finely and slept a little since you were here. Now is 
 the lime when my mouth begins to fill up, and I don't feel quite as 
 pleasTnt. It had commenced just as you came in a few minutes. 
 
LIFE AND SEllVICES. 769 
 
 Half an hour later: 
 
 For about three times after I had used the cocaine, to-da^-, I would 
 lay back in the delightful absence from pain, and even slept some. 
 At 1 1 o'clock, the last tablet of the day : 
 
 I have had a very fine rest to-day, without so much sleep as to in- 
 terfere with a good night's rest from now on. I may not get it, but 
 hope I will. My swallowing is growing more difficult. 
 
 The lO-h of July, one day less than a fortnight before General 
 Grant died, he wrote : 
 
 " Buck " has brought up the last of the first volume in print. In 
 two weeks if they work hard they can have the second volume copied 
 ready to go to the printer. I will then feel that my work is done. 
 
 Alas! before the two weeks had expired the old soldier's work was 
 done. 
 
 About this time General Grant began to experience greater diffi- 
 culty in swallowing. The loth of July, at 11 150 a. m., he wrote: 
 
 I shall have to reduce my food very materially in order to be able 
 to do anything much longer. It is quite hard to swallow anything 
 after the first half tumbler. 
 
 The same dav, at 4 o'clock in thd afternoon, he wrote as follows: 
 Doctor, I am glad to see you. I didn't know that you had come in. 
 I don't see how I am to avoid the use of cocaine. It would relieve 
 me very much. 
 
 As early as 7:45 o'clock the morning of July 11 General Grant was 
 writing to his doctor : 
 
 I woke up feeling perfectly fresh, as if I had had a good night's 
 natural sleep. My breath is "less obstructed than usual at the same 
 time of the day, and the head less filled up. In fact, my breath is 
 not obstructed in the least, I have used no cocaine during the night, 
 nor do I require any yet. 
 
 It was a peculiarity of General Grant always to be considerate of 
 those about him. This is made clear by the following tablet, which 
 he wrote at i o'clock in the morning of the 12th of July : 
 
 Not sleeping does not disturb me, because I have had so much 
 sleep ; and then I have been comparatively free from pain. I know a 
 sick person cannot feel just as he would like all the time, but I thmk 
 it a duty to let the physician know from time to time just my feel- 
 ings, as" it mav benefit" some other fellow-sufferer hereafter. 
 
 On the same night the General's nurse, Henry, gave Dr. Douglass 
 a tablet which directed him to wake the Doctor, and advise with him 
 whether anything should be done. The tablet adds : 
 
 I feel very well, but have nearly a constant hiccough. Whether 
 this indicates anything or not I do not know, but it is inconvenient. 
 
770 GENERAL U. S. GRANTS 
 
 The patient may not have known that this symptom signified the 
 commencemeni of his last decline. 
 
 General Grant wrote at all hours of the day and night. For in- 
 stance, at 4 o'clock on the morning of July 12: 
 
 I notice that your little girls and Julia (his granddaughter ) get 
 along very happily together witli their svf ing, lawn-tennis and nice 
 shade. They seem very happy. 
 
 About the same hour he wrote: 
 
 1 have not slept probably two hours since 4 o'clock yesterday. Ly- 
 ing down as 1 do all the time I get all the sleep in the aggregate that 
 is necessary. 
 
 For the last twenty-four hours I have suffered less pain on the 
 whole than usual. I have felt more pain than is real, because I have 
 not been able to go out. Just now I feel quite strong, waiting until I 
 get drowsy. I would probably feel weak if I had to make any great 
 exertion. It is a question of avoiding nervousness and restlessness. 
 These I have been free from. The trouble has been more from pain 
 and the accumulation of mucus in the mouth and throat. 
 
 At 8 o'clock the morning of the same day he wrote: 
 
 My not eating so much has helped me very much. As you say, 
 the difficulty about articulation comes from the sore upon inside of 
 the cheek. 
 
 July 16 Gen. Grant wrote a tablet, in which he said: 
 
 I feel sore of the prospect of living through the summer and fall in 
 the condition I am in. I don't think I can, but I may. Except that 
 I don't gather strength, I feel quite as well as I have been heretofore, 
 but I am satisfied that I am losing strength. I feel it more in the in- 
 ability to move about than in any other way, or rather in the lack of 
 desire to try to move. j 
 
 About July 16 a weakness of the stomach was indicated, and the 
 iSth he wrote: 
 
 If I could recover the tone of my stomach I think I would pick up. 
 
 At this time a looseness of the bowels became apparent. At 10 
 o'clock in the morning he wrote : 
 
 I have been very wide awake, but comparatively free from pain. I 
 was just about getting up to walk about the room. Did any one go 
 for you? I didn't send. 
 
 At 10 o'clock at night he wrote the following: 
 
 Not feeling sleepy. Have been thinking of the propriety of taking 
 food. If I could recover the tone of my stomach I would like it. 
 
 The 19th the General felt very tired, and at 2 o'clock in the morn- 
 ing began to be restless. The doctor suggested a change of position, 
 and the General wrote : 
 
LIFE AND SERVICES. 
 
 771 
 
 Do you not think it advisable for me to rest as a tailor does wiien 
 he is standing up? 
 
 With the loss of vitality the malignant pains about the seat of the 
 disease appeared to diminish, and the General was deceived as to his 
 Condition, for he wrote the 19th of July : 
 
 I think I am better this evening than for some time back. The 
 sore places in my mouth do not seem to be spreading. On the other 
 hand, I don't see that any of them are particularly on the road to re- 
 covery. 
 
 At 9 :45 p. M., the same day, he wrote : 
 
 What time have you, doctor.' I have been resting so easily, I 
 would not have been surprised to hear it was 11 o'clock. Henry tells 
 me it is only a little after 9. 
 
 July 20 at 7 A. M. he thought he was better, and wrote: 
 
 My rest for the night was better than the average. I am satisfied I 
 shall have to give up coffee. It is distasteful, too, and harder to take 
 than anything that goes into my mouth. I feel weak and feverish af- 
 ter my coffee for a long time, and have an insatiable desire to drink 
 water. It has been a half-hour since drinking coffee, and I have an 
 immoderate desire to drink cold water yet. 
 
 At 2 o'clock A. M. he had written : 
 
 In making a summary of the progress of the disease the 19th of 
 July I said that the sores in the mouth were still there. This was 
 hardly correct. The palate is about well and along the tongue consid- 
 erably improved. 
 
 The General's mind did not weaken until almost the last hour. 
 The day before he died he wrote : 
 
 I don't think I slept the last time because of the medicine which 
 put me to sleep the first and second times. 
 
 He had taken the medicine but once. 
 
 The following remarkable document was handed Dr. 
 Douglass on Thursda}', July 2: 
 
 I ask you not to show this to any one, unless the physicians you 
 consult with, until the end. Particularly I want it kept from my fam- 
 ily. If known to one man the papers will get it, and they (the family) 
 will get it. It would only distress them almost beyond endurance to 
 know it, and, by reflex, would distress me. I have not changed my 
 mind materially since I wrote you before in the same strain; now, 
 however, I know that I gain strength some days, but when I do go 
 back, it is beyond where I started to improve. I think the chances 
 are very decidedly in favor of your being able to keep me alive until 
 
772 GENERAL U. S. GRANl's 
 
 the change of weather, toward winter. Of course there are 
 contingencies that might arise at any time that might carry me off 
 very suddenly. The most probable of these is choking. Under the 
 circumstances, life is not worth the living. I am very thankful [for 
 thankful, glad was written, but scratched out and thankful subsiituted]- 
 to have been spared this long, because it has enabled me to practically 
 complete the work in which 1 take so much interest. I cannot stir 
 up strength enough to review it and make additions and substitutions 
 that would suggest themselves to me, and are not likely to suggest 
 themselves to any one else. Under the above circumstances, I will 
 be the happiest the most pain I can avoid. If there is to be any extra- 
 ordinary cure, such as some people believe there is to be, it will 
 develop itself. I would say, therefore, to you and your colleagues, to 
 make me as comfortable as you can. If it is within God's providence 
 that I should go now I am ready to obey His call without a murmur. 
 I should prefer to go now to enduring my present suffering for a single 
 day without hope of recovery. As I have stated, I am thankful for 
 the Providential extension of my time to enable me to continue my 
 work. I am further thankful, and in a much greater degree thankful, 
 because it has enabled me to see for myself the happy harmony which 
 so suddenly sprung up between those engaged but a few short years 
 ago in deadly conflict. It has been an inestimable blessing to me to 
 hear the kind expressions toward me in person from all points of our 
 country, from people of all nationalities, of all i^eligions; of Confeder- 
 ates and of National troops alike; of soldiers' organizations; of 
 mechanical, scientific, religious, and other societies, embracing almost 
 every citizen in the land. They have brought joy to my heart, if they 
 have not etfected a cure, so to you and your colleagues I acknowledge 
 my indebtedness for having brought me through the valley of the 
 shadow of death to enable me to witness these things. 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 Mount MacGregor, N. Y., July 2. 1SS5. 
 

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