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 THE GIFT OF 
 
 A.RjSfcio + 
 
 3)jZLjV- 
 
SYNTAX OF EARLY LATIN 
 
 Vol. II— The Cases 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT 
 
 GOLDWIN SMITH PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 o»«o 
 
 Boston 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 LEIPSIC: theodor stauffer 
 
 1914 
 
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 05 
 

 
 
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 j I 
 
 ^hArt, 
 
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 COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT 
 
 NottoooU Wrtsa 
 
 J. 8. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
. PREFACE. 
 
 In the present volume I have changed several texts to which 
 reference is made. Ennius is cited uniformly according to the 
 text of Vahlen, with parallel references to Ribbeck for the 
 dramatic fragments. Lucilius is cited according to Marx; 
 while for the Orators I have referred to the edition of Meyer 
 (1842), in place of the edition of Meyer-Diibner, which was 
 the only edition to which I had access in publishing Volume I. 
 The other writers are cited as in the previous volume. Yet 
 I have nowhere bound myself to the text of any editor. It 
 has seemed necessary to call attention to this, since some read- 
 ers have assumed that in citing by the page or verse of a 
 special editor I have committed myself to his text. It ought 
 to be superfluous to say that such is not the case and that I 
 have deviated in hundreds of instances from the readings of 
 the special editions to which I have referred. I only hope that 
 my own readings may seem in the main sound and justified. 
 
 My task in the preparation of this second volume has been 
 much more difficult than I had anticipated. Barring a few of 
 the more recent monographs, I soon found that the treatises 
 on which I had hoped largely to depend, were extremely de- 
 fective, not only lacking a large proportion of the important 
 material, but being based, in great measure, on conjectural 
 readings of the past generation. Not infrequently false inter- 
 pretations added to the confusion. Under these circumstances, 
 it became necessary to make my own special collections to 
 supplement the obvious lacunae encountered at almost every 
 turn. The expenditure of time and labor thus caused have 
 unquestionably been greater than if I had made independent 
 collections of the entire material from the beginning. Never- 
 theless I believe that substantial completeness has been achieved 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 in the material here presented. Wherever possible, I have 
 given the exact number of instances of the occurrence of a 
 usage. When a usage is found ten or more times, I have 
 marked it "frequent." 
 
 The same kind friends who assisted me with Volume I, Pro- 
 fessor Edwin W. Fay, Dr. Emory B. Lease, and Professor Mary 
 B. McElwain, have again lent me their help and counsel un- 
 stintedly in the present volume, and have each contributed in 
 large measure to securing greater completeness and accuracy 
 than I should have attained unaided. 
 
 Owing to the length of time necessary to put the work 
 through the press, it was impossible to utilize any literature 
 appearing after the early autumn of 1913. 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT. 
 Ithaca, April, 1914. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 CASE NAMES, CASE THEORIES, NOMINATIVE, PREDICATE NOUNS, 
 
 APPOSITIVES. 
 
 ; page 
 
 Origin of the Latin Case Names 1 
 
 Case Theories 2 
 
 The Nominative 4 
 
 Predicate Nouns 5 
 
 Appositives 6 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 Original Force of the Genitive 8 
 
 The Genitive with Nouns 10 
 
 A. Genitive of Material 12 
 
 B. Genitive of the Whole 13 
 
 1. Genitive of Quantity or Measure ..... 14 
 
 2. Neuter Adjectives of Amount 16 
 
 3. Neuter Substantives 19 
 
 4. Masculine and Feminine Pronouns and Pronominal Adjec- 
 
 tives 20 
 
 5. Mille, milia 22 
 
 6. Pars and Nouns denoting a Part 23 
 
 7. Superlatives 24 
 
 8. Neuter Pronouns 25 
 
 9. Dia dearum 34 
 
 10. "Words denoting Preeminence 34 
 
 11. Genitive of the Whole used Predicatively .... 34 
 
 12. True Partitives 35 
 
 13. Adverbs 35 
 
 a) Adverbs of Quantity 35 
 
 6) Adverbs of Place 36 
 
 c) Adverbs of Time 37 
 
 <?) Negative Adverbs 37 
 
 v 
 
vi Table of Contents. 
 
 PAOK 
 
 G. Possessive Genitive 37 
 
 Predicate Uses of the Possessive Genitive .... 49 
 
 D. Subjective Genitive . . 50 
 
 Predicate Uses of the Subjective Genitive .... 56 
 
 E. Objective Genitive 57 
 
 F. Genitive of Quality 65 
 
 G. Appositional Genitive 68 
 
 B. Genitive with Causa, Gratia, and Similar Words .... 68 
 
 I. Free Uses of the Genitive with Nouns 70 
 
 One Genitive depending on Another 81 
 
 Genitive with Adjectives and Participles . . . * . . .82 
 Genitive with Verbs 88 
 
 1. With Verbs of Reminding, Admonishing 88 
 
 2. With Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting 88 
 
 3. With Verbs of Judicial Action . . .... 89 
 
 4. With Verbs of Emotion, piget, pudet, taedet, etc 90 
 
 5. With Verbs of PleDty and Want 91 
 
 6. With Verbs of Ruling, Having Power Over 92 
 
 7. The Type, flocci facere. Value. Price 93 
 
 8. With Verbs of Desiring, Scorning 98 
 
 9. Genitive of Respect 99 
 
 Genitive of Exclamation 100 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 Original Force of the Dative 101 
 
 Indirect Object 104 
 
 Simple Indirect Object 104 
 
 With Verbs of Special Meaning 117 
 
 Dative with Prepositional Compounds 122 
 
 Dative of Reference 132 
 
 General Type ... 133 
 
 Sympathetic Dative , 134 
 
 Dative of the Person Judging 145 
 
 Ethical Dative 14g 
 
 Dative of Separation 148 
 
 Dative of Interest (Dativus Commodi et Incommodi) 150 
 
 Dative of Possession 159 
 
 Attraction with Nomen Est 165 
 
 Dative of Agency Igg 
 
 With Gerundives Igg 
 
 With Perfect Passive Participles Ig9 
 
 With Uncompounded Tenses of the Passive 170 
 
Table of Contents. vii 
 
 PAGS 
 
 Dative of Purpose or Tendency 171 
 
 Dative with Adjectives and Participles 178 
 
 Dative with Nouns 183 
 
 Dative with Adverbs 187 
 
 Dative with Interjections 188 
 
 Dative of the Goal 189 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 Original Force of the Accusative Case 191 
 
 Accusative of the Inner Object 195 
 
 1. The Accusative is a Substantive 195 
 
 2. The Cognate Accusative 197 
 
 3. The Accusative of Inner Object with Neuter Adjectives . . . 199 
 
 4. The Accusative of Inner Object with Neuter Pronouns . . . 201 
 6. The Accusative of Inner Object with nil and parum . . . 207 
 
 Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected 209 
 
 Accusative dependent on Prepositional Compounds .... 217 
 
 Accusative dependent on Verbs of Emotion 221 
 
 Accusative with Middles 222 
 
 Accusative in Prolepsis 222 
 
 Accusative of Duration of Time 225 
 
 Accusative of Extent of Space 229 
 
 Accusative of Limit of Motion 230 
 
 A. Common Nouns 230 
 
 Domum 230 
 
 Domos 233 
 
 Exsequias 233 
 
 Exsilium 233 
 
 Infitias . 233 
 
 Malam rem, malam crucem 234 
 
 Pessum 234 
 
 Bus 234 
 
 Suppetias 235 
 
 Venum ... 235 
 
 Viciniam 235 
 
 B. Proper Names 236 
 
 1) Names of Countries and Provinces 235 
 
 2) Names of Islands 236 
 
 3) Names of Cities 236 
 
 4) Names of Rivers, Mountains, and Promontories . 238 
 Two Accusatives, — Direct Object and Predicate Accusative 238 
 Two Accusatives, — One of the Person and One of the Thing . . 247 
 
viii Table of Contents. 
 
 FAGS 
 
 Two Accusatives with Verbs Compounded with Prepositions . 261 
 
 Accusatives dependent on Nouns and Adjectives 252 
 
 A, With Nouns 252 
 
 B. With Adjectives 252 
 
 The Accusative in Exclamations 253 
 
 With Interjections 253 
 
 Without Interjections 254 
 
 The Accusative with em 267 
 
 The Accusative with ecce 257 
 
 The Accusative with eccwm, eccam, eccillum, etc. .... 267 
 
 Special Idiomatic Uses of the Accusative 258 
 
 Id genus, quod genus, omne genus 25& 
 
 Maxumam partem 25& 
 
 Virile secus 259 
 
 Meant vicem ... 269 
 
 Hoc aetatis, id aetatis, etc 269 
 
 Id, ' on this account ' 259 
 
 Accusative in ' Constructio ad Sensum ' 260' 
 
 Accusative dependent on Verb Understood 261 
 
 Miscellaneous and Rare Constructions 261 
 
 Accusative dependent on Passive Impersonals 261 
 
 Accusative as Object of Passive Periphrastic Conjugation . . . 261 
 
 Accusativus Graecus 261 
 
 Accusative dependent upon Interjections ...... 262 
 
 Accusative instead of Ablative with Comparatives .... 262 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 THE VOCATIVE. 
 
 1. True Vocatives 264 
 
 Without Interjection 264 
 
 With Interjection 26& 
 
 With mi, mea, noster . .271 
 
 2. Expressions of Endearment 272 
 
 3. In Exclamations 273 
 
 4. Vituperative Expressions 274 
 
 Without Interjection 274 
 
 With Interjection 27& 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 Original Force of the Ablative 279 
 
 Syncretism in the Latin Ablative 279 
 
Table of Contents. ix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 True Ablative Uses 280 
 
 Ablative of Separation 280 
 
 A. With Verbs 280 
 
 B. With Adjectives and Adverbs 286 
 
 C. Domo, rure 287 
 
 D. Names of Towns, Islands, Countries, etc 288 
 
 1. Names of Countries 288 
 
 2. Names of Islands 288 
 
 3. Names of Towns 288 
 
 4. Names of Rivers and Nations 290 
 
 Ablative of Source 290 
 
 Ablative of Comparison 292 
 
 1. In Negative Expressions 293 
 
 2. In Rhetorical Questions 294 
 
 3. Proverbial Expressions 295 
 
 4. Opinione melius 296 
 
 6. Plus, minus, minor, in Numerical Expressions . . . 296 
 
 Aeque, adaeque, with Positive followed by Ablative . . 297 
 
 Adverbs in Ablative of Comparison 297 
 
 Ablative of Agency 297 
 
 Ablative of Time after Which 298 
 
 Instrumental (Sociative) Uses of the Ablative 299 
 
 Ablative of Accompaniment 299 
 
 Ablative of Association 299 
 
 Ablative of Attendant Circumstance 301 
 
 Ablative of Accordance 305 
 
 Ablative of Manner 306 
 
 Ablative of Cause 312 
 
 Ablative of Quality 317 
 
 A. Attributive Uses 319 
 
 B. Predicate Uses 321 
 
 Ablative of Means 325 
 
 With Verbs 326 
 
 With Adjectives 349 
 
 With Nouns 351 
 
 With Verbs and Adjectives of Filling, Abounding, etc. . . 361 
 
 With the Deponents, utor, fruor, fruniscor, potior, vescor . . 352 
 
 Ablative of Price 353 
 
 Ablative with opus est, usus est 356 
 
 Ablative of the Way by Which 360 
 
 Ablative of Degree of Difference 362 
 
 1. With Comparatives of Adjectives and Adverbs . . . 362 
 
 2. With Verbs of Superiority ; of Increase (augeo), and malo . 364 
 
 3. With aliter, ante, post, bis, abhinc .... . 364 
 
 4. With Superlatives 364 
 
x Table of Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. With a Positive 364 
 
 6. Multo tantd amplius 364 
 
 Ablative of Specification 365 
 
 Ablative Absolute 367 
 
 1. A Substantive with a Perfect Passive Participle . . . 368 
 
 2. A Substantive with a Present Active Participle . . . 369 
 
 3. A Substantive with an Adjective 370 
 
 4. Two Substantives 371 
 
 Miscellaneous Constructions of Instrumental Origin .... 372 
 
 Locative Uses of the Ablative 372 
 
 Ablative of Place Where 372 
 
 A. Common Nouns 372 
 
 1. Buri 372 
 
 2. Vicinia 373 
 
 3. Domo ... 373 
 
 4. Terra, mart . 373 
 
 6. Loco, locis 373 
 
 6. Nouns Limited by totus 374 
 
 7. Other Nouns 375 
 
 B. Proper Names 376 
 
 1. Names of Countries 376 
 
 2. Names of Islands . . 376 
 
 3. Names of Towns ... .... 376 
 
 4. Other Words 377 
 
 6. Place Relations as Attributive Modifiers . 377 
 
 Mea refert 379 
 
 Ablative of Time 379 
 
 A. Time at Which 379 
 
 B. Time within Which 384 
 
 CHAPTER VH 
 
 THE LOCATIVE. 
 
 Local Uses of the Locative 386 
 
 1. Common Nouns . . . .... 386 
 
 Viciniae, domi 386 
 
 Duelli, belli, militiae, terrae 387 
 
 2'. Proper Names 387 
 
 Names of Islands 387 
 
 Names of Towns 387 
 
 Temporal Uses of the Locative 389 
 
SYNTAX OF EARLY LATIN. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE CASES. 1 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 CASE NAMES, CASE THEORIES, NOMINATIVE, PREDICATE 
 NOUNS, APPOSITIVES. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE LATIN CASE NAMES. 2 
 
 The English word case comes from the Latin casus, which was a 
 translation of the Greek 7rrwis. tttSxtk, as a grammatical term, pri- 
 marily denoted a ' deviation ' or ' change,' and was accordingly first 
 ■employed to denote the oblique cases, as being ' deviations ' 
 (mwas) from the nominative. The nominative itself, therefore, 
 was not classed at the outset as a m-aiens, though it early came to be 
 Tegarded as such. 
 
 The Greek names of the cases were: ovo/muttik^, Nominative; 
 ycviKrj, Genitive ; Soruaj, Dative ; alrum/cy, Accusative ; KkijriKri, 
 Vocative. 
 
 The nominative was so called because it was the case employed 
 for naming a substantive when it was simply cited as a word. 
 
 The significance of the term ytvadj is in dispute. Some have 
 thought it meant, 'the case of source or origin.' But the usual 
 meaning of -yen/cos is against this view. It probably meant, 'the 
 
 1 See in general, Delbriick, Vgl. Synt. i, p. 172 ff. ; Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , 
 p. 464 ff. ; Kurze Vgl. Gramm. ii, p. 417 ff. ; Drager, Hist. Synt. der lat. Spr. i, 
 -p. 354 ff. ; Kvihner-Stegmann, Ausf . Gramm. der lat. Spr. ii, p. 243 ff . ; Lindsay, Synt. 
 of Plautus, p. 10 ff. 
 
 2 Hiibschmann, Zur Casuslehre, Munich, 1875, pp. 3-14, 28-37; Steinthal, Ge- 
 schichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Romern 2 , ii, Berlin, 1891, 
 p. 265 ff . 
 
 1 
 
2 Case Names, Case Theories, etc. 
 
 case of the genus or class.' This view accords with, the regular use 
 of the genitive to restrict the meaning of another word by denoting 
 the class or yei/os to which it applies, e.g., love of parents, ' fishers of 
 men,' tons of earth. 
 
 The dative was called SotuoJ, ' the case of giving,' though this is 
 simply one prominent function of the case. 
 
 In calling the accusative amaruo?, the Greeks intended to desig- 
 nate this case as the 'case of effect,' i.e. of the thing caused (from 
 curia). Here again the name designated but imperfectly the func- 
 tions of the case. For the accusative indicates also the person or 
 the thing affected, to say nothing of other uses. 
 
 KA17T110; designates adequately the function of the vocative as the 
 case of address. 
 
 The Romans in devising grammatical terms for their own lan- 
 guage simply translated these Greek names. 'Ovo/ma-TiK^ became 
 nominativus. In rendering yiviK-rj by genetivus, the Eoman gram- 
 marians falsely interpreted the case as that of source or origin, 
 misled, doubtless, by the frequent use of the Greek genitive in that 
 function. Aotikt; became dativus. Amorim; was falsely rendered by 
 the name accusativus, as though ahianKq were derived from alTuLo/juu, 
 ' accuse.' KXifrucrj became vocativus. For the ablative, the Romans 
 were obliged to coin a new term. The designation ablativus was 
 fairly accurate for the separative uses of the case, though it ignored 
 the instrumental and locative functions. 
 
 It is uncertain just when or by whom these Latin names were 
 introduced. They had at least become established as current terms 
 by Quintilian's time (90 a.d.). 
 
 CASE THEORIES. 1 
 
 From the appearance of Hartung's work, Ueber die Casus, ihre 
 Bildung und Bedeutung, 1831, until almost the present day, there 
 has been earnest discussion as to the nature of the cases in general. 
 
 1 Hubschmann, Zur Casuslehre, Munich, 1875, pp. 49-73; Holzweissig, Wahrheit 
 und Irrthum der localistischen Casustheorie, Leipsic, 1877 ; Whitney, Transaction* 
 Amer. Phil. Assoc, xiii, p. 88 S. ; Amer. Jour. Phil, xiii, p. 283 ff. ; Delbriick, Grund- 
 fragen der Sprachforschung, p. 129 ff. ; Marty, Zur Sprachphilosophie. Die logische, 
 lokalistische, und andere Kasustheorien, Halle, 1910 ; Morris and Oertel, Harvard 
 Studies, xvi, p. 98 ff. 
 
Case Theories. 3 
 
 Hartung advocated a localistic theory of the cases. Later came 
 Michelsen, with his ' logical ' theory, set forth in his Casuslehre der 
 lateinischen Sprache vom causal-localen Standpunkte aus, 1843. Two 
 years later, Rumpel advocated a grammatical theory in his Casus- 
 lehre in besonderer Beziehung auf die griechische Sprache, 1845. 
 
 All these case-theories involved an extremely doubtful assumption 
 and proceeded upon an entirely false method. The doubtful assump- 
 tion was that all the cases must necessarily belong to a single scheme, 
 as though parts of some consistent institution. The false method 
 lay in the fact that so little attempt was made to secure adequate 
 data as to the actual use of the different cases in the several Indo- 
 European languages. The only way in which the character of any 
 Indo-European case can be determined is by the study of its employ- 
 ment in different languages. Instead of this, the advocates of the 
 various case-theories sought largely by a priori considerations to 
 establish the validity of their favorite doctrines. Little real progress 
 was made by the years of debate over the merits of these rival theo- 
 ries. It was not until they were abandoned and each case was studied 
 as to its own value on the basis of the completest knowledge attain- 
 able and without reference to any preconceived theory, that any 
 satisfactory advance in the attitude towards the cases was made. 
 Eational students to-day no longer proclaim themselves advocates 
 of any theory of the cases. 1 They study each case and determine so 
 far as possible the earliest value and function of that case. Such 
 investigation is very difficult, and it may be premature to say that 
 final results have been attained. Yet much unanimity prevails as 
 to most of the cases. Inductive study seems to indicate that most 
 of the cases are actually local in their original or most primitive 
 functions. This is true of the ablative, locative, and instrumental, 
 in the opinion of all scholars who admit that inflected forms of the 
 parent-speech had a ' Grundbegriff.' It is the almost universal view 
 as to the dative, and seems probable also in the case of the genitive. 
 The accusative is still regarded by many as purely grammatical, 
 though there are not lacking those who hold it to be local. The 
 only case whose nature is clearly and confessedly grammatical is 
 the nominative, and by this we say no more than that we do not 
 i See especially Delbriick, Grundfragen der Sprachforschung, p. 125 f. 
 
4 Case Names, Case Theories, etc. 
 
 know whether at any time it indicated anything more tangible and 
 concrete. 
 
 Attention has been called above to the difficulty and uncertainty 
 of determining the earliest attainable function in Indo-European of 
 the several cases. One serious difficulty is occasioned by the variety 
 of formations of one and the same case. Thus the genitive singular 
 has three different terminations: -sio; 4; and -es, -os, -s. While 
 these ultimately came to be regarded as the sign of the genitive, yet 
 it is more than likely that originally they were all different in logical 
 value. So with plural terminations. The ending of the ablative plu- 
 ral, for example, bears no formal relation to the ablative singular. 
 Possibly the singular and plural terminations of most cases originally 
 represented logically different notions. 
 
 The Nominative. 1 
 
 The uses of the nominative are for the most part normal and. 
 simple, requiring no special comment. Where the subject is general 
 (= ' people,' ' one '), it is often omitted, e.g. dicunt, ferunt, etc. Be- 
 sides this, we find it omitted in Cato's Agricultura where it is less 
 general, though easily understood from the context. Examples are : 
 10, 4, dolia quo vinaceos condat ; 14, 2, pilam ubi triticum pinsat ; 20, 1, 
 plumbum effundere caveat ; 138, frumentum quod non daturus erit ; 
 141, 4 ; 145, 2 ; 144, 2. In all these passages, the reference is not to 
 any one specifically mentioned in the context, but to the proprietor 
 or farmer for whose estate Cato is giving directions. See Keil's note 
 on de Agr. 11, 2, where over twenty-five similar examples of omitted 
 subject are given. 
 
 In addition to such expressions as hoc pudet, id piget, etc., we find 
 hoc lucescit in Ainph. 543 ; H. T. 410, luciscit iam hoc ; M. G. 218, 
 lucet hoc. 
 
 In a few instances we find the nominative used to express an 
 exclamation, e.g. Cure. 120, em tibi anus lepida ; Enn. Trag. 307 
 (Sc. 353V), heu mea fortuna, ut omnia in me conglomeras mala! 
 And. 223, ibi hanc eiectam Chrysidis patrem recepisse orbam, par- 
 vam. fabulae ! Phor. 874, somnium ! utin haec ignoraret suom patrem. 
 
 1 C. F. W. Miiller, Syntax des Nominativs und Akkusativs im Lateinischen, Leip- 
 sic, 1908, p. 1. 
 
Predicate Nouns, Appositives. 6 
 
 Predicate Nouns. 
 
 Any case may be used predicatively, though such usage is rare 
 except in the nominative, accusative, and genitive. An illustration 
 of the dative used predicatively is Amph. 597, neque credebam mi- 
 himet Sosiae ; of the ablative : Cas. 143, sine med arbitro ; Trin. 827, 
 placido te usus sum ; Poen. 443; H. T. 217. Eor the Predicative Geni- 
 tive, see p. 34; 49; 56; 80; for the Predicative Accusative, p. 238 ff. 
 
 The Predicative Nominative appears in Early Latin with the same 
 verbs as in the classical period, e.g. sum, jw, videor, and the passive of 
 verbs of naming, regarding, etc. Examples are superfluous. Illus- 
 trations of other verbs taking the predicate construction are : 
 
 adsum : Asin. 415, is precator adsiet ; 513, tu mi accusatrix ades. 
 
 capior : Amph. 68, ut pignus capiantur togae. 
 
 clueo : Amph. 647, ut meus victor vir clueat ; Epid. 522, qui legum 
 ac iurum fictor, conditor cluet ; Pud. 285, ego huius fani sacerdos 
 clueo; so Trin. 309; True. 615. 
 
 consequor : Amph. 635, voluptatem ut maeror comes consequatur. 
 
 degere : Cas. 290, utrum caelibem te esse mavis liberum an mari- 
 tum servom aetatem degere ? 
 
 eo : Bacch. 1167, eunt eecas probri perlecebrae et persuastrices. 
 
 ineo : Cas. 221, ubi amor condimentum inierit. 
 
 morior : Bacch. 816, quem di diligunt adulescens moritur. 
 
 nascor : Amph. 179, hie qui verna natust. 
 
 venio : Stich. 326a, tun hue hostis venis ? Trin. 161, alius ad te 
 veneram. 
 
 vivo : Amph. 75, dixit vos victores vivere. 
 
 For examples of the predicate nominative with the passive of 
 verbs that take two accusatives in the active, see p. 238 ff. 
 
 Appositives. 1 
 
 The use of nouns in apposition in Early Latin is much the same 
 as in the later Latinity. Certain types of usage which appear in the 
 classical Latinity have not yet made their appearance in the Early 
 
 i Kuhner-Stegmann, Ausf . lat. Gramra. ii, p. 243 ff. ; Asmus, De appositionis apud 
 Plant um et Terentium collocations, Halle, 1891 (coverB more than the title indicates). 
 
6 Case Karnes, Case Theories, etc. 
 
 period. To these attention will be called later. The types of usage 
 which are found in Early Latin are as follows : 
 
 1. The common use of a noun in apposition with a proper name 
 designating the social or other status of the person mentioned, e.g. 
 Archilinem opstetricem ; erilis noster filius Strabax ; tonstricem 
 Suram ; Hegio senex. These are extremely frequent, occurring on 
 almost every page. 
 
 2. Common too is the use of a substantive with an understood 
 pronoun of the first or second person, e.g. Bacch. 51, duae unum 
 expetitis palumbera ; Epid. 393, deliramus interdum senes ; Rud. 
 808, alter istinc, alter hinc adsistite ; adsistite ambo ! 
 
 3. Characteristic of Early Latin is the frequent use of expressions 
 like nemo homo, homo servos, homo adulescens, e.g. Bacch. 65, adules- 
 cens homo ; so Pseud. 434 ; Merc. 741, amatori seni coquendast cena 
 H. T. 602, reliquit filiam. adulescentulam ; Merc. 141, hominem nemi- 
 nem; so M. G. 1411; Most. 901; Pers. 211; True. 300; Eun. 549 
 Asin. 470, hominem servom ; so Epid. 60 ; 328 ; M. G. 563 ; Merc 
 87, aedificat navim cercurum ; Pers. 209, puerum peiorem novi 
 neminem ; Pseud. 1205, edepol hominem verberonem Pseudolum 
 M. G. 789, habeo meam clientam, meretricem adulescentulam ; Men. 
 261, meretrices mulieres ; 335, meretricem mulierem ; Aul. 807, ex 
 pedisequa nutrice anu; Rud. 671, sacerdotem anum; Aul. 253, se- 
 necta aetate; so Amph. 1032 ; Merc. 985 ; Cas. 244, senem (hominem) 
 neminem esse ignaviorem ; 35, senex hie maritus habitat ; Trin. 835, 
 circumstabant navem turbines venti ; Cas. 182, vicinam neminem. 
 
 4. As in classical Latin, so in Early Latin, we find the appositive 
 in a temporal or adversative relation, e.g. Capt. 630, puerum te 
 vidi puer ; Bacch. 460, hie sodalis Pistoclero iam puer puero f uit ; 
 Capt. 631, ego te video maior maiorem ; Amph. 355, familiaris acci- 
 piere faxo haud familiariter ; M. G. 966, quia adulescens nuptast 
 cum sene. 
 
 5. Partitive Apposition. This occurs frequently, as in all periods, 
 e.g.: 
 
 a) First Person : Cas. 371, te uterque ego atque hie oramus ; Cist. 
 38, nos libertinae sumus, et ego et tua mater ; 145, nos solae scimus 
 ego et ilia ; Merc. 536, coniuravimus ego et ille ; True. 381, quom 
 sordebamus, alter de altero ; Stich. 370, alius alium percontamur ; 
 
Appositives. 7 
 
 Aul. 275, nobis adest exitium, mini atque erili filiae ; Amph. 1071, 
 neque nostrum quisquam sensimus, neque providimus. 
 
 b) Second Person : See Vol. I, p. 348. 
 
 c) Third Person : Aul. 414, omnis exegit foras, me atque hos ; 
 Bacch. 403, sed eccos video incedere patrem sodalis et magistrum ; 
 ■Capt. 232, nam fere maxuma pars morem huno homines habent; 
 M. G. 93, itaque hie meretrices maiorem partem videas valgis 
 saviis ; Most. 1047, eduxi omnem legioneui, et maris et feminas ; 
 Poen. 84, duae fuere filiae, altera .... altera ; Men. 859, hunc 
 senem osse fini dedolabo assulatim viscera; E.ud. 1345, te Venus 
 eradicet, caput atque aetatem tuam ; M. G. 1246, nulli mortali nisi 
 duobus, tibi et Phaoni Lesbio ; CIL, i, 196, 19, homines pious v oin- 
 vorsei virei atque mulieres. 
 
 6. The expression plerique omnes is found Trin. 29, plerique omnes 
 iam sunt intermortui ; And. 55; Phor. 172; H. T. 830, dixi pleraque 
 omnia. 
 
 7. A loose apposition appears in Cato, Agr. 93, amurcam cum aqua 
 commisceto aequas partes ; 10, 1, quomodo oletum agri iugera ccxl 
 instruere oporteat, ' an olive-orchard of 240 acres ; ' 27, sementim 
 facito, ocinum, viciam, etc. ; 108, 1, polentam grandem dimidium 
 acetabuli indito; 109, farinam libras iiii; 127, conterito et mel coc- 
 tum drachumam unam et vini sextarium, where the genitive differs 
 only formally from the appositive use ; see Altenburg, De Sermone 
 pedestri Italorum vetustissimo, Jahrbiicher fur Classische Phil., Sup- 
 plement, xxiv, 1898, p. 501 f. 
 
 8. The appositive of a vocative is regularly in the vocative, e.g. 
 Merc. 947, mi sodalis, Eutyche ; Men. 182, anime mi, Menaechme. 
 
 9. In Cist. 149, utrumque haec, et rnultiloqua et multibiba, est 
 anus, the appositive of the substantive is adjectival. 
 
 10. Occasionally we find a noun with a gerundive used as an ap- 
 positive, e.g. Ad. 545, me credo huic esse natum rei, ferundis mi- 
 seriis. 
 
 In classical Latin the appositive of a possessive pronoun stands in 
 the genitive, e.g. nostro praesentium periculo. Of this I have found 
 no illustration in the Early language. Nor does Early Latin show 
 examples of words used in apposition with a whole statement, e.g. 
 Tacit. Ann. i, 30, quosdam ipsi manipuli, documentum fidei, tradidere. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 1 
 
 ORIGINAL FORCE OF THE GENITIVE. 
 
 The view was long prevalent that in Latin the genitive was 
 primarily an adnominal case and that its use with verbs was due to 
 the decided substantive character inherent in, or suggested by, verbs 
 taking the construction. This view was followed in the author's 
 Latin Language, p. 194, and appears also in the fourth edition of 
 Schmalz's Syntax und Stilistik, p. 360. But recent investigations 
 have developed serious difficulties in the way of its acceptance. The 
 theory implies that in the earliest Latin the genitive was used with 
 nouns alone, whereas the testimony of the Indo-European languages 
 is clear that the genitive was freely construed with verbs even in 
 the Ursprache. Cf. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 596. On no other 
 principle can we satisfactorily explain the presence of this construc- 
 tion in all the Indo-European languages. Not only this ; certain 
 genitive formations, — those in -l — seem to have been used origi- 
 nally with verbs alone ; see below, page 93. 
 
 An examination of the genitive formations of Indo-European re- 
 veals a genitive in -es, -os, -s; a genitive (of o-stems) in sio, -so; and 
 a genitive (also of o-stems) in -I. These are the singular termina- 
 tions ; in the plural we have a single ending : -dm. 
 
 The termination -es, -os, -s served not only as genitive, but (as 
 appears from the testimony of the Greek and Sanskrit) also as ab- 
 lative. It has been suggested (cf. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 570) 
 that the ablative value may represent the original function of this 
 
 1 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 565 ff . ; Kurze Vergl. Gramm. p. 434 i . ; Delbruck, 
 Grundriss, iii, p. 307 ff . ; Loch, De genetivi apud priscos scriptores Latinos usu, 
 Bartenstein, 1880; Schaaff, De genetivi usu Plautino, Halle, 1881; Blomquist, De 
 genetivi apud Plautum usu, Helsingfors, 1892 ; Liebig, De genetivi usu Terentiano, 
 Oels, 1853; Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 10 ff. ; Schmalz, Syntax und Stilistik 4 , 
 p. 360 ff. ; Kiihnei-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Gramm. ii s , p. 413 ff. 
 
Original Farce of the Genitive. 9 
 
 formation, and that the genitive function developed from that 1 ; 
 cf. the use of German von, in the sense of ' of,' e.g. in Er ist von 
 tiefem Gemiith ; Er ass von dem Apf el die Halfte ; Die Erwerbung 
 von Land ; also late Latin de in the same sense, whence French de. 
 In English likewise, of was originally separative. 
 
 The termination -I, it has been suggested, 2 denoted the sphere into 
 which something was brought or to which it belonged. This forma- 
 tion, it has been conjectured, was an uninflected form of the adjective 
 suffix -iio-; see Brugmann, op. cit. p. 570; Kurze Vergl. Gramm. 
 p. 435. For the use of adjectives in genitive function, Brugmann 
 compares German unser and Latin quoius. 3 
 
 The termination -sip, -so is thought to have indicated functions 
 similar to the last. In the plural we have a single genitive ending : 
 -dm, employed originally, probably, only in genitive function (since 
 in the plural the Indo-European distinguished genitive and ablative 
 formations) and with a value similar to those already discussed. 
 
 An examination of the foregoing terminations, however, does not 
 enable us to determine any single value to be attached to the gen- 
 itive in Indo-European. In fact, it would seem that the above gen- 
 itive forms passed from the parent-speech into the separate languages 
 with their independent values, and that it was only in the separate 
 languages that an ultimate crystallization took place. This is in- 
 dicated by the fact that in Greek and Sanskrit the termination -es, 
 -os still retained both ablative and genitive values. But so far as 
 the genitive value existed in the Ursprache, its function with nouns 
 was simply to complete their meaning in any way suggested by the 
 context and combination. For the use with verbs, definition is less 
 easy. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 567, thinks that when the gen- 
 itive is employed with verbs, the predication does not hold for the 
 full compass and content of the substantive idea, but indicates rather 
 the sphere of the substantive idea or something connected with it. 
 Similar is Delbrtick's view (Grundriss, iii, p. 187). But these defi- 
 nitions, though the utterances of our masters in syntactical theory, 
 
 J Such is the view also of Blomquist, op. cit. p. iv. 
 
 2 Wackernagel, Melanges de Saussure, p. 125 ff . ; Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 609. 
 8 That the genitive in general was hy origin an adjective, had been suggested 
 ranch earlier, viz. hy Hofer, Zur Lautlehre, p. 92. 
 
10 The Genitive. 
 
 will hardly satisfy many. They are not only vague, but at variance 
 with the chief facts * of usage as naturally interpreted. The same 
 criticism (of vagueness) is applicable also to Brugmann's definition of 
 the genitive in general (both adnominal and adverbial uses), given 
 in Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 572 : " Er war die unkasuelle Form (der " Casus 
 indefinitus") eines substantivierten Adjektivs, die im Satz teils 
 freier fur sich stehen konnte, teils sich enger an ein einzelnes, ver- 
 bales oder nominales, Satzglied anschloss." 
 
 It is at present impossible to formulate a general statement or 
 definition which shall cover both adnominal and adverbial uses. 
 The fact is, these uses were originally different. There was no 
 " einheitlicher " genitive in the Ursprache. In the parent-speech 
 there were different genitives, some adnominal, some adverbial. It 
 was reserved to the different languages to combine the different 
 formations into a single case. In Melanges de Saussure, p. 146 ff., 
 Wackernagel has shown that many functions ultimately fulfilled by 
 the genitive were originally performed by adjectives. Wackernagel 
 (p. 146) is of the opinion that in the Ursprache the adnominal geni- 
 tive had a very limited range. The possessive, subjective, apposi- 
 tional, and other uses were expressed by adjectives ; the objective 
 use by compounds. The use with verbs, according to Wackernagel, 
 was at the outset predominant, if not actually exclusive. 
 
 Our classification embraces the use of the genitive with sub- 
 stantives (nouns and pronouns), with adjectives, and with verbs. 
 In Indo-European there were also certain free adverbial uses of the 
 genitive to denote time and place. Latin, however, has preserved 
 only the scantiest relics of these. 
 
 THE GENITIVE WITH NOUNS. 
 
 With nouns the genitive occurs in a great variety of relation- 
 ships. An examination of these relationships reveals no common 
 element pointing to an origin in some one primitive and fundamen- 
 tal usage. Such origin has, to be sure, been maintained by certain 
 scholars. Thus some have endeavored to derive all adnominal uses 
 of the genitive from the notion of ' belonging to ' seen in the posses- 
 
 1 1 should, of course, except the Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive) from 
 this criticism. 
 
Genitive with Nouns. 11 
 
 sive genitive. Delbrtick, op. cit. iii, p. 333, dismisses this view as 
 untenable, characterizing the fundamental notion assumed as too 
 general, vague, and shadowy. Yet it is essentially the same view 
 that Brugmann and other recent scholars advocate when they ex- 
 plain the genitive as by origin the ' casus indefinitus ' of an adjec- 
 tive. An adjective conveys no very specific idea of relationship. 
 It would seem fair to define it in general as denoting, ' belonging 
 to,' 'connected with.' Yet from this develop, as a result of the 
 context, nearly all the relationships conveyed by the genitive. Del- 
 brtick himself, ibid., would derive all other adnominal uses from the 
 partitive, 1 though he does not indicate the processes by which he 
 conceives this to have been brought about. 
 
 Until fuller and more convincing data are at hand, it seems better 
 not to attempt to refer all adnominal uses of the genitive to a single 
 ' Grundbegriff,' but to content ourselves with recognizing in the gen- 
 itive the capacity of completing the meaning of the substantive in 
 any one of a great variety of ways suggested by the context. 2 Most 
 of the uses fall into clearly defined categories ; yet this is not al- 
 ways so. Many isolated expressions occur which do not logically 
 belong under any of the familiar categories and for which it would 
 be awkward to establish new groups. The usual procedure" in 
 dealing with these combinations is to force them under some one 
 of the traditional categories of possession, material, apposition, etc. 
 This, however, is often so violent that it seems far better to bring 
 together into one group those uses which do not conform to any one 
 of the well-represented types. We cannot bear too clearly in mind 
 that, while the great mass of all syntactical constructions falls nat- 
 urally into large groups of closely related uses, yet this condition 
 was not original. At the outset there was greater variety and flex- 
 ibility than later. With time the crystallization into related groups 
 of uses advanced further and further. Yet there always remained 
 traces of the earlier freedom, many uses lying quite outside the 
 clearly marked formal categories, others hovering between two re- 
 
 1 According w Delbriick, this is the original function of the case, and was used 
 with verbs before it was used with nouns. 
 
 2 Cf. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 596, "jede beliebige Beziehung die zwischer. 
 zwei Nominalbegriffen obwalten kann." 
 
 8 See e.g. the work of Loch. 
 
12 The Genitive. 
 
 lated groups. 1 This principle applies not only to the genitive and 
 other cases, but to the moods and tenses as well. To ignore it is to 
 reverse the order of syntactical development and to represent as 
 primitive what was a matter of growth. 
 
 It is greatly to be regretted that there exists no little divergence 
 in the designations applied to the different types of the adnominal 
 genitive. Even where identical designations of the categories are 
 employed, precise definitions are rarely given, so that there are 
 wide differences in the conception covered by the same title. Fur- 
 thermore, there are often discrepancies of classification, even where 
 there seems to be essential agreement as to what is embraced under 
 a given use. 
 
 A. Genitive op Material. 
 
 The Genitive of Material denotes primarily 2 the concrete substance 
 of which anything is composed, or, in the case of collective nouns, 3 
 the units of which the mass consists. The usage is relatively infre- 
 quent in Latin, inasmuch as the relationship involved is ordinarily 
 expressed by means of adjectives, e.g. poculum faginum, anulus aureus, 
 etc. The following examples are all that I am disposed to admit to 
 this category : 
 
 acervus : Cato, Agr. 50, 2, acervom lignorum virgarumque facito. 
 
 cauliculus : Cato, Agr. 158, 1, brassicae cauliculos duos, betae 
 cauliculos duo. 
 
 caulis : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, vitis albae caules tres ; Lucil. 135 (Mx), 
 rutai (ruta codd) caulis. 
 
 examen : True. 314, examen mali ; figurative, after examen apium. 
 
 fascis : Epid. 27b, duo ulmei fasces virgarum. 
 
 fasciculus : Cato, Agr. 115, 2, tris fasciculos veratri atri circum- 
 ponito circum radices. 
 
 fibra : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, porri fibras tres. 
 
 fluctus : Ace. Trag. 633, flucti cruoris volverentur Mysii. 
 
 folium : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, rutae folia tria ; 121, lauri folia. 
 
 globus : Poen. 481, in fundas visci indebant grandiculos globos. 
 
 1 Cf. Delbriick, op. cit. iii, p. 334. 
 
 2 The usage is occasionally extended to figurative relations. 
 
 8 The genitive with these is regarded by Loch, Blomquist, and others as belonging 
 to the category of the Genitive of Quantity. 
 
Genitive of Material. 13 
 
 grex : Pseud. 333, eadem duo greges virgarum ulmearum adegero ; 
 Aul. 452, gregem venalium ; so Cist. 733 ; H. T. 245, ancillarum 
 gregem ducunt secum ; Hostius, p. 139 (Baehr), greges pecuom. 
 
 iugum : Cato, Agr. 62, quot iuga boverutn, mulorura, asinorum 
 habebis ; Lucil. 435 (Mx), iuga mulorum. 
 
 ius ('sauce') : Lueil. 1077 (Mx), ius maenarum bene habet se. 
 
 manipulus : Cato, Agr. 115, 1, veratri atri ruanipulum ; Eun. 776, 
 ubi centuriost Sanga et manipulus furum ? 
 
 mataxa: Lucil. 1192 (Mx), Unique mataxam. 
 
 messis: Trin. 529, frumenti quom alibi messis maxumast; figura- 
 tively, Epid. 718, ut acerbumst quom mali messim metas ! so Rud. 
 637 ; Trin. 33, eorum (sc. morum malorum) licet iam metere messem 
 maxumam. 
 
 multitudo : Lucil. 660 (Mx), multitudinem tuorum ; Gellius, ii, 13 
 (p. 94 Peter), multitudo puerorum. 
 
 natio : Men. 258, ita est haec hominum natio ; Rud. 311. 
 
 Philippus : Trin. 1158, spondeo mille auri Philippum. 
 
 planta : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, herbae Sabinae plantas tres. 
 
 pollen : Cato, Agr. 156, 5, pollinem polentae ; so 157, 9. 
 
 pullus : Cato, Agr. 158, 1, feliculae pullum. 
 
 rodus : Lucil. 1192 (Mx) plumbi pauxillum rodus. 
 
 seges : Aul. 45, tibi ego rationem reddam, seges stimulorum ! 
 
 spica : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, ulpici spicas tres ; ali splcas tres. 
 
 surculus : Cato, Agr. 159, apsinthi pontici surculum sub anulo 
 habeto. 
 
 struix : Naev. Trag. 57, struix malorum. 
 
 thensaurus : Aul. 7, mihi avos concredidit auri thensaurum ; Trin. 
 150, thensaurum nummorum Philippeum; figuratively, Merc. 163, 
 thensaurum mi adportasti mali ; so 641 ; Asin. 654, di te servassint, 
 thensaurus copiarum ; Amph. fr. xvi, thensaurum stupri. 
 
 virga : Cato, Agr. 121, virga lauri ; so Mere. 677. 
 
 B. Genitive of the Whole. 
 
 The Genitive of the Whole is sometimes called ' Partitive Geni- 
 tive.' Yet the former name is more exact (Delbrtick's ' Gfinitiy des 
 geth eilten Ganze ni). The material belonging under this general 
 
14 The Genitive. 
 
 head is extensive, but falls into several naturally distinguished cate- 
 gories. Thus : 
 
 1 . Genitive of Quantity or Measure. 1 This denotes that of which a 
 certain definite weight or measure is taken. The thing taken is 
 usually something concrete, as wine, oil, gold, silver, bread, grain, 
 but is sometimes abstract. The usage is rather closely related to 
 the Genitive of Material, so that classification is sometimes difficult. 
 Certain expressions also, which are obviously related to both the 
 Genitive of Material and the Genitive of Quantity, actually belong 
 to neither but stand between the two. Thus in Amph. fr. iv, in- 
 fringatur aula cineris in caput, cineris can hardly be called a Geni- 
 tive of Material, since it designates rather the contents of the jar 
 than its material ; on the other hand, it can hardly be called a Geni- 
 tive of Quantity, since aula cineris does not designate a certain 
 amount of ashes, but simply designates a receptacle (not necessarily 
 full) containing ashes. Other similar expressions are : Stat. 141 r 
 panis corbulam ; Aul. 763, aulam auri te reposco ; Amph. fr. v. ne 
 tu postules matulam unam tibi aquai inf undi in caput ; True. 43, si 
 semel amoris poculum accepit meri ; Lucil. 1175 (Mx), altilium 
 lanx ; 510 (Mx), surpiculi holerorum. 
 
 The material under the Genitive of Quantity is: 
 
 cadus : always in the phrase cadus vini, e.g. Amph. 429, cadus erat 
 ibi vini ; so also, Asin. 624 ; Aul. 571 ; Poen. 259 ; Stich. 425 ; Lucil. 
 556 (Mx). 
 
 concha : Cato, Agr. 156, 4, sumito f arinae minutae conchas duas. 
 
 congius : Cato, Agr. 122, in duobus congiis veteris vini ; 123, cum 
 congio vini. 
 
 corbita : Cas. 778, corbitam cibi comesse possunt. 
 
 culeus : Cato, Agr. 24, in eius musti culleum ; f r. (Jord) 10, 22, 
 cullea vini. 
 
 culigna : Cato, Agr. 132, 1, culignam vini. 
 
 cyathus : Poen. 274, quoius ego nebulai cyatho septem noctes non 
 emam ; Lucil. 924 (Mx), vini cyathus (Junius; hiatrus codd) unus 
 potuit tollere ; Cato, Agr. 109 ; 158, 2 ; 157, 12, cyathus aquae. 
 
 digitus : Cato, Agr. 19, 2, digitum pollicem laxamenti. 
 
 l Some scholars, as Blomquist, make this usage not a subdivision of the Genitive 
 of the Whole, hut a parallel category. 
 
Genitive of Quantity. 15 
 
 dolium : Cist. 542, ei promisi dolium vini dare ; Cato, Agr. 23, 3, 
 in dolio musti. 
 
 drachma : Cato, Agr. 127, 2, turis drachmam unam conterito ; H. 
 T. 601, drachumarum argenti mille. 
 
 granum: Poen. 451, quive ullum turis granum sacruficaverit ; 
 so Cato, Agr. 70, 1 ; Stich. 558, granum tritiei. 
 
 gutta : Cas. 247, si in os vini guttam indidi ; Most. 508, guttam 
 sanguinis ; Pseud. 397, quoi neque paratast gutta certi consili neque 
 adeo argenti ; Ace. 578. 
 
 hemina : Cato, Agr. 71, cum hemina vini ; so 102 ; 127, 2. 
 
 hirnea : Amph. 431, vini hirneam meri ; cf. 430. 
 
 iugera: Cato, Agr. 1, 7, iugera agri centum; so 10, 1 ; CIL, i, 200, 
 14, et pass. 
 
 libella : Capt. 947, libellam argenti ; so Pseud. 629. 
 
 libra : Leg. XII Tab. iii, 4, libras farris ; so Titin. 37 ; Pseud. 816, 
 laserpici libram ; Cato, Agr. 75, f arinae libram ; so often in the De 
 Agr. 
 
 massa : see under mons, M. G. 1065. 
 
 medimnus : Stich. 587, mihi medimnum mille esse argenti velim. 
 
 mica: Cato, Agr. 70, 1, dato salis micas tres. 
 
 mina: usually with argenti, as Asin. 89, xx iam usust argenti 
 minis ; 364 ; 396 ; Epid. 114 ; Most. 1021 ; and often. With auri, 
 M. G. 1420 ; True. 936. 
 
 modius : M. G. 1064, plus mi auri millest modiorum ; Stich. 253, 
 tritiei modios ; Cas. 538, modius salis ; Cato, Agr. 15, calcis modium 
 unum, harenae modios duo ; 54, 1, 3 ; 56 ; 58 ; and often. 
 
 mons : M. G. 1065, turn argenti montes, non massas habet ; Pseud. 
 189, quibus cunctis montes maxumi frumenti sunt domi. In this 
 last passage, the codd. add acervi after montes maxumi, but this is 
 probably a gloss on montes. Other examples are : Epid. 84, montes 
 mali ; so Merc. 617 ; Most. 352, ita mali maeroris montem maxumum 
 conspicatus sum ; Phor. 68, montes auri. 
 
 nummus (' didrachm ') : Asin. 487, argenti nummus ; Aul. 108 ; 
 Most. 535 ; 1080 ; Poen. 732, cum auri cc nummis Philippis ; Pseud. 
 97; 299. 
 
 passus : True. 334, mille passum peperisti morae. 
 
 pondo: True. 913, plus decern pondoamorisperdidi; Cato, Agr. 54, 
 
16 The Genitive. 
 
 1, faeni pondo xxv ; 56, panis pondo quattuor ; and often in the De 
 Agr. 
 
 pugillum : Cato, Agr. 158, 1, lentis pugillum. 
 
 quadrantal : Cato, Agr. 104, 1, musti quadrantalia decern ; 106, 1, 
 aquae marinae quadrantal unum ; and often in the De Agr. ; fr. 61, 
 3 (Jord). 
 
 quartarius : Cato, Agr. 95, 1, sumito sulpuris quartarium. 
 
 salilluin : Trin. 492, salillum (satillum A) animae quom emisimus. 
 
 selibra : Cato, Agr. 75, selibram similaginis. 
 
 semodius : Cato, Agr. 125, murtae semodium. 
 
 sesquilibra : Cato, Agr. 23, 2, defruti vel salis sesquilibram. 
 
 sextarius : Cato, Agr. 108, vini sextarium ; 127, 2. 
 
 talentum : Asin. 193, si raihi dantur duo talenta argenti ; so 500 ; 
 Merc. 89 ; Phor. 789 ; et pass. ; True. 952, em tibi ! talentum argenti 
 Philippi hie est ; M. G-. 1061, talentum Philippi huic opus aurist. 
 Of a different nature seems the genitive in expressions of the type : 
 decern talenta dotis detuli (Merc. 703). See below, p. 79. 
 
 tertiarium : Cato, Agr. 95, 1, sumito bituminis tertiarium. 
 
 uncia : Men. 526, hue addas auri pondo unciam ; Rud. 913, neque 
 piscium ullam unciam. 
 
 urna: Cas. 76, pignus dato in urnam mulsi; Cato, Agr. 150, 1, 
 lactisurnam: 93; 125; 132,2. 
 
 vas : Enn. Ann. 536 (V), vas vini dimidiatum. 
 
 vehiclum (' cartful ') : Pers. 782, vehiclum argenti eieci. 
 
 In Leg. XII Tab. viii, 2, we have si iniuriam faxsit xxv poenae 
 sunto, where poenae is governed by asses to be supplied with xxv. 
 
 2. Neuter Adjectives of Amount. The second subdivision under the 
 Genitive of the Whole covers those uses in which the genitive de- 
 pends upon some neuter adjective employed substantively and 
 denoting a general amount, as quantum, tantum, etc. Thus : 
 
 aliquantum: Cas. 251, relinque aliquantum orationis; M. G. 640, 
 amoris aliquantum umorisque ; Most. 354, argenti a. 
 
 amplius : Cist. 777, gaudeo tibi mea opera liberorum esse amplius. 
 
 dimidium: Aul. 291, ei obsoni hinc dimidium iussit dari; 
 Bacch. 1184, d. auri ; so 1189 ; Amph. 1125, boni d. ; Pseud. 452, 
 d. mali ; Ad. 370, dimidium minae ; Cato, Agr. 24, dimidium helvoli, 
 
Genitive of the Whole— With Neuter Adjectives. 17 
 
 d. vini; 108; Lucil. 570 (Mx), horae dimidio; Afran. 156, dotis 
 dimidium. 
 
 minimum : Cato, Agr. 58, minimum olei ; 135, 3, m. salis. 
 
 minus : Merc. 717, minus mali quaerunt sibi ; M. G. 1436, minus 
 moechorum ; Stich. 162, m. laboris ; True. 63, m. damnosorum 
 hominum ; Stich. 537, morai m. ; H. T. 147, minus iniuriae ; Eun. 
 760, minus aniicorum hie habens; 1053, m. spei; Phor. 271, m. rei; 
 Cato, Agr. 64, 2, minus olei ; .Scaurus, 120, 9 (Peter), vectigalium m. 
 
 multum : Cato, Agr. 158, 1, herbae Mercurialis non multum ; f r. 
 (Jord), 78, 5, lepus multum somni adfert qui eum edit. 
 
 nimium : Merc. 740, nimium negoti repperi ; Poen. 239, n. negoti 
 (negotium codd) ; Stich. 374, argenti aurique n. ; 379, n. bonae rei ; 
 Enn. Trag. 354 (Sc 205 V), n. boni. 
 
 paululum: Poen. 802, paululum praedae intus feci; And. 360, p. 
 obsoni ; Eun. 281, p. operae ; Afran. 160, dotis p. ; Cato, Agr. 40, 2, 
 harenae p. ; 156, 5, cumini p. ; 156, 7 ; 157, 9, salis p. 
 
 paulum : M. G. 852, sed in cella erat paulum nimis loculi lubrici ; 
 Pers. 125, inibi paulum praesidi ; H. T. 498, p. negoti ; 747, p. lucri ; 
 And. 903, p. supplici ; Hec. 506, p. pecuniae ; Ad. 949, agelli p. ; 
 Cato, Agr. 92, palearum p. 
 
 pauxillulum : Naev. Com. 49, animae pauxillulum ; Phor. 37, p. 
 nummorum. 
 
 pauxillum : Lucil. 1192 (Mx), plumbi pauxillum. Aul. 112, cited 
 by Blomquist, p. 58, does not belong here. In that passage nummum 
 is probably accusative. 
 
 plurimum : Cato, Agr. 58, oleae caducae quam plurimum condito. 
 
 plus : Capt. 45, plus insciens quis fecit quam prudens boni ; so 
 Men. 475; Rud. 504; Hec. 879; Pers. 315, p. negoti; so Poen. 212; 
 Enn. Trag. 183 (Sc. 235 V) ; Epid. 336, p. adiumenti; Am ph. 636, 
 ineommodi p. malique; Bacch. 679, p. mali; M. G. 1044, p. humani; 
 Am ph. 641, p. aegri quam voluptatis ; Cas. 218, plus salis plusque 
 leporis ; M. G. 651, p. dabo quam praedicabo venustatis ; Trin. 231, 
 p. voluptatis ; M. G. 236, p. sapientiae ; Cas. 356, p. artificum ; True. 
 64, lenonum et scortorum p. est quam muscarum ; 69, p. scortorum 
 quam ponderum; Aul. 505, p. plaustrorum; Epid. 675, p. deorum 
 inmortalium ; And. 547, p. mali quam commodi ; 720, p. mali quam 
 boni ; H. T. 659, p. spei ; Naev. Com. 115, p. calli ; Afran. 258, iu- 
 
18 The Genitive. 
 
 cunditatis p. ; Cato, Agr. 4, fructi p. ; 64, 2, p. olei ; 96, lanae p. ; 
 106, 2, p. aquae marinae ; fr. (Jord), 83, 8, p. detrimenti. As will 
 be noted by the foregoing examples, the genitive in this usage is- 
 rarely modified (only Epid. 675, deorum inmortalium, and Cato, Agr. 
 106, 2, aquae marinae). 
 
 quantillum: Capt. 193, quantillum argenti mi apud tarpezitam 
 siet ; so Pseud. 1192 ; Bacch. 705, quantillum auri. 
 
 quantum: Bacch. 352, ita feci ut auri quantum vellet sumeretj 
 Cure. 371, subduxi ratiunculam quantum aeris mihi sit quantumque 
 alieni siet ; Men. 911, non tu scis quantum facias mali ; Merc. 476, 
 quantum malarum rerun) ; 663, praeconum iubere quantumst con- 
 ducier ; M. G. 278, quantum hie familiariumst ; 253, quantum vis 
 prolationis ; 493, quantum hunc audivi facere verborum senem ; 1061, 
 quantum ipsus preti poscet ; Poen. 225, apage sis ! negoti quantum 
 in muliere una est ! 432, quantum aquai ; 431, quantum mortuorum ; 
 Stat. 253, quantum amantum in Attica est ; H. T. 72, quantum hie- 
 operis fiat, paenitet ; 592, quantum opis ; 1013, quantum mali ; Phor. 
 482, quantum metuist ; 557, quantum argenti ; Com. Inc. 86, quantum 
 morae ; Lucil. 684 (Mx), quantum auri ; 909 (Mx), quantum rerum - t 
 Cato, Agr. 114, 1, quantum vini ; CIL, i, 200, 76, quantum agri. 
 
 In all the foregoing passages quantum is either relative, indirect 
 interrogative, or exclamatory (Poen. 225). The direct interrogative 
 is not found. In Lucil. 9 (Mx) we find quantum limiting a noun, 
 quantum est in rebus inane ! 
 
 In expressions of the type of Capt. 836, quantumst hominum 
 optume, in tempore advenis, Loch, op. cit. p. 14, following Lorenz on 
 Pseud. 164, would connect the genitive with the quantum as well as 
 with the superlative ; but as Blomquist, op. cit. p. 74, points out, 
 this view seems to be proved false by such expressions as Pseud. 37, 
 at te di deaeque, quantumst, servassint. 
 
 tantillum : Stich. 620, tantillum loci ; Trin. 60, t. verborum ; True. 
 765, nee mi adeost tantillum (ad ilium code?) pensi. 
 
 tantum : Aul. 722, tantum gemiti et mali et maestitiae mi hie dies 
 optulit ; 723a, tantum auri perdidi ; so Aul. 786 ; Bacch. 1184 ; Epid. 
 309, argenti tantum ; so Most. 211 ; Phor. 955 ; Ad. 192 ; Asin. 310,. 
 taatum boni ; so Capt. 776 ; 869 ; Pseud. 936 ; Men. 902, t. mali ; so 
 H. T. 750; Afran. 46; Bacch. 1032, t. damni et flagiti; Poen. 918, 
 
Genitive of the Whole.— With Neuter Substantives. 19 
 
 t. exiti; Men. 435, t. operis; Poen. 619, t. hominum; Aul. 370, 
 Tapacidarum t.; H. T. 75, t. oti; 956, t. sceleris ; Stat. 180, t. 
 sumpti ; Com. Inc. 85, t. gratiae ; Cato, Agr. 156, 3, cumini t. ; 156, 
 4, t. bilis pituitaeque ; fr. (Jord) 33, 9, t. navium. 
 
 tantumdem : Pseud. 1206, tantumdem argenti quantum debuit 
 dedit hie ; Phor. 929, dotis tantumdem ; Cato, Agr. 118, musti t. 
 
 In a few instances we have a neuter plural adjective followed by 
 the genitive ; Enn. Ann. 89 (V), interea sol albus recessit in infera 
 noctis; 164, qua Galli summa arcis adorti; Ace. 336, terrarum 
 anfracta revisam. 
 
 3. With neuter substantives : 
 
 nihil, nil : 
 
 "With nouns : Phor. 105, nil aderat adiumenti ; Bacch. 315, nil 
 auri ; so Trin. 973 ; Ad. 300, auxili nihil ; Ad. 613, nil consili ; Cato, 
 Agr. 3, 3, damni nihil ; Hec. 234, detrimenti nihil ; Aul. 238, nihil 
 dotis ; Lucil. 380 (Mx), nil erroris habet ; H. T. 1002, nil fidei ; 999, 
 nil gratiae ; Men. 59, ei liberorum nihil erat ; Cure. 418, nihil loci ; 
 so And. 206 ; 601 ; Trin. 1108, nil morae ; so And. 166 ; Aul. 369, 
 quasi negoti nil siet; so Cure. 465; Men. 458; And. 365, nil ornati, 
 nil tumulti; Capt. 1028, peculi nihil; so Cas. 199; Most. 851, nil 
 pericli; so Pers. 536; H. T. 415; Phor. 763; And. 350; et pass.; 
 Eud. 941, nihil piscium; Pseud. 426, nihil praedae; Most. 1107, 
 nihil quaesti ; so Aul. 83 ; Titin. 26 ; Phor. 421, tecum nil rei nobis 
 est ; H. T. 267, nil rerum omniumst ; Eud. 25, nihil supplici ; Aul. 
 355, temeti nihil ; Eun. 24, nil verborum ; H. T. 1021, nihil viti ; so 
 Hec. 154 ; 593, nil voluptatis. 
 
 With pronouns : Aul. 348, horunc tibi nihil eveniet ; so Cist. 51 ; 
 Pers. 161; And. 58; Phor. 132; M. G. 1153, nihil ecferri poterit 
 huius (neut.) ; so Cas. 771 ; Bacch. 1012, nihil est illorum quin illi 
 dixerim ; H. T. 571, nil istius ; Eud. 1128, istorum nil ; so Cato, 
 Agr. 157, 7 ; Trin. 333 ; Cure. 495, quibus sui nihil est. 
 
 With adjectives : M. G. 407, nihil certi ; And. 116, nil mali ; so 
 604 ; H. T. 238 ; Phor. 543 ; Hec. 782 ; Enn. Trag. 354 (Sc 205 V) ; 
 Pers. 270, nihil novi ; so Phor. 475 ; And. 788, nihil falsi ; H. T. 337, 
 nil satis firmi ; 77, humani nil ; Eun. 542, parati nil est ; Trin. 14, 
 nihil relicui ; M. G. 1002, nil attrectat sordidi (sordide codd) ; Pers. 
 585, nil subiti ; Lucil. 489 (Mx), veri nihil, omnia ficta. 
 
20 The Genitive. 
 
 In several instances we find nil quicquam as a more emphatic 
 form of expression for nihil: Baech. 1036, nil ego tibi consili quic- 
 quam dabo ; Merc. 507, laboriosi nil tibi quicquam operis imperabo ; 
 666, nil relicti quicquam aliud iam esse intellego; 739, nil istius 
 quicquamst ; Phor. 80, mali nil quicquam ; 250, horum nil quicquam 
 accidet novom ; Hec. 400, nil est quicquam incommodi ; Turp. 209, 
 nil quicquam praemi neque fructus ; Stat. 173, si nil quicquam aliud 
 viti adportes. 
 
 nihilum : Merc. 399, horunc ilia nihilum quicquam facere poterit. 
 
 concubium : Trin. 886, concubium sit noctis prius quam ad postre- 
 mum perveneris. 
 
 4. With masculine and feminine 1 pronouns and pronominal adjectives : 
 
 quis (interrogative) : Capt. 863, quoi deorum ? M. G. 1047, qua 
 ab illarum ? And. 453 ; Stat. 153, quis vostrarurn ? 
 
 quis (indefinite) : Asin. 742, ne quis se videret hue ire familia- 
 rium ; Men. 23, quis vostrum ; so 51 ; Trin. 4 ; Cato, fr. 63, 1 (Jord) ; 
 Rud. 384, quern illorum ; H. T. 1, ne quoi vostrum ; Cato, fr. 47, 17 
 (Jord), si quis eorum ; CIL, i, 198, 10, neiquem eorum; so CIL, i, 
 198, 71 ; 76 ; 200, 10 ; 30 ; 196, 4, neiquis eorum. 
 
 qui (relative) : Cato, Agr. 6, 1, quam earum optimam dicent esse ; 
 144, 2, qui eorum non ita iuraverit ; so 145, 3 ; fr. 24, 4 (Jord), qui 
 vostrorum ; CIL, 198, 7, quoius eorum ita nomen delatum erit, quei 
 eorum condemnatus erit; so 8; 9; 27; 45; 199, 29; 30; 31; 200, 
 75 ; CIL, i, 200, 75, quod eius agri ; 21, qui (civis) Romanus sociumve 
 nominisve Latini. 
 
 numquis : Men. 620, numquis servorum deliquit ? 
 
 nescioquis : M. G. 173, de tegulis modo nescioquis inspectavit 
 vostrum familiarium. 
 
 ecquis : Capt. 509, rogo Philocratem ecquis omnium norit. 
 
 aliquis : Men. 623, certe familiarium aliquoi irata's ; so M. G. 
 262 ; Titin. 51, vostrorum aliquis. 
 
 quispiam : Pseud. 219, num quoipiam est tua tuorum opera con- 
 servorum nitidiusculum caput ? 186, ne quaepiam vostrarum mihi 
 neget ; M. G. 431, ne quispiam nos vicinorum imprudentis aliquis 
 inmutaverit. 
 
 1 One or two ueuters have also been brought under this head. 
 
Genitive of the Whole. — With Pronouns. 21 
 
 quisque: True. 251, ubi quamque nostrarum videt; Hec. 216, 
 quisque vostrarum ; Lucil. 623 (Mx), quisque nostrum ; CIL, i, 197, 14, 
 in diebus V proxumeis, quibus queique eorum sciet; 16, quisque 
 eorum inierit ; 199, 39, quern quisque eorum agrum posidebit. 
 
 unusquisque: Asin. 153, unumquodque istorum verbum nummis 
 aureis non potest auferre hine a me ; Cure. 295, ex unoquoque eorum 
 excutiam crepitum; Lucil. 563 (Mx), nostrum unusquisque; Enn. 
 Ann. 362 (V), unum ad quemque pedum; Cato, fr. 23, 14 (Jord), 
 unusquisque nostrum. 
 
 quisquam : Amph. 1099, neque plorantem nostrum quisquam au- 
 divimus ; so 1071 ; Poen. 527 ; Most. 307, ne eorum quisquam invi- 
 deat ; CIL, 1, 196, 11 ; Aul. 179, quisquam curialium ; Capt. 809, 
 eorum si ego quoiusquam scrofam conspexero ; Men. 994, quisquam 
 vostrum ; Pers. 55, quisquam maiorum meorum ; 489, tuorum quoi- 
 quam; Pseud. 134, quorum numquam quicquam quoiquam venit; 
 CIL, i, 196, 7, civis Romanus neve nominus Latini neve socium quis- 
 quam ; Phor. 887 ; And. 178, quoiquam nostrum ; Eun. 374, illarum 
 quisquam ; 678, nostrarum quisquam ; Ad. 27, servolorum quisquam ; 
 Ace. 285, quisquam nostrum. With nemo, Cato, fr. 25, 8 (Jord), 
 eorum nemo quisquam ; Hec. 67, nemo illorum quisquam. With 
 alius, Amph. 186, neque alius quisquam civium. 
 
 quivis : Amph. 26, ille non minus quam vostrum quivis formidat 
 malum. 
 
 alter : only with the genitives of is and ille (with the possible 
 exception of Men. 26) : Amph. 483, eorum Amphitruonis alter est, 
 alter Iovis; so 1139; Poen. 61; 96; 1095; Cas. 445, illorum me 
 alter cruciat, alter macerat ; so Epid. 240 ; M. G. 62. In Men. 26, 
 imponit geminum alteram in navem pater, geminum is more natu- 
 rally taken as genitive plural rather than as accusative singular. 
 
 alter uter : Cato, f r. 52, 12, sed sunt partim qui duarum rerum 
 alterius utrius causa magistratum petunt. 
 
 uter : Amph. fr. xix, qui nequeas nostrorum uter sit Amphitruo 
 decernere; so Cas. 274; Aul. 321, uter vostrorum; so Men. 1085; 
 Pacuv. 62 ; H. T. 326, harum duarum condicionum utram malis vide. 
 
 uterque: Asin. 688, utrumque nostrum serva. In True. 961, 
 verum utrique mos geratur amborum ex sententia, amborum is best 
 taken with sententia. Loch, op. cit. p. 11, takes it with utrique. 
 
22 The Genitive. 
 
 neuter : Stich. 141, certumnest, neutram vostrarum persequi im- 
 perium patris ? 
 
 solus: Amph. 1083, haec sola sanam mentem gestat meorum 
 familiarium ; Phor. 587, ego meorum solus sum meus. — In Most. 880, 
 we find solus ex plurumis servis ; in 1126, de sodalitate solus. 
 
 ullus : Most. 712, nihil erit quod deorum ullum accusites. 
 
 nullus : Amph. 509, feminarum nullast ; Rud. 280, misericordior 
 nulla mest feminarum ; Poen. 584, istorum nullus ; Hec. 240, vos^ 
 trarum nullast. — In Stich. 343, we have ex multis nullum. 
 
 unus : Trin. 1023, quorum eorum unus surripuit currenti cursori 
 solum ; True. 102, oenus eorum aliqui ; Hec. 371, una illarum ; Enn. 
 Trag. 56 (Sc 71 V), Puriarum una. More commonly the function of 
 the genitive is taken by a prepositional phrase introduced by ex, de, or 
 in. For the genitive with superlatives reinforced by unus, see p. 25. 
 
 nemo : Amph. 146, nemo horum intus familiarium videre poterit ; 
 Aul. 720, nemo horum habet ; M. G. 761, neminem eorum ; 1370, 
 servorum neminem ; Poen. 540, nemo nostrorum ; 861, nostrorum 
 nemo ; 766, tuorum apud me nemost ; Stich. 673, nemini vostrum ; 
 Liv. And. Trag. 8, nemo vostrorum ; Trin. 542, Surorum nemo; And. 
 963, nemost, quern malim, omnium (with quern according to Dziatzko) ; 
 Eun. 757, nemost hominum ; H. T. 574, nemost meorum amicorum ; 
 Lucil. 20 .(Mx), nemo nostrum. With quisquam, Hec. 67, nemo 
 illorum quisquam ad te venit; Cato, fr. 25, 8 (Jqrd), eorum nemo 
 quisquam. 
 
 utervis : Hec. 525, si utrumvis horum umquain tibi visus forem. 
 
 In a few instances we find the Genitive of the Whole dependent 
 on a substantive limited by one of the foregoing pronouns or adjec- 
 tives, viz. : Cas. 292, utram harum vis condicionem accipe ; 244, te 
 sene omnium senem neminem esse ignaviorem; Trin. 228, utram 
 harum artem expetessam ; And. 904, una harum quaevis causa ; 
 Hec. 861, unus omnium homo ; Men. 812, quoi rei omnium rerum ? 
 Capt. 540. 
 
 5. With mille, milia, and other numerals (except unus) : With the ex- 
 ception of Bacch. 928, mille is always a substantive in Early Latin, 
 followed by the Genitive of the Whole. Even Bacch. 928, mille cum 
 numero navium, is by some scholars taken as an instance of the pre- 
 
Genitive of the Whole.— Mille, milia. 23 
 
 vailing usage. This interpretation involves taking numero as an 
 ablative of specification with mille, — ' with a thousand, as to number, 
 of ships.' This seems especially harsh and unnatural. With the 
 adjective numerals (quadraginta, trecenti, etc.) the addition of numero 
 is sufficiently idiomatic, but mille is, by the interpretation under con- 
 sideration, not an adjective but a substantive. Hence it seems more 
 natural to take the passage as meaning : ' with the number of a thou- 
 sand ships.' The other examples of mille are : Bacch. 272, mille et 
 ducentos Philippum. In 230, the MSS have the same expression, 
 except that the reading is Philippos; but following Bentley, all recent 
 editors have changed this to Philippum in view of metrical exigencies 
 and the text at verse 272. Lucil. 1053 (Mx), argenti (-tis codd) 
 sescentum ac mille. These three passages are the only ones in Early 
 Latin where we find the Genitive of the Whole with mille combined 
 with one of the hundreds. Ordinarily we find the simple mille alone : 
 Merc. 491, mille nummum ; so Rud. 1327 ; 1406 ; Trin. 954 ; 959, 
 si hunc possum illo mille nummum circumducere ; 966 ; 970 ; 1003, 
 illud mille nummum ; 1139 ; H. T. 606; Lucil. 327 (Mx) : Africanus 
 Minor, p. 184 (Meyer) ; Trin. 1158, spondeo et mille auri Philippum 
 dotis ; Men. 177, mille passum commoratus cantharum ; so True. 334, 
 tute tibi mille passum peperisti morae (que . . . peperit more codd) ; 
 Cato, f r. 9, 7 ( Jord) ; Lucil. 506 (Mx) ; M. G. 1079, mille annorum ; 
 1064, plus mi auri millest modiorum ; Trin. 425, mille drachumarum ; 
 so H. T. 601; Stich. 587, medimnum mille; Lucil. 358 (Mx), mille 
 hominum ; 556 (Mx), vini mille cadum ; 768 (Mx), mille plagarum. 
 
 milia : Poen. 472, quom sexaginta milia hominum volaticorum 
 occidi ; Enn. Ann. 332 (V), milia militum octo ; Semp. Asell. p. 110, 
 18 (Peter), terna aut quaterna milia hominum ; Cael. Antip. 101, 17 
 (Peter), c milia passuom longe; Lucil. 114 (Mx), tria milia passum; 
 440, milibus nummum ; 401, scalprorum forcipiumque milia viginti ; 
 555, milia ducentum frumenti tollis medimnum; Matius, p. 282 
 (Baehr), ficorum in milibus tot. 
 
 centum, ducentum : Lucil. 1051 (Mx), centum ac ducentum milium 
 (milia Dousa, Mx). 
 
 viginti : CIL, i, 577, III, 11, quod eorum viginti probaverunt. 
 
 6. With pars and nouns denoting a part: Asin. 516, ecqua pars 
 orationis dabitur mihi ? Aul. 485, in maxumam populi partem ; Cist. 
 
24 The Genitive. 
 
 120, magnae quod parti est vitium mulierum ; Cure. 447, dimidiam 
 partem nationum ; 548, facis sapientius quain pars lenonum ; M. G. 
 645, meae orationis iustam partem persequi ; 1030, aliquam mihi par- 
 tem operae des denique ; Pers. 838, sed ita pars libertinorumst ; Most. 
 280, maxuma adeo pars vostrorum intellegit; Poen. 1285, pro 
 maiore parte prandi; Trin. 35, pars hominuni; 1066, boni malique 
 pars; True. 1, perparvam partem postulat Plautus loci; 105, pars 
 spectatorum ; Pud. 980, suam quisque partem piscium poscant sibi ; 
 Eun. 92, pars aequa amoris ; H. T. 8, partem maxumam vostrum ; 42, 
 aliqua pars laboris ; Phor. 637, aliquam partem aequi bonique ; Plaut. 
 fr. 29, maior pars populi ; Enn. Ann. 236 (V), magnam diei partem ; 
 Lucil. 183 (Mx), maxuma pars hominum ; 97 (Mx), partem laudis ; 
 Cato, Agr. 14, 5, pars quarta preti ; 18, 4, superiorem partem arborum ; 
 23, 2, partem quadragesimam defruti ; 24, defruti partem tricesimam ; 
 146, 1, omnis pecuniae centesinia; 90, f abae tertia pars ; 114, 1, duas 
 partes terrae circumdato radices vitis ; CIL, i, 198, 49, duae partes 
 iudicum ; 200, 38, maior pars recuperatorum ; so 198, 75 ; 199, 27, 
 vini partem sextam ; 577, II, 20, calcis restinctai partem quartam. 
 
 In H. T. 652, ne expers partis esset de nostris bonis, the ablative 
 with, de takes the place of the genitive. 
 
 7. With superlatives : 
 a) The superlative alone, often with substantive force: Asin. 
 922, omnium (hominum) nequissumus ; Gracch. p. 232 (Meyer), 
 omnium nationum postremissimum et nequissimum; Asin. 314, 
 omnium dignissimi; Aul. 723, perditissimus ego sum omnium in 
 terra ; Cas. 793, abi hinc pessumarum pessuma ; 694, oecisissumus 
 sum omnium qui vivont ; Men. 817, omnium hominum exopto ut fiam 
 miserorum miserrumus ; so Enu. Praet. 1 (Sc 366 V); Most. 340, 
 amicissume mi omnium hominum; 911, longe omnium longissuma; 
 Pers. 778, miserrumus hominum vivam ; Trin. 543, genus quod patien- 
 tissimumst hominum ; Merc. 69, ibi multo primum sese familiarium 
 laboravisse ; Naev. Com. 118, pessimorum pessime ; Cato, Agr. 157, 
 2, acerrima omnium istarum ; Enu. Ami. 456 (V), maxime divom 
 491 (V), optima caelicolum ; CIL, i, 32, duonoro optumo fuise viro 
 Pacuv. 194, hospitum infidissimi ; Lucil. 20 (Mx), optumus divom 
 170, sanctissima Eumenidum; 481, quorum in primis; Plaut. fr. 25, 
 omnium istorum optumum et verissumum; H. T. 364, in tempore 
 
Genitive of tl%e Whole. — With Neuter Pronouns. 25 
 
 veni quod rerum omniumst primum ; 842, omnium fortunatissumum ; 
 Most. 593, omnium hominum taeterrume. 
 
 b) The superlative is an attributive modifier of a noun : Aul. 227, 
 venit mi in mentem factiosum me esse hominem pauperum pauperru- 
 raum; Capt. 333, optumus hominum es homo; Pers. 418, vir summe 
 popli; Ad. 218, hominum homo stultissume; Phor. 853, homo 
 hominum ornatissume ; Gracch. p. 236 (Meyer), suae civitatis nobi- 
 lissumus homo ; so 242. 
 
 c) The superlative of each of the foregoing types is at times rein- 
 forced by unus; Amph. 677, quam omnium Thebis vir unam esse 
 optimam diiudicat ; Eud. 70, Arcturus signum sum omnium 
 (unum) acerrumum. 
 
 d) The superlative is used in a Genitive of Quality : Epid. 502, 
 fateor me omnium hominum esse minimi preti ; M. G. 558, ratun es 
 me hominem esse omnium minumi preti ? 
 
 e) In connection with quantumst ; Capt. 836, quantumst hominum 
 optume, in tempore advenis ; similarly Poen. 90 ; Eud. 706 ; Pseud. 
 351. That the genitive here depends on the superlative, not on the 
 quantum, seems clear from the considerations urged in connection 
 with quantum, p. 18. 
 
 f ) Certain freer uses : True. 590 f., me ilium amare plurumum 
 omnium hominum meumque honorem ilium habere omnium maxu- 
 mum ; Phor. 290, et me horunc omnium inmeritissumo (adv.). 
 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 365, Anm. 3, calls attention to the fact 
 that expressions of the type, bonorum optumus, pessumarum pes- 
 suma, pauperum pauper rumus, etc., are found only in those authors 
 who are dominated by Greek influence ; pure Latin idiom is omnium 
 optuma, pauperrumus, etc. according to Wolfflin, Archiv fur lat. 
 Lexikogr. vii, p. 302, though this is contested by Vahlen, Opusc. i, 
 p. 466. 
 
 8. With neuter pronouns, quid (interrogative and indefinite), ecquid, 
 aliquid, quidquid, quidque, quidquam, hoc, illud, istuc, id, quod ; also 
 the pronominal adjective aliud. The genitive is regularly in the 
 singular. 
 
 quid, interrogative: The dependent genitive may be either a 
 noun, an adjective used substantively, or a pronoun. 
 
 a) With nouns. This represents the most frequent use. 
 
26 The Genitive. 
 
 quid negoti : Merc. 135, quid est negoti ? so Men. 609 ; 317 ; 
 Eud. 641; 951; 1058; Most. 458; 741; Poen. 1089; Eud. 1228; 
 And. 848 ; and frequently. In indirect questions : Epid. 101, ut quid 
 negoti sit sciam ; so Aul. 296 ; M. Gr. 317; True. 785 ; and frequently. 
 For complete list of instances of quid negoti in Plautus, see Blom- 
 quist, p. 42 f. Cf. also Loch, op. cit. p. 15. 
 
 quid rei est ? This phrase occurs Epid. 203, quid reist ; Merc. 
 964; Men. 764, scio quid siet rei; Pseud. 1120; Men. 323; 494; 
 H. T. 743; 830; Hec. 810; Phor. 748; Hec. 807; Ad. 644; Eun. 
 804 ; et pass. ; Phor. 145, quid rei gerit ? With adjective modifier, 
 Aul. 67, quid ego ero dicam meo malae rei evenisse ? 
 
 quid rerum (geram) : Aul. 54, ne observare possis quid rerum 
 geram; so 117; Men. 789, quid rerum gerat ; similarly, M. Gr. 397; 
 Pers. 513 ; Eud. 897 ; 1068 ; Eun. 923 ; Capt. 376 ; Pseud. 1063, quid 
 rerum egerit ; H. T. 247, portant quid rerum ? Cato, Agr. 2, 1. 
 
 Other phrases occurring with less frequency are : 
 — quid aetatis : Merc. 290, quid aetatis videor ? Pers. 276. 
 
 quid animi : Amph. 58, teneo quid animi vostri siet ; 689 ; Merc. 
 452 ; Eun. 1015 ; Ad. 666. 
 
 quid captivorum : Epid. 210, turn captivorum quid ducunt secum ! 
 
 quid causae : Eud. 758, quid causaest ; Stich. 202 ; Ad. 531. 
 
 quid ceDae : H. T. 211, quid cenae siet. 
 
 quid clamoris : Eud. 614, quid hie in Veneris fano clamoris oritur ? 
 
 quid commerci : Aul. 631, quid tibimecumst commerci ? Bacch. 117. 
 
 quid commodi : Eun. 573, quid ut caperes commodi ? 
 
 quid consili : Asin. 358, quid consili captandum censes ? Bacch. 
 606; Merc. 346; Eud. 204; Trin. 763; And. 170; 404; Eun. 867; 
 Hec. 588 ; 715. 
 
 quid damni : Asin. 182, neque scit quid damni faciat. 
 
 quid dotis : Cure. 664, quid dotis ? Poen. 1279 ; H. T. 937. 
 
 quid frumenti : Cato, Agr. 2, 1. 
 
 quid hominis : H. T. 848, quid tu hominis es ? And. 745, quid 
 illi hominum litigant ! 
 
 quid laboris : Amph. 172, non reputat laboris quid sit. 
 
 quid litiumst : True. 897, quid, Astaphium litiumst (ast apilitiumst 
 coM). 
 
 quid litterarum : Eud. 1157, in eo ensiculo litterarum quid est ? 
 
Genitive of the Whole. — With Neuter Pronouns. 27 
 
 quid mercedis: Bacch. 29, videas rnercedis quid tibist aequom 
 dari ; Pseud. 1186. 
 
 quid modi : Asin. 169, quid modist ductando ? 882 ; Men. 233 ; 
 M. G. 1311. 
 
 quid morbi : Asin. 56, quid morbi est ? so Men. 889 ; Hec. 323 ; 357. 
 
 quid mulieris : Hec. 643, quid mulieris uxorem habes ? 
 
 quid muneris : M. G. 939, quid tibi ego mittam muneris ? 
 
 quid noctis : Enn. Trag. 178 (Sc 215 V), quid noctis videtur ? 
 
 quid oneris : Merc. 673. 
 
 quid operis : Cato, Agr. 2, 1. 
 
 quid pericli : Asin. 898, quid pericli sit ; And. 867. 
 
 quid preti : Men. 972, quid eis preti detur. 
 
 quid sententiae : Phor. 444, quid dicat quidve sit sententiae. 
 
 quid sermonis : Poen. 822, quid habeat sermonis, auscultabo. 
 
 quid signi : Amph. 421, signi die quid est ; 787 ; Vid. fr. xi, ego 
 signi dicam quid siet. 
 
 quid strepiti : Enn. Trag. 144 (Sc 157 V). 
 
 quid sumpti : Lucil. 1050 (Mx), quid sumpti facere potisset. 
 
 quid tumulti: Cas. 649, quid intus tumulti fuit? Turp. 154; 
 Afran. 393 ; Hec. 356; Enn. Trag. 143 (Sc 156 V). 
 
 quid turbae : And. 745, quid turbaest apud forum ! H. T. 254. 
 
 quid verbi : Liv. And. Od. 3, quid verbi ex tuo ore fugit ? 
 
 quid vini : H. T. 458, quid vini apsumpsit ! Cato, Agr. 2, 1, quid 
 factum (sc. sit) vini, frumenti, aliarum rerum omnium. 
 
 quid viri : Poen. 856, nescio quid viri sis. 
 
 b) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substantively. 
 This use is confined to a few phrases, chiefly quid boni and quid 
 malt. 
 
 quid boni : Merc. 471, quid mist in vita boni ? Similarly Cist. 
 539 ; Most. 370 ; Pers. 514 ; Pseud. 1067 ; And. 338 ; Hec. 851. 
 
 quid mali: Aul. 735, quid demerui mali? Similarly Cas. 666; 
 Amph. 570 ; Hec. 418. 
 
 quid amoeni : Merc. 359, quid ibi inest amoeni ? 
 
 quid divini : Poen. 466, quid ei divini aut humani aequomst 
 credere ? 
 
 quid iniqui : Bud. 647, quid iniqui fit ? 
 
 quid relicui : H. T. 193, quid relicuist ? 
 
28 The Genitive. 
 
 c) With the genitive singular of pronouns: Aul. 802, ibo intro, 
 ut quid huius verum (veri codd) sit sciam. 
 quid, indefinite. 
 
 a) With nouns : 
 
 quid aniraae : Aul. 303, ne quid animae amittat ; 305. 
 
 quid auxili : Epid. 82, nisi quid in tete auxilist ; Pseud. 61. 
 
 quid causae : Aul. 92, ne causae quid sit. 
 
 quid commissi : Men. 771, nisi aut quid commissi aut iurgi est causa. 
 
 quid concharum: Rud. 304, nisi quid concharum capsimus. 
 
 quid consili : M. G. 478, nequid tecum consili commisceam ; And. 
 159. 
 
 quid damni : Merc. 784, sei quid damni facis aut flagiti. 
 
 quid deliciarum : Lucil. 252 (Mx), si aliud quid deliciarum. 
 
 quid divorti : Aul. 233, si quid divorti fuat. 
 
 quid dotis : Aul. 258, ne quid dotis adferret. 
 
 quid imperi : Men. 1030, si quid imperist in te mihi. 
 
 quid laboris : Trin. 1181, si quid tibi laboris ; H. T. 82. 
 
 quid lucri : Pseud. 267, si lucri quid detur ; Phor. 61. 
 
 quid membri : Asin. 785, ne quid sui membri commoveat quicquam. 
 
 quid mercedis : Rud. 1120, ob earn rem si quid postulat sibi mer- 
 cedis, dabitur. 
 
 quid miseriarum : Epid. 526, si quid hominist miseriarum. 
 
 quid molestiae : Eun. 630, quid molestiae. 
 
 quid opis : Cist. 671, nisi quid mihi opis di dant ; Phor. 553. 
 
 quid rei : Poen. 1405, ne quid tibi cum istoc rei sit incassurn 
 obsecro ; H. T. 269, ne quid huius rerum ignores. 
 
 quid turbae : Aul. 405, ne quid turbae hie fuat ; Men. 846. 
 
 quid verborum : Phor. 713, curabo ne quid verborum duit. 
 
 b) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substantively : 
 quid boni: Amph. 636, boni si optigit quid; Asin. 719; Men. 
 
 1144 ; Merc. 145 ; 177 ; Pers. 675 ; Poen. 640. 
 
 quid mali : Cas. 628, ne quid in te mali faxit percita ; Poen. 1327 ; 
 793 ; Eud. 1285 ; Trin. 53 ; Ad. 443. 
 
 quid advorsi : H. T. 355, si quid advorsi evenerit. 
 
 c) With the genitive of pronouns : Cas. 556, si quid eius 
 esset ; Bacch. 409, illaec aetas si quid illorum fecit ; Hec. 338, ne 
 quid sit huius oro. 
 
Genitive of the Whole. — With Neuter Pronouns. 29 
 
 nescioquid : Poen. 998, doni volt tibi dare nescioquid ; Merc. 123, 
 mali nescioquid nuntiat ; Amph. 605 ; Pers. 844 ; H. T. 236, nescio- 
 quid mi animus praesagit mali ; 625, nescioquid peccati portat haec 
 purgatio. 
 
 numquid : Pseud. 533, numquid causaest ? So Trin. 1188 ; Most. 
 999, numquid processit ad forum hodie novi ? Hec. 865, harum 
 rerum numquid dixti ? Eun. 994, numquid est aliud mali damnive ? 
 Stat. 19, numquid soniti ? 
 
 quidnam : And. 235, quidnam haec turba tristitiae adf erat ; Bun. 
 923, quidnam rerum gerat. 
 
 ecquid : Pseud. 739, ecquid habet aceti in pectore ? Poen. 385, 
 ecquid modi; 257, e. gratiae; Pers. 310, e. speculae; Eud. 950, e. 
 consili; 1030, e. condicionis; Pers. 107, e. hallecis; Asin. 648, e. 
 salutis ; Stich. 338, e. boni ; And. 25, ecquid spei sit relicuom ; so 
 Phor. 474 ; Enn. Ann. 337 (V), ecquid praemi ? 
 aliquid : 
 
 a) With the genitive singular of nouns : 
 
 aliquid aquae : Cato, Agr. 155, 2. 
 
 aliquid causae : Phor. 874, aliquid credito esse causae. 
 
 aliquid consili : Epid. 256, reperiamus aliquid calidi conducibilis 
 consili; Merc. 660. 
 
 aliquid controversiae : Af ran. 373. 
 
 aliquid flagiti : Phor. 770. 
 
 aliquid litigi : Gas. 561, aliquid contrahere cupio litigi ; Men. 765 
 (litigium aliquod codd). 
 
 aliquid loci : Eud. 571, da mihi aliquid loci. 
 
 aliquid lucri : Pers. 470, aliquid obiciunt lucri. 
 
 aliquid monstri : And. 250, aliquid monstri alunt. 
 
 aliquid munusculi : True. 425, non audes aliquid dare munusculi 
 {munus ciulim codd). 
 
 aliquid operis : Ad. 518, nunc operis aliquid f acere credo. 
 
 aliquid peculi : Most. 253, dabo aliquid peculi tibi. 
 
 aliquid potionis : Men. 921, dare potionis aliquid. 
 
 aliquid praesidi : H. T. 646, ut sit aliquid praesidi. 
 
 aliquid pugnae : Capt. 585, iam aliquid pugnae dedit. 
 
 aliquid pulpamenti : Stich. 713, vellem aliquid pulpamenti. 
 
 aliquid vestimenti : Eud. 574, da mihi vestimenti aliquid aridi. 
 
30 The Genitive. 
 
 b) With, the genitive plural of nouns : only Men. 209, iube 
 aliquid scitamentorum opsonarier. 
 
 c) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substantively : 
 aliquid aequi : Ad. 187, aequi modo aliquid. 
 
 aliquid boni : Aul. 671, ut aliquid boni dicam ; H. T. 763 ; And. 
 398. 
 
 aliquid mali : Epid. 62, commeruisse aliquid mali; Merc. 772; 
 Eun. 999 ; H. T. 1003 ; Hec. 333. 
 
 aliquid novi : Ad. 856, quin res semper aliquid adportet novi. 
 
 aliquid opstrudulenti : Titin. 165. 
 
 d) With the genitive of pronouns: only Cato, Agr. 33, 3, 
 aliquid horum. 
 
 quicquid : 
 
 a) With the genitive singular of nouns : Most. 801, lucri quic- 
 quid est ; Eud. 1009, exsurgebo quicquid umoris tibist ; Cato, Agr. 
 57, quicquid operis f acient ; 24, quicquid vini def rutabis. 
 
 b) With the genitive plural of nouns : Pseud. 169, piscium 
 quicquid est ; Lucil. 244 (Mx), quicquid habet nummorum. 
 
 c) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substan- 
 tively : only Pseud. 759, quicquid incerti mi in animo prius aut 
 ambiguom fuit. 
 
 d) With pronouns : H. T. 961, quicquid ego huius feci, tibi 
 prospexi ; so Eun. 202 ; 980, quicquid huius factum est ; 1070, huius 
 quicquid facio. 
 
 quicque : Asin. 945, quin, ubi quicque occasionis sit, sibi faciat 
 bene ; Stich. 62, in suo quicque loco nisi erit situm supellectilis. 
 quicquam : 
 
 a) With the genitive singular of nouns : 
 quicquam argenti : Most. 302, nee quicquam argenti locavi. 
 quicquam auxili : Amph. 157. 
 
 quicquam f allaciae : And. 196, si sensero quicquam te fallaciae 
 conari. 
 
 quicquam flagiti : Merc. 417, neque quicquam eveniet flagiti. 
 quicquam incommodi : Most. 418, neque quicquam pariant incom- 
 modi ; Hec. 400. 
 
 quicquam ingeni: Pseud. 1109, nee boni ingeni quicquam in is 
 inest. 
 
Genitive of the Whole. — With Neuter Pronouns. 31 
 
 quicquam mendaci: Asin. 30, cave mihi mendaci quicquam (sc. 
 dicas). 
 
 quicquam negoti: Capt. 795, ne quia in hanc plateam negoti 
 conferat quicquam sui. 
 
 quicquam opens : True. 915, neque hie operis quicquam facio. 
 
 quicquam preti : Eun. 749, neque repeto quicquam preti. 
 
 quicquam rei : H. T. 55, nee rei amplius quicquam fuit. 
 
 quicquam stupri : Cas. 82, neque quicquam stupri faeiet ; so Poen. 
 99. 
 
 quicquam turbae : Eun. 800, si quicquam turbae coeperis. 
 
 b) With the genitive plural of nouns : Cas. 912, non fuit quic- 
 quam holerum ; E,ud. 301, neque quicquam piscium ; Amph. 248, 
 numquam quicquam adhuc verborumst prolocutus ; so Most. 925. 
 
 c) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substantively : 
 quicquam aequi bonique : Cure. 65, neque quicquam queo aequi 
 
 bonique impetrare. 
 
 quicquam certi: Hec. 706, nee quicquam certi respondes. 
 
 quicquam falsi : Eun. 200, neque me finxisse falsi quicquam. 
 
 quicquam mali : And. 458, si hie malist quicquam. 
 
 quicquam novi : Phor. 490, si tu quicquam adferres novi. 
 
 quicquam tui: Aul. 645, si ego tui quicquam abstuli; so 654; 
 Poen. 766 ; Ad. 178, tetigin tui quicquam ? 
 
 d) With pronouns : only Most. 1071, dissimulabo me horum 
 quicquam scire. 
 
 quidvis: And. 897, quidvis oneris impone; so Phor. 561; H. T. 
 876, in me quidvis harum rerum convenit ; Cato, Agr. 17, id semen 
 quidvis anni legere possis ; so again in the same chapter, 
 hoc: 
 
 a) With the genitive singular of nouns : 
 hoc aetatis : Bacch. 343, ne navigarem hoc aetatis ; so also 1090 ; 
 1100; Trin. 787. 
 hoc clam oris : Aul. 403, quid hoc clamoris? Trin. 1093; Stat. 245. 
 hoc commodi : Eun. 971, hoc capio commodi. 
 hoc conduplicationis : Poen. 1297, quid hoc est conduplicationis ? 
 hoc fructi : Ad. 870, nunc hoc fructi f ero. 
 
 hoc hominis : Eun. 546, quid hoc hominis ? Amph. 576, quid hoc 
 sit hominis ? 
 
32 The Genitive. 
 
 - hoc infelicitatis : Ad. 544, quid hoc infelicitatis ? 
 hoc morbi : Eun. 225, quid hoc morbist ? 
 
 - hoc negoti : Bacch. 415, quid hoc negotist ? So Asin. 407 ; Men. 
 762; Cist. 774; Capt. 660; Poen. 1250; Ad. 707; Hec. 97; Eun. 544, 
 nunc mi hoc negoti dedere; M. G-. 956, hoc negoti mandatumst 
 mihi ; Trin. 578, die hoc negoti quomodo actumst. 
 
 hoc noctis : Am ph. 154, qui hoc noctis solus anibulem ; so 164a ; 
 292 ; 310 ; Cure. 1. 
 
 hoc operis : Amph. 463, prospere hoc operis processit. 
 
 hoc praemi : Men. 1018, hoc praemi feres. 
 
 hoc preti: Asin. 128, hocin preti redditur ? Most. 879. 
 
 hoc rei : And. 457, quidnam hoc est rei ? Ad. 175. 
 
 hoc sceleris : Eun. 326, quid hoc est sceleris ? 
 
 hoc villi : Ad. 786, edormiscam hoc villi. 
 
 In the foregoing examples introduced by quid, the genitive is by 
 many scholars regarded as dependent on the interrogative, but both 
 the sense and position of the genitive seem to me to be against this. 
 
 b) With the genitive plural of nouns : Sempronius Asellio, 
 109, 8 (Peter), inter eos omnium rerum hoc interfuit. ' This of all 
 things was paramount.' 
 
 c) With the genitive of adjectives used substantively : Rud. 
 415, quid hoc bonist ? H. T. 229, hoc ego mali non pridem inveni ; 
 Ad. 610b, hocine mali mihi obici tantum ; Eun. 1029, quid hoc autem 
 malist ? » 
 
 illud : M. G. 659, at quidem illuc aetatis qui sit ; Eud. 453, iam 
 illud mali plus nobis vivit quam ratae {mali is by some referred to 
 plus rather than to illud) ; similarly And. 843, quid illud malist ? l 
 Eun. 547 ; Phor. 184 ; True. 548, quid illuc novist ? Cas. 620, quid 
 illuc clamoris ? And. 963, quid illud gaudist ? Epid. 715, quid illuc 
 est negoti? so Men. 606; Rud. 559; Merc. 129; Pud. 149, quid 
 illuc est hominum ? Stat. 55, quid illud est pulchritatis ? 
 
 istuc : M. G. 618, me tibi istuc aetatis homini facinora puerilia 
 obicere ; so H. T. 110 ; Asin. 32a, ubi istuc est terrarum loci ? so 36 ; 
 Phor. 816, quid istuc negotist * ? so Asin. 308 ; M. Gr. 1347 ; Rud. 
 627; Merc. 967; et pass.; Eun. 237, quid istuc ornatist? Stick 
 
 1 In expressions of this type, I take the genitive as dependent on the demonstrative 
 rather than the interrogative. Cf. what is said on this page on quid hoc negotist. 
 
Genitive of the Whole. — With Neuter Pronouns. 33 
 
 699, quid istuc est provinciae ? Eun. 652, quid istuo est rei ? Most. 
 478, quid istuc est sceleris (sceleste codd) ? Poen. 207, quid istuc 
 est tumulti ? Phor. 990, quid istuc turbaest ? Cure. 32, quid istuc 
 est verbi? so Epid. 350; Pseud. 608; Phor. 343; Turp. 176, istuc 
 mali ; Merc. 165, quid istuc mali ? Asin. 50, quid istuc novist ? 
 
 id : Bacch. 1098, relicuom id auri factum ; Merc. 137, loquere id 
 negoti quicquid est ; so And. 2 ; 521 ; Asin. 71, neque puduit eum id 
 aetatis sycophantias struere ; Amph. 646, id modo si mercedis datur 
 mi; Poen. 92, quid id sit hominis? 1238, quid id furtist? Ad. 357, 
 id misero restat mihi mali; Phor. 409, id dotis dare, 979, in id 
 redactus sum loci; Lucil. 237 (Mx), id solum adversae fortunae 
 resistit ; Cato, Agr. 22, 3, eo sumpti opus est HS LX. 
 
 quod: 
 
 a) With the genitive singular of nouns : CIL, i, 200, 6, quod 
 agri, loci, aedificiei; 16, quod eius agri; so 24; 33; 45; 49; 52; 64; 
 75; 199, 13, agri poplici quod posident; Stat. 241, sat est qui aetatis 
 quod relicuom est oblectem meae ; Trin. 803, deprome inde auri quod 
 sat est ; Cato, Agr. 156, 6, quod yolet cibi ; Pseud. 440, quod damni 
 et quod fecisti flagiti ; Poen. 217, usque ab aurora ad hoc quod 
 diei est ; H. T. 1048, cur non quod dotis dixi firmas ? 771, quod super- 
 est fallaciae ; CIL, i, 199, 27, quod frumenti ; Cato, Agr. 18, 4, quod 
 loci supererit ; Most. 1016, quod hie tecum filius negoti gessit (v. 
 1018 is merely an echo) ; so True. 383 ; Cato, Agr. 144, 5, quod oleae 
 salsae non aceeperint ; H. T. 73, quod in opere faciundo operae con- 
 sumis tuae ; Asin. 443, ut quod sit operis locatum efficeret ; CIL, i, 
 200, 71, quod pecuniae ; Trin. 250, quod facit sumpti ; Merc. 991, 
 supplici sibi sumat quod volt. 
 
 b) With the genitive plural of nouns : M. G. 1156, quod apud 
 nos fallaciarum situm est ; Bud. 1287, de bonis quod restat reliquia- 
 rum ; Ace. Trag. 491, quod superest socium. 
 
 c) With the genitive singular of adjectives used substan- 
 tively : Epid. 651, quod bonist, id taceas ; so Amph. 47 ; Trin. 1067 ; 
 Bacch. 1188 ; Pud. 1229, habeas quod di dant boni ; Pacuv. 154, facere 
 quod quibo boni ; Poen. 1253 ; Bacch. 550 ; 554 ; Poen. 793 ; And. 
 968 ; H. T. 343 ; Phor. 698 ; 516 ; Hec. 873, scire quid sit quod feci 
 boni. 
 
 d) With pronouns : CIL, i, 198, 67, quod eius ; so also 200, 
 
34 The Genitive. 
 
 65; 67; 80; Cato, Agr. 32, 1, quod eius facere poteris; 158, 2, quod 
 eorum vis. 
 
 aliud: Hec. 270, aliud fortasse aliis viti est; Phor. 770, dum 
 aliud aliquid flagiti conficiat. 
 
 With many of the foregoing neuter pronouns we find also occa- 
 sionally an adjective in agreement instead of the Genitive of the 
 Whole. Thus : Asin. 20, si quid falsum dixeris ; Most. 345, num 
 mirum aut novom quippiam facit? M. G. 893, dum ne quid bonum 
 faciamus; Pseud. 434, quid mirum fecit? quid novom? 569, novom 
 aliquid; 759, quicquid incerti aut ambiguom; Eud. 1092, certum nil 
 dico ; Stich. 295, tantum adporto bonum ; H. T. 27, plus iniquom 
 quam aequom ; 1005, tam ineptum quicquam ; Lucil. 701 (Mx), nihil 
 esse proprium mortali datum. 
 
 Rud. 683 reads, nisi quid re praesidium apparas. But this is un- 
 exampled for Early Latin. Fleckeisen reads praesidi. 
 
 9. In expressions of the type, dia deanan. This usage is a Grecism, 
 evidently modelled on the Homeric Std 0ed<av. In the Early period it 
 appears only in the Annals of Ennius. Examples : Ann. 18 (V), 
 Anchises Venus quern pulchra dearum fari donavit (pulcherrima 
 dia divom Baehr) ; 22, constitit inde loci propter sos dia dearum ; 64, 
 respondit Iuno Saturnia, sancta dearum ; 491, optuma caelicolum, 
 Saturnia, magna dearum. 
 
 10. With words denoting preeminence : Amph. 204, viros primorum 
 principes ; Scaurus, p. 260 (Meyer), senatus principem ; Capt. 825, 
 regum rex regalior 1 ; Trin. 309, victor victorum cluet; 1115, hie 
 homost omnium hominum praecipuos ; Atilius Calatinus, p. 37 
 (Baehr), populi primarium fuisse virum ; Ace. 325, primores pro- 
 cerum; Enn. Trag. 41 (Sc 56 V), optumarum (optumatum codd ; 
 optuma tu V) multo mulier melior mulierum. 1 
 
 11. The Genitive of the Whole is also used predicatively : M. G. 1016, 
 cedo signum, si harunc Baceharum es ; Cas. 15, nam iuniorum qui 
 sunt non norunt; Cato, Agr. 38, 4, hoc signi erit; 88, 2, id signi 
 erit ; fr. p. 58, 8 (Jord), si trium virum sim. 
 
 I In these some scholars recognize the beginnings of the Genitive of Comparison, 
 a construction which is a well-known idiom of the imperial period ; see Wolfflin, 
 Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. vii, p. 118; Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 385, Anm. 1. 
 
Genitive of the Whole.— Predicate Use. 35 
 
 12. In Enn. Ann. 235 (V), the MSS give us : mensam sermonesque 
 suos rerumque suarum comiter impertit. For comiter, Vahlen in his 
 first edition conjectured congeriem ; Baehrens, materiem partit. Vah- 
 len now keeps the MSS reading, and explains suarum, rerum as 
 governed directly by impertit; so Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 § 73, Anm. 
 6 ; Frobenius, Syntax des Ennius, p. 34, who compares the Homeric 
 Sopcvcu. o-ltov (Od. xvii, 417). But this seems bold, in view of the 
 presence of mensam and sermones. It is more likely that some un- 
 discovered corruption of the text lurks in comiter. 1 Yet in Cato, Agr. 
 74, aquae paulatim addito, the genitive seems to be used as object 
 in the partitive sense ; cf . 76, 1, farinae L iiii paulatim addito. 
 The same is apparently true of Poen. 641, boni de nostro nee feri- 
 mus nee dainus ; cf . Leo, ad loc. In Phor. 709, haruspex vetuit ; ante 
 brumam autem novi negoti incipere, Dziatzko and others recognize 
 a lacuna and believe negoti depends upon something that has been 
 lost. 
 
 13. The genitive with adverbs : 
 
 a) With adverbs of quantity : 
 
 satis, sat : And. 138, nee satis ad obiurgandum causae ; Bacch. 
 1182, satis iam vostrist convivi; so Stich. 710; H. T. 920, non ex- 
 empli satis sum? Afran. 63, aetas integra est, formae satis; Turp. 
 12, satis fructi reddunt ; so 86 ; Stich. 620, id mihi sat erit loci ; 
 Cato, Agr. 18, 6, ut oneris satis habeat ; Stich. 91, sat est osculi mihi 
 vostri; And. 821, satis pericli incepi adire; Asin. 911, sat salutist; 
 so True. 259 ; Hec. 236, non signi hoc satis est ? Cist. 502, satis 
 subsidi (satias A) ; Most. 1165, supplici iam habeo satis ; so Pers. 854 ; 
 Phor. 1029 ; Ad. 313 ; M. G. 1154, esse video silvai satis ; Stat. 70, 
 sex menses satis sunt vitae; Most. 1030, vocis non habeo satis; 
 M. G. 1063, satis habeo divitiarum ; Amph. 79, sat habet favitorum ; 
 Bacch. 158, satis historiarumst ; B.ud. 583, sat litiumst ; M. G. 718, 
 satis cepissem miseriarum ; Bacch. 637, agitas sat tuarum rerum ; so 
 H. T. 225 ; Stich. 397, sat servorum habeo domi ; Capt. 125, sed satis 
 verborumst ; so Bacch. 878 ; Eud. 866 ; True. 644 ; Phor. 436 ; Pacuv. 
 304, satis habeam virium ; M. G. 584, satis merui mali ; so Trin. 
 247. — Satin : Stat. 129, satine huic ordini quaesti ? 
 
 i Professor Fay suggests to me that comiter takes the genitive after the analogy of 
 largiter ; see below. 
 
36 The Genitive. 
 
 adfatim: Cist. 231, aliorum affatim est qui faciant; Men. 457, 
 adfatimst hominmn ; M. G. 980. 
 
 largiter : Rud. 1188, credo inesse argenti et auri largiter ; 1315, 
 largiter mercedis indipisoar ; True. 903, veteris vini largiter. 
 
 parum: Bacch. 671, auri dempsisti parum; Merc. 692, parumne 
 hoc est malae rei; Turp. 63, suae parum obsequellae; H. T. 334, 
 parum dedecoris. Similarly Amph. 633, parva res est voluptatuin 
 = parum voluptatum ; cf. Lindsay, Synt. Plaut. p. 16. 
 
 partim : Cato, fr. 64, 8 (Jord), partim illorum ad eundem modum 
 erat ; 23, 7, partim eorum. 
 
 b) With, adverbs of place, limited by the genitives loci, gentium, 
 terrarum : 
 
 ubi: Capt. 958, ubi loci fortunae tuae sint facile intellegis ; so Merc. 
 986 ; Rud. 1161 ; Epid. 678, ubi ilium quaeram gentium ; so Pseud. 
 619; Rud. 469; True. 914; Amph. 336, ubi terrarum sim nescio ; so 
 Asin. 32a. 
 
 ubinam : Merc. 433, ubinamst is homo gentium ? 
 
 ubiubi : Asin. 287, perii, nisi Libanum invenio, ubiubist gentium ; 
 so M. G. 1379. 
 
 ubivis : Hec. 284, ubi vis gentium agere aetatem. 
 
 ibidem : Cist. 529, ibidem loci res erit. 
 
 inde : Enn. Ann. 22 (V), constitit inde loci ; so 530 ; Sat. 4 (V). 
 
 unde: Asin. 90, unde gentium ? So Cist. 668 ; Epid. 483 ; Pseud. 966. 
 
 quo : Bacch. 831, quo gentium (sc. sequar te) ? So Rud. 824 ; Enn. 
 Anu. 202 (V), quo vobis inentes sese flexere viai (via codd). 
 
 quoquo : Merc. 858, quoquo est abducta gentium ; Phor. 551, 
 quoquo hinc asportabitur terrarum. 
 
 quovis : H. T. 928, abeat potius quovis gentium ; Ace. 599, iussit 
 proficisci exilium quovis gentium. 
 
 usquam: Poen. 825, neque peior alter usquamst gentium; so Aul. 
 413 ; M. G. 685 ; Pseud. 98 ; Hec. 293, an quisquam usquam genti- 
 umst aeque miser ? Enn. Trag. 191 (Sc 222 V) (unquam codd). 
 
 nusquam : only with gentium, Pseud. 402, quaerit quod nusquam 
 gentiumst ; so 405 ; Merc. 606 ; Cas. 70 ; Men. 262 ; Amph. 686 ; 
 620 ; Ad. 540, fratrem nusquam invenio gentium. 
 
 Loch also, p. 19, recognizes the Genitive of the Whole with Mc 
 and hue, citing M. G. 273, scio me vidisse hie proxuniae viciniae 
 
Possessive Genitive. 37 
 
 Thilocomasium ; Phor. 95, hie viciniae ; and And. 70, interea mulier 
 commigravit hue viciniae. But in the first two passages, viciniae is 
 probably locative, in loose apposition with hie. In the Andria pas- 
 sage I recognize, with Loch, a Genitive of the Whole, though recent 
 editors (Dz., Fleck., Tyrrell), following C 1 , read hue viciniam. 
 
 c) With adverbs of time : 
 
 primum : only with omnium; Amph. 1135, primum omnium Al- 
 cumenae usuram corporis cepi ; so Asin. 650 ; Cas. 118 ; Merc. 609 ; 
 Pseud. 1026 ; Stich. 728 ; Trin. 523 ; H. T. 274, iam primum omnium 
 Dromo pultat fores. In the foregoing examples primum precedes 
 the genitive. In the remaining examples it follows: Amph. 609, 
 omnium primum hoc dici volo; 1088; Capt. 389 ; v Most. 397; 1153; 
 Trin. 235; 933; True. 787. 
 
 primumdum: Trin. 98, primumdum omnium male dictitatur tibi; 
 Most. 400, omnium primumdum haec aedes face occlusae sient. 
 
 interea (loci, 'situation'): Pseud. 266, interea loci si lucri quid 
 detur ; Men. 446, quom interea loci numquam quicquam facinus feci 
 peius ; True. 32 ; Pac. 76 (loca codd) ; Eun. 126, te interea loci cog- 
 novi; 255; H. T. 257. 
 
 postidea (loci; see interea) : Cist. 784, postidea loci, qui deliquit, 
 vapulabit ; so Stich. 758. 
 
 postid (locorum ; cf. postidea) : Cas. 120, postid locorum dabitur 
 tibi amphora ; so Poen. 144 ; True. 661. 
 
 adhuc (locorum ; see above) : Capt. 385, ut adhuc locorum feci, 
 faciara sedulo. 
 
 d) With negative adverbs, — only minume : Merc. 418, quid si 
 reddatur illi ? : : minume gentium ; so Poen. 690 ; Eun. 625 ; Phor. 
 1033; Ad. 342. 
 
 C. Possessive Genitive. 
 
 The term " Possessive Genitive " is loosely used by most gram- 
 marians. Ordinarily it is employed to cover all uses of the genitive 
 with nouns except those falling under the more precisely defined 
 categories, such as Genitive of the Whole, Genitive of Quality, 
 Objective Genitive, etc. This procedure evidently results from the 
 conviction that every genitive with nouns must be put under some 
 one of our existing categories, and that if it falls under no other 
 
38 The Genitive. 
 
 head, it must fall under the head of the Possessive Genitive. But 
 nothing can be clearer than that there exists a large number of uses 
 of the genitive with nouns which fall under none of our existing 
 categories. In the following treatment of the Possessive Genitive I 
 have aimed to exclude all uses where there did not seem to be a 
 fairly clear possessive idea. This possessive idea is present es- 
 pecially in the following classes of combinations : 1) Where there is 
 some material possession, as, Cratini aedes, anulum gnati tui ; 2) In 
 the designation of ordinary blood relationships, as filia, filius, uxor, 
 nepos Gai, etc.; 3) In the designation of mental and moral qualities, 
 as ineptia huius, quorum crudelitatem, etc. ; 4) In the designation of 
 parts of the body, as abdomina tunni, pes Gai; 5) In figurative 
 extensions of these four types of usage. Wherever there is no real 
 idea of possession, I have preferred to bring the passage under the 
 head of "Free Uses," a category which embraces a very large 
 variety of relationships and a large total of instances ; see p. 70 ff. 
 
 Blomquist, op. cit. p. 119 ff., whose treatment of the Possessive 
 Genitive for Plautus is unusually elaborate, subdivides his material 
 into a number of logical categories. It has seemed better to me to 
 present all the material together in an alphabetical arrangement. 
 
 abdomen : Lucil. 49 (Mx), abdomina tunni. 
 
 acrimonia : Naev. Com. 35, mei feri ingeni acrimonia. 
 
 adoptaticius : Poen. 1045, siquidem Antidamai quaeris adoptati- 
 cium. 
 
 adulescentia : Most. 1157, adulescentiae eius ut ignoscas. 
 
 aedes (frequent) : Asin. 435, in aedibus eri ; Men. 816, aedis 
 huius ; Ad. 581 ; Titin. 45, lenonum aedibus ; CIL, i. 201, 1. 
 - aetas : e.g. Aul. 159, mulieris est aetas media ; Amph. 938, in homi- 
 num aetate ; so 634 ; H. T. 555, eius aetas ; Phor. 570, aetas virginis. 
 
 ager: Aem. Scaur. 120, 18 (Peter), agrum hostium; Enn. Amb. 3; 
 Cato, fr. 15, 6 (Jord), eorum agro. 
 
 aliquid : Men. 190, interim nequis quin eius aliquid indutus sies. 
 
 arnica (frequent) : Cure. 593, haec arnica Phaedromi ; Epid. 702 ; 
 H. T. 333, huius amicam ; 567 ; 712, amicam gnati. 
 
 amicus: Most. 980, patris amicus; Merc. 534; And. 373, senis 
 amicos ; Phor. 128 ; Pacuv. 80, amici maiorum meum ; Cato, Agr. 5, 
 3, amicos domini. Eor the dative with amicus, see p. 143. 
 
Possessive Genitive. 39 
 
 ancilla: Stich. 238, Epignomi ancillast; 432; H. T. 744. 
 
 ancillula: M.G. 987, ancillula illius; 1133. 
 
 auima : Asin. 893, animam suaviorem quam uxoris meae ; Bacch. 
 869 ; Ace. 10, ventorum animae. 
 
 animus (frequent) : Most. 544, animus hominis conscius ; H. T. 
 100, animum adulescentis ; 367 ; 945. 
 
 anulus : Bacch. 327, anulum gnati tui ; M. G. 960. 
 
 ara (9) : Cure. 71, ara Veneris ; Leges Kegiae, Numa, 2, aram 
 Iunonis ; 4 ; Ace. 298, aras caelitum. 
 
 argentum : Bud. 396, argentum fuit lenonis omne ibidem. 
 
 aries : Bacch. 241, quem quidem faciam arietem Phrixi. 
 
 aima: Epid. 29, ubi arma sunt Stratippocli ? Ace. 145, Achilli 
 arma. 
 
 artieulus : Men. 140, commoditatis omnis articulos scio. 
 
 artus : Trag. Incert, 169, nati artus ; Men. 855. 
 
 atriensis : Asin. 393, eius atriensis ? 
 
 auctoritas : C. Gracchus, 245 (Meyer), quoius auctoritatem ; 
 •Crassus, 313 (Meyer), auctoritatem universi ordinis. 
 
 audacia : Men. 713, o hominis inpudentem audaciam ! Capt. 207 ; 
 And. 217; H. T. 313; Eun. 994, audaciam meretricum; Cato, fr. 
 33, 5 (Jord), eorum audaciam. 
 
 auris : Epid. 433, pugnis memorandis meis eradicabam hominum 
 .auris; Pers. 182; Stat. 106. 
 
 aurum : Bacch. 944, auro senis ; Eud. 396. 
 
 avaritia : Pseud. 802, hominum avaritia ; Capt. 287. 
 
 avia: Cist. 515, Ops, illius avia. 
 
 avonculus : Aul. 35, adulescentis illius est avonculus. 
 
 avos, proavos: Trin. 967, ab avo eius aut proavo; Men. 38. 
 
 benignitas : Stich. 50, mihi grata huius benignitas ; 636 ; M. G-. 634. 
 
 bona: True. Ill, quom eorum agerimus bona ; Afran. 2, patris bona ; 
 ■CIL, i, 198, 57; Enn. Sat. 17 (V); Cato, fr. 37, 9 (Jord), eorum bona. 
 
 bonitas : Capt. 245, per mei bonitatem patris. 
 
 bulga : Lucil. 623 (Mx), e bulga matris. 
 
 cacumen : Cato, Agr. 6, 3, cacumina populorum. 
 
 calator : Bud. 335, calator Plesidippi. 
 
 calliditas : H. T. 886, servi calliditates. 
 
 Camilla: Pacuv. 232, caelitum Camilla. 
 
40 The Genitive. 
 
 candor : Men. 181, prae hums corporis candoribus ; Naev. Trag. 
 48, solis candor. 
 
 canis : Lucil. 1221 (Mx), laniorum canes. 
 
 captus : Ad. 480, captus servorum, so Afran. 313. 
 
 caput : Trin. 940, ad caput amnis ; Most. 242, pro illius capite ; so 
 Pers. 36 ; Titin. 155, privignae caput ; Ace. 294, huius capiti ; Hec. 
 334; Cato, Agr. 33, 1. 
 
 caseus : Poen. 390, huius caseus. 
 
 castellum : CIL, i, 199, 6, casteli Veturiorum. 
 
 castra : Cato, fr. 35, 11 (Jord), castra hostium ; so 46, 2. 
 
 celox : M. G-. 986, celox illius. 
 
 cerebrum : Enn. Var. 40 (V), cerebrum Iovis. 
 
 cibus : Capt. 806, ille quoius cibo iste factust imperiosior. 
 
 cistellula : Pud. 1079, isti inest cistellula huius mulieris. 
 
 civitas: Enn. Trag. 291 (Sc 322 V), civitatem Argivom; Eud. 2; 
 Pers. 420, pistrinorum civitas. 
 
 classis : Tab. Triumph, p. 54 (Baehr), classis regis Antiochi. 
 
 clavos : Asin. 156, fixus est animus tuos clavo Cupidinis. 
 
 cluens : Capt. 335, is huius est cluens. 
 
 cognatus : Poen. Arg. 3, item eius cognatae duae ; Hec. 171, cog- 
 natus senex horunc ; Ad. 351. 
 
 collus : Lucil. 268 (Mx), olorum atque anseris collus. 
 
 color : And. 878, eius color. 
 
 colustra : Poen. 390, huius colustra. 
 
 commoditas : Stat. 209, commoditas patris. 
 
 commodum : Hec. 481, matris commodum ; so 495 ; H. T. 397 ; 
 Lucil. 1337 (Mx), commoda patriai ; C. Gracchus, 233 (Meyer), rei 
 publicae commoda. 
 
 concha : Pud. 704, cave harum conchas spernas. 
 
 concubina : M. G. 362, eri concubinast ; 937. 
 - confidentia : Eun. 839, eius confidentia. 
 
 copiae : Enn. Var. 13 (V), Hannibalis copias ; Pac. 156 ; Ace. 125 ; 
 Lucil. 665 (Mx); Amph. 246; Asin. 554. 
 
 cor : Poen. 388, huius cor ; 390a ; Ace. 201. 
 
 corium : Most. 1067, quoius ego ludificabor corium ; Amph. 85 ; 
 M. JGr. 235. 
 
 corpus: Amph. 1135, Alcumenae usuram corporis cepi; Men. 181 ; 
 
Possessive Genitive. 41 
 
 M. G. 997 ; Enn. Ann. 93 (V), quattuor corpora avium ; Matius, p. 281 
 (Baehr.), corpora Graium. 
 
 costa : Lueil. 1207 (Mx), cantheri costas. 
 
 crepundia : Eud. Arg. 2, filiae crepundia. 
 
 crudelitas : Ace. 176, quorum crudelitatem. 
 
 cubile : Trag. Incert. 129, hums cubile. 
 
 deliciae (-a) : Lucil. 705 (Mx), deliciis istorum ; 277 (Mx) ; Poen. 
 389. 
 
 delubrum : Ace. 593, delubra caelitum ; 527. 
 
 dignitas : Bacch. 131, pro dignitate opsoni. 
 
 diligentia : And. 20, istorum diligentiam. 
 
 disciplina: Cas. 657, imitatur malarum malam disciplinam. 
 
 divitiae : Men. 217, deorum divitias ; Ace. 588, civium divitias. 
 
 domus: M. G. Arg. I, 13, in domo senis; Enn. Ann. 575 (V), 
 divom domus ; Ace. 609, Menelai domus ; 671. 
 
 dos : Merc. 239, suae uxoris dotem ; 241. 
 
 elegantia : M. G. 1235, eius elegantia ; Turp. 99, unius elegantiam. 
 
 epulae : Lucil. 444 (Mx), epulae Iovis. 
 
 exercitus : Asin. 554, exercitus eorum. 
 
 facies : Pseud. 142, f aciem quom aspicias eorum ; Merc. 622, ho- 
 minis facies ; so Hec. 439 ; Eun. 565, eius faciem ; Naev. Trag. 3. 
 
 fama : Cato, fr. 10, 2, (Jord), eius famam. 
 
 familia: C. Gracchus, p. 235 (Meyer), P. Africani familia; Am ph. 
 471; 874; Pers. 213; Poen. 803. 
 
 fanum (23) : Cure. 14, Aesculapi fanum ; 62 ; Aul. 583, in Fidei 
 fanum ; Hud. 61, Veneris fanum ; 94 ; Enn. Trag. 347 (Sc 388 V), 
 Liberi fanum. 
 
 felicitas : Tab. Triumph. (Baehr. p. 54), felicitate eius (classis 
 victast). 
 
 festi vitas: Eun. 1048, mei patris festivitatem et f acilitatem ; , — 
 Poen. 389. 
 
 fides : Capt. 349, meo periclo huius ego experiar fidem ; Men. 576, 
 clientum fides. 
 
 filia (frequent): Epid. 36, Nerei filiae; 635; Aul. 479, paupe- 
 riorum filias; 289; Cas. 1013, huius filia; And. 933, fratris filia; 
 H. T. 97 ; 1065, Archonidi huius filiam ; Phor. 650 ; Ad. 466. 
 
 filius (very frequent): Bacch. 842, Nicobuli filius; Epid. 673; 
 
42 The Genitive. 
 
 Most. 28; True. 857; Capt. 396, de huius filio; Most. 664; Phor. 
 253, fratris filium ; Ad. 974. 
 
 flamma : Ace. 34, flammam Iovis ; Naev. Bell. Pun. 49, flammam 
 Volcani. 
 
 foramen : Cato, Agr. 19, 1, supra foramina arborum. 
 
 fores : M. G. 410, fores vicini crepuerunt ; Cure. 71. 
 
 forma (13) : Bud. 51, illius formam virginis ; And. 286, huius for- 
 mam atque aetatem ; H. T. 773 ; Eun. 444, illius formam ; Turp. 
 156 ; OIL, i, 30, 1, quoius formam ; Naev. Trag. 3. 
 
 fortuna: Bud. 185, hominum fortunae minus miserae memo- 
 rantur; Enn. Trag. 325 (Sc 172 V), fortuna Hectoris. 
 
 frater (frequent) : Cure. 716, hie huius frater est ; M. G. 62 ; 
 Pers. 830; Eun. 131; 617, frater virginis; Phor. 63, senis nostri 
 fratrem. 
 
 fundus : Pseud. 228, ex fundis tuorum amicorum ; Cato, Agr. 145, 
 2; 98, fundum arcae. 
 
 gener : Cist. 753, istic mei viri habitat gener. 
 
 gens: Pore. Lie., p. 277 (Baehr), Romuli gentem. 
 
 gloria : CIL, i, 33, 5, gloriam maiorum ; so Trin. 656 ; Hec. 33, 
 pugilum gloria ; Enn. Ann. 372 (V). 
 
 gnata : Hec. 124, gnatam huius vicini. 
 
 gnatus : Poen. 1047, Antidamae gnatum ; 1196 ; Pseud. 199 ; 
 H. T. 528 ; Phor. 64. 
 
 grandaevitas : Pac. 162, grandaevitas Pelei. 
 
 gremium : Ad. 333, gremio patris. 
 
 gula : Lucil. 946 (Mx), mandonum gulae. 
 
 habitus : Amph. Arg. II, 4, habitu Mereurius ei subservit Sosiae. 
 
 honor : Trin. 644, honori posterorum tuorum. 
 
 ignis : Val. Aedit. p. 275 (Baehr), ignem Veneris. 
 
 immodestia : Amph. 163a, haec eri immodestia coegit me. 
 
 impedimenta : Afran. 392, ianitoris impedimenta. 
 
 importunitas : And. 231, importunitas aniculae. 
 
 imprudentia : Eun. 28, imprudentia poetae ; Cato, fr. 48, 15 (Jord), 
 illius imprudentiam. 
 
 incommodum : Capt. 146, eius ineommodum ; so Hec. 840. 
 
 indoles : M. G. 921, novi indolem nostri ingeni. 
 
 ineptia: Eun. 741, illius ineptiam; Phor. 648. 
 
Possessive Genitive. 43 
 
 infamia : Pers. 355, hominum inmortalis est infamia. 
 
 ingenium (frequent) : Capt. 419, di vostram fidem ! hominum in- 
 genium liberale! Asin. 81; Poen. 1404; Trin. 1049; And. 77, ut 
 ingeuiumst omnium hominum; H. T. 24; 284; Eun. 250, eorum 
 ingenia ; Eun. 812 ; Lucil. 1010 (Mx), neminis ingenio ; Ace. 270. 
 
 inimicus : Poen. 1091, inimicus est huius. 
 
 iniustitia : Merc. 47, iniustitiam lenonum. 
 
 inluvies : Eun. 937, harum videre inluviem. 
 
 innocentia : Amph. 872, Alcumenas innocentiae (innocenti, codd). 
 
 inopia : Eun. 937, harum videre inopiam. 
 
 inpietas : Rud. 198, eius med inpietas male habet. 
 
 insania : Amph. 798, tu huius adiuvas insaniam. 
 
 labellum : Poen. 388, huius labellum. 
 
 labrum : Cato, Agr. 26, labra doliorum ; so 107, 1. 
 
 lassitudo : Titin. 131, lassitudo conservom ; Ace. 456, lassitudo 
 poplitum (poplit codd). 
 
 laus : CIL, i, 38, 6, maiorum laudem optenui. 
 
 legio (4) : Cato, fr. 26, 5 (Jord), hostium legionibus ; so Amph. 
 136 ; M. G. 17, quoius legiones. 
 
 lenitas : And. 175, eri lenitas ; Ad. 390. 
 
 liberi: Trin. Arg. 9, quoius liberi nubunt; Enn. Trag. 289 
 (Sc 334 V), quorum liberi leto dati sunt. 
 
 lingua: Poen. 388, huius lingua; True. 492; Pae. 83, linguam 
 avium; 94. 
 
 lotium : Cato, Agr. 157, 10, lotium conservato eius. 
 
 lubido: And. 557, eius lubido; H. T. 201; Hec. 534, advorsum 
 lubidinem animi tui ; C. Gracchus, p. 236 (Meyer), lubido hominum. 
 
 luculentitas : Stat. 71, luculentitas eius. 
 
 lucus : Aul. 674, Silvani lucus. 
 
 ludus: Africanus, Min. 192 (Meyer), in ludum histrionum. 
 
 lumen : Cato, fr. 16, 17 (Jord), lunae aut solis lumine; Enn. Ann. 
 323 (V). 
 
 maceria : Cato, Agr. 22, 4, ad Rufri macerias. 
 
 machaera : Pseud. 1181, machaera militis. 
 
 magnificentia : Stat. 71, vide eius magnificentiam. 
 
 maiestas : Ace. 648, maiestatem viri. 
 
 malitia : Rud. 693, malitiae lenonis contra incedam ; Trag. Inc. 114. 
 
44 The Genitive. 
 
 malum: Capt. 151, malum amici; Poen. 1367; And. 627, malis 
 atque incommodis alterius. 
 
 manus: Bacch. 737, amatoris manum; Trag. Incert. 173, segetis 
 armatae manus ; Ace. 192 ; Liv. And. Trag. 40, puerarum manibus ; 
 Lucil. 711 (Mx) ; 1031 (Mx). 
 
 mare : Ad. 790, maria Neptuni. 
 
 marsuppium : Epid. 185, senis marsuppium. 
 
 mater (very frequent) : Asin. 632, huius mater ; 725 ; M. G. 1299, 
 a matre illius ; M. G. 106, eius matri ; so Phor. 569 ; 873 ; Hec. 318, 
 matris Philumenae ; Ad. 471, ad matrem virginis ; Enn. Trag. 97, 
 (Sc 120 V), familiae matrem tuae. 
 
 medulla: Stich. 341, quoi miser medullam ventris percepit 
 fames ; Enn. Ann. 308 (V), Suadae medulla. 
 
 mel: Poen. 388, huius mel; so 394. 
 
 membrum : Men. 855, imperas ut huius membra atque ossa atque 
 artua comminuam. 
 
 memoria : And. 943, huius memoria. 
 
 mens: Am ph. 1044, familiae mentem meae; Kaev. Bell. Pun. 22, 
 eius mentem. 
 
 meretrix : Poen. 155, lenonis huius meretricem. 
 
 miles : Cato, fr. 17, 3 (Jord), eorum milites. 
 
 moenia : Enn. Ann. 164 (V), arcis moenia ; Naev. Bell. Pun. 48. 
 
 mons : Stich. 24, Persarum montis. 
 
 mos (very frequent) : Asin. 73, persequi mores patris ; Amph. 
 154; Most. 286; Cas. 783, hominum mores; Stich. 104; Trin. 292, 
 mores maiorum ; Poen. 984, ad horum mores ; And. 879, civium 
 morem ; Ace. 647, more multarum ; H. T. 203 ; 393 ; 239, mores 
 mulierum ; Hec. 478. 
 
 mulier : Ace. 656, mulier una duom virum. 
 
 murus : Incert. Vaticin., p. 35, Baehrens's Frag., hostium muris. 
 
 natura : H. T. 503, hominum naturam omnium ; Ace. 20. 
 
 navis : Bud. 66, illorum navis. 
 
 neclegentia : And. 20, quorum aemulari exoptat neclegentiam. 
 
 negotium : Stich. 5, quorum negotiis absentum sollicitae sumus ; 
 Crassus, p. 305 (Meyer), quando negotium publicum ? quando 
 amicorum ? 
 
 nepos : M. G. 15, Neptuni nepos ; 1265. 
 
Possessive Genitive. 45 
 
 nobilitas : Ace. 621, quoius nobilitas. 
 
 nomen (frequent) : Most. 661, nomen domini quaero quid sit ; Cas. 
 30, comoediai nomen ; Asin. 7, nomen huius fabulae ; Epid. 637, 
 meuni parentum nomen ; CIL, i, 198, 40, quoius nomen ; 198, 5 ; And. 
 928 ; H. T. 662, nomen mulieris (Bentley mulieri against MSS) -, 
 Eun. Ill, matris nomen et patris ; Phor. 804. 
 
 noxitudo : Ace. 162, noxitudo Pelopidarum. 
 
 nuntius : Stich. 274, Iovis nuntius. 
 
 oculus: Poen. 316, huius oculos ; 394; Pseud. 857; M. G. 589; 
 1234 ; Cato, Agr. 6, 3, oculos harundinis. 
 
 odos : Capt. 808, sues quarum odore praeterire nemo potest ; 815 ; 
 Cure. 99 ; Titin. 183, hortomin odores. 
 
 officium : Aul. 593, hoc servi esse officium reor ; Most. 27 ; Stich. 
 14 ; Cas. 585, non matronarum officiumst. 
 
 omnia : CIL, i, 200, 93, ea omnia eorum. 
 
 opes : Poen. 1177, eius opes ; Amph. 1053 ; Ace. 124, opes Troiae. 
 
 oppidum : Cato, fr. 37, 8 (Jord), sociorum oppida ; Amph. 210, 
 eorum oppidum. 
 
 opulentitas : M. Gr. 1171, quasi eius opulentitatem reverearis. 
 
 ornatus : Poen. 283, quom ornatum aspicio nostrum ambarum. 
 
 ornamentum : Amph. 85, eius ornamenta et corium. 
 
 os (' mouth' ) : Men. 848, pugnis me votas in huius ore parcere ; 
 H. T. 572, ore eorum ; Enn. Var. 18 (V), per ora virum ; Trag. Incert. 
 94, quoius os. 
 
 os (' bone ') : M. G. 30, perque os elephanti transmineret brac- 
 chium ; Men. 855, huius ossa. 
 
 ostium : Pseud. 131, ostium lenonis ; Stich. 450, ostium nostrarum 
 aedium ; H. T. 410, ostium vicini. 
 
 ovis : True. 657, ovis illius. 
 
 palla : Men. 398, pallam uxoris. 
 
 pallium : Bacch. 434, nutricis pallium. 
 
 pampinus : Cato, Agr. 33, 4, eius pampinos. 
 
 parasitus : Bacch. 573, ego sum parasitus hominis nequam ; 631 ; 
 Men. 222 ; Eun. 228, parasitus militis. 
 
 paries : Cato, Agr. 15, parietes villae. 
 
 parsimonia : True. Arg. 6, domini parsimoniam. 
 
 pater (very frequent) : Bacch. 877, pater Mnesilochi ; 404, patrem 
 
46 The Genitive. 
 
 sodalis ; Poen. 1123, mearum alumnarum pater ; Most. 970, quoins 
 pater ; Most. 611, patrem illius ; Aul. 17, eius pater ; so Phor. 147 ; 
 Poen. 104; 115; And. 223, Chrysidis patrem; 732, sponsae pater; 
 Phor. 731, patrem adulescentis ; Hec. 191 ; 571 ; Enn. Ann. 175 (V), 
 divom pater ; 192 (V), pater Olumpi ; Ace. 209, caelestum pater. 
 
 patria : Enn. Heduph. Var. 41 (V), Nestoris patriam. 
 
 patronus : Phor. 307, patronum mulieris. 
 
 patruos : Poen. 83, huius patruo ; Cist. 514, eius patruos. 
 
 paupertas : Kud. 918, paupertatem eri ; Enn. Trag. 37 (Sc 49 V) r 
 paupertas quorum. 
 
 pectus : Stich. 85, earum pectora ; Pac. 401, socium pectora. 
 
 peculiaris : Pers. 201, Sophoclidisca est peculiaris eius. 
 
 pecunia : True. 80, amantis pecuniae ; Leg. XII Tab., V, 7, pecu- 
 nia eius ; Cato, fr. 37, 6 (Jord). 
 
 pecus (' animal ') : Pseud. 834, ad Neptuni pecudes. 
 
 pecus (' herd' ) : Li v. And. Trag. 5, Nerei pecus ; so Pac. 408 ; Cato, 
 Agr. 149, 2. 
 
 pedisequa : Aul. 807, gnatae pedisequa. 
 
 pellis : Enn. Trag. 210 (Sc 251 V), pellem arietis. 
 
 penus : Eun. 310, ad te patris penum congerebam. 
 
 perfidia: Merc. 47, perfidiam lenonum. 
 
 pernicitas : Men. 867, pedum pernicitas. 
 
 pes : Lucil. 16 (Mx), pedes lecti. 
 
 pietas : Cas. 418, pietate maiorum ; And. 869, pietatem gnati. 
 
 poculum : CIL, i, 50, Volcani pocolom ; 49, Salutes pocolom ; so 
 frequently in early inscriptions. 
 
 pollentia : Rud. 618, impiorum pollentia. 
 
 pondus : Pers. 244, tippulai pondus. 
 
 praecordia : Lucil. 642 (Mx), hominis tetigit praecordia. 
 
 praedium : Phor. 680, uxoris praedia. 
 
 provincia : Capt. 474, quae parasitorum erat provincia. 
 
 prudentia: Trag. Incert. 58, Palamedis prudentia. 
 
 pudicitia: Epid. 405, pudicitiam suae filiae ; 110; Am ph. 811. 
 
 puer (=servos): Pers. 271, eccum puerum Toxili; Stich. 270 ; 
 And. 368, puerum conveni Chremi. 
 
 ptier ('child'): And. 763, quoium puerum? :: vostri. :: quoius 
 nostri ? : : Pamphili. 
 
Possessive Genitive. 47 
 
 pullus : Asin. 209, columbae pulli. 
 
 quadrigae : Amph. 450, quadrigas Iovis. 
 
 rabies : Eun. 301, huius rabies. 
 
 radix : Cato, Agr. 1, 3, sub radice montis ; 161, 3, radices asparagi ; 
 127, 1 ; 114, 1, earum radices. 
 
 res (very frequent) : Men. 968, rem eri ; so Most. 28 ; Merc. 43, 
 res patris ; Trin. 108, eius rem ; Bacch. 477, rem amici ; so H. T. 
 695; 689; Stich. 129, quarum res agitur; Phor. 969, ex re istius; 
 Lucil. 4 (Mx), summis bominum de rebus ; Hec. 102, in rem Bacchi- 
 dis ; Enn. Sc 169 (V), res Argivom ; Cato, fr. 8, 6 (Jord), res eorum. 
 
 robur : Pac. 11, saxi robore (probore codd). 
 
 rota : Cist. 207, vorsor in Amoris rota. 
 
 sacrum : Cure. 471, Cloacinae sacrum. 
 
 saevitia : Turp. 91, saevitia patris ; Pacuv. 418. 
 
 salus : Ad. 519, cum salute eius ; Poen. 389. 
 
 sanguis : Bacch. 372, hominum sanguinem ; Epid. 188 ; C. Grac- 
 chus, p. 247 (Meyer), fratris sanguine. 
 
 sapientia : Capt. 275, sapientiam huius ; Trin. 163. 
 
 savium : Poen. 390a, huius savium ; 388. 
 
 scrofa : Capt. 809, eorum si quoiusquam scrofam conspexero. 
 
 segnitas: Ace. Praet. 7, deorum segnitas. 
 
 semen: Stich. 169, ex eius semine; Cato, Agr. 48, 1, semen cu- 
 pressi ; so 151, 1 ; 2 ; 48, 3, semen pirorum, malorum. 
 
 senectus : H. T. 521, aquilae senectus. 
 
 sensus : Ad. 533, illius sensum. 
 
 servolus : Aul. Arg. II, 7, compressoris serTolus ; And. 83, illorum 
 servolos ; H. T. 530. 
 
 servos (very frequent) : Amph. 347, mei eri sum servos ; 148 ; Cas. 
 735, quoius tu servos ? Men. 1071 ; H. T. 515, Cliniai servos ; Eun. 
 268, rivalis servom ; 486 ; with servom understood : And. 357, huius 
 video Byrriam. 
 
 signum : Amph. 421, Amphitruonis obsignata signo ; Cure. Arg. 4. 
 
 sinistra: C. Gracch. p. 245 (Meyer), sinistram eius. 
 
 sobrinus : And. 801, sobrinus Chrysidis. 
 
 socius : Amph. 384, Amphitruonis socium. 
 
 sodalis (6) : Bacch, 175, sodalem Mnesiiochi ; 453 ; Merc. 995. 
 
 solitudo : And. 290, huius solitudinem. 
 
48 The Genitive. 
 
 solium : Trin. 940, sub solio Iovis ; so 941. 
 
 soror : Cure. 716, huius soror ; Poen. 895, soror illius ; M. G. 974, 
 soror eius; so Eun. 621; And. 724, sororem Chrysidis. 
 
 spiritus : Eurius Antias, p. 277, Baehrens's Frag., spiritus Eurorum ; 
 Enn. Ann. 443 (V), spiritus Austri. 
 
 spurcitia : Afran. 54, spurcitia patris. 
 
 squama : Ace. 517, serpentis squamae. 
 
 stultitia : Most. 1157, stultitiae eius ; so H. T. 878 ; Phor. 402, 
 quoius stultitia; Hec. 589; Ad. 367; Afran. 321, ex stultitia 
 multarum. 
 
 subcubo : Titin. 92, illarum subcubonem. 
 
 supellex : Men. 404, supellex pellionis. 
 
 superbia : Titin. 141, eius superbiam. 
 
 tectum : Rud. 78, quoius deturbavit ventus tectum. 
 
 tegula : M. G. 284, in horum tegulis ; Rud. 78. 
 
 telum : Enn. Ann. 285 (V), tela virorum. 
 
 templum ; Pacuv. 298, templo Liberi ; Auct. Incert. Baehr. p. 138, 
 Iunonis templum ; Enn. Ann. 511 (V) ; Sc 288 (V). 
 
 tenacia: Enn. Trag. 157 (Sc 191 V), quorum infrenast nimis 
 tenacia. 
 
 tergum : Amph. 589, quoius in tergum faxo expetant mendacia ; 
 Most. 883. 
 
 thensaurus : Pseud. 628, supremi thensauros Iovis. 
 
 tonstrix: True. 772, tonstricem huius. 
 
 ungula : Ace. 544, caprigenum ungulis ; Cato, Agr. 162, 1. 
 
 urna : Bud. 473, sacram urnam Veneris. 
 
 uxor (frequent) : Bacch. 961, cum uxore militis ; 1009 ; Cas. 58 ; 
 M. G. 908, huius uxorem ; so Ad. 929 ; Phor. 776, uxorem eius ; 
 Hec. 341, uxorem Pamphili. 
 
 vena : Lucil. 642 (Mx), venas hominis ac praecordia. 
 
 vesper : Rud. 181, si tu de illarum cenaturus vesperi es. 
 
 vestis : Most. 169, vestem mulieris ; Eun. 370, illius vestem. 
 
 vestispica : Afran. 387, vestrae erae vestispicam. 
 
 vidulus : Eud. 1091, lenonis vidulus ; 1094 ; 1066. 
 
 vigil : Enn. Trag. 159 (Sc 186 V), Myrmidonum vigiles. 
 
 •vilicus : Poen. 779, huius vilicus. 
 
 violentia : Men. 330, ad Volcani violentiam. 
 
Possessive Genitive. 49 
 
 vir: Bacch. 851, vir illius mulieris; Men. 773, eius virum; Stich. 
 677; Phor. 941, quoius vir ? Hec. 556. 
 
 virtus: Amph. 191, vi et virtute militum; Trin. 646, eorum 
 virtute; Asin. 547, virtute ulmorum freti; Eun. 778, imperatoris 
 virtutem; Phor. 33, actoris virtus; Enn. Ann. 343 (V), virtutem 
 legionis ; 199 (V), quorum virtuti ; GIL, i, 38, 4, virtutes generis. 
 
 virus : Lucil. 1106 (Mx), anseris virus. 
 
 vis : Merc. 4, (vi) amoris ; 58 ; 320 ; Trin. 658, vi Veneris ; Ace. 
 467, vis veritatis ; 26, vim imperi; 381 ; Eun. 778, imperatoris virtu- 
 tem et vim militum. 
 
 vita (frequent) : Cas. 679, viri vitam ; Asin. 886, vita uxoris ; And. 
 49, gnati vitam ; 210 ; 822 ; 959, vitam deorum ; Ad. 331, nostram 
 omnium vitam ; 340 ; 415 ; Ace. 193, quoius vita ; Afran. 33 ; H. T. 
 386, vitam tuam omniumque vostrarum. 
 
 vitis : Cato, Agr. 41, 2, utriusque vitem teneram (= palmitem) 
 praeacuito. 
 
 vitium : Most. 275, vitia corporis ; Poen. 1203, multa mulierum 
 sunt vitia ; Hec. 542, vitium adulescentiae. 
 
 voltus : Capt. 106, quoius voltum ; Merc. 599 ; Ace. 285, illorum 
 voltus ; H. T. 887 ; Hec. 369, voltum earum omnium. 
 
 voluptas : Poen. 393, huius voluptas ; 387 ; And. 960. 
 
 vox : Cist. 543, vocem mei Lampadisci servi ; Bud. 260, vox 
 precantum ; Trin. 46 ; 47 ; Hec. 318, matris vox ; 518, vocem pueri 
 vagientis; Eun. 454, vocem militis; Pore. Lie, p. 277, Baehrens's 
 Frag., Africani vocem. 
 
 Pkkdicate Uses of the Possessive Genitive. 
 
 The Genitive of Possession is also frequently used predicatively, 
 especially with esse, e.g : 
 
 esse : Amph. 483, Amphitruonis alter est (sc. filius), alter Iovis ; 
 H. T. 996, scibis quoius sis; 985, non esse horum te; Pseud. 690, quia 
 lenonis me esse dixi; Bud. 1361, si quidem Iovis fuit, meus est; 
 Amph. 346, scire quoius sis? 375; 378; Bud. 967; 1021; Stich. 
 545; Trin. 533; 536; Asin. 203; Eud. 1094; Men. 904; Bacch. 986, 
 nosce signum ! estne eius ? Eud. 52, quae eius erant mulierculae ; 52 ; 
 Trin. 178 ; Eun. 1040, fratris igitur Thais tota est ? Ad. 600, eius 
 esse illam psaltriam ; Hec. 811, cognosse anulum ilium Myrrinam 
 
50 The Genitive. 
 
 gnatae suae fuisse ; Ad. 625, fratris esse hanc ; H. T. 703 ; Cato, fr. 
 4, 15 (Jord), agrum quern . . . fuit Aboriginum; Agr. 146, 2, si 
 quid deportavit, domini esto; Stat. 104, ut aurum et vestem quod 
 matris fuit ; Com. Incert. 75, villa est patrui ; CIL, xi, 4766, 4, quod 
 louci siet ; i, 199, 5, qui ager privatus casteli Viturioruin est ; 200, 
 24, quod eius agrei locei publicum populi E. erit ; 85 ; 86 ; et pass. ; 
 And. 810, quae illius fuerunt possideo ; H. T. 1, partis quae sunt 
 adulescentium ; Cist. 766, illius istanc esse malo gratiam. 
 
 fieri: Trin. 521, agrum numquam siris fieri gnati tui. 
 
 dicor: H. T. 334, an ea dicetur huius ? 
 
 demonstro: H. T. 731, quam villam demonstravit Charini, 'the 
 villa which he pointed out as Charinus's.' 
 
 D. Subjective Genitive. 
 
 The Subjective Genitive has more clearly marked boundaries than 
 the Possessive. It is thus more easily capable of exact definition, 
 though it is not always possible to determine whether we have the 
 subjective use or one of the freer uses of the genitive. I define the 
 Subjective Genitive as denoting primarily the person who is the 
 author of some act, or who is in some state or condition. By figura- 
 tive transfer the usage occurs also with the genitive of things, e.g. 
 armorum ardor (cf. aedes ardent). Like the Possessive Genitive, the 
 Subjective Genitive may also be used predicatively. The material: 
 
 abitus: H. T. 746, harunc abitu; 414. 
 
 aditus : Ace. 417, quoius aditum. 
 
 adventus (9) : Trin. 744, adventum Charmidi ; Stich. 283 ; Amph. 
 988, adventum senis ; Hec. 77, adventum Pamphili ; Pac. 303, belu- 
 arum ac ferarum adventu ; Turp. 152. 
 
 aerumna : Pers. 2, aerumnas Herculi. 
 — amatio : Eud. 1204, nimis inepta eius amatiost. 
 
 amentia : And. 887, huius amentia. 
 
 amor : Phor. 518, horune amorem. 
 
 arbitratu (12) : Trin. 990, vapulabis arbitratu novorum aedilium ; 
 Eud. 1002, quoius arbitratu ; 1005 ; CIL, i, 577, I, 9, duumvirum 
 arbitratu ; Cato, Agr. 144, 2 ; 144, 3, viri boni arbitratu ; so 145, 3 ; 
 148 ; 145, 1, arbitratu domini. 
 
 arbitrium : Leg. XII Tab., xii, 3, eorum arbitrio. 
 
Subjective Genitive. 51 
 
 ardor : Ace. 319, armum ardorem. 
 
 aspectus : Enn. Trag. 32 (Sc 34 V), oculonim aspectu. 
 
 auspicium (4) : Epid. 381, virtute atque auspicio Epidici ; Amph. 
 192; Leg. Reg. Numa Pomp. 4, quoius auspicio spolia capiuntur; 
 Tab. Triumph., Baehrens, p. 54; 55. 
 
 auxiliuni : Pers. 83, quoius mihi auxiliost opus. 
 
 benefacta (4) : Stich. 303, benefacta maiorum ; Pac. 169, benefacta 
 mei patris ; so Cato, fr. 37, 3 (Jord), maiorum benefacta. 
 
 bombus : Enn. Frag. Incert. (I 50 V), bombum pedum. 
 
 clamor: Hec. 412, si clamorem eius audiat; Pacuv. 336, clamor 
 tonitruom. 
 
 coetus : Enn. Trag. 110 (Sc. 126 V), iuvenum coetus. 
 
 colloquium : Turp. 212, in colloquium horum. 
 
 comoedia : Cas. 13, antiquam eius edimus comoediam ; Ad. 6, Di- 
 phili comoedia. Kindred are : Poen. 1, Achillem Aristarchi mihi 
 commentari lubet ; Rud. 86, non ventus verum Alcumena Euripidi ; 
 Merc. 9, Graece haec vocatur Emporos Philemonis ; 10, Latine Mer- 
 cator Macci Tifci ; Eun. 9, Menandri Phasma ; 20, Menandri Eunuchus ; 
 30, Colax Menandri ; Hec. 14, quas primum Caecili didici novas. 
 
 coufidentia : Pac. 36, quoni recordor eius confidentiam. 
 
 conplexus : Asin. 643, ego conplexum huius nil moror. 
 
 conpressio: Pseud. 66, conpressiones amantum. 
 
 consilium (11) : Merc. 348, servi mei perplacet consilium ; Pseud. 
 678, doctum hominum consilia ; Hec. 514, quoius consilio ; 561 ; And. 
 576, eorum consilio; 509; 336; Enn. Trag. 292 (Sc 336 V), deum de 
 consilio hoc itiner conatum. 
 
 conspectus (5) : Pseud. 1106, ex conspectu eri sui se abdiderunt ; 
 Most. 1125, in conspe<ctum sui patris>; Crassus, p. 311 (Meyer), 
 in civium conspectu ; Pore. Lie, p. 278 (Baehr), conspectu omnium. 
 
 consuetudo : Ad. 820, consuetudinem amborum ; Rutil. Ruf us, 123, 
 23 (Peter), contra consuetudinem imperatorum. 
 
 consulto : CIL, i, 547, ex senati consulto ; et pass. 
 
 contagio : Amph. 31, contagione mei patris metuo malum. 
 
 crepitus : Cure. 158, prohibe crepitum cardinum ; 203. 
 
 crimen : Ace. 1, ex crimine inimicorum. 
 
 culpa : Phor. 275, culpa iudicum ; Most. 114, fabri culpa ; Hec. 232. 
 
 cupido : Turp. 39, parce eius serviat cupidines. 
 
52 The Genitive. 
 
 cura : Lucil. 9 (Mx), curas hominum ; Val. Aedit. p. 275 (Baehr), 
 
 damnum : M. G. 699, haeo damna mulierum me prohibent uxore. 
 
 deliquium: Gellius, p. 97, 17 (Peter), deliquium solis. 
 
 dementia : Turp. 96, huius inscientia ac dementia. 
 
 desiderium : C. Gracchus, p. 238 (Meyer), si nanciam populi deside- 
 rium. 
 
 dictum (9) : Epid. 321, quo modo mi Epidici dicta evenant : Cas. 
 653, timor praepedit dicta linguae ; Bacch. 449 ; Lucil. 411 (Mx), 
 dictum praeconis ; Ace. 442, dicto oboediens viri ; H. T. 223, amicae 
 dicta ; And. 283; H. T. 1035. 
 
 discordia : Ace. 587, horum discordia. 
 
 dividia : Ace. 152, huius dividia ; 587. 
 
 dolor : And. 831, eius dolore gnato ut medicarer tuo. 
 
 donum : True. 617, quorum dona aecepta habeo; 705. 
 
 ductu : Tab. Triumph, p. 54, Baehrens, ductu auspicio eius elassis 
 victa. 
 
 edictum : Men. 871, demutat edietum Apollinis. 
 
 errantia : Ace. 469, neque errantiae animi morigerabor. 
 
 erratio : Ace. 154a, consiliorum erratio et fortunae. 
 
 error : Pac. 78, animus de errore eius augurat. 
 
 exitus : Afran. 304, exitus vitiosae vitae. 
 
 exortus : Pac. 89, solis exortu. 
 
 exspectatio : Turp. 110, mei animi exspectatio. 
 
 facinus : Aul. 587, hoc est servi facinus. 
 
 factum (11) : Stich. 305, contundam facta Talthybi ; Rud. 11, 
 facta hominum ; Aul. 503 ; Phor. 268, horum facta ; Trag. Incert. 119, 
 Pelopidarum facta; Naev. Com. 109 ; CIL, i, 38, 5, facta patris. 
 
 fetus : Pacuv. 13, sol terrae fetum exusserit. 
 
 flagitium : A.d. 721, flagitia boni illius adulescentis. 
 
 flamen : Lucil. 870 (Mx), ventorum flamina. 
 
 flictus : Pacuv. 335, flictus navium. 
 
 fremitus: Amph. 233, boat caelum f remitu virum ; Enn. Trag. 343 
 (Sc 384 V), ager oppletus imbrium f remitu; Enn. Ann. 191 (V), 
 fremitu silvai. 
 
 gloria : True. 889, ita sunt gloriae meretricum. 
 * gratia (5) : Bacch. 558, nequam hominis parvi pendo gratiam ; Aul. 
 247 ; Poen. 823, eius neclegere gratiam ; Trin. 34 ; Capt. 986. 
 
Subjective Genitive. 53 
 
 honor : Trin. 482, decedam ego de via, de honore populi. 
 
 ictus : Lueil. 1166 (Mx), multorum ictibus. 
 
 imber : Enn. Ann. 498 (V), imber Neptuni. 
 
 imperium (17) : Amph. 262, pergam eri imperium exsequi ; 622 ; 
 Bacch. 459, oboediens est imperiis patris ; H. T. 233, quoius sub 
 imperio ; CIL, i, 541 ; Trag. Incert. 27. 
 
 impetus: Enn. Ann. 551 (V), impetus Orci; Trag. Incert. 172, 
 draconis impetum. 
 
 impulsu : Aul. 794, me iniuriam fecisse fateor impulsu adules- 
 centiae. 
 
 inceptio : And. 218, inceptiost amentium, haud amantium. 
 
 incessus : Turp. 102, Phrugis incessu. 
 
 indicium: Capt. Arg. 9, indicio quoius agnoscit filium. 
 
 industria : Merc. 1026, ob senum industriam ; Ad. 25. 
 
 inimicitia : Ace. 42, inimicitias Pelopidum. 
 
 initium: Hec. 361, mearum rerum initium. 
 
 iniuria (7) : Cist. 180, ilia dicit eius se ex iniuria peperisse gnatam ; 
 Ad. 207, iniuria adulescentium ; Hec. 22 ; 165, iniurias viri ; 301 , 
 H. T. 204, parentum iniuriae. 
 
 iniussu : Cato, Agr. 143, 1, iniussu domini ; so 5, 3 ; 144, 1. 
 
 inscientia : Turp. 96, huius inscientia. 
 
 ira (8) : Merc. 938, matris iram neglego ; 962 ; Amph. 896 ; Ace. 
 387, patris ira; so H. T. 189; And. 555, irae amantium. 
 
 iracundia : Phor. 185, eius iracundiae ; 189. 
 
 iudicium : Pseud. 14, nihil hoc Iovis ad iudicium attinet ; Phor. 
 1045. 
 
 ius iurandum : Enn. Trag. 380 (Sc 403 V), ius iurandum Iovis. 
 
 iussu (5) : Amph. 17, quoius iussu ; so 26 ; 19, Iovis iussu ; Merc. 
 102, hospitis iussu. 
 
 labor: Pseud. 5, duorum labori parsissem; And. 831. 
 
 lacrumae : And. 558, harum scelera et lacrumae. 
 
 lascivia: Pacuv. 409, piscium lasciviam; Pore. Lie, p. 277 (Baehr.), 
 lasciviam nobilium. 
 
 letum : Ace. 519, leto coniugis ; 421. 
 
 lex (7): Poen. 725, advorsus populi leges; Trin. 1146; Enn. 
 Ann. 249 (V), leges divomque hominumque ; Lucil. 1200 (Mx), legem 
 Licini; 573 (Mx). 
 
54 The Genitive. 
 
 litterae : Cato, fr. 77, 2 (Jord), illorum litteras. 
 
 maestitia : Ace. 315, maestitiam mutam quadrupedum. 
 
 maledictum : And. 7, veteris poetae maledictis. 
 
 malum (' wrong doing ') : Trin. 122, malumque ut eius cum tuo 
 misceres malo. 
 
 mandatum: Amph. 338, mandata eri perierunt. 
 
 melos : Ace. 404, Silvani melo eonsimilem cantum ; Enn. Ann. 
 299 (V), Musarum melos. 
 
 meritum (4) : Merc. 105, eius pro meritis ; Epid. 722 ; by analogy 
 we find also the superlative in Asin. 737, meritissumo eius quae 
 volet faciemus. 
 
 minae : And. 210, huius minas. 
 
 miseria: Capt. 130, propter sui gnati miseriam; Rud. 277; Enn. 
 Trag. 217 (Sc 258 V), Medeai miserias. 
 
 missu : Cure. Arg. 1, missu Phaedromi it Cariam. 
 
 morbus : Hec. 337, Philumenae morbus ; 373 ; Phor. 244. 
 
 mors (6) : And. 799, eius morte ; Afran. 147, morte domini ; True. 
 456, morte pueri ; Asin. 42, mortem uxoris. 
 
 motus : Enn. Trag. 122 (Sc 342 V), motus superum atque 
 infer um. 
 
 neclegentia : And. 71, cognatorum neclegentia coacta. 
 
 noxa : Stat. 85, noxa muliebris est magis quam viri. 
 
 obitus : Pore. Lie. p. 278 (Baehr), obitum domini. 
 
 obsequella : Afran. 257, quam mihi sit grata illius obsequella. 
 
 odium: Bacch. 820, terrae odium ; 822; Rud. 319, deorum odium 
 atque hominuin : M. G. 923, populi odium. 
 
 officium (originally, ' doing,' ' performance ') (23) : Aul. 593, hoc 
 servi esse officium reor ; Most. 27 ; Stich. 14, improbi viri officio 
 uti; 297; Cas. 585, non matronarum officium st; And. 113, haec 
 putabam esse humani ingeni mansuetique animi officia; 237, hoei- 
 nest officium patris ? 330 ; H. T. 66, illorum officia f ungere ; Phor. 
 281 ; Pacuv. 269, id viri est officium ; Cato, Agr. 5, 1, vilici officia ; 
 66; 142; 143. 
 
 opera (36): Most. 112, perdit operam fabri; so 136; Cato, Agr. 
 21, 5 ; Cas. 551, operam uxoris polliceor foras ; Stich. 348, ut ope- 
 ram araneorum perdam; Most. 1038, servorum operam mihi cedo; 
 Rud. 699; Cure. 10; Rud. 203; Naev. Trag. 45; Ad. 261, illius 
 
Subjective Genitive. 55 
 
 opera nunc vivo; Hec. 818; Cato, Agr. 144, 3, si quid redemptoris 
 opera damni datum sit ; so 145, 3 ; OIL, i, 198, 78. 
 
 opinio : M. G. 1238, ut opinione illius pulchrior sis. 
 
 opus: Most. 412, id viri doctist opus. 
 
 oratio (11): Epid. 103, orationem horum; Merc. 514; Poen. 969, 
 horunc hominum oratio ; H. T. 27, iniquom oratio ; And. 634, eorum 
 oratio ; Phor. 649 ; Cato, fr. 80, 9 ( Jord), eorum orationes. 
 
 oratu : Cure. Arg. 8, oratu quoius ; Cas. 775. 
 
 oratum : Hec. 385, orata eius. 
 
 parta: Phor. 788, patris bene parta. 
 
 peccatum : And. 888, huius peccatis ; H. T. 33 ; Phor. 244. 
 
 persuasu : Epid. Arg. 2, emit fidicinam persuasu servi. 
 
 potestas (9) : Aul. 534, in potestate viri ; so Cato, fr. 54, 6 (Jord) ; 
 Most. 134, in fabrorum potestate ; Cas. 282; Leg. XII Tab., v, 7, ad- 
 gnatum potestas in eo esto ; Hec. 250. 
 
 praeceptum : Cass. Hem. 71, 32 (Peter), praecepto patrum. 
 
 praesidium : Rud. 693, praesidio Veneris ; And. 843. 
 
 promissum : H. T. 723, Syri promissa. 
 
 pugna : Lucil. 621 (Mx), percrepa pugnam Popilli. 
 
 quaestio : Trin. 1012, si aberis ab eri quaestione ; CIL, i, 198, 76, 
 quoius quaestio ; et pass. 
 
 regnum : Amph. 831, per supremi regis regnum ; Pseud. 15 ; M. G. 
 950. 
 
 res gestae: Cato, fr. 3, 12 (Jord), populi Romani res gestas. 
 
 responsum: And. 698, Apollrais responsum. 
 
 risu : Enn. Ann. 458 (V), risu Iovis. 
 
 rumor : Phor. 911, rumor populi; so Cas. 11 ; Enn. Ann. 255 (V). 
 
 savium : Trin. 242, quom extemplo eius saviis perculsus est. 
 
 scelus : And. 558, harum scelera et lacrumae ; Rud. 1178. 
 
 scitum : Pseud. 748, plebi scitum ; so CIL, i, 197, 7, et pass. 
 
 scriptum : Cael. Antip. 100, 8 (Peter), ex scriptis eorum. 
 
 sententia (17): M. G. 129, quoniam inspexi mulieris sententiam; 
 Most. 171, sententias amantum; Rud. 587; And. 207, senis sen- 
 tentiam ; Phor. 619 ; Ace. 120 ; CIL, i, 196, 8, senatuos sententiad ; 
 198, 57 ; Lucil. 1316 (Mx). 
 
 sermo (9) : Asin. 605, huius sermonem accipiam ; Cas. 444, horum 
 sermo; Epid. 238; Most. 1063. 
 
56 Tlve Genitive. 
 
 sibilus : Lucil. 1293 (Mx), rudentum sibilus (erunt dum codd) ; 
 so Pacuv. 336. 
 
 sonitus (5) : Men. 866, sonitus ungularum appareat ; Most. 933 ; 
 Ace. 640, suavem linguae sonitum ; Enn. Trag. 296 (Sc 341 V). 
 
 sonus : Enn. Ann. 119 (V), suavis sonus Egeriai. 
 
 spes : Poen. 1188, quern penes spes vitae sunt hominum ; Amph. 
 1053. 
 
 spiritus : Bacch. 9, scio spiritum eius maiorem esse. 
 
 spolia : Stat. 251, venti spolia. 
 
 status: Pseud. 458, vide statum hominis. 
 
 strepitus : Enn. Com. 4 (Sc 373 V), molarum strepitum audibis. 
 
 stridor : Ace. 567, Aquilonis stridor ; Pacuv. 335. 
 
 studium : Amph. 1004, eius studio servire addecet ; And. 64. 
 
 suffragium : Stich. 352, sine suffragio populi ; Bacch. 438. 
 
 sumptus : H. T. 544, quom tolerare illius sumptus non queat; 453. 
 
 techina : Capt. 641, deartuatus sum huius techinis. 
 
 tela : Stich. 349, deiciam eorum telas. 
 
 transmissu : Pacuv. 56, regnum potitur transmissu patris. 
 
 tutela : True. 967, eius haec in tutelast fabula. 
 
 valentia: Naev. Trag. 2, eius valentiam. 
 
 vectura : Cato, Agr. 22, 3, vecturam bourn. 
 ' venenum : Afran. 381, haec sunt venena formonsarum mulierum. 
 
 verbum (11) : Bacch. 597, quom huius verba interpretor ; M. G. 
 1185 ; Trin. 772, salutem ei verbis nuntiet patris ; H. T. 682, quan- 
 tum audio huius verba ; And. 579. 
 
 victoria : Pseud. 1170, quanti te emit ? : : suarum in pugna virium 
 victoria. 
 
 voluntas: And. 880, praeter morem et sui voluntatem patris; 
 Phor. 725. 
 
 Pkedicate Uses of the Subjective Genitive. 
 
 The Subjective Genitive is also at times used predicatively. The 
 usage is confined almost exclusively to the curial style. Except in 
 a single instance, the only verb employed in this usage is sum. Exx. : 
 
 datio : GIL, i> 200, 35, iudicis reeuperatorum datio esto. 
 
 delatio : OIL, i, 198, 40, quoius hominis delatio (nominis) erit. 
 
Objective Genitive. 57 
 
 fabulae: Vole. Sedig. (p. 280, Baehr),P. Terenti hae quae vocantur 
 fabulae. 
 
 iudicium : CIL, i, 198, 6, ioudieium eoruin esto. 
 
 petitio : CIL, i, 198, 3, eius petitio esto ; et pass, in the same in- 
 scription. 
 
 quaestio : CIL, i, 198, 6, quaestio eius pr(aetoris) esto. 
 
 techina : Eun. 718, Parmenonis tarn scio esse hanc teehinam. 
 
 venditio : CIL, i, 200, 63, ab eo quoius eius agri hominis privati 
 venditio fuit. 
 
 Ace. 20 (Baehr. p. 269), nee Boeotia umquam fuit Macci Titi. 
 
 E. Objective Genitive. 
 
 ( The Objective Genitive is used with nouns denoting an action or 
 feeling. These nouns are, for the most part, derived from verbs, 
 nomina agentis in -tor and -trix being especially common. As a rule, 
 the objective genitive occurs only with nouns derived from transitive 
 verbs, the genitive sustaining the same relation to its governing noun 
 as the accusative sustains to its verb. Yet the use with nouns re- 
 lated to verbs construed with other cases (as cur sores pelagi ; fides 
 regni) is probably just as ancient as with nouns related to transitive 
 verbs ; cf. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 605. At times certain nouns 
 not derived from verbs develop a meaning which makes them capable 
 of taking an objective genitive, as: est quisque faber suae fortunae. 
 
 In the following list I have made no endeavor to separate the 
 different types of usage just touched upon, but have arranged the 
 complete material in alphabetical order. 
 
 adfinitas : And. 247, Chremetis adfinitatem. 
 
 adiutor : Ad. 146, aut etiarn adiutor sim eius iracundiae. For the 
 dative with adiutor, see p. 142. 
 
 aestumatio : CIL, i, 198, 4 et pass. , litis aestumatio. 
 
 altrix : Pacuv. 404, Calidonia altrix terra exuperantum virum. 
 
 amator: Men. 268, amator mulierum; so Eun. 665; Pseud. 210. 
 
 amor (10) : Amph. 841, deum metum, parentum amorem ; Asin. 
 883 ; Merc. 443 ; And. 261, amor, misericordia huius. 
 
 arrabo : M. G. 957, hunc arrabonem amoris. 
 
 auctor : Matius, Baehrens, p. 281, f unesti ominis auctor. 
 
58 The Genitive. 
 
 aucupatio : Stat. 62, quid tibi aucupatiost argumentum ? 
 
 calamitas : Eun. 79, nostri fundi calamitas. 
 
 cheurna: Poen. 701, replebo te unguentum cheumatis (geumatis 
 codd). 
 
 circumductio : Capt. 1031, argenti circumductio. 
 
 coactio : Asin. 203, nihili coaetiost. 
 
 colonus : Asin. 298, colonus catenarum. 
 
 comes : Rud. 160, sancte Neptuni comes ; H. T. 455. 
 
 commemoramentum : Stat. 166, pudebat commemoramentum stupri. 
 
 commutatio : Ace. Praet. 35, commutationem rerum. 
 
 concordia : Amph. 841, parentum amorem et cognatum concordiam. 
 
 condimentum : Rud. 402, animus aequos optumumst aerumnae 
 condimentum ; Poen. 1370. 
 
 conditor : Epid. 523, qui omnium legum fictor, conditor (condictor 
 A) cluet. 
 
 confidentia : Asin. 547, scapularum confidentia freti. 
 
 conlatio: M. G. 942, ubi facta erit conlatio nostrarum malitiarum. 
 
 conlator : Cure. 474, symbolarum conlatores apud forum. 
 
 consuetudo: And. 439, propter consuetudinem huiusce hospitae; 
 Hee. 404. 
 
 consultatio : Epid. 282, amota fuerit omnis consultatio nuptiarum. 
 
 contortor : Phor. 374, legum contortor. 
 
 copia (12) : Asin. 848, amanti argenti feci copiam ; Cas. 624 ; 842, 
 huius copiam mihi dedisti ; Epid. 356 ; Trin. 671 ; Phor. 113, eius 
 faciat copiam. 
 
 corruptela : Poen. 830, quae illic hominum corruptelae fiunt ! Ad. 
 793, communis corruptela nostrum liberum. 
 
 corrupter : Poen. 816, corruptorem civium ; Trin. 240. 
 
 cultor: Amph. 1065, caeli cultor; Cato, fr. 30, 1 (Jord), iurum 
 legumque cultores. 
 
 cultus : Merc. 832, cultus harunc aedium. 
 
 cupiditas : Merc. 657, dum illius te cupiditas missum facit ; Pacuv. 
 170, regni alieni cupiditas ; C. Gracchus, p. 245 (Meyer). 
 
 cura : Incert. Vaticin. (Baehrens, p. 35), 8, quorum cura est omissa; 
 Cato, fr. 49, 9 (Jord). 
 
 curator : Poen. 36, ludorum curatores ; CIL, i, 200, 55 ; et pass., 
 curator eius. 
 
Objective Genitive. 59 
 
 cursor : Trag. Incert. 253, pelagi cursores. 
 
 custos (7): M. G. 153, custodi mulieris; Trin. 252; Asin. 297; 
 Enn. Trag. 214 (Sc 255 V), fida custos corporis ; Enn. Ann. 112 (V), 
 patriae custodem ; Lucil. 219 (Mx), custodem classis ; Pore. Lie. p. 
 278 (Baehrens), custodes ovium. Eor the dative with custos, see p. 
 143. 
 
 custodia : Naev. Trag. 21, regalis corporis custodias. 
 
 datio : OIL, i, 200, 35, iudici, iudicis, recuperator um datio esto. 
 
 dedecoramentum : C. Gracchus, p. 247 (Meyer), adulescentia (tua) 
 senectutis (- i alii) dedecoramentum. 
 
 delatio : CIL, i, 198, 3 et pass., eius petitio nominisque delatio. 
 
 deletio : Lucil. 823 (Mx), deletionem nostri exercitus. 
 
 deliquio : Capt. 626, parentum et libertatis deliquio. 
 
 delitor : Ace. 219, sceleris fratris delitor. 
 
 desiderium : Afran. 352, quoius ex desiderio ; Hec. 88, desiderium 
 Athenarum. 
 
 dictator : Cato, fr. 21, 1 (Jord), dictatorem Karthaginiensium. 
 
 dictio : Phor. 293, testimoni dictio. 
 
 dilectus : Poen. 838, ita vinariorum habemus dilectum. 
 
 distractio, discidium: Pseud. 69, harunc voluptatum distractio, 
 discidium venit. 
 
 dolor: Trag. Inc. 68, ignominiae dolore. 
 
 domina: Pannius, 87, 29 (Peter), domina eius. 
 
 dominus (5) : Merc. 44, leno importunus, dominus eius mulieris ; 
 Poen. 158 ; Most. 686. 
 
 ecfigia (= imago, imitatio): Eud. 420, Veneris ecfigia; Afran. 364. 
 
 emptor : CIL, i, 200, 56, bonorum emptore. 
 
 erus : Pers. 787, si erus redierit eius. 
 
 exactio : CIL, xi, 4766, 19, eius piacli moltaique exactio. 
 
 exagoga : True. 552, ite hac simul, bonorum exagogae ! 
 
 exitium : Asin. 133, adulescentum exitium. 
 
 explorator: Lucil. 728 (Mx), rerum exploratorem (expil-, explic-, 
 codd) mittam. 
 
 exspectatio : Hec. 34, funambuli exspectatio. 
 
 extortor : Phor. 374, bonorum extortor. 
 
 faber : App. Claud, faber est quisque suae fortunae ; cf. Baehrens' 
 Prag. p. 36 ; Most. 120, parentes fabri liberum sunt. 
 
60 The Genitive. 
 
 fictor : Epid. 523, legum atque iurum fictor ; Ace. 219, epularum 
 fictor. 
 
 fides : Enn. Trag. 382 (Sc 405 V), nulla regni sancta societas nee 
 fides est. 
 
 fiducia : Most. 37, mei tergo facio haec non tui fiducia. 
 
 flagitium : C. Gracchus, p. 247 (Meyer), (tua) senectus (fuit) rei 
 publicae flagitium. 
 
 forma (= imago) : Auct. Incert. Baehr. p. 137, senis Enni 
 formam. 
 
 fraudatio : Asia. 257, ad eri fraudationem. 
 
 fraus : Pseud. 365, fraus popli. 
 
 fur: Poen. 184, quid dubitas quin dupli, auri et hominis, fur leno 
 siet ? 1335 ; Cato, fr. 69, 1 (Jord), fures privatorum furtorum ; 2. 
 
 genetrix : Enn. Ann. 52 (V), genetrix patris nostri. 
 
 gerulifigulus : Baech. 381, gerulifigulos flagiti. 
 
 honor : Amph. 486, Alcumenai huius honoris gratia ; Aul. 25 ; 
 Cato, fr. 47, 16 (Jord), honorem divom immortalium ; 83, 2, poeticae 
 artis honos non est. 
 
 imago, i.e. iinitatio (10) : Amph. 141, quoius fero hanc imaginem ; 
 265; Capt. 39; Pseud. 1202; Crassus, p. 310 (Meyer), quorum 
 imagines ; Afran. 363. 
 
 indagator: Trin. 241, celatum indagator. 
 
 index : Ace. 493, auroram, radiorum ardentum indicem. 
 
 inhonestamentum : C. Gracch. p. 247 (Meyer), pueritia tua adu- 
 lescentiae tuae inhonestamentum fuit. 
 
 initium : And. 709, narrationis initium ; Hec. 351, initium irae. 
 
 inlecebra : Cas. 887, inlecebram stupri ; Cist. 321. 
 
 inlex : Poen. 745, qui malae rei tantae fuimus inlices. 
 
 inopia (4) : Cure. 334, maxumam argenti inopiam ; Bud. 398 ; 
 Turp. 21. 
 
 inperator (6) : Amph. 1121, inperator divom atque hominum ; 
 Capt. 307; Pacuv. 295, regum inperator; Enn. Ann. 326 (V). 
 
 insitio : Cato, Agr. 41, 1, vitis insitio ; ibid, pirorum et malorum 
 insitio ; ibid, oleae et ficorum insitio. 
 
 integratio : And. 555, amoris integratio. 
 
 integumentum : Bacch. 601, illius sum integumentum corporis. 
 
 internecio : Ace. 657, Tantalidarum interneeioni. 
 
Objective Genitive. 61 
 
 interpres : Pacuv. 81, augurium atque extum interpretes ; Matius, 
 Baehrens, p. 281, obscaeni interpres. 
 
 inventor : Enn. Trag. 108 (Sc 124 V), vitis inventor sacrae. 
 
 inventu : Merc. 847 sex sodalis repperi ; eorum inventu res (in- 
 venturus codd) pessumas pessum dedi. 
 
 iudex : CIL, i, 198, 27, ioudices unius rei. 
 
 iudicium : Turp. 45, iudicia litis. 
 
 liberator : Pers. 419, scortorum liberator. 
 
 lux (= illuminatio): Ace. 163a, lux Dardaniae; Enn. Trag. 57 
 (Sc 72 V), lux Troiae ; Stich. 618, lux oppidi. 
 
 magister : Aul. 107, qui est magister curiae ; Cato, fr. 21, 4 
 •(Jord), magister equitum ; Enn. Var. 4 (V), equorum equitumque 
 magister ; et pass. 
 
 memoria : Pers. 643, ne suarum se miseriarum in memoriam in- 
 ducat. 
 
 mentio (7) : Trin. 976, auri feci mentionem ; 1069 ; Bacch. 252, 
 istius hominis ubi fit mentio; Eun. 437. 
 
 messor : see under sator. 
 
 metus: Amph. 841, deum metum; Naev. Bell. Pun. 57, magni 
 metus (intus codd) tumultus. 
 
 misericordia : And. 261, misericordia huius. 
 
 miseritudo : Ace. 185, illius miseritudine ; 79, miseritudo meorum 
 nulla est liberum. 
 
 moderator : Naev. Trag. 59, trionum moderator. 
 
 modus : Most. 139, haec verecundiam mi et virtutis modum detur- 
 bavit ; And. 95, habere suae vitae modum. 
 
 moechus : M. G. 775, magnus moechus mulierum. 
 
 monumentum : Lucil. 1084 (Mx), virtutis tuae monumenta. 
 
 mutatio : Eun. 671, vestis mutatio. 
 
 nuntius : Lucil. 1314 (Mx), certissimus nuntius mortis. 
 
 nutrix (7) : Stich. 649, salvete Athenae, quae nutrices Graeciae ; 
 Aul. 815 ; Phor. 736, meae gnatae nutricem. 
 
 obsessor : Pseud. 807, f ui obsessor fori. 
 
 occisor: M. G. 1055, occisor regum. 
 
 occursatrix : Incert. Auct. Baehr. p. 52, occursatrix artificum. 
 
 odium : Eun. 404, negoti odium ; 972, neque agri neque urbis 
 ■odium ; Hec. 219, odium tui ; 580. 
 
62 The Genitive. 
 
 operculum : Cato, Agr. 11, 1, opercula doliorum ; 10, 2 ; et pass. 
 
 oppressiuncula : Pseud. 68, pappilarum oppressiunculae. 
 
 optio : Trin. 1053, duarum rerum optio. 
 
 osor : Asin. 859, osorem uxoris suae ; Poen. 74. 
 
 parricida : Scaurus, p. 259 (Meyer), patriae parricida. 
 
 particeps : M. G. 1013, participem consiliorum. 
 
 pastor: Bacch. 1122, pastor harum dormit. 
 
 pavos: Pacuv. 82, portentuin pavos. 
 
 penuria: Pacuv. 162, penuriam stirpis; Ad. 442, magna civium 
 penuria. 
 
 perfossor : Pseud. 979, ut vestitu's, perfossor parietum. 
 
 perlecebrae, persuastrix : Bacch. 1167, eunt eccas tandem probri 
 perlecebrae et persuastrices. 
 
 permities : Pseud. 364, permities adulescentum ; so Ad. 188. 
 
 perquisitor : Stich. 385, perquisitores auctionum. 
 
 pietas : Enn. Trag. 282 (Sc 328 V), deum pietas. 
 
 pilatrix: Titin. 77, pilatrix pallae (palia codd). 
 
 potestas : Trag. Incert. 29, potestas eonsili ; Enn. Trag. 122 (Sc 
 342 V), potestas motus ; H. T. 710, potestatem tantae astutiae ; 347 ; 
 Cas. 535 ; Trin. 822, mei (me codd) potestas. 
 
 potio : Stich. 213, potiones mulsi. 
 
 praeda : Stich. 220, praeda erit praesentium (' a sale of everything 
 on hand '). 
 
 praefectus : Bacch. 425, gymnasi praefecto poenas penderes ; 
 Scaurus, p. 258 (Meyer). 
 
 praemium : Capt. 1036, qui pudicitiae esse voltis praemium ; Calp. 
 Piso, 81, 35 (Peter), cuius unius praemio multorum allicuit animos. 
 
 praesidium : Crassus, p. 264 (Meyer), innocentiae leve praesidium 
 est ; H. T. 967. 
 
 pretium : Men. 976, haec pretia sunt ignaviae ; Enn. Ann. 465 (V), 
 audire est operae pretium ; Varia, 20 (V), reddere opis (operae codd) 
 pretium ; Amph. 151, adeste, erit operae pretium ; Cas. 879 ; M. G. 
 31 ; Most. 842 ; Poen. 1174 ; Eud. 947. 
 
 princeps ('master'): Ad. 259, primarum artium principem; 
 Trag. Incert. 55, quoius ipse princeps iuris iurandi. 
 
 probrum : Aul. 74, quo pacto celem filiai probrum. 
 
 procurator : Pseud. 608, procurator peni. 
 
Objective Genitive. 63 
 
 proditor : Rud. 50, urbis proditor. 
 
 progenitor : Soranus, p. 273 (Baehr), progenitor genetrixque denm. 
 
 propagatio: Cato, Agr. 133, propagatio pomorum ceterarumque 
 arborum ; so 51. 
 
 propages : Pacuv. 20, mea propages sanguinis. 
 
 propagmen : Enn. Ann. 160 (V), vitae propagmen. 
 
 pudor: Enn. Trag. 282 (Sc 328 V), civium pudor; And. 262, patris 
 pudor. 
 
 raptor : Men. 65, raptor pueri ; Epid. 300 ; Trin. 254. 
 
 ratio (7) : Cato, Agr. 2, 2, rationem operum operarumque ; ibid, 
 rationem operarum, dierum ; M. G. 773, accipe a me rationem doli ; 
 Most. 304; Trin. 418. 
 
 regina : Pacuv. 177, omnium rerum regina oratio. 
 
 regnator: Amph. 45, deorum regnator; so Ace. 32; Naev. Bell. 
 Pun. 12, regnatorem marum. 
 
 remedium : H. T. 539, magnarum remedium aegritudirmm ; Phor. 
 185 ; Ad. 294, solus mearum miseriarumst remedium ; Com. Incert. 
 88, iniuriarum remedium. 
 
 repertor : Soranus, p. 273 (Baehr), regum repertor. 
 
 rex (5) : Capt. 622, rex deorum atque hominum ; Enn. Ann. 33 
 (V), rex Albai Longai ; Naev. Bell. Pun. 12. 
 
 rogator : Lucil. 853 (Mx), legum rogator. 
 
 salsura : Cato, Agr. 162, 1, salsura pernarum. 
 
 satias : Ace. 176, satias sanguinis ; 659 ; Afran. 325, satias toti 
 (= totius) familiae; Hec. 594, satias iam tenet istorum studiorum; 
 Lucil. 810 (Mx) ; Cist. 502. 
 
 satietas : Amph. 472, satietatem dum capiet illius ; Eun. 403, 
 satietas hominum ; Phor. 834. 
 
 satio : Cato, Agr. 27, pabuli sationem. 
 
 sator, sartor: Capt. 661, sator sartorque scelerum et messor 
 maxume ; Pacuv. 295 (?). 
 
 servator : Pseud. 873, sum hominum servator. 
 
 signum : H. T. 120, animist pudentis signum ; And. 878, pudoris 
 signum. Also objective (cf. under ecfigia) seem : Rud. 648, Veneris 
 signum sunt amplexae; Cael. Antip. 107, 9 (Peter), signum 
 Apollinis. 
 
 societas: see fides. 
 
64 The Genitive. 
 
 socius : M. G. 1013, socium tuorura conciliorum ; Bacch. 1105, 
 socium aerumnae et mei mali. 
 
 sollicitatio : And. 261, nuptiarum sollicitatio. 
 
 spectator : Eun. 566, elegans formarum spectator. 
 
 spes: H. T. 636, spes vitae; so Poen. 1188; Eud. 680, salutis 
 meae spes ; so Ace. 150 ; Men. 462 ; H. T. 713, spem nuptiarum ; 
 636; Com. Incert. 98, spes auxili. Slightly different, but still 
 objective, is Capt. 104, nee ullast spes iuventutis. 
 
 stabilimen : Ace. 210, regni stabilimen mei. 
 
 stabilimentum : Cure. 367, baec sunt ventris stabilimenta. 
 
 statua (cf. imago) : Cato, fr. 69, 5 (Jord), statuas deorum. 
 
 studium : Ace. 627, studium iteris ; Afran. 151, vitae studium. 
 
 suasor : Enn. Ann. 383 (V), suasorem summum et studiosum belli. 
 
 superatrix: Merc. 842, divom atque hominum quae superatrix 
 (speratrix codd) es. 
 
 suppositio : Capt. 1031, pueri suppositio ; so True. 437 ; Cist. 151, 
 de puellae suppositione. 
 
 suppostrix : True. 763, suppostrix puerum. 
 
 suspicio : Amph. 489, ne in suspicione ponatur stupri ; H. T. 800, 
 suspicio amoris; Enn. Trag. 281 (Sc. 327 V). 
 
 terror : Pacuv. 359, mortis terrore. 
 
 testis : Men. 812, do testis. : : qua de re aut quoius rei omnium 
 rerum ? 
 
 traiectus : Ace. 435, traiectus nemorum. 
 
 tritor: Pers. 420, compedum tritor; 795. 
 
 tutela : Leg. XII Tab. v, 3, super pecimia tutelave suae rei. 
 
 ultor : Trag. Incert. 262, ultorem nati mei. 
 
 umbra : M. G-. 625, umbra's amantum magis quam amator. 
 
 usura: Amph. 1135, Alcumenae usuram corporis cepi; so 108; 
 Ace. 507. 
 
 usus : Most. 113, usus aedium ; Merc. 832. 
 
 vacivitas : Cure. 319, vacivitas cibi. 
 
 vadimonium : CIL, i, 200, 34, vadimonium eius rei. 
 
 vastities : Pseud. 69, harunc voluptatum vastities venit. 
 
 vectura : Asin. 432, pro vectura olivi rem solvit. 
 
 venditio : CIL, i, 200, 63, ab eo quoius eius agri hominus privati 
 venditio fuit. 
 
Genitive of Quality. 65 
 
 victoria : Enn. Ann. 88 (V), utri magni victoria sit data regni. 
 viduitas : Eud. 664, omnium copiarum viduitas nos tenet, 
 vocatio (= vacatio) : CIL, i, 198, 77, militiaeque eis vocatio esto. 
 
 F. The Genitive of Quality. 1 
 
 The Genitive of Quality is much less frequent than the Ablative 
 of Quality in Early Latin. Apart from a few stereotyped formulas, 
 such as huius modi, eius modi, parvi preti, minumi preti, etc., the 
 idiom is only scantily represented. The material is as follows: 
 
 animus : Men. 269, homo iracundus animi perditi. Elsewhere in 
 Early Latin the ablative of animus is used to denote quality, e.g. 
 Bacch. 612, protervo, iracundo animo indomito, incogitato sum; 
 1015, animo cupido fui; Epid. 643; Rud. 685. 
 
 biduum : And. 440, biduist aut tridui haec sollicitudo ; cf . below 
 under dies. 
 
 cibus : Vidul. 41, quam servi tui cibique minimi maxumaque 
 industria. 
 
 color : Pseud. 1196, quern ego hominem nullius coloris novi. But 
 elsewhere we have the ablative of color to denote quality, e.g. Eud. 
 997, quo colorest ; hoc colore ; Eun. 689 ; Pacuv. Trag. 147 ; Cato, 
 Agr. 109. 
 
 consilium : And. 608, nulli consili sum. 
 
 culleus : Cato, Agr. 11, 1, quinque vindemiae culleum DCCCI. 
 
 dies : H. T. 909, decern dierum vix mihi est familia. 
 
 esca : Men. 100, ipsus escae maxumae. 
 
 genus : Merc. 525, generis Graecist. Elsewhere we have the ab- 
 lative of genus to denote quality, e.g. Trin. 851, hie fungino gene- 
 rest ; 326 ; Pers. 651. 
 
 homo : Eun. 409, perpaucorum hominumst. : : immo nullorum, 
 arbitror. 
 
 ingenium: Most. 814, esse existumo humani ingeni (ingenio 
 codd). In thirteen other instances we have the ablative of inge- 
 nium to denote quality, e.g. Aul. 9, avido ingenio fuit ; Bacch. 454; 
 Stich. 116 ; see p. 323. 
 
 i See Edwards, Geo. V., The Ablative of Quality and the Genitive of Quality, New 
 York, 1900 ; also Genitive of Quality and Ablative of Quality, in Studies in Honour of 
 B. L. Gildersleeve, p. 101 ff. ; Wackernagel, Melanges de Saussure, p. 135 ff. ; 
 Edwards-Wolfflin, Arohiv fur lat. Lexikogr. xi, p. 197 ff. 
 
66 The Genitive. 
 
 instrumentum : Cato, Agr. 1, 5, videto quam minumi instrumenti 
 siet ; ibid, instrumenti ne magni siet. 
 
 littera : Aul. 325, tun, trium litterarum homo. 
 
 locus : Eun. 234, mei loci atque ordinis hominem. 
 
 men sis : Most. 82, paucorum mensum sunt relictae reliquiae. 
 
 modus : 
 
 huiusmodi: Amph. 938, multa eveniunt huius modi ; 941; Capt. 
 1033, huius modi paueas poetae reperiunt comoedias; M G. 1023; 
 Eun. 873 ; 746 ; H. T. 812 ; Phor. 505 ; 529 ; Turp. 201, haec huius 
 modi; Metellus Numidieus, p. 274 (Meyer), huiusce modi homun- 
 culum ; et pass. 
 
 eius modi : Bacch. 676, eius modi tempus ; M. G. 801 ; B.ud. 127, 
 propter eius modi viros ; Trin. 337 ; And. 93 ; Phor. 821. 
 
 illius modi: Ad. 441, illius modi magna civium penuria; Cato, 
 fr. (Jord), p. 59, 5 ; Agr. 157, 2. 
 
 istius modi : Epid. 119, istius modi amicos ; Merc. 144 ; Most. 
 746; Eud. 321, cum istius modi virtutibus; Trin. 552; H. T. 387. 
 
 isti modi : True. 930, quae ames hominem isti modi ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), p. 50, 4 ; Ace. 136, te isti modi esse intellego. 
 
 alius (alii) modi : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 51, 1, uti alii modi sim ; 
 Fannius, 87, 26 (Peter), alius modi atque ante visa essent ; Cael. 
 Antip. 100, 10 (Peter), neque eos alii modi esse ostendere possunt. 
 
 quoius modi : Men. 221, quoius modi hie homines erunt ? Most. 
 640 ; 817 f. ; 908, quoius modi gunaeceum ; Pers. 386 ; et pass. 
 
 quoivis modi: Pseud. 741, mellam, defrutum, mel quoivis modi; 
 Bacch. 400, sisne necne ut esse oportet : malus, bonus quoivis (qua 
 cuius codd) modi. 
 
 unius modi : H. T. 204, parentum iniuriae unius modi sunt, 
 natio : Capt. 887, quoius erat tunc nationis ? 
 nummus : Men. 542, duom uummum stalagmia. 
 onus : Most. 782, magni sunt oneris. 
 
 opera : Merc. 815, pol hau censebam istarum operarum patrem. 
 pes : Cato, Agr. 18, 5, trabecula pedum xxiii ; 18, 7, fundamenta 
 pedum duorum ; et pass, 
 pretium : 
 -haud magni preti : Cas. 98, vilice haud magni preti ; Cure. 167 ; 
 M. G-. 145; Stich. 235. 
 
Genitive of Quality. 67 
 
 parvi preti : Aul. 790 , nullust tarn parvi preti ; Trin. 257 ; Hec. 
 799, meam esse operam deputat parvi preti. 
 
 minimi preti : Epid. 502, fateor me omnium hominum esse minimi 
 preti ; M. G. 558 ; Asin. 858, scito ilium ante omnes minumi mor- 
 talem preti ; Bacch. 444, eho senex minumi preti ; so Cas. 594 ; 
 Epid. 494 ; Men. 489 ; Trin. 925. 
 
 pluris preti : Bacch.. 630a, mortuos pluris pretist quam ego sum. 
 maioris preti : H. T. 64, agrum preti maioris. 
 maxumi preti : Ad. 891, hominem maxumi preti. 
 quantivis preti : Pers. 625, nomen atque omen quantivis iamst 
 preti ; Epid. 410 ; And. 856, videtur esse quantivis preti. 
 
 semen : Poen. 245a, eius seminis mulieres sunt. 
 
 talentum : Phor. 393, si talentum rem reliquisset decern. 
 
 triduom : see biduom. 
 
 verbum : Enn. Ann. 246 (V), commodus, verbum paucum (pau- 
 corum codd). 
 
 victus : Capt. 855, tu tui cottidiani victi ventrem ad me adferas ! 
 
 In CIL, i, 1011, we have septem me naatam annorum me gremio 
 accepit — apparently a contamination of septem natus annos and 
 septem. annorum; so CIL, i, 36, annorum gnatus xvi. 
 
 For nulli rei, Stich. 720 ; Cato, fr. 85, 7 (Jord), taken by some as 
 genitive, see under the Dative, p. 176. 
 
 Stich. 383 stands in the MSS unguenta multigenerum multa. 
 This is generally explained as unguenta multorum generum, but 
 Guyet suggested multigenera, which may very well have been what 
 Plautus wrote. It is difficult to explain multigenerum. 
 
 In Bud. 107, Leo suggests that virile sexus of the MSS is for 
 viriW sexus. I take the construction as accusative ; see p. 259. 
 
 On the difference between the Genitive of Quality and the Abla- 
 tive of Quality, see p. 317 f . 
 
 Wackernagel, Melanges de Saussure, p. 135 (followed by Brug- 
 mann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 570), is inclined to regard the Genitive of 
 •Quality as Indo-European, and as originating in the -i genitive dis- 
 cussed below (p. 93). In support of this, Wackernagel urges the 
 predominance of -i genitives in the Early Latin Genitive of Quality, 
 and the additional fact that we repeatedly find an -i Genitive of 
 Quality coordinated with an ablative of another declension, e.g. Vid. 
 
68 The Genitive. 
 
 42, cibi minimi maxumaque industria ; Ad. 441, illius modi civium 
 . . . antiqua virtute et fide. But Wackernagel's further statement 
 that in Early Latin the plural is not found, is not borne out by the 
 foregoing material. I have enumerated ten different plural Geni- 
 tives of Quality. 
 
 O. The Appositional, or Epexegetic Genitive (Genetivus 
 
 Definitivus). l 
 
 This name is given to those genitives which denote the same 
 thing as the governing noun. The construction was never common. 
 Loch and Schaaff include under this head many combinations which 
 are not appositional in nature, but represent a variety of usages. 
 The material: 
 
 deliciae : Pers. 204, deliciae pueri. 
 
 filum : Merc. 755, satis spissum filum mulieris. 
 
 flagitium : Asin. 473, flagitium hominis ; so Cas. 155; 552; Men. 
 489; 709. 
 
 flumen : Lucil. 126 (Mx), Silari ad flumen portumque Alburnum. 
 
 frustum : Pers. 848, frustum pueri. 
 
 hallex : Poen. 1310, hallex viri. 
 
 mendicabulum : Aul. 703, istos reges ceteros memoraxe nolo, ho- 
 minum mendicabula. 
 
 monstrum : Poen. 273, monstrum mulieris: Eun. 696, monstrum 
 hominis. 
 
 nomen : Stat. 254, nomen virginis deintegravit ; Af ran. 57, novercae 
 nomen; 326, nominis matronae sanctitudinem ; Pseud. 1108, ei nomen 
 Servitutis ferunt. 
 
 scelus : Cure. 614, scelus viri ; so M. G. 1434 ; True. 621 ; Pers. 
 192, scelus pueri. 
 
 H. Genitive with Causa, Gratia, and Similar Words. 2 
 
 causa. Here the dependent genitive was probably originally one 
 of Possession, as Trin. 686, sororis causa ; Epid. 289, fili causa. But 
 very early the force of causa became virtually that of a preposition, in 
 
 1 Loch, p. 3 f. ; Blomquist, p. 157 ff. ; Liebig, p. 23 ; Schaaff, p. 23 ft. 
 
 2 Loch, p. 20 ff. ; Blomquist, p. 154 ff . ; Liebig, p. 9. 
 
With Causa, Gratia, etc. 69 
 
 which function it is extremely common in the early period of the 
 language. The material is too extensive (85 examples) to quote in full. 
 I cite representative passages only : Asin. 542, sine med animi causa 
 amare Argyrippum ; Epid. 289, fili causa facere ; Most. 503, auri 
 causa ; Merc. 537, stupri causa ; True. 459, lucri causa ; Pers. 339, 
 regis Philippi causa ; Aul. 121, meai fidei tuaique rei causa ; Poen. 
 95, quaesti causa ; Aul. 750, amoris causa ; 463, honoris causa ; Poen. 
 1041, popularitatis causa; Pseud. 123, pietatis causa; Most. 357, 
 trium nummum causa; Capt. 1009, quoius causa; Most. 207, huius 
 causa ; 246, eius causa ; M. G. 756, eorum causa ; Trin. 1090, quorum 
 causa; Eun. 202, causa virginis feci; H. T. 287, eius anuis causa; 
 546, adulescentuli causa ; Eun. 877, contumeliae non me fecisse causa, 
 sed amoris ; And. 110, parvae consuetudinis causa ; H. T. 129, mea 
 solius causa ; 686, non tam meapte causa quam illius ; Ace. 485, 
 quoius tumulti causa; 112, cineris causa ; Cato, fr. 23, 8 (Jord), con- 
 tumeliae causa ; 23, 11, libertatis suae causa ; Cael. Antip. p. 100, 14, 
 alii rei causa ; 104, 30, nullius alius rei nisi amicitiae eorum causa ; 
 Cato, fr. 42, 6 (Jord), omnia avaritiae atque pecuniae causa fecit; 
 52, 12, duarum rerum alterius utrius causa ; 56, 1, fami causa ; CIL, 
 i, 198, 19, calumniae causa ; 55 ; 56. 
 
 The only instances in Early Latin in which causa precedes its geni- 
 tive are Eun. 202, causa virginis feci, and Enn. Ann. 319 (V), causa 
 poliendi agri. 
 
 For the genitive of the gerund and the gerundive with causa, see 
 Vol. I, p. 442 f . ; 446 f . 
 
 gratia (20) : Amph. 682, quid tu me deridiculi gratia sic salutas ? 
 Capt. 98, fili gratia ; Epid. 275, animi gratia ; 629, istius gratia ; M. 
 G. 103, magnai rei publicai gratia ; 620 ; 626 ; And. 836, nuptiarum 
 gratia ; Hec. 836, quaesti gratia ; so Turp. 84 ; Enn. Trag. 233 (Sc 
 278 V), amoris magis quam honoris gratia. 
 
 For the genitive of the gerund and gerundive with gratia, see Vol. 
 I, p. 442 f. ; 446 ff. 
 
 ingratiis : Cas. 315, vobis invitis et amborum ingratiis possum liber 
 fieri. 
 
 vitio : Aul. 745, quia vini vitio atque amoris feci ; so True. 828 ; 
 Pers. 49. 
 
 vicem : Amph. 334, metuo vocis ne vicem vapulem ; Capt. 397, eum 
 
70 The Genitive. 
 
 remittat nostrum hue amborum vicem ; 526, eri vicem ; Eud. 814, is- 
 tarum vicem ; True. 159, et nostram et illorum vicem ; H. T. 749, 
 Menedemi vicem. 
 ;x virtute, ' thanks to,' ' owing to' : Aul. 166, virtute deum et maiorum 
 nostrum dives sum ; so also Capt. 324 ; Pers. 390 ; Trin. 346 ; M. 
 G. 676, deum virtute est te unde accipiam ; Trin. 355. 
 
 fini : Cato, Agr. 113, 2, ansarum infimarum fini. 
 
 postridie : Cato, Agr. 2, 1, postridie eius diei. 
 
 ergo : XII Tab., x, 4, f uneris ergo ; x, 7, virtutis ergo ; Cato, Agr. 132, 
 1, eius rei ergo; 134, 3; 139 (quater) ; 141, 2; 3 (bis); 4; Tab. Tri- 
 umph. 11, p. 55 (Baehr) ; CIL, i, 587, benefici ergo; 588, salutis ergo. 
 For the genitive of the gerundive with ergo, see Vol. I, p. 443. 
 
 J. Free Uses op the Genitive with Nouns. 
 
 In addition to the uses of the genitive already enumerated, there are 
 very many combinations of the genitive with nouns which fall under 
 no one category, but represent a great variety of relations. Thus 
 the genitive may be simply defining or limiting, pointing out the ap- 
 plication of a general expression, as orationis confidential, vitae consue- 
 tudo, figura oris, Jlos aetatis, dolor capitis, dolor partionis, gentum aut 
 generum adfinitas, brevitas verborum, caligo inferum, rerum communi- 
 tas; or the genitive may denote the object or end of the governing 
 noun, as dies operis, dies capitis; or some one of various other rela- 
 tions as eius noctem, eius heres, anni tempus, triennifructus, eidola atque 
 atomus Epicuri. As a rule, however, these uses do not fall into cate- 
 gories of sufficient definiteness to warrant subdivision. I have there- 
 fore grouped the material alphabetically under the head of "free 
 uses." Many of these " free uses " are traditionally brought under 
 the categories of the subjective, possessive, or objective genitive; 
 see above, p. 37 f. But the difficulty of this procedure has already 
 been recognized by Blomquist (op. cit. p. 119), who admits the 
 vagueness of meaning of many genitives often so classified. 
 
 Accheruns ; Amph. 1029, me rogitas, ulmorum Accheruns ! 
 
 accipiter : Pers. 409, pecuniai accipiter. 
 
 acies : Epid. 547, orationis aciem contra conferam ; M. G. 4 ; Lucil. 
 1094 (Mi) ; True. 492. 
 
Free Uses of the Genitive. 71 
 
 adfinitas ; Ace. 580, gentum aut generum adfinitas. 
 
 advorsa : Hec. 388, uti advorsa eius per te tecta sient. 
 
 advorsarius : Bud. 761, is Veneris advorsarius. 
 
 aequor : Ace. 224, aequora caeli; Enn. Ann. 137 (V). 
 
 aestus : Ace. 565, ulceris aestus. 
 
 albitudo : Trin. 874, ad istanc capitis albitudinem. 
 
 amicitia: Trin. 737, facere id ob amicitiam patris ; Turp. 20, 
 quorum auiicitias. 
 
 amoenitas : Stich. 278, amoenitates omnium venerum et venu- 
 statum. 
 
 angiportum : Cist. 384, carnificis angiporta purigans ; Most. 1046, 
 quod in angiporto est horti. 
 
 angulus : Aul. 437, angulos omnis mearum aedium. 
 
 animus: Trag. Incert. 210, vos anirnum geritis muliebrem, ilia 
 virgo viri (i.e. ' characteristic of a man'). 
 
 argumentum: M. G. 84, comoediai argumentum; Amph. 51; 96; 
 Trin. 16. 
 
 ars : Trin. 236, amoris artis eloquar ; Trag. Incert. 88, artem 
 extispicum. 
 
 arvum : Trag. Incert. 164, arva Asiae. 
 
 auctio : Men. 1157, auctio fiet Menaechmi mane septimi. 
 
 aura : Enn. Ann. 21 (V)-, teneras caliginis auras. 
 
 auxilium : Enn. Trag. 75 (Sc 87 V), quo auxilio exili aut fugae 
 freta sim ? (' help in exile or banishment '). 
 
 ballista : Poen. 201, infortuni ballista. 
 
 bellaria: Com. Incert. 65, Liberi bellaria. 
 
 brevitas : Ace. 12 (Baehr. p. 268), brevitatem verborum. 
 
 bustum : Bacch. 938, non in busto Achilli. 
 
 caligo : Trag. Incert. 75, caligo inferum. 
 
 caput (10): Pseud. 132, peiiuri caput; Bud. 1099; Bacch. 829, 
 scelerum caput ; Cure. 234 ; Merc. 609, capita rerum ; so True. 790. 
 
 carchesium : Lucil. 1309 (Mx), mali carchesia summa. 
 
 causa (' condition ') : Asin. 520, f amiliae causa ; Stich. 207 ; True. 
 229 ; Com. Incert. 56 ; 58. 
 
 cenaculum: Enn. Ann. 60 (V), cenacula caeli. 
 
 civis : Bud. 2, eius sum civis civitate caelitum. 
 
 comitia : Pseud. 1232, comitia capitis. 
 
72 The Genitive. 
 
 clavis : Most. 404, clavem harum aedium. 
 
 clientela : Pud. Arg. 4, in clientelam sui patris. 
 
 collega: Cass. Hem. 71, 29 (Peter), collegis eorum. 
 
 collegium : Cass. Hem. 72, 2 (Peter), collegium pontificum. 
 
 columen : Cas. 536, senati columen ; so Epid. 189 ; Amph. 367, 
 audaciai columen ; Phor. 287. 
 
 columna: Enn. Ann. 348 (V), regni columna; Gellius, 97, 20 
 (Peter). 
 
 commissura : Lucil. 209 (Mx), commissuras rimarum. 
 
 compages : Pacuv. 250, compagem alvei. 
 
 compendium : Pud. 180, si ad saxum cadit, errationis fecerit 
 compendium ; Stich. 194, faciam praeconis compendium. 
 
 compotrix : And. 232, compotrix eius. 
 
 conciliabulum : Trin. 314, ubi esset damni conciliabulum. 
 
 confidential Naev. Trag. 4, orationis confidentia. 
 
 conservos : Stich. 433, ad eius conservom. 
 
 consilium : Titin. 95, a stultitia cupidinis consilium petunt (' a 
 purpose dictated by passion '). 
 
 consuetudo : H. T. 283, vitae consuetudinem. 
 
 controversia : CIL, i, 199, 43, controversial Genuensium. 
 
 copia (' abundance ') : Pers. 255, hanc commoditatis copiam, 
 415; Bacch. 563, meretricum copia; Pers. 633; Poen. 1178; Cato, 
 Agr. 1, 3, operariorum copia; Epid. 385; Ace. 371. 
 
 cornu : Pseud. 671, cornu copiae. 
 
 crines : Pacuv. 18, cervicum crines. 
 
 cruciabilitas : Cist. 205, antideo cruciabilitatibus animi. 
 
 decus : Asin. 655, decus popli ; 892 ; 691. 
 
 deliciae : Most. 15, deliciae popli ; Pseud. 227. 
 
 dies: Asin. 311, omnes de nobis carnuficum concelebrabuntur 
 dies ; Afran. 141 ; Lucil. 783 (Mx), capitis diem ; 228 (Mx), servorum 
 festus dies; CIL, i, 577, III, 13, dies operis, dies pequn(iae) ; XII 
 Tab., iii, aeris confessi xxx dies iusti sunto. 
 
 dignitas : Ace. 188, aspecti dignitas. 
 
 discipulus : Pompilius, p. 274 (Baehr), Pacuvi discipulus. 
 
 divi : Leg. Peg. Rom. 13, sacra divis parentum estod. 
 
 dolor : Lucil. 1277 (Mx), capitis dolores ; Cato, Agr. 125 ; Afran. 
 346, dolorum partionis. 
 
Free Uses of the Genitive. 73 
 
 eidolon : Lucil. 753 (Mx), eidola (et dola codd), atque atomus 
 Epicuri. 
 
 emolumentum : Trin. 694, tibi sit emolumentum honoris. 
 
 exemplum: Pseud. 651, exemplum eius (sc. imaginis).; Poen. 298; 
 And. 812, aliorum exempla; Turp. 36; H. T. 20; Cato, fr. 69, 6 
 (Jord), exempla earum facierum. 
 
 exuviae : Men. 191, uxoris exuviae : Aec. 446. 
 
 faenus : Most. 629, faenus argenti. 
 
 familiaris : Amph. 359, huius familiai familiaris. 
 
 fanum : Cass. Hem. 70, 15 (Peter), quoius rei fanuin fecerunt. 
 
 fartis : Most. 169, non vestem amant, sed vestis fartim. 
 
 figura : Eun. 317, nova figura oris. 
 
 finis (5) : CIL, i, 199, 6, et pass., fines agri ; Ace. 37, serviti 
 finem. 
 
 firmitudo: Asin. 320, animi firmitudinem. 
 
 flagranti a : Pud. 733, etiam vim proportas, flagiti flagrantia ? 
 
 flexus : Liv. And. Od. 24, flexu nodorum. 
 
 flos : Cas. 18, ea tempestate flos poetarum fuit ; Pore. Licin. p. 278 
 (Baehr), ob florem aetatis suae ; Cas. 640, se percussit flore Liberi ; 
 so Cist. 127 ; Cure. 96 ; Enn. Ann. 308 (V), flos delibatus populi. 
 
 fluctus : Aec. 608, belli fluctus. 
 
 foculum : Pers. 104, ventris f umant focula. 
 
 folium : Cist. 729, in pampini folio ; Poen. 478. 
 
 fons : True. 612, fons viti et periuri; Lucil. 1008 (Mx), Musarum e 
 fontibus. 
 
 fornix : Enn. Trag. 374 (Sc 381 V), caeli ingentes fornices. 
 
 fretum : Enn. Trag. 333 (Sc 382 V), caeli fretum ; Trag. Incert. 
 182. 
 
 fructus : Cato, Agr. 150, 1, fructus ovium ; 5, 6, trienni fructum ; 
 Enn. Trag. 218 (Sc. 281 V), fructus verborum. 
 
 fugitivos : CIL, i, 551, 10, fugiteivos Italorum. 
 
 fundamentum : Most. 121, parentes fundamentum supstruont libe- 
 rorum. 
 
 genus : in Plautus and Terence chiefly in the phrase genus hominum, 
 as Most. 657, nullum genus est hominum taetrius ; Poen. 831 ; 1187 ; 
 Pseud. 153; Trin. 290; 542; 1046; Capt. 161, eorum genera Pisto- 
 rensium ; Epid. 18 ; And. 629 ; Eun. 248 ; Lucil. 1100 (Mx), soloe- 
 
74 The Genitive. 
 
 cismon (edd; soloecismo codd) genera; Cato, Agr. 48, 1, genus 
 talearum ; 133, 3, quodvis genus arborum ; 157, 1 ; fr. (Jord), 77, 3, 
 genus illorum ; Enn. Ann. 81 (V), servat genus altivolantum ; Ann. 
 180 (V), genus Aeacidarum ; Trag. 269 (Sc 316 V), deum genus 
 et caelitum ; Trag. 363 (Sc 299 V), liberorum genus. 
 
 gracilitudo : Ace. 88, staturae (statuae et codd) gracilitudo. 
 
 gratia : Titin. 96, bonorum gratia ; Rud. 1414, iuris iurandi 
 volo gratiam facias ; M. G. 1355, tibi habeo magnam gratiam rerum 
 omnium. 
 
 gymnasium : Asin. 297, gymnasium flagri, salveto ! 
 
 habena : Trag. Incert. 126, legum habenae. 
 
 habitudo : Eun. 242, habitudo corporis. 
 
 hara : Most. 40, hara suis. 
 
 heres : OIL, i, 200, 15, et pass, heres eius ; Men. 477, quoius heres 
 numquam erit post hunc diem ; Cato, fr. (Jord) 14, 1, eius heredem 
 sacra non sequontur. 
 
 hospitium : Trin. 553, hospitium calamitatis. 
 
 Ilias : M. G. 743, east odiorum Ilias. 
 
 impotentia : Trag. Incert. 110, animi impotentiam.. 
 
 indoles : Trin. 322, in eost indoles industriae. 
 
 inluvies : Pacuv. 20a, inluvie corporis. 
 
 instrumentum : African. Min. p. 184 (Meyer), omne instrumentum 
 fundi Sabini. 
 
 insula : Trin. 549, fortunatorum insulas. 
 
 internuntius : H. T. 299, eius internuntii. 
 
 ianua : Bacch. 368, aperite ianuain hanc Orci. 
 
 iudicium : Pacuv. 34, de iudicio armum. 
 
 iuventus : Lucil. 1211 (Mx), Myconi omnis iuventus. 
 
 labes : Pers. 408, iniure, inlex, labes populi ; Trag. Incert. 84, labes 
 generis. 
 
 largitas : Turp. 172, sumpti largitatem. 
 
 lascivia: Asin. 298, o virgarum lascivia! 
 
 lenitudo : Pacuv. 247, lenitudo orationis. 
 
 lepos : Cure. 98, salve, anime mi, Liberi lepos. 
 
 lex : Pseud. 303, lex annorum me perdit. 
 
 libertas : Bacch. 168, libertas orationis. 
 
 libertus : Cure. 413, libertas illius. 
 
Free Uses of the Genitive. 75 
 
 limen : Bacch. 955, portae Phrygiae limen. 
 
 loculus : Cas. 447, stimulorum loculi. 
 
 locus : Men. 1014, oculi locus ; And. 292, in germani fratris loco ; 
 H. T. 104 ; Trag. Incert. 216, haec loca Cithaeronis. 
 
 longinquitas : Hec. 596, longinquitas aetatis. 
 
 lumen : OIL, i, 577, 1, 10, ostiei lumen aperito. 
 
 macula : Capt. 841, ex corpore exigam omnis maculas maerorum 
 tibi ; Poen. 198, amoris macula. 
 
 maeror : Pacuv. 302, maerore animi. 
 
 magister : CIL, i, 565, heisce magistreis Venerus ; i, 566. 
 
 mens : Cist. 210, ita nubilam mentem animi habeo. 
 
 mensa : Naev. Bell. Pun. 3, in mensa Penatium. 
 
 modus : M. G. 791, matronarum modo ; Aul. 13 ; CIL, i, 200, 27, 
 tantum modum agri ; 65 ; 69 ; 91 ; i, 199, 42, ampliorem modum 
 pratorum. 
 
 moles : Ace. 610, moles belli. 
 
 mollities : Eun. 222, mollities animi. 
 
 mollitudo: Pacuv. 247, mollitudo corporis; 246, manuom tnolli- 
 tudine. 
 
 municeps : Lucil. 89 (Mx), municipem Ponti. 
 
 munus : Asin. 812, munus adulescentuli fungare ! Men. 223, 
 hominum octo munus. 
 
 nigror: Lucil. 209 (Mx), noctis nigrore; Pacuv. 412, noctis et 
 nimbum occaecat nigror. 
 
 nitiditas : Ace. 253, formae nitiditatem. 
 
 nitor : Eun. 242, nitor vestitus. 
 
 nobilitas: Ace. 643, famae nobilitas. 
 
 nomen : Hec. 735, nomen quaesti. 
 
 nox: Asin. 736, noctem huius sibi ut dares; Poen. 274; Naev. 
 Com. 105. 
 
 nugae : Pseud. 1081, nugas theatri. 
 
 numerus : Bacch. 928, mille cum uumero navium ; 1 930, erum ex- 
 pugnabo sine tanto numero militum ; Epid. 213 , meretricum nu- 
 merus ; Poen. 1180, clientarum numerus ; Cist. 756, u(t numer)us 
 
 1 Some take navium here as dependent on mille (governed by cum) — ' with a 
 thousand of ships,' numero being explained as ablative of specification with mille. 
 See above under Genitive of the Whole, p. 22 f. 
 
76 The Genitive. 
 
 annorum attulit ; Cato fr. (Jord), 24, 11, numerus pecuom ; CIL, i, 
 200, 26, numerus pecudum ; i, 200, 45, in colonei nuruero. 
 
 nuptiae: Aul. 295, filiai nuptiis ; 372; 540; 387; 797; Ad. 756, 
 gnati nuptiis. 
 
 opera : Trin. 365, multa illi opera opust ficturae, ' much help in 
 modelling ' ; Most. 60, orationis operam compendi face. 
 
 ora: M. G. 883, adbibere aures meae tuam oram (tuam moram 
 codd) orationis ; Enn. Ann. 85 (V), carceris oras ; 114, luminis oras ; 
 so 131 ; Sat. 4 (V), aetheris oras. 
 
 orator : Stich. 490, oratores populi. 
 
 orbis: Ace. Praet. 27, orbem flammeum solis; Rutilius Eufus, 
 p. 123, 17 (Peter), ex orbi terrarum. 
 
 ordo : Trin. 451, mearum rerum novisse ordinem ; CIL, i, 577, 
 II, 6, tegularum ordinibus seneis. 
 
 ornatus : Hec. 9, ornatu prologi. 
 
 pabulum : Cato, Agr. 7, 3, pabulum malorum ; Cas. 158, Acheruntis 
 pabulum. 
 
 palatum : Enn. Inc 16 (V), caeli palatum. 
 
 pars: H. T. 57, in propinqua parte amicitiae, 'in the neighbor- 
 hood of ' ; pars, ' role,' Merc. 276, simiae partis ferat ; Eun. 354, du- 
 ras fratris partis praedicas. 
 
 pater : Cato, Agr. 2, 1, pater familias. 
 
 pax : Amph. 1127, Iovis pacem expetam ; H. T. 998. 
 
 di Penates, Lar pater : Merc. 834, di Penates meum parentum, 
 familiai Lar pater. 
 
 periclum : Capt. 740, periclum vitae meae ; And. 677, capitis pe 
 rielum ; 480. 
 
 persona : Eun. 26, parasiti personam et militis. 
 
 Philippus : Trin. 1158, spondeo mille auri Philippum dotis. 
 
 pietas : Enn. Ann. 8 (V), pietas animi. 
 
 pigror : Lucil. 391 (Mx), pigror torporque quietis. 
 
 plaga, ' region ' : Enn. Trag. 201 (Sc 244 V), caeli plagas ; Enn. 
 Var. 23 (V), plagas caelestum. 
 
 porta : Enn. Ann. 615 (V), porta tonat caeli ; so Enn. Var. 24 (V) ; 
 Ann. 267, Belli portas. 
 
 portus : Enn. Trag. 311 (Sc 364 V), neque sepulcrum habeat portum 
 corporis. 
 
Free Uses of the Genitive. 77 
 
 postis : Enn. Ann. 267 (V), Belli ferrates postes. 
 
 praedium : True. 214, aedes obligatae sunt ob Amoris praedium. 
 
 pratum: Enn. Ann. 516 (V), campi per prata. 
 
 principium : Enn. Trag. (So 395 V), flagiti principiiim. 
 
 proelium : Pers. 24, in Veneris proelio. 
 
 propago: C. Gracch. p. 235 (Meyer), aliqua propago generis 
 nostri. 
 
 prostibulum : Aul. 285, pudieura prostibulum populi. 
 
 publicum : True. 141, an tu te Veneris publicum habere postulas ? 
 
 punctum : Phor. 184, temporis punctum ; Lucil. 472 (Mx). 
 
 quaestus : Pers. 53, quaestum maiorum meum. 
 
 radius : M. G. 2, clarior quam radii solis. 
 
 radix : Cure. 238, radices cordis. 
 
 regio : M. G. 233, in regionem astutiarum mearum ; 886 ; Poen. 
 48. 
 
 relliquiae (4) : Bud. 199, haec bonorum sunt relliquiae ; Cure. 388, 
 relliquiarum relliquias. 
 
 res : Trin. 962, capitis res est ; Phor. 631, non capitis res est set 
 pecuniae. 
 
 ritus : Pacuv. 393, Alcyonis ritu. 
 
 rivalis : Eun. 354, Phaedriae rivalis. 
 
 rostrum : Lucil. 210 (Mx), rostrum praetoris. 
 
 rota: Cist. 207, vorsor in Amoris rota. 
 
 sacerdos: Baceh. 307, sacerdos Dianai; Eud. 430; 285, hums fani 
 sacerdos. 
 
 sacra: Pacuv. 422, Bacchi sacris. 
 
 saltus : Men. 988, virum ex hoc saltu damni educam ; Enn. Ann. 
 568 (V), silvarum saltus. 
 
 salus (5) : Capt. 518, nulla vitae meae salus est ; Men. 134 ; Rud. 
 910. 
 
 sanctitudo : Turp. 114, sanctitudo Apollinis ; Afran. 326. 
 
 saxum : Pacuv. 136, in Caparei saxis. 
 
 scamnum et solum: Enn. Ann. 96 (V), conspicit auspicio regni 
 stabilita scamna solumque. 
 
 scatebra : Ace. 505, scatebra fluviae. 
 
 scopulus : Turp. 114, maris scopuli ; Enn. Ann. 215 (V). 
 
 scortum: Poen. 270, servolorum scorta. 
 
78 The Genitive. 
 
 scriptura : CIL, i, 200, 92, scripturam pecoris. 
 
 secta: Naev. Bell. Pun. 5, eorum sectam. 
 
 semen : Bud. 327, semen sceleris. 
 
 senatus : Most. 688, senatum consili : 1049, senatum congerronum 
 (B 2 ; eongerronem other codd). 
 
 sepulcrum : Epid. 175, quoius sepulcnim ; Ace. 655, sepulcra cor- 
 poruni. 
 
 servitus : Capt. 335, privatam medici Menarchi (sc. servitutem 
 servit). 
 
 sidus : Ace. 678, mundi sidera. 
 
 signum : Trin. 789, anuli signum ; Enn. Trag. 199 (Sc 242 V), 
 astrologorum signa. 
 
 silentium : Turp. 53, noctis silentio. 
 
 silicernium : Stat. 122, silicernium eius. 
 
 similitas : Stat. 216, morum similitas. 
 
 similitudo : Pacuv. 240, voeis similitudine. 
 
 simulacrum : Matius, p. 281 (Baehr), specii simulacrum. 
 
 slis : CIL, i, 198, 7, eius rei slis. 
 
 socius : Pacuv. 81, consilium socii ; Baceh. 1105, socium aerumnae 
 et mei mali. 
 
 solum : Enn. Ann. 150 (V), Tarquinio dedit imperium et sola regni ; 
 455 (V) , sola terrarum. 
 
 sors : Most. 561, qui mihi nee f aenus nee sortem argenti danunt. 
 
 spatium: Merc. 547, relicuom vitae spatium; Stich. 81, decurso 
 aetatis spatio ; Hec. 130, spatium solitudinis. 
 
 species : Pers. 550, urbis speciem vidi. 
 
 specimen : Lueil. 1119 (Mx), specimen virtutis. 
 
 specus : Enn. Trag. 155 (Sc 193 V), inferum vastos specus. 
 
 spolia : M. G. 599, ne quis nostri spolia capiat consili. 
 
 stabulum : Cas. 161, stabulum nequitiae ; True. 587, stabulum fla- 
 giti; Pers. 418, stabulum servitutium (servitritium codd). In a 
 different sense : Most. 350, nusquam stabulumst confidentiae. 
 
 stagnum: Ace. 335, Oceani stagnum; Trag. Incert. 250, stagna 
 Averni. 
 
 stirps : Enn. Trag. 362 (Sc 121 V), stirpem liberum. 
 
 soblingulo : Pseud. 893, est coqui sublingulo. 
 
 suduculum : Pers. 419, suduculum flagri. 
 
Free Uses of the Genitive. 79 
 
 summa: Epid. 105, meorum maerorum atque amorum summam 
 edictavi tibi; M. G. 46, istaec hominum summa; True. 25, quem 
 penes amantum summa summarum redit; Phor. 317, ad te summa 
 rerum redit; Lucil. 884 (Mx), age nunc summam sumtus due atque 
 aeris alieni simul adde ; Cato, Agr. 21, 5 ; 57, summa vini ; Ace. 
 150, in quo salutis spes supremas sibi habet summa exerciti; 311; 
 Praet. 12. 
 
 supplicium : M. G. 502, supplicium virgarum. 
 
 syllaba: Epid. 123, prius quam argenti fuero elocutus ei postre- 
 mam syllabam. 
 
 talentum : (6) : Merc. 703, decern talenta dotis ; so And. Alt. Ex. 
 21 ; H. T. 838. 
 
 templum : Eun. 590, templa caeli ; so Enn. Trag. 372 (Sc 380 V); 
 Ann. 49 (V) ; Ace. Praet. 2, templum caelitum ; Enn. Trag. 163 (Sc 
 196 V) templa caelitum; 70 (Sc 107 V), templa Orei. 
 
 tempus : Merc. 984, tempus anni ; Asin. 253 ; Trin. 811, diei 
 tempus ; Cato, f r. 35, 5 (Jord), ubi anni tempus venit ; Lucil. 1 (Mx), 
 aetheris et terrae genitabile tempus. 
 
 tenebrae : Eur. Antias, p. 276 (Baehr), tenebris caliginis atrae. 
 
 terminus : Asin. 139, ad egestatis terminos ; Ace. 178, Froegiae 
 terminis ; 481, Fatorum terminus. 
 
 textum : Ace. 484, laterum texta. 
 
 thensaurus: Enn. Trag. 203 (Sc 245 V), ubi mortis thensauri 
 obiacent. 
 
 toxicum : Cist. 298, te amoris tactum toxico. 
 
 tribuuus: Cass. Hem. p. 71, 28 (Peter), tribunus militum. 
 
 tumulus : Pacuv. 423, in tumulis Teucrum. 
 
 turba : Amph. 224, extra turbam ordinum colloquontur. 
 
 ubertas : Trag. Incert. 135, bacarum ubertate. 
 
 umbilicus : Trag. Incert. 19, umbilicus terrarum. 
 
 umbra : Trag. Incert. 205, umbris parietum. 
 
 umor : Pacuv. 203, stagnorum umorem. 
 
 unda : Enn. Ann. 260 (V), Naris adundas ; Matius, p. 281 (Baehr) ; 
 Ace. 297. 
 
 vapor : Ace. 221, vapore flammae. 
 
 vastitas : Ace. 175, vastitates funerum. 
 
 vena : Ace. 552, venae viscerum. 
 
80 The Genitive. 
 
 vertex : Ace. 563, vertice saxi ; Trag. Inc. 141, summa montis ver- 
 tice. 
 
 vestigium : Cist. 697, socci video vestigium. 
 
 vestis : Ace. 519, lucti vestem. 
 
 via (6) : Pers. 1, amoris in vias ; Trin. 667 ; H. T. 101, via per- 
 volgata patrum ; Phor. 326, pedum via. 
 
 victor : Amph. 647, meus victor vir belli clueat. 
 
 victus : Capt. 906, alia quae ad ventris victum conducunt. 
 
 vigilia: Aul. 36, noctu, Cereris vigiliis. 
 
 vir : Capt. 471, nil morantur iam Lacones unisubselli viros ; Stich. 
 489, med esse unisubselli virum. 
 
 vis (' quantity ') : Poen. 210, negoti sibi qui volet vim parare ; Enn. 
 Trag. 305 (Sc 351 V), tanta vis sceleris ; Ace. 565, vis volneris ; 
 Enn. Ann. 161 (V) ; 412, summa opum vi ; 379, aquae vis ; 276, 
 Vestina virum vis ; Lucil. 770 (Mx), piscium magnam vim. 
 
 volgus: Cass. Hem. p. 70, 12 (Peter), pastorum volgus; Enn. 
 Incert. 15 (V), avium volgus. 
 
 Without governing noun, we also find the genitive on coins, e.g. 
 CIL, i, 1, Eomanom ; so 13, c ; 21, e, Aquinom. 
 
 Free Uses of the Genitive with Nouns in Predicate 
 Construction. 
 
 Under this head belong : 
 
 hominis est : Ad. 734, simulare certe est hominis ; 736, haec magis 
 sunt hominis ; C. Gracchus, 231 (Meyer), abesse non potest quin 
 eiusdem hominis sit probos improbare. 
 
 induperantum est : Enn. Ann. 427 (V), navorum imperium servare 
 est induperantum. 
 
 opus est : in Cato, Agr. 9, et id videto uti aut domino opus est, 
 opus seems to be the old genitive of ops, and to mean ' of service ' ; 
 cf. Scholl, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. ii, p. 207 ff. 
 
 praetorum est : Lucil. 1160 (Mx), praetorum est praeire. 
 
 amici est : Lucil. 611 (Mx), amici est bene praecipere. 
 
 patris est : And. 186, ea exquirere iniqui patris est ; Hec. 529, 
 neque adeo arbitrari patris est aliter. 
 
 inepti est : Stat. 68, quae narrare inepti est. 
 
 nobilitatis est : Crassus, 310 (Meyer), id non est nobilitatis. 
 
One Genitive Depending on Another. 81 
 
 J. The Genitive of the Gerund and Gerundive. 
 (See Vol. I, p. 442 f. ; 446 f.) 
 
 One Genitive Depending on Another. 
 
 The following list (which does not claim completeness) will illus- 
 trate the above use : 
 
 Aul. 25, eius honoris gratia feci thensaurum ut hie reperiret Euclio; 
 Amph. 108, usuram eius corporis cepit sibi ; so 1135 ; 486, Alcumenae 
 huius honoris gratia; Bacch. 601, illius sum integumentum cor- 
 poris; Capt. 809, eorum si quoiusquam scrofam conspexero; Men. 
 812, deos do testis. : : qua de re aut quoius rei rerum omnium ? 181, 
 prae huius corporis candoribus ; Merc. 241, uxoris simiai dotem ; 
 M. G. 997, quae huius cupiens corporist ; 1064, plus mi auri millest 
 modiorum Philippi ; 1164, quasi istius caussa amoris ex hoc matri- 
 monio abierim ; Pseud. 951, ubi sit os lenonis aedium ; Eud. 199, 
 haec eius sunt bonorum reliquiae ; Stich. 587, medimnum mille esse 
 argenti velim ; Trin. 737, facere id eius ob amicitiam patris ; True. 
 25, amantum summa summarum ; H. T. 269, ne quid huius rerum 
 ignores ; Hec. 318, matris vox visast Philumenae ; Ad. 441, illius 
 modi iam nobis magna civium penuriast ; Naev. Bell. Pun. 21, 
 ei venit in mentem hominum fortunas ; Pacuv. 329, neque fratris 
 necis neque eius nati parvi ; Trag. Incert. 245, nilne te hominum for- 
 tunae, nil commiserescit meae ? Turp. 211, ut illius commiserescas 
 miserulae orbitudinis ; Af ran. 326, nominis matronae sanctitudinem ; 
 346, non dolorum partionis veniet in mentem tibi ; Stat. 216, vide 
 hominis quid fert morum similitas ; Cato, fr. 52, 12 (Jord), duarum 
 rerum alterius utrius causa; Cael. Antip. 104, 30 (Peter), nullius 
 alius rei nisi eorum amicitiae causa; CIL, i, 198, 57, de consili 
 maioris partis sententia. 
 
 We find three genitives with successive dependence in Trin. 1158, 
 spondeo et mille auri Philippum dotis. 
 
 Two genitives depending on the same noun are found in Poen. 
 1188, quern penes spes vitae sunt hominum omnium. 
 
82 The Genitive. 
 
 GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 1 
 
 Besides adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, memory, fulness, 
 sharing, power, etc., various other adjectives appear in Early Latin 
 construed with the genitive. It has seemed best not to arrange 
 these according to logical categories, but rather, for purposes of 
 readier reference, to classify them alphabetically: 
 
 adfinis : H. T. 215, neque illarum adfinis esse rerum. — With dar- 
 tive: Trin. 331, publicisne adfinis fuit an maritumis negotiis? 
 
 adsimilis : Merc. 957, quasi numquam quicquam adsimile huius 
 facti feceris. With dat. : Cato, fr. 85, 2 (Jord), adsimilis illi (illae 
 codd). 
 
 aeger: aeger with the genitive, cited by Schmalz and others as 
 from Livius Andronicus, is properly referred to Laevius ; see Baehr. 
 p. 290, fr. 12, aegra sanitatis. 
 
 aemulus : Pseud. 196, quae amicos habes lenonum aemulos. 
 
 amans : Asin. 857, meum virum rata (sum) frugi, amantem uxoris 
 maxume ; 591. 
 
 avidus : Eun. 938, avidae cibi. 
 
 certior est : OIL, i, 198, 44, quo quis suae alterius sententiae cer- 
 tior siet. 
 
 compos : Capt. 622, ita me rex deorum faxit patriae compotem ; 
 True. 835, culpae compotem ; Amph. 642, domum laudis compos 
 revenit ; Capt. 41 ; Epid. 559 ; App. Claud. Baehr. Frag. p. 36, animi 
 compotem esse ; Enu. Trag. 352 (Se 143 V), compotes consili ; Ad. 
 310. — With abl. : Ace. 36, cur me miseram inridet, magnis compo- 
 tem et multis malis ? 
 
 conscius : Bud. 1247, ne conscii sint ipsi maleflci (maleficiis codd) 
 suis (' in league with their servants in wickedness ') ; Phor. 156 r 
 rogitas, qui tam audacis facinoris mihi consciu's ? — With dat. : 
 Both the passages just cited show also the dative (in a different 
 relation) in combination with the genitive. 
 
 consimilis : Capt. 116, liber captivos avis ferae consimilis est ; so 
 123 ; H. T. 393, quoius mos maxumest consimilis vostrum ; Afran. 
 397, huius consimile. — With dat.: Ace. Trag. 405, Silvani melo 
 
 1 Loch, p. 21 ff. ; Blomquist, p. 15 ff. ; 19 ff. ; 107 ff. ; Liebig, p. 21 ft. ; Schaaff, 
 p. 27 ff. ; 'Wolfflin, Die Adjektiva relativa, Archiv. fiir lat. Lexitogr. xiii, p. 407 ff. ; 
 Haustein, De Genitivi Adjectivis Accommodati usu, Halle, 1882. 
 
Genitive with Adjectives. 83 
 
 consimilem cantum; H. T. 382, id quom studuisti, isti formae ut 
 mores consimiles forent, where some violently separate isti from 
 formae and join with mores. 
 
 copis : Pacuv. 307, dubium et prosperum copem diem ; uncertain 
 is Turp. 61, te pater copem causarum (Bothe; causa rem codd) facit. 
 
 cumulatus : Aul. 825, egone te emittam manu, scelerum cumula- 
 tissume ; Stat. 61, homo ineptitudinis cumulatus. 
 
 cupidus : Cure. 98, veteris vetusti' cupida sum ; Poen. 179, auri 
 cupidus; Pseud. 1133, damni cupidos; Trag. Incert. 27, domum 
 itionis cupidi ; uncertain, Lucil. 686 (Mx), cupidi liberum (ruberum 
 codd) ; Cato, fr. 58, 2 (Jord), cupidus orationis. 
 
 cupiens : Amph. 132, cubat complexus quoius cupiens maxume 
 est ; Bacch. 278, domi cupientes ; M. G. 997, huius cupiens corporis ; 
 1049, ab tui cupienti ; 1165, cupiens istarum nuptiarum ; Poen. 74, 
 seni, cupienti liberorum ; Hec. 142, cupiens tui ; Enn. Ann. 77 (V), 
 cupientes regni. 
 
 dignus: Trin. 1153, non ego sum salutis (so Nonius; salute codd) 
 dignus. — For the ablative with dignus, see p. 366. 
 
 dives : Loch, p. 22, recognizes the genitive with dives in Amph. 
 170, ipse dominus dives operis et laboris expers. So Lindsay and 
 others ; but operis and laboris are most naturally taken with expers. 
 
 doctus : Poen. 586, hodie iuris doctiores (coctiores codd) non sunt. 
 
 egens : Bacch. 651, egens consili servos ; Pers. 256, argenti egenti ; 
 Rud. 274 : Enn. Ann. 599 (V), virtutis egentem ; Trag. 89 (Sc 85 V), 
 opis egens tuae. 
 
 exheres : Bacch. 849, ilium exheredem fecero vitae. — With abl. : 
 Most. 234, ut ego exheredem me meis bonis faciam. 
 
 exilis : Stich. 526, omnium me exilem atque inanem fecit aegritu- 
 dinum. 
 
 expers : Amph. 170, operis et laboris (see above on dives) ; Asin. 
 505, ut qui expers matris imperi sies (here the codd. have imperii, 
 usually changed to imperio by the editors) ; Pseud. 498, quapropter 
 gnati amoris te expertem habuerim ; H. T. 652, ne expers partis 
 esset de nostris bonis; Cato, fr. 80, 8 (Jord), verae laudis expertes; 
 Titin. 149, omnium vitium expertem. — With abl. : Amph. 713 ; 
 Asin. 45 ; Pers. 509 ; Turp. 157. 
 
 exspes : Ace. 376, ille orbus, exspes liberum. 
 
84 The Genitive. 
 
 falsiloquos : Capt. 264, quarum rerum te falsiloquom mihi esse nolo. 
 
 falsus : Eun. 274, ut falsus animist ! 
 
 fugitans : Phor. 623, eras liberalis est et fugitans litium. 
 
 gerens : True. 145, plerique idem quod tu faciunt, rei male gerentis ; 
 so also 223. 
 
 gnarus : Asin. 551, inductoresque gnarosque nostri tergi ; Rud. 
 210, nee loci gnara sum. 
 
 ignarus : Poen. 656, ait se esse huius ignarum oppidi ; Eun. 136, 
 imprudens harum rerum ignarusque omnium ; H. T. 226 ; Hec. 675, 
 ignarum tuarum lacrumarum ; 682 ; Ad. 160, ignarum meorum 
 morum. 
 
 ignotus : Naev. Trag. 33, ignotae iteris sumus. 
 
 immemor: Stich. 48, me esse immemorem viri; And. 44, quasi 
 exprobratiost immemori benefici ; so Ace. 364. 
 
 imperitus : Stich.. 104, ad vos imperitus rerum et morum mulierum 
 discipulus venio ; And. 911, adulescentulos imperitos rerum ; so also 
 Stat. 260. 
 
 impos : usually in the phrase impos animi (so always in Plautus), 
 Bacch. 615, sum impos animi ; so also Cas. 629 ; Men. 110 ; True. 
 828; Ace. 287, impos consili. 
 
 imprudens : Eun. 136, imprudens harum rerum. 
 
 inanis : Stich. 526, omnium me exilem atque inanem fecit aegri- 
 tudinum. 
 
 incertus : Rud. 213, incerta sum consili ; so also Phor. 578 ; Hec. 
 121, fecit animi ut incertus foret ; Enn. Trag. 351 (Sc 142 V), sum- 
 marum rerum incerti. 
 
 incupidus : Afran. 361, maiores vostri incupidiores liberum fuere. 
 
 indigens : Cist. 28, suarum opum nos esse indigentis ; Rud. 642, 
 tui indigentes auxili; 943, tui sermonis sum indigens; Turp. 49, 
 porti indigentes. 
 
 indiges : Pacuv. 328, indigem liberum. 
 
 iners : Naev. Bell. Pun. 23, belli inertes. 
 
 inopiosus : Poen. 129, res multas tibi mandavi, dubias, egenas, in- 
 opiosas consili. 
 
 integer : Enn. Trag. 403 (Sc 414 V), deos aevi integros. 
 
 largus: Asin. 533, ne ille hinc trudetur largus lacrumarum. — 
 With abl. : Asin. 598, audin hunc opera ut largus est nocturna? 
 
Genitive with Adjectives. 85 
 
 lassus : Cist. 215, ita me Amor lassum animi ludificat (taken as 
 locative by some, e.g. Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 § 75, Anm. 2). 
 
 liber : Amph. 105, quam liber harum reram siet. 
 
 manufestus : manufestus with, the genitive has been accepted for 
 Early Latin by some scholars (e.g. Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 367), 
 but no one of the instances cited is at all certain. In Amph. fr. xv, 
 manufestum hunc optorto collo teneo furem flagiti, the genitive is 
 best taken with teneo. In Bacch. 696, quern mendaci prendit manu- 
 festo modo, the codd. give manufesto (not -turn, as arbitrarily intro- 
 duced by certain critics). In True. 132, manufesto mendaci teneo te, 
 the P codd. have -ta, -turn, while A has -to. For teneo and prendo 
 with the genitive, see p. 89. 
 
 memor : Merc. 996, memorem benefici ; Pseud. 481, fac sis promissi 
 (faxis promissis codd) memor ; Stich. 578, consili memorem ; And. 
 281, ut memor esses sui. 
 
 mendax : Asin. 855, si huius rei me mendacem esse inveneris. 
 
 metuens: Turp. 157, metuens sui. 
 
 miser : Cist. 672, petulantia mea me animi miseram habet (taken 
 as loc. by Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 § 75, Anm. 2). 
 
 nescius : CIL, i, 1011, volgei nescia. 
 
 onustus: Aul. 611, aulam onustam auri; so also 617. With abl. : 
 Bacch. 1069 ; et pass. 
 
 orbus: Kud. 349, orbas auxilique opumque ad se recepit. With 
 abl. : Capt. 818 ; Afran. 240 ; Enn. Trag. 77 (Sc 88 V). 
 
 par : Bud. 49, ei erat hospes par sui (parvi codd) ; Ace. 465, 
 illius par nemo reperiri potest. — With dat. : Cure. 506 ; Trin. 279. 
 
 particeps: Epid. 266, fac participes nos tuae sapientiae; Pseud. 
 11 ; H. T. 428 ; True. 747 is uncertain. 
 
 peritus : Enn. Ann. 423 (V), belli peritus ; cf. also Pers. 270, nil 
 iam mihi novi offerri potest, quin sim peritus, where quin = quoius 
 non; see Vol. I, p. 298 f. — With in: Ace. Praet. 8, periti sumus in 
 vita. With simple ablative : Lucil. 81 (Mx), iure peritus. 
 
 persequens : Cas. 159, Accheruntis pabulum, flagiti persequentem. 
 
 persimilis: Pers. 698, videor vidisse hie forma persimilem tui; 
 Titin. 34, formicae persimilest rusticus. 
 
 plenus (47) : Aul. 709, ecfodio aulam auri plenam ; so also 821 ; 
 Arg. II, 1 ; Epid. 152, plenus consili's ; M. G. 90, plenus peiiuri atque 
 
86 The Genitive. 
 
 adulteri ; 423, viti probrique plenum ; so also Rud. 319 ; 548 ; Poen. 
 1314, plenior alii ulpicique quam Komani remiges; Pseud. 380, 
 negoti plenus ; Baceh. 153 ; Merc. 574 ; Poen. 255 ; Rud. 651 ; Trin. 
 751 ; Pers. 507 ; Eun. 105, plenus rimarum sum ; 318 ; Hec. 823, 
 vini plenum ; 848 ; Ad. 412, praeceptorum plenust istorum ; 846 ; 
 Enn. Ann. 338 (V), plenus fidei ; Stat. 7, sepulcrum plenum taenia- 
 rum ; Titin. 149 ; Afran. 411 ; Cato, fr. 36, 1 (Jord), omnia tumultus 
 plena ; Lucil. 982 (Mx), porriginis plenum. — With abl. : only Merc. 
 880, caelum splendore plenum. 
 
 pollens : Cure. 114, vini pollens, lepidus Liber. Some, as Lindsay 
 and Blomquist, here read vinipollens. 
 
 potens : Poen. 1182, pacis potentes fuimus. 
 
 potior : Cas. 112, quam tu eius potior fias. 
 
 primus : Eun. 248, est genus hominum qui esse primos se omnium 
 rerum volunt. 
 
 prodigus : Most. 875, tot pessumi vivont, peculi sui prodigi. 
 
 sanus : Trin. 454, satin tu sanus mentis aut animi tui (where animi 
 is taken as loc. by Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 § 75, Anm. 2, and others). 
 
 satur : Ad. 765, postquam intus sum omnium rerum satur. 
 
 similis (54):' e.g. Aul. Ill, veri simile non est; so M. G. 291; 
 Most. 13; Pseud. 403; Pac. 374; And. 225; H. T. 802; 990; Hec. 
 140 ; 399 ; Ad. 627 ; Asin. 215, hie noster quaestus aucupi simillimus 
 est; 68; 681; 241; Amph. 442, similest mei; so 601; 856; True. 
 505 (mihi, codd) ; Amph. 284, tui similes ; so also Capt. 582 (tibi, 
 codd) ; Bud. 500 ; H. T. 1020 ; Amph. 267, mores huius habere me 
 similes ; so also Men. 1090 ; M. G. 700 ; Bacch. 913, lippi oculi servos 
 est simillimus; Cist. 80, oppidi simillima; Men. 1088, hominem 
 hominis (homini, codd) similiorem numquam vidi; 1089, neque 
 aqua aquae neque lactest lactis (lacti, codd) usquam similius quam 
 hie tuist tuque huius ; Amph. 601, neque lac lactis (lacti, codd) magis 
 est simile ; M. G. 519, huius similis ; 240, tarn similem quam lacte 
 lactist (lacti, W) ; Bacch. 6, sicut lacte lactis similest ; Most. 91, 
 novarum aedium esse arbitro similem hominem; 119; Pers. 14, 
 similis est Sagaristionis ; Trin. 284, ut sit sui similis ; so also Phor. 
 501 ; True. 227, meretricem sentis esse similem ; Phor. 954, monstri 
 
 i See especially Eitschl, Opusc. ii, p. 570 ft. ; 579 ft. ; T. M. Jones, Case Construc- 
 tions with Similis and its Compounds. Baltimore, 1903. 
 
Genitive with Adjectives. 87 
 
 simile ; Ad. 411, similis maiorum suoin ; Naev. Com. 60, parasitemia 
 aliorum similest; Afran. 29, Terenti similem. — With dat.: Enn. 
 Sat. 69 (V), simia quam similis turpissima bestia nobis ! Lucil. 297 
 (Mx), puero similis. 
 
 Certain of the above passages must be regarded as possibly contain- 
 ing the dative, though, following Ritschl, the genitive is regularly 
 read in these, viz. True. 505 ; Capt. 582 ; Men. 1088 ; 1089 ; Amph. 
 601 ; M.G-. 240. In all of these, as indicated above, the dative is the 
 reading of the MSS. Jones, op. cit. p. 33 ff., calls attention to the fact 
 that in the last four of these passages we are dealing with compari- 
 sons and that with the comparative of similis the later Latinity 
 usually employs the dative, even of persons. He would therefore 
 follow the MSS reading not only in these four passages, but in True. 
 505 and Capt. 582 as well. So in Terence, Eun. 468, perpulchra- 
 credo dona aut nostris similia, the dative, while the reading of the 
 inferior MSS (A has nostri) seems on account of the sense much to 
 be preferred. In Cato, Agr. 46, 1, quam simillimum genus terrae 
 eae, it is impossible to determine whether terrae eae is genitive 
 or dative; cf. Neue, Formenlehre 3 , ii, p. 380. Schondorffer, De 
 genuina Catonis de agricultura libri forma, p. 13. recognizes the 
 dative. 
 
 socors : Ad. 695, nolim ceterarum rerum te socordem eodem modo. 
 
 studiosus : Enn. 216 (V), nee dicti studiosus quisquam erat ; 383 
 (V), studiosum belli. — With dat.: M. G. 802, qui nisi adulterio stu- 
 diosus rei nulli aliaest. Cato, Agr. Prooem. 3, studiosum rei quaerun- 
 dae, is, therefore, ambiguous. The case may be either genitive or 
 dative. 
 
 temperans : Phor. 271, ex qua re minus rei f oret aut famae tem- 
 perans. 
 
 torvus : Ace. 80, O vim torvam aspecti atque horribilem ! 
 
 uber : Ace. 49, viridia f rugum ubera. 
 
 vacivus : Bacch. 154, valens adfiictat me vacivom virium ; H. T. 90, 
 vacivom tempus laboris. 
 
 For the genitive of the gerund and gerundive with adjectives, see 
 Vol. I, p. 442 ff. ; 446 ff. 
 
88 The Genitive. 
 
 GENITIVE WITH VERBS. 1 
 
 1. With verbs of reminding, admonishing : only Kud. 743, mearum 
 me miseriarum commones. Instead of the genitive, the accusative 
 is the usual construction ; see p. 200 ; 204. 
 
 2. With verbs of remembering and forgetting. 2 In Early Latin 
 these are only sparingly construed with the genitive, the accusative 
 being the more usual construction. 
 
 memini : Bacch. 206, ecquidnam meminit Mnesilochi ? Capt. 800, 
 f aciam ut huius diei locique meique semper meminerit ; so Eun. 801 ; 
 Pers. 494, mei memineris ; 658, satin ut meminit libertatis ; Eun. 
 815, domi focique fac vicissim ut memineris ; H. T. 951, ut memi- 
 nerit semper mei ; 1026, eius ut memineris. — With de : Asin. 939, de 
 palla memento ! 
 
 commemini : Trin. 1027, commeminit domi. 
 
 in mentem venit : Naev. Bell. Pun. 21, ei venit in mentem hominum 
 fortunas ; Bud. 685, (venit) in mentem mihi mortis ; Phor. 154, 
 ubi in mentem eius adventi veniat ; Afran. 346, non dolorum partionis 
 veniet in mentem tibi ? With de : Most. 271 ; Hec. 536. The thing 
 remembered also often stands in the nominative, e.g. Epid. 638 ; 
 Aul. 226 ; Pers. 388. 
 
 obliviscor : only And. Alt. Ex. 2, me esse oblitum tuae gnatae 
 alterae ; Eun. 306, oblitus sum mei. 
 
 For the accusative with verbs of remembering and forgetting, see 
 p. 213 ; 214. 
 
 The use of the genitive with the foregoing verbs is essentially an 
 Indo-European inheritance. In Indo-European the verb men- seems 
 to have governed both genitive and accusative, if we may judge from 
 the fact that in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Germanic, verbs from 
 this root are found with both cases ; see Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , 
 p. 590 if. Obliviscor with the genitive follows the analogy of memini. 
 
 Yet in our earliest Latin the genitive is much less frequent than 
 the accusative with verbs of remembering and forgetting. As 
 time goes on, the genitive increases in frequency ; see Babcock, op. 
 
 1 Loch, p. 27 ff. ; Blomquist, p. 13 ft. ; 18 ff. ; 85 ft. ; 100 ft. ; 105 ft. ; Schaaff, p. 
 22 ff . ; Liebig, p. 21 f . 
 
 2 Babcock, Genitive and Accusative with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting, 
 Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. xiv, New York, 1901. 
 
Genitive with Verbs. 89 
 
 cit. p. 68 ff. None of the theories as to a logical difference between 
 the genitive and accusative with these verbs will hold (Babcock, 
 p. 49 ff.). 
 
 3. With verbs of judicial action. 
 
 a) With verbs of accusing : 
 
 accuso: Amph. 869, quam vir insontem probri accusat. 
 
 arguo: Amph. 882, ita me probri, stupri, dedecoris a viro 
 argutam; 898; Pseud. 746, ecquid argutust?: : malorum facinorum 
 saepissime. 
 
 arguto : Lucil. 775 (Mx), agite, fures, mendaci argutamini. 
 
 incuso : True. 160, qui alterum incusat probri. 
 
 insimulo : Amph. 477, insimulabit earn probri : so 887 ; M. Gr. 
 364; 396; 509; Amph. fr. ix; Phor. 359, si erum insimulabis 
 malitiae. 
 
 induco : Poen. 1337, quia iniuriarum multo induci (indici A) 
 satius est. Leo questions the soundness of the text in iniuriarum. 
 
 b) With verbs of detecting : 
 
 capto : Amph. 821, si me impudicitiai captas. 
 deprehendo: Bacch. 950, doli (dolis codd) ego deprehensus sum. 
 prehendo : Bacch. 696, quern mendaci prendit manufesto. 
 teneo : True. 132, manufesto mendaci te teneo ; Amph. fr. xv, 
 mamrfestum hunc obtorto collo teneo furti. 
 
 c) With verbs of involving in crime : 
 
 adstringo: Poen. 737, homo furti sese adstringet ; so Pud. 1260. 
 adligo : Eun. 809, hie furti se adligat. 
 
 d) With verbs of condemning : 
 
 condemno : Most. 1099, tanto apud iudicem hunc argenti con- 
 demnabo facilius; Cato, Agr. Praef. 1, furem dupli condemnarr; 
 faeneratorem quadrupli ; Turp. Com. 128, quando voti condemnatast ; 
 so also Titin. 153. 
 
 manum inicio: Pers. 71, tant'idem ille illi rursus iniciat 
 manura ; True. 762, postid ego te manum iniciam quadrupuli, vene- 
 fica (initiam quadrupiis beneficia codd). 
 
 capitis perdo : Asin. 131, ibo ad tres viros, capitis te perdam ; 
 so Bacch. 490 ; M. G. 371. 
 
 e) With verbs of acquitting : CIL, i, 198, 55, eius rei absolutus 
 esto. 
 
90 The Genitive. 
 
 f ) With reus : Cist. 164, quoniam reus eius facti nescit qui sit. 
 This usage has often been explained as resulting from the ellipsis of 
 crimine, iudicio, lege, nomine, etc., but it is extremely doubtful whether 
 that theory is sound. The early language shows no instance where 
 any of these words is present. Other scholars regard the usage as a 
 variety of the Genitive of Respect (see p. 99); cf. Brugmann, 
 Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 578 ; Lof stedt, Eranos, ix, p. 84. 
 4. With verbs of emotion. 
 
 piget: Trin. 127, factum ! neque facti piget; And. 877, num facti 
 piget? Ad. 391, fratris me quid em pudet pigetque ; Ace. 471; Turp. 
 18, pudet pigetque mei me ; Enn. Trag. 45 (Sc 60 V), tui me miseret, mei 
 piget. Eor piget with a neuter pronoun as subject, see Pseud. 281 ; 
 Stich. 122 ; Phor. 554. 
 
 pudet : Asin. 933, tui me, uxor, pudet ; Bacch. 1016 ; True. 280, 
 ut nancta's hominem, quern pudeat probri ; Trin. 431, tui nee miseret 
 nee pudet; H. T. 576, apud alium ipsius facti pudet; Phor. 525; 
 Ad. 391 ; Turp. 18, pudet pigetque mei me ; Trag. Incert. 123, rite 
 Thesprotum pudet Atrei (rei, codd). In the foregoing examples the 
 genitive has denoted the person or thing of which one is ashamed. 
 In the following, the genitive denotes the person before whom or in 
 whose presence one feels ashamed : Bacch. 379, neque mei neque te 
 tui intus puditumst; Trin. 912, deum hercle me atque hominum pudet ; 
 H. T. 260 (meo patri), quoius nunc pudet me et miseret ; Hec. 793, 
 perii, pudet Philumenae ; Phor. 392 ; Ad. 683. 
 
 Examples are also frequent of a neuter pronoun used as the subject 
 of pudet e.g. Asin. 933; Bacch. 483; Men. 642; And. 871; full list 
 in Loch, p. 29. Occasionally also we find pudeo used personally, e.g. 
 Cas. 877, ita nunc pudeo ; And. 637. 
 
 suppudet : Lucil. 1171 (Mx), facti suppudet. 
 
 paenitet : Stich. 551, si duarum paenitebit, addentur duae; 713, 
 si horumpaenitet; True. 431; Eun. 1013, an paenitebat flagiti ? Phor. 
 172, nostri nosmet paenitet ; Hec. 775 ; Ace. 312, neque te arbitror 
 tuae paeniturum laudis ; 491. — With neuter pronoun as subject: 
 M. G. 740, nil me paenitet. The personal use is found in Stich. 51, 
 me haec condicio non paenitet; Pacuv. 31, proloquinon paenitebunt 
 liberi. 
 
 taedet : Cas. 142, abeo intro ; taedet tui sermonis ; Most. 316, ita 
 
Genitive ivith Verbs. 91 
 
 me male convivi sermonisque taesumst ; Eim. 297, taedet cottidiana- 
 rum harum formaram ; Ad. 150 ; Stat. 159, taedet mentionis. 
 
 distaedet: Amph. 503, edepol haud quod tui me neque domi 
 distaedeat. 
 
 miseret : Capt. 765, quia mei miseret nemineni ; Cist. 769, at me 
 liuius miseret ; Bacch. 1044; Most. 985, me eius patris misere miseret ; 
 Cure. 518 ; Pseud. 1324, neque te mei tergi misereret ; Rud. 277 ; 
 Trin. 431, miseret te aliorum ; ibid, tui nee miseret nee pudet ; 
 343 ; Stieh. 329 ; Vid. 71, quia me miserebat tui ; Eun. 802, miseret 
 tui me ; so Enn. Trag. 45 (Sc 60 V) ; And. 869, nonne te miseret 
 mei? H. T. 168; 260; Phor. 188; Hec. 64, hortor ne te quoius- 
 quam misereat (misereas A) ; Hec. 446 ; Enn. Trag. 130 (Sc 139 V), 
 quos non miseret neminis ; Pacuv. 198 ; Ace. 94. 
 
 miseretur: Turp. 55, quam matris nunc patris me miseretur 
 magis ; Pacuv. 354, cepisti me istoc verbo ; miseretur tui ; Trin. 430, 
 me eius miseritumst ; H. T. 463, me tuarum miseritumst fortunarum ; 
 Scipio Min., p. 192 (Meyer), me rei publicae maxime misertum est; 
 L. Crassus, p. 301 (Meyer). 
 
 miserescit : Trin. 343, ut ita te aliorum miserescat ; H. T. 1026, 
 inopis nunc te miserescat mei. — Neuter pronoun with miserescit : 
 Epid. 526, si quid est homini quod miserescat. 
 
 commiserescit : Rud. 1090, ut ted hums commiserescat mulieris ; 
 Hec. 128, Bacchidem eius commiseresceret ; Trag. Inc. 245, nilne te 
 hominum fortunae, nil commiserescit meae ? 
 
 misereo: Capt. 765, neminis miserere certumst ; Pseud. 378, qui 
 me tui miserere postulas ; True. 223, piaculumst miserere nos homi- 
 num rei male gerentum. In all these passages the MSS have 
 misereri, but miserere is adopted with reason by the editors. 
 
 misereor : Afran. 417, nostri miseritust deus ; Com. Inc. 92 ; Cato, 
 fr. (Jord), 63, 7, rei publicae miserear ; C. Gracchus, p. 248 (Meyer), 
 misereri vestrum ; Ace. 355, te commiserabam magis quam misere- 
 bar (miserabar codd) mei. 
 
 commiseresco : Pacuv. 391, ipse eius commiseresceret ; Turp. 211, 
 ut illius commiserescas orbitudinis. 
 5. With verbs of plenty and want. 
 
 a) Verbs of plenty : 
 
 abundo : Lucil. 308 (Mx), quarum abundemus rerum. 
 
92 The Genitive. 
 
 compleo : Amph. 470, erroris ambo ego illos et dementiae com- 
 plebo; 1016; Men. 901, parasitus qui me complevit flagiti et for- 
 midinis. 
 
 impleo : Aul. 551, qui mihi omnis angulos furum implevisti in 
 aedibus ; 454, postquam implevisti f usti fissorum caput ; Merc. 409, 
 impleantur elegeorum meae fores; Cato, Agr. 88, 1, amphoram 
 puram iinpleto aquae purae ; 153, eas faecis impleto. 
 
 obsaturo : H. T. 869, istius obsaturabere. 
 
 onero : Pacuv. 291, postquam est oneratus f rugum et floris 
 Liberi. 
 
 oppleo : True. 523, multo ecastor magis oppletis tritici opust 
 granariis. 
 
 saturo : Sticb. 18, baec res vitae me saturant. 
 b) Witb verbs of want, depriving, etc. : 
 
 careo : H. T. 400, tui carendum erat. For careo with the ac- 
 cusative, see p. 209. 
 
 egeo : Amph. 819, si pudoris egeas ; Asin. 591, quia tui amans 
 abeuntis egeo ; M. G. 1033, quia tis egeat. For egeo with the accusa- 
 tive, see p. 210. For egens with the genitive, see p. 83. 
 
 indigeo: Cist. 30, volunt sui omnium rerum nos indigere; 
 And. 890, quasi tu huius patris indigeas ; Lucil. 308 (Mx), quarum 
 abundemus rerum et quarum indigeamus. For indigens with the 
 genitive, see p. 84. 
 
 levo : Rud. 247, ut me omnium iam laborum levas ! 
 
 orbifico: Ace. 421, pernici orbificor liberorum leto, where libe- 
 rorum may depend on leto. 
 
 privo : Afran. 152, quod praesidium in posterum mihi sup- 
 ponebas, me quom privares (privis codd) tui. 
 
 For the ablative with the foregoing verbs, see p. 281 ff. 
 This construction of the genitive with verbs of rilling is Indo- 
 European. The construction of verbs of want witb the genitive 
 naturally followed the analogy of those of fulness. 
 6. With verbs of ruling, having power over. 
 
 potior : Amph. 187, id contigit, ut salvi poteremur domi 
 (Nonius; domum codd) ; Rud. 1337, eodem die viduli ubi sis potitus; 
 Enn. Trag. 329 (Sc 416 V), pacis potiri; Pacuv. 205, potiuntur 
 Phrugum; Asin. 554, eae legiones fugae (eugae codd) potiti; Lucil. 
 
Genitive with Verbs. 93 
 
 233 (Mx), paeis potiri, is conjectural in both words. The foregoing 
 use is Indo-European. For potior with the ablative, see p. 353; 
 accusative, p. 215. 
 
 Besides the deponent potior we also find potio and its passive, 
 potior, in the senses, ' put in the power of,' ' be put in the power of,' 
 ' fall into the power of,' construed with the genitive : Amph. 178, 
 eum potivit servitutis ; Capt. 92, est potitus hostium ; so also, 144 ; 
 762 ; Epid. 532 ; 562. 
 
 7. The type fiocci facere. Value. Price. 1 Wackernagel, in the work 
 cited in the footnote, calls attention to Sanskrit formations in which 
 certain o-stems replace the suffix (a) with i, and then combine this 
 as a sort of preverb with Ax-, ' make,' bhu-, ' become,' as-, ' be,' in the 
 sense : ' to make or become what one was not before ' ; 'to make 
 some one a sharer in something ' ; ' to bring something (or to come) 
 into the sphere of something.' Wackernagel not merely identifies 
 this -i with the difficult -i of the Latin and Celtic genitive ending of 
 o-stems, but finds a striking similarity of syntactical usage in the 
 Sanskrit compounds just mentioned and the use of the Latin geni- 
 tive in -% with facio, esse, and other verbs. From expressions like 
 multi facere, parvi facere, according to Wackernagel, has developed 
 the Genitive of Value, and later the Genitive of Price. This view 
 is as plausible as it is ingenious, and has already evoked extensive 
 approval in various quarters. I have made it the basis of the follow- 
 ing treatment. 
 
 a) With facio: 
 
 fiocci facio: Cas. 332, istos minutos deos cave fiocci feceris 
 Cure. 713, non ego te fiocci facio; so Men. 423; 994; Most. 808 
 Rud. 47; 782; 795; Stich. 285; Trin. 211; 918; True. 606; 769 
 Epid. 348 ; Trin. 992 ; Eun. 303, qui ilium fiocci fecerim ; Juvent 
 5; Titin. 137, fiocci fiet; Cato, fr. 40, 3 (Jord), famam fiocci 
 fecit. 
 
 nihili facio: Bacch. 89, equidem pol nihili facio; Capt. 986, 
 quoius nihili sit faciunda gratia ; 616, nihili facio ; so also Cas. 605 ; 
 802; Cure. 155; 218; Merc. 440; M. G. 168; Pers. 224; Pseud. 
 
 i Wackernagel, Genetiv und Adjektiv, in Melanges DeSaussure, p. 125 ff. ; Wolfflin, 
 Der Genetiv des Wertes und der Ablativ des Preises, Archiv fiir lat. Lexikogr., ix, 
 p. 101 ff. 
 
94 The Genitive. 
 
 1086; 1103; Trin. 1032; Stich. 637, videti ridiculos nihili fieri ? Ad. 
 167, ceterum hoc nili facis ? 
 
 In several of the above examples the MSS give nihil (a manifest 
 error). 
 
 terrunci facio : Capt. 477, neque ridiculos iam terrunci faciunt. 
 
 compendi facio: Bacch. 184, compendi verba multa iam faciam 
 tibi; Most. 60, orationis operam compendi face; Pers. 471; Poen. 
 351; Pseud. 1141, operam fac compendi quaerere; True. 377, si quid 
 tibi compendi facere possim ; Asin. 307, verbivelitationem fieri com- 
 pendi volo; Capt. 965, fieri dicta compendi (dictis compendium 
 codd) volo. 
 
 dispendi facio: Enn. Ann., 14 (V), terra, corpus, quae dedit, 
 ipsa capit neque dispendi f acit hilum, ' wastes nothing.' 
 
 lucri facio; Bacch. 859, nihil est, lucri quod me hodie facere 
 mavelim ; Most. 354, qui facere argenti cupiat aliquantum lucri ; 
 Pers. 668, fecisti lucri; 713, non emisti hanc verum fecisti lucri; 
 True. 690, ' A ' facio lucri. 
 
 damni facio: Merc. 421, multo edepol, si quid faciendumst, 
 facere damni mavolo. 
 
 sumpti facio : Cas. 425, restim sumpti fecerim. 
 
 quanti facio: Amph. 508, quanti facias uxorem; Lucil. 1089 
 (Mx), quanti vos faciant socii. 
 
 tanti facio : Merc. 6, quos credo humanas querimonias non tanti 
 facere. 
 
 magni facio : Asin. 114, te facio haud magni ; 214 ; 407, nemlnem 
 meum dictum magni facere ; Cist. 22 ; Pseud. 578 ; 944 ; Ad. 879, a 
 meis me amari et magni fieri postulo ; Turp. 169, meritissumo te 
 magni facio ; Lucil. 1336 (Mx), hos magni facere (magnificare some 
 codd). 
 
 multi facio : Bud. 381, verum ecastor ut multi fecit ! Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), 40, 5, neque pudicitiam multi facit. 
 
 parvi facio : Aul. Ill, veri simile non est hominem pauperem 
 pauxillum parvi facere quin nummum petat ; M. G. 1351, parvi ego 
 alios facio ; Bud. 697 ; Titin. 97, bona bonorum gratia parvi ut f aciatur. 
 
 pluris facio : Cure. 580, tuas minas non pluris facio quam, etc. ; 
 T? rin. 34, nimioque pluris faciunt gratiam ; Naev. Com. 9, ego semper 
 pluris feci libertatem multo quam pecuniam. 
 
Genitive with Verbs. 95 
 
 minoris facio : Epid. 522, me minoris facio ; 661 ; Most. 1146, iam 
 minoris (fa)cio. 
 
 maxumi facio : Cas. 2, fideui qui facitis maxumi ; And. 293, haec 
 te solum semper fecit maxumi ; so also 574. 
 
 minimi facio : Pseud. 269, eos minimi facit. 
 
 aequi facio : M. G. 784, aequi (atque codd) istuc facio ; H. T. 788, 
 istuc aequi bonique facio. 
 
 huius facio: Ad. 163, huius (SeiKTuccls) non faciam. 
 b) With pendo: 
 
 quanti pendo : True. 398, sese experturum quanti sese penderem 
 (perderem codd) ; H. T. 155, tu ilium numquam ostendisti quanti 
 penderes. 
 
 magni pendo : Asin. 460, non magni pendo ; Cure. 262, neque me 
 magni pendere visumst; Pseud. 221; Stich. 135. 
 
 parvi pendo : Bacch. 558, hominis parvi pendo gratiam ; Bud. 
 650 ; Trin. 102, hostis an civis comedis, parvi pendere ; Plaut. fr. 139, 
 sacrum an profanum habeas parvi penditur; And. 526, sed parvi 
 pendo ; H. T. 715, tu quid me fiat, parvi pendis ; Hec. 513. 
 
 minoris pendo : Most. 215, mihi ne suadeas ut ilium minoris 
 pendam ; 883. 
 
 plurumi pendo : Bacch. 207, immo unice unum plurumi pendit. 
 
 nihili pendo : Men. 993, nisi quidem vos vostra crura aut latera 
 nihili penditis ; Most. 245 ; Poen. 520, nos te nihili pendimus ; 1300, 
 iam pridem ego me sensi nihili pendier ; Trin. 607, me nihili pen- 
 dere ; Eun. 94, aut ego istuc nili penderem ; Ad. 452. 
 
 flocci pendo : Eun. 411, ego non flocci pendere ; Plaut. fr. dub. 
 et susp., flocci pendo quid rerum geras. 
 C) With est : 
 
 quanti est: Bacch. 821, tantist quantist fungus putidus; 1135, 
 exoluere quanti f uere ; Capt. 51, homunculi quanti sunt ! 145 ; Merc. 
 267 ; Rud. 155 ; Eun. 791, quantist sapere ! Ad. 977, a me argentum 
 quantist sumito! Lex Aquil., Bruns, 7 p. 45, quanti id in eo anno 
 plurumi f uit, tantum aes dare damnas esto ; p. 46, quanti ea res erit. 
 
 tanti est : Bacch. 821, tantist quantist fungus putidus. 
 
 tantidem est: Merc. 314, decrepitus senex tantidemst quasi sit, etc. 
 
 parvi est : Pers. 690, nihil mihi tarn parvist quin me id pigeat 
 perdere. 
 
96 The Genitive. 
 
 pluris est: Asin. 435, qui sit pluris quam illest; Merc. 514, 
 oratio pluris est huius ; True. 489. 
 
 maxumi est: Trin. 813, turn quod maxumist, adferre non 
 petere hie se dicet. 
 
 copiae est : Bacch. 422, nego tibi hoc annis viginti f uisse primis 
 copiae ; Cas. 810, illo morbo quo dirumpi cupio non est copiae (copia 
 B) ; Merc. 990, quoniam ut aliter facias non est copiae. 
 
 operae est : Merc. 918, operae non est (' I have n't leisure ') : M. G. 
 252; 818; Pseud. 377, operae si sit, plus tecum loquar: True. 883, 
 operae mi ubi erit, ad te venero. 
 
 nihili est : Bacch. 91, sumne autem nihili qui nequeam ! 1157 ; 
 1162; 1207; Asin. 859; Cas. 119, postilla ut semper improbus nihi- 
 liqiie sis; Cist. 238; Men. 972; Most. 156, postquam nihili sum; 
 Pers. 96; 120; 179; Pseud. 239 ; 1104; Bud. 920; True. 553; Titin. 
 157, quamquam estis nihili ; Enn. Sc. V, 423, illic est nugator, nihili 
 (nihil codd) non nauci (est) homo. 
 
 nauci non est : Most. 1041, qui homo timidus erit in rebus dubiis, 
 nauci non erit ; Plaut. fr. 106, ambo sumus non nauci ; Enn. Sc. V, 
 423, nihili non nauci (est) homo. 
 
 d) Nihili, nauci used attributively. — As an outgrowth of the predi- 
 cate, use with est, we find nihili, nauci, trioboli used attributively : 
 
 nihili : Bacch. 904, ne supplicare, homo nihili, tibi nos censeas ; 
 1187, tu homo nihili, cave amissis ; Cas. 559, nunc ego ilium nihili, 
 decrepitum, veniat velim ; Merc. 125 ; M. G. 180, quoi pereundum 
 est propter nihili bestiam ; 285 ; Stich. 189 ; Trin. 1013 ; 1017 ; True. 
 333; 553; 599 ; 695. Nihili may even be used alone in the sense of 
 ' a good-for-nothing,' in the vocative, as Asin. 472, impure, nihili, non 
 vides irasci ? Cas. 239. 
 
 nauci: True. 611, amas hominem non nauci; Bacch. 1102, hoc 
 servom meum non nauci (' my worthless slave ') facere esse ausum ! 
 
 trioboli : Poen. 463, condigne haruspex, non homo trioboli, om- 
 nibus in extis aibat portendi mini malum ; so 381. 
 
 e) With other verbs : 
 
 existumo : Capt. 682, parvi existumo (estumo codd) ; Most. 76, 
 neque quod dixi flocci existumat ; Plaut. fr. 132, rogata fuerit necne 
 flocci existumo (aestumo codd). 
 
 aestumo : Pers. 353, non ego omnis inimicitias pluris aestumo ; 
 
Genitive with Verbs. 97 
 
 Trag. Incert. 180, qui id parvi aestumet ; CIL, i, 198, 7, quanti eius rei 
 slis ae(stumata erit). In a fragmentary passage at CIL, i, 198, 59 we 
 find simpli and dupli apparently dependent on aestumari understood. 
 
 consulo: True. 429, quidquid attulerit, boni (bona codd) con- 
 sulas ( ( reckon it as good ') ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 41, 6, eane fieri bonis, 
 boni consulitis (consultis codd) ? This usage seems an extension of 
 the expression boni facio (H. T. 788). 
 
 censeo: Eud. 1272, die ergo quanti censes; CIL, i, 198, 57, 
 quanti censuer(int). 
 
 indico : Pers. 575, modo sciam quanti indicet ; Pers. 661, quid 
 datur, tanti indica ! 
 
 habeo : Lucil. 1120 (Mx), quantum habeas, tantum ipse sies 
 tantique habearis. 
 
 dedico : Scipio Minor, p. 184 (Meyer), maiorem pecuniam quam 
 quanti onme instrumentum fundi Sabini in censum dedicavisti. 
 
 In a large proportion of the foregoing examples there is present a 
 distinct notion of value, and the name ' Genitive of Value ' is regu- 
 larly applied to this usage, e.g. tanti est, parvi facio, etc. The usual 
 explanation of such expressions has been that they were originally 
 Genitives of Quality, standing for the fuller tanti preti est, parvi preti 
 facio, etc.; see e.g. Wolfflin, Archiv fur lat. Lexikographie, ix, p. 103. 
 But it is noteworthy that we never find the expressions parvi preti 
 facio, magni preti pendo, etc., although parvi facio, magni pendo, etc. 
 are fairly common. These considerations lend added probability to 
 the theory advanced by Wackernagel. 
 
 f) The Genitive of Price. As pointed out by Wolfflin, op. cit. p 
 102, price was originally denoted in Latin by the ablative, value by 
 the genitive. But these ideas are so closely related that value is 
 sometimes denoted by the ablative and price by the genitive 
 (Wolfflin, p. 106). This confusion has already begun in Early Latin. 
 On the one hand the ablative is used with verbs of valuing (seep. 354 f.), 
 while on the other the Genitive of Price is regular in quanti, tanti, 
 pluris, minoris at all periods of the language. 1 The Genitive of Price 
 occurs with the following verbs : 
 
 !The distinction sometimes made that the genitive is used to denote indefinite 
 price, the ablative definite price, will not hold at all. Except in the lour genitives 
 above cited, the ablative is regularly used at all periods of the language to denote 
 indefinite price. See p. 353 ft. 
 
98 The Genitive. 
 
 conduco : Pseud. 1184, chlamydem hanc commemora quanti con- 
 ductast ; Cato, Agr. 144, 3, quanti conductum erit aut locatum erit. 
 
 destino : Most. 644, eas quanti destinat ? 
 
 do : Ad. 203, ubi me dixero dare tanti. 
 
 emo: Epid. 51, quanti earn emit? 295, illaec quanti emi potest 
 minumo ? Mere. 221, quanti emeris ; 514; Most. 822, quanti hosce em- 
 eras ? Poen. 897 ; Pseud. 1170, quanti te emit ? Pud. 1405 : Merc. 490, 
 tanti quanti poscit, vin tanti illam emi ? Eun. 984, emit ? quanti ? 
 Ad. 200, ob malefacta haec tantidem emptam postulat sibi tradier ; 
 249, meum mihi reddatur, saltern quanti emptast ; Cato, Agr. 22, 4, 
 tantidem Pompeiis emitur ; 146, 1, amplius quam quanti emerit ; fr. 
 (Jord), 49, 4, quanti ille agros emit, 
 libero : Most. 971, hie tibicinam liberavit. : : quanti ? 
 loco : see conduco. 
 
 perdoceo : Pseud. 875, quanti istuc unum me coquinare perdoces ? 
 posco ; Merc. 490, tanti, quanti poscit, vin tanti illam emi ? 
 redimo : Eun. 74, ut te redimas . . . minumo ; si nequeas paululo, 
 at quanti queas. 
 
 subigo : Pseud. 808, me nemo potest minoris nummo ut surgam 
 subigere. 
 vendo : Merc. 425, dum ne minoris vendas quam emi. 
 
 While not a verb of buying or selling, refert has felt the influence 
 of association with these verbs and likewise takes the genitive: 
 Bacch. 518, turn quom nihilo pluris referet ; Pseud. 102, non pluris 
 referet quam, etc. ; Eud. 966, nihilo pluris tua hoc quam quanti illud 
 refert mea; M. G. 882, meretricem commoneri quam sane magni 
 referat, nil clamst ; Pseud. 1085, quanti refert ei nee recte dicere. 
 
 For the ablative of price, see p. 353 ff. 
 
 8. With verbs of desiring, scorning, fearing. This construction, 
 sometimes without justification called Genetivus Graecus (cf. 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 369; Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 593), 
 occurs with the following verbs : 
 
 cupio: Trin. 842, quamquam domi cupio; M. G. 963, cupiunt 
 tui. 
 
 _ fastidio: Aul. 244, fastidit mei ; Stich. 334, mein (mihin, mihi in 
 codd) fastidis? Titin. 93, mei f astidis ; Lucil. 654 (Mx), fastidire 
 Agamemnonis. 
 
Genitive with Verbs. 99 
 
 vereor : Afran. 31, nemo vereatur tui ; 99, quae non vereatur viri ; 
 302, tui veretur; Phor. 971, neque huius sis veritus feminae pri- 
 mariae. 
 
 veretur : Atta, 7, nihilne te populi veretur ? Ace. 76, tui veretur 
 te progenitoris ; Pacuv. 183, cuius a te veretur maxume. 
 
 studeo : Stat. 201, qui te nee amet nee studeat tui. 
 
 The foregoing usages are not to be regarded as arising under 
 Greek influence. They belong rather with the use of the genitive 
 with verbs of feeling (miseret, pudet, etc.). Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 
 p. 369, plausibly suggests that cupio, fastidio, studeo, followed the 
 analogy of cupidus, fastidiosus, studiosus, etc. ; veretur with the 
 genitive he refers to the influence of pudet. 
 
 9. Genitive of respect. Under the head of Genetivus Relationis 
 or Genetivus Respectus, Loch and Blomquist treat those uses in 
 which the genitive apparently has a function similar to that of the 
 Ablative of Specification ; see also Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 13 ; 
 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 577 (' Genetiv des Sachbetreffs '). The 
 usage may have been Italic. It is found in Oscan, e.g. Bantian 
 Tablet, aserum eizazunc egmazum, 'to make a seizure involving 
 these matters ' see Buck, Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, § 270. 
 It occurs in Latin with the following nouns : 
 
 animi : Merc. 128, ego animi pendeo ; so also 166 ; H. T. 727 ; 
 Epid. 390, coeperam med excruciare animi ; so also M. G. 1068 ; 
 1280 ; Rud. 388 ; 399 ; Phor. 187 ; M. G. 720, continuo excruciarer 
 animi ; Aul. 105, discrucior animi ; so Ad. 610a; Epid. 326, qui angas 
 te animi ; Afran. 318, qui nunc est animi exercitus ; Pacuv. 294, 
 animi horrescit. 
 
 mentis: Epid. 138, desipiebam mentis. 
 
 sermonis : Epid. 239, sermonis fallebar. 
 
 divini, humani, rerum credere (adcredere) : Amph. 672, numquam 
 edepol tu mihi divini quicquam creduis; Bacch. 504, nam mihi 
 divini numquam quisquam creduat, ni ego illam, etc.; Asin. 459, 
 suscenseat, quoi omnium rerum ipsus semper credit; True. 307, 
 numquam mihi quisquam posthac duarum rerum creduit ; Asin. 854, 
 neque divini neque mi humani posthac quicquam adcreduas ; Poen. 
 466, quid ei divini aut humani aequomst credere ? Lofstedt, Eranos, 
 ix, p. 85, regards the examples containing quicquam as illustrations of 
 
100 The Genitive. 
 
 the Genitive of the Whole ; such may be the truer interpretation ; 
 similarly Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 12. 
 
 fidem habeo : Pers. 785, quia ei fidem non habui argenti. 
 
 rerum condicere: old formula in Livy, i, 32, 11, quarum rerum 
 litium causarum condixit pater patratus populi Romani. 
 
 rerum indigere: Cist. 29, nihil volunt nos potesse suique omnium 
 rerum nos indigere (' to be dependent on them in all things '). 
 
 omnium rerum siremps : CIL, i, 197, 13, omnium rerum siremps 
 lex esto ; so 198, 73. 
 
 Of the foregoing genitives, some scholars (e.g. Schmalz, Synt. u. 
 Stil. 4 § 75, Anm. 2) regard animi as originally locative. In course 
 of time it is thought to have come to be felt as genitive and so to 
 have paved the way for desipiebam mentis. This view may be 
 right; cf. Funaioli, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. xiii, p. 312, who calls 
 renewed attention to the fact that in the plural we have animis 
 pendere, not animorum pendere. Blornquist, p. 97, disputes the 
 justice of this inference, however; similarly Zieler, Beitrage zur 
 Geschichte des Ablativs, p. 26; Heckmann, Indog. Forsch. xviii, 
 p. 327 f. On the whole, the genitive character of the construction 
 seems more probable, for two reasons : (1) It is supported by 
 abundant other instances of similar uses; (2) The expression animis 
 pendere is late (Cicero) and rare. 
 
 GENITIVE OF EXCLAMATION". 
 
 Only two instances of this occur in Early Latin: Most. 912, 
 di inmortales, mercimoni lepidi ! True. 409, mercis malae ! 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 1 
 
 THE ORIGINAL FORCE OF THE DATIVE.* 
 
 In his article in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xviii (1868), cited below, 
 p. 82, Delbriick said, "Die Grundbedeutung des vedischen Dativs 
 ist : die Neigung nach etwas hin." Later on in the same article, 
 p. 102, he concludes that this was also the Indo-European force of 
 the dative case. His view was supported by an impressive array of 
 citations, grouped according to the various types of constructions 
 appearing in the Vedic literature. In all these various dative cate- 
 gories the special use was plausibly explained as a natural outgrowth 
 of the basal notion of direction. Hiibschmann, Zur Casuslehre, p. 
 214, in his study of the cases in Avestan, hesitates to accept this 
 view of the dative. He is influenced by the fact, among others, 
 that the Indo-European dative is not combined with prepositions, as 
 he thinks it would be, were it originally the case of direction. He 
 therefore conceives the case as " den Casus des betheiligten Gegen- 
 
 1 See in general Peine, De Dativi apud priscos scriptores Latinos usu, Strassburg, 
 1878 ; very incomplete, inaccurate, and full of false interpretations ; Gustafsson, De 
 Dativo Latino, Helsingfors, 1904; Kuhner-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Gramm. ii, p. 307 ff. ; 
 Drager, Hist. Synt. der lat. Sprache, i, p. 401 ff. ; Schraalz, Synt. und Stil. 4 p. 371 ff . ; 
 Delbriick, Grundriss der vgl. Gramm. iii, p. 277 ff. ; Brugmann, Grundries der vgl. 
 Gramm. ii 2 , p. 547 ff. ; Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 18 ff. 
 
 2 See especially Delbriick, Ueber den indogermanischen, speciell den vedischen 
 Dativ, Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xviii, p. 81 ff . ; Hiibschmann, Zur Casuslehre, Munich, 
 1875, p. 214; Pischel, Zur Lehre vom Dativ, Bezzenberger's Beitr'age, i, p. Ill ff. ; 
 Speyer, Vedische und Sanskrit Syntax, Strassburg, 1896, p. 13 ; Delbriick, Grundriss 
 der vgl. Gramm. iii, p. 184 f. ; Brugmann, Grundriss der vgl. Gramm. ii 2 , p. 547; 
 Gustafsson, op. cit. ; Hopkins, The Vedic Dative Reconsidered, Transactions Ameri- 
 can Philological Assoc, xxxvii, p. 87 ff . ; Aspects of the Vedic Dative, Journal Ameri- 
 can Oriental Society, xxviii, p. 360 ff. ; Whitney, On Delbriick's Vedic Syntax, 
 American Journal of Philology, xiii, p. 285; Siitterlin, Wesen der sprachlichen 
 Gebilde, p. 108 ; C.F.W. Miiller, Die Syntax des Dativs im Lateinischen, Glotta, ii, p. 
 169; Fay, The Latin Dative: Nomenclature and Classification, Classical Quarterly, 
 v, p. 185 ff. 
 
 101 
 
102 The Dative. 
 
 staiides, des Gegenstandes dem die Au ssage gilt." This conclusion was 
 not reached with full conviction, however. It merely seemed, on the 
 whole, the more probable view. Pischel, op. cit. p. Ill &., comes to the 
 support of Delbriick's earlier view, citing the usage of certain San- 
 skrit dialects (Prakrit and Pali) in evidence. He also calls attention 
 to the great difficulty of applying the basal meaning advocated by 
 Hubschmann to a large proportion of dative uses, especially in ex- 
 pressions like " go towards the forest," etc. This view was shared 
 also by Speyer, op. cit. p. 13. In his Vergleichende Syntax (Grundr. 
 der vgl. Gramm. iii, p. 184 f.), Delbrtick abandons his earlier view 
 of the case. He is influenced by the conclusions of Gadicke in his 
 Accusativ ini Veda, Breslau, 1880. Gadicke had defined the Vedic 
 dative as indicating the substantive notion with reference to which 
 the verbal idea had validity ("dem der Verbalbegriff gait"). In- 
 fluenced by the fact that names of persons predominate in dative 
 uses, Delbrilck decides in favor of this as representing the original 
 force of the dative case. To him, the dative is by origin a 
 " Dative of Reference." The other uses are to be explained as 
 developed from this. Thus, Grundriss, iii, p. 290, he takes 
 clamor it caelo, etc. as modelled on mittere leto, in which leto is 
 personified. 
 
 A vigorous protest against the conclusions of Delbrilck is found 
 in the articles of Hopkins above cited, particularly in the former, 
 published in the Transactions of the American Philological Associa-. 
 tion, xxxvii, p. 87 ff. Hopkins gives examples of Vedic datives 
 which, naturally translated 'to,' are forced by Gadicke to mean 
 'with reference to,' or 'for' (see p. 87 f.). Further (p. 91 f.), he 
 shows that the dative and accusative alternate in precisely the 
 same sort of combination. As the accusative denotes the limit, 
 there is an antecedent probability that the dative has a similar 
 force, i.e. the same goal notion, developed from the basal notion of 
 direction. In discussing Gadicke's interpretation of the example 
 " rivers rush to the sea," Hopkins (p. 97) observes : " Here, where 
 the dative of a locality is unmistakable, the adherent of Gadicke's 
 theory has to shelter himself behind the assumption that the only 
 reason for ' sea ' being in the dative is that it is thought of as a 
 person. Yet why should the dative ' sea ' be personified, when the 
 
Original Faroe of the Dative. 103 
 
 same usage with the other eases is a commonplace ? " Hopkins also 
 points out (p. 112) that dative and ablative are often contrasted. 
 Inasmuch as the ablative denotes motion from, it seems natural 
 that the dative should designate motion towards, a sense which em- 
 inently suits the passages in question. In the Journal of the Amer- 
 ican Oriental Society, xxviii, p. 406, Hopkins meets the argument 
 drawn by Delbriick from the predominance of names of persons in 
 dative constructions, by urging that in spite of this, " the great mass 
 of dative infinitives must be duly weighed in the balance of meaning 
 before one can pronounce the case primarily and essentially a case 
 of personal regard. The dative is quite as much an infinitive case, 
 as it is a personal case ; it is, in fact, the chief infinitive case." 
 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 474, calls attention to the fact that the 
 dative ending-ai may be in ablaut relation to -l (locative), and 
 that if so, the case may have originally denoted direction. As fa- 
 vorable to this conclusion, he cites Greek x a l xa <-> Latin humi, which 
 he holds to be by origin certainly dative. Cf. also the footnote to 
 p. 474 ; and see p. 551, " wobei der Dativ seiner ursprilnglichen 
 Geltung als Eichtungskasus noch naher geblieben ist." Gustafsson 
 also in his De Dativo Latino, shows with great acuteness and fulness 
 how admirably the direction notion meets the facts of Latin, and 
 how extensively this force is still exhibited in many of the uses 
 ordinarily brought under the head of Indirect Object, etc. 
 
 On the whole the evidence seems to me strongly to support the 
 view that the dative originally denoted the direction of motion. I 
 shall treat this use as basal and endeavor to explain in what follows 
 how the other types of dative usage developed from this force. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATIVE USES. 
 
 Before beginning our formal classification of Dative uses, it is 
 important to call attention to one striking feature, common to nearly 
 all varieties of Dative construction in Early Latin, viz. the great pre- 
 dominance of pronouns, especially the personal pronouns. More 
 detailed attention will be directed to this feature in connection with 
 special categories. 
 
104 The Dative. 
 
 INDIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 A perfectly natural development of the notion of direction is seen 
 in the employment of the Dative with verbs of giving, saying, 
 announcing, promising, etc. To this usage is given with propriety 
 the name of Dative of Indirect Object. 
 
 A striking feature of the construction in Early Latin is the great 
 predominance of pronouns. 
 
 The Dative of Indirect Object includes three general classes of 
 verbs : (1) Verbs which regularly are construed with the dative in 
 conformity with the analogy of those modern languages with which 
 we are most familiar; (2) Verbs corresponding to modern verbs 
 which take a direct object in the familiar modern languages; 
 (3) Verbs compounded with prepositions whose simple is either in- 
 transitive and takes no case construction, or else takes the accusative. 
 These three categories of the Indirect Object I shall designate 
 respectively as : The Simple Indirect Object ; The Dative with 
 Special Verbs; The Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 
 
 Simple Indirect Object. 
 
 The Simple Indirect Object occurs freely after a large variety of 
 verbs, especially with verbs meaning say (dico, aio, fari, inquit, 
 loquor), confess (fateor, confiteor), deny (nego), announce (nuntio 
 and compounds), pray (precor, comprecor), promise (polliceor), nod 
 (nuo and compounds), vow (voveo, devoveo), swear (iuro), explain 
 (explano, enodo), excuse (excuso), repeat (itero), sing (cano), praise 
 (laudo), lie (mentior), reply (respondeo), write (scribo), give (do, 
 dedo), entrust (credo, concredo, mando), sacrifice (sacrifico), furnish 
 (praebeo), bestow (impertio), pay (solvo, pendo), restore (reddo, 
 restituo), show (ostendo), owe (debeo), do, make, e.g. sacrifice, 
 harm, favor (facere), leave (linquo, relinquo), place, set up, erect 
 (pono, statuo), it is permitted (licet), it causes pain (dolet), it is be- 
 coming (decet), have, entertain, as gratitude, honor (habeo), fall to 
 the lot of (accidit, evenit), carry (porto), bring (fero and compounds), 
 send (mitto and compounds). 
 
 Where both a simple verb (like fero, firmo, ' declare ', metior), and 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. 105 
 
 the compound (e.g. adfero, adfirmo, admetior), appear -with the 
 dative in substantially the same value, I have referred the usage, 
 not to the Dative with Prepositional Compounds but to the Simple 
 Indirect Object. This has been done whether the simple verb ap- 
 pears in Early Latin or not, provided it is found in the classical 
 Latin. Compounds are classified under the simple verb, if the 
 simple verb occurs in Early Latin ; otherwise they are put in their 
 natural alphabetical order. The following list is intended to be 
 complete for Early Latin: 
 
 adfirmo : Pers. 140, prius quam adfirmas mihi. 
 
 admetior : Cato, Agr. 154, vinum emptoribus quo modo admetiaris. 
 
 adnuo : Asin. 784, neque ulli homini nutet, nictet, adnuat. 
 
 ago : chiefly with gratias, grates, as Capt. 868, mi aequom est gratias 
 agere ; similarly, Epid. 443 ; Merc. 85 ; Ad. 368 ; Amph. 181, dis 
 gratias agere; so Capt. 922; Poen. 1254; Rud. 906; Phor. 894; 
 M. G. 411, Dianae laudes gratisque agam ; so Trin. 820 ; Stich. 538, 
 huic apologum agere unum volo. 
 
 aio: Amph. 387, Sosia ille, quern tu esse aiebas mihi; so Asin. 
 208; Most. 806; Eud. 427; 59, adulescenti ait sese velle votum 
 solvere ; Ad. 276, quid ait nobis ? 
 
 aperio: Cist. 2, id mihi hodie aperuisti; Trin. 17, i rem vobis 
 aperient. 
 
 attendo : Lucil. 693 (Mx), dictis animum adtendas postulo. 
 
 audio : chiefly in the expression dicto atidiens : Amph. 989, sum 
 Iovi dicto audiens; 991; Asin. 544; Men. 444; Pers. 399; 836; 
 Trin. 1062 ; True. 125. In Eun. 1067, audite paucis, and Hec. 510, 
 audi paucis, paucis is taken by some, e.g. Ashmore ad loc, as ablative. 
 I hold it to be dative and to belong here. 
 
 blatio : Epid. 334, tu mi aliquid blatis. 
 
 caedo: Leg. Reg., Bruns 7 , p. 8, si tangit, Iunoni agnum caedito; 
 ibid. Iovi Feretrio bovem caedito ; Ianui Quirino agnum caedito. 
 
 canto (6): Trin. 350, civi immuni scin quid cantari solet? 
 H. T. 260, harum mores cantabat mihi. In the sense of 'preach,' 
 Trin. 287. 
 
 capio : Trin. 650, cape sis virtutem animo ! 
 
 cSdo (25): always with mihi, e.g. Cas. 363, sortis cedo mihi 
 Men. 265 ; Phor. 935. 
 
106 The Dative. 
 
 clamo : And. 491, illis quae sunt intus clamat de via. 
 
 clareo : Eun. Trag. 280 (326 V), hoc lumen candidum claret mini. 
 
 concedo (8) : Trin. 477, neque illi concedam quicquam ; Phor. 805 
 (intrans.) ; so Ainph. 276 ; Hec. 224. 
 
 concilio: M. G. 1212, quam ego nunc concilio tibi; Poen. 769; 
 with ad: M. G. 801. 
 
 condemno : CIL, i, 197, 11, coudumnari populo. 
 
 consigno : Pers. 460, istas tabellas quas consignavi tibi. 
 
 contingo (8) : Asin. 720, quod ut contingat tibi vis ; Poen. 1271 ; 
 Hec. 833. 
 
 credo, ' entrust,' ' consign,' with ace. of thing (frequent) : Bacch. 
 275, Autolyco hospiti aurum credidi ; Asin. 572 ; Trin. 891 ; 961. 
 
 concredo (13) : Aul. 6, mihi concredidit auri thensaurum ; 581 ; 
 Bacch. 1064 ; Men. 701, marsuppium Messenioni concredidi. 
 
 criminor : Eun. 855, ne me criminaretur tibi ; with apud, Pseud. 
 493. 
 
 cupio : And. 905, vel quod ipsi cupio Glycerio. 
 
 dapino : Capt. 897, aeternum tibi dapinabo victum. 
 
 dato : Pseud. 1132, Venus mihi haec bona datat. 
 
 debeo (28) : Bacch. 260, se deberetibi triobolum ; 884 ; Most. 630; 
 919 ; And. 675. 
 
 deblatero : Aul. 268, tu quae deblateravisti iam vicinis omnibus. 
 
 decedo : Amph. 987, ni decedat mihi ; 990 ; Merc. 117 ; Trin. 481, 
 decedam ego illi de via ; H.T. 31. 
 
 decet: Amph. 820, nostro generi non decet; 1007; Pers. 213; 
 Stich. 693 ; Ad. 491 ; 928 ; H.T. 965. For decet with the ace, see 
 p. 210. 
 
 dent : Enn. Trag. 369 (Sc 354 V), mihi fortuna nunc defit ; Hec. 
 767. 
 
 devincio: Asin. 849, me tibi devinxti. For devincio with the 
 ablative, see p. 300. 
 
 devoveo: Enn. Ann. 79 (V), Remus auspicio se devovet; Ace. 
 Praet. 15, animam devoro hostibus. 
 
 dlco : Bacch. 995, aurium operam tibi dico ; so Pseud. 560 ; Phor. 
 62 ; Ace. 127, Minervae donura dicant. 
 
 indlco (11): Aul. 773, id si scies, mihi indicabis? 10; Asin. 
 811, quam haec non eius uxori indicem ; Eun. 1014 ; Ad. 629. 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. 107 
 
 praedico (11) : Amph. 402, quod mihi praedieas ; 554 ; 561 ; 
 Pers. 233, quia peritae praedico; Eun. 565, quid ego eius tibi 
 aciem praedicem ? 
 
 dlco (extremely frequent) : Amph. 815, qua istaec propter dicta 
 dicantur mihi ; 855 ; And. 323 ; Af ran. 160 ; the phrase nee recte dico : 
 Bacch. 119 ; Poen. 516 ; et pass. 
 
 addleo (7): Leg. XII Tab. i, 8, post meridiem praesenti litem addi- 
 cito ; Poen. 186, addicet praetor familiam totam tibi ; 498 ; et pass. 
 
 edioo (18) : Aul. 281, edixit mihi ut dispertirem opsonium ; 
 Men. 784 ; And. 495 ; Heo. 565, edieam servis. 
 
 indico : Epid. 160, quoi potissumum indicatur bellum ; Enn. 
 Ann. 223 (V). 
 
 interdico : M.G. 1056, quotiens hoc tibi interdixi ? Pers. 621; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 43, 5 ; 77, 9. 
 
 praedico : Pseud. 516, egon ut cavere nequeam, quoi praedicitur 
 (praeditur codd) ! And. 46 ; 205 ; 840. 
 
 dispertio : Pseud. 441, populo viritim potuit dispertirier. 
 disputo : Men. 50, ut hanc rem vobis examussim disputem. 
 do (very frequent) : Amph. 646, id modo si datur mihi ; 924 ; da 
 mihi hanc veniam ; Capt. 364, huic dedi xx minis ; Cure. 106, da 
 meo gutturi gaudium ; 161 ; Rud. 620, date pudori praemium ; Trin. 
 838 ; Ace. Praet. 17, quieti corpus dedi. An alternative constr action 
 ■with ad occurs in one or two instances : e.g. Epid. 38, si is ad hostis 
 exuvias dabit; Stich. 140, in vita quae ad virum (viro, A) nuptum 
 datur; Cas. 22, ut operam detis ad nostrum gregem. Pseud. 1100, 
 ut det nomen ad Molas Coloniam (cited by Lindsay, Synt. of Plautus, 
 p. 20, as an instance of this use), seems to mean rather, 'report 
 (' hand in one's name ') for Mill Colony.' Nomen dare (without at- 
 traction) occurs, Cato, fr. (Jord), 13, 6, Praeneste oppido nomen dedit. 
 
 addo (28) : Merc. 157, lassitudinem verba tua mihi addunt ; 
 Amph. 811 ; Most. 107, hie iam aedibus vitium additur ; Pacuv. 269 ; 
 Ace. 352. 
 
 dedo (21) : Bacch. 93, tibi dedo operam ; 1150 ; And. 63 ; Hec. 
 294, animum amori deditum ; Lucil. 1231 (Mx). 
 
 edo: C1L, i, 198, 20, arvorsario edat eos om(nis); Aul. 382, 
 postquam hanc rationem ventri cordique edidi. 
 
 indo, ' give to,' ' bestow,' (12) : Stich. 332, istuc indiderunt nomen 
 
108 The Dative. 
 
 maiores mihi. The other examples are of indere nomen, with attrac- 
 tion of the name : Capt. 69, iuventus nomen indidit ' Scorto ' mihi ; 
 726; 820 ; 983, quid erat ei nomen? : : Paegnium vocitatust; post 
 vos indidistis Tyndaro ; Men. 42, illius nomen indidit illi qui domi 
 est, Menaechmo ; 263, huic urbi nomen Epidamno inditumst ; Rud. 
 934, ei ego urbi Gripo indam nomen ; Stich. 174 ; Trin. 8 ; Enn. Trag. 
 65 (Sc 105 V), Andromachae nomen qui indidit, recte ei indidit. 
 
 prodo : Bacch. 962, Ulixem ut praedicant esse proditum 
 Hecubae ; H. T. 639. 
 
 reddo (very frequent) : Aul. 445, nisi reddi mihi vasa iubes ; 
 Most. 600 ; Eun. 157 ; Hec. 153. 
 
 trado (20) : Asin. 689, mi trade istuc ! Stat. 116 ; H. T. 516 ; 
 Lucil. 996 (Mx). 
 
 dolet (frequent) : Amph. 922, ilium seio quam doluerit cordi meo ; 
 Bacch. 1172 ; Capt. 152, huic (ventri) dolet ; Men. 439 ; Merc. 369 ; 
 Phor. 162, tibi quia superest dolet ; Plaut. fr. 89, dolet huic puello ; 
 Stat. 241, tibi dolebit. 
 
 dono : Poen. 469, qui hanc mihi donavit ; Pers. 775 ; Amph. 260 ; 
 True. 804. The alternative construction, accusative of person and 
 ablative of the thing occurs frequently, e.g. Most. 174, te donabo 
 aliqui; Poen. 258, donari cado vini; True. 531; 533; 634. 
 condono : Amph. 536, tibi hanc pateram condono ; Rud. 1070. 
 
 edissero : Capt. 967, mihi quae dicam edissere ! 
 
 emancupo : Bacch. 92, niulier, tibi me emancupo. 
 
 enodo : Turp. 14, ab initio enoda mihi ; Pacuv. 283. 
 
 eo infitias : Men. 396, qui lubet ire infitias mihi ? Bacch. 259. 
 
 evenio (very frequent) : Bacch. 1068, veluti mi evenit ; Capt. 91 ; 
 Merc. 417; H. T. 157. 
 
 excuso : Asin. 813, uxori excuses te ! 
 
 expedio : Amph. 912, ego expediam tibi ; et pass. 
 
 expeto : Amph. 872, si id Alcumenae expetat ; 895 ; M. G. 393. 
 
 explano: Phor. 380, explana mihi! 
 
 fabulor : Phor. 654, ut aperte tibi nunc fabuler ; Cist. 295. 
 
 facio (very frequent) : Aul. 643, facin iniuriam mi ? 789, mihi ita 
 di faciant ; Men. 763a, nee mihi certius facit quid velit ; Merc. 130, 
 cesso foribus facere hisce assulas ? Enn. Trag. 13 (Sc 1 V) ; Pacuv. 
 131 ; And. 178, numquam quoiquam verbum fecit. The phrase 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. 109 
 
 nomen facio : Trin. 20, nomen (so. fabulae) Trinummo fecit ; 843, 
 huic ego die nomen Trinummo facio ; Men. 77, iuventus nomen fecit 
 Peniculo mihi ; 1126, quo modo Menaechmo nomen est factum tibi ? 
 Bacch. 945, ei profecto nomen facio Ilio. With male (8) : Men. 
 668, male mi uxor sese f ecisse censet ; 861 ; Poen. 881 ; Phor. 394. 
 
 faenero: Phor. 493, faeneratum istuc beneficium pulchre tibi 
 dices ; Ad. 219. 
 
 fateor: Capt. 295, hie fassust mihi; 317; Cist. 654; Aul. 644; 
 True. 784. 
 
 confiteor: Aul. 763, quam tu confessus mihi; Capt. 298; Cist. 
 661. 
 
 fero (frequent) : Amph. 869, Alcumenae ut auxilium feram ; 877 ; 
 1106 ; Asin. 347, ait se ferre argentum atriensi ; 672 ; fer amanti ero 
 salutem; Bacch. 637; Epid. 573, quam tu osculum mi ferre iubes ; 
 Men. 1003, suppetias mi audet ferre ; Phor. 579, hanc condiciouem 
 si quoi tulero; Ad. 155; Enn. Trag. 27 (Sc 29 V); Ace. 102; 116. 
 Often also with ad, e.g. Men. 956, hunc ad me ferant ; Asin. 732 
 (other examples in Peine, p. 55). With concrete objects, the prep- 
 osition is the regular construction, though not invariable ; cf. Asin. 
 347, cited above. 
 
 affero (frequent) : Asin. 532, nisi mi argenti adfert xx minas ; 
 Men. 1043, mihi adlaturum marsuppium ; Most. 138, mihi grandinem 
 attulit ; Bud. 681, vim mi adferam ipsa adigit ; Phor. 490, si tu mihi 
 quicquam adferres novi ; Hec. 841. Occasionally also with ad, e.g. 
 Aul. 258, nequid mea ad te adferret filia ; 498. 
 
 confero : Lex Cincia, Bruns 7 , p. 47, si quis mulieri virginive 
 cognatus dotem conferre volet ; Men. 129. 
 
 defero (frequent) : Men. 392, quoin pallam mihi detulisti ; 
 M. G. 800 ; Trin. 948, homines quibus me oportet has deferre 
 epistulas. Often with ad, e.g. Asin. 852, ad amicam detulisse argenti 
 xx minas. 
 
 ecfero : Bacch. 95, tibi argentum iubebo ecferri ; Merc. 911 ; 
 M. G. 459 ; Most. 405. 
 
 infero : Cure. 72, me inferre Veneri vovi iaientaculum ; with in, 
 Poen. 319. 
 
 offero (frequent) : Aul. 722, tantum gemiti hie dies mi optulit ; 
 Merc. 843 ; Pacuv. 270 ; And. 686, mihi te optume offers ; Ace. 253. 
 
110 The Dative. 
 
 perfero : Capt. 377,' patri meo omnem rem perferat. But with 
 ad, True. 444. 
 
 prof ero : Asin. 651, tibi si xxx minae argenti prof erentur ; 
 Pseud. 811. With ad, Amph. 118, antiquam rem novam ad vos 
 proferam. 
 
 ref ero (frequent) : especially in the phrase referre gratiam; Capt. 
 931, tibi numquam referre gratiam possim; Phor. 337; Turp. 192; 
 Men. 466, ego tibi hanc probe eoncinnatam referam; 1035; Enn. 
 Ann. 207 (V), regi refert rem. Also with ad, e.g. Cas. 144. 
 fleo : Pseud. 100, nisi tu illi drachumis fleveris argenteis. 
 foetet : Cas. 727, foetet mihi tuos sermo. 
 fumifico : M. G. 412, ei ut fumificem. 
 
 gero (frequent) : Bacch. 712, geritote amieis nostris aurum corbi- 
 bus. Mainly in the phrase, morem gerere, e.g. Cist. 84, gessit mo- 
 rem oranti mihi ; Asin. 40 ; Ad. 214; Trin. 1058, meo tergo tutelam 
 geram ; so 870 ; True. 254. 
 
 degero : Men. 739, aurum suppilas et tuae degeris amicae. 
 oggero : True. 102, osculum amicae oggerit. 
 habeo (frequent ; almost exclusively with fidem, gratiam, or hono- 
 rem) : Aul. 16, ecqui maiorem mihi honorem haberet ; so Cist. 4 ; 
 Pers. 512 ; Stich. 49 ; Asin. 583, quod mihi fidem habere noluisset ; 
 so Eun. 197 ; Rud. 516, bonam est quod habeas gratiam mihi ; so 
 Most. 431 ; Pseud. 172, vobis hanc habeo edictionem. 
 
 adhibeo : Phor. 714, quin mihi testes adhibeam ; Ace. 510. 
 exhibeo (9) : Amph. 894, illi dudum meus amor negotium ex- 
 hibuit ; Capt. 817 ; Most. 2 ; 565. 
 
 praebeo (18) : Amph. 1027, an fores censebas nobis publicitus 
 praeberier ; Capt. 813 ; Cato, Agr. 30. 
 immolo : Asin. 713, mi immolas bovem. 
 
 impertio: Pseud. 41, Calidoro salutem impertit; Vid. 39. 
 Alternative const., ace. of person with abl. of thing : Epid. 127, erum 
 suom impertit salute servos; Aul. 19; M. G% 1059; Stich. 299; Eun. 
 270 ; Ad. 320 ; Lucil. 688 (Mx), te, Popli (item populi codd), salute 
 impertit. 
 
 infitior : Ace. 233, numquam istam imminuam curam infitiando 
 tibi. For infitias ire, see under eo. 
 
 innuo : Rud. 731, ubi innuero vobis ; Eun. 735. 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. Ill 
 
 inquit (8): Cure. 338, 'salve,' inquit mihi; And. 254; Eun. 425, 
 ' quid ais ? ' inquam homini. 
 
 instruo: M. G. 981, ornamenta quae illi instruxti mulieri; so 
 1100; 1127; 1147. 
 
 interpreter : Epid. 552, tuae memoriae interpretari me aequom 
 censes. 
 
 itero : Amph. 211, haec ubi Telobois iterarunt ; Rud. 1265 ; Pacuv. 
 202. 
 
 i 
 
 iungo : Cato, Agr. 18, 6, iungito materiae ; Ace. 474, quem mihi 
 iungent? Hec. 798, nos sibi amicos iunget; Lucil. 1043 (Mx). 
 
 adiungo: Asin. 288, socium quaerit quem adiungat sibi; Cas. 
 442 Cure. 190, huic voluptati hoc adiunctumst odium ; Enn. Trag. 
 113 (Sc 133 V). With ad : Aul. 236, ad probos te adiunxeris ; 
 Pseud. 1259 ; Pacuv. 188 ; And. 56. 
 
 iuro (6) : Capt. 892, etiam sancte quom ego iurem tibi ; Pers. 401 ; 
 Rud. 1372. 
 
 abiuro : Pers. 478, ne quis mihi in iure abiurassit. 
 adiuro : Cist. 569, seque earn peperisse sancte adiurabat mihi ; 
 And. 694. 
 
 largior (8) : Capt. 829, illaec laetitia quam largitur mihi ; Pseud. 
 395 ; Trin. 742. 
 
 laudo: Most. 760, nam sibi laudavisse hasce ait architectonem ; 
 Eun. 1053, mihin illam laudas ? 
 
 lego : Merc. 38, amorem Venus mi legavit ; Cas. 100 ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), 44, 1 ; Lucil. 519 (Mx) ; 1350. 
 
 delego : Amph. 67, si quoi favitores delegatos viderint. 
 
 licet (frequent) : Amph. 157, nee caussam liceat dicere mihi ; 986 ; 
 H. T. 560 ; Phor. 165 ; Titin. 27. To licet should also be referred 
 Capt. 469, ilicet parasiticae arti maxumam malam crucem. 
 
 liquet: Trin. 233, de hac re mihi satis hau liquet; Eun. 331. 
 
 linquo : Trag. Inc. 104, sceptra mihi liquit Pelops. 
 
 relinquo (9) : Aul. 13, agri reliquit ei non magnum modum ; 
 Eun. 120; True. 292; Titin. 5; CIL, i, 200, 81. 
 
 loco (6) : Aul. 192, neque earn queo locare quoiquam ; 228 ; Cure. 
 25, tu pudicae quoipiam insidias locas ; Most. 535. 
 
 loquor (frequent): Bacch. 735, mihi loquitur nee recte; Men. 125; 
 Phor. 372 ; Pseud. 227, tibi haec loquor. 
 
112 The Dative. 
 
 eloquor (16) : Bacch. 559, quin tibi eius nomen eloquar ; Stich. 
 143 ; Enn. Ann. 239 (V). 
 
 obloquor : Men. 156, te morare mihi quom obloquere. 
 proloquor (6) : Capt. 703, votuin te quicquam mi hodie falsum 
 proloqui ; Enn. Trag. 216 (Sc 257 V) ; Ad. 690. 
 
 loquitor : Bacch. 803, loquitatusne es gnato meo male ? 
 lueeo : Enn. Trag. 368 (400 V), nilo minus ipsi lucet. 
 
 adluceo : Pers. 515, neque quam tibi Eortuna f aculam adlucere 
 volt. 
 
 mando, ' entrust ' (frequent) : Cist. 719, ego tibi meas res mando ; 
 Trin. 158 ; Bacch. 564. 
 
 commendo (13) : Capt. 445, tibi commendo spes ; Eun. 1039 ; 
 Afran. 208. 
 
 memoro (11) : Aul. 321, memora mihi ; Pseud. 986 ; Trin. 883. 
 mentior : Capt. 704, cur es ausus mentiri mihi ? Amph. 468 ; 
 Eun. 703; Lucil. 953 (Mx). 
 
 misceo: Enn. Var. 46 (V), frigori miscet calorem atque humori 
 aritudinem. 
 
 mitto (frequent) : Aul. 353, iussit Euclioni haec mittere ; Pseud. 
 234 ; Ace. 209. With ad much more frequently. 
 
 committo (16) : Cure. 654, sanan es, quae isti committas ? Most. 
 924; And. 241. 
 
 emitto : Pseud. 1183, quin tu mulierem mi emittis ? 
 permitto : Cas. 395, tibi permitto ; Trin. 384 ; H. T. 351. 
 promitto (frequent) : Bacch. 746, quod promisisti mihi ; 873 ; 
 Eud. 1384 ; Titin. 119 ; Ad. 940. 
 
 remitto (7) : Most. 798, ut istas remittat sibi ; Pseud. 46 ; 48 ; 
 Phor. 928. With ad, Cas. 437 and elsewhere. 
 
 repromitto : Cure. 667, illic ita repromisit mihi. 
 tramitto : Epid. 155, orabit ut illam tramittas sibi ; 463 ; Pacuv. 
 392; Lucil. 755 (Mx). 
 
 monstro (12) : Epid. 536, qui monstret eum mi hominem ; Pseud. 
 951. 
 
 commonstro (6) : Cure. 301, qui mihi commonstret Phaedromum ; 
 Phor. 305. 
 
 " demonstro (8) : Asin. 381, ut demonstratae sunt mihi ; Pseud. 
 595. 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. 113 
 
 praemonstro : Merc. 577, quom istaec praemonstras mihi ; Trin. 
 342; Epid. 317. 
 
 munero : Capt. 935, ut beneficium bene merenti muneres ; Ace. 
 446. 
 
 narro (very frequent) : Cure. 349, postquam hoc mihi narravit ; 
 Trin. 729 ; And. 504; H. T. 271. 
 
 denarro : True. 308, ero vostra facta denarravero ; Phor. 944. 
 enarro : Amph. 525, ea tibi omnia enarravi ; Ad. 351 ; 364. 
 nascor (6) : Trin. 574, numquam quoiquam tarn exspectatus filius 
 natus quam illuc est 'spondeo' natum mihi; Hec. 639, natus est 
 nobis nepos; Trag. Inc. 14. 
 
 prognascor : Epid. 171, qua ex tibi commemores filiam prognatam. 
 nego (4) : Poen. 182, continuo tibi negabit ; Cas. 602. 
 denego : Trin. 1170, si tibi denegem. 
 pernego : Trin. 357, non tibi pernegare possum, 
 nicto: Asin. 784, neque ulli homini nutet, nictet, adnuat; Men. 613. 
 
 adnicto : Naev. Com. 76, alii adnictat. 
 nugor : Epid. 478, non mihi nugari potes ; Trin. 972. 
 numero : Pseud. 225, numeras mihi ; Asin. Arg. 4. 
 
 adnumero : Asin. 500, mihi talentum soli adnumeravit ; so Merc. 
 88. 
 
 denumero (4) : Asin. 453, argentum mihi si vis denumerare ; 
 Most. 921. 
 
 dinumero : M.G. 74, ut ibus dinumerem stipendium. 
 renumero : Bacch. 516, renumerare omne aurum patri ; 608 ; 46. 
 nuto : Men. 613, non nuto neque nicto tibi ; 617 ; Asin. 784. 
 abnuto : Capt. 611, quid mi abnutas ? : : tibi ego abnuto ! 
 adnuto : Merc. 436, mihi nunc adnutat ; Naev. Com. 76. 
 nuntio (16) : Capt. 400, numquid vis patri nuntiari ? H. T. 618, 
 si laverit, mihi nuntia. 
 
 enuntio : Trin. 143, ne enuntiarem quoiquam. 
 renuntio (10) : Aul. 783, me renuntiare repudium iussit tibi ; 
 And. 499. With ad : Trin. 995, ad ilium renuntiabo. 
 obligo : CIL, i, 200, 48, populo obligatus est(o). 
 obscaevo : Asin. 266, quom illic opscaevavit meae falsae fallaciae. 
 obtingo (frequent) : Bacch. 951, adsimiliter mi hodie obtigit ; 
 Capt. 746 ; And. 608 ; Phor. 820. 
 
114 The Dative. 
 
 olet : Aul. 216, aurum huic olet. 
 
 obolet : Men. 384, oboluit marsuppium huic. 
 
 subolet (5) : Pseud. 421, id subolebat mini ; Trin. 615; Phor. 474. 
 
 opprobro : Most. 301, qui mihimet cupio id opprobrarier ; True. 
 280; Pers. 193. 
 
 ostendo (frequent) : Asin. 112, mihi animum ostendisti tuom ; 
 Rud. 1134; Cato, Agr. 6, 4, locus ostentus soli ; And. 866. 
 
 ostento : Most. 287, quid opust ei ultro ostentarier ? Aec. 584. 
 
 pateo (4) : Men. 363, fores quoi pateant ; Eun. 89. 
 
 pendo : Asin. 483, poenae pendentur mi hodie ; so H. T. 728. 
 expendo : Ace. 535, poenas Iovi expendisse. 
 
 perputo : Cist. 155, ut argumentum vobis perputem. 
 
 piget : Pacuv. 143, quid quod iam et mihi piget paternum nomen, 
 maternum pudet profari. 
 
 placo : Merc. 965, uxor tibi placida et placatast ; Phor. 784, ut 
 placetur nobis. 
 
 plaudo : Most. 260, plaudo Scaphae ; Kud. 1250. 
 
 polliceor (11) : Aul. 470, credo illi mercedem gallo pollicitos co- 
 quos ; And. 527. 
 
 pollicitor : M. G. 879, aut tibi (ibi Leo) meam operam pollicitari. 
 
 polluceo : Naev. Com. 28, polluxi tibi iam decumas ; Rud. 424 •, 
 Stich. 233; Cato, Agr. 132, 1. 
 
 pono : Capt. 687, meum caput periculo praeoptavisse ponere ; Aul. 
 frag, v, qui mi holera cruda ponuut ; 490 ; Rud. 509, scelestiorem 
 cenam quam quae Thyestae quondam aut posita est Tereo (aut posita 
 Nettlesliip; ante posita codd); Cato, fr. (Jord); 33, 8, mihi haec 
 monumenta posui. 
 
 repono: Pers. 37, nummos, quos continuo tibi reponam. 
 
 populo : Pacuv. 79, pater mihi patriam populavit meam ; cf . Non- 
 ius, 39, 31, ' populare ' significat : populi amorem conciliare. 
 
 portendo : Asin. 530, periclum familiae portenditur ; Cure. 272 ; 
 Poen. 748. 
 
 porto : Capt. 869, tantum ego nunc porto tibi boni ; And. 432. 
 With ad : Hec. 513, porto hoc iurgium ad uxorem. 
 
 adporto (6): Merc. 161, tibi adporto hoc; 269; H. T. 427. 
 
 * importo : Pacuv. 178, quantam cladem importem familiae. 
 
 praefor : Cato, Agr. 134, 1, ture, vino Iano Iovi Iunoni praefato. 
 
Dative of Indirect Object. 115 
 
 praesto : Liv. And. Trag. 16, praestatur laus virtuti. 
 
 praevortor (8) : Capt. 460, ei rei prinium praevorti volo ; Merc. 374 ; 
 M. G. 765. 
 
 precor : Asin. 477, pergin preeari pessumo ? Merc. 235. With 
 direct object: Cato, Agr. 134, 2; 139; 141, 2. 
 
 coinprecor : Amph. 739, te Iovi comprecatum oportuit. 
 
 profano : Cato, Agr. 132, 2, Iovi caste profanato ! 
 
 profundo: Naev. Com. 24, altris nuces in proclivi profundere. 
 
 promo : Epid. 303, quin huic argentum promis ? M. G. 829. 
 depromo : Cure. 251, quin depromuntur mihi quae opus sunt ? 
 Trin. 944 ; True. 646. 
 
 propino (6): Asin. 772, tibi propinet; Stich. 425; Eun. 1087; 
 Enn. Sat. 6 (V). 
 
 prosero : Asin. 795, ne sic tussiat ut quoiquam linguam in tussi- 
 endo proserat. 
 
 pudet: seepiget. 
 
 purgo (8) : Amph. 945, eadem si purgas mihi ; 909, ut me pur- 
 garem tibi ; Hec. 254, aut refellendo aut purgando vobis corrigemus ; 
 871 ; OIL, i, 201, 12. 
 
 expurgo : Capt. 620, me expurigare tibi volo. 
 
 reduco : Pers. 659, redduco hanc tibi. With ad : Cist. 630. 
 
 responso : M. G. 963, qui ingenuis responsare nequeas. 
 
 resto : And. 940, scrupulus mi restat. 
 
 ruminor : Liv. And. Trag. 8, nemo haec ruminetur mulieri. 
 
 sacrufico (11) : Amph. 983, mihi quom sacruficem ; Most. 241 ; 
 Enn. Ann. 221 (V). 
 
 scribo (5) : Bacch. 731, quid scribam ? : : salutem tuo patri ; 
 Phor. 329; Lucil. 1281 (Mx). With ad: Lucil. 612 (Mx), ad amores 
 tuos. 
 
 discribo : Phor. 923, quodne ego discripsi illis quibus debui ? 
 rescribo : Phor. 921, illud mihi argentum iube rescribi. 
 
 sero: Cure. 193, quod mihi servos sermonem serat; so M. G. 700. 
 
 significo : Rud. 896, ne quid significem mulierculis. 
 
 sisto : Cure. 163, sisto ego tibi me et mihi ut sistas suadeo ; Eud. 
 778 ; Trin. 743. 
 
 solvo (14) : Cure. 684, metui ne mi apud praetorem solveret; 722; 
 Cato, Agr. 146, 3 ; Lucil. 414 (Mx) ; CIL, i, 198, 8; 64. 
 
116 The Dative. 
 
 persolvo : And. 39, quod habui summum pretium, persolvi tibi ; 
 Lucil. 1332 (Mx), virtus divitiis pretium persolvere posse, 
 resolvo : Epid. 141, xl minis quas danistae resolvat. 
 spondeo (6) : Cure. 674, spondesne mihi hanc uxorem ? Phor. 
 657 ; Stat. 70. 
 
 despondeo (frequent) : Cure. 671, ut mihi hanc despondeas ; 
 H. T. 784 ; Stat. 65. 
 
 respondeo (very frequent) : Amph. 608, cave quicquam mihi 
 responderis ; And. 743. 
 
 statuo: Asin. 712, mihi statuam statuis; Bacch. 640, huic decet 
 statuam statui ; Hec. 96, finem statuisse orationi. 
 
 prostituo : Pseud. 178, eras populo prostituani vos. 
 restituo (13): Capt. 588, ilium restituam huic, hie autem me 
 meo patri ; And. 570. 
 
 sum (' happen ') : Most. 202, tibi idem f uturum credo. 
 
 absum : Cist. 223, neque mihi ulla abest permities. With a : 
 Epid. 26, unum a praetura tua abest ; Merc. 894. 
 
 desum (4) : Bacch. 37, metuo ne defuerit mi oratio ; 38 ; True. 
 442. 
 
 sumo (frequent) : Amph. 124, ego servi sumpsi Sosiae mi ima- 
 ginem ; Asin. 101 ; Kud. 1409 ; And. 726, ex ara hinc sume verbenas 
 tibi ; Cato, Agr. 40, 2, sumito tibi surculum durum ; CIL, i, 200, 2. 
 
 supero : Aul. 702, picis divitiis ego solus supero ; Stich. 279, ripis- 
 que superat mi laetitia ; elsewhere, in the sense, ' prevail over,' with 
 the accusative. 
 
 suppedito : Asin. 423, non queo labori suppeditare ; Trin. 1119 ; 
 Eun. 1076 ; H. T. 930. 
 
 suppetias advenio : Men. 1020, tibi suppetias temperi adveni 
 modo. 
 
 suppeto: Amph. 14, lucrum ut perenne vobis semper suppetat ; 
 Asin. 56; Epid. 397. 
 
 supplico (17) : Aul. 23, ea mihi cottidie supplicat ; 752 ; And. 312 ; 
 Cato, Agr. 143, 2. 
 
 suspendo : old formula in Livy, i, 26, 6, infelici arbori reste sus- 
 pendito. This is taken by some as a locative. But were this a 
 locative, the original locative formation, arbore, would undoubtedly 
 have been retained. 
 
Dative with Verbs of Special Meaning. 117 
 
 sycophantor : Trin. 958, sycophantae huic sycophantari volo. 
 
 translego : Asin. 750, mi hercle translege ! 
 
 tribuo : Ace. 97, quern cuique tribuit Fortuna ordinem ; 221. 
 
 trudo : Epid. 476, quas tu mi tenebras trudis ! 
 
 obtrudo : Pseud. 945, mihi optrudere non potes palpum ; And. 
 250; Hec. 295; Poen. Arg. 6. 
 
 veneo : Plaut. fr. 158, ego illi venear ! Cato, Agr. 144, 1. 
 
 venio : Pseud. 69, harunc volnptatum mihi omnium distractio 
 venit ; Capt. 550, isti morbus interdum venit ; 903 ; Enn. Ann. 11 (V), 
 et post inde venit divinitus pullis ipsa anima ; Stat. 135, voluntas 
 homini rarenter venit. 
 
 videor (very frequent) : Amph. 640, sola hie mi nunc videor ; And. 
 315. 
 
 vito : Cas. 210, semper tu huic verbo vitato ! : : quoi verbo ? Cure. 
 298, vitent infortunio ; so Poen. 25. With Walde, Worterbuch, s.v. 
 I connect vito, with vieo, w'tis; hence originally 'bend out of the way 
 to somebody, or something.' Fay, Classical Quarterly, v, p. 194, 
 suggests that cedo may have exerted an analogical influence. With 
 accusative : Pud. 168, fluctus devitaverint. 
 
 vitulor : Pers. 251, Iovi vitulor. 
 
 voveo : Stich. 386, decumam tibi quam vovi. 
 
 Dative with Verbs of Special Meaning. 
 
 While the establishment of this category doubtless had its origin in 
 the recognition of the need of the secondary pupil, yet its importance 
 seems to be sufficient to warrant bringing together here, as a variety 
 of the Dative of Indirect Object, those verbs ordinarily brought under 
 this head. These include those verbs which in modern languages 
 are often construed with the accusative ; also many verbs which in 
 Latin have the same general meaning as other verbs governing the 
 accusative. They embrace verbs meaning : favor, help, injure, please, 
 displease, trust, distrust, command, obey, serve, resist, indulge, spare, 
 pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, persuade, and the like. A consid- 
 erable number of these verbs, though construed with the dative in 
 Early Latin and in the classical Latin as well, are yet found at times 
 (in the case of some verbs, frequently) with the accusative. Ex- 
 amples are parco, indulgeo, invideo. 
 
118 The Dative. 
 
 Compounds of verbs of Special Meanings are classified under their 
 simples, e.g. subblandior under blandior. Where in a compound of 
 ad, ante, con, in, inter, etc., the prepositional force has disappeared 
 (as in convenit, ' it suits,' ' pleases,' ), the compound has been brought 
 under the head of Special Meanings, rather than under the Dative 
 with Prepositional Compounds. 
 
 advorsor (18) : Aul. 141, nee tibi advorsari certum est ; Naev. 
 Com. 5 ; Asin. 508, advorsari meis praeceptis ; Hec. 245. 
 
 aemulor : Cael. Antip. p. 106 (Peter), sese quisque vobis studeat 
 aemulari in statu fortunae rei publicae. 
 
 aequipero : Pacuv. 407, si quae eventura sunt provideant, aequi- 
 perent Iovi. 
 
 ancillor : Titin. 70, etiam uxoribus ancillantur. 
 
 audio, in the phrase dicto audio (6) : Amph. 989, ego sum Iovi 
 dicto audiens ; Cato, Agr. 142. 
 
 ausculto (frequent) : Aul. 237, ausculta mihi ; Trin. 662 ; Ad. 906. 
 With the dative this verb usually means 'obey'; with the accusative 
 (only of the thing) the meaning is 'hear,' e.g. Merc. 477, omnia 
 ego istaec auscultavi. But And. 536, ausculta paucis, ' listen to.' 
 
 auxilior : Trin. 377, ei poteris auxiliarier ; H. T. 923 ; Ad. 273 ; 
 Asin. Arg. 1. 
 
 blandior : Cist. 33, nostro ordini blandiuntur ; Men. 626 ; Bacch. 
 518 (A). 
 
 subblandior (4) : Bacch. 517, mi subblandibitur ; Cas. 586, viris 
 alienis subblandirier. 
 
 commodo (4) : Asin. 445, commoda homini amico ; Hec. 760. 
 
 conduco: Bacch. 56, huic aetati non conducit locus; 764; Lucil. 
 969 (Mx) ; C. Gracchus, p. 231 (Meyer), non quo modo ambitioni 
 meae conducere arbitrabar. 
 
 disconducit : Trin. 930, nil disconducit huic rei. 
 
 convenit, 'suits,' 'pleases': Poen. 1340, omnibus amicis meis 
 idem unum convenit; Ad. 59; Afran. 25, sumpsi conveniret quod 
 mihi. 
 
 credo (' believe,' extremely frequent) : Amph. 391, tuae fide credo ! 
 Poen. 490, ut mi aequomst credier; Hec. 779, crimini falso credi- 
 dijse; often in connection with an accusative : Capt. 886, quandonil 
 mi credis ; Phor. 993, cave isti quicquam creduas ! 
 
Dative with Verbs of Special Meaning. 119 
 
 accredo: Asin. 854, neque mi posthac quicquam accreduas! 627. 
 
 diffido : Rud. 82, ut hostes vostri diffidant sibi. 
 
 expedit : Hec. 56, mihi ut discere novas expediat ; H. T. 388 ; 337. 
 
 facio, with bene, male (frequent) : Bacch. 616a, neque indignior 
 quoi di bene faciant ; Men. 1021 ; Trin 328 ; 633. 
 
 faveo : Naev. Com. Ill, regum filiis Unguis faveant (regum filiis 
 may not belong to Naevius) ; Enn. Ann. 291 (V) ; Eun. 916. 
 
 grator : Pacuv. 187, ut eant gratatum hospiti ; Ace. 514. 
 
 gratulor (7) : Naev. Bell. Pun. 25, gratulabatur divis ; Stich. 567, 
 gratulabor adventum filiis ; Afran. 21, gratulor dis ; Enn. Trag. 176 
 (Sc 209 V). 
 
 ignosco (15): Epid. 729, mihi ut ignoscas; Merc. 997, ignoscat 
 delictis tuis ; but Bacch. 1185, ut eis delicta ignoscas ; Most. 1157 ; 
 M. G. 568, hoc mi ignosee ; Hec. 737, ea aetate sum ut non siet 
 peccato mi ignosci aequom, where we have one dative of the person, 
 another of the thing. Ignosco is also construed with the accusative 
 (both of the person and the thing) in Early Latin, e.g. Amph. 257, 
 orant ignoscamus peccatum suom ; Phor. 1015 ; see p. 212. 
 
 immineo : L. Aemil. Paulus (Meyer), p. 156, si adversi quid populo 
 Bomano immineret. 
 
 imperito : Pseud. 703, te qui imperitas Pseudolo. 
 
 impero (frequent) : Men. 840, Apollo mi imperat ; M. G. 1162, 
 voluptatem mi imperas ; Rud. 403 ; Ad. 77, imperare liberis ; Trag. 
 Incert. 104, en impero Argis. Cf. also Stich. 699, utrum Fontine an 
 Libero imperium te inhibere mavis. 
 
 incommodo : And. 162, magis mihi ut incommodet. 
 
 indulgeo: H. T. 861, nimium illi indulges. Elsewhere in Early 
 Latin indulgeo takes the accusative, e.g. H. T. 988 ; Eun. 222 ; Afran. 
 389 ; see p. 212. 
 
 insidior : Hec. 70, hiscine tu non contra insidiabere ? 
 
 invideo (10) : Bacch. 544, sibi ne invideatur ; Pseud. 1135, illis 
 invides ; Eun. 410. In connection with the accusative : Most. 51, 
 quasi invidere mihi hoc videre. For other examples of the accusa- 
 tive with invideo, see p. 212. 
 
 irascor (frequent) : Amph. 522, non te mi irasci decet ; Most. 
 1163 ; And. 664. 
 
 latrocinor : Plautus, fr. 61, qui regi latrocinatu's Demetrio. 
 
120 The Dative. 
 
 loquor, with inclementer (4), male (7) : Poen. 1323, loqui inclemen- 
 ter nostro cognato et patri ; 1372 ; Capt. 564, male loqui mi audes ? 
 Cure. 569 ; Trin. 926. 
 
 lubet (frequent) : Bacch. 923, lubet mi has pellegere ; And. 958 ; 
 Cato, Agr. 5, 2. 
 
 collubet (10) : Amph. 858, qui illi collubitum siet ; 343 ; Bacch. 
 28. 
 
 maledico (frequent) : Men. 313, qui nunc ipsus maledicas tibi ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 33, 6, ut mihi falso maledicatur ; Stat. 24. 
 
 male dictito : Trin. 99, male dictitatur tibi volgo. 
 
 mando, ' command ' (frequent) : Bacch. 526, quae mandas mihi ; 
 Epid. 130; Cato, Agr. 141, 1; Eun. 208. 
 
 medeor: old formula in Varro, R. R. i. 2. 27, medere meis pedibus ; 
 for the accusative with medeor, see Phor. 822. 
 
 medicor : And. 944, quom ego possim medicari mihi ; 831 ; Amph. 
 f r. viii. In Merc. 951 Ritschl supplies the dative. With accusative : 
 Most. 387. 
 
 ministro : Amph. 983, ut ministres mihi. 
 
 minitor (frequent) : Cure. 571, mihin malum minitare ? 572 ; 
 Rud. 607. 
 
 minor (5) : Cas. 676, num quid mihi minatur ? 
 comminor : Aul. 417, quid comminatus mihi ? 
 interminor : Asin. 363, mihi tibique interminatust nos futuros 
 ulmeos ; Eun. 830 ; Cas. 658. 
 
 moderor (10) : Men. 443, qui domino (quid rome codd) me postulem 
 moderarier ; Bacch. 91 ; Pers. 297. 
 
 admoderor: M. G. 1073, neque risu (risum B) admoderarier. 
 
 morigero, morigeror : Amph. 981, nunc mi morigero; Capt. 198; 
 Ad. 218 ; Ace. 469. 
 
 noceo : Cure. 352, neque decet nocti nocerier ; Cist. 290, manu esse 
 credo nocitum. 
 
 nubo (frequent) : Cas. 301, mihi ilia nubet ; Phor. 126 ; Af ran. 161. 
 
 oboedio (frequent) : Cure. 556, ut mi oboedirent ; Bacch. 439, quam 
 magistro desinebat esse dicto oboediens ; 459 ; M. G. 611, tibi oboe- 
 dientes; 806; 1129; Afran. 206; Ace. 442. 
 
 .obsum (frequent) : Capt. 705, quia vera obessent illi ; Cure. 720 ; 
 M. G. 601 ; 996 ; H. T. 974. 
 
Dative with Verbs of Special Meaning. 121 
 
 obtempero (5) : Amph. 449, non ego illi optempero ; H. T. 594 ; 
 Hec. 512. 
 
 opitulor (4) : Cas. 262, filio oportet opitulari ; Cure. 332 ; Pacuv. 
 287. 
 
 palpor : Amph. 507, quam blande mulieri palpabitur ! 
 
 suppalpor : M. G. 106, eius matri suppalparier. 
 parco (frequent): Asin. 176, urihi quidem te parcere aequomst; 
 Bacch. 751 ; H. T. 164 ; Lucil. 719 (Mx) ; Afran. 355 ; Enn. Trag. 
 121 (So 134 V). But the accusative is also found, e.g. Cure. 381, nisi 
 earn mature parsit ; Most. 104, and elsewhere ; see p. 214. 
 imperco : Cas. 832, amabo, huic impercito ! 
 reperco : True. 375, utinam rei repersisses meae ut nunc repercis 
 saviis. 
 
 pareo (8) : Asin. 601, qui sese parere apparent huius legibus ; 
 M. G. 1036 ; Pers. 812 ; 841 ; Hec. 564. 
 
 patrocinor : Phor. 938, vos me indotatis modo patrocinari arbitra- 
 mini. 
 
 placeo (frequent) : Capt. 586, id ne utiquam mihi placet ; H. T. 52 ; 
 Merc. 840, animo tuo quod placeat maxume; Most. 293, tibi me 
 exorno ut placeam. 
 
 complaceo (4) : Bud. 187, hoc deo complacitumst ; 727 ; And. 
 645. 
 
 displiceo : Men. 670, si tibi displiceo ; M. G. 614 ; H. T. 1043. 
 perplaceo : Merc. 348, dum servi mei perplacet mi consilium, 
 prospero : Pers. 263, nunc amico prosperabo ; Cas. 1005, tibi nunc 
 veniam minus gravate prospero. 
 
 prosum (frequent) : Bacch. 135, tua disciplina nee mihi prodest 
 nee tibi ; And. 677 ; Stat. 210, arbores quae saeclo prosint alteri. 
 saevio : Bud. 825, ita nunc mi utrumque saevit. 
 satis sum : Pers. 27, quasi Titani cum eis belligerem quibus sat 
 esse non queam. 
 
 servio (frequent) : Amph. 1004, eius studio servire addecet ; Asin. 
 235, mihi uti serviat ; H. T. 139 ; Turp. 69. With ace. : p. 215. 
 
 inservio : H. T. 417, item ut filium meum amico atque aequali 
 suo video inservire. In Most. 216, the accusative occurs, si ilium 
 mservibis solum ; so 190. 
 
 praeservio : Amph. 126, ut praeservire amanti meo possem patri. 
 
122 The Dative. 
 
 subservio : Men. 766, istaec quae viros subservire sibi postulant ; 
 And. 735, tu ut subservias orationi ; Amph. Arg. II, 4. 
 
 studeo (frequent): Asin. 182, illi rei studet; 867; Most. 29, his 
 factis studet. For studeo with the accusative, see p. 216. 
 
 suadeo (frequent) : Bacch. 54, ne tibi lectus malitiam apud me 
 suadeat ; Stat. 96 ; And. 577. 
 
 consuadeo : Trin. 527, consuadet homini, credo, 
 persuadeo (5) : Merc. 331, huic persuadere quo modo potis siem ; 
 Phor. 135, persuasumst homini; Lucil. 675 (Mx), mihi non persua- 
 detur mutem meos. 
 
 sufflo : Cas. 582, nescioquid se sufflavit uxori suae. 
 
 supparasitor : Amph. 515, accedam et supparasitabor patri ; 993 ; 
 M. G. 348. 
 
 suscenseo (frequent) : Capt. 669, quam ob rem suscenses mihi ? 
 Merc. 1012; And. 653; Phor. 261. 
 
 tempero : Eud. 1254, linguae tempera ; True. 61 ; Phor. 271. For 
 tempera with the accusative, see p. 216 ; with the ablative, p. 286. 
 
 turgeo : Cas. 325, ita turget mihi ; Most. 699. 
 
 volo, with bene (frequent): Capt. 700, nee quisquam melius quoi 
 velim; Merc. 898; Pseud. 233; Lucil. 1336 (Mx), his bene velle. 
 With male : Asin. 841, male qui mihi volunt ; Pers. 820 ; Eun. 655. 
 
 Two verbs of contending also appear with the dative : Bacch. 967, 
 dein pugnam conserui seni; Trin. 838, satis partum habeo quibus 
 aerumnis deluctavi. 
 
 Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 1 
 
 It not infrequently happens that a simple intransitive verb which 
 does not take the dative may, when combined with a preposition, 
 form a compound which takes a dative of indirect object. Less often 
 a transitive verb, when compounded with a preposition, loses its 
 transitive character and governs the dative instead of the accusative, 
 
 JHahn, De verborum cum praep. comp. apud veteres Romanorum poetas scaenicos 
 cum dativo structure. Halle, 1878 ; Ulrich, Fr., De verborum comp. quae exstant 
 apud Plautum structura commentatio. Programm, Halle, 1880; Schliiter, Const., De 
 accusativi et dativi usu Terentiano. Munster, 1874 ; Landgraf, G-, Beitrage zur 
 hist. Syntax der lat. Spr. Programm, Munich, 1899, p. 29 ff. ; Fay, The Latin 
 Dative : Nomenclature and Classification, Classical Quarterly, v, p. 185 ff. ■ Lease, 
 The Dative with Prepositional Compounds, Am. Jour. Phil, xxxiii, p. 285 ff. 
 
Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 123 
 
 e.g. obsequor. In addition to the foregoing, we find certain transitive 
 verbs which, when compounded with prepositions, become capable 
 of taking a dative in addition to an accusative of direct object, as 
 inicite huic manicas mastigiae! The prepositions involved in the 
 phenomena here mentioned are : ad, ante, com-, in, inter, ob, prae, 
 pro, sub, super. Yet by no means all verbs compounded with these 
 prepositions exhibit the property referred to. l Furthermore, many 
 compounds which take the dative appear either occasionally or fre- 
 quently with the accusative or with prepositional phrases (introduced 
 especially by ad or in). In view of these facts, the raison d'etre of the 
 whole category has recently been challenged by Fay, and subsequently 
 by Lease, in the articles cited above. Fay, p. 194, is inclined to 
 ignore the preposition altogether, declaring that " in the last analysis, 
 no verbal idea represented by any member of this group would, if 
 exhibited out of composition, fail to allow the dative." Lease, p. 
 299, seems chiefly concerned because the principle is not of universal, 
 or even of general, application. It is only sometimes true. But Fay's 
 contention does not seem to me well supported by the material sub- 
 mitted in the following list. It certainly is not unworthy of note 
 that a large number of simple verbs which take a prepositional phrase 
 may, when compounded with certain prepositions, take the dative. 
 It is perfectly true that some of these compound verbs approach in 
 signification other uncompounded verbs which are construed with 
 the dative ; but that seems to me to be by no means true of the bulk 
 of the verbs in my list. Moreover the phenomenon under discussion 
 is not confined to Latin, but is characteristic of other Indo-European 
 languages as well ; cf. Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 277. In reply to 
 Lease it may properly be urged that no one ever gave to the principle 
 the scope which many seem to assume. No one ever claimed that all 
 compounds, or most compounds, but merely many compounds, of the 
 prepositions enumerated, were construed with the dative. Such 
 compounds as do take the dative, take it because their meaning is 
 naturally adapted to construction with an indirect object. Yet I 
 hold that this adaptation is a result of the composition. I have 
 always treated these datives as a variety of indirect object (see my 
 
 1 Id only about 14% of the total number of times they are used, according to Lease, 
 op. cit. p. 299. 
 
124 The Dative. 
 
 Latin Grammar, § 187, III ; Latin Language, § 315) ; yet they form 
 an interesting and important category which, in my judgment, calls 
 for separate recognition. 
 
 An embarrassment in classification results from the fact that many 
 compound verbs governing the dative are also verbs of the ' special 
 meanings ' recognized above (p. 117), e.g. prosum. Again both the 
 simple verb and the compound may govern the dative, e.g. mando, 
 ' entrust ' and commendo. It has seemed to me better to exclude ex- 
 amples like these last from the ' Dative with Prepositional Com- 
 pounds ' and to bring them either under the ' Dative with Verbs of 
 Special Meanings,' or the ' Dative of Simple Indirect Object.' Doubt- 
 less some apparent discrepancies will suggest themselves, but it seems 
 well-nigh impossible to avoid this, particularly when one considers 
 that the material never lay in absolutely distinct categories, but was 
 more or less dovetailed together. The arrangement is according to 
 prepositions, which follow in their alphabetical order. 
 
 Compounds of ad: 
 accedo (only in figurative sense) : Amph. 709, num tibi aut 
 stultitia accessit ? Epid. 474 ; Merc. 24 ; Hec. 506. The accusative 
 occurs: Epid. 149, ego istuc accedam periclum ; Most. 446 ; 689 ; Enn. 
 Ann. 537 (V), accedit muros Romana iuventus ; Lucil. 112 (Mx). As 
 these examples show, with the accusative, accedo is used in either 
 the literal or figurative sense. More frequent than either the dative 
 or the accusative is the construction with prepositions (ad, and 
 occasionally in), in both the literal and figurative senses, e.g. Men. 82, 
 si ad malum accedit malum ; Rud. 787, ad te accedent. 
 
 accido : Ace. Praet. 30, ea si cui in somno accidunt ; Hec. 362, 
 quae necopinanti accidunt. With accusative : Stich. 88, certo enim 
 mihi paternae vocis sonitus auris accidit. With ad (in both literal 
 and figurative senses) : Poen. 485, ad terram accidebant ; Hec. 378 ; 
 Pacuv. 34, nilne ad te de iudicio armum accidit ? Ace. 449, simul 
 ac nota vox ad auris accidit. 
 
 accommodo : Lucil. 157 (Mx), quam dextrae gladium dum ac- 
 commodet alter; Ace. 256, tunc silvestrum exuvias laevo pictas 
 lateri accommodant ; 686, frena tensae atque ori (Ribb; tensauri codd), 
 equorum accommodant. With ad : Trin. 719, uti clipeum ad dorsum 
 accommodem. 
 
Dative with Prepositional Com/pounds. 125 
 
 adduco (frequent) : Cure. 138, tibi quam amas iam hue adducam ; 
 Most. 804 ; Hec. 770, puero nutricem adducit. Always in the literal 
 sense. 
 
 adeo : only in the expression, alicui manum adire : Aul. 378, 
 ita illis impuris adii manus; Cas. 935; Poen. 457; 462; Pers. 
 796, quo modo manus mi aditast. In the sense of 'approach 7 
 the verb is often transitive in Early Latin, e.g. Cist. 33; Epid. 
 571. The construction with ad is also frequent, e.g. Cure. 262; 
 Eun. 578. 
 
 adfigo: Pers. 295, te cruci adfigent; so Plaut. fr. 48; Lucil. 
 161 (Mx). 
 
 adicio: M. G-. 909, quasi militi animum adieceris simulare; 
 Poen. 1174, qui amabilitati animum adiceret. 
 
 adiudico : Trag. Incert. 53, mest aequom frui fraternis armis mi- 
 hique adiudicarier. 
 
 admolior : Asin. 570, ubi sacro manum sis admolitus. With ad : 
 Eud. 599. 
 
 admoveo : Asin. 779, talos ne quoiquam admoveat. 
 
 adrideo : Asin. 207, turn mi aedes quoque adridebant ; Eun. 250 ; 
 Ad. 864 (the last two in literal sense). 
 
 adsentor (6) 1 : Amph. 751, te nolo adsentari mihi ; 702 ; Most. 
 176 ; Eun. 490. 
 
 adsentior l : Merc. 412, tibi adsentior ; Lucil. 432 (Mx), assensus 
 sum homini. 
 
 adstringo: Eun. 102, hac lege tibi meam adstringo fidem. 
 
 adsum (frequent) : literally : M. G-. 219, viden hostis tibi ad- 
 esse ? Most. 1075, adsum praesens praesenti tibi ; 1137 ; True. 500 ; 
 H. T. 159 ; Phor. 484, Phaedria tibi adest ; figuratively : Bacch. 987, 
 adest exitium Ilio ; Cas. 572, oportet contarier adsitne ei animus ; 
 Pseud. 60 ; And. 630, quis pudor paulum adest 
 
 advoco (6): Bacch. 261, antiquom hospitem nostrum sibi ad- 
 vocavit ; Cas. 569 ; Merc. 737 ; Phor. 312. 
 
 appono : literally : Pers. 354, quam mensa inanis si apponatur 
 mihi; Men. 212; Ace. 386, custodem Ioni apposuit (instituit, many 
 codd) virgini; figuratively: M. G. 905, ad tua praecepta de meo nihil 
 his novom adposivi. With ad : Cato, Agr. 102. 
 
 1 Placed here despite the lack of the simplex. 
 
126 The Dative. 
 
 Compounds of ante. 
 
 antecedo : only figuratively : Pseud. 532, si virtute regi Agathocli 
 antecesseris ; Phor. 525; Titin. 11. 
 
 anteeo: only figuratively: Amph. 649, Virtus omnibus rebus 
 anteit ; elsewhere the ace. : Bacch. 23, hie adulescens Ulixem anteit ; 
 Phor. 247, erum anteeo sapientia ; Trabea, 5. 
 
 antideo : only figuratively : Pers. 778, solus ego omnibus anti- 
 deo ; elsewhere the ace. : Bacch. 1089, solus ego omnis longe antideo ; 
 Cas. 225 ; Cist. 205 ; Pseud. 932. 
 
 antepono : Cure. 73, te antepones Veneri iaientaculo ? Men. 
 274, bonum anteponam prandium pransoribus ; Poen. 39, quo de- 
 teriores bonis anteponantur. In Rud. 509, where the codd. have 
 antepositast, edd., following Nettleship, now read aut positast. 
 
 antisto: only figuratively: Cato, Agr. 156, 1, brassica quae omni- 
 bus holeribus antistat ; Enn. Trag. 197 (Sc 228 V), plebes regi 
 antistat. 
 
 antevenio : literally : Trin. 911, temperi huic hodie anteveni ; 
 figuratively: Cas. 217, omnibus rebus Amorem credo antevenire; 
 Pseud. 417 (antecedat P). 
 
 antevorto : literally : Eun. 738, miror ubi huic antevorterim ; 
 figuratively : Capt. 840, pol maerores antevortunt gaudiis ; Bacch. 
 526. 
 
 Compounds of com-. 
 
 comparo : Eun. 355, si scias quod donum huic dono contra com- 
 paret. 
 
 compono : literally : Lucil. 303 (Mx), labra labellis compono ; 
 305, turn latu' {Mercer ; tuom latum codd) componit lateri et cum 
 pectore pectus ; figuratively : Ace. 147, quid est cur componere ausis 
 mihi te aut me tibi ? 
 
 congredior : Pseud. 580, ubiquomque hostibus congrediar (A ; 
 cum hostibus P) ; the accusative : Epid. 545, hanc congrediar astu. 
 With cum : Rud. 1259. 
 
 contendo: Lucil. 276 (Mx), huncine ego umquam Hyacinto homi- 
 nem contendi ? But Ace. 648, ut vim contendas tuam ad (om codd) 
 maiestatem viri. 
 
 convenio, ' suit,' ' fit,' • Bacch. 129, non omnis aetas ludo con- 
 venit; M. G. 895; Pseud. 1111; Stich. 298; And. 366, num videntur 
 
Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 127 
 
 convenire haec nuptiis ? Phor. 726, mulier mulieri magis convenit 
 (congruit, -et some codd). With in: H. T. 876, in me quidvis 
 harum rerum convenit. 
 
 Compounds of in. 
 
 immitto : Ace. 10, et vela ventorum animae inmittere ; 416, 
 frenos inmittens feris ; Lucil. 288 (Mx) , fluitare capronas, frontibtis 
 inmissas. 
 
 immoveo: True. 82, damnosiorem meo immovit loco. 
 
 impendeo : Epid. 135, alia cura impendet pectori. With ace. : 
 Phor. 180, te impendent mala; Lucil, 1227 (Mx), quae res me im- 
 pendet. — With in : Epid. 83, tantae in te impendent ruinae. 
 
 impingo: Capt. 734, iubete huic compedes impingier; so Pers. 
 573 ; Phor. 439, dicam tibi impingam grandem. With in : Rud. 710, 
 in os impinge ; Afran. 419, mustriculam in dentes impingam tibi. 
 
 impluo: Most. 871, malum quom impluit ceteris (ceteros codd; 
 corr W) ne impluat mi. 
 
 impono : literally : Most. 430, unde advenienti sarcinam impo- 
 nam seni ; Com. Incert. 66, clitellae bovi sunt impositae ; Lucil. 768 
 (Mx), cui saepe mille imposui plagarum ; 1248 ; figuratively : Asin. 
 239, nobis legem imponito ; Lucil. 896 (Mx), deliciis maculam atque 
 ignominiam imponere. With in and accusative (literally only) : 
 Men. 26, imponit in navim ; so M. G. 1186 ; Rud. 357 ; 489 ; Pers. 
 691, in collum; Cato, fr. (Jord) 11, 4; And. 129; Bacch. 69, in 
 manum ; 499, in te ; Rud. 1237, in eas. With in and ablative : Aul. 
 386, haec imponentur in foco nostro. 
 
 importo: Pacuv. 178, quantam cladem importem familiae. 
 
 imprimo : Enn. Trag. 397 (Sc 427 V), imprimit genae genam ; 
 Lucil. 72 (Mx), si natibus natricem impressit. 
 
 incido (figuratively only): Men. 874, ei tantus morbus incidit; 
 And. 359, mi incidit suspicio ; so 501 ; H. T. 395, ut numquam ulla 
 amori vostro incidere possit calamitas. With in: Trin. 658, in 
 f raudem incidi ; And. 782 ; et pass. 
 
 incubo : Cure. 266, incubare satius te fuerat Iovi. With in and 
 abl. : Cure. 61, aegrotus incubat in Aesculapi fano ; figuratively : 
 Cas. 110, iucubabo in praefectura mea. 
 
 incutio : Trin. 75, omnibus amicis morbum tu incuties gravem ; 
 Enn. Ann. 512 (V), Romanis incntit (inculit codd) iram. 
 
128 The Dative. 
 
 infero : Liv. And. Odyss. (Baehr), 28, vina isdem (sc. navibus) 
 inferinuntur (inserinuntur codd). 
 
 infringo : Ad. 199, quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. 
 
 ingero: Bacch. 875, tibi mala multa ingeram. Within: Asin. 
 927, quoin dicta in me ingerebas; Phor. 988, pugnos in. ventrem ingere ! 
 
 inicio (8) : literally : Cap. 659, inicite buic manicas mastigiae ! 
 figuratively: Most. 570; Pers. 71; H. T. 893, continuo iniecisse 
 verba tibi ; Ad. 228, inieci scrupulum homini ; Phor. 691. With in : 
 Pseud. 407, volui inicere tragulam in nostrum senem ; Stat. 262, in 
 morbum inici ; And. 140, in ignem inicere ; and elsewhere. 
 
 inluceo: Capt. 597, pix tuo capiti inluceat. In a different 
 sense : Pers. 712, hie tibi dies inluxit lucrificabilis ; so 779. 
 
 innascor : M. G. 1063, non mihi avaritia umquam innatast ; And. 
 626, tanta vecordia innata quoiquam ut siet ! But Poen. 300, invidia 
 in me numquam innatast. 
 
 insisto : Incert. Vaticin. Baehr. p. 35, tu insiste hostium muris ; 
 Trag. Incert. 126. The ace. . Cas. 845, institit plantam ; see also 
 under the Accusative, p. 220. With in: M.G. 357, insiste in dolos. 
 
 insto : Pers. 492, tibi multa bona instant. With ace. : Pers. 
 514, nescis quid te instet boni; see also under the Accusative, p. 
 220. In the sense of ' stand on,' with in and ablative : Pacuv. 367, 
 saxo instare in globoso. 
 
 intendo : Poen. 200, leno quoi iam intenta ballistast. With in : 
 Pseud. 1144, in hunc intende digitum; H. T. 513, intendenda in 
 senemst fallacia. 
 
 invado : Ace. 455, quae vastitudo haec aut unde invasit mihi ? 
 With accusative : Lucil. 57 (Mx), hunc in fauces invasse ; Asin. 55 ; 
 Trin. 28. Elsewhere with in : e.g. Bacch. 711, recta porta invado in 
 oppidum antiquom; Asin. 908, in oculos invadi optumumst; Lucil. 
 1079 (Mx), in pugnas te invadere vidi. 
 
 Compounds of inter. 
 
 intercedo : And. 961, si nulla aegritudo huic gaudio intercesserit. 
 
 interloquor : H. T. 691, sicine mi interloquere ? 
 
 intersum : Fannius (Meyer), p. 201, existimatis ludis et festis 
 diebus interfuturos ? Scaurus (Meyer), p. 260. In a different 
 sense (' differ ') : Eun. 232, stulto intellegens quid interest. 
 
 intervenio : ' interrupt ' : Paucv. 14, nocti ni interveniat (sc. sol) ; 
 
Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 129 
 
 H.T. 281, ubi interventum mulieri; Eun. 553; 'befall': H. T. 679, 
 nulla mihi res posthac potest iam intervenire. 
 
 Compounds of ob. 
 
 obdo: Naev. Com. 20, leoni obdas oreas ; H. T. 278, foribus obdit 
 pessulum ; so Eun. 603. 
 
 obduco : Merc. Arg. I, 6, eum putat uxor sibi obduxe scortum. 
 
 obiecto : Merc. 410, uxori meae mihique obiectent lenocinium 
 f acere ; Most. 16, rus mihi obiectas ? 810 ; Trin. 653 ; 694, mihi quod 
 obiectent siet. 
 
 obicio (frequent) : only figuratively : Amph. 605, huic homini 
 nescioquid est mali obiectum ; ' Cist. 699a, hie meis turba oculis modo 
 se obiecit; so Pseud. 592; H. T. 186, ut hanc laetitiam primus 
 obicerem ei; Phor. 503; Lucil. 394 (Mx). With ob: M. G. 148, 
 glaucumam ob oculos obiciemus. 
 
 obligo : True. 956, pecua collo in crumina obligata defero. 
 
 obmoveo : Cato, Agr. 134, 2, fertum Iovi ommoveto ; 134, 4, Iano 
 struem ommoveto. 
 
 obnitor : Enn. Ann. 147 (V), aquila obnixa volabat vento. 
 
 obsaepio : Stat. 65, gnato saltum obsipiam. 
 
 obsequor (frequent) : Merc. 84, dam illi obsequar ; And. 163 ; 
 Turp. 180, certum est me illis obsequi. 
 
 obsisto : literally : Capt. 801, qui mihi in cursu, f axo vitae is 
 opstiterit suae ; Cure. 284 ; Merc. 859 ; Lucil. 51 (Mx) cuiquomque 
 opstiterit; figuratively: A sin. 451, ita iracundia opstitit oculis; 
 Pseud. 268, non potest pietati obsisti huic; Lucil. 639 (Mx), corpus 
 animo obsistere. With ob : M.G. 405, ob oculos opstitisse caliginem. 
 
 obsSno: Pseud. 208, quom sermone huic (the reading of P) 
 obsonas. 
 
 obsto : literally : Enn. Ann. 163 (V), soli luna obstitit ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord) 16, 18, quotiens lunae aut solis lumini (-e some codd) caligo 
 aut quid obstiterit ; figuratively : H. T. 498, paulum negoti mi obstat : 
 Eun. 483 ; And. 943 ; Hec. 596. 
 
 obvaro : Enn. Sc 4 (V), nam consiliis obvarant quibus tarn con- 
 cedit hie ordo. 
 
 obvenio: Trin. 469, si ibi opulentus tibi par forte obvenerit; 
 True. 521, hand ab re tibi istic obvenit labos ; CIL, i, 198, 68, eiei 
 aerarium provincia obvenerit. 
 
130 The Dative. 
 
 obvorto : Pseud. 1021, ne mihi obvortat cornua. 
 
 occedo: Asm. 404, quisque obviam huic occesserit; so 412; 
 Stich. 672 ; Trin. 1138. As shown by Varro, E. R. iii, 17, 10, occedo 
 alone may take the dative. Consequently, although all the Plautine 
 examples are accompanied by obviam, yet I have classified them 
 under occedo. 
 
 occludo : Asin. 759, fores occlusae omnibus sint nisi tibi ! 
 
 occubo : M. G-. 212, quoi bini custodes semper occubant. 
 
 occumbo : Enn. Trag. 384 (Sc 136 V), ut pro vostra vita morti 
 occumbant; but Ann. 398 (V), occumbunt multi letum. 
 
 oppono: Cato, Agr. 157, 16, depetigini spurcae brassicam 
 opponito ! 
 
 Compounds of prae. 
 
 praecedo : Asin. 629, vostrae fortunae meis praecedunt. 
 
 praecipio (frequent) : Asin. 507, mihi quo pacto praecipis ; Most. 
 194 ; Ad. 424. 
 
 praeficio (7) ; Amph. 100, is nunc praefectust legionibus ; 363 ; 
 Pseud. 158. 
 
 praefulcio : Pers. 12, quin me suis negotiis praef ulciat ; Pseud. 
 772. 
 
 praemercor : Epid. 406, istam gnato tuo sumus praemercati. 
 
 praepono (7) : Pud. 916, lucrum praeposivi sopori et quieti ; 
 Trin. 648 ; And. 65 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 72, 1, vos huic rei praepositos 
 esse ; Lucil. 1288 (Mi). 
 
 praescribo : And. 151, tute ipse his rebus finem praescrip- 
 sti. 
 
 praesto (9) : figuratively, except in the Cato passage : Bacch. 
 973, Priamus hie multo illi praestat ; Eun. 232 ; H. T. 876 ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), 13, 6, quia is locus montibus praestet. In place of the dative 
 we find inter with accusative : Poen. 1193, nos inter alias praestitimus 
 pulcritudine. 
 
 praestruo : Com. Inc. 103, vix pedem pedi praestruit. 
 
 praesum : Amph. 11, datum mi esse, nuntiis praesim et 
 lucro. 
 
 praetendo: Lucil. 193 (Mx), pedibus praetensus equinis. 
 
 praevorto : Cist. 781, praevorti hoc certumst rebus aliis omnibus; 
 Pseud. 293, quom pietatem (te) amori video tuo praevortere. 
 
Dative with Prepositional Compounds. 131 
 
 Compounds of sub. 
 
 subdo ; Liv. And. Trag. 26, puerum interea ancillae lactantem 
 subdam ; Epid. 140. With sub : Cato, Agr. 84, sub testum subde ; 
 Cure. 297, subdam sub solum. 
 
 subicio : Cas. Arg. 4, ita ei subicitur pro puella servolus ; so 
 Epid. Arg. 3. 
 
 substerno : Cato, Agr. 5, 7, earn substernito ovibus ; 37, 2. 
 
 subvenio (frequent) : Asin. 476, non audes mihi subvenire ? 
 Pseud. 1146 ; Kud. 870 ; Phor. 8 ; Titin. 33 ; CIL, i, 288, Elog. 29 ; 
 Pacuv. Praet. 2. 
 
 subvento : Eud. 231, subventa mi. 
 
 succedo : Lucil. 1043 (Mx), succedere aratro. 
 
 succenturio : Sta 1 '. 229, nunc meae malitiae, Astutia, opus est 
 succenturiare. 
 
 suffero : Cas. 949, intro ad uxorem meam sufferamque ei meum 
 tergum. 
 
 suffigo : M. G. 209, columnam mento sufflgit suo. 
 
 suffundo : Kud. 588, quasi vinis Graecis Neptunus nobis suffudit 
 mare. 
 
 suppono (frequent) : only figuratively : Cure. 256, meliorem quam 
 •ego sum suppono tibi ; True. 403, quaerere puerum aut puellam qui 
 supponatur mihi ; Eun. 912 ; Afran. 152. In literal sense with sub 
 and accusative : Poen. 1025, sub cratim ut iubeas se supponi. 
 
 Compounds of super. 
 
 supersedeo : the dative is probably not to be recognized with this 
 verb in Early Latin. In expressions like Epid. 39, supersede istis 
 rebus ; Poen. 414 ; Turp. 163 ; Cato, Agr. 5, 1, the case is ablative. 
 The first certain instance of the dative is Auct. Bell. Afr. 75, 2, 
 adversarios supersedere pugnae animadvertit. On the other hand, 
 sure instances of the ablative are found in the Auct. ad Her. ii, 19, 
 30, and in Cicero. 
 
 supersum : Asin. 17, sicut tuom vis unicum gnatum tuae super- 
 ■esse vitae ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 63, 1, si quis vostrum bello (in bello cod) 
 superfuerit. 
 
 Of the foregoing prepositional compounds governing the dative, 
 those with ante, inter, ob, prae, sub, and super are used with the 
 
132 The Dative. 
 
 dative almost exclusively. They rarely take the accusative or 
 prepositional phrases as alternative constructions. Of the other 
 compounds, those with com- show greater hospitality toward the 
 admission of alternative constructions, especially prepositional com- 
 pounds ; while those with ad and in exhibit the greatest tendency in 
 this direction. 
 
 A general tendency is exhibited in all the compounds to employ 
 the dative rather in figurative relations than in literal ones, though 
 examples of the latter are not especially rare Literal relations are 
 expressed more usually by the accusative or prepositional phrases ; 
 yet we frequently find figurative relations also expressed by these 
 same means. 
 
 DATIVE OF REFERENCE.* 
 
 In the case of the constructions hitherto considered, the dative 
 is closely associated with the verb of the sentence. In contrast with 
 these, we find a large number of datives which, instead of being 
 closely associated with the verb, modify the sentence as a whole. 
 Following the nomenclature long in vogue in America and England 
 I use the term " Dative of Reference " to designate this usage. 
 Brugmann, loc. cit., characterizes it as the "loserer Dativ zur 
 Erganzung der Satzaussage." He also properly emphasizes the fact 
 that a sharp line of demarcation between this dative and the Dative 
 of Indirect Object cannot be drawn. The two types of use naturally 
 merge into each other, as with many other case constructions ; cf. 
 especially the genitive. The notion of direction lies at the basis of 
 all the uses coming under this head. 
 
 Several varieties of usage fall under this broad category of Dative 
 of Reference, or sentence modifier. I distinguish : 
 
 1. The General Type. 
 
 2. The Sympathetic Dative. In this type the dative has developed 
 from its use as a sentence modifier till it has become more or less 
 closely associated with some substantive of the sentence. It is 
 employed where in English and in most modern languages the geni- 
 tive or a possessive pronoun is more common, and where in Latin 
 
 1 Brugmann, Grundriss der vgl. Grammatik, iV, p. 565. 
 
Dative of Reference, 133 
 
 also (barring the sermo familiaris) the genitive was the more usual 
 idiom. A typical example is Ad. 244, omnes dentes labefecit mihi. 
 
 3. Dative of the Person Judging, e.g. Poen. 136, tuae blanditiae 
 mihi sunt gerrae, i.e. " in my eyes." 
 
 4. The Ethical Dative. 
 
 I take up these several categories in turn. 
 
 1. Dative of Reference (General Type). 
 
 In its general type the Dative of Reference is a loose sentence 
 modifier indicating the person to whom the statement as a whole 
 refers, of whom it is true, or with respect to whom it has validity. 
 Typical examples belonging under this head are : Stich. 631, nolo 
 mi fieri te Catagelasimum ; Cas. 360, stimulus ego nunc sum tibi; 
 Asin. 495, lupus homo homini, non homo ; Poen. 1052, mi hospitalis 
 tessera cum illo f uit ; Capt. 625, nullam causam dico quin mihi 
 parentum deliquio siet; Rud. 744, trima quae periit mi, iam tanta 
 esset, si vivit; Cure. 461, cave in te sit mora mihi. A numerous 
 class consists of expressions of the type : quid me tibi (vobis) tactio 
 est, which is found: Men. 1016; Poen. 1308; Cure. 626; Cas. 406; 
 408 ; Aul. 744 ; 423 ; similarly Asin. 920, quid tibi nunc receptio ad 
 te est ? Most. 6, quid tibi hie clamitatiost ? 34, quid tibi med cura- 
 tiost? Amph. 519; Trin. 709, quid tibi interpellate aut hue 
 accessio est ? Most. 377, quid illi hue reditiost ? so Eun. 671 ; 
 True. 258, quid tibi ad hasce accessio aedis est prope aut pultatio ? 
 622, quid tibi hue ventio est? quid tibi hue aditiost? quid tibi 
 hanc notiost amicam meam ? 511, quid illi ex utero exitiost ? 
 Rud. 502, quid mihi scelesto erat auscultatio? Bacch. 597, mihi 
 cautiost ne nucifrangibula excussit ex malis meis ; so Poen. 445 ; Ad. 
 421 ; Stat. 62, quid tibi aueupatiost argumentum ? Merc. 820, impune 
 est viro ; so Cato, fr. (Jord), 24, 13 ; 68, 3, mulieri pro censore est ; 
 Enn. Trag. 78 (Sc 89 V), quoi nee arae patriae domi stant ; Hec. 598, 
 sic optume omnis causas praecidam omnibus ; Hec. 736, nil tibi est a 
 me pericli ; H. T. 920, non tibi ego exempli satis sum ? 931, mi illaec 
 vero ad rastros res redit ; 997, quam maxume huic vana haec suspicio 
 erit ; Ad. 262, omnia sibi post putavit esse prae meo commodo ; 422, 
 id nobis flagitiumst ; Ace. Praet. 35, populo commutationem rerum 
 portendit fore. 
 
134 The Dative. 
 
 2. The Sympathetic Dative. 1 
 
 As stated by Havers, op. cit. p. 2, this usage is so named because 
 "dieser Dativ druckt eben die innere Anteilnahme der von dem 
 Verbalgriff betroffenen Person aus ; er ist subjektiver, warmer uud 
 innerlicher als der Genetiv, der einfach ein Besitzverhaltniss kon- 
 statiert." Havers compares the English, " She looked me tenderly 
 in the eyes," with " The doctor looked into my eyes." In the classi- 
 fication of the material, I follow, in the main, Havers, who (p. 33 ff.) 
 recognizes the following subdivisions : 
 
 a) The verbal idea affects the body of a person, or some part of 
 the body, as lembus Me mihi laedit latus. 
 
 b) The verbal idea affects the mind of some one, as mihi scripla 
 ilia dicta sunt in animo. 
 
 c) The verbal idea affects some possession (using this word in the 
 widest possible sense) of some person, as nomen mutabit mihi. 
 
 d) The dative indicates personal relationship, as matrem mihi 
 (= matrem meam). 
 
 In all the foregoing typical examples, the dative, I believe, was 
 primarily a sentence modifier, or Dative of Reference ("loserer 
 Dativ "), 2 but with time and frequency of usage it came to be felt as 
 closely associated with the noun (usually the object of the verb of 
 the sentence). It is this that justifies the recognition of a special 
 category embracing the types of usage above enumerated. 
 
 1 take up in detail these four subdivisions, giving under each the 
 material cited by Havers, 3 supplemented to some extent by my own 
 collections. 
 
 a) The action of the verb affects the body (or some part of the 
 
 1 See especially Havera, W., Untersuehungen zur Kasussyntax der indogerman- 
 ischen Sprachen. Strassburg, 1911, p. 170 ff. Earlier designations for the Sym- 
 pathetic Dative are : Dativas Energicus, and D. Dynamicus. 
 
 2 Miles, Classical Review, xi, p. 142 (cf . also Hermann, in Berl. Phil. Woch. 1913, 
 Col. 1118 ff.), suggests that the construction was originally a genitive. He supposes 
 the usage to have started with those forms (mi, nulli, illi, isti) which were originally 
 both dative and genitive, and holds that in course of time the form (really used as 
 genitive) came to be regarded as dative. But while this theory might conceivably 
 account for the facts of Latin, it cannot account for the presence of the idiom in all 
 the Indo-European languages ; cf . Havers, op. cit. 
 
 8 1 have departed from Havers in regarding the dative with verbs of taking away, 
 etc., as different from the Sympathetic Dative. For my reasons, see below, p. 148. 
 
Sympathetic Dative. 135 
 
 body) of some person. This is the most frequent type of the Sym- 
 pathetic Dative. In the classification, pronouns are given first. 
 1st personal pronoun {usually before the noun) : 
 
 Verb transitive: Amph. 183, qui mihi advenienti os occil- 
 let; 333; 1118, mihi horror membra percipit; 833; Pseud. 510, 
 eclidito mihi hercle oculum ; Men. 842, minatur mihi oculos exurere; 
 Aul. 151, mihi cerebrum excutiunt tua dicta; 468, ita mi pectus 
 peracuit ; Cas. 888, reppulit mihi manum ; Gapt. 656 ; Naev. Com.- 
 50, stilo mi in manum pupugit (me pupugit in manum Bibb) ; 
 Cure. 152, quae mihi ebibit sanguinem; Rud. 1293, suo mihi hie 
 sermone arrexit auris ; Bacch. 281, lembus ille mihi laedit latus ; 
 H. T. 1041, mihi adducere ante oculos; similarly Eun. 794; Afran. 
 154, depellis mihi manum ; Ace. Trag. 187, mihi commovit animum ; 
 Turp. 147, mihi mitigabat sandalio caput. Reflexive mihi is found : 
 Stich. 639, mihi potione iuncea onerabo gulam ; Amph. 999. The 
 dative is postponed : Cas. 929, labra mihi compungit barba ; 930 ; 
 931, optundit os mihi ; 849, pectus mi icit ; Aul. 668, ea sublevit os 
 mihi ; Stich. 336, omnia membra lassitudo mihi tenet ; Merc. 176 ; 
 Men. 157, oculum ecfodito per solum mihi ; Epid. 555, pectus ardens 
 mi aspersisti ; Ad. 244, omnis dentis labefecit mihi ; H. T. 330. 
 
 Verb intransitive or passive: M. G. 374, non possunt mihi 
 oculi ecf odiri ; 405, experior mi ob oculos caliginem opstitisse ; 447 ; 
 325, turn mihi sunt manus inquinatae ; 445, at iam crepabunt mihi 
 manus ; Trin. 910, vorsabatur mihi in labris ; 104, est atque non est 
 mihi in manu; Cas. 803, mihi intestina murmurant; Cure. 589, 
 sicine mihi esse os oblitum ! Bacch. 628 ; Amph. 325, vox mihi 
 ad aures advolavit; Stich. 88, mihi paternae vocis sonitus auris 
 accidit; Aul. 624, quod corvos cantat mihi nunc ab laeva manu; 
 True. 632 ; Pseud. 1045, mihi cor retunsumst ; Plaut. Frag. 127, num- 
 nam mihi oculi caecultant ? Enn. Trag. 32 (Sc 34 V), mihi neutiquam 
 cor consentit; Phor. 443, neque mi in conspectum prodit ; 261 ; H. T. 
 673, crucior bolum mihi tantuin ereptum e faucibus. The dative is 
 postponed: Poen. 314, oculi splendent mihi; Men. 1116, dentes 
 mihi cadebant; Pseud. 1300, pergin ructare in os mihi? 1295; 
 Asin. 315, scapulae gestibant. mihi ; Amph. 323 ; Merc. 864, vox ad 
 auris mihi advolavit ; Rud. 332, quoi ad auris vox mi advolavit ? 
 Capt. 783, sublitum os esse mi; Rud. 589, itaque alvom prodi 
 
136 The Dative. 
 
 speravit nobis salsis poculis ; Cato, fr. 56, 2 (Jord), aures nobis callis- 
 eerant; Hec. 482, ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos; Turp. 179, 
 uterum cruciatur mihi. 
 
 2d personal pronoun {usually before its noun ) : 
 
 Verb transitive : Rud. 1118, ego tibi comminuam caput ; 274, 
 nunc tibi amplectimur genua ; Poen. 294 ; M. G. 605, tuopte tibi 
 consilio occludunt linguam et constringunt manus; H. T. 762, non 
 possum pati quin tibi caput demulceam ; Eun. 803, diminuam ego 
 tibi caput ; Ad. 782 ; Cato, Agr. 158, 1, tibi deicere (alvom) ; Afran. 
 414, accedo ad te ut tibi cervicem fingam linteo. Reflexive tibi 
 occurs: Most. 267, exterge tibi manus; Stich. 724, suifla celeriter 
 tibi buccas ; H. T. 590, tu pol tibi istas posthac comprimito manus ! 
 The dative is postponed, standing usually at the verse end : Capt. 
 604, os denasabit tibi ; 841, ex corpore exigam omnis maculas mae- 
 rorum tibi ; Trin. 463 ; Pers. 283, si os perciderim tibi ; Asin. 371, 
 pugno malam si tibi percussero ; Stich. 337 ; Afran. 419, mustricu- 
 lam in dentes impingam tibi. 
 
 The verb is intransitive or passive : Amph. 564, istuc tibist in 
 manu; so Poen. 912; Hec. 493; Rud. 1000, net tibi puniceum 
 corium ; 763 ; Cas. 496, sculponeas quibus battuatur tibi os ; Epid. 
 491, tibi os est sublitum; Bacch. 595; Men. 923; M. G. 318, non tu 
 tibi istam praetruncari linguam iubes ? 315 ; Poen. 571 ; 1195 ; 
 1315 ; 570, quin etiam deciderint femina vobis in talos velim ; Eun. 
 1028, utinam tibi conmitigari videam sandalio caput; Ad. 571, di- 
 minuetur tibi quidem iam cerebrum. The dative is postponed: 
 Cure. 241, dum intestina exputescunt tibi; Men. 925; Rud. 1326, os 
 calet tibi ; Pers. 312, quid hoc hie in collo tibi tumet ? Asin. 620, 
 oculi sunt tibi lacrumantes. 
 
 TJie reflexive pronoun : True. 652, cruminam sibi de collo de- 
 trahit ; Cure. 354, talos poscit sibi in manum ; Merc. 923, quia scor- 
 tum sibi ob oculos adduxerit in aedis ; M. G. 722, metuerem ne ibi 
 diffregisset crura aut cervices sibi; Poen. 1003, miseram esse prae- 
 dicat buccam sibi ; Eun. 623, sibi adductum ante oculos aemulum ; 
 670, os ut sibi detorsit; H. T. 306, lacrumis opplet os totum 
 sibi. 
 
 * The pronoun of the Sd person (is) : Pseud. 719, ei os sublevi 
 modo ; Rud. 731, ni ei caput exocculassitis ; Aul. 565 ; Cist. 567, 
 
Sympathetic Dative. 137 
 
 aims ei amplexa est genua plorans ; M. G. 147, ei glaucumam ob 
 oculos obiciemus; 1088; Most. 986, amburet ei corculum carbun- 
 culus; Capt. 816, eis ego ora verberabo; Cato, Agr. 41, 3, facito 
 eis medullam cum medulla coniungas; Phor. 1030, habet haec ei 
 quod usque ad aurem obganniat ; Titin. 31, ei caput diffringam ; 
 so Juventius, 6. 
 
 Demonstrative pronouns : Men. 1014, teneo ego huic oculum ; 
 Poen. 260, lingua huic excidit ; Men. 1012, hisce ego iam sementem 
 in ore faciam ; Poen. 770, id nunc his cerebrum uritur ; Enn. Trag. 
 107 (Sc 123 V), his erat in ore Bromius ; Poen. 294, ut illi limem 
 caput ; 614 ; Men. 841, ut ego illic oculos exuram lampadibus ; 
 Bacch. 799 ; Men. 828, viden tu illic oculos virere ? Capt. 595 ; 
 Epid. 609 ; Merc. 541, nam illi quidem hau sane diust quom dentes 
 exciderunt ; True. 199 ; Pseud. 817 ; Capt. 667, adstringite isti 
 sultis vehementer manus ! Naev. Com. 77, alii percellit pedem ; 
 Ad. 864, nulli laedere os. 
 
 Relative pronouns : Leg. XII Tab. X, 8, quoi auro dentes iuncti 
 escunt ; Stich. 340, quoi medullam lassitudo perbibit ; 341 ; Aul. 
 189, quoi ego iam linguam praecidam ; Trin. 558, si quern reperire 
 possit quoi os sublinat ; Men. 971 ; Poen. 52, quibus est in manu ; 
 so Amph. 80 ; Stat. 261 ; Naev. Com. 18, quoi oculus profluit ; Ace. 
 Trag. 22, quoi manus sordet. 
 
 Nouns {frequent, and for the most part with transitive verbs) : 
 Capt. 600, ut illi mastigiae cerebrum excutiam; Poen. 381, nisi 
 ego illi mastigiae exturbo oculos ; Aul. 659, illi socienno tuo iam inter- 
 stringam gulam ; Most. 218; Men. 304, qui illic homini diminuam 
 caput ; Asin. 775 ; True. 638 ; Bacch. 441, puer paedagogo tabula 
 dirrumpit caput; Bud. 655, qui sacerdoti scelestus faucis inter- 
 presserit; 662; Pseud. 821, vivis con vi vis intestina quae exedint; 
 Merc. 485 ; Men. 65, raptori pueri subduxit pedes ; 89, apud men- 
 sam plenam homini rostrum deliges ; Pers. 748 ; M. G. 1398 ; M. G. 
 25, elephanto praefregisti bracchium; Most. 266, nimis velim lapi- 
 dem qui ego illi speculo diminuam caput ; 740 ; Amph. 251, Telobois 
 telis complebantur corpora; 673; Capt. 464; Poen. 198, inestamoris 
 macula huic homini in pectore ; Stich. 191; 236; Most. 620; M. G. 
 1318, nam matri oculi si valerent; 1399; Amph. 408 ; 144; Poen. 625, 
 istic est thensaurus stultis in lingua situs ; Phor. 1053 ; Afran. 337, 
 
138 The Dative. 
 
 virgini iam crescit uterus tarn quam gravidae mulieri ; Cael. Antip. 
 p. 105, 28 (Peter), eminus equo ferit pectus advorsum ; Ad. 536, 
 homini ilico lacrumae cadunt, quasi puero gaudio ; Eun. 859, vix 
 me contineo quin involem monstro in capillum — Dative post- 
 poned : here the dative usually stands at the end of the verse : Leg. 
 XII Tab. VIII, 3, manu fustive si os fregit libero, servo ; Amph. 342, 
 qui pugnis os exossas hominibus; M. G. 4, praestringat oculorum 
 aciem in acie hostibus ; Bacch. 482 ; Men. 885, ait se obligasse crus 
 f ractum Aesculapio ; Merc. 604, os sublevit meo patri ; 779 ; Most. 
 203, vix comprimor quin involem in oculos stimulatrici ; Rud. 1059, 
 homini ego isti talos subfringi volo; M. G. 167, talos elidi iussit 
 conservis meis ; 153, ita sublinetur os custodi mulieris ; Cas. 404 ; 
 455 ; Trin. 424, nisi forte in ventrem filio conrepserit ; Enn. Ann. 
 418 (V), tunc timido manat ex omni corpore sudor ; Stat. 56, hunc 
 collum Ludo praecidi iube ! H. T. 563, manuin in sinum huic 
 meretrici ingerere ; Eun. 648 ; Ad. 93, in orest omni populo. 
 
 About half as frequently as the dative, we find either a possessive 
 pronoun or a limiting genitive. The full material for Plautus and 
 Terence is given by Havers, op. cit. p. 174 ff. Examples are : Rud. 
 233, vox auris tetigit meas ; Men. 849, ni a meis oculis abscedat ; 
 Cist. 118, auris graviter obtundo tuas ; Pers. 182, eius auris onerabo ; 
 Capt. 106, quoius numquam voltum tranquillavi gratiis ; Epid. 434, 
 pugnis memorandis meis eradicabam hominum auris. 
 
 In a few instances we find a combination of the two methods of 
 expression (both dative and possessive) : Most. 163, quom mihi 
 Amor et Cupido in pectus perpluit meum ; Pers. 794, tibi ego ocu- 
 lum excutiam tuom; so repeatedly with iste, as Amph. 556, tibi 
 istam linguam abscidam ; 348 ; Cas. 644 ; Pseud. 884, ipsus sibi 
 faciam ut digitos praerodat suos. From expressions like this last 
 arose the use of suus sibi for suus ei (e.g. Trin. 156, reddam suom 
 sibi), and so further of suus sibi 1 as a stronger suus : Ace. Trag. 607, 
 suo sibi lautum sanguine tepido ; see Landgraf, in Archiv f. lat. 
 Lex. viii, p. 43 f. 
 
 b) The action of the verb affects the mind or feelings of some 
 one. The verb is usually intransitive or passive. The instances of 
 
 1 As a result of the present classification the other instances of suus sibi are given 
 in connection with the other categories of the Sympathetic Dative. 
 
Sympathetic Dative. 139 
 
 postponement of the pronoun are about as numerous as of its posi- 
 tion before its noun. 1 
 
 1st personal pronoun: Bacch. 213, mihi cor sauciat; Pseud. 
 1215, mihi quoque edepol iam dudum Surus cor perfrigefacit ; Merc. 
 590; Most. 688; 139; Trin. 1002, mihi concenturiat metum in 
 corde ; Aul. 226, venit hoc mihi in mentem ; so Trin. 1050 ; Poen. 
 1086; Phor. 77; 652; H. T. 888; 996; Hec. 536; Eun. 233 ; 451 ; 
 910 ; Amph. 1081, ita mihi animus etiam nunc abest ; True. 876 ; 
 Merc. 890, si mi animus fluctuat; Aul. 178, praesagibat mi animus; 
 Pseud. 1052 ; Pers. 801a, uritur cor mihi ; 709 ; Trin. 747, veniunt in 
 mentem mihi ; Epid. 638 ; 569, remigrat animus nunc demum mihi ; 
 Merc. 388, animus mihi dolet ; Trin. 1169, cruciatur cor mihi ; H. T. 
 986, quod mi in mentemst; 423, mihi quidem cottidie augescit ae- 
 gritudo ; And. 282, mihi scripta ilia dicta sunt in animo ; Phor. 321, 
 iam instructa sunt mihi in corde consilia ; Eun. 587, animus gaude- 
 bat mihi ; Hec. 347, animus mihi redit ; 872, spero hanc rem esse 
 eventuram nobis ex sententia ; Lucil. 205, (Mx), divitias animum mi 
 explere. 
 
 2d personal pronoun : Trin. 666, amorem tibi pectus opscurasse ; 
 Amph. 666, qui tibi istuc in mentem venit; so also Bacch. 682; 
 Trin. 77 ; True. 931 ; H. T. 1005 ; Rud. 767, quin inhumanum exuras 
 tibi ? Enn. Ann. 202 (V), quo vobis mentes sese flexere viai ? 
 Ad. 226, animus tibi pendet. 
 
 Other pronouns: Trin. 89, haben amicum quoi pectus sapiat? 
 similarly M. G. 786 ; Kacch. 659 ; Hec. 755, exple animum eis ; 
 785, illis modo explete animum ; Ad. 602, illi ita animum iam rele- 
 vabis; Hec. 714, abhorrere animum huic video a nuptiis; Phor. 
 470, quoi nunc miserae spes opesque sunt in te uno sitae; and 
 probably H. T. 484, quod quoique inciderit iu mentem. 
 
 Nouns: M. G. 1331, animo male factumsthuic repente miserae; 
 Pseud. 952, animo malest aedibus ; True. 339 ; Ad. 314, seni animam 
 primum exstinguerem ipsi; Eun. 666, miserae non in mentem 
 venerat ; Enn. Sc. 238 (V) ; Turp. 75, eius aspectus cor torporavit 
 homini ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 21, 8, scio solere plerisque hominibus 
 animum excellere ; and probably Phor. 157, utinam ne Phormioni id 
 suadere in mentem incidisset. 
 
 i Havers, p. 177 ft. 
 
140 The Dative. 
 
 Just as in the case of category a), so here the alternative expres- 
 sions (possessive pronouns and genitives) occur less frequently. For 
 the complete material in Plautus and Terence, see Havers, p. 178. 
 Examples are : Epid. 527, quae meum pectus pulsant ; Trin. 1000, 
 meum ille pectus pungit aculeus ; And. 260, curae quae meum animum 
 divorsae trahunt ; Trin. 73, si demutant mores ingenium tuom ; 
 Stich. 85, earum perpavefaciam pectora ; A.sin. 280, inimicum animos 
 auxerit. 
 
 c) The verbal idea affects the possession of some one. 1 
 
 1st personal pronoun (mostly in connection with transitive verbs) : 
 True. 534, quae mihi comedint cibum ; Capt. 174, quia mi est natalis 
 dies ; so Pseud. 165 ; 179 ; Capt. 840, pol maerore mi antevortunt 
 gaudiis ; Men. 1069, ea domus et patria mihi ; M. G. 681 ; Most. 137, 
 ea mi tempestas fuit ; 139 ; 868 ; Bacch. 361, nomen mutabit mihi ; 
 so Pseud. 192 ; Cas. 447, protollo mortem mihi ; Pseud. 614, haec 
 mihi incus est ; Bacch. 484, mihi discipulus periit ; 148 ; Epid. 541 ; 
 Kud. 354, confractast navis nobis ; 153 ; 552, si mihi mulierculae 
 essent salvae ; Trin. 319, mihi quidem aetas actast ; True. 190, 
 hoc nobis vitium maxumumst ; so Hec. 112 ; Plaut. f r. 23, mihi com- 
 minuit misero diem; Phor. 158, quod mihi principiumst mali; Eun. 
 868, conturbasti mihi rationes omnes; H. T. 127, quo illam mihi 
 lenirent miseriam ; H. T. 42, ut aliqua pars laboris minuatur mihi ; 
 And. 690. 
 
 2d personal pronoun: Amph. 500, menses iam tibi esse actos 
 vides ; Aul. 49, tibi ego grandibo gradum ; 165 ; Pers. 570, proin tu 
 tibi iubeas concludi aedis foribus ferreis; Bacch. 468, periit tibi 
 sodalis; 484; M. G. 327, nisi oculos orationemque aliam conimutas 
 tibi ; 1116 ; 1397 ; Bud. 505, navis si f ractast tibi ; Bacch. 495, 
 serva tibi sodalem ; And. 35, ut semper tibi iusta et clemens f uerit 
 servitus ; Phor. 429, bene habent tibi principia. 
 
 Other pronouns : Trin. 371, an egestatem ei tolerabis ? Bud. 
 73, navis confractast eis ; Merc. 454 ; Cas. 66, pontem qui erat ei in 
 itinere; Bacch. 1136, omnis fructus iam illis decidit; 484, tibi 
 sodalis periit, huic filius; Bud. 152; True. 558, puras esse sibi 
 volt aedis; Trin. 1048; Merc. 596; Asin. 801, haec multa ei 
 
 1 Havers, p. 179 £E. 
 
Sympathetic Dative. 141 
 
 esto ! Heo. 359, tu pueris curre obviam atque eis onera adiuta ; 
 And. 711, quantum huie promoveo nuptias ; 746, sperabit sumptum 
 sibi levatum esse ; Bud. 750, huic altera quae patria sit nescio ; Aul. 
 129, quod in rem esse utrique arbitremur ; so Capt. 398 ; And. 546 ; 
 where Havers, following Luchs (in Studemund's Studien, i, p. 323 f .), 
 takes utrique as genitive ; but this interpretation seems to me forced 
 and unnatural. Cato, Agr. 156, 7, quibus aegre lotium it quibusque 
 substillum est; Ace. 109. 
 
 Nouns: Amph. 144, meo patri torulus inerit aureus sub 
 petaso ; Bacch. 332, qui habeat auro soccis subpactum solum ; Men. 
 40, immutat nomen avos huic gemino alteri ; Epid. 403, divortunt 
 mores virgini ac lupae; 555, virgini pauperculae tuaeque 
 matri me levare paupertatem ; Aul. 531, spes prorogatur militi ; 
 Pseud. 827 ; M. G. 1272, levandum morbum mulieri video ; Pseud. 
 775, nunc huic lenoni hodiest natalis dies ; Amph. 194, regique 
 Thebano Creoni regnum stabilivit; Cato, Agr. 67, 2, cottidie oleo 
 locum commutet; Hec. 774, Pamphilo me facere ut redeat uxor 
 oportet ; Eun. 1037 ; Ad. 912, fratri aedes fient perviae ; Enn. Trag. 
 87 (Sc 98 V), (vidi) Priamo vi vitam evitari ; Enn. Var. 11 (V), sol 
 equis iter repressit ; Ace. Praet. 40, Tullius qui libertatem civibus 
 stabiliverat. 
 
 As in categories a) and b), so also here we find alternative forms 
 of expression (the possessive pronoun and the genitive). But in 
 c) these alternative forms occur with equal or greater frequency than 
 the dative. Full material for Plautus and Terence is given by 
 Havers, p. 179 f . ; 194. Examples are : Most. 1138, filium corrupisse 
 aio te meum ; Trin. 688, qui meam egestatem leves ; True. 522, qui 
 aedis spoliis opplebit tuas; Aul. 154, in rem hoc tuamst; Trin. 108, 
 postquam hie eius rem confregit filius ; Ad. 466, filiam eius virginem 
 vitiavit. 
 
 Several instances occur where we have a combination of both 
 forms of expression : Cist. 88, nee pudicitiam imminuit meam mihi 
 alius quisquam; cf. M. G. 5 ; Trin. 617, quom absenti hie tua res 
 distrahitur tibi; H. T. 820; Turp. Ill, iam ego istam tibi tristitiam 
 exsorbebo; Poen. 1083, suam sibi rem salvam sistam; Asin. 825, 
 cum suo sibi gnato ; 72 ; Capt. 5, sed is quo pacto serviat suo sibi 
 patri ; 46 ; 81 ; Pers. 81, ut sua sibi pecunia hodie illam faciat liber- 
 
142 The Dative. 
 
 tarn suam : M. G. 632 ; Poen. 57 ; True. 698, ubi male accipiar mea 
 mihi pecunia ; Pacuv. 79, mihi patriam populavit meam ; Ad. 958, suo 
 sibi gladio hunc iugulo; Stat. 39, quom suom sibi alius socius 
 socium sauciat ; Turp. 38 (sibi suom) ; Ace. 607. On suos sibi, cf. 
 above, p. 138. 
 
 d) In expressions which designate the relations of persons to each 
 other. 1 
 
 1) Blood and family relationships: Poen. 1065, Ampsigura 
 mater mihi fuit, Iahon pater ; 1068, nam mihi sobrina tua mater fuit ; 
 Aul. 778, hie mihist Megadorus avonculus ; Cas. 264, magis mihi 
 Alius quam ego illi pater; Stich. 155, famem ego fuisse suspicor 
 matrem mihi; Eud. 1214; Pseud. 294; Men. 1108, patrem fuisse 
 Moschum tibi ais ? Capt. 1010 ; 1018 ; 633 ; Most. 962, quoi patrem 
 Theopropidem esse opinor; Capt. 635, Philocrati 2 Theodoromedes 
 fuit pater ; Cist. 130 ; 775 ; Bacch. 244, ubi mist Alius ; so 495 ; 
 1112; Pseud. 446; H.T. 411; M. G. 238, Philocomasio hue sororem 
 dicam advenisse ; Poen. 1060, Demarcho item ipse fuit adoptaticius ; 
 1066; 115, pater harunc idem huic patruos adulescentulost ; Trin. 9, 
 hanc mihi gnatam esse voluit Inopiam ; True. 87 ; 202; And. 596; 
 H.T. 540 ; Eun. 107, Samia mihi mater fuit ; Ad. 957, nunc tu mi es 
 germanus ; H. T. 270, anus, quae est dicta mater esse ei ; Hec. 258 ; 
 547 ; Eun. 518 ; Phor. 872, est pater inventus uxori tuae ; CIL, i, 198, 
 20, queive ei sobrinus siet ; 60, quoive ipse parensve suos heres siet ; 
 22; Ad. 948, est adfinis nobis; Phor. 352. In Phor. 130, cognata 
 tibi sit ; Ad. 494, we may have simply a dative dependent on an ad- 
 jective, though Havers, p. 195, regards these examples as of the 
 same character as mater mihi, etc. Havers also calls attention to 
 the fact that the vocative possessive adjective mi is probably by 
 origin a dative (Greek /hh) of the sort above discussed ; cf . below, 
 p. 264. 
 
 2) Relationships of friendship or hostility : Eud. 890, ei advo- 
 cates ut siem; so Amph. 1038; Cas. 567; Epid. 422; Men. 798; 
 M. G. 1419; Eun. 340; Ad. 646; 677; Asin. 57, tune es adiutor 
 nunc amanti filio? Poen. 973, aliqua fortuna fuerit adiutrix tibi; 
 
 1 Havers, p. 182 ; 195 : Loch, De genetivi apud priscos scriptores Latinos usu. 
 Programm. Bartenstein, 1880, p. 24 ff. ; Landgraf, Arch. f. lat. Lexikogr. viii, p. 66 ff. 
 
 2 It is not impossible that this form is genitive. 
 
Sympathetic Dative. 143 
 
 so Hec. 705 ; H. T. 991 ; M. G. 1431, quis erat igitur ? : : Philo- 
 comasio amator ; H. T. 1007, quin tu in ea re mi f ueris advorsatrix ; 
 Amph. 929, iuben mi ire comites ? Pseud. 16, nam tu me antidhao 
 supremum habuisti comitem consiliis tuis ; Epid. 466, mihi concubina 
 quae sit; Eun. 407, turn me convivam solum abducebat sibi; Hec. 
 48, facite ut vostra auctoritas meae auotoritati fautrix adiutrixque sit ; 
 so 32 ; Eun. 1052 ; Lucil. 902 (Mx) ; Poen. 120, is illi Poeno hospes 
 f uit ; so 955 ; 1050 ; Stat. 228 ; Hec. 789, nupta meretrici hostis est ; so 
 Ace. 132 ; Pers. 842, ego sum tibi patronus ; so Asin. 621 ; Poen. 1244 ; 
 True. 822; Rud. 705; Pseud. 606, patronus foribus processi; Eun. 
 887, patrona; Capt. 563, Alcumeus atque Orestes mihi sunt sodales; 
 so 510; 528; Most. 1153; Baccb. 460; OIL, i, 198, 10, queive eiei 
 sodalis siet ; 20 ; 22 ; et pass. ; Leg. XII Tab., i, 4, assiduo vindex 
 assiduos esto ; proletario iam civi quis volet vindex esto ; Trin. 644 
 With amicus and inimicus the dative may result from the construc- 
 tion of these words when used as adjectives. Examples are: 
 Trin. 94, tu ex amicis certis mihi's certissumus; 1110; Poen. 
 1213, quis homost ? : : amicus vobis ; Pers. 582, tu mihi's inimicus 
 certus; M. G. 660; Ace. 132; And. 970, pater amicus summus 
 nobis ; Phor. 562. The dative with these nouns is commoner than 
 the genitive. 
 
 3) Relations of superiority or inferiority : M. G. 271, Philo- 
 comasio custos ; True. 812, tu bona ei custos f uisti ; Pers. 770, tu 
 hie eris dictatrix nobis ; Rud. 969, dominus huic nemo natust ; Trin. 
 177, dominum hisce aedibus; Ace. 522, Achivis classibus ductor; 
 Capt. 857, turn tu mihi igitur erus es ; so 224 ; 241 ; Amph. 362 ; 381 ; 
 Merc. 598a ; 842 ; Cato, fr. (J), 79, 1, illi imperator tu, ceteris mediastri- 
 nus ; Men. 444 ; Epid. 592, Epidicus mihi magister fuit ; so Trin. 
 226 ; 1015 ; Phor. 71 ; Hec. 204, ei ludo magistram hance esse scio ; 
 True. 840, tu's praetor mihi ; Rud. 1014, si tu proreta isti navi es ; 
 Lucil. 467 (Mx), P. Pavos mihi quaestor ; Stich. 702, strategum te 
 facio huic con vivio ; Aul. 430, nisi tu mihi's tutor; True. 859; M. G. 
 1357, alii libertus esse; Pseud. 176, quam libertam fore mihi credam ; 
 And. 37 ; Cist. 558, illaec tibi nutrix est ; Capt. 629, an tu f ortasse 
 fuisti meae matri obstetrix ; Merc. 90, qui olim puero mihi paedagogus 
 fuerat; Pseud. 447; Stich. 629, dum parasitus mihi atque fratri 
 fuisti; M. G. 1009, pedisequos tibi sum; Trin. 81, ego meo sum 
 
144 The Dative. 
 
 promus pectori ; Cure. 9, tute tibi puer es ; Bacch. 162, tibi ego an 
 tu mibi servos es ? Capt. 243 ; M. G-. 825, qui illi suppromu's. 
 
 4) Other types : Poen. 183, quid dubitas quin dupli tibi fur 
 siet ? 1384, et mi auri fur est ; Bud. 881, f ures mi estis ; so Aul. 
 768 ; Merc. 852, egomet mi comes, calator, equos, agaso, armiger ; 
 egomet sum mihi imperator ; Men. 493, quoi ego aeque heres eram ; 
 Cure. 639, istae me heredem fecit ; OIL, i, 200, 64, quoi is heres erit ; 
 Naev. Com. 58, atque meis" bonis omnibus ego te herem faciam ; 
 Vid. 55, vicinus igitur es mihi ; Eun. 359, istam Thaidem non scivi 
 nobis vicinam. 
 
 The possessive pronoun and genitive also occur, e.g. Aul. 779, meus 
 f uit pater Antimachus (cf. the dative in v. 778) ; Poen. 1244, nam 
 hie patruos meus est ; Capt. 561, te suom sodalem esse aibat (cf. 510, 
 eum sibi esse sodalem) ; Poen. 797, estne hie meus servos ? True. 
 595, huius pater pueri illie est (cf. the dative in 87 and 202). 
 Traces of the original distinction, whereby the dative was used of 
 pronouns, the genitive of nouns, seem to be found in such parallel 
 examples as the following : 
 
 Poen. 1213, sed quis est homo ? : : amicus vobis ; but Epid. 702, 
 quis east mulier ? : : tui gnati arnica. 
 
 Epid. 466, mihi concubina quae sit ; but M. G. 362, eri concubinast 
 haee quidem. 
 
 Stich. 628, dura parasitus mihi fuisti ; but Bacch. 573, parasitus 
 sum hominis nequam et improbi. 
 
 Bacch. 162, tibi ego an tu mihi servos es ? Amph. 148, Amphi- 
 truouis illic est servos Sosia ; also 347. 
 
 A review of the foregoing material cited under the head of the 
 Sympathetic Dative shows that the dative is decidedly more frequent 
 than the possessive pronoun or genitive, — roughly, about twice as fre- 
 quent. Of these datives about 75 % are pronouns, and of the pronouns 
 about two-thirds are mihi and tibi. The Indo-European usage, as 
 shown by the results of Havers, p. 44 f. ; 319, was to employ the dative 
 of the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2d persons, the genitive in 
 the case of all other pronouns, of nouns, and of participles. That 
 Latin inherited these distinctions, is clearly indicated by the evi- 
 dence already cited above. Yet our earliest Latinity shows that 
 under the influence of the pronouns mihi and tibi the Sympathetic 
 
Dative of the Person Judging. 145 
 
 Dative was already invading the field of the other pronouns and of 
 the noun. In fact so far had this tendency gone that in Plautus we 
 find only 11 genitives of nouns as against 70 Sympathetic Datives 
 of nouns. In Archiv f. lat. Lex. viii, 65, Landgraf expresses the 
 opinion that : " Die Gesetzessprache und der amtliche Stil ilberhaupt 
 hezeichnet mit dem Dativ das Recht- und Pflichtverhaltniss, in 
 welches eine Person zu einer anderen oder einer Sache gestellt wird. 
 So ist tutor liberis der Vormund fur Kinder, der den Kindern 
 gerichtlich bestellte (constitutus) Vormund, und ebenso sind aufzuf as- 
 sen erus, patronus, advocatus, custos, heres, vindex, mit dem Dativ. . . . 
 Allein die Analogie betatigte auch hier, bei den Diehtern uutersttizt 
 durch die Riicksicht auf das Metrum, ihren Einfluss, und so erscheint 
 bereits in den altesten Denkmalern der lateinischen Sprache auch 
 servus, Ubertus, pater, mater, sobrinus, . . . mit Dativen der Person 
 (oder der Sache) verbunden." As Havers points out, p. 190, there 
 is, beyond question, no influence of analogy to be recognized in the 
 employment of the dative with servus, Ubertus, etc. The construc- 
 tion is original. 
 
 As regards the position of the Sympathetic Dative, the dative 
 stands ordinarily before the noun with which it is most closely 
 •connected in sense. Postponement may be due to metrical influence, 
 though Havers seems to me in general inclined to attach too much 
 weight to this factor. 
 
 For examples from the Italic dialects illustrating the Sympathetic 
 Dative, see Havers, Zum Gebrauch des Dativs in den italischen 
 Dialekten, Glotta, v, p. 1 ff. 
 
 3. Dative of the Person Judging. 
 The dative occurs with some frequency indicating the person in 
 -whose eyes or opinion something is true. Examples: Asin. 178, 
 quasi piscis est amator lenae; Cist. 75, spissum istuc amanti est 
 verbum ; Poen. 504, tardo amico nihil est nequius, praesertim homini 
 amanti ; Bacch. 194, animast arnica amanti ; Merc. 896, longum istuc 
 amanti est; Pers. 690, nil mihi tarn parvi est; Capt. 358, gratia ea 
 gravida est bonis ; Cure. 100, tu mihi stacta, tu cinnamum es ; Turp. 
 110, tu mihi es cupiditas, suavitudo ; Poen. 136, tuae blanditiae mihi 
 gerrae sunt ; Pseud. 179, isti quibus vos oculi estis ; Stat. 265, homo 
 
146 The Dative. 
 
 homini deus est, si suom officium sciat ; Stich. 461, spectatum hoe 
 mihist ; similarly Ad. 893 ; Pers. 171 ; Ace. 314, probis probatum 
 potius quam multis fore ; so Lucil. 462 (Mx) ; 617 ; Gaius Gracchus. 
 (Meyer), p. 245; Lucil. 1026 (Mx), ornnes formonsi fortes tibi; 
 Amph. 596, mirum magis tibi istuc quam mihi ; Merc. 240 ; Men. 
 1039; H. T. 1; Lucil. 608 (Mx) ; Enn. Ann. 280 (V), hostem qui 
 feriet, mihi erit Carthaginiensis ; Asin. 614, tu vita es mihi ; Cist. 
 720, istic mihi cibus est; Cure. 184, hie somnus mihi; Pers. 768, 
 mihi istuc ' temperi ' sero est ; Pseud. 328, hie mihi nunc est potior ; 
 And. 530, haud dubiumst mihi; H. T. 911; Afran. 33, em isto pa- 
 rentum est vita vilis (vitabilis codd) liberis ; Trin. 684, numquam 
 erit alienis gravis qui suis se concinnat levem ; 739, ne te in crimen 
 populo ponat; 1043, neque istis quicquam lege sanctum est; Hec. 
 871, et propterea te sibi purgatum ; CIL, i, 201, 12, de eieis rebus- 
 senatuei purgatei estis . . . item vos populo Romano purgatos fore. 
 
 4. The Ethical Dative. 
 
 The name " Ethical Dative " I apply to those instances of the em- 
 ployment of the personal pronouns (1st and 2d persons only) in 
 which a specific case force is no longer discernible. The designa- 
 tion "Ethical," first used by Bnttmann, who defined it as a "leiseren 
 Dativus Commodi," was not happily chosen. A better title would 
 have been " Patheticus," inasmuch as it is pathos and not ethos that 
 is usually characteristic of the idiom; cf. the definitions given by 
 Brugmann, Gr. ii 2 , p. 556, " so nennt man den leiseren Dativ der Pro- 
 nomina der 1. oder 2. Person, wenn er ein geistiges Interesse, erne 
 gemiitliche Teilnahme des Redenden oder Angeredeten ausdriickt ; " 
 and by Landgraf, Archiv f. lat. Lexikogr. viii, p. 48, who speaks of 
 the usage as indicating " nicht einen materiellen Vorteil or Nachteil, 
 wohl ober ein geistiges Interesse, eine gemiitliche Teilnahme des 
 Redenden oder Angeredeten." Schmalz, Syntax 4 , p. 374, says that the 
 idiom "wilrzelt in der Volkssprache," which is undoubtedly true. 
 In English and German the corresponding idioms are characteristic 
 of colloquial speech. 
 
 Owing to the nature of the usage, it is obviously impossible to 
 fosniulate any exact definition of the Ethical Dative. Opinions will 
 naturally differ, therefore, as to what should be put under this head. 
 
Ethical Dative. 147 
 
 Typical examples have seemed to me to be the following : Amph. 778, 
 em tibi pateram ! Asin. 431, em ergo hoc tibi ! 880, em tibi hominem ! 
 so Capt. 373 ; 540 ; M. G. 1312 ; Pseud. 754, em tibi omnem fabulam ! 
 Eud. 463 ; Stich. 728 ; True. 952 ; Aul. 641, ostende hue manus ! : : 
 em tibi ! Capt. 631, em rursum tibi ; et pass. ; see Lodge, Lexicon 
 Plautinum, for additional material (14 exx. from Plautus) ; Ad. 537, 
 ein tibi lupus in f abula ! 790, em tibi ! rescivit omnen rem ; Phor. 847. 1 
 
 This em I hold to be originally the apocopated imperative of emo, 
 in its first sense of ' take.' In such expressions as em tibi pateram, 
 therefore, pateram was at the outset the object of the imperative. 
 This theory is supported by the fact that em occurs only with the 
 2d singular, tibi, as well as by the fact that it never suffers elision. 
 See Walde, Lat. Etytn. Worterbuch, s.v.; Skutsch, Philol. lix, 
 p. 493 ff. ; and the literature cited on p. 257. The dative with em 
 was, therefore, originally a mere indirect object ; but as the verbal 
 force of em was lost to the Eoman consciousness, tibi came to have 
 ' ethical ' value. Further examples of the Ethical Dative are : Asin. 
 30, cave mihi mendaci quicquam ! Aul. 401, gallum glabriorem reddes 
 mihi quam ludiust ; 339, iam principio turba nulla tibi erit ; 557, 
 tibicinam quae mi interbibere sola fontem Pirenam potest; Amph. 817, 
 quid ego tibi deliqui? Cas. 515, nunc amici anne inimici sis imago 
 mihi sciam ; Cure. 394, catapulta hoc ictumst mihi ; 409, mihi istoc 
 nomine explevi totas ceras ; Epid. 25a, tu nobis praeturam geris ? 268, 
 quae ilium corrumpit tibi ; Merc. 836, ego mi alios deos persequar ; 
 Most. 746, nil moror mi istius modi clientes ; so Eud. 583 ; 1115, 
 nee vir nee mulier mihi es; Pseud. 736, non Charinus mihi hie 
 quidem ; Stich. 577, eccum tibi lupum in sermone ! Trin. 627, neque 
 te occultassis mihi ! 926, ille mihi latitabat ; True. 352, num tibi iam 
 ianua est mordax mea ? Enn. Sat. 57 (V), hoc erit tibi argumentum ? 
 Phor. 908, omnis posthabui mi res; Hec. 218, ut vos mihi domi 
 eritis, proinde ego ero fama foris ; Ad. 61, quor perdis adulescentem 
 nobis ? 82, ubi nobis Aeschinust ? H. T. 457, pytissando mihi quid 
 vini absumpsit! 829, ubi Clitipho hie est? : : eccum hie tibi! 
 Af ran. 226, tibi in utraque pollet. 
 
 The expressions quid sibi volt, quid tibi vis, etc., which are ordi- 
 
 i On the dative with em, see Kichter, De usu particularum exclamativarum apud 
 priscos scriptores Latinos, in Studemnnd's Studien, i, p. 488. 
 
148 The Dative. 
 
 narily brought under this category, seem to me to belong rather 
 under the Dative of Interest (Commodi), and will be found so classi- 
 fied (p. 159); cf. Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 557. 
 
 DATIVE OF SEPARATION. 
 
 Many verbs of separation take a dative of the person from wliom. 
 Havers, Untersuchungen zur Kasussyntax der indogermanischen 
 Sprachen, p. 4 ; 181, reckons this usage with the ' Sympathetic 
 Dative' (see above, p. 134), but, as he recognizes, with verbs of 
 separation and taking away, the possessive pronoun and genitive 
 are not found as alternative expressions, except in isolated cases. 
 This would seem to indicate that the dative in these combinations 
 is logically connected more closely with the verb than with the 
 noun. This is also borne out not only by the fact that we find ab 
 and ex with the ablative as alternative constructions with the dative 
 in connection with these verbs, but also by the obvious sense of the 
 passages in which the construction is found. Thus in Capt. 972 
 (cited by Havers, op. cit. p. 181), quia tibi surrupui filium, the 
 sense seems to be : ' stole (your) son from you,' rather than ' stole 
 your son.' For this reason I have departed from Havers in my treat- 
 ment of the material falling under this head, and instead of grouping 
 it under the Sympathetic Dative, have brought it under the separate 
 category of ' Dative of Separation.' ' The material is as follows : 
 
 abduco : Merc. 994, numquam facerem ut illam amanti abdu- 
 cerem. With ab and the ablative: Naev. Com. 110, ab arnica; fre- 
 quently in Plautus. 
 
 abscedo : Trin. 745, huic ducendi interea abscesserit lubido. 
 
 abstergeo : Poen. 970, ut mi absterserunt omnem sorditudinem ! 
 Merc. 126, absterge sudorem tibi. 
 
 adimo (frequent) : Epid. 362, si illam quae adducta est mecum 
 
 mihi adempsit Orcus ; Merc. 473 ; And. 697 ; Capt. 1027, ut istas 
 
 compedis tibi adimam ; Rud. 389, quia leno adeinit cistulam ei ; 
 
 And. 837 ; Trin. 315, neu suom adimerem alteri. 
 
 'In a few instances, however (e.g. Poen. 260, lingua huic excidit), the Sympa- 
 thetic Dative seems to deserve recognition with verbs of this class. Instances of this 
 kind have already been classified under the proper head. As regards origin, how- 
 ever, the Dative of Separation is closely related with the Sympathetic Dative. Both 
 are but an extension of the general use embraced under the Dative of Reference. 
 
Dative of Separation. 149 
 
 amitto : Poen. 403, tibi hanc amittam noxiam. 
 
 amoveo: Epid. 282, iam igitur amota ei fuerit omnis consul tatio. 
 With a : And. 510, a me ; et pass. 
 
 aspello : Capt. 519, neque spes quae mi hunc aspellat metum. 
 
 aufero: Aul. 635, nil equidem tibi abstuli; Men. 600a, palla 
 quam uxori abstuli ; Baccb. 650, qui duas aut tris minas auferunt 
 eris. More usually with a or e, e.g. Cure. 569, tu auferere hinc a 
 me; 704 (see Peine, p. 75). With de: Pseud. 1225, de improbis 
 viris auferri praemium decet. 
 
 capio : Amph. 68, ut is in cavea pignus capiantur togae. 
 
 caveo (' ward off ') : Cato, Agr. 5, 7, scabiem pecori et iumentis 
 caveto. 
 
 defendo : Most. 899, ecquis hie est, qui his iniuriam foribus 
 defendat? Taken by Kiihner-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Gramm. ii 2 , 
 p. 362, as ablative. The Thes. Ling. Lat. recognizes the dative here. 
 
 demo : Aul. 312, quin ipsi pridem tonsor unguis dempserat ; Ad. 
 819, et mi et tibi et illis dempseris molestiam; Cato, Agr. 110, 
 odorem demere vino ; Lucil. 1161 (Mx), pedibus laeva Sicyonia demit. 
 
 deripio : Aul. 316, pulmentum pridem eripuit ei miluos ; 748, 
 deripiamus aurum matronis palam. 
 
 detraho: Asin. 92, nudo detrahere vestimenta me iubes; Hec. 
 573, neque detractum ei est quicquam ; 829, dicitque sese illi 
 anulum detraxisse ; Pacuv. 215, repugnanti ego porro hunc vi de- 
 traxi unguium. 
 
 discrepo : Ace. 48, dicta factis discrepant. 
 
 elabor : Hec. 169, paulatim elapsust Bacchidi. 
 
 elicio : Trin. 289, lacrumas haec mihi eliciunt. 
 
 elido: Lucil. 58 (Mx), animamque elisisse illi. 
 
 eripio (frequent) : Capt. 311, tam mihi quam illi libertatem hos- 
 tilis eripuit manus ; Merc. 176, ex ore orationem mi eripis ; Men. 
 1011, eripe oculum istic; so Rud. 759; Cas. 629, eripite isti gla- 
 dium; Ad. 668, quom hanc sibi videbit praesenti eripi; Cato, fr. (J), 
 37, 12 ; 40, 1, decern hominibus vitam eripis ; Hec. 574, eripuit vi 
 virgini abiens anulum. With a: Ad. 328, a lenone ipsus eripuit 
 palam ; Eun. 739 ; Ace. 619. 
 
 evolo : Cist. 731, cistellula hinc mi evolavit. 
 
 excido (5): Cist. 677, loca haec eirciter mi excidit; Bacch. 668, 
 
150 The Dative. 
 
 num qui nummi exciderunt tibi ? Cist. 696; Most. 732 ; Turp. 196, 
 inter vias epistula excidit mihi. 
 
 excutio : Capt. 419, ut lacrumas excutiunt mihi ! so H. T. 167 ; 
 Merc. 576, utiue adveniens vomitum exeutias mulieri ! 
 
 eximo: Capt. 674, ita mi exemisti Philocratem; Merc. 127. Com- 
 moner is the abl. (of the thing) with e (Men, 84 ; Stich. 303 ; et pass.) 
 or de (Cato, Agr. 42, 1). 
 
 expectorat: Enn. Trag. 21 (Sc 23 V), turn pavor sapientiam omnem 
 mi exanimate expectorat. 
 
 furor : Cato, fr. (Jord), 61, 9, pueris in ludo pasceolos furare. 
 
 harpago : Aul. 201, aurum mi intus harpagatum est ; Bacch. 656. 
 
 praeripio : Asin. 814, praeripias scortum amanti ? Eun. 161, ne 
 ilium talem praeripiat tibi. 
 
 prohibeo : Cure. 605, parentes ne meas mihi prohibeas. M. G. 1242, 
 prohibendam mortem mulieri video. 
 
 subduco : Cure. 360, ei subduco anulum ; Eun. 795, te clam sub- 
 duxti mihi ? 
 
 sublego : Rud. 748, tune liberos parentibus sublectos habebis ? 
 
 subrepo : M. G. 333, ne se subrepsit mihi. 
 
 subterduco: Men. 449, Menaechmus se subterduxit mihi; Asin. 
 278 ; M. G. 343, ne tibi clam subterdueat. 
 
 subterfugio : Bacch. 771, subterfugisse sic mihi hodie Chrysalum. 
 
 subtraho : Cas. 200, partum ei hau commode est quin viro sub- 
 trahat. 
 
 suppilo : Men. 739, pallam atque aurum meum domo suppilas tuae 
 uxori; 803. 
 
 surripio (very frequent) : Aul. 464, ea caussa misit, hoc qui sur- 
 ruperent misero mihi ; Capt. 760 ; Men. 491 ; 645 ; Capt. 876, qui tibi 
 surrupuit puerum ; 1011 ; Asin. 884, egon ut non uxori meae surrupiam 
 pallam ! With a : Men. 814, ab se ; 393, ab uxore. 
 
 DATIVE OF INTEREST. 
 
 (Dativus Commodi et Incommodi.) 
 
 The dative is freely used in' Early Latin to designate the person 
 to whose advantage or disadvantage something is, or is done. As a 
 Dativus Commodi, its logical force is similar to that of pro with the 
 
Dative of Interest. 151 
 
 ablative ; as a Dativus Incommodi (a much less frequent force), its 
 value approaches that of contra with the accusative. In origin, this 
 dative seems to be an outgrowth of certain uses already considered. ■ 
 Thus Capt. 869, tantum ego nunc porto tibi boni, shows how easily the 
 notion of bringing something to a person develops into the notion of 
 bringing something for a person; so also in Rud. 484, his adgerunda 
 est aqua. Cf . Eun. 407, me convivam solum abducebat sibi ; Epid. 316, 
 sibi cantaret ('sing to,' and so 'for') ; Hec. 639, natus est nobis nepos ; 
 Eun. 464, dona adsunt tibi a Phaedria; Mere. 260, mulierem filius 
 quam advexit meus matri suae. The examples just cited show the 
 ease of transition from the Dative of Indirect Object to the Dative of 
 Interest. In other passages we see how a Dative of Interest may 
 have developed from a Dative of Reference, e.g. Ace. Praet. 40, 
 Tullius, qui libertatem civibus stabiliverat; Trin. 794, dicihoc potest 
 apud portitorem eas (litteras) resignatas sibi, where sibi may be 
 either a sentence modifier or a Dativus Incommodi. In view of this 
 nature of the origin of the Dative of Interest, it is manifestly im- 
 possible to draw a sharp line of demarcation between the Dative of 
 Interest and related constructions. I have, however, sought to ex- 
 ercise conservatism in the inclusion of what I have brought under 
 this head. The number of verbs admitting the construction is cer- 
 tainly very large and covers a wide range of meanings. I have 
 grouped the material in alphabetical order. 
 
 abduco : Epid. 90a, si sibi alteram abduxit. 
 
 accedo: Cato, Agr. 14, 5, loco pestilenti, ubi aestate fieri non 
 potest, bono domino pars quarta preti accedat, ' for the benefit 
 of a good master 7 ; see Schondorffer, De genuina Catonis de Agri 
 Cultura forma, p. 15. 
 
 accendo : Enn. Trag. 368 (So 400 V), ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit. 
 
 accipio : Epid. 548, salutem accipio mihi et meis ; Most. 224, si tibi 
 sat acceptum est fore tibi victum sempiternum. 
 
 accuro: Men. 208, iube nobis prandinm accurarier. 
 
 adduco : Poen. 676 tibi palumbem ad aream adduximus. 
 
 administro : Epid. 417, conduetam quae hie administraret ad rem 
 divinam tibi 
 
 adopto (7) : Cist. 744, sociam te mihi adoptavit ; Men. 60 ; Poen. 
 76 ; Ad. 47, hunc maiorem adoptavi mihi ; Afran. 240. 
 
152 The Dative. 
 
 adorno (5) : Amph. 946, iube vasa pura adornari mihi ; 1126 ; Epid. 
 615. 
 
 adsum : Eun. 464, dona tibi adsunt a Phaedria. 
 
 adveho: Merc. 260, mulierem filius quam advexit meus matri 
 ancillam suae ; so 333 ; 390. 
 
 aggero : Rud. 484, si mihi his adgerunda est aqua. 
 
 ambio : Amph. 69, sive qui ambissent palmam histrionibus ; 74. 
 
 appareo: True. 155, neque ipsis apparet quicquam, 'nothing in 
 sight for them.' 
 
 apparo (frequent) : Bacch. 125, nemo ergo tibi hoc apparavit ; Men. 
 174 ; 185 ; 1137 ; Stich. 396 ; And. 656, haec nuptiae non adparaban- 
 tur mihi ; 690. 
 
 arbitro : Epid. 267, arbitretur uxor tuo gnato. 
 
 arcesso : Amph. 327, homo a me sibi malam rem, arcessit iumento 
 suo. 
 
 aro : Mere. 71, tibi aras. 
 
 aufero : Bacch. 666, decumam partem ei dedit, sibi novem abstulit ; 
 Aul. 433 ; 635, quod tibi abstuleras. 
 
 bibo : Aul. 623, verum mihi ego bibam, ubi id fecero. 
 
 calefacio : Epid. 655, iube huic aquam calefieri. 
 
 canto : Epid. 316, conducere fidicinam cantaret sibi ; 500, ut canta- 
 rem seni. 
 
 capesso : Trin. 300, haec tibi si mea imperia capesses. 
 
 capio : Amph. 108, usuram eius corporis cepit sibi ; Bacch. 728, 
 cape stilum et tabellas tu has tibi ! 1059, cape hoc tibi aurum ! Men. 
 202 ; Pseud. 401 ; Eun. 887, te mihi patronam capio ; Cato, Agr. 40, 
 3, capito tibi surculum ; Ace. 213. 
 
 caveo (frequent) : Aul. 584, cave sis tibi ne immutassis nomen t 
 Bacch. 44, id amabo huic caveas : : quid isti caveam ? Capt. 558 ; 
 Men. 934; Eun. 782. 
 
 cesso: Epid. 344, mihi eesso quom'sto; Pseud. 240a; Phor. 844. 
 
 cieo : Ace. 155, sed nunc quid subiti mihi febris civit mali (escivit 
 codd) ; Amph. Arg. II, 6. 
 
 claudo : And. 573, nolo tibi ullum commodum in me claudier. 
 
 cogo : M. G. 75, me oravit ut sibi latrones cogerem. 
 
 Colo : Aul. 3, hanc domum possideo et colo patri avoque huius qui 
 nunc hie habet. 
 
Dative of Interest. 153 
 
 comminiscor : H. T. 812, huius modi mi res semper comminiscere ! 
 
 complico : Rud. 938, mane dum banc tibi rudentem complico ! 
 
 compono : Merc. 953, pacem componi volo meo patri cum matre ; 
 Cato, Agr. 37, 5, ligna et codicillos domino in acervom compone. 
 
 concieo : Pers. 784, haec mihi coneivit ; Amph. 476 ; Asin. 824 ; 
 Men. 902. 
 
 concinno : True. 793, livorem scapulis coneinnas tuis. 
 
 condo : Cato, Agr. 55, ligna domino in tabulate condito ! 
 
 conduco : Merc. 560, ut mihi aedis aliquas conducat. 
 
 conficio: M. G. 687, eme lanam unde tibi pallium conficiatur; 
 And. 674 ; H. T. 1003 ; Ad. 693, credebas dormienti haec tibi eon- 
 fecturos deos ? 
 
 conflo : And. 650, quantas hie consiliis suis mihi conflavit sollici- 
 tudines ! Recent editors bracket mihi. 
 
 congero : Trin. 472, si quid tibi placeat quod illi congestum siet ; 
 so 471. 
 
 conicio : Cure. 253, dum huic conicio somnium. 
 
 conrado : Phor. 40, ei credo munus hoc conraditur. 
 
 conspicio : Trin. 636, satis in rem quae sint meam ego conspicio 
 mihi. 
 
 consterno : Lucil. 1060 (Mx), unus consternit nobis ; an uncertain 
 passage. 
 
 consulo (frequent) : Baech. 524, illi aequomst me consulere ; 565 ; 
 684 ; Trin. 635, tuae rei bene consulere cupio ; Phor. 153 ; 468 ; 
 Afran. 251, consulis tergo meo ; Titin. 157, vobis consului. 
 
 contraho : Cas. 549, flagitium maximum feci miser propter operam 
 illius hirci qui hoc mihi contraxit. 
 
 coquo (frequent) : Men. 388, cur me tibi iussisti coquere prandium ? 
 389 ; Merc. 741, nam mi amatori seni coquendast cena ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), 21, 3. 
 
 creo : Cas. 426, meis inimicis voluptatem creaverim ; Poen. 916 ; 
 Pseud. 393, tibi moram dictis creas ; Plaut. fr. 168 ; M. G. 294. 
 
 cupio (5) : Asin. 844, non eo quia tibi non cupiam quae velis ; 
 H. T. 667. 
 
 euro (frequent) : Men. 897, eum cum cura magna curabo tibi ; 51 ; 
 53 ; Rud. 146, tritico curat Ceres ; Trin. 1057 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 41, 
 1, dixit bene sibi cibaria curata esse ; Ad. 962 ; Ace. 143, deum supre- 
 
154 The Dative. 
 
 mus rex curat hominibus. With pro and abl. : Pseud. 232, pro me 
 et pro te curabo. 
 
 cyathisso : Men. 302, ego qui tibi cyathisso ; so 305. 
 
 demereo: Pseud. 1186, quid mercedis petasus domino demeret ? 
 
 deminuo : Aul. 165, istum laboreui demam et deminuam tibi. 
 
 demo : Bacch. 663, quantum aurum erus sibi dempsit. 
 
 deprecor: Epid. 686, te nil moror mihi deprecari ; Enn. Trag. 121 
 (Sc 134 V), letum inimico deprecer ? 129 (So 138 V) ; Asin. 946. 
 
 detraho : True. 562, mihi detraxi partem. 
 
 dico : Capt. 907, ibo ut ius dicam larido. 
 
 dormio : Lucil. 1223 (Mx), non omnibus dormio. 
 
 duro : Asin. 176, mihi quidem te parcere aequomst tandem, ut 
 tibi durem diu ; 196 ; Cato, Agr. 104, 2, hoc vinum tibi durabit usque 
 ad solstitium (taken by Kuhner-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Gramm. ii 2 , p. 
 323 ; also by Landgraf, Archiv. lat. Lexicogr. viii, p. 50, as Ethical 
 Dative). 
 
 duco : Cist. 177, duxit uxorem sibi. 
 
 educo : Cist. 172, educavit earn sibi pro filia ; 39. 
 
 efficio (6) : Bacch. 233, unde aurum efficiam amanti erili filio ; 
 Pseud. 112 ; 115 ; And. 595, quoniam solus mi effecisti has nuptias ; 
 Phor. 590. 
 
 eligo : Poen. 510, nequiquam hos procos mi elegi loripedes tardis- 
 simos. 
 
 emo (very frequent) : Merc. 351, atque illam mihi me emisse indico ; 
 413 ; 975 ; Most. 286 ; Ad. 617, credit mihi me psaltriam hance 
 emisse ; Phor. 665 ; CIL, i, 200, 45. 
 
 esurio : Capt. 866, essurire mihi videre. : : mihiquidem essurio, 
 non tibi. 
 
 excoquo; Pers. 52, usque ero domi dum excoxero lenoni malam 
 rem aliquam. 
 
 exopto : Cist. 77, ilium unum mi exoptavi : Asin. 846 ; Rud. 873 ; 
 Hec. 490. 
 
 exorior : Trin. 1009, ne metus exoriatur scapulis. 
 
 exorno : Stich. 744, nisi me vobis exornarem ; Most. 293. 
 
 exoro: Bacch. 1199, hanc veniam illis sine te exorem. 
 
 •expeculio : Poen. 843, expeculiatos servos fieri suis eris. 
 
 expugno: Bacch. 931, expugnavi erili filio aurum. 
 
Dative of Interest. 155 
 
 expetesso : M. G. 1231, quamquara multae ilium sibi expetessunt ; 
 Trin. 228. 
 
 expeto (12) : Cas. 80, sibi uxorem expetunt ; Merc. 489 ; Most. 
 103, sibi quisque inde exeinplum expetunt; 128; And. 520; Enn. 
 Trag. 350 (So 141 V). 
 
 exsequor : Bacch. 475, amico et benevolenti suo sodali rem man- 
 datam exsequitur. 
 
 exsuscito : Cure. 91, exsuscitate vostram hue custodem mini. 
 
 fabricor: Ace. 559, arma ignavo invicta es fabricatus manu. 
 
 facio : this verb ordinarily takes a dative of Indirect Object, but 
 it seems occasionally to take a Dative of Interest, e.g. Trin. 318, bene 
 quod fecisti, tibi f ecisti, non mihi (' for yourself, not for me ') ; 
 Cas. 596, ut bene vocivas aedis fecisti mihi ; 467, ut mihi bona multa 
 f aciam ! And. 41, si quid tibi feci ; Ad. 865. 
 
 flngo : Trin. 363, sapiens ipsus fingit fortunam sibi. 
 
 formido: Amph. 1113, mihi formidans; Aul. Arg. II, 6 (auro). 
 
 gigno : Pseud. 907, quom te adiutorem genuerunt mihi. 
 
 gravor: Rud. 435, cur operam gravare mihi quam civis civi com- 
 modat ? 
 
 habeo (frequent) : Aul. 47, quo modo tibi res se habet ? so Eun. 
 800; Bacch. 1143, tibi habe! Amph. 928, tibi habeas tuas res! 906, 
 cum ea sermonem nee ioco nee serio tibi habeas ! Men. Ill ; Stat. 137. 
 
 impliciscor : Amph. 729, ubi primum tibi sensisti impliciscier ? 
 
 indo : Stich. 708, tibi tute inde, si sapis. 
 
 innascor : Pers. 314, quando istaec (vomica) innatast tibi ? 
 
 interimo : Merc. 832, usus mihi harunc aedium interemptust. 
 
 invenio (frequent) : Merc. 584, hercle invenies tu locum illi, si 
 sapis ; Bud. 27, inveniet veniam sibi ; 687 ; And. 684, ubiubi erit, 
 inventum tibi curabo : Trin. 455. 
 
 investigo : Bud. 1322, quid dare velis qui istaec tibi investiget ? 
 
 lego : Amph. 316, alia forma esse oportet quem tu pugno (pugne 
 PyV) legeris. 
 
 libero : Most. 204, solam ille me soli sibi liberavit. 
 
 luceo : Cas. 118, huic lucebis novae nuptae facem. 
 
 memini : Trin. 918, neque edepol flocci facio quando egomet mihi 
 memini. 
 
 mercor : Most. 648, alias aedis mercatus sibi ; Pers. 259 ; Eun. 569. 
 
156 The Dative. 
 
 mereo : Men. 217, neque hodie ut te perdam mereara deorum divi- 
 tias mini. 
 
 meto: Epid. 265, mihi istic nee seritur nee metitur; Most. 799; 
 Merc. 71. 
 
 metuo (8) : Asin. Ill, nemo est quern iam dehinc metuam mihi ; 
 Pers. 536, metuo mihi ; Poen. 865 ; Enn. Ann. 279 (V), metuo legio- 
 nibus labem ; Af ran. 40, orbitatem tuae senectuti malam metui. 
 
 molior : Pers. 785, eo mihi eas machinas molitust. 
 
 moveo : Pud. 539, qui a fundamento mi usque movisti mare. 
 
 munio : M. G. 223, tibi muni viam ! 
 
 obicio: Enn. Trag. 98 (Sc 122 V), filiis propter te obiecta sum 
 innocens Nerei, " den Tochtern zu Liebe " ; see Vahlen's N. ad loc. 
 
 occo : Merc. 71, tibi occas. 
 
 onero : Capt. 465, ita malignitate oneravit omnis mortalis mihi ; 
 Phor. 842. 
 
 opsono : Merc. 319, satin hoc vobis opsonatumst, an opsono am- 
 plius tibi et parasito et mulieri ? Poen. 1295 ; Bacch. 96. 
 
 opto : Asin. 721, opto annum hunc perpetuom mihi huius operas ; 
 Pseud. 936. 
 
 orior : Hec. 223, vide quam immerito aegritudo haec mi abs te 
 oriatur! Ad. 189. 
 
 orno : Capt. 920, dicam ut sibi penum aliud ornet ; H. T. 288. 
 
 oro : Trin. 611, venit Philto oratum filio ; And. 528. 
 
 pario (frequent) : Asin. 282, maximas opimitates suis eris ille 
 pariet ; True. 517, mihi tibique magnum peperisti (deristi codd) 
 decus ; Eun. 871, ut solidum parerem hoc mi beneficium. 
 
 parito : Poen. 884, dum ero insidias paritem. 
 
 paro (very frequent) : Bacch. 126, mihi paratunist ; Cas. 477, apud 
 sodalem mihi locus est paratus ; Epid. 323 ; Poen. 210, negoti sibi qui 
 volet vim parare ; Phor. 133, mihi paratae lites ; Ad. 476 ; Enn. Trag. 
 128 (Sc 137 V), quis (qui codd) nunc aerumna mea libertatem paro; 
 278 (Sc 324 V). 
 
 paveo : Phor. 187, mihi paveo. 
 
 pecco : Ad. 116, si quid peccat, mihi peccat. 
 
 perficio : H. T. 862, perfice hoc mi. 
 
 peto : Trin. 1091, visne aquam tibi petam ? H. T. 978, unde mi 
 peterem cibum. 
 
Dative of Interest. 157 
 
 pono : Phor. 16, in medio omnibus palmam esse positam. 
 
 posco (frequent) : Aul. 31, faciam ut hie senex sibi uxorem poscat ; 
 160 ; 224 ; B,ud. 980 ; Enn. Ann. 194 (V), nee mi aurum posco ; 
 Stat. 134. 
 
 postulo : Kud. 1120, ob earn si quid ille postulat sibi mercedis, 
 dabitur. 
 
 praecaveo : And. 624, hoc tempus praecavere mihi me, haud te 
 ulcisei sinit. 
 
 praesideo : Most. 1096, hie ego tibi praesidebo. 
 
 praetimeo : Am ph. 29, mirari non est aequom sibi si praetimet. 
 
 procedit : Amph. 463, bene hoc operis processit mihi ; Pers. 451, 
 ut quisque rem accurat suam, sic ei procedit. 
 
 procreo : Pacuv. 402, eundem filios sibi procreasse per Calipsonem, 
 autumant. 
 
 procuro : Stich. 94, bene procuras mihi ; satis sic f ultum est. 
 Lindsay punctuates : bene procuras ; mihi satis sic fultum est. 
 
 produco : Bacch. 455, fortunatum Nicobulum, qui ilium produxit 
 sibi; 1147. 
 
 profero : Capt. 79, prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus. 
 
 prospicio (9) : Trin. 688, nolo ego mihi te tarn prospicere ; Phor. 
 963, nisi mi prospicio, haereo ; 1036 ; Turp. 173 ; Afran. 193. — 
 Similarly, prospicus : Naev. Com. 25, hac sibi prospica, hac 
 despica. 
 
 provenio : Pers. 456, (rem) proventuram bene confido mihi. 
 
 provideo : Most. 526, ego mi provideo ; H. T. 116. 
 
 quaero (frequent) : Cure. 417, alibi te meliust quaerere hospitium 
 tibi; 383; Eun. 556; 558; Enn. Trag. 120 (Sc 129 V), ducit me 
 uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia; Ad. 300, huic malo 
 salutem quaerant. 
 
 redimo : Merc. 529, tuo ero redempta's. 
 
 reperio (8) : Cist. 135, puerum aut puellam alicunde ut reperirem 
 sibi ; Pers. 133, hoc tu mi reperire argentum potes ; Phor. 179, nisi 
 iam aliquod tibi consilium celere reperis. 
 
 sapio: M. G. 331, mihi ego sapio; H. T. 507; Enn. Trag. 274 
 (Sc 321 V). 
 
 sarcio : Cato, Agr. 2, 3, centones, cuculiones familiam oportuisse 
 sibi sarcire. 
 
158 The Dative. 
 
 scribo : Phor. 127, tibi scribam dicam ; 668, sescentas scribito iam 
 mibi dicas ! 
 
 sedo : Most. 388, qui istaec sedem meditabor tibi. 
 
 sero: Epid. 265, mihi istic nee seritur nee metitur; Merc. 71; 
 Com. Incert. 1. 
 
 servo (frequent) : Aul. 87, araneas mi ego illas servari volo ; Capt. 
 441, serva tibi in perpetuom amicum me ; 976 ; Eun. 1049, serva 
 haec bona nobis ! Cato, Agr. 25, 1, vinum facito ut servetur familiae ; 
 Afran. 132. 
 
 sisto : M. Gr. 344, illam hue tibi sistam ; Eud. 1359. 
 
 sortior : Cas. 342, sortiar tibi et Chalino. 
 
 sterno : Bacch. 720, ubist biclinium vobis stratum ? Ad. 285. 
 
 struo: Cato, fr. (Jord), 74, 3, uti gloria atque honore, quomodo 
 sibi quisque struat. 
 
 subscribo : Poen. 800, eras suscribam homini dicam. 
 
 subvecto : Asin. 341, qui tibi subvectabant virgas ulmeas. 
 
 succedo : Bacch. 942, ita res successit mihi ; Enn. Trag. 402 
 (Sc 419 V) (succenset codd). 
 
 suffero : Amph. 1002, deinde illi (ille codd : corr. Lamb) actutum 
 sufferet suos servos poenas Sosia ; Cist. 202. 
 
 sum : Amph. 76, qui minus eadem histrioni sit lex ; Cas. 533, 
 liberae aedes ut sibi essent; Pseud. 673; And. 547, si plus 
 malist utrique ; 546 ; Ad. 298, salvos nobis deos quaeso ut siet ; Lucil. 
 740 (Mx), aeternum id vobis sperantes fore; Turp. 207; Cure. 
 526, dum melius sit mihi ; so Men. 831 ; 603, ubi mi bene sit ; so 
 frequently ; Bacch. 83, ubi tu lepide voles esse tibi ; so 1181 ; 
 Most. 52, qui tibi male est ; so frequently ; Men. 382, hie tibi erit 
 rectius. 
 
 suo : Phor. 491, metuo ne quid . . . : : suo suat capiti. 
 
 sustineo : Asin. 658, nolo ego te mihi onus istuc sustinere. 
 
 tendo: Phor. 330, quia non rete accipitri tennitur neque milvo; 
 illis qui nihil faciunt tennitur. 
 
 teneo : Cas. 377, tene sortem tibi ; Cist. 771, tene tu cistellam tibi 
 True. 537; 540; 687; 952. 
 
 testor : Rud. 1338, teste m te testor mihi. 
 
 timeo : H. T. 531, tibi timui male ; Enn. Ann. 87 (V) ; Phor. 188 ; 
 And. 419, nunc nostras parti timeo ; 210. 
 
Dative of Possession. 159 
 
 tutor : Ace. 167, utinam unicam mi antistitam Arquitenens suam 
 tutetur ! 
 
 valeo : Poen. 756, valent, verum non tibi ; Trin. 52, bene hercle 
 est illam tibi valere. 
 
 verrunco : Ace. Praet. 6, portenta ut populo patriae verruncent 
 bene ; so 36. 
 
 video : M. G. 331, mihi ego video ; Phor. 189. 
 
 vivo : Eud. 453, iam illud mali plus nobis vivit quam ratae ; Eun. 
 480; Ad. 865. 
 
 volo (very frequent) : Asin. 6, nunc quid processerim hue et quid 
 mi voluerim, dicam ; Bacch. 586, quid nunc vis tibi ? so Merc. 907 ; 
 Eun. 559 ; and often ; Capt. 232, quod sibi volunt ; Enn. Sat. 8 (V) ; 
 Stat. 190 ; And. 457, quid hie volt veterator sibi ? Eun. 45 ; Turp. 
 16, quid mihi vellem nescibam; Titin. 102, quid istic sibi volt 
 sermo ? Lucil. 988 (Mx), quid sibi volt ? Some of these are often 
 denominated Ethical Datives ; see above, p. 146. 
 
 vortat (frequent) : Capt. 361, quae res bene vortat mihi meoque 
 filio ; so Asin. 2, and often ; Cure. 273, quae res male vortat tibi ! so 
 Ad. 191 ; Phor. 678. In literal sense : Cato, Agr. 40, 1, seminariis, 
 vitiariis locum vorti oportet. 
 
 THE DATIVE OF POSSESSION. 
 
 The Dative of Possession is a natural outgrowth of the direction 
 idea, the thing possessed being conceived as lying in the direction 
 of the possessor; as e.g. mihi negoti nil est. 
 
 In Early Latin the Dative of Possession is a very common idiom. 
 Like most other dative constructions, it occurs chiefly with pronouns 
 (especially the personal pronouns mihi, tibi). 1 Examples : 
 
 With mihi: Amph. 1035, mihi negotiumst; so Merc. 279; 326; 
 328 ; Most. 844 ; Amph. 610, mihi quidem plus est quam volo ; Aul. 
 261, nulla controvorsia mihi tecum erit; 266, indaudisse mi esse 
 thensaurum domi; Bacch. 153, nil moror discipulos mi esse iam 
 plenos sanguinis ; 393, ut mi copia esset ; so 487 ; Pers. 415 ; Bacch. 
 
 1 While mainly restricted to the verb sum, yet occasionally the Dative of Posses- 
 sion seems to be used with other verbs, e.g. Pers. 331, perpetuo cibus ut mihi super- 
 sit, suppetat, superstitet; Cure. 85, si quid super illi fuerit; M. G. 356, mihi solae 
 quod Buperfit. 
 
160 The Dative. 
 
 635, si mi sit (sc. pecunia) ; Capt. 122, erit extemplo mihi quod dem 
 tibi ; 496, est illic mi una spes cenatica ; so Men. 1102 ; Eud. 209 ; 
 Capt. 553, eum morbum mihi esse; 621, neque mi esse ullum 
 morbum ; Cas. 183, nee qua in plura sunt mihi quae velim ; 190 ; 
 nee mihi optio est; 215, otium mihi erit; Cure. 372, quantum 
 aeris mihi sit; 465, cum istoc mihi negoti nihil est; 547, nee mihi 
 quidem libertus est; 600; Epid. 677, auxilia mi sunt domi; Men. 
 104, mi intervallum iam hos dies multos fuit ; 482, quasi res cum 
 ea esset mihi ; 636, non mihi censebas esse qui te ulciscerer ; 648, 
 nil mihi tecum est ; 826, quid mihi tecum est ? 663, quid mihi 
 f uturumst ? Merc. 471, quid mihist in vita boni ? so Most. 370 ; 
 Merc. 666, mihi nil relicti esse ; M. G. 79, mihi ad enarrandum argu- 
 mentum est comitas ; 99, erat erus Athenis mihi ; 1064, plus mi 
 auri mille est modiorum ; 1086, propter quam opera est mihi; 
 1229, lit eius mihi sit copia; Most. 86, si est quod mihi cor; 514, 
 pax mihi est cum mortuis ; 769, nee mi umbra hie usquamst ; Pers. 
 45, si id domi esset mihi ; 119, mihi non esse quod donarem ; 
 258, earn mihi fore occasionem ; 585, si tibi subiti nihil est, 
 tantumdemst mihi ; Pseud. 167, mihi rem esse ; 198, nisi camaria 
 tria mihi erunt ; 562, suspicio est mi nunc ; 637, id est nomen mihi ; 
 so 655 ; Stich. 239 ; Trin. 889 ; Eud. 724, mihi cum vostris legibus 
 nihil est commerci ; 950, boni consili ecquid mihi est ? True. 94, 
 cum ea mihi fuit commercium ; 883, operae ubi mi erit ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), 72, 22, neque mihi aedificatio est; Stat. 98, mihi non sunt 
 balneae ; And. 606, utinam mi esset aliquid ; H. T. 80, mi sic usus 
 est ; 183, mihi cum eo fuit semper familiaritas ; 902, est mi conclave ; 
 Eun. 91, utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris ; Eun. 338, eras est 
 mihi iudicium ; Phor. 176, ut mihi sit copia ; 334, mihi sciunt nil 
 esse ; Phor. 885, summa eludendi occasiost mihi senes ; Hec. 595, 
 haec mihi nunc curast maxuma; Ad. 419, non otiumst mi auseul- 
 tandi ; Lucil. 903 (Mx), mi admodum causam gravem fore. 
 
 With no& is: Capt. 250, inest spes nobis in hae astutia; Amph. 385, 
 nullum esse nobis servom ; 400, nee nobis praeter me quisquamst 
 servos; Asin. 312, nunc audacia usust nobis; Cas. 498 ; Men. 441, est 
 hie praeda nobis ; Eud. 279, neque hoc amplius nobis est ; Eud. 303, 
 nulla nobis spes est ; Phor. 421, tecum nil rei nobis est ; Ad. 441, 
 nobis magna civium penuriast. 
 
Dative of Possession. 161 
 
 With tibi: Bacch. 705 quantillum usust auri tibi? Amph. 364, 
 quid nomen tibi est ? so Men. 498 ; 811 ; 1128 ; Pers. 623 ; 700 ; and 
 often ; Amph. 350, quid negotist tibi ? so Aul. 427 ; 439 ; And. 849, 
 Ad. 642, and elsewhere ; Amph. 669, quid tibist ? so 727 ; Aul. 242 ; 
 H. T. 404, and frequently ; Aul. 631, quid tibi mecumst commerci ? 
 so Bacch. 117 ; Bacch. 161, ecquid in mentem est tibi ? 162, patrem 
 tibi esse ; so Men. 1108 ; Bacch. 422, nego tibi hoc fuisse copiae ; 
 so 563 ; Capt. 581, nee tibi qui vivas domist ; 852, nominandi tibi 
 erit copia ; Cas. 197, unde ea tibi est ? 215, otium tibi erit ; 608, 
 numquam tibi 'quin' erit plus quam mihi; Cist. 65, unde est tibi 
 cor ? 646, nil mecum tibi ; so Cure. 688 ; Cist. 748, unde haec sunt 
 tibi crepundia? 777, tibi liberorum esse amplius; Epid. 82, nisi 
 quid tibi auxili est; 332, aliqua tibi spes est; 356, ne tibi eius 
 copia esset ; Men. 151, litigium tibi est cum uxore ; M. G. 717, tibi 
 sunt gemini ; Most. 70, tibi istuc credo nomen fore ; 217, dum tibi 
 est haec aetatula ; Poen. 145, si tibi lubido est ; so 1322 ; 165, sunt 
 tibi intus aurei trecenti ? Pseud. 313, non esse argentuin tibi ; 643, 
 febrim tibi esse ; Kud. 632, siccitas ut sit tibi ; Stich. 260, nullan 
 tibi lingua est ? 280, nunc tibi potestas est ; Trin. 1066, pars tibi 
 est ; H. T. 75 tantumne est oti tibi ? 347, eius sit potestas tibi ; Eun. 
 485 ; ubi tempus tibi erit ; so Hec. 746 ; Eun. 511, quid rei tibi 
 cum ilia ? so 804 ; and elsewhere ; Phor. 468, quae nunc tibi domist ; 
 1047, satin tibist ? Hec. 74, quor non tibi haec sententia ? Ad. 223, 
 quasi iam usquam tibi sint xx minae ; Stat. 16, nil tibi esse quod 
 edim ; 77, ut tibi sit pater. 
 
 With vobis : Cure. 498, nee vobis auctor ullus est ; Rud. 353, peri- 
 culum quod fuerit vobis ; Pseud. 182, ea quibus est vobis usus ; Stich. 
 519, pax eomraersque est vobis mecum ; True. 117, vobis multa bona 
 esse volt; Hec. 666, neutra in re vobis difficultas erit ; Ad. 529, cliens, 
 amicus, hospes nemost vobis ? 
 
 With sibi : Cist. 143, amatorem aibat esse peregrinum sibi ; Cure. 
 334, sibi esse magnam inopiam; Men. 574, clientes sibi omnes volunt 
 esse multos ; 1083, patrem et patriam quae fuerint sibi ; Merc. 63, 
 neque potestatem sibi fuisse ; Eun. 12, unde is sit thensaurus sibi ; 
 21, sibi ut esset copia. 
 
 With other pronouns : 
 
 huic: Aul. 23, huic filia una est; M. G. 1071, non iusulsum huic 
 
162 The Dative. 
 
 ingenium ; True. 250, est huic servos violentissumus ; And. 481, quae 
 adsolent, omnia huic esse video ; H. T. 181, huic filium scis esse ; 
 Hec. 509; 626; 807; Ad. 638, quid huic hie negotist? 
 
 ei : Cas. 35, ei est filius ; Capt. 580, neque ei servos fuit ; Men. 59, 
 ei nil erat ; 341, quid ei nomen siet ; so Trin. 906 ; Poen. 1416, 
 utrum ei maiores buccae an mammae sint; Merc. 452; M. G. 720, si 
 ei fuisset febris; Poen. 1094, ei duae puellae sunt; Pud. 49, erat ei 
 hospes ; Stich. 539, ei filiae duae erant ; And. 813, arbitror iam aliquem 
 esse amicum et defensorem ei ; Phor. 36 ; Hec. 695, ei causa alia 
 quae fuit ? 
 
 eis : Phor. 771, eis nunc praemiumst ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 77, 7, ut 
 fides eis sit. 
 
 illi : Asin. 767, ne illi sit cera ; Bacch. 365, si illi sunt virgae 
 ruri; Cure. 59, ut quaeque illi occasiost; Men. 889, quid esse illi 
 morbi dixeras ? Trin. 374, soror illi est ; 1001, quid illi negoti 
 fuerit; H. T. 246, unde illi sunt ancillae ; 415; Eun. 1015, quid 
 illi credis turn animi fuisse ? Phor. 65, evenit iter illi in Lemnum 
 ut esset. 
 
 illis : Amph. 80, si illis fides est ; Lucil. 289 (Mx), ut mos 
 fuit illis. 
 
 alii, aliis, alteri, alterae : Hec. 509, ut alii, si huic non est, siet : 
 Phor. 333, aliis aliunde est periculum ; Hec. 270, aliud fortasse aliis 
 viti est; Men. 43, idem quod alteri nomen fuit. 
 
 quoi : Capt. 1028, quoi peculi nihil est ; Cas. 519, quoi sit 
 uxor ; Epid. 329, quoi divitiae sunt ; Pers. 391, quoi dos sit ; Stich. 
 117, quoi male faciundi est potestas ; True. 943, tibi quoi sunt dentes 
 ferrei; Lucil. 243 (Mx), quoi nee iumentum est; 719 (Mx), quoi 
 fidem esse existumet (eximent codd) ; Stat. 171, quoi fortuna est ; 
 Phor. 69, quoi tanta res erat; 174; 504, fortunatissume Antipho, 
 quoi, quod anias, domist ; 535, quoi minus est ; Poen. 256, Veneri 
 quoi sunt hodie Aphrodisia. 
 
 quibus: Capt. 472, quibus sunt verba sine penu; Cure. 495, 
 quibus nihil est ; Men. 457, quibus negoti nil est; M. G-. 1041, quibus 
 copia non est ; Pud. 278, quibus nee locust ullus ; 291, quibus nee 
 quaestus est ; Stich. 200, quibus ipsis nullast res ; Stich. 693, quibus 
 divitiae domi sunt; Enn. Trag. 122 (Sc 342 V), di quibus est 
 potestas. 
 
Dative of Possession. 163 
 
 Nouns: Stich. 542, erant illi adulescenti fidicina et tibicina; 
 H. T. 534, unde esset adulescenti quod daret; M. G. 86, Alazon 
 huic nomen est comoediae ; Capt. 59, bellum Aetolis esse dixi; 
 Amph. 145, id signum Amphitruoni non erit ; Asin. 364, ni Argy- 
 rippo essent xx minae ; M. G. 1, splendor meo sit clupeo ; OIL, xi, 
 4766, eius piacli moltaique dicatore (= -I) exactio estod ; Cato, 
 Agr. 7, 1, domino erit qui utatur; Hec. 1, Hecyraest huic nomen 
 fabulae; Asin. 89, xx usust filio minis; Eun. 246, olim isti fuit 
 generi quaestus ; Capt. 985, mos est oblivisci hominibus ; Cas. 258, 
 quoi homini nummus non est plumbeus ; Cure. 189, nulli est homini 
 perpetuom bonum ; Epid. 526 ; Most. 227 ; H. T. 81 ; Bacch. 956, item 
 tria sunt fata nostro huic Ilio; Cure. 58, pudor si quoiquam lenoni 
 siet; 66; Men. 1131, quid erat nomen nostrae matri ? : : Teuxi- 
 marchae; Pacuv. 116, mandat ne matri fuat cognoscendi copia; 
 Capt. 315, male merenti par erit ; Most. 428, quod credo mortuo 
 numquam fore ; Men. 226, voluptas nullast navitis maior ; Amph. 46, 
 mos numquam fuit patri meo ; Men. 1117, vos patri filii quot eratis ? 
 Poen. 83 ; Amph. 101, bellum est Thebano poplo ; Amph. 484, 
 minori puero maior est pater ; Most. 788, seni non erat otium ; 
 Pseud. 744, quid nomen esse dicam isti servo? Cato, fr. (Jord), 8, 
 17, Termino fanum fuit ; Kud. 32, huic esse nomen urbi Diphilus 
 Cyrenas voluit ; Enn. Ann. 83 (V), omnibus cura viris fuit. 
 
 An entirely different principle of division is followed by Schunck 
 in a programme entitled : Quantum intersit inter dativi possessivi 
 usum Ciceronis et Plauti, Zweibrtlcken, 1900. Schunck distributes 
 the material for Plautus according to the nature of the object des- 
 ignated by the subject of the verb (p. 8 ff.). Thus the subject may 
 designate : (a) a person, as parentes, filius, filia, soror, uxor, sponsa, 
 ■arnica, amicus, amator, hospes, servos, libertus, ancilla, puella, fidicina, 
 tibicina, discipulus; so also pronouns, as ea, nvllus, quisquam. 
 
 (b) something concrete, as ager, carnarium, cera, crepundia, domus, 
 fundus, machaera, piscis, signum, tessera, veruina, virgae, nummus, 
 digitus, mamma, caput, dens, lingua, oculus. Collective nouns de- 
 noting concrete objects: divitiae, copia, argentum, pecunia, peculium, 
 res (sc. familiaris) , aes, thensaurus, lucrum, praeda, victus. 
 
 (c) something abstract, as potestas, copia, mos, febris, animus, 
 ingenium, cor, vitium, morbus, cura, aegritudo, comitas, pudor, spes, 
 
164 The Dative. 
 
 lubido, cupido, suspicio, sententia, error. These abstract nouns are 
 more frequent than concrete ones, and the very common occurrence 
 of such words as : cura, aegritudo, spes, lubido, cupido, suspicio, error 
 pudor, refutes the statement of Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 373, § 85, 
 that " geistige Eigenschaften " do not appear in this construction 
 till Sallust. Brugmann, in fact, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 551, is inclined 
 to believe (on the evidence of Latin and Germanic) that the con- 
 struction with abstracts was earlier than that with words denoting 
 material substances. 
 
 While the possessor is usually a person, designated most com- 
 monly by a personal or demonstrative pronoun, yet we find numer- 
 ous instances of a thing conceived as possessor, e.g. Pseud. 1250, 
 magnum hoc vitium vinost; Amph. 312, haud malum huic est 
 pondus pugno; M. G. 1, curate ut splendor meo sit clupeo clarior 
 quam, etc. ; see Schunck, p. 28 f . But not all of the examples cited 
 by Schunck belong properly under this head ; many of them illus- 
 trate the dative in direct dependence on a substantive. 
 
 Schunck finds that abstracts are more frequent as subjects in 
 Cicero than in Plautus, a condition quite in conformity with the 
 subject matter of the two writers. 
 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 372 (top), p. 373, § 85, states that the 
 Dative of Possession denotes "das okkasionelle Haben und nicht 
 das dem Subjekt eigentumliche (was der Gen. ausdriickt)." But 
 exceptions are so numerous as to cast doubt upon the significance 
 of this observation. Thus in the foregoing material we find with 
 frequency such expressions as Amph. 364, quid nomen tibist ? 
 Most. 764, quia umbram aestate tibi esse audivit usque perpetuom 
 diem ; Cato, fr. (Jord) 8, 17, Termino fanum fuit; Ad. 441, nobis magna, 
 civium penuria est ; Men. 574, clientes sibi omnes volunt esse multos - t 
 889, quid esse illi morbi dixeras ? Lucil. 289 (Mx), ut mos fuit illis ; 
 Aul. 23, huic filia una est. Other permanent possessions mentioned 
 in this construction are : filius, soror, uxor, hospes, amator, servos r 
 libertus, ancilla, discipulus, digitus, caput, lingua, dens, oculus, etc. An 
 examination of the material falling under the head of the Dative of 
 Possession inclines me to believe that while there may be a pre- 
 ponderance of evanescent possessions used as subject in the Dative 
 of Possession, yet this should not be regarded as a distinctive 
 
Dative of Possession. 165 
 
 characteristic of the construction. The fact is : most of our posses- 
 sions are not permanent. What we have is only for a time. Hence 
 it is but natural that the majority of things found as subject in the 
 Dative of Possession do not denote permanent possessions. But 
 much the same is true of habeo. 
 
 Attraction with the Phrase Nomen Est. 
 
 The material : Amph. 19, nomen Mercuriost mihi ; 332, mihi certo 
 nomen Sosiaest (Sosia est codd) ; Asin. 10, huic nomen Graece 
 Onagost fabulae ; Bacch. 704, quid mi refert Chrysalo esse nomen ? 
 Cist. 154, mihi Auxilio est nomen ; Cure. 76, anus hie solet cubare 
 custos ianitrix, nomen Leaenaest; Men. 297, est tibi nomen 
 Menaechmo ; so 1107 ; 1068, mihi est Menaechmo nomen ; 1096 ; 
 huic item Menaechmo nomen est; 1122, nam mihi hoc erat, quod 
 nunc est, Menaechmo ; 1131, quid erat nomen nostrae matri ? : : 
 Teuximarchae ; Merc. 516, quid nomen tibi dicam esse ? : : Pasi- 
 compsae ; M. G. 436, Diceae nomen est (dicere codd) ; Pers. 60, is cog- 
 nomentum erat duris Capitonibus ; 623, quid nomen tibist ? : : Lucridi 
 nomen fuit ; Kud. 5, nomen Arcturo est mihi ; Poen. 92, quoi Lyco 
 nomen est ; Pseud. 744, quid nomen esse dicam isti servo ? : : Simiae ; 
 989, Polymachaeroplagidi nomen est ; Trin. 18, huic Graece nomen 
 est Thensauro fabulae ; Trin. 391, Lesbonico est nomen ; H. T. 662, 
 nomen mulieris cedo quid sit. : : Philterae (so Tyrr Fleck and most 
 codd; Philtera Dz) ; Hec. 1, Hecyraest huic nomen fabulae. 
 
 For the Dative by Attraction with nomen indere, nomen facere, etc., 
 see p. 108 ; 109. 
 
 In the following passages there is no attraction : Cist. 772, quid 
 (est) nomen tuae dominae 7 1 :: Melaenis ; M. G. 86, Alazon huic 
 nomen est comoediae ; Pers. 700, quid est tibi nomen ? . . . (702) 
 Vaniloquidorus ; Pseud. 653, quid est tibi nomen ? : : Harpax ; 977, 
 quid est ei homini nomen ? : : leno Ballio ; Kud. 32, primumdum 
 huic esse nomen urbi Diphilus Cyrenas voluit ; Trin. 889, ' Pax,' id 
 est nomen mihi ; True. 12, mulier nomen quoi est Phronesium. 
 
 In view of the preceding examples, it would seem necessary to 
 correct slightly the statement of Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 373, § 85, 
 hum. : " Bei mihi est nomen wird der Dativ gesetzt auszer wenn die 
 1 Dominae is, of course, possibly genitive. 
 
166 The Dative. 
 
 Person in der Mitte stent " ; cf . also Lindsay, of Plautus Syntax, p. 
 22, § 28. Hec. 1, Hecyraest huic nomen fabulae, and M. G. 86, 
 Alazon huic nomen est comoediae, are alike in form ; yet in the one 
 case we have the dative and in the other the nominative. In other 
 instances also, besides those in which the person intervenes, we find 
 the nominative. Thus in Pseud. 653, quid est tibi nomen ? : : 
 Harpax ; 977, quid est ei homini nomen ? : : leno Ballio, we have 
 the nominative, while in other replies to quid tibi nomen est, we 
 have the dative, e.g. Merc. 516; Pseud. 744. In many instances 
 the name, not possessing a recognized Latin inflection, could hardly 
 suffer attraction. This applies to Alazon in the Miles passage and 
 to Harpax in the Pseudolus passage. 'Pax' in Trin. 889 is, of 
 course, the Greek adverb. 
 
 THE DATIVE OF AGENCY. 
 
 As in the classical period, so in Early Latin we find the Dative of 
 Agency used most often with the gerundive, less frequently with the 
 compound tenses of the passive. The Dative of/ Agency with the 
 uncorapounded tenses of the passive, though found with some fre- 
 quency in the Classical Latin, appears but twice in the period we are 
 considering. 
 
 The usage under consideration appears in a variety of Indo- 
 European languages: Old Indian, Iranian, and Greek, as well as 
 Latin. 1 The idiom is usually explained as an extension of the 
 Dative of Reference (see p. 133). Thus haec mihi facienda sunt 
 means "This is to be done, and I am the person with reference to 
 whom the statement holds," i.e. " it is to be done by me." 
 
 A. Dative of Agency with Gerundives. 
 
 abeo : Aul. 105, discrucior quia ab domo abeundum est mihi. 
 ablego: Hec. 413, aliquo niihist hinc ablegandus. 
 adcuro : Men. 860, illud praecavendumst atque adcurandumst mihi. 
 adeo : Eud. 1298, adeundus mihi illic est homo ; True. 895 ; Ace. 
 77, tibi cautim est adeundum ad virum. 
 
 1 Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 300. 
 
Dative of Agency. 167 
 
 adgredior : Trin. 963, adgrediundust hie homo mi astu. 
 
 adhibeo: Cas. 475, enim vero hue aures magis sunt adhibendae 
 mihi ; Epid. 546. 
 
 adhortor: H. T. 509, Syrus est prendendus atque adhortandus 
 mihi. 
 
 adservo : H. T. 593, atque nunc, ere, tibi istic adservandus est. 
 
 agito : Trin. 869, hercle opinor mi advenienti hac noctu agitandumst 
 vigilias. 
 
 ago : H. T. 39, avarus, leno adsidue agendi sint mihi. 
 
 appello : Cas. 228, blande haec mihi mala res appellanda est. 
 
 audio : True. 834, multa mi audienda. 
 
 canto : Titin. 169, si erit tibi cantandum. 
 
 capio : Bacch. 325, nunc tibimet capiundumst iter ; And. 695, non 
 si capiundos mihi sciam esse inimicos omnes ; Phor. 890. 
 
 capto : Cas. 444, captandust horum clanculum sermo mihi ; Most. 
 1069 ; Ace. 541, contra est eundum cautim et captandum mihi. 
 
 caveo : Cas. 411, tibi cavendum censeo ; Men. 345, aps qua cavendum 
 nobis sane censeo; Eun. 883, turn pol tibi ab istoc cavendum 
 intellego ; Most. 1142 ; Pseud. 474. 
 
 ceno : Most. 701, nam et cenandum et cubandumst ei male. 
 
 comprimo : Pseud. 409, comprimunda vox mihi ; so 788. 
 
 conligo : Epid. 689, conligandae haec sunt tibi. 
 
 consolor : Bacch. 625, consolandus hie mist. 
 
 convenio : Trin. 1122, nunc mi is propere conveniendust. 
 
 cubo : see ceno. 
 
 curro : Pseud. 331, extra portam mi etiam currendumst. 
 
 euro : Bacch. 691, hoc tibi curandumst. 
 
 demuto : M. G. 1291, oratio alio mihi demutandast mea. 
 
 dico : Phor. 580, quo pacto aut unde mihi sit dicundum. 
 
 duco : Cist. 99, ei nunc alia ducendast domum ; True. 866, tibi 
 uxorem ducendam ; so also And. 254. 
 
 efficio : And. 884, aliquo pacto efficiundum tibi. 
 
 eo : see under capto, Ace. 541. 
 
 exedo : Phor. 318, tibi omnest exedendum. 
 
 exeo : Aul. 40, exeundum hercle tibi hinc est foras. 
 
 exigo : And. 27 ; see specto. 
 
 exoro : And. 167, qui mi exorandust. 
 
168 The Dative. 
 
 expeto : Phor. 202, nullast mihi vita expetenda. 
 
 exspecto : Phor. 460, f rater est exspectandus mihi. 
 
 facio: Amph. 891, faciundumst mi illud; M. G. 887, si quid 
 faciundumst mulieri ; 891 ; 991 ; Stich. 54, faciendum nobis ; Phor. 
 207, si aliud quid tibi nunc faciundum foret ; Titin. 56, nobis faciun- 
 dum est ita ; Poen. 956 ; Stich. 716. 
 
 gero : Enn. Ann. 45 (V), tibi sunt ante gerendae aerumnae. 
 
 ineo : H. T. 674, ratio de integro ineundast mihi. 
 
 intego : Eud. 101, villam integundam intellego totam mihi. 
 
 invenio : H. T. 840, mihi nunc inveniundus est aliquis. 
 
 iuro : Eud. 1334, per Venerem hanc inrandum est tibi. 
 
 manticulor : Pacuv. 379, manticulandum est mihi. 
 
 misceo: Ace. 200, maior mihi moles, maius miscendumst malum. 
 
 moderor : Cure. 486, linguae moderandumst mihi. 
 
 perdo : Bacch. 86, apud hunc fluvium aliquid perdundumst tibi. 
 
 pereo : Asin. 244, pereundum est mihi ; M. G. 180 ; 359. 
 
 peto : Afran. 360, antiquitas petenda in principio est mihi. 
 
 poto : Pseud. 782, eras mihi potandus fructus est fullonius. 
 
 praecaveo : Men. 860 ; see adcuro. 
 
 prehendo : H. T. 509 ; see adhortor. 
 
 quaero : Amph. 423, aliud nomen quaerundum est mihi. 
 
 redeo : Amph. 527, clam illuc redeundumst mihi ; so Men. 49 ; 
 Hec. 425. 
 
 salto : Stich. 757, siquidem mihi saltandumst. 
 
 sisto : Trin. 867, apud illas aedes sistendae mihi sunt sycophantiae. 
 
 solvo : Asin. 321, si tergo res solvenda est. 
 
 specto : And. 27, spectandae an exigendae sint vobis. 
 
 supplico: Merc. 171, quandoquidem mihi supplicandum servolo 
 video meo. 
 
 transeo : H. T. 739, transeundumst nunc tibi. 
 
 vapulo : Poen. 855, ubi mihi vapulandum sit. 
 
 victito : Poen. 397, mihi iam video propter te victitandum sorbilo. 
 
 vivo : And. 152, alieno more vivendumst mihi ; Turp. 57, quacum 
 aetas degenda et vivendum esset tibi. 
 
Dative of Agency. 169 
 
 B. Dative of Agency with Perfect Passive Participles. 1 
 
 cerno (frequent) : Capt. 215, istuc mini certurn erat ; 772 ; H. T. 
 466, si certumst tibi sic facer e. 
 
 committo: Lucil. 651 (Mx), clandestine tibi quod commissum 
 foret. 
 
 condoceo : Poen. 580, fac ut condocta tibi sint dicta. 
 
 conduco : Bacch. 1097, menioravit earn sibi conductam ; Merc. 
 743, quoi conducti sumus (though cited by Tillman, op. cit. p. 73 ; 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 375 ; and Landgraf , op. cit. p. 5), is con- 
 jectural merely. 
 
 decerno : Bacch. 515, mihi decretumst renumerare omne aurum ; 
 Aul. 572 ; 574 ; Merc. 1 ; M. G. 77 ; Poen. 501 ; Stich. 218 ; H. T. 
 392, vobis cum uno semel ubi aetatem agere decretumst viro. 
 
 dico : Enn. Ann. 306 (V), is dictust ollis popularibus flos delibatus 
 populi. 
 
 divido : And. 476, non sat commode divisa sunt temporibus tibi, 
 Dave, haec. 
 
 emereor : Bacch. 43, ut ubi emeritum sit sibi. 
 
 emo: old formula of mancipatio in Huschke, Frag. Jur. Bom. 
 Antejust. 3 p. 692, emptus mihi esto pretio ; Gaius, i, 119 ; ii, 104, 
 isque mihi emptus esto hoc aere aeneaque libra ; Varro, B. B. ii, 2, 5, 
 in emptionibus antiqua fere formula utuntur cum emptor dixit: 
 'tanti sunt mi emptae 7 ; Epid. 154, ubi tibi istam emptam esse 
 scibit ; 467 ; 471 ; CIL, i, 200, 45, quod eius agri quoieique emptum 
 est; 65. 
 
 exopto: Am ph. 654, edepol me uxori exoptatum credo adventurum 
 domum. 
 
 exploro : Lucil. 880 (Mx), mihi erant de illo explorata omnia. 
 
 exspecto : Amph. 658, med illi exspectatum venturum scio ; 659 ; 
 Most. 441. 
 
 facio : Bud. 958, ego istuc furtum scio quoi factum est. 
 
 instituo : Enn. Trag. 185 (Sc. 236 V), nam quoi quod agat institu- 
 tumst negotium, id agit. 
 
 instruo: Phor. 321, iam instructa sunt mihi in corde consilia omnia. 
 
 1 Tillmann, De Dativo Graeco, Acta Sem. Phil. Erlang. ii, p. 71 ff. ; Landgraf, 
 Beitrage zur historischen Syntax der lat. Sprache, Munich, 1899, p. 1 ft. 
 
170 The Dative. 
 
 loco : Asin. 443, ut quod sit sibi locatum, ecficeret. 
 
 meditor : Pseud. 942, meditati sunt mihi doli docte ; Phor. 248, 
 meditata mihi sunt omnia mea incommoda, erus si redierit. 
 
 offirmo : Bacch. 1199, satin offirmatum quod mihi erat, id me 
 exorat ? 
 
 pario : Cas. 200, partum ei haud commode est. 
 
 produco : Bacch. 457, hie enim rite productus patri. 
 
 suscipio : Phor. 967, quom e medio excessit unde haec susceptast 
 tibi. 
 
 suspicio : Hec. 398, scio nemini aliter snspectum fore ; 577 ; 777 ; 
 820. 
 
 video : M. Gr. 516, haec visast mihi, cited by Landgraf (op. cit. 
 p. 7) and also by Brugmanu (Grundr. ii 2 , p. 558), is purely conjectural. 
 
 C. Dative of Agency with Uncompounded Tenses of the 
 
 Passive. 
 
 facio : Eud. 956a, noveram dominum (sc. eius) id quoi fiebat, ' the 
 master of him by whom that was done ' ; cf . 958, ego istuc furtum 
 scio quoi factum est. 
 
 cognosco : Ace. 283, me Argos referam, nam hie sum nobilis, ne 
 cui cognoscar noto. 
 
 perhibeo : Enn. Ann. 409 (arcus ubi aspiciunt, mortalibus quae 
 perhibentur ; sc. Iris ?) is too incomplete to warrant its being taken 
 as an instance of the Dative of Agency with an uncompounded 
 tense-form, as is done by Frobenius, Syntax des Ennius, p. 31. 
 
 Epid. 228, illis quibus tributus maior penditur, pendi potest, cited 
 by Tillmann, op. cit. p. 78, is erroneously interpreted by him. 
 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 375, denies the occurrence in Early 
 Latin of substantives unaccompanied by a pronoun in the Dative 
 of Agent. He i3 undoubtedly correct as to the prevailing usage, 
 yet we have at least one instance of violation of the principle, viz. 
 Bacch. 457, hie enim rite productus patri ; probably also in Amph. 
 654 t me uxori exoptatum credo adventumm domum ; exoptatum here 
 is hardly a mere adjective used as the equivalent of gratum : of. the 
 other examples cited under exopto. 
 
Dative of Purpose. 171 
 
 DATIVE OF PURPOSE OR TENDENCY. 1 
 
 The Dative of Purpose, seen in such expressions as Amph. 534, 
 pateram quae dono mi data est, and the Dative of Tendency, seen in 
 Cato, fr. (J), 22, 2, mihi nunc magnae curae est, are both perfectly- 
 natural and obvious developments of the notion of direction, which 
 we recognized as basal with the dative case. Both are well repre- 
 sented in the early period. While usually abstract, yet occasionally 
 the Dative of Purpose designates a concrete object ; see below under 
 curriculo, fornaci, iaientaculo, ornamentis, prandio, vino; cf. Brug- 
 mann, Grundr. ii 2 , p. 559. 
 
 argento : Most. 532, scelestiorem annum argento faenori numquam 
 vidi. 
 
 arraboni: (do) Most. 1013, quas arraboni tibi dedit ; 645; 918; 
 (relinquo) H. T. 603, ea relicta huic arraboni est pro illo argento. 
 
 auxilio: (sum) Amph. 92, auxilio is fuit; Aul. 715; Epid. 676; 
 Most. 148; Poen. 1137; 1277; H. T. 992; (adsum) Amph. 1131, 
 adsum auxilio tibi et tuis ; Enn. Trag. 142 (Sc 177 V), ut hoc con- 
 silium auxilio (-i Bibb ; -ii codd) fuat. 
 
 bolo: Poen. 101, tangere hominem volt bolo ('for profit'); so 
 True. Arg. 3. 
 
 captioni : Most. 922, ne quid captioni mihi sit. 
 
 comitati: Trin. 356, habemus aliis qui comitati simus. 
 
 cordi : Cist. 109, utut erga me est meritust, mi (in codd) cordi est 
 tamen ; Most. 323, si tibi cordi est, face ; Phor. 800, quia uterque 
 utriquest cordi ; And. 328 ; Afran. 328, vos quibus cordi est ; Cato, 
 fr. (J), 6, 21 ; Lucil. 625 (Mx) ; 629. Heckmann, Indog. Porsch. 
 xviii, p. 326, and Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 376, hold that cordi in 
 this idiom is a locative, not dative. But the form is strictly ablative 
 rather than locative. Lindsay takes the cordi as an ablative of place 
 where ; he is influenced by the Cistellaria passage, in which he follows 
 the MSS, — in cordi est. But we can hardly dispense with mi here, 
 and I know of no other instance in which we have in cordi in this 
 sense. Priscian regarded the case as dative; cf. Gramm. Lat. ii, 
 121 ; 564 ; see also Funaioli, Woch. f. Kl. Phil. 1905, Cols. 6, 7. 
 
 1 Nielander, Der factitive Dativus bei romischen Dichtern u. Prosaikem, Sehnei- 
 demiihl, 1877; Eoby, Latin Grammar, ii, p. xl (very defective). 
 
172 The Dative. 
 
 corruptelae: Asin. 867, is corruptelaest liberis. 
 
 cultu : Rud. 294 ; see quaesfcui. 
 
 curae : (sum) Bacch. 1078, magis curae est magisque adformido ; 
 Men. 761 ; Merc. 121, curaest negoti quid sit ; Ad. 129 ; 680 ; 894, 
 quoi doniinus curaest; Hec. 193; Cato, fr. (Jord), 22, 2, quo mihi 
 nunc magnae curae est; (habeo) Men. 990, ut imperium ineum 
 habeatis curae. 
 
 curriculo : Stich. 307, brevest curriculo (' too confined for a race- 
 course'). 
 
 damno : (sum) Asin. 571, ubi eris damno, molestiae saepe fueris ; 
 Trin. 586, neque enim illi damno unquam esse patiar; Cist. 50; 
 (duco) Bacch. 1103, minus id mihi damno ducam. 
 
 decori : Asin. 192, nobis lucro fuisti potius quam decori tibi. 
 
 dedecori: Bacch. 1191, etsi est dedecori; Asin. 571; H. T. 334, 
 si una haec dedecorist parum. 
 
 deliciae : Rud. 426, turn tibi operam ludo et deliciae dabo. 
 
 depeculatui: Epid. 520, me impune irrisum esse habitum de- 
 peculatui ! 
 
 deridiculo : M. G. 92, is deridiculost omnibus. 
 
 desiderio : H. T. 753, ita magno desiderio fuit ei filius. 
 
 despicatui : Men. 693, quando tu me tibi habes despicatui. 
 
 disciplinae: Most. 154, parsimonia et duritia discipulinae aliis 
 eram. 
 
 dividiae: Naev. Com. 49, dividiaest; Bacch. 1033, cave tibi cc 
 nummi dividiae fuant ; 770; Cas. 180; Merc. 619; Stich. 19 ; True. 
 856 ; Turp. 58. 
 
 dono : 1 (addo) Epid. 473, fides addam tibi dono gratiis ; (adveho) 
 Merc. 333, ei dono advexe audivi ; (do, frequent) Amph. 534, quae 
 dono mi data est ; 538, quoi deno datum est ; Asin. 194 ; Merc. 400, 
 dono quam darem matri meae ; M. G-. 120 ; H. T. 1050, bona ut dem 
 Bacchidi dono sciens ; Eun. 109 ; (duco) Eun. 229, ducit secum una 
 virginem dono huic. In Enn. Ann. 201 (V), (Baehrens, 143), dono, 
 ducite, doque volentibus cum magnis dis, Vahlen takes dono as the 
 verb. Baehrens notes that the employment of dono ducere in the 
 
 kTaken by Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil.«, p. 376, Anm. 1, as an original predicate accusa- 
 tive which has lost its final m ; but this would leave the o short ; the metre shows 
 that it is long. 
 
Dative of Purpose. 173 
 
 sense demanded here -would be unexampled ; (emo) Eun. 135, emit 
 earn dono mini ; (habeo) M. G. 981, iube sibi aurum dono habere ; 
 1148 ; Pseud. 1075, habeto mulierem dono tibi ; (promitto) Most. 
 185, quod promiseram tibi dono. 
 
 doti : H. T. 942, me mea omnia bona doti dixisse illi. 
 
 exemplo : Ad, 771, exemplo {Bent ; exemplum, exempla codd) 
 omnibus ut esses. 
 
 exitio: Bacch. 953, quae illi fuere exitio (exitium P) ; so 947; 
 1054. 
 
 f aenori : Vid. 84, minam quam med orasti ut darem f aenori ; but 
 faenori may possibly be ablative. 
 
 fallaciis : Pseud. 558, meis date locum fallaciis. 
 
 famae : Trin. 629, si in rem tuam esse videatur, gloriae aut famae, 
 sinam. 
 
 f ornaci : Cato, Agr. 38, 3, fornaci locum facito. 
 
 f raudi : CIL, i, 198, 28, neive quid ei ob earn rem frandei esto. 
 
 frugi (frequent) : Loch, De genetivi apud priseos scriptores 
 Latinos usu, Bartenstein, 1880, p. 8, and Blomquist, De genetivi 
 apud Plautum usu, Helsingfors, 1892, p. 78, regard frugi, frugi bonae, 
 as a genitive. Loch is influenced by the passage in Gell. vi, 11, 2, 
 (veteres homines) appellaverunt nequam hominem nihili nulli rei, 
 neque frugis bonae, though it is difficult to see what support this 
 passage lends to the theory. But the form must be dative. 
 Examples of the usage are : Asin. 602, numquam bonae frugi sient ; 
 Capt. 956; 957; Cas. 327, si tu frugi bonae's; Cure. 521; Poen. 
 845 ; Pseud. 337 ; Asin. 175, quae frugi esse volt ; Aul. 719, sedent 
 quasi sint frugi ; Bacch. 654. Out of this use develops the attribu- 
 tive adjective: Aul. 587, hoc est servi facinus frugi; Cas. 255, ut 
 detur nostro vilico, servo frugi ; Trin. 1018, quia cum frugi hominibus 
 ibi bibisti ? 
 
 frustratui : Men. 695, aliam invenito quam habeas frustratui. 
 
 gaudio : Poen. 1217, gaudio ero vobis. 
 
 gloriae : Cato, Agr. 3, 2, et rei et virtuti et gloriae erit ; Trin. 
 629 ; C. Gracchus (Meyer), p. 242, gloriae sibi ducebat. 
 
 granatui: Cato, Agr. 60, granatui ('for collecting seed') videto 
 ut satis viciae seras. 
 
 gratiae : And. 331, postulare id gratiae adponi sibi. 
 
174 The Dative. 
 
 hariolationibus : Enn. Trag. 42 (Sc. 57 V), missa sum superstitiosis 
 hariolationibus. 
 
 honori : Epid. 33, erit illi ilia res honori. 
 
 hospitio : M. G. 1110, is ad hos hospitio devortitur. 
 
 impedimento : And. 707, nam mihi impedimento estis; so Cas. 61. 
 
 indicio : H. T. 384, mihi fuit indicio oratio ; Ad. 4 ; CIL, i, 200, 90. 
 
 infamiae : And. 444, cavit ne umquam infamiae ea res sibi esset. 
 
 inridiculo: Poen. 1183, neque ab iuventute inridieulo habitae sumus ; 
 Cas. 877, inridiculo sumus ambo. 
 
 invidiae : Cato, fr. (Jord), 37, 20, memorare non audeo, ne invidiae 
 siet. 
 
 iaientaculo : Cure. 73, te antepones Veneri iaientaculo ? 
 
 laudi : (sum) Ad. 418, hoc laudi est ; 382 ; (do) Ace. Trag. 7, demis 
 quod laudi datur; (duco) Ad. 104, tu nunc tibi id laudi ducis; so 5. 
 
 libertati : Poen. 1217, gaudio ero vobis : : at nos voluptati tibi : : li- 
 bertatique. 
 
 loco : Ace. 273, non genus virum ornat, generi vir fortis loco (= 
 honori) ; cf . Koterba, De sermone Pacuviano et Acciano, p. 167. 
 
 lucro : (auspico) Pers. 689, lucro faciundo ego auspieavi in hunc 
 diem ; (sum) Asin. 192, lucro nobis f uisti potius quam decori tibi ; 
 Hec. 287; Cist. 50; Men. 356; M. G. 675; Merc. 553 (lucrum .4; 
 lucro P). 
 
 ludibrio : (habeo) Cas. 645, ludibrio quae me habuisti ; 868 ; Epid. 
 666; Men. 396; 782, ludibrio habeor ; Hec. 149; 526, non sic ludi- 
 brio habitus essem. 
 
 ludificatui : Poen. 1281, turn me sibi habento ludificatui. 
 
 ludo : Rud. 426 ; see deliciae. 
 
 malo : Cist. 761, ne bene merenti sit malo benignitas ; Men. 356, 
 amanti amoenitas malo; M. G. 492, mihi ne malo fuat; Cure. 501. 
 
 mancupio : * (accipio) Cure. 494, egon ab lenoue quicquam man- 
 cupio accipiam ! Merc. 449; Pers. 53 J ; Trin. 421 ; True. 274 ; (do) 
 Cure. 494, mancupio tibi dabo ; 617 ; M. G. 23 ; Pers. 525 ; 589 ; 
 (promitto) Pers. 525, mancupio neque promittet neque quisquam 
 dabit ; (posco) Most. 1091, vel hominem iube mancupio aedis poscere. 
 
 mellinae : True. 704, illuc (est) magnae mellinae mihi. 
 
 1 By many scholars taken as ablative, e.g. Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 , p. 376, Anm. 1 ; 
 Koby, Lat. Gramm. § 1243 ; ii, p. xlviii. 
 
Dative of Purpose. 175 
 
 mercedi : Aul. 448, nummo sum conductus ; plus iam medico merce- 
 dist opus (Bothe ; mercede opus est codd; mercedest opus Linds Leo). 
 
 molestiae : Asin. 571, ubi eris damno, molestiae et dedecori saepe 
 fueris ; Aul. 588, ne morae molestiaeque imperium erile habeat 
 sibi ; Cure. 501 ; Poen. 35. 
 
 morae: M. Gr. 1190, ne sit matri morae; Pers. 86; Eud. 412; Aul. 
 588 ; Bacch. 224 ; Cas. 750 ; Ad. 712, ne morae meis nuptiis sim ; 904. 
 
 morbo : True. 466, id illi morbo, id illi seniost. 
 
 neglectu : H. T. 357, haec res neutiquam neclectust mini. 
 
 nuptiis : Aul. 295, obsonari nuptiis ; Trin. 580 ; And. 102, bic nup- 
 tiis dictust dies ; Pacuv. 115, nuptiis hanc dat diem. 
 
 odio: (habeo) Pers. 206, odio hercle babeant; Men. Ill; (sum) 
 frequent : Capt. 1035, si placuimus neque odio f uimus ; Cure. 501 ; 
 Epid. 2 ; Men. Ill, quod viro esse odio videas, tute tibi odio habeas ; 
 Poen. 51; 922; Pseud. 1263; Trin. 632; M. G. 748 ; Hec. 343, qui 
 amat quoi odio ipsus est, bis f acere stulte duco ; Turp. 41, quia enim 
 odio ac senio mi baec sunt nuptiae ; Titin. 58, sin forma odio sum. 
 
 operi : CIL, i, 200, 98, ei operei diem deicito ! 
 
 ornamentis : H. T. 837, basce ornamentis consequentur alterae 
 (sc. minae). 
 
 perditui et praedatui : Cist. 366, quam ob rem me habes perditui 
 et praedatui ? 
 
 pignori: (oppono) Pseud. 87, si me opponam pignori; Stat. 105, 
 ut aurum et vestem reluat quod viva ipsi opposivit pignori; Pbor. 
 661, ager oppositus pignori; (pono) Capt. 433, meam esse vitae pro 
 te positam pignori ; (retineo) Capt. 655, retinui (Donat; reliqui codd) 
 pignori putamina ; (sum) Most. 978, xl etiam dedit buic quae essent 
 pignori ; Cato, Agr. 146, 2, quae in fundo inlata erunt, pignori sunto ; 
 149, 2 ; 150, 2. 
 
 portento : Ace. 209, adde buc quod mibi portento caelestum pater 
 prodigium misit. 
 
 praesidio : Eud. 693, praesidio Veneris incedam; Scip. Min. p. 181 
 (Meyer), vobis reique publieae praesidio erit. 
 
 prandio : True. 646, ut bubus glandem prandio depromerem. 
 
 preci : Pbor. 547, ut nullus locus preci relinquatur ; And. 601. 
 
 probro : Ampb. 492, nemo id probro ducet Alcumenae ; Cure. 29, 
 ne id quod ames tibi sit probro. 
 
176 The Dative. 
 
 quaestioni : (accipio) Most. 1092, quaestioni accipere servos ; (do) 
 Most. 1086, servos pollicitus dare mihi quaestioni ; 1095. 
 
 quaestui : Poen. 626, ut quaestui habeant male loqui melioribus ; 
 Eud. 294, hisce hami atque haec harundines sunt nobis quaestu et 
 cultu. 
 
 rei, rebus : Amph. 674, aliuni ego isti rei adlegabo ; Asin. 589, quoi 
 rei ? Pseud. 783, illi rei nunc sum parvolus ; Eud. 717, non hodie 
 isti rei auspicavi ; Stich. 720, nulli rei erimus ; Enn. Sc. (V), 312, 
 ei rei sustuli (eos) ; Cato, Agr. 3, 2, see under gloriae ; 14, 3, hae rei 
 materiem dominus praebebit ; 25 ; 26 ; 28, 2, id erit ei rei primum ; 114, 
 1; 153 illae rei; 154; fr. (Jord), 85, 7, qui nulli rei sies ; Phor. 
 667, his rebus sane pone decern minas ; Ad. 62, quor tu his rebus 
 sumptum suggeris ? 358, qui aliquoi rei est ; 545 ; 854. In Stich. 
 720 and Cato, fr. (Jord) 85, 7, nulli rei was taken by Priscian, 
 Gramm. Lat. ii, p. 227, as genitive. Eitschl (Op. ii, p. 692) and Loch 
 (De genetivi apud priscos scriptores Latinos usu, p. 8) accept this 
 view, but Lindsay (Syntax of Plautus, p. 22) rightly calls attention 
 to Ad. 358, qui aliquoi rei est, which gives the strongest possible 
 support for interpreting nulli rei as dative. 
 
 remedio : Eun. 439, haec res solast remedio. 
 
 ridiculo : Eun. 1004, mihi solae ridiculo fuit. 
 
 saluti : Merc. 143, saluti quod tibi esse censeo ; Most. 351 ; Capt. 
 555. 
 
 senio: Stich. 19, haec mihi dividiae et senio sunt; True. 466; 
 Turp. 41, odio ac senio mi haec sunt nuptiae. 
 
 sepulcro : Ace. 226, natis sepulcro ipse est parens. 
 
 sequestro : Eud. 1017, nisi pars datur aut ad arbitrum reditur aut 
 sequestro ponitur : Merc. 738, sequestro mihi datast ; Vid. fr. v. 
 
 sermoni : Pseud. 418, per urbem sermoni (sermone P) omnibust. 
 
 solacio : Amph. 643, id solaciost. 
 
 sollicitudini : M. G. 671, quibus nunc me esse experior summae 
 sollicitudini ; Phor. 588, istaec mihi res sollicitudinist. 
 
 studio : Ad. 382, studione id sibi habet an laudi putat ? 
 
 sumptui : M. G. 672, at tibi tanto sumptui esse mihi molestumst ; 
 740 ; Most. 125. 
 
 "usioni : Cato, Agr. 149, 2, domini usioni recipitur ; 38, 4, sarmenta 
 quae tibi usioni supererunt. 
 
Dative of Purpose. 177 
 
 usui : Cist. 691, quae neque ilia illi quicquam usui et mihi esse 
 potest ; Men. 358 ; Merc. 32, quae nihil attingunt ad rem nee sunt 
 usui ; M. G-. 600 ; 601 ; 724 ; 771 ; Pseud. 305, an paenitet te quanto 
 hie f uerit usui ; 1129 ; Cure. 501, bono usui estis nulli. 
 
 usurae : Trin. 181, neque emi mihi nee usurae meae. 
 
 vino : Cato, Agr. 6, 4, qui locus vino optimus dicetur ; 147 ; 148, 2. 
 
 virtuti : Cato, Agr. 3, 2, see under gloriae. 
 
 vitio : (do) Ad. 418, hoc vitio datur ; And. 8 ; (sum) Ace. 7, quod 
 vitio est ; (vorto) Amph. 1142, hau promeruit quam ob rem vitio vor- 
 teres ; Asin. 450 ; Epid. 108, quis erit vitio qui id vortat tibi ? 431 ; 
 M. G. 1350 ; Capt. 259 ; Eud. 700 ; Pers. 387, nullum vitium vitio 
 vortitur ; Cato, f r. ( Jord), 73, 4 ; Ad. 5, an vitio duci oporteat. 
 
 voluptati : Cas. 463, ut tibi morigerus, ut voluptati fui ! Poen. 145 ; 
 1205, nimiae voluptatist quod portentumst quod haruspex dixit ; 
 1413; 1217; Eud. 1183 ; 1373; Pseud. 1280, nimiae turn voluptati 
 edepol ; H. T. 71, haec non voluptati tibi esse satis eerte scio ; 1024 ; 
 Hec. 859. 
 
 In view of the fact that the Dative of Purpose is extremely rare 
 in the tragic fragments, we may well regard the idiom as belonging 
 essentially to the popular speech ; cf. Frobenius, Die Syntax des En- 
 nius, p. 32, " der Volksspraehe eigentumlich." No instance of the 
 usage occurs in the Annals of Ennius. 
 
 It has seemed unnecessary to prepare special lists of those Datives 
 of Purpose which appear in connection with a second dative. The 
 foregoing material shows with sufficient clearness what Datives of 
 Purpose are used alone, and what ones are accompanied by a dative 
 of the person. 
 
 Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 19, calls attention to the fact that 
 the predicate nominative is a competitor of the Dative of Tendency. 
 Thus we find Poen. 145, si tibi lubido est aut voluptati, sino ; True. 
 466, id illi morbo, id illi seniost, ea illi miseriast ; Trin. 697, is est 
 honos homini pudico ; H. T. 922, nonne id flagitiumst ? Eun. 940, 
 nosse omnia haec sal us adulescentulis (saluti Bent) . We never find 
 the dative of miseria or flagitium. In case of lucrum and exitium 
 both nominative and dative are found ; cf. Merc. 553, id iam lucrum 
 est, quod vivis ; Bacch. 945, exitium fiet. 
 
 For the Dative of Purpose of the Gerund and Gerundive, see Vol. 
 i, p. 443; 449. 
 
178 The Dative. 
 
 DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 The dative is freely used with adjectives in Early Latin. Most 
 of these datives denote the person or thing to whom or which the 
 quality is directed, or for whom it has validity, as mihi odiosus ; 
 mihi cams; mihi utilis. In other instances the dative is rather 
 objective, as with obvius, aequiperabilis, studiosus. Both classes of 
 usage are perfectly natural and obvious outgrowths of the basal 
 notion of direction which we deduced for the dative case ; see p. 103. 
 The material : 
 
 acceptus : Bud. 24, id eo fit quia nil ei acceptum est a peiiuris 
 supplici ; Stich. 741 ; 50 ; True. 617. 
 
 acerbus : Com. Inc. 49, med esse acerbum sibi. 
 
 adfinis : Trin. 331, publicisne adfinis fuit an maritumis negotiis ? 
 Ad. 948, adfinis nobis ; Ace. 502, ego ut essem adfinis tibi ; Seaurus, 
 p. 260 (Meyer). With genitive: H.T. 215, neque illarum adfinis 
 esse rerum quas fert adulescentia. 
 
 adsimilis : Cato, fr. (J), 85, 2, adsimilis illi. 
 
 advorsus (6): Liv. And. Trag. 23, matri ne quid tuae advorsus 
 f uas ; Trin. 1046, id genus hominum omnibus univorsis est advorsum ; 
 And. 64 ; Hec. 202. 
 
 aeger: Amph. 910, nam numquam quicquam meo aniino fuit 
 aegrius. 
 
 aemulus : Bud. 240, mihi es aemula. 
 
 aequiperabilis: Cure. 168, quid videbis magis dis aequiperabile ? 
 
 aequos : Cas. 4, ut vos mi esse aequos sciam ; And. 429, quo 
 aequior sum Pamphilo. 
 
 alienus : Capt. 98, quaestum inhonestum et maxume alienum 
 ingenio suo (possibly abl.) ; 148, ego alienus illi ? Phor. 545, ego 
 vobis, Geta, alienus sum ? Oftener with a and the ablative, especially 
 in the sense, ' hostile,' ' estranged,' see p. 286. 
 
 amicus (frequent) : Asin. 387, sane ego sum amicus nostris ; Bacch. 
 539, ab homine quern mi amicum esse arbitratus sum ; Trin. 716 ; 
 Ad. 440, homo amicus nobis ; Hec. 791. 
 
 asper: Lucil. 1274 (Mx), in ludo ac rudibus quoivis satis asper. 
 
 bellus : Lucil. 803 (Mx), hoc invenisse unum ad rnorbum ilium 
 homini vel bellissimum. 
 
Dative with Adjectives. 179 
 
 benevolens : Bacch. 553, benevolens vivit tibi ; True. 316, at pol ero 
 benevolens visust suo. 
 
 benignus: Pers. 582, generi lenonio numquam ullus deus tam 
 benignus f uit ; Trin. 459, benigniorem te mihi confido fore ; 740. 
 
 blandidicus : Poen. 138, nunc mihi blandidicus. 
 
 blandus : Aul. 196, nemini credo qui large blandust dives 
 pauperi. 
 
 bonus (frequent): Asin. 129, male merenti bona es; Capt. 939, 
 qui mihi melior quam sibi semper fuit; Bacch. 660; M. G. 1365; 
 Cato, Agr. 4, vicinis bonus esto ; Trin. 635 (melior). 
 
 carus (frequent): Bacch. 309, Ephesiis carissumus; Capt. 400, 
 meus mihi, suos quoique carus est ; Eun. 201, neque meo cordi esse 
 quemquani cariorem hoc Phaedria ; 211. 
 
 cognatus (9) : Poen. 1064, si novi forte aut si sunt cognati mihi ; 
 Rud. 1214; And. 926, is mihi cognatus fuit; Phor. 130; Ad. 494. 
 
 comis : Trin. 255, dum illis comis est. 
 
 commodus (5) : Merc. 918, quia non est illi commodum ; Phor. 1026 ; 
 Hec. 585, hoc et vobis et meae commodum famae arbitror ; Ad. 783, 
 edepol comissatorem haud sane commodum, praesertim Ctesiphoni. 
 
 communis : Cist. 585, mulierem . . . commune quacum id esset sibi 
 negotium ; Rud. 975 ; 976. With cum : Bacch. 282, is erat com- 
 munis cum hospite et praedonibus ; Merc. 451, communis mihi illast 
 cum illo ; so 455. 
 
 concinnus : M. G. 1024, ut tibi maxume concinnumst. 
 
 conducibilis : Bacch. 52, non ego istuc facinus mihi conducibile 
 esse arbitror ; Cist. 78, matronae magis conducibilest. 
 
 conscius : Rud. 926a, nee mihi conseius est ullus homo ; 1247 ; 
 H. T. 121 ; Eun. 199 ; Phor. 156, rogitas, qui mihi conscius sis ? 
 Ad. 348 ; Lucil. 479 (Mx), conscius non erat ipse sibi ? 
 
 consimilis : H. T. 382, id quom studuisti, isti formae ut mores con- 
 similes f orent ; Ace. 405, Silvani melo consimilem cantum. On 
 similis and its compounds with the genitive, see p. 86 f. 
 
 cupidus : Pseud. 183, vino modo cupidae estis. Vino is the reading 
 of P and perhaps of A ; Nonius also attests it, though he calls it 
 ablative. 
 
 dispar : Ace. 561, Pari duspari, dispar (Paridi si par, Paridis impar 
 codd) si esses tibi ; 156. 
 
180 The Dative. 
 
 dulcis : H. T. 234, quoi nil iam praeter pretium dulcest ; Com. Inc. 
 49, ut sim dulcis mihi ; Asin. 614. 
 
 exoptabilis : Lucil. 598 (Mx), neque amico exoptabiletn. 
 
 exoptatus : H. T. 407, teneone te maxume animo exoptatam ? 
 
 familiaris : Phor. 721, esse ilium idoneum qui ipsi sit familiarior. 
 
 ferox : Cure. 539, ne te mihi facias ferocem ! 
 
 ferus : Bacch. 73, nimium ferus es. : : mihi sum. 
 
 fidelis (frequent) : Aul. 618, cave tu illi fidelis ! Capt. 716, quia 
 illi fuisti quam mihi fidelior ; M. G. 1354 ; 1364 ; Naev. Com. 90, 
 numquam quisqnam amico amanti arnica nimis fiet fidelis ; And. 
 460, fidelem haud ferme mulieri invenias virum ; Phor. 76. 
 
 fidus : M. G. 1015, ego sum tibi firme fidus ; Most. 785. 
 
 firmus : Hec. 555, non eum hominem ducerem, nee virum satis 
 firmum gnatae. 
 
 gratus (frequent) : Capt. 414, et te meminisse id gratum est mihi ; 
 True. 582 ; Eun. 275, quam hoc munus gratum Thaidi arbitrare esse ? 
 Afran. 257, quam mihi sit grata illius obsequella ; Ace. 114, id facite 
 gratum ut sit seni. 
 
 gravis : H. T. 957, scio tibi esse hoc gravius ac durius ; Ace. 523. 
 
 honestus : Hec. 151, neque honestum mihi est. 
 
 idem : Hec. 71, eandem iniuriumst esse omnibus. 
 
 incommodus : Most. 807, nisi tibi est incommodum ; Hec. 153. 
 
 infestus : Cas. 676, tibi infesta soli plus quam quoiquam. 
 
 infidelis : Capt. 443, infidelior mihi ne fuas quam ego sum tibi ; 
 Trin. 528 ; True. 440 ; Asin. 561, ubi ero infidelis fueris ; Capt. 427 ; 
 Ace. 651, multi iniqui et infideles regno. 
 
 infidus : Asin. 568, ubi sciens fideli infidus fueris ; Lucil. 579 (Mx), 
 servos neque infidus domino neque. . . 
 
 ingratus : Epid. 136, hercle miserumst ingratum esse homini (homi- 
 nem codd) id quod facias bene; Pers. 840. 
 
 inimicus: Trin. 115, si mi inimicus esset; Poen. 772; Men. 675, 
 sibi inimicus quam aetati tuae ; True. 231 ; Hec. 211, ex amicis 
 inimici ut sint nobis adfines facis ; Eun. 802. 
 
 inlecebrosus : Bacch. 87, quia istoc inlecebrosius fieri nil potest 
 (nox mulier vinum) homini adulescentulo. 
 
 insperatus : Poen. 1127, salve, Hanno, insperatissume mihi tuisque 
 filiis; 1259. 
 
Dative with Adjectives. 181 
 
 intumus : And. 576, Davos qui intumust eorum consiliis ; cf. True. 
 79, cited below under summits. 
 
 invidiosus : Lucil. 598 (Mx), neque inimicis invidiosam. 
 
 invisus : Hec. 274, edepol ne nos sumus inique aeque omnes invisae 
 viris ; 328 ; 788 ; Ad. 989. 
 
 irati: Lucil. 929 (Mx), irati seu quoi propitii. 
 
 lepidus : Asin. 580, edepol senem Demaenetum lepidum fuisse nobis ! 
 
 levis : H. T. 399, omnes mibi labores fuere leves. 
 
 malus: Asin. 129, bene merenti mala es; Bacch. 661, bonus sit 
 bonis, malus sit malis ; Poen. 856, malus sum : : tibi sis. 
 
 molestus (frequent) : Men. 293, qui mihi molestu's ; M. G-. 672 ; 
 And. 358. 
 
 morigerus (frequent) : Amph. 842, tibi morigera ut sim ; Epid. 607 ; 
 Cist. 175, facta morigera est viro; Men. 202; And. 294, seu tibi 
 morigera fuit. 
 
 munifica : Amph. 842, ut munifica sim bonis. 
 
 necesse, necessus, necessum : Asin. 23, iurato mibi video necesse 
 esse eloqui; Cist. 626; Men. 117; M. G. 1118; Trin. 144; CIL, i, 
 196, 4, quei sibei deicerent necesus ese Bacanal habere. 
 
 nobilis : Pseud. 1112, neque is umquam nobilis ( = notus) fuit. 
 
 novus : Phor. 245, communia esse haec, fieri posse, ut ne quid 
 animo sit novom ; 250. 
 
 obnoxiosus : Trin. 1038, magis is sunt obnoxiosae quam parentes 
 liberis. 
 
 obnoxius (frequent) : Poen. 518, nee tibi nos obnoxii (obnixii codd) ; 
 Capt. 215, obnoxii ambo vobis sumus ; Trin. 269 ; Stat. 23, ne tibi 
 me esse obnoxium reare; Hec. 302, turn uxori obnoxius sum; Ace. 
 429, tete esse huic noxae obnoxium. 
 
 obsequens : Pers. 181, ire decet me ut erae opsequens fiam. 
 
 obsequiosus : Capt. 418, mihi obsequiosus semper fuisti. 
 
 obvius : Enn. Ann. 570 (V), pila retunduntur venientibus obvia pilis. 
 
 odiosus (frequent) : Bacch. 136, odiosus mi es ; Cas. 328, verum 
 edepol tua mihi odiosa est amatio ; Cure. 7 ; Stat. 29, sentire eumpse 
 esse odiosum alteri ; Hec. 619, odiosa haec est aetas adulescentulis ; 
 Lucil. 1185 (Mx). 
 
 opportunus : Bud. 802, nunc mi opportuna esset, si (galea) salva 
 esset; 734; Most. 573. 
 
182 The Dative. 
 
 optabilis : Bacch. 159, compendium haud aetati optabile fecisti. 
 
 par (6) : Bacch. 956, paria item tria is tribus fata ; Cure. 506, 
 parissumi estis hibus ; Trin. 279, feceris par tuis ceteris factis ; CIL, 
 i, 30, 3, quoius forma virtutei parisuma fuit ; C. Gracchus, p. 228 
 (Meyer), quam par pari sint. 
 
 peculiaris : Aul. 466, gall us qui erat anui peculiaris. 
 
 periratus : True. 656, fuit edepol Mars meo periratus (piratus codd) 
 patri. 
 
 placidus : Merc. 965, uxor tibi placida et placatast. 
 
 propinquos : Bacch. 172, qui aedibus propinquos nostris accolis ; 
 Kud. 616. 
 
 propior: Phor. 807, ita me servet Iupiter, ut propior illi nemost. 
 
 propitius (frequent) : Amph. 1065, et tibi et tuis propitius caeli 
 cultor advenit ; Cure. 89 ; M. G. 701 ; Cato, Agr. 134, 2, ut sies volens 
 propitius mini liberisque meis domo familiaeque meae ; 139 ; Phor. 
 636, satin illi di sunt propitii? Lucil. 929 (Mx), irati seu quoi 
 propitii. 
 
 proprius : And. 716, nilne esse proprium quoiquam ! Ace. 422. 
 
 prospicus : Naev. Com. 25, hac sibi prospica. 
 
 proxumus (frequent) : M. G. 348, hie eae proxumus ; And. 636, 
 proxumus sum egomet mihi; Trin. 487, ut optumis sis proxumus; 
 Cure. 53, flamma fumo est proxuma. 
 
 sacer : Leg. Beg. Brans 7 , p. 7, 13, si nurus, sacra divis parentum 
 estod ; p. 14, 6 puer divis parentum sacer estod. 
 
 saluber : Cato, Agr. 157, 12, scito salubrem esse corpori. 
 
 salutaris : Aul. 147, quod tibi sempiternum salutare sit. 
 
 secundus : H. T. 230, si mihi secundae res essent ; Ad. 605 ; True. 
 713, tempus ei rei secundumst. 
 
 similis: Enn. Sat. 69 (V), simia quam similis turpissima bestia 
 nobis ! Lucil. 297 (Mx), puero similis. For the genitive with similis 
 and compounds, see p. 86, where a number of examples are cited in 
 which, while the genitive is usually read, the MS evidence strongly 
 favors the dative. 
 
 sospitalis : Pseud. 247, qui tibi sospitalis fuit. 
 
 studiosus: 1 M. G. 802, qui nisi adulterio studiosus rei nulli 
 aliaest. The genitive with studiosus also occurs (see p. 87). Hence 
 1 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil.< p. 378, recognizes the influence of studeo. 
 
Dative with Nouns. 183 
 
 Cato, Agr. prooem. 3, studiosum rei quaerendae, must remain 
 doubtful. 
 
 suavis : Asin. 641, non omnia eadem aeque omnibus suavia esse 
 scito ; vobis est suave fabulari ; H. T. 482, tibi autem porro ut non 
 sit suave vivere. 
 
 subdolus : Cas. 823, ut viro subdola sis. 
 
 summus : True. 79, me fuisse huic fateor summum atque intumum ; 
 Ad. 352, is nostro Simulo summus fuit. 
 
 superstes : Asin. 21, ut tibi superstes uxor aetatem siet ; so Trin. 
 57 ; Cas. 817, uti viro tuo semper sis superstes ; True. 387, tu nunc 
 superstes solus sermoni es; H. T. 1030, ita mihi atque huic sis 
 superstes. 
 
 surdus : Pseud. 255, surdus sum inanilogistae. 
 
 tranquillus: Capt. 865, proin tu deum hunc saturitate facies 
 tranquillum tibi ! 
 
 utilis : Capt. 325, non ego omnino lucrum omne esse utile homini 
 existumo ; And. 835, quibus id maxume utile est ; H. T. 199 ; Hec. 
 151 ; CIL, i, 201, 8, neque id vobeis neque rei poplicae vostrae oitile 
 esse facere. 
 
 utibilis : Most. 859, solent esse eris utibiles. 
 
 verax : Poen. 374, nunciam erit verax tibi. 
 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 378, states that the number of adjec- 
 tives construed with the dative in Early Latin is not great. My 
 list contains over ninety adjectives taking the construction. This 
 number, it seems to me, can hardly be called small. 
 
 DATIVE WITH NOUNS. 1 
 
 In expressions like Cato, Agr. 14, 3, hae rei materiem dominus 
 praebebit, the tendency was natural for the dative to dissociate itself 
 from the praebebit, with which it primarily belonged, and to asso- 
 ciate itself with materiem. Cf. also Cato, Agr. 43, 2, vitibus sulcos 
 et propagines ne minus pedes ii facito ; Stat. 119, quom meae morti 
 remedium reperibit nemo, with Cato, Agr. 159, intertrigini reme- 
 dium. In this way the custom of combining the dative with nouns 
 
 lLandgraf, Der Dativus Commodi und der Dativus Finalis, Arch. f. lat. Lexikog- 
 raphie, viii, p. 62 ff. 
 
184 The Dative. 
 
 established and extended itself, becoming fairly common, especially 
 in agricultural, commercial, and medical language; cf. Landgraf, 
 op. cit., p. 63. With certain nouns the influence of a related verb 
 seems apparent, as in the case of fides, which naturally follows fido 
 (examples below), and insidiae, which follows insidior; servitus 
 (after servire) ; cf. Brugmann, G-rundriss, 2 ii, p. 561. 
 
 From the following list of Datives Dependent on Nouns are 
 excepted those examples of the same usage which have already been 
 cited under the head of the Sympathetic Dative (p. 142 ff.). The 
 difference between the two constructions is not always easy to 
 make. I have endeavored to bring under the present head only 
 those uses where the noun seems to have dissociated itself from 
 the role of sentence modifier, or from connection with a verb, and 
 to have become dependent solely on its substantive. 
 
 acceptor : Trin. 204, qui illorum verbis falsis acceptor f ui. 
 
 accusatrix: Asin. 513, egote volui castigare, tu mihi accusatrix ades. 
 
 annus : see under argentum. 
 
 arbiter : Merc. 1005, non utibilest hie locus, f actis tuis ut arbitri 
 sint. 
 
 architectus : Amph. 44, quis benefactis meus pater architectust. 
 
 argentum : Most. 532, scelestiorem annum argento faenori num- 
 quam vidi; see above under Dative of Purpose, p. 171; 173. 
 
 argumentum : Most. 92, ei rei argumenta dicam ; so Trin. 522. 
 But Most. 99, argumenta ad hanc rem. 
 
 antelogium : Men. 13, huic argumento antelogium hoc fuit. 
 
 auceps : M. G. 955, ne quis nostro auceps sermoni siet; Stich. 102, 
 numquis hie est nostris dictis auceps auribus ? 
 
 auscultatio : Bud. 502, quid mihi scelesto tibi erat auscultatio ? 
 cf. ausculto. 
 
 caput : And. 458, illic huic rei caput ; Ad. 568. 
 
 cella : Cato, Agr. 14, 2, equile, cellas familiae (possibly genitive). 
 
 cento : Cato, Agr. 10, 5, mappas iii, centones pueris vii ; so 11, 5. 
 
 cibaria : Cato, Agr. 60, bubus cibaria. 
 
 columen : see tutamen. 
 
 comitia: True. 819, meo sunt capiti comitia (comtia, coitia codd). 
 ' coniector : Poen. 443, isti orationi Oedipo opust coniectore. 
 
 damnigeruli : True. 551, ite, mulieri damnigeruli. 
 
Dative with Nouns. 185 
 
 decemvir : CIL, 38, 2, decemviri stlitibus iudikandis ; ibid. 3, de- 
 cemvir sacris faciundis. 
 
 dedecoramentum : see inhonestamentum. 
 
 dies : Cato, Agr. 146, 2, dies argento. 
 
 emptor : Bacch. 976, nunc Priamo nostro si est emptor ; Poen. 
 341, invendibili meroi oportet ultro emptorein adducere. 
 
 exitium : Trag. Inc. 16 (Enn. Sc. 46 V), eum esse exitium Troiae, 
 pestem Pergamo. 
 
 explementum : Stich. 173, inanimentis explementum quaerito. 
 
 exprobratio : And. 44, istaec conimemoratio quasi exprobratiost 
 immemori benefici (immemoris codd; -i Guyet). 
 
 fides : Capt. 893, si parva iuri iurandost fides ; Baccb. 628, cri- 
 minin me habuisse fidem ! Ampb. 555 ; Merc. 378 ; Pseud. 477, quom 
 apud te parvomst ei fides ; And. 425, nullane in re esse quoiquam 
 homini fidem ! Hec. 474, eo pacto maxume apud te meo erit ingenio 
 fides ; 581 ; H. T. 571, mihi fides apud hunc est ; Pbor. 810 ; 905, ut 
 mi esset fides. 
 
 finis : Merc. 652, quis modus tibi exsilio eveniet, qui finis fugae ? 
 
 finitor : Poen. 49, ei rei finitor factus sum. 
 
 flagitium : see inhonestamentum. 
 
 fundus : Trin. 1123, ei rei fundus pater sit potior. 
 
 gratia : Ad. 138, et est dis gratia, quom ita ut volo est ; Epid. 10, 
 buic gratia! 
 
 inhonestamentum : C. Gracchus (Meyer), p. 247, pueritia tua adu- 
 lescentiae tuae inhonestamentum fuit, adulescentia senectuti dedeco- 
 ramentum, senectus rei publicae flagitium. 
 
 inlecebra : Men. 354, munditia inlecebra animost amantum. 
 
 insidiae : Ace. 214, multae insidiae sunt bonis. 
 
 integumentum : Trin. 313, istaec ego mi semper habui aetati 
 integumentum meae. 
 
 interpres: M. Gr. 798, quasi ego rei sim interpres: Poen. 443, 
 Oedipo coniectore, qui Sphingi interpres fuit. 
 
 linteum : Cure. 578, pecten, speculum, axitia, linteumque extersui 
 (extersum codd; extersui Palmer). 
 
 mantellum : Capt. 520, nee subdolis mendaciis mihi usquam 
 mantellum est meis. 
 
 medicamentum : Cato, Agr. 70, 1, bubus medicamentum. 
 
186 The Dative. 
 
 modus : Merc. 652, quis modus tibi exsilio tandem eveniet ? Ace. 
 657, quinam Tantalidarum internecioni modus paretur, scarcely be- 
 longs under this category, but well illustrates its origin. 
 
 monumentum : M. G. 704, liberos homineni educare generi monu- 
 mentum et sibi ; Eud. 935, monumentum meae famae et factis ; Cure. 
 140, quae sit gutturi tuo monumentum ; 441. 
 
 oblocutor : M. Gr. 643, neque oblocutor sum alteri. 
 
 obsidium : M. G-. 219, viden bostis tibi adesse tuoque tergo 
 opsidium ? 
 
 operculum : Cato, Agr. 10, 4, opercula doliis (but 11, 2, opercula 
 doliorum). 
 
 ornamentum : Cato, Agr. 11, 4, ornamenta bubus ; ornamenta asinis. 
 
 pabulum : Cato, Agr. 5, 8, frondem populneam caedito, condito 
 pabulum ovibus ; so also 27 ; 54, 1. 
 
 paenula : Most. 991, libertas paenulast tergo tuo. 
 
 pestis : Trag. Inc. 16 (Enn. Sc. 46 V), eum esse exitium Troiae, 
 pestem Pergamo. 
 
 Phoenix: Bacch. 156, ne Phoenix tuis factis nam. 
 
 pontifex : Eud. 1377, tun meo pontifex peiiurio es ? 
 
 praemium : Trag. Inc. 30, sapiens virtuti honorem praemium, baud 
 praedam petit ; Hec. 584, ut apud me praemium esse positum pietati 
 scias. 
 
 praesepes: Cato, Agr. 14, 1, praesaepis bubus hibernas, aestivas. 
 
 praesidium : Hec. 119, praesidium velle se senectuti suae. 
 
 pretium : Cato, Agr. 14, 3, huic operi pretium. 
 
 princeps : Enn. Ann. 67 (V), fluvius qui est princeps omnibus. 
 
 principium : Trin. 915, C est principium nomini. 
 
 regimen : Enn. Trag. 193 (Sc. 224 V), id meis rebus regimen res- 
 titat. 
 
 remedium: Cato, Agr. 159, intertrigini remedium; Stat. 119, 
 quom meae morti remedium reperibit nemo ; And. 468, quod reme- 
 dium nunc huic malo inveniam ? Phor. 200 ; 616. 
 
 rivalis : Bacch. 1210, rivales filiis fierent patres. 
 
 semen : Cato, Agr. 5, 3, satui semen. 
 
 sepulcro : Ace. 226, natis sepulcro ipse est (Thyestes). 
 
 servitus: Amph. 166, opulento homini servitus dura est; Trin. 
 302, tuis servii servitutem imperii s ; 304, tibi servitutem servire. 
 
Dative with Adverbs. 187 
 
 stabilimenta : Cure. 367, haec sunt ventri stabilimenta (ventis 
 Nonius, followed by Linds). 
 
 supplex : Bacch. 1024, ut supplex est omnibus ! Cist. 32 ; Pers. 
 270 ; Stich. 290 ; Pseud. 1319 ; Phor. 887. 
 
 tempus : Cato, Agr. 26, turn erit ei rei optumum terapus. 
 
 testis : Men. 595, omnibus malefactis testes tres aderant. 
 
 tinnimentum : Bud. 806, illud quidem tinnimentum est auribus. 
 
 triumvir : CIL, i, 198, 22, Illvir a(gris) d(andis) a(dsignandis) ; 
 so i, 552; 554; 583. 
 
 tutamen : Com. Inc. 52, qui te tutamen fore sperarat familiae 
 domuique columen. 
 
 venator : M. G. 608, nequis nostro consilio venator adsit. 
 
 verbificatio : Stat. 64, quid de amore verbificatiost patri ? 
 
 vicarium : Stich. 188, nunc reppererunt iam ei verbo vicarium. 
 
 vinum: Cato, Agr. 104, vinum familiae (genitive?). 
 
 DATIVE WITH ADVERBS. 
 
 A number of adverbs may give to a verb the capacity of 
 taking the dative, when without the presence of the adverb this 
 case would not be employed. These verbs are mostly verbs 
 of motion, so that the usage exhibits the basal meaning of the 
 case. 
 
 Advorsum : 
 
 eo : Amph. 675, si huic earn advorsum ; Cas. 723 ; Most. 876 ; 
 880; Stich. 237; True. 503. 
 
 venio: Cas. 461, quom ei advorsum veneram; Men. 437, ut 
 venias advorsum mihi; 1051 ; Most. 313; 938 ; 947; 948. 
 
 Longe: Lucil. 221 (Mx), urceus haut longe Gemino, mixtarius 
 Paulo. See Marx, ad loc, who compares Martial, i. 86, 6, tam longe 
 est mihi quam Terentianus. 
 
 Contra : Bud. 693, praesidio Veneris malitiae lenonis contra 
 incedam ; Capt. 664, ut confidenter mihi contra astitit ! 
 Obviam : 
 
 conor : Phor. 52, obviam conabar tibi. 
 
 curro : Hec. 359, tu pueris curre obviam ; Eun. 256, concurrent 
 laeti mihi obviam. 
 
188 The Dative. 
 
 eo : Most. 540, ibo huic obviam ; 336 ; Poen. 1162 ; M. G. 1381; 
 Pseud. 1293; H. T. 340; 249, abi dum tu illis obviam! 
 
 fio: Cato, fr. (Jord), 34, 10, mihi atque classi obviam fiunt; 
 And. 590, hie fit mi obviam ; so Eun. 328 ; Phor. 617. 
 
 sum : Bacch. 667, optume eccum obviam mihi est ; Stich. 524 ; 
 Ace. 263. 
 
 venio : Pud. 206a, mi obviam venit ; 856 ; Poen. 1288 ; Pseud. 
 1061; Eud. 308; Epid. 165; Merc. 219; Eun. 843; C. Gracchus, 
 p. 236 (Meyer), ei obviam bubulcus advenit. 
 
 Opportune : Most. 1077, edepol mi opportune advenerit ; so Pers. 
 101 ; Pseud. 669. 
 
 Praesto: Epid. 653, tibi quidem quod ames domi praestost; 
 Men. 982, ero ut omnibus in locis sim praesto ; so 996 ; Lucil. 1078 
 (Mx), praesto est tibi quaestor. 
 
 DATIVE WITH INTERJECTIONS. 1 
 
 While, in common with other scholars, viewing the Dative with 
 Interjections as a phase of the Dativus Commodi et Incommodi, or 
 Dative of Interest, 2 1 have nevertheless thought it well to bring the 
 uses with interjections together under this special head. The inter- 
 jections construed with the dative are ei, lieu, vae. To these I have 
 added bene, as used in three passages in the Persa. The dative with 
 em has been considered under the head of the Ethical Dative ; p. 147. 
 
 bene : Persa. 773, bene mihi ; bene vobis ; bene meae amicae ! 775, 
 bene omnibus vobis ! 776, bene ei qui invidet mi. With the accusa- 
 tive : Stich. 709, bene vos, bene nos, bene me, bene te, bene nostram 
 Stephanium ! 
 
 ei (frequent) : 3 only with mihi, usually mihi alone, at times with 
 misero (miserae). Examples : Amph. 798, ei mihi ! 1109 ; Aul. 200, 
 ei misero mihi ; so Ad. 173 ; Most. 263, ei misero mihi ! Enn. Ann. 
 7 ( V ) ; Ad. 242 ; 452 ; 753 ; Afran. 394, ei miserae mihi. This is the 
 only instance of miserae. Richter, p. 463, denies the occurrence of 
 the feminine adjective with ei mihi; but while a portion of the line 
 
 I See especially Eichter, P., De usu particularum exclamativarum apud priscos 
 scriptores. Latinos, in Studemund's Studien, i, p. 387 ff. 
 
 II Cf. Kuhner-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Gramm. ii, 341 ; Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 , p. 373. 
 » Richter, p. 460. 
 
Dative of the Goal. 189 
 
 in which, the phrase occurs is uncertain, I see no reason to doubt 
 the correctness of the words quoted. 
 
 heu : x Merc. 770, eras petito ; dabitur ; nunc abi ! : : heu miserae 
 mihi ! so 701. The accusative, however, is more frequent with heu ; 
 see Kichter, p. 565. 
 
 vae (frequent): 2 vaemihi: Asin. 410; 924; Merc. 722 ; Eun. 709; 
 et pass.; vae tibi: Asin. 306; Epid. 28; Merc. 161; et pass.; vae 
 vobis : Stich. 314 ; vae misero mihi : Amph. 726 ; Capt. 945 ; H. T. 
 250 ; et pass. ; vae miserae mihi : Merc. 681; And. 743 ; et pass. ; vae 
 illi: Pers. 270; Asin. 273; vae misero illi: Capt. 806; 650, vae illis 
 virgis miseris ; vae tergo meo : Men. 275 ; vae capiti tuo : Amph. 741 ; 
 Men. 512 ; et pass. ; vae aetati tuae : Capt. 885 ; Stich. 594 ; vae 
 capiti atque aetati tuae : Rud. 375 ; vae vostrae aetati : Poen. 783 ; 
 vae victis : Pseud. 1317. The accusative is also once found : Asin. 
 481, vae te. 
 
 DATIVE OF THE GOAL. 
 
 The usage which stands nearest the original force inherent in the 
 dative, is the Dative of the Goal, in which the notion of direction 
 has developed into that of the completed movement. A great many 
 of the verbs classed under the head of Dative of Indirect Object 
 exhibit a more or less pronounced notion of limit of motion, e.g. fero. 
 But this and its compounds, along with several other verbs, contain 
 also the notion of presenting or giving, which seemed to justify 
 putting them under the head of Indirect Object. The verbs which 
 take a Dative of the Goal are few in number, and limited to the 
 significations of sending and coming. 
 
 do, 'put': old formula in Festus, s.v. Quiris: Ollus Quiris leto 
 datus ; cf . Cic. De Leg. ii, 22, sos leto datos divos habento ; Amph. 
 306, quattuor viros sopori dedisse; Merc. 472, itaque me toxico 
 morti dabo ; M. G. 184, omnibus crucibus dari (but Amph. 809, me 
 ad mortem dedit); Enn. Ann. 94 (V), praepetibus sese pulcrisque 
 locis (= in loca) dant (sc. aves) ; Pacuv. 148, leto dabit ; Ace. 112, 
 terrae datust ; Enn. Trag. 290 (Sc 334 V), liberi leto dati sunt. 
 
 mando : CIL, i, 34, is (loc)eis mandatus. 
 
 mitto : in most cases the dative with mitto seems to be fairly one 
 l Kichter, p. 562. 2 Ibid., p. 629. 
 
190 The Dative. 
 
 of Indirect Object; the goal notion does not stand out prominently, 
 and the notion of delivering something to somebody seems upper- 
 most. Under the head of Dative of the Goal, therefore, I include 
 only those examples where the dative denotes a real limit. Capt. 
 691, quando ego te morti misero; Ace. 491, quod superest, socium 
 mittis leto ? 
 
 venio : uncertainty may also exist as to whether some of the 
 examples given under venio on p. 117 may not belong here. But 
 the subjects are all abstracts and there seems to be no real motion 
 involved. On the other hand we seem to have a certain instance of 
 the goal use in Enn. Ann. 401 (V), undique conveniunt velut imber 
 tela tribuno; and Epid. 628, prius venisset quam tu advenisti 
 mihi ; cf. Men. 139, non potuisti magis per tempus mi advenire 
 quam advenis. 
 
 The form humi is now regarded as historically a dative (cf. 
 Greek x a /""' I* occurs but once in Early Latin ; And, 725, ante 
 nostram ianuam appone : : obsecro, humine ? 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 1 
 
 ORIGINAL FORCE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 2 
 
 In a work entitled Ueber die Casus, ihre Bildung und Bedeutung, 
 Erlangen, 1831, Hartung had asserted the local value of the accusa- 
 tive, defining it as expressing the limit of motion. In 1845 Rumpel 
 issued his Casuslehre. This work was a vigorous protest against 
 the localistic views of Hartung, and asserted the ' purely grammat- 
 ical ' character of all cases. The accusative was defined as the case 
 used to complete the meaning of the verb. The general attitude 
 indicated by Rumpel has prevailed ever since his day. Thus Del- 
 briick, in his Grundlagen der griechischen Syntax (Syntaktische 
 Forschungen, iv), p. 29, following Hiibschmann, Casuslehre, p. 133, 
 defines the accusative as " denoting a complement or nearer defini- 
 tion of the verb." Essentially the same force is attributed to the 
 case by Schmalz, Synt. und Stil. 4 , p. 353, when he says of it, " In 
 den Akkusativ tritt derjenige Substantivbegriff, welcher von dem 
 Verbalbegriff am nachsten und am vollstandigsten betroffen wird." 3 
 In criticism of these definitions, I can hardly do better than 
 quote the words of Whitney, in the article in the Transactions of 
 the Amer. Phil. Assoc, cited below : " A more vague and shadowy 
 
 1 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 615 ff. ; Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 360 ff. ; Schmalz, 
 Syntax und Stil. 4 , p. 353 ff.; Kiihner-Stegmann, ii 2 , p. 256 ff. ; Drager, Hist. Synt. 
 der lat. Sprache, i 2 , p. 354 ff. ; Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 24 ff . ; Mailer, C. F. W., 
 Syntax des Nominativs und Akkusativs im Lateinischen, Leipsic, 1908. 
 
 2 Of the extensive literature bearing on the force of the Accusative, I cite only the 
 important titles: Rumpel, Casuslehre in besonderer Beziehung auf die griechische 
 Sprache, Halle, 1845 ; Hiibschmann, Casuslehre, Munich, 1873 ; Holzweissig, Wahrheit 
 und Irrthum der localistischen Casustheorie, Leipsic, 1877 ; Gadicke, Der Akkusativ 
 im Veda, Breslau, 1880; Whitney, General Considerations on the Indo-European 
 Case-System, Transactions Amer. Phil. Assoc, xiii (1882) , p. 92 ff. ; American Journal 
 of Phil, xiii, p. 285; Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 360; Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 
 615 ; Neuhofer, Zum Akkusativ, Eger, 1904. 
 
 * So, essentially, Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 615. 
 
 191 
 
192 The Accusative. 
 
 generality than this, by way of substitute for a real primitive 
 value, out of which the other values should have historically 
 developed, can hardly be conceived. Under it can, to be sure, 
 be grouped without difficulty all the accusative uses ; but also, 
 unfortunately, and with equal facility, the uses of all the other four 
 adverbial cases. 1 ' Complement or nearer definition of the verbal 
 idea' is a definition that impartially fits accusative, dative, instru- 
 mental, locative, ablative — one might say, like a mitten, but that a 
 mitten does at least keep the thumb from the other four fingers. 
 The accusative certainly has its own set of uses, separate from those 
 of the other cases ; and our quest should be after the use which lies 
 historically at the basis of the rest. How we are furthered by the 
 setting up of a fundamental idea which includes the whole body of 
 cases save the nominative, and does not really exclude even that 
 (since to specify the actor is strictly to limit or define the otherwise 
 indefiniteness of the action), it is not easy to see. Far better were 
 it to make a frank confession of ignorance, saying that it is thus far 
 possible only to state and classify the varieties of accusative use, 
 since the starting-point of their development is not yet determined 
 or determinable. 
 
 " It may be questioned, however, whether we are reduced to the 
 necessity of such a confession ; whether it may not be found prac- 
 ticable to rank the accusative with the other three cases treated of 
 above, as also one of originally local value — namely as the to-case, 
 or that which denotes the immediate goal of motion or action. This 
 seems to me so much more probable than any other of the explana- 
 tions given of the case, that I am ready to adopt it, provisionally, or 
 until some sound reason shall be brought against it, or some other 
 theory placed upon a yet better foundation. We cannot, of course, 
 in such a matter, expect anything like a demonstration, excluding 
 all possibility of an alternative theory; it is only a question of 
 greater or less plausibility, on the one side and on the other. The 
 evidences that make in favor of the proposed explanation are briefly 
 these : first the improbability that, in any scheme of designation of 
 local relations, this simplest and most fundamental relation should 
 be passed over; and this improbability is so strong that, if not here, 
 
 1 The italics are mine. 
 
Original Force of the Accusative. 193 
 
 we should seem called upon to look for the expression of a to- 
 relation in the dative. Then second, and especially, the peculiar 
 fitness of such an office to pass over into what has confessedly been, 
 from the earliest traceable period of Indo-European speech, the lead- 
 ing office of the accusative : that of designating the direct object of 
 the verb, the person or thing to or unto or upon which the action 
 expressed by the verb expends itself — for that is all that is really 
 implied in the grammatical relation of the direct object. The ex- 
 pression of this grammatical relation is thus with entire ease deriv- 
 able from one of local relation ; and, so far as I can perceive, in no 
 other way. With those who appreciate the necessity of finding an 
 underlying physical basis for all 'purely grammatical' items in 
 language, the argument here given will go a great way ; and as the 
 philosophy of language-history comes to be better understood, that 
 necessity will be more clearly seen. In the third place there are 
 abundant indications in early Indo-European speech, especially in 
 Sanskrit, of the actual use of the accusative as the goal of motion 
 after verbs ; and this construction with prepositions endures down 
 even to the latest times ; the former as well as the latter is most 
 acceptably viewed as the relic of an earlier, more widely spread con- 
 dition of things." 
 
 Whitney's positive arguments in favor of a recognition of the 
 goal-notion as the fundamental office of the accusative are, then, 
 three : (1) the anterior probability of the existence of such a func- 
 tion in some Indo-European case ; (2) the actual presence of exten- 
 sive evidences of such use in the primitive history of several 
 Indo-European languages; (3) the facility with which this use 
 might develop into the actual accusative constructions which meet 
 us in the various Indo-European languages. In further support of 
 the first of these considerations I venture to quote again from Whit- 
 ney (Am. Jour. Phil, xiii, p. 285) : " To pronounce a case originally 
 grammatical is simply equivalent to saying that its ultimate character 
 lies beyond our discovery ; and the statement might much better be 
 made in the latter form. For to postulate such a value at the very 
 beginning is to deny the whole known history of language, which 
 shows that all forms begin with something material, apprehensible 
 by the senses, palpable (handgreiflich). If the intellectual values 
 
194 The Accusative. 
 
 of terms are anterior to the physical ; if the tense and mode-uses of 
 have and will and would and their like are the original ones ; if be 
 began with being an expression of the copula; if the -dom of wisdom, 
 and the -wise of likewise and the -head of godhead were derivative 
 suffixes before they were independent nouns, — then, and not other- 
 wise, was a case originally grammatical." 
 
 Concerning Whitney's second argument, — the presence of ex- 
 amples of the goal-use in the literatures (especially in the earliest 
 literatures) of the Indo-European languages, — it is important to rec- 
 ognize that this use appears in Old Indian, Avestan, Greek (chiefly 
 poetry), Italic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic. In several of these 
 groups the idiom is fairly abundant. In three of them we find the 
 supine in -turn with verbs of going, — a use naturally explained as 
 originally terminal. In Latin, besides the familiar categories of 
 proper names, we find: domum, domos, rus, exsequias, exsilium, 
 infitias, malam rem, malam crucem, pessum, suppetias, venum, and 
 possibly viciniam. 
 
 As to the third consideration advanced by Whitney in support of 
 the goal-notion as the original force of the accusative case, it is im- 
 portant to note that the accusative of the person affected is still 
 indicated in that way to-day in various modern languages. Thus 
 the Spanish says : yo veo al hombre, lit. ' I see to the man.' In 
 French we have demander a, quelqu'un. In 'build a house,' the 
 accusative is naturally conceived as the limit or goal of the action 
 of building. In the Accusative of Time and Space, the accusative, 
 if not to be explained as developed from the Accusative of Inner 
 Object (see p. 225 ; p. 229), is naturally regarded as indicating the 
 limit of time or space to which an act extends. 
 
 In view of the foregoing considerations, I find difficulty in appre- 
 ciating the reluctance, exhibited by scholars since Rumpel's day, 
 in recognizing the goal-notion as fundamental for the accusative. 
 While I could wish the proofs more convincing, yet it seems to me 
 that they warrant us in regarding the goal theory of the accusative as 
 highly probable. 1 Fortunately the theory of origin is not absolutely 
 
 1 Such is the view of Bre'al, Journal des Savants, 1896, p. 286 ff. ; Gustafsson, De 
 Dativo Latino, Helsingfors, 1904, p. 70; Neuhofer, Zum Akkusativ, Eger, 1904, who 
 enters a keenly argued defence of the goal-notion. 
 
Accusative of the Inner Object. 195 
 
 vital to the adequate understanding or appropriate classification 
 of accusative uses. 1 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF THE INNER OBJECT. 8 
 
 The Accusative of the Inner Object is to be recognized in all those 
 cases where the accusative indicates the content of the idea ex- 
 pressed by the verb. The accusative may be a substantive; the 
 neuter (singular or plural) of an adjective; a neuter pronoun; nil; 
 or parum. In the case of the first of these classes of words, the 
 accusative ofteu contains in substantive form the same idea as 
 that residing in the verb, as servitutem servire, vitam vivere. This 
 use is known as the Cognate Accusative. 
 
 1. The Accusative is a Substantive. 
 
 audeo : Eun. 959, qua audacia tantum facinus audet ? 
 
 blatio: Cure. 452, ita nugas blatis; so Amph. 626. 
 
 cano: Enn. Ann. 214 (V), versibus quos olira Eauni vatesque 
 canebant. 
 
 canto : Cas. 809, cantando hymenaeum (hymenaeo cantando A). 
 
 coligo: Com. Incert. 32, sed sibi quom tetulit coronam ob 
 coligandas (colicandas, collocandas codd) nuptias. 
 
 dico (frequent) : Amph. 198, si dixero mendacium ; so Bacch. 
 525; 957; 1018, istaec verba illi dixi; And. 426; CIL i, 200, 85, ex 
 lege dicta, q(uam) . . . legem dixerunt. 
 
 divido : Aul. 767, dimidiam tecum partem dividam ; so Amph. 
 1125. 
 
 doceo : Most. 126, docent litteras, iura, leges. 
 
 evado : Lucil. 313 (Mx), omne iter evadit. 
 
 i Attention should also be called to the view of Gaedicke, who explains the accusa- 
 tive as the case used for those functions not fulfilled by the other cases. This defini- 
 tion was adopted by Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 360. I quite agree with the criticism 
 of this view made by Whitney (Amer. Jour. Phil., p. 286), who says that it applies 
 equally well to any case. Every case naturally performs the functions not performed 
 by the others. 
 
 2 Miiller, C. F. W., Syntax des Nominativs und Accusativs im Lateinischen, 
 Leipsic, 1908, p. i ft. ; Kuhner-Stegmann, ii, p. 274 ff.; Schmalz, Syntax und Stil.*, 
 p. 355 f.; Delbruck, Grundriss der vergl. Gramm. iii, p. 365; Brugmann, ibid, ii 2 , 
 p. 620 ff.; Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 24; Biese, De objecto interno apud 
 Plautum et Terentium, Kiel, 1878. 
 
196 The Accusative. 
 
 fabulor: Most. 606, nescit quidem nisi faenus fabularier; Cist. 
 716, nostram rem fabulatur. 
 
 facio (frequent) : Amph. 15, facietis silentium ; 90, facere bistri- 
 oniam (artem) ; Aul. 612, ut rem divinam faciam. 
 
 ferio : Most. 1061, f oedus feriam ; Enn. Ann. 32 (V), f oedus f eri 
 bene firmum. 
 
 fremo: Ace. 288, nonne Argivos fremere bellum vides? Pacuv. 
 113, hyrnenaeum fremunt. 
 
 garrio : Cure. 604, nugas garris ; so Aul. 830. 
 
 impero : Epid. 227, quom tributus imperatus est ; H. T. 704, bonam 
 et iustam rem imperas. 
 
 increpo : Turp. 166, age tu, hyrnenaeum increpa ! 
 
 loquor : Amph. 696, deliramenta loquitur ; so Men. 919 ; Aul. 152, 
 lapides loqueris ; Capt. 991 ; Merc. 615, loquere aliam rem ; so Pers. 
 93; Poen. 325, ut mulsa loquitur! : : nil nisi laterculos. 
 
 machinor: Capt. 530, nisi machinor astutiam. 
 
 memoro: True. 484, scio ego multos memoravisse milites mendar- 
 cium ; 885. 
 
 minitor : Bacch. 1144, vos malum minitamini ; Capt. 963, plagas 
 miuitaris mihi ; Cure. 571, mihin malum minitare ? Pers. 361 ; Rud. 
 792; Phor. 851. 
 
 minor : Enn. Trag. 22 (Sc 24 V), terribilem minatur vitae cruciatum 
 et necem. 
 
 muttio : Poen. 18, neu lictor aut virgae verbum muttiant. 
 
 ninguo : Ace. 101, quom ninxerint caelestium molem. 
 
 oboleo : Most. 39, oboluisti allium. 
 
 oleo, olo: Most. 42, non omnes possunt olere unguenta exotica; 
 268; Cist. 314, Venerem meram haec aedes olent; Asin. 929; Men. 
 170 ; Poen. 268, quae olant stabulum statumque ; True. 131 ; Ad. 
 117. 
 
 opsono : Poen. 1295, hoc opsonare prandium potero. 
 
 oro ' say' : Rud. 1138, ius merum oras; so 1152. 
 
 paciscor : Poen. 854, habe rem pactam ; so 1157 ; Stich. 566. 
 
 pecco : Bacch. 433, si unam peccavisses syllabam. 
 
 postulo : Stich. 423, et ius et aequom postulas. 
 
 probo : Aul. 828, non potes probasse nugas. 
 
 procudo : Pseud. 614, procudam hinc multos dolos. 
 
Cognate Accusative. 197 
 
 proficio : Lucil. 1021 (Mx), non proficis hilum ; so 1376. 
 proloquor : Merc. 209, proloqui mendacium. 
 propino : Stich. 468, propino tibi salutem. 
 
 resideo : Capt. 468, ita venter gutturque resident esuriales ferias. 
 respondeo: Men. 927, hau pro insano hoe verbum respondit mihi. 
 sapio : Pseud. 737, ecquid sapit ? : : hircum ab alis. 
 soleo : Men. 752, ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles, 
 suadeo : True. 263, quae rustico suades stuprum. 
 turbo : Most. 416, quae facta hie turbavimus. 
 vinco : Enn. Ann. 374 (V), fortis equos, spatio qui saepe supremo 
 vicit Olumpia. 
 
 2. The Cognate Accusative. 
 
 The name Cognate Accusative I restrict to those cases of the 
 Accusative of the Inner Object in which the object is a noun con- 
 taining the same meaning as the verb. Usually the Cognate Accusa- 
 tive shows the same root and derivation as the verb, as luserat ludum, 
 but at times the noun, though of the same meaning, comes from a 
 different root, as obi viam 1 
 
 abeo : Eud. 1027, abi tuam viam ! 
 
 auspico : Naev. 40 (Baehr), auspicat auspicium prosprum. 
 
 benefacio : Capt. 358, quod bonis benefit beneficium. 
 
 ceno : Bud. 508, scelestiorem cenam cenavi tuam quam quae 
 Thyestae positast. 
 
 cerno: Bacch. 399, specimen specitur, certamen cernitur; so Cas. 
 516. 
 
 consulo : True. 101, consulta sunt consilia ; M. G. 602, bene con- 
 sultum (added by Bothe ; cf. 600) consilium subrupitur saepissime. 
 
 decurro: Stich. 81, quid mihi opus est decurso aetatis spatio 
 Pacuv. 347, noctis decurso itinere. 
 
 dico (frequent) : Cas. 139, quom haec dicentur dicta ; Capt. 482 ; 
 Bacch. 698; Amph. 815; Bud. 364, ut mulsa dicta dicis! 1250, 
 sapienter dicta dicere ; Trin. 77, istaec dicta dicere ! 
 
 do : old formula in Livy xxii, 10, 2, donum duit. 
 
 edormisco : Amph. 697, dum edormiscat unum soinnum. 
 
 eo : Poen. 698, is viam ; some would put here Phor. 1026, exsequias 
 
198 The Accusative. 
 
 ire ; also the expression infitias ire (Otto, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. 
 xi, p. 595) ; see p. 233. 
 
 excurro : Ad. 860, prope iam excurso spatio. 
 
 facio (frequent): Aul. 733, istuo facinus feci; Poen. 308, vin 
 facinus facere lepidum ? so Pseud. 512 ; Enn. Ann. 244 (V) ; True. 
 555 ; Eun. 644 ; Com. Incert. 39, neque quantum facinus feceris. 
 
 fraudo : Asin. 286, ne quam fraudem fraussus sit. 
 
 incipio : And. 709, narrationis incipit mini initium. 
 
 iudico : Enn. Trag. 55 (Sc 70 V), iudicavit inclutum iudicium. 
 
 loquor : Trin. 380, multa ego possum docta dicta loqui ; Men. 779, 
 loquere paucis, — non longos logos ! Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 73, 1 5, seditiosa 
 verba loqui ; Enn. Ann. 250 (V). 
 
 ludo : Eun. 586, consimilem luserat ludum. 
 
 machinor : Bacch. 232, hodie aliquam machinabor machinam. 
 
 meto : Epid. 718, pro benefactis quom mali messem metas ; Trin. 
 32, eorum licet iam metere messem maxumam. This expression is 
 not necessarily to be taken as a cognate accusative; possibly the sense 
 was simply : ' reap a crop ' ; cf. Muller, Akkusativ, p. 16. 
 
 milito : Pers. 232, confidentia ilia militia militatur. 
 
 moveo : Men. 888, move formicinum gradum ! 
 
 noceo : Leg. XII Tab. xii, si servos furtum faxit noxiamve no(x)it ; 
 Fetial formula, Livy, ix, 10, 9, atque ob earn rem noxam nocuerunt. 
 
 nomino : Asin. 780, nomen nomiuet ! Phor. 739, meum nomen 
 nominat; Trag. Incert. 97. 
 
 nuntio : Stich. 392, ut nuntiarem nuntium exoptabilem ; cf. 275. 
 
 occipio : Stich. 75, principium quo pacto cum illis occipiam. 
 
 opsono : Stich. 440, opsonabo opsonium ; Bacch. 96. 
 
 prandeo : Poen. 759, calidum prandisti prandium. 
 
 precor : Cato, Agr. 139, te bonas preces precor ; cf. Umbrian teio 
 subocau suboco, ' te invocationes invoco.' 
 
 probito (?) : Pacuv. 341, illinc si usquam probitam gradum 
 (provideam codd). 
 
 pugno : Pseud. 524, prius quam istam pugnam pugnabo ; Lucil. 
 1323 (Mx), magnam pugnavimus pugnam ; Amph. 253, haec pugnata 
 pugnast a mane ad vesperum. 
 
 regredior : Enn. Trag. 5 (Sc 13 V), quo nunc gradum regredere 
 conare ? Enn. Inc. 52 (V), regredi gressum. 
 
Accusative of Inner Object. 199 
 
 salto: Scip. Min., p. 192 (Meyer), quam saltationem servolus sal- 
 tare non posset ; Pers. 824, neque quin saltern staticulum. 
 
 servio : Aul. 592, qui amanti ero servitutem servit ; Capt. 334, 
 privatam servitutem servit ? 391 ; 544 ; Cure. 40, quia scelestam 
 servitutem serviuut ; M. G-. 95 ; 482 ; 745, serviendae servituti servos 
 instruxi; Pers. 7; 34a, an sempiternam servitutem serviat; Eud. 
 747 ; Trin. 302, tuis servivi servitutem imperiis ; 304 ; Lex Cincia, 
 Bruns 7 , p. 47, No. 5, pro servis servitutem servierunt. 
 
 somnio : M. G. 400, somnium quam simile somniavit ! Eud. 596, 
 mirum somniavi somnium. 
 
 specio: Bacch. 399, specimen specitur, certamen cernitur; so 
 Cas. 516. 
 
 spero : Merc. 843, spem speratam quom optulisti. 
 
 turbo : Bacch. 1076, quas turbas turbet. 
 
 usurpo : Pseud. 135, quibus usura non potest usurpari. 
 
 vivo : Epid. 387, vitam ut vixissent ; Merc. 473 ; M. G-. 628, tamne 
 tibi diu videor vitam vivere ? 726, uno exemplo ne omnes vitam 
 viverent ; Pers. 346 ; 494 ; Ad. 859, vitam duram quam vixi ; Turp. 
 143, fortunatam vitam vixit ; Poen. 1187, per quern vivimus vitalem 
 aevom; Enn. Trag. 190 (Sc 241 V), vitam vivitur (uncertain). 
 
 vomo : Eud. 511, pulmoneum velim vomitum vomas. 
 
 voveo: Amph. 947, quae apud legionem vota vovi; Cato, Agr. 83, 
 hoc votum licebit vovere. 
 
 3. Accusative of Inner Object with Neutee Adjectives. 1 
 
 aio : And. 353, ait tibi uxorem dare, item multa alia. 
 
 audio : Cato, Agr. 157, 16, cito te intelleges plus audire. 
 
 calleo: Most. 279, cuncta callet; Afran. 124, quamquam istaec 
 malitiosa non tarn calleo. 
 
 clamo : M. G. 823, eo magnum clamat. 
 
 confido: Lucil. 1010 (Mx), neminis ingenio tantum confidere 
 oportet; Stat. 246, confide omnia. 
 
 credo : Amph. 437, plus credet mihi ; Capt. 346, neque quoi plus 
 
 credat potes mittere ; et pass. 
 
 1 It is often extremely difficult to determine whether we have an accusative or a 
 fully developed adverb. 
 
200 The Accusative. 
 
 dico (frequent) : Amph. 345, ut verum dieas (sc. me) dicere ; 435, 
 falsum dicere ; so 755 ; Men. 656 ; Rud. 1135 ; Poen. 456, non bona 
 dixit ; Pers. 543, aequa dicis ; Asin. 203, non amplius dico. 
 
 doceo: Eun. 116, coepit omnia docere. 
 
 ementior : Amph. 411, omnia ementitus. 
 
 exclamo: Most. 488, atque ille exclamat derepente maxumum. 
 
 fabulor: Epid. 645, ut falsa fabuler; Trin. 711, ibi plura fabula- 
 bimur ; Poen. 718, ibi alia fabulabimur. 
 
 facio : Amph. 43, quae bona vobis fecissent ; so 49 ; Cas. 468 ; 
 Pers. 263 ; 734. 
 
 hisco ( = dicere) : Ace. 157, vereor plus hiscere. 
 
 impero: Amph. 173, aequom anne iniquom imperet cogitabit; 
 Men. 862, multa mi imperas. 
 
 increpo : Eud. 69, increpui hibernum. 
 
 iubeo : Phor. 683, tantum iussus sum. 
 
 laboro : Enn. Ann. 406 (V), totum sudor habet corpus, multumque 
 laborat. 
 
 lacrumo : Enn. Ann. 49 (V), quamquam multa manus ad caeli 
 caerula templa tendebam lacrumans. 
 
 loquor : Amph. 591, vera loquitur ; so Pers. 645 ; Epid. 665, nimis 
 longum loquor; Capt. 960; Merc. 608, odiosast oratio, quom rem 
 agas longinquom (longinquam B) loqui; Most. 13, nee veri simile 
 loquere nee verum. 
 
 lucto : Vid. fr. ix, plurumum luctavimus. 
 
 memoro : Capt. 981, falsa memorat. 
 
 minitor: Enn. Ann. 621 (V) multa minitatur nmris. 
 
 moneo : Pacuv. 112, di monerint meliora ; so Lucil. 653 (Mx). 
 
 noceo : Pseud. 137, tibi plus noceas. 
 
 obsequor : Ad. 990, quia non iusta iniusta prorsus omnia obsequor. 
 
 obsum : Ace. 310, at contra quantum obfueris, considera. 
 
 oro (very frequent) : Capt. 333, optumum et aequissumum oras ; 
 so Men. 1147 ; Stich. 728 ; Rud. 184, bonum aequoinque oras. 
 
 pecco : Rud. 1150, si tantillum peccassis ; Ad. 124, te plura pec- 
 care ostendam ; Trag. Incert. 45, non multa peccas. 
 
 percontor: Men. 922, percontabor alia; Trin. 1077, cetera intus 
 percontabor. 
 
 pluo : Men. 63, multum pluerat. 
 
Accusative of Inner Object. 201 
 
 possum: Cas. 282, quoius potestas plus potest; so Stich. 69; 
 H. T. 27 ; Enn. Ann. 222 (V), quantumque potesset in armis ; H. T. 
 13, tantum poterit; Lucil. 218 (Mx), non omnia possumus omnes; 
 Metell. Numid. (ap. Gell. N. A. i. 6), di immortales plurumum pos- 
 sunt; True. 755. 
 
 postulo : Triii. 97, aequom postulas ; so Stich. 423 ; And. 901 ; 
 Phor. 411, num iniquom postulo? 
 
 praedico : Rud. 341, vera praedicas. 
 
 prosum: Capt. 371, tibi prodes plurumum; 'so Men. 358; Hec. 
 876, quantum hodie profueris mihi. 
 
 quaeso : Capt. 747, at unum hoc quaeso. 
 
 respondeo : Merc. 629, ut par pari respondeas. 
 
 salveo : Rud. 416, et tu multum salveto ! so Trin. 1180 ; Hec. 82 ; 
 Trin. 435, erum et servom plurumum Philto iubet salvere. 
 
 sapio (frequent) : Epid. 258, plus sapere ; so 262 ; M. G. 587 ; 
 Most. 1103 ; H. T. 507, quanto plus sapit ! Pacuv. 84 ; Cato, Agr. 5, 
 2 ; Most. 170, sapit multum ; so Pers. 108 ; Poen. 1019, nisi tu aliud 
 sapis ; Stich. 360, hie homo nimium sapit. 
 
 suadeo : Capt. 328, multa multis suasit perperam. 
 
 tinnio : Pseud. 889, nimium iam tinnis. 
 
 ululo : Enn. Ann. 342 (V), ululatque ibi acuta et (acute Vahlen). 
 Probenius, Syntax des Ennius, p. 26, rightly defends the tradition. 
 
 valeo : Amph. 390, plus vales ; so 396 ; Stich. 311 ; True. 812 ; 
 813 ; Amph. 1103, multum valet ; so Naev. Com. 55 ; Phor. 987, 
 quantum valet. 
 
 vaticinor : Pseud. 363, vetera vaticinamini. 
 
 video : Cato, Agr. 157, 10, plus videbunt. 
 
 4. Accusative of Innek Object with Neuter Pronouns. 1 
 
 accredo : Asin. 627, quisnam istuc accredat tibi ? 
 adiuvo : Poen. 882, si quid tu adiuvas ; And. 522, id spero adiutu- 
 ros deos ; Enn. Ann. 335 (V), o Tite, si quid ego adiuero. 
 adlego : Stich. 681, id adlegavit (adlegavi codd). 
 adsentio : Amph. 824, adsunt testes qui illud adsentiant. 
 
 1 Here again it is often difficult to determine whether we have an accusative use 
 or a fully developed advert), e.g. Hec. 349, nam si remittent quidpiam dolores. 
 
202 The Accusative. 
 
 adsentor: Eun. 252, imperavi mihi omnia adsentari. 
 
 adsimulo : Men. 146, ecquid adsimulo similiter ? And. 500, intel- 
 lexti hoc adsimulari. 
 
 advenio : Epid. 456, advorte ut quod ego ad te advenio intellegas. 
 
 alacer sum : Eun. 304, quidve es alacris ? 
 
 blatero : Afran. 13, quid prodest istuc te blaterare ? 194, ne quid 
 blateres. 
 
 blattio : Epid. 334, aliquid blattis. 
 
 canto : Bacch. 985, ne idem cantent. 
 
 clamo : Ad. 789, quid clamem aut querar ? 
 
 cogito : H. T. 128, haec coepi cogitare. 
 
 comminiscor : Trin. 516, plane periimus, nisi quid comminiscor; 
 1147, hoc commentus est; M. G. 232, auden participare me quod 
 commentu's ? et pass. 
 
 concerto : Ad. 210, te audio nescio quid concertasse. 
 
 confido : Capt. 536, quid rebus confidam meis ? 
 
 confiteor : Capt. 296, haec eadem confiteri. 
 
 consulo (8) : Bacch. 40, quid in consilio consuluistis ? Most. 1102, 
 consulere quiddam est quod tecum volo; Trin. 395, qui nihil aliud 
 nisi quod sibi placet consulit ; H. T. 437, istuc pessume consulis ; 
 Phor. 734, ut id consulerem. 
 
 credo (frequent) : Amph. 773, credis id ? so Bacch. 697 ; Poen. 
 896; Capt. 556, quid ego credam huic? so 156; Eun. 705; Phor. 
 996 ; Poen. 1264, vix hoe videmur credere ; Trin. 115 ; And. 497, 
 credon tibi hoc ? 524, ut haec crederem ! Asin. 837, credam 
 istuc ; so Cure. 641 ; Merc. 903 ; Amph. 271, si quicquamst quod 
 credam ; so Merc. 628 ; True. 901, manus votat quicquam credere. 
 
 crucior : M. G. 1321, istuc crucior, a viro me tali abalieuarier ; 
 Stich. 11, hoc crucior ; Trin. 1170, id crucior. 
 
 deficio : Phor. 230, si quid deficias. 
 
 delinquo : Men. 625, non edepol deliqui quicquam ; 780, nusquam 
 equidem quicquam deliqui ; 799, si ille quid deliquerit : so Cato, Agr. 
 5, 1. 
 
 dico (frequent) : Capt. 853, mean causa hoc censes dicere ? Merc. 
 70 ; Merc. 763, illud numquam dixi. 
 
 dissuadeo : Cist. 220, quod dissuasit ; Trin. 670, quod dissuadetur, 
 placet. 
 
Accusative of Inner Object. 203 
 
 erro: Epid. 577, scio quid erres; Most. 187, si quid erro; And. 
 498, teneo quid erret. 
 
 excrucior : Epid. 192, id ego excrucior. 
 
 excuso : Aul. 747, si istuc ius est ut tu istuc excusare possies. 
 
 exoro: Bacch. 1170, sine me hoc exorare; And. 592, idque vix 
 exoro. 
 
 exprobro : Most. 301, egone id exprobrem ! 
 
 exquiro : Amph. 342, quid id exquiris ? Pers. 606, exquire quidvis ! 
 
 facio (extremely frequent) : Amph. 815, quid ego feci ? 
 
 fallo: Amph. 933, id si fallo; so Aul. 776. 
 
 fateor : Capt. 317, faterin eadem quae hie fassust mihi ? 
 
 f erio : Bacch. 1172, ne quid mihi doleat quod ferias (' the blow you 
 strike ')• 
 
 f estino : Trin. 615, quid illic f estinet sentio ; Eun. 650, quid f esti- 
 nas ? 
 
 gannio : Ad. 556, quid ille gannit ? 
 
 gaudeo : expressions like Amph. 1100, istuc gaudeo, are best taken 
 as Accusative of the Thing Affected. 
 
 morem gero : Most. 578, quid tibi ego morem vis geram ? 
 
 gestio : Eun. 554, rogitando quid gestiam. 
 
 ignosco : Poen. 141, ignoscere id mi ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 25, 8, nemo 
 quisquam quicquam mihi ignoturus est. 
 
 impero : Amph. 586, quod imperavit ; so Men. 991 ; True. 584 ; 
 Hec. 244 ; Trin. 276, impera quidvis ; Eun. 213, num quid aliud 
 imperas ? 594, expectans si quid mi imperent. 
 
 insanio : And. 535, id viso tun an illi insaniant. 
 
 insimulo : Pers. 129, quod tu insimulas. 
 
 interminor: Eun. 830, istucine interminata sum tibi ? 
 
 intersum : Ad. 76, hoc pater ac dominus interest ; Lucil. 338 
 (Mx), quidve hoc intersiet illud. 
 
 invideo : Most. 51, invidere mihi hoc videre. 
 
 irascor : Pseud. 1329, numquid iratus es ? Cato, fr. (Jord), 25, 
 5, idne irascimini, si quis superbior est quam vos? 
 
 iubeo (frequent) : Capt. 343, quae iusseris. 
 
 iuror : Rud. 1398, quod sum iuratus. 
 
 laetus sum : Eun. 555, quid gestiam, aut quid laetus sim ; 1034, 
 quid hie laetus est ? 
 
204 The Accusative. 
 
 litigo : Cas. 251, relinque aliquantum orationis eras quod mecum 
 litiges ! 
 
 loquor : Amph. 449, quod loquitur ; Eun. 298, nescio quid loqui- 
 tur ; H. T. 264. 
 
 ludo : Memmius (Meyer), p. 279, quae domi luserat. 
 
 maestus, miser, sum : Eud. 397, id misera maestast sibi eorum 
 evenisse inopiam. 
 
 mando: Bacch. 1084, quod mandavi; so Pers. 310; Poen. 80, si 
 quid mandare voltis ; Epid. 130. 
 
 mentior : M. G. 35, quidquid mentibitur ; 254, quae mentibitur ; 
 Poen. 374, si quid antea mentitust; And. 863, quicquam invenies 
 me mentitum; True. 105. 
 
 minitor : Men. 994, cave quisquam quod illic minitetur flocci fece- 
 rit ; Eud. 792, facito istuc quod minitare. 
 
 minor : Cas. 676, num. quid mini minatur ; Eun. 1020, quod minare. 
 
 missiculo litteras : Epid. 131, empta ancilla, quod tute ad me lit- 
 teras missiculabas. 
 
 moneo : Ad. 856, quin res, aetas aliquid moneat. 
 
 mordeo : Poen. 1073, signum esse oportet in manu quod memordit 
 simia. 
 
 muto : And. 949, de uxore nil mutat Cbremes ? Eud. 865, num- 
 quid muto ? 
 
 muttio : Lucil. 652 (Mx), neu muttires quicquam. 
 
 nequeo : Ad. 76, hoc qui nequit. 
 
 noceo: Asin. 112, nequid nocere possit; so Pseud. 478; Eud. 
 605. 
 
 nuntio : Amph. 195, ut haec nuntiem ; Capt. 360 ; 384. 
 
 nuto, nicto : Men. 613, non quicquam nuto neque nicto tibi. 
 
 obgannio : Phor. 1030, habet ei quod obganniat. 
 
 obiurigo : Merc. 46, obiurigare pater haec. 
 
 obsequor : Asin. 76, id ego percupio obsequi gnato. 
 
 obtempero : Hec. 512, neque hie mi quicquam obtemperant. 
 
 occupatus sum : Most. 1008, nisi quid magis occupatus es. 
 
 occurro : Most. 539, manufesta res est, nisi quid occurro. 
 
 pleo : Men. 166, quid olet ? 170, quid olet ? : : furtum, scortum, 
 prandium ; Most. 278 ; quid olant nescias. 
 
 oro : Capt. 337, id oro ; so 338 ; et pass. 
 
Accusative of Inner Object. 205 
 
 opus est : Phor. 563, num quid est quod opera mea vobis opus sit ? 
 so And. 738. 
 
 paciscor : Bacch. 870, em illoc pacisoe ; pacisce quid vis. 
 
 parco : Men. 848, me votas in huius ore quicquam parcere ; Pseud. 
 79, id quidem ne parsis. 
 
 pavito : Hec. 320, uxorem pavitare aescio quid dixerunt. 
 
 pecco (frequent) : Aul. 792, si quid peccavi ; so Bacch. 1037 ; Epid. 
 593; 729; M. G. 904; Pseud. 495; Bud. 1348; True. 899; Ad. 115; 
 Pseud. 368, num peccavi quippiam ? Trin. 588, quod peccarim ; so 
 True. 786 ; Enn. Trag. 194 (Sc 225 V) ; H. T. 974; 1008 ; Hec. 557, 
 quae me peccasse ais. 
 
 percontor : Amph. 710, istuc ex me percontarier ; Trin. 881, si 
 unum quicquid percontabere ; Hec. 104, hoc percontarier desiste ! 
 Ill, quae percontor. 
 
 percrucior : Bacch. 1099, hoe est demum quod percrucior. 
 
 possum (frequent) : Amph. 231, id quod potest et valet ; so M. G. 
 1160, impetrabis, quod ego potero; H. T. 416; 1038; Eun. 214; 
 Phor. 478; 1050; Hec. 447; Ad. 427, moneo quae possum; 511; 
 Juventius 1; Stich. 410, quid potest pecunia; so And. 333; H. T. 
 47; Ad. 877, experiamur ecquid possiem ; Hec. 766 ; Phor. 208, quom 
 hoc non possum, illud minus possem. 
 
 postulo : Capt. 941, id quod postulas ; Most. 1008, ne istuc quidem 
 postulo. 
 
 praecipio : Capt. 393, istuc ne praecipias ; Pers. 379, tibi quae 
 praecepi ; so Trin. 295 ; Ad. 434. 
 
 praesto : Eun. 232, homini homo quid praestat ! 
 
 praevortor : Capt. 1026, certumst principio id praevortier ; Pseud. 
 602, hoc praevortar. 
 
 prodeo : Eun. 1005, id prodeo, ut — . 
 
 propero : Bud. 1370, quid properabo ? : : reddere argentum ; 
 Most. 878. 
 
 prospicio: H. T. 391, nisi si prospectum interea aliquid est; so 
 Ad. 689. 
 
 prosum : Bud. 689, quid istaec ara prodesse nobis potest ? Trin. 
 35, quam id quod prosint pluribus ; Enn. Ann. 429 (V), spero si 
 speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt. 
 
 proviso : Eun. 394, hoc proviso ut deducam. 
 
206 The Accusative. 
 
 pudeo : Bacch. 4.83, neque pudere quicquam. 
 
 quaero : Capt. 174, quid tu id quaeris ? 
 
 queo : Ad. 423, quod queo conservis praecipio. 
 
 queror : Ad. 789, quid clamem aut querar ? 
 
 ratiocinor : Stieh. 75, id ratiocinor. 
 
 remitto : Hec. 349, si remittent quippiam dolores. 
 
 respicio : And. 642, nisi quid di respiciunt. 
 
 respondeo : Merc. 214, hoc responde ; so Poen. 252 ; Trin. 1074 ; 
 And. 849 ; Phor. 255. 
 
 revortor : Amph. 909, id hue revorti. 
 
 rogo: Capt. 937, quicquid roges; Merc. 214, hoc quod rogo. : : 
 quid rogas ? 
 
 saevio : Epid. 658, si quid saevibit senex. 
 
 sapio : Pseud. 737, ecquid sapit ? M. G. 336, neque te quicquam 
 sapere. 
 
 scateo: Pers. 177, id tuos scatet animus. 
 
 scitor : Capt. 263, quae scitari volo. 
 
 sentio : Capt. 329, ut ea quae sentio scias. 
 
 soleo: Men. 752, ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles; Pers. 
 199, istuc marinus passer solet. 
 
 somnio : Merc. 950, quae mi somnias ? M. G. 381, somnium quod 
 somniavi : : quid somniavisti ? so Most. 757 ; Rud. 773 ; And. 971. 
 
 sono : Enn. Trag. 69 (Sc 106 V), neque quicquam sincere sonunt. 
 
 spondeo : Trin. 1163, et ego spondeo hoc. 
 
 stomachor : Eun. 323, id stomachabar. 
 
 strido : Pacuv. 132, quidnam autem hoc soniti est, quod stridunt 
 f oris ? 
 
 studeo : Enn. Trag. 184 (Sc 237 V), id studet ; so H. T. 382 ; 
 Trabea, 2, quid studeam ? Hec. 199, utin omnes mulieres eadem 
 studeant. 
 
 suadeo : Capt. 237, quod tibi suadeam ; so Cist. 219 ; Pers. 814 ; 
 Trin. 670 ; Hec. 660 ; Most. 215, id mihi ne suadeas ! so Phor. 157. 
 
 subvenio : Pseud. 1146, nisi quid leno subvenit tibi ; Stich. 399, 
 neque hie qui venit quicquam subvenit. 
 
 suscenseo (frequent) : Capt. 680, id nunc suscenses mihi ? so Pers. 
 431; And. 376; Phor. 259; Most. 1163, neque quicquam suscenseo; 
 And. 448, est quod suscenset tibi ; so Phor. 263 ; 361. 
 
Accusative of Inner Object. 207 
 
 titubo: M. G. 946, ne quid titubetur; Men. 142. 
 
 tristis: H. T. 620, nescio quid tristis est; Eun. 304, quid tu es 
 tristis ? quidve es alacris ; so Phor. 57 ; Ad. 79, nescio quid tristem 
 video ; 82, quid tristis es ? so 83 ; 768. 
 
 triumpho : Eun. 393, id vero serio triumphat. 
 
 tumultuor : Hec. 336, nescio quid audio hie tumultuari. 
 
 turbo : Bacch. 1091, tam magis uror quae (quern codd) meus filius 
 turbavit; Most. 1031, numquid Tranio turbavit? Eun. 649, nescio- 
 quid turbatumst ; Capt. 127. 
 
 uro : Poen. 770, id nunc his cerebrum uritur ; Titin. 103, nunc 
 hoc uror. 
 
 valeo : Eun. 881, ut quid amor valeat nesciam ; so Lucil. 338. 
 
 velitor: Men. 778, nescioquid vos velitati estis inter vos. 
 
 venio (frequent) : Amph. 130, haud quisquam quaeret quid vene- 
 rim; so 346; 377; Asin. 392; Cas. 106, ego hue quod veni in urbem 
 si impetravero; Cure. 456; Men. 677; M. G. 1158, id nos ad te 
 venimus; Poen. 951; Stich. 127; H. T. 3, deinde quod veni eloquar. 
 
 video ('see to'): Merc. 450, aliqnid videro. 
 
 viso : Eun. 545, idque adeo visam. 
 
 For the accusative of neuter pronouns in connection with an 
 accusative of the person affected, see p. 247 ft 
 
 5. Accusative of Inneb Object with nil and parum. 
 
 auxilior : Ad. 273, tibi nil possent auxiliarier. 
 
 credo : Stat. 25, nil Spei ego credo ; Ace. 169, nil credo auguribus. 
 
 mentior : Eun. 703, et nil mentitam tibi. 
 
 miror : Hec. 732, credo te non nil mirari. 
 
 muttio : And. 505, nil iam muttire audeo. 
 
 obsuin : And. 160, quom nil obsint doli. 
 
 oleo : Most. 273, ubi nil olet. 
 
 parco: H. T. 43, nil parcunt seni; so Ad. 562. 
 
 pecco: Stat. 161, nil peccat de savio. 
 
 possum : Eun. 665, amatores audieram esse eos maxumos sed nil 
 potesse. 
 
 promoveo: And. 640, nil promoveris; so Eun. 913; Hec. 703, 
 quando promoveo parum. 
 
208 The Accusative. 
 
 respondeo : M. G. 423, nihil respondet ; so Poen. 259 ; Eun. 152. 
 sapio : Bacch. 820, iam nil sapit. 
 suscenseo : H. T. 976, nil suscenseo tibi. 
 timeo : Eun. 615, non nil timeo ne, etc. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF THE PERSON OR THING AFFECTED. 
 
 It is obviously out of the question to give all transitive verbs that 
 take an Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected in Early Latin. 
 Most of these verbs show no differences from the ordinary classical 
 usage. It will therefore be sufficient to give (in alphabetical order) 
 a list of those verbs which either show deviation from customary 
 standards of usage, or exhibit other noteworthy peculiarities. 
 
 abhorreo : Titin. 39, hanc domum (hanc domo <£) abhorreo. 
 
 abstineo (frequent) : Amph. 903, ut abstineas manum ; so Cas. 
 229; Most. 292; H. T. 565; Men. 983, culpam abstineam; M. G. 
 1309, si abstinuissem amorem ; Most. 897, abstine iam sermonem de 
 istis rebus ; Aul. 344, quod te scio facile abstinere posse si nihil ob- 
 viamst ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 43, 6, in industria omnem adulescentiam ab- 
 stinui ; H. T. 372, in versa verba abstine ! Turp. 163, ut ille hac sese 
 abstineret. 
 
 absto : Trin. 263, Amor ignorandust, procul adhibendust atque 
 abstandust. 
 
 abutor : l Asin. 196, ubi illaec quae dedi ante ? : : abusa ; Bacch. 
 360, nosque aurum abusos ; Pers. 262, hoc argentum alibi abutar ; 
 Poen. 1199, iam diu sapientiam tuam abusast; Trin. 682, me qui 
 abusus sum tantam rem patriam ; Cato, Agr. 76, 4, donee omne caseum 
 cum melle abusus eris ; And. 5, in prologis scribundis operam abuti- 
 tur ; Phor. 413, item ut meretricem ubi abusus sis. In Early Latin 
 abutor nowhere appears construed with the ablative. 
 
 accuro (frequent) : Bacch. 1152, meum pensum ego lepide accu- 
 rabo ; Epid. 565, ille earn rem sobrie accuravit. 
 
 addecet (frequent) : Merc. 415, ut matrem addecet familias ; Most. 
 902 ; Poen. 328. 
 .adiuto: Hec. 359, eis onera adiuta. 
 
 1 See Langen, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. iii, p. 332. 
 
Accusative of Person or Thing Affected. 209 
 
 adiuvo : M. G. 871, di hanc rem adiuvant. Enn. Sat. 30 (V) has 
 fac amicos eas et roges . . . messim hauc nobis adiuvent. The pas- 
 sage is preserved to us in Gellius, ii, 29, 7, but it is difficult to say 
 whether it represents Ennius's own diction or Gellius's paraphrase 
 {despite Landgraf, Archiv fur Lat. Lexikogr. x, p. 394, and Koterba, 
 De sermone Pacuviano et Acciano, p. 164, both of which scholars con- 
 fidently attribute the passage to Ennius). 
 
 adulo: Ace. 390 1 , sublime avolans pinnata cauda nostrum adulat 
 sanguinem ; Cass. Hemina, p. 74, 13 (Peter), adulati erant ab amicis. 
 
 aemulor: And. 20, quorum aemulari exoptat neclegentiam. For 
 aemulor with the dative, see p. 118. 
 
 aequipero : Trin. 1125, hominem quoi fides aequiperet tuam (suom 
 codd). For aequipero with the dative, see p. 118. 
 
 ausculto : Merc. 477, omnia istaec auscultavi ; 568 ; Bacch. 273, 
 ausculta pugnam quam voluit dare ; Pseud. 427 ; Aul. 496, ego hunc 
 ausculto lubens ; Poen. 841. In the sense, ' give heed to,' ' obey,' 
 -ausculto takes the dative ; see p. 118. 
 
 aversor : Enn. Ann. 464 (V), avorsabuntur semper vos vostraque 
 Tolta. 
 
 calleo : Ad. 533, illius sensum pulchre calleo ; Afran. 3, me om- 
 nem melius rem callere (calli rem codd) quam volo; 124. 
 
 careo : Cure. 136, id quod amo careo ; cf. Poen. 820 ; Eun. 223, 
 non ego illam caream; Turp. 32, meos parentes careo. For careo 
 with the ablative, see p. 281. 
 
 celo (' conceal from,' of persons) : Aul. 113, celo sedulo omnes ne 
 sciant ; M. G. 1015, infidos celas ; True. 60, quos quom celamus, si 
 faximus conscios ; 89 ; And. 585, vos celavi quod nunc dicam. For 
 <xlo with two accusatives, see p. 247. 
 
 ceno: Asin. 936, cenabis magnum malum; Merc. 802, eadem 
 licebit mox cenare ; Pers. 473, hodie alienum cenabit ; Pseud. 842, 
 eum odorem cenat Iuppiter cottidie. 
 
 clamo : Asin. 390, extemplo ianitorem clamat ; Aul. 300, divom 
 <:lamat fidem ; so Men. 1053 ; Plaut. fr. 162, neque publicas res clamo 
 neque leges crepo. 
 
 coepio : Men. 960, pugnas coepio. 
 
 cogito (frequent) : Aul. 127, hoc unum cogitato ! so Most. 216 ; 
 Aul. 673, hoc ubi apstrudam cogito solum locum ; Cas. 89, non mihi 
 
210 The Accusative. 
 
 licere meam rem me solum loqui atque cogitare ! Most. 790, verbum 
 hoc cogitare ; Eun. 629, coepi aliam rem cogitare. 
 
 commemini : Am ph. 254, hoc commemini ; Cure. 493 ; M. G. 914 r 
 quae commeminere ; Poen. 726, istaec volo vos commeminisse ; Pseud. 
 696, commemini omnia. For commemini with the genitive, see 
 p. 88. 
 
 comperco : Phor. 43, quod ille suom defrudans genium compersit. 
 
 condecet : Amph. 722, quod te condecet ; Cas. 652, quod haud. 
 Atticam condecet disciplinam ; Merc. 984 (convenit codd) ; Pseud. 935. 
 
 condono (' excuse,' ' pardon ') : Bacch. 1143, si quam (malam rem) 
 debes, te condono ; so Pers. 817 ; Eud. 1368. For condono with two- 
 accusatives, see p. 248; for condono, 'give,' with indirect object^ 
 see p. 108. 
 
 congredior : Epid. 545, hanc congrediar astu. 
 
 conloquor (frequent) : Amph. 898, te volo conloqui ; Asin. 150,. 
 quem conloquatur ; Capt. 833, hunc hominem conloqui ; M. G. 1008 - t 
 Pseud. 245; Trin. 1135. With cum: Pers. 468 ; 728; Hec. 131. 
 
 conscendo : Mere. 946, navem conscendo ; Eud. 63. With in .- 
 Bacch. 277. 
 
 credo : Bacch. 208, immo ut earn (eum codd) credis ? 
 
 crepo : Plaut. fr. 162, neque publicas res clamo neque leges crepo- 
 
 cupio (of persons) : M. G. 1050, ut quae te cupit earn ne spernas - T 
 Trin. 238 (petit A) ; Enn. Ann. 48 (V), nee sese dedit in conspectum 
 corde cupitus. For cupio with the genitive, see p. 98. 
 
 euro (of persons ; frequent) : Amph. 86, Iupiter nunc histriones- 
 curet ; Cure. 532, certumst bene me curare ; M. G. 708 ; Poen. 352 ;. 
 Ad. 763, te curasti molliter. 
 
 decet : this is regularly construed with the accusative ; for the oc- 
 casional use of the dative, see p. 106. 
 
 dono (aliquem aliquare; frequent): Amph. 763, ut ea te patera, 
 donem ; so 771 ; Most. 174 ; Poen. 258 ; True. 531. 
 
 edormisco: Eud. 586, ut edormiscam hanc crapulam; Ad. 786, 
 edormiscam hoc villi. 
 
 egeo : Men. 121, nee quicquam eges ; Cato, fr. ( Jord), 73, 4, vitio- 
 vortunt quod multa egeo. These are possibly Accusatives of Inner 
 Object ; so Mtiller, Akkusativ, p. 56. 
 
 emergo : And. 562, spero ex illis sese emersurum malis. 
 
Accusative of Person or Thing Affected. 211 
 
 esurio : Cas. 795, si esurit, nullum esurit. 
 
 evado : Lucil. 640 (Mx), omnes evasuros censent aegritudinem 
 (cursuros codd ; evado Nonius). 
 
 exclamo : Amph. 1120, exclamat uxorem tuam. 
 
 exposco: Enn. Trag. 142 (Sc 177 V), te exposco ut hoc fuat. 
 
 expostulo : And. 639, cum eo iniuriam hanc expostulem. 
 
 flagito: e.g. Poen. 539, neque nosquemquam flagitamus, neque nos 
 quisquam flagitat ; Pseud. 556 ; 1145. 
 
 f runiscor : Rud. 1012, hinc tu nisi malum frunisci nil potes. 
 
 fruor: 1 Cato, Agr. 149, 1, pabulum frui occipito; H. T. 401, hocine 
 me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium (A; -o other codd) frui! 
 Scaurus, 120, 9 (Peter), vectigalium se minus fructos. The four 
 following examples are ambiguous : CIL, i, 199, 24, eum agrum Lan- 
 genses posidere fruique videtur oportere ; 30, qui agrum posidebunt 
 fruenturque ; 32, is agrum nei habeto nive fruinino ; 40. The 
 gerundive construction is found : CIL, i, 200, 31, ager f ruendus datus 
 est; so 25; 87. For fruor with the ablative, which is the more 
 usual construction in Early Latin, see p. 353. 
 
 fulgurio: Lucil. 644 (Mx), et fulguritarum (Lips; -tatem codd) 
 arborum ; Trin. 539. 
 
 f undito : Poen. 482, eo illos volantis iussi funditarier. 
 
 fungor : 2 regularly transitive in Early Latin : Amph. 827, te qui 
 absente hie munus fungatur tuom ; Asin. 812, apud amicam munus 
 adulescentuli fungare ; Cas. 950, qui munus fungier pro me velit ; 
 Trin. 1; 354; Men. 223; Most. 48, sine me aliato fungi fortunas 
 meas ; Plaut. fr. 92 ; H. T. 66, ita attente tute illorum officia fungere ; 
 580 ; Phor. 281 ; Ad. 464 ; Pacuv. 129, nonne officium fungar volgi ? 
 Turp. 68, volo ut f amilia nostra officia fungatur sua ; Af ran. 390, ut 
 possimus nostra fungi munera; Titin. 48, edepol hominis ignavi 
 functus officium ; Lucil. 8 (Mx), munus tamen fungi et muros ser- 
 vare potissent ; 202 ; 686, et cupidi officium fungor liberum. The 
 only passage in Early Latin where the MSS show the ablative with 
 fungor is Ad. 603, et tuom officium (tuom officio codd) f ueris functus, 
 where the editors agree in changing the reading to conform to the 
 otherwise invariable usage for this period. 
 
 1 P. Langen, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. iii, p. 334. 
 " Ibid., p. 333 f. 
 
212 The Accusative. 
 
 gratulor : Capt. 501, ubi quisque vident, eunt obviam gratulanturque 
 earn rem ; Stich. 567, ibo intro et gratulabor vostrum adventum filiis ; 
 Eun. 259, adventum gratulantur. 
 
 gravor : Rud. 435, cur tu operam gravare mihi ? 
 
 ignoseo : Am ph. 257, orant ignoscamus peccatum suom ; Bacch. 
 1185, ut eis delicta ignoscas ; Poen. 1412, id uti ignoscas ; H. T. 218, 
 nam et cognoscendi et ignoscendi peccati locus ; 647, istuc factum 
 ignoscam ; Phor. 1015, ea quin sit ignoscenda ; Turp. 129, ignoscere 
 istic solentne eas minoris noxias ? For ignoseo construed with the 
 dative, see p. 119. 
 
 impero : Cist. 58, noli mi exercitum imperare ! so Capt. 155 ; M. Gr. 
 1159, hauc tibi impero provinciam. 
 
 impertio (aliquem aliqua re) : Epid. 126, erum suom impertit salute 
 servos ; Stich. 299, opsecret ut nuntio hoc impertiam ; cf. Pseud. 456 ; 
 Eun. 270, salute Parmenonem impertit ; Ad. 320, sed cesso eram hoc 
 malo impertire propere ? Lucil. 688 (Mx), te, Popli, (item populi 
 codd) salute et fictis versibus Lucilius impertit. (aliquant rem, 
 alicui) : Pseud. 41, Phoenicium Calidoro amatori suo salutem imper- 
 tit ; Vid. 39. 
 
 indulgeo : Eun. 222, nimis me indulgeo ; H. T. 988, te indulgebant ; 
 Afran. 389, qui nos (non codd) tanto opere indulgent; Lucil. 900 
 (Mx), tu qui iram indulges nimis. Eor indulgeo construed with the 
 dative, see p. 119. 
 
 infringo : Ad. 199, plus D colaphos infregit mihi. 
 
 inludo: Phor. 915, satis superbe inluditis me; 'gamble away': 
 And. 822, paene inlusi vitam filiae. With in and ace. : Eun. 942, 
 ut ne inpune in nos inluseris. With in and ablative : And. 757, 
 videmur idonei in quibus inludatis ? 
 
 inservio: Most. 190, matronae non meretricium est unum inservire 
 amantem; 216, si ilium inservibis solum; Poen. 927, illud inser- 
 viendumst consilium (thought by Lindsay, Leo, and others to be the 
 work of a retractator ; cf . Coulter, Retractatio in the Ambrosian and 
 Palatine Recensions of Plautus, 1911, p. 55). 
 
 instruo (aliquid alicui) : M. G. 981, ornamenta quae illi instruxti 
 mulieri ; so 1100 ; 1127 ; 1147. 
 
 invideo: Ace. 215, id quod multi invideant; 424, num quis non 
 mortalis florem liberum invidit meum ? 
 
Accusative of Person or Thing Affected. 213 
 
 latro : Poen. 1234, etiam me meae latrant canes ? 
 
 loquor (frequent) : Aul. 134, rem loquerer familiarem ; 616, quod ego 
 hunc hominem facinus audivi loqui ! Cas. 89, non mihi licere meam 
 rem loqui ! Men. 321, quas mulieres, quos parasitos loquere ? Poen. 
 679 ; Trin. 1030 ; Titin. 63, rem magnam aibat velle se mecum loqui. 
 
 luceo : Cas. 118, huic lucebis novae nuptae facem. 
 
 ludo : M. G. 324, ludis me ; Ad. 639, quor non ludo hunc ? 697 ; 
 Phor. 332, in illis opera luditur. 
 
 medeor : Phor. 822, quas paulo mederi possis. For medeor with 
 the dative, see p. 120. 
 
 meditor: Stich. 306, ad cursuram meditabor me. 
 
 memini : l True. 220, nos divitem istum meminimus atque iste 
 pauperes nos ; Merc. 1011, suam rem meminit ; Men. 619 ; Cist. 148 ; 
 Men. 45, illius nomen memini facilius ; so Poen. 1062 ; Cas. 259, 
 mirum te senecta aetate oflicium tuom non meminisse ! so Stich. 
 42 ; 46 ; M. G. 1378 ; Cist. 381 ; Trin. 697 ; M. G. 354, praecepta 
 facito ut memineris ; Pers. 186, omnia memini ; Capt. 317, memini 
 istuc (there are twelve other instances of this construction of the 
 neuter pronoun in the accusative after memini in Plautus, and three 
 instances in Terence) ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 9, 10, vera minus meminere ; 
 Turp. 155, meminisse illius formam. For the genitive with memini, 
 see p. 88. In Aul. 542, meminerint sese unde oriundi sient, the ac- 
 cusative is the result of Prolepsis. 
 
 memoro : Merc. 641, non hominem mi sed thensaurum memoras. 
 
 misero: Ace. 195, ut iure haec numquam miserarent mala. 
 
 modero(r) : Pacuv. 306, neque tuom (tunc codd) te ingenium mo- 
 derat. For moderor with the dative, see p. 120. 
 
 moveo: Enn. Ann. 410 (V), quippe vetusta virum non est satis 
 bella moveri. 
 
 mussito: True. 312, egon haec mussitem! Ad. 207, mussitanda 
 iniuria est. 
 
 narro (otherwise than with neuter pronouns and adjectives) : 
 Poen. 492, narrare etiam unam pugnam ; True. 283, quas tu muli- 
 eres mihi narras? And. 466, bonum ingenium narras adulescentis ; 
 Ad. 536, virtutes narro. 
 
 i See Babcock, The Genitive and Accusative with Verbs of Eemembering and For- 
 getting, Cornell Studies, Vol. xiv. 
 
214 The Accusative. 
 
 nescio (of persons) : H. T. 1038, deos nescio. 
 
 obliviscor: App. Claud. (Baehr) p. 36, amicum quom vides, ob- 
 liviscere miserias ! Liv. And. Odisia, 4, neque tamen te oblitus sum ; 
 Trin. 1013, satin in thermopolio condalium es oblitus ? 1017, tribusne 
 te poteriis memoriam esse oblitum ! Cas. 104, non sum oblitus offi- 
 cium meum; M. G. 1359, muliebres mores discendi, obliviscendi 
 stratiotici (sc. sient); Bacch. 790, oblitus sum omnia; Stat. 61, 
 equi homo ineptitudinis cumulatus cultum oblitus es ? Ace. 190, 
 utinam memet possim obliscier ! 48S, an ego Ulixem obliscar urn- 
 quam ! 665, an haec obliti sunt ? 12, mea facta in acie obliti ; Turp. 
 171, oblita es eius crebras mansiones ; Asin. 226, haecine te esse 
 oblitum ! Poen. 40, quod oblitus fui. For the genitive with oblivis- 
 cor, see p. 88. 
 
 obstino : Aul. 267, affinitatem hanc obstinavit. 
 
 odoror : Men. 166, odorare hanc pallam. 
 
 oppeto: Enn. Trag. 3J5 (Sc 162 V), prius quam oppeto malam 
 pestem ; so 170 (203 V) ; Asin. 22. 
 
 opus est : in True. 902 the MSS read puero opust cibum (fol- 
 lowed by Lindsay). In Phor. 666 the MSS vary. A has opus est 
 sumptum ad nuptias ; the other MSS sumptu, read by all editors. 
 
 parco : Cure. 380, qui homo mature quaesivit peeuniam, nisi earn 
 mature parsit, mature essurit ; M. G. 1220, parce vocem (so schol. on 
 Aen. x, 532 ; voci codd) ; Most. 104, sumptum operam (parum) par- 
 cunt. For parco with the dative, see p. 121. 
 
 peculio : Pers. 192, aliqui te peculiabo. 
 
 penetro : Men. 400, intra portum penetravi pedem ; Trin. 276, quo 
 se penetravit ; 291, quin me ad pluris penetravi ? True. 44. 
 
 percontor : Pers. 619, si ex te percontabimur patriam tuam ; 599, 
 percontari hanc paucis hie volt ; Stich. 370, alius alium percontamur ; 
 And. 800 ; Hec. 76, isse ad portum percontatum adventum Pamphili. 
 
 percrepo : Lucil. 621 (Mx), percrepa pugnam Popili ! 
 
 pergo: Hec. 194, pergam quo coepi hoc iter; hardly Inner Object, 
 as taken by Ashmore, ad loc. 
 
 persuadeo : Enn. Incert. (V) 4, quis te persuasit ? 
 
 placeo : Trin. 1159, placenda dos est. 
 
 posco : Cure. 378, ut alius alium poscant ; 683, clamore hominem 
 posco. 
 
Accusative of Person or !Thin£ Affected. 215 
 
 potior: 1 Naev. Trag. 34, die quo pacto eum potiti; Asin. 324, 
 potitur (patitn.ir codd) bonum; Most.414, ut proveniant, niquidpotiatur 
 quam ob rem pigeat vivere ; Rud. 191, laborem hunc potiri ; Pacuv. 
 56, Tegiae nunc nemoralis regnum potitur transmissu patris ; so 289 ; 
 217, Achivi hunc sceptrum patientur poti (= potiri); Enn. Ann. (V) 
 75, potitur ratus Romulus praedam; Stat. 109, dum id quod petit 
 potitur; Phor. 469, ne quid poteretur (so A; pateretur other codd 
 and A 2 ) mali; Ad. 871, patria potitur commoda; 876, hie potitur 
 gaudia ; Ace. 40, seras potiuntur plagas ; 590, natus uti sceptrum 
 poteretur patris; Trag. Incert. 51, potiri si studeamus Pergamum 
 (-o poorer codd) ; Turp. 146, me vis potiri (ablative ?). 
 
 praegrado : Pacuv. 48, praegradat Parthenopaeum. 
 
 praestolor : Cas. 578, te ecastor praestolabar ; so Epid. 221 ; Most. 
 1066 ; True. 336, where see Spengel's note ; Poen. 1173 ; Eun. 975 ; 
 977. 
 
 propero : Plaut. fr. 165, properate prandium. 
 
 prospicio: Hec. 562, quoius consilio par fuerat ea prospici; Ad. 
 387, ilia prospicere. 
 
 quaero : H. T. 994, suspicionem ex illis quaere (' make inquiry of 
 them with respect to your suspicion'). 
 
 quiesco : M. G. 927, quiescas cetera ; And. 604, quod si quiessem. 
 
 recordor : Men. 972, recordetur id ; Most. 84, recordatus multum ; 
 Pacuv. 36, quoin recordor eius ferocem et torvam confidentiam ; Ace. 
 346, quom haec recordor. 
 
 reminiscor : Hec. 385, quom orata eius reminiscor ; Ace. 346, quom 
 illos reminiscor dies. 
 
 reticeo : Amph. 397, hoc haud reticebo ; Ad. 405, nil reticuit. 
 
 rogito : Aul. 373, venio ad macellum, rogito piscis. 
 
 sapio : Enn. Trag. 274 (Sc 321 V), qui sibi semitam non sapiunt. 
 
 scando : Pseud. 24, alia aliam scandit. 
 
 servio : Turp. 39, modice atque parce eius serviat cupidines ; 99, 
 numquam unius me comparavi (= constitui) servire elegantiam. 
 
 somnio : Stich. 666, quis somniavit (homo donavit Seyff) aurum ? 
 Eun. 193, me ames, me desideres, me somnies, me exspectes. 
 
 spero : Cas. 346, deos sperabimus ; so M. G. 1209 ; Eun. 193, me 
 speres. 
 
 1 P. Langen, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. iii, p. 334 f. 
 
216 The Accusative. 
 
 sputo : Capt. 550, illic qui sputatur morbus. 
 
 studeo : M. G-. 1437, minus has res studeant ; Titin. 85, res Graecas 
 studet ; True. 337, ilium student iam ; And. 58, horum ille nil egregie 
 studebat et tamen haec omnia mediocriter. 
 
 supero: Pseud. 1244, superavit dolum Troianum; for supero in 
 the same sense, ' surpass,' with the dative, see p. 116. 
 
 supplico: Festus (auctor incertus), sub vos placo. For supplico 
 with the dative, see p. 116. 
 
 taoeo : Cist. 129, tacere nequeo quod tacito usust ; Enn. Ann. (V) 
 250, qui dicta loqui tacereve posset ; Eun. 108, potest taeeri hoc ; 129. 
 With de and ablative : H. T. 1011, qui me tacere de re tanta postules. 
 
 tempero : Cato, Agr. 90, escam temperate ; Com. Inc. 62, viden ut 
 cinaedus orbem digito temperat ? For tempero with the dative, see 
 p. 122 ; with the ablative, p. 286. 
 
 ulciscor : Poen. 1280, si ego minam non ultus fuero. 
 
 usus est : Pseud. 385, ad earn rem usus est hominem astutum, doc- 
 tum, cautum et callidum (cauto et callido A; scitum et callidum P). 
 
 utor : * the transitive use of utor is well authenticated for Early 
 Latin in the gerundive construction, viz. : Asin. 444, seyphos quos 
 utendos dedi; Aul. 96, quae utenda vasa rogant ; 311, famem utendam 
 dabit ; 400, artoptam utendam peto ; Cure. 603, (anulum) utendum de- 
 derat; Men. 657, utendam (pallam) dedi; 658, nee chlamydem do foras 
 nee pallium utendum ; M. G. 347, (oculos) rogo utendos ; Pers. 117, 
 ut nummos mihi dares utendos ; 127 ; 128 ; Rud. 602 ; Trin. 1131 ; 
 Cato, Agr. 5, 3, unde utenda roget ; Enn. Trag. 277 (Se 315 V), auris 
 tibi contra utendas ; H. T. 133, quod ilia aetas magis ad haec utenda 
 idonea est. 
 
 The accusative of neuter pronouns and adjectives is also found : 
 Aul. 340, si quid uti voles; Merc. 145, quod quisquam uti 
 possit ; Asin. 199, cetera quae volumus uti ; Ad. 815, mea, quae prae- 
 ter spem evenere, utantur sine ; Cato, Agr. 123, postea id utito ; 157, 
 8, haec si uteris (without reason denominated by Langen, op. cit. p. 
 331, as "unsicher"); fr. (Jord), 73, 1, si quid est quod utar, utor; 
 si non est, egeo. suom (Steph ; ego sum code?) cuique per me uti 
 atque frui licet. 
 
 1 See P. Langen, Aiehiv f iir lat. Lexikogr. iii, p. 329 fi . ; see also Langen 's Studien 
 (= Berliner Studien, v, 1886), p. 388 f. 
 
Accusative with Prepositional Compounds. 217 
 
 Accusative of Nouns with utor : Epid. 263, si placebit, utitor con- 
 silium ; si non placebit, reperitote rectius. Lindsay and Leo punc- 
 tuate: si placebit, utitor; consilium si non placebit, which seems 
 harsh and unnatural ; Langen, op. cit. p. 330, declares the passage to 
 be in all probability " unplautinisch " ; Poen. 1088, uteris ut voles 
 operam meam, where Langen (ibid.) suspects that the -m of operam 
 is a dittography, and that Plautus wrote opera mea ; Rud. 1241, 
 diutine uti bene licet partum bene, where Langen (ibid.) again dis- 
 trusts the text, in view of the fact that Plautus uses the ablative of 
 nouns in some thirty other passages ; Stich. 450a, posticam partem 
 magis utuntur aedium (A omits this line, " propter homoeoteleuton ? " 
 Linds.) ; Langen (ibid.) says the verse is " eine offenbare Interpola- 
 tion"; Cato. Agr. 142, quo inodo vilicam uti oportet; 118, oleam 
 albam, quam secundum vindemiam uti voles ; 143, 1, vicinas aliasque 
 mulieres utatur; Turp. 164, amicos utor primoris viros; Titin. 98, 
 ita enim uti eum oportet libertatem, qui sapit; LuciL 471 (Mx), 
 quern metuas saepe, interdum quern utare libenter. In Cato, Agr. 
 123, postea id utito [vini] cyatum, cyatum may be either an apposi- 
 tive or an accusative of extent. CIL, i, 199, 35, ligna -materiamque 
 sumant utanturque is, of course, ambiguous. 
 
 On the whole, there is no doubt that, apart from the gerundive 
 construction and neuter pronouns and adjectives, the ablative is the 
 regular construction with utor in Early Latin (see p. 352). Still it 
 seems idle, in view of a number of undeniable examples in Cato, 
 Titinius, and Lucilius, to attempt to explain away by violent means 
 those passages in Plautus where the MSS show the accusative of 
 substantives. 
 
 vescor: Ace. 189, prius quam infans facinus oculi vescuntur tui; 218, 
 aut eandem vescatur dapem. For the ablative with vescor, see p. 353. 
 
 For the absolute use of verbs ordinarily transitive, see Vol. I, p. 4. 
 
 Accusative Dependent on Prepositional Compounds. 
 
 A number of intransitive verbs, when compounded with preposi- 
 tions, become transitive and are construed with the accusative. 
 Compounds of ad: 
 accedo: Most. 689, turn accedam hunc (hue AB*); 446, quis 
 
218 The Accusative. 
 
 homost qui nostras aedis accessit prope ? Epid. 149, istuc accedam 
 periculum; Enn. Ann. 537 (V), accedit muros Romana iuventus; 
 Lucil. 112 (Mi), ut accessimus finem. Tor accedo with the dative, 
 and with prepositions (ad, in), see p. 124. 
 
 accento : Stich. 572, arnica quae in lecto accentet (acentet, accendet 
 code?) senem ; an uncertain passage. 
 
 accido : Stich. 88, paternae vocis sonitus auris accidit. With ad : 
 Poen. 485 (recido A) ; Bud. 8. 
 
 accolo : Naev. Trag. 62, vos qui accolitis Histram fluvium ; Ace. 
 509, qui arcem Alpheumque (arcana asteumque codd) accolunt. 
 
 accumbo : Bacch. 1189, et scortum accumbas ; so Men. 476 ; 1142 ; 
 but Bacch. 1192, tecum accumbam ; Ace. 218, ne cum tyranno quis- 
 quam accumbat mensam. 
 
 adeo (very frequent) : usually of the person : Amph. 453, hanc 
 nostram adire non sinam ; Asin. 82 ; 141 ; Men. 360 ; Poen. 841 ; And. 
 534, aliquot me adierunt ; Hec. 251 ; rarely of things : Trin. 931, quos 
 locos adiisti ? And. 677, capitis periclum adire ; often with ad : Aul. 
 746, te hue ad me adire ausum ; Cas. 41, adit extemplo ad mulierem ; 
 Phor. 140, ad precatorem adeam ; in the expression adire manum : 
 Aul. 378, illis impuris omnibus adii manum ; so Cas. 935 ; Pers. 796 ; 
 Poen. 457 ; 462. 
 
 adhinnio : Cist. 308, adhinnire equolam possum ego hanc. 
 
 adorior : M. Gr. 1390, ut adoriatur moechum ; True. 725 ; Eun. 
 Ann. 164 (V). 
 
 aggredior: Pacuv. 311, templa adgreditur; Ace. 199, adgreditur 
 me. 
 
 Compounds of ante : 
 
 anteeo : Bacch. 23, hie Ulixem anteit ; Phor. 247, quantum erum 
 ante eo sapientia ; Trabea, 5, Fortunam ipsam anteibo fortunis meis. 
 For anteo with the dative, see p. 126. 
 
 antideo : Bacch. 1089, solus ego omnis antideo ; Cas. 225, mundi- 
 tiis Munditiam antideo ; Cist. 205 ; with the dative : Pers. 778. 
 
 antisto: Metell. Numid. p. 275 (Meyer), quanto me unum antis- 
 tatis. For antisto with the dative, see p. 126. 
 
 Compounds of circum : 
 
 cifcumcurso : Kud. 223, omnia circumcursavi. 
 
 circumeo : Cure. 451, non potuere uno anno circumirier ; Eud. 140, 
 
Accusative with Prepositional Compounds. 219 
 
 heus til, qui fana circumis ; Men. 231, omnis circumimus insulas ? 
 Phor. 613, f acinus indignum sic circumiri ! Cato, Agr. 2, 1. 
 
 circumsisto : Men. 998, quid me circumsistitis ? 
 
 circumspecto : Trin. 863, circumspectat sese. 
 
 circumsto : Trin. 835, quasi canes circumstabant navem. 
 
 circumvenio : Hec. 54, ne eum circumventum inrideant ; Enn. 
 Trag. 20 (Sc 22 V). 
 
 Compounds of com- : 
 
 concurso : Lucil. 164 (Mx), concursaret agros. 
 
 convenio (frequent) : Bacch. 175, ne Nicobulum me sinas con- 
 venire. 
 
 Compounds of ex: 
 
 escendo : Stat. 32, escende (extende codd) meam navem. 
 
 exeo : Hec. 378, ut limen exieram. 
 
 Compounds of in : 
 
 impendeo : Phor. 180, ita nunc tanta te impendent mala ; Lucil. 
 1227 (Mx), quae res me impendet. For impendeo with the dative, 
 see p. 127. 
 
 inbito : Epid. 145, meam domum ne inbitas ; direct object rather 
 than limit of motion ; cf. Heckmann, Indog. Eorschungen, xviii, p. 
 314. 
 
 inclamo : Cist. 108, nolito eum inclamare. 
 
 increpo : Amph. 1077, ita med increpuit Iupiter ; Enn. Ann. 76 (V) ; 
 Trag. 296 (Sc 341 V), sonitus auris meas increpat. 
 
 incubito : Pers. 284, tu incubitatus es. 
 
 incumbo: Cas. 308, eum incumbam; Lucil. 601 (Mx), cited by 
 Miiller, Akkusativ, p. 137, reads in gladium. 
 
 incurso : A sin. 35, vivos homines mortui incursant boves ; cf. 
 Aul. 234. 
 
 ineo (frequent) : Cist. 7, magnam iniistis gratiam ; so 628 ; Stich. 
 514 ; Plaut. fr. 130, init te umquam febris ? H. T. 302 ; And. 824, 
 beneficium initum verbis re comprobes ; Phor. 344. 
 
 ingredior: Amph. 429, ingressust viam; Men. 64, ingressus flu- 
 vlum rapidum; Enn. Trag. 231 (Sc 276 V), quod iter incipiam 
 ingredi ; Hec. 419, qui numquam es ingressus mare ; Pacuv. 327, 
 Salaminem ingredi. 
 
 inhio : Aul. 194, inhiat aurum ut devoret ; 267, id inhiat ; M. G. 
 
220 The Accusative. 
 
 715, bona mea inhiant ; True. 339, ilium inhiant ; Stich. 605, tuam 
 hereditatem inhiat ; Stat. 147, dum eius mortem inhio (inibo codd). 
 
 inito : Pacuv. 1, loca horrida initas. 
 
 inlucesco: Amph. 547, ut mortalis inlucescat; Bacch. 256, Vol- 
 canus, Luna, Sol, Dies, scelestiorem nullum inluxere. 
 
 inscendo : Amph.. 450, quadrigas si inscendas ; but Aul. 678, in- 
 scendam in arborem ; so Men. 863. 
 
 inscribo : H. T. 144, insoripsi ilico aedis mercede. 
 
 insido : Naev. Com. 107, dictator currum ubi insidit. 
 
 insisto: Capt. 794, ut omnes itinera insistant sua; so Cist. 679; 
 M. G. 793, erro quam insistas viam ; so Pacuv. 51, viam quam insis- 
 tam dubito; Eun. 294; Phor. 848; M. G. 929, insistite hoc nego- 
 tium ; Plaut. fr. 164, hunc sermonem institi ; Ace. 100, quot luna 
 circulos annuo in cursu institit ! 506, quemcumque institeram gruin- 
 mum aut praecisum iugum. In a different sense : Cas. 845, institit 
 plantam quasi luca bos. 
 
 insto : Asin. 54, rectam instas viam ; Cure. 376, si magis me in- 
 stabunt ; Pers. 514, nescis quid te (so AB; other codd. omit te) instet 
 boni; Poen. 918, tantum eum instat exiti; H. T. 895, magis unum 
 etiam instare. 
 
 insulto : Eun. 285, istas (fores) insultabis. With in and accusa- 
 tive : Lucil. 914 (Mx). 
 
 invado : Trin. 28, morbus mores invasit bonos ; so Asin. 55 ; Lucil. 
 57, hunc in fauces invasse. With in and accusative : Epid. 670, in- 
 vaserant in genua flemina ; Asin. 901 ; Bacch. 711. With dat. : p. 128. 
 
 Compounds of ob : 
 
 obeo : Cist. 175, diem suom obiit ; so Poen. 904 ; Laelius, p. 175 
 (Meyer), mortem obiit ; so And. 223 ; Phor. 1019 ; H. T. 271. 
 
 obrepo : Trin. 61, tu, credo, me imprudentem (mini inprudenti P) 
 obrepseris. 
 
 occento : Merc. 408, occentent ostium. 
 
 occumbo : Enn. Ann. 398 (V), occumbunt multi letum. For oo- 
 cumbo with the dative, see p. 130. 
 
 occurro : Afran. 183, interim merendam occurro. 
 
 occurso : M. G. 1047, ita me occursant multae. 
 
 Compounds of per : 
 
 perambulo : Most. 809, perambula aedis tamquam tuas. 
 
Accusative with Verbs of Emotion. 221 
 
 perlabor : Lucil. 1278 (Mx), campos collesque gradu perlabitur 
 uno. 
 
 permano : Plant, fr. dub. i, non vestem modo permanavit. 
 
 perrepto: Amph. 1011, plateas perreptavi; Ad. 715, perreptavi 
 omne oppidum. 
 
 pervenor : Merc. 805, urbem totam pervenarier. 
 
 pervolo : Enn. Trag. 331 (Sc. 382 V), erassa pulvis oritur, omnem 
 pervolat caeli fretum. 
 
 pervolgo : Pacuv. 393, Alcyonis ritu litus pervolgans feror. 
 
 Compound of prae : 
 
 praevortor : Cas. 509, pulchre praevortar viros. 
 
 Compounds of praeter : 
 
 praeterbito : Epid. 437, cave praeterbitas ullas aedia. 
 
 praetereo : Aul. 474, tunc praeterire ; Capt. 808, praeterire nemo 
 pistrinum potest ; Rud. 306, ne erum praeteriretn ; Trin. 1036, stre- 
 nuosos praeterire ; Enn. Var. (V), 40, quid scarum praeterii ? Cato, 
 fr. (Jord), 34, 4, Massiliam praeterimus ; Eun. 633, praeterii villarn ; 
 so 641 ; Hec. 419, nescis quid mali praeterieris ; 878 ; Ad. 14, locum 
 qui praeteritus est ; 581, ubi eas praeterieris. 
 
 Compound of trans : 
 
 transcendo ; Com. Incert. 6, qui lege cavit vitia uti transcenderent 
 auctoris poenae. 
 
 The Accusative with Vekbs of Emotion. 
 
 The Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected is used with 
 some freedom with verbs designating emotions, especially with : 
 
 conqueror: Aul. 190, pauperiem conqueror; M. G. 125, conque- 
 ritur fortunas suas ; Pacuv. 268, conqueri fortunam adversam ; Titin. 
 55, mulier res suas conqueritur. 
 
 defleo : Capt. 139, egon non defleam talem adulescentem ! Stich. 
 212, cenae quas deflevi. 
 
 demorior : M. G. 970, ea demoritur te ; so 1040. 
 
 depereo (frequent) : Amph. 517, hie te ecflictim deperit ; Cas. 470 ; 
 Epid. 482, hanc filius meus deperibat fidicinam ; M. G. 1026 ; Pseud. 
 528; H. T. 525, si hanc deperit. 
 
 doleo : Trin. 287, haec ego doleo ; Phor. 1053. 
 
222 The Accusative. 
 
 fleo: Capt. 139, egone ilium non fleam! And. 129, in ighem 
 impositast; fletur. 
 
 fremo: Cass. Hem. (Peter), p. 72, 11, si plebs fremere imperia 
 coepisset. 
 
 gaudeo: Cist. 14, 'quod ille dixit, qui secundo vento vectus est 
 tranquillo mari, ventum gaudeo,' in a pun ; so Cure. 314 ; Pers. 776, 
 bene ei qui invidet mi et ei qui hoc gaudet ; et pass. ; And. 964, hunc 
 scio mea gavisurum gaudia; Eun. 998; 1041; Phor. 1052. 
 
 gemo : Enn. Trag. 170 (Sc 203 V), prius quam evenat quod graviter 
 gemam ; Turp. 177, geme meas (gemmeas codd) f ortunas, mater ! 
 
 lacrumo : Eun. 829, num id lacrumat virgo ? 
 
 lamentor : Pers. 742, lamentarier lx minas ; 744, te ipsum 
 lamenteris ; Pseud. 313, istuc quod lamentare. 
 
 pereo: True. Arg. 1, tres unam pereunt adulescentes mulierem; 
 Cure. Arg. 7, ipsus sororem, quam peribat, repperit ; Poen. 96 ; 1095. 
 
 queror: Amph. 176, queri servitutem; Asin. 515, meas queror 
 fortunas ; Turp. 148, quin clamem et querar tua vitia. 
 
 rideo : Cas. 858, neque hoc plus risuram opinor ; Eun. 249, hisce 
 ego non paro me ut rideant ; 1008 ; Ad. 548. 
 
 tremo : Lucil. 484 (Mx), terriculas, Lamias, tremit has. 
 
 Accusative with Middles. 
 
 The accusative occurs with induor and with succingor. 
 
 Epid. 223, quid erat induta? an regillam induculam an mendi- 
 culam ? : : impluviatam". : : utin impluvium induta fuerit ! Men. 
 190, nequis quin eius aliquid indutus sies ; 511, non ego te indutum 
 foras exire vidi pallam ? so 514 ; Pud. 207, hoc quod induta sum ; 
 Eun. 708, et eamst indutus ? 1015, ubi vestem vidit illam esse 
 indutum pater; Turp. 73, aspexit virginem ibi stantem, in capite 
 ostrinum indutam riculam ; Enn. Ann. 400 (V), succincti corda 
 machaeris. 
 
 Accusative in Prolbpsis. 
 
 The accusative is frequently used in prolepsis, dependent on the 
 main "verb, where logically it is the subject of a dependent clause. 
 The governing verb is frequently one which cannot alone take the 
 
Accusative in Prolepsis. 223 
 
 accusative in the sense demanded by the context. Lindskog, 1 op. cit. 
 p. 75, holds that the phenomenon is a relic of primitive simplicity 
 of speech. I give examples only : 
 
 aspicio: Most. 855, quin illam (ilia A) aspice ut placide accubat. 
 
 aucupo : M. G. 995, qui aucupet me quid agam ? 
 
 audio : Asin. 598, audin hunc opera ut largus est nocturna ? 
 
 censeo : Merc. 483, responde quo leto censes me ut peream potissu- 
 mum? 
 
 commemoro: Pseud. 1184, chlamydem hanc commemora quanti 
 conductast ? 
 
 commonstro : Cure. 590, cupio dare mercedem qui illunc ubi sit 
 commonstret mihi. 
 
 contemplo : Most. 282, agedum contempla aurum et pallam, satin 
 haec me deceat. 
 
 euro : Eud. 1068, quid tu me curas quid rerum geram ? Cure. 138 ; 
 Pers. 523. 
 
 demonstro : Aul. 716, hominem demonstretis quis earn abstulerit. 
 
 dico : Bacch. 555, die modo hominem qui sit ; Phor. 1048. 
 
 efficio : Pseud. 112, satin est si hanc hodie mulierem efficio tibi tua 
 ut sit ? 
 
 enarro : Ad. 364, omnem rem modo seni quo pacto haberet, 
 enarramus. 
 
 experior : Pseud. 73, nunc ego te experior quid ames, quid simules ; 
 Amph. 508. 
 
 exspecto : Hec. 280, nisi pol filium iam exspecto ut redeat domum. 
 
 facio (very frequent) : Cas. 746, facite cenam mihi ut ebria sit ; 
 Capt. 609, ego te, Philocrates false, faciam ut verus hodie reperiare 
 Tyndarus ; Cist. 645, sola me ut vivam facis ; Cure. 691 ; Pers. 760 ; 
 Poen. 454; Pseud. 214; H. T. 84, fac me ut sciam : Phor. 670, 
 Cato, Agr. 31, 1, vectes ilignos, ulmeos, facito ut sient parati ; 33, 1. 
 
 indico : Men. 881, ni me indicetis qua platea hine auf ugerim. 
 
 invenio : Bacch. 856, dixin tibi ego ilium inventurum te qualis 
 sit ? Merc. 253. 
 
 investigo : M. G. 261, atque hominem investigando operam huic 
 dissimulabiliter dabo, qui fuerit conservos. 
 
 1 Lindskog, Quaestiones de Parataxi et Hypotaxi apud priscos Latinos, Lnnd, 1896, 
 p. 75 ff . 
 
224 The Accusative. 
 
 memini : Aul. 542, qui habent, meminerint sese unde oriundi sient. 
 
 metuo (frequent) : True. 201, celabat metuebatque te, ne tu sibi 
 persuaderes ; Men. 861 ; Merc. 586 ; Pseud. 1019 ; Eun. 610, metuo 
 fratrem ne intus sit ; 855 ; Phor. 491. 
 
 miror: Aul. 696, servom meum Strobilum miror ubi sit; Poen. 
 1373. 
 
 nescio (7) : Amph. 844, ut me qui sim nesciam ; Trin. 849 ; 960 ; 
 Eun. 657, ilium nescio qui fuerit. 
 
 nosco, novi (frequent) : Bacch. 786, nosces ilium qualis sit ; Aul. 
 777, si me novisti minus genere quo sim gnatus ; Asin. 348 ; Poen. 
 1121 ; Pseud. 261 ; H. T. 370, patrem novisti quam sit perspicax ; 
 Eun. 566. 
 
 observo: Men. 465, observabo, quid agat, hominem; Bacch. 287; 
 Aul. 54. 
 
 opperior : Rud. 328, hie opperiar erum dum veniat. 
 
 ostendo : Eun. 307, nunc te ostenderis qui vir sies ; And. 196, si 
 sensero . . . te . . . velle in ea re ostendi quam sis callidus. 
 
 perfero : Capt. 376, qui me quid rerum hie agitem . . . patri meo 
 ordine omnem rem perferat. 
 
 perspicio : And. 377, prius quam tuom ut sese habeat animum ad 
 nuptias perspexerit. 
 
 quaero : Trin. 873, Lesbonicum quaero ubi habitet ; Cure. 632. 
 
 rescisco : Men. 679, uxor rescivit rem omnem ut factumst ; Bacch. 
 826; Hee. 567. 
 
 rogo : Pers. 635, at ego patriam te rogo quae sit tua. 
 
 scio (very frequent) : Bacch. 473, ego omnem rem scio quern ad 
 modumst; Men. 301, neque te qui homo sis scio; Pseud. 275; Eun. 
 1035, scis me in quibus sim gaudiis ? Phor. 354 ; Hec. 468. 
 
 timeo : Eun. 160, nisi istam nunc times, ne ilium praeripiat tibi. 
 
 vereor : Rud. 390, earn veretur ne perierit ; Hec. 575. 
 
 video (frequent): Rud. 869, viden me ut rapior? Most. 811; 
 Rud. 573 ; Pseud. 1297 ; Cato, Agr. 5, 5, villain videat clausa ut 
 siet. 
 
 viso : Rud. 592, nunc lenonem quid agit intus visam ; Pers. 77 ; 
 True. 498. 
 
 vol<3: Aul. 670, ilium corvom ad me veniat velim; Cas. 559; 
 Pseud. 1061. 
 
Accusative of Duration of Time. 225 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME. 1 
 
 The Accusative of Duration of Time is usually regarded as 
 developed from the Accusative of Inner Object (Delbiiick, Grund- 
 riss, iii, p. 372 ; Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil. 4 , p. 356 ; Brugmann, Grund- 
 riss, ii 2 , p. 624 f .) but it seems also a natural development of the 
 idea of limit of motion which we recognized as the fundamental 
 force of the accusative case. Thus vixit viginti annos may have 
 meant originally, 'he lived to the limit of twenty years.' The 
 construction occurs with a variety of words denoting periods of 
 time. 
 
 aetas : Amph. 1023, eo modo, ut profecto vivas aetatem miser 
 (where some regard aetatem as a cognate accusative) ; Asin. 21, ut 
 tibi superstes uxor aetatem siet ; 274, aetatem velim servire ; 284, 
 aetatem nobis sint obnoxii ; Cure. 554, at tu aegrota aetatem, si lubet, 
 per me ; Men. 720, med aetatem viduam esse ; Poen. 636, bono si quid 
 male facias, aetatem expetit ; Pseud. 515 ; Rud. 715 ; H. T. 716, me 
 aetatem censes velle id adsimularier ? Eun. 733, an abiit ? : : iam 
 dudum, aetatem (sc. afuit) ; Hec. 747, neque ille hoc animo erit 
 aetatem. 
 
 annus (very frequent) : Naev. Bell. Pun. 44 (Baehr.) septimum 
 decimum annum ilico sedent ; Asin. 635, ut hanc ne quoquam 
 mitteret nisi ad se hunc annum totuui ; 721, opto annum hunc per- 
 petuom mihi huius operas; 754 ; 848, cum hac annum ut esses ; Aul. 
 4, iam multos annos est quom possideo; Bacch. 22, annos (-is edd; 
 ann codd) viginti a patria afuit ; Cist. 755, quot annos nata dicitur ? 
 so Men. 1115; Merc. 524; 1017; Rud. 1382; CIL,i,34, 6; 35; 198, 
 13 ; H. T. 62 ; Eun. 526 ; 693 ; Merc. 59, tot me annos pascere ; M. G. 
 1078, annos octingentos vivont ; 1081 quot annos ipse vivet ? Pers. 
 172, te iam sector quintum hunc annum ; Poen. 1189, quibus multos 
 annos carui ; 1239 ; Pseud. 829 ; Stich. 160, illam gesto plus annos 
 decern; 168; 170; True. 341, quasi abhinc ducentos annos fuerim 
 mortuos; Plaut. fr. 61; Enn. Trag. 49 (Sc 64 V); Pacuv. 396; 
 Cato, Agr. 120, mustuin si voles totum annum habere ; fr. (Jord), 20, 
 11, bellum quod iv et xx annos fuit; Hec. 555, quacum tot con- 
 
 1 Kane, T. F., Case Forms with and without Prepositions to Express Time, Baltimore, 
 1895; Ahlberg, Durative Zeitbestimmungen im Lateinischen, Land, 1906. 
 
226 The Accusative. 
 
 suesset annos ; Phor. 1017, fere abhinc annos xv mulierculam earn 
 compressit ; Lucil. 405 (Mi) ; 490. 
 
 biduom : Eun. 187, ibi hoc me macerabo biduom ; 636 ; Cato, Agr. 
 96, sinito biduom aut triduom consudent ; 110 ; 112, 2, ponito in sole 
 biduom aut triduom ; 162, 3 (bis) ; 7, 4. 
 
 biennium : Bacch. 388, hoc factumst ferme abhinc biennium ; Hec. 87, 
 biennium perpetuom ilium tali ; Cato, Agr. 105, 2, biennium in sole 
 positum esse ; C. Gracchus (Meyer), p. 232, biennium fui in provincia. 
 
 dies (very frequent), e.g. : 
 
 a) Singular: Asin. 847, umun hunc diem perpetere; so 
 Men. 959; Pseud. 534; Phor. 304; Ad. 332; Merc. 542; 585, 
 nullum hercle, praeter hunc, diem ilia apud me erit; Most. 764, 
 umbram esse audivit perpetuom diem ; Pers. 115, totum procedit 
 diem ; True. 906, puerus est totum diem ; so Hec. 800. 
 
 b) Plural : Asin. 801, vino dies xx careat ; Aul. 73, domi sedet 
 totos dies ; so Stich. 153 ; Cist. 226, detinuit me hos sex dies con- 
 tinuos ; 237, tot abesse dies ; Epid. 298 ; Cure. 240, tu aliquot dies 
 perdura; so Men. 950; M. G. 582; Cato, Agr. 157, 15; And. 328; 
 et pass. ; Men. 104, mi intervallum iam hos dies multos fuit ; so 
 Most. 589 ; Pseud. 9 ; Eud. 131 ; et pass. ; Men. 951, te fodiam 
 stimulis xxx dies ; M. G. 743 ; Cato, Agr. 7, 4, sale confriato dies v ; 
 23, 4 ; 90 ; 104, ter in die quinque continuos dies ; 148, 1, quot dies 
 mora fuerit ; Hec. 177, primos dies complusculos bene conveniebat ; 
 185; 421; Turp. 183. 
 
 c) Dies noctisque, etc. : Amph. 168, noctesque diesque adsiduo 
 satis superque est ; so Asin. 602 ; Enn. Ann. 334 (V) ; Cas. 320, dies 
 atque noctes cum cane aetatem exigis ; Merc. 46, obiurigare pater 
 noctes et dies; so Stich. 6; Eun. 1079; Most. 22, dies noctesque 
 bibite; so 235; Poen. 228, noctes diesque; Pud. 380; True. 904; 
 Eun. 193 ; Trin. 287, haec dies noctes canto ; Cato, Agr. 109, sinito 
 combibant noctem et diem ; 150, 1, agnus diem et noctem qui vixerit ; 
 And. 676, conari noctisque et dies ; Asin. 753. 
 
 hiems : Turp. 78, habitamus hiemem totam cum mulierculis. 
 
 hora : Cato, Agr. 156, 4, deambulet horas iv ; Phor. 514, si non 
 dedero, unam horam ne oppertus sies. 
 
 lustrum: Lucil. 7 (Mx), si non amplius, at lustrum hoc protol- 
 leret unum. 
 
Accusative of Duration of Time. 227 
 
 mensis: e.g. Most. 954, sex menses iam hie nemo habitat; so 
 Pseud. 323 ; Trin. 543 ; Pers. 628, numquam hunc mensem vortentem 
 servibit tibi; Stich. 159, ilia me in alvo menses gestavit decern; 
 Cato, Agr. 57, loram bibant menses tres ; 150, 2 ; H. T. 118, mensis tris 
 abest ; Eun. 277, sex te totos menses quietum reddam ; Phor. 520 ; 
 Hec. 822, memini abhine mensis x fere ad me confugere ; Lucil. 37 
 (Mx), ut multos mensesque diesque, non tamen aetatem, tempestatem 
 ianc scelerosi mirentur; 663, qui sex menses vitam dueunt. 
 mille : M. G. 1079, mille annorum vivont. 
 
 nox: Amph. 280, unam (sc. noctem) quam pependi; 639; 732, 
 quievi noctem perpetem ; Asin. 872, noctem totam stertere ; Men. 188 ; 
 Pud. 369, fluctibus iactatae perpetuam noctem ; True. 688, ut mecum 
 hanc noctem sies ; 278 ; Amph. 314, continuas has tris noctis pervi- 
 gilavi; Asin. 918; Aul. 72; Pacuv. 10, frendere noctes quas per- 
 pessa sum. 
 
 nundimim : CIL, i, 196, 22, haece exdeicatis ne minus trinum noun- 
 -dinum. 
 
 pars : Enn. Ann. 236 (V), magnam quom lassus diei partem fuisset. 
 paululum : Eun. 890, paululum opperirier. 
 quadriduom : Cato, Agr. 128, sinito quadriduom fracescat. 
 triduom : Asin. 428, triduom hoc unum operam dedo ; Cure. 208, 
 -te hoc triduom numquam sinam in domo esse istic ; Men. 376, si tri- 
 duom hie erimus ; M. G. 742 ; 1194 ; Most. 958, numquam triduom 
 unum desitum est potarier ; so 959 ; True. 874, triduom hoc saltern 
 sine me habere ; Eun. 223, non ego illam caream, vel totum triduom ! 
 : : hui, univorsum triduom ; Phor. 489 ; 513. 
 
 triennium : M. G. 350, illic noster est circiter triennium ; Most. 
 79, triennium abest; Stich. 137, iam abierunt triennium; And. 
 69, abhine triennium commigravit hue; Turp. 133, abhine triennium 
 sacerrumum domicilium hoc quidam contulit leno. 
 
 In a number of cases we have duration of time expressed by per 
 with the accusative, e.g. C. Gracchus, p. 238 (Meyer), quae vos per 
 hosce annos appetistis ; Incert. Vaticin. Baehrens, p. 35, 5, memor, 
 quam per tot annos obsides urbem ; Cato, Agr. 157, 13, hoc per dies 
 .septem dato ! 70, 2, per triduom dato. 
 
 At times we find the accusative reinforced by iam: Aul. 4, iam 
 multos annos ; Pers. 172, iam quintum annum ; Men. 104, iam mul- 
 
228 The Accusative. 
 
 tos dies ; so Most. 589 ; Pseud. 9 ; Rud. 131 ; Most. 954, sex menses 
 iam ; Stich. 137, iam abierunt triennium. 
 
 In several instances of this usage, plus, plusculum, longius, maior 
 and minus are introduced without influencing the construction, e.g. 
 Stich. 160, illam gesto plus annos x ; Cato, Agr. 89, ne plus aqua sita 
 siet horam unam ; 17, 2, postea usque adeo sunt (sc. maturae) plus 
 menses viii ; 113, 2, ne plus quadriennium in sole siveris ! Epid. 498, 
 plus iam sum libera quinquennium ; Stat. 51, velim paulisper te 
 opperiri. : : quantisper ? : : non plus triduom ; Pers. 21, plusculum 
 annum fui praeferratus apud molas; CIL, i, 198, 63, dum nei 
 longius C dies edat ; 13, queive minor annis xxx maiorve annos lx 
 gnatus siet; i, 200, 14, quaeque ex eis minus annum gnatae 
 erunt. 
 
 Most of the examples of the accusative with abhinc have been 
 given above. They are: Bacch. 388, hoc factumst ferme abhine 
 biennium ; Cas. 39, abhinc annos factum est sedecim ; Stich. 137, 
 quid expectatis illos qui abhinc iam abierunt triennium ? True. 341, 
 quasi abhinc ducentos annos fuerim mortuos; And. 69, interea 
 mulier quaedam abhinc triennium commigravit; Hec. 822, nam me- 
 mini abhinc mensis decern fere ad me confugere ; Phor. 1017, vino- 
 lentus fere abhinc annos quindecim mulierculam earn compressit. 
 In none of these is there a true idea of duration connected with the 
 verb of the sentence. The use of the accusative is rather to be ex- 
 plained as the result of some association, the psychology of which 
 we cannot trace. Only a single instance of abhinc with the ablative 
 is found in Early Latin, viz. Most. 494, qui abhinc sexaginta annis 
 occisus foret, where Leo reads annos. 
 
 In two passages we find the Accusative of Duration with est : Aul. 
 3, hanc domum iam multos annos est quom possideo et colo ; Pers. 
 137, sicut istic leno non sex menses Megaribus hue est quom com- 
 migravit. In both of these passages there is similarly an inaccuracy 
 of usage whose origin is not clear. In the first of the passages the 
 speaker may associate the idea of duration with possideo. Else- 
 where we find the nominative with est in expressions of this general 
 type : Merc. 535, iam biennium st quom tecum rem habet ; Men. 234; 
 Most. 470 ; Trin. 402 ; sometimes an adverb, as Amph. 302, iam diu. 
 est quom ventri victum non datis ; A sin. 890 ; Merc. 541. 
 
Accusative of Extent of Space. 229 
 
 For the use of the ablative in time expressions meaning ' so long 
 ago,' see p. 385. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OP EXTENT OF SPACE. 
 
 Like the Accusative of Duration of Time, so the Accusative of 
 Extent of Space is usually regarded as an extension of the Accu- 
 sative of Inner Object (Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 372; Schmalz, 
 Synt. u. Stil. 4 ,p. 356 ; Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 624 f.), originating 
 in expressions like tridui iter processit, tridui iter abest, etc., but it 
 may represent a natural development of the basal notion of the 
 accusative, viz. the limit of motion. Thus sequere me tris passus 
 may have meant 'to the limit of three paces.' The usage occurs 
 in Early Latin with the following words : 
 
 bracchium : Cato, Agr. 49, 1, dumtaxat bracchium crassam (sc. vi- 
 neam) licebit. 
 
 cubitum : Poen. 837, cubitum longis litteris ; so Eud. 1294 ; Lucil. 
 525 (Mx), Iupiter xl cubita altus. 
 
 digitus : Bacch. 423, digitum longe pedem ut ecferres aedibus ; 
 Aul. 57; CIL, i, 198, 51, longam digitos iv; Cato, Agr. 18, 1, ex- 
 sculpta digitos vi ; 18, 7, eo calcem indito alte digitos ii ; 21, 2 ; 22^ 
 1, digitum minimum orbem abesse oportet ; 40, 3, surculum praeacu- 
 tum inter librum et stirpem artito primoris digitos ii ; 45, 3, supra 
 terram ne plus iii digitos transvorsos emineant ; so 46, 2 ; et pass. 
 
 hoc longe : Most. 393, quid si abeamus ? : : non hoc longe ! so 
 Trin. 483; Cist. 582 (?). 
 
 paululum, paulum : Eun. 706, concede istuc paululum, — etiam 
 nunc paulum ; so Phor. 741. Both of these examples may be purely 
 adverbial, a development of the Accusative of Inner Object. 
 
 passus: Bacch. 832 (sequere me), tris unos passus; Men. 177, 
 mille passum commoratus cantharum; Cato, fr. (Jord), 9, 7, inde est 
 f erme mille passum ; Cael. Antip. p. 101, 17 (Peter), duodeciens C 
 milia passuum longe. 
 
 pes : Bacch. 580, comesse panem tris pedes latum ; Asin. 603, non 
 pedem discedat ; Cato, Agr. 6, 3, ibi oculos harundinis pedes ternos 
 alium ab alio serito ; 15, altam pedes v, crassam pedem I S, longam 
 pedes xiv ; ibid, id est pedes x quoquovorsum ; 18, 2, ab solo fora- 
 
230 The Accusative. 
 
 men primum pedem I ; 18, 3 ; 19, 1 ; 47, ternos pedes oculos dis- 
 ponito; 63, extentum pedes lv ; and very frequently elsewhere in the 
 de Agr. ; CIL, i, 577, I, 16, et pass. ; Lucil. 481 (Mx), ce Cyclops 
 longus pedes. 
 
 pugnus : Cato, Agr. 82, spaeras pugnum altas facito, ' a fist high.' 
 
 semipes : Cato, Agr. 135, 6, foramen in orbis semipedem quoquo- 
 vorsus facito ; 18, 7 ; 19, 1 ; 22, 4, foramen semipedem quoquo 
 vorsum. 
 
 unguis : Aul. 57, si digitum transvorsum aut unguem latum exces- 
 seris. 
 
 In a few instances we find minus and plus introduced without 
 influencing the construction, e.g. Cato, fr. (Jord) 48, 4, non minus xv 
 milia Anien abest ; de Agr. 43, 2, vitibus sulcos ne minus pedes ii 
 quoquo vorsus facito ; 161, 4, intervallum sit ne minus pedes singulos 
 inter radices ; Cael. Antip. 107, 10 (Peter), altum non minus pedes 
 xv ; CIL, i, 577, II, 2, disponito ni plus semipedem. 
 
 It will be noted that in several of the above examples the accusa- 
 tive depends on words that do not of themselves express extent, the 
 notion of extent being suggested merely by the context. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OP LIMIT OF MOTION. 1 
 
 This usage represents the original force attaching to the accusa- 
 tive case. The material falls into two distinct classes : 1) Com- 
 mon nouns ; 2) Proper names. The second class is naturally much 
 larger. 
 
 A. Common Nouns. 
 domum : 
 
 a) Limited by an adjective or possessive pronoun : Amph. 663, 
 
 me haud invita se domum recipit suam ; so Rud. 1252, inde suam 
 
 quisque ibant domum; Amph. 410, quid? domum vostram ? Enn. 
 
 Trag. 231 (Sc 276 V), quo nunc me vortam . . . domum pater- 
 
 1 Konig, E., Qua ratione veteres poetae Latini et tragici et comici nomina urbium, 
 insularum, terrarum cum praepositionibus coniunxerint, Patschkau, 1883; Goerbig, 
 W., Nominum quibus loca signifieantur, usus Plautinus exponitur et cum usu Teren- 
 tiano comparatur, Halberstadt, 1883 ; Landgraf , Der Accuaativ dor Richtung, Archiv 
 fur lat. Lexikogr. x, p. 391 ff. ; Heckraann, Ueber prapositionslose Ortsbezeichnung 
 im Altlateinischen, Indog. Forsch. xviii, p. 296 ff. ; Abraham, Studia Plautina, Jahr- 
 biioher f iir Philologie, Supplemeutband, xiv, p. 127 ff. 
 
Accusative of Limit of Motion. 231 
 
 namne an ad Peliae filias ? Ace. Praet. 41, nocte intempesta nos- 
 traui devenit domum ; C. Gracchus, p. 232 (Meyer), domum meam 
 introivit (introeo in Early Latin is not transitive) ; Poen. 814, domos 
 abeamus nostras. With a preposition {in, ad) : Amph. 409, cur non 
 intro eo in nostram domum ? so Capt. 911, intemperies modo in 
 nostram advenit domum ; Trin. 382 (adlicere) ; Eun. 365, in hanc 
 domum detur; Rud. 116, advenire ad alienam domum ; M. G. 1168, 
 introire in alienam domum ; Stich. 506, in patriam domum ; et pass. 
 b) domum alone (extremely frequent), e.g. : 
 
 abduco: e.g. Asin. 937, me uxor abducit domum; Ad. 628. 
 
 abeo: e.g. Amph. 1126, abi domum; Poen. 25, domum abeant; 
 Ad. 699. 
 
 adduco : e.g. Asin. 440, adducit domum ; Ad. 912. 
 
 adf ero : e.g. Epid. 660, adfer domum auxilium mihi. 
 
 adporto : Stich. 412, magnas adportavisse divitias domum. 
 
 advenio : e.g. Amph. 759, me advenire ad te domum. 
 
 ago : Trin. 1078, quo tu te agis ? : : quonam nisi domum ? 
 
 amitto : e.g. Capt. 36, quo pacto suom erum hinc amittat domum. 
 
 arcesso : e.g. Cist. 196, iussit accersi earn domum ; Ad. 903. 
 
 aufero: Asin. 469, aufer te domum. 
 
 capesso : Amph. 262, pergam me domum capessere ; Titin. 180. 
 
 concedo : H. T. 510, concede hinc domum. 
 
 condo : Aul. 712, ibo ut hoc condam domum. 
 
 conduco : Epid. 314, me iussit conducere fidicinam sibi hue 
 domum. 
 
 confero : Poen. 34, domum sermones conferant. 
 
 confugio : Hec. 823, confugere domum. 
 
 convortor : Stich. 402, convortor domum. 
 
 curro : Most. 362, ego non curro domum ? 
 
 deduco: e.g. M. G. 121, me ad se deduxit domum; Ad. 694. 
 
 defero: Cas. 43, earn detulit domum. 
 
 devenio : e.g. Cist. 301, ad matrem eius devenias domum. 
 
 devortor : Stich. 534, devortor domum. 
 
 digredior : Afran. 107, domum digredimur. 
 
 do: Aul. 293, hue dimidium dicis (dari) dimidium domum. 
 
 duco : e.g. Aul. 149, volo te uxorem domum ducere ; Phor. 334. 
 
 eo : e.g. Amph. 1015, nunc domum ibo ; And. 594. 
 
232 The Accusative. 
 
 facio : True. 716, dum sic faciat domum ad te exagogam. 
 
 f ugio : Men. 850, fuge domum ; so Stat. 2. 
 
 incedo : Poen. 647, hie hodie incedit veaator domum. 
 
 interviso : Aul. 202, intervisam domum ; Stich. 147. 
 
 inviso : e.g. Merc. 555, ad med hue invisam domum. 
 
 invito : Stich. 590, hau maligne vos invitassem domum ad me. 
 
 itio: Pacuv. 172, nam solus Danais domum itionem (domu- 
 tionem codd) dedit; Lucil. 607 (Mx), domum itionis (Aid; 
 domutionis codd) cupidi ; Trag. Inc. 26, iam domum itionem (domi 
 ultionem codd) reges parant. 
 
 mitto : e.g. Capt. 432, cogitato hinc mea fide mitti domum te. 
 
 permitto : Pers. 680, ne cum argento protinam permittas domum. 
 
 praemitto : e.g. Amph. 195, me praemisit domum. 
 
 propero : e.g. Aul. 181, domum properare propero. 
 
 rapio: e.g. M. G. 450, rapiam te domum. 
 
 recipio : e.g. Amph. 644, dum modo domum se recipiat; Phor. 826. 
 
 reconcilio : e.g. Capt. 33, reconciliare ut facilius posset domum. 
 
 redeo : Amph. 584h, salvos domum si rediero ; Eun. 662. 
 
 reduco : e.g. Amph. 207, se exercitum domum reducturum ; 
 Hec. 665. 
 
 refero : e.g. Men. 660, quin refers pallam domum ? 
 
 remigro : Pers. 685, cruminam f acere ut remigret domum. 
 
 remitto : Epid. 206, a legione omnes remissi sunt domum. 
 
 renuntio : Merc. 804, nunc domum renuntio. 
 
 repeto : Bacch. 776, aurum repetam ab Theotimo domum. 
 
 reporto : Bacch. 326, ut reportes aurum domum ; C. Gracchus, 
 p. 232 (Meyer). 
 
 reveho : Bacch. 43, se revehat domum ; 44. 
 
 revenio: e.g. Amph. 188, legiones reveniunt domum. 
 
 revortor : e.g. Men. 256, nisi domum revorteris ; H. T. 340. 
 
 traho : Most. 801, id domum trahere oportet. 
 
 transcurro : M. G. 525, transcurrito ad vos domum. 
 
 transeo : e.g. Merc. 1009, per hortum domum transibimus. 
 
 venio : e.g. Epid. 67, ille me votuit domum venire ; Hec. 360. 
 
 viso : Eun. 1042, visam domum. 
 * vorto : C. Gracchus, p. 247 (Meyer), quo vortam ? ... an do- 
 mum? 
 
Accusative of Limit of Motion. 233 
 
 There is no sure instance of a preposition with domum when used 
 alone. In Liv. And. Odis. 20 (Baehr.) we have : donicum videbis me 
 carpento vehentem en (vehementem codd) domum venisse. But this 
 violates all known usage, unless domum was followed by a limiting 
 adjective. 
 
 From a comparison of the foregoing examples, we see that the 
 preposition is optional with domum when limited by a possessive 
 pronoun. When modified by an adjective, the preposition is man- 
 datory. Only Ennius shows a single exception to this, in Trag. 231 
 (Sc 277 V), domum paternam. 
 
 domos : Landgraf (op. cit. p. 393) states that the first occurrence of 
 this is in Claud. Quadrigarius ; but he has overlooked Poen. 814, 
 domos abeamus nostras; Enn. Ann. 255 (V), mox auferre domos. 
 No instance of the preposition with domos appears in Early Latin. 
 
 The form do is used by Ennius, Ann. 576 (V), endo suam do. 
 Other instances of the usage given by grammarians are not with 
 certainty to be referred to Ennius, though cited by Heckmann (fol- 
 lowing Baehrens) op. cit. p. 318, as Ennian. They are : Charisius, 
 278, 24 (K), endo suam do ; Probus, 263, 12 (K), namque suam do ; 
 Consentius, 388, 22 (K), ut endo (tetendit codd) suam do ; Diomedes, 
 441, 34 (K), endo suam do. These all doubtless go back to Ennius 
 as their model ; cf. Vahlen, Enn. Poes. Bell. p. 107. 
 
 exsequias: Phor. 1026, exsequias ire. Some regard this as an 
 Accusative of Inner Object; cf. Heckmann, op. cit. p. 340; Otto, 
 Archiv flir lat. Lexikogr. xi, p. 595. 
 
 exsilium: Ace. 599, iussit proficisci exsilium quovis gentium. 
 Heckmann, op. cit. p. 339, regards this as uncertain ; yet the tradition 
 is clear. 
 
 infitias: only with ire: Bacch. 259, infitias ire coepit; Cist. 654, 
 quaene infitias eat? Cure. 489, nemo it infitias; Men. 396; 1057, 
 ut quae fecisti infitias eas ; M. G-. 188, si quidem centiens visa sit, 
 tamen infitias eat ! Most. 1023, ne ire infitias postules ; Pseud. 1086, 
 qui infitias non eat ; True. 792, infitias non eo ; 850, ne mox infitias 
 eat; Ad. 339, si hoc proferimus, ille infitias ibit; 347, si infitias 
 ibit. Fay, The Locution infitias it and the -nt- Suffixes, Am. Journ. 
 Phil, xx, p. 149 ff., explains infitias ire as for infitians ire; cf. prae- 
 gnas for praegnans. But ingenious as is this proposal, it nevertheless 
 
234 The Accusative. 
 
 lacks the support of Latin usage. I am not familiar, either in the 
 early language or the later, with this combination of a present par- 
 ticiple with eo. This seems to me fatal to Fay's theory. Cf. the 
 review of Otto, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. xi, p. 594 f., who is inclined 
 to regard infitias in this usage as Accusative of Inner Object. This 
 possibility must be recognized. Heckmann, op. cit. p. 339, takes 
 infitias as terminal. 
 
 malam rem, malam crucem : * the text is often uncertain, malam 
 crucem varying with in malam crucem in the MSS. The material : 
 Men. 328, numquid vis ? : : ut eas maxumam malam crucem ; Capt. 
 469, ilicet parasiticae arti maxumam malam crucem ; Pers. 352, ferant 
 eantque maxumam malam crucem (eantque in malam crucem P) ; 
 Poen. 496, malam crucem ibo potius ; 799, abscessit : : utinam 
 abierit malam crucem ! 873, volucres tibi erunt tuae hirquinae : : i 
 (in P) malam rem ; 1309, ligula in (= isne) malam crucem (in BO; 
 i A 1 ; i in DA*) ; Pseud. 1182, in' malam crucem ? (i in P corr. C) ; 
 True. 937, malam rem is ; Eun. 536, malam rem hinc ibis (malam 
 in rem DFG) ? With in: Poen. 495, nisi aut auscultas aut — is in 
 malam crucem ; Most. 850, abin hinc in malam crucem ? {CD lack in) ; 
 Phor. 930, in' in malam rem (i in malam rem codd ; in' in malam rem 
 Dziatzko) ? The evidence tends to show that at times the preposition 
 might be employed in this usage. 
 
 pessum : Rud. 395, nunc earn scilicet abiisse pessum ; Aul. 598, ne 
 pessum abeat ; True. 36, quando abiit rete pessum ; Merc. 847, res 
 pessumas pessum dedi; Most. 1171, quam non ego istum pessum 
 premam; Pers. 740, Persa me pessum dedit; Bud. 507, pessum 
 dedisti me ; 617, exemplum pessumum pessum date ; Trin. 165 ; And. 
 208, me aut erum pessum dabunt; Pacuv. 320, plera pars pessum 
 datast ; Stat. 49, qui sese malit pessum dari ; Bacch. 407. 
 rus (very frequent) e.g. : 
 
 abdo : Hee. 175, rus abdidit se. 
 
 abeo: Most. 8, abi rus; so 66; True. 285; Hec. 224. 
 
 commigro : Turp. 76, rus ad illas commigrat. 
 
 concedo : Hec. 629, rus concessuram. 
 
 duco : Cas. 485, rus uxorem duces. 
 
 eo : Men. 63, rus ut ibat ; True. 645 ; Eun. 216. 
 
 1 Heckmann, op. cit. p. 325 ; Gorbig, p. 24 ff. 
 
Accusative of Limit of Motion. 235 
 
 migro : Hec. 589, tu rus migres ! 
 
 mitto : Most. 1043, rus misit. 
 
 produco: Ad. 560, non tu eum rus produxe aibas? 
 
 prosequor : Cas. 783, rus prosequi. 
 
 venio : Cas. 437, sine rus veuiat. 
 
 veho : Asm. 342, te vexerunt vinctum rus. 
 suppetias: Men. 1020, tibi suppetias adveni. So Landgraf, op. 
 cit. p. 399 ; Heckmann, op. cit. p. 339, who, however, adds : " doch 
 kaim der Akkusativ von ad abhangen." This is very questionable. 
 A simpler alternative would be to regard the accusative as one of 
 Inner Object. 
 
 venum : Merc. 353, illam trans mare hinc venum asportet ; Plaut. 
 fr. 89, dolet huic puello sese venum ducier ; Pacuv. 121, Delphos 
 venum pecus egi (pecu secunde codd) ; Leg. XII, Tab. iv, 2, si pater 
 filium ter venum duit. 
 
 viciniam : in Andria, 70, recent editors read ex Andro commigravit 
 hue viciniam. A is lacking here ; the other MSS read huic viciniae, 
 but C has corrected the latter word to viciniam. Donatus and Pris- 
 cian also have huic viciniae. The reading viciniam seems without 
 warrant. 
 
 In Enn. Sat. 30 (V), we have fac amicos eas et roges. The passage 
 is preserved in Gellius, ii, 29, 7, but it is doubtful whether it repre- 
 sents Ennius's phraseology. If it does, amicos is hardly a terminal 
 accusative, as regarded by some, but rather a bold trajectio. 
 
 B. Proper Names. 
 
 1) Names of countries and provinces : Liv. And. 14 (Baehr.), partim 
 errant, nequinont Graeciam redire ; Capt. 573, nam ille quidem hinc 
 abiit Alidem ; Cure. 206, parasitum misi nudiusquartus Cariam ; 339, 
 rogat quid veniam Cariam ; Cure. Arg. 1, Curculio missu Phaedromi 
 it Cariam. Usually, with names of countries, the preposition is used, 
 as Cure. 67, parasitum in Cariam misi meum; so 275; 329; Trin. 
 599, ibit aut in Asiam aut in Ciliciam ; And. 935, meque in Asiam 
 persequens proficiscitur ; Phor. 66 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 44, 1, legatus sum 
 in Aetoliam. More examples in Heckmann, op. cit. p. 343 : Gorbig, 
 p. 41 ; Konig, p. 6. Heckmann, op. cit. p. 343 ff., is inclined to 
 
236 The Accusative. 
 
 explain the accusatives Alidem, Cariam on the theory that Plautus 
 conceived these localities as towns ; but the arguments for this view- 
 are not convincing. Graeciam (Liv. And.), Heckmann regards as 
 an archaism. 
 
 2) Names of islands : 
 
 a) Islands not having a city of the same name : Merc. 937, ian 
 Cyprum veni ; Phor. 567, qua profectus causa hinc es Lemnum ? 
 Ad. 224, te aiunt proficisci Cyprum (in Cyprum D) ; 230, alia quae 
 porto Cyprum. With prepositions : Cist. 161, in Lemnum auf ugit ; 
 Merc. 932, vos in curriculum conicitis in Cyprum recta ; Eud. 54, eat 
 in Siciliam; 356, auferre voluit in Siciliam; Phor. 66, iter illi in 
 Lemnum (in Lemno .4). 
 
 b) Islands having a city of the same name : Naev. Bell. Pun. 37, 
 transit Melitam exercitus ; Merc. 11, pater ad mercatum hinc me 
 mens misit Ehoduni ; 93, Ehodum venimus ; Lucil. 464 (Mx), ad 
 regem legatus, Khodum . . . ibo ; Ace. 370, vi contendam ut hinc 
 cum patre tete una Salaminem aveham (habeam codd). With preposi- 
 tions: And. 923, Atticus quidam olim nave fracta ad (so A; apudoffter 
 codd) Andrum eiectus est, is not a case in point, as the prepositional 
 phrase does not here express limit, but, ' in the vicinity of,' ' off.' 
 
 3) Names of cities : Cas. 524, facito ut veniant quasi eant Sutrium ; 
 Men. 27, Tarentum avexit secum ad mercatum ; 37, postquam Syra- 
 cusas de ea re rediit nuntius j 33, puerum tollit avehitque Epidamnum 
 eum (Epidamnium code?) ; 51, si quis quid vostrum Epidamnum 
 curari sibi velit; 230, quam ob rem nunc Epidamnum venimus? 
 1112, cum patre ut abii Tarentum ; Merc. 939, nunc perveni Chal- 
 cidem ; M. G. Arg. 1. 1, meretricem Athenis Ephesum miles avehit ; 
 102, is publice legatus Naupactum fuit ; 104, interibi hie miles forte 
 Athenas venit; 116, inscendo ut earn rem Naupactum ad erum 
 nuntiem; 126, ait sese Athenas fugere cupere ex hac domu; 439, 
 egone ? : : tune : : quae heri Athenis Ephesum adveni ; 938, atque 
 hinc Athenas avehat; 975, eius gemina venit Ephesum; so 976; 
 1146, ut abeat cum sorore et matre Athenas ; 1186, ut si itura sit 
 Athenas ; 1193, prorsum A.thenas protinus abibo tecum ; Pers. 259, 
 erus meus me Eretriam misit ; so 322 ; Poen. 72, ille qui surrupuit 
 puefum, Calydonem avehit ; 79, revortor Carthaginem ; 1419, quando 
 hinc ire cogitas Carthaginem; Eud. 41, is earn hue Cyrenas leno 
 
Accusative of Limit of Motion. 237 
 
 advexit virginem; 631, eamque eventuram exagogam Capuam salvam 
 et sospitem ; Pseud. 620, Athenas antidhac numquam adveni ; so 
 731 ; True. 91, nam ego Lemuo advenio Athenas nudiustertius ; 497> 
 nunc ad amicam decumo mense post Athenas Atticas viso; Naev- 
 Trag. 14, Spartam referat nuntium; Pacuv. 122, Delphos venuin 
 pecus egi, inde (peeu secunde codd) ; 249, Spartam reportare instat ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 8, 7, oratores misit Romam ; so 21, 2 ; 39, 7, quom 
 Romam veniebant ; 44, 3, de ea re oratores Romam profectos ; And. 
 907, quid tu Athenas insolens (sc. venis) ? Hee. 86, Corinthum hinc 
 sum profecta; Ad. 655, Miletum usque, obsecro (avexit) ? Com. Incert. 
 2, Megaram advenit; ubi advenit Megaram; Lucil. 124 (Mx), ad 
 portam mille a portast, sex inde Salernum ; 425, inde venit Romam ; 
 464, Ecbatanam, Babylonem ibo ; CIL, i, 196, 5, uti ad praetorem 
 urbanum Romam venirent ; so 199, 4 ; 199, 25, vectigal Genuam dent ; 
 so 27 ; 35 ; 540, Genua Cremonam XXVIII (on a milestone) ; 541, 
 Romam redieit ; 551, hincine sunt Noueeriam millia L, Capuam 
 XXCIII, Mnranum LXXIII, Regium CCCXXXVIII, Cosentiam 
 CXXIII, Valentiam CLXXX ; ibid, suma af Capua Regium meilia 
 CCCXXI; 559, Pisas XXXII; C. Gracchus, p. 232 (Meyer), quom 
 Romam profectus sum ; 236, Teanum Sidicinum consul venit. 
 
 With prepositions: Bacch. 171, postquam hinc in Ephesum abii 
 conspicio lubens; 249, quid hoc, qua causa eum (hinc) in Ephesum 
 miseram ? 354, senex in Ephesum ibit aurum arcessere ; 388, nam ut 
 in Ephesum hinc abii ; 591, vel ut hinc in Elatiam hodie eat secum 
 simul ; 776, quam mox navigo in Ephesum ? Cure. 562, quom advenis 
 in Epidaurum; Men. 49, nunc in Epidamnum pedibus redeundumst 
 mihi ; 70, hodie in Epidamnum venit ; M. G. 113, eamque hue invitam 
 mulierein in Ephesum advehit; 384, venisse Athenis in Ephesum 
 cum suo amatore quodam ; Poen. 94, hue commigravit in Calydonem 
 hau diu ; Bacch. 235, ibo in Piraeum ; so Most. 66 ; Stat. 258 ; 
 Pseud. 1098, qui illam quidem iam in Sicyonem ex urbe abduxit 
 modo ; Trin. 112, quoniam hinc iturust ipsus in Seleueiam ; Tab- 
 Triumph. (Baehrens, p. 55 ; Liv. xli, 28, 8), in urbem Romam rediit ; 
 Enn. Ann. 297 (V), ob (' ob ' pro ' ad,' Paulus) Romam noctu legiones 
 ducere coepit; this may merely mean ' Romewards,' and probably 
 does have that force ; Trag. Incert. 86, ad Troiam misi ; Poen. 87, 
 in Anactorium devehit. 
 
238 The Accusative. 
 
 In some cases the preposition might be omitted without affecting 
 the metre, but I quite agree with Heckmann, op. cit. p. 355, that no 
 explanation can be given of the presence of the preposition in the 
 text except on the assumption that it stood there originally. In a 
 few instances it seems to serve the purposes of perspicuity, but on 
 the whole no such purpose is discernible, and it seems best to rec- 
 ognize a wavering usage as characteristic of the early language. 
 
 4) Names of rivers, mountains, promontories, etc. : Pacuv. 252, inde 
 Aetnam montem advenio; Phor. 837, ego me ire senibus Sunium 
 dicam ; Lucil. 127 (Mx), hinc media remis Palinurum pervenio nox ; 
 Cas. 448, certumst hunc Acheruntem praemittam prius ; Most. 499, nam 
 me Acheruntem recipere Orcus noluit ; 509, vivom me accersunt 
 Acheruntem (ad cheruntem CD ; ad Acheruntem BD 2 ) mortui ; Poen. 
 831, quodvis genus ibi hominum videas, quasi Acheruntem veneris ; 
 Enn. Trag. 202 (Sc 245 V) Acherontem obibo (adibo codd; ob-Aldina). 
 With the preposition : Poen. 71, ipse abiit ad Acheruntem sine viatico. 
 
 The examples of accolo with names of rivers, cited by Heckmann 
 (Naev. Trag. 62, vos qui adcolitis Histrum fluvium ; Ace. 509, omnes 
 qui arcem (arcana codd) Alpheumque accolunt) are not cases in point ; 
 accolo is transitive, like incolo. Trin. 494, censetur censu ad 
 Acheruntem mortuos, cited by Heckmann, p. 364, is not terminal, 
 but means 'in Hades.' 
 
 In general the preposition is regularly employed with names of 
 rivers, mountains, and promontories. Examples are so numerous 
 that enumeration is unnecessary. 
 
 For the supine in -urn, which was also originally a terminal 
 accusative, see Vol. i, p. 453. 
 
 TWO ACCUSATIVES, — DIRECT OBJECT AND PREDICATE 
 ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 This construction occurs with the greatest frequency in Early 
 Latin, being employed with a large variety of verbs, viz.: 
 
 abduco : Cas. 109, quando earn uxorem abduxero ; Eun. 407, me 
 convivam solum abducebat. 
 
 addo (only with custodem): Aul. 556, quem custodem addidit; 
 so Capt. 708 ; M. G. 146 ; 305 ; 550. 
 
Two Accusatives: Direct Object and Predicate. 239 
 
 ■ adduco : Men. 798, non mihi te advocatum adduxi ; Bud. 501 ; 
 Amph. 919. 
 
 adopto : Cist. 744, sociam te mihi adopto ; Men. 60, adoptat ilium 
 puerum sibi filium ; so Poen. 1059. With pro and abl. : Poen. 76, 
 eum adoptat sibi pro filio ; 119. 
 
 adorior : And. 479, me si imparatum adortus esset. 
 
 ago : Ad. 12, earn acturi sumus novam. 
 
 amitto: Amph. 1017, quaestionem inquisitam amittere; Men. 
 1055, me amisisti liberum ; M. G. 1413 ; Most. 432, quom med 
 amisisti vix vivom ; so Bud. 591 ; Hec. 251, ut veni, (me) incertum 
 amisti. 
 
 appello (frequent) : Capt. 546, qui istum appelles Tyndarum ; so 
 559 ; 565 ; Epid. 588 ; Hec. 652, qui te appellaret patrem ; Lucil. 
 730 (Mx), non dominam ego appellem meam ; Turp. 120. 
 
 arbitror (frequent) : 1) 2d ace. a substantive : Aul. 252, me arbi- 
 trari hominem idoneum ; Bacch. 845, non me arbitrator militem sed 
 mulierem ; M. G. 1374 ; Stich. 297, neque id viri offiemm arbitror 
 2) 2d ace. an adjective: Amph. 552, scelestissimum te arbitror 
 Bacch. 570; Merc. 901, aedis probas, pulchre aedificatas arbitro 
 1019; Pseud. 1014, te si arbitrarem dignum ; so Trin. 505; Ad. 919 
 Metellus Numidicus p. 274 (Meyer), eum indignissumum arbitror. 
 
 arripio : Ad. 316, (eum) sublimen medium arriperem. 
 
 aspicio : Cas. 562, quom (eum) aspicias tristem. 
 
 assimulo : Capt. 654, illic servom se adsimulabat ; M. G. 908, atque 
 huius uxorem te volo (ted) assimulare; True. 500, opust aegram 
 ut te adsimules ; H. T. 888, quod se assimulat laetum ; Phor. 128. 
 
 audio : Capt. 619, audibis vera quae nunc falsa opinare. 
 
 auf ero : Aul. 433, mea auf eram salva ; so 614 ; Cure. 619 ; And. 
 610. 
 
 capio: Stich. 421, hunc diem volo me eleutheria capere, ' take this 
 as a day of freedom ' ; And. 695, non si capiundos sciam esse inimicos 
 omnis homines ; H. T. 500, me cepere arbitrum ; Eun. 887 ; Ace. 213 ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 27, 6 ; only with a substantive as second ace. 
 
 cedo : Ad. 123, cedo quemvis arbitrum. 
 
 censeo: Cas. 562, quom (eum) aspicias tristem, frugi censeas; 
 Cist. 558, ilia tibi nutrix est, ne matrem censeas ; Most. 624, ne id 
 multum censeas ; Afran. 97, quid me censes ? 
 
240 The Accusative. 
 
 cieo : Enn. Trag. 43 (So 58 V), Apollo (me) dementem invitam 
 ciet. 
 
 clamito : And. 814, clamitent me sycophantam. 
 
 cogito : Aul. 591, ita dormitet servom sese ut cogitet. 
 
 commemoro : Trin. 825, te omnes saevom severurnque com- 
 memorant. 
 
 commuto: M. G. 327, nisi oculos orationemque aliam commutas. 
 
 comprimo : Cist. 178, eandem quam olim virginem compresserat. 
 
 concinno : Capt. 501, me insanum verbis concinnat suis ; Capt. 818, 
 qui concinnat orbas ovis ; Stich. 286 ; Trin. 684 ; Plaut. fr. 11. 
 
 condo : Cato, Agr. 5, 8, earn condito non peraridam ; ibid, ea arida 
 condito; so 151, 2. 
 
 constringo : And. 865, quadrupedem (sc. eum) constringito ! 
 
 credo : Asin. 842, me tristem credas ; Epid. 597, qua re filiam 
 credidisti nostram ? Most. 198 ; And. 706, ne vocivom me credas ; 
 Eun. 428 ; 1011 ; Men. Arg. 8, Menaechmum civem credunt advenam. 
 
 decerno : Hec. 212, qui ilium decrerunt dignum. 
 
 deporto : Tab. Triumph, p. 55 (Baehrens), 7, exercitum salvomque 
 atque incolumem deportavit. 
 
 deputo : Trin. 748, si hoc utibile magis deputas ; Amph. 158 ; 
 Stat. 28, hoc deputo miserrumum. 
 
 dico (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive : Asin. 666, die me 
 passerculum; 693; Eud. 790, numquam quisquam me lenonem dix- 
 erit ; And. 892, qui illam civem dicant ; Phor. 127 ; 2) the 2d ace. is 
 an adjective : Cas. 686, omnia falsa dixi ; Merc. 206, istuc verbum 
 dixisti verissumum ; 996, memorem (sc. me) dices benefici : M. G. 87 ; 
 H. T. 297, quam dicit sordidatam et horridam ; 748 ; 3) passive con- 
 struction : True. 457, mater dicta quod sum ; Eun. 146, soror est 
 dicta ; 157 ; Lucil. 238 (Mx), sororem lanificam dici ubi audit. 
 
 diffindo : Cato, Agr. 160, mediam (sc. earn) diffinde. 
 
 dimitto : Enn. Trag. 351 (Sc 141 V), quos ego ope mea ex incertis 
 certos compotesque consili dimitto. 
 
 do (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive : Aul. 793, ut earn 
 uxorem mihi des ; so Cas. 677 ; Cato, Agr. 143 ; et pass. ; Most. 129, 
 adminiclum is danunt aliquem cognatum ; Trin. 107, rem tibi auc- 
 tdrem dabo ; And. 295, te isti virum do ; H. T. 12, me actorem dedit ; 
 2) the 2d ace. is an adjective : Asin. 849, te hilarum das ; Capt. 19, 
 
Two Accusatives: Direct Object arid, Predicate. 241 
 
 dedit eum peculiarem ; so Merc. 524 ; Epid. 99, aliis solebas dare 
 ■consilia mutua ; so Trin. 761 ; et pass. ; Epid. 341, mihi hunc diem 
 dedistis luculentum ; Phor. 625 (do, 'put'), ut praecipitem hane 
 daret ; so Ad. 318 ; 3) passive construction : Phor. 560, opus est mihi 
 Phormionem adiutorein dari. 
 
 duco (frequent) : in two meanings, ' lead,' and ' consider ' : 1) the 
 2d ace. is a substantive ; Amph. 930, comitem mihi Pudicitiam du- 
 xero ; Cas. 107, uxorem istam ducam ; so 322 ; And. 372 ; and often ; 
 Poen. 526, pridie nos te advocatos duxisse oportuit ; similarly 531 ; 
 546 ; Capt. 151, malum quom amici tuom ducis malum ; Hec. 555, 
 non eum hominem ducerem ; Ad. 18, earn laudem hie ducit maxu- 
 mam ; 2) the 2d ace. is an adjective : Merc. 322, ne deteriorem (sc. 
 me) dueas ! 3) with pro and abl. : Stich. 571, sese ducit pro adules- 
 centulo. 
 
 edo : Cato, Agr. 156, 1, earn esto coctam vel crudam ; crudam si edes. 
 
 effero : C. Gracchus, p. 232 (Meyer), zonas quas plenas extuli, eas 
 inanes rettuli. 
 
 efficio : Trin. 669, mores hominum moros ecficit. 
 
 eloquor : Pers. 616, ut (ea) vera eloquar ; Stich. 346, ut istuc verum 
 te elocutum esse arbitrer. 
 
 emo : Men. 444, dicto me emit audientem, haud imperatorem ; Pers. 
 35. 
 
 exhibeo : Asin. 457, rem salvam exhibebo. 
 
 existimo: Cato, Agr. Prooem. 1, quanto peiorem civem existi ma- 
 Tint faeneratorem ; 3, mercatorem autem strenuom et studiosum 
 existimo ; C. Gracch. p. 232 (Meyer). 
 
 experior : Pseud. 176, et quam venalem hodie experiar. 
 
 expeto : Cas. 80, quam uxorem expetunt. 
 
 expromo : M. G. 208, incoctum non expromet. 
 
 exspecto : Most. 188, tu erras quae ilium exspectes unum. 
 
 fabulor: Kud. 526, omnia corusca fabulor. 
 
 facio (very frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive : Amph. 123, 
 vorsipellem se facit; 571, ludos facis me; so Aul. 253; Capt. 579; 
 Epid. 706 ; Pers. 803 ; Kud. 470 ; 900 ; this idiom alternates at times 
 with the dative of the person : Merc. 225, di ludos faciunt hominibus ; 
 ,so Eud. 593 ; True. 759 ; Asin. 351, facio facetum me atque mag- 
 nificum virum ; 695, fac bestiam me ; Aul. 797, quern ego avom feci; 
 
242 The Accusative. 
 
 Bacch. 241, quern quidem f aciam arietem ; 810 ; Cure. 46, earn volt 
 meretricem f acere ; Men. 62, eum heredem fecit ; so Poen. 70 ; 77 - r 
 839 ; Lucil. 423 (Mx) ; et pass. ; Pers. 82, illam faciat libertam 
 suam ; Rud. 721, te follem faciam ; Ad. 7, earn Commorientes fecit 
 fabulam; 535, facio te apud ilium deiun; Cato, Agr. 144, 1, quem. 
 custodem fecerit; 2) the 2d ace. is an adjective (adjectives are much, 
 more frequent than substantives) : Amph. 103, gravidam uxorem 
 fecit; so 109; Bacch. 466, malum in dies faciat minus; 1021, me 
 meliorem fecit ; Capt. 123, avis me consimilem faciam ; 865, deum 
 hunc facias tranquillum; Cas. 124, te curvom faciam; 353, face 
 certiorem me ; so Cure. 634, et pass. ; Pseud. 18, face me certum ; 
 so 1097 ; Cas. 596, vocivas aedis fecisti ; Epid. 266, fac participea 
 nos; Men. 893, ilium ut sanum facias; M. G. 1077; Pers. 474; 
 Pseud. 599, certum id qui mihi faciat ; And. 397, neclegentem f eceris 
 (sc. eum) ; H. T. 12, vostrum iudicium fecit ; Eun. 61, haec certa- 
 facere; Ad. 842, hilarum fac te ! Lucil. 352 (Mx), unum hoc faciemus; 
 369 ; Ace. 668 ; Stat. 25 ; Turp. 96 ; 3) passive construction, e.g. : 
 Bacch. 841, ex me quidem numquam fies certior; Pseud. 3 ; Bacch. 
 1100, me sic ludos factum ! Pseud. 1168, adeo donicum ipsus sese 
 ludos fieri senserit; by analogy, Most. Arg. 7, ludos rursum fit 
 senex; Eun. 33, sed eas factas prius Latinas scisse se pernegat. 
 
 fateor : M. G-. 335, vin faciam uti stultiuidum te fateare ? Eun. 
 863, se servom fateatur. 
 
 fero : Stich. 661, fero convivam Dionysum ; C. Gracch. p. 232' 
 (Meyer), alii amphoras quas plenas tulerunt eas argento repletas 
 reportaverunt ; H. T. 918, illud haud inultum f erent. 
 
 gero : Hec. 311, qui eos gubernat animus, eum infirmum gerunt. 
 
 gigno : Enn. Ann. 112 (V), qualem te patriae custodem di genu- 
 erunt. 
 
 gluttio : Pers. 94, nisi quas madidas gluttias. 
 
 habeo (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive : Aul. 410, me 
 habuit gymnasium; Men. 300, qui amicam habes eram; Pseud. 16, 
 me habuisti comitem ; 196 ; Rud. 712, habe iudicem quemvis virum ! 
 Trin. 313, istaec semper habui integumentum ; Trin. 1034, scuta- 
 iacere fugereque hostis more habent licentiam ; And. 19, quos auc- 
 t»res habet ; Phor. 345 ; Ad. 268, qui te habeam fratrem; 313 ; Cato, 
 Agr. 145, 3, socium nequem habeto ; 2) the 2d ace. is an adjective : 
 
Two Accusatives: Direct Object and Predicate. 243 
 
 Amph. 184, ingrata ea habui atque inrita; Asin. 869, ilium miserum 
 habebo ; so Cas. 115 ; et pass. ; Bacch. 491, satin ut quern tu habeas 
 fidelem nescias ; 1019, quaeso ut sat habeas id ; Men. 581, sollicitos 
 patronos habent ; so M. a. 1087 ; Pseud. 325 ; And. 273, quam ego 
 caram habuerim ; Eun. 127, scis quam intumum habeam te ; Lucil. 
 551 (Mx), proprium vero nil neminem habere! 3) pro with abl. 
 takes the place of the second ace. : e.g. Merc. 655, pro certo si habes; 
 M. G. 710, eos pro liberis habebo ; Pers. 341, pro ancilla me habes 
 an pro filia ? And. 145, Pamphilum pro uxore habere hanc pere- 
 grinam ; 4) passive construction: Capt. 547, hie homo rabiosus 
 habitus est. 
 
 indico : Aul. 373, indicant (eos) caros ; agninam caram. 
 
 inscribo : Trin. 168, aedis venalis hasce inscribit. 
 
 insimulo: H. T. 204, quod ilium insimulat durum, id non est. 
 
 invenio (frequent) : Asin. 855, si me mendacem inveneris ; Men, 
 1102; Trin. 1052; And. 460, fidelem haud ferme invenias virum; 
 Pacuv. 316 ; passive construction : True. 857, eum Diniarchi puerum 
 inventum filium ; Eun. 1036. 
 
 invoco : Enn. Trag. 302 (Sc 345 V), quern invocant (vocant Festus, 
 Probus) omnes Iovem. 
 
 iudico : Stich. 205, eos omnis haud indignos iudico ; H. T. 381, te 
 laudo et fortunatam iudico ; Ad. 564. 
 
 laudo: Capt. 426, Iovem supremum testem laudo; Most. 760. 
 
 libero : Cure. 209, quin ego te liberalem liberem. 
 
 linquo : Pseud. 141, quam hos domi linquere custodes. 
 
 loquor : Amph. 843, haec vera loquitur ; Capt. 3. 
 
 malo : Aul. 661, emortuom me mavelim ; Merc. 889, ego me mave- 
 lim (sc. salvom) ; True. 742. 
 
 memini: True. 220, nos divitem istum meminimus, atque iste nos 
 pauperes. 
 
 memoro : Merc. 627, deos apsentis testis memoras ; Most. 963, si 
 haec vera memorat ; Poen. 391 ; Enn. Ann. 2 (V), quas Musas memo- 
 rant; Pacuv. 90. 
 
 mitto : Epid. 375, earn permeditatam, dolis onustam mittam. 
 
 moror: Cure. 515, ego mancupem te nil moror. 
 
 nolo : And. Alt. Ex. 7, quod eum omnino adfinem mihi nollem. 
 
 nomino : Asin. 716, quern te nominem ? Bacch. 253 ; Capt. 238, si 
 
244 The Accusative. 
 
 te audeam, meum patrem nominem ; so Epid. 588 ; True. 266 ; Phor. 
 26, quam . . . Latini Phormionem nominant. 
 
 nuntio: Am ph. 988, navem salvam nuntiat. 
 
 obrepo : Trin. 61, me imprudentem obrepseris. 
 
 offendo: Most. 378, pater me offendet ebrium, aedis plenas con- 
 vivarum. 
 
 offero : Ace. 117, nosque ut sevorsum dividos leto ofEeres. 
 
 opinor: Capt. 619, audibis vera quae nunc falsa opinare; Merc. 
 757, scitam opinor coneubinam hanc. 
 
 opprimo : And. 227, ne pater (sc. eum) imprudentem opprimat. 
 
 opto : True. 859, tutorem med optavit suis bonis. 
 
 ostendo : Lucil. 269 (Mx), se fautorem ostendat. 
 
 pario : Eun. 871, ut solidum parerem hoc mi beneficium. 
 
 paro : Merc. 996, hunc senem para me clientem ; H. T. 1002, eum 
 precatorem paro ; Eun. 770. 
 
 perdo : Poen. 1189, quas perdidi parvas. 
 
 perhibeo: Enn. Ann. 23 (V), est locus Hesperiam quam mortales 
 perhibebant; 148; Pacuv. 90, quod nostri caelum memorant, Grai 
 perhibent aethera ; passive : Enn. Ann. 218 (V), sapientia quae per- 
 hibetur ; Ad. 504, si vos voltis perhiberi probos ; Stich. 274. 
 
 peto : Cure. 67, parasitum misi petitum argentum mutuom. 
 
 pono : M. G. 953, omnes res posteriores pono ; Cato, Agr. 45, 3, 
 ternas taleas ponito. 
 
 posco: Aul. 34, poscet earn uxorem ; so Cas. 52; 56; 993; Trin. 
 450 ; Cas. 887, inlecebram stupri earn savium posco. 
 
 praebeo: Ad. 886, servom haud inliberalem praebes te; Afran. 
 372. With direct object understood: Phor. 476, Phormio strenuom 
 hominem praebuit. 
 
 praedico: Pseud. 192, meque ut praedicet regem Iasonem; B,ud. 
 653 ; And. 465, si haec vera praedicat ; so Eun. 828 ; Hec. 111. 
 
 praeripio : Cas. 96, praeripere Casinam uxorem. 
 
 produco : Asin. 544, audientem dicto produxisti filiam. 
 
 profero : Amph. 118, veterem rem novam ad vos proferam. 
 
 puto (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive ; And. 91, spec- 
 tatum putabam et magnum exemplum continentiae ; Hec. 214, me 
 rapidem non hominem putas ; Lucil. 1029 (Mx) ; 805, si hoc bellum 
 putas ; 902 ; Crassus, p. 261 (Meyer), te bonum civem putabunt ; 
 
Two Accusatives: Direct Object and Predicate. 245 
 
 2) the 2d ace. is an adj. : Cas. 5, qui utuntur vino vetere sapientis 
 puto; Trin. 1171, ne leviorem me putes; And. 277, adeon me ig- 
 navom putas ? Eun. 1081 ; so Ad. 858 ; Lucil. 890 (Mx) ; Ace. 146 ; 
 Turp. 175, miserum puto, si istuc accessit mali. 
 
 quaero : Poen. 628, amnem quaerere comitem sibi ; Pseud. 792 ; 
 Afran. 241, uxorem quaerit firmamentum familiae. 
 
 rapio : Pseud. 655, hostis vivos rapere soleo ; And. 861. 
 
 reeipio : see under respicio. 
 
 redigo : Pers. 324, argentum hoc incolume redigam. 
 
 reddo (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive (unusual); Capt. 
 822, petronem et dominum reddam mortalis miserrumos; 2) the 
 2d ace. is an adj. : Asin. 145, reddam te mansuetem ; Aul. 402, 
 gallum glabriorem reddes ; 573 ; Capt. 502, ita me miserum, lassura 
 reddiderunt ; Men. 1038 ; salvom tibi reddibo ; Poen. 131 ; H. T. 
 330, surdas iam auris reddideras; Eun. 277; Ad. 534; Ace. 60; 
 Stat. 81. 
 
 ref ero : Capt. 446, satin habes, facta si refero ; C. Gracch. p. 232 
 (Meyer), zonas quas plenas extuli eas inanes rettuli ; Poen. 863, re- 
 fero vasa salva. 
 
 relinquo : Aul. 11, inopem eum relinquere ; Capt. 435, quom me 
 servom hie reliqueris ; Capt. 938, quern hie reliqueram pignus ; Enn. 
 Ann. 619 (V), corpora nuda relinquont; Ad. 9, eum locum reliquit 
 integrum ; Eun. 286, num nam hie relictu's custos ? 
 
 reor : Asin. 856, meum virum f rugi rata, siccum ; so 861 ; Epid. 
 596. 
 
 reperio : Epid. 109, omnis inimicos mihi repperi. 
 
 reporto : C. Gracch. p. 232 (Meyer), alii amphoras quas plenas 
 tulerunt, eas argento repletas reportaverunt. 
 
 repudio : Cist. 451, repudio te f raterculum ; 452. 
 
 respicio : Metellus, p. 274 (Meyer), quern ego mihi neque amicum 
 reeipio neque inimieum respicio. 
 
 saluto : Pseud. 709, die utrum Spemne an Salutem te salutem. 
 
 seco : Pers. 315, ne immaturam secern (sc. vomieam). 
 
 servo : Capt. 441, serva tibi amicum me ! 
 
 simulo : Lucil. 1233, bonum simulare virum se. 
 
 sisto : Poen. 1083, rem salvam sistam ; Kud. 1049, vos salvas sis- 
 tarn ; Trin. 743, neque columen sistere illi (sc. fortunam). 
 
246 The Accusative. 
 
 sumo : Naev. Com. 96, si rescivero argentum sumpse mutuom ; 
 Asin. 101, optionem sumito Leonidam ; Stich. 101, qui nos socias 
 sumpserunt sibi ; Cato, Agr. 101 ; Ad. 287. 
 
 teneo : Trin. 895, teneo tunc manufestarium. 
 
 testor : Rud. 1338, testem te testor. 
 
 utor : Turp. 164 nuptias abieci, amicos utor primoris viros. 
 
 vendo : Pers. 145, me quoque vende, durn saturum vendas. 
 
 verbero : M. G. 799, me surdum verberavit. 
 
 video (frequent): Amph. 958, vos tranquillos video; Epid. 524; 
 Pseud. 136, neque homines magis asinos numquam vidi ; Trin. 42 ; 
 Eun. 236, video (sc. eum) sentum, squalidum ; Ad. 973; Turp. 
 191. 
 
 voco (frequent) : 1) the 2d ace. is a substantive ; Amph. 365, (me) 
 Sosiam vocant ; Asin. 584 ; Aul. 769, qui me f urem voces ; Bacch. 
 138 ; 1122 ; Cist. 247 ; Cure. 413 ; Epid. 587 ; so often ; Trin. 202 ; 
 Enn. Ann. 82 (V), certabant urbem Eomam Remoramne vocarent ; 
 Af ran. 299 ; Cato, Agr. 151, 2 ; 2) the 2d ace. is an adjective : Trin. 
 470, popularem quam vocant ; Lucil. 732, 733 (Mx) ; 3) passive con- 
 struction : Cas. 31, Clerumenoe vocatur haec comoedia; Cure. 544, 
 Summanum se vocari dixit ; Stich. 242 ; Eun. 264, parasiti Gnatho- 
 nici vocentur ; Ad. 911. 
 
 volo : Amph. 834, vera istaec velim ; Asin. 68, volo me patris mei 
 similem ; Cure. 218, ut me nihili faciat nee salvom velit ; so Epid. 567; 
 Pseud. 309, ego vivom salvomque vellem ; so H. T. 1051 ; Phor. 582, 
 si me adfinem volet. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing types of predicate accusatives, we 
 often find an adjective or noun used as predicate accusative where 
 the direct object is an infinitive or substantive clause, e.g. Asin. 
 514, id me facere fas existumo ; Amph. 60, facere ut sit comoedia 
 non par arbitror. For other examples of this sort, see Vol. I, pp. 388 ; 
 406. 
 
 In the foregoing lists almost no examples of present or perfect 
 participles in the predicate construction have been given. Examples 
 of these may be found in Vol. I, pp. 430 ; 437 ff. 
 
Two Accusatives: Person and Thing. 247 
 
 TWO ACCUSATIVES, — ONE OF THE PERSON, AND ONE OF 
 
 THE THING. 
 
 In its essence this construction is a combination of the two basal 
 types of accusative usage, the Accusative of the Inner Object and 
 the Accusative of the Person Affected, e.g. in id me accusas we have 
 a combination of id accusas (' you bring that accusation ') and me 
 accusas. The accusative of the thing is largely confined to neuter 
 pronouns. The usage apparently originated with these, and was 
 slightly extended to other words in the case of certain verbs. 
 
 absolvo : Men. 780, hoc primum te absolvo ; a doubtful example. 
 By all editors, so far as I am aware, hoc is taken as ablative ; yet I 
 think the possibility of its being an accusative of inner object 
 (absolvo is the opposite of accusd) should be recognized. 
 
 aecuso ; Asin. 173, quid me accusas ? Trin. 96, si id non me accusas ; 
 Hec. 276, quod me accusat vir, sum extra noxiam ; 267 ; passive : 
 H. T. 352, ne quid accusandus sis vide. 
 
 acuo: Ad. 835, quod illos sat aetas acuet ('will give this edge'). 
 
 adiuto: Eun. 150, id amabo adiuta me. 
 
 adiuvo : H. T. 982, neque me quicquam adiuvas ; Pseud. 78 ; Enn. 
 Ann. 335 (V), Tite si quid te adiuero (te is the poorer reading; 
 the MSS indicate that ego, not te, was what Ennius wrote). 
 
 admoneo: H. T. 353, ridiculumst istuc me admonere. 
 
 adrogo : Eud. 1332, Venus haec volo te adroget. 
 
 arguo: Men. 813, neque fecisse quae me arguit; 939, haec ted 
 arguo; Stat. 149, id me arguit. 
 
 celo: Bacch. 167, istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem; 375, ut 
 celem patrem tua flagitia ; Pers. 798, haec scivisti et me celavisti ; 
 Stich. 149, neque ego te celabo neque tu me celassis quod scias ; 
 Trin. 800, uxorem quoque eampse hanc rem uti celes face ! Cato, 
 Agr. 5, 4, neu quid dominum celavisse velit ; And. 585, id vos celavi ; 
 H. T. 705, iam me hoc voles patrem exorare ut celet senem vostrum ? 
 Phor. 959, neque iam id celare posse te uxorem tuam ; Hec. 319, 
 magnum malum me celas; 384, te atque alios partum ut celaret 
 suom; so 530; Ad. 54, ea ne me celet consuefeci; Afran. 22, id me 
 celabat; passive construction : Pseud. 490, cur haec celata me sunt ? 
 
248 The Accusative. 
 
 Hec. 645, nosne hoc celatos tarn diu ! With dam : Poen. 1239, filias 
 meas celavistis clam me. 
 
 cogo : Amph. 163, haec eri inmodestia coegit me ; And. 530, nam 
 quod pollicitust haud dubiumst quin eum possim cogere ; Ad. 490, 
 quod tos ius cogit. 
 
 commoneo: Pseud. 150, officium vostrum ut vos malo cogatis 
 commonerier. 
 
 eondono : Phor. 947, argentum quod habes condonamus te ; Afran. 
 173, id aurum me condonat litteris ; passive construction : Eun. 17, 
 habeo multa alia quae condonabitur. 
 
 consulo : Men. 700, ibo et consulam hanc rem amicos. 
 
 convenio : Trin. 1175, ita subitost quod eum conventum volo ; so 
 Stich. 127. 
 
 damno : Cato, fr. (Jord), 24, 12, tantum damnas (= damnatus) esto. 
 
 defraudo : Asin. 95, nisi quid uxorem defrudaveris. 
 
 dimitto : Rud. 791, si te non ludos pessumos dimissero. 
 
 doceo : Aul. 412, hoc me docuit ; Bacch. 163, te istaec docuit ; so 
 165 ; Pseud. 1193, qui te hanc fallaciam docuit ; Trin. 1016, is huno 
 hominem cursuram docet ; H. T. 648 ; Lucil. 765 (Mx), uti litteras 
 doceas lutum ; Scip. Min. p. 192 (Meyer), animum inducere, ea. 
 liberos suos homines nobiles docere ; passive construction : Scip. 
 Min. p. 192 (Meyer), docentur praestigias inhonestas. 
 
 dono : Hec. 849, egone te pro hoc nuntio quid (qui ?) donem ? 
 
 edoceo: Epid. 663, eadem haec edocebo Stratippoclem ; Trin. 
 372, istam volo me rationem edoceas. 
 
 eludo : Cure. 629, anulum quern parasitus te elusit. 
 
 emungo : Cas. 391, tu ut oculos emungare ex capite per nasum tuos. 
 
 exigo : Metellus Numidicus, p. 277 (Meyer), ad senatum flentes 
 venisse, sese pecunias maximas exactos esse ; Stat. 92, ego illud 
 minus nilo exigor portorium ; Pers. 423, possum te (a te P) exigere 
 argentum. 
 
 exoro : Bacch. 1199, hanc veniam illis sine te exorem ! 1200, id 
 me exorat ; Capt. 211 ; Eun. 185, hoc sine te exorem ; passive con- 
 struction : Poen. 380, sine te hoc exorarier ; Phor. 535, hie si pote 
 f uisset exorarier triduom hoc, promissum fuerat ; possibly triduom- 
 is accusative of duration of time; with ab: Trin. 324, res quaedamst 
 quam volo me aps te exorare ; and elsewhere. 
 
Two Accusatives: Person and Thing. 249 
 
 expurgo : M. G. 516, mihi me expurgare haec tibi videtur aequius ; 
 Capt. 620. 
 
 exspecto : Enn. Sat. 58 (V), ne quid exspectes amicos ! But Metell. 
 Numid. (ap. Gell. i. 6), quid ergo nos a dis immortalibus exspecte- 
 mus ? 
 
 exunguo : True. 312, ea vos estis, exunguimini, ebibitis. 
 
 impello : Merc. 321, hoc non voluntas me impulit. 
 
 increpo : Most. 750, numquid increpitavit filium ? 
 
 incuso : H. T. 960, quid me incusas ? Phor. 914, quae me ineu- 
 saveras. 
 
 insimulo : Amph. 859, me insimulare facinus tarn malum ; Lucil. 
 1017 (Mx), haec tu me insimulas? passive construction : M. G. 392, 
 id me insimulatam falsum esse somniavi. 
 
 interrogo : Amph. 753, id me interrogas ; Merc. 182, hoc quod te 
 interrogo responde ! 
 
 iubeo : Bacch. 993, id quod te iubeo ; Men. 148, die hoc quod te 
 iubeo ; Pseud. 1327. 
 
 iuvo : Hec. 460, haud multum heredem iuvant. 
 
 laudo : Capt. 421, istic me haud centesumam partem laudat quam 
 ipse meritust ; Ad. 256, quid ego nunc te laudem ? 
 
 mitto : Most. 747, nunc hoc quod me misit ; Amph. 165, nonne 
 idem hoc luci me mittere potuit ? Bacch. 980 ; Cure. 327 ; Most. 
 786 ; Pseud. 639, ut id agam, quod missus hue sum. 
 
 moneo (frequent) : Pseud. 915, hoc volo monere te ; Bud. 28 ; 
 Stich. 41 ; Trin. 674, te moneo hoc ; Pacuv. 30, quod me moneris ; 
 And. 918, habeo ilium quod moneam ; Phor. 221, quod Antiphonem 
 monuimus ; Hec. 766, hoc te moneo ; passive construction : Capt. 53, 
 est vos quod monitos voluerim ; 309 ; Stich. 58, qui manet ut 
 moneatur officium. 
 
 moror : Poen. 911, numquid aliud me morare ? 
 
 obiurgo : Bacch. 1019, id quod Chrysalus me obiurgavit. 
 
 obsecro : Capt. 241, opsecro te hoc unum ; so Bud. 1090 ; And. 
 899, hoc modo te obsecro ; so H. T. 644 ; Ace. 555, quod te obsecro. 
 
 obtestor : Bud. 627, haec te obtestor. 
 
 oro (frequent) : Aul. 739, id adeo te oratum advenio ; Capt. 514, 
 quod me oravisti ; 942 ; Cist. 138 ; Cure. 425, id te orare iusserat ; 
 M. G. 1054a; Poen. 1024; Trin. 1171; And. 548, id te oro; so 556; 
 
250 The Accusative. 
 
 826 ; H. T. 623, hoc te oro ; Eun. 1084, unum etiam hoc vos oro ; 
 Hec. 445 ; Ad. 253 ; 941, si quid te maius oret ; Turp. 211 ; an 
 alternative construction occurs Eud. 773, quid tecum oro; Pacuv. 
 122, hoc abs te oro ; passive : True. 40, amator si quid oratur dedit ; 
 Afran. 92, sic est orator, si quod oretur, tulit (oritur tale codd). 
 
 percontor : M. G. 292, medicum istuc tibi meliust percontarier ; 
 Pseud. 462, sunt quae te volumus percontari, Aul. 210. 
 
 peto does not take two accusatives, but a with abl., e.g. Cure. 66, 
 qui id ab eo petas ; 270 ; Epid. 607, qui a me argentum non petit 
 (quid me P; qui de me B 3 ). 
 
 posco : Bacch. 703, quantum lubet me poscitote aurum ; Cas. 887, 
 earn savium posco ; Cure. 63, me poseit xxx minas ; Pers. 425, leno 
 te argentum poseit ; Eud. 1376, quod tu istum talentum poscis ? 
 Stich. 556, qui eum cibum poposcerit ; Trin. 1146, atque eum me (a 
 me codd.; a del Mutter) patrium posceret ; True. 427, ubi quippiam me 
 poscis ; passive construction : Asin. 181, is (volt) se aliquid posci. 
 
 precor : Cato, Agr. 139, te bonas preces precor. 
 
 prohibeo : Amph. 1051, neque me Iupiter neque di omnes id pro- 
 hibebunt ; so Pseud. 13. 
 
 quaero : Cure. 407, quid eum quaeris ? so 411. 
 
 reposco : Aul. 763, aulam auri te reposco ; Cure. 613, quam tu 
 virginem me reposcis ? Eud. 1352, eum tu vidulum reposcito ; with 
 a and abl. : True. 850, ab hac puerum reposcam. 
 
 revoco : Pseud. 277, et id et hoc quod te revocamus. 
 
 rogito : M. G. 827, non te istuc rogito ; H. T. 943 ; And. 749 ; 
 passive construction : Pers. 616, ut, quae rogiter, vera loquar. 
 
 rogo (frequent) : Amph. 608, nisi quod rogabo te ; 1025, id me 
 rogas; so Bacch. 258; Cist. -489, hoc responde quod te rogo; so 
 Most. 748 ; et pass. ; Merc. 515, rogare hoc unum te volo ; Most. 
 1119, aliud te rogo ; Pseud. 114, roga me xx minas ; 294, nullus est 
 tibi quern roges mutuom argentum ? 1267, victum ceterum ne quis 
 me roget; Stich. 253, tritici modios decern rogare te volt; And. 753, 
 quod te rogo ; Lex Papiria, p. 47, Bruns 7 , quiquomque factus erit, 
 iiiviros populum rogato. With ab and abl. : Trin. 758, ab amico ar- 
 gentum roges; et pass, 
 "sufflo : Cas. 582, nescioquid se sufflavit. 
 
 suspicor : Asin. 888, ille suppilabat me, quod ancillas suspicabar. 
 
Two Accusatives, One Dependent on a Preposition. 251 
 
 testor: Hec. 476, id tester deos. 
 
 volo (frequent) : especially in the phrases numquid me vis (e.g. 
 Aul. 263; Cist. 117; 119; et pass.) ; and quid me vis (e.g. Aul. 209; 
 217; 579; Capt. 978); Asin. 88, quid te velim; 109; Bacch. 1149, 
 est quod te volo ; Capt. 618, si quid est quod me velis ; Cas. 146 ; 
 Cist. 57, et quid velis nostram operam; 593, si quid eum velim; 
 M. G. 1025, quid me voluisti ? Pers. 735, num quippiam aliud me 
 vis ? Poen. 1398, quid lenonem vis ? Pseud. 750, narrabit quid sese 
 velis; And. 536, quid ego te velim. 
 
 TWO ACCUSATIVES WITH VERBS COMPOUNDED WITH 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 A few compounds of circum, in, praeter and trans take two accusa- 
 tives, one governed by the verb, the other dependent on the preposi- 
 tion. Many examples are of passives, with which the direct object 
 of the active appears as subject. 
 
 circum : Cato, Agr. 141, 2 quoius rei ergo agrum terram fundum- 
 que meum suovetaurilia circumagi iussi ; 141, 1 ; 114, cinerem 
 veterem circumdato radices vitis; Most. 843, istum circuinduce 
 aedis et conclavia! Rud. 933, oppida circumvectabor ; Men. 235, 
 Histros Hispanos sumus circumvecti. 
 
 in : Men. 448, quom contionem mediam me immersi ; P has in 
 before contionem; A seems to lack it; Capt. 548, ne tu quod istic 
 fabuletur auris inmittas tuas ! with in : Epid. 335, neque id immitto 
 in auris meas; with per: Lucil. 610 (Mx), haec tu si voles per auris 
 pectus inrigarier. 
 
 praeter : Ace. 687, mystica ad dextram vada praetervecti. 
 
 trans : Lucil. 466 (Mx), Carpathium mare transvectus. 
 
252 The Accusative. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE DEPENDENT ON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 
 
 A. With Nouns. 1 
 
 aditio : True. 622, quid tibi hanc aditiost ? 
 
 curatio : Amph. 519, quid tibi hanc curatiost rem ? Most. 34, 
 quid tibi med curatiost ? 
 
 exitio: Capt. 519, neque exitium exitio est (exitium Pontanus; 
 exilium codd). 
 
 exspectatio: Stich. 283, in (omitted by P) exspectatione est 
 Epignomi adventum. 
 
 iniectio: CIL, ix, 782, quis yolet pro ioudicatod n. L manum 
 iniect(i)o estod. 
 
 itio : in the phrase domum itio, see p. 232. 
 
 notio : True. 623, quid tibi hanc notiost amicam meam ? 
 
 observatio : Enn. Trag. 199 (Sc 242 V), astrologorum signa quid 
 fit (sit codd) observations ! 
 
 receptio : Asin. 920, quid tibi hunc receptio ad test meum virum ? 
 
 tactio : Aul. 423, quid tibi nos tactiost ? 744, quid tibi meam tac- 
 tiost? Men. 1016, quid me vobis tactiost? Poen. 1308, quid tibi hanc 
 tactiost ? Cas. 406 ; 408 ; Cure. 626. 
 
 Amph. 34 is read: iusta ab iustis iustus sum orator datus, by 
 Leo (following Bothe). The MSS have iuste; iusta is defended by 
 Landgraf, Archiv flir lat. Lexikogr. x, 400; cf. Geyer, Archiv, 
 ix, 577. 
 
 B. With Adjectives. 2 
 
 conscius : Eun. 199, quae mihi conscia sum. 
 
 dignus : Phor. 519, di tibi omnes id quod es dignus duint ; Asin. 
 149, ne id quidem me dignum esse existumat quern adeat; Poen. 
 860; Capt. 969. 
 
 gnaruris : Most. 100 gnaruris vos volo esse hanc rem. 
 
 gravidus : Amph. 878, ut uno fetu quod gravidast viro et me quod 
 gravidast, pariat. 
 
 nescius : Pacuvius (Gell. N. A. i, 24, 4), hoc volebam nescius ne 
 
 1 Landgraf, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. x, p. 399 f . 
 J Heraeus, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. xv, p. 560. 
 
Accusative in Exclamations. 253 
 
 esses ; Turp. 65, at enim scies ea quae fuisti nescius (inscius codd) ; 
 so Ephem. Epigr. iv, 297, 861 (= Carm. Epigr. 53) ; Carm. Epigr. 
 848, hoc ego volebam nescius ni esses. 
 
 In the case of the foregoing the accusative seems to be dependent 
 on the transitive verbal force of the adjective. In Poen. 1120, qui 
 te proxumust ; and CIL, i, 198, 17, in urbe Roma propiusve urbem 
 Bomam, we see the influence of prope. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE IN EXCLAMATIONS.* 
 
 The Accusative in Exclamations occurs with considerable fre- 
 quency in Early Latin, especially in connection with interjections. 
 Thus: 
 
 (a) With Interjections : 
 
 edepol: Amph. fr. vi, edepol hominem miserum; Asin. 292, 
 edepol hominem infelicera, qui patronam comprimat ; Bacch. 293, 
 edepol mortalis malos; Cas. 848; Epid. 32, edepol f acinus impro- 
 bum ; 686 ; Merc. 204, edepol cor miserum meum ; Poen. 324, edepol 
 Milphionem miserum ; Pseud. 519 ; 1205 ; Bud. 686, edepol diem 
 hunc acerbum ; Stich. 356, edepol rem negotiossam ; Trin. 128, 
 edepol fide adulescentem mandatum malae ! 335, edepol hominem 
 praemandatum ferme familiariter ; 592 ; 890 ; Ad. 783, edepol comis- 
 satorem haud sane commodum ; sometimes in combination with 
 eu : Epid. 72, eu edepol res turbulentas ! Poen. 603 ; Bud. 415, eu 
 edepol specie lepida mulierem! Flickinger, op. cit. p. 305, calls 
 attention to the fact that an adjective limiting such an accusative 
 always follows its noun. 
 
 hercle : Bacch. 999, malum quidem hercle magnum ! Epid. 212, 
 hercle rem gestam bene; so Stich. 379; M. G. 977, hercle occa- 
 sionem lepidam ! Eun. 254, scitum hercle hominem ! sometimes 
 with eu: Men. 316, eu hercle hominem multum et odiosum! 872; 
 M. G. 394 ; 1056, eu hercle odiosas res ! Poen. 1107. 
 
 ecastor : Stich. 234, ecastor auctionem hau magni preti ; M. G. 
 1066, eu ecastor hominem peiiurum ! 
 
 o : this is especially common in Terence in the Accusative of 
 
 1 Flickinger, R. C, The Accusative of Exclamation in Plautus and Terence, Am. 
 Journ. Phil., xxix, 303 ft. 
 
254 The Accusative. 
 
 Exclamation ; Aul. 704, o lepidum diem ! Bacch. 136, o praeligatum 
 pectus ! M. G. 725 ; o lepidum caput ! so Ad. 966 ; Af ran. 52 ; Most. 
 55, o carnuficium cribrum ! Bacch. 759, o imperatorem probum ! 
 Cas. 842 ; Men. 640, o bominem malum ! Men. 1004, o facinus in- 
 dignum et malum; so Hec. 376; Eun. 70, o indignum facinus! 
 Ad. 173 ; Most. 1071, o mortalem malum ! Pseud. 734, o bominem 
 opportunum mini ! 931, o bominem lepidum ! Bud. 393 ; M. G. 649 ; 
 Pacuv. 308 ; And. 401, o facinus audax ! so Pbor. 233 ; And. 767, o 
 facinus animadvortendum ! 769, o bominem audacem ! Eun. 296 ; 
 531; Ad. 183; 304; And. 876, o ingentem confidentiam ! 948; 
 956; H. T. 313; Eun. 298; 365; 709; Pbor. 360, o audaciam ! 
 559, o lepidum! Ad. 228, o scelera! Lucil. 9 (Mx), o curas ho- 
 minum ! Ace. 80, o dirumque bostificumque diem ! o vim torvam 
 aspecti ; Afran. 66, o diem scelerosum, indignum ! 185, o sacrum 
 scurram (succurram codd) et malum ! With o, a large proportion of 
 the adjectives follow the noun. 
 
 heu : Aul. 721, heu me miserum ! so Merc. 624 ; Enn. Trag. 164 
 (Sc V 202); Pacuv. 264; Ace. 346; Afran. 408; And. 646; Hec. 
 271 ; Turp. 117, beu me infelicem ; Hec. 282. — Eheu : Hec. 74. 
 
 eugae : Bacch. 991, eugae litteras minutas ! 
 
 vah : And. 589, vah, callidum consilium (possibly nominative ?) ! 
 (b) Without any Interjection : this type is mucb less frequent ; as 
 Elickinger, op. cit. p. 308, well observes, it is difficult to draw a 
 sharp line between genuine accusatives of exclamation and those 
 accusatives which are felt as more or less dependent on some verb 
 naturally supplied in thought from the context. The following 
 seem to be the surest examples of the usage : Capt. 612, quid 
 si adeam hunc ? : : nugas ! so Most. 1087; Persa, 718, quo sequar ? in 
 Persas ? nugas ! Ampb. 1056, me miseram ; so Most. 739 ; Pacuv. 
 134 ; especially common in Terence, being the chief type of accusa- 
 tive of exclamation in that author, as : And. 240 ; 788 ; 882 ; H. T. 
 1029; Eun. 81; et pass. (Flickinger, op. cit. p. 312); Turp. 196, 
 me miseram ! quid agam ! Afran. 312 ; Bacch. 1178, lepidum te ! 
 Asin. 802, pulchre scripsti ; scitum syngraphum ! 931, bellum filium ! 
 Aul. 784, repudium, rebus paratis ! Most. 908, quoiusmodi gynae- 
 ceum ? quid porticum ? : : insanum bonam ! Pseud. 366, cantores 
 probos ! Bacch. 455, fortunatum Nicobulum ! Men. 713 ; Pseud. 
 
Accusative in Exclamations. 255 
 
 435, lepidum senem ! Stich. 570 ; Trin. 936 ; Enn. Trag. (Sc 166 V), 
 certe Eurypylus hie quidem est : hominem exercitum ! Eun. 590, 
 quern deum ! Ad. 304, hocine saeclum ; And. 144, venit Chremes 
 ad me clamitans : indignum f acinus ! (subject of esse understood ?) ; 
 868, o Chremes, pietatem gnati ! 371, ridiculum caput ! H. T. 530, 
 hominem pistrino dignum! Phor. 134, iocularem audaciam! 259, 
 artificem probum ! Eun. 806, os durum ! 
 
 A few instances of the construction occur in connection with some 
 miscellaneous oaths : Capt. 418, di vostram fidem, hominum inge- 
 nium liberale ! Most. 206, pro di immortales, mulierem lepidam et 
 pudico ingenio ! similarly, Trin. 501 ; 1024, ita me di ament, graphi- 
 cum furem ! Eun. 418, di vostram fidem, hominem perditum 
 miserumque et ilium sacrilegum ; 943, pro deum fidem, facinus 
 foedum; Phor. 1008, pro di immortales, facinus miserandum et 
 malum ! Ace. 339 ; Ad. 366, pro Iupiter, hominis stultitiam ! 447 ; 
 757, O Iupiter, hancine vitam ; hoscin mores ! hanc dementiam ! 
 
 Uncertainty exists concerning the nature of the accusative with 
 pro. In And. 237, and elsewhere (e.g. Enn. Sat. V 18 ; Ad. 746) 
 we find pro deum fidem; in Stat. 211, we have pro deum imploro 
 fidem, suggesting that fidem in this usage may be the result of ellip- 
 sis. So with di vostram fidem (e.g. Stat. 269). In the case of malum 
 in such expressions as B,ud. 945, quid tu, malum, nam me retrains ? 
 Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 138, explains malum as for malum 
 tibi sit, but this is far from certain. A fantastic theory of malum is 
 offered by Breal, Eevue de Philologie, xxxvi, p. 29. 
 
 In comparing the usage of Plautus and Terence, " the first notable 
 fact ... is the increase of the frequency of the construction in Terence. 
 . . . The next point to notice is that the construction no longer has 
 the plasticity that characterized it in Plautus. All the other inter- 
 jections have disappeared or shrivelled into insignificance before the 
 on-sweep of o. . . . Even the use without an interjection has been 
 restricted to almost a single form, me miserum 1 The personal pro- 
 nouns alone are invincible and are never found with o. In a single 
 particular has the construction become more elastic than in Plautus, 
 viz. in the matter of word order. We have seen that in Plautus, 
 when no interjection is used, the modifiers usually precede their 
 nouns, and that they usually follow their nouns, when an interjec- 
 
256 The Accusative. 
 
 tion other than o is employed, while with o the word order is not 
 fixed. It naturally follows that the triumph of the o category 
 brought with it the triumph of a free word order." (Flickinger, 
 op. cit. p. 314 f.) 
 
 As regards the origin of the accusative of exclamation, it is pos- 
 sible that it began in cases where the accusative was dependent on 
 some verb understood, e.g. Rud. 1322, quid dare velis qui istaec 
 tibi investiget indicetque ? 
 
 eloquere propere celeriter. : : nummos trecentos. : : tricas. 
 
 : : quadringentos. : : tramas putidas. : : quingentos. : : cassam 
 glandem. 
 
 : : sescentos. : : curculiunculos minutos fabulare. 
 Here it is suggested by Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 30 (cf. 
 Flickinger, op. cit. p. 307) that tricas, tramas putidas, cassam glan- 
 dem, etc., are dependent on a fabulare understood. This example is 
 far from convincing, as fabulare does not come in till late in the 
 passage ; but examples like Cas. 319, quam tu mi uxorem ? Stich- 
 118, hau male istuc (sc. dixisti) are sufficiently close to exclamatory 
 value to carry weight in support of the theory. Flickinger (op. cit. 
 p. 307) suggests that another factor may be found in the use of the 
 accusative as a quoted case, as Capt. 450, eadem opera a praetore 
 sumam syngraphum. : : quern syngraphum ? : quern hie f erat secum 
 ad legionem ; Poen. 848, 
 
 erus nequivit propitiare Venerem suo festo die. : : lepidam 
 Venerem ! : : nam meretrices nostrae primis hostiis Venerem 
 placuere extemplo. : : o lepidam Venerem ! 
 
 But examples of this sort are few, and we find several examples 
 of quoted genitives and datives. The elliptical theory of origin, 
 therefore, while sufficiently plausible in itself and probably worthy 
 of provisional acceptance, cannot be regarded as proved by the 
 extant literature. The idiom doubtless arose long before the begin- 
 ning of the literary period. 
 
 Under the head of Accusative of Exclamation, it seems best to 
 bring also the accusative with em, ecce, eccum, eccam, eccillam, 
 etc. 
 
Accusative in Exclamations. 257 
 
 The accusative with em : l As already indicated (p. 147), em is by 
 origin the apocopated imperative of emo, in its primitive sense of 
 ' take.' The accusative, accordingly, was at the outset the object of 
 era. Still it seems probable that already by Plautus's day the 
 Romans had lost consciousness of this relationship. This is indi- 
 cated by the employment of em in other connections ; e.g. Am ph. 307, 
 em nunciam ergo; Hec. 63, em, duxit. The chief examples of it 
 •with the accusative are : Asin. 880, em tibi hominem ! so Capt. 373 ; 
 Amph. 778, em tibi pateram ; Eud. 463, em tibi aquam ! Pseud. 754, 
 em tibi omnem fabulam ! True. 952, em tibi talentum argenti ! Stich. 
 728, em tibi hoc primum omnium ! M. G. 1312, em hominem tibi qui 
 a matre venit ; Trin. 185, em mea malefacta, em meam avaritiam ! 
 Poen. 382, em voluptatem tibi ; em mel ; em cor ; em labellum ; em 
 saluteni ; em savium ! Asin. 431, em ergo hoc tibi ! Capt. 859, cedo 
 manum ! : : em manum ! Poen. 207, em amores tuos, si vis spec- 
 tare ! Eun. 459, em alterum ! 472, em Eunuchum ! And. 604, em 
 astutias ! 785, em scelera ! 842, em Davom tibi ! 
 
 The accusative with ecce: 1 e.g. Cist. 283, ecce me; so Epid. 680; 
 Merc. 132 ; M. G. 663 ; Pers. 726 ; Eud. 241, ecce me ; Cas. 305, ecce 
 me nullum senem ; M. G. 611, ecce nos tibi oboedientis ! Trin. 1013, 
 ecce hominem te, Stasime, nihili ! Poen. 352, ecce odium meum ! 
 Eud. 1178, ecce Gripi scelera! Men. 784, ecce autem litigium! Ad. 
 995, ecce me ! 
 
 Accusative with eccum, eccam, eccilhim, etc. : 2 most of these are ex- 
 tremely frequent : 
 
 eccum : e.g. Aul. 712, attat eccum ipsum ! Pers. 739, atque optume 
 eccum ipsum ante aedis ! Aul. 536 ; Capt. 169 ; Stich. 270 ; with a 
 verb in the 3d singular: Amph. 1005, sed eccum Amphitruonem, 
 advenit ; so Cure. 676 ; M. G. 1290 ; et pass. ; Eun. 304, sed eccum 
 Parmenonem! Ad. 792, eccum, adest communis corruptela! Phor. 
 484; Pacuv. 238, atque eccum in ipso tempore ostentum senem! 
 Titin. 64, et commode eccum exit. 
 
 eccam: e.g. Amph. 778, em tibi pateram; eccam! Cas. 541, sed 
 eccam; opino, arcessit; M. G. 330; Pers. 226; Cist. 743, salvam 
 
 1 Richter, Studemund's Studien, i, 474 fi. ; KShler, Archiv fur lat. Lezikogr. vi, 
 25 fi . ; Skutsch, Aichiv, xi, 429 f . ; Maurenbrecher, ibid. 579 f. 
 
 2 Bach, Studemund's Studien, ii, p. 413 ff . ; KShler, Archiv fiir lat. Lexikogr, v, 16 ft. 
 
258 The Accusative. 
 
 eccam ! so Epid. 563 ; True. 575, attat ! eccam adest propinque F 
 Eun. 738, sed eccam ipsam. 
 
 eccillum, eccillam, eccillud : e.g. Aul. 781, immo eccillam domi ! 
 so Stich. 536 ; Bud. 576, tegillum eccillud, mini unum id aret. 
 
 eccos, eccas : e.g. Aul. 641, em tibi, ostendi ; eccas ! Bacch. 568, 
 duas ergo hie intus eccas Bacchides ; 1166 ; End. 663 ; M. G. 1310, 
 eccos exeunt; Pacuv. 107, atque eccos unde certiscent; Ace. 69, 
 atque eccos segnis somno ; Af ran. 235, sed eccos ambos ! 
 
 ellum (= en ilium), ellam: e.g. Bacch. 938, ellum non in busto 
 Achilli, sed in lecto accubat; And. 855, ellum, confidens, catus; 
 Ad. 260, Aeschinus ubist ? : : ellum, te exspectat domi ; 389, ellam 
 intus ! 
 
 SPECIAL IDIOMATIC USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE — ID GENUS 
 MEAM VICEM, MEAM PARTEM, etc. 1 
 
 id genus : 2 Lucil. 408 (Mx), iaciendum hue aggerem et id genus 
 nidus ; 468, lucifugus, nebulo id genus sane (Mx punctuates nebulo, 
 id genus) ; 1076, pulmentaria, ut intubus aut aliquae id genus herba. 
 
 quod genus : Cato, Agr. 40, 3, capito surculum, quod genus inse- 
 rere voles ; 41, 3, duos surculos vitigineos, quod genus esse voles . . . 
 artito ! 42, quod genus aut ficum aut oleam esse voles, inde librum 
 scalpro eximito (bis) ; Lucil. 144 (Mx), crebrae ut scintillae, in 
 stricturis quod genus olim, ferventi ferro ; 534. 
 
 omne genus: Cato, Agr. 8, 2, sub urbe omne genus, coronamenta 
 omne genus, facito ut serantur. 
 
 As Wolfflin, op. cit. p. 397, points out, the construction id genus, 
 quod genus, etc., originated as an appositional expression, a theory- 
 supported by the fact that in the early period it is found only with 
 nominatives and accusatives. It does not appear in our very earli- 
 est Latin, not being found in Plautus, who uses huius modi, quoius 
 modi, instead, e.g. Amph. 938, multa huius modi ; Bacch. 676, eius 
 modi homini; Capt. 1033, huius modi comoedias ; Men. 221, quoius 
 modi homines. 
 
 maxumam, maiorem, partem, etc. : this idiom is also appositional 
 
 1 Mtlller, Syntax des Nominativs und Akkusativs, p. 161 ff. 
 
 2 Wolfflin, Id genus und Verwandtes, Archiv fiir lat. Lexikogr. v, p. 387 S. 
 
Accusative in Special Idioms. 259 
 
 by origin, arising in such combinations as M. G. 93, meretrices 
 maiorem partem videas valgis saviis. Thence by extension it was 
 employed in expressions where it was not appositional, e.g. Poen. 
 413, maiorem partem in ore habitas meo ; Pseud. 1322, nonne audes 
 aliquam partem mihi gratiam facere hinc de argento ? M. G. 645, 
 orationis iustam partem persequi et meam partem tacere ; Ad. 116, 
 illi maxumam partem fero ; 130, curemus aequam uterque partem. 
 
 virile secus, sexus : Sempronius Asellio, p. 110, 20 (Peter), eum, 
 quern virile secus turn in eo tempore habebat ; Pud. 107, virile sexus ' 
 numquam ullum habui, cited by Priscian, i, 162, as illustrating the 
 neuter use of sexus. This construction also is apparently appositional. 
 
 meam vicem, etc. . the origin of this idiom is probably to be 
 found in the appositional and predicate use, e.g. Capt. 397, ut eum 
 Temittat nostrum amborum vicem ; M. G. 150, duarum vicem, mulier 
 feret imaginem ; Most. 355, qui hodie excruciari meam vicem possit 
 pati. Prom combinations like these the usage was extended to ex- 
 pressions like Amph. 334, metuo vocis ne vicem hie vapulem ; Capt. 
 526, quin oppetam pestem eri vicem ; Most. 1145, fac ut meam timeas 
 vicem ; Pud. 814, respondetote istinc istarum vicem ; True. 158, male 
 quae in nos ais, ea omnia tibi dicis, et nostram et illorum vicem ; 
 H. T. 749, ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem miseret me. 
 
 hoc aetatis, id aetatis, etc. : Asin. 71, neque eum puduit id aetatis 
 sycophantias struere ; Bacch. 343, ne navigarem tandem hoc aetatis 
 senex ; 1090, hocine aetatis ludos bis factum esse indigne ! so 1100 ; 
 Trin. 787, quamquam hoc me aetatis sycophantari pudet ; M. G. 659, 
 at quidem illuc aetatis qui sit non invenies alteram lepidiorem ; 618, 
 me tibi istuc aetatis homini facinora puerilia obicere ; H. T. 110, 
 istuc aetatis amori operam dabam ; Merc. 290, quid tibi ego aetatis 
 videor ? Pers. 276, scio ego quid sim aetatis ; Amph. 154, qui hoc 
 noctis solus ambulem ; so 164a ; 292 ; 310 ; Cure. 1 ; Cato, Agr. 17, 1, 
 id semen de cupresso, de pino quidvis anni legere possis ; item quid- 
 vis anni matura est. 
 
 The origin of this usage is not clear. 
 
 A special use of id, ' on this account,' occurs in a few instances : 
 And. 162, magis id adeo mihi ut incommodet; 414, id propterea 
 
 1 Leo suggests that the reading should be virili' sexus. 
 
260 The Accusative. 
 
 nunc nunc venientem sequor ; Hec. 368, laetae exclamant, ' venit,' id 
 quod me aspexerat. This usage is likewise obscure in origin. Possi- 
 bly it had its source in those cases where id, as Accusative of Inner 
 Object, secondarily developed the force of ' on this account,' e.g. 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 25, 5, idne irascimini ? Amph. 909, id hue revorti ; 
 M. G. 1158, id nos ad te venimus; Eun. 1005, nunc id prodeo ut 
 conveniam Parmenonem. 
 
 In Enn. Ann. 527 (V), turn tonuit laevom, laevom, is by some re- 
 garded as an accusative. It is more naturally taken as the sub- 
 ject of tonuit. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE IN 'CONSTRUCTIO AD SENSUM.' 
 
 animum adicio: Merc. 334, ne hie illam me animum adiecisse 
 aliqua sentiat. 
 
 animum advorto : Capt. 329, nunc hoc animum advorte ; so 
 Cure. 270; 701; M. G. 766; Pers. 116; Pseud. 152; Trin. 66; 
 1046, nonne hoc publice animum advorti ! Epid. 215, id adeo qui 
 maxume animum advorterim ? Pseud. 143, hanc edictionem nisi 
 animum advortetis ; And. 156, ea primum ab illo animum advorten- 
 dast iniuria ; 767, facinus animum advortendum ! Phor. 468, alios 
 tuam rem credidisti animum advorsuros ? 
 
 auctor est : Cist. 249, quid auctor nunc mihi es ? so Poen. 410 ; 
 721 ; Pseud. 1166 ; Ad. 939, idne estis auctores mihi ? 
 
 compotem facio : Capt. 217, ea facitis nos compotes. 
 
 curam do : Stich. 681, ceterum ego curam do. 
 
 operam do : Aul. 199, da mi operam id quod volo ; True. 15, 
 relicuom dat operam, — ne sit relicuom ; And. 157, nunc id operam 
 do ; so 307 ; Hec. 408, hunc (sc. amorem) operam dabo ; Lucil. 634 
 (Mx), primum id dant operam. 
 
 manum inicio : Pers. 70, ubi quadruplator quempiam (quoipiam 
 Acidal) iniexit manum, tantidem ille illi (ilium Bothe) rusus iniciat 
 manum ; True. 762, postid ego te manum iniciam quadrupli. Mtiller, 
 Akkusativ, p. 131, 145, rejects the accusative in both these passages, 
 and reads the dative. 
 
 obnoxius sum : Poen. 518, nee tibi obnoxii (obnixii codd ; obnixi 
 G & S) istuc quid tu ames aut oderis. 
 
Miscellaneous and Hare Constructions. 261 
 
 amore perdita est : Cist. 132, contra amore eum haec perditast ; so 
 M. G. 1253. 
 
 ad pactionem adire ; Aul. 201, earn rem mecum adire ad pactionem. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE DEPENDENT ON A VERB UNDERSTOOD.! 
 
 In many instances we have an accusative dependent upon a verb 
 (usually quite indefinite) understood. It is unnecessary to give 
 complete material under this head. Examples are : Amph. 320, 
 ultro istunc ! Capt. 551, ultro istum a me ! Epid. 572, quam meam 
 matrem ? 20, quid erilis noster filius ? Poen. 702, quid multa verba ? 
 And. 747, quor tu hie me solam ? 
 
 Of a similar nature are the accusatives called by Schondorffer, De 
 genuina Catonis de Agricultura libri forma, p. 8, Accusatives Abso- 
 lute : Cato, Agr. 10, 1, quo modo oletum agri iugera ccxl instruere 
 oporteat : vilicum, vilicam, operarios, etc. ; 11, 1 ; 12, in torcularium 
 quae opus sunt, vasis quinis prela temperata v, supervacanea iii, 
 suculas v, etc. ; 13, 2 ; 135, Romae tunicas, togas, saga, centones, 
 sculponeas ; Calibus et Minturnis cuculliones, ferramenta, falces, 
 palas, etc. Eurther examples in Schondorffer, p. 9. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS AND RARE CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 Accusative Dependent Upon Passive Impersonals. 
 
 We perhaps have an instance of this in M. G. 24, epityra estur 
 insanum bene ; cf. Enn. Trag. 190 (Sc V. 241), inceste errat animus, 
 praeter propter vitam vivitur ; Turp. 179, disperii misera : uterum 
 craciatur mihi. 
 
 Accusative as Object of the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. 
 
 We have a solitary instance of this in Trin. 869, hac noctu agitan- 
 dumst vigilias. 
 
 Accusativus Graecus. 
 
 An instance of this construction, so common later, seems to occur 
 in Enn. Ann. 311 (V), perculsi peetora Poeni. I regard this as a 
 i MUller, Akkusativ, p. 160. 
 
262 The Accusative. 
 
 Grecism. The observation of Frobenius (Syntax des Ennius, p. 25) 
 to the contrary is purely arbitrary. In Greek the construction 
 probably arose as an extension of partitive apposition, i.e. fiifi\r)Ta.t. 
 cKeij/os vir ipov tovs cS/xous, after the analogy of (HiftX-qica. ckcIvov tovs 
 wjaovs ; see Brugmann, Indog. Forsch. xxvii (1910), pp. 121 ff. ; 
 Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 639. 
 
 Accusative with Interjections. 
 
 This usage appears in Asin. 481, vae te ; Stich. 709, bene vos ! 
 bene nos ! bene te ! bene me ! bene nostram Stephanium ! Bene 
 here is virtually an interjection. 1 For bene with the dative, see p. 188. 
 
 Under this head may be put also the use of the accusative with 
 apage : e.g. Pseud. 653, apage te ; so Trin. 258 ; 266 ; Cas. 459 ; 
 Amph. 580; Eun. 905; Cure. 598, apage istanc caniculam; Merc. 
 144, apage istius modi salutem ! Most. 816a, apage istunc perduc- 
 torem ! It seems likely that to the Roman consciousness apage was 
 no longer felt as a verb, but merely as an interjection. By origin, 
 of course, the accusative was a direct object, but apage is freely 
 used alone in expressions like apage a me, apage sis, indicating 
 that it had become reduced to the value of a mere particle ; cf. also 
 Trin. 537, apage a me isfrum agrum. 
 
 The material under this head has been separated from that treated 
 under the Accusative in Exclamations, since here the accusative seems 
 directly governed by the interjection itself. 
 
 Accusative Instead of Ablative with Comparatives. 
 
 We have instances of this usage in H. T. 451, ancillas secum 
 adduxit plus x ; Ad. 199, plus D colaphos infregit mihi ; CIL, i, 
 200, 14, pequdes maiores non plus x pascet ; ibid, iugra non amplius 
 xxx possidebit: 200, 60; Cato, Agr. 150, 2, agnos xxx ne amplius 
 promittat ; 49, 1, binas gemmas ne amplius relinquito ! See also 
 p. 296. 
 
 For plus, minus, etc. with comparatives in expressions of time 
 and place, see p. 228 ; 230. 
 
 1 Kuhner-Stegmann, Ausf. lat. Granim. ii, p. 274, say, "diese Ausdrucksweise ist 
 obne Zweifel enstanden aus bene valere te iubeo." But I cannot find that this ex- 
 pression occurred in Plautine Latin. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 THE VOCATIVE. 1 
 
 The Vocative is not merely the case of address; it is also the 
 case of vituperation, of endearment, and occasionally of exclamation. 
 
 In the Early period (as also later) we find the nominative singular 
 of o-stems used with some frequency instead of the vocative. This is 
 particularly common where the substantive is limited by meus, 
 especially in the phrases meus oculus, meus ocellus. Examples: 
 
 Amph. 857, abin a me, dignus domino servos ? Asin. 655, custos 
 erilis, thensaurus copiarum, salus interior corporis amorisque 
 imperator; 664, da, meus ocellus, mea rosa, mi anime; 691, mi 
 Libane, ocellus aureus, donum decusque amoris; Most. 325, o — o — 
 ocellus meus ; Poen. 366, meus ocellus ; 367, meus molliculus caseus ; 
 Cist. 53, quid tu, meus oculus, mea Selenium ? Most. 311, eugae, 
 oculus meus ! Pers. 765, sed amabo, oculus meus ; Stich. 764, meus 
 oculus, da mihi savium ; Cas. 137, sine amari te, meus festus dies, 
 meus pullus passer, mea columba, mi lepus ; Eun. 560, o festus dies, 
 o meus amicus (hominis amice codd) Bacch. 18, mel meum, 
 suavitudo, cibus, gaudium ; Aul. 648, vah, scelestus, quam benigne ! 
 Capt. 870, abi, stultus ! True. 945, tu vapula, vir strenuos. Most. 
 1135, sometimes read, quid confugisti in aram, inscitissumus ? is 
 punctuated by Lindsay and Leo quid ... in aram ? : : inscitissu- 
 mus adveniens perterruit me. As Perger, op. cit. p. 6, observes, 
 inscitissumus can hardly be for the vocative, as elsewhere Plautus 
 uses the forms in -e for the vocative of superlatives ; cf . also Wack- 
 ernagel, op. cit. p. 152. 
 
 As to the significance of this usage of the nominative form in 
 vocative function, it has been held by certain grammarians that the 
 
 1 Ferger, W., De Vocativi usu Plautino Terentianoque, Strassburg, 1889; Del- 
 briick, Vgl. Synt, i, p. 397 f . ; Skutsch, Archiv f iir lat. Lexikogr. xv, p. 41 fE. ; 
 Wackernagel, Melanges de Saussure, p. 151 ft.; Kuhner-Stegmann, Auaf. lat. 
 Gramm. ii, p. 255 t. ; Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus, p. 31 ff. ; C. F. W. Muller, Syntax 
 des Nominativs und Akkusativs im Lat. p. 2 ff. 
 
 263 
 
264 The Vocative. 
 
 nominative is more formal and impressive. But it is difficult to 
 gather this from the material in Early Latin cited above, while, as 
 pointed out by Delbrtick, op. cit. p. 398, in Polish exactly the re- 
 verse is true, i.e. the nominative is the more familiar form of 
 address. 
 
 Concerning the origin of the usage, Skutsch, op. cit. p. 42, sug- 
 gests that owing to the formal agreement of nominative and vocative 
 in all nouns except o-stems, a formal identity tended to manifest it- 
 self here also. Different is the view of Wackernagel, who, op. cit. 
 p. 152, calls attention to the absence in Greek of the form Ipi as the 
 vocative of e/xo's, and in Latin of the vocative singular masculine of 
 mens. The form mi is held by Wackernagel to be a Sympathetic 
 Dative (p. 134). In Latin two alternatives existed from time im- 
 memorial; 1) meus oculus; 2) miocule; i.e. if the possessive pronoun 
 were used, the form was meus and the substantive took the same 
 form. For the alternation of the possessive pronoun with the Sym- 
 pathetic Dative as a general feature of Latin (it is also Indo-Euro- 
 pean), see p. 144. I regard Wackernagel's theory as much more 
 plausible than that of Skutsch. 
 
 The remainder of the material coming under the head of the Voc- 
 ative I have grouped under four subdivisions corresponding to the 
 four logical values expressed by the case as above enumerated : True 
 Vocatives; Exclamations; Expressions of Endearment; Vitupera- 
 tives. 
 
 I. True Vocatives. 
 
 In these the vocative serves simply to indicate the identity of the 
 person addressed. The use is very frequent in Early Latin. It 
 occurs both with and without a preceding interjection. A special 
 class consists of vocatives limited by mi (meet), noster. 
 
 1. Without Interjection. 
 
 a) An unmodified noun or pronoun. Commonest are proper 
 names, e.g. Asin. 677, cape hoc sis, Libane. Expressions of this sort 
 are so frequent as to call for no extended illustration. They are 
 found on every page of the early dramatists. Occasionally we find 
 the vocative repeated, e.g. Cure 166, Palinure, Palinure; M. G. 313, 
 Sceledre, Sceledre ; Most. 373, Callidamates, Callidamates ; H. T. 
 
True Vocatives. 265 
 
 348, Syre, Syre; Afran. 193, puere, puere. Such repetitions evi- 
 dently indicate special emotion. Sometimes two persons are simul- 
 taneously addressed, e.g. Eud. 512, Palaestra atque Ampelisca; but 
 instances of that sort are rare. Other examples are : 
 
 adulescens : Aul. 735, quid ego demerui, adulescens ? so Cist. 
 731; Cure. 399; et pass.; adulescentes, Merc. 1025. 
 
 adulescentula : Rud. 416, salveto adulescentula. 
 
 advocati: Poen. 767, mementote illuc, advocati; so 806. 
 
 agricolae : Rud. 615, vostram imploro fidem, agricolae. 
 
 alumnule : Merc. 809, salve, alumnule (alumne codd). 
 
 ambo : Rud. 103, pater salveto, amboque adeo. 
 
 arnica : True. 920, ades, arnica. 
 
 amici : Rud. 93, eo vos, amici, detinui. 
 
 anime : Ace. 489, iuve nunc, anime (animo codd) ruspari Phrygas ! 
 
 architecte : M. G. 902, salve architecte. 
 
 aula : Aul. 580, ne tu, aula, inimicos habes ; so 583. 
 
 cives : Merc. 866, cives, bene valete ; so Enn. Var. 16 (V). 
 
 comites : Cas. 165, sequimini, comites. 
 
 compedes : Capt. 651, quid cessatis, compedes ? 
 
 di : Rud. 1298, di, quaeso, subvenite ; Capt. 418, di, vostram fi- 
 dem ; so frequently. 
 
 equi: Men. 866, agite, equi. 
 
 ere : Aul. 821, repperi, ere, divitias ; so Bacch. 905 ; et pass. 
 
 filia: Men. 822, concede hue, filia. 
 
 f rater: Epid. 649, salve, f rater ; so frequently. 
 
 gnate : Pacuv. 283, gnate (gnato codd), ordinem omnem enoda 
 patri; so 400. 
 
 homo : Cas. 266, tibi, homo, malam rem quaeris. 
 
 hospes : M. G. 635, immo, hospes ; so 738 ; 746 ; et pass. ; hospites, 
 Poen. 678. 
 
 imperator: M. G. 1160, impetrabis, imperator. 
 
 leno: Cure. 455, leno, salve! so 715; and frequently. 
 
 lenulle : Poen. 470, ut occepi dicere, lenulle. 
 
 lux : M. G. 1344, lux, salve. 
 
 mare: Trin. 1070, mare, terra, caelum, di vostram fidem! 
 
 mater : Aul. 682, dixi tibi, mater ; so Asin. 511 ; et pass. 
 
 medice : Men. 946, opsecro, hercle, medice. 
 
266 The Vocative. 
 
 miles : Cure. 663, istanc desponde huic, miles ; so 672 ; et pass. 
 
 Mors : Cist. 639, recipe me ad te, Mors. 
 
 mulier : Cas. 212, i foras, mulier ; so Bacch. 52 ; 92 ; and fre- 
 quently ; mulieres, Poen. 1251 ; et pass. 
 
 myropola : Cas. 238, te Mercurius perdat, myropola. 
 
 nauta : M. G. 1335, labra auf er, nauta. 
 
 pater: Bacch. 1007, ad te in conspectum, pater; so Epid. 593; 
 and frequently. 
 
 patrone : Most. 746, patrone, salve ! so Men. 1032. 
 
 patrue : Poen. 1155, audin tu, patrue ? so 1160 ; et pass. 
 
 pedisequi : Poen. 41, in popinam, pedisequi, inruptionem facite ! 
 
 praeco : Poen. 11, exsurge, praeco ! 
 
 provocator : True. 954, solve sonam, provocator ! 
 
 puella : Bud. 263, salvete, puellae ! 1148, et pass. 
 
 puere : Bacch. 577, tu dudum, puere, cum iliac Isti ; so Merc. 912 ; 
 922; 930; Most. 843; 947; 949; 965; 990; 991; Stat. 100, age i, 
 puere ; Af ran. 193, puere, puere ; Eun. 624 ; Hec. 719 ; and fre- 
 quently. 
 
 rivalis : Naev. Com. 41, rivalis, salve ! 
 
 satelles : M. G. 78, sequimini, satellites ! 
 
 senex : Aul. 631, quid tibi mecum commerci, senex ? so Epid. 491 ; 
 and frequently. 
 
 servi : Capt. 456, servate istum, servi! so 919; Cist. 649 ; et pass. 
 
 soror : Bacch. 36, facito ut subvenias, soror ! so Poen. 233 ; and 
 frequently. 
 
 spectatores : Bacch. 1072, sed spectatores, vos nunc ne miremini ! 
 so 1211 ; and frequently. 
 
 testes : Poen. 711, quid voltis, testes ? 
 
 tibicen : Cas. 798, age, tibicen ! so Stich. 715 ; et pass. 
 
 tu : Stich. 622, eamus, tu ! So with great frequency. 
 
 turanne : Pseud. 703, io te, te, turanne, te, qui imperitas Pseudolo. 
 
 uxor : Cas. 412, age, uxor, nunciam ; 780 ; Men. 638 ; and fre- 
 quently. 
 
 vicine : Merc. 793, te, vicine, di perduint ; so M. G. 496 ; et pass. 
 
 vidule : Rud. 1360, salve vidule. 
 
 virgo : Pers. 336, venibis tu, virgo ; so 617 ; et pass. 
 
 vos : Stich. 93, vos sedete ; so frequently. 
 
True Vocatives. 267 
 
 b) An adjective or participle used substantively, e.g. : Cure. 149, 
 gerite mini morem, amoenissumi ! Cas. 854, i belle, belliatula ! 
 Pseud. 1143, chlamydate, cave sis infortunium ! Rud. 465, ubi tu 
 es, delicata ? Men. 1132, o salve, insperate ! Most. 346, mea, sic sine 
 eumpse ! Enn. Ann. 491 (V), optima caelicolum, Saturnia, magna 
 dearum ; Poen. 1410, ego, Poene ! 1268, sperate, salve ! Cure. 392, 
 unocule, salve! 
 
 c) A vocative modified (by an adjective, dependent genitive, 
 appositive, etc.), e.g. : 
 
 adulescens : Bacch. 65, quid ego metuam, adulescens homo ? 
 
 amicissume : Most. 340, salve, amicissume mi omnium hominum. 
 
 anus : Cure. 120, em tibi, anus lepida ! 
 
 Apollo : Turp. 118, te, Apollo sancte, fer opem teque, omnipotens 
 Neptune, invoco ; Bacch. 172, vicine Apollo. 
 
 cives : Men. 1000, Epidamnienses, subvenite, cives ; so 1004 ; et pass. 
 
 conservi : M. G. 1340, conservi conservaeque omnes, bene valete. 
 
 corpora : Enn. Trag. 235 (Sc 282 V), salvete, optuma corpora. 
 
 custos : Phor. 287, bone custos, salve, columen f amiliae ! 
 
 di deaeque : Poen. 1274, di deaeque omnes, vobis habeo gratias ; 
 Merc. 834, di penates, Lar pater, vobis mando. 
 
 fores : Cure. 88, agite, bibite, festivae fores ! 
 
 fures : Eud. 310, salvete, fures maritumi, conchitae atque hamio- 
 tae, f amelica hominum natio ! 
 
 gemini : Pacuv. 20, salvete, gemini, mea propages sanguinis. 
 
 gnate : Poen. 1196, quid est, fratris mei gnate ? 
 
 homo : Men. 148, dico, " homo lepidissume . . . atque hilaris- 
 sume ! " Cure. 120a ; Eun. 239, homo ignavissume ! Ad. 218, homi- 
 num homo stultissume ! 
 
 Ilia : Enn. Ann. 55 (V), Ilia dia nepos ! 
 
 iudices : Capt. 67, valete, iudices iustissumi domi, duellique duel- 
 latores optumi. 
 
 Iuppiter : Poen. 1163, magne Iuppiter, restitue mi nunc opes ; so 
 Eun. 709 ; Amph. 933, summe Iuppiter, quaeso ; Capt. 768, Iuppiter 
 supreme, servas me ; so Men. 1114. 
 
 Lares : Merc. 864, invoco vos, Lares viales. 
 
 legiones : Plaut. fr. 77, sequimini, omnes legiones Lavernae. 
 
 liberta : Pers. 798, at, bona liberta, haec scivisti ? 
 
268- The Vocative. 
 
 limen : Merc. 830, limen superum inferumque, salve ! 
 
 loca : Enn. Trag. 71 (Sc 107 V), loca, salvete, inf era. 
 
 Marce : Cato, fr. (Jord), 80, 1, Marce fili. 
 
 nate : Pseud. 243, he-die nate, heus, hodie nate, tibi ego dico, heus 
 hodie nate. 
 
 nupta : Cas. 815, attolle pedes, nova nupta ! 
 
 Paegnium : Pers. 204, Paegnium, deliciae pueri, salve ! 
 
 Pamphilippe : Stich. 583, sperate Pamphilippe. 
 
 pater : Poen. 1259, salve, insperate nobis pater, cupite et exspec- 
 tate pater, salve ! Ad. 911, pater lepidissume ; Enn. Ann. 54 (V), 
 pater Tiberine ; 192. 
 
 patria : Bacch. 170, erilis patria, salve ! 
 
 pedes : Men. 350, adservatote baec, navales pedes ! 
 
 Philocrates : Capt. 609, te, Pbilocrates false, faciam lit. 
 
 Phoenicium : Pseud. 227, Phoenicium, tibi loquor, deliciae sum- 
 matum virum. 
 
 praesides : Pud. 1050, ite domum, ambo ex praesidio praesides ! 
 
 prognata : Enn. Ann. 37 (V), Eurydica prognata. 
 
 Quirine : Enn. Ann. 117 (V), Quirine pater ! 
 
 senex : Bacch. 1170, senex optuine quantumst in terra. 
 
 Spes : Pud. 231, Spes bona ; Cist. 670, Spes mihi sancta subveni ! 
 
 Stephaniscidium : Stich. 739, Stephaniscidium, mel meum. 
 
 urbicape : M. G. 1055, expromo benignum ingenium, urbicape, 
 occisor regum. 
 
 Venus : Pud. 694, Venus alma ; 1338, V. Cyrenensis ; Cure. 196. 
 
 vir : M. G. 1382, salve, vir lepidissume ! 
 
 2. Vocative with interjections. The vocative is employed with a 
 great variety of interjections, especially heus, o, eho. Under o, I have 
 divided the material into general subdivisions, according as the voca- 
 tive is, or is not, accompanied by mi, mea, noster. 
 
 a) heus: Epid. 1, heus adulescens; so Pseud. 1137; Men. 135; 
 True. 917, heus arnica; Pseud. 1139, heus chlamydate; Pseud. 243, 
 heus, hodie nate, tibi dico, heus, hodie nate ; Men. 378, heus mulier ; 
 Cure. 147, pessuli, heus pessuli, vos saluto ; And. 84, heus puer ; 
 Aul. 456, heus senex ; so Most. 940 ; et pass. ; especially common in 
 the phrases heus tu and heus vos: Bacch. 327, heus tu; so Cure. 516 ; 
 686, heus tu, leno; Pers. 615; 669; 672; Poen. 709, heus tu, 
 
True Vocatives. 269 
 
 egredere; Cure. 185, heus tu inulier; Merc. 800, uxor, heus, uxor; 
 Cas. 165, heus vos ; Most. 939, heus vos, pueri, quid agitis ? 988 ; 
 Pers. 844. Heus occurs most frequently with proper names : Rud. 
 828, heus Ampelisca; Bacch. 1118, heus Bacchis; so Cure. 303; 
 Phor. 847; Poen. 279, Milphio, heus Milphio; Cure. 276, heus, 
 Phaedrome, exi, exi ! M. G. 816 ; Hec. 339 ; Phor. 1037 ; H. T. 348, 
 heus, heus, Syre ! 
 
 b) o : Unaccompanied by mi, mea, noster. 0, as is well recog- 
 nized, is prefixed only in excited address. I first cite examples in 
 which the vocative is repeated : Cure. 626, o cives, cives ! Rud. 1235, 
 o Gripe, Gripe ! Enn. Ann. Ill (V), o Romule, Romule ; And. 282, o 
 Mysis, Mysis ; M. G. 415, Palaestrio, o Palaestrio ; o Sceledre, Sce- 
 ledre ! Rud. 523, o scirpe, scirpe, laudo fortunas tuas ; Eun. 91, o 
 Thais, Thais ; Ad. 256, o f rater, f rater ! Afran. 193, o puere, puere, 
 sene prospicere me mihi. As observed by Ferger, op. cit. p. 24, 
 when the vocative is thus repeated, the interjection usually is not 
 repeated ; yet in Trin. 1094, we have o Callicles, o Callicles, o Calli- 
 cles ! and in Phor. 841, we have o Fortuna, o Fors Fortuna ; in 
 Hec. 856, o Bacchis, o mea Bacchis, servatrix mea: Poen. 1195, o 
 patrue, o patrue mi. The remaining vocatives with o are about 
 evenly distributed between proper and common nouns : Trin. 48, 
 o amice atque aequalis ; Bacch. 149, o barathrum, ubi es ? Ad 790, 
 o caelum, o terra, o maria Neptuni : Enn. Ann. 394 (V), o cives, quae 
 me fortuna contudit ? Enn. Var. 15 (V), aspicite, o cives, Enni for- 
 mam ; Rud. 1052, o ere salve ! Pseud. 1065, o fortunate, cedo manum ! 
 Enn. Ann. 456 (V), o genitor noster, Saturnie, maxime divom ; 45, 
 o gnata ; And. 817, o optume hospes ; Cas. 800, hymen hymenaee, 
 o hymen ; so 808 ; Lucil. 1235 (Mx), o lapathe ; Enn. Trag. 57 (Sc 
 72 V), o lux Troiae, germane Hector ; Pacuv. 177, o flexanima atque 
 omnium regina rerum oratio ; Trin. 589, o pater ; so 1180 ; et pass. ; 
 Enn. Ann. 113 (V), o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum ; Eun. 
 1031, o populares, ecquis me vivit fortunatior ? Enn. Trag. 163 (Sc 
 196 V), o magna templa caelitum ; cf. 347 (388 V). Among proper 
 names we find: Poen. 1271, o Apella, o Zeuxis pietor; Ace. 364, 
 o ingratifici Argivi, inmoenes Grai ; True. 162, o Astaphium ; And. 
 783, o Chremes, per tempus advenis ; Merc. 854 ; Ace. 240 ; Aul. 
 621 ; and many others. 
 
270 The Vocative. 
 
 Accompanied by mi, rnea, noster. To the special emotion indicated 
 by o, mi and mea add an affectionate force. The usage is not particu- 
 larly frequent: Ad. 268, o mi Aeschine; H. T. 406, o mi Clinia; 
 And. 846, o noster Chremes ! Ad. 831, o noster Demea ! Cure. 639, (o) 
 Pietas mea ; H. T. 684, o mi Syre ; Ad. 883, o Syre noster ; Eun. 
 455, o Thais mea ; Poen. 1127, o mi ere, salve, Hanno insperatissume ; 
 so Trin. 1072 ; Eud. 742, o filia mea ; Ad. 269, o mi germane ; Hec. 
 352, o mi gnate ; Poen. 1050, o mi hospes ; Pers. 99, o mi Iuppiter 
 terrestris ; Eud. 1144, o mei parentes ; Ad. 983, o pater mi f estivis- 
 sume ; Poen. 1039, o mi popularis ; Plaut. fr. 86, o amice ex multis 
 mi une, Cephalic 
 
 c) With eho : Stich. 150, eho, Crocotium, i ; And. 791, eho, inepta; 
 Men. 432, eho, Messenio ; And. 748, eho, Mysis ; True. 477, eho, 
 Pithecium ; Pseud. 348, eho, Pseudole ; Hec. 719, eho, puere ; M. G. 
 976, eho tu; Trin. 55, eho tu ; so And. 908; Phor. 384; Hec. 100; 
 Pers. 610, ehodum hue, virgo. 
 
 d) With other interjections. These are sometimes accompanied by 
 mi, mea. 
 
 ah : Bacch. 879, ah, salus mea, servavisti me. 
 
 attatae : Aul. 406, attatae, cives, populares, incolae, advenae, 
 omnes date viam. 
 
 au : Afran. 103, au mi homo ; Ad. 336, au au, mi homo, sanun es ? 
 
 eu : Merc. 601, eu, Charine ; Eun. 154, eu, noster, laudo ; Phor. 
 398, eu, noster, recte. 
 
 edepol : Aul. 254, neque edepol, Megadore, facio ; Eud. 527, edepol 
 Neptune. 
 
 ehem : And. 846, ehem, Simo ; Eun. 651, ehem, Phaedria ; Ad. 901, 
 ehem, pater mi, tu hie eras? And. 686, ehem Pamphile, optume 
 mihi te offers. 
 
 eugae : Pseud. 323, eugae, homo lepidissume ; Trin. 705, eugae, eugae, 
 Lysiteles ; True. 186, eugae, fundi et aedes, per tempus subvenistis. 
 
 heia : Cas. 230, heia, mea Iuno ; Aul. 220, heia, Megadore, haud 
 decorum facinus facis ; Bacch. 408, heia Lyde. 
 
 hem : And. 859, hem, Dromo, Dromo ; Ad. 343, hem, mea Sos- 
 trata, vide quam rem agas. 
 
 pol : And. 817, pol, Crito ; Aul. 543, neque pol, Megadore. 
 
 pro : Eud. 615, pro, Cyrenenses populares ! 
 
True Vocatives. 271 
 
 3. Vocative with mi, mea, vaster (without interjection). The addition 
 of the mi, as already noted, conveys the idea of sympathy and affec- 
 tion, — ' my dear.' Examples are very numerous : M. G. 1054a, mi 
 Achilles, fiat quod te oro; Trin. 1163, salvete, adfines mei; Rud. 
 
 352, inest lepos in nuntio tuo, mea Ampelisca ; so 364 ; 374 ; H. T. 
 381, te, mea Antiphila, laudo ; 398 ; Rud. 463, em tibi aquam, mea tu 
 belliata ; Ad. 353, mea Canthara; Rud. 568, oportet esse hie mulieres, 
 mi Charmides. Many other instances of proper names occur, which 
 it would be superfluous to enumerate. The following common nouns 
 exemplify the use with mi, mea, noster. 
 
 commoditas : Poen. 421, mi Milphidisce, mea commoditas, mea 
 salus. 
 
 era : Eun. 834, era mea, tace, tace. 
 
 ere : Cas. 646, ere mi — 
 
 filia : Rud. 1173, filia mea, salve ! 
 
 f rater : Cure. 658, frater mi, salve ! so 673. 
 
 germana : Poen. 329, eamus, mea germana. 
 
 germane : Men. 1125, mi germane, gemine frater, salve ! 
 
 gnata : Men. 834, concede hue, mea nata ; so Pers. 332 ; 740 ; 752 ; 
 Hec. 318 ; et pass. 
 
 gnate : Asin. 829, mi gnate, ita fiet ; so Pacuv. 67 ; Mere. 367 ; Hec. 
 577 ; 606 ; et pass. 
 
 hilara : Rud. 419, sed quid ais, mea lepida hilara ? 
 
 homo: Cist. 723, mi homo et mea mulier, vos saluto ; so 719; Epid. 
 640 ; And. 721 ; Eun. 756 ; et pass. 
 
 mater: Asin. 535, patiar, mater mea; so Aul. 685; 690; Hec. 
 
 353, mea mater, salve; 358; Afran. 310; Enn. Trag. 45 (Sc 
 60 V). 
 
 nutrix : Aul. 691, perii, mea nutrix ; so H. T. 617 ; Eun. 913 ; Ad. 
 288 ; Afran. 179. 
 
 parentes : Rud. 216, haec, parentes mei, hau scitis. 
 
 pater : Bacch. 739, nunc, pater mi, tu ab eo ut caveas ; so Cas. 739 ; 
 Men. 833; Rud. 1175, salve mi pater insperate; And. 889; Hec. 
 455 ; and very frequently elsewhere. 
 
 patrone : Men. 1031, salve mi patrone ! so Pers. 849. 
 
 patrue : Poen. 1356, patrue mi, mihi desponde filiam ; so 1158 ; 
 1197, patrue mi patruissume ! 1219. 
 
272 The Vocative. 
 
 senex : Merc. 503, amabo, ecastor, mi senex ; so 508 ; 525 ; And. 
 788. 
 
 sodalis : Plaut. fr. 66, mi sodalis, mea Salubritas. 
 
 soror: Bacch. 101, bene me accipies, mea soror; so Cure. 657; 
 Poen. 263 ; et pass. 
 
 spectatores: Pers. 858, mei spectatores, bene valete; Cist. 678, 
 mei homines, mei spectatores. 
 
 tu : Ad. 289, modo dolores, mea tu, occipiunt. 
 
 uxor: Cas. 229, uxor mea meaque amoenitas, quid tu agis ? so 364. 
 
 uxorcula : Cas. 844, rnea uxorcula — . 
 
 vir : M. G. 687, erne, mi vir, lanam ; 691, da, mi vir; so Hec. 235 ; 
 et pass. 
 
 With noster : M. G. 1139, quid agis, noster architecte ? Stich. 705, 
 stratege noster. 
 
 II. Expressions of Endearment. 
 
 In the examples cited under I and characterized as true vocatives, 
 the case was used primarily as a means of address, i.e. of indicat- 
 ing to 'whom the conversation was directed. In the category now 
 under consideration the vocative serves primarily as a means of ex- 
 pressing one's feeling that the person addressed is the object of 
 affection. These expressions of endearment appear most frequently 
 without o ; in a few cases o is present. Almost always the vocative 
 is limited by mi, mea. 
 
 1. Endearing expressions without o, e.g. : 
 
 anime : Asin. 664, da, meus ocellus, mea rosa, mi anime, mea vo- 
 luptas, argentum mihi ; so Bacch. 81 ; Cure. 98 ; Men. 182 ; et pass. 
 
 animule : Men. 361, animule mi, mihi mira videntur ; Cas. 134, mi 
 animule, mi Olympio, mea vita, mea mellilla, mea f estivitas . . . volup- 
 tas mea, sine ted amari, meus festus dies, meus pullus passer, mea co- 
 lumba, mi lepus. 
 
 commoditas : Epid. 614, quid agis, mea commoditas ? 
 
 corculum : Cas. 837, meum corculum, melculum, verculum. 
 
 deliciae, delicia : Stich. 742, morigerabor, meae deliciae ; True. 921, 
 mea delicia ; so Poen. 365. 
 
 festivitas : Cas. 577, quid agis, mea festivitas ? 
 
Vocative in Exclamations. 273 
 
 mel : Trin. 243, da mihi hoc, mel meum ; so True. 528 (immeum 
 codd). 
 
 mulsa : Cas. 372 dicam, mea mulsa. 
 
 ocelle : Trin. 245, ocelle mi, fiat. 
 
 ocule : Cure. 203, bene vale, ocule mi ! 
 
 pietas : Bacch. 1176, sine, mea pietas, te exorem. 
 
 rosa : Bacch. 83, ubi lepide voles esse tibi, mea rosa, mihi dicito ; 
 Men. 191, quid hoc est ? : : uxoris exuviae, rosa. 
 
 salus : Cas. 801, quid agis, mea salus ? 
 
 savium : Eun. 456, meum savium, quid agitur ? 
 
 spes : Pud. 246, amplectere, spes mea ! 
 
 suavitudo : Stich. 755, mulsa mea suavitudo, salta ! 
 
 voluptas : Cas. 453, quin te deoseuler, voluptas mea ! Men. 189, 
 ut uxorem, mea voluptas, odi ! M. G-. 1346 ; Most. 294 ; 297 ; Poen. 365, 
 mea voluptas, mea delicia, mea vita, mea amoenitas, meus ocellus, 
 meum labellum, mea salus, meum savium, meum mel, meum cor, 
 mea colustra, meus molliculus caseus (cf. 387 ; 392) ; and very fre- 
 quently elsewhere. 
 
 2. Endearing expressions with o. These also are usually accom- 
 panied by mi, mea : Men. 137, o mea commoditas, o mea opportuni- 
 tas ; Cas. 235, o mi lepos ; M. G. 1330, o mi ocule, o mi anime ; 
 Cure. 305, o mea opportunitas, Curculio exoptate; Cist. 644, o 
 Salute mea salus salubrior ; Stich. 583, o spes mea, o mea vita, o 
 mea voluptas ; True. 391, quern propter, o mea vita ; Stich. 618, 
 o lux oppidi. 
 
 III. The Vocative in Exclamations. 
 
 This usage, while fairly frequent, is confined to a few phrases of 
 common occurrence, such as di immortales, Iuppiter. Thus : Epid. 
 539, di boni ! True. 701 ; Aul. 616, di immortales, quod ego hunc 
 audivi loqui ? so 808 ; Epid. 196 ; and very frequently ; at times 
 with pro : Bacch. 182, pro di immortales, Pistoclerum conspicor ; so 
 244 ; Capt. 974 ; Men. 1001 ; Poen. 967 ; et pass. ; Merc. 865, Iup- 
 piter, estne illic Charinus ? with o : Ad. 731, o Iuppiter, istocine 
 pacto oportet ? so 757 ; And. 464 ; et pass. ; with pro : Amph. 791, 
 Iuppiter, pro Iuppiter! so Cure. 638; 655; Men. 412; 957; M. G. 
 1133; Pseud. 574; Enn. Sc 187 (V); Ad. Ill; 366; et pass.; Poen. 
 
274 The Vocative. 
 
 1122, pro supreme Iuppiter ; so Ad. 196 ; Phor. 233, o facinus audax, 
 Geta monitor ; Men. 1015, vos scelesti, vos rapaces, vos praedones. 
 
 IV. Vituperative Expressions. 
 
 These occur with great frequency, usually unaccompanied by any 
 interjection, e.g. : 
 
 1. Without interjection. 
 
 amator : Cas. 959, asta ilico, amator ; so 969. 
 
 audax: Men. 1050, men convenisse te, audax! Pseud. 288, sur- 
 ruperet patri, audacissume ! 
 
 belua : Most. 569, abi sis, belua ! so Rud. 543 ; Eun. 704. 
 
 bustirape: Pseud. 361. 
 
 caenuin : Pseud. 366. 
 
 caput : Bud. 1099, peiiuri caput ! Bacch. 829, die scelerum caput ! 
 so M. G. 494 ; Rud. 1098 ; Pers. 184, ain vero, verbereum caput ! 
 
 carnufex : Merc. 618, perge, excrucia, carnufex ! Most. 1114 ; Pers. 
 547 ; 747 ; And. 852. 
 
 columen: Amph. 367, audaciai columen. 
 
 conciliate : Eun. 669, prodi, male conciliate. 
 
 cucule : Pers. 282, tua, cucule, caussa ! so Pseud. 96. 
 
 culex : Cas. 239, eho tu nihili, cana culex ! 
 
 cumulatissume : Aul. 825, te emittam, scelerum cumulatissume. 
 
 damnigeruli : True. 551, ite, mulieri danmigeruli, foras egerones, 
 bonorum exagogae ! 
 
 dentifrangibule : Bacch. 605, vale, dentifrangibule ; et tu, inte- 
 gumentum, vale ! 
 
 dormitator : Trin. 983, properas an non, dormitator ? 
 
 ecfosse : Cas. 114, ex sterculino ecfosse, tua illaec praeda sit ! 
 
 excetra : Cas. 644, iam tibi cerebrum dispercutiam, excetra tu ! so 
 Pseud. 218. 
 
 exitium : Asin. 133, adulescentum exitium. 
 
 extorter : Phor. 374, bonorum extorter, legum contortor. 
 
 f atue : Eun. 604, quid turn, fatue ! 
 
 feles : Pers. 751, sequere, scelesta feles virginaria ! Rud. 748. 
 
 flagitium : Asin. 473, flagitium hominis, da argentum ! so Men. 
 709. 
 
Vituperative Expressions. 275 
 
 flagrantia : Rud. 733, flagiti flagrantia. 
 
 fons viti : True. 612, male dicere audes, f ons viti et peiiuri. 
 
 fraudulente : Pseud. 366. 
 
 f raus populi : Pseud. 365. 
 
 frustum : Pers. 848, loquere tu frustum pueri. 
 
 fugitive : Pseud. 365 ; so Eun. 668, etiam restitas, fugitive ! 
 
 fur : Aul. 325, tun me vituperas ? fur ! : : etiam fur ! trif uroifer ! 
 so Cas. 720 ; Pseud. 365. 
 
 furcifer : Cas. 139, turn tu, f urcifer ! so Poen. 784 ; Rud. 996 ; et 
 pass. 
 
 genera : Pseud. 153, hue adhibete auris quae ego loquor, plagigera 
 genera hominum. 
 
 gymnasium : Asin. 297, gymnasium flagri, custos carceris. 
 
 hallex : Poen. 1310, hallex viri. 
 
 homo : Aul. 745, homo audacissume ; Men. 924, me locustam esse, 
 homo ignavissume! Pers. 791, homo lepidissume (sarcastic); Men. 
 487, quid ais, homo levior quam pluma, pessume, nequissume, flagi- 
 tium hominis, subdole ac minumi preti! Aul. 423, quid tibi nos 
 tactio est, mendice homo ! Bacch. 904, ne supplicare censeas, nihili 
 homo! so Bacch. 1187; Trin. 1017; True. 333; Aul. 437, etiam 
 rogitas, sceleste homo ! 325, tun, trium litterarum homo, me vitu- 
 peras ! 
 
 ignave: Cas. 240, unguentatus per vias, ignave, incedis! Pseud. 
 133, exite, ignavi, male habiti, male conciliati ! 
 
 impudens : Aul. 746, te ad me adire ausum, impudens ! Men. 710, 
 etiamne impudens ! M. G-. 1402 ; Pers. 40 ; and frequently. 
 
 impurate : Aul. 359, quid impurate ; Rud. 751, impuratissume ! 
 
 impure : Bacch. 884, quid nunc, impure ! Pers. 686, id metuebas, 
 miser, impure, avare ! Pseud. 366 ; Rud. 990. 
 
 inlecebra : True. 759, tibi, inlecebra, ludos faciam. 
 
 insane: Cure. 19, quid tu-, insane, rogitas? Men. 517, te piari 
 iube, homo insanissume ! 819. 
 
 larua : Merc. 981, etiam loquere, larva ! so 983. 
 
 legirupa: Pseud. 364. 
 
 leno : Poen. 798, quid nunc, sceleste leno ! Pseud. 366. 
 
 liberta : Pers. 789, salveto, et tu, bona liberta (sarcastic). 
 
 ligula : Poen. 1309, ligula ! 
 
276 The Vocative. 
 
 lumbrice : Aul. 628, (i) foras, lumbrice ! 
 
 lutum : Most. 1167, verberibus, lutum, caedere ; so Pers. 414. 
 
 maena : Poen. 1312, deglupta maena, sarrapis sementium ; man- 
 struca, halagora, sampsa, turn autem plenior ali. 
 
 mastigia: Most. 1, exi, mastigia! so Pud. 1022. 
 
 mala: True. 292, quasi reliqueris, mala! 
 
 mers (mala mers) : Cist. 727. 
 
 migdilix : Poen. 1033. 
 
 monstrum : Eun. 696, monstrum hominis ! 
 
 morticine : Pers. 283, non metuam, morticine ! 
 
 mula : Most. 878, vis, mula, pastum. 
 
 nebulo : Eun. 717, si tu me, nebulo, ludificabere. 
 
 nihili : Asin. 472, impure, nihili, non vides irasci ? Cas. 245, 
 unde is, nihili ? 
 
 nugator : M. G. 1078, vae tibi, nugator ! so Trin. 972 ; Lucil. 1002 
 (Mx). 
 
 odiose : True. 619, quid nunc, odiose ? 
 
 parasite : Most. 887a, manes, impure parasite ? 
 
 parricida: Pseud. 362. 
 
 peiiure : Pseud. 363, peiiure ! 351, quid ais hominum peiiurissume ! 
 so Rud. 722. 
 
 percontator : Men. 931, te, percontator, perduint. 
 
 permities : Most. 3, egredere, erilis permities ! Pseud. 364, 
 permities adulescentum. 
 
 persolla : Cure. 191, odium me vocas ? ebriosa persolla, nugae ! 
 
 pessume : Naev. Com. 118, pessimorum pessime, audax, ganeo, 
 lustro, aleo ! Cas. 793, abi pessumarum pessuma ! Most. 897. 
 
 philosophe : Eud. 986 (sarcastic). 
 
 plena (viti) : M. G-. 423, te adloquor, viti probrique plena. 
 
 praestigiator : Aul. 631, edepol te, praestigiator, miseris accipiam 
 modis. 
 
 propudiose : Stich. 334, mein fastidis, propudiose ! 
 
 propudium : Cure. 190, quid ais propudium ! so Poen. 272. 
 
 sacrilege : Pseud. 363 ; Rud. 706, natum quantum est hominum 
 sacrilegissume ! 
 
 sator (scelerum) : Capt. 661, sator sartorque scelerum et messor 
 maxume. 
 
Vituperative Expressions. 277 
 
 scelerate : Pers. 275, scelerate, etiam respicis ? 
 
 seeleste : Mere. 190, quia, sceleste, apstrudebas ? so M. G. 366 ; 
 380 ; et pass. 
 
 scelus : M. G. 841, responde, scelus ! so Pers. 217 ; Eud. 993 ; and 
 frequently ; True. 621, scelus viri, minitare ; so Cure. 614. 
 
 scriba (navalis): Plaut. fr. 137, non ego te novi, navalis scriba, 
 columbar impudens ? 
 
 seges (stimulorum) : Aul. 45, tibi rationem reddam, stimulorum 
 i! 
 
 senex : Cas. 496, quibus battuatur tibi os, senex nequissume ! so 
 Merc. 305. 
 
 serve : Pseud. 270, salve, serve Athenis pessume ! 
 
 servitus : Pers. 425, leno te argentum poscit, solida servitus ! 
 
 sociofraude : Pseud. 362, sociofraude ! 
 
 stolide : Enn. Trag. 36 (Sc 50 V), quid lascivis, stolide ! Stat. 77, 
 abi bine tu, stolide ! 
 
 stulte : Pers. 830, tace, stulta; Merc. 211, non taces, stultissume ! 
 Cas. 203, tace, sis, stulta ; Merc. 540. 
 
 subigitatrix : Pers. 227, ne me attrecta, subigitatrix ! 
 
 sycophanta : Poen. 376, apscede bine, sycophanta par ero ! 
 
 taeterrume : Most. 593, quid ais, omnium hominum taeterrume ! 
 
 Tbales : Eud. 1003, salve, Thales ! (sarcastic). 
 
 trif urcifer : Rud. 734, tun, trifurcifer ! 
 
 tervenefice : Bacch. 813, ut pergraecetur, tervenefice ! 
 
 tritor (stimulorum) : Pers. 795, quid ais, crux, stimulorum tritor ! 
 
 ulmitriba: Pers. 279, nescio, ulmitriba tu. 
 
 venefice : Pers. 278, dicis ubi sit, venefice ! so Eud. 987 ; 1112 ; 
 True. 762, te manum iniciam venefica, suppostrix puerum ! 
 
 verberabilissume : Aul. 633, verberabilissume, etiam rogitas, non 
 fur, sed trifur ! 
 
 verbero : Capt. 551, ain verbero ! so Cure. 196 ; M. G. 500 ; 1056 ; 
 et pass. 
 
 vervex : Merc. 567, itane vero, vervex ! 
 
 vilice : Cas. 98, quid in urbe reptas, vilice baud magni preti! 
 
 vir : (bone vir, sarcastic) : Capt. 954, age tu, bone vir, lepidum 
 mancupium meum ! so Cas. 724 ; Cure. 610 ; And. 846 ; Eun. 850 ; 
 et pass. ; Cas. 594, quid ais, vir minimi preti ; Pers. 418, vir summe 
 
278 The Vocative. 
 
 popli, stabulum servitricium, scortorum liberator, suduculum flagri, 
 compedium tritor, pistrinorum civitas, perenniserve, lurcho, edax, 
 fui-ax, fugax. 
 
 volturi : Capt. 844, me, volturi, aedis incensurum censes ? 
 
 2. With interjections. 
 
 eho : Baceh. 444, eho senex minumi preti, ne attigas ! Cas. 239, 
 eho tu nihili ! And. 616, ehodum bone vir, quid ais ? 710 ; M. G. 
 825, eho sceleste ! so H. T. 312 ; Eun. 856, eho ' paulum,' impudens ! 
 M. G. 189, eho tu, eho tu, verbero ; similarly Phor. 684 ; Ad. 777, eho 
 carnuf ex ! 
 
 o : Asin. 298, o catenarum colone ; o virgarum lascivia ! Cure. 234, 
 o scelerum caput ! Most. 55, o camufieium cribrum ! Pers. 406, oh 
 lutum lenonium, commixtum caeno sterculinium publicum, impure, 
 inhoneste, iniure, inlex, labes popli, pecuniai accipiter, avide atque 
 invide, procax, rapax, trahax ! Pers. 788, o bone vir ! Phor. 287, oh, 
 bone custos ! salve ! Stat. 231, o infelix, o sceleste ! 
 
 In expressions like Pers. 398, tu me vende ; Most. 1181, vos 
 plausum date, Holtze, Syntax, i, p. 32, has raised the question 
 whether we are to recognize the nominative or vocative. There 
 seems little doubt that the nominative should be recognized in all 
 cases of this sort. If tu and vos are taken as vocatives, another tu 
 or vos must be supplied as subject. Holtze, however, thinks that in 
 many instances like those above cited the tu and vos are vocatives. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 1 
 
 ORIGINAL FORCE OF THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 The Latin ablative is a so-called syncretistic case, i.e a case re- 
 sulting from the fusion of more than one original case. In Latin 
 the ablative represents three original Indo-European cases : the true 
 Ablative or from-ca.se, the Instrumental or w»%-case, and the Loca- 
 tive or in-case. Evidences of the fusion referred to are found both 
 in the forms and in the functions of the so-called ablative. As is 
 well recognized, locative and instrumental forms, as well as true 
 ablatives, bear the name ' ablative ' in our traditional grammar. The 
 details are too familiar to call for recapitulation here. 
 
 The triple function of the so-called Ablative also points clearly to 
 a triple origin of the case. Thus we find /rom-uses, with-uses, and 
 i'n-uses (the last much rarer than the others) side by side. Notions 
 so radically distinct could hardly have developed from a single 
 original case. 2 
 
 Causes of Syncretism in the Latin Ablative. — Despite their radical 
 differences of meaning, the Locative, Ablative, and Instrumental 
 cases naturally possessed certain points of contact. Thus aqua 
 
 1 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 486 ff. ; 491 ft. ; Kurze vergl. Gramm. p. 418 ff. ; 
 Delbruek, Grundriss, iii, p. 195 ; 200 ff . ; Linscott, The Syncretism of the Locative 
 and Instrumental in Latin, Proceedings American Phil. Assoc, xxviii, p. lv ff.; 
 Schmalz, Lat. Syntax u. Stil.* p. 351 ff. ; Kiihner-Stegniann, Ausf. iat. Gramm. ii 2 , 
 p. 346 ff.; Draeger, Hist. Syntax der lat. Spr. I 2 , p. 354 ff.; Delbriick, Ablativns, 
 Loealis, Instrumentalis, Berlin, 1867 ; Ebrard, De Ablativi, Locativi, Iustrumentalis 
 apud scriptores Latinos usu, Leipsic, 1879 (Jahrbucher f ur classiscbe Philologie, Sup- 
 plementband x) ; Zieler, Beitrage zur Geschichte des lateinischen Ablativs, Bonn, 
 1892 ; Wimmerer, Zum lateinischen Ablativ, Progr. Graz, 1909. 
 
 2 Such, however, is not the view of Wimmerer, op. cit. Wimmerer vigorously de- 
 fends the unity of the Ablative, which he regards as originally separative (i.e. the 
 true Ablative). From this separative force, he endeavors to explain the origin of 
 the various ablative constructions. But despite the real learning displayed in Wim- 
 merer's essay, I cannot but regard his methods and conclusions as open to severe 
 criticism. 
 
 279 
 
280 The Ablative. 
 
 lavare might originally have meant either 'to wash with water,' or 
 ' to wash in water,' i.e. might be expressed either by the Instrumental 
 or the Locative. Similarly equo vehi might mean, ' to be borne on a 
 horse,' or ' by a horse ' ; onus umero sustinet, ' he bears the load on 
 his shoulder,' or ' by his shoulder ' ; carris veniunt, ' they come on 
 carts,' or ' with carts.' These examples all show points of contact 
 between the Locative and Instrumental. The Ablative and Instru- 
 mental also have certain points of contact. Thus ira ardere might 
 mean either ' to burn with anger,' or ' from anger ' ; lade vivunt, 
 either ' they live from milk,' or ' by milk.' Points of contact be- 
 tween Locative and Ablative are naturally much less frequent ; yet 
 such English expressions as ' to receive at the hands of,' and ' from 
 the hands of ' ; 'the wind is in the west,' and 'the wind is from the 
 west,' show that even here contact was possible. 
 
 Ablative, Instrumental, and Locative, therefore, to a certain extent 
 occupied common ground in the field of thought, and this circum- 
 stance ultimately led in Latin to a complete fusion of the three and 
 to the establishment of a single syncretistic case, — the " Ablative." 
 
 TRUE ABLATIVE USES. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION.* 
 
 Ebrard arranges the material under this head according to the 
 meaning of the words with which the ablative is construed, as verba 
 abeundi, arcendi, defendendi, eiciendi, etc. But this arrangement 
 interferes with facility of reference ; moreover, it is not always easy 
 to determine the category under which to seek a given verb. It has 
 therefore seemed better to me to arrange the material somewhat 
 differently. I group the separative uses under the four following 
 heads: A. Uses with verbs; B. With adjectives and adverbs ; 
 C. Domo, rure ; D. Proper names designating place. 
 
 A. With Vbkbs. 
 
 The Ablative of Separation is found in connection with a large 
 number of verbs in Early Latin. Many of these are found construed 
 
 1 Ebrard, op. cit. p. 578 ff. 
 
Ablative of Separation. 281 
 
 also with various prepositions, a, ex, de ; but the employment of the 
 preposition seems to be governed by no special principle. 
 
 abdico: Calp. Piso, p. 84, 1 (Peter), scriptu sese abdicasse; see 
 also abeo. 
 
 abeo : Merc. 110, quem navi abire votui ; 654, si hac urbe abis ; 
 Amph. 208, abituros agro; Most. 597; CIL, i, 198, 72, ioudiciove 
 inperiove abierit abdicaverit. With a, e.g. : Merc. 223, abiisse a portu ; 
 M. G. 478, a te (A); Pers. 442; Trin. 989. With e: Amph. 518, 
 abin e conspectu meo ? 
 
 abscedo: Epid. 285, haec te apscedat suspicio. With a: Most. 7, 
 apscede ab aedibus ; so 8 ; 460 ; and often. With e, e.g. : Capt. 434, 
 quom meo e conspectu abscesseris. 
 
 absolvo: Men. 780, hoc primum te absolvo. Most interpreters 
 take this as ablative ; but it may possibly be an accusative ; p. 247. 
 
 absterreo : Titin. 45, lenonum (eum) aedibus apsterrui. With de : 
 True. 252, de frumento anseres apsterret, abigit. 
 
 abstineo : Aul. 601, abstinebit censione bubula ; Cas. 101, urbanis 
 rebus te apstines ; Cure. 37, dura ted apstineas nupta, vidua, virgine ; 
 Men. 768, haud apstinent saepe culpa ; Eud. 424, me apstineas ma- 
 num ? 1108 ; Poen. 282 ; M. G. 644 ; Pers. 11 ; Trin. 288 ; True. 926 ; 
 944 ; Hec. 139, se ilia abstinere ut potuerit ! 411 ; Turp. 163 ; Cato, 
 Agr. 5, 1, alieno manum abstineat; Amph. 926, factis me impudicis 
 abstini. We have the accusative in M. G. 1309, nam si apstinuissem 
 amorem; Most. 897. With a: Amph. 340; Lucil. 901 (Mx). 
 
 amitto : M. G. 457, manibus amisisti praedam. 
 
 amolior : Pacuv. 16, nonne hinc vos propere stabulis amolimini ? 
 I see no necessity of inserting e (as is done by Eibbeck, following 
 Scaliger), despite e conspectu amolire in 184; cf. Koterba, De 
 sermone Pacuviano, p. 169. 
 
 amoveo : Merc. 41, animus studio amotus puerilist meus. 
 
 arceo : Pacuv. 304, ut te ara arceam. With a : Pacuv. 173, ab 
 domuitione arcere. 
 
 aufero: Asin. 163, solus solitudine ego ted atque ab egestate 
 apstuli. With a, e.g. : M. G. 1335, labra ab labellis aufer (fer codd). 
 
 averrunco : Pacuv. 236, istam capite cladem averruncassere. 
 
 careo (18) : Asin. 801, vino xx dies ut careat ; Capt. 925, quae adhuc 
 te carens dum hie fui sustentabam ; Cure. 17, caruitne febris te 
 
282 The Ablative. 
 
 heri? Cist. 533, potius quam carebo filia; M. G. 1426, carebis 
 testibus ; Most. 500, praemature vita careo; 858, quom culpa carent ; 
 Poen. 1189; Trin. 1129; H. T. 137, carens patria; Hec. 663; Lucil. 
 697 (Mx), tu hoc carebis commodo ; Metellus Numid. ap. Gell. i. 6. 
 
 caveo : Baccb. 147, cave malo ; so Cas. 411 ; Men. 122 ; Pers. 369 ; 
 835 ; Eud. 828 ; 945 ; 1089 ; Poen. 25 ; Eun. 782, ipse sibi cavit loco. 
 With a : Eud. 833, quid caveam ? : : a crasso infortunio ; et pass. 
 
 circumduco : Bacch. 311, si me illoc auro tanto circumduxerit ; so 
 1183; Poen. 1287, mina quern argenti eircumduceret ; 976; Pseud. 
 431; 529; 634; Trin. 859; 959. 
 
 concedo : Epid. 681, num. oculis concessi tuis ? 
 
 curro : Enn. Ann. 520 (V), sonus aere cueurrit. 
 
 decedo : Cato, Agr. 149, 1, prato sicco decedat ; ibid, cetero pabulo 
 decedito (cedito codd) ! Amph. 990. With de : Amph. 984 ; et pass. 
 
 decolo : Lucil. 433 (Mx), quibus fruetibus me de colavi victus, is 
 taken by Marx as showing a transitive use of decolo; but this is 
 extremely bold. 
 
 deduco : Liv. And. Trag. 14, temploque hanc deducitis ? 
 
 def enso : Bacch. 443, te poteris defensare iniuria. 
 
 deficio : Asin. 609, quam si intellegam deficere vita. 
 
 demigro : Amph. 240, priusquam loco demigrent. 
 
 depello : Pacuv. 192, depulsum mamma paedagogandum accipit. 
 With de : Cato, Agr. 155, 1, aquam de agro depelli oportet. 
 
 desisto : M. G. 737, istis rebus desisti decet ; Phor. 634, ut erus 
 his desistat litibus. 
 
 digredior : Phor. 722, nos nostro officio non digressos esse. 
 
 ecfero: Bacch. 423, pedem ut ecferres aedibus; Enn. Trag. 212 
 (Sc 253 V), numquam era errans mea domo ecferret pedem. 
 
 ecfugio : Merc. 660, patria hac ecfugiam. 
 
 educo: Lucil. 220 (Mx), postquam praesidium castris educere 
 crevit. 
 
 egeo : Com. Incert. 78, is mimimo eget mortalis. In Plautus and 
 Terence, egeo takes the genitive : see p. 92. 
 
 egredior: Cael. Antip. p. 105, 18 (Peter), navibus atque scaphis 
 egrediuntur. With e .- Most. 3, egredere ex aedibus ; et pass. 
 
 eicio : And. 382, quam ob rem eiciat oppido ; CIL, i, 200, 18, quei 
 eum ea possessione eiec(erit); Cass. Hem. p. 71, 7 (Peter), agro 
 
Ablative of Separation. 283 
 
 publico eiecti sunt ; Asin. 127. With, e : M. G. 845, post (e) sagina 
 eiciar cellaria ; CIL, i, 200, 18, ex possessione eiectus. 
 
 elavo : Asin. 135, hie elavi bonis. 
 
 elimino : Ace. 592, exi, ecfer te, elimina urbe ! 
 
 emitto: Most. 975, earn manu emisisse ; soAul. 824; Capt. 713; 
 Pers. 483 ; Phor. 830 ; et pass. 
 
 emungo : Baech. 1101, miserum me auro esse emunctum ; Phor. 
 682, emunxi argento senes ; Lucil. 881 (Mx), quovis posse me emungi 
 bolo. 
 
 evolvo : Men. 903, quern ego hominem vita evolvam sua ; Pseud. 
 317, aut terra aut mari evolvam id argentum tibi; Eun. 723, te 
 omni turba evolves. With ex : Phor. 824 ; Ace. 47. 
 
 evorto : Pers. 566, evortes homines f undis ; Trin. 616 ; 214 
 
 exanelo : Stich. 272, vinum poculo saepe exanclavit. 
 
 excido : And. 423, erus uxore excidit. 
 
 excieo : Ace. 571, magna sonantibus excita saxis echo. With ex : 
 Ace. 300, e tecto excies. 
 
 exeo : Bacch. 289, ubi portu eximus ; M. G. 376, postquam porta 
 exierunt. With a: Merc. 699; M. G. 524. With e: Men. 1075; 
 et pass. 
 
 exerugo : Enn. Ann. 379 (V), fontes quibus exerugit aquae vis. 
 
 exheredo: Q. Metell. p. 251 (Meyer-Diibner), parentes bonis 
 exheredant (sc. liberos). 
 
 exigo : Kaev. Trag. 9, indigne exigor patria innocens ; Merc. 822, 
 exigitur matrimonio ; C. Gracchus, p. 236 (Meyer), uti balneis exige- 
 rentur qui lavabantur. 
 
 exiino : Capt. 204, si vos eximat vinclis. 
 
 exonero : Phor. 843, nosque exonerastis metu. 
 
 exorior : Amph. 1092, ubi utero exorti dolores. 
 
 expedio : Phor. 823, cura sese expedivit ; Hec. 288, qui te expedias 
 hisce aerumnis ; 755, teque hoc crimine expedi ; Ad. 614, quo modo 
 hac me expediam turba ? 
 
 expello : Trin. 650, corde expelle desidiam tuo ; Pacuv. 55, regno 
 expellunt; Ace. Praet. 34; Trag. Incert. 199, quod expulisti (ex- 
 tulisti codd) saucios patrio lare. 
 
 expleo: Enn. Ann. 309 (V), navibus explebant sese, 'unloaded 
 themselves.' 
 
284 The Ablative. 
 
 expromo : Bacch. 653, pectore expromat suo. 
 
 exsicco: Enn. Ann. 469 (V), quom sese exsiccat somno Eomana 
 iuventus. 
 
 exsolvo : True. 784, vinclis exsolvemini ; Hec. 599, me hac suspi- 
 cione exsolvam ; so 792. 
 
 exspiro: Lucil. 646 (Mx), ne omnibus distento corpore exspiret 
 viis ; 1244, ore salem exspiravit amarum. 
 
 exterreo : Enn. Ann. 36 (V), exterrita somno. 
 
 extrudo : Aul. 69, me miseram extrudit aedibus ; Rud. 1046. 
 
 exturbo : Trin. 601, postquam exturbavit hie nos nostris aedibus 
 (ex nostris codd ) ; 805 ; Ace. 334, regno exturbatus. With ex : 
 Trin. 137. 
 
 exuo : Lucil. 815 (Mx), vixque hoc exuat se. 
 
 facesso : Titin. 53, facessat aedibus. 
 
 fugio : Leg. XII Tab. viii, 24, si telum manu fugit magis quam 
 iecit; Pers. 435, extemplo foro (A; a foro P) fugiunt. 
 
 fundo : Enn. Ann. 600 (V), funduntque elatis naribus lucem. 
 
 interdico : Lucil. 787 (Mx), igni quom et aqua interdixerit. 
 
 interficio ( = priyo) : True. 518, qui me interfecit paene vita et 
 lumine. 
 
 intersum : Lucil. 338 (Mx), non haec quid valeat quidve hoc 
 intersiet illud ; see Marx's note ad loc. 
 
 intervorto : Asin. 359, quo modo argento intervortam ; Pseud. 900, 
 ut me, si posset, muliere intervorteret. 
 
 libero : Pseud. 204, quin omnes peste hac populum hunc liberant ; 
 And. 351, hoc me libera miserum metu ; CIL, i, p. 284, faenore gravi 
 populum liberavit. 
 
 mico: Ace. 581, micantem candido curru (candentem fervido 
 cursu Apul) atque equis flammam citatis. 
 
 migro : Trin. 639, neque mens officio migrat. 
 
 mitto : Most. Arg. 1, manu misit emptos suos am ores Philolaches ; 
 True. 230, eum mittat militia domum. 
 
 moveo : Phor. 32, grex motust loco ; Cass. Hem. p. 73, 13 (Peter), 
 nostri loco moti. 
 
 mulco : Bacch. 934, qui mulcabere (' trampled out of ') cccc Philip- 
 pis aureis. 
 
 multo : Naev. Com. 33, votis me multat meis ; Pseud. 1228, me 
 
Ablative of Separation. 285 
 
 viginti modicis multavit minis ; True. 844, hoc ego te multabo bolo ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), 85, 3, stipendio agrique parte multati. 
 
 oblittero : Ace. 42, inimicitias oblitteratas memoria renovare. 
 
 occludo: Ace. 483, classis aditu occluditur (adito cluditur codd). 
 
 orbo : Trag. Incert. 214, me lumine orbavit. 
 
 parco : Cato, Agr. 1, 1, ne cupide emas neve opera tua parcas vi- 
 sere; the only instance in Latin of the ablative with parco. 
 
 privo : Men. 905, anima privabo virum ; Poen. 775, ut eo me pri- 
 vent ; 1071, quo privatum med aegre patior mortuo ; Enn. Trag. 169 
 (Sc 198 V), qui me anima privem ; Stat. 156, paelice ut meum priva- 
 rem virum ; Titin. 2, auro privatae ; Lucil. 474 (Mx), an quod pane 
 et viscere privo ? 786, d/>x<us hominem et stoeehiis simul privabit ; 
 so 790 ; C. Jul. Caes. Strabo, ap. Prise. Gramm. Lat. ii, p. 170, 14, 
 pen ore volebamus privare ; True. 618. 
 
 produco : Amph. 216, castris producit exercitum. 
 
 prof undo: Lucil. 119 (Mx), postica parte profudit. 
 
 prohibeo: Amph. 361, tun domo prohibere peregre me advenien- 
 tem postulas ? Asin. 515, quom illo quern amo prohibeor ; 831, pie- 
 tas, pater, oculis dolorem prohibet ; Capt. 493, quo nos victu et vita 
 prohibeant ; Cist. 305, prohibet divitiis maxumis dote altili atque 
 opima; M. G. 700, me uxore prohibent; Cato, Agr. 5, 2, facilius 
 malo et alieno prohibebit. With de: Lucil. 606 (Mx), vim de 
 classe prohibuit. With a: Epid. 289; Capt. 804. 
 
 protelo : Turp. 91, patria protelatum esse. 
 
 protrudo : Afran. 314, domo atque nostra familia protruditur 
 (provenditur codd). 
 
 purgo : Cato, Agr. 151, 4, quam tenerrimis herbis purges. But ab 
 herbis, ibid. 
 
 quiesco : And. 691, quibus (sc. nuptiis) quidem quam facile potue- 
 rat quiesci ! 
 
 recedo : Amph. 239, nee recedit loco ; Merc. 73, postquam recesset 
 vita patrio corpore. 
 
 redeo : Men. 276, prius quam ego opsonatu redeo ; so 288. 
 
 relinquo (' let go ') : Enn. Ann. 532 (V), corde relinquite somnum ! 
 149, postquam lumina sis oculis reliquit. 
 
 repello : Bacch. 632, eum ego his foribus atque hac (muliere) rep- 
 puli, reieci hominem. 
 
286 The Ablative. 
 
 requiesco : Enn. Trag. 312 (Sc 365 V), ubi corpus requiescat malis. 
 
 retraho : Ace. 57, retracta rursus inferis. 
 
 salio : Trin. 266, quasi saxo saliat. With e: Cato, fr. (Jord), 11, 
 17, saliunt e saxo. 
 
 secedo (in tmesi) : Trag. Incert. 215, se caelo cedens Aurora. 
 
 segrego : Turp. 52, me curae somno segregant ; Ace. 511, ore ob- 
 scaena dicti segregent. With a : Pacuv. 327 ; Capt. 517. 
 
 solvo : Hec. 230, quom ego vos curis solvi ceteris. 
 
 summoveo: Enn. Ann. 313 (V), suinniotus (Baehr; summo codd) 
 regno. 
 
 surgo: Cato, Agr. 5, 5, primus cubitu surgat. With e: Ad. 520. 
 
 supersedeo : Epid. 39, supersede istis rebus ; so Poen. 414 ; Cato, 
 Agr. 5, 1, litibus f am ilia supersedeat ; Turp. 163, ego supersederem 
 nuptiis. 
 
 tango (' cheat ') : Epid. 705, te tetigi xxx minis ; Turp. 36. 
 
 tempero : Merc. 982, temperare istac aetate istis decet ted artibus. 
 
 tondeo : Bacch. 242, tondebo auro. 
 
 vaco : Enn. Var. 12 (V), constitere amnes perennes, arbores vento 
 vacant ; so Trag. 151 (Sc 185 V) (vagant codd). 
 
 B. With Adjectives and Advekbs. 
 
 1) With adjectives : 
 
 alienus : Capt. 98, quaestum inhonestum et alienum ingenio suo, 
 may belong here, or it may belong under the dative ; see p. 178. 
 With a: M. G. 1288, aliena a bonis; H. T. 77; Hec. 158; et pass. 
 
 cassus : Aul. 191, virginem dote cassam. 
 
 exheres : Most. 234, ut ego exheredem me meis bonis faciam. 
 With genitive, see p. 83. 
 
 expers : Amph. 713, eo more expertem te factam ; Asin. 44, ut ex- 
 pers sis metu ; 505, ut qui expers matris imperio sies ; Pers. 509, ea 
 res me domo expertem facit; Turp. 157, expers malitiis. With the 
 genitive, see p. 83. 
 
 extorris : Titin. 76, quam ego hodie extorrem hac domo faciam. 
 
 orbus: Enn. Trag. 77 (Sc 88 V), arce et urbe orba sum ; Ad. 650, 
 haec virgo orbast patre ; Af ran. 240, orbus virili sexu ; Capt. 818. 
 
 repnlsus : Cato, fr. (Jord), 60, 4, quis publicis negotiis repulsior ? 
 
 sterilis : Ace. 579, se venenis (sevenis codd) sterilem esse autumans. 
 
Ablative of Separation. 287 
 
 2) With adverbs : 
 
 longe : Enn. Ann. 481 (V), impetus haut longe mediis regionibus 
 restat. 
 
 procul : Enn. Trag. 220 (Sc 260 V), rem bene gessere et publieam 
 patria procul. With a: Ad. 348, a me culpam esse procul. 
 
 G. Domo, Bube. 1 
 
 domd (very frequent ; domo is only rarely modified) : Eacch. 648, 
 ut domo sumeret ; Cist. 658, haec cistella numnam hinc ab nobis domo 
 est ? Men. 563, pallam hodie tibi quam surrupuit domo ; 648, palla 
 periit domo ; 739, aurum meum domo suppilas ; Merc. 12, postquam 
 abii domo ; 55 ; 357, iam hinc olim invitum domo extrusit ; 821, uxor 
 clam domo egressa est ; 831, extollo mea domo patria pedem ; M. G. 
 375, unde exit haec ? : : unde nisi domo ? : : domo ? Pseud. 355, 
 argentum promere potis sum domo ; Stich. 523, ubi diu af ueris domo 
 (a domo P) ; 676, domo dudum hue arcessita sum ; Eun. 610, domo 
 exsulo nunc ; 753, cistellam domo ecfer ; Phor. 440, domo me 
 (sc. voca); Ad. 198, domo me eripuit; Titin. 47, aspellis domo? 
 Sempr. Asell. p. 110, 17 (Peter), domo quom proficiscebatur ; Trag. 
 Incert. 258, auspicium repetebat domo. With a : Aul. 105, quia ab 
 domo abeundum est mihi ; Epid. 681, ab domo absum ; Enn. Trag. 
 63 (Sc 80 V), longinque ab domo bellum gerentes. On Stich. 523, 
 see above. 
 
 rare (ruri) (frequent) : Asin. 341, tibi subvectabant rure virgas ul- 
 meas ; Merc. 586, eras si rure redierit ; so 705 ; 807 ; 810 ; True. 669 ; 
 Eun. 611, pater ne rure redierit ; 967 ; Merc. 814, adveniens rure ; 
 Hec. 190; Most. 1076, veniunt ruri 2 rustici; True. 693; 694. In 
 Eun. 971, we have ex meo propinquo rure hoc capio conimodi ; but 
 rus here = praedium. 
 
 1 Heckmann, Ueber prapositionslose Ortsbezeichnung im Altlateinischen, Indog. 
 Forsch. xviii, p. 311 ff.; Langen, Beitrage zur Erfclarung und Kritik des Plautus, 
 Leipsic, 1880, p. 308 f. 
 
 2 The form ruri is found only here in our MSS in the separative function. By ori- 
 gin ruri is a true ablative, while rure is a locative formation. In actual usage the 
 ablative formation -was employed for the most part in locative function, the locative 
 formation in ablative function; yet exceptions seem to occur ; see Langen Bei- 
 trage z. Plautus, p. 308 f. 
 
288 The Ablative. 
 
 D. Names of Towns, Islands, Countries, etc. 1 
 
 1. Names of Countries. 
 
 Cure. 225, paves parasitus quia non rediit Caria ; Most. 440, trien- 
 nio post Aegypto advenio domum ; True. 539, ex Arabia attuli tus, 
 Ponto amomum (tuas ponto amoenas codd) ; Lucil. 825 (Mi), detrus- 
 sus tota vi deiectusque Italia ; CIL, i, 534, M. Fulvius Aetolia cepit. 
 Usually these take the preposition. Full material for the preposi- 
 tional use is given by Heckmann, op. cit. p. 342 ff. 
 
 2. Names of Islands. 
 
 True. 91, nam ego Lemno advenio Athenas nudiustertius ; 355, 
 quid tam inficetu's Lemno adveniens ; Cist. Arg. 6, Lemno post 
 rediens ; Merc. 390, ecquam tu advexti tuae matri ancillam Rhodo 
 (B. ; e Ehodo CD). With prepositions : Bacch. 472, unde esse earn 
 aiunt ? : : ex Samo ; 574, militis qui amicam secum avexit ex Samo ; 
 And. 70, ex Andro commigravit hue viciniae. 
 
 3. Names of Towns. 
 
 Ambracia : Stich. 491, Ambracia veniunt hue legati publice ; CIL, 
 vi, 1307, M. Folvios cons. Ambracia cepit. 
 
 Athenis : Epid. 602, hinc Athenis civis earn emit Atticus ; M. G-. 
 Arg. I, 5, suom arcessit erum Athenis ; 114, ubi amicam erilem 
 Athenis avectam scio; 239, dicam Athenis advenisse cum amatore 
 aliquo suo ; 384, venisse Athenis in Ephesum cum suo amatore ; 
 439 ; 489 ; Pud. 35, senex qui hue Athenis exsul venit ; 1105, haec 
 Athenis parva fuit virgo surpta; 1111, parva periit Athenis; Com. 
 Inc. 2, Athenis Megaram vesperi advenit Simo. 
 
 Capua: Lucil. 108 (Mx), Capua quitiquaginta atque ducenta. 
 
 Carysto : Pseud. 730, qui a patre advenit Carysto. 
 
 Carthagine : Poen. 66, puer septuennis surripitur Carthagine ; so 
 1101 ; Arg. 1 ; 987, qui illim sexennis perierim Carthagine ; so 989. 
 
 Delphis : Pseud. 480, Delphis tibi responsum dicito. 
 
 1 Heckmann, Ueber prapositionslose Ortsbezeichnung im Altlateinischen, Indog. 
 Forschungen, xviii, p. 341 ff. 
 
Ablative of Separation. 289 
 
 Epheso : Bacch. 230, mille et ducentos attulimus aureos Epheso. 
 
 Genua : CIL, i, 540, a milestone, CXXII Genua Cremonam. 
 
 Hinnad : CIL, i, 530, M. Claudius cons. Hinnad cepit. 
 
 Lilybaeo: Cael. Antip. p. 101, 5 (Peter), Sempronius Lilybaeo 
 celocem in Africam mittit. 
 
 Megaribus : Pers. 137, sex menses Megaribus hue est quom com- 
 migravit. 
 
 Pergamo : Paeuv. 167, reditumst Pergamo. 
 
 Priverno: Lucil. 1260 (Mx), Priverno Oufentina venit fluvioque 
 Oufente. 
 
 Roma : CIL, i, 561, a milestone, CXIX Roma ; Calp. Piso, p. 82, 
 10 (Peter), uti sua voluntate Roma concedat (Romam contendat codd, 
 which violates the sense). 
 
 Tarento: Lucil. 525 (Mx), Lysippi Iupiter transibit XL cubita 
 altus Tarento. 
 
 Thebis : Epid. 206, a legione omnes remissi sunt domum Thebis ; 
 416, quia Thebis salvos redierit. 
 
 Troia : Naev. Bell. Pun. 4 (Baehr), amborum uxores noctu Troiad 
 (Voss; Troiade codd) exibant; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 15, 5, Achaei 
 Troia domum redeuntes. 
 
 Venafro : Cato, Agr. 135, 1, Romae tunicas (sc. erne) . . . Vena- 
 fro palas. 
 
 On coins the name of the town whence the coin came is some- 
 times indicated by the town name in the ablative, e.g. CIL, i, 19, 
 Beneventod; 24, Ladinod; possibly also i, 653, Asclaro (a lead 
 bullet). 
 
 Prepositions also occur with some frequency, e.g. Bacch. 236, in 
 portum ex Epheso navis advenerit ; so 389 ; 561 ; 1058, ecfertur 
 praeda ex Troia; Pers. 151, sed longe ab Athenis esse se gnatam 
 autumet ; Poen. 86, cum nutrice periere a Magaribus ; Pseud. 1174, 
 quotumo die ex Sicyone hue pervenisti? Trin. 771, quasi ad adu- 
 lescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat ; so 845 ; Pacuv. 318, nihilne a 
 Troia adportat fando? CIL, i, 551, suma af Capua Regium; ibid, 
 viam feci ab Regio ad Capuam ; Eun. 290, miror quid ex Piraeo 
 abierit; 115, se audisse abreptam e Sunio; Cato, Agr. 135, 1, tegu- 
 lae (sc. emantur) ex Venafro ; Ace. 682, eiecta ab Argis iam dudum 
 exsulo ; Poen. 93, ex Anactorio hue commigravit. 
 
290 The Ablative. 
 
 4. Names of Rivers and Nations. 
 
 Acherunte : Poen. 344, quo die Orcus Acherunte (so A ; ab 
 Achaerunte P) mortuos amiserit ; Trag. Inc. 73, adsum atque advenio 
 Acherunte ; Lucil. 1260 (Mx), venit fluvio Ouf ente. With preposi- 
 tion : Amph. 1078, nee secus est quasi si ab Acherunte veniam. 
 
 Colchis : Enn. Trag. 210 (Sc 251 V), vecti petebant pellem inau- 
 ratam arietis Colchis ; 241 (Sc 279 V), utinam ne Colchis (cordis codd) 
 pedem extulisses. Here the name of the people seems to be used for 
 the chief town. 
 
 In a number of instances the ablative is associated with a sub- 
 stantive instead of a verb : Asin. 499, etiam Periphanes Bhodo mer- 
 cator dives; Cist. 125, adulescens quidam hie est . . . Sicyone; so 
 190, but with Sicyoni (instead of -e) ; Merc. 940, video ibi hospitem 
 Zacyntho ; Poen. 900, ingenuas Carthagine aibat esse ; 996, Hanno- 
 nem se esse ait Carthagine ; Enn. Var. 34 (V), omnibus ut Clupea 
 praestat mustela marina ! CIL, i, 1279, magistri Laverneis ; Lucil. 
 1276 (Mx), quern praeclarus helops, quem Aegypto sargus movebit ; 
 446, adde Syracusis sola. This same attributive use occurs with 
 the preposition : Capt. 509, rogo Philocratem ex Alide ecquis omnium 
 noverit ; Merc. 256, conspicor navim ex Bhodo ; Pseud. 737, servos 
 iste ex Carysto ecquid sapit? Eun. 165, mihi dixti cupere te ex 
 Aethiopia ancillulam ; H. T. 96, est e Corintho hie advena anus pau- 
 percula; Cael. Antip. p. 107, 34 (Peter), lana est qualis a Meliboea; 
 CIL, i, 587, populus Laodicensis af Lyco; 1011, . . . nius de Colle 
 Viminale ; 1067, servos publicus ex Basilica Opimia. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF SOURCE. 1 
 
 Under this head I bring those uses of the ablative with verbs of 
 origin which designate the source or origin of some person. This 
 source may be a father or mother ; it may be a stock or family ; it 
 is sometimes even a place. I group the material according to the 
 governing verbs arranged alphabetically. 
 
 creatus : Tras;. Inc. 132, Erebo creata (procreata Ribb) Nox ; Enn. 
 Ann. 627 (V), Saturno sancte create. 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 686 ff. ; Heokmann, ttber prapositionslose Ortsbezeichnung im Altla- 
 teinischen, Indog. Forsoh. xviii, p. 330 S. 
 
Ablative of Source. 291 
 
 exortus : Trag. Inc. 120, sanguine exortam tuo prolem. 
 
 genitus : Aco. 241, Seinela genitus. 
 
 natus : Amph. 28, humana matre natus, humano patre ; 430, ut 
 matre fuerat natum (sc. vinum) ; Cist. 718, suae matri et patri, quibus 
 natast reddere ; Men. 1103, una matre natos et patre uno ; Pers. 251, 
 Iovi Ope nato ; 596, nata quibus parentibus ; Rud. 738, nata ingenuis 
 parentibus ; And. 486, natus Pamphilo (dat. ?) ; OIL, i, 1351, Crispinia 
 natus; similarly 1353 ; 1359; 1362; 1364; 1366; 1368; 1372; 1376; 
 1377 ; 1379 ; 1392 ; Enn. Ann. 30 (V), Assaraoo natus ; 52, te, sale nata 
 (saneneta codd), precor; Ace. 131, nato Laerta (laerat, laerata codd) ; 
 609, Tyndareo natus; 642, natum Semela; Trag. Inc. 108, Pelope 
 natus ; Afran. 364, quo natus patre ; 403, aurito me parente natum ; 
 Calp. Piso, p. 83, 29 (Peter), patre libertino natus. — The following 
 have genere : Aul. 778, genere quo sim natus ; Capt. 295, quo genere 
 natus ; so Poen. 110 ; Trin. 373 ; Capt. 319, summo genere natus ; so 
 Cist. 25, istas summo genere natas ; Poen. 1240 ; Epid. 169, genere 
 natam bono; so Merc. 969; Pers. 645; Cato, fr. (Jord), 41, 6; 42, 
 1 ; et pass. ; Most. 1141, summis nati generibus ; Pers. 596, quo genere 
 aut qua in patria nata sit aut quibus parentibus ; Poen. 1186, eo 
 sumus natae genere ; so Pseud. 590 ; 356, istoc es genere natus. 
 
 oriundus : Enn. Ann. 113 (V), o sanguen dis oriundum ! 220 (V), 
 Poenos Sarra oriundos; 290 (V), Poenos Didone oriundos; Lucil. 
 247 (Mx), Lucanis oriundi montibus tauri ; Ard. templi inscr. Baehr. 
 p. 138, cluet Asia lata oriundus. 
 
 ortus : Ace. 388, quibusnam te aibant ortum (exortam Mibb) locis ? 
 €18, haudquaquam est ortus mediocri satu ; C. Gracchus, in scholl. 
 Bob., quom genere summo ortus essem (Meyer, p. 234). 
 
 proditus: Ace. 520, parva prodite patria. 
 
 prognatus : Amph. 365, Davo patre prognatum ; so 614 ; Aul. 212, 
 quali genere prognatum ; Capt. 170, prognatum summo genere ; Epid. 
 35, prognatus Theti ; 107, genere prognatam bono ; Men. 407, Moscho 
 prognatum patre ; so 1078 ; 1079, tun meo (a meo codd; del PyT) 
 patre's prognatus? Poen. 1201, eo genere prognatae; Phor. 115, 
 bonam bonis prognatam ; CIL, i, 30, Gnaivod patre prognatus ; i, 33, 
 prognatum Publio; Enn. Ann. 37 (V), Euridica prognata ; Trag. Inc. 
 108 (Sc 357 V), Tantalo prognatus ; Naev. Trag. 46, Dryante regem 
 prognatum patre. 
 
292 The Ablative. 
 
 The preposition ex is regularly used with the personal pronouns, 
 as in the classical period : Cas. 46, ex se nata ; so Rud. 410 ; Epid. 
 574, ex te nata; H. T. 1020, ex te natum; 1030, ex me atque ex hoc 
 natus es ; Hec. 279, ex me nata ; 399, ex te natum ; Ad. 40, ex me 
 hie natus non est, sed ex fratre ; Cist. 611, ex ea natast haec virgo. 
 
 With nouns also the preposition is not infrequent, e.g. : 
 
 de : Capt. 277, quo de genere natus est ? 
 
 ex : Amph. 98, natus Argis ex Argo patre ; Cist. 605, ex priore 
 muliere nata ; Epid. 635, filiam ex Philippa matre natam ; M. G. 
 1082, quam Iupiter ex Ope natus est ; Rud. 604, natas ex Philomela, 
 ac Progne esse hirundines ; 704 ; 1284, nam lenones ex Gaudio 
 credo esse procreates ; Enn. Ann. 30 (V) ; Pacuv. 1, ex Antiopa- 
 natis ; H. T. 1035, non si ex capite sis meo natus, item ut Minervam 
 esse aiunt ex love ; Ad. 297, natum ex tanta familia ; 657, esse ex 
 alio viro natum; Eun. 241, viden me ex eodem ortum loco; 460, 
 ex homine hunc natum dicas ? Ace. 463, ex (lacking in codd supplied 
 metri gratia) taurigeno semine ortam fuisse an humano feram ; 515; 
 596; Trag. Inc. 101, ex Tantalo ortus Pelops, ex Pelope autem. 
 satus Atreus ; Cure. 11, ex dulci oriundum melculo meo. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON. 1 
 
 The Ahlative of Comparison was an Indo-European construction j 
 Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 216. Thus te nil inpudentius originally 
 meant, ' nothing is more shameless, reckoning from you as a stand- 
 point.' Cf. Amph. 704, ex insana insaniorem facies. 2 In Latin the 
 construction is frequent from the earliest literature. While the 
 ablative is the original method of denoting comparison, yet in Latin, 
 quam, with the appropriate case is already well established in our 
 earliest extant literature. In Early Latin the material, for the 
 most part, falls into well-recognized categories. Thus : 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 593 ; Ziemer, Vergleichende Syntax d. indog. Coraparation, Berlin, 
 1884, p. 64 ff . ; Neville, The Case-Construction after the Comparative in Latin, 
 Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, xv ; Wolffliii, Der Ablativus Comparationis, 
 Archiv f iir lat. Lexikogr. vi. p. 447 ff. 
 
 2 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 542, Indog. Forsch. xxvii, p. 159, influenced by the 
 usage of the Sanskrit, Lithuanian and Irish, suggests that the Ablative of Comparison 
 may possibly be of instrumental origin, — 'greater (in comparison) with you.' — ■ 
 The flat denial of the above theory of the true ablative origin of the construction, by 
 Kroning, Gymnasium, 1904, col. 572, seems to me to be without justification. 
 
Ablative of Comparison. 293 
 
 1. The ablative is regularly used in negative expressions : 
 
 advorsus, magis advorsus : H. T. 699, istoc nil est magis advorsum. 
 
 amplior : Rud. 279, neque hoc amplius quicquamst ; H. T. 55, nee 
 (hoc) amplius quicquam fuit. 
 
 audacior : Men. 631, nil hoc homine audacius. 
 
 blandior : Hec. 861, te nuinquam quisquam blandior. 
 
 carior : Eun. 200, neque esse quemquam cariorem hoc Phaedria. 
 
 confidentior : Men. 615, nil hoe confidentius. 
 
 curiosus, magis curiosus: Aul. 561, quo quidem agno sat scio 
 magis curiosam nusquam esse ullam beluam. 
 
 curiosior : Afran. 250, nemo ilia carie curiosior. 
 
 dignior : Eun. 1051, nil est Thaide hac tua dignius. 
 
 doctior ; Most. 1072, hoc nemo doctior. 
 
 dulcis, magis dulcis : Pers. 764, nil hoc magis dulcest. 
 
 fortunatior : Capt. 828, qui homine adaeque nemo vivit f ortunatior ; 
 evidently a contamination of adaeque fortunatus and fortunatior. 
 For adaeque with the positive followed by the ablative of comparison, 
 see p. 297. 
 
 ignavior : Cas. 244, te sene omnium senum neminem esse ignavio- 
 rem. 
 
 illecebrosior : Bacch. 87, istoc illecebrosius nil. 
 
 impensior : Bacch. 394, ingrato homine nil impensiust. 
 
 impudentior : Asin. 543, te nil impudentius. 
 
 inaequior : Poen. 504, tardo amico nil quicquam inaequius. 
 
 industrior : Most. 150, quo neque industrior de iuventute erat. 
 
 ineptus, minus ineptus, Eun. 226 : hoc nemo minus ineptus, magis 
 severus, quisquam nee magis continens. 
 
 iniustior: Ad. 98, homine imperito numquam quicquam iniustiust. 
 
 lutulentior : Poen. 157, lenone istoc Lyco non lutumst lutulentius. 
 
 maior : Most. 909, non equidem ullam in publico esse maiorem hac 
 existumo : Stich. 368, quo ego me maiorem non vidisse censeo. 
 
 malus, magis malus : Pseud. 938, neque ego hoc homine quemquam 
 vidi magis malum. 
 
 melior: Rud. 675, neque est melius morte; Ad. 861, facilitate nil 
 melius neque dementia. 
 
 minor : Pseud. 808, me nemo potest minoris quisquam nummo ut 
 surgam subigere. 
 
294 The Ablative. 
 
 misericordior : Rud. 281, misericordior nulla mest feminarum. 
 
 miserior : Amph. 1060, nee me miserior feminast ; Merc. 335, me 
 miserior nullust ; 700, miserior mulier me nee net nee f uit ; H. T. 224, 
 neque me quisquamst miserior ; so 263 : Hec. 566, nullam pol credo 
 mulierem me miseriorem vivere. 
 
 nequior : Cas. 863, quo senex nequior nullus ; Pseud. 339, te nemo 
 nequior; 504. 
 
 opulentior : Pers. 565, nullus te opulentior. 
 
 parcior : Aul. 206, neque illo quisquam est alter parcior. 
 
 peior : Asin. 118, non servos peior hoc quisquam ; Pers. 202, nullus 
 hoc puero peior. 
 
 plus: Leg. XII Tab. x, 2, hoc plus ne facito; Hec. 462, tu nil 
 attulisti plus una hac sententia ? 
 
 Poenior : Poen. 991, nullus mest Poenus Poenior. 
 
 pulchrior : Merc. 101, qua mulier alia nullast pulchrior. 
 
 sapientior, magis sapiens : Bud. 359, te aleator nullus sapientior ; 
 Asin. 704, nee te equo magis equos ullus sapiens. 
 
 The ablative is the regular and almost invariable construction 
 after comparatives in negative expressions. Only a few instances 
 of quam, occur: e.g. Bacch. 41, miserius nil est quam mulier; Most. 
 544, nil est miserius quam animus hominis conscius (where the noun 
 compared has modifiers) ; Poen. 825 ; Pseud. 925 ; Phor. 808. The 
 construction with quam is the usual one with neminem: Cas. 520, 
 miseriorem quam. te vidi neminem ; Merc. 141 ; Pers. 209 ; Phor. 
 591, ego hominem callidiorem vidi neminem quam Phormionem. 
 
 2. In Rhetorical Questions implying a Negative. This likewise is 
 a fairly common category : 
 
 amplior : And. 31, quod tibi mea ars efficere hoc possit amplius. 
 
 audacior : Amph. 153, qui me alter audacior homo ? Pseud. 541 ; 
 Amph. 818, quid ilia impudente audacius ? 
 
 confidentior : Turp. 80, quid illoc homine vivit confidentius ? 
 
 ditior : Aul. 809, quis me est ditior ? 
 
 f ortior : Asin. 557, qui mest vir fortior ? 
 
 fortunatior : Eud. 1191, quis mest fortunatior ? H. T. 296, quis 
 test fortunatior ? Eun. 1031 ; Hec. 491 ; 848. 
 
 ignavior : Scip. African. (Cic. de Or. ii, 61, 249), quid hoc Naevio 
 ignavius ? 
 
Ablative of Comparison. 295 
 
 improbior : Trin. 692, quis me improbior ? 
 
 insipientior : Trin. 929, quis homost me insipientior ? 
 
 melior : Asin. 717, quid bomini Salute melius ? 
 
 miserior : Ampb. 1046, quis me alter miserior ? Eud. 520 ; 1281 ; 
 Capt. 540 ; H. T. 255, quid sene nostro miserius ? 
 
 peior : M. G-. 307, quid peius muliere aut audacius ? Most. 256, 
 quid ilia peius quicquam muliere ? 
 
 Few instances occur in Early Latin where quam is used instead 
 of tbe ablative in rbetorical questions, e.g. M. G. 314, quis magis 
 deis inimicis natus quam tu atque iratis ? 615, quis bomo sit magis 
 meus quam tu's ? 
 
 3. Proverbial Expressions. "Pbrases that have tbe flavor of the 
 speech of the people, that have become crystallized into proverbial 
 forms and values, generally have the ablative. These have probably 
 arisen, by extension, from what was originally a very limited and 
 definite class — figura etymologica * — the very kind of expression 
 that would find favor with a primitive people, when they desired 
 emphasis." 2 The material under this head falls into two catego- 
 ries : 1) Expressions containing figura etymologica ; 2) Expressions 
 that are purely proverbial. 
 
 1) Expressions containing figura etymologica : 3 Amph. 446, nil 
 hoc similist similius; 907, stultior stultissimo; Asin. 614, O melle 
 dulci dulcior; Aul. 600, citis quadrigis citius; Capt. 150, unico 
 magis unicust ; 644, nil magis hoc certo certius ; Cist. 644, O salute 
 mea salus salubrior; Cure. 551, stultior stulto fuisti; Epid. 425, 
 nihil bomini amico opportuno amicius ; Most. 279, nihil hac docta 
 doctius ; True. 371, hoc melle dulci dulcius. 
 
 2) Expressions that are purely proverbial : Li v. And. Trag. 16, 
 multo ocius verno gelu tabescit ; Aul. 495, viliores Gallicis canthe- 
 riis ; Bacch. 123, stultior es barbaro poticio ; 889, confossiorem sori- 
 cina nenia ; Most. 291, pulcrum ornatum turpes mores peius coeno 
 conlinunt; Poen. 291, lapide silice stultior; 812, levior plumast 
 gratia; Trin. 1154, tunica propior palliost; Enn. Trag. 160 (Sc 
 188 V), melius est virtute ius (eius codd) ; Cato, Agr. 4, frons occi- 
 pitio prior est ; Pseud. 937, minus sit nihilo ; so Phor. 535. 
 
 i Wolfflin, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. vi, p. 448 ; Landgraf , Acta Erlang. ii, p. 65. 
 
 2 Seville, op. cit. p. 59. 
 
 8 In these, Wolfflin, op. cit. p. 449, sees a usage of the sermo vulgaris. 
 
296 The Ablative. 
 
 4. The type opinione melius : Amph. 545, prius tua opinione : 
 Aul. 544, opinione melius res structast domi ; so Cas. 338 ; M. G. 
 1238, opinione illius pulcrior; Bacch. 349, plus iusto vehit; 
 Ace. 129, aliquanto solito (solitus codd) lembo sum progressus 
 longius. 
 
 5. Plus, minus, minor, in numerical expressions. 
 
 plus : Bacch. 818, plus annis decern ; Cure. 14, plus anno scio ; 
 Men. 446, plus xxx annis natus sum ; H. T. 62, annos sexaginta aut 
 plus eo; Corn. Scip. African. Min. p. 192 (Meyer), plus pueris vir- 
 ginibusque quingentis ; p. 184 (Meyer), plus terfcia parte pecuniae 
 paternae perdidisti ; C. Gracchus, p. 231 (Meyer), assem aut eo plus 
 accepisse ; CIL, i, 196, 20, neve inter ibei virei pious duobus, mulieri- 
 bus, pious tribus arfuise velent. 
 
 minus : CIL, i, 196, 17, dum ne minus senatoribus C adesent. 
 
 minor: Corn. Scip. African. Min. p. 192 (Meyer), non minorem 
 xii annis ; CIL, i, 198, 13, queive minor annis xxx maiorve annos lx 
 gnatus siet. 
 
 But more frequently plus and related words are introduced with- 
 out having any effect on the construction e.g. : 
 
 plus : Enn. Ann. 501, septingenti sunt paullo plus aut minus 
 anni, postquam condita Roma est. This illustrates how the con- 
 struction might have originated in a loose sort of apposition. Other 
 examples are : Bacch. 462, plus xxx annis ; Epid. 498, plus iam sum 
 libera quinquennium ; M. G. 1064, plus mi auri mille est modiorum 
 Philippi ; Pers. 21, plusculum annum fui praeferratus ; Stich. 160, 
 illam in alvo gesto plus annos decern ; True. 913, plus decern pondo, 
 — amoris pauxillisper perdidi ; Cato, Agr. 17, 2, plus menses sep- 
 tem ; 45, 3, plus iii digitos ; 89, 1, plus unam horam ; 113, 2, plus 
 quadriennium ; H. T. 451, ancillas secum adduxit plus decern ; Eun. 
 184, non plus biduom ; Ad. 199, plus quingentos colaphos infregit 
 mihi ; CIL, i, 196, 19, homines pious v oinvorsei ne quisquam velet ; 
 1, 200, 14, pequdes maiores non plus x pascet. 
 
 amplius : CIL, i, 198, 23, ne amplius de una familia unum ; 200, 
 14, iugra non amplius xxx possidebit; 200, 60, amplius iugera cc; 
 Cato, Agr. 150, 2, agnos xxx ne amplius promittat; 49, 1, binas 
 gemmas ne amplius relinquito. 
 
 minus : Trin. 402, minus xv dies sunt ; Cato, Agr. 161, 4, inter- 
 
Ablative of Agency. 297 
 
 vallum sit ne minus pedes singulos ; OIL, i, 200, 14, quae minus 
 annum gnatae erunt ; OIL, i, 577, III, 10, dum ni minus viginti ad- 
 sient, quom ea res consuletur. 
 
 maior : CIL, i, 198, 13, maiorve annos lx gnatus siet. 
 
 longius : CIL, 198, 63, dum ni longius c dies edat. 
 
 6. Other instances of the ablative of comparison are extremely rare 
 in Early Latin : M. G. 21, peiiuriorem hoc hominem. si quis viderit ; 
 Poen. 1236, hanc canem f aciam oleo tranquilliorem ; Cato, Agr. 28, 
 2, arbores crassiores digitis v. 
 
 7. In the following examples aeque, adaeque with a positive seem to 
 have the force of a comparative and to take the ablative for that 
 reason : Amph. 293, nullust hoc metuculosus aeque ; Cas. 684, neque 
 est neque f uit me senex quisquam amator adaeque miser ; Cure. 141, 
 qui me aeque f ortunatus erit ? Most. 30, quo nemo adaeque est habi- 
 tus parcus nee magis continens. For adaeque with the comparative 
 (adaeque fortunatior), see p. 293. 
 
 In the Transactions of the Am. Phil. Assoc, xxxvi, p. 81, I have 
 suggested that the examples with aeque and adaeque may possibly 
 be regarded as Ablatives of Association. 
 
 Use of Adverbs in the Construction of the Ablative of Comparison. 
 — Apart from the use of plus, minus in numeral expressions (see 
 5 above) and expressions of the type of opinione melius (see 4 
 above), the Ablative of Comparison occurs with great rarity in con- 
 nection with adverbs. The only examples I have noted are : Aul. 
 600, citis quadrigis citius ; Liv. And. Trag. 16, multo ocius verno 
 gelu tabescit ; Most. 291, pulcrum ornatum turpes mores peius coeno 
 conlinunt ; Cato, Agr. 5, 4, diutius ne habeat die. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF AGENCY. 
 
 The Ablative of Agency with a is obviously a true ablative de- 
 velopment, the agent being conceived as the source from which the 
 action emanates ; e.g. in ab amico accusatus est the action is primarily 
 conceived as emanating from the friend as the source; cf. a man 
 sent from God. 
 
 It is superfluous to give examples of the usage in Early Latin. 
 In Enn. Ann. 553 (V), attention may be directed to the use of a 
 
298 The Ablative. 
 
 collective noun used without the preposition as an Ablative of 
 Agency : tanto sublatae sunt agmine tunc lapides. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF TIME AFTER WHICH. 
 
 This use of the ablative is well attested for Sanskrit (Speyer, 
 Sanskrit Syntax, p. 73), but apparently is not found elsewhere. 
 In Latin it seems to exist by implication in the omitted antecedent 
 of the relative in such expressions as And. 104, in diebus paucis 
 quibus haec acta sunt; Cic. pro Rose. Amerino, 7, 20, quadriduo, 
 quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chrysogonum defertur; Caes. B. G-. iii, 
 23, paucis diebus quibus eo ventum erat. The Cicero passage fur- 
 nishes the best starting-point for discussing the nature and origin 
 of the idiom. That passage means 'within four days from what 
 time these things took place,' i.e. quo is here equivalent to ab eo tem- 
 pore quo (the antecedent of quo obviously cannot be quadriduo). In 
 the passages from Terence and Caesar, it seems difficult at first sight 
 to apply satisfactorily the explanation here suggested for the quo of 
 the Cicero passage. But I am confident that we have to recognize 
 in such expressions a case of formal attraction merely. In strictness, 
 the correct form in these two last passages would have been : paucis 
 diebus quo, i.e. paucis diebus (ab eo tempore) quo, but the analogy of 
 quadriduo quo (which must represent the origin of our idiom) would 
 naturally lead to a paucis diebus quibus, when the antecedent was 
 plural. In other words the Romans themselves seem with time to 
 have lost consciousness of the true nature of the idiom, a circum- 
 stance which can hardly excite wonder when we consider that no 
 other clear instances of the Ablative of Time after Which are recog- 
 nized for Latin. 
 
 Other examples of the idiom in Early Latin are : Asin. 764, ni in 
 quadriduo abalienarit quo aps te argentum acceperit ; CIL, i, 196, 
 29, in diebus decern quibus vobeis tabelai datai erunt, faciatis utei 
 dismota sient; i, 197, 16, eis in diebus V proxsumeis, quibus quisque 
 imperium inierit, iouranto ; so 14 ; 23 ; i, 198, 12 ; 61 ; 62 ; 68 ; i, 
 200, 37; 52; 53; 77; 78; Cato, Agr. 152, 1, in diebus xxx quibus 
 vinum legeris. 
 
 Ebrard, p. 593, gives a number of other examples under the head 
 of time after which, but none of them belongs here. 
 
Ablative of Association. 299 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL (SOCIATIVE) USES OF THE 
 ABLATIVE. 1 
 
 The variety and number of ablative uses developed from the 
 Indo-European Instrumental is very great. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT. 2 
 
 1 limit this usage to combinations of verbs of motion (or being 
 with) with ablatives denoting or implying persons. But illustrations 
 of the idiom are never very frequent. Early Latin has only the 
 following : Amph. 219, postquam utrimque exitum est maxuma 
 copia; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 26, 4, peditatu equitibus atque alis cum 
 hostium legionibus pugnavimus ; Leg. XII Tab. vii, 7, qua volet 
 iumento agito. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ASSOCIATION.' 
 
 alligo : Poen. Arg. 6, eum f urto alligat. 
 
 aptus: Trin. 658, ita vi Veneris vinctus, otio aptus (A; captus 
 P) ; aptus seems to me the more likely reading here. Nonius de- 
 fines aptus as conexus et colligatus; so Festus, p. 18, defines by com- 
 prehendere vinculo; Isidore, xix, 30, 5, by ligare. I therefore 
 interpret otio aptus as meaning, 'entangled with (= in) indolence.' 
 
 commisceo: Asin. 310, tantum ad est boni verum commixtum 
 malo; Pers. 407; Enn. Trag. 163 (Sc 196 V), commixta stellis 
 splendidis. With cum: Cato, Agr. 114, 2, ne commisceas cum 
 cetero vino. 
 
 communico : M. G. 51, communicabo semper te mensa mea. 
 
 compono: Lucil. 303 (Mx), labra labellis compono, cited by 
 Ebrard, p. 626, does not illustrate the ablative but the dative ; see 
 p. 126. 
 
 concomitatus : M. G. 1103, sororem et matrem, quibus concomitata 
 deveniat domum. 
 
 i Delbriick, Grundr. iii, p. 231 ff. ; Ebrard, p. 617 ff. 
 
 2 Ebrard, p. 618. 
 
 s Ebrard, p. 618; 626; Bennett, The Ablative of Association, Transactions Amer. 
 Phil. Assoc. Tinrvi, p. 64 ff. 
 
300 The Ablative. 
 
 consuesco : Ad. 666, qui ilia consuevit prior ; ilia here is the read- 
 ing of A ; interpolated MSS have cum ilia, which is metrically im- 
 possible. With cum: Cist. 86, tu cum quiquam viro consuevisti. 
 In the gerundive construction: Vid. 33, talis iactandis tuae sunt 
 consuetae manus. 
 
 contineo: CIL, i, 206 (Lex Iul. Mun.), 53, semitam, eo aedificio 
 perpetuo continentem. 
 
 devincio: H. T. 208, ubi animus semel se cupiditate devinxit 
 mala ; cf. Cic. de Har. Resp. 5, quo scelere se devinxerit (Bennett, 
 op. cit. p. 68) ; Lucil. 246 (Mx), bulga haec devincta (la)certo est ; 
 Pseud. 221, vino te devincis, "you 'tie to' wine" (Acidalius's 
 deungis is both unnecessary and unnatural). 
 
 exaptus: Lucil. 536 (Mx), pellicula extreina exaptum pendere 
 onus ingens. 
 
 haereo : Stich. 170, iam compluris annos utero haeret meo. 
 
 impedio : Amph. fr. xvi, qui domi uxorem meam impudicitia im- 
 pedivit, ' has involved her in shame ' ; Phor. 442, me et se hisce 
 nuptiis impedivit. 
 
 implico: Merc. 14, sed ea (Lamb; earn codd) ut sim implicitus 
 dicam. In view of the very great frequency of implico with the 
 ablative at all periods of the literature, it seems probable that ea is 
 the true reading here. 
 
 irretio : Lucil. 990 (Mx), laqueis, manicis, pedicis mens irretita est. 
 
 iungo : Leg. XII Tab. vi, 7, tignum iunctum aedibus vineave ; 
 CIL, i, 206 (Lex. Iul. Munic), 67, plostra bubus iumentisve iuncta. 
 
 ludo : M. G. 324, ludis me. : : turn mi sunt manus inquinatae. : : 
 quidum ? : : quia ludo luto. The pun shows that ludis me could be 
 interpreted as 'you are playing with me.' Ad. 739, quasi quom 
 ludas tesseris. 
 
 misceo : Cato, Agr. 114, 2, de eo vino cyatum sumito et misceto 
 aqua ; Pacuv. 414, grando mixta imbri largifico ; Ace. 82, patrium 
 sanguine sanguen miscere suo. With cum : Trin. 122, cum tuo 
 misceres malo. With dative, see p. 112. 
 
 muto : Capt. 28, si quem reperire posset qui mutet suom ; so 101 ; 
 171; Lucil. 672 (Mx), uno hoc non muto omnia; 675, publicis 
 (publices, pulices codd) mutem meos. 
 
 obvolvo : Enn. Trag. 48 (Sc 64 V), fax obvoluta sanguine et incendio. 
 
Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 301 
 
 participo : M. G. 262, quin sermone suo aliquem participaverit. 
 permisceo : Cato, Agr. 116, permisceto lentim aceto ; 37, 2. 
 teneo : somewhat uncertain is Pseud. 1110, nisi ut improbis se 
 artibus teneant, ' hold, cling, to bad ways.' 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ATTENDANT CIECUMSTANCE. 1 
 
 The Ablative of Attendant Circumstance (Delbrtick's ' Ablativus 
 der begleitenden Umstande ') is a very natural outgrowth of the 
 original sociative force inherent in the Indo-European instrumental 
 case. It is an especially common idiom in the early language. The 
 difference between the Ablative of Attendant Circumstance and Ab- 
 lative of Manner is not always easy to determine, and in view of the 
 difficulty of exact definition, a strict differentiation is likely always 
 to prove impossible. In what I have brought under this head I 
 have aimed to include only those examples in which the ablative 
 expressed some circumstance accessory to the main act indicated by 
 the verb of the sentence. Ablative of Manner, on the other hand, I 
 restrict to those expressions that indicate some one of the natural 
 ways in which an act takes place (as run slowly, fast, hard; speak im- 
 pressively, with dignity, with vehemence). Another ablative usage 
 closely related to the Ablative of Attendant Circumstance is the 
 Ablative of Means or Instrument. The Ablative of Means, like the 
 Ablative of Attendant Circumstance, is an outgrowth of the Indo- 
 European instrumental case. In a sentence like divos ture precemur, 
 it is difficult to determine whether the incense is conceived of as an 
 accompanying circumstance of the prayer, or as the means by which 
 the act is effected. There are many such examples which stand on 
 the borderland between Means and Attendant Circumstance, and 
 which will doubtless be interpreted in different ways by different 
 readers. There will, therefore, be examples which others may 
 naturally place in a different category from that in which I have 
 placed them. But I have aimed to put together only those usages 
 which are similar in nature. 
 
 A noteworthy feature of the Ablative of Attendant Circumstance 
 is the large number of ablatives in -u. 
 
 i Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 238 ff. ; Ebrard, p. 618 ff. 
 
302 The Ablative. 
 
 armis : Ace. 321, Mavortes armis duo congressos crederes. 
 
 augurio: Enn. Ann. 502 (V), augusto augurio postquam inclita 
 condita Roma est; Ace. 583, quianam tarn advorso augurio lumen 
 ostentas. 
 
 auspicio: Leg. Reg., Numa, 4, quoius auspicio classe procincta 
 opima spolia capiuntur; Tab. Triumph, p. 54 (Baehr), ductu aus- 
 picio imperio felieitateque classis regis fusa est; p. 55, imperio 
 auspicioque (eius) legio exercitusque Sardinian! subegit; Pseud. 
 761, ducam legiones meas avi sinistera auspicio liquido ; Amph. 192 ; 
 657 ; Epid. 183. 
 
 avi : Pseud. 761 (cited above, under auspicio) ; Trag. Inc. 89, 
 advorsaque avi ; Epid. 183. 
 
 clamore : Men. 46, Pseud. 556, clamore magno et multum flagita- 
 bere ; Enn. Ann. 585 (V), clamore boantes ; Pacuv. 223, clamore et 
 sonitu colles resonantes bount; Ace. Praet. 2, clamore et gemitu 
 tern plum resonit ; True. 759, ludos faciam clamore in via. 
 
 conatu : H. T. 621, ne ista magno iam conatu magnas nugas dixerit. 
 
 crepitn: Pacuv. 114, aula resonit crepitu musico; Ace. 572, echo 
 crepitu clangente cachinnat. 
 
 damnis : Bacch. 66, ubi damnis desudascitur. 
 
 dictione : Pacuv. 5, saeptuosa dictione abs te datur. 
 
 dolis : Amph. 367, advenisti consutis dolis. 
 
 dolore : Ace. 674, scindens dolore intonsam eomam. 
 
 faucibus : Stieh. 468, propino tibi salutem plenis faucibus. 
 
 ferro: Aec. 55, Orestem gravis sacerdos ferro prompto adstituerat. 
 
 fiducia : Poen. 1209, mea fiducia hercle haruspex his promisit liber- 
 tatem ; Most. 37, mei tergi facio haec, non tui fiducia. 
 
 fletu : Enn. Var. 17 (V), nemo funera fletu faxit. 
 
 fremitu : Amph. 232, boat caelum fremitu virum ; Enn. Ann. 190 
 (V), omne sonabat arbustum fremitu silvai ; Pacuv. 312 ; Ace. Praet. 
 11, fremitu peragrant minitabiliter. 
 
 gemitu: Pseud. 786, illud aiunt magno gemitu fieri; Pacuv. 321. 
 
 gloria : Capt. 689, f acito ut Acherunti clueas gloria. 
 
 ictibus: Lucil. 1165 (Mx), multorum (multo, cum Marx) magnis 
 ictibus tundit. 
 
 imperio ; Enn. Trag. 210 (Sc 251 V), petebant pellem Colchis im- 
 perio regis Peliae ; for additional examples, see above under auspicio. 
 
Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 303 
 
 inconsultu : Trin. 167, inconsultu meo aedis venalis inscribit. 
 
 iniuria: True. 168, vostra hercle factum iniuria. 
 
 insidiis : Pseud. 1046, occasionem repperisti ubi perconteris me 
 insidiis hostilibus. 
 
 lacrimis : Pacuv. 355, lacrumis lingua debiliter stupet. 
 
 latratu : Ace. 569, ubi latratu unda sonit. 
 
 luci: Kane, Case-Forms ... to Express Time, Baltimore, 1895, 
 p. 54, takes this as an Ablative of Time at Which. But the expres- 
 sion means, 'in broad daylight': Amph. 165; Cas. 786; Men. 1005; 
 Aul. 748; Enn. Ann. 431 (V) ; Afran. 138. 
 
 lucro : Poen. 750, explicavi meam rem lucro. 
 
 luna : Cato, Agr. 29, evehito luna silenti ; so 50, 1 ; 40, 1. 
 
 malo : Enn. Sat 1 (V), malo hercle magno suo convivat ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), p. 37, 17, neque eos malo publico divites feci; Bud. 775; 
 et pass. 
 
 manibus : Amph. 1093, invocat deos manibus puris. 
 
 mendaciis : Amph. 366, compositis mendaciis advenisti. 
 
 miseriis : Men. 1133, quem ego multis miseriis, laboribus quaesivi. 
 
 munditiis : Pseud. 1253, magnis munditiis sumus accepti. 
 
 nitore : Trag. Inc. 242, micant nitore tecta sublimi aurea. 
 
 nucibus : Stich. 689, hoc conviviumst satis commodule nucibus, 
 fabulis, ficulis, lupillo, comminuto crustulo. 
 
 omine : Ace. 583, quianam inimico omine lumen ostentas ; Cas. 
 510, nostro omine it dies. 
 
 opera: Capt. 450, eadem opera a praetore sumam syngraphum; 
 Pseud. 222, reprehendam cuncta una opera ; 319 ; Men. 525 ; et pass. 
 
 opere : Cas. 21, vos omnis opere magno esse oratos volo ; so 430 ; 
 Pers. 241, edictum est magno opere mihi ; True. 937 ; Ace. 508 ; Lucil. 
 560 (Mx) ; 629 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 23, 1, quo maiore opere dico ; 
 Most. 420, iussit maxumo opere orare ; so M. G. 75 ; Pseud. 897 ; 
 Stich. 248; H. T. 626; Eun. 532; Phor. 760; Turp. 178; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), p. 55, 10; Bacch. 179, mirumst me te opere tanto quaesere. 
 
 ore : Stat. 103, cruento ore grundibat ; Trag. Inc. 183, ore beato 
 lumine volitans, qui per caelum candidus equitas. 
 
 ornatu : Bacch. 110, quas tu res hoc ornatu geras ; M. G. 1282 ; 
 Trin. 852 ; Hec. 9, ad vos venio ornatu prologi ; Atta, 3, lupantur 
 nostro ornatu per vias. 
 
304 The Ablative. 
 
 pace: Amph. 32, propterea pace advenio; Eun. 466, pace quod 
 fiat tua ; CIL, i, 542, 4, tua pace rogans te ; Catulus, ap. Cic. de Nat. 
 Deor. i, 28, 79, pace mihi liceat dicere vestra. 
 
 periculo : Men. 199, nimio ego hanc periculo surrupui hodie ; 200, 
 haud aeque raagno umquam apstulit periculo ; Rud. 432; Trin. 1087 ; 
 Andr. 480, nunc huius periculo fit ; Lucil. 913 (Mx), adde alios omnes 
 meo periculo ; Trag. Incert. 187, desertum ab omnibus summo peri- 
 culo sola ut restituarn. 
 
 plausu : Enn. Ann. 439 (V), plausu cava concutit ungula terram. 
 
 pulsu: Enn. Trag. 296 (Sc 341 V), sonitus auris pedum pulsu 
 increpat. 
 
 rictu: Titin. 172, labea semper facito rictu rideat. 
 
 risu : Enn. Ann. 458 (V), riserunt omnes risu Iovis omnipotentis. 
 
 rumore: Enn. Ann. 255 (V), mox auferre domos populi rumore 
 secundo ; Trag. Inc. 89 ; Sueius, Baehr. p. 286. 
 
 salute : Men. 134, avorti praedam ab hostibus nostrum salute so- 
 cium ; Rud. 908, quom me expedivit praeda onustum salute horiae. 
 With cum : Merc. 811, cum quidem salute f amiliai maxuma. 
 
 sicilibus : Enn. Ann. 507 (V), incedit veles volgo sicilibus latis. 
 
 sonitu: Amph. 1094, contonat sonitu maxumo; Naev. Trag. 12, 
 suo sonitu claro fulgurivit Iuppiter; Enn. Ann. 140 (V), at tuba 
 terribili sonitu taratantara dixit ; 277, summo sonitu quatit ungula 
 terram ; 402, tinnit hastilibus umbo, aerato sonitu galeae ; Ace. 
 391, tanta moles labitur ingenti sonitu et spiritu; Trag. Inc. 237, 
 agilis sonipes rapitur celeri sonitu. 
 
 spe : Eun. 1025, qua spe aut quo consilio hue imus ? Hec. 17, spe 
 incerta certum mihi laborem sustuli. 
 
 sumptibus : Lucil. 441 (Mx), sumptibus magnis exstructa mensa. 
 
 telis : Enn. Ann. 154 (V), ansatis concurrunt undique telis. 
 
 toga : Enn. Ann, 494 (V), dum quidem unus homo Romanus toga 
 superescit. 
 
 tunicis : Amph. 368, tunicis consutis hue advenio, non dolis. 
 
 verbis : Pseud. 450, adire blandis verbis ; Rud. 1335, praei verbis ; 
 Poen. 408. 
 
 victu, vino : Pseud. 947, lepido victu, vino, unguentis, pulpamentis 
 (sc. te accipiam) ; 1253 ; Cato, Agr. 134, 1, ture vino Iano praefato ; 
 so 141, 2 ; Pers. 31, basilico accipiere victu. 
 
Ablative of Accordance. 305 
 
 victoria : Poen. 1192, si quod agit, cluet victoria. 
 
 voce : Ace. Praet. 10, voce canora, fremitu peragrant. 
 
 The Ablative of Attendant Circumstance is not infrequently ac- 
 companied by cum, e.g. : Cure. 194, cum cruciatu magno dixisti id 
 tuo ; so Capt. 681 ; M. G-. 748, faciundumst cum malo ; Merc. 810, 
 rure rediit ? : : cum salute familiai maxuma ; Aul. 681, malam rem 
 potius quaeram cum lucro : Enn. Ann. 485 (V), cum sonitu magno. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ACCORDANCE.! 
 
 The ablative occurs with some frequency to denote that in ac- 
 cordance with which something exists, or occurs, or is done. The 
 most frequent words employed in this use are : arbitratu, lege, more, 
 moribus, exemplo, sententia. The connection with the sociative force 
 (' with,' ' in conformity with ') inherent in the Indo-European Instru- 
 mental will be obvious from an inspection of the examples. 
 
 animo : Stich. 39, meo animo omnis sapientis suom officium 
 aequom est colere ; 184, optuma hercle meo animo et scitissuma ; 
 Men. 227 ; Merc. 314 ; et pass. 
 
 arbitratu ; Bacch. 876, tuo arbitratu ; 994 ; 1126, sine (sc. eas 
 deridere nos) suo arbitratu ; Pseud. 271, di te deaeque ament vel 
 huius arbitratu vel meo ; 428 ; 661 ; Trin. 990, vapulabis meo arbi- 
 tratu ; CIL, i, 577, 1, 8, praedes dato arbitratu duumvirum ; so III, 6, 
 7, et pass. 
 
 argumento; Rud. 1023, quo argumento socius non sum? so Cas. 
 812 ; M. G. 1001 ; et pass. 
 
 consilio: And. 502, factum id consilio meo; Hec. 514; Semp. 
 Asell. p. 109, 21 (Peter), neque quibus consiliis gesta sint ; 109, 13, 
 quo consilio quaque ratione gesta essent. 
 
 consuetudine : Hec. 92, antiqua ut consuetudine agitarem inter vos 
 convivium ; so Cist. 94. 
 
 exemplo : Men. 985, (eo) ego exemplo servio ; M. Gr. 359, istoc ex- 
 emplo tibi esse pereundum ; 726, uno exemplo ne omnes vitam vi- 
 verent ; H. T. 20, quo exemplo sibi licere id facere putat ; Turp. 36, 
 quia se talento tetigi vetere exemplo amantium; Ace. Praet. 15, 
 patrio exemplo me dicabo. 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 651. 
 
306 The Ablative. 
 
 fato : Ace. 535, poenas Iovi fato expendisse supremo. 
 
 ingenio : Hec. 302, suo me ingenio pertulit. 
 
 lege: Asin. 166, semper tibi promissum habeto hac lege; Merc. 
 17, lege dura vivont ; 1019 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 21, 6, lege publica 
 exsecrati ; And. 200, ea lege atque omine, ut etc. ; 799 ; Eun. 102 ; 
 H. T. 1054 ; Phor. 116 ; 626, an legibus daturum poenas dices ? 
 Hec. 172; Cato, Agr. 145, 1; CIL, i, 198, 23, lege Iunia sacramento 
 actum siet ; 41 ; CIL, i, 200, 89 ; and frequently. 
 
 more, moribus : Amph. 198, solens meo more fecero; Baech. 540, 
 multi more isto atque exemplo vivont ; Cist. 221 ; Trin. 1031, more 
 maiorum ; And. 152, alieno more vivendumst mini ; 967 ; Enn. Trag. 
 277 (Sc 315 V), more antiquo audibo ; Cato, Agr. 139, Romano more ; 
 Turp. 182, mihi videre tuo more aegre id pati ; CIL, i, 542, L. 
 Mummius donum moribus antiqueis hoc dare sese. 
 
 ratione : see consilio. 
 
 remigio : M. G. 747, meo remigio rem gerunt. 
 
 ritu : Men. 395, haee mulier cantberino ritu astans somniat ; Cato, 
 fr. (Jord), p. 48, 14, Graeco ritu fiebantur Saturnalia; Pacuv. 393, 
 Alcyonis ritu litus pervolgans feror ; Lucil. 1095 (Mx), canino ritu. 
 
 sententia: Men. 81, nimis quidem stulte faciunt mea quidem 
 sententia ; so Merc. 392 ; Phor. 335 ; Ad. 65. 
 
 studio : H. T. 280, quo studio vitam suam te absente exegerit. 
 
 testamento : Afran. 50, quom testamento patria partisset bona. 
 
 voluntate : H. T. 1025, dictiis filius tuos vostra voluntate. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MANNER. 1 
 
 The instrumental, i.e. sociative, character of the Ablative of Man- 
 ner is clearly shown not only by the sense, but also by the use of the 
 Instrumental case in Sanskrit and Avestan, as well as by the frequent 
 use of the preposition cum. Delbrilck, Grundriss, iii, p. 239, does not 
 distinguish this construction from the Ablative of Attendant Cir- 
 cumstance. I have thought it well to differentiate the two (as is 
 done by most scholars), restricting the Ablative of Manner to those 
 uses in which the ablative designates some way naturally thought of 
 in connection with the verb used. The Ablative of Attendant Cir- 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 647. 
 
Ablative of Manner. 307 
 
 cumstance, on the other, denotes some additional circumstance or 
 event which is a concomitant of the main act stated in the sentence. 
 Nevertheless the Ahlative of Manner is very closely related to the 
 Ablative of Attendant Circumstance, the Ablative of Accordance, 
 and the Ablative of Cause. I aim at least to bring under this 
 head only constructions which are closely related to each other. 
 
 agmine : Enn. Ann. 173 (V), leni fluit agmine (= cursu) flumen ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 81, 16, pedites quattuor agminibus, equites 
 duobus antibus ducas. 
 
 anima : Stat. 159, quae mihi savium dat ieiuna anima. 
 
 animo : Poen. 5, bonoque ut animo sedeant in subselliis ; True. 233, 
 aequo animo aliis qui habent det locum ; so Aul. 739 ; M. G. 1343 ; 
 Poen. 22; Phor. 30 ; 1021 ; et pass. ; Enn. Ann. 514 (V), qui vincla 
 suis magnis animis abrupit; And. 262, qui me tam leni passus est 
 animo ; H. T. 122, animo fere perturbato atque incerto ; Eun. 769, 
 fac animo haec praesenti dicas ; Phor. 763, animo iniquo hoc ferre ; 
 so Eun. 212 ; Phor. 964, hi gladiatorio animo ad me adfectat viam ; 
 Hec. 568, tam animo irato tulit ; 201, uno animo omnes socrus oderunt 
 nurus ; Ace. 357, qui rem publicam animo certo adiuverit ; 636, Tereus 
 animo barbaro conspexit ut earn ; 645, animo audaci in medium pro- 
 ripit sese ; Lucil. 1000, quid haec animo trepidanti dicta profundo ? 
 
 arte : H. T. 366, haec arte tractabat virum ; Lucil. 85 (Mx), com- 
 postae tesserulae arte. 
 
 astu: Most. 1069, astu mihi captandumst cum illo; And. 208, 
 quae si non astu providentur; Epid. 545; Eun. 924; Pacuv. 186; 
 et pass. 
 
 audacia : And. 613, qua audacia (fiducia codd) id f acere audeam ? 
 Eun. 958. 
 
 blandiloquentia : Enn. Trag. 227 (Sc 267 V), ut ego illi supplicarem 
 tanta blandiloquentia. 
 
 casu: Enn. Ann. 398 (V), occumbunt multi letum . . . praecipe 
 casu. 
 
 clamore : Merc. 49, summo haec clamore (sc. dixit) ; H. T. 40. 
 
 corde: Capt. 420, videas corde amare inter se; Enn. Ann. 48 (V), 
 corde cupitus ; Trag. 241 (Sc 279 V), utinam ne Colchis cupido corde 
 pedem extulisses. 
 
 curriculo : Epid. 14, curriculo occepi sequi ; so M. G. 523 ; Most. 
 
308 The Ablative. 
 
 362; 929; Pers. 199; Rud. 798; 855; Stich. 337, celeri curriculo 
 fui propere a portu ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 45, 7, f ugit maxuma fugella, 
 perpetuissimo curriculo ; H. T. 733, curriculo percurre. 
 
 cursu : Men. 867, cursu celeri f acite inflexa sit pedum pernicitas ; 
 Ace. Praet. 27, orbem flammeum solis linquier cursu novo ; Enn. 
 Ann. 479 (V), ingenti vadit cursu ; Stat. 256, Venerio cursu veni. 
 
 diligentia : Cato, Agr. 5, 6, boves maxima diligentia curatos habeto. 
 
 dolo : Leg. Reg. ii, 12, si qui hominem liberum dolo sciens morti 
 duit; Men. 228, non dicam dolo; so Trin. 90; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 
 42, 6, si omnia dolo fecit ; And. 558 ; Eun. 515 ; Ad. 375 ; Ace. 534, 
 eum elepsisse dolo ; Lex Silia de ponderibus (Bruns, Cap. iii, 3), si 
 quis magistratus adversus bac dolo malo faxit; et pass. 
 
 exemplis : Merc. 225, di miris exemplis somnia in somnis danunt ; 
 Pbor. 688, malis exemplis perdant; Ace. 85, mavis male mulcari 
 exemplis omnibus. 
 
 fide : Most. 670, tuos emit aedis filius. : : bonan fide ? so True. 
 586; H. T. 761; Cato, Agr. 14, 3; M. G. 456, muliebri fecit fide; 
 Merc. 1013, mea fide. 
 
 fronte : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 26, 4, aequo fronte cum nostrum legi- 
 onibus pugnavimus; 36, 9, recto fronte ceteros sequi si norit; Cas. 
 281, te porrectiore fronte volo loqui. 
 
 fugella: Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 45, 7, fugit maxuma fugella. 
 
 furto : Stat. 202, ut tu ilium furto (fructu codd) fallas. 
 
 gradu : Pacuv. 273, trepidanti gradu nititur ; Ace. 183, tardo pro- 
 cedens gradu; 239, agite modico gradu; 23, celebri gradu gressum 
 adcelerasse; Pbor. 867, suspenso gradu placide ire; Lucil. 1278 
 (Mx) ; Trin. 623, celeri gradu eunt ; True. 286. 
 
 impetu : Amph. 245, involant impetu alacri. 
 
 impudentia : Ace. 133, qui effrenata impudentia mertare institit. 
 
 industria: Enn. Trag. 64 (Sc 81 V), bellum gerentes summum 
 summa industria; Most. 348; Cas. 45. 
 
 ingenio: Naev. Trag. 23, ingenio ('naturally') arbusta ubi nata 
 sunt ; Enn. Ann. 414 (V), ingenio forti dextra latus pertudit basta. 
 
 iniuria: Aul. 330, hercle iniuria dispertivisti ; Epid. 715, maxuma 
 hercle inuria vinctus ; True. 168 ; And. 60 ; H. T. 581 ; Eun. 433. 
 
 ieco : Amph. 906, cum ea sermonem nee ioco nee serio habeas ; 
 964; Eun. 179; Com. Inc. 27. 
 
Ablative of Manner. 309 
 
 ioculo : Rud. 729, illis adferre vim ioculo pauxillulum ; Most. 923 ; 
 Merc. 993. 
 
 iure: Leg. XII Tab. iii, 1, rebusque iure iudicatis; viii, 12, iure 
 caesus esto ; Ampb. 246, proterunt hostium copias iure iniustas ; 
 Men. 718, adeo iure coepta appellari est Canes ; Most. 713 ; And. 214 ; 
 607 ; Ace. 41 ; 195. 
 
 labore : Enn. Frag. Inc. 7 (V) tibicina maxumo labore nmgit ; 
 Phor. 46, quanto labore partum. 
 
 lapsu : Liv. And. Trag. 37, quo Castalia per struices saxeas lapsu 
 accidit. 
 
 lingua: Naev. Com. 113, libera lingua loquemur ; Lucil. 377 (Mi), 
 canina si lingua dico. 
 
 mente: Enn. Trag. 228 (Sc 270 V), ille traversa mente mi hodie 
 tradidit repagula. 
 
 merito: Pers. 254, lubens vitulorque merito; Pseud. 476; Eun. 
 458; Phor. 1031; and frequently (Ebrard, p. 591); Asin. 737, meri- 
 tissumo eius quae volet faciemus ; 608, immerito meo me morti de- 
 dere optas. 
 
 modo : tbis word occurs with a great variety of adjective and pro- 
 nominal modifiers. Very full material is given in Ebrard, p. 647. I 
 content myself with citing examples of the several combinations : 
 illoc modo : Men. 317, solet iocari saepe mecum illoc modo. 
 hoc modo : Most. 26, hocine modo; Pseud. 1277. 
 istoc modo: Most. 1014; 320. 
 eodem modo : Aul. 597 ; Ad. 695. 
 
 quo modo : Epid. 86, quo modo me expeditum faciam ; 706 ; 
 and frequently. 
 
 quibus modis: Most. 1146, quibus modis me ludificatust; Ad. 
 315. 
 
 aliquo modo: Pseud. 787, comprimere dentes videor posse 
 aliquo modo; Men. 84; 421; Ad. 469. 
 
 quoquo modo : Men. 827, quae mihi molestiaest quoquo modo. 
 ullo modo : Men. 781, neque durare ullo modo ; Hec. 266 ; 724. 
 nullo modo : Eun. 841, ut nullo modo intro ire possem ; H. T. 
 1042. 
 
 alio modo : Pseud. 474, atque alio tu modo me verberare cogitas. 
 quot modis : And. 248, quot modis contemptus. 
 
310 The Ablative. 
 
 meo modo : Pers. 359, meo modo istuc potius fiet quam tuo ; 
 Asin. 152 ; And. 153. 
 nostro modo : Phor. 962, hunc poterimus nostro modo ulcisci. 
 multis modis : Most. 785, ero servos multis modis fidus ; M. Gr. 
 1190 (multimodis) ; so And. 939 ; and often. 
 
 omnibus modis : Pseud. 1074, omnibus modis tibi esse rem ut 
 salvam scias ; Eun. 384. 
 
 Bacchico modo : Enn. Trag. Ill (Sc 127 V), Bacchico insultans 
 modo. 
 
 bono modo : Merc. 1022, quod bono fiat modo. 
 indignis modis : Eun. 710, non credes indignis nos esse inrisas 
 modis ? Ad. 166. 
 malis modis : Pseud. 258, quam ego malis perdidi modis. 
 miris modis : Merc. 225, miris modis di ludos faciunt homini- 
 bus ; Men. 1039 ; Hec. 179. 
 miseris modis : Most. 54, vietitare te miseris modis. 
 novo modo : Phor. 972, quin novo modo ei faceres contumeliam. 
 more : Ace. 636, indomito more conspexit ut earn ; Bacch. 1079, 
 feci ilia omnia, sed more modesto. 
 
 nisu : Pacuv. 256, pedetemptim ac sedato nisu. 
 opibus : Most. 348, Iupiter summis opibus atque industriis me 
 perisse cupit ; Pacuv. 106 ; Lucil. 630 (Mx). 
 
 opportunitate : Merc. 964, optuma opportunitate advenisti. 
 ordine : Pseud. 761, omnis ordine ducam legiones ; Pseud. 1312 ; 
 Ace. 50, tuam progeniem prof er ordine ; and frequently (Ebrard, p. 592) . 
 ore : And. 96, uno ore omnes omnia bona dicere ; so Phor. 625. 
 pacto : Amph. 915, quo pacto id ferre induceres ; Pacuv. 286, qui 
 pacto inimicis mortem offeras ; Merc. 623, eo si pacto posset indaga- 
 rier mulier ; Trin. 710, eodem pacto quo hue accessi apscessero ; Lu- 
 cil. 353 (Mx), uno eodemque pacto scribemus ; 636, hoc pacto ; 
 Pseud. 83, istocine pacto me adiuvas ? And. 792, alio pacto haud 
 poterat fieri; Phor. 301, nullo alio pacto; And. 884, quod cuperes 
 aliquo pacto efficiundum tibi ; Eun. 1083, illoc homine quoquo pacto 
 opus est ; Enn. Trag. 316 (Sc 163 V), neque sanguis ullo potis est 
 pacto consistere ; and frequently (Ebrard, p. 592). 
 parti : Pers. 72, ut aequa parti prodeant ad tresviros. 
 passu : Enn. Ann. 71 (V), campum celeri passu permensa. 
 
Ablative of Manner. 311 
 
 pede : Lucil. 795 (Mx), timido pede percitus vadit. 
 
 pudore : Epid. 173, uxorem pudore exsequi. 
 
 ratione : Pseud. 803, qua istuc ratione ? Eun. 322 ; Phor. 298 ; 
 Afran. 333, quam restrictim cogitata atque omnibus rationibus; 
 Merc. 56, ratione pessuma a me ea quae ipsus optuma invenisset ; 
 Ace. 87, satis recte aut vera ratione augurem ; et pass. 
 
 robore : Enn. Ann. 383 (V), studiosum robore (= e/opco/teiW) belli. 
 
 silentio : Enn. Var. 9 (V), mundus caeli vastus constitit silentio. 
 
 sponte : True. 526, neque queo pedibus mea sponte ambulare ; And. 
 692; Ad. 75. 
 
 tumultu : Turp. 121, tumultu vecordi vagas. 
 
 venia : Phor. 378, abs te hoc bona venia peto. 
 
 vi : Pers. 380, ut vi surrupta fueris ? Enn. Ann. 105 (V), vi 
 depugnare ; 268 ; Trag. 87 (Sc 98 V), Priamo vi vitam evitari ; Cato, 
 fr. (Jord), p. 85, 4, oppidum vi captum ; 23, 15, summa vi contra 
 nititur; Enn. Ann. 486 (V), magna contorsit equos vi; Merc. 45, vi 
 summa rapiebat domum ; Enn. Ann. 273 (V), vadunt solida vi ; 
 Lucil. 825 (Mx), detrusus tota vi deiectusque ; et pass. 
 
 vice : Enn. Trag. 110 (126 V), iuvenum coetus alterna vice inibat. 
 
 voce : Hec. 375, voce alia conqueri. 
 
 vociferatione : Afran. 394, quanta (quanti codd) hie vociferatione 
 f ertur ! 
 
 voltu : Capt. 557, viden hunc quam inimico voltu intuitur ? 
 
 voluntate : Liv. And. Trag. 28, cum illoc mea voluntate numquam 
 limavit caput ; M. G. 450, nisi voluntate ibis ; Men. 643, neque vis 
 tua voluntate ipse profiteri; Phor. 725, volo ipsius voluntate haec 
 fieri ; 785 ; Calp. Piso, p. 82, 10 (Peter), eumque orat uti sua volun- 
 tate Roma concedat. 
 
 The preposition cum also appears with frequency with ablatives 
 denoting manner, not only when the ablative is unaccompanied by 
 an adjective, but also when it is modified : Amph. 245, cum clamore 
 in volant ; Pers. 198, face rem cum cura geras ; Rud. 29, qui aetatem 
 agitis cum pietate et cum fide ; Trin. 22, adeste cum silentio ; Cist. 
 28, vix vivimus cum invidia summa; Epid. 516, flagitio cum maiore 
 post reddes; Most. 424, ut fugeret cum summo metu ; and frequently 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The preposition ex also occurs : Cist. 562, ex Tusco modo. 
 
312 The Ablative. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF CADSE.i 
 
 Ebrard, I.e., refers the Ablative of Cause exclusively to the Indo- 
 European ablative. The evidence of several Indo-European lan- 
 guages indicates that this use of the true ablative "was probably Indo- 
 European ; but the instrumental was also employed extensively in 
 this function (Delbriick, I.e.). As regards Latin, Delbriick is in- 
 clined to believe that causal uses go back largely to the instrumental. 
 A review of the material falling under this head has induced me to 
 believe that the great majority — possibly all — instances of the 
 Latin Ablative of Cause may be referred to this origin. I therefore 
 bring this category under the general head of instrumental uses. 
 One has only to compare such English uses as " weep with joy," 
 " howl with rage " to see the close relation between the sociative and 
 causal values. Nevertheless no one can, with our present evidence, 
 definitely deny that the true ablative may also have participated in 
 the genesis of the Latin construction. With gaudeo, delecto, laetor, 
 confido, Brugmann (Grundriss, ii 2 , p. 516 f.) recognizes a Locative 
 Ablative. 
 
 In view of its probable origin, it is no wonder that the Ablative of 
 Cause is often difficult to distinguish from several other constructions 
 of related origin, e.g. the Ablative of Means, Ablative of Manner, etc. 
 
 abitu : H. T. 413, miserum hunc tarn excruciarier eius abitu. 
 
 adlegatu : Trin. 1142, meo adlegatu venit. 
 
 adventu : Turp. 152, quoius adventu insula claret ; et pass. 
 
 aegritudine : Men. 35, is aegritudine emortuost. 
 
 aesfru : Naev. Trag. 48, iam solis aestu candor quom liquesceret ; 
 Pacuv. 416, fervit aestu pelagus. 
 
 aetate : Most. 840, aetate non quis optuerier ; 196, te ille deseret 
 aetate et satietate (' with time and satiety,' and so ' in consequence 
 of time and satiety ') ; 201 ; Enn. Ann. 425 (V), aetate pigret sufferre 
 laborem ; Pacuv. 340. 
 
 amentia : And. 887, quor meam senectutem huius sollicito amentia ; 
 Ace. 450, amentia rapior ferorque. 
 
 amore : Eun. 72, amore ardeo ; Merc. 444, perit eius amore ; M. G. 
 1259, caeca amore ; Turp. 76 ; Ace. 637, amore vecors ; et pass. 
 
 1 Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 271 ff.; Ebrard, p. 588 ff. 
 
Ablative of Cause. 313 
 
 angina : Trin. 540, sues moriuntur angina. 
 
 animo : Ace. 109, iniquo (in quo codd) animo sibi mala auxere. 
 
 arcessitu : Stich. 327, tuo arcessitu venio. 
 
 armis : see virtute. 
 
 avaritia : Rud. 1239, decipitur avaritia sua ; Pseud. 802. 
 
 casu : Af ran. 350, quo casu cecidit spes ? 
 
 caussa: this ablative is very frequent. Very full material is 
 given by Ebrard, p. 589. I content myself with illustrative exam- 
 ples of the various types. 
 
 a) With pronouns and adjectives : 
 
 qua caussa: Cist. 82, qua accersitae caussa ad me estis; so 
 Men. 490 ; H. T. 87 ; and often. 
 
 ea caussa : Pers. 335, ea caussa te exornavi ego ; Men. 1060 ; 
 And. 392 ; and often. 
 
 hac caussa : Most. 394, potate hau tantillo hac quidem caussa 
 minus ; H. T. 87. 
 
 istac caussa : Pseud. 847, istacine caussa tibi nummum dabo. 
 
 alia caussa : Ad. 523, illud rus nulla alia caussa tarn male odi. 
 
 mea caussa : Epid. 679, quaeras mea caussa vel medio in 
 mari ; Men. 727 ; H. T. 128 ; and often. 
 
 tua caussa : Merc. 138, tua caussa rupi ramites ; Men. 792. 
 
 sua caussa : Eun. 481, sua caussa excludi ceteros. 
 
 nostra caussa: Phor. 695, nostra caussa scilicet in nervom 
 potius ibit. 
 
 liberali caussa : Poen. 905, manu eas adserat suas popularis, 
 liberali caussa. 
 
 b) With dependent genitives : see under the Genitive, p. 68 f., 
 for the full list of these combinations. Eor the gerund and gerun- 
 dive with causa, see Vol. I, p. 442 ; 446. 
 
 clamore : Asin. 423, clamore ac stomacho non queo labori suppedi- 
 tare. 
 
 colaphis : Ad. 245, colaphis tuber est caput. 
 
 comitate : Rud. 38, rem comitate perdidit. 
 
 consilio: And. 502, factum id consilio meo. 
 
 contagione : Amph. 31, contagion e mei patris metuo malum. 
 
 cruribus : Lucil. 583 (Mx), insignis varis cruribus. 
 
 datu : Trin. 1139, mille nummum se aureum meo datu tibi ferre. 
 
314 The Ablative. 
 
 culpa : Phor. 261, sua culpa ut sciat factum me esse acerrumum ; 
 so 766 ; Afran. 356 ; et pass. 
 
 desidia : Rud. 92, mea desidia spem deserere nolui. 
 
 desiderio : H. T. 307, ut facile scires desiderio id fieri. 
 
 divortio : Stich. 204, uxorin sit reddenda dos divortio. 
 
 dolore : Ad. 602, quae dolore ac miseria tabescit. 
 
 dono : Eun. 392, laetast ? : : non tarn ipso quidem dono quam abs 
 te datum esse. 
 
 eo : Aul. 240, eo dico, ne censeas ; Asin. 844 ; Eun. 415 ; and often 
 (list in Ebrard, p. 652). 
 
 facto : Merc. 322, ne deteriorem tamen hoc facto ducas ; Bacch. 
 379 ; Poen. 197, ut facto gaudeas ; so Phor. 494. 
 
 fama : Hec. 758, falsa fama suspectum. 
 
 fame : Liv. And. Trag. 26, ne fame perbitat ; Most. 1106 ; Stich. 216. 
 
 flagitio, flagitiis : Cas. 937, maxumo ardeo flagitio ; H. T. 1037, 
 fiagitiis tuis me infamem fieri. 
 
 forma : M. G-. 1390, formast ferox ; so Titin. 19. 
 
 frigore : Lucil. 666 (Mx), pars autem obrigescit frigore. 
 
 furto: Leg. XII, Tab. viii, 16, si adorat furto (='if one has 
 recourse to a pleading on account of a theft '). 
 
 gaudio: Turp. 191, gliscor gaudio; Ad. 409, lacrumo gaudio. 
 
 gratia: This ablative is very frequent. A tolerably full list is 
 given by Ebrard, p. 589 f. I give examples of the different types : 
 qua gratia : Rud. 90, qua vos duxi gratia ; so Men. 150 ; Eun. 99. 
 ea gratia : Pseud. 160 ; Merc. 223 ; Hec. 617. 
 istac gratia: Pseud. 551. 
 mea gratia : Pseud. 1289 ; Men. 697. 
 
 For gratia with a dependent genitive, see p. 69 ; for the genitive 
 of the gerund and gerundive, see Vol. I, p. 442 ; 447. 
 
 gratiis (' out of kindness ') : Asin. 5, cave modo ne gratiis ; 194 ; 
 190; Capt. 106; Most. 175; Epid. 474; Poen. 868; Phor. 500. 
 
 hoc : Pseud. 807, hoc ego fui hodie solus obsessor fori. 
 
 ignavia : Merc. 662, mea factum esse ignavia. 
 
 impulsu: Hec. 242, vostro impulsu easdem exigunt; Hec. 687, 
 impulsu duxisti meo ; Aul. 795. 
 
 iugratiis : Merc. 479, nimium multum scis : : tuis ingratiis ; Amph. 
 164; M. G. 748; Cas. 193; 315; Cure. 6; Eun. 220; Phor. 888. 
 
Ablative of Cause. 315 
 
 iniussu: Hec. 562, esse ausain facere haec te iniussu meo. 
 
 inopia: Ad. 105, quod turn fecisti inopia; H. T. 528. 
 
 insolentia: Ace. 275, speoiem amisi luminis conspiciendi inso- 
 lentia. 
 
 ira: Ace. 450, cor ira fervit; so Afran. 128. 
 
 iracundia: Ad. 310, ita ardeo iracundia. 
 
 isto : Rud. 1234, isto pauper es ; Afran. 33, isto parentum est vita 
 vilis liberis. 
 
 iudicio: Enn. Trag. 56 (Sc 71 V), quo iudicio Lacedaemonia mulier 
 adveniet. 
 
 iussu : Merc. 102, mecum ilia hospitis iussu f uit. 
 
 licentia: H. T. 483, deteriores sumus licentia. 
 
 lumine: Enn. Trag. 251 (Sc 292 V), lumine sic tremulo terra et 
 cava caerula candent. 
 
 maerore: Pacuv. 274, corpus meum tali maerore errore macore 
 senet. 
 
 malo, malis: Aul. 725a, laetificantur meo malo et damno; And. 
 627, ut malis gaudeant ; Ace. 684. 
 
 metu: Enn. Trag. 24 (Sc 26 V), quin timido exalbescat metu; 
 Eun. 977, lingua haeret metu ; Ace. 107. 
 
 miseria: Trag. Inc. 115, nostra miseria tu es magnus. 
 
 moribus: H. T. 839, quam multa iniusta ac prava fiunt moribus ! 
 
 morte: And. 799, eius morte ea ad me lege redierunt. 
 
 natura : Ace. 235, ipsae suapte natura enitent. 
 
 neclegentia: Ad. 14, qui praeteritus neclegentiast. 
 
 negotiis: Stich. 5, quorum negotiis sollicitae sumus. 
 
 nomine : Ace. 521, nomine celebri claroque potens pectore. 
 
 nuntio : Phor. 193, magnum hoc nuntio exspecto malum. 
 
 nuptiis : Cas. 876, tantum flagitio superavimus nuptiis nostris ; 
 Hec. 835, nuptiis laetetur ; 838, incommode mihi nuptiis evenit. 
 
 opera: Ace. 579, illius opera et medicina; Merc. 236; And. 689; 
 Phor. 685. 
 
 opibus : Trag. Inc. 150, vir tantis opibus praepotens. 
 
 orbitudine : Pacuv. 135, quom ilium videas sollicitum orbitudine. 
 
 pavore : Ace. 409, pavore pecuda in tumulis deserunt. 
 
 plagis : Pseud. 136, plagis costae callent. 
 
 poteriis : Trin. 1017, tribusne poteriis memoriam esse oblitum ! 
 
316 The Ablative. 
 
 praesidio: And. 842, animo otioso esse impero meo praesidio 
 atque hospitis. 
 
 profectione : Pacuv. 409, profectioae laeti. 
 
 propinquitate : Pacuv. 69, me gravidam sentio adgravescere pro- 
 pinquitate parti. 
 
 qui : And. 511, multa concurmnt simul, qui coniecturam hanc 
 nunc facio. 
 
 re, rebus: Merc. 365, sollicitus mihi nescioqua re videtur; And. 
 909 ; Eun. 11 ; Hec. 703, tot me nunc rebus miserum ; et pass. 
 
 risu: Eun. 432, risu omnes qui aderant emoriri; Com. Inc. 10, 
 risu mortuost. 
 
 saltu : Enn. Ann. 129 (V), Horatius inclutus saltu. 
 
 scelere : Ace. 600, ne scelere tuo Thebani vastescant agri. 
 
 sermone : Pseud. 201, sermone huius ira incendor. 
 
 somnio : Enn. Sc 37 (V), somnio metu perculsus. 
 
 somno : Turp. 173, dum ego conixi somno ; Ace. 69, segnis somno 
 et tarditudine. 
 
 spectu : Pacuv. 147, spectu protervo ferox. 
 
 studio : Hec. 4, populus studio stupidus ; so Pacuv. 54 ; Lucil. 158. 
 
 succussu : Pacuv. 257, ne succussu arripiat dolor. 
 
 tarditie : Ace. 278, multa amittuntur tarditie et socordia. 
 
 terrore : Amph. 1066, qui terrore meo occidistis prae metu. 
 
 tiinore : Ad. 612, animus timore obstipuit ; Phor. 998. 
 
 tonitru : Pacuv. 413, caelum tonitru contremit. 
 
 ubertate : Enn. Sc 153 (V), rami bacarum ubertate incurvescere. 
 
 usu : Aec. Praet. 8, usu calleinus. 
 
 vacivitate : Cure. 319, cibi vacivitate venio lassis lactibus. 
 
 verbo: Cure. 212, istoc verbo vindictam para; Hec. 347, istoc 
 verbo animus mihi redit. 
 
 victoria : Enn. Sc 52 (V), vitulans victoria : OIL, i, p. 288, com- 
 pluribus victoris ferocem. 
 
 virtute : Most. 173, virtute formai evenit ; especially with made, 
 < honored," famed ' : Pacuv. 146, macte esto virtute ; Lucil. 225 (Mx), 
 macte virtute simulque his viribus; Ace. 473, macte his armis, 
 macte virtute patris ; Aul. 166, virtute deum et maiorum ; Capt 
 324 ; Pers. 391 ; Trin. 346 ; 355 ; et pass. 
 
 vitio : Aul. 745, quia vini vitio atque amoris feci. 
 
Ablative of Quality. 317 
 
 The ablative with confido also I regard as one of Cause. A Loca- 
 tive origin has sometimes been advocated for this construction, but 
 the Instrumental occurs in Slavic with verbs of trusting. The 
 examples are : Merc. 363, qui rebus meis confidam ; so Capt. 536 ; 
 Pseud. 1204, non confidit nugis; Ace. 84, tain obstinato animo 
 confisus tuo; Lucil. 1010 (Mx), neminis ingenio tantuin confidere 
 oportet. By analogy, we find diffido with the ablative: CIL, i, 
 1175, re sua difeidens. 
 
 Under the head of Ablative of Cause I bring also the use with 
 contentus (' self-contained because of ') : Merc. 824, uxor contenta 
 est uno viro ; Enn. Ann. 245 (V), suo contentus : H. T. 444, quae 
 paululo turn erat contenta ; Eun. 122 ; Turp. 142, ut quisque minimo 
 contentus fuit ; Lucil. 1086 (Mx), his te versibus contentus teneto ; 
 Afran. 117. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF QUALITY. 1 
 
 The Ablative of Quality is an obvious outgrowth of the sociative 
 force of the Instrumental case. Thus in a sentence like serpens 
 immani corpore labitur, the original idea was : ' the serpent glides on 
 with its huge body,' as though the body were a distinct accompani- 
 ment of the serpent. But in course of time the ablative in such cases 
 came to be felt as a modifier of the noun (cf. the analogous origin of 
 the dative with nouns; p. 183). In this way such expressions as 
 acerba taens immani corpore serpens became possible. Here the 
 phrase immani corpore can be conceived only as an Ablative of Quality 
 limiting serpens; it cannot be associated with the verb as in the first 
 example. 
 
 In conformity with its origin, the Ablative of Quality primarily 
 denotes more or less transitory qualities. Qualities which are the 
 mere outward accompaniment of an action are naturally not perma- 
 nent. The observation sometimes made that the genitive denotes 
 internal qualities, whereas the ablative primarily denotes external 
 ones, is not sufficiently exact. In the sentence hortatur ut bono 
 
 i Delbriick, Grnndriss, Hi, p 240 f. ; Ebrard, p. 622; Edwards, The Ablative of 
 Quality and the Genitive of Quality, New York, 1900 ; the same author, The Ablative 
 of Quality and Genitive of Quality, in Studies in Honour of Gildersleeve, Baltimore, 
 1902, p. 301 ff . ; Edwards- Wolfflin, Archiv fiir lat. Lexikogr. xi, pp. 197 ff . ; 469 ff. ; 
 Schmalz, Synt. u. Stil.* p. 381. 
 
318 The Ablative. 
 
 animo sint, the quality is internal : yet the genitive could not be 
 used here ; for while the quality is internal, it is transitory. The 
 same criticism applies to the view of Edwards (op. cit. p. 11 f.) 1 that 
 the Genitive of Quality denotes things as they are, while the Ablative 
 of Quality denotes things as they manifest themselves to the eye of the 
 observer. For the most part, the Krilger-Edwards theory is in es- 
 sence only a statement in other terms of the distinction between the 
 permanent and the transitory ; for the ' thing as it is,' is the perma- 
 nent characteristic, while what manifests itself to the eye of the ob- 
 server is usually and naturally the transitory. When Schmalz, I.e., 
 says : "Der Ablativus qualitatis wird nur von solchen Eigenschaften 
 gebraucht, die etwas Singulares bezeichnen und daher keine Begriffs- 
 rubrik bilden konnen ; das letzere ist Aufgabe des Genetives welche 
 angibt, unter welche Eubrik etwas unterzubringen ist," he seems to 
 be giving his adhesion to the Edwards-Kriiger view. At all events 
 Schmalz's statement seems to me to be open to the same criticism 
 as Edwards's. Like Edwards's, also, it is a statement in other terms 
 of the distinction between the transitory and the permanent, — only 
 narrower. 
 
 Even in Early Latin the ablative had begun to abandon its original 
 field of the temporary, however, and to be applied to permanent 
 characteristics (mulierem, pudico ingenio; antiqua fide ; etc.); but the 
 genitive is not used to denote temporary qualities. Physical and 
 bodily characteristics are regularly denoted by the ablative. Edwards 
 seems to consider that these are permanent, citing the hair as an ex- 
 ample; but that changes color with age; sometimes it has been 
 known to disappear, even in relative youth. So with the complexion, 
 eyes, teeth, etc. 
 
 The sociative character of the Ablative of Quality is well supported 
 by the frequent use of cum, e.g. : Aul. 553, quingentos coquos cum 
 senis manibus ; Cas. 34, Plautus cum latranti nomine ; Cure. 230, 
 quis est hie homo cum conlativo ventre atque oculis herbeis ; 286 ; 
 M. G. 16, ilium cum arm is aureis ; 658, cedo tris mi homines cum 
 istis moribus ; Most. 657, nullum genus est taetrius nee minus bono 
 cum iure ; Poen. 981, inceduut cum anulatis auribus ; 1298 ; Rud. 
 1303,.di te ament cum inraso capite ; Stich. 350 ; Trin. 1096, probo 
 
 1 Following Krliger. 
 
Ablative of Quality. 319 
 
 et fideli et fido et cum magna fide ; Enn. Ann. 338 (V), ille vir haud 
 magna cum re sed plenus fidei ; 381, Hannibal audaci cum pectore ; 
 Afran. 133, meretrix cum veste longa. 
 
 The Ablative of Quality has two uses, an attributive and a predicate 
 one. I group the material according to these two general sub- 
 divisions : 
 
 A. Attributive Uses. 
 
 aetate : Cas. 518, ' aetate aliena ' addito ; Merc. 972 j Pacuv. 253, 
 aetate integra virum ; so And. 72 ; et pass. 
 
 anima : Merc. 574, anima foetida senex. 
 
 animo : Pacuv. 54, suspenso animo ci vitas ; Ace. 158, pervico 
 animo atque advorsabili ; 636 ; 645 ; Ad. 297. 
 
 ardore : Ace. 581, sol qui flammam fervido ardore explicas. 
 
 aspectu : Pacuv. 2, quadrupes aspectu truci. 
 
 barba : see capite. 
 
 capite : Bacch. 1101, cano capite atque alba barba miserum me ; 
 so Cas. 518 ; Merc. 305 ; Capt. 475, capite aperto ad lenones eunt ; 
 so 476 ; Pacuv. 2, quadrupes, brevi capite, cervice anguina. 
 
 capitulo : Cure. 293, operto capitulo calidum bibunt. 
 
 caulibus : Cato, Agr. 157, 2, est tertia (brassica), minutis caulibus. 
 
 centonibus : Lucil. 1061 (Mx), culcitulae accedunt privae centoni- 
 bus binis. 
 
 cervicibus : Lucil. 247 (Mx), tauri validis cervicibus ; see also 
 under capite. 
 
 cinctu : Lucil. 290 (Mx), aureolo cinctu rorarius veles. 
 
 collo : Cato, Agr. 88, 1, amphoram defracto collo. 
 
 colore : Eun. 688, senex, colore mustelino ; Pacuv. 147, amplus, 
 rubicundo colore. 
 
 corde : Stat. 79, hi sunt inimici pessumi, f ronte hilaro, corde tristi ; 
 Afran. 77, sollicito corde corpus non potitur nunc quie. 
 
 corio : Pseud. 229, Phoenicium poeniceo corio. 
 
 crinibus : Trag. Inc. 132, Erebo creata, fuscis crinibus Nox. 
 
 dentibus : Stat. 268, atratis dentibus. 
 
 ditiis : Capt. 170, prognatum genere summo et summis ditiis ; 
 Poen. 60. 
 
 facie: Pseud. 724, si modo mini hominem invenietis. : : qua facie? 
 
320 The Ablative. 
 
 Pacuv. 254, facie procera virum ; Eun. 229, ducit secum virginem 
 . . . facie honesta ; 473 ; Hec. 440, crassus, caesius, cadaverosa 
 facie; Lucil. 832 (Mx), in adulescentulis meliore paulo facie. 
 
 fide : see under virtute. 
 
 filo : Enn. Ann. 253 (V), deducunt habiles gladios filo gracilento. 
 
 forma: Men. 19, forma simili pueri; Merc. 13, forma eximia 
 mulierem ; Pers. 521, forma expetenda liberalern virginem ; Merc. 
 260; 414; Eud. 894, forma scitula et aetatula; Pacuv. 230, mulier 
 egregiissima forma; And. 72, (mulier) egregia forma; 119; 428, 
 virginem forma bona; Eun. 366, summa forma conservam; et pass. 
 
 f ronte : Rud. 318, senem contracta fronte ; M. G. 201 ; Stat. 79, 
 hi sunt inimici pessumi, fronte hilaro, corde tristi. 
 
 genere : Cist. 125, adulescens summo genere ; so M. G. 680 ; Trin. 
 326 ; Poen. 60. 
 
 gradu : Pacuv. 37, torvos, praegrandi (praegnandi codd) gradu. 
 
 industria : Vid. 41, cibi minimi maxumaque industria. 
 
 ingenio : Most. 206, mulierem lepidam et pudico ingenio ; Pacuv. 
 37, feroci ingenio, torvos ; 253 ; Ad. 297, talem, tali ingenio (genere 
 codd) atque animo, natum ex tanta familia ; Trin. 812. 
 
 lingua : Poen. 1034, bisulci lingua quasi proserpens bestia. 
 
 litteris : Poen. 837, nomina insunt cubitum longis litteris. 
 
 malis : Merc. 643, ille oblongis malis. 
 
 manubrio : Epid. 524, malleum sapientiorem vidi excusso manu- 
 brio. 
 
 matre : Epid. 641, istic frater tuos, alia matre, uno patre. 
 
 moribus : Capt. 105, ille antiquis est adulescens moribus ; Ace. 
 636, Tereus indomito more. 
 
 naso : H. T. 1061, illam virginem adunco naso. 
 
 natura : Trin. 812, ilium natura ilia atque ingenio ; Afran. 121, 
 idem natura tristiori paululo. 
 
 nomine : Phor. 392, neque mi cognatus fuit quisquam istoc 
 nomine; Ace. 520, inclute, nomine celebri; Capt. 590. 
 
 oculo : True. 593 ; Lucil. 1342 (Mx), viscus aprinum, uno oculo ; 
 Stat. 268, grammonsis oculis ipsa. 
 
 opera : Pacuv. 348, odi ego homines ignava opera et philosopha 
 sententia. 
 
 ore : Naev. Com. 123, merula sanderacino ore; Enn. Ann. 303 (V), 
 
Ablative of Quality. 321 
 
 additur orator Cornelius suaviloquenti ore Cethegus ; H. T. 1062, 
 illam virginem, caesiam, sparso ore; Lucil. 417 (Mx), si tricosus 
 bovinatorque ore inprobus duro ; Cas. 862. 
 
 patre: Enn. Ann. 177 (V), navos repertus homo Graio patre 
 Graius homo rex ; see also under matre. 
 
 pectore : Epid. 533, quis illaec est timido pectore ? 
 
 pedibus : Lucil. 1341 (Mx), viscus aprinum uno oculo, pedibusque 
 duobus. 
 
 pediculo : Cato, Agr. 8, 1, ficos tellanas atras pediculo longo. 
 
 pulchritudine : Ace. Praet. 20, pecus lanigerum eximia pulchri- 
 tudine ; M. G. 998. 
 
 sapientia : Com. Inc. 95, odi puerulos praecoqui sapientia. 
 
 sexu : Pacuv. 68, triplicem virili sexu partum procreat. 
 
 sonitu : Enn. Trag. 3 (Sc. 11 V), unde oritur imber sonitu saevo 
 et spiritu. 
 
 specie : Rud. 415, specie lepida mulierem. 
 
 statura : Pers. 698, persimilem tui, eadem statura. 
 
 superciliis : Rud. 318, senem tortis superciliis. 
 
 testibus : Lucil. 534 (Mx), aries . . . quantis testibus. 
 
 tonsu : Ace. 86, quaenam haec est mulier tonsu lugubri ? 
 
 tunicis : Poen. 1303, genus hoc mulierosumst tunicis demissiciis. 
 
 ungulis : Pseud. 851, an tu in venire postulas quemquam coquom 
 nisi milvinis aut aquilinis ungulis ? Enn. Var. 11 (V), sol equis iter 
 repressit ungulis volantibus. 
 
 vapore : Ace. 532, nemus exspirante vapore vides. 
 
 vasis : Cato, Agr. 18, 1, torcularium quadrinis vasis ; so 18, 3. 
 
 veste : Ace. 86, haec mulier funesta veste. 
 
 villis : Lucil. 13 (Mx), psilae atque amphitapae, villis ingentibus. 
 
 virtute : Ad. 441, civium antiqua virtute ac fide. 
 
 voltu : And. 119, voltu adeo modesto, adeo venusto. 
 
 B. Predicate Uses. 
 
 These are somewhat more frequent than attributive uses, 
 aetate : Bacch. 1079, fui ego ilia aetate ; Merc. 520, una aetate quae 
 sit ; Hec. 737, ea aetate iam sum. 
 aetatula : Stat. 153, quis vostrarum fuit integra aetatula ? 
 
322 The Ablative. 
 
 animo: Merc. 890, potin ut animo sis tranquillo? Most. 396, 
 potin animo ut sies quieto ; Pseud. 233, liquido es animo ! 322, animo 
 bono es; so Mere. 531; Eim. 84; H. T. 822; Ad. 284; et pass. ; Pacuv. 
 260 nimis paene animo es molli ; And. 842, animo otioso esse ; 879, 
 inpotenti esse animo ; H. T. 665, ne animo ita esses duro ; 962, animo 
 esse omisso ; Phor. 957, animo virili praesentique ut sis para ; Hec. 
 270, sum animo leni natus ; 502, sin aliost animo ; 389, animo esse 
 amieo ; 472, quam fideli animo et benigno et dementi fui ; 548, ut eo 
 essem animo ; 747, hoc animo erit ; Ad. 338, alieno animo esse ; 852, 
 qui isto animo sies ; Enn. Trag. 213 (Sc 254 V), Medea animo aegro 
 (aegra codd deterr) ; Ace. 560, animo immani ; and frequently. 
 
 argumento: And. 11, non ita sunt dissimili argumento, et tamen 
 dissimili oratione sunt factae ac stilo. 
 . aspectu : Afran. 14, est fallaci aspectu. 
 
 audacia : M. G. 464, neque est quisquam tanta audacia. 
 
 axe : Pacuv. 398, volucri currit axe quadriga. — Possibly not a fully 
 developed use, but exhibiting the origin of the idiom. 
 
 capite : Most. 1148, qui sunt capite candido ; Pseud. 1218, magno 
 capite. 
 
 colore: Pud. 997, quo colorest, hoc colore capiuntur pauxilluli. 
 The genitive, Pseud. 1196. 
 
 confidentia : Enn. Trag. 23 (Sc 25 V), nemo est tanta confidentia ; 
 so Pud. 645. 
 
 corde : Enn. Trag. 130 (Sc 139 V\ lapideo sunt corde multi ; Afran. 
 15, quis tarn sagaci corde atque ingenio unico? 
 
 corio : Pud. 998, sunt alii puniceo corio. 
 
 corpore: Asin. 944, neque quisquamst tarn firmo corpore; Capt. 
 647 ; Poen. 1112, corpore aquilost ; Enn. Ann. 521 (V), corpore tarta- 
 rino prognata Paluda virago; Turp. 13, quam sit gracili corpore; 
 Lucil. 174 (Mx), quod si nulla potest mulier tarn corpore duro esse. 
 
 crassitudine : see firmitate. 
 
 dente, dentibus : Lucil. 117 (Mx), dente adverso eminulo hie est ; 
 True. 224, bonis dentibus. 
 
 facie: Pers. 547, sat edepol concinnast facie; Poen. 592; Pseud. 
 1217, qua facie f uit ? Trin. 903 ; Phor. 100, virgo ipsa facie egregia 
 (sc. erai) ; et pass. 
 
 factione : Cist. 493, neque nos factione tanta quanta tu sumus. 
 
Ablative of Quality. 323 
 
 factis : see fide. In M. G-. 57, factis invictissumis, edd. generally 
 read invictissumum. 
 
 fidelitate : Ace. 19, quali in te siet fidelitate. 
 
 fide : Aul. 213, quid fide ? : : bona, quid factis ? : : neque malis 
 neque improbis ; M. G-. 1369 ; Stat. 30, itane invenitur profluvia fide ? 
 Ad. 161, fuit fide optima. 
 
 firmitate: Most. 819, quanta firmitate facti et quanta crassi- 
 "tudine ? 
 
 foliis : Enn. Ann. 262 (V), longique cupressi stant rectis foliis et 
 •amaro corpore buxum; Cato, Agr. 157, 1, ea (brassica) est grandis, 
 latis foliis, caule magno. 
 
 forma: Amph. 316, alia forma esse oportet; Merc. 638, qua forma 
 esse aiebant ? M. G. 967 ; Pers. 130, quia forma lepida et liberali 
 est ; And. 122, quia erat forma bonesta ae liberali ; Eun. 132. 
 
 fronte : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 81, 17, una depugnatio est fronte largo, 
 quadrato exereitu ; Asm. 401. 
 
 genere : Pers. 651, summo genere esse arbitror ; Trin. 851. 
 
 gradibus: Epid. 13, ut tu es gradibus grandibus ! 
 
 honore : Capt. 279, quo honorest illic ? : : summo. 
 
 ingenio : Poen. 1185, ingeniis quibus sumus ; Aul. 9, ita avido 
 ingenio fuit; Merc. 969, sunt ingenio malo; Pseud. 137, eo enim 
 ingenio bi sunt ; so Enn. Sc 12 (V) ; Pseud. 1134, illi sunt alio in- 
 genio atque tu ; Enn. Trag. 23 (Sc 25 V), nemo est tam firmo ingenio ; 
 Asin. 944; And. 487, ipsest ingenio bono; H. T. 151, ingenio te 
 esse leni ; 420, ingenio egregio natus sum ; Phor. 497, ingenio esse 
 duro te atque inexorabili ; Eun. 880, non adeo inhumano ingenio sum ; 
 Hec. 489, fuisse erga me miro ingenio; 164, liberali esse ingenio; 
 and frequently. 
 
 iure : Lex Papiria de sacr. p. 47, Bruns 7 , eodemque iure sunto. 
 
 largitate : H. T. 440, vehemens es nimis, aut largitate nimia, aut 
 parsimonia. 
 
 laude : Plaut. fr. 106, magna laude sumus. 
 
 malis : Asin. 400, macilentis malis (sc. est) ; Merc. 640. 
 
 medicamento: Cato, Agr. 157, 2, nulla (brassica) est illius modi 
 medicamento. Here a limiting genitive takes tbe place of the 
 adjective. 
 
 more, moribus : Trin. 283, novi ego hoc saeculum moribus quibus 
 
324 The Ablative. 
 
 siet; 825; Bacch. 1081; Stioh. 105; True. Arg. 5; Ace. 560, 
 Phrygiam miti more esse. 
 
 naso: Capt. 647, naso acuto (est). 
 
 natura : Turp. 28, homo unica est natura ac singularia. 
 
 nomine : Men. 1122, uno nomine ambo eratis ? Calp. Piso, p. 82, 9 
 (Peter), quia Tarquinio nomine esset. 
 
 oculis : Capt. 647, oculis nigris (sc. est) ; Merc. 640, subnigris 
 oculis (sc. esse aiebant) ; Poen. 1113 ; Pseud. 1219, acutis oculis ; 
 Bacch. 1015 ; M.G. 1108 ; Asin. 401. 
 
 oratione : Phor. 5, tenui esse oratione et scriptura levi ; see also 
 under argumento. 
 
 ore : Capt. 647, maoilento ore (sc. est) ; Pseud. 1219 ; Poen. 1113, 
 ore atque oculis pernigris. 
 
 pallio : Capt. 789, conlecto quidem est pallio. 
 
 parsimonia: see largitate. 
 
 patre: Men. 854, qui cluet Cycno patre (taken by Heckmann, 
 Indog. Porsch. xviii, p. 330, as Ablative of Source). 
 
 pavimento : Lucil. 84 (Mx), compostae tesserulae pavimento atque 
 emblemate vermiculato. 
 
 pectore : Pseud. 674, me ut faciam copi pectore ; Af ran. 60, quam 
 materno visast pectore ? Lucil. 296 (Mx), quod gracila est, quod 
 pectore puro ; Asin. 944. 
 
 pedibus: Epid. 627, pedibus plumbeis (pulmunes codd) qui perhi- 
 betur ; Merc. 595, si podagrosis pedibus esset ; Pseud. 1220 ; Ad. 585, 
 lectulos ilignis pedibus faciundos ; Lucil. 1062 (Mx), clauda una est 
 pedibus cariosis. 
 
 progenie : Lucil. 800 (Mx), progeniem antiquam qua est Quintus 
 Maxumus. 
 
 prosapia : Merc. 634, unde esset, qua prosapia. 
 
 ramice : Lucil. 331 (Mx), quod deformis, senex est, exilis, ramice 
 magno. 
 
 ratione : Ad. 855, numquam ita quisquam bene subducta ratione 
 fuit. 
 
 saviis : M. G. 93, meretrices videas valgis saviis. 
 
 schema : Stat. 76, incedit in me sat hilara schema. 
 
 scriptura: see oratione. 
 
 sententia : Hec. 312, sunt levi sententia. 
 
Ablative of Means. 325 
 
 spe : Rud. 275, nescia spe sumus. 
 
 specie ; Poen. 1113, specie venusta (sc. est) ; Bacch. 838. 
 
 statura : Poen. 1112, statura haud magna est ; Asin. 401. 
 
 stilo : see argumento. 
 
 studio : Ad. 41, dissimili is studiost. 
 
 sumptu : Aul. 484, nos minore sumptu simus. 
 
 suris: Pseud. 1218, rufus, ventriosus, crassis suris (sc. fuit). 
 
 vi: Ace. 685, neque vi tanta quisquam est; True. Arg. 5. 
 
 vino : Cato, Agr. 1, 7, vinea est prima, si vino nmlto est. 
 
 voltu: Most. 811, voltu uti tristi est senex! Turp. 167, stare 
 tristis, turbido voltu ; And. 838, vidi iurgantein ancillam . . . vero 
 voltu. 
 
 voce : Most. 576, scio te bona esse voce. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 1 
 
 The notion of Means is an outgrowth of the idea of association 
 inherent in the Instrumental. Thus hostem telo percussit prima- 
 rily meant, " he, along with his spear, i.e. with his spear in his hand, 
 smote his enemy." In a few instances cum is expressed, e.g. Capt. 
 1003, aut anites aut cotumices dantur quicum lusitent ; Cure. 289, 
 incedunt suffarcinati cum libris, cum sportulis ; Plaut. f r. 101, cum 
 virgis caseum radi potest. Out of this sociative idea, the notion of 
 means or instrument secondarily developed. Yet there are few in- 
 stances of the Ablative of Means in which traces of the sociative 
 notion are not more or less apparent. In some instances this socia- 
 tive force is very prominent, e.g. deos precibus adorare; sanguine 
 imbutus; quanta adficitur miseria! 
 
 In support of the sociative theory of origin of the Ablative of 
 Means, we may compare the use of the English ' with ' and ' by ' 
 to denote means. These two words originally denoted ' near,' ' in 
 company with.' Out of these meanings developed the instrumental 
 force. 
 
 As a result of the sociative origin of the Ablative of Means, there 
 naturally occur many expressions which it is difficult to assign with 
 finality to this category. According as the sociative force is, or is 
 
 i Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 231 ft. ; Ebrard, p. 626 ft. 
 
326 The Ablative. 
 
 not, felt as prominent, the construction may be regarded either as an 
 Ablative of Attendant Circumstance or of Means. At other times 
 the choice lies between taking the ablative as one of Means or 
 Cause, e.g. Trin. 540, sues moriuntur angina (regarded as instru- 
 mental by Ebrard) ; or between Means and Specification, e.g. Pseud. 
 532, virtute tu regi Agathocli antecesseris, which seems to me 
 clearly an Ablative of Specification, but which Ebrard, p. 635, takes 
 as an Ablative of Means. 
 
 A special type of the Ablative of Means is that designated by 
 Delbriick, op. cit. p. 256 f., as the " Ausmalender Instrumentalis," in 
 which the noun repeats the notion of the verb. Examples of this 
 are : Men. 203, hoc animo animatos ; Stat. 252, omnibus laetitiis 
 laetus ; Cato, f r. (Jord), p. 33, 9, laudant me laudibus maximis ; so 
 Capt. 420 ; Most. 1158, tali ludo ludere ; Capt. 393, facile memoria 
 memini tamen ; Enn. Trag. 208 (Sc 249 V), quae nunc nominatur 
 nomine Argo ; etc. ; see Ebrard, p. 629 f. 
 
 In the following list no attempt has been made to give full mate- 
 rial under the separate verbs cited as illustrating the Ablative of 
 Means. It is hoped, however, that the list includes all verbs so con- 
 strued. Ebrard's list is very defective. 
 
 abduco: Pseud. 902, sese abducturum a me dolis; 1055 (fallaciis). 
 
 abigo : Men. 127, iurgio uxorem abegi ab ianua. 
 
 abluo: Pacuv. 244, lymphis flavis ut pulverem manibus isdem, 
 quibus Ulixi saepe permulsi, abluam. 
 
 absolvo : Pacuv. 181, paucis absolvit. 
 
 absumo : Phor. 340, cura et sumptu absumitur. 
 
 accedo : Enn. Ann. 387 (V), hostes accedere ventis navibus veliy- 
 olis. 
 
 accipio : Amph. 587, quae neque fieri possunt neque fando um- 
 quam accepit quisquam ; Men. 4 ; H. T. 932, quot incommoditates 
 hac re accipies. 
 
 accumulo : CIL, i, 38, virtutes generis mieis moribus accumulavi. 
 
 adaucto : Ace. Praet. 14, quibus rem summam et patriam nostram 
 adauctavit pater. 
 
 adficio : Pers. 363, quanta adficitur miseria ; Poen. 1275, me 
 laetitia adfecistis tanta et gaudiis ; Phor. 441, quanta me cura et 
 sollicitudine adficit ; 730, ne indigna iniuria adficiatur ; 977, tantane 
 
Ablative of Means. 327 
 
 adfectum quemquam esse hominem audacia; Hec. 365, alio morbo 
 adfectam ; Aec. 259, quanta afEecta est laetitudine ; Lucil. 802 (Mi), 
 mortifero adfectus volnere. 
 
 adiungo : Pacuv. 277, ni hunc adiungas cruciatum reticentia. 
 
 adiuvo : Phor. 786, opera me adiuves ; Rud. 12. 
 
 adnumero : Merc. 89, talentum ipsus sua adnumerat manu. 
 
 adorior : Ad. 404, adortust iurgio fratrem. 
 
 adrado : Plaut. fr. 91, scobina illunc adrasi senem. 
 
 adsero : Poen. 905, manu eas adserat, liberali eaussa. 
 
 adulo: Ace. 390, pinnata cauda nostrum adulat sanguinem. 
 
 adveho: Men. 1085, uter vostrorum est advectus mecum navi; 
 Merc. 193, lembo adveMtur tuos pater pauxillulo ; 257, navim quast 
 advectus films. 
 
 agito : Lucil. 177 (Mx), ne agitare manu tu pessulum possis. 
 
 ago : CIL, i, 198, 23, aut lege Iunia sacramento actum siet. 
 
 allicio : Calp. Piso, p. 82, 1 (Peter), praemio multorum allicuit 
 animos. 
 
 alligo : Pseud. 319, alligem canem agninis lactibus. 
 
 alloquor : Ace. 232, quem ore f unesto alloquar ? 
 
 alo : Capt. 807, qui alunt furfuribus sues ; Pseud. 274 si familiam 
 alere possim misericordia. 
 
 ambio : Amph. 78, virtute ambire oportet non favitoribus. 
 
 ambulo : True. 527, neque etiam queo pedibus ambulare. 
 
 amicio : Naev. Trag. 54, erat amictus epicroco. 
 
 amplector : Bud. 816, amplectitote crura fustibus. 
 
 amplifico: Pacuv. 266, attrectatu et quassu saevom amplificatia 
 dolorem. 
 
 amplo : Pacuv. 339, qui causam dictis amplent. 
 
 animo : Men. 203, boc animo decet animates esse amatores ; Enn. 
 Trag. 257 (Sc 300 V), virum vera virtute vivere animatum addecet. 
 
 aperio : Eun. 284, qui mibi nunc uno digitulo fores aperis. 
 
 apiscor : Bud. 17, apisci peiiurio : Trin. 367. 
 
 appello : Men. 383, appellat meo me mulier nomine ; H. T. 700, 
 quo ore appellabo patrem ? 
 
 aptus : Enn. Ann. 29 (V), caelum stellis fulgentibus aptum ; Trag. 
 380 (Sc 403 V), apta pinnis; Aec. 660 (cornibus); Lucil. 1060 
 (Mx) (restibus). 
 
328 The Ablative. 
 
 arceo : Enn. Ann. 542 (V), qui fulmine claro omnia arcet. 
 
 argutor : Titin. 28, ubi tu solitu's argutarier pedibus. 
 
 aro : Atta, 13, in cera mucrone aremus osseo ; Titin. 160, osse 
 arare eainpum cereuin. 
 
 arripio : Hud. 769, te barba arripiam. 
 
 aspicio : Men. 1001, quid ego oculis aspicio meis ? M. G. 1217, 
 aspicito limis (sc. oculis). 
 
 attingo: Lex Cine. (Bruns 7 p. 47) qui eos hac cognatione attin- 
 get ; Pers. 793, ne me uno digito attigeris ; CIL, i, 198, 25, sodalitate 
 atingat ; Trag. Inc. Ill, mento summam amnem attingens. 
 
 aufero : Ace. 32, nocte caeca caelum abstulit. 
 
 augeo : Merc. 675, aliquid cedo qui hanc aram augeam ; Stich. 55, 
 maerore augeor ; True. 516, quomque es aucta liberis ; H. T. 628, 
 domina ego, eras damno auctus est; Com. Inc. 37, tanta laetitia 
 auctus sum. 
 
 auguro : Enn. Trag. 244 (Sc 290 V), tibi dico et coniectura auguro. 
 
 bibo : Pers. 821, bibere da usque plenis cantharis ; Lucil. 303 
 (Mx), poclo bibo eodem ; taken by Ebrard, p. 586, as illustrating 
 the true ablative use. This is not impossible, but with Delbrtick, 
 Grundriss, iii, p. 250, 1 incline rather to the instrumental explanation. 
 
 caedo : Men. 943, caesum virgis sub furca scio ; Merc. 1002 (loris) ; 
 Pers. 282 (restibus) ; Most. 1167 (verberibus) ; Enn. Ann. 127 (V), 
 legiones caedimus ferro ; 187 (securibus) ; Cato, fr. ( Jord), p. 41, 2 
 (flagro). 
 
 calvor : Pacuv. 240, te vocis calvi similitudine. 
 
 candefacio : Most. 259, ebur atramento candefacere. 
 
 canto : Epid. 500, ut fidibus cantarem ; Cass. Hem. p. 72, 29 
 (Peter), mulier cantabat tibiis ; cf. Eun. 132, fidibus scire. 
 
 capesso : Enn. Ann. 42 (V), neque posse corde capessere ; taken 
 by Ebrard, p. 602, as locative in character. 
 
 capio : Bacch. 325, tibimet illuc navi capiundumst iter ; Men. 
 1161 ; Merc. 346, quid corde nunc consili capere possim (taken by 
 Ebrard, p. 602, as locative) ; Most. 479, hospes necavit hospitem 
 captum manu; Pseud. 596, ut ego oculis rationem capio; Pacuv. 
 354, cepisti me istoc verbo (isto cum herbo codd) ; Afran. 378, si 
 possent homines delenimentis capi ; Lucil. 569 (Mx), illi praeciso 
 atque epulis capiuntur opimis. 
 
Ablative of Means. 329 
 
 castigo : Most. 882, castigabit eos bubulis exuviis. 
 
 caveo : Com. Inc. 6, qui lege cavit uti, etc. 
 
 cerno : Poen. 1299, satin oculis cerno ? Enn. Ann. 196 (V), ferro, 
 non auro, vitam cernanms : Ace. 326, si esset quis, qui armis secum 
 vellet cernere. 
 
 certo : True. 948, meliust te minis certare mecum quam minaciis ; 
 Enn. Ann. 209 (V), armis certando ; Phor. 20, benedictis si certasset. 
 
 circumtego: Naev. Com. 101, circumtectus tegetibus. 
 
 circumtendo : M. G. 235, elephanti corio circumtentust. 
 
 circumvenio: Enn. Trag. 20 (Sc 22 V), circumventus morbo, 
 exsilio atque inopia; Turp. 48 (ventis). 
 
 circumvestio : Trag. Inc. 113, se circumvestit dictis. 
 
 circumvincio : Eud. 732, vos virgis circumvinciam. 
 
 clamo : M. G. 823, eo (naso) clamat. 
 
 clepo : Ace. 292, ut ne quis nostra verba cleperet auribus. 
 
 cogo : Men. 877, qui vi me cogunt ; And. 71, inopia et cognatorum 
 neclegentia coacta ; 275 (egestate) ; 658 (voluntate tua) ; 780 (legi- 
 bus); H. T. 669, bac re coguntur; Ad. 69, malo coactus ; True. 310, 
 rem coegit parsimonia duritiaque; Afran. 85, offlciis cogi; Lucil. 
 605 (Mx), rauco contionem sonitu et curvis eogant cornibus. 
 
 colligo : Cato, Agr. 64, 2, totidem modiis collecta. 
 
 colo : Trin. 700, quicquam qui vitam colas. 
 
 comminuo : Men. 855, ut ego huius membra atque ossa comminuam 
 scipione ; Enn. Ann. 609 (V), saxo cere- comniinuit -brum. 
 
 commonefacio : Sticb. 63, vos monumentis commonefaciam bubulis. 
 
 commoveo : Pacuv. 422, Baccbi sacris commota ; And. 937, animus 
 commotust metu spe gaudio ; Turp. 30, commorat bominem lacrumis ; 
 Ace. 187, mihi miseritudine commovit animum. 
 
 comparo : H. T. 855, des qui aurum atque alia comparet. 
 
 compello (' address ') : Enn. Ann. 44 (V), compellare pater me 
 voce videtur bis verbis. 
 
 compello (' drive ') : Enn. Ann. 225 (V), navem compulsam 
 fluctibus. 
 
 comprecor : Ampb. 739, Iovi aut mola salsa aut ture comprecatam 
 oportuit. 
 
 comprimo : Ace. 200, malum, qui illius cor contundam et com- 
 primam. 
 
330 The Ablative. 
 
 comprobo : And. 824, ut beneficium re comprobes. 
 
 concelebro: Lucil. 970 (Mx), sermonibus concelebrarunt. 
 
 concieo : Ace. 545, reciproca tendens nervo equino concita tela. 
 
 concinno : True. 793, livorem istoc concinnas. 
 
 concludo : Pers. 570, concludi aedis foribus ferreis. 
 
 concoquo : Aec. 220, concoquit partem vapore. 
 
 concutio : Enn. Ann. 566 (V), flamma loci postquam concussa est 
 turbine saevo ; Eun. 590, templa sonitu concutit ; Ace. 223, tonitru 
 torvo concussa aequora. 
 
 condecoro: Enn. Ann. 10 (V), genus pinnis condecoratum. 
 
 condemnor CIL, i, 198, 7, quei eo ioudicio condemnatus erit. 
 
 condio : Pseud. 813, eas herbas herbis aliis condiunt ; 820, non 
 condimentis condiunt, sed strigibus ; 835 ; 882, suavi suavitate 
 condiam. 
 
 condormisco: M. G. 827, oculis (sc. condormiscere) opinor. 
 
 conficio : Liv. And. Trag. 40, puerarum manibus conf ectum pul- 
 cerrume ; Enn. Ann. 375 (V), senio confectus ; 395, bello confecit 
 acerbo; Sc 112 (V), quae cava caeli conficis bigis; Pacuv. 128, 
 animum aegritudine confici ; And. 304, cura confectus ; Lucil. 639 
 (Mx), doloribus confectum corpus. 
 
 conflo : And. 650, quantasque consiliis suis eonflavit sollicitudines. 
 
 configo : Aem. Scaurus, p. 120, 15 (Peter), sagittis confictus. 
 
 confligo : Lucil. 449 (Mx), acribus armis confligere cernit. 
 
 confuto: Titin. 128, coquos magnum ahenum paula trua conf utat ; 
 Phor. 477, confutavit verbis iratum senem. 
 
 conglisco : Trin. 678, scintillam genus qui congliscat tuom. 
 
 conitor: Ace. Praet. 23, eius germanum cornibus conitier. 
 
 conlaudo : Capt. 420, quantis laudibus suom erum conlaudavit. 
 
 conligo : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 14, 5, eum loro conligatum auferunt. 
 
 conloco: Most. 915, bene res nostra conlocata est istoc merci- 
 monio. 
 
 conscribo : Pseud. 28, tabellis lepida conscriptis manu ; 545. 
 
 consequor : Rud. 241, consequamur gradu vocem. 
 
 consero : Men. 756, consitus sum senectute. 
 
 conservo : Pseud. 667, conservavit me illic homo adventu suo. 
 
 conspicio : Pseud. 769, quantum ego nunc corde conspicio (taken 
 by Ebrard, p. 602, as locative). 
 
Ablative of Means. 331 
 
 consterno : Pacuv. 156, quo consilio consternatur, qua vi, quoius 
 copiis ? 
 
 consulto : True. 226, male corde consultare. 
 
 contamino: Eun. 552, ne hoe gaudium contaminet vita aegritudine 
 aliqua. 
 
 contego : Ace. 317, morte campos contegi ; 540, pinnis membra 
 textis contegit. 
 
 contero : Cist. 609, conteris tu tua me oratione ; Pud. 749, liberos 
 indigno quaestu conteres ? 
 
 contingo : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 68, 8, digito non auderet contingere. 
 
 contineo : Pacuv. 86, quod complexu continet terram. 
 
 contundo : Bacch.. 450, ni Lydum pugnis contudit. 
 
 convestio: Enn. Sc 155 (V), herbis prata convestirier. 
 
 convibro : Com. Inc. 35, pedibus convibravit. 
 
 corporo : Enn. Trag. 101 (Sc 114 V), unde corporaret volnere. 
 
 corrigo : Ad. 741, id arte ut corrigas ; Trin. 653, ut tibi sit qui te 
 corrigere possis. 
 
 corrumpo : True. 915, corrumpor situ ; Lucil. 982 (Mx), corruptum 
 scabie. 
 
 crepito : Pud. 536, crepito dentibus. 
 
 cresco : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 11, 2, sus pinguitudine crescere solet. 
 
 crucio : Merc. 247, cura cruciabar ; Lucil. 599 (Mx), hie cruciatur 
 fame, frigore, inluvie, imbalnitie, inperfunditie, incuria. 
 
 cumulo : Stat. 230, meum cor cumulatur ira. 
 
 euro: Enn. Ann. 184 (V), urbemque forumque excubiis curant; 
 368, vino curatos ; True. 137. 
 
 decerno: Enn. Ann. 133 (V), sese mecum decernere ferro. 
 
 decoro : Pacuv. 212, quibus caelestis dignet decorare bostiis ; Ace. 
 472, decorare verbena et taeniis. 
 
 defatigo : Afran. 170, quin deos suppliciis sumptu votis donis pre- 
 cibus defatigarem. 
 
 deduco: Pers. 480, hunc hominem in trasennam doctis deducam 
 dolis. 
 
 defendo : Leg. XII Tab. viii, 13, si se telo defendit. 
 
 defero : Ace. 677, hue hieme delati. 
 
 defigo : Pers. 294, nisi te defigam in terram colaphis. 
 
 deflagro : Enn. Trag. 79 (Sc 90 V), fana flamma deflagrata. 
 
332 The Ablative. 
 
 deformo: Ace. 374, taetra veste et vastitudine deformatus ; 606. 
 
 delecto : Merc. 548, voluptate vino et amore delectavero. 
 
 delenio : Titin. 70, dotibus deleniti ; Trab. 1, lena delenita argento ; 
 Lucil. 1004 (Mx), (amore). 
 
 delibutus: Poen. 267, schoeno delibutas; Phor. 856 (gaudio); 
 Pacuv. 201 (sanie). 
 
 deludo : Pseud. 690, ego hac epistula tris deludam. 
 
 demereo : Pseud. 705, artibus tribus demeritas dem laetitias. 
 
 demetior: Men. 14, argumentum vobis demensum dabo, non 
 modio, verum horreo. 
 
 demo : Lucil. 1161 (Mx), pedibus laeva Sicyonia demit. 
 
 depello: Stich. 286, cubitis depulsa; Trin. 640 (tuis dictis). 
 
 depingo : Poen. 1114, formam verbis depinxti. 
 
 deporto: Pseud. 212, si mihi non iam hue oleum culleis deporta- 
 tum erit, te ipsam culleo faciam ut deportere. 
 
 deprecor : Enn. Trag. 129 (Sc 138 V), quibus servitutem mea 
 miseria deprecor. 
 
 depuvio: Lucil. 1245 (Mx), palmisque misellam depuviit me. 
 
 deripio : Men. 870, quis hie est qui me capillo hinc deripit ? 
 
 deterreo : Phor. 3, maledictis deterrere. 
 
 devincio : And. 561, coniugio liberali devinctum ; H. T. 394, hoc 
 beneficio devincimini ; Hec. 167, misericordia devinctus. 
 
 devito : Enn. Sc 164 (V), si qui sapientia magis vestra mors devi- 
 tari potest. 
 
 dico: And. 45, uno verbo die; Phor 744, istoc me nomine eo dixi; 
 Lucil. 229 (Mx), quem plane hexametro vorsu non dicere possis. 
 
 differo: M. G. 1163, me amore istius differri; Pseud. 359, te 
 differam dictis meis ; Ad. 486, differor doloribus ; Turp. 109, desiderio 
 differor. 
 
 difflo: Lucil. 666 (Mx), pars difflatur vento; M. G-. 17 (spiritu). 
 
 diffluo : H. T. 945, qui nunc luxuria et lascivia diffluit. 
 
 diffringo : Titin. 31, patibulo hoc ei caput diffringam (defringam 
 codd). 
 
 dimitto: Enn. Sc. 142 (V), quos ego mea ope ex incertis certos 
 dimitto. 
 
 dimminuo : Most. 266, lapidem qui ego illi speculo dimminuam 
 caput. 
 
Ablative of Means. 333 
 
 discerpo : Enn. Aim. 404 (V), corpus discerpere ferro : Ace. 542, 
 tua malis membra discerpat suis. 
 
 dispergo : Ad. 317, ut cerebro dispergat viam. 
 
 disrumpo : Lucil. 575 (Mx), Marsus colubras disrumpit cantu. 
 
 distendo: Enn. Ann. 321 (V), venter turserat alte carnibus hu- 
 manis distentus ; Af ran. 73, est distentus animus negotiis. 
 
 distraho : Pacuv. 159, artus torto distraham. 
 
 divito : Ace. 169, qui auris verbis divitant alienas. 
 
 do : Naev. Com. 79, alii suo dat digito litteras ; Merc. 472, me 
 toxico morti dabo ; Merc. 790, concepteis verbeis iam iusiurandum 
 dabo ; Pseud. 518, istis mihi tu manibus argentum dabis ; Enn. Ann. 
 100 (V), calido das sanguine poenas ; 459, sonitum dare voce parabant ; 
 Trag. 265 (Sc 306 V), quam ex ore orationem dictis dedit; Aco. 
 Praet. 24, eoque ictu me ad casum dari ; Lucil. 638 (Mx). 
 
 domo: Enn. Ann. 292 (V), vino domiti; Lucil. 1042 (Mx), ih- 
 domitam, frenis subigamque domemque. 
 
 dono : Amph. 763, ut ea te patera donem ; Stich. 656, quom hoe 
 donavisti dono tuom servom ; Poen. 259 ; True. 531 ; 533 ; 634 ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 46, 1, corona donari. 
 
 dormio : M. G. 822, dormit Sceledrus ? : : non naso quidem. 
 
 duco : And. 180, nos duci falso gaudio ; 644, me ducere istis dictis 
 posfrulas; Lucil. 247 (Mx), quern neque tauri ducere cervicibus possent. 
 
 ecfor : Enn. Sc. 170 (V), non potest ecfari tantum dictis. 
 
 edo : Enn. Ann. 564 (V), hanc carinantibus edere chartis ; Trag. 
 Inc. 13, voce divina edidit Apollo. 
 
 edtico : Men. 905, meo cibo et sumptu educatust. 
 
 efferor : Lucil. 158 (Mx), ecferor ira. 
 
 effringo : Lucil. 840 (Mx), nemo hos ancipites ferro effringat car- 
 dines. 
 
 elino : Lucil. 647 (Mx), si Mc vestimenta elevit luto. 
 
 eloquor : Merc. 602, uno verbo eloquere. 
 
 enico: Merc. 893, enicas me tua reticentia; 557, iurgio enicabit; 
 Most. 652 (vomitu); 212 (exemplis); Pers. 48a (odio); 318 (fame); 
 Trag. Inc. Ill (siti). 
 
 equito: Lucil. 1284 (Mx), quis hunc currere equom nos atque 
 equitare videmus, his equitat curritque; oculis equitare videmus; 
 ergo oculis equitat. 
 
334 The Ablative. 
 
 eripio : Most. 591, responsiones omnis hoc verbo eripis. 
 
 evello : Lucil. 403 (Mx), uncis forcipibns dentes evelleret. 
 
 evenio : Hec. 228, non mea opera neque pol culpa evenit. 
 
 evolvo : Phor. 824, nullo possum remedio me evolvere ex his turbis. 
 
 evorto : Ace. 400, fuscina evortens specus. 
 
 exaequo : Rud. 1087, argentum argento exaequabimus. 
 
 exanirao : Pacuv. 383, me exanimasti prologio tuo ; And. 251, me 
 exanimavit metu. 
 
 excido : True. 532, excidi manu. 
 
 excipio : Rud. 1019, excepi mea opera, labore, rete. 
 
 exculco : Capt. 810, meis pugnis exculcabo furfures. 
 
 excutio: Men. 85, anum lima praeterunt aut lapide excutiunt 
 clavom ; Pers. 794, tibi ego hoc cyatho oculum excutiam. 
 
 exerceo: Merc. 65, multo opere inmundo rustico se exercitum; 
 Vid. 34. 
 
 exigo : Lucil. 643 (Mx), vestimentis frigus atque horrorem exac- 
 turum putet. 
 
 exoro : True. 27, quot exoretur exorabulis. 
 
 exorno : Most. 168, quin tu te exornas moribus lepidis ? Eun. 683 
 (varia veste). 
 
 expedio : Phor. 197, id verbo expedi. 
 
 expello : Ace. 396, ventis expulsum rapi saxum aut procellis. 
 
 expendo : Rud. 1086, aurum auro expenditur. 
 
 experior : Enn. Ann. 197 (V), an virtute experiamur ; Baceh. 387 ; 
 H. T. 824, ipsa re experibere ; Eun. 789, omnia prius experiri quam 
 armis decet. 
 
 expolio: Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 55, 10, sedes expolitae citro atque 
 ebore. 
 
 expono : True. 659, hoc ictu exponam ; Cas. 853, paene exposivit 
 cubito. 
 
 exquiro : Hec. 773, quolubet cruciatu per me exquire. 
 
 exsacrufico : Trag. Incert. 9 (Enn. Sc 39 V), exsacruficabat hostiis 
 balantibus. 
 
 exsico: Plaut. fr. 42, membra exsicemus serra. 
 
 exspolio : True. 653, improbis se artibus exspoliat. 
 
 extergeo : Men. 391, (peniculus) qui extergentur baxeae ? 
 
 extinguo : Ace. 338, mea opera extinctum sciat. 
 
Ablative of Means. 335 
 
 exuro : Men. 841, oculos exuram lampadibus ardentibus ; so Ace. 
 331 ; Pacuv. 13, flammeo vapore torrens Terrae f etum exusserit. 
 
 fabulor : Titin. 171, fabulare succrotilla vocula. 
 
 fabricor : Ace. 559, arma invicta es fabricatus manu. 
 
 facio : Aul. 776, turn me f aciat quod volt ; Baccb. 334, nescit quid 
 f aciat auro ; Cas. 975, quid fecisti scipione ? M. G. 973, quid ilia 
 faciemus concubina? Pseud. 88, quid ea drachuma facere vis? True. 
 799, quid eo fecisti puero ? so Hec. 668 ; And. 614, quid me nunc 
 faciam? H. T. 317, quid illo facias? Eun. 837; H. T. 333, quid 
 faciet sua? Cato, Agr. 147, dominus vino quid volet faciet; so 
 148, 2. The foregoing are taken by Ebrard, p. 588, as true ablatives, 
 but Delbrllck, Grundriss, iii, p. 209 ; 248, seems to me right in re- 
 ferring them to an instrumental origin ; he compares the use of 
 Sanskrit kar-, ' make,' with the instrumental. Other examples of 
 the Ablative of Means with facio are : Men. 372, benefactis tuis me 
 florentem facis ; Merc. 855 ; Most. 33, virtute id factum tua ; Pers. 
 81, ut sua pecunia illam faciat libertam ; 761 ; Poen. 1289 ; Pseud. 
 89 ; 145 ; 868 ; Ace. 668, hanc urbem f erro vastam faciet ; Stat. 99, 
 sibi ventum facere tunicula ; 144, ita me uxor forma et factis facit ; 
 And. 161, manibus pedibusque omnia facturum; Phor. 761; Hec. 
 591 ; Afran. 54, viduas factas spurcitia patris ; 67. 
 
 fallo : Most. 923, dicto aut facto fallere ; H. T. 470, f alii te sinas 
 techinis. 
 
 faveo : Naev. Com. 112, Unguis faveant ; Enn. Ann. 437 (V), ore 
 faventes. 
 
 ferio : Cas. 405, compressan palma an porrecta ferio ? Phor. 46, 
 Geta ferietur alio munere. 
 
 fero: Merc. 197, med ad saxa ferri saevis fluctibus; Eud. 433 
 (blanditiis). 
 
 figo : Trin. 1039, fixae clavis ferreis ; CIL, i, 577, II, 1. 
 
 fmgo : Afran. 414, ut tibi cervicem . . . ftngam linteo. 
 
 fio : Capt. 952, meo minore quid sit factum filio; Cas. 978, 
 responde, tuo quid factum est pallio; Epid. 151, quid ilia net fidi- 
 cina ? Merc. 413 ; Most. 636, quid eo est argento factum ? 1166, 
 quid me fiet? True. 789; And. 709; 937; H. T. 715; Lucil. 749 
 (Mx). On the interpretation of these as of ablative origin, see under 
 facio. Other examples with fio are : Naev. Trag. 45, Volcani opera 
 
336 The Ablative. 
 
 haec flammis flora fieri; Pers. 382, necessitate me mala ut fiam facis; 
 Eun. 172. 
 
 flecto : Naev. Trag. 39, sed tamen inflexu flectitur; Pacuv. 401, 
 venenis flexit pectora. 
 
 fleo : Pseud. 100, nisi tu illi dracumis fleveris argenteis, quod tu 
 istis dacrumis te probare postulas non pluris refert. 
 
 floreo : Cato, fr. (Jord), p 34, 5, mare velis florere. 
 
 f odio : Men. 951, ego te pendentem fodiam stimulis ; Enn. Ann. 
 504 (V), sicis sybinisque fodantes. 
 
 foedo: Enn. Sc 174 (V), ferro foedati iacent; Cato, fr. (Jord), 
 p. 77, 9, nos appellatione foedant. 
 
 frango : Leg. XII Tab. viii, 2, manu f ustive si os fregit. 
 
 frendo : Ace. 478, saxo f ruges f rendas (franges Serv) torridas ? 
 True. 601 (dentibus). 
 
 frondeo : Ace. 243, ubi Cithaeron frondet viridantibus fetis. 
 
 f uat : M. G. 299, quid fuat me nescio ; so Poen. 1085 ; Trin. 594, 
 quid ea re fuat. 
 
 fulcio: Lucil. 138 (Mx), pulvino fultus. 
 
 f ulgeo : Pacuv. 229, linguae bisulcis actu crispo f ulgere ; Ace. 251, 
 taedis fulgere ; 443 (rubore). 
 
 f umifico : M. G. 412, ut Arabico fumificem odore. 
 
 fundito : Poen. 482, eo illos iussi funditarier. 
 
 fungor: Most. 47, sine me aliato fungi fortunas meas. 
 
 gero : Naev. Trag. 1, ne inihi gerere morem videar lingua, verum 
 lingula; Com. 108, qui res magnas manu saepe gessit; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord), p. 39, 11, Autiochus epistulis bellum gerit, calamo atramento 
 militat ; Cure. 552. 
 
 grandinat : see nivit. 
 
 grassor : Titin. 141, sine earn pedibus grassari. 
 
 haereo : Lucil. 535 (Mx), vix uno filo hosce haerere putares. 
 
 honesto : Capt. 356, quom me tanto honore honestas ; Stich. 280, 
 honesta dicta factis. 
 
 norret : Ace. 413, mare quom horreret fluctibus. 
 
 horresco : Enn. Ann. 393 (V), horrescit telis exercitus. 
 
 ico : Naev. Trag. 10, quae quondam fulmine icit Iuppiter ; Pacuv. 
 39,"lapidem qui ipsa icta est; Ace. 397, turbines ictos undis concur- 
 santibus ; Afran. 307 ; Cure. 394 (catapulta). 
 
Ablative of Means. 337 
 
 imbuo : Enn. Ann. 535 (V), quo iam semel est imbuta veneno ; 
 Pacuv. 300, cor sapientia imbutum foret ; Ace. 433, me amici morte 
 imbuturum manus ; 151 (sanguine) ; 553, veneno imbutae. 
 
 impello : And. 99, bac fama impulsus ; 266, paulo momento impel- 
 litur ; H. T. 389, forma impulsi nostra ; Hec. 484 (ira) ; Ace. 661 ; 
 Trag. Inc. 96 ; Trab. 2, digito impellam ianuam. 
 
 impertio : Aul. 19, minusque me impertire bonoribus ; Epid. 
 126, erum suom impertit salute servos ; Sticb. 299 ; Ad. 320, erara 
 boc malo impertire; Lucil. 688 (Mx), fictis versibus Lucilius 
 impertit. 
 
 inassero : CIL, i, 577, II, 1, inasserato asseribus abiegnieis sectili- 
 bus crasseis. 
 
 incendo : Pseud. 201, sermone huius ira incendor ; H. T. 367, ut 
 illius animum inopia incenderet. 
 
 incilo : Pacuv. 130, si quis bac me oratione incilet ; Ace. 458, me 
 incilans probris. 
 
 incingo : Enn. Trag. 28 (Sc 30 V), caerulea incinctae angui (igni 
 codd) ; Afran. 182, incinctam toga. 
 
 increpo : Pacuv. 15, increpare dictis saevis incipit. 
 
 incurso: Rud. 722, incursabo pugnis. 
 
 indecoro : Ace. 459, me sermone indecorans. 
 
 induco : Most. 827, si sunt inducti pice ; Lucil. 612 (Mx), bistoriam 
 inductus studio scribis. 
 
 induo : Enn. Trag. 391 (Sc 410 V), induta fuit saeva stola ; Afran. 
 123, supparo si induta sum ; Lucil. 622 (Mx) (folliculo). For induor 
 with tbe accusative, see p. 222. 
 
 ineo : And. 824, beneficium verbis initum re comprobes. 
 
 inf ero : True. 573, erum meum sua blanditia intulit in pauperiem. 
 
 inmuto : True. 317, inmutari blandimentis. 
 
 innitor : Enn. Sc 32 (V), luna innixus ; Turp. 31, sandalio innixa 
 digitulis primoribus. 
 
 inrigo : Epid. 121, hominem inrigatum plagis. 
 
 insector: Capt. 549, hastis insectatus est matrem; so 552; 593 
 (lapidibus) ; so Eud. 843. 
 
 insinuo: Cist. 92, in amicitiam insinuavit blanditiis muneribus 
 donis. 
 
 inspicio : Men. 596, qui hodie forum oculis inspexi meis. 
 
338 The Ablative. 
 
 instruo : Enn. Trag. 84 (Sc 95 V), tectis caelatis laqueatis, auro 
 ebore instructam. 
 
 insulto : Eun. 285, ne tu istas faxo calcibus saepe insultabis frustra. 
 
 integro : Ace. 124, ut mea ope opes Troiae integrem. 
 
 interficio : Most. 193, nisi ego illam anum interfecero siti fameque 
 atque algu ; 192 (exemplis) ; Turp. 109, intercapedine interficior. 
 
 interpolo : Most. 262, nova pictura interpolare vis opus lepidis- 
 sumnm. 
 
 interpreter : Pacuv. 151, nil coniecfrura quivi interpretarier. 
 
 interrumpo : Turp. 66, qui interrumpit sermonem meum obitu 
 suo? 
 
 intueor : Bacch. 1130, viden limulis (sc. oculis) ut intuentur ? 
 
 inumigo: Liv. And. Trag. 18, confluges ubi conventu campum 
 totum inumigant. 
 
 invenio : Pseud. 104, spero me bona opera aut hac mea tibi inven- 
 turum esse auxilium ; H. T. 1040, quod labore invenerit ; so 841. 
 
 investio : Enn. Trag. 100 (Sc 115 V), scrupeo investita saxo. 
 
 invito : Turp. 71, vinon (non codd) invitat plusculum sese, ut solet ? 
 202, quibus rebus vita amantum invitari solet ; Kud. 362 (magnis 
 poculis). 
 
 invoco : Ace. Praet. 5, te precibus invoco. 
 
 involo : Eun. 648, ut unguibus illi in oculos involem. 
 
 iacio: Enn. Ann. 408 (V), tela manu iacientes. 
 
 iacto : Stat. 44, nam si illi egestate iactati forent. 
 
 iudico : Ad. 892, iudicavi ammo meo ; taken by Ebrard, p. 602, as 
 of locative character. 
 
 iugulo : Stich. 581, ut egomet me hodie iugularem fame ; Ad. 958 
 (gladio). 
 
 iungo : Leg. XII Tab. x, 8, cui auro dentes iuncti escunt ; Paeuv. 
 397, angues ingentes alites iuncti iugo ; Trag. Inc. 80. 
 
 iuvo : Pseud. 19, iuvabo aut re aut opera aut consilio bono. 
 
 lacero : Pacuv. 158, te lacerabo fame ; Cure. 508. 
 
 Iacto : Enn. Ann. 264 (V), lactantes ubere toto ; Ace. 414, ut in- 
 genium dictis lactem (= mulceam) lenibus. 
 
 laeto : Liv. And. Trag. 7, iamne oculos specie laetavisti optabili ? 
 Enn. Ann. 367 (V), cordibus vivis laetantes ; Ace. 513, te ut triplici 
 laetarem bono. 
 
Ablative of Means. 339 
 
 lambero: Pseud. 743, meo me ludo lamberas; Lucil. 585 (Mi), 
 qui lamberat ore placentas. 
 
 langueo: Ace. 611, stupido Thessala somno pectora languentque 
 senentque. 
 
 laudo : Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 33, 9, laudant me maxumis laudibus ; 
 p. 35, 4, in contione verbis multis laudabam ; Ace. 414, nisi ut inge- 
 nium lingua laudem. 
 
 lavo : Naev. Trag. 6, rubeo fonte lavere (me) memini manum ; Enn. 
 Trag. 164 (Sc 202 V), pergunt lavere sanguen sanguine ; Trag. 283 
 (Sc 311 V), lavere lacrumis vestem squalam ; so Pseud. 10 ; Ace. 420, 
 lavere salsis voltum lacrumis ; 578, salsis cruorem guttis lacrimarum 
 lavit ; 607, suo sibi lautum sanguine tepido ; 666, calida latice lautus ; 
 Afran. 187, aquam ex coeno haurire qui laverent manus ; 322, viden 
 tu lavere lacrumis me tuom collum ? 
 
 lego : Lucil. 796 (Mx), omnia viscatis manibus leget. 
 
 lenio : Turp. 158, quando amorem intercapedine ipse lenivit dies ? 
 
 levo : Pacuv. 197, quae curam somno suspensam levas ; H. T. 746, 
 sumptum levatum esse harunc abitu. 
 
 libero : And. 370, liberatus sum tua opera. 
 
 licitor : Stat. 68, quin macbaera licitari coepisti. 
 
 locupleto : Ace. 169, qui auris verbis divitant alienas, suas ut auro 
 locupletent domos. 
 
 loquor : Men. 779, loquere paucis ; Lucil. 18 (Mx), dedit pausam 
 ore loquendi. 
 
 ludificor : Phor. 948, me sic ludificamini vostra inconstantia. 
 
 ludo: Most. 1158, scis solere illanc aetatem tali ludo ludere; 
 Pseud. 24. 
 
 lusito : Sueius, 2 (p. 285, Baehr), labellis morsieatim lusitant. 
 
 mactus : Cato, Agr. 132, 2, macte vino inferio esto ; so 134, 3 ; ibid, 
 macte isto ferto esto. For tbe meaning of mactus, see Ablative of 
 Cause, s.v. viriute. In macte virtute, the ablative seems causal. 
 
 macto : Amph. 1034, quia te macto infortunio ; Aul. 535, dotatae 
 mactant et malo et damno viros ; Most. 61 (mala re) ; Enn. Ann. 
 301 (V), magno mactatus triumpho ; Ace. Didasc. 10 (p. 268, Baehr), 
 patera Nestorem (pater honesto rem codd) mactavit aurea ; Trag. 52, 
 utinam me suis telis mactasset dea. 
 
 madeo : Most. 395, madeo metu. 
 
340 The Ablative. 
 
 mando : Enn. Sc 162 (V), malam pestem mandatam hostili manu. 
 
 maado (' chew ') : Ace. 229, ut meos malis manderem natos. 
 
 raedeor : Phor. 822, quas paulo mederi possis (sc. sumptu). 
 
 medicor : And. 831, eius labore atque eius dolore gnato ut medi- 
 carer tuo. 
 
 memini : Capt. 393, facile memoria memini. 
 
 memoro : Ace. 185, qui multis memorant vocibus. 
 
 mereo : Most. 281, uxores, quae vos dote meruerunt. 
 
 merto : Ace. 133, qui me dictis mertare institit. 
 
 metior : Pseud. 1048, quin hinc metimur gradibus militariis ? 
 
 milito : Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 39, 11, calamo et atramento militat ; 
 Pers. 231. 
 
 minitor : Enn. Ann. 130 (V), qui ferro minitere. 
 
 minor : Men. 868, mihin equis iunctis minare ? 
 
 minuo : Pacuv. 246, lassitudinemque minuam manuom mollitudine. 
 
 mitigo : Turp. 147, misero mihi mitigabat sandalio caput. 
 
 mitto : Pseud. 1005, manu salutem mittunt bene volentibus ; 
 eadem malam rem mittunt male volentibus. 
 
 molior : Stat. 192, maeror molitur metu. 
 
 mollio : Phor. 498, neque misericordia neque precibus molliri 
 queas ; 632, hominem bis verbis sentio mollirier. 
 
 morior : Naev. Trag. 13, quin mea moriaris manu. 
 
 moror : And. 114, quid multis moror ? 
 
 muleeo: Ace. 395, quid me mulces laudibus? 
 
 multo : Merc. 21, magno atque solido multat inf ortunio ; Titin. 
 23, ut multetur malo ; Pud. 20. 
 
 munio : Pers. 553, munitum muro oppidumst. 
 
 nanciscor: Trag. Inc. 109, Hippodameam raptis nanctust nuptiis. 
 
 necto: Enn. Ann. 510 (V), spiras legionibus nexit. 
 
 nicto: Enn. Ann. 342 (V), voce sua nietit. 
 
 nigreo : Ace. 260, nimbis interdum nigret. 
 
 nitor : Enn. Ann. 161 (V), Roniani scalis ; summa nituntur opum 
 vi; Ace. 629, remisque nixi ; Afran. 370, quin meo sit nixus 
 nomine. 
 
 nivit : Pacuv. Praet. 4, nivit sagittis, plumbo et saxis grandinat. 
 
 nobilito : Eun. 1021, adulescentulum qui nobilitas flagitiis ; Titin. 
 69, ni earn male factis nobilitarent. 
 
Ablative of Means. 341 
 
 nomino: Enn. Trag. 208 (Sc 249), quae nunc nominatur nomine 
 Argo. 
 
 nosco : Hec. 573, quicquam qui post possit nosci qui sit. 
 
 nuncupo : Pacuv. 239, quae me insueto nuncupasti nomine. 
 
 obiurgo : Phor. 1042, quo ore ilium obiurgabis ? Trin. 68 (verbis). 
 
 oblecto: Asin. 142, sordido vitam oblectabas pane; Poen. 1258, 
 num hi falso oblectant gaudio nos ? 
 
 oblino : Most. 258, qui (cerussa) malas oblinain ; Poen. 1195, 
 (fuligine). 
 
 obnuntio : Pacuv. 213, ut multa paucis verba obnuntiem. 
 
 obruo : Enn. Ann. 435 (V), Oceanumque rubra obruit aethra ; 
 Pacuv. 356, tamen aerumnis obruta ; Lucil. 597 (Mx) (squalitate ac 
 scabie). 
 
 obsero : H. T. 294, pannis obsita ; Eun. 236, pannis annisque 
 obsitum. 
 
 obsigno : Pseud. 1202, eri imagine opsignatam epistulam. 
 
 obtego : Ace. 257, glauco pampino obtegunt (obtexunt cod) ; 322, 
 undam salso sanctam obtexi (oblexus codd) sanguine. 
 
 obtineo : Men. 913, non potest haec res ellebori iungere optinerier ; 
 Sticb. 455. 
 
 obtrunco : Amph. 252, ipsusque regem Pterelam sua optruncavit 
 manu. 
 
 obtundo : Amph. 606, sum optusus pugnis. 
 
 obtuor : Ace. 285, quibus oculis poterit illorum optui voltus ? 
 
 obvallo : Ace. 113, templum obvallatum ossibus. 
 
 occido : Leges Beg. ii, 3, homo si fulmine occisus est ; Trin. 129, 
 gladium qui se occideret ; Pbor. 672, occidisti me tuis fallaciis ; Ad. 
 558 (pugnis). 
 
 occido : Trag. Inc. 28, hac dextra occides ; 69, ferron an fato 
 moerus occidit ; Enn. Ann. 559 (V), pars occidit ilia duellis. 
 
 occludo : And. 557, eius lubido occlusast contumeliis. 
 
 occulo : Most. 275, quae vitia corporis fuco occulunt. 
 
 occumbo: Enn. Ann. 398 (V), occumbunt multi letum ferroque 
 lapique. 
 
 occupo : Pbor. 502, quom occupatus esset sollicitudine ; Eud. 109. 
 
 offendo : Lucil. 844 (Mx), crus lapide si te offenderit. 
 
 offero : Hec. 816, quantam obtuli adventu meo laetitiam Pamphilo. 
 
342 The Ablative. 
 
 onero : Capt. 827, hunc Hegionem onerare laetitia senem ; Men. 
 25, oneravit navim multis mercibus ; Pseud. 357 (maledictis) ; Pseud. 
 5S8, participes meos praeda onerabo ; 764 (praeceptis) ; And. 827 
 (inuriis) ; H. T. 452 (veste atque auro) ; Phor. 841, quantis com- 
 moditatibus hunc onerastis diem ! 844, qui non uinerum hunc onero 
 pallio. 
 
 operio : Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 39, 12, nefarium facimis peiore facinore 
 operire ; 28, 13, mulieres opertae auro purpuraque ; Ad. 182 (loris) ; 
 Ace. 617 ; OIL, i, 198, 52, leiteram digitis opertam. 
 
 opitulor : Pacuv. 288, illis opitularier qiiovis exitio cupio. 
 
 opprimo: Pseud. 1261, ubi mammia mammicula opprimitur. 
 
 orbifico : Ace. 421, pernici obificor liberorum leto. 
 
 ordior : Afran. 319, animo ordire oportet minime paululo (rem) 
 paululam, taken as locative by Ebrard, p. 602. 
 
 orno : Poen. 301, bono med esse ingenio ornatam quam auro multo 
 mavolo ; Pud. 187, hoc ornatu ornatam ; 573, ornatus vestimentis 
 uvidis ; Enn. Ann. 183 (V) ; Eun. 214 ; Lucil. 146 (Mx). 
 
 oro : Enn. Ann. 20 (V), quod precibus pater orat. 
 
 pario : Amph. 878, ut uno fetu pariat ; True. 807 ; Trag. Inc. 171, 
 sibi salutem ut familiari pareret parricidio ; Enn. Ann. 446 (V) ; 
 Eun. 149 ; 399. 
 
 paro : Merc. 74, ea pecunia navim parasse ; Men. 583, qui aut 
 faenore aut periuriis habent rem paratam ; Enn. Trag. 128 (Sc 137 V), 
 quoi nunc aerumna mea libertatem paro. 
 
 pasco : Enn. Sat. 66 (V), ubi lanigerum genus piscibus pascit ; 
 Afran. 284, gallum pingui pastum taxea. 
 
 patef acio : Enn. Ann. 558 (V), patef ecit radiis rota Candida caelum. 
 
 paupero : Titin. 66, quern pauperetis ambo vostris sumptibus. 
 
 pecto : Capt. 896, f usti pectito ; Men. 1017, pecte pugnis. 
 
 peculio : Pers. 192, aliqui te peculiabo. 
 
 pello : Most. 716, quo dolo a me dolorem procul pellerem ; Enn. Ann. 
 230 (V), vostraque pectora pellite tonsis; 385, caeruleum spumat 
 conferta rate pulsum. 
 
 pendeo : Enn. Ann. 152 (V), filo pendebit Etruria tota ; Enn. 
 Trag. 310 (Sc 363 V), latere pendens ; Pseud. 428 ; Cas. 390. 
 
 perbito: Enn. Trag. 174 (Sc 212 V), necasset quo quis cruciatu 
 perbiteret; Pacuv. 287, quovis exitio. 
 
Ablative of Means. 343 
 
 percello: Enn. Sc. 37 (V), metu perculsus. 
 
 percieo : Amph. 727, atra bili percita est ; Hec. 377, incredibili re 
 atque atroci percitus. 
 
 percipio : Hec. 363, quae partim percepi auribus. 
 
 peroito : Ace- 236, matronae percitatae insania. 
 
 percutio : Enn. Ann. 534 (V), paries percussus trif aci ; Pacuv. 38, 
 quando est percussa lapide ; so Sticb. 613 ; Stat. 193, bunc timidum 
 treniulis palpebris percutere nictu. 
 
 perdo: Men. 838, qui perdidit civem innocentem falso testimonio; 
 Enn. Trag. 61 (Sc 77 V), qui suo partu ardua perdat Pergama ; Ad. 
 760, luxu perditus ; Pacuv. 9 (inluvie atque insomnia !) ; Lucil. 1108 
 (Mx), perditus Tiresia tussi gemebat. 
 
 perduco : Most. 888, cibo perduci poteris quovis ; Cist. 566 ; Stich. 
 626. 
 
 peredo: Trag. Inc. 190, lacrumae peredere uniore exsanguis genas. 
 
 pereo: Merc. 483, quo leto censes ut peream? Eun. 1024, meo in- 
 dicio perii; Ad. 742, tua arte xx minae periere; Kud. 311 f. 
 
 perfremo : Ace. 403, rostris perfremunt delpbini. 
 
 perpetior : Men. 743, tuam qui possim perpeti petulantiam. 
 
 perpetro : Pacuv. 317, neque perpetrare precibus imperio quiit. 
 
 persequor : Merc. 554, factis persequar. 
 
 perspicio : Hec. 363, quae perspexi hisce oculis. 
 
 pertego : Hud. 122, harundinem qui pertegamus villam ; Trin. 323. 
 
 pertimefacio : Pacuv. 302, triplici pertimef actus maerore. 
 
 pertundo : Enn. Ann. 414 (V), latus pertudit hasta. 
 
 perturbo : Hec. 213, quae perturbes haec tua impudentia. 
 
 pervenio: Lucil. 127 (Mx), bine remis Palinurum pervenio. 
 
 pbilosopbor : Enn. Sc. 376 (V), pbilosophari est mibi necesse paucis. 
 
 pingo : Naev. Com. 102, peni pinxit bubulo. 
 
 pinso: Merc. 416, pinsetur flagro; Eun. Ann. 351 (V), pinsunt 
 terrain genibus ; Trag. 396 (Sc 411 V), cubitis pinsibant bumum ; 
 Lucil. 359 (Mx), pilam in qua lusimus, pilum quo piso (ipso codd). 
 
 placo : Pseud. 329, agninis me extis placari volo ; Eud. 24 (donis, 
 bostiis) ; Ace. Praet. 18, sopore placans artus languidos ; Trag. 298 
 (suppliciis). 
 
 ploro : Afran. 171, donis precibus plorans obsecrans. 
 
 polio : Leg. XII Tab. x, 2, rogum ascea ne polito. 
 
344 The Ablative.', 
 
 possum : Cist. 29, nostra copia nil volunt nos potesse. 
 
 potior : Pacuv. 56, regnum potitur transmissu patris. 
 
 poto : Stich. 730, uno cantharo potare ; taken by Ebrard, p. 586, as 
 a true ablative ; see above under bibo. 
 
 praecingo: Enn. Ann. 433 (V), nox mediis signis praecincta; 488, 
 Brundisium pulcro praeeinctum portu. 
 
 praedico : True. 483, manibus duella praedieare. 
 
 praefringo : M. G. 25, elephanto pugno praefregisti braechium. 
 
 praepedio : H. T. 505, quia gaudio sumus praepediti. 
 
 praetero: Men. 85, anuin lima praeterunt. 
 
 praetexo : Ace. 517, squalido auro et purpura praetextae. 
 
 precor : Lucil. 206 (Mx), divos ture precemur. 
 
 prehendo : Poen. 375, sine prehendam auriculis. 
 
 premo : Enn. Ann. 572 (V), pes premitur pede ; Lucil. 1207 (Mx), 
 mantica cantheri costas gravitate premebat. 
 
 privo: Enn. Trag. 169 (Sc 198 V), date ferrum qui me anima 
 privem. 
 
 probo : Naev. Com. 72, quae bis meis probavi plausibus. 
 
 procedo : Turp. 97, remulis celox processerat. 
 
 produco : And. 648, falsa spe produceres. 
 
 prof undo: Ace. 390, profusus flamine biberno gelus. 
 
 progredior : Ace. 129, lembo sum progressus. 
 
 proloquor : Men. 252, non potuit paucis plura proloqui. 
 
 propello : Lucil. 259 (Mx), nobilitati facul propellere iniquos. 
 
 proripio : Rud. 660, proripite hominem pedibus. 
 
 prorogo : Pseud. 827, qui prorogare vitam possis. 
 
 proscindo : Ace. 495, ut rorulenta terras ferro proscindant. 
 
 prosum : Capt. 371, tute tibi tuopte ingenio prodes ; Cist 741. 
 
 protelo : Pbor. 213, ne te iratus suis dictis protelet. 
 
 protero : True. 268, pedibus proteram. 
 
 proterreo : Trin. 703, mea opera proterritum. 
 
 protrabo : Merc. 798, me istanc capillo protracturum esse. 
 
 provebo: Stat. 1, ad portum sum provectus prosumia. 
 
 pubesco: Enn. Sc 152 (V), vites laetificae pampinis pubescere. 
 
 pugno : Eun. 777, peniculon pugnare cogitas ? 
 
 pulso : Enn. Ann. 1 (V), Musae, quae pedibus pulsatis Olumpum. 
 
 pungo : Naev. Com. 50, stilo me pupugit. 
 
Ablative of Means. 345 
 
 quadruplico : Stich. 405, lucris quadruplicavit rem meam. 
 
 quaerito : And. 75, lana ac tela victum quaeritans. 
 
 quaero : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 64, 4, nisi qui palam corpore pecuniain 
 quaereret. 
 
 rapio : Ace. 438, manibus rapere ; Trag. Inc. 48, oculis postremum 
 lumen rape. 
 
 rapto : Enn. Trag. 92 (Sc 101 V), Hectorem curru quadriiugo 
 raptarier. 
 
 recepto: Enn. Ann. 9 (V), quae cava corpore caeruleo cortina 
 receptat (de conj). 
 
 recludo : Enn. Trag. 228 (Sc 270 V), repagula quibus iram omnem 
 recludam. 
 
 recomminiscor : Trin. 915, litteris recomminiscar. 
 
 reddo : Eun. 316, reddunt curatura iunceam ; Ace. 60, me nuntio 
 repentino alacrem reddidisti; Lucil. 1036 (Mx), hoc versibus red- 
 dere ; 1039, quoius voltu ac facie (datives) ludo ac sermonibus nostris 
 hoc pretium atque hunc reddebamus honorem. 
 
 redduco : Pseud. 668, suo viatico redduxit me in viam. 
 
 redeo : Men. 49, in Epidamnum pedibus redeundumst. 
 
 rego : Eun. 58, earn consilio regere non potes. 
 
 removeo : Hec. 22, remotum iniuria advorsarium. 
 
 reperio : H. T. 112, gloriam armis belli repperi. 
 
 repeto : Enn. Ann. 272 (V), sed magis ferro rem repetunt regnum- 
 que petunt. 
 
 reprehendo : M. G. 59, quae pallio me reprehenderunt ; so Epid. 
 1 ; Trin. 624. 
 
 rescribo : Lucil. 1027 (Mx), rescribere paucis. 
 
 respargo : Leg. Reg. II, 1, vino rogum ne respargito. 
 
 respondeo : Af ran. 339, verbis pauculis respondit. 
 
 restituo : Trag. Inc. 65, manu sua restituit proelium. 
 
 retineo : Capt. 442, te dextera retinens manu ; Ad. 57, pudore et 
 liberalitate liberos retinere satius quam metu; Afran. 165, retine- 
 bitur viri hac voluntate unica probabili. 
 
 retundo : Pseud. 159, vos plagis (sc. estis retunsi). 
 
 revincio : Enn. Ann. 5 (V), somno leni placidoque revinctus. 
 
 rumpo : Afran. 127, ego risu rumpier. 
 
 sacro : Trag. Inc. 219, Iovis sacratum ius iurandum sagmine. 
 
346 The Ablative. 
 
 sacrufico : Most. 241, si summo Iovi bono argento sacruficassem. 
 
 saepio: Enn. Trag. 82 (So 93 V), saeptum altisono cardine tem- 
 plum ; Trag. 287 (Sc 339 V), saeptus mendici stola ; so Trag. 285 
 (Sc 330 V). 
 
 sarcio : Trin. 317, sarta tecta tua praecepta habui mea modestia. 
 
 satio : Com. Inc. 81, avarus animus nullo satiatnr lucro. 
 
 scabreo: Enn. Trag. 100 (Sc 115 V), ostreis squamae scabrent 
 (quam exscrabrent codd). 
 
 scio : Men. 251, illoc verbo esse me servom scio ; taken by Ebrard, 
 p. 587, as a true ablative. 
 
 scribo : Pseud. 544a, quasi quom scribuntur calamo litterae, stilis 
 me ulmeis conscribito ; Enn. Ann. 213 (V), scripsere alii rem versi- 
 bus; CIL, i, 198, 14, atramento scrip tos. 
 
 sedo : Poen. 1263, multorum annorum miserias hac voluptate sedo. 
 
 servo : Merc. 112, ut opera tua servetur. 
 
 signo : Lucil. 830 (Mx), discrimen non facit neque signat linea 
 alba. 
 
 simulo : H. T. 636, non simulare mortem verbis. 
 
 sollicito : Enn. Ann. 407 (V), praepete ferro Histri tela manu 
 iacientes sollicitabant ; And. 887, quor meam senectutem huius sol- 
 licito amentia ? 
 
 solvo : Ad. 164, neque tu verbis solves umquam. 
 
 spargo : Enn. Ann. 153 (V), spargere sese hastis ; Trag. 310 (Sc 
 363 V), saxa spargens tabo sanie et sanguine atro ; Ace. 23 (sanguine). 
 
 specto : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 35, 2, proeliis levibus spectabam, quoius 
 modi quisque esset ; Eun. 601, ego limis (sc. oculis) specto. 
 
 spicio : M. G-. 694, quae supercilio spicit. 
 
 splendeo : Enn. Var. 14 (V), sparsis hastis longis campus splendet 
 et horret. 
 
 spolio : Pseud. 583, ut spoliem meos perduellis meis perfidiis. 
 
 spumo : Enn. Trag. 106 (Sc 119 V), maria salsa spumant sanguine ; 
 Ann. 385 (V), caeruleum spumat sale. 
 
 spurco : Men. 168, spurcatur nasum odore inlutili. 
 
 stabilio : Enn. Ann. 96 (V), auspicio regni stabilita scamna. 
 
 sterno : Pacuv. 99, strata harena ingens specus ; H. T. 903, vesti- 
 mentis stratus. 
 
 sto : Enn. Ann. 500 (V), moribus antiquis res stat Komana viris- 
 
Ablative of Means. 347 
 
 que ; 608 (V), stant pulvere campi ; Stat. 219, ager stet sentibus 
 ('stare' 'horrere' significat, Nonius); Titin. 144, fundi stabunt 
 sentibus (' stare ' ' horrere ' significat, Nonius) ; Lucil. 213 (Mx), stat 
 sentibus pectus (cf. Donatus on And. 699, ' stetisse hoc est esse . . . 
 aliter plenum est, aliter horrent, ut Lucil. " stat sentibus fundus " ') ; 
 1301, stat sentibus fundus. 
 
 struo : Trag. Inc. 74, speluncas saxis structas asperis pendentibus 
 maxumis. 
 
 subigo : Most. 1174, verberibus subegero. 
 
 subservio : And. 735, ut subservias orationi verbis vide. 
 
 succingo : Enn. Ann. 400 (V), succincti corda machaeris. 
 
 sum : Most. 231, quid illis futurum est ceteris ? Enn. Ann. 125 (V), 
 si quid me fuerit humanitus; H. T. 462, quid te futurum censes? 
 Stat. 180, quid hoc futurum obsonio est ? Lucil. 427 (Mx), si quid 
 pueris nobis, me et fratre, fuisset. 1 Ebrard, p. 588, takes these as 
 true ablatives ; but see under facio. Of a different nature are Eun. 
 269, hoc munere arbitrantur suam Thaidem esse ; Eud. 541, illi esse 
 quaestum meretricibus ; so 56. 
 
 sumo : Naev. Trag. 42, aquam creterris sumere ex fonte. 
 
 suo : Pacuv. 251, suta lino et sparteis serilibus. 
 
 supero: CIL, i, 33, 5, facile facteis superases gloriam maiorum; 
 Enn. Trag. 59 (Sc 76 V), maximo saltu superabit equos ; Ann. 373 
 (V), quern nemo ferro potuit superare nee auro; Lucil. 125 (Mx), 
 promunturium remis superamus ; Lucil. 613 (Mx), superatus proeliis 
 saepe est, bello numquam. 
 
 suppedito : H. T. 930, si illi pergo suppeditare sumptibus. 
 
 supplico : Aul. 24, aut ture aut vino aut aliqui supplicat. 
 
 sustento : Lucil. 948 (Mx), collo caput sustentatur, truncus susti- 
 netur coxendicibus. 
 
 sustineo : Enn. Sc. 169 (V), res Argivom proelio ut sustinet. 
 
 tango : Pers. 313, qui mala tangit manu ; Eud. 720, tange utramvis 
 digitulo minimo modo; Poen. 1286, aere militari tetigero lenunculum ; 
 Eud. 1306, tetigisti acu ; Bacch. 1158, tactus sum visco ; Lucil. 541 
 (Mx) (mam mis); 1347, petimen naso, lumbos cervicibus tan gat. 
 
 tego: Most. 162, inodestiam tectus qua fui; 992, nihil est qui 
 
 1 The dative also occurs with much the same force, e.g. True. 633, quid mihi 
 futurumst. 
 
348 The Ablative. 
 
 tergum tegam ; Trin. 851 ; Enn. Ann. 365 (V), petrisque ingentibus 
 tecta. 
 
 tempero : Com. Inc. 62, ut cinaedus orbem digito temperat. 
 
 tendo : Lucil. 251 (Mx), tres grabati restibus tenti. 
 
 teneo: Men. 138, teneo dextera genium meum; Pseud. 726, sua 
 virtute teneat (= sciat) ; Phor. 506, auribus teneo lupum. 
 
 tergeo : Lucil. 568 (Mx), purpureo tersit tunc latas gausape mensas. 
 
 tero : Enn. Ann. 572 (V), armis arma teruntur ; Ace. 544, trita 
 ungulis. 
 
 terreo : Enn. Ann. 256 (V), terrere minis ; Pacuv. 395, quid med 
 obtutu terres, mulces laudibus ? Afran. 101 (iurgio). 
 
 territo : Most. 609, non me istis verbis territas. 
 
 tolero : Trin. 687, agrum qui toleres moenia. 
 
 tracto : Poen. 316, ut tu huius oculos inlutis manibus tractes aut 
 teras ? 
 
 transcido : Pers. 731, transcidi loris omnes. 
 
 transfigo : Most. 358, ubi denis hastis corpus transfigi solet ; Pers. 
 25, sagitta Cupido cor meum transfixit. 
 
 transigo : Stat. 53, ut hominem toxico transegerit. 
 
 transmoveo : Eun. 400, gloriam verbis saepe in se transmovet. 
 
 tremo : Enn. Ann. 310 (V), Africa terribili tremit tumultu. 
 
 tundo : Eud. 1290, quasi palo pectus tundat ; Lucil. 1165 (Mx), 
 ferrum magnis ictibus tundit. 
 
 turpo : Enn. Trag. 88 (Sc 99 V), Iovis aram sanguine turpari ; 
 Pacuv. 126, ni turpassis vanitudine aetatem tuam. 
 
 ulciscor: Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 17,8, talione proxumus cognatus 
 ulciscitur. 
 
 unctito : Most. 274, quae se unguentis unctitant. 
 
 undo : Enn. Ann. 316 (V), praeda exercitus undat. 
 
 unguito : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 29, 3, capillum cinere unguitabant 
 (unctitabant Serv). 
 
 unguo : Most. 272, unguentis unguendam censes ? so True. 289. 
 
 vanno : Lucil. 278 (Mx), illam ut frumentum vannere lumbis ; 330 
 (clunibus). 
 
 vector : Merc. 76, ea (sc. navi) se mercis vectatum. 
 
 ve^eo : Enn. Praet. 4 (Sc 367 V), aequora salsa veges ingentibus 
 ventis. 
 
Ablative of Means. 349 
 
 veho : Aul. 502, vehicla qui vehar. 
 
 velitor : Afran. 266, labris inter se velitari ; Turp. 145, comperce 
 verbis velitare. 
 
 verbero : Most. 620, iuben homini argento os verberarier ? C. 
 Gracchus, p. 236 (Meyer), struppis verberari ; True. 112, me verberat 
 verbis. 
 
 vestio : H. T. 286, mediocriter vestitam veste lugubri. 
 
 victito: Capt. 83, miseri victitant suco suo; M. G. 321 (lolio); 
 Eud. 764 (ficis) ; True. 315 (sinapi). 
 
 video: Pseud. 621, neque te vidi oculis meis. 
 
 vincio : Leg. XII Tab. iii, 3, ne maiore, aut si volet, minore vincito ; 
 ibid, aut nervo aut compedibus ; Men. 79 (catenis) ; 93 (vincio) ; 88 
 (esca atque potione) ; Trin. 658, vi Veneris vinctus ; Ace. 46, animus 
 atroci vinctus malitia est. 
 
 vinco : Amph. 225, victi utri sint eo proelio (taken by Ebrard, p. 
 602, as locative) ; Cas. 428, sorti sum victus ; Pers. 472, argento 
 vicit ; Eud. 838, opsidione vincere ; Eun. 178, labascit victus uno 
 verbo ; Phor. 501, verbis vincor ; 849, odio tuo me vinces ; Hec. 168, 
 victus huius iniuriis ; 244, patrio animo victus ; 589 (stultitia) ; 
 Lucil. 450 (Mx), vincere bello. 
 
 vivo : Leg. XII Tab. iii, 4, si volet, suo vivito ; ni suo vivit ; Capt. 
 581, quia nee tibi qui vivas domist. 
 
 voco : Men. 44, ipsus eodem est avos vocatus nomine ; so Eud. 236 ; 
 Enn. Ann. 50 (V), blanda voce vocabam. 
 
 volo ('fly'): Enn. Ann. 147 (V), densis aquila pennis obnixa 
 volabat vento. 
 
 volo (' -wish ') : Men. 266, quid eo vis ? (taken by Ebrard, p. 588, 
 as a true ablative) ; see under facere. Triu. 963, te tribus verbis 
 volo ; And. 29, paucis te volo. 
 
 volnero : Enn. Sc 173 (V), quis non est volneratus ferro ? 
 
 B. Ablative of Means with Adjectives. 
 
 The Ablative of Means occurs also with adjectives in a few 
 instances : 
 
 aridus: Aquil. 9, maior pars populi aridi reptant fame, 
 clarus : Ace. 211, agnum inter pecudes aurea clarum coma. 
 
350 The Ablative. 
 
 densus : Trag. Inc. 72, silvestribus saepibus densa. 
 • donabilis: Eud. 654, infortunio hominem donabilem. 
 
 fretus : Amph. 212, magnanimi viri f reti virtute ; Cas. 348, omDes 
 mortales dis sunt freti, sed tamen vidi ego dis fretos saepe mulfcos 
 decipi ; Men. 767 (dote) ; Pseud. 581, maiorum meum fretus virtute 
 dicam, mea industria et malitia ; Enn. Ann. 97 (V), muro fretus ; 533 
 (viribus) ; Trag. 76 (Sc 86 V), quove nunc auxilio freta sim; And. 
 336 (consilio) ; Pacuv. 155 (praesidio, auxiliis) ; And. 619, quo fretus 
 sim ; H. T. 24 (ingenio) ; Eun. 1063 (vobis) ; Phor. 273 (malitia) ; 
 966 (hoc); Turp. 208 (uobilitate, factione); Naev. Bell. Pun. 12 
 (Baebr), senex fretus pietati. 
 
 gravidus: Amph. 719, verum non est puero gravida; 878; True. 
 498 ; Enn. Trag. 60 (Sc 76 V), gravidus armatis equos. 
 
 gravis : Ace. 302, camo collum gravem. 
 
 horridus : Trag. Inc. 191, barba paedore horrida. 
 
 immundus : H. T. 295, immunda inluvie. 
 
 iratus : Cure. 533, non mediocri incedo iratus iracundia. 
 
 laetus : Stat. 252, omnibus laetitiis laetus ; Merc. 844, qui mea 
 nunc laetus laetitia fuat. 
 
 mitis : M. G. 1424, mitis sum fristibus. 
 
 moratus : Capt. 107, condigne pater est eius moratus moribus ; so 
 Hec. 644, uxorem quibus moratam moribus ? Titin. 59, ut sitis mo- 
 ratae ambae ibus pro ut ego moribus (maioribus codd). 
 
 mundus : Enn. Ann. 144 (V), loca navibus pulchris munda 
 facit. 
 
 nubilus: Enn. Trag. 71 (Sc 109 V), leti nubila tenebris loca. 
 
 obvallus : Ace. Ill, misera obvalla saxo sento paedore alguque et 
 fame. 
 
 onustus: Aul. 809, quadrilibrem aulam auro onustam; Pseud. 218, 
 amicos tot habes oleo onustos ; Eud. 909, pluruma praeda onustum ; 
 Afran. 16, postquam pectus est laetitia onustum ; Bacch. 1069. 
 
 ostreatus : Poen. 398, ostreatum tergum ulceribus. 
 
 praeditus : Cato, fr. ( Jord), p. 42, 1, magna virtute praeditos ; And. 
 98, tali ingenio praeditum. 
 
 saucius : Enn. Trag. 213 (Sc 254 V), amore saevo saucia. 
 
 scaber : Trag. Inc. 192, pectus inluvie scabrum. 
 
 villosus: Enn. Trag. 404 (Sc 415 V), angue villosi canis. 
 
Ablative of Means. 351 
 
 G Ablative of Means with Nouns. 
 
 In a few instances we have an Ablative of Means with nouns of 
 verbal origin following the analogy of the verbs from which they are 
 derived. 
 
 Men. 187, melior bellator erit inventus cantharo ; Poen. 1308, quid 
 tibi hanc digito tactio est ? Pseud. 67, teneris labellis molles mor- 
 siunculae. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MEANS WITH VERBS AND ADJECTIVES OF 
 FILLING, ABOUNDING, etc. 
 
 abundo: Turp. 189, mira lenitudine ac suavitate abundat; Phor. 
 163, amore abundas ; H. T. 527 (ditiis) ; Ace. 685 (fortunis) ; for 
 abundo with the genitive, see p. 91. 
 
 affluo : Pseud. 191, atque adeo ut frumento affluam. 
 
 compleo : Naev. Com. 136, animum amore capitali compleverint ; 
 Amph. 251, telis complebantur corpora; Enn. Ann. 545 (V), vix 
 solum complere cohum terroribus caeli; Trag. 52 (Sc 67 V), fera 
 velivolantibus navibus complebit manus litora. 
 
 expleo: And. 339, expleam animum gaudio; Hec. 68, abs te ut 
 blanditiis suis suam voluptatem expleat ; Aec. 323, acervos cor- 
 pore explevi hostico. 
 
 fecundus : Cist. 69, Amor et melle et felle est fecundissimus. 
 
 gravido: Stat. 223, hie inhoneste (honestam) gravidavit (= im- 
 plevit) probro. 
 
 impleo: Cas. 123, te implebo flagris; Merc. 795, suspicione im- 
 plevit me indignissume. 
 
 oppleo : Enn. Trag. 343 (Sc 384 V), ager oppletus imbrium fremitu ; 
 Plaut. f r. 28, adeo iam oppletum oppidumst solariis ; Pers. 558 ; Rud. 
 905 ; Turp. 161, quae te studuit opplereque adeo fama ac flagitiis ; 
 H. T. 306, lacrumis opplet os totum. 
 
 plenus : Merc. 880, caelum ut est splendore plenum. 
 
 satur: Poen. 8, saturi fite fabulis. 
 
 scato : Aul. 558, si vino scatat. 
 
352 The Ablative. 
 
 ABLATIVE WITH THE DEPONENTS, UTOR, FRUOR, FRU- 
 NISCOR, POTIOR, VESCOR. 
 
 The Ablative with utor, fruor, fruniscor, potior, vescor is one of 
 Means. These deponents were originally reflexive, meaning prob- 
 ably, ' I help myself,' ' I enjoy myself,' ' I make myself master,' ' I 
 feed myself.' With these significations an Ablative of Means 
 naturally associated itself. 
 
 Utor: Lex Sil. de pond, quibus populus oetier solet; Asin. 201, 
 eadem nos discipulina utimur; Aul. 232, te utar iniquiore; 482 
 (invidia) ; Bacch. 1108 (fortuna) ; Capt. 202 (animo) ; 291 (vasis) ; 
 369 (me) ; Cas. 27 (ratione) ; 219 (condimentis) ; 220 ; Cist. 24 (ami- 
 citia) ; 128 (lingua) ; Cure. 205 (amore) ; Men. 571 (more) ; Merc. 
 146, quom illo uti voles ; M. G. 336 (oculis) ; 752 (sermone) ; 1308 
 (oculo) ; 1309 (hoc) ; Pers. 19, nimis stulte amicis utere ; Pseud. 160 ; 
 220, num ipse ego pulmento utor ? 679, proinde ut quisque Fortuna 
 utitur ; 826 (divinis condimentis) ; 1264 (sennonibus morologis) ; 
 Rud. 533 (fortuna) ; 1258 (servis) ; 1386 (fide) ; Stich. 14, eum nunc 
 improbi viri officio uti ; 185 (qua) ; 616 (opera) ; Trin. 258 (te) ; 806 
 (sermone) ; 1065 (servis) ; True. 734 (operis) ; 878 (puero) ; Cato, 
 Agr. 5, 1, bona disciplina utatur ; 66, 1 (vaso aheno) ; 104, 1 (qui) ; 
 157, 7 (brassica) ; 157, 13 (valetudine) ; fr. (Jord), p. 74, 2, iure lege 
 libertate republica communiter uti oportet, gloria atque honore 
 quomodo sibi quisque struxit ; 16, 8 (pulmento) ; Enn. Trag. 183 
 (Sc 234 V), otio ; And. 202 (circuitione) ; H. T. 132 (his) ; 217, ne ille 
 facili me utetur patre ; 972, istoc utitor ; Eun. 35, si personis eisdem 
 uti non licet ; 168, quia solae utuntur his reginae ; Phor. 31 (fortuna) ; 
 79, scisti uti f oro ; 533, mea lege utar ; 603, duplici spe utier ; Hec. 
 10 ; 11 (iure) ; 37, vetere coepi uti consuetudine ; 80 (causa) ; 837 
 (illo) ; 423 (advorsa tempestate) ; 764 (amicitia) ; Ad. 20 (opera) ; 250 
 (amicitia) ; Ace. 5, ea me uti volo ; 647 (more) ; Lucil. 137 (Mx), uti- 
 mur rictu ; 562, quis uti possis ; Gellius, p. 94, 30 (Peter), uti liceat 
 nuptiis propriis et prosperis uti. 1 
 
 After the analogy of utor, the noun usura is found with the ablative 
 in Pseud. 135, quibus non potest usura usurpari, ' of whom no use can 
 
 be made.' 
 
 « 
 
 1 For utor with the accusative, see p. 216 £. ; for utor with the predicate ablative, 
 see p. 5. 
 
Ablative of Price. 353 
 
 Fruor: Asin. 918, sese altemas cum illo noctes hac frui; H. T. 
 149, ulla me voluptate hie frui ; Eun. 372, tu illis fruare commodis ; 
 Hec. 842, ne me conlicias tempus gaudio hoc falso frui; Ad. 950, 
 huic demus qui fruatur; Ace. 296, fruimur anima; Trag. Inc. 52, 
 mest aequom frui fraternis armis. 1 
 
 fruniscor : Q. Metell. Num. ap. Gell. xvii, 2, 7, summa gloria fru- 
 niscor. 
 
 Potior, compotior, compotio 2 : Pseud. 1071, si ille hodie ilia sit 
 potitus muliere ; Rud. 205, ita hie sola solis locis compotita ; 910, 
 quae piscatu novo me uberi compotivit ; Afran. 77, corpus non potitur 
 nunc quie. This construction is shared also by the Sanskrit (Del- 
 bruck, Grundriss, iii, p. 248), and may have been Indo-European. 
 By analogy we find the ablative also with compos : Ace. 36, magnis 
 compotem malis. For potior with the genitive and with the accusa- 
 tive, see p. 92 f . ; p. 215. 
 
 Vescor : Pacuv. 22, qui viget, vescatur armis ; 108, arte hac vesci- 
 mur ; Ace. 591, patriis vesci praemiis. For vescor with the accusative, 
 see p. 217. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF PRICE. 8 
 
 Price was in its origin a development of the Ablative of Means. 
 At the outset, the construction must have been confined to verbs of 
 buying, hiring, etc., as puellam viginti minis emit. With verbs of 
 selling, the price, of course, was not the means of selling, and the use 
 of the ablative with such verbs was analogical. A still further ex- 
 tension of the construction is seen in its application to verbs of cost- 
 ing, being worth, estimating, valuing, etc. ; also to the adjectives vilis 
 and carus. 
 
 For the genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, and minoris in expressions 
 of price, see p. 97 f. 
 
 The material: 
 
 1) With verbs where the ablative was originally one of instrument : 
 
 conduco : Pseud. 1192, quantillo argenti te conduxit ? Stat. 22 ; 
 
 1 For fruor with the accusative, see p. 211. 
 
 2 Brugmann, Grundriss, ii s , p. 534, suggests that ■potior meant ' als Herr verfahren 
 mit etwas.' The construction would then be like quid hac muliere fades ? 
 
 » Wolfflin, Arch, fur lat. Lexikogr. ix, 101 ff. 
 
354 The AUative. 
 
 Turp. 8, sagam pretio conductam ; Lucil. 878 (Mx), magno quod con- 
 duxeris ; 954 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 58, 6, frusto panis conduci. 
 
 emo : 1 Epid. 51, quanti emit ? : : vili. : : quot minis ? : : tot : quadra- 
 ginta minis ; 295, quanti emi potest minimo ? : : illane ? ad quadra- 
 ginta earn posse emi minimo minis ; 467 ; Men. 205 ; Ad. 191 ; Eun. 
 984; Men. 1101, tarn quasi me emeris argento ; Asin. 198; M. G. 
 316, non ego tuam empsim vitam vitiosa (mutuam ea ipsi tui tam 
 codd) nuce; Most. 286, emit auro et purpura; 821, eo pretio empti 
 fuerant; Hec. 57; Ad. 219; Most. 905, num nimio emptae tibi 
 videntur ? Poen. 274 ; 897 ; 1381 ; Pseud. 1170, quanti te emit ? : : 
 suarum virium victoria ; 1187, omnia meo peculio empta ; Trin. 1056 ; 
 Phor. 511, ancillam aere emptam meo ; Lucil. 440 (Mx), ostrea milibus 
 nummum empta ; Cure. 344, emi triginta minis. 
 
 obsonito : Cato, fr. (Jord), 52, 14, postea centenis obsonitavere. 
 
 obsono : Poen. 1295, propemodum hoc opsonare prandium potero 
 mini ; And. 451, drachumis est obsonatum decern ; M. G. 750, com- 
 modulum opsona, ne magno (nemo agrum codd) sumptu. 
 
 praestino : Epid. 277, ut enim praestines argento ; Pseud. 169, ut 
 piscium quidquid ibist pretio praestinem. 
 
 redimo : Eun. 74, ut te redimas quam queas minumo ; Turp. 93. 
 
 2) With expressions following the analogy of the foregoing : 
 
 aestumo : Capt. 438, scito te hinc minis viginti aestumatum mit- 
 tier ; so 364. 
 
 carus : Pers. 668, non edepol minis trecentis carast ; Pseud. 688, 
 aurichalco contra non carum fuit ; Epid. 411 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), 
 p. 79, 8, quod non opus est, asse carum est. 
 
 cedo : M. G-. 658, cedo tris mi homines aurichalco contra ; so Cure. 
 201; 202. 
 
 confero : Most. 1161, omnia nos conferemus nostro sumptu. 
 
 constat : True. 538, iam auro contra constat filius. 
 
 dato : Most. 602, faenore argento datas. 
 
 depeciscor : Phor. 166, iam depecisci morte cupio. 
 
 destino : Most. 643, eas quanti destinat ? : : talentis magnis 
 totidem ; 974, ain minis triginta amicam destinatam ? Rud. 45 ; 
 Lucil. 891 (Mx), tribus in libertatem milibus destino. 
 
 do: Merc. 440, non centum datur; Pers. 661, qui datur, tantum 
 
 ^Emo originally meant 'take.' 
 
Ablative of Price. 355 
 
 indica ! 665, sexaginta haec datmr argenti minis ; Pers. 590 ; Lucil. 
 199 (Mx), pretio ingenti dat primitus paucos. 
 
 duco : Naev. Com. 105, eius noctem nauco ducere. 
 
 eripio : Merc. 341, amicam mihi paravi . . . pretio eripui. 
 
 eximo : Merc. 486, eximam mulierem pretio ? : : qui potius quain 
 auro expendas ? 
 
 expendo : see previous example ; also Merc. 487, aurum qui Hector 
 expensus f uit ; Bacch. 640. 
 
 expleo : Hec. 69, ut quam minumo pretio suam voluptatem 
 expleat. 
 
 facio : Cato, f r. (Jord), p. 77, 7, hoc ipsum mercede facient. 
 
 habeo : Pers. 662, ut etnas, habe centum minis. 
 
 libero : Most. 204, ille me soli suo (sumptu ?) liberavit ; 973. 
 
 licet : Men. 1159, venibunt quiqui licebunt ; so Plaut. fr. 88 ; Men. 
 549. 
 
 loco : Trin. 843, tribus nummis locavi ; Titin. 142, quae loco mercede. 
 
 pango : Bacch. 879, cc Philippis rem pepigi. 
 
 perdoceo : Pseud. 874, quanti istuc unum me eoquinare perdoces ? 
 : : si credis, nummo ; si non, ne mina quidem. 
 
 posco : Stich. 222, qui cena poscit ? ecqui poscit prandio ? 
 
 praehibeo : Pers. 429, eodem mihi pretio sal praehibetur quo tibi. 
 
 quaero: Lucil. 327 (Mx), tu milli nummum potes uno quaerere 
 centum. 
 
 redemptito: Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 69, 7, malefacta benefactis non 
 redemptitavere. 
 
 respicio : Pseud. 265, respiciam isto pretio. 
 
 sarcio : Most. 115, si quid nummo sarciri potest. 
 
 servio : Eud. 283, Veneri cibo meo servio. 
 
 sto : Capt. 740, periclum vitae meae tuo stat periculo. 
 
 sum : Men. 485, minore nusquam bene fui dispendio. 
 
 sumo : Asin. 248, si mutuas non potero, certumst sumam f aenore ; 
 Most. 917 ; 1140. 
 
 vendo: Asin. 87, argentum accepi: dote imperium vendidi; M. G. 
 1076, contra auro alii hanc vendere potuit operam; Trag. Incert. 
 144 ; Pseud. 51, me . . . militi Macedonio minis xx vendidit ; 344 ; 
 345; Merc. 429; Pers. 579, siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo; 
 Trin. 1056 ; 1081 ; CIL, i, 200, 74, pequnia praesenti vendito. 
 
356 The Ablative. 
 
 veneo : Men. 1159, venibunt quiqui licebunt, praesenti pecunia ; 
 Men. 289, quibus hie pretiis porci veneunt ? : : nummis ; True. 543. 
 
 vilis : Most. 297, istuc verbum vile est xx minis. 
 
 Without any expressed governing word : Lucil. 499 (Mi), primus 
 semisse, secundus nummo, tertius iam pluris ; St. 222, ecqui poscit 
 prandio ? : : — prandio, cena tibi. 
 
 In the following passage the Ablative of Price limits the noun : 
 And. 369, holera et pisciculos minutos ferre obolo, ' an obol's worth 
 of fish.' 
 
 Note the employment of contra, ' in return,' in certain of the fore- 
 going expressions (with cedo, constat, cams, vendo). 
 
 THE ABLATIVE WITH OPUS EST AND USUS EST. 1 
 
 Reifferscheid, op. cit., explains opus in opus est as the genitive of 
 ops, of the same formation as nominus (GIL, i, 186), necessus (ibid. ; 
 Eun. 998; et pass.). According to this view, the construction 
 started in expressions like hoc opus est, ' this is of service ' ; later, 
 ' this is necessary.' Subsequently, as the result of some association 
 (possibly with careo, egeo, etc.), the ablative came to be used with 
 opus est. Against this theory, Hoffmann, loc. cit., urged that the 
 dative, not the genitive, would be used in the sense, ' this is of ser- 
 vice ' ; that opts (opus) est could mean only, ' es ist Sache der Macht ' ; 
 that even if opus est could possibly mean ' it is of service,' it could 
 not, as a result of that meaning, develop the sense, ' it is necessary ' ; 
 and finally that we should always expect to find the thing needed 
 used as the subject, with opus as predicate, instead of standing in 
 the ablative. Hoffmann himself gives substantially the same ex- 
 planation as advanced long earlier by Reisig (Reisig-Haase, Vor- 
 lesungen, ii, p. 669) : ' ein Handeln mittels einer Sache findet statt.' 
 But Hoffmann's objections to Reifferscheid's theory are not well- 
 founded. There seems no reason why opus should not mean 'of 
 service ' just as well as necessus should mean ' of necessity.' Again, 
 the transition from the meaning ' it is of service ' to ' it is neces- 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 583 ft. ; Hoffmann, Studieu auf dem Gebiet der lat. Synt. 1884, p. 123 
 ff. ; Scholl, Archiv fur lat. Lexikographie, ii, p. 207 ff. ; Wolfflin, Archiv, iv, p. 152, 
 325; Reifferscheid, Index Leetionum, Breslau, Winter Semester, 1877. 
 
Ablative with Opus est and Usus est. 357 
 
 sary ' seems well supported by the same transition of meaning in 
 German, ' Ich brauche,' as well as the Greek XP*" 1 ecri-iv. 1 When 
 Hoffmann claims that, according to Eeifferscheid's theory of the origin 
 of the construction, we should expect only expressions of the type, 
 hoc opus est, he allows no scope for the extension of a construction 
 beyond the limits of its original territory, — an attitude inconsistent 
 with the observed facts of general linguistic development. 
 
 In Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. ii, p. 207 ft'., Scholl attempts a new 
 explanation of the origin of the construction with opus est. Starting 
 with usus est, he suggests that the ablative with that expression is 
 of the same nature as the accusative in manum iniectio est; quid tibi 
 hanc tactiost ? (see p. 252). He then claims that opus est has 
 followed the same analogy as usus est. The weak point in Scholl's 
 argument is his failure to explain how opus est (opus meaning 
 ' work ') could have acquired a meaning sufficiently similar to that 
 of usus est to give opportunity for any such analogical process. 
 Both Hoffmann and Scholl feel compelled to apologize for their 
 difficulty in finding any adequate rendering for opus est aliqua re 
 which shall explain how its force developed. 
 
 The true sequence of development in the constructions under dis- 
 cussion seems to me to be as follows : 
 
 1. Usus est aliqua re may very well be explained with Scholl as 
 resulting from the influence of utor, i.e. the noun follows the analogy 
 of the verb. From the meaning of use develops the meaning of 
 need ; cf . German ich brauche etwas, originally, ' I use something,' 
 then ' I need something.' 
 
 2. Opus was originally a genitive, as suggested by Reifferscheid. 
 The earliest form of the construction with opus was hoc opus est, 
 ' this is of service ' ; then ' this is necessary.' 
 
 3. By the side of usus est aliqua re, we find usus est aliqua res, 
 e.g. Merc. 854, egomet mihi fero quod usust. 
 
 4. The existence side by side of opus est aliqua res and usus est 
 aliqua res, along with the existence of usus est aliqua re, naturally 
 led to the development of the employment of opus est with the 
 ablative. 
 
 J The Sanskrit artho bhavati has had the same development of meaning, and is 
 construed with the instrumental. 
 
358 The Ablative. 
 
 One special consideration is of the greatest weight in our judg- 
 ment of the constructions under discussion. We find opus est in the 
 clear meaning, ' of service,' from Cato to Livy, e.g. Cato, fr. (Jord), 
 p. 79, 7, emas non quod opus est sed quod necesse est ; quod non 
 opus est, asse carum est, where the difference between ' of service ' 
 and 'of necessity' is distinctly brought out in the Latin; so also in 
 Cic. de Off. iii, 32, 115, si, quod ipsi opus esse videretur, censuisset, 
 ' of use to him ' ; Livy, xliii, 19, 4, nihil Oaeno capto opus esse, 
 ' there was no advantage in the capture of 0.' See Woliflin, Archiv, 
 iv, p. 325. Now only upon the assumption of opus as the genitive 
 of ops, can we explain its significance in these passages. But if it 
 is to be thus taken in these, we need have no hesitancy in recogniz- 
 ing it elsewhere in the same sense, and in making it the foundation 
 of our explanation of the ablative with opus est. 
 
 Eeifferscheid regarded the usus of usus est as a genitive, but the 
 metre nowhere substantiates this view. The material : 
 
 1. Opus est. 
 
 a) With a noun or pronoun : Amph. 345, quid eo est opus ? so 
 Men. 434 ; Merc. 411 ; et pass. ; Amph. 615, quid opust verbis ? so 
 Most. 993 ; Bacch. 486 ; Poen. 579 ; et pass. ; Bacch. 220, istoc f or- 
 tasse aurost opus. : : Philippeo quidem ; 240, opus est chruso Chru- 
 salo; 328, quid opust anulo? 707, turn nobis opus est sumptu; so 
 Phor. 666; Capt. 159, multis et multigeneribus opus est tibi militibus ; 
 opus est Pistorensibus ; opus Paniceis est, opus Placentinis ; opus 
 Turdetanis, opust Ficedulensibus ; Cas. 741, quid mi opust servo? 
 Epid. 113, ubi rest opus ; 287, opus est homine ; Men. 1149, sed 
 meliorest opus auspicio; Most. 251, quid opust speculo tibi? Pers. 
 83, quoius mihi auxiliost opus ; 530, nil mi opust litibus neque 
 tricis; 532, quid eo mihi opust mercimonio? Poen. 1352, et mihi 
 suppliciis multis (sc. opus est) ; 1361, quid praetore opust ? Pseud. 
 349, quid opus gladio ? 601, novo consilio nunc mi opus est ; so 
 Stich. 632; Pseud. 735, opust chlamyde et machaera; True. 523, 
 multo ecastor magis oppletis tritici opust granariis; 904, opust 
 ligno, opust carbonibus, fasciis opus est, pulvinis, cunis, incunabu- 
 lis; Cato, Agr. 145, 1, sex iugis vasis opus erit; fr. (Jord), p. 82, 1, 
 sive .forte opus sit cuneo aut globo aut forcipe aut turribus aut 
 serra ; And. 32, nil istac opus est arte, sed fide et tacurnitate ; 446, 
 
Ablative with Opus est and Usus est, 359 
 
 nunc uxore opus est ; H. T. 171, nil opus fuit monitore ; Eun. 765, 
 nil opus est istis; 770, huic ipsist opus patrono; Phor. 227, ipsast 
 opus, ea aut meliore ; 665, pluscula supellectile opus est ; 985, 
 vocest opus; Afran. 268, silentio opus est; Lucil. 416 (Mx), nee 
 mihi amatore hoc opus nee tricone vadato ; 428, huic homini quaes- 
 tore aliquo esse opus atque corago ; 759, si alio opus sit. 
 
 b) With a noun or pronoun accompanied by a perfect passive par- 
 ticiple: Amph. 1038, quid med advocate opust? Bacch. 219, quod 
 des inventost opus ; Cas. 502, mihi vicino hoc etiam convento est 
 opus ; so Cure. 302 ; 322 ; Men. 955, quibus paratis opus est ; Merc. 
 330, hoc mihi viso opust; 566, opus hoc facto; M. G. 914, quid istis 
 nunc memoratis opust? Pers. 584, opusnest hac tibi empta? so 585 ; 
 Pseud. 732, quinque inventis opus est argenti minis mutuis ; Cato, 
 Agr. 38, 2, quom cinere eruto opus erit ; And. 722, opus est tua ex- 
 prompta malitia atque astutia ; Hec. 665, videte, remissan opus sit 
 vobis, redductan domum ; Lucil. 633 (Mx), si quost vineis actis opus. 
 
 c) With the perfect passive participle used impersonally: Amph. 
 628, mi istuc primum exquisito est opus ; so 791 ; Bacch. 398, obvi- 
 gilatost opus ; Capt. 225, viso opust ; Men. 592 ; aut plus aut minus 
 opus erat dicto ; so Phor. 1003 ; Merc. 333, praecauto opust ; 466, 
 cauto opust ; so Capt. 225 ; Cist. 531 ; Most. 902 ; Merc. 565, quid 
 opust facto ? so Amph. 776 ; Epid. 288 ; And. 490 ; H. T. 80 ; Turp. 
 34 ; et pass. ; Trin. 807, quod iam properatost opus ; And. 523, 
 quod parato opus est para; Phor. 1003, scito huic opus est; Hec. 
 104, non est opus prolate ; 431, in arcem transcurso opus est ; Ad. 
 342, tacitost opus ; so Naev. Trag. 58 ; Cato, Agr. 2, 6, quae opus 
 sint locato ; fr. (Jord), p. 22, 6, quid opus siet facto ; so Pacuv. 35. 
 
 d) With the supine: H. T. 941, ita dictu opus est; Ad. 740, quod 
 maxume opus est iactu. 
 
 In True. 902 the MSS read pnero opust ahum, but editors, except 
 Lindsay, change to cibo. In Phor. 666, opus est sumptu ad nuptias 
 is the reading of most MSS ; A has sumptum. It is possible that 
 opus est occasionally followed the analogy of usus est with the accu- 
 sative ; see 2 below. 
 
 2. Usus est : Asin. 89, viginti iam usust filio argenti minis ; Bacch. 
 706, militi nummis ducentis iam usus est ; 749, quid istis ad istunc 
 usust conscriptis modum? Bacch. 763, truculento mi atque saevo 
 
360 The Ablative. 
 
 usus senest ; 971, alteris etiam ducentis usus est ; Most. 250, speculo 
 ei usus est ; so 251 ; Pseud 182, quibus est vobis usus ; 50, quam 
 subito argento mi usus invento siet ; Amph. 505, quod non facto est 
 usus fit quam quod facto est opus ; so Men. 753 ; Hec. 327 ; 878 ; 
 Ad. 429; Cist. 129, quod tacito usus est (regarded by editors as 
 non-Plautine). 
 
 In Pseud. 385 we have the accusative with usus est; ad earn rem 
 usust hominem astutum. This is after the analogy of utor with the 
 accusative (p. 217). 
 
 ABLATIVE OF THE WAY BY WHICH. 1 
 
 This construction appears not only in Latin, but in several other 
 Indo-European languages as well, and almost certainly goes back to 
 the parent-speech. When a man travelled by the road or river, the 
 relation was naturally conceived as one of association between the 
 traveller and the river or the road. Cf. the German, ' mit der Bahn 
 reisen.' 
 
 angiporto : Asin. 741, angiporto iliac per hortum circumiit ; Pers. 
 444, abi istac angiportis ad forum. 
 
 Apenino : CIL, i, 199, 19, inde Apenino (the inscription has -urn) 
 iugo recto. 
 
 campis : Enn. Ann. 474 (V), it nigrum campis agmen ; so Ace, 
 p. 271 (Baehr). 
 
 flovio : CIL, i, 199, 7, inde flovio suso vorsum, inde flovio Lemuri ; 
 so 9; 10; 14. 
 
 itinere : Turp. 43, incerto itinere porti indigentes. 
 
 iugo : CIL, i, 199, 15, iugo recto ; so 19 ; 21 ; et pass. 
 
 latebris : Rud. 223, omnibus latebris perreptavi (A ; in latebris P). 
 
 limite : Poen. 632, si male dicetis, vostro gradiar limite. 
 
 rnonte : CIL, i, 199, 15, iugo recto monte Lemurino. 
 
 ostio : M. G. 329, transire recto ostio. 
 
 platea : Cist. 534, recta platea cursum hue contendit suom ; Ad. 
 574, praeterito hac recta platea ; so 582. 
 
 porta : Bacch. 711, recta porta invadam extemplo. 
 
 qua : Aul. 407, date viam qua fugere liceat ; Poen. 627 ; Phor. 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 625; Heckmann, Indog. Forsch. xviii, p. 333 ft. 
 
Ablative of the Way by Which. 361 
 
 192, qua quaerere insistam viam (viain AFG l ; via codd cet) ; Hec. 
 360, non sciunt viam domum qua veniant ; CIL, i, 1166, porticum 
 qua in arcem eitur. 
 
 regione : CIL, i, 199, 12, recta regions in f ontem. 
 
 ripa : Poen. 631, vostra ripa vos sequar. 
 
 rivo : CIL, i, 199, 10, rivo recto Vinelesca ; so 22 ; in lines 8, 12, 
 rivo alone. 
 
 saltu : Cas. 922, ubi ilium saltum video obsaeptum, rogo ut altero 
 sinat ire ; M. G. 221, aliquo saltu circumduce exercitum (aliquos auttu 
 codd). 
 
 scalis : Lucil. 392 (Mx), trinis deducere scalis. 
 
 semita: Merc. 115, simul autem plenis semitis (plenissime B; 
 plenissiemetis CD) eunt; Afran. 118, non licet me qua contendi 
 semita pervenire. 
 
 tramiti : Plaut. fr. 105, domum ire coepi tramiti dextra via. 
 
 vestigiis : Men. 566, si vis persequi vestigiis ; M. G. 269, donee 
 persecutus volpem ero vestigiis. 
 
 via: Cato, Agr. (p. 9, 1. 16 ed min.), si via ibis ; Cure. 32, caute ut 
 incedas via ; Bacch. 113, quo nunc capessis ted hinc advorsa via ? 
 Amph. 795, hue alia via praecucurristi ; Stich. 484, ivero apertiore 
 magis via ; Afran. 135, consimili grassantur via ; Plaut. fr. 105, 
 domum ire coepi tramiti dextra via ; Pseud. 1234, dum hac domum 
 redeam via ; Plaut. fr. 12, reciprocas plana via ; Cure. 35, ire publica 
 via ; Phor. 310, eo recta via quidem illuc ; And. 600, recta proficiscar 
 via ; Pseud. 1051, ite recta via ; so Poen. 692 ; Cas. 881, recta via in 
 conclave abduxi ; Trag. Inc. 73, advenio Acherunte vix via alta 
 atque ardua ; Lucil. 646 (Mx), ne omnibus distento corpore exspiret 
 viis. The foregoing are literal uses. By a natural extension we 
 find figurative uses, e.g. : M. G. 253, dum modo hunc prima via indu- 
 camus ; Pacuv. 100, si qua potestur investigari via ; And. 442, ipsus 
 secum id recta reputavit via (editors generally omit recta, following 
 Donatus) ; 670, hac non successit, alia adgrediemur via ; H. T. 99, 
 coepi (rem) tractare vi et via pervolgata patrum ; 329, eadem hac 
 inveniam via; 706, immo ut recta via rem narret; 789, dare operam 
 ut fiat, verum alia via ; 850, ut ea via argentum abs te auf erretur ; 
 Phor. 566, qua via istuc f acies ? Hec. 73, aut qua via te captent 
 eadem ipsos capi ; so 569. 
 
362 The Ablative. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE. 1 
 
 The Ablative of Degree of Difference seems a probable develop- 
 ment of the Instrumental. The construction was most likely Indo- 
 European. Apart from such ablatives as multo, quanto, tanto, paulo, 
 etc., the usage is only sparingly represented in Early Latin. As 
 a rule, it appears with the comparative of adjectives or adverbs, 
 but it is also found with a few verbs containing the comparative 
 idea; with the adverbs aliter, ante, post; and occasionally with su- 
 perlatives and positives. 
 
 1. With the comparative of adjectives and adverbs : 
 
 a) Nouns and pronouns : Aul. 18, ille vero minus minusque im- 
 pendio curare; Eun. 587, impendio magis animus gaudebat mihi; 
 so Afran. 351; Amph. 610, mihi quidem uno te plus etiam est 
 quam volo; Cas. 359, te uno adest plus quam volo; Most. 919, hau 
 nummo amplius; Pers. 684, duobus nummis minus est; Poen. 67, 
 sexennio prius; Rud. 1305, una littera plus sum quam medicus; 
 1016, ramenta fortunatior; Stich. 498, uno Gelasimo minus est; 
 Pseud. 1323, nummo divitior; Trin. 903, sesquipede quiddamst 
 quam tu longior ; True. 303, quae (maceria) in noctes singulas latere 
 fit minor; 337, triduo prius; 396, non sex totis mensibus prius. 
 
 b) With adjectives used substantively (including hilo and ni- 
 hilo) : 
 
 aliquanto: Asin. 893, animam suaviorem aliquanto; Ace. 129, 
 aliquanto sum progressus longius. 
 
 eo : Trin. 274, eo mihi magis lubet ; Most. 902 ; Ad. 698 ; Trin. 
 856, eo conductor melius de me nugas conciliaverit. These approach 
 the causal force. 
 
 hilo : Lucil. 458 (Mx), hilo non rectius vivas. 
 
 multo : Liv. And. Com. 2, hau multo secus ; Trag. 16, multo 
 ocius ; Naev. Com. 10, potioremque habui libertatem multo quam 
 pecuniam ; Merc. 818, multo iniquior ; Most. 1012, multo minus ; so 
 Merc. 717; Phor. 11; Poen. 1290, atrior (atritior A) multo ut siet; 
 Pseud. 328, multo potior ; so Most. 229 ; Pseud. 1094, hau multo 
 prius ; H. T. 957, gravius multo ac durius ; Eun. 731, multo hilarior ; 
 Phor. 459, incertior sum multo; 791, rebus vilioribus multo; Hec. 
 
 i Ebrard, p. 649 f. 
 
Ablative of Degree of Difference. 363 
 
 289, multo ampliores ; Hec. 217, multo melius ; so Ad. 705 ; Ad. 580, 
 multo propius; 920, multo rectiust; so Lucil. 866 (Mx) ; Lucil. 344 
 (Mx), maius multo; Stich. 339, multo tanta plus quam speras. 
 
 nihilo : Men. 953, nihilo minus ; so Enn. Trag. 368 (Sc 400 V) 
 H. T. 1012 ; Phor. 597 ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 63, 9 ; Men. 1047 
 nihilo setius; Pud. 966, nihilo pol pluris; Bacch. 518; Eun. 62 
 Trin. 397, f actius nihilo facit ; Phor. 472, nihilo magis ; H. T. 377 
 Hec. 137 ; Cael. Antip. p. 106, 5 (Peter), nihilo minore negotio acto 
 
 nimio : Men. 979, nimioque lubentius ; Mere. 549, nimiost aequius 
 Most. 72, nimio celerius ; Most. 145, nimio nequior ; 442, nimio ex 
 spectatior ; 1103, nimio plus ; Pers. Ill, nimio melius ; Pseud. 281 
 nimio facilius ; True. 673, nimio minus saevos. 
 
 paulo : Enn. Ann. 501 (V), septingenti sunt paulo plus aut minus 
 anni ; Men. 681, paullo prius ; so 873a; Pseud. 896 ; Afran. 75 ; 
 H. T. 220, plus paulo; Eun. 315, habitior paulo; Ad. 831, omis- 
 siores paulo ; Ace. 93, si paulo quam tu veniam setius ; Afran. 254, 
 paulo saepius ; Lucil. 532 (Mx), vilicus paulo strenuior ; 708, paulo 
 minus ; 702, paulo melius ; 998, paulo vehementius. 
 
 paullulo: Afran. 121, natura tristiori paululo. 
 
 pauxillo : Afran. 296, pauxillo prius. 
 
 tantillo : Most. 394, hau tantillo minus. 
 
 tanto : Men. 95, tanto artius ; 434, tanto nequior ; so Ad. 528 ; 
 Merc. 573, tanto minus; Most. 831, tanto magis placet; so And. 
 774; H. T. 425; Phor. 203; Ad. 56; Most. 1099, tanto hunc ar- 
 genti condemnabo facilius ; Pers. 153, tanto peior ; True. 953, tanto 
 melior ; so Pers. 326 ; H. T. 549 ; 867, tanto ocius ; Phor. 328, tanto 
 saepius ; Trin. 530, tribus tantis illi minus ; Eun. 1053 ; Ace. 378. 
 
 quanto : Pseud. 449, quanto satius ; so Merc. 656 ; And. 307 ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 42, 9, quan toque superiorem atque ampliorem ; 
 p. 36, 14, quanto secus ego fecerim ; Stat. 205, quanto libentius ; 
 H. T. 424, quanto diutius; 507, quanto plus; Eun. 453, idem hoc 
 tute' melius quanto invenisses ; 507, quanto magis ; so Ace. 136 ; 
 Eun. 730, quanto formonsior; 1053, quanto minus, tanto magis; 
 Hec. 284, quanto praestabilior ; Afran. 289, quanto facilius; Ace. 
 377, quanto mitius (minus codd) stirpem educabant, tanto ut reremur 
 magis severos esse; Lucil. 1025 (Mx), quanto blandior haec, tanto 
 vehementius mordet. 
 
364 The Ablative. 
 
 2. With verbs of superiority, of increase (augeo), and malo: Bacch. 
 23, hie multo Ulixem anteit; so Trin. 546; Bacch. 1047, multo 
 mavellem ; so Merc. 421 ; M. G. 1356 ; Most. 178 ; Pseud. 209; 728; 
 Capt. 516, nimio mavelim ; Naev. Com. 74, quanto libertatem hanc 
 hie superat servitus ; Lucil. 506 (Mx), huuc milli passum qui vice- 
 rit atque duobus ; Pers. 474, Atticam civitatem niaiorem feci atque 
 auxi civi femina ; so 484. 
 
 3. With aliter, ante, post, etc. : And. 4, aliter evenire multo intellegit ; 
 Phor. 530, nilo sum aliter ac fui ; Enn. Trag. 40 (Sc 55 V), ubi ilia 
 paulo ante sapiens modestia ; Eun. 733, multon ante venit ? Bacch. 
 170, biennio postquam hinc abii; Men. 36, paucis diebus post ; so 
 Hec. 143 ; Men. 1132, annis multis post ; Most. 440, triennio post. 
 Pseud. 380, paullo post magis ; Pseud. 1039, hau multo post ; so Merc. 
 234; Phor. 879; Pacuv. 319, quam te post multis tueor tempesta- 
 tibus ; Hec. 393, aiunt tecum post duobus coucubuisse mensibus ; 
 Merc. 297 bis tanto valeo ; Most. 494, abhinc sexaginta annis. 
 
 4. With superlatives : H. T. 842, multo omnium me f ortunatis- 
 sumum factum puto esse; Eun. 253, is quaestus nunc est multo 
 uberrumus ; And. 526, multo maxumumst ; Plaut. f r. 24, solarium 
 multo omnium istorum optumum ; Ace. 316, senium multo acerru- 
 mum ; Stich. 164, multo maxumam et gravissumam. 
 
 5. In one instance we seem to have this construction with a positive : 
 H. T. 205, paulo qui est homo tolerabilis. 
 
 6. A peculiar class embraces the following passages : ' Men. 680, 
 bis tanta pluris : 800, multo tanta ilium accusabo quam te accusavi 
 amplius ; Bud. 521, uiulto tanta miserior (tanto B 2 ) ; Stich. 339, 
 multo tanta plus. Till recently editors have ignored the MSS tra- 
 dition in these passages and have uniformly read tanto. Havet, 1. c, 
 who first called attention to the proper Latinity of these passages, 
 explains tanta as resulting from the ellipsis of pecunia, and assumes 
 that the usage originated in expressions of buying and selling, 
 e.g. multo tanta pluris vendidi. Leo, 1. c. p. 101, suggests that with 
 multo, the impulse towards differentiation led to the use of tanta 
 (instead of tanto). Havet would read tanta also iu Pers. 153, 
 where the MSS give tanto; similarly in Bacch. 310, multo tanto 
 carior. 
 
 1 Havet, Archiv fur lat. Lexikographie, xi, p. 579; Leo, ibid. xii. 99 ff. 
 
Ablative of Specification. 365 
 
 ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION. 1 
 
 The employment of the Instrumental as the case of specification 
 in Sanskrit, Slavic, and Lithuanian (Delbruck, iii, p. 273) makes the 
 instrumental character of the Latin Ablative of Specification prac- 
 tically certain. The construction occurs not only with adjectives 
 and verbs, but even occasionally with nouns and adverbs. The 
 material : OIL, i, 34, 5, quei numquam victus est virtutei ; Leg. XII 
 Tab. iii, 3, vincito compedibus xv pondo ; so Asin. 301 ; 299, quot 
 pondo ted esse censes? Asin. 598, opera ut largus est nocturna; 
 Eud. 919, opera hau fui parous ; Bacch. 124, qui tantus natu ; 402, 
 cave sis te superare servom siris faciundo bene ; 514, mendicum 
 malim mendicando vincere ; Cas. 876, tantum flagitio superavimus ; 
 Cist. 205, qui omnis antideo cruciabilitatibus animi; M. G. 630, per- 
 nix sum pedibus, manibus mobilis; 661, adulescens moribus; 662, 
 benefactis frequens; 1323, ferocior animo; Most. 154, parsimonia 
 duritia discipulinae aliis eram ; 708, nescio ut moribus sient vostrae ; 
 Pers. 2, superavit aerumnas is suis aerumnis Herculi; 59, neque 
 edacitate eos quisquam poterat vincere ; 238, malitia certare tecum ; 
 so True. 950; Pers. 698, videor vidisse hie forma persimilem tui; 
 Poen. 530, vinceretis cervom cursu vel grallatorem gradu; so 532; 
 True. 501 ; Poen. 1193, sicut nos hodie praestitimus pulchritudine ; 
 Pseud. 151, vincitis duritia hoc atque me ; 532, virtute regi Agathocli 
 antecesseris ; 932, dolis atque mendaciis antidibo; so Trin. 546; 
 True. 372, hoc tuis fortunis praestant meae; Enn. Ann. 178 (V), 
 nomine Burrus ; 222, qualis consiliis quantumque potesset in armis ; 
 Enn. Trag. 191 (Sc 222 V), quis homo te superavit impudentia? 
 quis autem malitia te? Enn. Var. 22 (V), qui factis aequiperare 
 queat; Cato, Agr. 157, 2, natura bona; Pacuv. 139, utinam nunc 
 matrescam ingenio; Stat. 121, depositus modo sum anima, vita 
 sepultus ; And. 475, non sat commode divisa sunt temporibus tibi 
 haec ; H. T. 1019, quod est consimilis moribus ; Phor. 125, qui sint 
 genere proxumi; 172, plerique omnes sumus ingenio; 247, quantum 
 erum ante eo sapientia; Hec. 601, quam fortunatus ceteris sum 
 rebus ; Ad. 126, natura tu illi pater es, consiliis ego ; 651 ; 902, tuos 
 vero et animo et natura pater ; 957, mi es germanus pariter animo et 
 
 i Ebrard, p. 651. 
 
366 The Ablative. 
 
 corpore ; Trag. Inc. 17, omnis aequalis vincebat quinquertio ; Trabea. 
 5, Fortunam ipsam anteibo fortunis meis ; Ace. 296, sapimus animo, 
 f ruimur anima ; 475, satin astu et fallendo callet ? 596, genere anti- 
 quior; Ace. Didasc. 11 (Baehr), natura impos; 17, magnificissimi 
 excelsissimique honore; Lucil. 166 (Mx), pisces triginta numero; 
 398, quam spurcos ore ; 798, quaeque aspectu sunt spurca et odore ; 
 1233, blanditia certare; 106, pulmonibus aeger; 638, animo qui 
 aegrotat; 81, iure peritus. 
 
 Under the head of Ablative of Specification it seems best to bring 
 also the construction with dignus, indignus, dignor, decet, decorus, 
 aequos. Dignus is naturally explained as for dec-nos and as kindred 
 with decet. 1 The original meaning seems to have been, 'adorned,' 
 ' distinguished,' ' worth ' ; laurea dignus, corona civica dignus, origi- 
 nally ' decorated with,' ' distinguished by,' might easily come to 
 mean ' worthy of.' Some, e.g. Delbriick, Grundriss, iii, p. 270, re- 
 gard the ablative as one of Price. But this seems unnatural. 
 Dignus salute does not really mean, ' worth safety ' ; nor does dignus 
 me mean ' worth me ' ; nor are expressions like quinque nummis 
 dignum ever found in Latin. Examples : 
 
 dignus: Bacch. 1055, cruciatu malo dignum; Amph. 857, dignus 
 domino servos; Merc. 395, quia non nostra formam habet dignam 
 domo ; 978, quibus est dictis dignus ; Pers. 681 ; Poen. 1176, munera 
 dignadiva venustissima ; Poen. 256 ; Rud. 640, qui te digna ut eveniant 
 precor ; Trin. 1153 has salute dignus, but Nonius gives dignus salutis, 
 ' gen. pro abl.,' which is to be accepted as the probable text ; And. 
 666, dignum factis exitium ; H. T. 107, quod te dignurnst facies ; 
 135, malo quidem me quovis dignum; 530, hominem pistrino 
 dignum ; 687, honore quovis dignam ; Eun. 748, educta ita uti teque 
 illaque dignurnst ; 864 ; 865, digna hac contumelia ; Phor. 373, 
 dignum hoc illost ; 376 ; 430 ; 787, me dignurnst ; Hec. 209, an quic- 
 quam dignum te dici potest ; 275; 782, quod sit discidio dignum ; Ad. 
 237 ; Lucil. 150 (Mx), vita ilia dignus locoque ; 173, te dignus puellus ; 
 890, face dignam me ut vobis putem ; 1128, career, eris vix carcere 
 dignus. With ad: M. G. 968, ad tuam formam ilia una digna est. 
 
 indignus: Poen. 1140, facerentque indignum genere quaestum 
 corpore ; Phor. 376, te indignas seque dignas contumelias ; Ad. 165, 
 1 Skutsch, Glotta, ii, p. 158 f. 
 
Ablative Absolute. 367 
 
 indignum te esse iniuria hac ; 409, indigna genere nostro ; Ace. 340, 
 indignam clade et squalitudine. 
 
 dignor : Ace. 231, aut Pelopia digner domo. 
 
 decet : Asin. 577, ut meque teque maxume atque ingenio nostro 
 decuit. 
 
 aequos : Bacch. 488, plus viderem quam deceret, quam me atque 
 illo aequom f oret ; Kud. 47, is leno, ut se aequom est. 
 
 decorus : M. G. 618, f acinora puerilia neque te decora neque tuis 
 virtutibus. 
 
 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.1 
 
 The Ablative Absolute construction is an outgrowth of the socia- 
 tive force of the Instrumental. Thus in Trin. 13, rem paternam me 
 adiutrice perdidit, the sense is : 'he lost his property (in connection) 
 with me as helper'; so frequently me iudice, 'with me as judge ' ; te 
 praesente, 'with you present.' Cf. further such expressions as scissa 
 veste, passis capillis, ' with clothes torn and hair dishevelled.' In 
 such cases the ablative at first modified the verb of the sentence, 
 but ultimately the original construction was lost sight of, and the 
 phrase as a whole came to be felt as a kind of loose modifier of the 
 rest of the sentence, — Ablative Absolute. See especially Brugmann, 
 Die lat. fo-Participia, Indogermanische Forschungen, V, p. 142 ff. 
 
 Some have regarded the Ablative Absolute as a locative develop- 
 ment. This theory was suggested by the fact that the Locative is 
 the case absolute in Sanskrit. That circumstance, however, is of no 
 significance unless it can be shown that the Locative was the case 
 absolute in the parent speech. There is nothing to indicate that 
 this was true. In fact, each language seems to have developed its 
 own case absolute. In Sanskrit we have the Locative, in Greek the 
 Genitive and Accusative ; in Gothic there are traces of the Dative ; 
 some modern languages (German and Italian) employ the Accusa- 
 tive. For Latin, therefore, the question is solely one of evidence, 
 and the evidence points overwhelmingly to an instrumental origin. 
 
 iEbrard, 610 ft. ; Bombe, De Ablativi Absoluti Usu, Greifswald, 1877 ; Brugmann, 
 Indogermanische Forschungen, v, p. 142 ff. ; Zieler, Beitrage zur Geschichte des 
 lateinischen Ablativs, Bonn, 1892, p. 67; Weihenmaier, Zur Geschichte des 
 absoluten Particips im Lateinischen, Keutlingen, 1891; Keller, O., Grammatische 
 Aufsatze, p. 333 ff. 
 
368 The Ablative. 
 
 A strong additional argument in favor of this view is furnished by 
 the Oscan and Umbrian; in these languages the locative case is still 
 common. Yet the case absolute is the Ablative, which in these 
 dialects had already become fused with the Instrumental. 
 
 Bombe, op. cit. refers the Ablative Absolute to the true Ablative 
 for its origin, explaining hello confecto, as meaning originally, ' after 
 the war having been finished ' (cf. Keller, op. cit. p. 334 f .). But no 
 such use of the true ablative to denote time after which ever estab- 
 lished itself in Latin. Moreover, if Bombe's theory were true, we 
 should expect a predominance of time words in the construction; 
 but no such predominance exists. 
 
 The most frequent form taken by the Ablative Absolute in Early 
 Latin is that of a noun with a perfect passive participle. Besides 
 this, we find a noun or pronoun with the present participle; the 
 second member of the construction may also be an adjective or a 
 substantive. 
 
 1. A substantive with a perfect passive participle : Leg. Reg. 
 Numa, 2, Iunoni crinibus demissis agnum caedito ; 4, quoius auspicio 
 classe procincta opima spolia capiuntur; Leg. XII Tab. iii, rebus 
 iure iudicatis xxx dies iusti sunto ; CIL, i, p. 285, Etruscis devictis, 
 Aequis et Volscis subactis triumphavit ; Naev. Com. 8, dedita opera 
 quae ego volo non vis ; so Afran. 373 ; Naev. Com. 12, cur re inquae- 
 sita colligor ? Amph. 188, victis hostibus ; so Pers. 753 ; True. 75, 
 re placida, victis hostibus; Amph. 390, non loquar nisi pace facta; 
 644, dum modo laude parta domum recipiat se ; 968, re divina facta ; 
 1093, invocat deos capite operto ; Aul. 79, nunc defaecato demum 
 animo egredior domo ; Bacch. 1070, urbe capta domum redduco exer- 
 citum; 972, Ilio capto; Capt. 82, parasiti rebus prolatis latent in 
 occulto ; Cist. 6, omnibus relictis rebus mihi operam dedistis ; so 
 True. 236 ; et pass. ; Cist. 163, decumo mense exacto hie peperit 
 filiam ; Men. 469, pallam ad phrygioneni f ert confecto prandio vino- 
 que expoto, parasito excluso ; 989, ne sero veniam depugnato proelio ; 
 Merc. 92, his sic confectis navim solvimus ; Pers. 243, fide data cre- 
 damus ; Pseud. 1029, ne capta praeda capti praedones f uant ; 1033, 
 cor conligatis vasis exspectat meum ; 1269, postquam opus perpetravi 
 hostibus fugatis ; Rud. 581, numquam credam nisi si accepto pig- 
 nore; Stich. 81, decurso aetatis spatio; Trin. 592, re gesta pessume; 
 
Ablative Absolute. 369 
 
 so 1182, et pass. ; 701, deseres amicos factis nuptiis ; Cato, Agr. 132, 
 2, dape facta serito milium ; 26, vindemia facta ; fr. ( Jord) p. 26, 4, 
 signis conlatis cum legionibus pugnavimus ; so Sempr. Asell. p. 110, 
 7 (Peter) ; Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 60, 3, quid si capite obvoluto stitisses ; p. 
 70, 1, sed turn revortantur resignatis vectigalibus ; Enn. Ann. 212 
 (V), ut primum tenebris abiectis indalbabat ; 238, consilio indu foro 
 lato; 349, aegro corde, comis passis; 350; Enn. Trag. 18 (Sc 20 V), 
 misso sanguine tepido ; Sc 36 (V), quo facto exsacruficabat hostiis ; 
 312 (Sc 364 V), neque sepulcrum ubi remissa bumana vita corpus 
 requiescat malis; PacuT. 186, clamide contorta astu clupeat brac- 
 cium ; 200, neu reliquias meas sireis denudatis ossibus per terrain 
 divexarier ; 347, exorto iubare, noctis decurso itinere ; 382, voce 
 suppressa ; Stat. 10, nam ego duabus vigiliis transactis duco de- 
 subito domum ; 235, cur inlecebris cognitis non refugisti ? 256, 
 venerio cursu veni, prolato pede usque ad scaphonem ; And. 180, id 
 voluit, nos sperantis iam amoto metu, opprimi ; 923, Atticus quidam, 
 navi fracta, ad Andrum eiectus est; Eun. 336, tremulus, labiis demis- 
 sis, gemens ; 762, malo ego nos prospicere quam hunc ulcisci accepta 
 iniuria ; Ad. 286, ego iam transacta re convortam me domum ; 860, 
 exeurso spatio ; 870, exacta aetate ; Turp. 93, redempto Phaedria 
 liceat redire ; Af ran. 104, quis tu es ventoso loco soleatus, aperto 
 oapite ; 244, constituit hilare anbelans, deiecta coma ; Titin. 101, 
 «xacta aetate ; Ace. 547, non armigero in corpore tela exercentur 
 baec abiecta gloria; 690, recte perfectis sacris; Trag. Inc. 81, ego 
 turn gravida expletis iam mensibus ; Lucil. 67 (Mx), quae horis sub- 
 lata duabus omnia sunt sole occaso ; 570, borae dimidio et tribus 
 <;onfectis; 938, quod, tbynno capto cobium excludunt foras; 985, 
 deducta tunc voce leo, ' cur tu venire non vis buc ? ' so Afran. 340 ; 
 •CIL, i, 198, 52, bracioque aperto ; 1, 577, III, 15, altera pars dimidia 
 .sol vetur, opere effecto probatoque ; Scip. African. Min. p. 181 (Meyer), 
 qui barba volsa feminibusque subvolsis ambulet ; Caelius Antipater, 
 p. 104, 3 (Peter), custodibus discessis multi interficiuntur ; p. 106, 2, 
 •amisso exfundato pulcherrimo oppido; p. 106, 5, eadem re gesta, 
 nibilo minore negotio acto. 
 
 2. A substantive with a present active participle : Amph. 747, egone 
 istuc dixi ? : : tune istic, etiam astante boc Sosia ; 826, alius Am- 
 pbitruo qui forte ted bine absente tamen tuam rem curet ; so Most. 
 
370 The Ablative. 
 
 1139; H. T. 280; Eun. 1059; Asm. 500, absente ero ; so Men. 968 j 
 Asin. 583, quod sese absente mihi fidem habere noluisset ; Stich. 131, 
 nunc non aequomst abduci illisce absentibus; Trin. 167, me absente 
 atque insciente ; so M. G. 866 ; et pass. ; Eun. 649, absente nobis ; so 
 Afran. 6; Hec. 269, se absente; Amph. 998, hie deludetur, vobis 
 inspectantibus ; Asin. 455, tibi, ero praesente, reddam ; 647, prae- 
 sente hoc ; so Hec. 674 ; 712 ; Bacch. 262, eo praesente ; 301, illis- 
 praesentibus ; 335, qui praesente ; 336, populo praesente ; Cure. 434 r 
 te praesente ; so Stich. 538 ; Eun. 1059 ; Cure. 711, quo praesente ; 
 Most. 564, illo praesente ; 1164, immo me praesente amato; so Cure. 
 712 ; 714 ; Afran. 310 ; et pass. ; Pseud. 126, pube praesente in con- 
 tione; H. T. 1042, hac praesente; Ace. 428, praesente his; M. G- 
 144, sene soiente hoc feci ; 559 ; Asin. 853 ; Poen. 322, vigilante 
 Venere ; Enn. Ann. 420 (V), montibus obstipis obstantibus ; 520 
 pereunte viro ; Enn. Trag. 39 (Sc 54 V), sed quid oculis rapere 
 visast derepente ardentibus ? Trag. 69 (Sc 74 V), qui te sic respec- 
 tantibus tractavere nobis ? Pacuv. 411, occidente sole inhorrescit mare ; 
 Cato, Agr. 5, 4, insciente domino ; 31, 2, luna decrescente eximito ; 
 131, piro florente facito ; fr. (Jord), p. 41, 8, inspectantibus populari- 
 bus suis ; Stat. 271, quassante capite tristes incedunt ; And. 603, 
 feci hodie ut fierent, insperante hoc ; H. T. 913, qui se vidente ami- 
 cam patiatur suam ; Eun. 956, conligavit ? : : atque equidem orante 
 ut ne id faceret Thaide ; Hec. 830, eum haec cognovit Myrrina, in 
 digito modo me habente (sc. anulum) ; Ad. 507, non me indicente 
 haec fiunt; Trag. Inc. 64, quom Danais inclinantibus suramam per- 
 fecit rem ; Com. Inc. 102, similem habent labiae lactucam comedente 
 asino; Atta 23, germanas meas vespera oriente clanculum ferri ad. 
 specum. 
 
 3. A substantive with an adjective : Naev. Praet. 2, vita iusepulta. 
 laetus in patriam redux ; Com. 70, deo meo propitio ; Amph. 848, me 
 lubente facies ; so Cure. 665 ; et pass. ; Capt. 739, cur ego te invito- 
 me esse salvom postulem ? so Amph. 663 ; et pass. ; CIL, i, 200, 84, 
 invito eo, quei dabit ; 88, inviteis eis ; M. G. 321, mirumst lolio vic- 
 titare te, tarn vili tritico ; 1420, salvis testibus ; Most. 230, quam te, 
 me vivo, umquam sinam egere ; so Bacch. 419 ; H. T. 103 ; et pass. ; 
 Most. 563, natus dis inimicis omnibus ; so M. G. 314 ; Pers. 753,. 
 civibus salvis, re placida, integro exercitu et praesidiis ; Rud. 917,, 
 
Ablative Absolute. 371 
 
 tempestate saeva experiri ; so 1187 ; Trin. 376, tua re salva ; so Eun. 
 258 ; Trin. 446, bonis tuis rebus meas res inrid.es malas ; 942, ad- 
 vecti aqua advorsa ; True. 75, re placida atque otiosa ; 630, ventre 
 dum salvo licet ; Enn. Ann. 167 (V), bellum aequis manibus nox in- 
 tempesta diremit; 349, aegro corde; 527, tonuit tempestate serena; 
 Enn. Trag. 4 (Sc 13 V), incerta re atque inorata ; Cato, Agr. 37, 3, 
 nisi intermestri lunaque dimidiata; 61, 2, si quis quaerat quod tem- 
 pi] s oleae serendae siet, agro sicco per sementim, agro laeto per ver ; 
 112, 1, mari tranquillo, quom ventus non erit ; fr. (Jord), p. 21, 8, 
 scio solere plerisque hominibus rebus secundis atque prolixis atque 
 properis animum excellere ; p. 40, 1, decern hominibus vitam eripis, 
 indicta causa ; Stat. 99, obstipo capitulo sibi ventum facere tunicula ; 
 146, salva urbe atque arce ; Eun. 53, inf ecta pace venies ; Phor. 74, 
 memini relinqui me deo irato meo ; 791, rebus vilioribus ; Trag. Inc. 
 186, quom te expetebant omnes florentissimo regno ; Afran. 77, solli- 
 cito corde corpus non potitur quie ; Ace. 38, quae turn absentem 
 rebus dubiis coniugem tetinerit ; 359, re dubia ; 71, territa membra 
 animo aegroto cunctant subferre laborem. 
 
 4. Two substantives : Cure. 434, te praesente teque interprete ; 
 Men. 858, senem osse fini dedolabo (this shows the origin olfini as a 
 preposition) ; Cato, Agr. 28, 2, opterito terra radicibus fini ; 21, 3, 
 cupa qua fini in modiolos erit ; so 154 ; 149, 1 ; Cas. Hem. p. 73, 15 
 (Peter) ; Most. 916, me suasore atque impulsore id factum audacter 
 dicito ; Pers. 597, me impulsore aut inlice ; so Eun. 988 ; Ad. 560 ; 
 Pers. 580, atque aut hoc emptore vendes aut alio non potis ; Stich. 
 602, non me quidem faciet auctore ; Trin. 13, rem paternam me adiu- 
 trice perdidit ; 1161, te advocato atque arbitro ; Plaut. f r. 24, me puero ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 66, 5, C. Licinio praetore, scripti cives Eomani 
 veniere ; H. T. 969, satius est quam te ipso herede haec possidere 
 Bacchidem ; Eun. 1013, te auctore quod fecisset adulescens ; Hec. 
 254, aut ea corrigemus te iudice ipso ; Afran. 129, me auctore ; Lucil. 
 395 (Mx), lustrum illo censore malum fuisse ; Semp. Asell. p. 109, 17 
 (Peter), scribere autem bellum initum quo consule et quo confectum 
 sit ; CIL, i, 200, 4, P. Muucio L Calpurnio cos. ; so 13 ; 15 ; 33. 
 
 Occasionally we find the Ablative Absolute used where the adjec- 
 tive or participle logically belongs with some other substantive of 
 the sentence, e.g. Amph. 542, ut, quom absim, me anies, me tuam 
 
372 The Ablative. 
 
 te absente tamen ; Most. 230, quam te, me vivo, umquam sinam egere ; 
 Bud. 712, meas mihi ancillas, me invito, eripis ; H. T. 913, qui se 
 vidente amicam patiatur suam. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONS OF INSTRUMENTAL 
 
 ORIGIN. 
 
 The following usages seem to be of Instrumental origin, although 
 they fail to fall under any of the usually recognized categories : 
 Aniph. 967, tu gubernatorem evoca verbis meis ; so Merc. 787 ; Poen. 
 1000 ; 1001 ; Bud. 405 ; Pacuv. 26, si non est ingratum reapse ; 
 Lucil. 1333 (Mx), id dare quod re ipsa debetur ; Amph. 845, cave 
 sis ne tu usu perduis ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 70, 3, usu venit ; Aul. 639, 
 quin tu eloquere quidquid est suo nomine ; CIL, i, 198, 61, quod eo 
 nomine lis aestumata erit; so 60; 63; 64; M. G. 287, forte fortuna 
 hue despexi ; etc. 
 
 LOCATIVE USES OF THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 Locative uses of the Ablative are confined almost exclusively to 
 the ordinary local and temporal relations, Place Where, Time at 
 Which, Time within Which. Figurative uses are extremely rare. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF PLACE WHERE. 1 
 
 A. Common Nouns. 
 
 1. ruri: Aul. 505, plus plaustrorum in aedibus videas quam ruri 
 Bacch. 365; Capt. 84; Cas. 99; 105 (dat.?); 110 (riure P); 126 
 129; 781; Cist. 226; Merc. 273; 509; 543; 686; 760; 766; 924 
 Most. 4; 7; 19, augebis ruri numerum, genus ferratile (used at- 
 tributively); 35; 799; Trin. 166 (rare codd; ruri 2?on) ; True. 277 
 915 ; Phor. 250 ; 363 ; Hec. 215 ; Ad. 45 ; 95; 401 ; 542 (rare Charts) 
 Cato, Agr. 4 ; Titin. 60, in foro aut in curia posita potius quam rure 
 True. Arg. 1, tres unam pereunt adulescentes mulierem rure unus, 
 
 1 Heokmann, Ueber prapositionslose Ortsbezeichnung im Altlateinischen, Indo- 
 germ. Forsehungen, xviii, p. 296 ff.; Gorbig, Nominum quibus loca significant.^ 
 usub Plautinus exponitur et cum Terentiano comparatur, Halle, 1883; Konig, Quaes- 
 tiones Plautinae, Patschkau, 1883. 
 
Ablative of Place Where. 373 
 
 alter urbe, peregre tertius. The reading rure is fully supported for 
 the last two passages. 
 
 2. vicinia: Most. 1062, sed quid hoc est quod foris concrepuit 
 proxuma vicinia ? 
 
 3. domo: CIL, i, 1009, tenebris tenentur Ditis aeterna doinu 
 (taken by Heckmann, op. cit. p. 314, as instrumental) ; Amph. 637, 
 ego id nunc experior domo ; Merc. 354, scio saevos quarn sit, domo 
 doctus. With preposition : Cas. 620, in nostra domo ; so Pseud. 84 ; 
 Cure. 209, in domo istac; M. G. Arg. 1, 13; Ad. 747, una in domo; 
 Eun. 960, in domo meretricia; Cato, Agr. 132, 1, Iupiter dapalis 
 quod tibi fieri oportet in domo familia mea culignam dapi. In Stich. 
 192, P has si cenassit domo ; A domi ; True. 261, quid debetur hie 
 tibi nostrae domi (in nostra domo -.4); ed. praetor Bruns 7 , p. 222, 
 mulier in domu honestissimae feminae pariat. Ordinarily the local 
 relation is designated by the locative domi; see p. 386 f. 
 
 4. terra, mari: Poen. 105, mari te(rraque) usque quaque quaeri- 
 tat; Lael. p. 174 (Meyer), uti nobis terra marique simul obsidium 
 facerent. Where terra and mari are used alone, Plautus adds the 
 preposition: Merc. 196, equidem me iam censebam esse in terra; 
 Epid. 679, quaeras mea caussa vel medio in mari. But Enn. Trag. 50 
 (Sc 65 V), iamque mari magno classis citatexitur ; Ann. 145 (V), mari 
 quaesentibus vitam ; CIL, i, 195 (Duilius inscr.), rem navebos marid 
 consol primos c(eset) (gessit). 
 
 5. loco, locis l .• Heckmann, op. cit. p. 320, is inclined to recognize 
 as truly local only a very few of the examples of loco, locis. In this 
 I have not been able to follow him, and have felt compelled to 
 classify as local a number of examples which he takes as temporal, 
 instrumental, etc., viz. : Amph. 568, homo idem duobus locis ut simul 
 sit ; Most. 254, suo quicque loco est ? Bud. 907, qui salsis locis 
 incolit pisculentis; Enn. Ann. 430 (V), quo res sapsa loco sese 
 ostentatque iubetque ; Cato, Agr. 1, 3, sub radice montis siet, loco salu- 
 bri ; 1, 5, loco bono siet ; 6, 1, agrum quibus locis conseras, sic observari 
 oportet (cf. Table of Contents of Cato's de Agr. Capp. viii, agrum 
 quibus locis conseras; x, fieos quo loco seras; xi, salicta locis 
 aquosis) ; 9, salicta locis aquosis propter amnis ibi seri oportet ; 14, 
 5, loco salubri; loco pestilenti; 35, 1, viciam quam minime herbosis 
 
 1 Complete material in Heckmann, op. cit. 
 
374 The Ablative. 
 
 locis serito ; 26, fibulas iubeto suo quicquid loco condi ; 161, 1, locum 
 subigere oportet bene, qui habeat umorem, aut loco crasso (codd 
 locum crassum KeiT) ; Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 37, 18, vide sis quo loco 
 res publica siet ; CIL, i, 1341, loco privato de sua pecunia f aciundam 
 curavit ; Ad'. 344, peiore res loco non potis est esse quam in quo nunc 
 sitast ; P. Corn. Scip. p. 185 (Meyer), in his regionibus excelsissimo 
 locorum murum statuere aiebat; Lucil. 189 (Mx), si tarn corpus 
 loco validum ac regione maneret ; Vole. Sedig. (Baehr. p. 279, 12), 
 nono loco esse facile facio Luscium ; Cato, Agr. 1, 7, optimo loco . . . 
 secundo loco, . . . tertio . . . quarto, etc. Sometimes loco ap- 
 proaches a temporal sense : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 77, 1, dicam de istis 
 Graecis suo loco. 
 
 Elsewhere we find in (75 examples) : Amph. 699, quo in loco ? 
 Bacch. 1039, si ego in istoc sim loco; Cist. 699, in hoc iam loco 
 constitit; Cure. 711; 467; Epid. 81; Men. 56, uno asto in loco; 
 Merc. 196, in tuto loco ; M. G. 83, in festivo loco ; Pers. 843, meo 
 ego in loco sedulo curabo; Poen. 696, lepido in loco; Bud. 1185, in 
 solo apstrusi loco; Stich. 62, in suo quicque loco nisi erit situm 
 suppellectilis ; 685, hoc in loco ; Eun. 542, quo in loco dictumst, parati 
 nil est; Phor. 446; 473; Hec. 303; Liv. And. 35 (Baehr), dusmo in 
 loco ; Enn. Trag. 197 (Sc 228 V), plebes in hoc regi antistat loco ; 
 Cato, Agr. 6, 2, si in loco crasso aut caldo severis ; 8, 1, in 
 loco cretoso et aperto serito ; ibid, in loco crassiore ; 35, 1 ; 35, 2 ; 
 68 ; et pass. ; fr. (Jord), p. 71, 9, si vos in eo loco essetis ; Af ran. 
 104, quis tu es ventoso in loco ? 133 ; Titin. 130, in suo quique 
 loco ; CIL, i, 200, 3, quod in eo agro loco est ; 21 ; 95. In loco (' at 
 the right moment ') : H. T. 537 ; 827 ; Ad. 216 ; 827 ; 994. In loco 
 ('in place of) : And. 292; H. T. 104. In locis: Bacch. 430, non in 
 latebrosis locis ; Capt. 44 ; Cure. 507 ; Men. 982 ; Bud. 275 ; 1033 ; 
 Cato, Agr. 6, 1, in eis locis ; so, 6, 3 ; et pass. ; Afran. 10 istis 
 exercetur in locis. 
 
 The construction with in is therefore the usual one ; hence in 
 cases where the readings differ, the prepositional construction is to 
 be preferred, e.g. Most. 673 ; cf . Heckmann, op. cit. p. 321. 
 
 6. Nouns limited by torus. In Early Latin the ablative without a 
 pregosition is used in case of nouns limited by totus only in connec- 
 tion with verbs of motion. In this way the notion of extent of space 
 
Ablative of Place Where. 375 
 
 sometimes develops (Brugmann, Gr. ii 2 , p. 509). Cas. 763, omhes 
 f estinant intus totis aedibus ; And. 342, toto me oppido exanimatum 
 quaerere ; Eun. 245, tota erras via ; Merc. 51, conclamitare tota urbe 
 et praedicere. Otherwise we find in : e.g. Poen. 834, in totis aedibus 
 tenebrae ; Titin. 135, toto fit in foco de lignis mi dapalis cena ; Cato, 
 Agr. 157, 7, non possunt perspirare in toto corpore. Cato always has 
 in with totus. 
 
 7. Other nouns : Kaev. Trag. 28, ubi bipedes volucres lino linquant 
 lumina ; Aul. 575, ut me deponat vino ; Bacch. 712, geritote aurum 
 corbibus ; 584, qui alieno viris tuas extentes ostio ; Capt. 793, qui 
 opstiterit ore sistet ; Cure. 287, quin capite sistat ; M. G. 850 ; Ad. 
 316, capite pronum in terra statuerem ; M. G. 344, pede illam tibi 
 sistam in viam ; Cist. 63, in latebras apscondas pectore penitissumo ; 
 Cure. 250, ea omnes stant sententia; Epid. 208, ire vidi milites 
 plenis viis ; Pseud. 214, culleo ut deportere ; Kud. 2, eius sum civis 
 civitate caelitum ; Eun. Ann. 139 (V), heu quam crudeli condebat 
 membra sepulcro; cf. Afran. 115, hoe sepulcro sepeliet; Enn. Ann. 
 204 (V), sed ego hie animo lamentor; 285, densantur campis hor- 
 rentia tela virorum ; 358, quae neque Dardaniis campis potuere 
 perire ; 292, vino domiti somnoque sepulti ; so Most. 1122 ; Enn. Ann. 
 492 (V), multa foro ponit ; Lucil. 1118 (Mx), abreptos clepsere foro ; 
 Enn. Ann. 374 (V), equos spatio qui saepe supremo vicit Olumpia; 
 505, succincti gladiis media regione cracentes (the verb is lacking); 548, 
 corde suo trepidat ; Enn. Trag. 309 (Sc 362 V), summis saxis fixus 
 asperis ; Sat. 67 (V), decern coclites quas montibus summis Ripaeis 
 f odere (federe codd) ; Eun. 640, certe extrema linea amare haut 
 nihil est (' to love at a distance ') ; Ad. 613, pectore consistere 
 (sistere A ; consistere BE) nil consiliquit ; Ace. 63, depressum altis 
 clausere specis (= specubus) ; 537, ubi habet ? urbe (edprinc; turbe 
 codd) agrone? 557, contempla hanc sedem, in qua ego novem 
 hiemes saxo stratus pertuli; 569, hac ubi curvo litore latratu unda 
 sub undis labunda sonit ; Praet. 25, exin prostratum terra, graviter 
 saucium; Lucil. 134 (Mx), nam mel regionibus illis incrustatus 
 calix rutai caulis habetur ; 405, annos hie terra iam (errat tam codd) 
 plures miles Hibera (hiberna codd) nobiscum meret; 431, firmiter 
 hoc tuo sit pectore fixum; 490, dum miles Hibera terrast (terras 
 codd) atque meret; 860, hie stare papillas pectore marmoreo; 28, 
 
376 The Ablative. 
 
 adf uissemus priore concilio ; 190, vera manet sententia cordi. Hos- 
 tius, Baelir. 3, sententia praesto pectore pilata (= fixa). 
 
 B. Pbopek Names. 
 
 1. Names of countries: Capt. 330, filius meus illic apud vos servit 
 captus Alide. Elsewhere the preposition is used ; full material for 
 the prepositional use is given by Heckmann, op. cit. p. 341 f. 
 
 2. Names of islands : no instance of the ablative without a prep- 
 osition is found in Early Latin. In a few instances the locative of 
 smaller islands is found, e.g. Lemni (see p. 387). The ablative Lemno 
 with in also occurs ; Phor. 873, quid ais ? cum eius consuevit olim 
 matre in Lemno clanculum ; 1004, in Lemno (uxorem duxit) ; Trin. 
 928, in Cercopio ; Hec. 171, interea in Imbro moritur cognatus senex. 
 In Sicilia also occurs : Men. 408, qui Syracusis perhibere natus esse 
 in Sicilia ; so 1096 ; Kud. 495 ; OIL, i, 551. 
 
 3. Names of towns : The ablative appears only in plurals and in 
 the singular of nouns of the third declension. These last (e.g. 
 Carthagini, Sicyoni) are historically ablatives, though it is not im- 
 possible that under the influence of locative forms of the second 
 declension — Corinthi, etc. — they may have been felt as locatives 
 by the Romans. 
 
 Argis : Am ph. 98, Amphitruo natus Argis ; C1L, i, 595, quei 
 Argeis negotiantur. 
 
 Athenis : Asin. 492, merito meo neque me alter est Athenis 
 hodie quisquam ; Aul. 810, quis me Athenis nunc magis quisquamst 
 homo quoi di sint propitii ? Bacch. 563 ; Epid. 26 ; Men. 8, omnis res 
 gestas esse Athenis autumant ; Merc. 945 ; M. G. 99 ; 122 ; 127 ; 
 133; 451; Pud. 738; 741; 746; Pseud. 339; 416; Stich. 448; 
 True. 10; Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 77, 1. 
 
 Calebus : CIL, x, 8054, Eetus Gabinio cs. Calebus feci te ; Cato, 
 Agr. 135, 1. 
 
 Carthagini : Cas. 71, at ego id fieri in Graecia et Carthagini ; Poen. 
 1038, Carthagini ego sum natus ; so 1056. 
 
 Delphis : Pacuv. 308, flexa, non falsa, autumare dictio Delphis 
 solet. 
 
 Hinturnis : CIL, i, p. 299, nundinae Minturn(is) ; Cato, Agr. 135 
 (possibly ' from M.' ; cf. Venafro in same context). 
 
Ablative of Place Where. 377 
 
 Pompeis : Cato, Agr. 22, 3, Porapeis emptus omatus ; 22, 4, tan- 
 tidem Pompeis emitur. 
 
 Puteolis : CIL, i, 577, III, 9, qui in consilio solent esse Puteolis. 
 
 Sicyoni: Cist. 156, fuere Sicyoni iam diu Dionysia; Pseud. 995, 
 necessest hodie Sicyoni me esse aut eras mortem exsequi. 
 
 Syracusis: Men. 17, mercator fuit quidam Syracusis senex; 69, 
 nunc ille geminus qui Syracusis habet; 408, qui Syracusis per- 
 hibere natus esse in Sicilia ; 1097. 
 
 Thebis : Epid. 636, ex Philippa matre natani Thebis ; Amph. 1046 ; 
 Eud. 746. 
 
 With prepositions (in and apud) : 
 
 Anactorio : Poen. 896, qui illas emit in Anactorio. 
 
 Cumae : Enn. Var. 39 (V), Surrenti elopem fac emas glaucumque 
 apud Cumas. 
 
 Epheso : M. G. 441, quid hie tibi in Ephesost negoti ? 
 
 Epidanmo : Men. 267, ne mihi damnum in Epidamno duis ; so also 
 380. 
 
 Epidauro : Epid. 540, quam in Epidauro pauperculam memini com- 
 primere ; 541, qui mihi in Epidauro primus pudicitiam pepulit ; 
 554. 
 
 Piraeo: Eun. 539, coiimus in Piraeo. 
 
 Seleucia : Trin. 901, bene rem gerebat. : : ergo ubi ? : : in Seleucia. 
 
 Sicyon : Cure. 395, apud Sicyonem (caput ictum est), — ' before S.' 
 
 Sparta : Poen. 663, nam hie latro in Sparta fuit. 
 
 Thebae : Epid. 53, apud Thebas sumpsit faenore; similarly 252. 
 
 Venafro : Cato, Agr. 136, in Venafro ager optimus ; ibid, in agro 
 Casinate et Venafro in loco bono ; 135. 
 
 Vico : CIL, i, p. 299, nundinae in Vico. 
 
 4. Other words : Capt. 998, vidi ego multa saepe picta quae 
 Acherunti fierent ; 689, facito ergo ut Acherunti clueas gloria ; Merc. 
 606, si neque hie neque Acherunti sum ; Poen. 431 ; True. 749. 
 
 5. Passages in which the case does not modify a verb, but has become 
 an attributive of a substantive : Amph. 677, quam omnium Thebis unam 
 esse optumam diiudicat ; Epid. 501, fateor me omnium esse Athenis 
 minimi preti; Mat. 1072, Athenis nemo doctior; Pseud. 270, salve 
 multum, serve Athenis pessume! With preposition: Bacch. 309, qui 
 nunc in Ephesost Ephesiis carissumus ; Cure. 341, ecquem in Epidauro 
 
378 The Ablative. 
 
 Lyconem tarpezitam noverim ; Cure. 429, Miles Lyconi in Epidauro 
 hospiti suo salutem dicit ; Pers. 506, Chrysopolim Persae cepere urbem 
 in Arabia; OIL, i, 199, 6, ab rivo infimo qui oritur ab fontei in Manni- 
 celo ; ibid, line 12 : M. G. 778, itaque omnis se ultro sectari in Epheso 
 memorat mulieres ; And. 931, multi alii in Andro audivere ; possibly 
 we should add: CIL, i, 30, Taurasia Cisauna Samnio cepit ('in 
 Samnium'). In Trag. Inc. 259, in arce Athenis statio mea nunc 
 placet, we have a proper noun, in apposition with a common noun, 
 used as an attributive modifier; CIL, i, 198, 17, in urbe Roma. 
 
 MEA, TUA .REEERT. 1 
 
 Several theories of the origin of this construction have been pro- 
 posed. All of these agree in explaining re- as some case-form of res. 
 While this much seems clear, yet none of the theories propounded can 
 be regarded as satisfactory. Scholl, op. cit. takes re as the ablative 
 of res, and explains mea re as originally equivalent to ex mea re. But 
 this involves the recognition of an ablative use not elsewhere found. 
 Moreover the impersonal use of /erf is not supported. Brugmanh, op. 
 cit. takes mea refert as developed from an original meas res fert, in 
 which res is a terminal accusative =ad meas res; but as Skutsch, op. 
 cit. p. 50, points out, the terminal accusative is not elsewhere known 
 except in words of local meaning. Another theory, dating from the 
 days of Verrius Flaccus (Festus, p. 282 M) was revived by Reifferscheid 
 (Index Lect. Breslau, 1877/8, p. 14 ; 1885/6, p. 4), and later by 
 Meringer (op. cit.). According to this view mea re is a dative ; but 
 the survival of such an archaic dative as mea, (for meat) seems highly 
 improbable. A fourth view, revived by Skutsch, op. cit. p. 50 ff., 
 takes mea refert as coming from an original mea res fert; when res 
 fert became refert, the re was felt as an ablative, and mea was changed 
 to mea. This mea re(s), according to Skutsch, meant ' meine Sache 
 bringt es mit sich.' In conformity with this theory, hoc in hoc mea 
 refert is the object of fert. But I fail to see how 'my affair 
 brings this with it ' (even assuming that this might be the possible 
 
 1 Fr. Scholl, Archiv fiir lat. Lexikographie, ii, p. 213 ff. ; Brugmann, Indoger. 
 Forseh. viii, 218 ff. ; xxi, 200; Meringer, ibid. p. 206 ff. ; A.. Kunze, Beitrage z. 
 lat. Gramm ; Mea Refert, Leipsic, 1899 ; Skutsch, Archiv ftlr lat. Lexikog. xv, p. 47 ff . ; 
 Lindsay, Synt. of Plaut. p. 3 ; Fay, Class. Phil, iv, p. 310. 
 
Ablative of Time at Which. 879 
 
 meaning of fert) could develop into ' this concerns me. ' At present 
 it seems inadvisable to go further than to say that the re of refert 
 represents some case-form of res, felt by the Romans as abla- 
 tive. Just what case usage this re represents, we cannot say. 
 The material: 
 
 mea refert : Merc. 454, quid id mea refert ? Pers. 537, mea quidem 
 istuc nihil refert; Eud. 949, ecquid est quod mea referat? 746; 
 966 ; Stich. 616, si quidem mea refert ; True. 723, num mea refert ? 
 H. T. 793, quid mea ? Eun. 320, mea nil refert ; Ad. 881, id mea 
 minime refert. 
 
 tua refert: Gas. 330, quid id refert tua? so Merc. 906; Pers. 
 497, tua refert; 519, quod refert tua; Eud. 177; 966; 1086, quid 
 istuc tua ? Stich. 320, tua quod nihil refert ; 616 ; Phor. 723, quid 
 id tua refert ? Hec. 810, tua quod nil refert. 
 
 nostra (refert) : Phor. 940, quid id nostra ? 
 
 ABLATIVE OF TIME. 
 A. Ablative of Time at Which. 1 
 
 The locative character of this usage is sufficiently obvious. 
 
 actu : Hec. 39, primo actu placeo. 
 
 aditu : Trag. Inc. 71, nocturno aditu occulta coluntur. 
 
 adventu: Most. 381, sicut ego adventu patris nunc quaero, quid 
 faciam miser. The other instances of adventu seem to have causal 
 force : Epid. 21 ; Stich. 407 ; Hec. 816 ; Turp. 152. 
 
 aestate : Most. 764, quia isti umbram aestate tibi esse audivit per- 
 bonam. 
 
 aetate (17): istac aetate: Bacch. 30; 1163; Merc. 982; Most. 
 
 1148; hac aetate: Trin. 1090; senecta aetate: Amph. 1032; Aul. 
 
 253; Cas. 240; 259; Merc. 985; Trin. 43; Phor. 1022, aetate porro 
 
 minus peccaturum putem? Ad. 832, ad omnia alia aetate sapi- 
 
 mus rectius ; 110, alieniore aetate post f aceret tamen ; Stat. 29, 
 
 sentire ea aetate eumpse odiosum alteri; Ace. 85, an malad aetate 
 
 mavis male mulcari? With in, aetate has a different force, 
 
 — 'life.' 
 
 iEbrard, p. 607 f . ; Kane, Case Forms with and without Prepositions Used by Plau- 
 tus and Terence to Express Time, Baltimore, 1895. 
 
380 The Ablative. 
 
 anno: Merc. 66, neque nisi quinto anno quoque solitum visere; 
 Eud. 629, si speras tibi hoc anno multum futurum sirpe; so 637; 
 Ad. 938, ego novos maritus anno demum quinto et sexagensumo 
 fiam; Cato. fr. (Jord) p. 20, 11, duoetvicesimo anno post dimissum 
 bellum ; Sempronius Asellio, p. 109, 10 (Peter), quoque anno gestum 
 sit; OIL, i, 198, 7, quae eo anno fuerint. 
 
 Aphrodisiis : Poen. 497, die bono Aphrodisiis ; 758, die f esto celebri 
 nobilique. 
 
 bello : OIL, i, 200, 75, quei in ameicitiam pop. E. bello Poenico 
 proxsumo manserunt. 
 
 calendis : M. G. 691, da, mi vir, calendis meam qui matrem mu- 
 nerem ; Stich. 60, vos meministis quot calendis petere demensum 
 cibum. 
 
 consulatu : GIL, i, p. 288, xxix, 5, primo consulatu Ligures sube- 
 git ; tertio et quarto Hannibalem coercuit ; xxx, 5, priore consulatu. 
 conticinio : Asin. 685, redito hue conticinio. 
 
 crepusculo : Cas. 40, primulo crepusculo puellam exponi ; so Plaut. 
 f r. 105 ; 57. 
 
 die, diebus : Leg. XII Tab. ii, 3, tertiis diebus obvagulatum ito ; 
 Amph. 254, quia illo die impransus f ui ; so Eud. 498 ; Aul. 380, f esto 
 die si quid prodegeris, profesto egere liceat ; Bacch. 341, quin habeas 
 illud quo die illuc veneris ; so Poen. 344 ; Titin. 152 ; Cas. 857, 
 numquam ecastor ullo die risi adaeque ; Cure. 656, hie est quern ego 
 tibi misi natali die ; so Epid. 639 ; Eud. 1171 ; Pseud. 234 ; Poen. 
 848, suo festo die ; 758, die festo celebri nobilique Aphrodisiis ; 497, 
 die bono Aphrodisiis ; Men. 1103, una matre natos et patre uno uno 
 die ; Pseud. 301, erne die caeca, vendito oculata die ; 279, qua die ; 
 1174, quotumo die pervenisti? : : altero ad meridiem; True. 424, 
 quinto die quod fieri oportet ; Men. 749, eodem die ; so Merc. 38 ; Eud. 
 1337 ; Most. 1018, quo die ? And. 89, alio die quaerebam ; Turp. 185, 
 eo die ; Cass. Hem. p. 72, 1 (Peter), sacrificium postero die cele- 
 bratum ; Matius, 11 (Baehr), die quarto ; CIL, i, 198, 21, ex eo die 
 quo quisque n(omen) detolerit ; 46, primo quoque die deferatur ; 66 ; 
 Lucil. 1228 (Mx), festo atque profesto die ; Cato, Agr. 87, die decimo ; 
 144, 1. 
 
 dituculo: Amph. 737, primulo diluculo abiisti ad legiones; so 
 Afran. 70. 
 
Ablative of Time at Which. 381 
 
 exortu: Pacuv. 89, solis exortu capessit candorem, occasu nigret. 
 
 gladiatoribus (= ludis gladiatoriis) : Lucil. 677 (Mx), ut Eomam 
 vitet, gladiatoribus. 
 
 hienie : M. G. 689, ne algeas hac hieme ; Lucil. 561 (Mx), adversa 
 hieme olim quis uti possis. 
 
 horis : M. G. 212, quoi bini custodes semper totis horis ocoubant. 
 
 impetu : Ace. Praet. 17, quieti corpus nocturno impetu dedi. 
 
 ludis : Naev. Com. 113, libera lingua loquemur Ludis Liberalibus ; 
 Cas. 27, Ludis poscunt neminem ; Pers. 434, citius foro f ugiunt quam 
 ex porta Ludis quom emissust lepus ; Poen. 1011, mures Africanos 
 praedicat in pompam Ludis dare ; 1291, Aegyptini, qui cortinam 
 Ludis per circum ferunt ; Plaut. fr. 76, nunc illud est quod ' respon- 
 sum Arreti ' Ludis Magnis (magis codd) dicitur ; Lucil. 146 (Mx), 
 Romanis Ludis forus olim ornatus lucernis. 
 
 lumine : Enn. Trag. 224 (Sc 264 V), si te secundo lumine hie offen- 
 dero. 
 
 lustris: CIL, i, p. 288, princeps in senatum duobus lustris lectus 
 est. 
 
 mane : And. 83, observabam mane illorum servolos ; Epid. 273, 
 dixit mane hie adfore ; Poen. 807, eras mane in Comitio estote ob- 
 viam ; Eun. 340 ; Phor. 531 ; Epid. 314 ; Merc. 255 ; Poen. 650 ; True. 
 645 ; Stat. 258 ; Cato, Agr. 123, id utito mane ieiunus ; 156, 4 ; 6. 
 
 mense: Amph. 481, alter decumo post mense nascetur puer quam 
 seminatust, alter mense septumo ; 669, adveni domum decumo post 
 mense ; Aul. 798, tua gnata peperit decumo post mense ; Cato, Agr. 
 57, quarto mense; fr. (Jord) 48, 5, mense Octobri fecimus; Stat. 
 164, soletne mulier decimo mense parere ? pol nono quoque, etiam 
 septimo atque octavo ; Cato, Agr. 43, 2, quot mensibus. 
 
 meridie : Ad. 848, meridie ipso faciam ut stipulam colligat. 
 morte : M. G. 707, mea bona mea morti cognatis didam. 
 munere (= ludis) : Lucil. 149 (Mx), Aeserninus fuit Flaccorum 
 munere (unae codd) quidam. 
 
 nigrore: Lucil. 208 (Mx), ire per commissuras rimarum noctis 
 nigrore. 
 
 nocte: Cas. 671, occisurum eum hac nocte quicum cubaret; so 
 Cure. 247; 260; Merc. 370; M. G. 383; Eud. 354; 362; True. 248; 
 Capt. 127; Men. 822; H. T. 491; Ad. 26; Merc. 227, nocte hac 
 
382 The Ablative. 
 
 proxuma; so End. 84; 561; 596; 1307; Merc. 102, ea nocte mecum 
 fuit; Amph. 532, qua nocte ad me venisti, eadem abis; 514, heri 
 venisti media nocte ; Cist. 158, hie compressit virginem multa nocte ; 
 Hec. 136, nocte ilia prima virginem non attigit; 822; Titin. 50, 
 pueras hasce nocte suspirare ; Ace. 32, nocte caeca caelum e conspectu 
 abstulit ; Praet. 41, nocte intempesta nostram devenit domum. 
 
 noctu : where noctu occurs alone it seems to be an adverb. I have 
 therefore omitted here all citation of these forms. It occurs as a 
 noun: Naev. Com. 4, sublustri (sulpicii codd) noctu interfecit; 
 Amph. 272, credo hac noctu Nocturnum obdormivisse ebrimn; so 
 404; 412; 731 ; M. G. 381 ; Trin. 869; Enn. Ann. 164 (V), qua Galli 
 furtim noctu summa arcis adorti concubia; Afran. 105, intempesta 
 noctu. ■ 
 
 Nonis : Enn. Ann. 163 (V), Nonis Iunis soli luna obstitit. 
 
 nundinis : Leg. XII Tab. iii, 6, tertiis nundinis partis secanto. 
 
 nuptiis: Aul. 372, ut bene haberem me filiai nuptiis; 540, si 
 nitidior sis filiai nuptiis ; so 797. With in : Cas. 807, te adiuvabo 
 in nuptiis; 115, quot te modis habebo in nuptiis miserum meis ! 
 And. 916; Hec. 126. Kane, op. cit. p. 49, holds that these mean 
 ' during the wedding ceremonies,' but I fail to see that the meaning 
 is different from that conveyed by the simple ablative. 
 
 occasu: Pacuv. 89, solis exortu capessit candorem, occasu nigret 
 caelum. 
 
 opportunitate : Epid. 202, optuma vos video opportunitate ambo 
 advenire ; so Merc. 964. 
 
 partu : And. 230 quoi committas primo partu mulierem ; Trag. 
 Inc. 82, Polydorum Hecuba partu postremo parit. 
 
 pedatu : Cist. 526, nisi pedatu tertio omnis ecflixero ; Cato, fr. 
 (Jord) p. 9, 5, tertio pedatu bellum nobis facere ; so 39, 10 ; 85, 4, 
 alteras oppidum vi captum, alteras primo pedatu et secundo. 
 
 postriduo : M. G. 1082, postriduo natus sum ego quam Iuppiter. 
 
 principio : Merc. 40, principio (ut ex) ephebis exii ; so Pseud. 188, 
 principio tecum ago ; Amph. 203 ; Aul. 538 ; Capt. 1026 ; Cas. 887 ; 
 And. 327; 570; Eun. 805; 1069; 1078; Hec. 381; Ace. 419. 
 With in: Pers. 551, numquid in principio cessavit verbum docte 
 dicefe? so Epid. 324; Poen. 1106: Hec. 411 ; Phor. 252; Afran. 360. 
 Perhaps all these instances of principio are properly adverbs. 
 
Ablative of Time at Which. 383 
 
 Quinquatribus : M. G. 692, da quod dem Quinquatribus. 
 
 quo, qua : Asin. 764, ni in quadriduo abalienarit quo aps te argen- 
 tum acceperit ; Men. 749, eodem die ilium vidi quo te ; Merc. 38 ; 
 Poen. 344; Pseud. 279. The usage is rare. 
 
 seneeta : for senecta aetate, see under aetate ; in senecta : M. G. 
 623; Most. 217; Ad. 954; Stat. 28. 
 
 silentio : Turp. 53, me curae somno segregant forasque noctis 
 excitant silentio. 
 
 tempestate : Lex Sil. de ponderibus (Bruns 7 , p. 46), quibus hac 
 tempestate populus oetier solet ; Cas. 18, ea tempestate flos poetarum 
 fuit; Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 60, 6, video hac tempestate concurrisse 
 omnes adversaries ; Trag. Inc. 80, qua tempestate Helenam Paris 
 innuptis iunxit nuptiis ; Lucil. 570 (Mx), tempestate sua atque eodem 
 uno tempore ; 731, qua tempestate vivo. 
 
 tempore: Amph. 567, nee potest fieri, tempore uno homo idem 
 duobus locis ut simul sit ; Merc. 33, tam amator prof ert saepe ad- 
 vorso tempore; Pud. 4, signum quod tempore exoritur suo; And. 
 67, hoc tempore obsequium amicos parit ; Hec. 531, praesertim quom 
 recte et suo pepererit tempore ; Ad. 20, quorum opera suo quisque 
 tempore usust ; Calp. Piso, p. 83, 30 (Peter), isque in eo tempore 
 aedili curuli apparebat, quo tempore aediles subrogantur ; Lucil. 
 570 (Mx), eodem uno tempore ; 537, hoc praesertim tempore ; so 
 1002. With in: And. 819, in tempore hoc; Calp. Piso, above cited; 
 C. Gracchus, p. 233 (Meyer) ; Laelius, p. 175 (Meyer), in eodem 
 tempore. 
 
 vigiliis: Aul. 36, qui illam stupravit noctu, vigiliis Cereris; so 
 795. 
 
 The following words, not found in the simple ablative, appear 
 with in denoting the time at which : 
 
 articulo : Ad. 228, vide ut in ipso articulo oppressit. 
 
 occasiuncula : Trin. 974, nimis argute obrepsisti in eapse occa- 
 siuncula. 
 
 praesentia : Phor. 779, provisum est ne in praesentia hinc abeat ; 
 so Hec. 24 ; Ad. 222. This word is regarded by some as an accusar 
 tive, agreeing with tempora understood. 
 
384 The Ablative. 
 
 B. Ablative of Time within Which. 1 
 
 This usage seems a direct outgrowth of the Ablative of Time at 
 Which. Thus in Men. 473, quoi homini umquam uno die boni de- 
 distis plus? it is difficult to determine whether die means, 'on a 
 single day,' or ' within a single day.' The second meaning naturally 
 develops from the first. The construction of Time within Which is 
 less frequent than that of Time at Which. 
 
 anno: Most. 505, anno vix possum eloqui; Cure. 451, ita non 
 potuere uno anno circumirier. With in : Bacch. 1127, ter in 
 anno. 
 
 die, diebus : Men. 473, quoi homini umquam uno die boni dedistis 
 plus? Most. 238, neque edes quicquam neque bibes his decern 
 diebus; Capt. 731, non uno apsolvam die; so Pers. 264; Poen. 1207, 
 nos fore diebus paucis liberas; True. 907, numquam hoc uno die 
 efficiatur opus. With in: Capt. 167, ilium confido domum in his 
 diebus me reconciliassere ; And. 104, in diebus paucis ; True. 643; 
 Cato, Agr. 152. 
 
 hora, horis : Lucil. 67 (Mx), quae horis sublata duabus omnia 
 sunt ; 1093, quern una angina sustulit hora. With in : Pseud. 
 1304, ebibere in hora una. 
 
 mensibus: Pers. 504, neque istoc redire his octo possum mensibus; 
 Poen. 872, iam his duobus mensibus volucres erunt tibi tuae hir- 
 quinae; Eun. 331, ilium liquet mihi deierare his mensibus sex sep- 
 tem non vidisse proxumis. 
 
 spatio : Lucil. 1205 (Mx), magna penus parvo spatio consumpta 
 peribit; Cael. Antip. p. 103, 4 (Peter), tarn continuas victorias 
 tarn brevi spatio datas. With in : H. T. 955, tarn in brevi spatio 
 omnem eiecerit animum. 
 
 triduo : Ad. 520, ut triduo hoc perpetuo e lecto nequeat surgere. 
 With in : Pseud. 316, ego in hoc triduo evolvam id argentum tibi ; 
 so Pers. 37 ; Cato, Agr. 148, 1 ; 157, 15 ; CIL, i. 198, 61, in triduo 
 proxsumo solvatur. 
 
 In nearly all these examples of the Ablative of Time within Which, 
 the expression is negative or contains an implied negative. 
 
 1 Kane, Case Forms with and without prepositions used by Plautus and Terence, 
 Baltimore, 1895, p. 33 ff. 
 
Ablative of Time within Which. 385 
 
 In a few instances the context implies that the beginning of the 
 time within which is referred to. In this use anno means ' a year 
 ago ' : Amph. 91, histriones anno quoin hie Iovem invocarunt ; 
 Men. 205, emi istanc anno uxori meae ; True. 392, qui quasi uxorem 
 sibi me hahebat anno dum hie f uit ; Lucil. 781 (Mx), utrum anno an 
 homo te(cum) abstuleris; Gr. Gracchus, p. 236 (Meyer), his annis 
 paucis ex Asia missus est. 
 
 The following words, not found in the simple ablative, appear 
 with in denoting the time within which : 
 
 aetate : Men. 838, saepe aetate in sua perdidit civem innocentem. 
 biduo : CIL, i. 200, 52, in biduo proxsumo edicito. 
 oleitate : Cato, Agr. 144, 5, in tota oleitate. 
 quadriduo: Asin. 764, ni in quadriduo abalienarit. 
 saeculo: Aul. 125, nee mutam profecto repertam nullam esse 
 mulierem in saeclo. 
 
 With numerals, in is regularly present. This usage occurs fre- 
 quently in Cato: Agr. 26, bis in die; so 64, 2; 87; 89; 157, 3; 
 104, 2, misceto ter in die ; 88, 1, id aliquotiens in die ; 43, 2, 
 semel in mense ; 57, in mense congios II S ; in mense congios 
 quinque ; in mense amphoram ; so 58 ; Bacch. 1127, ter in anno ; 
 Men. 838, saepe in aetate sua ; Aul. fr. iii, ego ecfodiebam in die 
 denos scrobes ; Lucil. 768 (Mx), cui saepe mille imposui plagarum in 
 die (diem codd). But Aul. 70, decies die uno saepe extrudit aedibus. 
 Time within Which may also be expressed by inter or intra, e.g. 
 Titin. 24, quae inter decern annos nee- quivisti unam togam detexere ; 
 Cure. 448, solus subegit intra xx dies. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 THE LOCATIVE. 1 
 
 Locative forms in exclusive locative function occur mainly in the 
 singular of a-stems (-ae) and o-stems (-1, earlier -ei). In consonant 
 stems the termination -i is historically not a locative, but an ablative. 
 The prevalence of locatives in -l from o-stems, e.g. Casini, Ephesi, 
 naturally led to the employment of the ablative in -i from consonant- 
 stems in locative function. These ablatives in -i may even have 
 been conceived by the Romans as locatives. The use of the ablative 
 in -i in locative function further led to the employment of the 
 ablative in -e (by origin a locative) to denote the place from which. 
 
 The Locative is employed chiefly to denote place. In a few words 
 it expresses temporal relations. 
 
 A. LOCAL USES OF THE LOCATIVE. 
 
 1. Common Nouns. 
 
 a) viciniae : Bacch. 205, proxumae viciniae (proxume C Charis) ; 
 M. G. 273, certe edepol scio me vidisse hie proxumae viciniae quae- 
 rere ; Rud. 613, sed quid hie in Veneris fano meae viciniae clamoris 
 oritur? Phor. 95, vidi virginem hie viciniae miseram, where some 
 suggest that viciniae is genitive dependent on hie. 
 
 b) domi (Abraham, Studia Plautina, Jahrbucher fur Philologie, 
 Suppl. xiv, p. 127 ff.). 
 
 1 Ebrard, p. 60S; Brugmann, Grundriss ii 2 , p. 506 ff.; Kiihner-Stegmann, Aus- 
 fiirliche lat. Gramm. ii 2 , p. 475 ft.; Schmalz, Lat. Synt. u. Stil. 4 p. 392 ff. ; Lindsay, 
 Syntax of Plautus, p. 22 f. ; Gorbig, Nominum quibus loca signifieantnr usus Plau- 
 tinua exponitur et cum Terentiano comparator, Halle, 1883; Konig, Quaestiones 
 Plautinae, Patachkau, 1883 ; Bell, De locativi in prisca Latinitate vi et usu, Breslau, 
 1889 (cf. Skutsch, Archiv fur lat. Lexikogr. vii, p. 454 f .) ; Funaioli, Die Auflosung 
 dea Lokativs im Lat., Archiv fiirlat. Lexikogr. xiii, p. 301 ff. ; V. Henry, La Relation 
 Locative dans lea Langues Italiquea, Revue de Ling, et Phil. Comparee, xxx, p. 52 ff. ; 
 Heekmann, Ueber priipositionslose Ortabezeichnung im Altlateinischen, Indog. 
 Forsch. xviii, p. 296 ff. — On the Locative in temporal use, see Kane, Case Forms 
 with and without prepoaitions used by Plautus and Terence, Baltimore, 18i)5. 
 
 386 
 
Local Uses. 387 
 
 1) Alone : occurring with the greatest frequency, e.g. Capt. 457, 
 ego apparebo domi ; Epid. 717, domist 5 etc. ; see Lodge, Lex. Plaut. 
 for full material. For domo in the locative sense, see p. 373. In 
 Pers. 731, transcidi loris omnis adveniens domi, domi seems to 
 be used for domum; so Epid. 361. 
 
 2) With a possessive pronoun : Aul. 432, meae domi mean salva 
 f utura ? so Cure. 518 ; Epid. 499 ; 563 ; M. G. 158 ; 739 ; Most. 
 191 ; Pers. 512, domi suae ; True. 531 ; Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 49, 7, 
 domi meae saepe fuit; Hec. 257, ut meae domi curetur ; Men. 
 359, potissimus nostrae domi ut sit ; so Most. 874 ; Poen. 838 ; True. 
 262 (in nostra domo A). For in domo, see p. 373. 
 
 c) duelli : in Early Latin found chiefly in connection with domi : 
 Asin. 559, quae domi duellique male fecisti ; Capt. 68, domi duelli- 
 que duellatores optiini. Without domi, H. T. 112, simul rem et 
 gloriam armis belli repperi. 
 
 d) militiae, in Early Latin found only with domi: Enn. Trag. 
 188 (Sc. 239 V), neque domi nunc nos neque militiae sumus; Ad. 
 495, una semper militiae et domi fuimus. 
 
 e) terrae : a possible instance of this is found Enn. Trag. 283 
 (Sc 311 V), strata terrae lavere lacrumis vestem squalam et sordi- 
 dam. So Nonius, but Vahlen, ad loc, while reading terrae, expresses 
 doubt as to the correctness of the text, in view of Ace. Praet. 25, 
 prostratum terra. Cf. also Ace. 557, saxo stratus. 
 
 f) On humi, which is historically a dative, see page 116. 
 On arbori mfelici suspendere, see p. 190. 
 
 2. Propeb Names. 
 
 a) Names of islands : Phor. 942, Lemni habuit aliam (uxorem) ; 
 Eun. 107, ea habitabat Ehodi ; Lucil. 466 (Mx), Carpathium mare 
 transvectus cenabis Ehodi ; Enn. Var. 43 (V), polypus Corcyrae (sc. 
 invenitur). For the ablative with in combined with names of 
 islands, see p. 376. 
 
 b) Names of towns : 
 
 Abydi : Enn. Var. 35 (V), mures sunt Aeni asperaque ostrea 
 plurima Abydi. 
 Aeni: see Abydi. 
 
388 The Locative. 
 
 Animulae : M. G. 648, reads in the MSS post Ephesi sum natus, 
 non enim in Apulis; non sum in imula. On Virg. Georg. ii, 134 r 
 Serviushas: Sic Plautus in Milite Glorioso . . . non sum Animula^ 
 Festus, urbs fuit in Apulia. Lindsay adopts Animvla 'from A/ 
 Bothe suggested Animulae. Leo follows Scioppio and reads Animu- 
 las ('native of A.'). The ablative Animula seems less likely than 
 either of the other conjectures. 
 
 Brundisii : Enn. Var. 37 (V), Brundisii sargus bonus est. 
 
 Capuae : Cato, Agr. 135, 2, alia vasa Capuae (sc. emantur) ; 
 135, 3. 
 
 Casini : Cato, Agr. 135, 3, funem toreulum si quis faciet, Casini 
 L. Tunnius (sc. vendit). 
 
 Ephesi : Bacch. 336, nullust Ephesi quin seiat ; 1047 ; M. G. 648 r 
 Ephesi sum natus. 
 
 Epidauri : Epid. 636, natam Thebis, Epidauri satam. 
 
 Ferentini : C. Gracch. (Meyer) p. 236, Ferentini praetor noster 
 quaestores arripi iussit. 
 
 Lavini: Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 13, 17, Lavini boves immolatos. 
 
 Mileti : Ad. 654, habitat Mileti. 
 
 Mutilenae : Enn. Var. 36 (V), Mutilenae est pecten. 
 
 Nemeae : Cas. 759, nee ego pol Nemeae credo neque Olympiae 
 neque usquam ludos tarn festivos fieri. 
 
 Nolae : Cato, Agr. 135, 2, alia vasa ahenea Capuae, Nolae (sc. 
 emantur) ; ibid. Nolae ad Bun maceriam. 
 
 Olympiae : see Nemeae. 
 
 Bomae: Naev. (Baehr) 63, fato Metelli Eomae consules fiunt; 
 Enn. Ann. 157 (V), est qui sextus erat Bomae regnare Quadratae ; 
 Cato, fr. (Jord) p. 15, 3, quesqnomque Bomae regnavissent ; Agr. 
 149, 2, Bomae iudicium fiat; SC de philosophis (Bruns 7 , p. 170), 
 uti Bomae ne essent: CIL, i, 54, Novios Plautios med Romai fecid j 
 i, 199, 4, Bomae sententiam dixerunt ; 200, 48, quei ager locus in 
 Africa est, quei Bomae publice; 73, quei Bomae ious dicet; 74;. 
 75, ager quei Bomae publice venierit ; so 83 ; et pass. 
 
 Setiae: Titin. 106, virgo nulla est talis Setiae (talis etiae, talis 
 etiam est code?). 
 
 Stymphali: Pore. Lie. (Baehr), p. 278, mortuost Stymphali r 
 Arcadiae (in) oppido (in falo codd ; Stymphali Roth Ritschl). 
 
Temporal Uses. 389 
 
 Suessae: Cato, Agr. 135, 1, Suessae et in Lucanis plostra (sc. 
 emas) ; 135, 3. 
 
 Suni : Eun. 519, rus ecquod habeam Suni. 
 
 Surrenti : Bnn. Var. 38 (V), Surrenti elopem fac emas. 
 
 Tarenti: Men. 29, Tarenti ludi forte erant; 36; 39; Enn. Var. 
 38 (V). 
 
 Venafri : Cato, Agr. 135, 3, funem torculum si quis faciet, Venafri 
 C. Memmius (sc. vendit). 
 
 Zacynthi: Merc. 943, hospes respondit Zacynthi ficos fieri non 
 malas. The MSS have Zacyntho, evidently due to Zacyntlw in 940. 
 
 In several instances the locative limits a substantive : Phor. 1012, 
 haecine erant itiones crebrae et mansiones diutinae Lemni ; 680, 
 f ructum quern Lemni uxoris reddunt praedia ; CIL, i, p. 299, Nundi- 
 nae Interamnae, Eomae, Capuae, Fabraternae, Aquini, Casini ; Lucil. 
 1211 (Mx), Myconi calva omnis iuventus. 
 
 For the ablative with and without in to denote place where, see 
 p. 376. Apud with town-names also occurs to denote place where : 
 Epid. 53, argentum ab danista apud Thebas sumpsit faenore ; so 
 252 ; Cure. 394, catapulta hoc ictumst mihi apud Sicyonem (' before 
 S.') ; Enn. Var. 39 (V), Surrenti elopem fac emas glaucumque aput 
 Cumas : Cato, fr. (Jord), p. 19, 15, Leonides, qui simile apud Ther- 
 mopylas fecit. With ad : Trin. 928, reliqui ad Rhadamantem. 
 
 B. TEMPORAL USES OF THE LOCATIVE. 
 
 Temporal uses of the Locative are scanty, but with die and mane, 
 in a few instances, the accompanying adjective in -i indicates that 
 we are dealing with a form that was still felt as locative when the 
 combination originated. 
 
 die (cf. Gellius, N. A. x, 24) : Men. 1156, vis conelamari auctionem ? 
 : :, fore quidem die septumi; Most. 881, hoc die crastini quom erus 
 resciverit ; Pers. 260, ibi mercatum dixit esse die septumi ; Cato, f r. 
 (Jord) p. 50, 3, die proxumi ; p. 21, 2, die quinti in Capitolio tibi 
 cena cocta erit ; repeated by Cael. Antip. (Peter), p. 102, 34 ; in N. A. 
 x, 24, 3, Gellius cites the expression die noni as still used (more 
 maiorum) in connection with the Compitalia. In x, 24, 10, he cites 
 die pristini, — ' ut plerique die pristini.' 
 
390 The Locative. 
 
 mane : Men. 1157, auctio fiet Menaechmi mane septumL 
 vesperi : Bacch. 296, revorsionem ad terram faciunt vesperi ; M. G-. 
 439, quae heri Athenis Ephesum adveni vesperi ; And. 768 ; H. T. 
 67, neque tarn vesperi domum revortor ; Com. Inc. 2, Megaram ves- 
 peri advenit. 
 
 Cottidie, meridie, postridie, etc., are fully developed adverbs. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The numbers refer to pages. 
 
 ii, with Abl. of Source, 292. 
 
 abdico, with abl., 281. 
 
 abduco, with dat., 148; with two aecs., 
 
 238. 
 abeo, with Cognate Ace., 197; with abl., 
 
 281. 
 abhinc, with Ace. of Duration of Time, 
 
 228; with abl, 364. 
 abhorreo, with ace, 208. 
 Ablative, origin of name, 2 ; original force, 
 
 279 ff. ; syncretism in abl., 279 ff. ; true 
 abl. uses, 280 ff. ; Abl. of Separation, 
 
 280 ff . ; with verbs, 280 ff. ; with adjs. 
 and adverbs, 286 f. ; with domo, rure, 
 287 ; with names of towns, islands, coun- 
 tries, etc., 288 ff. ; Abl. of Source, 290 ff . ; 
 with ex, de, a, 292; Abl. of Comparison, 
 292 ff . ; Abl. of Agency, 297 f . ; Abl. of 
 Time after Which, 298; Instrumental 
 (Sociative) uses, 299 ff . ; Abl. of Asso- 
 ciation, 299 f. ; Abl. of Attendant Cir- 
 cumstance, 301 ff . ; Abl. of Accordance, 
 305 ff.; Abl. of Manner, 306; Abl. of 
 Cause, 312 ff . ; Abl. of Quality, 317 ff . ; 
 compared with gen., 317; attributive 
 uses, 319 ff. ; predicate uses, 321 ff. ; 
 Abl. of Means, 325 ff. ; origin, 325 ; with 
 verbs, 325 ff . ; with adjs., 349 f. ; with 
 nouns, 351 ; with verbs and adjs. of fill- 
 ing and abounding, 351 ff. ; with utor, 
 fruor, fruniscor, potior, vescor, 352 ff . ; 
 Abl. of Price, 353; Abl. with opus est, 
 usus est, 356 ff . ; Abl. of Way by Which, 
 360 ff. ; Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 362 ff . ; with comparatives, 362 ; with 
 verbB of superiority, 364; with aliter, 
 ante, post, abhinc, 364; multo ianta 
 miserior, etc., 364; Abl. of Specifica- 
 tion, 365 ff . ; Ablative Absolute, 367 ff. ; 
 with perf . pass, partic. , 368 ff . ; with 
 pres. act. partic, 369 f. ; with adjs., 
 370 f . ; two substantives, 371 f. ; Loca- 
 tive uses of abl., 372 ff.; Abl. of Place 
 Where, 372 ff. ; ruri, 372; vicinia, 373; 
 domo, 373; terra manque, 373; loco, 
 
 locis, 373 ; nouns limited by totus, 374 f . ; 
 other nouns, 375 ; proper names of coun- 
 tries, islands, towns, 376; place rela- 
 tions (with and without prepositions) 
 used as attributive modifiers of sub- 
 stantives, 377 f . ; mea refert, 378 ; Abl. 
 of Time at Which, 379 f . ; Abl. of Time 
 within Which, 384 ff. 
 
 Abounding, verbs and adjs. of, with abl., 
 351. 
 
 abscedo, with dat., 148; with abl., 281. 
 
 Absolute, Abl. Absolute, 367 ff. 
 
 absolvo, with gen., 89; with two aces 
 247; with abl., 281. 
 
 abslergeo, with dat., 148. 
 
 absterreo, with abl., 281. 
 
 abstineo, with ace, 208; with abl., 281. 
 
 absto, with ace, 208. 
 
 abundo, with gen., 91; with abl., 351. 
 
 abutor, with ace , 208. 
 
 accedo, with dat., 124; with ace, 217. 
 
 accento, with ace, 218. 
 
 acceptor, with dat., 184. 
 
 acceptus, with dat., 178. 
 
 accido, with dat., 124; with ace, 218. 
 
 accolo, with ace, 218. 
 
 accommodo, with dat., 124. 
 
 Accompaniment, Abl. of, 299. 
 
 Accordance, Abl. of, 305 ff . 
 
 accredo, with Gen. of Respect, 99; with 
 dat., 119; with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 
 accumbo, with ace, 218. 
 
 accuro, with ace, 208. 
 
 Accusative, origin of name, 2; original 
 force of accusative case, 191 ff. ; uses, 
 191 ff. ; Ace of Inner Obj., 195 ff.; Cog- 
 nate Ace, 197 ff. ; Inner Obj. with neut. 
 pronouns, 201 ff. ; with neut. adjs., 
 199 ff . ; with parum, nil, 207 f . ; Ace of 
 Person or Thing Affected, 208 ff. ; with 
 prepositional compounds, 217 ff. ; with 
 verbs of emotion, 221 f . ; with middles, 
 222; in Prolepsis, 222 ff. ; Ace of Dura- 
 tion of Time, 225 ff . ; Ace of Extent of 
 Space, 229 ff . ; Ace of Limit of Motion, 
 230 ff.; domum, 230 ff.; domos, 233; 
 exsequias, 233; exsilium, 233; injitias, 
 
 391 
 
392 
 
 Index. 
 
 233; malam rem, malam crucem, 234; 
 pessum, 234; rus, 234; suppetias, 235; 
 venum, 235 ; Two Aces., Direct Obj. and 
 Pred. Ace, 238 ff. ; Accusative of Person 
 and Thing, 247 ft. ; with compounds of 
 circum, praeter, in, trans, 251 ff. ; Ace. 
 dependent on nouns, 252; on adjs., 252; 
 Ace. in Exclamations, 253 ff. ; origin of 
 Ace. of Excl., 256 ; Idiomatic Uses of 
 Ace. , 258 ff . ; id genus, quod genus, omne 
 genus, 258; muxumam partem, etc., 
 258 f. ; virile secus, sexus, 259; rneam 
 vicem, 259; hoc aetatis, id aetatis, 259; 
 id, 259 ; Ace. in ' Constructio ad Sen- 
 sum,' 260 ff. ; Ace. dependent on verb 
 understood, 261 ; Ace. dependent on 
 passive impersonals, 261 ; with pass, 
 periphrastic, 261 ; Ace. Graecus, 261 ; 
 Ace. with Interjections, 262; ace. in- 
 stead of abl. with comparatives, 262. 
 
 accusatrix, with dat., 184. 
 
 Accusing, verbs of, with gen., 89. 
 
 accuso, with gen., 89; with two aces., 
 247. 
 
 acerbus, with dat., 178. 
 
 Acherunti, placewhere, 377 ; place whence, 
 290. 
 
 Acquitting, verbs of, with gen., 89. 
 
 actu, Abl. of Time, 379. 
 
 acuo, with two aces., 247. 
 
 adaeque, with Abl. of Comparison, 297. 
 
 addecet, with ace, 208. 
 
 addico, with dat., 107. 
 
 addo, with two aces., 239. 
 
 adduco, with dat., 125; with two aces., 
 239. 
 
 adeo, manum adeo, with dat., 125; adeo, 
 with ace, 218. 
 
 adfatim, with gen., 36. 
 
 adflgo, with dat., 125. 
 
 adjinis (noun), with dat., 142; (adj.), 
 with gen., 82; with dat., 178. 
 
 adhimiio, with ace, 218. 
 
 adhuc, with gen., 37. 
 
 adicio, with dat., 125; animum adicio, 
 with ace, 260. 
 
 adimo, with dat., 148. 
 
 aditio, with aee, 252. 
 
 aditu, Time at Which, 379. 
 
 adiudico, with dat., 125. 
 
 adiuto, with two aces., 247. 
 
 adiutor, with dat., 142. 
 
 adiuvo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201; of 
 Person Affected, 209; with two aces., 
 247. 
 
 Adjectives, with gen., 82 ff . ; with dat., 
 178 ff.; governing aee, 252; with abl., 
 
 286 ; with Abl. of Means, 349 f . ; in Abl. 
 Absolute, 370 f. 
 
 adlego, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 
 adligo, with gen., 89. 
 
 admoderor, with dat., 120. 
 
 admolior, with dat., 125. 
 
 admoneo, with two aces., 247. 
 
 admoveo, with dat., 125. 
 
 adopto, with two aces., 239. 
 
 adorior, with ace, 218; with two aces., 
 239. 
 
 adrideo, with dat., 125. 
 
 adrogo, with two aces., 247. 
 
 adsentio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 
 adsentior, with dat., 125. 
 
 adsentor, with dat., 125; with Ace of 
 Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 adsimilis, with gen., 82; with dat., 178. 
 
 adsimulo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 adstringo, with gen., 89; with dat., 125. 
 
 adsum, with pred. nom.,5 ; with dat., 125. 
 
 adulo, with ace, 209. 
 
 advenio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 adventu, Time at Which, 379. 
 
 Adverbs, with gen., 35 ff. ; sat, satis, 35; 
 adfatim, largiter, parum, partim, ubi, 
 ubinam, ubiubi, ubivis, ibidem, inde, 
 unde, quo, quoquo, quovis, usquam, 
 nusquam, 36; primum, primumdum, 
 interea,postidea, postid, adhuc, minime, 
 37; with dat., 187 f . ; in Ablative of 
 Comparison, 297; with Abl. of Separa- 
 tion, 286. 
 
 advocatvs, with dat., 142. 
 
 advoco, with dat., 125. 
 
 advorsor, with dat., 118. 
 
 advorsum, with dat., 187. 
 
 advorsus, with dat., 178. 
 
 advorto, animum advorto, with ace, 260. 
 
 aeger, with gen., 82; with dat., 178. 
 
 aemulor, with dat., 118 ; with ace, 209. 
 
 aemulus, with gen., 82; with dat., 178. 
 
 aeque, with Abl. of Comparison, 297. 
 
 aequifacio, 95. 
 
 aequiperabilis, with dat., 178. 
 
 aequipero, with dat., 118; with ace, 209. 
 
 aequos, with dat., 178; with abl., 367. 
 
 aestate, Time at Which, 379. 
 
 aestumo, with gen., 96; with abl., 354. 
 
 aetate, Time at Which, 379. 
 
 aetatem, Duration of Time, 225. 
 
 aetntis, id aetatis, hoc aetatis, 259. 
 
 affluo, with abl., 351. 
 
 Agency, dat. of, with gerundive, 166 ff. ; 
 with perf. pass, partice, 169; with un- 
 compounded tenses of the pass., 170; 
 Abl. of Agency, 297. 
 
Index. 
 
 393 
 
 aggredior, with ace, 218. 
 
 agitandum est, with ace, 261. 
 
 ago, with two aces., 239. 
 
 ah, with voc, 270. 
 
 aio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 199. 
 
 alacer sum, with ace., 202. 
 
 alienus, with dat., 178; with abl., 286. 
 
 aliquanto, Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 
 362. 
 aliquantum, with Gen. of the Whole, 16. 
 aliquid, with Gen. of Whole, 29. 
 aliquis, with Gen. of Whole, 20. 
 aliter, with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 
 364. 
 aliud, with Gen. of Whole, 34. 
 alligo, with abl., 299. 
 alter, alter uter, with Gen. of the Whole, 
 
 21. 
 amans, with gen., 82. 
 amator, with dat., 143. 
 amicus, with dat., 178. 
 amitto, with dat., 149; with two aces., 
 
 239 ; with abl., 281. 
 amolior, with abl., 281. 
 amoveo, with dat., 149; with abl., 281. 
 amplius, with Gen. of the Whole, 16. 
 ancillor, with dat., 118. 
 angiporto, Way by Which, 360. 
 animi, Gen. of Respect, 99. 
 animum adicio, with ace, 260; animwm 
 
 advorto, with ace, 260. 
 anni, quidvis anni, 259. 
 anno, Time at Which, 380 ; within Which, 
 
 384 ; anno, ' a year ago,' 385. 
 annum, annos, Duration of Time, 225. 
 annus, with dat., 184. 
 ante, with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 
 364. 
 antecedo, with dat., 126. 
 anteeo, with dat., 126; with ace, 218; 
 
 with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 364. 
 antelogium, with dat., 184. 
 antepono, with dat., 126. 
 antevenio, with dat., 126. 
 antevorto, with dat., 126. 
 antideo, with dat., 126; with ace, 218. 
 antisto, with dat., 126; with ace, 218. 
 apage, with ace, 262. 
 appello, with two aces., 239. 
 appono, with dat., 125. 
 Apposition, Partitive, 6 ff . ; appositive of 
 
 voe, 7. 
 Appositional Genitive, 68. 
 Appositives, 5 ff . 
 aptus, with abl., 299. 
 arbiter, with dat., 184. 
 arbitror, with two aces., 239. 
 
 arceo, with abl., 281. 
 
 architeclus, with dat., 184. 
 
 argento, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 
 argentum, with dat., 184. 
 
 argumentum, with dat., 184. 
 
 arguo, with gen., 89; with two aces., 247. 
 
 arguto, with gen., 89. 
 
 arraboni, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 
 arripio, with two aces., 239. 
 
 aspello, with dat., 149. 
 
 asper, with dat., 178. 
 
 aspicio, with two aces., 239. 
 
 assimulo, with two aces., 239. 
 
 Association, Abl. of A., 299 f. 
 
 attatae, with voe, 270. 
 
 Attendant Circumstance, Abl. of, 301 ff. 
 
 Attraction with nomen est, 165 ff . ; with 
 
 nomen indere, 108 ; with nomen facere, 
 
 108. 
 au, with voe, 270. 
 auceps, with dat. , 184. 
 auctor sum, with ace, 260. 
 audeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 195. 
 audio, with dat., 118; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 199; with two aces., 239. 
 aufero, with dat., 149; with two aces., 
 
 239; with abl., 281. 
 augeo, with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 
 364. 
 auscultatio, with dat., 184. 
 ausculto, with dat., 118; with ace, 209. 
 auspico, with Cognate Ace, 197. 
 auxilio, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 auxilior, with dat., 118; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 207. 
 aversor, with ace, 209. 
 avidus, with gen., 82. 
 
 B 
 
 bello, Time at Which, 380. 
 
 bellus, with dat., 178. 
 
 bene, with ace, 262; with dat., 188. 
 
 benefacio, with Cognate Ace, 197. 
 
 benevolens, with dat., 179. 
 
 benignus, with dat., 179. 
 
 biduom, Duration of Time, 226. 
 
 biennium, Duration of Time, 226. 
 
 bis, with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 364. 
 
 blandidicus, with dat., 179. 
 
 blandior, with dat., 118. 
 
 blandus, with dat., 179. 
 
 blatero, with Ace of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 blatio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 195, 202. 
 
 bolo, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 
 bonorum optumus, 25. 
 
 bonus, with dat., 179. 
 
 bracchium, Ace Extent of Space, 229. 
 
394 
 
 Index. 
 
 Calendis, Time at Which, 380. 
 
 calleo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 199; of 
 
 Thing Affected, 209. 
 cano, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 195. 
 canto, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 195; 202. 
 capio, with dat., 149; with two aces., 239. 
 capior, with pred. nom., 5. 
 captioni, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 capto, with gen., 89. 
 caput, with dat., 184. 
 careo, with gen., 92; with ace., 209; with 
 
 abl., 281. 
 cams, with dat., 179; with Abl. of Price, 
 
 354. 
 Case names, 1 ff. ; case theories, 2 ff . ; 
 
 localistic, logical, grammatical, 2. 
 Casus, original conception of, 1. 
 Cause, Abl. of, 312 ff . 
 caussa, with gen., 68 f. 
 caveo, with dat., 149, 152 ; with Abl., 282. 
 cSdo, with two aces., 239; with Abl. of 
 
 Price, 354. 
 cella, with dat., 184. 
 celo, with ace, 209; with two aces., 247. 
 ceno, with Cognate Ace., 197 ; with Ace. 
 
 of Thing Affected, 209. 
 censeo, with gen., 97 ; with two aces., 239. 
 cento, with dat., 184. 
 centum, with Gen. of Whole, 23. 
 cerno, with Cognate Aec, 197. 
 certior sum, with gen., 82. 
 cibaria, with dat. , 184, 
 cieo, with two aces., 240. 
 circum, compounds of, with two aces., 
 
 251. 
 circumago, with two aces., 251. 
 circumcurso, with two aces., 218. 
 circumdo, with two aces., 251. 
 circumduco, with two aces., 251; with 
 
 abl., 282. 
 circumeo, with aec., 218. 
 circumsisto , with aec., 219. 
 circumsto, with ace. 219. 
 circumvecto, with aec., 251. 
 circumveko, with ace., 251. 
 circumvenio, with ace., 219. 
 Cities, in Aec. of Limit of Motion, 236 ff. 
 clamito, with two aecs., 240. 
 clamo, with Aec. of Inner Obj., 199 ; 202; 
 
 with Ace. of Person Affected, 209. 
 clueo, with pred. nom., 5. 
 coepio, with ace, 209. 
 cogito, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 202 ; with 
 
 Ace. of Thing Affected, 209; with two 
 
 aces., 240. 
 
 Cognate Accusative, 197 ff . 
 
 cognatus, with dat., 179. 
 
 cogo, with two aces., 248. 
 
 coligo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 195. 
 
 collubet, with dat., 120. 
 
 comes, with dat., 143. 
 
 comis, with dat., 179. 
 
 comitati, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 
 comitia, with dat., 184. 
 
 commemini, with gen., 88; with ace., 210. 
 
 commemoro, with two aces., 240. 
 
 commisceo, with abl. , 299. 
 
 comminiscor , with Ace. of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 comminor, with dat., 120. 
 
 commiserescit, with gen., 91. 
 
 commiseresco, with gen., 91. 
 
 commodo, with dat., 118. 
 
 commodus, with dat., 179. 
 
 commoneo, with gen., 88 ; with two aces., 
 248. 
 
 communico, with abl., 299. 
 
 communis, with dat., 179. 
 
 commuto, with two aces., 240. 
 
 Comparison, Abl. of, in negative expres- 
 sions, 292 ff. ; in questions, 294 f. ; in 
 proverbial expressions, 295 ff . ; opini- 
 one melius, etc., 296; vnthplus, minus, 
 etc., 296 f . ; aeque, adaeque, with Abl. of 
 Comparison, 297 ; with adverbs, 297. 
 
 comparo, with dat., 126. 
 
 compendi facio, 94. 
 
 comperco, with ace., 210. 
 
 complaceo, with dat., 121. 
 
 compleo, with gen., 92; with abl., 351, 
 
 compono, with dat., 126. 
 
 compos, with gen., 82; compotem facio, 
 with aec, 260. 
 
 compotio(r), with abl., 353. 
 
 comprimo, with two aecs., 240. 
 
 concedo, with abl., 282. 
 
 concerto, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 concinno, with two aces., 240. 
 
 concinnus, with dat., 179. 
 
 concomitatus, with Abl. of Association, 
 299. 
 
 concubium, with Gen. of Whole, 20. 
 
 concurso, with ace., 219. 
 
 condecet, with ace, 210. 
 
 Condemning, verbs of, with gen., 89. 
 
 condemno, with gen., 89. 
 
 condico, rerum condicere, 100. 
 
 condo, with two aecs., 240. 
 
 condono, with dat., 108; with ace, 210; 
 with two aces., 248. 
 
 conduce, with Gen. of Price, 98; with 
 dat., 118; with Abl. of Price, 353. 
 
 confero, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 
Index. 
 
 395 
 
 confido, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 199; 202; 
 with abl., 317. 
 
 confiteor, with Aec. of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 congredior, withdat., 126; with aec., 210. 
 
 coniector, with dat. , 184. 
 
 conloquor, with ace., 210. 
 
 conqueror, with ace., 221. 
 
 conscendo, with ace., 210. 
 
 conscius, with gen., 82; with dat., 179; 
 with ace., 252. 
 
 consequor, with pred. nom., 5. 
 
 consero, with dat., 122. 
 
 consimilis, with gen., 82; with dat., 179. 
 
 constat, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 
 constringo, with two aces., 240. 
 
 consuadeo, with dat., 122. 
 
 consuesco, with abl., 300. 
 
 consulatu, Time at Which, 380. 
 
 consulo, with gen., 97; with dat., 153; 
 with Cognate Ace., 197 ; other exx. of 
 Inner Obj., 202; with two aces., 248. 
 
 contendo, with dat., 126. 
 
 contentus, with abl., 317. 
 
 conticinio, Time at Which, 380. 
 
 contineo, ' adjacent to,' with Abl. ot 
 Association, 300. 
 
 contra, with dat., 187 ; in connection with 
 Abl. of Price, 356. 
 
 convenio, ' suit,' ' fit,' with dat., 126 ; with 
 ace, 219; two aces., 248. 
 
 convenit, ' suits, pleases,' withdat., 118. 
 
 copiae est, 96. 
 
 copis, with gen., 83. 
 
 cordi, Dat. of Purpose, 171. 
 
 corruptelae, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 Countries, as Limit of Motion, 235 ff . ; in 
 the relation of the place from which, 
 288 ; in the relation of place where, 376. 
 
 creatus, with Abl. of Source, 290. 
 
 credo, divini, humani, rerum credo, 99; 
 with dat., 118 ; with Ace. of Inner Obj., 
 199; 202; 207; with Aec. of Person Af- 
 fected, 210; with two aces., 240. 
 
 crepo, with ace, 210. 
 
 crucior, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 202 ; with 
 pass, impersonal, 261. 
 
 cubitum, Ace. of Extent of Space, 229. 
 
 cultu, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 cumvlatus, with gen., 83. 
 
 cupidus, with gen., 83; with dat., 179. 
 
 cupiens, with gen., 83. 
 
 cupio, with gen., 98 ; with Ace. of Person 
 Affected, 210. 
 
 curae, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 curam do, with aec, 260. 
 
 euratio, with ace, 252. 
 
 euro, with Ace of Person Affected, 210. 
 
 curriculo, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 curro, with Abl. of Separation, 282. 
 custos, with dat., 143. 
 
 damnifacio, 94. 
 
 damnigeruli, with dat., 184. 
 
 damno, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 damno, with two aces., 248. 
 
 Dative, 101 ff . ; original force, 101 ff . ; In- 
 direct Obj., 104 ff. ; with Verbs of 
 special meaning, 117 ff.; with preposi- 
 tional compounds, 122 ff . ; Dative of 
 Reference, 132 ff . ; Sympathetic Dative, 
 132 ; 134 ff . ; Dative with Nouns, 142 ff . ; 
 183 ff.; Dative of Person Judging, 
 145 ff. ; Dative of Separation, 148 ff. ; 
 Dative of Interest, 150 ff. ; Dativus 
 Commodi et Incommodi, 150 ff. ; Dative 
 of Possession, 159 ff . ; Dative of Agency, 
 166 ff . ; Dative of Purpose or Tendency, 
 171 ff.; Dative with Adjs., 178 ff.; with 
 Nouns, 183 ff.; with Adverbs, 187 ff.; 
 with Interjections, 188 f . ; Dative of 
 Goal, 189 f . 
 
 Dativus, origin of name, 2. 
 
 dato, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 
 de, with Abl. of Source, 292. 
 
 decedo, with abl., 282. 
 
 decemvir stlitibus iudikandis, 185. 
 
 decerno, with two aces., 240. 
 
 decet, with ace, 210 ; with abl., 367. 
 
 decido, with dat., 149. 
 
 decolo, with abl., 282. 
 
 decori, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 decorus, with abl., 367. 
 
 decurro, with Cognate Ace, 197. 
 
 dedecoramentum, with dat., 185. 
 
 dedecori, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 dedico, with gen., 97. 
 
 deduco, with abl., 282. 
 
 defendo, with dat., 149. 
 
 defenso, with abl., 282. 
 
 deflcio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 202 ; 
 with abl., 282. 
 
 defleo, with ace, 221. 
 
 defraudo, with two aces., 248. 
 
 dego, with pred. nom., 5. 
 
 Degree of Difference, Abl. of., 362 ff. 
 
 deliciae, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 
 delinquo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 202. 
 
 delucto, with dat., 122. 
 
 demigro, with abl., 282. 
 
 demo, with dat., 149. 
 
 demonstro, with Pred. Gen. of Poss., 50. 
 
 demorior, with ace, 221. 
 
 depeciscor, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 
396 
 
 Index. 
 
 depeculatui, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 depello, with abl., 282. 
 depereo, with ace, 221. 
 deporto, with two aces., 240. 
 deprehendo, with gen., 89. 
 Depriving, verbs of, with gen., 92. 
 depute, with two aces., 240. 
 deridiculo, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 deripio, with dat., 149. 
 desiderio, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 Desiring, verbs of, with gen., 98. 
 desisto, with abl., 282. 
 despicatui, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 destino, with Gen. of Price, 98 ; with 
 
 Abl. of Price, 354. 
 Detecting, verbs of, with gen., 89. 
 detraho, with dat. 149. 
 devincio, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 dia dearum, 34. 
 dico, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 195; 200; 
 
 202; with Cognate Ace., 197; with two 
 
 aces., 240. 
 dicor, with pred. Gen. of Possession, 50. 
 die, diebus, Time at Which, 380; Time 
 
 within Which, 384; die quinti, 389. 
 diem, dies, Duration of Time, 226. 
 dies, with dat., 185. 
 Difference, Abl. of Degree of, 361 ff. 
 diffldo, with dat., 119 ; with abl., 317. 
 difflndo, with two aces., 240. 
 digitum, digitos, Extent of Space, 229. 
 dignor, with abl., 367. 
 dignus, with gen., 83; with ace, 252; 
 
 with abl., 366. 
 digredior, with abl., 282. 
 dimidium, with gen., 16. 
 dimitto, with two aces., 240, 248. 
 disciplinae, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 disconducit, with dat., 118. 
 discrepo, with dat., 149. 
 dispar, with dat., 179. 
 dispendifacio, 94. 
 displiceo, with dat., 121. 
 dissuadeo, with ace, 202. 
 distaedet, with gen., 91. 
 dives, with geD., 83. 
 dividiae, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 divido, with Ace of Inner Obj., 195. 
 divini credere, accredere, 99. 
 do, 'give,' with Gen. of Price, 98; with 
 
 Cognate Ace, 197 ; with two aces., 240; 
 
 curam do, with aee, 260 ; operam do, 
 
 with ace, 260 ; with Abl. of Price, 354; 
 
 do, ' put,' with dat., 189. 
 doeeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 195 ; 200 ; 
 
 with two aces., 248. 
 doctus, with gen., 83. 
 
 doleo, with Aee. of Inner Obj., 202; with 
 
 Ace. of Thing Affected, 221. 
 dolet, with dat., 108. 
 domi, 386. 
 
 dominus, with dat., 143. 
 domo, 287 ff. ; with a, ibid. ; domo, ' at 
 
 home,' 373. 
 domos, 233. 
 domum, 230 ff . 
 dono, Dat. of Purpose, 172. 
 dono, with ace, 210 ; with two aces., 248. 
 doti, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 duco, with two aces., 241; with AbL of 
 
 Price, 355. 
 ductor, with dat., 143. 
 duelli, 387. 
 
 dulcis, with dat., 180. 
 Duration of Time, 225 ff. ; with per, 227 ; 
 
 reinforced by iam, 227 f. 
 
 ecastor, with Ace of Exclamation, 253. 
 eccam, in Ace. of Exclamation, 257. 
 ecce, in Ace of Exclamation, 257. 
 eccillum, eccurn, in Ace of Exclamation, 
 
 257 ff. 
 ecfero, with abl., 282. 
 ecfugio, with abl., 282. 
 ecquid, with gen., 29. 
 ecquis, with gen., 20. 
 edepol, with Ace of Exclamation, 253; 
 
 with voe, 270. 
 edo, estur, with ace, 261 ; edo, with two 
 
 aces., 241. 
 edoceo, with two aces., 248. 
 edormisco, with Cognate Ace, 197 ; with 
 
 Ace of Thing Affected, 210. 
 educo, with abl., 282. 
 effero, with two aces., 241. 
 efficio, with two aces., 241. 
 egens, with gen., 83. 
 egeo, with gen., 92; with ace, 210; with 
 
 abl., 282. 
 egredior, with abl., 282. 
 ehem, with voe, 270. 
 eheu, with voe, 270. 
 eho, with voe, 270. 
 ei (interj.), with dat., 189. 
 eieio, with abl., 282. 
 elabor, with dat., 149. 
 elavo, with abl., 283. 
 elicio, with dat., 149. 
 elido, with dat., 149. 
 elimino, with abl., 283. 
 ellum, in Ace of Exclamation, 258. 
 eloquor, with two aces., 241. 
 
Index. 
 
 397 
 
 eludo, with two aces., 248. 
 
 era, with Ace of Exclamation, 267. 
 
 emergo, with ace, 210. 
 
 emitto, with abl., 283. 
 
 emo, with Gen. of Price, 98; with two 
 
 aces., 241 ; with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 Emotion, verbs of, with gen., 90; with 
 
 ace., 221 f. 
 emptor, with dat., 185. 
 emungo, with abl., 283; with two aces., 
 
 248. 
 Endearment, Expressions of, in voc. , 272 ff. 
 eo, with pred. nom., 5 ; with Cognate Ace, 
 
 197. 
 eo, Degree of Difference, 362. 
 Epexegetic Genitive, 68. 
 ergo, with gen., 70. 
 eripio, with dat.. 149. 
 erro, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 203. 
 erus, with dat. , 143. 
 escendo, with ace., 219. 
 est, with gen., 95. 
 esurio, with ace, 211. 
 Ethical Dative, 146 ff. 
 eu, with voc, 270. 
 eugae, with Ace. of Exclamation, 254; 
 
 with voc, 270. 
 evado, with Ace of Inner Obj., 195; with 
 
 Ace of Thing Affected, 211. 
 evolo, with dat., 149. 
 evolvo, with abl., 283. 
 evorto, with abl., 283. 
 ex, with Abl. of Source, 292. 
 exanclo, with abl., 283. 
 exaptus, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 excido, with dat., 149; with abl., 283. 
 excieo, with abl., 283. 
 Exclamations, in nom., 4; in gen., 100; 
 
 ace, 253 ff.; in voc, 273 ff. 
 exclamo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200; 
 
 with Ace of Person Affected, 211. 
 excrucior, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 excurro, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 excuso, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 excutio, with dat., 150. 
 exemplo, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 exeo, with ace, 219; with abl., 283. 
 exerugo, with abl., 283. 
 exheredo, with abl., 283. 
 exheres, with gen., 83; with abl., 286. 
 exhibeo, with two aces., 241. 
 exigo, with two aces., 248; with abl., 283. 
 exilis, with gen., 83. 
 eximo, with dat., 150 ; with abl. 283. 
 existimo, with two aces., 241 ; with gen., 
 
 96. 
 exitio, with ace, 252. 
 
 exitio, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 exitium, with dat., 185. 
 
 exonero, with abl., 283. 
 
 exoptabilis, with dat., 180. 
 
 exoptatus, with dat., 180. 
 
 exorior, with abl., 283. 
 
 exoro, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203; with 
 
 two aces., 248. 
 exortu, Time at Which, 381. 
 exortus, with abl., 291. 
 expedio, with abl., 283. 
 expedit, with dat., 119. 
 expello, with abl., 283. 
 experior, with two aces., 241. 
 expers, with gen., 83; with abl., 286. 
 expeto, with two aces., 241. 
 explementum, with dat., 185. 
 expleo, 'unload,' with abl., 283; 'fill,' 
 
 with abl., 351. 
 exposco, with ace, 211. 
 expostulo, with ace, 211. 
 exprobratio, with dat., 185. 
 exprobro, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 expromo, with two aces., 241 ; with abl., 
 
 284. 
 expurgo, with two aces., 249. 
 exquiro, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 203. 
 exsequias ire, 233. 
 exsicco, with abl., 284. 
 exsilium, Limit of Motion, 233. 
 exsolvo, with abl., 284. 
 exspectatio, with ace, 252. 
 exspecto, with two aces., 241; 249. 
 exspes, with gen., 83. 
 exspiro, with abl., 284. 
 Extent of Space, 229 ff. 
 exterreo, with abl., 284. 
 extorris, with abl., 286. 
 extrudo, with abl., 284. 
 exturbo, with abl., 284. 
 exunguo, with two aces., 249. 
 exiw, with abl., 284. 
 
 fabulor, with Ace of Inner Obj. 196; 200; 
 
 with two aces., 241. 
 facesso, with abl. 284. 
 facio, damnifacio, lucrifacio,floccifacio, 
 
 nihilifacio, etc., 93 ff. ; bene facio, with 
 
 dat., 119; with Ace of Inner Obj., 196; 
 
 with Cognate Ace, 198; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 200; with two aces., 241; 
 
 compotem facio, with ace, 260; quid 
 
 eo fecisti puero, etc., 335. 
 faenori, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 fallo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 
398 
 
 Index. 
 
 falsiloquos, with gen., 84. 
 
 falsus, with gen., 84. 
 
 familiaris, with dat., 180. 
 
 fastidio, with gen. 98. 
 
 fateor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 203; with 
 two aces., 242. 
 
 fautrix, with dat., 143. 
 
 faveo, with dat., 119. 
 
 Fearing, verbs of, with gen., 98. 
 
 fecundus. with abl., 351. 
 
 ferio, with Aee. of Inner Obj., 196; 203. 
 
 fero, with two aces., 242. 
 
 feroz, with dat., 180. 
 
 ferus, with dat., 180. 
 
 festino, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 203. 
 
 flcturae, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 fidelis, with dat., 180. 
 
 fidem habeo, with Gen. of Respect, 100. 
 
 fides, with dat., 185. 
 
 fidus, with dat., 180. 
 
 fieri, with pred. Gen. of Possession, 50. 
 
 Figura Etymologica, in Abl. of Compari- 
 son, 295. 
 
 filius, with dat., 142. 
 
 Filling, verbs of, with abl., 351. 
 
 fini, with gen., 70. 
 
 finis, with dat., 185. 
 
 finitor, with dat., 185. 
 
 fio, quid ilia, me,fiet? 335. 
 
 firmus, with dat., 180. 
 
 flagitium, with dat., 185. 
 
 flagito, with ace, 211. 
 
 fleo, with ace, 222. 
 
 floccifacio, 93; floccipendo, 95. 
 
 Forgetting, verbs of, with gen., 88; with 
 ace, 213; 214. 
 
 fornaci, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 fraudi, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 fraudo, with Cognate Ace , 198. 
 
 Free Uses, of Gen. with nouns, 70 ff. 
 
 fremo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196; with 
 Ace of Person Affected, 222. 
 
 fretus, with abl., 350. 
 
 frugi, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 fruniscor, with ace, 211 ; with abl., 353. 
 
 fruor, with ace, 211; with abl., 353. 
 
 frustratui, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 fuat, quid mefuat ? 336. 
 
 fugio, with abl., 284. 
 
 fugitans, with gen., 84. 
 
 fulgurio, with ace, 211. 
 
 fundito, with ace, 211. 
 
 /undo, with abl. , 284. 
 
 fundus, with dat., 185. 
 
 fungor, with ace, 211. 
 
 fur mihi, 144. 
 
 furor, with dat., 150. 
 
 G 
 
 gannio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 
 garrio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196. 
 
 gaudeo, with ace, 222. 
 
 gaudio, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 gemo, with ace, 222. 
 
 Genitive, origin of name, 1; use, 8 ff. 
 original force, 8 ff . ; with Nouns, 10 ff. 
 of Material, 12 f . ; Gen. of Whole, 13 ff. 
 Gen. of Quantity, 14 ff. ; Gen. of Whole 
 with neut. adjs. of amount, 16 ff. ; with 
 neut. substantives, 19 ff. ; with masc. 
 and fern, pronouns and pronominal 
 adjs., 20 ff. ; with pars and nouDS 
 denoting apart, 23; with superlatives, 
 24 f . ; with neut. pronouns, 25 ff. ; dia 
 dearum, 34; with words denoting pre- 
 eminence, 34; Gen. of Whole used pred- 
 icatively, 34 ; with adverbs, 35 ff. ; Gen. 
 of Possession, 37 ff. ; Subjective Gen., 
 50 ff. ; pred. uses of Subj. Gen., 56 f. ; 
 Objective Gen., 57 ff. ; Gen. of Quality, 
 65 ff. ; Appositional Gen., 68 ; with 
 caussa, gratia, etc., 68 ff. ; "Free" 
 uses of Gen., 70 ff . ; one gen. depending 
 on another, 81 ; with adjs., 82 ff. ; with 
 verbs, 88 ff. ; of reminding, admonish- 
 ing, 88; of remembering, forgetting, 
 88; of judicial action, 89 ; with verbs of 
 emotion, 90 f . ; verbs of plenty and 
 want, 91 f . ; verbs of ruling, having 
 power over, 92 f. ; flocci facere, etc., 
 93 ff . ; Genitive of Price, 97 f . ; verbs of 
 desiring, scorning, fearing, etc., 98 f. ; 
 Genitive of Respect, 99 f. ; Genitive of 
 Exclamation, 100. 
 
 genitus, with abl., 291. 
 
 genus, id genus, quod genus, omne genus, 
 ace , 258. 
 
 gerens, with gen., 84. 
 
 gero, morem gero, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 
 203; with dat., 110; gero, with two 
 aces., 242. 
 
 Gerundive, with Dat. of Agency, 166 ff. 
 
 Gerund and Gerundive, for case construc- 
 tions of, see Vol. I. 
 
 gestio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 
 gigno, with two aces., 242. 
 
 gladiatoribus, Time at Which, 381. 
 
 gloriae, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 gluttio, with two aces., 242. 
 
 gnaruris, with ace, 252. 
 
 gnarus, with gen. , 84. 
 
 Grammatical Theory of the cases, 3. 
 
 granatui, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 gratia, with gen., 69 ; with dat., 185. 
 
Index. 
 
 399 
 
 gratiae, Dat. of Purpose, 173. 
 
 grator, with dat., 119. 
 
 gratulor, with dat., 119; with ace, 212. 
 
 gratus, with dat., 180. 
 
 gravido, with abl., 351. 
 
 gravidus, with ace, 252; with abl., 350. 
 
 gravis, with dat., 180. 
 
 gravor, with ace, 212. 
 
 habeo, fidem habeo, with Gen. of Respect, 
 100 ; habeo, with two aces., 242 ff. 
 
 habeor, with gen., 97. 
 
 haereo, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 
 hariolationibus, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 harpago, with dat., 150. 
 
 heia, with voe, 270. 
 
 hem, with voe, 270. 
 
 herele, with Ace of Exclamation, 253. 
 
 heres, with dat., 142. 
 
 heu, with dat., 189; with Ace of Excla- 
 mation, 254. 
 
 hens, with voe, 268. 
 
 hieme, Time When, 381. 
 
 hiemem, Duration of Time, 226. 
 
 hilo, Degree of Difference, 362. 
 
 hisco, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200. 
 
 hoc, with Gen. of Whole, 31 f . ; hoc longe, 
 Extent of Space, 229; hoc noctis, hoc 
 aetatis, 259. 
 
 homo adulescens, homo servos, etc., 6. 
 
 honori, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 hora, horis. Time within Which, 384; at 
 Which, 381. 
 
 horam, horas, Duration, 226. 
 
 hospes, with dat., 143. 
 
 hospitio, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 hostis, with dat., 143. 
 
 huius facio, 95. 
 
 humani credere, Gen. of Respect, 99. 
 
 humi, dat., 190. 
 
 ibidem, with Gen. of Whole, 36. 
 
 id, ' on this account',' 259 f. ; id aetatis, 
 
 259; id genus, ace, 258. 
 idem, with dat. , 180. 
 ignarus, with gen., 84. 
 ignosco, with dat., 119 ; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 203; with ace of Person Affected, 
 
 212. 
 ignotus, with gen., 84. 
 illud, with Gen. of Whole, 32. 
 imbito, with ace, 219. 
 immemor, with gen., 84. 
 immergo, with two aces., 251. 
 
 immineo, with dat., 119. 
 
 immitto, with dat., 127; with two aces., 
 
 251. 
 immoveo, with dat., 127. 
 impedimento, with Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 impedio, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 impello, with two aces., 249. 
 impendeo, with dat., 127 ; with ace, 219. 
 imperito, with dat., 119. 
 imperitus, with gen., 84. 
 imperco, with dat., 121. 
 impero, with dat., 119; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 196 ; 200 ; 203 ; with Ace of Thing 
 
 Affected, 212. 
 impertio, aliquem aliqua re, 212; alieui 
 
 aliquam rem, 212. 
 impetu. Time at Which, 381. 
 impingo, with dat., 127. 
 impleo, with gen., 92; with abl., 351. 
 implico, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 impluo, with dat., 127. 
 impono, with dat., 127. 
 importo, with dat., 127. 
 impos, with gen., 84. 
 imprimo, with dat., 127. 
 imprudens, with gen., 84. 
 in, compounds of with two aces., 251; 
 
 with dat., 127 ff. ; in, with Abl. of Place 
 
 Where, 374 ; with Abl. of Time at Which, 
 
 383 ; Abl. of Time within Which, 384. 
 inanis, with gen., 84. 
 incertus, with gen., 84. 
 incido, with dat., 127. 
 incipio, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 inclamo, with ace, 219. 
 incommode, with dat., 119. 
 incommodus, with dat., 180. 
 increpo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196 ; 200; 
 
 with Ace of Person Affected, 219; with 
 
 two aces., 249. 
 incubito, with ace, 219. 
 incubo, with dat., 127. 
 incumbo, with ace, 219. 
 incupidus, with gen., 84. 
 incurso, with ace, 219. 
 incuso, with gen., 89; with two aces., 249. 
 incutio, with dat., 127. 
 inde, with Gen. of Whole, 36. 
 indicia, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 indico, with gen., 97; with Cognate Ace, 
 
 198 ; with two aces., 243. 
 tndigens, with gen., 84. 
 indigeo, with gen., 92; 100. 
 indiges, with gen., 84. 
 indignus, with abl., 366. 
 induco, with gen., 89. 
 indulgeo, with dat., 119; with ace, 212. 
 
400 
 
 Index. 
 
 induor, with ace, 222. 
 
 ineo, with pred. nom., 5; with ace, 219. 
 
 iners, with gen., 84. 
 
 infamiae, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 infero, with dat., 128. 
 
 infestus, with dat., 180. 
 
 infldelis, with dat., 180. 
 
 infidus, with dat., 180. 
 
 infltias ire, 233. 
 
 infringo, with dat., 128; with ace., 212. 
 
 ingero, with dat., 128. 
 
 ingratiis, with gen., 69. 
 
 ingratus, with dat., 180. 
 
 ingredior, with ace., 219. 
 
 inhio, with ace., 219. 
 
 inftonestamentum, with dat., 185. 
 
 initio, with dat., 128; manum initio, with 
 
 gen., 89; with ace., 260. 
 iniectio, with ace., 252. 
 inimicus, with dat., 180. 
 inito, with ace. , 220. 
 inleccbra, with dat., 185. 
 inlecebrosus, with dat., 180. 
 inlex, with dat., 185. 
 inluceo, with dat., 128. 
 intaeeseo, with ace., 220. 
 iriludo, with ace, 212. 
 innascor, with dat., 128. 
 Inner Object, Ace. of, 195 ff. 
 inopiosus, with gen., 84. 
 inridiculo, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 insanio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 203. 
 inscendo, with Ace., 220. 
 inscribo, with ace, 220; with two aces., 
 
 243. 
 inservio, with dat., 121 ; with ace, 212. 
 insidiae, with dat., 185. 
 insidior, with dat., 119. 
 insido, with ace, 220. 
 insimulo, with gen., 89; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 203; with two aces., 243; 
 
 249. 
 insisto, with dat., 128; with ace, 220. 
 insperatus, with dat., 180. 
 insto, with dat., 128; with ace, 220. 
 Instrumental Case, 280 ; instrumental use 
 
 of abl., 299 ff. 
 instruo, with ace, 212. 
 insulto, with ace, 220. 
 integer, with gen., 84. 
 integumentum, with dat., 185. 
 intendo, with dat., 128. 
 intercedo, with dat., 128. 
 interdico, with abl., 284. 
 interea, with Gen. of Whole, 37. 
 Interest, Dat. of, 150 ff . 
 interficio, ' deprive,' with abl., 284. 
 
 Interjections, with dat., 188 ff. ; with ace, 
 
 253 ff. ; 262 ; with voe, 263 ff. 
 interloquor, with dat., 128. 
 interminor, with dat., 120 ; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 203. 
 interpres, with dat., 185. 
 interrogo, with two aces., 249. 
 intersum, with dat., 128; with Ace. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 203; with abl., 284. 
 intervenio, with dat., 128. 
 intervorto, with abl., 284. 
 intumus, with dat., 181. 
 invado, with dat., 128; with ace, 220. 
 invenio, with two aces., 243. 
 invideo, with dat., 119; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 203 ; Ace of Person Affected, 
 
 212. 
 invidiae, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 invidiosus, with dat., 181. 
 invisus, with dat., 181. 
 invoco, with two aces., 243. 
 iraseor, with dat., 119; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 203. 
 iratus, with dat., 181. 
 irretio, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 Islands, as Limit of Motion, 236 f . ; in Abl. 
 
 of Place Whence, without prep., 288; 
 
 with prep., 288; Abl. of Place Where, 
 
 376; in loe, 387. 
 istuc, with Gen. of Whole, 32. 
 itio, with ace, 252. 
 
 iaientaculo, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 iubeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200; 203; 
 
 with two aces., 249. 
 Judicial action, verbs of, with gen., 89. 
 iudico, with two aces., 243. 
 iungo, with Abl. of Association, 300. 
 iuror, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203. 
 iuvo, with two aces., 249. 
 
 laboro, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200. 
 lacrumo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200; 
 
 with Ace of Thing Affected, 222. 
 laetus sum, with Ace of Inner Obj., 203 ; 
 
 laetus laetitiis, 350. 
 lamentor, with aee, 222. 
 largiter, with Gen. of the Whole, 36. 
 largus, with gen., 84. 
 lassus, with gen., 85. 
 latro, with ace, 213. 
 latrocinor, with dat., 119. 
 laudi, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
Index. 
 
 401 
 
 laudo, with two aces., 243; 249. 
 
 lepidus, with dat., 181. 
 
 levis, with dat., 181. 
 
 levo, with gen., 92. 
 
 liber, with gen., 85. 
 
 libera, with abl., 284; with Gen. of Price, 
 98; with two aces., 243. 
 
 libertati sum, 174. 
 
 licet, 'is offered for sale,' with AW. of 
 Price, 355. 
 
 Limit of Motion, 230 ff. 
 
 linquo, with two aces., 243. 
 
 linteum, with dat., 185. 
 
 litigo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 204. 
 
 Localistic Theory of the Cases, 3. 
 
 Locative, 386 ff. ; Local uses, 386; viciniae, 
 domi, duelli, militiae, terrae, 386 ff. ; 
 proper names, 387 ff. ; Temporal uses, 
 389 ff . ; die quinti, mane septimi, vesperi, 
 389 f . ; Locative uses of the abl., 372 ff . 
 
 loco, Dat. of Purpose, 174; loco, locis, 
 Place Where, 373 f . 
 
 loco (verb), with Abl. of Price, 355. 
 
 Logical Theory of the Cases, 3. 
 
 longe, with dat., 187 ; with abl., 287. 
 
 longius, in time expressions, 228. 
 
 loquor, male loquor, with dat., 120 ; loquor, 
 with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196; 200; with 
 Cognate Ace., 198; with Ace. of Thing 
 Affected, 213; with two aces., 243. 
 
 lubet, with dat., 120. 
 
 luceo, with ace, 213. 
 
 lucrifacio, 94. 
 
 lucro, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 lucto, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 200. 
 
 ludibrio, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 ludificatui, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 Ludis, Time When, 381. 
 
 huio, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 ludo (verb), with Cognate Ace, 198; with 
 Ace. of Inner Obj., 204; with Ace. of 
 Person Affected, 213; with Abl. of 
 Association, 300. 
 
 lumine, Time at Which, 381. 
 
 lustris, Time at Which, 381. 
 
 lustrum, Duration of Time, 226. 
 
 M 
 
 machinor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196; 
 
 with Cognate Ace., 198. 
 made, mactus, with abl., 339. 
 maestus, miser sum, with Ace. of Inner 
 
 Obj., 204. 
 magister, with dat., 143. 
 magistra, with dat., 143. 
 magnifacio, 94; magni pernio, 95. 
 
 maior, in time expressions, 228. 
 
 maiorem partem, 258 f. 
 
 malam crucem, malam rem, 234. 
 
 male dico, with dat., 120. 
 
 male dictito, with dat., 120. 
 
 malo, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 
 mdlo, with two aces., 243; with Abl. of 
 
 Degree of Difference, 364. 
 malum, ' hang it ! ' 255. 
 malus, with dat., 181. 
 mancupio, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 mando, with dat., 120; 190; with Ace. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 204. 
 mane, Time at Which, 381 ; mane septimi, 
 
 390. 
 Manner, Abl. of, 306 ff. 
 mantellum, with dat., 185. 
 manufestus, with gen., 85. 
 manum inicio, with gen., 89; with ace., 
 
 260. 
 mater mihi, 142. 
 maxumam partem, 258 f . 
 maxumi est, 96; maxumifacio, 95. 
 mea, with voc, 269 ff. ; 271. 
 meam vicem, 259. 
 Means, Abl. of, 325 ff. 
 medeor, with dat., 120 ; with ace., 213. 
 medicamentum, with dat., 185. 
 medicor, with dat., 120. 
 meditor, with ace., 213. 
 mellinae, Dat. of Purpose, 174. 
 memini, with gen., 88; with de, ibid.; 
 
 with ace, 213; with two aces., 243. 
 memor, with gen., 85. 
 memoro, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196; 
 
 200 ; with Ace of Person Affected, 213 ; 
 
 with two aces., 243. 
 mendax, with gen., 85. 
 mense, Time at Which, 381. 
 mensem, menses, Duration, 227. 
 mensibus, Time within Which, 384. 
 meniem, in mentem venit, with gen., 88. 
 menlior, with Ace of Inner Obj., 204; 
 
 207. 
 mentis, Gen. of Respect, 99. 
 mercedi, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 meridie. Time at Which, 381. 
 meto, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 metuens, with gen., 85. 
 meus, with voc, 263 ff. 
 mi, with voc, 264 ff. ; 269 ff ; 271. 
 mico, with Abl. of Separation, 284. 
 militiae, loe, 387. 
 milito, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 mille, milia, with Gen. of Whole, 22 f . ; 
 
 mille, Duration of Time, 227. 
 minime, with gen., 37. 
 
402 
 
 Index. 
 
 minimi facio, 95. 
 
 minimum, with Gen. of the Whole, 17. 
 
 ministro, with dat., 120. 
 
 minitor, with dat., 120 ; with Ace. of Inner 
 
 Ohj., 196; 200; 204. 
 minor, with dat., 120; with Ace. of Inner 
 
 Obj., 196; 204. 
 minor (adj.), in Abl. of Comparison, 296. 
 minoris facio, pendo, 95 ; as Gen. of Price, 
 
 98. 
 minus, with Gen. of the Whole, 17; in 
 
 time expressions, 228 ; with Extent of 
 
 Space, 230 ; in Abl. of Comparison, 296. 
 miror, with Aec. of Inner Obj., 207. 
 misceo, with dat., 112 ; with abl., 300. 
 miser, with gen., 85. 
 misereo, with gen., 91. 
 misereor, with gen., 91. 
 miserescit, with gen., 91. 
 miseret, miseretur, with gen., 91. 
 misero, with ace, 213. 
 missiculo litteras, with Ace. of Inner Ohj., 
 
 204. 
 mitto, with dat., 190; with two aces., 
 
 243 ; 249 ; with Abl. of Separation, 
 
 284. 
 modero(r), with dat., 120; with ace, 213. 
 modus, with dat., 186. 
 molestiae, with Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 molestus, with dat., 181. 
 moneo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 200; 204; 
 
 with two aces., 249. 
 monumentum, with dat., 186. 
 morae, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 morbo, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 mordeo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 204. 
 morigero, with dat., 120. 
 morigerus, with dat., 181. 
 morior, with pred. nom., 5. 
 moror, with two aces., 243 ; 249. 
 morte, Time When, 381. 
 Motion, Limit of, 230 ff . 
 moveo, with Cognate Accusative, 198; 
 
 with Ace. of Person Affected, 213; with 
 
 abl., 284. 
 mulco, with abl., 284. 
 multi facio, 94. 
 multo, Degree of Difference, 362; multo 
 
 tanta, 364. 
 multo, 'fine,' with abl., 284. 
 multum, with Gen. of Whole, 17. 
 muniflcus, with dat., 181. 
 mussito, with aec, 213. 
 muto, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 204; with 
 
 abl., 300. 
 muttio, with Aec. of Inner Obj., 196; 204; 
 
 207. 
 
 N 
 
 narro, with ace, 213. 
 
 nascor, with pred. nom., 5. 
 
 natus, with abl., 291 ; with de, ex, 292. 
 
 nauci, used attributively, 96 ; nauci non 
 
 est, 96. 
 necesse, with dat., 181. 
 neglectu, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 nemo, with Gen. of Whole, 22; nemo 
 
 homo, etc., 6. 
 nequeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 204. 
 nescio, with ace of persons, 214. 
 nescio quid, with Gen., 29; nescio quis, 
 
 with gen., 20. 
 nescius, with gen., 85; with ace, 252. 
 neuter, with Gen. of Whole, 22. 
 nicto, with Ace of Inner Obj., 204. 
 nihil, nil, with Gen. of Whole, 19 f . 
 nihili facio, 93; nihili pendo, 95; nihili 
 
 est, 96 ; nihili used attributively, 96. 
 nihilo, Abl. of Degree of Difference, 363. 
 nihilum, with gen., 20. 
 nimio, Abl. of Degree of Difference, 363. 
 nimium, with gen., 17. 
 ninguo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196. 
 nobilis (= notus), with dat., 181. 
 noceo, with dat., 120; with Cognate Ace, 
 
 198 ; with Ace of Inner Obj., 200 ; 204. 
 nocte, Time When, 381. 
 noctem, nodes, 226 ; 227. 
 noctis, hoc jwctis, 259. 
 noctu, 382. 
 
 nolo, with two aces., 243. 
 nomen est, nomen indere, nomenfacere, 
 
 attraction with, 165 ; 108 ; 109. 
 Nominative, 4 ; in exclamations, 4 ; origin 
 
 of name, 1. 
 nomino, with Cognate Ace, 198 ; with two 
 
 aces., 243. 
 Nonis, Time When, 382. 
 noster, with voe, 271. 
 notio, with ace, 252. 
 Nouns governing the ace, 252 ; governing 
 
 dat., 142 ff. ; 183 ff. 
 novus, with dat., 181. 
 nubo, with dat., 120. 
 nullus, with gen., 22. 
 numquid, with gen., 29; numquis, with 
 
 gen., 20. 
 nundinis, Time When, 382. 
 nundinum, Duration of Time, 227. 
 nuntio, with Cognate Ace, 198 ; with Ace 
 
 of Inner Obj., 204; with two aces., 
 
 244. 
 nuptiis, Dat. of Purpose, 175 ; Time When, 
 
 382. 
 
Index. 
 
 403 
 
 nusquam, with gen., 36. 
 
 nuto, with Ace. of Inner Ob]., 201. 
 
 o, with Ace. of Exclamation, 253; with 
 
 voc, 269 ff. 
 obdo, with dat., 129. 
 obduco, with dat., 129. 
 obeo, with ace., 220. 
 obgannio, with Ace. of Inner Oh]., 204. 
 obicio, with dat., 129. 
 obiecto, with dat., 129. 
 obiurgo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 204; 
 
 with two aces., 249. 
 Objective Genitive, 57 ff. 
 obligo, with dat., 129. 
 oblittero, with abl., 285. 
 obliviscor, with gen., 88 ; with ace., 214. 
 oblocutor, with dat., 186. 
 obmoveo, with dat., 129. 
 obnitor, with dat., 129. 
 obnoxiosus, with dat., 181. 
 obnoxius, with dat., 181 ; with ace., 260. 
 oboedio, with dat., 120. 
 oboleo, with Ace. of Inner Oh]., 196. 
 obrepo, with ace, 220 ; with two aces., 244. 
 obsaepio, with dat., 129. 
 obsaturo, with gen., 92. 
 obsecro, with two aces., 249. 
 obsequens, with dat., 181. 
 obsequiosus, with dat., 181. 
 obsequor, with dat., 129; with Aec. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 200; 204. 
 observatio, with aec, 252. 
 obsidium, with dat., 186. 
 obsisto, with dat., 129. 
 obsOno, with dat., 129. 
 obstino, with ace., 214. 
 obsto, with dat., 129. 
 obsum, with dat., 120; with Aec. of Inner 
 
 Obj., 200; 207. 
 obtempero, with dat., 121; with Aec. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 204. 
 obtestor, with two aces., 249. 
 obtrudo, with dat., 129. 
 obvaro, with dat., 129. 
 obvenio, with dat., 129. 
 obviam, with dat., 187. 
 obvius, with dat., 181. 
 obvorto, with dat., 130. 
 occasu, Time When, 382. 
 occedo, with dat., 130. 
 occento, with ace, 220. 
 oecipio, with Cognate Ace., 198. 
 occludo, with dat., 130 ; with abl., 285. 
 occubo, with dat., 130. 
 
 occumbo, with dat., 130; with ace., 220. 
 occupatus sum, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 
 
 204. 
 occurro, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 204; 
 
 with Aee. of Person Affected, 220. 
 occurso, with ace., 220. 
 odio, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 odiosus, with dat., 181. 
 odoror, with ace., 214. 
 offendo, with two aces., 244. 
 offero, with two aces., 244. 
 oleo, olo, with Ace. of Inner Obj ., 204 ; 207 ; 
 
 196. 
 omne genus, ace, 258. 
 onero, with gen., 92. 
 onustus, with gen., 85; with abl., 350. 
 operae est, 96. 
 operant do, with ace, 260. 
 operculum, with dat., 186. 
 operi, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 opinione melius, 296. 
 opinor, with two aces., 244. 
 opitulor, with dat., 121. 
 oppeto, with ace, 214. 
 oppleo, with gen., 92 ; with abl., 351. 
 oppono, with dat., 130. 
 opportune, with dat., 188. 
 opportunitate, Time When, 382. 
 opportunus, with dat., 181. 
 opprimo, with two aces., 244. 
 opsonito, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 opsono, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196 ; with 
 
 Cognate Ace, 198; with Abl. of Price, 
 
 354. 
 optabilis, with dat., 182. 
 opto, with two aces., 244. 
 opus, with Ace of Inner Obj., 205; with 
 
 Ace of Thing Affected, 214; with abl., 
 
 356 ff. 
 orbifico, with gen., 92. 
 or6o, with abl., 285. 
 orbus, with gen., 85; with abl., 286. 
 oriundus, with abl., 291 ; with ex, 292. 
 ornamentis, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 ornamentum, with dat., 186. 
 oro, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196; 200; 
 
 204; with two aces., 249. 
 ortus, with abl., 291 ; with ex, 292. 
 ostendo, with two aces., 244. 
 
 pabulum, with dat., 186. 
 
 paciscor, with Aee. of Inner Obj., 196; 
 
 205. 
 paenitet, with gen., 90. 
 paenula, with dat., 186. 
 
404 
 
 Index. 
 
 palpor, with dat., 121. 
 
 pango, with Abl. of Price, 355. 
 
 par, with gen., 85; with dat., 182. 
 
 parasitus, with dat., 143. 
 
 parco, with dat., 121 ; with Ace. of Inner 
 
 Obj., 207; 205; with Ace. of Person 
 
 Affected, 214; with abl., 285. 
 pareo, with dat., 121. 
 pario, with two aces., 244. 
 paro, with two aces., 244. 
 pars, with gen., 23 f. 
 partem, Duration of Time, 227; maxu- 
 
 mam, maiorem partem, 258 f. 
 particeps, with gen., 85. 
 Participles, with gen., 82 ; with dat., 178 ff. ; 
 
 in Ablative Absolute, 368 ff. 
 participo, with abl., 301. 
 partim, with gen., 36. 
 Partitive Apposition, 6 f.; "Partitive" 
 
 Genitive, 13 ff . 
 partu, Time When, 382. 
 parum, with gen., 36. 
 parvi est, parvi pendo, 95; parvij ado, 94. 
 passus, Extent of Space, 229. 
 pater mihi, 142. 
 patrocinor, with dat., 121. 
 patronus, with dat., 143. 
 paullulum, with gen., 17 ; as Ace. of Du- 
 ration of Time, 227 ; Extent of Space, 
 
 229. 
 paulo, paullulo, Degree of Difference, 
 
 363. 
 paulum, with gen. 17. 
 pauxillo, Degree of Difference, 363. 
 pauxillulum, pauxillum, with gen., 17. 
 pavito, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 205. 
 pecceo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196; 200; 
 
 205; 207. 
 peculiaris, with dat., 182. 
 peeulio, with ace., 214. 
 pedatu, Time When, 382. 
 pedem, pedes, Extent of Space, 229. 
 pendo, quanti, parvi, magni, minoris, 
 
 plurumi, nihili, flocci pendo, 95. 
 penetro, with ace., 214. 
 perambulo, with ace, 220. 
 percontor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 200; 
 
 205 ; with Ace. of Person, 214 ; with two 
 
 aces., 250. 
 percrepo, with ace, 214. 
 percrucior, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 205. 
 perculsus, with Ace. Graecus, 261. 
 perditui, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 perdo, with gen., 89; with two aces., 244. 
 pereD, with ace, 222. 
 Perfect Passive Participle, with Dat. of 
 
 Agency, 169 ff. 
 
 per go, with ace, 214. 
 
 perhibeo, with two aces., 244. 
 
 periratus, with dat. , 182. 
 
 peritus, with gen., 85 : with abl., 366. 
 
 perlabor, with ace, 221. 
 
 permano, with ace, 221. 
 
 permisceo, with abl., 301. 
 
 perplaceo, with dat., 121. 
 
 perrepto, with ace, 221. 
 
 perseqitens, with gen., 85. 
 
 persimilis, with gen., 85. 
 
 persuadeo, with dat., 122; with aec, 214. 
 
 pervenor, with ace, 221. 
 
 pervolgo, with ace, 221. 
 
 pervolo, with ace, 221. 
 
 pessum, Limit of Motion, 234. 
 
 pessumarum pessuma, 25. 
 
 pestis, with dat., 186. 
 
 peto, with two aces., 244; with o and abl., 
 
 250. 
 Phoenix, with dat., 186. 
 piget, with gen., 90. 
 pignori, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 Place whither, in ace, 230 ff.; place 
 
 whence, in abl., 287 ff. ; place where, 
 
 in abl., 372 ff. ; in loc. 386 ff. 
 placeo, with dat., 121 ; with ace, 214. 
 plaeidus, with dat., 182. 
 platea, Abl. of Way by Which, 360. 
 Plenty, verbs of with gen., 91. 
 plenus, with gen., 85 ; with abl., 351. 
 plerique omnes, 7. 
 pluo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 200. 
 plurisfacio, 94; pluris est, 96. 
 plurumum, with gen., 17; plurumi pendo, 
 
 95. 
 plus, with gen., 17; as Extent of Space, 
 
 230 ; in connection with time expressions, 
 
 228; not affecting construction, 296; in 
 
 Abl. of Comparison, 296. 
 plusculum, in time expressions, 228. 
 pol, with voe, 270. 
 pollens, with gen., 86. 
 pono, with two aces., 244. 
 pontifex, with dat., 186. 
 porta, Abl. of Way by Which, 360. 
 portento, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 posco, with Gen. of Price, 98 ; with ace of 
 
 person, 214; with two aces., 244; 250; 
 
 posco, ' bid,' with Abl. of Price, 355. 
 Positives, followed by Ablative of Degree 
 
 of Difference, 364. 
 Possession, Dative of, 159 ff. 
 Possessive Genitive, 37 ff. ; pred. uses, 
 
 49 ff. 
 possum, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201 ; 205 ; 
 
 207. 
 
Index. 
 
 405 
 
 ■post, with Abl. of Degree of Difference, 
 
 364. 
 postid, with gen., 37. 
 postidea, with gen., 37. 
 postridie, with gen., 70. 
 postulo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 196 ; 201 ; 
 
 205. 
 potens, with gen., 86. 
 potio, with gen., 93. 
 
 potior (adj.), with gen., 86; potior (verb), 
 with gen., 92 f. ; with ace., 215; with 
 abl., 353. 
 Power, verbs of, with gen., 92. 
 praebeo, with two aces., 244. 
 praecedo, with dat., 130. 
 jpraecipio, with dat., 130; with Ace. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 205. 
 praedlco, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 201; 
 
 with two aces., 244. 
 praeficio, with dat., 130. 
 praefulcio, with dat., 130. 
 praegrado, with ace., 215. 
 praemercor, with dat., 130. 
 praemium, with dat., 186. 
 praepono, with dat., 130. 
 praeripio, with dat., 150; with two aces., 
 
 244. 
 praescribo, with dat., 130. 
 praesepes, with dat., 186. 
 praeseroio, with dat., 121. 
 praesidio, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 praesidium, with dat., 186. 
 praestino, with Abl. of Price, 354. 
 praesto (verb), with dat., 130; with Ace. 
 of Inner Obj., 205; (adverb), with dat., 
 188. 
 praestolor, with ace, 215. 
 praestruo, with dat., 130. 
 praesum, with dat., 130. 
 praetendo, with dat., 130. 
 praeter, compounds of, with two aces., 251. 
 praeterbito, with ace, 221. 
 praetereo, with ace, 221. 
 praeterveho, with two aces., 251. 
 praetor, with dat., 143. 
 praivorto, with dat., 130. 
 praevortor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 205; 
 
 with Ace of Person Affected, 221. 
 prandeo, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 prandio, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 preci, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 precor, with Cognate Ace, 198; with two 
 
 aces., 250. 
 Predicate Accusative, 238 ff. ; pred. nouns, 
 5 ; pred. dat. and abl., ibid. ; pred. gen., 
 34 ff.; 49 f.; 56 f.; 80. 
 prehendo, with gen., 89. 
 
 pretium, with dat., 186. 
 
 Price, Gen. of, 97, Abl. of, 353. 
 
 primum, with gen., 37. 
 
 primumdum, with gen., 37. 
 
 primus, with gen., 86. 
 
 princeps, with dat., 18fe. 
 
 principio, Time When, 382. 
 
 principium, with dat., 186. 
 
 privo, with gen., 92; with abl., 285. 
 
 pro, with voe, 270. 
 
 probito, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 
 probo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196. 
 
 probro, Dat. of Purpose, 175. 
 
 procudo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 196. 
 
 procul, with abl., 287. 
 
 prodeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 205. 
 
 prodigus, with gen., 86. 
 
 proditus, with Abl. of Source, 291. 
 
 produco, with two aces., 244; with abl., 
 
 285. 
 profero with two aces., 244. 
 proficio, with Ace of Inner Obj ., 196. 
 
 profunda, with abl. 285. 
 
 prognatus, with abl., 291. 
 
 prohibeo, with dat., 150; with two aces., 
 250; with abl., 285. 
 
 proloquor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 197. 
 
 promoveo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 
 propero, with Ace of Inner Obj., 205; 
 with Ace of Thing Affected, 215. 
 
 propino, with Ace of Inner Obj., 197. 
 
 propinquus, with dat., 182. 
 
 propior, with dat., 182. 
 
 propitius, with dat., 182. 
 
 proprius, with dat., 182. 
 
 prospero, with dat., 121. 
 
 prospicio, with Dat. of Interest, 157 ; with 
 Ace of Inner Obj., 205; with Ace of 
 Thing Affected, 215. 
 
 prospicus, with dat., 182. 
 
 prosum, with dat., 121; with Ace of 
 Inner Obj., 201; 205. 
 
 protelo, with abl., 285. 
 
 protrudo, with abl., 285. 
 
 proviso, with Ace of Inner Obj., 205. 
 
 proxumus, with dat., 182; with ace, 253. 
 
 pudeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 206. 
 
 pudet, with gen., 90. 
 
 pugno, with Cognate Ace, 198. 
 
 purgo, with abl., 285. 
 
 Purpose, Dat. of, 171 ff. 
 
 puto, with two aces., 244 f. 
 
 Q 
 
 quadriduom, Ace. Duration of Time, 
 227. 
 
406 
 
 Index. 
 
 guaero, with Ace. of Inner Ob]., 206; 
 
 with Ace. of Person Affected, 215; with 
 
 two aces., 245; 250. 
 quaeso, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 201. 
 quaestioni, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 quaestui, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 Quality, Gen. of, 65 ff.; Abl. of, 317ft.; 
 
 compared with Gen. of Quality, ibid, 
 quanti faeio, 94 ; quanti pendo, 95 ; 
 
 quanti est, 95 ; quanti, as Gen. of 
 
 Price, 98. 
 quantillum, with gen., 18. 
 quanta. Degree of Difference, 363. 
 quantum, with gen., 18. 
 queo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 queror, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206 ; with 
 
 Ace. of Thing Affected, 222. 
 qui, with Gen. of whole, 20. 
 quicquam, with Gen. of Whole, 30 f. 
 quicque, with Gen. of Whole, 30. 
 quicquid, with Gen. of Whole, 30. 
 quid? with gen., 25 ff. ; quid (indef.), 
 
 with gen., 28 ff.; quid rei? 26; quid 
 
 noctis, 27 ; quid negoti, 26. 
 quidnam, with Gen. of Whole, 29. 
 quidvis, with Gen. of Whole, 31; quidvis 
 
 anni (ace), 259. 
 quiesco, with ace., 215; with abl., 285. 
 quis, with Gen. of Whole, 20. 
 quispiam, with Gen. of Whole, 20. 
 quisquam, with Gen. of Whole, 21. 
 quisque, with Gen. of Whole, 21. 
 quivis, with Gen. of Whole, 21. 
 quo, with Gen. of Whole, 36. 
 quod, with Gen. of Whole, 33 ; quod genus, 
 
 ace., 258. 
 quoquo, with Gen. of Whole, 36. 
 quovis, with Gen. of Whole, 36. 
 
 rapio, with two aces., 245. 
 
 ratiocinor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 
 recedo, with abl., 285. 
 
 receptio, with ace, 252. 
 
 redpio, with two aces., 245. 
 
 recordor, with ace, 215. 
 
 reddo, with two aces., 245. 
 
 redeo, with abl., 285. 
 
 redigo, with two aces., 245. 
 
 redimo, with Gen. of Price, 98; with Abl. 
 
 of Price, 354. 
 refero, with two aecs., 245. 
 refert, with Gen. of Price, 98; mearefert, 
 
 378 f. 
 regimen, with dat., 186. 
 regredior, with Cognate Ace , 198. 
 
 rei, rebus, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 relinquo, with two aces., 245; with abl., 
 
 285. 
 remedio, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 remedium, with dat., 186. 
 Remembering, verbs of, with gen., 88; 
 
 with ace, 213. 
 Reminding, verbs of, with gen., 88. 
 reminiscor, with ace, 215. 
 remitto, with Ace of Inner Obj., 206. 
 reor, with two aces., 245. 
 repello, with abl., 285. 
 reperco, with dat., 121. 
 reperio, with two aces., 245. 
 reporto, with two aces., 245. 
 reposco, with two aces., 250. 
 repudio, with two aces., 245. 
 repulsus, with abl., 286. 
 requiesco, with abl., 286. 
 rerum condicere (Gen. of Respect), 100; 
 
 rerum credere (Gen. of Respect), 99; 
 
 rerum indigere (Gen. of Respect) , 100. 
 resideo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 197. 
 Respect, Genitive of, 99. 
 respicio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206; 
 
 with two aces., 245. 
 respondeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 197 ; 
 
 201; 206; 208. 
 reticeo, with ace, 215. 
 retraho, with abl., 286. 
 reus, with gen., 90. 
 revoco, with two aces., 250. 
 revortor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 206. 
 rideo, with ace, 222. 
 ridiculo, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 rivalis, with dat. , 186. 
 Rivers, names of in abl., 290. 
 rogito, with ace, 215; with two aces., 
 
 250. 
 rogo, with Aee of Inner Obj., 206; with> 
 
 two aecs., 260. 
 Ruling, verbs of, with gen., 92. 
 rure {run), 'from the country,' 287 f. 
 ruri, ' in the country,' 372 f. 
 rus, ace, 234 f. 
 
 S 
 
 sacer, with dat., 182. 
 
 saevio, with dat., 121 ; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 206. 
 salio, with abl., 286. 
 salto, with Cognate Ace, 199. 
 saluber, with dat., 182. 
 salutaris, with dat., 182. 
 saluti, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 saluto, with two aces., 245. 
 salveo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 201. 
 
Index. 
 
 407 
 
 sanus, with gen., 86. 
 
 sapio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 197; 201; 
 
 206; 208; with Ace. of Thing Affected, 
 
 215 
 sat, satis, with gen., 36; satis sum, with 
 
 dat., 121. 
 satur, with gen., 86; with abl., 361. 
 saturo, with gen., 92. 
 scando, with ace., 215. 
 scateo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 scato, with abl., 351. 
 scitor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 Scorning, verbs of, with gen., 98. 
 secedo, with abl., 286. 
 seco, with two aces., 243. 
 secundus, with dat., 182. 
 secus virile, ace, 269. 
 segrego, with abl., 286. 
 semen, with dat., 186. 
 semipedem, Extent of Space, 230. 
 senecta aetate. Time When, 383. 
 senio, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 sentio, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 Separation, Abl. of, 280 ft 
 sepulcro, Dat. of Purpose, 176; with dat., 
 
 186. 
 sequestro, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 sermoni, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 se.rmon.is, Gen. of Respect, 99. 
 servio, with dat., 121; with Cognate Ace, 
 
 199; with Ace. of Thing Affected, 215. 
 servitus, with dat., 186. 
 servo, with two aces., 246. 
 sexus virile, ace., 269. 
 similis, with gen., 86 ; with dat., 182. 
 simulo, with two aces., 245. 
 siremps, omnium rerum siremps, Gen. of 
 
 Respect, 100. 
 sisto, with two aces., 245. 
 Sociative uses of the Ablative, 299 ff. 
 socors, with gen., 87. 
 sodalis, with dat. , 143. 
 solacio, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 soleo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 197; 206. 
 solito longius, 296. 
 sollicitudini, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 solus, with Gen. of Whole, 22. 
 solvo, with abl., 286. 
 somnio, with Cognate Ace., 199; with 
 
 Ace. of Inner Obj., 206; with Ace. of 
 
 Person or Thing Affected, 215. 
 sono, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 soror, with dat., 142. 
 sospitalis, with dat., 182. 
 Source, Abl. of, 290 ff. 
 Space, Extent of, in ace., 229 ff. 
 Specification, Abl. of, 365. 
 
 specio, with Cognate Ace., 199. 
 
 spero, with Cognate Ace, 199; with Ace 
 
 of Person or Thing Affected, 215. 
 spondeo, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 sputo, with ace, 216. 
 stabilimenta, with dat., 187. 
 sterilis, with abl., 286. 
 sto, ' cost,' with Abl. of Price, 355. 
 stomachor, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 206. 
 strategus, with dat., 143. 
 strido, with Ace of Inner Obj., 206. 
 studeo, with gen., S9; with dat., 122; 
 
 with ace of Inner Obj., 206; with Ace 
 
 of Person or Thing Affected, 216. 
 studio, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 studiosus, with gen., 87; with dat., 182. 
 suadeo, with dat., 122; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 197; 201; 206. 
 suavis, with dat., 183. 
 subblandior, with dat., 118. 
 subdo, with dat., 131. 
 subdolus, with dat., 183. 
 subduco, with dat., 150. 
 subicio, with dat., 131. 
 subigo, with Gen. of Price, 98. 
 Subjective Genitive, 50 ff. 
 sublego, with dat., 150. 
 subrepo, with dat., 150. 
 subservio, with dat., 122. 
 substemo, with dat., 131. 
 subterduco, with dat., 150. 
 subterfugio, with dat., 150. 
 subtraho, with dat., 150. 
 subvenio, with dat., 131; with Ace of 
 
 Inner Obj., 206. 
 subvento, with dat., 131. 
 succedo, with dat., 131. 
 succenturio, with dat., 131. 
 suceingor, with ace, 222. 
 suffero, with dat., 131. 
 suffigo, with dat., 131. 
 sufflo, with dat., 122 ; with two aces., 250. 
 suffundo, with dat., 131. 
 sum, with pred. gen., 49 ; quid tefuturum 
 
 est? 347. 
 summoveo, with abl., 286. 
 summus, with dat., 183. 
 sumo, with two aces., 246; with Abl. of 
 
 Price, 355. 
 sumptifacio, 94. 
 sumptui, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 Superiority, verbs of, with Abl. of Degree 
 
 of Difference, 364. 
 Superlatives, with Gen. of Whole, 24 f. 
 supero, with dat., 116; with ace, 216. 
 supersedeo, with dat., 131 ; with abl., 286. 
 superstes, with dat., 183. 
 
408 
 
 Index. 
 
 supersum, with dat., 131. 
 
 suppalpor, with dat., 121. 
 
 supparasitor, with dat., 122. 
 
 suppetias advenire, 235. 
 
 suppilo, with dat., 150. 
 
 supplex, with dat., 187. 
 
 supplico, with dat., 116; with ace, 216. 
 
 suppono, with dat., 131. 
 
 suppudet, with gen., 90. 
 
 surdus, with dat., 183. 
 
 surgo, with abl., 286. 
 
 surripio, with dat., 150. 
 
 suscenseo, with dat., 122; with Ace. of 
 
 Inner Obj., 206; 208. 
 suspicor, with two aces., 250. 
 suus sibi, 138 ; 141. 
 Sympathetic Dative, 132; 134 ff. 
 Syncretism in abl., 279 f. 
 
 taceo, with ace, 216. 
 
 tactio, with ace, 252. 
 
 taedet, with gen., 90. 
 
 tango, ' cheat,' with abl., 286. 
 
 tanta, multo tanta miserior, 364. 
 
 tanti est, 95; tanti /ado, 94; tanti, as 
 
 Gen. of Price, 98. 
 tantidem est, 95. 
 
 tantillo. Degree of Difference, 363. 
 tantillum, with Gen. of Whole, 18. 
 tanto, Degree of Difference, 363. 
 tantum, with Gen. of Whole, 18. 
 tantumdem, with Gen. of Whole, 19. 
 temperans, with gen., 87. 
 tempera, with dat., 122; with abl., 286; 
 
 with ace, 216. 
 tempus, with dat., 187. 
 teneo, with gen., 89; ' cling to,' with abl., 
 
 301 ; with two acc8., 246. 
 terra marique, 373. 
 terrae, loe, 387. 
 terrunci facio, 94. 
 testis, with dat., 187. 
 testor, with two aces., 246; 251. 
 Time, Duration of, with ace, 225 ff. ; after 
 
 which, 298 ; at which, 379 ; within which, 
 
 384. 
 timeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 208. 
 tinnimentum, with dat., 187. 
 tinnio, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 titubo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 tondeo, with abl., 286. 
 torvus, with gen., 87. 
 lotus, with abl. without prep., 374 ff. 
 Towns, in aee, as Limit of Motion, 236 ff . ; 
 
 in abl. of Place Whence, 288 ; with prep., 
 
 289 ; Place Where, 376 ff . ; in loe, 387 f . 
 
 tranquillus, with dat., 183. 
 
 transcendo, with ace., 221. 
 
 transveho, with two aces., 251. 
 
 tremo, with ace, 222. 
 
 triduo, Time within Which, 384. 
 
 triduom, Duration of Time, 227. 
 
 triennium, Duration of Time, 227. 
 
 trioboli, used attributively, 96. 
 
 tristis est, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 
 triumpho, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 
 triumvir, with dat., 187. 
 
 tumultuor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 209. 
 
 turbo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 197; with 
 
 Cognate Ace, 199; with Ace of Inner 
 
 Obj., 207. 
 turgeo, with dat., 122. 
 tutamen, with dat., 187. 
 tutor, with dat., 143. 
 
 uber, with gen., 87. 
 ubi, with gen., 36. 
 ubinam, with gen., 36. 
 ubiubi, with gen., 36. 
 ubivis, with gen., 36. 
 ulciscor, with ace, 216. 
 ullus, with gen., 22. 
 ululo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 unde, with gen., 36. 
 unus, with gen., 22. 
 unusquisque, with gen., 21. 
 uro, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 usioni, Dat. of Purpose, 176. 
 usquam, with gen., 36. 
 usui, Dat. of Purpose, 177. 
 usura usurpari, with abl., 352. 
 usurae, Dat. of Purpose, 177. 
 usurpo, with Cognate Aee, 199. 
 usus est, with ace, 216; with abl., 359 ff. 
 uter, with gen., 21. 
 uterque, with gen., 21. 
 utervis, with gen., 22. 
 utibilis, with dat., 183. 
 utilis, with dat., 183. 
 
 utor, with ace 216; with two aces., 246; 
 with abl., 352; with two abls., 5. 
 
 vacivus, with gen. , 87. 
 
 waco, with abl., 286. 
 
 vae, with dat., 189. 
 
 vah, with Ace of Exclamation, 254. 
 
 valeo, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201 ; 207. 
 
 Value, Gen. of, 93 f. 
 
 vaticinor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 201. 
 
 velitor, with Ace of Inner Obj., 207. 
 
Index. 
 
 409 
 
 venator, with dat., 187. 
 
 vendo, with Gen. of Price, 98; with two 
 
 aces., 246 ; with Abl. of Price, 355. 
 veneo, with Abl. of Price, 356. 
 venio, withpred. nom., 5; with dat., 190; 
 
 with Ace. of Inner Obj., 207. 
 venum, ace, 235. 
 verax, with dat., 183. 
 verbero, with two aces., 246. 
 verbificatio, with dat., 187. 
 vereor, veretur, with gen . , 99. 
 vescor, with ace, 217; with abl., 353. 
 vesperi, loe, 390. 
 vicariwn, with dat., 187. 
 vicem, with gen., 69 f. ; meam, nostram 
 
 vicem, 259. 
 vicinid, 373; viciniae,3SG; viciniam (?), 
 
 235. 
 video, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 201; 207; 
 
 with two aces., 246. 
 viginti, with Gen. of Whole, 23. 
 vilis, with Abl. of Price, 356. 
 vinco, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 197. 
 vindex, with dat., 143. 
 vino, Dat. of Purpose, 177. 
 vinum, with dat., 187. 
 
 virile secus, sexus, 259 ; 67. 
 
 virtute, ' thanks to,' with gen., 70. 
 
 virtuti, Dat. of Purpose, 177. 
 
 viso, with Ace. of Inner Obj., 207. 
 
 vitio, abl., with gen., 69; vitio, Dat. of 
 Purpose, 177. 
 
 vito, with dat., 117. 
 
 Vituperative Expressions in voc, 274. 
 
 vivo, with pred. nom., 5 ; vivo vitam, 199; 
 vivitur, with ace. (?), 261. 
 
 Vocative, 263 ff. ; true vocs., 264 ff. ; with- 
 out interjj., 264 ff . ; with interjj., 268 ff . ; 
 with mi, meet, noster, 269 ff . ; 271 ff . ; 
 expressions of endearment, 272 ff . ; in 
 exclamations, 273 f. ; vituperative ex- 
 pressions, 274 ff. 
 
 voco, with two aces. , 246. 
 
 volo, bene volo, with dat., 122; volo, with 
 two aces., 246; 251. 
 
 voluptati, Dat. of Purpose, 177. 
 
 vomo, with Cognate Ace., 199. 
 
 voveo votum, 199. 
 
 W 
 Want, verbs of, with gen., 92.