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ajarttell aniuersUg ffilbrara 
 
 LIBRARY OF 
 
 LEWIS BINGLEY WYNNE 
 
 A.B.A.M., COLUMBIAN COLLEGE. "71 ,-73 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 MRS. MARY A. WYNNE 
 
 AND 
 
 JOHN H. WYNNE 
 
 CORNELL "98 
 1922 
 
Cornell University Library 
 DS 102.G47 
 
 Heathen records to the Jewish scripture 
 
 3 1924 028 534 018 
 
The original of tlnis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92402853401 8 
 
Heathen Records 
 
 to the 
 
 Jewish Scripture 
 History ; 
 
 containing 
 
 All the Extracts from, the Greek and Latin 
 
 Writers, in which the Jews and Christians 
 
 are named ; 
 
 • collected together and 
 
 TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, 
 With the Original Text in juxta-pofttion. 
 
 The Eev. Dr. ^ Giles, 
 
 LATE FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 London: James Cornish, 297, High Holhorn ; 
 
 37, Lord Street, Liverpool; £& 18, Grafton Street, Dublin. 
 1856. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In this volume are contained all the notices of the 
 Jewish nation which occur in the Greek and Latin Classics 
 from the earliest period to the downfall of the great Roman 
 empire, together with all the notices of Christianity found 
 in any classical author previous to the year A. D. 200, 
 and a few others from writers later still. 
 
 The interest which these extracts generally excite in the 
 mind of the ecclesiastical student, had led me to turn my 
 attention to collecting them all together as an introduction 
 to a complete collection of the "Writings of the Early 
 Christians " ; but some delay occurring in the publication 
 of that book, this volume is now issued separately. The 
 passages occurring in heathen writers concerning the Jews 
 alone had already been collected by Meier in his Judaica, 
 Jenas 8vo 1852. These I have given somewhat more com- 
 plete, adding those in which Christianity and the Christians 
 are named, and with a literal English translation, which, it 
 is thought, will not be despised even by the best scholars ; 
 for some of the extracts are very difficult to read ; whilst 
 on the other hand, it is thought the Enghsh reader will 
 not object to have the original words of the writers placed 
 in a parallel column with the English version. I may ex- 
 press a hope that the information to be derived from these 
 extracts will throw much light upon the bible and Jewish 
 history ; and if sufficient encouragement is given to the en- 
 terprise, shall follow up this volume by several others 
 containing all the Christian writings belonging to the first 
 two or three centuries of the Christian era, and so render 
 the original authorities for Primitive Christianity accessible 
 to the English reader. 
 
 J. A. G. 
 
 London, 1856. 
 
HEATHEN RECORDS 
 
 TO 
 
 JEWISH SCRIPTURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The history of the Jews, as distinct from their own 
 sacred books, is lost in obscurity, like the history of all the 
 world besides, until the fifth or sixth century before the 
 Christian sra. The pastoral annals of the patriarchal ages, 
 the servitude in Egypt, the triumphal return and conquest 
 of Palestine, would have been unknown to future ages, but 
 for the accounts of them which have come down to us in 
 the bible, and the history of the Jewish writer Josephus, 
 which mostly had the bible for its source. A faint coinci- 
 dence has been perceived by some writers between the 
 supposed fhght of the Canaanites before the arms of Jos- 
 hua and the arrival of Cadmus, Danaus, and other early 
 heroes, who introduced arts, arms and civilization among 
 the rude tribes of the Grecian peninsula. But all his- 
 torians are now agreed that the pillars which Procopius 
 says were erected on the extreme verge of Africa by 
 those who fled from "the robber the son of Nun," are 
 equally fabulous or mythical with other legends invented 
 by the early Christian monks and ecclesiastics to corro- 
 borate a history which was otherwise perfectly unique 
 and unsupported by any concurrent testimony of profane 
 
6 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 writers. A wild theory has been propounded, perhaps 
 with a similar object in view, which identifies the glories 
 of the early Israelitish monarchy with the commercial 
 prosperity of the Phseacians, so vividly depicted in the 
 Odyssey. The king of that country, it has been argued, 
 was Solomon, and the twelve princes of the Phagacian court 
 were the chiefs of the twelve tribes : the ships which went 
 to Tarshish for gold, coincide with the naval supremacy of 
 Alcinous. But, unfortunately for this theory, Phseacia 
 has been too well identified with the more recent Corcyra, 
 and the poet Homer was too well acquainted with the 
 voyage to the Phoenician Sidon to allow such a confusion 
 of incidents in his poem. The poet who so fully depicts 
 the Trojan war, and the various voyages and adventures 
 of its chieftains, and who probably himself lived in the reign 
 of Solomon, says not a word about the existence of that 
 remarkable people, who, as we learn from the bible, bore 
 sway over all the country of Palestine from Damascus on 
 the north to the river of Egypt on the south, and from the 
 river Euphrates on the east to the Mediterranean sea on 
 the west. 
 
 It is in no way remarkable that no notices of Judaea or of 
 the Jews should occur between the age of Homer and 
 that of Herodotus, for the whole of that long period of 
 four hundred years is almost a blank in Grecian histoy : 
 we have no other remains of it than the iEsopic fables, the 
 poems of Hesiod and Pindar, with a few poetical fragments 
 by no means likely to contain the most remote allusion to 
 the Jews or to the Jewish kingdom. 
 
 HERODOTUS, B. C. 480. 
 
 In the history of Herodotus who lived about 480 years 
 before Christ we find the fust allusions to the people of 
 whom we are speaking. 
 
 The Colchians are said by Herodotus to have been an 
 Egyptian colony founded by kingSesostris. Whatever the 
 Phoenicians and Syrians of Palestine may acknowledge 
 
HERODOTUS. 7 
 
 about the origin of circumcision, the bible at all events tells 
 us that the Jews derived it from heaven . 
 
 II, 104. Movvoi iravraiv av- 
 dpCOTTCDV K6\^0L KCbl AlyviTrioi 
 Koi AWioire^ •jrepiTci/xvovTai, an 
 ap^iji Ta alSoTa. ^olviKe^ Se 
 Koi Xvpoi oi iv rfj naXaicrrLvr), 
 Kol avTol ofx.oKoyeovo'i, Trap' Ai- 
 •Ywintwv p^/MaOrjKevai. 
 
 II, 159. nav(Tdfj,evoi Se t^s 
 Suapvxo'i o NeKoi's, irpdireTO 
 TTpo? aTpaTqta^ • Koi TpLtjpee'}, 
 al fiev, errl Trj Boprjirj BaXdaari 
 eTroiT^Orjaav, ai S', eV ra) 'Apa- 
 I3lcp KoXTTtf) 67ri rfj 'Epvdpfi 6a- 
 Xdcrcrr] • t&v ero oi oXkoI eVt'Sij- 
 Xm, Kal TavTrjaL re i^aro iv 
 Tft) SeovTi • Kal Xvpoiai TTC^fj 6 
 NeKQii <TV/j,^a\aiv iv M.ayh6\(p 
 iviKTicTe' fiera Se ttjv fjidj^riv, 
 KdSvTlv TToXiv tt;? Svplr]<} iov- 
 cav p,eyd\rjv etKe. 'Ev rfj he 
 icrffrjn 'irvye ravra Karepyaad- 
 fi.evo'i, dve0i]Ke rm ' AiroXkuivi, 
 •jrip.yjra'; ii Bpa'yx'^'^'^ ■'"'^^ ^'■ 
 Xrjcrlcov • /^erd Sk, iKKalSexa erea 
 TO, TrdvTa dp^a^i, TeXevra, T<p 
 TrasSi Wdp.p.i 7rapaSov<; rrjv 
 
 dpxnv. 
 
 III, 5. 'Atto yap ^oivUrji; 
 l^-^'Xpi' ovpoov Tcov Kja^VTiO'i tro- 
 Xt09 yr) ecTTJ Svp(i>v T&v Ua- 
 Xai(TTiv&v KdKeop,evaiv • diro he 
 KaBvriO'S, iovarj'! ttoXio^, a)? 
 ep,ol SoKeei, 2lapSio)v ou TToWm 
 eXdffcovoi;, aTTO TavT'Tji; to, ip,- 
 TTopca Ta hrl OaXda-a-Tj'} p-e'xpi 
 'trivvaov ttoXjo? e'crrt Toi) 'Apa- 
 fiiov. 'Atto Sk 'IrjviKrov adTi.<; 
 Svpaiv P-ixP'' Sepfio}vlSo'i Xlfi- 
 
 The Colchians and Egyptians and 
 Ethiopians alone of all men from 
 the beginninf; circumcise their pri- 
 vate parts. But the Phcenioians and 
 the Syrians of Palestine, even them- 
 selves acknowledge that they learnt 
 it from the ^Egyptians. 
 
 Nekos, leaving off the canal, 
 turned his attention to military 
 expeditions ; and triremes were built, 
 some in the North Sea, some in the 
 Arabian gulf on the Ked Sea ; of 
 which the docks are still to be seen. 
 And he used these as he wanted 
 them. And Nekos having engaged 
 with the Syrians by land at Mag- 
 dolus defeated them. And after the 
 battle, he took -Kadytis which is a 
 great city of Syria. He dedicated 
 to Apollo the garment which he 
 happened to wear when he achieved 
 these things, sending it to Branchi- 
 da; of the Milesians. But afterwards, 
 having leigned in all sixteen years, 
 he died, leaving his kingdom to his 
 son Psammis. 
 
 For from Phoenicia as far as the 
 borders of the city of Kadytis is 
 what is called the land of the Syrians 
 of Palestine : but from Kadytis, 
 which is a city, as seems to me, not 
 much less than Sardis, from this 
 the towns on the sea-coast as far as 
 lenysus belong to the Arabian. But 
 from lenysus again [it belongs] to 
 the Syrians, as far as the Serbonian 
 
8 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 vij'i, Trap rjv Brj to Kda-iov opo^ lake, near which indeed the Casian 
 reivei es 0aXaaa-av. mountain extends to the sea. 
 
 VIIj 89. TS>v Se TpiTjpewv 
 apiBfibi /J-ev iyeveTO eTTTO, koI 
 cii]Ko<7cai Kol vlXiac ■ Trapei- 
 "XpvTO Se avTcLv oi'Se ■ ^oivlkc^ 
 fiev crijv Svpioicn Toicri ev Ua- 
 XaiaTwy, TpirjKoa'la';, wSe itricev- 
 a<T/u.evoi • Trepl /juev rfja-i, Kecjia- 
 Xrjai Kweai el^^ov ayyoraTa) 
 TreTTOtrjp.eva'; rpoTrov tov 'EW-rj- 
 vtKov • ev&eSvKOTef Be 6a>prjKa<; 
 Xiveovi, acrwiBa<i Be I'tu? ovk 
 e')(ov<7a's el'xpv, Kal aKovTia. 
 OvTOi Be 01 ^olviKet to iraKaiov 
 o'Iksov, &)9 avTol Xeyovcn, eVi Ty 
 'Epv6pp daXd(7<7ri • ivOevTev Be 
 irrrep^avTe'S T^9 Svplrj^ OiKeovai 
 TO. irapd ddXacrcrav. Tr]<; Xv- 
 pit}^ TOVTO TO ■)(0)piov Kal TO 
 ^e;^t AiyiiTTTOv nrav, UaXaLcr- 
 tIut) KoXeeTai. 
 
 Tlie number of the triremes was 
 twelve hundred and seven : but 
 tliese people furnished them. The 
 Phoenicians with the Syrians of 
 Palestine three hundred, armed as 
 follows : on their heads they had 
 helmets made very nearly after the 
 Grecian fashion ; and clothed with 
 linen breast-plates, and they had 
 shields without rims, and javelins. 
 These Phoenicians formerly, as 
 themselves say, dwelt upon the Ked 
 sea ; and having crossed over from 
 thence they inhabit the sea-coasts of 
 Syria. But this part of Syria, and 
 all as far as jEgypt, is called Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 The last of these extracts shows only that the Syrians 
 of Palestine are joined with the Phcenicians as furnishing 
 ships for the expedition of Xerxes. The Jews are not 
 specially named, but they were always included by the 
 Greek writers among the Syrians of Palestine. 
 
 A greater interest however to the reader lies in the other 
 two extracts from Herodotus, in which Kadytis is named. 
 
 A learned German, Ferdin. Hitzig, has published a 
 dissertation on this city (De Cadyti tirhe Herodotea, 1 829), 
 and Meier, in his Judaica 1 832, gives in a marginal note to 
 one of these extracts the words Cadytis urhs^Gaza. But 
 the narrative of Herodotus, in the second extract above, 
 seems so remarkably to describe the battle of Megiddo, in 
 which king Josiah was wounded, and Jerusalem taken, that 
 
POLYBIUS 9 
 
 it is difficult to believe Kadytis to be any other than Jer- 
 usalem. Add to which, the Arabs still call Jerusalem 
 Koodts, the Holy City, to this very day. 
 
 POLYBIUS, B. C. 200. 
 
 From the time of Herodotus two hundred and eighty 
 years pass away until the close of the Second Punic war 
 without any notice of the Jews occurring in any Grecian 
 writer. Roman literature was hardly even in its cradle. 
 Cato the Censor had not begun to raise his cry of Delenda 
 est Carthago, and, if any of the old chronicles, quoted 
 afterwards by Livy, were then in being, they have long been 
 lost, and another century was to pass before that which is 
 properly called Roman literature came into existence. 
 The Greek historian Polybius, in his valuable History, 
 briefly notices the Jews and the Jordan in the reigns of 
 Antiochus and Ptolemy. 
 
 Histor. T, 70. 'H Se ^iXore- 
 pla Kelrai Trap' avrrjv tt)v Xtfj,- 
 vrjv, ei9 rjv 6 KaXovfuevo^ ^lopSd- 
 iAi)9 TTOxajuos elcTpaXkiov, e^vrjai 
 TTciXiv evi TO, TreSia ra wepl rrjv 
 ^KvBSyv iroKiv irpoa^aryopevo/ie- 
 VTjv. Tevo/xevo'; Be Koff bjioKo- 
 •yiav e'yKpaTT]'; a/j^oripcov T&v 
 •7rpoeipiqp,eva)v woXemv, evOapaSyt 
 e<r^e irpo'i ras /MeWoiKTat hn- 
 fioXdi; • Sia rb rrjv vTroTera'yixe- 
 vqv xwpav rai^ 7r6Xe<7t TavraK 
 pahlwi SvvcurOai Travrl rm trrpa- 
 roneSq) ^(opTjyeiv, ical Sa-^lXrj 
 •TrapacTKevdt/sLV to, KaTeTrelr^ovTa 
 irpb's TTjV xpeiav. 
 
 Libri XVT Eeliqui*. ^ 'O Be 
 Tov UroKefiaiov orpaTrjyb? Xko- 
 ira'i, opp/rjaai ell Toil's avco 
 ToiTov;, Kare(7Tpe'<^aT0 iv T&i 
 ■Xei/i&vc TO T&v 'lovSalcou id- 
 vo<s. 
 
 Philoteria lies near tie same 
 lake, into which the river called the 
 Jordan enters, and comes out again 
 into the plains near that citj which 
 is called the city of the Scythians. 
 Having become master by agree- 
 ment of both the aforesaid cities, 
 he l_Aniiocim'] felt himself secure 
 against future assaults, because the 
 country subject to tliese cities 
 could easily furnish supplies to all 
 his army, and provide in abundance 
 the things that were urgent for ase. 
 
 Skopas, the general of Ptolemy, 
 having marched up the country, 
 subdued in the winter the nation of 
 the Jews. 
 
10 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 CICERO, B. C. 70. 
 
 From Polybius we come down an hundred and thirty 
 years to the age of Cicero, in whose voluminous writings 
 we find only two notices of the Jews, and those not of the 
 most flattering character : 
 
 Orat. de Prov. cons. e. 5. Jam 
 veropiiblicanos miseros, (me etiam 
 miserum, illorum ita de me meii- 
 tprttin miscriis ac dolore) tradidit 
 [,G^^i>ims^ in servitutem Judaeis 
 et Sjris, nationibus natis servituti. 
 
 ProFlaccn,c. 28. Sequitur [con- 
 tra Flaccum] auri ilia invidia 
 Judaiei .,..,. Scis, L^li, quanta 
 sit manus,, quanta concordia, 
 quantum valeat in concionibus. . 
 Quum aurum Judseorum nomine 
 qnotannis ex Itaiia et ex omnibus 
 provinciis Hierosolyraa exportari 
 soleret, Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne 
 ex Asia exportari liceret. Quis 
 est, judiccs, qui hoc non vera lau- 
 dare possit? Exportari aurum non 
 oportere. quum ssepe an tea senatus, 
 turn me Consule, gravissime judi- 
 cavit. Huic autem barbar^ 
 superstition! resistere severitas ? 
 multitudincm Judseorum, flagran- 
 tem nonnumquam in concionibus, 
 pro republica contemnere, gravi- 
 tatis summse fuit ? 
 
 But now for those wretolied 
 tax-gatherers — and wretched me 
 too, for the misery and sorrow of 
 those who have deserved so well 
 of me — he \_Gabinius] delivered 
 them over in subjection to the 
 Jews and the Syrians, nations 
 born for slavery. 
 
 Next comes that odium about 
 the Jewish gold .... You know, 
 Lselius, wliat a band of them 
 there is, how they pull together, 
 and how strong they are at public 
 
 meetings Whereas it was 
 
 customary for gold to be export- 
 ed yearly in the name of the 
 Jews out of Italy and all the 
 provinces to Jerusalem, Flaccus 
 by edict forbade its being carried 
 out of Asia. Who is there, 
 judges, that cannot truly praise 
 this ? The senate, not only often 
 before, but also in my consulship 
 determined most decisively that 
 gold ought not to be exported. 
 Is it severity to resist this bar- 
 baric superstition ? To despise a 
 multitude of Jews, sometimes 
 so fiery at the public meetings, 
 when you are concerned for the 
 good of the commonwealth, was 
 that so very serious an affair ? 
 
HORACE. 
 
 1) 
 
 At " Cn. Pompeius, captls Ili- 
 erosolymis, victor ex illo fano 
 nihil atligit." Inprimis hoc, ut 
 multa alia sapientis ; quod in tarn 
 suspiciosa ac maledica civitate 
 locum sermoni obtrectatorum non 
 reliquit. Non enitn credo reli- 
 gionein et Judseorum et hostiutn, 
 impedimento praestantissimo im- 
 peratori, sed pudorem fuisse. . . . 
 Sua cuique civitati religio, Lasli, 
 est : nostra nobis. Stantibus 
 Hierosolymis, pacatisque Judasis, 
 tamen istorum rehgio sacrorum a 
 splendore hujus imperii, gravitate 
 nominis nostri, majorura institutis 
 abhorrebat, nunc vero hoc magis, 
 quod iila gens, quid de imperio 
 nostro sentiret, ostendit arnais : 
 quam cara Diis immortalibus 
 esset, docuit; quod est victa, 
 quod elocata, quod servata. 
 
 But, it seems, " Cneius Pom- 
 pey, when he had taken Jerusa- 
 lem, and was victorious, brought 
 forth nothing out of that temple. 
 Now in the first place this, like 
 many other things, Was charac- 
 teristic of a wise man : that ia 
 so suspicious and slanderous a 
 city he left no room for the 
 tongues of backbiters. For I 
 do not believe that the rehgioft 
 of Jews and enemies was an im- 
 pediment to that great com- 
 mander, but modesty ........ 
 
 Every state, Leelius, has its reli- 
 gion ; We have ours. Whilst 
 Jerusalem was standing, and the 
 Jews were at peace, yet the duties 
 of their religious rites were at 
 variance with the splendour of 
 this empire, the gravity of our 
 name, and the institutions of our 
 ancestors : but now so much the 
 more, because that nation has 
 shewn by arras what they thought 
 about our empire, has let us see 
 how far they enjoyed the favouif 
 of the immortal gods,.— by biaag 
 vanquished, leased out for reve- 
 mi&, and saved ! 
 
 HORACE, B. C. 50. 
 
 About the middle of the first century before Christ, the 
 muses seem to have left Greece altogether and to have 
 fixed their seat at Rome. The world has seldom seen a 
 stronger tide of inspiration than then began to swell the 
 notes of the Roman poets. Beginning with Virgil, Horace 
 and Ovid, a continued chain carries us down, through 
 Juvenal and Persius, to the days of Lucan and Silius 
 Italicus, whilst the list of historians and prose-writfers 
 
12 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 furnish the unrivalled names of Sallust, and Cffisar, Livy 
 and Tacitus. Horace, the bard of Roman song, has left 
 us two contemptuous allusions to the Jewish race. 
 
 Ser. I, 4, 142. Ac veluti te Like Jews we will compel you 
 
 Judffii cogemus in banc concedere To give way unto this crowd, 
 turbam. 
 
 Ser. I, 5, 100. Credat Jud^us The Jew Apella may believe, not I. 
 Non ego. [Apella, 
 
 Ser. I, 9, 69. 
 
 Hodie tricesiraa sabbata : Vin' tu To day's the thirtieth sabbath : 
 
 Curtis JudiEis oppedere ? Nulla . . ,7°"^"^ T'^/'if ! 
 
 mihi, inquam, The circumcis d Jews ? "What 
 
 Relligioest. At mi : sum paulo "^''f, ^ "!""??? ^"^^ 
 
 in&mior, unus " Nay, but I care, said I, " 1 am 
 
 Multorum. . , , „ but weak. 
 
 And one of many. 
 
 OVID, B. C. 20. 
 
 Virgil is silent about the Jews : Ovid alludes to their sab- 
 batical institution, but without mentioning the name of 
 sabbath. He was an exile for some time on the shores of 
 the Black Sea, but the Jews did not then attract so much 
 notice from the heathen world as in the time of Pliny an 
 hundred years later, when the Christians, a sect, as the 
 Romans thought them, springing from the Jews, became 
 so numerous even on the shores of the Black Sea, that the 
 temples of the ancient gods were almost deserted. 
 
 De art. amat. I, 75. Nee t,e Let not Adonis, lov'd of Venus, 
 
 praetereat Veneri ploratus Adonis, slip thee, 
 
 Cultaque Judseo septima sacra Nor seventh day hallow'd by the 
 
 Syro. Syrian Jew. 
 
 STRABO, B. C. 30.— A. D. 30. 
 The age of Strabo cannot be exactly ascertained : he 
 
STRABO. 13 
 
 wrote between B. C. 30 and A. D. 30, and has left some 
 copious accounts of the Jews. His history contains some 
 curious anecdotes. ' He was a geographer, born at Arpasia, 
 a city of Pontus. It appears that he studied grammar, and 
 rhetoric, at Nyssa, and that he was instructed in the prin- 
 ciples of the various sects of philosophers, in several of the 
 most celebrated schools of Asia. He owns himself a stoic, 
 and he followed their dogmas. Of the general course of 
 his life, little is known ; but he appears to have been a 
 great traveller, and to have visited most of the countries 
 which he describes. Besides his geography, contained in 
 seventeen books, which was written in his advanced age, 
 and which is highly valued, he was the author of some 
 historical works, which have been lost. His geography, 
 though from the time in which he lived it must be imper- 
 fect, and erroneous in various particulars, is very useful, 
 for the illustration of the history and writings of the 
 ancients : more especially, as he intersperses many philo- 
 sophical remarks, which indicate a cultivated mind, and 
 many short narratives, which serve to extend our acquain- 
 tance with the history and antiquities of remote periods. 
 Strabo frequently mentions music, and the illustrious 
 musicians of antiquity, with great respect. He places 
 Zeno at the head of all science ; and says, that the prin- 
 cipal invention of the poet does not consist in teaching, 
 but in delighting mankind. But though a grave and solid 
 writer, and a stoic, Strabo has related a story in his four- 
 teenth book, which throws a ridicule, not only on eminent 
 individual musicians, but on the pretended lovers of music. 
 He says, that in Greece, near Bargiha, on the sea-coast, 
 there was a market town, in a barren country, in which 
 the inhabitants subsisted chiefly on fish ; and a great per- 
 former on the cithara, passing that way, wished to display 
 his talents in public. On notice being given, the inhabi- 
 tants assembled in great crowds to hear him. But, soon 
 after he began to perform, on hearing the fish-market bell, 
 the audience hastened away, and left the citharist only one 
 solitary person behind, who had not heard the bell, for he 
 
14 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 was deaf. The musician complained of ill-treatment, but 
 finished by saying to the remaining gentleman, "Kind 
 sir ! 1 thank you for your politeness, in staying after all 
 the rest had left me ; but I perceive that you are a man of 
 taste, a true lover of music, and did not run away in the 
 midst of my performance, merely because the fish-bell 
 rung." — " What do you say ? Why, has it rung ? " demands 
 the deaf gentleman ; and the performer answering in the 
 affimative, " Oh, then, I wish you a good day, sir ;" and 
 hastened to the market as fast as he could.' 
 
 XV r, 2. "EvioL Se Trjv Svpiau 
 oXrjv e?? Te KoiXouvpov^ xal 
 $oiviKa<; SieXovrei! tovtoh ava- 
 fjiefjLi')(6ai ^aal Terrapa eOvTj ' 
 'lovSaiov;, ' ISovjjbalov;, Fa^al- 
 
 XVI, 2. Elra 'loTTirrj, Kaff 
 r\v 7) cvKo Trp AhyviTTOv ■TrapaKia 
 crrj/jteuaSS)'! iirl rrjv dpKTOv Kajj,- 
 irreTaL, irpinepov eirl rrjv ea> 
 Terap,6vrj. 'EvTavda he fivdev- 
 ovcrl TLveq rrjv 'AvSpojieSav eKTe- 
 Bfivai TO) KijTet • ev o'ljrei yap 
 
 €(TTIV IK.aVOi'i TO ')(aipioi', Oi(7T 
 
 atpopacrdal (pao'iv air' avTov ra 
 'lepoaoKviJia, tyjv tS>v 'lovSalmv 
 firjTpoTroXtv • koX Srj kcu eTTiveifp 
 TOVTca Ke-^priVTai, Kara/Bavre'; 
 jJii'Xpi OaKaTTT)^, ol 'lovSaioi,. 
 
 XVI, 3. r;}? 8e 'lovSaia^ r& 
 fiev ecnrepia a/cpa to, Trpos T&3 
 Ka(Tl<a Kare'^ovcriv oi ISouf^atol 
 ■re Kol Tj \lfj,vr]. 
 
 Na^araioi B' e'urlv ol ^ISov- 
 fjualoi * Kara ardciv he eicKeaov- 
 T69 exeidev irpoa-e-xoiprjo'av rots 
 'lovhaioif, Kol -Tcov vofilfuov r£)v 
 avT&v eKeivoK eKowcovrjcrav Trpo? 
 daXaTTTj Se fj SepficovU to. noWa 
 
 But some [writers], dividing the 
 whole of Syria in'o the Ccelo- 
 Sjrians and the Phojnicians, say 
 that four nations have become 
 mixed with these Jews ; Idumaeans, 
 Gazreaus, Azotians. 
 
 Then Joppa, at which the sea- 
 coast from Egypt bends remarkably 
 to the north, having before stretched 
 to the east. Here, some [writers] 
 tell us, Andromeda was exposed to 
 the whale : for the place is suffici- 
 ently in sight, so that they say 
 Jerusalem, the metropolis of the 
 Jews, is seen from it ; and the Jews 
 used it also as an arsenal, going 
 down to the sea. 
 
 Of Judoea the Idumseans and the 
 lake occupy the western parts to- 
 wards the Casian mountain. 
 
 The Idumaians are Nabathaeans, 
 and having been expelled thence in 
 a sedition, went over to the Jews, 
 and took a share in their institutions. 
 Towards the sea the Serbonian lake 
 occupied the greater part and the 
 country extending to Jerusalem : 
 
STRABO. 
 
 15 
 
 /coTeri^e Kol ■fj awexv'S /'■^XP' 
 
 'lepO&oXvfUOV • KoX ryclf) TaVTU 
 
 Trpo? OaXdrrri eariv • airb S^ 
 Tov etTLvelov ti}? ^ loirirrj'i eipi]- 
 •rai, OTi icTTlv ev o-^ei • Tavra 
 fiev irpoo'a.piCTia • to, ttoWo, S' 
 to? eKOcrra elcrlv vtto ^vKutv ol- 
 
 KOVfJ,eila /J.LKT&V, SK T6 AlyvTT- 
 
 Tocov iOv&v Kol ^Apafiioav koX 
 ^oiviKav. ToiovTOi yap oi ttjv 
 TaXiXaiav e-)^0VTe<;, km ttjv 
 'lepi-^ovVTa, Kol rrjv ^i\aSe\- 
 Aeucv Kal Safj,a,peiav, fjv 'Hpco- 
 oi;9 Se^aaT^jV eiToyv6p,aa-tv. 
 Ovrm 8" ovrojv /ii/ydSwv, rj Kpa- 
 Tovcra /laXicra (fn'i/Jir) t&v ■TTSpl 
 TO lepov TO iv Tol<i 'lepoa-oXiifioc; 
 TnoTevo/jiii'av, Alyv7rriov<; wno- 
 <f>acvei Tov^i irpoyovov^ TOiV vvV 
 'lovSalcuv 'Keyofj.evwv. 
 
 Mcocrji yap Tt? T&v Alyvir- 
 Tuov lepecav e')(u>v Tt fiepo^ ri}? 
 Ka\oviJ,^VT]<; ■xmpav, airiipev eKel- 
 <re ivdevBe Bvo")^ep(iva<; to. Kau- 
 e<TT&Ta, Kol avve^rjpav avTco 
 iroWol TLfj.wvTe'; to Belov. ' Eipt] 
 yap €Kelvo<; Kal iSiSaaKev, co? 
 
 OVK 6p6&^ (j)p0V0V<TlV 01 AiyVTT- 
 
 Tioi Brjpioit elKo.^ovTe'} Kai l3oa- 
 K^fiaai TO Geiov • ovS' oi Aij3ve^ • 
 OVK ev Se ouS* oi "EXXrive^, av6- 
 pcoTTOixop^ov; TUTTOvvrei • elr] 
 yap ev tovto p,6vov 6eb<; to ire- 
 piej(ov rip,a<i aTravTa^ Kal yyv 
 Kal BaXaTTav, o KaXov/J,ev ovpa- 
 vov Kal KoafJiov, Kal ttjv tS>v 
 ovT&v c^vdiv. TovTov Br] Ti? av 
 euKova wXaTTew dapprjo-eve vovv 
 e)(a>v 6p,oiav twI t&v irap rjpZv ; 
 a5oC eav Set Tracrav ^oavonrodav • 
 Tefievo^ a.<jiopl<raiira'; Koi cr'rjKov 
 a^wXoyov Tvp/Sv eiSovi xiapk. 
 'EyKotfiaa-Oai Be Kal ai/row 
 
 for these lie towards the sea. But 
 we have said that it is in sight from 
 the arsenal of Joppa. These then 
 are the parts towards the north : 
 but most of them are inhabited 
 severally by mixed tribes, of Egyp- 
 tian nations, and Arabian and 
 Phoenician. For such were those 
 who occupied Galilee, and Jericho, 
 and Philadelphia, and Samaria, 
 which Herod surnamed Augusta. 
 Thus then, being a mixed race, the 
 report most prevalent of the things 
 which are believed about the temple 
 among them, declares the ancestors 
 of those who are now called Jews, 
 to have been Egyptians. 
 
 For one Moses having a portion 
 of the land that was called the land 
 of the Egyptian priests, went out 
 thither from thence disliking the 
 existing order cf things, and many 
 reverencing the deity, went out with 
 him. For he said and taught that 
 the Egyptians are not right-minde.l 
 in likening the deity to beasts and 
 cattle : nor the Libyans : nor also 
 do the Greeks do well, representing 
 them in the shape of men. For 
 this one thing alone can be God, 
 which comprises all of us, and the 
 land and the sea, what we call 
 heaven and the world, and the 
 nature of the things that be. Who 
 then, that had sense, would dare to 
 make an image of him similar to 
 any of the things among us ? But 
 men should leave off every kind of 
 image-making, and, separating off 
 an enclosure and a fitting temple. 
 
16 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 VTTep eavrcav, xal virep T&v aX- 
 "Ktov aXKov<; Tovi; evoveipovi. 
 Ka\ TTpoaSoKav Selv vrapa Tov 
 0eov, KoX fieTO, SiKaioa-vvr]';, 
 Tovi 8' aXKovi fir) irpoaBoKav. 
 
 'EKelvo'; fihi ovv roiavra Xe- 
 yav erreurev £vyvii)/j,ova<; avBpa^ 
 OVK oXiryovi, xal avtjya'yev eh 
 
 TOV TOTTOV rOVTOV, OTTOV VVV i(TTl 
 
 TO iv Tot9 'lepocFoXvfji.oi'i KTia-fia. 
 KjiTe(T')(e he paBico'i ovk €7ri(j>0o- 
 vov ov TO ■)(a>piov, ouS' mrep ov 
 av Ti9 ia7rovha<Tfjbevo}<; /ia^e- 
 craiTO • e<7Ti lyap TreTpaSei, avTO 
 ixev evvSpov, ttjv Se kvKka ')(a>- 
 pav e')(ov Xv-irpav kol avvSpov, 
 Tr]v 8' eVro? e^rjKOVTa cnaolaiv 
 KOi VTTOTreTpOV. " AfUX, S' avTh 
 T&v oifKwv TO, lepa wpov^oK- 
 Xero Koi TO 6elov, LSpvatv tov- 
 TOv ^'t)Telv a^iaiv, Kal 'rrapaBoiaeiv 
 inri(r^vov/ievoi tolovtov o"6/3acr- 
 fwv, Koi TOLavTrjv lepowou'av, 
 rjTi^ oiSe SaTrdvaK o-^^ijcrei tov? 
 ■Xpo>/xevovi, ovTe 6eo(}>oplaK, 
 ovTe aXXa£9 irpar/p.aTelais aro- 
 TTOty. OvTOi /j,ev ovv evSoKi/j,^- 
 cra<s TOVTOt'i avveaTjjaaTO ap'xrjv 
 ov Tr}v Tir^ovaav, airdvTwv 
 irpoa")((oprj(7dvT(av paBlw; tc5 
 kv/cXm ocd TTjv o^iXiav Kal to, 
 7rpoT£iv6/Meva. 
 
 01 8e BiaSe^dfievot, ■)(p6vov^ 
 fiev Tcvw; ev rot? avToh Siip^i- 
 vav StKaiOTTpayovvre'; Kal deocre- 
 /Sew a)s oKrjd&'S oWes • eVetr' 
 e(j)iaTafj,eva>v eirl Trjv lepoavvrjv 
 
 worship [God] without an image. 
 But that men should sleep in [the 
 temple] for themselves, and those 
 who are felicitous in their dreams^ 
 on behalf of one another, and that 
 they may expect [dreams] from 
 God, and with righteousness, but 
 the others may not expect them. 
 
 He then, using these arguments, 
 persuaded some well-judging men 
 not a few in number, and led them 
 out to this place, where now is the 
 building in Jerusalem. Pic easily 
 took possession of the place which 
 was not one to be coveted, nor for 
 which any one would seriously con- 
 tend. Tor it is rocky, in itself 
 well-watered, but having the coun- 
 try round harsh and droughty, and 
 that within sixty furlongs also with 
 a rocky subsoil. At the same time 
 instead of arms he put forward the 
 sacred things and the deity, think- 
 ing right to seek the establishment 
 of this, and promising to deliver 
 such a worship, and such a sacred 
 service, which should not trouble 
 those who practiced it, with expenses 
 nor with inspirations, nor with 
 other absurd practices. He then 
 having gained fame by these things 
 estabhshed for himself an authority 
 of no ordinary kind, for all the 
 neighbouring people joined him 
 readily on account of their inter- 
 course and the pretensions which 
 he held out. 
 
 They [the Jews], having received 
 [these laws], for some time con- 
 tinued in the same acting righteously 
 and being truly pious : but after- 
 wards, when persons were placed 
 
STRABO. 
 
 17 
 
 TO fj^v irpSiTov SeicriSacfiovmv, 
 eireiTd TvpawiKwv avdpuiiratv, 
 e/c fiiv Trji SeicnSai/j,ovMi al 
 Tcov ^pa/iaTmv a.Trocr^ea'ei';, &v- 
 irep Kal vvv e0o<; icrTiv avTol'} 
 aire-^eadai, Kal wepiro/ial, Kal 
 iKTOfiai, Kal et Tiva roiavra 
 ivo/xla-Or] • m Se rS>v TVpavvl^wv 
 rh Xr](7TijpM. Oi /lev yap atpi- 
 a-rd/Mevoi rrjv xa>pav SKaKow, 
 Kal avTrjV Kal Trjv yeoTVicacrav • 
 oi Be <7Vfj,TrpdTT0VTe^ to4? ap- 
 ■)(pviTl Kadrjpira^ov Ta dWoTpia, 
 Kal T»j9 Svpia'; Karearpiipoino 
 Kal T^9 ^oivLkt}<} iToKKriv. ^Hv 
 S' ofieo<; einrpeTreid Tt? Trepl rrjv 
 aKpoTToXiv avrSyv, ov^ (US Tvpav- 
 veiov l3Se\VTTOfj.eva)v, dW 0)9 
 lepov cre/iVovvTim' re Kal ae^o- 
 fiivcov .... 
 
 TouivTOi Be 6 'AfJ^idpeco^, 
 Kal 6 Tpo<f>d)Vio^, Kal 6 'Op<j>ev';, 
 Kal 6 Moviralo';, Kal 6 wapa 
 Toll FeraK ^eo?, to /xev iraXatov 
 ZdfioX^K, IIv6ay6pei,6<s t(?, Kaff 
 fjfid'; Be o r& Bvpe^laTo. OeairL 
 ^o>v, AeKaiveo^' Trapa Be toI^ 
 BocriTopavoi'y ^A-^atKapc; • Trapd 
 Be TOis IvBol^ ol yvp^voffOffytaTat ' 
 irapa Be Toh Uepaai,'; oi fidr/oi 
 Kol veKVop-avTeti, Kal ert oi 
 \ey6fMevoi, 'KcKavop.dvrei^ Kac 
 vBpop,dvreL<i, "rrapcl Be Tots 'Aa- 
 cvploL^ oi XaXBaioi • irapa Be 
 Tolv 'Pcofialoi^ oi TvpprjVCKol 
 wpoa-KOTToi. TotovTc; Be Tt9 ^v 
 Kol 6 Mcoa-rji Kal oi BiaBe^dfMevoi 
 eKetvov, TO.'S jJ-ev dpxd<; Xa^ovret 
 ov (^ai5\a?, eKTpa/irofievoi, S evl 
 TO x^lpov. "HBr) B' ovv <f>avepw 
 rvpawovfiemj'i Trjv 'lovBaia';, 
 TTpSiTO'i dvff iepea)'; dveSet^ev 
 eavTov ^oaiKka 'A\e^avBpo<! • 
 
 in the priesthood who were first 
 superstitious and then tyrannical, 
 from their superstition arose ab- 
 staining from meats, from which it 
 is still their custom to abstain, and 
 circumcisions, and excisions, and 
 whatever other such institutions 
 have been established among them. 
 But out of their tyrannies arose 
 robberies : for those who separated 
 from them devastated the country, 
 both it and that which adjoined ; 
 but those who cooperated with the 
 rulers, plundered the property of 
 foreigners, and subdued much of 
 Syria and Phoenicia. But yet there 
 was a certain respect for their cita- 
 del, for they did not abhor it as a 
 seat of tyranny, but reverenced and 
 adored it as a temple 
 
 Such was Amphiaraus, and Tro- 
 phonius, and Orpheus, and Musa3us, 
 and the god of the Getae, former- 
 ly Zamolxis, a Pythagorean, and 
 among us he who gives oracles to 
 Burebistes, Dekseneus ; and among 
 the Bosporani, Achaicarus; and 
 among the Indians the Gymnoso- 
 phists ; among the Persians the 
 Magi and the corpse-diviners, and 
 moreover those who are called dish- 
 diviners and water-diviners, and the 
 Chaldfeans among the Assyrians, 
 and among the Eomans the Tyrrhe- 
 nian horoscopi. Some such person 
 also was Moses, and his successors, 
 who received authority by no means 
 contemptible, but turned to bad 
 courses. 
 
 When then Judaea was clearly 
 governed by tyrants, first of all 
 Alexander declared himself king 
 instead of high-priest, and his sons 
 
18 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 TOVTOV 8' ^aav viol 'Tpxavo'; re 
 Kal 'ApLa-T6/3ovKo<i ■ Si.a(f)epo- 
 ixevaiv he irepl Trji apyfi'i eirrfkBe 
 UoiXTTrjlo';, Kal Karekvaev av- 
 Toi";, Kal TO, epvfxara avT&v 
 Karea-TTaa-e, Kal avTO, iv irptinoL^ 
 TO, 'lepocToXv/ia 0ia KaToXa^mv. 
 ^Hv yap 7rerp(SS69 eiepKe'; epvp,a, 
 ivToi p,ev evvSpov, eVro? Se Trav- 
 T€Xw9 ht^rjpov ' TaSpov Xaro- 
 /iriTrjv e'xpv, liddoi fiev e^Kovra 
 TToS&u, TrXdroi Se TrevTtjKovTa 
 Kal StaKoalcov. 'Ek Se toO \[6ov 
 Tov 'Karofj.rjdevTO^ hreKvpyano 
 TO T6t^09 TOV lepov. KaTsKd- 
 /Sero 8', cof (pacrt, T7jprj<7a<i rrjv 
 Ti)? vr]<TTeia<; 'ijjxepav, riviKa 
 d'TTEL'^ovTO 01 ^lovSaXot iraVTO's 
 epyov, ■jfK.'qpdxTa'i ttjv rdffipov, 
 Kal iiTi^dkibv Ta<! Sia^ddpa'i. 
 KaTaaTrdcai E ovv ^KeXevcre Ta 
 Tei'^rj TrdvTa Kal dveiKev eis 
 Svvafiiv TO. 'Krjarripia, Kal Ta 
 <ya^o<j>v\dKia tq)V Tvpdvvoiv, 
 ^Hv hi hvo fj,ev Ta rat? elaPoXali 
 eiriKeLfjieva tov 'lepiKovvTO'i 
 &pvi Te Kal Tavpo'i, aXXa he 
 'A\e^dvSpi,6v Te Kal 'TpKaviov, 
 Kal Ma^aipow, Kal Avcria';, Kal 
 Ta irepi ttjV '^tXahe\(jiiav, Kal rf 
 Trepl TaXikaiav SkvOottoXk. 
 
 'lepiKov'i S' ecTTt irehiov kvkXo) 
 nrepie')(pp.evov opetvfj tivi^ Kal 
 TTov Kal OtaTpoeiZS}'! irpot ainSi 
 KeK'Kip.eini • ivraWa S' eanv o 
 ^oiviKmv, f^ep-tyfiev/jv e)^aiv Kal 
 dWr]v vXtjv rifiepoif Kal euKap- 
 TTov, ■TTkeovd^ov he tw (^oivlkl, 
 eirl /j,T]KO<; crTah/cov eKaTov, hidp- 
 pvTO'i dira^ Kai pueaTo^ KaTOi- 
 KiS)V • ea-Ti 8' avTov Kal Paai- 
 Xeiov, Kal b tov fidXa-dfiov Ua- 
 pdheiao'i • ecrrt 86 To (fiVTou 
 
 were Hyrcanus and Aristobulus : 
 and when they quarreled for tho 
 government, Pompey came upon 
 them, and put them down, and 
 destroyed their fortresses, having 
 taken by storm among the very first 
 that of Jerusalem. Por it was a 
 rooky well-defended fortress, well 
 off for water within, but altogether 
 droughty without, having a ditch 
 cut in the stone, sixty feet in depth, 
 and two hundred and fifty feet in 
 breadth. TJie wall of the temple 
 was built up out of the stone that 
 was quarried from it. He took it, 
 as tliey say, having watched the day 
 of their fast, when the Jews ab- 
 stain from every work, having filled 
 the ditch, and placed steps across. 
 He bade them throw down all their 
 walls, and as far as he could, des- 
 troyed the bands of robbers, and 
 the treasuries of the tyrants. There 
 were two which lay near tlie en- 
 trances of Jericho, [named] Tlirax 
 and Taurus, and others [named] 
 Alesandrium and Hyrcanium, and 
 Macha3rus, and Lysias, and at Phi- 
 ladelphia and the Galilaean Scytho- 
 polis. 
 
 Jericho is a plain surrounded all 
 round by hilly land, which slopes 
 towards it in the appearance of a 
 theatre. There is the Palm-grove, 
 having other timber also of various 
 kinds, cultivated and fruitful, and 
 abounding with the palm : its 
 length is an hundred furlongs ; the 
 whole of it is M'atered and full of 
 habitations. There is also there a 
 palace, and the Garden of B.alm : 
 this is a bushy plant, similar to the 
 
STRABO. 
 
 19 
 
 da/jLvoiSe';, Kvrlcrcj) ioiKo'; koI 
 Tepfiivdcp, apw/Marl^ov. Ov rov 
 (j)\ou)v eTrta'X^iaavre';, vTroKa//,- 
 ^dvovaw arf^eloL<{ tov cnrbv, 
 y\lcry(fia> ydka/CTL irapaifkriaiov 
 avaXrj^Oel'; S' 6t? Koy^dpia Xa/i- 
 0a.ue(, irrj^iv, Xvei he KeipaXaX- 
 yla^ 6avfiacTTS)<;, Kal viro^iKTEii 
 dp^ofMeva'i, Koi a/j./iXvonria'; • 
 Tt/ito? ovv ian, Koi Biori ivravda 
 fiovov yevvccTai • Kal 6 ^oivtKoyv 
 Se Toiovro'S, exf^v tow Kapvcorrjv 
 <j}olviKa ivravda fiovov, "ttXtjv 
 TOV BafivXiovlov, Kal tov eirex- 
 eiva irpo'; Trjv ew. MeydXr] ovv 
 dir avT&v r/ 7rp6<7o8o9. Kal 
 tS> ^vXa^dka-diiO) Be eos dpiifiaTi 
 
 XpSlVTCU. 
 
 'H Se Sip^tovl? Xi/xvr] ttoWtj 
 fiev e(TTi • Kal yap j^tX/fBy cttu- 
 Sicov elprjKacyL Tcve's tov kvk\ov. 
 Tfj /MevTOi TrapdXia irapeKTeTa- 
 Tai fjuKpw Ti irXeov t&v Suiko- 
 aiav cTTaSlcov /liTjKO? i'TriXafi^d- 
 vovua, dr/xf'P^S'h^t ^aOvraTov 
 e^pvaa iiScop, &crre fir] Selv 
 KdXvfJb^ov, dXka tov i/xffdvra, 
 Kal jjA^pi-'i ofUpaXov vpoe/M- 
 fidvTa, evOi)^ e^alpecrdac • uecm) 
 5' ecFTiv dc^oKTOv aim] ' Tav- 
 TTjV Se dvaipvcraTai KaTa Kaipovi 
 aTaKTOVi eK fjbiaov tov ^dOov^ 
 fierd iro^oXvyaiVj a)9 dv ^eovTO<; 
 vSaTO's • KvpTOV/MevT) Se rj eTTKpd- 
 veia, 7Ui<f)OV (pavracrlav Trape^ei ■ 
 <rwava(j>epeTat Se Kal acr^oXo'; 
 ■h-oWti, KaTrvcoSrji /J,ev, Trpos Se 
 Trjv o-^m aSrj\o<;, 'T(j) rj'i xari- 
 ovTai Kal x'^Xko's Kal apyvpo<; 
 Kal Trdv TO otCKitvov y-e^pi' Kal 
 j(pv<Tov. 'Atto Se TOV KaTWvcrdai 
 TO, CTK6vr) yvb)plt,ov<7iv oi "rrepioi- 
 KovvTes dpxpP'evTiv Trjv dva^oXrjV 
 
 cylisus and the terebinth-tree, and 
 sweet-smelling. They cleave the 
 bark of it, and catch in vessels the 
 juice, which is similar to sticky 
 milk, and when taken up in vessels 
 it coagulates. It wonderfully dis- 
 pels head-aches, and incipient effu- 
 sions, and dim-sightednesses : it is 
 therefore valued, and because it 
 grows here only. Such also is the 
 Palm-grove, which has the caryotio 
 palm there only, except the Baby- 
 lonian, and that beyond towards the 
 east. The revenue therefore from 
 them is great. But they use the 
 balm-tree also as an aromatic. 
 
 But the Sirbonian lake is large; 
 for some say that it has a circuit of 
 a thousand furlongs. However, it 
 extends along the sea-coast to the 
 length of a little more than two 
 hundred furlongs, and is deep to 
 the very edge, having very deep 
 water, so that there is no need of a 
 diver, but the man who enters, and 
 advances up to his middle, is im- 
 mediately carried off his legs. This 
 lake is full of asphalt, which it 
 spews out at irregular periods from 
 the midst of its depth with bubbles, 
 as if the water was boiUngj bnt 
 the surface becoming curved pre- 
 sents the appearance of a hUl. 
 Much soot also is thrown up along 
 with it, of a smoky character, but 
 obscure to the sight. It rusta both 
 brass and silver and every thing 
 shining, even to gold also. The 
 neighbouring people know by their 
 vessels becoming rusty that the 
 throwing up of the asphalt is be- 
 
20 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 T^9 cuT<pd\TOV, Kol irapaaKevd- 
 ^ovTat irpo's T'r)v jxeraXKeiav 
 aiiTov, ■TTOirja-dfji.evoi trj^eSia? «a- 
 "Kajjbiva^. "EdTC B' fj acr^aXTO^ 
 7^9 /SmXoj, ir/paivo/M^vrj xal Sia- 
 ■Xeo/j,ivr] • irdXtv Se fxeraPak- 
 Xovaa eh ird^^ov layvpov imo 
 Tov ^Jrirypov uSctro?, otov i<7Ti 
 TO T^9 XifiVTj'i vSaip, &<TTe TOfj,i)i; 
 Kal KOTTrj'; Beladat, elr iimrdKa- 
 ^ovaa hta ttjv !l>vaiv tov vBaTO^ 
 f)V ecfia/jtev /iTjSe koXv/jl^ov Beur- 
 6aL, ptr/Be ^a'KTi^e<T0ai Toy e/i- 
 ^dvTa, aXX' e^atpeaOao* irpoa- 
 Tfkei>c7avTe<; Be Tot's c^eSiaw, 
 KOTTTOVcri, Kal (pipovai t^9 da- 
 tj)dXT0V otjov exacTTo's Bvvarai. 
 To iJ,ev ovv a-vp-ISatvov toiovtov. 
 
 T6riTa<; Be ovtws, <rKriTne<r6ai 
 <j)'>]cnv e7r6jSa9 6 UocreiSdvioi 
 Tovi dvOpanrovi, Kal ovpa Kal 
 aWa SvarcoSr) vyph, a wepiKaTa- 
 yeaVTat;, Kal eKTridcravra';, tttJt- 
 Tecv TTjV acr<j>a\T0v, elra Te/j,veiv • 
 el ixri TK eailv e'TTiTTjSeioTTj'i tS)V 
 ovpwv TOiaVTij, KaOdirep Kal ev 
 Tai<; KvaTeai T&v Xtdicovrwv, Kal 
 eK T&v iraiBiK&v ovpa>v rj XP^- 
 aoKoXXa (TWUTTaTai- ev p-earj 
 Be Trj Xl/Mvr] to •TrdOo'i av/x/Saivetv 
 eijXoyoVf OTi Kal rf inj'yrj tov 
 irvpo'i Kav T^9 daipdXTOv Kara 
 fMeaov ecnl, Kal to irXriOo';. 
 "Atokto^ Be ?7 dva^vaTjai^, oTi 
 Kat r] TOV TTvpo^ KiVTjai^ ^^OC 
 e^ei Ta^tv r/fuv (pavepav, marwep 
 Kal aXXcov TTvev/idTwv iroXX&v. 
 ToMVTa Be Koi to ev 'AttoX- 
 Xmvia Trj 'HireipmTiBu 
 
 ginning, and they make preparations 
 for searching after it, manufacturing 
 wicker hurdles. Now asphalt is a 
 clod of earth, which becomes moist 
 and falls to pieces, and again chang- 
 ing into a hard lump by the cold 
 water, such as is the water of the 
 lake, so that it then requires cutting 
 and chopping, floating on the sur- 
 face on account of the nature of the 
 water, which we said neither needed 
 a diver, nor that the man who went 
 in should plunge, but be lifted up. 
 They sail up in the rafts, and cut 
 and carry off as much as each can 
 of the asphalt. 
 
 Such then is the nature of this bu- 
 siness. 
 
 But Poseidonius says that the 
 people, being magicians, pretend to 
 enchantments, both urines and other 
 unsavoury liquids, which pouring 
 round the asphalt, and pressing it, 
 they congeal it and then cut it — 
 unless there is some such fittingness 
 of urines, as also in the bladders of 
 those who have the stone, and gold- 
 solder is made from the urine of 
 children. It is reasonable that this 
 effect should happen in the middle 
 of the lake, because both the source 
 of the fire and of the asphalt is in 
 the midst, and the abundance. But 
 the spitting of it out is irregular, 
 because also the motion of the fire 
 has no law manifest to us, as also 
 of many other blasts. Such also are 
 those which are in Apollonia of 
 Epirus. 
 
 Tov 8' 'ip,-Kvpov Tr)v X'^P"-" Sit of the country's beino- fuU gf 
 ehai TO, dXXa TeKfi-qpia (j>epovcn firethey bring'many otherproofs • for 
 
STRABO. 
 
 21 
 
 TToXXtt* Kal yAp irgrpais Tivai 
 iwiKeKav/jjivcK oeiKVvovcn rpa- 
 X'^ta.'i irepi M-oacraBa, Kai arj- 
 pa/yya'i TroXXap^oO, Kal (yijv Te<p- 
 pioSr] • iTTar/6va<s Se irlaar]^ ex 
 \c<7irdSQ)p Xe«y8o//ie!/a? kcu Sv(t- 
 mSeK iroppcoOev Trorapioii's ^iov- 
 Tosy, KaToiKia<i hi avwrerpafi- 
 ixevai airopahrjv • &<tt6 inaTeveLV 
 Tot9 GpvKX.ov/j.evoi'i vtto t&v 
 iy^apUov, ws apa wkovvto ttots 
 rpwKaiSeKa TroKeis ivravBa, &v 
 TTji p.TjTpoiToKewis SoSo/xoiv crdo- 
 ^oiTO kvkXo'; e^Kovrd irov ara- 
 Slmv • VTTO Be (Teia/Jbwv Kal ava- 
 ^vtrrj/iaTmu wvpo's Kal 6epp,S>v 
 vSaTcov a<7<j>a'\,T03S&v re Kal 
 OeuoS&v rj 'kLfjum) TrpoTricroc, Kal 
 irerpai irvplXifjinoi ykvoivro • aL 
 re TToXets ai /jiev KarcmroBelev, 
 a? 8' eKXeiiroiev oi Svvdp^voi 
 fj}vyelp. 'EpaTotrdevrji; Se (fyrjcrt 
 Tavavria • Xifiva^ovo'rj'; t^? jj^to- 
 pos, eKprjyjiaiTiv avaKcCKvdidrjvai 
 Trjv Tf\eL(TTr]v, "aQamep Tijv Qa- 
 "Kaacrav. 
 
 they point ouk also some rocks burnt 
 up and rough near Moasada, and 
 hollows in many places, and soil like 
 ashes, and drops oi pitch flowing 
 from the bare rocks and ill-smelhng 
 rivers boiling up from a distance, and 
 houses thrown down here and there : 
 so that we may believe the things 
 that are talked about by the natives, 
 that thirteen cities were once in- 
 habited there, the capital of which, 
 Sodom, had a circuit of sixty fur- 
 longs; that through the earth- 
 quakes and eruptions of fire and 
 hot waters mixed with pitch and 
 brimstone the lake sunk in, and the 
 rocks became fiery, and of the cities, 
 some were swallowed up, and others 
 were deserted by their inhabitants, 
 if they could do so. But Erato- 
 sthenes says the contrary ; that the 
 country was a lake, and that the 
 greater part of it was uncovered by 
 the eruptions like the sea. 
 
 "E<7Ti Se Kal ev rfi FaSapiSi, 
 vSmp fiO'xdTjpbv Xifivatov ov to. 
 yevcrdfjieva kt^vtj Tplxa<S Kal 
 OTrXai; xal Kepara aTro^aWei,, 
 'Ev Se rats Ka'KovpIvai.'s Tapi,- 
 yeiai'! rj Xl/iinj p,ev Tapt/)(ei,a'i 
 lyOvaiv acTTeta? •rrapej(ei, ^vet Se 
 SevSpa KapTT0<p6pa, fiifkeaii ip.- 
 <j>ep7J ' ypwvTai S' Ai/yvTTTioi ry 
 d<T(j>d\,Ta) 77/309 TO? Tapi')(eiai 
 r&v veKpSjv. 
 
 n.op.irrfCo'i piv oh) -KepiKoy^a^ 
 Tiva T&v e^iSiacrdevraiv vtto t&v 
 'lovSaUov Kara ^iav, d-rreSei^ev 
 . . . 'Hpd>Srj . . . TTjV iepoi>(Tvvr)V. 
 TS)v S' aTTO yevov; rialv vcrepov 
 
 There is also in the Gadarite 
 [territory] a worthless lake of water, 
 and the cattle that taste of it lose 
 their hair and hoofs and horns. 
 At the [place] called Taricheas [the 
 PicJdings], the lake furnishes good 
 picklings of fish, and produces fruit 
 trees, like apple-trees ; but the 
 jEgyptians use the asphalt for the 
 embalming of their dead. 
 
 Pompey, having wasted some of 
 the lands which had been appro- 
 priated by the Jews, conferred the 
 
 priesthood on Herod 
 
 Afterwards Herod, a native of the 
 
22 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 'Hpd>Sr]i avrip 67ri%<B/3to?, Trapa- 
 Bill; 669 Trjv lepaxTvvqv, ToaovTov 
 Zirjve'fKe twv irph avrov Kai 
 fiakiara T§ Trpb'S 'Pcofjialov; bjxi- 
 \la Kal irokneiq, ware km 
 ^acjCkevt; iT^pri/j,dTi(7e, SovTOS 
 TO iJ,ev irp&TOV 'Avrcoviov Trjv 
 i^ovalaVt vcrepov Se K(u K.al- 
 a-apot Tov Xepacrrov. T&v o 
 vl&v TOW fxev avTK avaXev, ci>9 
 eTTt^ovXevaavTai; ainai • toSs §6 
 TeKevTwv StaSd^OLi? aTreXiTre, 
 /jiepiSa'} avTol's a7roBov<;, Kal- 
 crap Be Kal Tovt vIoik; irip/qae 
 TOV 'HpdSov, Kal Trjv aBe\(j>fiv 
 SaXai/Jiriv, Kal Trjv TavTrj-; dvya- 
 T^pa BepeviKrjv • ov fieinoi ev- 
 Ti/y7}Gav ov iracBe^, aXK 6V 
 ahiaK eyevoVTO. Kal 6 ptev iv 
 ^vyfj BiETeXeae irapa Toc<i 'A\- 
 Xofipi^i PaXarat? Xafiwv o'Ikt]- 
 <7iv ol Bi depaTtela "jroWy 
 /loXt? evpovTO kclOoBov, TeTpap- 
 X^f awoBoOeiurji; eKarepa. 
 
 XVII, 1. Kal TovTO Be t&v 
 ^rfKovpAvwv pLaKt<TTa irap avrols 
 [Tot'i AiryvirTioi';) to wdvTa 
 Tpe^etv Ta yevvciy/Lieva iraiBca ' 
 Kal TO wepiTepvevv, Kal Ta drjKea 
 eKTefiveiv, owep Kal TOT'S 'lov- 
 Baioiii v6p,ifiov. OvTOi Be etaiv 
 Alr/vTTTioi TO aveKaQev, KaOairep 
 elprjKapuev iv Tm Trepl eKeivcav 
 X07M. 
 
 country, having found his way into 
 the priest-hood, so excelled those 
 who went before him, and mostly 
 by his intercourse and residence 
 among the Romans, that he also 
 took the name of king, Antony at 
 first having given him the authority, 
 and afterwards Csesar Augustus. He 
 put to death some of his sons for 
 conspiring against him ; but others 
 of them he at his death named as 
 his successors, giving portions to 
 each of them. But Caesar honoured 
 both the sons of Herod, and his 
 sister Salome, and her daughter 
 Berenice. The children however 
 did not prosper, but were in fault. 
 The father continued in exile having 
 taken up his residence among the 
 AUobrogian Gauls ; but the sons 
 by much observance with difficulty 
 obtained their restoration, a tetrar- 
 chy having been given to each. 
 
 But this also is one of the things 
 that are most valued among them 
 (the Egyptians), to rear aU the 
 children that are born among them, 
 to circumcise them, and to excise 
 the females, which also was custo- 
 mary among the Jews. Now these 
 are Egyptians in their origin, as we 
 have said in the account about 
 them. 
 
 DIODORUS SICULUS. 
 
 In the reign of Augustus lived Diodorus, called Siculus 
 from having been born in Sicily. He spent the early part 
 of his life in travelling over Europe, Asia, and Africa, and 
 
DIODORUS. 
 
 23 
 
 then fixed his residence at Rome where he devoted thirty 
 years to writing his great work called Historical Library, 
 in forty books, comprehending the events of about 1100 
 years from the earliest times to the year B. C. 60. Of this 
 work only about seven or eight, including fragments, have 
 survived. A few notices of the Jews occur in these, and 
 throw some additional light upon the later period of their 
 national existence. 
 
 Bibl. Hist. I, 28. 01 Bk oh> 
 AlryinTTWi (paai Kai fj-era ravTO, 
 airoiKM^ TrXeicTTa? ef AvyuTTTOv 
 Kara iraaav Siacr-rraprivai ttjv 
 oiKov/idvTjv. Eh Ba^vXoiva ficv 
 ryap dryw/elv airoiKOVi HrfKov rbv 
 vofii,^6/ji,evov UocreiB&vo's elvai, 
 Kal Ai/Svrj'i. '^Ov irapa tov 
 Ev<j>pa,Triv TTOTa/Mov KadiSpvv- 
 divra, TOV'; re iepelf KaraaTrj- 
 craadai, 7rapa7r\i]aia><; toW /car 
 A'iyvTTTOv, dTeXej9, ical irdai)'; 
 Xeirovpyia^ a.TroKeKv/J.ivov;, 01)9 
 Ba^v\d)Vioi Kokovai XaXSai- 
 ous ■ Tci? re TrapaTrjpijaei'i tmv 
 aa-Tpu>v TOVTOVi Troiijaai, fiifiou- 
 /j.ivov; Tovi Trap" Alr/inrTioL<; 
 lepei'i Kal ^v(rtKov<;j en re a<r- 
 rpoK&yov^. Aeyovai Se ical roii^ 
 •Kepi Toi/ Aavaov opii7)devra^ 
 6fj,ouo<s eKeWev, arwoncLcrai rrjv 
 dp'xcuordrtjv <T^eSbv r&v Trap' 
 "EWr;<n rrokewv "Apyo';, to re 
 r&v KoXyav edvot ev rw Hovra 
 Kai TO ro)v lovoauov ava peaov 
 'Apafiia'i Kol Xvpiw ot/c^crai, 
 rivai 6pfi7i9evrai rrap eavraiv. 
 Am Kal wapa rol's 'yeveai rovroK 
 ex rraXaiov TrapaSeSocrOai to 
 rrepirefiveiv tovs ryevvcofMe'vovi 
 iraiSa';, ef Auyvrrrov jxerevrive- 
 •yfievov TOV vofilfiov. 
 
 The Egyptians say also that after 
 these things numerous colonies were 
 dispersed out o£ Egypt through all 
 the world; for that Belus, who is 
 thought to be the son of Neptune 
 and Libya, led colonists to Babylon, 
 and settling near the river Euphra- 
 tes, established priests similarly to 
 those in Egypt, untaxed and free 
 from all service, whom the Baby- 
 lonians callChaldaeanSjandthat these 
 made the observations of the stars, 
 imitating the priests and the natural 
 philosophers among the Egyptians, 
 and also the astrologers. But they 
 say also that those with Danaus 
 issuing in the same way from thence, 
 colonised Argos, which is almost the 
 oldest city among the Greeks, and 
 that the nation of the Colchians on 
 the Pontus, and the nation of the 
 Jews between Arabia and Syria, 
 were colonised by some who went 
 forth from them. Por which reason 
 also among those nations has been 
 handed down from ancient times the 
 circumcision of the children that are 
 born among them, this custom 
 having been brought out of Egypt. 
 
24 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 I, 55. . . . ^aai t&v AlyvTr- 
 Titov Tiva^ KaraXecfjideVTa^ Trepl 
 rrjv MaiMTLV '\ifivr]V (JV(TTr)aa<j- 
 6av TO tS>v K6\')^ci>v edvo^. "Ort 
 he TovTO TO yevo'i [t&v KoX^cov] 
 AlyvTTTiaKov h(7Ti, a7}fieiov elvac 
 TO TrepiTe/jiVeadai Tous av6p<i>- 
 TTov; TrapaTfXrjcrlioi; rot'; kut 
 AtyvTTTOv, SiafiivovTO'i rov vo- 
 {xifXiOV wapa toIi airoiKoi^, KaOd- 
 Trep Koi, irapa rot? 'JouSaioj?. 
 
 I, 94. Uapa fj,hv yap To2<i 
 'Apcfiacnroi'} ZaOpavaTrjV Iuto- 
 povai Tov arjaObv Saip,ova Trpocr- 
 TroirjtTacjOat tov^ vofMOVi avrco 
 SiSovai, irapa Se Tolt 6vo/j,a^o- 
 p.evot'i TeTats, toi'; airaBavaTi- 
 ^ovo't, ZdfioK^cv (haavTo)<; Trjv 
 KoivrjV 'Eariav, trapa fie TOiS 
 'IovBaioi<; MaKTrjV tov 'Iaa> iiri- 
 KoXovfjLevov 6eov etVe Oavfiacr- 
 Trjv «al deiav oXw? evvoiav elvai 
 KplvavTai; TrjV fikXKovaav oi>(j>e- 
 Xijcreiv dv6pw770iv TrXrjdoi;, eiTe 
 Kal TTpo? Trjv v'7Tepo-)(rjv koI 
 Svvafiiv T&v evpeiv Xeyofievcov 
 Toil? vopLOVi d-TTofiXeijravTa tov 
 O'xXov, fiSXKov VTraKOva-eadai, 
 ScaXa^ovTa'i. 
 
 They say that some of the 
 Egyptians having been left near the 
 lake Mffiotis founded the nation of 
 the Colchians. That this is an 
 Egyptian race, we have a sign in the 
 circumcision of the men like those 
 in Egypt, the custom having been 
 kept up among the colonists, as also 
 among the Jews. 
 
 Eor they relate that among the 
 Arimaspi Zathraustes pretended the 
 Good Genius gave them laws, and 
 that among the nation called the 
 Getse, who d'eem themselves immor- 
 tal, Zamolxis in like manner pre- 
 tended it was the common Vesta, 
 and among the Jews Moses the god 
 called lao ; whether it was that they 
 thought it was altogether a wonder- 
 ful and divine idea, which was 
 likely to benefit the mass of man- 
 kind, or also they judged that the 
 multitude, looking to the superiority 
 and power of those who were said to 
 have invented the laws, would the 
 more readily obey. 
 
 II, 48. "EcTTi 6' iv Tfi %(Bpa 
 Taxnfi T&v Nal3aTaia>v Kal ttIt- 
 pa Kad' v7rep8o\fjv ovvpa, p,iav 
 dvd^aaiv e-^ovaa, iC ■fj'} kut o\.- 
 i/yovi dva0aivovTe^, diroTiOev- 
 Tai Ta^ d'jro<TK€vd<; • \ifiv7j t6 
 fieydXrj (pepovaa ttoXX^i/ aa- 
 tpaXjov, ef ^9 Xa/J.^dvovaiv 
 ovK 6\lr/a'i TrpoaoSovi • avn^ 
 S' e^ei TO jxev p.rjKO'i crTa&iwv 
 (US TTevTaKocrlav, to Be ifka- 
 TO'i ft)? e^rjKovTa ' to S' vhmp 
 Bva&te<; Kal BidiriKpov, &<TTe fir) 
 
 In this country of the Nabataeans 
 is a rock excessively strong, having 
 one ascent, by which they go up a 
 few at a time, and lay aside their 
 baggage. And there is' a great lake, 
 producing much asphalt, from which 
 they receive no small revenues. It 
 is in length about five hundred 
 furlongs, and in breath about sixty. 
 Its water is ill-smelling and very 
 bitter, so that it cannot maintain 
 fishes, nor any other of the animals 
 accustomed to live in water. But 
 
DIODORUS. 
 
 Bvvaa-dai firjre lj(6vv rpe<f>eiv, 
 fj,jjT6 dWo tS>v KaS' vharot 
 eLcaBormv ^d>oiv eivai. 'ExfiaX- 
 XovTcav S' ei? avT-qv TroTafi&v 
 ixeyakav, rfj ykvKiiTi^Ti, Sicupo- 
 poov, TOVTOJV fiev Trepir/lverai 
 KaTO, Trjv SvcoiSiav, ^f avTfj<! Se 
 lxe<Tri<s /cot' iviavrov eKi^vcrq 
 a<Tij>aXrov .JfiejeOo';, irore fiiv 
 fi,elipv rj TplifKedpov, etrri S' ore 
 Svolv "TrXeOpwv. 'E<^' wv Srj 
 a-wrjdco'i 01 nrepioiKOvvre'i ^dp- 
 j3apoL, TO jxev tieil^ov KoXova-c 
 Tavpov, TO S' eXarrov p,6a')(pv 
 i7rovojj,d^ov(nv. 'EimfKiova'q'i 
 Se Trji acrcf>aXT0v ■7re\a/yia<;, 6 
 TOTTo? ifialveTai, Tolf fj,€v e^ d-rvo- 
 tnrip.aTO'i deapovcnv olovel 
 vrjcrov rrjv S' eKiTTwcnv t^9 
 cuT<^aXTOv crv/x^aivei (pavepav 
 <yivea6ai, Toti dvdpioTTOK irpo 
 fjfiep&v e'luoai,. Kvk\w jap TJ79 
 'Kifivrj^ iwi TToXKov^ araSlov; 
 
 OCTfir] TTpOCTTTLVTet fl€Td TTVeVflO- 
 
 T09, Koi 7ra9 Tr€pl tov tottov 
 apyvpo? re Koi j(pvao<;, koi %aX- 
 /co? d'KofiaXKei, ttjv ISioTrjTa tov 
 p^poo/LiaTOs. ^AX>C avTT) fiev 
 diroKaduTTarac irdkiv, eTreiSav 
 dvadtvarjcrai cvfi^rj 7rd<rav rrjv 
 aacbaXTOV * o Se ifKrjcnov roiro^j 
 
 e/MTTVpO'S WV KOi Su<7(u8?J?, TTOiet- ' 
 
 Tai TO. (ja>p,aTa tSiv dvdpoyiroiv 
 enrLvocra, koI •jravTeXa)<; o\i/yo- 
 ■Xpovia. 'AyaOrj S' icrTl (poiviKcov 
 ifiVTOK o<T7)V avrr)'; crvfi/Salvei 
 TTOTafiol'S ^ietXrj^dai '^Q)r)irifioi<}, 
 r) TT-rjryaii; SvvafJ,evai^ dpSevtrao. 
 riverai, Se irepl Toll tottoi'; tov- 
 TOCi iv avkfavl tivc to KaXov- 
 fievov ^d\a-aiJ,ov, ef ov TrpocroSov 
 Xafiirpdv Kapbfidvovacv, oiiSafiov 
 fiev Trj<; aXXijs olKOVfJuevq's evpiir- 
 
 KOp^VOV TOV (j>VTOV TOUTOV, TIJS 
 
 8' i^ avTov ■xpeia<i et's (pdp/xaxa 
 
 whereas great rivers differing in 
 sweetness flow into it, it gets tlie 
 better of them by its bad smell, and 
 spews forth every year from the 
 midst of it a quantity of asphalt, 
 sometimes more than three hundred 
 feet, and sometimes two hundred 
 feet. The neighbouring barbarians 
 commonly call the greater the Bull, 
 but the lesser they name the Calf. 
 
 As the asphalt floats on the surface 
 of the sea, the place appears like an 
 island to those who view it from a 
 distance. But it happens that the 
 ejection of the asphalt becomes 
 manifest to the people twenty days 
 before hand. ]?or a smell with a 
 wind strikes over many furlongs 
 round the lake, and all the silver 
 and gold about the place, and brass, 
 loses the peculiarity of its colour. 
 
 But this is restored again, when all 
 the asphalt has been thrown up. 
 But the neighbouring place, being 
 fiery and ill-smeUing, makes the 
 bodies of the men diseased, and 
 altogether short-lived. But the 
 palm-grove is good for plants, as 
 much of it as happens to have been 
 intersected by useful streams, or by 
 springs able to water it. But tiiere 
 is in those places in a certain valley 
 that which is called balm, from 
 which they receive a fair revenue, 
 seeing that this plant is found no- 
 where in the rest of the world, and 
 its use in medicine to physicians is 
 exceedingly favourable. 
 
26 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Toi'; larpot'i Kaff {mep8oKr)V 
 euderovaTj^. 
 
 Eclog. XXXIV, 1. 'nt'AvTio- 
 ')(0'i 6 /3a<TL\€vi, (pr/criv, CTroXiop- 
 Kei 'Iepocr6\,v/J,a, ol he 'lovSaioi 
 I^^XP'' f'"^" ''""'05 dvTea'Xpv. 'E^a- 
 vaXiodevrav Se TOiv e'm.TrjSeicav 
 aTrdvTOiPf rjva/yKaaOTjaav irept 
 hiaXvaeait BiaTrpecr^eva-ao'Oai. 
 Ol Se TrKeiovi avTa> t&v <j>b\aiv 
 (Tvife^ovXevov Kara KpaTO^ aip- 
 r/crevv rrfv ttoKlv Kal to yevo^ 
 apBrjv dveXetv t&v lovSalcov. 
 HIovov; fyap dirdvTcov eOvdv 
 aKolvoivyJTOv; Aval Trp Trpos 
 SiXKo eduot o-y/i/iif i,'a9 Koi vroXe- 
 fiiov; vwoXafJi^dvebv TraiTa?. 
 'AireSeiKWov Se Kal roii'} 'wpo- 
 jovovi avTwv ai? d<7e/3ei'i Kal 
 fjLL(TOvixh)ov<i ■wapd 6eSiv, i^ dwd- 
 CT}^ TJ79 Ah/viTTOv '7recl>v'yaSev- 
 fievovi. Tovi yap dX(pov<i rj 
 XAirpa'i ej^oi'Ta? iv rols awfiacn, 
 Ka6app,ov yapw, (B9 ivayels aw- 
 aOpoiadevTa';, vTrepoplov; eK/3e- 
 pXfia-9ai. Tow St' i^opL(j6evTa<i 
 /caTaX£t/3eo'6at. p.ev tov9 Trepl rd 
 'lepocroXv/ia tottov;, avcTTjua- 
 pAvovs Se TO tS>v 'lovSaiwv edvo<;, 
 irapaBoatpov irocrjaat to p^lcro^ 
 TO wpb^ toik; dvOpdnrov!. Aid 
 TOVTO 8e Kal v6p,ip,a ■TraVTeXw'; 
 e^7jXXayfj,eva Karahel^ai, to pi)- 
 hevl aXX(p edvei TpaTreJjq'; koivco- 
 velv TO Trapdirav, pT}^' evpoeiv * 
 v-irep.vqcrav Se airrov Kal Trepl 
 Tov yevop,evov pL<Jov<; toi? Trpo- 
 •yovoi'; irpo'; tovto to e6vo<}- 
 'AvtIo')^o<; yap wpoaar/opevdeh 
 'Ettk/kh'^?, KaTaTToXep-i^aai} Tovi 
 'lovhalovi, ela-fiXOev eh tov aSv- 
 Tov TOV 6eov aTjKov, ov vopipov 
 elaievai p.6vov tov lepea. Evpmv 
 he ev avTcp Xidivov ayaXp.a dvS- 
 
 When Antioolius (he tells us) 
 besieged Jerusalem, the Jews held 
 out for a time : but when all their 
 necessaries were consumed, they 
 were compelled to send an embassy 
 about a capitulation. But the 
 greater part of his friends advised 
 him to take the city by force, and 
 utterly to destroy the nation of the 
 Jews. For {t/iey said] that they 
 alone of all nations had no share in 
 intercourse witli any other nation, 
 and looked upon all men as their 
 enemies. They also showed that 
 their forefathers, as impious and 
 hated by the gods, had been driven 
 out of Egypt : for that those who 
 were white-skinned or had leprosies 
 in their bodies, having been gather- 
 ed together, as unclean, for the 
 sake of purification, were cast out 
 beyond the borders ; and that those 
 who were [t/iiis] cast out, took pos- 
 session of the places about Jerusa- 
 lem, and having formed the nation 
 of the Jews, made hereditary their 
 hatred against mankind. Bat on 
 this account also they put forth 
 laws of a wholly different character, 
 to join at table with no other nation 
 at all, nor to shew them good will. 
 They reminded ^hrm also of the 
 hatred entertained by his forefathers 
 against this nation. For Antiochus 
 surnamed Epiphanes, having over- 
 come the Jews in war, entered into 
 the uneuterable shrine of their God 
 where it was lawful for the priest 
 alone to enter. Finding therein a 
 stone image of a man with a thick 
 beard, sitting on an ass, and hav- 
 ing a book in its hands, he sup. 
 
DIODORUS. 
 
 27 
 
 po9 ^aOwrcoymvo^, KaOrj/jtevov 
 eir ovov, jjbera ^ewa? e)(p^ /3'/S- 
 Xlov, TovTO fjbev V7ri\a0e Mco- 
 (76(09 etvai, Tov KTicravTO^ rh 
 lepoaoKvfxa xal <7vcTTrj(7afJiAvov 
 TO edvo's, Trpos Se tovtow vo/m- 
 OeTrjaavTO^ to, ixicrdvBptOTra ira- 
 pdvofia eOrj toii 'lovSaioK • 
 auTOS Be <7VCTTri<Ta<; rrjv fjuirav- 
 Gpayiriav Trdvrav iOvSiv, i(j>i,\oTi,- 
 fir/Or] KaraXvaai ra v6/j,iua. 
 Alo tw djdK/j,aTi rov KTiarov 
 Kal Tm {nraidptp fiai/Mw rod 6eov, 
 /leyaXrjv vv dvaa's to re al/x,a 
 irpcre^eev ainol^, Kal ra Kpea 
 aKevdtra'i Trpotrera^e t& /j,ev a-7ro 
 TOVTmv fico/MQJ ra? lepai avr&v 
 /3i(8Xou9 Kal ■7repie')(ov<Ta<; r^ 
 fiiao^eva v6/j,ip,a Karapavai, • tov 
 Be dOdvaTov \€rj6p,evov Trap 
 avTol's Xv'xyov Kal Kaio/ievov 
 dSiaXetTTTO)^ ev tw vam KaToa- 
 /Secrai • t5>v Be Kpe&v dvarfKa- 
 cras irpoaeveyKaaOai tov dp- 
 ■)^tepea koI Toil's aXKov; 'lov- 
 Baiov^. Tavra Be Bte^iovTe^ at 
 <j>[KoL TOV 'AvtIovov "jrapeKaXovv 
 jiaXuTTa fiev aporjv dveXetv to 
 idvo'i ■ el Be ijurj, KaraXvaai to, 
 vofxijia Kal a'vvavaryKoaai, ra? 
 dr/od'ydi; fieTadeadai. 'O Be 
 (Sa(riXeis fie^a\6^iy)(p<i &v Kal 
 TO rjOo's ^p.epo'i, Xa^wv 6/j,^pov^, 
 aTriXvcre twv eyKXijiiaTOiV Tov<; 
 'lovBaiovf, (popov; re tov<; 6(j)ei- 
 Xofievovi; irpa^dfjievo^ Kal to, 
 T£i)(rj "jrepieXxov tSiv 'lepoeroXv- 
 jxtov, 
 
 Eclog. XL, 1. 'Hp,ei<; Be /MeX- 
 Xovre'S dvar/pdipeiv tov irpo<i 
 'lovSaiov; "TroXep^v, ooKelov ei,vai 
 BiaXa/M^dvo/iev TrpoBieXdeiv ev 
 KeipaXaioL'; Trjv tov e6vov<; tovtov 
 ef dp^rji KTiuiv, Kal to, -nap 
 
 posed this was of Moses, who built 
 Jerusalem and settled the nation, 
 and moreover enacted for the Jews 
 those lawless misanthropic customs, 
 but himself, having drawn upon 
 himself the misanthropy of all 
 nations, was ambitious of doing 
 away with those laws. Wherefore 
 on the image of the founder and on 
 the altar of the god in the open air, 
 having sacrificed a great sow, he 
 both poured the blood upon them, 
 and having cooked the flesh, he 
 commanded them to sprinkle with 
 the broth from it their sacred books 
 which also contained the laws of 
 hatred to strangers, and to put out 
 the lamp which is called among 
 them immortal, and is always 
 burning in the temple ; and he 
 compelled the high- priest and the 
 other Jews to take of the flesh. 
 These things were recapitulated to 
 Antiochus by his friends, who advis- 
 ed him by all means to destroy the 
 nation utterly, but if [he could] 
 not [do that], to dissolve their laws 
 and compel them to change their 
 mode of training. But the king, 
 being magnanimous, and mild of 
 character, having taken hostages, 
 freed the Jews from charges, exact- 
 ing the tribute that was due, and 
 pulling down the walls of Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 But being about to relate the war 
 against the Jews, we judge it to be 
 proper first to relate summarily the 
 foundation of this nation from the 
 beginning, and the laws that prevail 
 among them. In Egypt formerly, 
 
28 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 ouTOW Vo/ju/ia. Kmh, rrjv At- 
 'yxnrTOV to TraXatov, 'XmfiiK'fji; 
 irepta-rdcreM'i 'yevofJ,evr]i, aveirefi- 
 •jTov oi TToXXol rrjv ahiav tS>v 
 KaxSiv enrl to haifioviov. IIo\- 
 Xa>v lyap KOi iraVTohaTToyv kutoi- 
 KOVVTCov ^evcov, Kol Si7jWay/j,e- 
 rot? £0ecn, j(pa/j,eva}V irepl to 
 lepbv Kal TO,'} dva'ia';, xaToXe- 
 Xva-Oai cTwiPawe Trap' avToh 
 To,^ TraTplov; t&v Oe&v Tt/j.d'?. 
 "Oirep oi T% %<opa5? £yyevec<; 
 mreka^ov, iav fir] tov'; aXKo^v- 
 Xov? p,eTa<nr}(Ta>VTai, Kpiaiv ova 
 ecreadai t&v KaK&v. Evdvt ovv 
 ^evrfKaTOVfxeva>v T&v dXXoeOv&v, 
 oj /xev iTTKpavecTTaToi Kal Spa- 
 (TTiKonaTOi <TV<7Tpa(pevT6^ ^i^p- 
 pi(f>7)a-av (dS? ;' TiVK <paaiv) eh 
 Trjv 'EXkdBa Kal Tivat CTepovi 
 TOTTOv; 6'^oVTe'; d^toXoyov^ rjye- 
 /Jtovai;, &v 7)<yovVTO Aavao'; Kol 
 Kdh/xof T&v aXXoiv e'7ri<j)aviaTa- 
 TOL. 'O Be TToXii^ Xem? e^eire- 
 aev eh Trjv vvv KcCXovfxevqv lov- 
 Saiav, ov TToppo) ixev Kei,/j,ev7]v 
 Trj<i AlyvTrTov, •jravTeX&'i he eprj- 
 fjiov ovcav KaT cKelvov^ Toiii 
 •Xpovovt. 'HyeiTO Sk Trjf aTTOL- 
 Kiat 6 Trpocrwyopevo/jievo'iMoicrfj'i, 
 <ppovri<7ei, Se ttoXX^ Kal dvSpela 
 TrXeldTOV SuKpepav. Ovto<; Se 
 KaTaXa^ojxevo'i ttjv ^copav, aX- 
 Xa<; T€ TToXet? eKTure, Kal Tr]V 
 vvv ovaav eTn^aveaTdTr^v, ovo- 
 fj,a^opIvriv 'lepoaoXvfUi. 'Ihpv- 
 caTO he Kal to ixdXicrTa Trap 
 aiiToh Tifj-cofievov lepbv. Kal 
 TO.? Tipidf Kal dr/iaTelai tov 
 OeLov KaTeSei^e, Kal to, KaTo, 
 TrjV TToXi-Teiav evoixoOerrja-e re 
 Koi SteTa^e. AietXe he to TrXrj- 
 6os eh Sd)SeKa <f>vXd^ Sid to tov 
 dpiOiMV TOVTOV TeXecoTaTOV vopl- 
 ^ea-Oai, Kal a-vp^iovov eivai tu> 
 
 when there was the contingency oJ 
 a plague, the multitude referred the 
 cause of their evils to the deity. For 
 tliere being many strangers and of 
 many nations dwelhng among them, 
 and using different customs, as 
 regards the temple and the sacrifices, 
 it happened that the hereditary 
 honours of the gods were brought to 
 an end among them. Wherefore the 
 natives of the country supposed that, 
 unless they should remove the forei- 
 gners, there would be no termination 
 of their evils, immediately therefore 
 the strangers were driven out, and 
 the most conspicuous and energetic 
 of them joining together, were cast 
 forth (as some say) into Greece and 
 some other places, having worthy 
 leaders, led by Danaus and Cadmus 
 the most distinguished of the others. 
 But the greater part of the people 
 was driven out into the country now 
 called Judffia, which lies not far from 
 Egypt, and was wholly a wilderness 
 in those times. The leader of the 
 colony was named Moses, very 
 superior by his great prudence and 
 courage. He, having taken posses- 
 sion of the country, founded both 
 other cities, and that which is now 
 the most distinguished, named Jeru- 
 salem. He founded also the temple 
 that is so much honoured among 
 them : and he appointed the honours 
 and rites of the god ; and he enacted 
 and appointed the things which con- 
 cern the government. But he divi- 
 ded the multitude into twelve tribes 
 because this was thought to be the 
 most perfect number, and agrees 
 with the number of the months 
 which fill up the year. But he set 
 up no statue of the gods at all, be- 
 cause he did not think god to be in 
 
DIODORUS. 
 
 29 
 
 irKfjOec tS>v fjyrjv&v tS>v top 
 ivuivTov crv/iTrXrjpovVTCov. ''Ay- 
 aXfia Be Be&v to <tvvoKov oil 
 Kare<TKevcLae, Sia to fir/ vo/xU^eiv 
 avd payirojjLop^ov elvao tov 6eov, 
 cCKKa Tov Trepii'XOVTa rrjv yfjv 
 ovpavov /Mvov elvai Bebv, Kal 
 T&v okwv Kvpiov. Ta'i Se Ova-iaf 
 e^Wayfj^va<; avvecnricFaTO r&v 
 irapa Tot? aA,XoiS edveai, koX 
 TOff Kara tov jSiov ayoyyd^. 
 Aih yap rrjv ISiav ^evr^Xaaiav 
 a/TTavd poyTTOv rtva Kal p^itro^evov 
 fiiov elurfyri(TaTO. 'ETriXe^a,'; Se 
 T&v avhp&v Toix; ^(apiea-TdTOVt; 
 Kal pAXitrra Bwrjcop-evov; tov 
 avp/irapovTO'i edvovi irpotcTTacr- 
 dai, TovTovt lepeK (XTre'Setfe. 
 Tr)v Se Tpip-qv eTa^ev avToiv 
 yiveadai wepX to lepov, Kal tcli 
 TOV 6eov Tijxdt; t£ Kal Ovtrla^. 
 Tovi avToix; Se Kal SiKacrTa'; 
 aTriSet^e t&v p-eyiiTTaiv KpLcreaiv . 
 Kal TTjv T&v vofuov Kal Tosv eOSiv 
 <j>v\aKi]v TOUTOW hreTpe^e • Sio 
 Kal paaiXea p.ev /xijSeTroTe tSiv 
 ^lovSaiwv, TTjV Se tov ttXtJ^ov? 
 •7rpo<7Tacrlav SiSo<70at Sea waVTO^ 
 T& SoKovVTi T&v lepicov (^povrjcrei 
 Kal apeTfi irpoe'^evv. Tovtov 
 irpocrayopevovaiv ap^cepea, Kal 
 vofJbi^ovcTi,v avTot'S dyyeKov yivea- 
 6ai T&v TOV 6eov TrpoiTTarytui- 
 Twv • TOVTOV Se KaTO, Tas eKK\r]- 
 criai Kal Ta<; aXXa? crvvoSovi 
 (pjjalv eKcpepeiv to, Trapar/yeXXo- 
 fieva • Kal •jrpb<; tovto to p.epo'i 
 ovTai einreideK ytveadai Toi/'i 
 'lovSaiov;, &<TTe Trapa'x^prjp.a 
 TriiTTovTa'i e-srl ttjv yrfv irpoirKV- 
 vetv TOV TOVTOK epp/qvevovTa 
 dpyiepea, UpoayiypaTTTai, Se 
 Kal Tot's vopyOK ivrl t^? t6X«vt^?, 
 oTt Mwaij'; aKOvaa's tov 6eov, 
 TdSe \iyei tok 'JouScwow. 
 
 a human form, but that the heaveu 
 which surrounds the earth is the 
 only god and the lord of all. But 
 the sacrifices which he established 
 were different from those among 
 other nations, and also the modes of 
 life. For by a peculiar expulsion 
 of strangers he introduced an unso- 
 cial and inhospitable system. But 
 he selected the most handsome of 
 the men, and who would be the best 
 able to take the lead of the people 
 that were present with him, he ap- 
 pointed them priests. He assigned 
 their sojourn to be about the temple, 
 and in the honours and sacrifices of 
 the gods. He made the same also 
 judges in the greatest judgments, 
 and he assigned to them the charge 
 of the laws and the customs. Where- 
 fore also there is never a king of the 
 Jews, but the government of the 
 people is always given to that one 
 of the priests who seemed to excel 
 in prudence and virtue. Him they 
 call high priest, and regard him as 
 being a messenger to them of the 
 commands of God. He says that 
 it was he who carried out the things 
 that were commanded in the public 
 assemblies and other meetings, and 
 that the Jews were so obedient in 
 this particular, that immediately 
 falling to the ground they worshiped 
 the high-priest who interpreted to 
 them. There is also inscribed in 
 their laws at the end, that Moses, 
 having heard from God, says these 
 things to the Jews. 
 
30 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 'ETTOi^aaTo Se 6 vofJ,o6eTr]<} 
 rS)v re iroXe/j.LK&v epyav iroX- 
 
 XrjV -TTpOVOiaV Kol TOUS V60V<i 
 
 yvar/Ka^e KapTepiav re koX av^- 
 peiav acTKetv koX (to crvvoKov) 
 irdarfi vTTOjiovrjV KaKOTradeiai • 
 iiroieiTo Se Kal crTpaTeia^ et's" ra 
 wXtjato^copa r&v edv&v. Kal 
 iroWrjv KaraKTrjcrdfievo'; ')(mpav, 
 KaTeK\ripov')(7]<re • toI<; fiev ISua- 
 rati t(TOVi TTOo^cra's KX.Tjpovi, ToJ? 
 &e lepevcri jMelipvat, 'iva Xafi^a- 
 vovje'i a^ioXojwTepa'; wpocroSovi, 
 airepia-'Tracrrot, cruvexw Trpocre- 
 Speva-coai, Tal'i rov 6eov Ti,fiai<s. 
 OvK i^v Se Tot^ iSitoraw tous 
 ISiovi K\rjpov<; iraiXelv, ottco'; fj,ij 
 nvei Sik -n-Xeove^iav aryopd^ovre'; 
 Tou? KXrjpovi;, iKOXi^cocn Toiif 
 airopwrepov; Kal KaracrKevd^ro- 
 aiv oXi'yavSpiav • TeKVorpo^eiv 
 Si rjvdrjKai^e tovi eVt t-^? ■xmpa<;. 
 Kal Sl oXlrytj'; Sawdvrjf eKTp£<po- 
 fbevav T&v fipe<f>&v, del to jevoi 
 r&v 'lovSauav v'!Trip')(e rroXvdv- 
 dponrov Kal ra rrepl tow? 7a- 
 fiov; re Kal rai rS>v reXevrcov- 
 rav raipa'i, woXv to TrapTjXXay- 
 lievov e%eii' irrolricre v6fj.i,/j,a Trpb's 
 ra r&v aXXtov dv6 p&iTOdV. Ka- 
 ra he va-repov yevofieva'; ernKpa- 
 rela<; ex rri<s r&v dXXo<j>vXcov 
 €Trifii^ia<;, ewl rerdprr;^ r&v 
 Uepa&v rfryefioviai;, Kal r&v rav- 
 rTjv KaraXvcrdvrcov MaKeSovcov, 
 rroXXa r&v rrarploiv Tot? 'Jov- 
 Saioi<; vop,lfJMV eKivrjOri. 
 
 But the law-giver both shewed 
 much forethought of warlike affairs, 
 and compelled the young men to 
 cultivate patience and manliness, 
 and, in short, the endurance of every 
 evil-suffering : he made expeditions 
 also against the neighbouring 
 nations ; and having conquered 
 much country, he allotted it, making 
 equal lots for private persons, but 
 greater ones for the priests, that, 
 receiving more considerable reven- 
 ues, they might serve continually 
 without distraction on the honours 
 of their god. But it was not lawful 
 for private persons to sell their own 
 lots, in order that none, through 
 covetousness, buying the lots, might 
 oppress those who were poorer and 
 cause a thinness of population ; and 
 he compelled those in the country 
 to rear their children : and so, their 
 children being brought up at little 
 expense, the nation of the Jews was 
 always very populous. The laws 
 also which regard marriages and the 
 burial of the dead, he caused to be 
 very different from those of other 
 men. But afterwards when domi- 
 nion accrued from the intermixture 
 of strangers, in the fourth monarchy 
 of the Persians, and of the Macedo- 
 nians who dissolved this, many of the 
 hereditary laws of the Jews were 
 disturbed. 
 
PHILO JUDiEUS. 31 
 
 PHILO THE JEW, A. D. 40. 
 
 The Jews of Alexandria had always been a numerous 
 and powerful body from the time of Alexander the Great 
 their patron and founder. The Hebrew language seems 
 to have died away among them, — and to have been re- 
 placed by Greek. The Jews were never a literary people : 
 even in their own wild dialect, the bible was their only 
 book ; it contained their history, poetry, philosophy, and 
 religion. Neither did they acquire much literary distinc- 
 tion in the Greek language which the sojourners of Alex- 
 andria adopted from the people among whom they dwelt. 
 Philo the Jew, as he is commonly termed, was the only 
 Jew who distinguishedj^himself by his writings, or at least 
 the only Jew whose writings have come down to us. They 
 are rather voluminous, and consist principally of treatises 
 and commentaries on the Old Testament, especially the 
 books of Moses. Much to our surprise, he regards these 
 as allegorical and not historical. His works have only lately 
 been translated into English, and are therefore but little 
 known to the unlearned reader. Indeed very few, even 
 of the learned, are tempted to read the works of an author, 
 whose object is to recommend the Hebrew Scriptures to 
 the notice of the Greeks by a mode of interpretation which 
 altogether destroys their character as historical documents. 
 
 It will not be expected that we should here give all the 
 passages of Philo's works, in which the Jews are mentioned, 
 because, bein^ himself a Jew, he has made the theology 
 of his countrymen almost the only subject of his writings. 
 But his notice of the Essenes being of much interest, as 
 applicable to the sects of the Jews in the time of Christ, 
 may here be subjoined. 
 
 Quod OBiiiis probus, 1 2. "£<rTi But Palestine also and Syria is 
 Se Kol fj TJakaicTlvri Koi Svpla, not without its produce of excellence 
 
32 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 KokoKa'^aOlaf ovk ar/ovo<;, ^v 
 TroX.vavdpiawoTa.Tov eOvov^ r&v 
 'lovSaiav OVK oXifr] fMoipa vefie- 
 Tai. Aeyovrai Tivev Trap' avroti; 
 ovofia 'Eaaaloc wXfjdo'i mep 
 TerpaKia-'XiXiov'i Kar i/j,rjv So^av 
 (ovk aKpipel TV-rrrp SiaXeKTou 
 eWrjVLKrj'i) irapwvvfMoi. bcnoTrj- 
 T09" eTTeiSrj K&v TOi? ixaXiara 
 6epaircvTal deov yeyovacrcv • ov 
 ^(oa KaradvovTe';, akX lepofrpe- 
 •Tret^ To,^ eavT&v SiavoM<i Kara- 
 CTKevd^eiv a^iowne^. Ovtoi to 
 t^h) irpSiTov, KWfiriSbv oiKovat, 
 Ta? TToXets iKTpeir6p,evoi, Sta 
 Ta'i t5)V 7ro\tTevofj,evo}V '^eiporj- 
 6ei<; avoixia<;- ej6oT65 e/c tS)V 
 trvvovrtcv, 0)i air aipo<i <j)6opo- 
 TTOiov vbaov, i'yiywoixev'qv irpoa- 
 ^oXrjV ■<^vy(al'i avLarov. 'Slv ol 
 ixev •yeoiTTOvovvre';, oi Se re^^va? 
 fienovrei oaai avvepydnSef 
 elprjvr]';, eaVTOV^ re Koi rov<; 
 ifK7](Tcd^0VTa^ bXJyeXovo'cv • ovk 
 apyvpov Kol ■y^pvcrbv drjcravpocjjv- 
 XaKOvvTei, ovS' aTroro/ia? yrji; 
 fxeydXa'; icrdofievoi hi iTriGv/jylav 
 irpoaohoiVy dXX! oaa irpo'^ ra? 
 dvaryKaiav ^eiai tov ^lov eKTTo- 
 pi^ovTe^. Movoi ydp i^ dirdv- 
 To>v a^eSbv dvOpmircav d'^^pi^fia- 
 Toi Kol dxTrj/jyOve'! yejovoTe^ 
 iiTiT'rjSevaei to TrXelov rj ivSeia 
 evTv^ta^ TrXova-icaTarot vojxit^ov- 
 Tai, TJjv bXiyoSeiav koI evKoXtav, 
 <y7r€p ^a"Ti, Kplvovre^ "Treptovcrlav. 
 BeXSlv, rj aKOVTCOV, rj ft^tS/roy, rj 
 Kpdvovi, rj OcopaKO'i, y acTr/So? 
 ovhkva irap avTo2^ av evpov^ 
 STj/xLovpjbv, rj birXoiToibv rj /irj- 
 ')(avQiroi,bv, rj (TwoXw^ ti tcov 
 Kara 'jroXep.ov i'jrirrjSevoVTa, 
 aXX! ovSe oaa r&v Kar elpijvrju 
 ivoXiada et's Kaxiav. 'Epmopla'i 
 yap rj KairrjXeia';, rj vavKXrjplat, 
 
 [the country] which no small part 
 of the populous nation of the Jews 
 inhabit. There are some among 
 them called Essseans, in number 
 above four thousand, in my opinion, 
 in a rough form of the Grecian dia- 
 lect named by a slight change from 
 their holiness, seeing that they have 
 shown themselves especial worshi- 
 pers of God, and do not sacrifice 
 victims, but endeavouring to train 
 their minds suitably to their sacred 
 character. Krst, these men inhabit 
 villages; avoiding cities, on account 
 of the mild lawlessness of those who 
 dwell in cities, knowing that from 
 men flocking together, like a dis- 
 ease from a pestilential atmosphere, 
 results an irremediable defect upon 
 the mind. Some of them working 
 on the land, and some following 
 arts which are cooperative of peace, 
 benefit both themselves and their 
 neighbours, not treasuring up silver 
 and gold, nor possessing large sec- 
 tions of land from the desire of 
 revenue, but procuring whatever 
 things belong to the needful use of 
 life. For they alone of almost aU 
 men, being without money and 
 without possessions, by their dis- 
 ciphne more than by their want of 
 prosperity are thought most rich, 
 judging their small necessities and 
 their easy mode of life, to be, as it 
 really is, equivalent to superfluity. 
 Of darts, or javehns, or swords, or 
 helmets, or breastplates, or shields, 
 you will not find a single manu- 
 facturer among them, or armourer 
 or engineer, or in short any one 
 who makes things that are of a 
 warlike nature, or indeed things 
 of a peaceable character which 
 might be used for an evil purpose 
 
PHILO. 
 
 33 
 
 iav a<j)opiJ,ai airoSioTro/j/rrou/ievoi. 
 AovKo<i T€ Trap' auroi? ovSe eJs 
 ea-TLV, aXK' iKevdepoi iravre'! 
 dvOvTTOvpyovvTe^ aX\,TJ\oi,<i. Ka- 
 ToryivcocTKOvcri re t5>v SeaTroroiv, 
 oil /Movov a? ciBlkcov, ocrtorvra 
 Xv/iaivofievav, aXka Kal m? Mre- 
 /Sojy, 6e<7fiov (pvcreco'; avatpovv- 
 Tcov • ^ irdvTcvi ofioMf y6vtfr'i(ra^a 
 KOI dpeifraaa pr/rpb^ tlicqv &)? 
 dSeXtpoiii; yin)(Tiov<;, ov Xeyo/iev- 
 ou?, a\X' ovTWi ovTai'i aTretpyd- 
 <7aro. 'Hv TTjv (Tvyyeveiav r) 
 ewc^ovKo'i 7r\eov6^ia irapevrj- 
 fiepij<7aiTa Sila-eurev, dvT oIk6i6- 
 TTjTOi dSXoTpioTTjTa, Koi dvrl 
 <^t\/as e'xPpav ipyacrapAvr], 
 ^cKoao^icK re, to p,ev XoytKov, 
 o)<; ovK dvar/Kaiov et9 KTrjcnv 
 dperri's, 'KoyoOijpaK, to Se <j)va-i,- 
 Kov a>? fi^L^ov rj Kara dvOpayirl- 
 vrjv ^vaw, /lerecopdXeo'^ai,'; diro- 
 XiTTOvre';, ttXtju oaov aiiTOV wepl 
 virdp^ea'! 0eov Kal tjjs toO Trav- 
 To? yeve(7€a3<; <j>iXoa'0(f>€lTat • to 
 TjdiKov eu p,d\a SiaTTOvovcrtv, 
 dXehrrai'! ^cop^voi rot's ttot- 
 pioi'S vopMi's, ov<i dfiij'xavov dvd- 
 peoTTivrjV iirivoTJirai, ■\frir^rjv dvev 
 KaraKwyrfi ivdeov. Tovrov; 
 dvd&tZa<TKOVTai p.ev koX irapa 
 rbv aWov ■)(p6vov, iv he toi? 1/3- 
 Sop.aK SuupepovTOi';. 'lepa yap 
 ■fj i^So/ir) vevofiKTraL, KaO' ^v 
 tS)V oKKoiv dv6')(0VT€'i epycov, Kal 
 eh Upoix; d<piKvovp.evoi tottov!, 
 ot KoKovvTai a-vvaryaiyal, Kaff 
 rjKiKLofi ev rd^ecrcv imb "Trpeu^v- 
 TepoK viol KaBeipvTav, p,eTa 
 Kocrfiov Tov irpoariKOVTO^ e%oiTes 
 aKpoaTiKW. EW 6 p,(v Tat 
 /3t/3Xot/s dva/yivaKTKeL Xa^mv, 
 eTepo<! Se Tdjc epbireipoTdTuyii, oaa 
 fj,ri yvdopi/ia 7rape\0wv, dvaSiSd- 
 
 For they do not even dream o£ com- 
 merce, trade, or sea-voyaging, as they 
 abhor all the outlets to covetousness. 
 Nor is there a single slave among 
 them, but all are free and minister 
 to one another. They condemn 
 despots, not only as unjust, defac- 
 ing righteousness, but also as im- 
 pious, subverting the law of nature, 
 which having given birth to all ahke, 
 and, like a mother, nurtured us as 
 legitimate brethren, hath made us 
 not so in name, but really and in 
 reality. But designing covetousness, 
 advancing in prosperity, hath. shak- 
 en their consanguinity, producing 
 strangership instead of relationship, 
 and enmity instead of friendship. 
 Of philosophy, the logical portion, 
 as not being necessary for the pos- 
 session of virtue, they leave to those 
 who catch at words, but physical 
 science as being above human 
 nature, they leave to star-gazers, 
 except that part of it which treats 
 of the being of God himself and the 
 origin of all things. But they 
 especially cultivate the moral science, 
 using for trainers their hereditary 
 laws, which it is impossible for the 
 human soul to think of without being 
 possessed by inspiration. They are 
 tanght these both at other times, 
 and preeminently on the seventh 
 days. For the seventh day has 
 been appointed sacred, on which 
 abstaining from other works, and 
 going to the holy places, which are 
 called synagogues, the young are 
 seated by the elders in rows accord- 
 ing to their ages, and hold them- 
 selves in a situation to listen with 
 fitting decency. Then one of them 
 having taken the books reads, and 
 another of the most experienced. 
 
34 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 a-Kei. Tk yap ■TrXeta-Ta Bict 
 (Tvfil36\a)V apxaifOTpoirto t,rj\co<Tei. 
 •Trap avjoh cjiikoaotpeiTai. Uai- 
 Sevovrai Se evcre^eiav, ocriorrjra, 
 SiKaioavvriv, olnovojjblav, iroXi- 
 Telav, e7n(TT7JfX.7]v t&v irpo's 
 oKrjOetav tvyaOoiv icai KaKOiV, Kai 
 aSiad>6pot>v, alpeaeii; &v XPI' '^^'' 
 (fivyai T&v evavTuov opoit Kai, 
 Kavoai TptTTOt? ■)^cofj,evoi,, rai re 
 (fiiXodea) Kai <f)iXapeTa>, Kai (pi- 
 XavOpcoTrq). Tov fJ^eu ovv ipcKo- 
 6iov Seiy/J,ara irapk'XpvTai fivpla' 
 Trjv Trap oXov tov /3iov (Tvve')(fj 
 Koi iTrdWrjXov ayvelav, to avo>- 
 fiOTOV, TO d-\^evSe<;, to wdvTcov 
 /lev ayadaiv aiTiov, Kaxov Se (jltj- 
 Sevbi vojjbi^eLV elvai to delov. 
 
 Tov Se (pcXapeTov, to dcpiXo'X^pr]- 
 /xaTov, TO a(f>i,\6So^ov, to cupiKij- 
 Sovov, TO ejKpaTev, to KapTe- 
 piKOv • €Ti Se oXi/ySSeiav, di^e- 
 \eiav, evKoKiav, to aTvcjiOV, to 
 vofMi/ioVt TO eva-TaOii^y Kai oa-a 
 TOVTOi'! o/iotoTpoTra. Tov Se 
 
 ^cKav6pa>Trov SeijuaTa, evvotav, 
 icroTrjTa, Tijv TravTO<; X670U Kpeh- 
 Tova KoivcovlaVy wepl fj<; ovk 
 axaipov Ppayea ehrelv. TIptoTov 
 fi€v Toivvv ovhevot o'lKia tL<s iariv 
 iSia, 7]v ovy^i irdvToov eivai <Tvjx- 
 jBe^riKe. ttpof yap to KaTa 
 Oida-ov; crvvoiKeXv, dvaireriTTaTat 
 Kai Tot? erepwUev d^iKvov^evoi^ 
 
 T&v 6/J.0^I]\q>V. EIt 6<7Tl Ta- 
 
 fietov ev TTavTcov Kai hairdvai, 
 Kai Koival fj,ev iirdrJTe';, Koival 
 he Tpocj>al avaaiTia Treirocrj/A^- 
 vasv. 
 
 To yap 6fj,aip6<l)iov, rj bjiohiaiTOV 
 r) OfybOTpdire^ov, ovk dv Ti? 
 evpoi 'Trap' eTepofS epya /36/3a(- 
 
 explains, passing over whatever 
 things are not to be known. Tor 
 most things are treated of among 
 them through symbols according to 
 the ancient mode of pursuit. They 
 are taught piety, righteousness, 
 justice, ceconomy, citizenship, the 
 knowledge of things truly good and 
 evil, and indifferent, the choosing of 
 things proper, and the avoiding of 
 the contrary : and they follow three 
 definitions and rules, love of God, 
 love of virtue, and love of men. Of 
 their love of God they furnish num- 
 berless proofs, constant and con- 
 tinuous purity through the whole of 
 life, not to swear, not to tell a lie, to 
 look on the deity as the cause of all 
 things that are good, but of nothing 
 that is evil. Proofs of their love of 
 virtue are, their not loving money 
 or glory or pleasure, that they are 
 continent and patient; also, their 
 wanting but little, their simplicity, 
 contentedness, freedom from pride, 
 observance of the law, steadiness, 
 and other qualities hke these. 
 Proofs of their love of men are their 
 benevolence, equality, and com- 
 munity of goods which is beyond 
 all description, about which it is 
 not out of place to say a few words. 
 Ill the first place no one's house is 
 his own, without belonging to all. 
 t'or the purpose of living together 
 in companies, it is thrown open to 
 those also of the same principles who 
 came from a distance. Then there 
 IS one treasury and expenditure for 
 all and a common stock of clothing 
 and food in common at the common 
 tables which they have established 
 For one will not find it an establish- 
 ed fact among any other people, to 
 have a common roof, or common 
 
PHILO. 
 
 35 
 
 ov/ievov. Kal ^tj-kot eiKormi ; 
 oo-a yap av ^eO' '^fiipav epyacrd- 
 fMevoi Xd^axTiv eTrl fiicrdM, ravT 
 ovK tSia (^vXaTTOvciv, dXV et? 
 /j,e<Tov •TTpoTiBevre'i KOivrjv roi's 
 ideXovai ■^^pfjirdai rrjv aif axnSsv 
 •KapaaKevaLpvaiv ai^eXeiav, O'C 
 re voaovvTS';, ov^ oVt iropi^eiv 
 dSwaTovcTiv apieXovvTai, irpos 
 Tas vocTTjXeia'i eV Ta>v koiv&v 
 e'XpvTe'i hi eToi/im, d)s fiera 
 7ra<7i)? aBela^ e'f oAdovwreprnv 
 dvaXLiTKeiv. Ai^cb^ S iarl Trpecr- 
 iSurepav, Kal Ti./j,r) Kal <j)povTli}, 
 ola joviav vtto yvr)a-iwv walSav, 
 X^P"''^ "^"^ Suivoiai<; /tvpiW? iv 
 a<f>Oovla Ty iraarj fy7jpoTpo<j>ov- 
 
 Euseb. Praepar. Evan. VII, cap. 
 VIII. Tfi Tov ^iX(Dvo<; eVt tov 
 wapovroii dpKe<Tdrjaop.ai, fiaprv- 
 piq, rjv nrepl t&v SriXovfievoiv 
 Kara TroXXa t5>v oIksvoiv inro- 
 jjuinqfjidTtov reOeirai. Tovrav Se 
 aTTO Tijs VTrep 'lovZauDV a/rroXo- 
 yiai Xa^a>v crvyedvdrfvwdiTavTa. 
 Mvplovi Se r&v yvapijiwv 6 
 ■^/jyirepo^ vofio9errj^ r/Xeti/rei/ eVt 
 Koivccvlav, ot KaXovvrac fj-ev 
 'Etraatoi,, Trapa ttjv oaioTriTa, 
 fiol SoKW, TJj? iTpoarfjopia^ a^uo- 
 GevTe'i. OlKovcTi Se TroXXa^ p,ev 
 •KoXeit T^9 'lovSalav, iroXKas Se 
 Ka>fia<;, Kal /xeyaXov^ Kal iroXv- 
 avOpmirovi 6p,CXov^. "Ectti, Se 
 avToi'i 17 7rpoalpecri<; ov yevei • 
 yevo's yap i<j) eKova-laci ov ypd- 
 iperai • Sia Se tfiXov dperfjii Kal 
 (f>iXav6pa)7rla'; ip^pov. Ea-- 
 <Taimv yovv KOpuSfj vtjttios ovSel';, 
 dXXa ovSe Trpoiroyevew^, r) fxei- 
 pdKiov ' eTrel rd ye roinaiv a/3e- 
 ^ata fjdr) tw tjj? ■^XiKia^ dreXei 
 auvvecoTepi^ovrai • reXetoi Se dv- 
 
 diet, or a common table. And is it 
 not with reason ? for whatever those 
 who have worked in the day receive 
 for wages, they do not keep it as 
 their own, but throwing it into the 
 public stock, they render aid there- 
 from to those who wish to use it; 
 And those who are sick are not 
 neglected because they cannot pay, 
 as they have at hand out of the 
 common stock [remedies] for their 
 diseases, so as to consume them 
 without stint out ot abundant sup- 
 plies. Hespect is paid to elders, 
 and honour and consideration, as to 
 parents who are maintained in their 
 old age by their lawful children, by 
 their manual service and number- 
 less attentions. 
 
 I shall be satisfied on the present 
 subject with the testimony ot Philo, 
 which he has given concerning the 
 aforesaid iu many parts ot bis own 
 memorials. Take then and read 
 the following from his apology for 
 the Jews. 
 
 Oior lawgiver instructed to a 
 community of goods numbers of 
 those well known persons, who are 
 called Essenes, having received the 
 appellation from their ' hosiotes ' 
 [holiness] as I think. They dwell 
 in many cities, and many villages, 
 and great and populous multitudes. 
 Their pursuit is not by birth, for 
 ' by birth ' cannot be said of things 
 taken up voluntarily ; but from zeal 
 of virtue and love of philanthropy. 
 Among the Essenes is no one alto- 
 gether a child, nor one in early 
 youth nor girl; since these easily 
 change their unfixed habits by the 
 imperfection of their age. But men 
 full-grown and already verging to- 
 
36 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Soey, Kal 7rpb<i yrjpa<; aTVOKXlvav- 
 T69 rJS?;, fjjrjKeTL inrb Trji rov 
 <r(i>ixaro<i iTnppofji; e'TTiKKv^ofievoi, 
 fMTjTe virb tS>v TraQ&v ar/6)Levoi, 
 rbv d^evS^ Se koX fiovqv ovTco'i 
 ekevOepiav Kapirovixevoi. Mdp- 
 Tu? 8e tt}? i?\.ev6epla<; avT&v 6 
 /3lo<;, "IScov oySet? ovBe viro- 
 piivet KTrj(7axr6at to Trapairav 
 ovSeVi ovK ocKiaVf ovk dpSpd- 
 TToSov, oi ■x,a>piov, ov ^oaxijfia- 
 Ta, ov^ o""* aXKa irapacrKeval, 
 Kal '^(opTj'yiai irKovrov. JJavra 
 ie eh jiecrov dOpoa KaTarcdevrei;, 
 Kowr]V Kapirovvrat rbv airavruiv 
 i)(f)i\ei,av. OIkovcti, Se iv TavTw, 
 Kara didaovi eratpta'i /cau cri/cr- 
 crina •jroiov/jbevoL, Kal irdvTa virep 
 Tov KOiV(o<j>eKov'i wpajfiaTevop.e- 
 voi SiaTeXovaiv. AXKa erepcov 
 erepai Trpwyp,aTeiai,, ah ewa-rro- 
 hvvre^ doKvcof SiaOXovcriv, ov Kpv- 
 pMV, ov Oak'TTO^, ov^ oaa depo'i 
 veforepiajiaTa iTpo(j)a<7i,^6/j,evoi, • 
 •jrplv hi rjkiov dvaiT')(elv em ret av- 
 vrjOri Tpeirop.evoi, Svofievov /ioXt? 
 iiravlaai, ^a/povre?, ov^ fjTTov 
 TOiV iv T069 yvp.viKoi'; e^era^o/jj- 
 vcov dr/SxTiv. 'TiToXapi,l3dvovaL 
 rydp drra av iinT'qhevatiicTiv, elvai 
 ^LOKpCKearTepa Kal rjSio) t/^v^^ 
 Kal (7a>/j,aTi rd yvp,vda-/j,aTa Kal 
 iroXv^ovuorepa r&v iv dOKr)- 
 cetrif fit] (rvvatp7jl3a)VTa t^ tov 
 coopiaTO*^ aKfifj. Elal yap avTwVj 
 ol fiev yer]Tr6vov rS>v irepl a-iropav 
 Kal yeropylav iTntTTijp,ovei. Oi 
 Se dyeXdp^ai TravrohaTrwv Opepi,- 
 fidrav fjyep.ove';. "Evioi Be <Tfj,7]vr) 
 p,e\iTT&v i'jnTpo'rrevova'L, "A\- 
 Xoi hi Sij/jyiovpyol T&v Kara 
 rej(ya<s elcrlv, virep toO jirjBev &v 
 al dvarjKalai ■x^pelai fiid^ovrai 
 iradelv, ovBev dva^aXX,6p.evoi 
 Twv 649 iropicypibv dvvjralriov. 
 Ek Srj Twy ovTWi Bia^epbvrav 
 
 wards old age, no longer flooded by 
 the impulse o£ the body, nor led 
 away by the passions, but enjoying 
 that freedom which is not fictitious 
 and alone really existing. Their life 
 is the witness of their freedom. No 
 one even can endure in any way to 
 possess any thing in private, neither 
 house, nor slave, nor land, nor 
 cattle, nor any of those other things 
 which are the apparatus and supplies 
 of wealth. But they throw all 
 together into the common Stock, 
 and enjoy in common the benefit of 
 all. They live in the same way, 
 making parties and companionships 
 at meals in companies, and they pas.'i 
 tlieir lives in transacting every thing 
 for the common advantage. But all 
 havedifferentoccapations, into which 
 when they have once plunged they 
 toil at them unceasingly, making no 
 excuse of cold or heat, or of any 
 other changes of the atmosphere. 
 They turn to their aooustomed tasks 
 before the sun has risen, and hardly 
 return from them when he sets, re- 
 joicing no less than those whose 
 strength is tried in gymnastic con- 
 tests. Por they deem the pursuits 
 which they follow to be more profi- 
 table to life and more pleasant to 
 the soul and body and more lasting 
 than those of the games, because 
 they do not decay with the vigour 
 of the body. For some of them are 
 farmers, skilful about sowing and 
 husbandry : others are herdsmen, 
 keepers of all kinds of cattle ; and 
 some of them superintend hives of 
 bees. Others are workers of the 
 arts, neglecting nothing of innocent 
 provision, in order to suffer nothing 
 of those things which want compels 
 men to suffer. From these different 
 sources, each receives his pay, and 
 
PHILO. 
 
 37 
 
 iKOa-Toi 70V iiicBov Xa^ovre's, 
 £vl StBodcn T& •^^eLpoTovrjOevTi 
 rafiia. Aa^iov Se ixeTvo'i avTlKa 
 ia CTTirrjSeia wveljai, ical Trape^ei 
 Tpo^a'i a,<p96vov<;, xal tA ciWa 
 S)v b avdpanrivo^ /Sio'; p^ewoSj;?. 
 01 Se 6/j.oSiairoi koI o/xoTpdire- 
 ^o(,, Kara kKd<rTr]vrjp,epav elai rot? 
 avTol'} d<r/iev/fo!/T69) o\(fyoSeia'i 
 epaaral, •n-oSxneXeiav, mi ■^v^i 
 Kol trai/iaTO? voaov, iicrpeTro- 
 fLevot. KoLvrj Be ov rpaTre^a 
 fiovov, dXKa Kcd ea-drj'; avTol's 
 icTTi. UpoKewrai <yap j^et^cHw 
 IJ,ev UTpvi^vaX ^(Xalvai, ae'pei Se 
 i^mfiiSei eiiTeXei';, co? evfiapm 
 i^etvai Tf3 jSovXofieva), rjv av 
 edeX^a-oi Xa^etv • iireiSrj koX jo. 
 evb's diravrmv, Kal to, -iravTiov 
 efj/rrdXiv evoi vTrelXrjTTTat. Kai 
 firjv ei TK avT&v dcrdev^a-eiep, 
 eic Twv Koiv&v voarfXeverai, 6e- 
 pa'Trevo/j.ei'os Tali dirdvrcov e-m- 
 fjLeKeiaoi Kai (ppovrlaiv. 01 Se 
 St) Trpecr^VTai, Kal av el iv^oiev 
 orreKvoi, KoSamep ov iroXmai^ei 
 fiovov dXXa Kal cr<p6Spa emracSei;, 
 ev evTirye(7TdT(p Kai XtvapwraT^ 
 'irjpa Tov ^iov eimOaci, Kara- 
 Xveiv • irrrb Tocrovroiv Trpovolai 
 d^iovfjuevoi. Kal rififjl, eKOvatm 
 'yvdop.j) fiaXXov r) <t>va-ea>i dvdiyK^ 
 6epa7reveiv d^iovvrwv. "Eti toI- 
 vuv, o-rrep rj fiovov rj fiaXiara 
 Trjv Koivcoviav e/jieXXe SiaXveiv, 
 o^vSepKearepov iSovrei, rydfiov 
 TrapriTijcravTO, fxera tov Siacpe- 
 povTCOi ddKeiv erjKpdTeiav. E(r- 
 aaicov yap oiiSeli oiyeToi •yvvaiKa, 
 Sloti (piXavTOV r) 'yvvrj, Kal ^ifKo- 
 Tvrrov OV /xerpUoi, kuI Seivbv 
 dvSpoi rj^rj nrapairaXevcFai, Kal 
 awevetjL fyorjTeiaii vTrafyeaOat, 
 MeXeTqcraaa <ydp OSyrrai Xoyovi, 
 Kal Trjv aXXrjV viroKpicrLV, axnrep 
 £7rt (TKT^vrji, oyjreci Kat aKoai 
 
 gives it over to one who is elected 
 their steward. He then, receiving 
 it, immediately buys necessaries and 
 distributes food in abundance, and 
 other things, of which human life 
 stands in need. 
 
 But they live together and sit 
 together at table every day, taking 
 pleasure in the same things, lovers 
 of contentment with a little, avoid- 
 ing expence as a disease of soul and 
 body. Not only is their table coM- 
 mon, but also their raiment. For 
 in winter rough cloaks are put forth, 
 and in summer cheap vests without 
 sleeves, and each may without dif- 
 ficulty take whichever he pleases ; 
 since the property of one is deemed 
 to belong to all, and the property of 
 all to belong to each one. And 
 indeed, if any one of them should 
 be sick, he has medical attendance 
 out of the public fund, and is nursed 
 by the attention and care of all. 
 But their old men, even if they have 
 no children, are accustomed to spend 
 their lives in a happy and easy old 
 age, as if they not only had many 
 children, but were most fortunate 
 in the character of them : for they 
 receive forethought and honour from 
 such, who deem it their duty to take 
 care of them more from voluntary 
 feeling than from the necessity of 
 nature. Furthermore, seeing clearly 
 a point which either alone or most 
 of all was hkely to dissolve their 
 society, they have declined marriage, 
 and practice continence to a re- 
 markable degree. For no Essene 
 ever marries a wife, because woman 
 is selfish, and immoderately envious, 
 and terribly shakes the morals of 
 her husband, and leads him astray 
 by continual enchantments. For 
 she studies flattering words, and 
 
38 
 
 HEITHEN RECORDS. 
 
 orav SeXedcrrj, SiijwaTtjfievcov dla 
 inrriKoayv, tov ^yffiova vovv <j)eva- 
 Ktfet. UalSe^ Se el lyevoivTO, 
 <j>povjjfuCTO'! VTroTrXricrdeicra koI 
 "TrappTjaiai;, oaa Kara elpaveiav 
 irporepov vttovXco^ vTT'rjvlTTero, 
 TavTa aTTo evToX/iorepou Spdcov; 
 iKKcCKel, Kol avaiayvVTOva-a pid- 
 ^erai irpaTTeiv, &v eKaarov KOi- 
 voiviai iydpov. 'O lyap r) tyv- 
 vaiKb';(j>tX,rpoKivSedeh,rjreKvo)v, 
 dva/yKrj (^ycjew?, '7rpoiC'r)B6fi6VO^f 
 ovKeTi TTpo^ aXKov; 6 avrd'; eaTiV, 
 dXKa erepo'i yeyove, XeXTjOa)^ 
 dvTi e\£vdepov 80OX09. Ovtoi 
 •yovv 6 l3io'i i<Trlv avr&v irepi- 
 /iap^T^TO?. "flare ovk ihiSnai 
 fjiovov, dXKd Kol fieyaXoi jSacrt- 
 Xet? dydfievoi toik; avSpat, redrj- 
 nracn, koX ro cre^vov avr&v d-KO- 
 So')(ai:<; Kal TL/xal'i ert fiSX\ov 
 aeiJbVOTroi,ov<7L. 
 
 other hypocrisy, as if on the stage, 
 and when she has captivated the 
 eyes and ears, her victims having 
 been deceived because they were 
 under her influence, she altogether 
 nullifies the leading influence of the 
 mind. But if she has children, she 
 becomes filled with pride and auda- 
 city of speech, and calls forth with 
 unrestrained effrontery what she 
 before used dissembhngly to insinu- 
 ate underthe rose, and without shame 
 she compels a man to do things 
 every one of which is hostile to 
 community. For paying regard to 
 his wife through obedience to her 
 charms, or to his children by the 
 law of nature, he no longer behaves 
 the same to others, but is become a 
 different man, having imperceptibly 
 changed from a free man to a slave. 
 Such then is their enviable mode of 
 life : so that not only private indi- 
 viduals, but also great kings have 
 been smitten with admiration of 
 those men, and exalt still more their 
 exaltation by receptions and [other] 
 honours. 
 
JOSEPHUS. 39 
 
 JOSEPHUS, A. D. 70. 
 
 The importance of this writer warrants a more extended 
 account of him than has been given of the others quoted 
 in this volume. 
 
 He was a Jew by birth, son of Mathias, a priest, born 
 in Jerusalem, a. d. 37, of illustrious race, and lineally de- 
 scended from a priestly family : by his mother's side he 
 traced his genealogy up to the Asmonean princes; and 
 grew up with a high reputation for early intelligence and 
 memory ; at 14, (he is his own biographer,) he was so fond 
 of letters, that the chief priests used to meet at his father's 
 house to put to him difficult questions on the law; at 16 
 he determined to acquaint himself witii the three prevailing 
 sects, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes, for 
 though he had led for some time a diligent and studious 
 life, he did not consider himself sufficiently acquainted 
 with the character of each sect to decide which he should 
 follow ; having heard that an Essene, Banus, was living in 
 the desert a hermit's life, making his raiment from the trees, 
 his food from the earth's fruits, practising cold ablutions 
 at all seasons, and using every means of mortification to 
 increase his sanctity, Josephus, ambitious of emulating the 
 fame of such an example-of holy seclusion, joined him in 
 his cell; but three years of ascetic life tamed his zealous 
 ambition, he grew weary of the desert, abandoned his great 
 example of painful devotion, and returned to the city, aged 
 19 ; there he joined the Pharisees ; in his 26th year he 
 undertook a voyage to Rome, to make interest in favour 
 of certain priests, who had sent thither to answer some 
 unimportant charge by Felix; on his voyage he was ship- 
 wrecked and in great danger ; his ship foundered in the 
 Hadriatic, 600 of the crew and passengers were cast into 
 the sea, 80 contrived to swim, and were taken up by a 
 ship from Cyrene. On his arrival at Puteoli, the usual 
 landing-place, Josephus, making acquaintance with Ali- 
 turus, an actor, who was a Jew by birth, and from his pro- 
 
40 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 fession in high credit with the empress Poppasa, obtained 
 the release of the prisoners, as valuable presents from 
 Poppsea, and returned home ; during all this time he studied 
 diligently and mastered the Greek language, which few of 
 his countrymen could write, and still fewer speak with 
 correct pronunciation ; on his return home, he found 
 the Jews disposed to revolt against the power of Rome ; 
 after vainly endeavouring to oppose this determination, he 
 joined their cause, and held various commands in the 
 Jewish army ; at Jotapata in Galilee he signalised his 
 military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against 
 Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judea ; during the 
 siege and capture, 40,000 men fell on the side of the 
 Jews ; none were spared but women and children ; the 
 number of captives amounted only to 1200, so faithfully 
 had the Roman soldiery executed their orders of destruc- 
 tion ; Josephus saved his life by fleeing into a cave, where 
 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge ; he dissuaded 
 them from committing suicide, and when they had all 
 drawn lots to kill one another, he and one other remained 
 the last, and both surrendered themselves to Vespasian ; 
 whose esteem he gained by foretelling that he would be- 
 come one day master of the Roman empire. 
 
 Vossius thinks that Josephus, who, like the rest of his 
 nation, expected at this period the coming of the Messiah, 
 applied to Vespasian the prophecies which announced the 
 advent of our Saviour, and remarks that he might have 
 been the more sincere in so doing, as Jerusalem was not 
 besieged. His prophecy having been accomplished two years 
 afterwards, he obtained his freedom, and took the praeno- 
 men of Flavius, to indicate that he regarded himself as the 
 emperor's freedman ; he was present during the whole siege 
 of Jerusalem, and endeavoured to persuade his country- 
 men to capitulate ; whether he seriously considered resis- 
 tance impossible, or, as he pretends, recognising the hand 
 of God and the accomplishment of the prophecies in the 
 ruin of his country. He was by no means held in the same 
 estimation by the Roman army as by Titus ; they thought 
 a traitor to his country might be a traitor to them, and 
 
JOSEPHUS. 41 
 
 were apt to lay all their losses to his charge, as if he kept 
 up secret intelligence with the besieged ; on the capture 
 of the city, when Titus offered to him any boon he pleased, 
 he chose the sacred books, and the lives of his brother and 
 50 friends ; he was afterwards permitted to select 190 of 
 his friends and relatives from the multitude shut up in 
 the temple to be sold for slaves ; his estate being within 
 the Roman encampment, Titus assigned to him other lands 
 in lieu of it ; Vespasian also conferred on him a considerable 
 property in land ; Josephus lived afterwards at Rome, in 
 high favour with Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian ; the last 
 of these punished certain Jews and an eunuch, tutor to 
 his son, who had falsely accused him ; exempted his estate 
 from tribute, and advanced him to high honour ; he was 
 a great favourite with the empress Domitia ; after his sur- 
 render he married a captive in Csesarea, but in obedience, 
 it may be presumed, to the law which prohibited such 
 marriages to a man of priestly line, he discarded her, and 
 married again in Alexandria ; by this latter wife he had 
 three sons ; one only, Hyrcanus, lived to maturity ; but 
 being dissatisfied with this wife's conduct, he divorced 
 her also, and married a Cretan woman, from a Jewish 
 family, of the first rank and opulence in the island, and 
 of admirable virtue ; at Rome he wrote his " History of 
 the Jewish War," in Hebrew, for the use of his own 
 countrymen in the east, particularly those beyond the 
 Euphrates ; he afterwards translated the work into Greek 
 for the benefit of the western Jews and the Romans ; both 
 king Agrippa and Titus bore testimony to its accuracy ; 
 the latter ordered it to be placed in the Public Library, 
 and signed it with his own hand as an authentic memorial 
 of the times ; this work was translated into Latin in the 
 fifth century, by Ruf inus of Aquileia, or rather by Cassiodo- 
 rus, Muratori Antiq. Ital. 3, 920 ; many years afterwards, 
 about A. D. 93, Josephus pubhshed his great work " on 
 the Antiquities of the Jews," in 20 books ; it forms a his- 
 tory of the chosen people from the creation to the reign 
 of Nero ; he did not write this work for the use of his 
 
 6 
 
42 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 countrymen, or even for the Hellenistic Jews ; his object 
 was to make his nation better known to the Greeks and 
 Romans, and to remove the contempt in which it was ac- 
 customed to be held ; the books of the Old Testament, 
 and, where these failed, tradition and other historical monu- 
 ments, were the sources whence he di-ew the materials for 
 his work ; but in using these, he took care to remove from 
 his narrative all which the religion of the Jews regarded as 
 most worthy of veneration, not to shock the prejudices of 
 the nations for whom he wrote ; he not only treats these 
 books as mere human compositions, but allows himself the 
 liberty of often adding to the recital of an event circum- 
 stances which change its entire nature ; in every part of 
 the work in question, he represents his countrymen in a 
 point of view calculated to conciliate the esteem of the 
 masters of the world; notwithstanding all this, the Anti- 
 quities are extremely interesting, as affording a faithful 
 picture of Jewish manners in the time of the historian, and 
 as filling up a void in ancient history of four centuries 
 between the last books of the Old and those of the New 
 Testament ; with similar views, Josephus wrote his " An- 
 swer to Apion," a celebrated grammarian of Egypt, who 
 had given currency to many ancient fictions of Egyptian 
 tradition about the Jews ; he likewise pubhshed his own 
 Life, in answer to the statements of his old antagonist, 
 Justus of Tiberias, who had sent forth a History of the 
 War, written in Greek with considerable elegance ; when 
 he died is uncertain ; history loses sight of him in his 56th 
 or 57th year ; a work has been erroneously assigned to 
 him which in some edd. of the Scriptures appears as the 
 4th Book of Maccabees ; a fragment also on the Cause of 
 the Universe, preserved by John Philoponus, a Christian 
 writer of the 7th century, has been incorrectly ascribed to 
 Josephus. 
 
 As the works of Josephus, like those of Philo, turn 
 wholly on the history and affairs of his countrymen the 
 Jews, they cannot be adduced, like those of the Greek and 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 43 
 
 Latin writers, as furnishing only occasional notices of the 
 Hebrew nation. But his account of the Essenes, to which 
 he once belonged, and of which sect John the Baptist is 
 thought to have been a member, is still more copious and 
 interesting than that of Philo. 
 
 De Bello. Jud. II, 8, i.^Tphov 
 Se o 8^ Kal BoKel cr€jj,v6T7)Ta 
 acTKeiv,' E<T<Trjvol KaKovvral, 'lov- 
 Saioi fi£V jevoi oWes <biXdWrj\oi 
 Se Kal Twv SXKav ■TrXeov. Ovtoi 
 Ta? |U.6V rfiova,'; a)? KaKiav airo- 
 a-rpecj)0VTai, rifv Se iyicpaTeuiv, 
 Kai TO p,r) TOts TTaOetnv vwottLtt- 
 reiv, aptTr]v inroXa/X'^avovcn, 
 Kal lydfiov fiev inrepo^jrla Trap' 
 avTOK, Tovs S' dXKoTpiov<; ■7raiSa<; 
 eKkaiJ.pdvoine<;jaiTa\ov<; en ■77/309 
 Ta ixaOrjixaTa, air/yevel'i rjjovv- 
 Tai, Kai rot's ■^6ecri, Tot<; eavrwi' 
 ivTVTTOVcri • Tov fiev ydp.ov, Kal 
 TTjv ef avTOV 8wi8oj^^v, ovk dvai- 
 . povvre'Sf Ta9 Se xojy yvvaiKtav 
 daeXyela^ t^vKaacofievoij Kai 
 /j,rj8eixMV T-qpew ■jreTTenT/j.epoi, jr)V 
 irpbi eva irlaTiv. 
 
 3. KaTa<j>pov7jTal Se ttXovtov, 
 Kal Oavfidaiov Trap avToi^ to 
 KOLVcovTjTiKov, ovBe etjTtv evpelv 
 KTrjcTSL riva Trap' avrolf virepe- 
 ^ovra. JVo/109 lyap tov's £19 t^v 
 a'lpeo'i.v eiaiovra/i SrjiJ,eveiv tod 
 Tor/fjiaTi TTjV ov<TLav. "{lure iv 
 arraaiv fxrire ireviai; TaTreivorrjTa 
 ipaiveaOai, firjK virepoyrjv irXov- 
 Tov, tS>v Se eKdcTTOV KTrifidrcov 
 dva/j,e/j,(,yiJ,evcov p,iav iixnrep dS- 
 e\(poo's airaaiv ovalav elvau 
 KrjXiSa Se v7rd\a/j./3dvovin to 
 eKatov, Kal iav d\t<pfj Tt? ctKcav, 
 cjiri'XeTai, to o'co/mi • to yap av^- 
 fielv iv Kdk& Tidevrai, \6V)(ei.fio- 
 vetv t£ ZiairavTo<; • ■xetporovtyroi 
 
 The third sect, which also seems 
 to follow a severe discipline, are 
 called Essenes, being Jews by birth, 
 and more attached to one another 
 than the others. These avoid plea- 
 sure as a vice, and deem continence 
 and never yielding to their passions, 
 to be a virtue. There is also a neg- 
 lect of marriage among them, but 
 taking the children of others, whilst 
 still tender for learning, they look 
 upon them as their own and impress 
 them with their own character : 
 not altogether impugning marriage 
 and the succession [of our race 
 through it], but guarding against 
 the wantonness of woman, and be- 
 cause they are persuaded that women 
 do not preserve their faith towards 
 
 They are despisers of wealth, and 
 their communism is wonderful, nor 
 is it possible to find any one among 
 them surpassing the rest in pos- 
 sessions : for it is a law among 
 them that whoever enters their sect 
 must give up his property to the 
 order: so that among all of them 
 you will not find either the lowness 
 of poverty or the excess of wealth, 
 but the possessions of each are 
 thrown together, and all have the 
 enjoyment of them alike as if they 
 were brothers. They look upon oil 
 as a pollution, and if a person is 
 anointed with it even against his 
 will, his body is wiped, for they 
 
44 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Se ol Tav KOLV&v e'm,ixekr)T(u, Kol 
 aSidiperoi TTpo<; airdvraiv ets ras 
 
 4. Mia 8e ovK ecTiv aiiTWV 
 •jToXt?, aXh! iv eKacTTr) KaTOLKovcri 
 iToXkol • Kal rot's erepcadev i]/cov- 
 (Tiv alpeTicTTai^ avaTreTrrarai 
 TO, Trap' avTOK 6fj,ol(o^ axT'jrep 
 iSia, Kal Trpo? ous ou irporepov 
 eTSov el(Tiacn,v co? crvviqdecTTaTOV'i • 
 Bib Kal TTOLOvvTai ra? a.TroSrjfj.ia^, 
 ovSev fxev 6\a><; irriKOfii^ofievot, 
 Sia Se roil'; \rjaTa'; 'ivoifX.oi. 
 KyjEe/jicbv Se iv eKaarr) iroXti tov 
 Tor/fiaToii e^atpero)? t&v ^evcov 
 airoSeiKvvTai, Tafxievuiv eadrjTa 
 Kal ra eViTiJSeta. KaraaToXr) 
 Se Kal (TV/ifMa aa>fiaTO<; ofioiov 
 TOis fjLera <j)6/3ou 'jraiSayar/ov- 
 jxevoi^ iraiuiv. Ovre Se ecrdiJTa'i 
 ovre iwoSiJ/iaTa a/^eijSovcn, irplv 
 rj Siappafyrjvac to irporepov nraV' 
 Tairaaiv, r) haiTavr)dr)vai t& 
 ')(p6vS). OuSev Se iv aXXjjAot? 
 ovre uyopd^ovcriv ovre irroXovatVy 
 aWd Ta ■y^prjifiVTi SiSoii's eKaa-- 
 TO! Ta Trap avTOV, to Trap 
 eKeivov j^pjjcnfxov dvTi.Kop,l^eTai. 
 Kal %(opi9 8e T^9 dvTiS6aeQ}<;, 
 a.KmXvTO'; r] /j.eToXrj'^Li avTOiS 
 irap^ h)v av i9eXt]ao)<Ti. 
 
 B. IT/309 je /j,r]V TO Oetov 
 ISiwv eiae/3eh " Trplv 'yap dvacr- 
 X^lv TOV rfKLOv, ovSev ^diiyyovrai 
 
 T&V iSe^ljfuOV, TTOTplOUS 6e Tt!'a9 
 
 619 auTov €ti%a9, (UCTTrep iKerevov- 
 Te9 avaTelXai • /hctix Tavra Trpoi 
 a9 eKaaroi reyva's tcfacriv vtto 
 T&v iTTLfjueXriroiv SuuplevTai,, Kal 
 /tep^/Dt7re/ti7rT979 (opa9 ipyacrdfievoi 
 avvTovws, eTTena Trdkiv ei9 ev 
 
 deem it good to be foul and to be 
 
 always dressed in white. The mana- 
 gers of their common property are 
 elected, and each of these is undis- 
 tinguishable from all with respect 
 to their service. 
 
 There is no one city of (hem, but 
 they dwell many ia each : and to 
 those of their sect who come from 
 any other place every thing they 
 have is thrown open to them, as if 
 it were their own, and they visit 
 those they have never seen before, 
 as if they were their most intimate 
 friends. Wherefore also they make 
 their journeys from home, carrying 
 nothing at all with them, but armed 
 on account of robbers. A curator 
 is appointed in each city of the 
 order especially for strangers, and he 
 dispenses clothes and necessaries. 
 But the dress and bearing of their 
 persons is like to children who are 
 brought up in fear : they change 
 neither their clothes nor their shoes, 
 before that they are first altogether 
 torn to pieces or worn out by time. 
 They neither buy nor sell any thing 
 to one another, bat each one, giving 
 of his own things to any one that 
 needs, receives in return from him 
 whatever may be of use. .But even 
 without giving in return, the ob- 
 taining from any one they please is 
 to them unimpeded. 
 
 They are especially pious towards 
 the deity; for before sun-rise, they 
 speak not a word on worldly busi- 
 ness, but [address] to him prayers 
 used by their forefathers, as if sup- 
 plicating him to rise. After this 
 they are dismissed by their superin- 
 tendents to the occupations vihich 
 each is acquainted with, and work 
 without ceasing until the fifth hour. 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 45 
 
 aBpol^ovrai ')(a>plov, ^a<ra,/j,evoi 
 re cyKfTrdaiMiin, Xivoii, otSra)? 
 aTToXovovTat, to ar&iia ^ir)(pol's 
 vSacTi • Koi fiera ravTJ]V Trjv 
 ar/velav,el<i Ihiov o'iiK7]fj,a crvvicunv, 
 evda /zrjSevl T&v eTepoSo^cov eVt- 
 TerpaTTTai TrapeXdetv • avrol t€ 
 Kadapol Kaddirep et? &yi6v tc 
 TefJievo'i TrapayiuovTai, to Senrvrj- 
 Trjpiov. Kal KdBicrdvTaiv p-ed' 
 ^avx^'ii f^^v TiTOTTOio'; iv Taf ei 
 TrapaTiOtjaiv apTov<;, 6 Se p^cuyei- 
 poi ev a/yyelov i^ ivbs iSecrparo'i 
 kKaaTa TrapaTldrjai. IIpoKaT- 
 ev'XeTM Se 6 lepei/'s tt}? Tpo<pfj';, 
 Kal yevacwOai nva trpb t^? 
 evyfj^ a6ep,irov. ^ApicrTOTroirj- 
 iTdfj,evo<i iirevf^BTai irdXiv • dp- 
 'Xpixeiol re Kal Travofievoi yepal- 
 pov(ri rbv 6ebv, d)<} ^oprjjbv t^? 
 Tpoij>rj'}. "Eireira <»? lepa? /ca- 
 radefievoi Ta? icr0fjTa^, Trakw 
 eV epya yttexpt SetXij'? TpeTrovrai. 
 AeiTTvoixTi, Se vTToa-TpiifravTe^ 
 o/iOKus crvyKade^op,evo}V t&v ^e- 
 vwv, o'l TV-)^oiev aiiTol'; Trapovre's. 
 OvBe Koavyrj Trore -rbv oIkov, 
 0VT6 Oopvpo'i pboXvvei, TCI,'; Se 
 \a\i,d<; iv Td^ei Trapaxfopova-tv 
 dWijXoK • Kal Tol'S e^aidev, (ws 
 fiVcrrrjpLov ti <j>piKTbv, tj t&v 
 evSov aicoTrrj KaTa(j>aiveTat. Tov- 
 Tov Se a'lTWv t) StrjveKr]^ vrpjni;, 
 Kal TO fieTpeladai Trap' avroi^ 
 Tpo(j>rjv Kal TTOTOV p,ef)(pi Kopov. 
 
 6. T&v fj,ev ovv aSXcov, ovK 
 ea-Ttv o, TJ p,rj t&v eTripbeXrjT&v 
 TrpoaTa^dvTWV evepyovcri, ■ Svo 
 Se rain a Trap avrol'; avre^ova-ia, 
 eTTiKovpia Kal eXeo?. Borjdeiv 
 re yap tol<; d^ioi<;, oTTorav Seaiv- 
 rai, Kal Kar avroii'; d<j)ierat, Kai 
 Tpo^d'i dTropovp.evoi'i opeyeiv • 
 
 Then they again come together into 
 one place, and having girded them' 
 selves with linen coverings, they 
 then wash the body with cold water. 
 After this purification, they go to- 
 gether into a private house, where 
 it is not allowed for any one of a 
 different sect to enter, and themsel- 
 ves go clean to the supper-table as i£ 
 it were a sacred place. When they 
 have taken their seats at leisure, the 
 bread-maker puts bread before them 
 in order, and the cook puts before 
 each one a dish consisting of one 
 kind of meat. The priest prays 
 before they eat, and it is unlawful 
 for any one to eat before the prayer. 
 When he has ended his meal, he 
 prays again, and thus both begin- 
 ning and ending they honour God, 
 as the giver of the food. After this 
 they lay aside their clothes as if 
 they were sacred, and again turn to 
 their task until the evening. Then 
 they sup together after their return 
 in the same manner, and the stran- 
 gers who happen to be among them, 
 sit down at table with them. Their 
 houses are never disturbed by 
 shouting or by clamour, but they 
 allow one another to speak in turn, 
 and to those without the silence 
 within appears to be a terrible 
 mystery. The cause of this is their 
 constant sobriety, and their having 
 their meat and drink dealt out to 
 them short of satiety. 
 
 Now in all other matters there is 
 nothing which they do without com- 
 mand of their superintendents ; but 
 there are two services which they 
 render spontaneously, help and com- 
 passion. Tor it is allowed them of 
 their own accord to assist the worthy 
 when they are in need, and to sup- 
 
46 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Ta9 S^ ew T0U5 (Tvyyeve?!; /j,eTa- 
 Soaei'! ov/c e^eerri, "TroielaOai, S()(a 
 tSiv emTpoTToiv. 'Ofyyfji; Ta/iiai 
 SiKawt, Ovfiov KodeKTiKol, irla- 
 T€(U9 irpoaTa-TM, elpijvrji iiirovp- 
 ryoL Kal irav p-iv to prjdkv vtt 
 avTMv la-yvpoTepov opKov • to Be 
 6p,vveiv avTOK •7repd(TTaTai, ^e?- 
 pov Ti TJ}? iinopKLa^ v77o\ap,^d- 
 vovT€<i. "HSt) 'yap KaTeyvSitT- 
 vaL (^ci<n, Tov a7Ti<7Tovp.evov, 
 Si^a 6eov. STTOvBd^ovcri Se 
 eKTOTTCDs Trepl to, tS>v nraXalciiv 
 a-vjypdp.iiaTa, p-dXicTTa to, irpix; 
 axf>eXeiav i^y^ij? Kal ctoo/mxto'; 
 exXeyovTe';. "EvOev avToh irpo'i 
 Oepairelav iradiov, pii^al re dXe- 
 ^iTijpioi, Kal XLdav tSioTTjTe^ 
 dvepevvSivrai. 
 
 7. Tm Be ^TjXovvTi Trjv a'ipecnv 
 avTwv ovK evOv's t) ■rvapoBo'i, dXX' 
 ejr eviavTov efo) p.evovTi Trjv 
 avTTjv vTroTidevTai Biaurav, d^i- 
 vapiov T€, Kal TO 7rpoeipr]p,imv 
 irepL^wfia, Kal XevKrjv eaOrJTa 
 ooi/rey. 'Ewei,Bav Be tovtw tm 
 Xpovm Trelpav ejKpaTeia^ Sm, 
 "jrpoaeta-i fxev eyyiov tt} SiatTrj, 
 Kal KadapaiTepcov tS)V 7rpo5 dy- 
 velav vSaTcov pieTaXafi/Bdvei, , 
 "jrapaXap-lSdveTai Be ej? ras avp,- 
 Ptdicrei<! ovSeTTco. MeTO, yap 
 Ttjv Tfji KapTepia<i eTrlSei'^tv, Bv- 
 (Ttv aXXot,'; er^ai to rjdo^ Boki- 
 fid^eTai ■ Kal (}>avel<; agio's, ovtq)<! 
 ek TOV ofiiXov eyKplveTai. Uplv 
 Be T^9 KOivrj'; a-^aaOai Tpo<j>rj';, 
 bpKovf avTol'S ofjLvvcTi (f>pi,KcoBei<;, 
 irpSiTov fiev evaeBri(7£iv to delov, 
 eireiTa Ta vpo's dvOpwirov; BUata 
 <f>vXa^ei,v, Kal /ijjVe Kara yvdi/j,'r]v 
 fiXd^eiv TWO, p,rjTe e^ ^TTLTay- 
 p.aT0<;, ftia-jja-eiv Be del Toi"! 
 uSlkov^ Kal cvvaycovieltxdai T0i9 
 
 ply food to those who are in want 
 of it : but to make gifts to their 
 own kindred is not lawful without 
 tlieir curators. They are just in 
 regulating their anger, restrain their 
 passion, are champions of fidelity, 
 and ministers of peace. Everything 
 that is spoken by them is firmer than 
 an oath, but they shun swearing, 
 thinking it worse than perjury ; for 
 they say that he who is not believed 
 without the name of God is already 
 condemned. They are extremely 
 studious about the writings of the 
 ancients, selecting especially those 
 which are useful to soul and body. 
 Prom which cause they have found 
 out for the cure of sufferings, both 
 liealing roots and properties of 
 stones. 
 
 To one who aims at joining this 
 sect, admission is not easy ; but they 
 impose on him, whilst remaining one 
 year without, the same mode of life, 
 giving him a hatchet, the girdle 
 aforesaid, and a white dress. But 
 when in this space of time he has 
 given proof of his continence, he 
 approaches nearer to their mode of 
 life, and partakes of the purer waters 
 of cleansing, but he is not yet ad- 
 mitted to live with them ; for after 
 the proof of his continence, his 
 moral character is proved during 
 two years more, and, when he has 
 shewn himself worthy, he is thus 
 adjudged to be of their number. 
 But before he touches food in com- 
 mon with them, he swears to them 
 shuddering oaths, first that he will 
 be pious towards the deity, then 
 that he will observe the rules of 
 justice towards men, and will hurt 
 no one either of his own accord or 
 by command, but will always hate 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 47 
 
 etxaloK ' to Triarbv ael Trape- 
 f ety TTaai, jiaXuna Se rot? xpa- 
 Tovcruf, ov yap Si-^a 6eov Trept- 
 yivecrOai Tivi to iipyeiv. Kav 
 airrm o,pyrj, /xriSe TTCOTTOTe efu- 
 ^pii^eiv 6t9 TrjV i^ovrriav. MrjSe 
 iadrJTi, fj JLVL TrXeiovi Koa/xcp 
 Toii'i VTroreTcvyixevov; VTrepXap,- 
 TTpvveaBai. Trjv aXijdeiav wya- 
 irav ael, Kal tov? i^eviofJLevov^ 
 eXey^^eov Trpo^dWecrOal • %6jpa? 
 kXottjj?, Kal ^jrvj^v dvotriov Kep- 
 Bov^ KaOapav (j)v\d^€tv. Kal 
 fiJjTC Kpinjreiv Tt Tous aipejuTTaf, 
 fi^re eTipoi<; avT&v rl fj,r]vv<Teiv , 
 Kav P'ixP'' Savdrov T(? fiiA^ijTai. 
 JTpos TOUTOts op-vvovai fiTjSevl 
 fiev jxtTahovvai, tS)V Soyfidrav 
 erepo}'!, rj (u? avTO'; fiereXajSev • 
 d^j^e^eaOat Se \7j(7T€ia<;, Kal auv- 
 T7]pij(Teiv 6p,olca<; to. re Trj<; alpe- 
 crecDi avrSiv ^L^la Kal rwv dr/- 
 yeXcov ovo/xara. Toiovtoli fj,ev 
 opKoi'i Touy Trpocn6vTa<i e^ac^a- 
 Xi^ovTaii. 
 
 8. Toi)? Se eV dfjo^peoi? dfi- 
 apTTjixacTiv aXovra^, eK0dXXova-i 
 Tov rdy/iOTo? • o Se eKKpidelv, 
 olKTLCTTai TTOSXaKl^ jjLopw Sia(f>- 
 
 delperai. Tot^ yap opKOc; Kat 
 TOK e9e(Tiv ivSeSe/j.evo'; oiSe Trji; 
 irapa toI<; aXKoi^ jpo<p7J'i Svva- 
 Tai fieraXa/ilSdveiv, iroiq^ar/oyv 
 Se Kal Xi/jLip TO (T&fia Tr]K6/xevo<; 
 Siatpdelperai, • Sio Srj ■jtoWoik; 
 eXerjaavTef iv Tail ia-yaTati 
 dvairvoali dveKa^ov, iKavrjv 
 em TOt? dfiapT'qfi.aa-LV avrSiv tijv 
 /xe;^t Oavdrov ^dtravov rp(ov- 
 ixevoi. 
 
 the unrighteous, and tight on the 
 side of the righteous : that he will 
 always show fidelity to all, but 
 especially to rulers, for no one is a 
 ruler without the will of God : and 
 that, if he himself becomes a ruler, 
 he will never carry insolence into his 
 authority, nor outshine those placed 
 under him, in dress or by any su- 
 perior ornament ; always to love 
 virtue, and make a point of refuting 
 those who tell lies : to keep his 
 hands from theft, and his soul pure 
 from unholy gain : and neither to 
 hide any thing from those of his 
 sect, nor to communicate to others 
 any of their secrets, though any one 
 might use force towards him even 
 to death. In addition to all this 
 they swear to impart their doctrines 
 to no one in any other manner than 
 as they were imparted to themselves ; 
 to abstain from robbery, and to 
 preserve equally both the books of 
 their sect and the names of the an- 
 gels. By such oaths they secure 
 their proselytes. 
 
 But they cast out of their order 
 those who are caught in important 
 crimes, and he who is separated, 
 often dies by a most pitiable fate. 
 Tor being bound by the oaths and 
 the customs, he cannot partake of 
 the food oE other men, but perishes 
 eating herbs and wasting his body 
 by hunger. Wherefore indeed they 
 take back many from compassion 
 when at the last gasp, thinking the 
 torment they have suffered even to 
 death's door is enough for their 
 offences. 
 
 9. Tlepi Se Ta<; KpUeK aKpi- In their judgments they are ac- 
 
48 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 ^ea-TaTOi, Kal SUaioi • Kai SiKci- 
 t^ovcrt fi€v ovK iKaTTOv^ rcjv 
 GKarov avv€\66vTe';, to he opixr- 
 6ev inr av-rmv aKivrfTov. Se/Saf 
 Se fieyccTTov irap avToi<; fieTO, 
 Tov debv, TO ovo^a tov vofiodkrov. 
 Kav ^aa-(j>rifj,7jcrri rh ek rov- 
 rov, KoKat,6(T6ai davcuru). Toll 
 Be ■jTpeal3inepoi'i vrraKoveiv Kal 
 Tol<; "ifKeiocriv, ev Kak& ridevjai. 
 SeKa yovv air/Ka6e^o^eva)v, ov/c 
 av \a\ij(7eLe Ti? atcovTwv TOiv 
 evvea. Kal to TTTVcrai Se eh 
 fiecroui jj TO Se^cov /j,e'po<; cf>u\d(T- 
 a-ovrai • Kal rah kfBhoixdaiv 
 epyav icjidirTecrOai,, BLa(j>opa>TaTa 
 'louSaiiov aTravTcov. Ov fxovov 
 •yap Tpocjia^ eavTOis "rrpo rifj,epa>; 
 jxia'; TrapacTKevd^ova-iv, tus p.r]&e 
 iTvp evavoiev eKeivr) t^ rifiepq, 
 cOOC ovSe (TKevoif ti pieraKtvij- 
 fXai Oappovctv, ovBe d-TroTrareiv, 
 Tali; Se aWaK rip,epaK fiodpov 
 6pu(7<T0VTe<i /3d6o^ TToScacov rfj 
 (TKaXiSi, TOiovTov <ydp ecnt, to 
 S(,S6p,evov inr avT&v d^iviSiov 
 T0i9 veocrvaTdTOLSj Kal TvepiKa- 
 Xinfravrei Boifiarlo), &)? /^^ Ta? 
 aiya<; v/3pi^ciev tov 6eov, €a- 
 Kevovuiv 6t9 avTov, eireCTa ttjv 
 dvopv^deurav lyyv e<pe\K0vcn,v 
 eh TOV /BoOpov, Kal tovto TTOiOvab 
 Toii'i epTjp.oTepov; tottous iK^Xeyo- 
 pievou Kaiirep Si] ^v(7VKrj^ ov- 
 
 (77]^ TTJ'S TWV <T<0/J,aTI,K&V \vp,d- 
 
 Tdiv eKKpl(T€(0Sj aTToXoveaOac 
 fieT avTrjV KaOdtrep p,epiLap,ixevoL<i 
 edifiop. 
 
 10. Aifiprjinai, Be, Kara '^(povov 
 T?5? a<TKJ^<Tea>';, eh polpat rea- 
 a-apa<; • Kal roaovTov oi fxeraye- 
 veaTepoi t&v TrpoyevecrTepaiv 
 
 curate and just, and they come to- 
 gether no fewer than an hundred 
 when they judge. That which is 
 once determined by them is never 
 afterwards disturbed. Tb'eir great- 
 est glory after God is the name of 
 their lawgiver : and if any one blas- 
 pheme against him, he is punished 
 with death. They deem it right to 
 obey their elders and the wish of 
 the majority : for instance, if ten are 
 sitting together, none of them would 
 speak, ii the other nine were unwill- 
 ing. They also are careful not to 
 spit in the midst of them, or to the 
 right side, and not to touch work 
 on the seventh days, the most of all 
 the Jews : for they not only prepare 
 food for themselves one day before, 
 that they may not even light a fire on 
 that day ; but they do not dare even 
 to move a vessel from one place to 
 another, nor even to go aside [to 
 ease themselves]. But on the other 
 days they dig a pit a foot deep with 
 the little spade, (for such is the 
 nature of the little ase that is given 
 by them to new-comers) and wrap- 
 ping themsehes round with their 
 garment, that they may not insult 
 the rays of the god, they sit over it, 
 then rake back into the ditch the 
 earth that was dug out, and this 
 they do, selecting the most out of 
 the way places; and, though the 
 voiding of the excrement of the 
 body is natural, it is customary for 
 them to wash after it, as if they had 
 been defiled. 
 
 They are divided, according to the 
 length of their following the order, 
 into four classes : and the juniors 
 are so inferior to the seniors, that if 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 49 
 
 iKarTovmai, aerre el ^frava-eiav 
 avT&v iKeivov^ airoKoveadai, xa- 
 dairep aXKoi^vkm o-Uyu^upen-as. 
 KnX fiaKp6$ioi fiev, m roii? 
 TToWoii? iiirep exaTov irapaTei- 
 vuv err), Bm rrjv aifkoTrfra t^9 
 SiaiTT)'!, ifioi rye SoKeiv, km tt/v 
 evTa^iav. KaTa<f>pov7]Tal Se tSsv 
 Seivcbv, Kal Ta? fj,ev aXr/ijSova'i 
 viKS>VTe<i TOW ^povripLacTi, TOV Se 
 Odvarov, el p,er eu/cXeta? irpocT' 
 Lot, vofiL^ovre'i a9avacrla<; dfiei- 
 vco • SiJyXeyf 6 S" avr&v iv UTraai, 
 ra<s ■^U)(ai 6 irpof ' Pcojj,aiOV<; 
 ■7r6\e/J,o(;. 'Ev & aTpe^ovfji,evoi 
 Kal Xvyi^ofievoi, KMOfievol re Kal 
 KXcopjevoi, Kal Sia -rrdvTwv oSev- 
 ovrei TOiv ^aaavMTriplwv, "va r) 
 ^\acr<prjp,^croicn top voixoBeTTjv, 
 rj ^aryaxri Ti r&v atrxwriOaiv, ov- 
 Zerepov tl mrifjueivav -rraOelv, 
 dXK ovSk KoKaKev<Tal TTOTe tovs 
 aiKi^o/ievov;, fj SaKpva-ai,. Mec- 
 Bt,<aiTe<i Be iv reus aS/yi)B6(Ti, kclI 
 KaTeipmvevo/jbevoL t&v rdi ^a<ya- 
 vov<; '7rpocr<j)ep6vT(ov, evdvpfOi xas 
 ■^^|^^a? ^<j>ie(rav, to? iraXcv Kop,i/- 
 ov/isvoi. 
 
 11. Kal lydp eppanai irap 
 airTOK i]Se ij So^a, ^Oaprh p-ev 
 elvait TO, <ra>/jMra, Kal ttjv vkrjv 
 oil pJ)Vip,ov avTol<;, Ta? Be i^irxa^ 
 aBavdrovi; del Buifjxveiv, Kal 
 av/J,TrXeKe<T9ai, puev, bk rov Xeir- 
 Tordrov (j)0iTd)<7a'S aWepoi, &cr- 
 Trep elpKTai'} tok (rajxaciv ivyyi 
 rivc <j>u<7iKfj Karaxrirajxeva/i. 
 'EireiBav Be dvedaicn i5ni Kara 
 crdpKa Be(T/JLOJv, dla Brj pMKpd'i 
 Bov\eta<! d-7rr]Wwyp,eva<; Tore 
 •yaipeiv Kal /xeTedpovi cjtepeadai. 
 Kal ToZs p,ev ar/aOaZt, 6/ioSo- 
 
 they touch them, they must wash 
 themselves, as if they had been con- 
 taminated by a foreigner ; and so 
 long-lived, that the greater number 
 of them reach beyond an hundred 
 years, through the simple nature of 
 their diet, as it seems to me, and 
 their good discipline. They are 
 despisers of dangers ; they overcome 
 sorrows by greatness of spirit, and 
 regard death, if it come with glory, 
 as better than immortality. The 
 war against the Romans proved 
 their spirit in every thing ; in which 
 though tortured and twisted, burnt 
 and broken, and made to go through 
 all kinds of instruments of torture, 
 that they might either blaspheme 
 their lawgiver, or eat something of 
 what they were not used to, they 
 endured so as not to do either of 
 these things, nor even to flatter 
 their tormentors, or to shed a tear : 
 but smiling amid their griefs, and 
 bantering those who inf Uoted the tor- 
 ments upon them, they gave up 
 their lives readily, as if about to 
 receive them back again. 
 
 For this opinion also is confirmed 
 among them, that the bodies of men 
 are perishable, and their substance 
 not permanent : but that their souls 
 always remain immortal, and com- 
 ing forth out of the thinnest air 
 are joined to their bodies as to 
 prisons, being attracted by some 
 physical attraction. But when they 
 are set free from the bonds accord- 
 ing to the flesh, that then they re- 
 joice and are borne aloft as if set 
 free from a long slavery. And in 
 the case of good souls, they declare 
 
50 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 foOvTe? iraicrlv 'EWy^vav, diro- 
 ^alvovTai rrjV inrep coxeavov 
 ^iairav aTTOKeia-dai, Koi XW/JOV 
 cure o/xfipoi';, oiire vitpeTot'i, oure 
 Kav/iaai Papwojievov, aXhJ ov 
 ef WKeavov irpav'; ael ^i(\>vpo<i 
 eimTvewv ava\jrv)(ei • Tats Se 
 <j>av\ai'; ^ocfmSt] xal ■)(6i,fiepiov 
 a^opi^ovTai fi-v^bv, je/Mii'Ta ri- 
 IxwpiSiV dSia\6L7rT0)v. AoKovai 
 Bi fiot Kara ttjv avTrjv evvoMV 
 "EWrivei, T06S T6 dvSpelot? av- 
 T&v, o&s "Hpaw; Kal HfiiOeovi 
 KaXovcri, Ta<; fiaKapcav vrjuov^ 
 avaredeiKevai • TaK oe t&v ttovt]- 
 p&v i^v)(cui, Kad' aSov rov dae- 
 ^&v ■)(Sipov, evda xal Ko\a^op,6- 
 V0V1 Tivd<i fivdoXoryovai, Siav- 
 <j>ov<; Kal TavrdXovi, Kal 'I^lova<f, 
 Kai TtTvow, irpSirov /j,ev diSlovi 
 v<j)i(rTdfj,evol ra? i|ri;i^;a9, eTreua 
 et? TrpoTpoTrr/v dpeTrj^ Kal KaKia^ 
 diTOTpoTrriv. Tov<s re yap dyaOoiKS 
 ryiveaOat Kara rov ^lov dixeivov;, 
 iXwiSt Tifi^i Kal puETa rrjv reXev- 
 rr)v, T&v re KaK&v ifiTroSl^eadac 
 Tai oppuaf Seei, ■!rpocrSoKa>VT(ov, 
 6t Kai XdOoiev iv Ta> ^fjv, pteja 
 rfjv BtdXva-iv dddvarov TipLcoplav 
 vcpe^eiv. TdSe p,ev ovv ^Eaai^vol 
 ■nepl i/rup^ijs OeoKoyovcrtv, dipVK- 
 Tov SeXeap roll dira^ yeva-ap.evoi's 
 TTfijToipux'ijivT&v'^yKaddvre's. 
 
 12. Eltri Be^iv avroh ot Kal 
 ra p,eXXovTa Trpoytvcoa-Ktv inna- 
 XVOVVTai, ^l^Xoii lepal^, Kal 
 Biacjiopoi'; wyve/ai'S, Kal irpoijiri- 
 
 in agreement with the children of 
 the. Greeks, that a residence above 
 the heavens is allotted, and a place 
 that saffers from neither rains nor 
 snows, nor heats, but one which the 
 mild zephyr from the ocean always 
 blows over and refreshes. But for 
 bad souls they set apart a darF and 
 wintry den, full of never-ending 
 punishment. But it seems to me 
 that the Greeks, according'to the 
 same idea, have assigned the islands 
 of the blessed to those manly 
 persons among them, whom they 
 call Heroes and Demigods, but to 
 the souls of the wicked the place of 
 the unholy in Hades, where also 
 they have the fable that certain 
 persons suffer punishment, Sisy- 
 phuses, and Tantaluses, and Ixions, 
 and Tityoses, first, because they 
 hold that souls are immortal, and 
 next for exhortation to virtue and 
 the discouragement of vice : for 
 that both good men become better 
 in their lives, by the hope of reward 
 even after death, and the impulses 
 of the bad are checked by fear, if 
 they expect that they shall suffer 
 everlasting punishment after death, 
 even if they escape in life. Such 
 are the theological doctrines of the 
 Essenes concerning the soul, which 
 let down an unavoidable bait to 
 those who have once tasted of their 
 philosophy. 
 
 There are also some among them, 
 who profess to foreknow future 
 events, being educated in the sacred 
 books and different purifications, 
 and the sayings of the prophets. 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 51 
 
 t5>v aTro^OeyfJUKTiv e/iTratSorpt- 
 l3ov/ievoi. ^irdviov Sk era-ore 
 iv Tat<s Trpowyopevcreo'iv di7T0- 
 ^(ridova-iv. 
 
 But it is rarely that they shall miss 
 the mark in their predictions. 
 
 13. "Ecnt Be Kal erepov ^E<t- 
 <rriv5>v rwyfia, o BiaiTav fiev xal 
 edrj Kal vojiiixa tow aXkoi'i Ofio- 
 ^povovv, BiearTO's Be rfj Kara 
 ryd/Mov Bo^u • fjbeyLOTOv lyap amo- 
 Koirrew oiovrai toO j3iov /tiepoy, 
 Tiji' BioBo'X^u, Toiis /i^ ya/j^vv- 
 rai, p-aXKov Be, ei TravTei to 
 airrb (ppov^a-euxv, eKkiirelv airav 
 TO 7eyo9 Tayurra. AoKipA^ov- 
 T6S iJ,ev Toi Tpierla Ta<; yapera,<i, 
 iireiBav Tpl<s KadapBSxnv ek Tret- 
 pay rov Bivaadai rixTeiv, ovTa><; 
 aiyovreu. Tak Be iyKvpxiaiv 
 oir)^ 6pi\ovcnv, eKBeiKVVfjbevoi, to 
 p,ri Bi ■^Bovrjv, dWa Teicvtav xpet- 
 av, yap.eiv. AovTpa Be TaZ<i 
 lywai^lv dp-rreyopevaL^ evBvpa- 
 ra, KaOdirep tois AvBpdcrtv iv 
 Trepc^dipaTi. Toiavra pev edr] 
 TovSe Tov Tor/paTO^, 
 
 There is also another rale of 
 
 Essenes, which agrees with the others 
 in way of life and customs and laws, 
 but differs in doctrine about marri- 
 age. Por they think that those 
 who do not marry, cut off the great- 
 est part of life, the succession of the 
 species, or rather that, if all were to 
 think the same, the whole race 
 would soon fail. They try their 
 wives three years, and when they 
 have three times been purified as a 
 proof of their being able to bear 
 children, they thus marry them. 
 But they do not consort with their 
 wives when with child, showing that 
 they marry, not for the sake of 
 pleasure, but for the sake of chil- 
 dren. The bath is taken by their 
 women with bathing-dresses, as also 
 by the men with a girdle on. Such 
 are the habits of this order. 
 
 From the Essenes, we turn to another feature of this 
 writer's works which merits our attention. Although the 
 bible was the principal source from which he drew the 
 materials for his history, yet Josephus cites many other 
 authors, Greek, Roman, and Oriental, and gives large ex- 
 tracts from their works, alluding expressly to some of the 
 
52 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 most prominent events related in Jewish history. But, as 
 the works of these writers are wholly lost, we have no 
 means of testing the accuracy of these quotations, which, 
 coming through the medium of a translation, inay have 
 been made to receive such slight modification as the trans- 
 lator unintentionally has given them. It seems better 
 therefore to produce them here, as speaking not with their 
 own mouth, but in the words of Josephus himself. 
 
 Lysimachus, b. c. 400 ? 
 
 The earliest Greek writer quoted by Josephus is Lysima- 
 chus ; Josephus describes him as a violent enemy of the 
 Jewish people, and ascribes to his malignity the contemp- 
 tuous style in which he wrote of every thing connected 
 with them. I can find no indication of the time when 
 he hved ; but Meier, in his Judaica, ascribes him to the 
 year 400 [?] before Christ. 
 
 Jos. c. Ap. I, 34. Ae^ei yap The words of Lysimachus are 
 
 \_AvaL/j,a)(p9] • these : 
 
 " 'Ewl BoKxopeoK; rov Alyvn- " In the time of Boechoris ting of 
 
 TOtav ^a<TtXeo)9, Toy Xaov t&v the Egyptians the people of the 
 
 'lovSaicov, XeTT/QOus ovTai Kal Jews, being leprous and scabby, and 
 
 ■foipoiii, Kol aXXa voa-ijfiard having some other diseases, fled to 
 
 riva €X0VTa<;, eh to. iepa Kara- the temples and asked food : but very 
 
 ^evyovja'i perairelv rpocfiijv. many men having fallen into disease, 
 
 UctixiroKKwv Se avdpcoTrcov vocttj- there was a dearth in Egypt. But 
 
 \la irepiireaovraiv, aKapwlav iv Boechoris the ting of the Egyptians 
 
 T^ AiymrTm •yevecrdai,. Bok^o- sent to Ammon persons to consult 
 
 piv Se Toj* Twv Alr/vn-Ttwv ^aai- about the dearth : and the god told 
 Xea el<; "A/i/Mwva wefi'yfriu irepl 
 Trj'i aKapiria^ Toii'i fiavTev<70uA- 
 
LYSIMACHUS. 
 
 53 
 
 fou? ' rov 6eov H elirelv, rh 
 lepa Kadapai air avOpdnrmv 
 avaryvtov Koi Zv<7cre^S>v, eKJSa- 
 \6vTa avToiii e/e r&v iepwv el<s 
 TOTTOUS ipijfiOVi, TOVi Si ^jrwpoiKi 
 Kol XeTTpoiii pvdlaai, to? toO 
 rjKlov wyavaKTOvmo'! etti Trj Tov- 
 Tcov, ^a>fi Koi TO, lepa arpiiaai, 
 KcH ovTCO T^y 'y^v Kaptro^opi^aeiv. 
 Tbv Se BoK'Xopiv Toiii ■)(prj(T/jU3Vi 
 XaBovra, Tov^ re I'epets Kal eVt- 
 /S(B/i4iTa? irpoiTKdXecrdiJ.evov, ke\- 
 ewai eTTiXxryrjv 7rojij<ra/U«'0i;? 
 ra>v aKaddprcov, toJs crTparuo- 
 rai<t Toinovi TrapaSovvai Kard- 
 ^eiv avToii'i elf ttjv eprj/jLov. 
 Toi"! Be XeTTOovs ek /xoXv;8SiVou? 
 '^apTa'i ivSrjcravTa';, 'iva Ka6&<riv 
 el's rb ireXayo's. BvdicrOevTwv 
 Se rS)v Xe-rrp&v xal yjrmpaiv, Tovf 
 aXKoifi awadpoLtrdema^ eh t6- 
 irovs ip^fj>ov<; iicreOrivai eir aTrro- 
 'Kelq, cruvayQeinwi he /3ov\ev- 
 aacrdai wepl airr&v, vvkto^ S' 
 eTnyevop.evri';, irvp Kal Xuj^kou? 
 Kavaavra^ (fivKdniiv kavroti^, 
 Trjv T eTTiovcrav vvicra vr)<nev- 
 {TavTo^, l\d<TKea0ai tous 6eov<;, 
 irepl Tov craxrat avTovs. Ty S' 
 lirloiXTr) r/p-epa Mavarjv Tiva 
 (TV/j-^ovKevcrai, avTol<;, irapa- 
 ^aXKop.kvov; p,iav oSbv reixvebv, 
 a.'XpK av e\6a>cnv eh tottov; 
 oIkov/jAvov^, HapaKeXevcracBal 
 T6 avToh, /ijjre avdpcoTrmv tivI 
 evvorjoretv, fiiJTe apiara avfiffov- 
 \ev(xeiv, aXka to, y^elpova • 6e5>v 
 re vaoiif Kal ySia/xov?, oh av 
 •Kepnvytocnv, dvaTpeireiV. Xw- 
 atveaavrtav oe tojv aWti)V, Ta 
 Bo'xOevTa TTOJOVVTas Sia Tij<; eprj- 
 fxov TTopevecrdai, lKav&^ Se o^X- 
 rj6evTa<; ekOelv eh t^jv oIkovjjA- 
 vr/v 'xaipav, xal Tovi re avdpai- 
 •noxK v^pi^ovraf, Kal to, lepa 
 
 them to clear the temples of impure 
 and wicked men, casting them out 
 of the temples into desert places, and 
 to drown the scabby and leprous 
 persons, seeing that the sun was 
 offended at the life of these, and to 
 purify the temples, and thus the land 
 would bear fruit. But Bocchoris, 
 having received the oracles, and 
 having called to him the priests and 
 attendants on the altars, bade them 
 when they had made choice of the 
 impure, to deliver them to the sol- 
 diers to lead them into deserts : but 
 binding the leprous in sheets of lead 
 that they might sink them in the 
 sea : but when the lepers and the 
 scabby were sunk, that the others 
 being collected together were then 
 cast out into desert places for des- 
 truction : but that when these were 
 collected together they deliberated 
 concerning themselves, and, when 
 night came on, having kindled a fire 
 and torches they guarded themselves, 
 and the next night fasting they pro- 
 pitiated the gods about saving them- 
 selves : but on the following day 
 one Moses advised them to make a 
 venture and push their way right 
 forward until they should come to 
 inhabited places; and he exhorted 
 them neither to show any good will 
 to any man, nor to take thought for 
 their good but for their harm, and 
 to overturn the shrines and altars of 
 the gods which they should fall in 
 with. But when the others con- 
 sented, they proceeded through the 
 desert doing what had been deter- 
 mined on, and after having been 
 much troubled they came into the 
 inhabited country, and both insul- 
 ting the people, and plundering and 
 burning the temples, they came into 
 
54 
 
 HEATHEN HECORDS. 
 
 avX&vrai xal ifi'Trpi^cravTa';, iX- 
 6eiv 6i'y rrjv vvv 'lovSauiV Trpoa- 
 arfopevofievrjv. KTicravrai he 
 itoKlv evTavda KaToiKelv. To 
 he atm) tovto 'Iep6<7v\a airo 
 T)}? eKeivwv hiaOeaeax! mvofida- 
 Bai. "Ta-repov 8' airovs jeVt- 
 KpaTriaamwi, ')(^pbv(p hiaXKa^aj, 
 TTjv ovojjiaaiav Trpo? ro oveihL- 
 ^ecr9ai, koI Trjv re iroKw 'lepo- 
 (ToXvjxa, Koi airrovi 'Iepoao\v- 
 fiov; irpocrarjopeveaBai, 
 
 Ibid. II, 14. Aval/j,a')(p'; Kal 
 Ttves iiWoi ra p,ev vir ayvoia's, 
 TO ifkelcnov he Kara hviTfieveiav 
 irepi re tov voixoBeTrjaavTO'; rjfuv 
 McoiKzewi, Kal irepl t&v v6/m)V 
 TreTroirjvrai \cr/ov<; oine hiKaiovs 
 ovre aXTjdeli, rov jxev cu? ^oiyra 
 Kal d-Trare&va Sta/SaXXoz/Te?, 
 T0U9 v6p.ov<i he KaKiat rj/uv Kal 
 ouSe/ita? aperyi; ^d<rK0VT€i etvai 
 SihaaKoKov!. 
 
 Ibid. 33. Elra Avcrlfiaxoi 
 Kal MoKaivet, &c. cos iravv rjfidi; 
 ^uXoTOTOu? dvQpayiTuiv '\oiho- 
 
 pOVdlA). 
 
 the land now called Judsea, and 
 building a city dwelt there. This 
 town was called Hierosyla from thsir 
 way of life : but afterwards they 
 having gained the mastery, in time 
 changed the name which pointed to 
 their reproach, and called both the 
 city Hierosolyma and themselves 
 Hierosolymites. 
 
 Lysimachus and some others, 
 partly from ignorance, but mostly 
 from hostility, have made statements 
 neither just nor true, about our law- 
 giver Moses and about the laws, 
 slandering the one as a magician 
 and a cheat, and saying that the 
 laws are the teachers to us of vice 
 and of no virtue. 
 
 Then Lysimachus and the Molo's 
 &c. abuse us as being altogether the 
 worst of men. 
 
 Berosus, b. c. 320. 
 
 The next writer is Berosus, a Babylonian historian, in 
 the time of Alexander the Great. He was a priest in the 
 temple of Belus or Bel, and by his intercourse with the 
 Macedonian invaders he learnt the Greek language, and 
 afterwards removed into Greece, where he taught astro- 
 nomy and astrology. He wrote a History of the Chaldw- 
 atis, for which his knowledge of the Babylonian records 
 gave great facilities. Fragments of this work are preser- 
 ved by Josephus and Eusebius. 
 
BEROSUS. 
 
 55 
 
 Antiq. I, 7, 2. Mvqiiovevei, Se 
 rov Trarpos ij/u.wi' 'A^pd/Mv Bi]- 
 pcBcr<709, oi/c ovofid^cov, Xe7a)y8' 
 oi5tq>s • " Mera top KaraKXytr- 
 fwv Beicdrrj yevea, irapa Xa\- 
 SaM)t9 TJ9 ^v SUaLOi avrjp koX 
 fjAyai;, koI tcl ovpdvia e/iireipo^. 
 
 Ant. X, 11, 1. Me/j.vrjTai S' 
 aiiTOV r&v Trpd^eiov Kal Brjpaxr- 
 (TOf iv rfi TpiTTj rSiv XaXSa'i,Ka>v 
 i<7TopLo>v Xiyav oi!t&)5 • " 'Akov- 
 aaf he 6 Trarrjp ainov Na^ov- 
 yohovoaopo^j OTt 6 reTaryp.evo'i 
 (TaTpaTTi]'; h> re Alfu-irTOi Kal 
 T019 irepl rrjv KoiXrjv Xvpiav 
 
 Kal TTJV ^OLVlKtjV T07rOl9 aTTOCT- 
 
 TuTtj'; avTov 'yeyovev, ov Svvd- 
 fievo'i avTO^ ere KaKOiraOetv, 
 <rv(7rij(Ta<; Tm viw Na^ov^oSo- 
 voaopcp oVTi €v TJKLKiq fJiepr/ 
 nvd T^9 Bvvdp.eco'; i^eirefL-\^ev 
 eV avTov. Sv/x/j,i^a^ Se Na- 
 pov^ohovoaopo'i ra> awoardTr] 
 Kal •KapaTa^djMevo'i, ainov re 
 eKpaTTjo-e, Kal rrjv Xtupav iK rav- 
 T7)S t59 dp^rj'i VTTO rrjv avrov 
 ^aaiXeiav eirovrjaaTO. Ta> Se 
 irarpl rS> l^^a^ov^oSovocrdpa 
 avve^t] KaT aiiTov rov Kaipov 
 dppaxTT^craVTi, evryBa^vXwvlwv 
 •TToXet, /MeraXXd^ai top /Siov, eri] 
 ^aaiXevaavTi, eiKoaLV ev. Aicr- 
 Oo/xevoi Se fieT ov ttoXvv ■^ovov 
 TTji/ Tov ■Trarpo'i reXevrrjv Na- 
 Pov^oSovo(T6pov, KaTaiTTrj<7a<s to, 
 Kara AlyvTnov Trpdr/nara Kal 
 rrjv XoiTTTjV ')((i>pav, Kal tov^ "'hi' 
 //.aTiMTOvi 'lovSaiaiv t€ Kai $ot- 
 viKcov Kal Svptav Kal tS>v Kara 
 Trjv A'iyvTTTOv iOvwv, Kal avvTa- 
 fa? rial rS>v ^iXu)V fiera rfj<; 
 ^apvrdrr]'; Svvd/J,ea>'; Kal rrj^ 
 Xonrfji; oxpeXela^ dvaKOfMi^ew et9 
 rrjv Ba/SvXcoviav, aiiros opp.jjaa'; 
 
 Berosus mentions our fathef 
 Abraham, not naming him, but 
 saying thus : " In the tenth genera- 
 tion after the flood there was among 
 the Chaldees a man just and great, 
 and experienced inj the heavens." 
 
 Berosus also mentions his actions 
 in the third of his Chaldee histories, 
 saying thus : " His father Nabucho- 
 donosor, having heard that the man 
 whom he had set up as satrap in 
 Egypt and the parts near Ccele-Syria 
 and Phcenicia, had revolted from 
 him, whilst himself was unable any 
 longer to endure hardship, commit- 
 ted some parts of his forces to his 
 son NabuchodonoBor, who was in 
 his vigour, and sent him out against 
 him. But Nabuchodonosor, having 
 met and fought with the rebel, 
 defeated him and made the coun- 
 try from this monarchy under his 
 own kingdom. But it happened 
 to his father Nabuchodonosor about 
 this time, that he ended his life 
 from sickness in the city of the Ba- 
 bylonians, when he had reigned 
 twenty one years. But hearing not 
 
 long afterwards of the death of his 
 father Nabuchodonosor, he settled 
 the affairs of Egypt and the rest of 
 the country, and the captives both 
 of the Jews and of the Phoenicians, 
 and the Syrians, and the nations in 
 Egypt, and having arranged with 
 some of his friends to lead those to 
 Babylon with the heaviest part of 
 his army and the rest of their sup- 
 plies, he himself set out and in a 
 short time made his way through 
 the desert to Babylon. Here he 
 
56 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 eyepETO eh Ba^vXmva, Uapa- 
 Xaf^wv Se TO, Trpdry/iaTa ScoiKOV- 
 /jueva vTTO XaXSamv, xal BiaTr)- 
 povfjbhrqv ttju ^aaiXeiav vtto tou 
 iSeXTicTTOv airiav, Kvpievaw 
 oKoKkrjpov tij^ •iraTptKrj'; apxV''> 
 TOK jjuev alxP'OXcoTOK Trapar/evo- 
 fih'oi,<! (Tvvera^ev airoLKia'i iv 
 Tot? eViTijSeioTaTOt? ttj? Ba^v- 
 Xwv/a9 TOTTOi? a-TToBei^aif avTO<y 
 Be VTTO TWV €K TOV TToXefiov Xu- 
 
 ^vpcov TO re rov BrjXov lepov 
 Kai TO, Xoiira KO(Tp,rj(Ta<i <J)iXotI- 
 /ift)?, Tijv re vTrap'^ovcrav i^ 
 apyfii TToXiv Kal erepav ^apurd- 
 fievo*; Kal dvatcaivio-as, irpoi to 
 /iirjKeTi Bvvaadai -rovf iroXiop- 
 Kovvraf rov troTap-ov avaarpe- 
 ipovras eTTi rrjv vroXiv Karaa- 
 Kevd^eiv, ■n-epie/SaXero rpel'i p,ev 
 T^? evBov iroXeio'i TreptfioXovi, 
 rpel'i Be tj}? e^a>, rovro Be t^? 
 o-irrri's ■jrXivdov. Kal T6i;^/cra? 
 d^ioX6yQ)<i T7]v iroXcv, Kal rov^ 
 TTvXwvai KO(Tp,ri(Ta^ lepo-rrpeirSi'i, 
 TrpotTKaretTKevaa-ev ro2<; warpt- 
 Koh fiacnXeloc<; erepa ^acriXeia 
 i'Xpp.eva air&v, &v ro pev avdcr- 
 TTy/ict /cal rrjv Xoittt^v TroXvreXeiav 
 Trepiaaov i'trcas av eii] Xejeiv. 
 UX-qv ovra ye peydXa Kal vir- 
 eprj<f>ava (TwereXeaOrj r)pepai,<i 
 BeKairevre. 'Ev Be TOts /Sacrt- 
 Xeloi'i rovroi^ dvaXrippxira Xld- 
 iva dva)KoS6p7]cre, rrjV &\jnv diro- 
 Bov<i opoiordrr)V Tot? opeci, Koi 
 KaTa<j}VTev(Ta'i BevBpeai iravro- 
 BaTTOC'i e^eipydaaro. K.ai Ka^ 
 recTKevaae rov KaXovpevov Kpe- 
 pacrov rrapdBeiaov, Bia ro rijv 
 yvvaiKa avrov eTTiBvpeiv t^9 
 otKe/as Bi,adecrea)^, d)? redpap,- 
 pevr/v ev rati Kara Mr}Buiv 
 
 rOTTOK." 
 
 found things administered by the 
 Chaldseans, and the kingdom manag- 
 ed by the best of them, and having 
 taken possession of his father's 
 sovereignty, he ordered that colonies 
 should be assigned to the captives 
 when they came, in the most suitable 
 places of Babylonia, and when he 
 had himself superbly adorned the 
 temple of Belus and others from the 
 spoils of the war, he beautified and 
 restored both the city which was 
 there at first and another besides it, 
 to the end that assailants might no 
 longer be able, by turning the river, 
 to make their approaches against 
 the city; and he threw up three 
 lines of wall round the inner city, 
 and three round the outer city, all 
 of baked brick. Thus when he had 
 creditably fortified the city, and 
 magnificently adorned its gateways, 
 he added to his father's palace ano- 
 ther palace adjoining it, the height 
 of which, with all its other magni- 
 ficence, it would perhaps be sup-;:r- 
 fluous to tell. Great and lofty as 
 they were, they were completed in 
 fifteen days. And he built lofty 
 terraces of stone in these palaces, 
 rendering the appearauoe of them 
 similar to mountains, and he ended 
 by planting them with all kinds of 
 trees. He made also what was 
 called the -Hanging Garden, because 
 his wife wished to have her native 
 customs, having been brought up 
 in the parts of Media. 
 
BEROSUS. 
 
 57 
 
 Con. Ap. I, 19. Mf^pTus Se 
 
 TOVTcav Brjpacra-b';, avrjp XaX- 
 Satos /uei' TO ryevo'!, <yvd>pi/j,o^ Se 
 TOW Trept TraiSelav avaaTpe^o- 
 fjLevoK!, iTrei&r) irepl re a.<7rpovo- 
 /j,ia<;, Kai Trepl r&v irapa XaX- 
 SaioK <j>(,\oa-0(f}OVii6vo)v avTOf 
 eh Tous "EXKriva'; i^tjV^Ke Ta? 
 (Tirfypatfid^. OvTO^ Totvvv o 
 B7jp(oa-ao<; Tat? ap^amTdrai^ 
 eiraKokovG&v avcvypa^aXi, irepl 
 Te ToO '•/evofiivov KaTaKkvajjkov 
 KoX T^9 ev axnm <j>9opa<; t&v 
 avOpayKcov, Kadcmep M(BV(7^9 
 ovrco^ lOTopjjKe" koX irepl t^? 
 XdpvaKO';, iv § Na>')(p^ 6 rov ye- 
 wous TjiiSiv ap^rjybi Biecrecd-r], 
 •7rpo(Teve')(dei(Tr)^ avrfi'i Tail clk- 
 pcopelaK T&v 'Apfj,evio)v op&v, 
 Elra Tovi airb Nm^pv tcaraKe- 
 
 r/mv, Kol ToiiS ^j^pOVOUS dUTOtS 
 
 "Trpoa-Tideh, eirl NaBoKciercrapov 
 Trapar/iverai, rov Ba/3vXMVoi; 
 Koi XaXSakov fiaaCKea, Koi to? 
 Tovrov 'TTpafet? a<f>rj<yovp,evo^ 
 \iyet ' riva rpoirov Trepr^a<; eVJ 
 T^i/ A'vyvrrrov koI iiri rtjv rfp-e- 
 repav yrjv rov viov rov kavrov 
 NafioTJ^o^voa^opov jxera, iroXKrj'i 
 Swd/j,eco<;, irreiSijrrep a^earmra^ 
 airoii^ hrvOero, rravroyv eKpd- 
 Trj<T£, Koi rov vaov eveTrprjae rov 
 iv 'lepoaoXvfiOK, oXms re rravra 
 rov rtap r)p^53V Xaov avaartjo'a'i 
 ek Ba^vX&va p^rmKiaev. ^vv- 
 6/3j7 Se Kol rrjv rrokw epr)/ui>0rj- 
 vai ypovov erav efiSofi/^Kovra, 
 fiexpi Kvpov rov UepaSiv ficuri- 
 \ia>?. Kparrja-ai Be (jyrja-i rov 
 Ba^vKwviov AlyvTrrov, Xvpia<;, 
 $oivUri<;, 'Apa^la<!, rravrav Be 
 xnrepfiaXkop,evov Taw rrpa^etri 
 roi^ rrpo avrov KoXBaifov Kai 
 Bafivkaivlav /SeySacrtXei/zcoTa?.' 
 EW' ef^9 xmoKara^ai oX,ir/ov 6 
 
 Our witness about these things is 
 Berossus, a Chaldee by birth, and 
 known to those who are engaged in 
 education, sincehe introduced among 
 the Greeks the writings about astro- 
 nomy and the philosophy cultivated 
 among the Chaldees. This Berossus 
 then, following the most ancient 
 writings, has related about the Flood 
 which happened and the destruction 
 of mankind therein, in the same 
 way as Moses ; and about the ark, 
 in which Noah the founder of our 
 race was saved, when it was wafted 
 to the tops of the Armenian moun- 
 
 tains. Then he enumerates tliose 
 who followed Noah, and adding their 
 dates, he comes down to Nabolassar, 
 the king of Babylon and the Chal- 
 dees, and in describing his actions 
 he says, that he sent against Egypt 
 and our country his son Nabucho- 
 donosor with a large force, when he 
 heard that they had revolted, and 
 conquered all of them, and burnt 
 the temple in Jerusalem, and in short 
 removed all our people and trans- 
 ported them to Babylon. It came 
 to pass that the city lay waste tor 
 seventy years until Cyrus king of 
 
 the Persians. He says that the 
 Babylonian king conquered iEgypt, 
 Syria, Phoenicia, Arabia; and sur- 
 passed in his deeds all those who 
 had been kings of the Chaldaeans 
 and Babylonians before him. Beros- 
 sus then coming down a little lower, 
 
 & 
 
5S 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 BripUKTtrb'}, "jraKiv •jraparlOeTai 
 iv Tji T^9 apyiaioTriTO'i lajopio- 
 'ypa<j>la. AvTo, Se TTapadrjCopiai 
 TO, Tov BT]<7(acr<Tov TOVTov e'xpvra 
 
 TOV rpOTTOV. 
 
 "'AKoi<Ta<i 8e 6 Trarrip Na^o- 
 \a<7(japo';, on 6 reTcvy/Mevoi; 
 craTpdwrj'i " &o. * 
 
 20. Tavra jxev ovTOf IcTTOpTjae 
 Trepl Tov 7rpo£i.pr]p,ivov jSaai- 
 Xeft)?, Kal iroXKa 7rpo9 Tovroi,<; 
 iv rfi TptTj) fii/3\'p rS)v XaXial- 
 K&v, iv ■§ jxep/^eTaL row 'EWrj- 
 viKoit (TvyypcKpevcriv, a)? f^aTrjV 
 olopevoK VTTO Sep-i'pafiiSo'i 
 rr/'i 'Arrcrvpiai Kna-drjvai Ti)V 
 Ba/3v\(t>va, Kal ra davp.dcTia 
 Karacr/cevaadfjvat wepl avTr)V 
 iiTT iKelvTj^ epya ifrevSw yeypa- 
 <f>6cn. Kal Kara ravra Trjv /xev 
 Tcov XaXBalwv ypafbrju d^ioTrtfT- 
 TLV r)yi)riov oil fx-qv aWa Kal 
 iu roli ap'xeloi'; tS>v ^owikwv 
 trvfujiajva rots inro Brjpcoa-crov 
 Xeyop,kvoK dvayiypainaL Trepl 
 TOV TO>v Ba^vKctivicov fiacnXitof, 
 OTi Kal TTjV Svplav Kal tt)v ^oi- 
 viKTjv awacrav iKeivot Karearpi- 
 i^aTO. Uepl TOVTCov jovv av/x- 
 (flcovsX Kal ^iXooTpaTO'i iv ral^ 
 icTTopiaK, iJ,ep,vr]iiivo<; t?'59 Tvpov 
 TToXLopKiat;. Kal MeyacrBevrf^i 
 iv rfi rerdpTri r&v 'IvSik&v, Si 
 rjt dwocfiaLveiv weLpaTai rov irpo- 
 eipripevov ^auCkea Tmv Ba0v- 
 Xcovlcov 'HpaKXiovi; avSpeia Kal 
 fieyedec Trpd^ecov Sievrjvo^evat. 
 Karaa-Tpi^lraadai yap airbv 
 (f>7](Tl Kal Aij3vrfi Tr)V "TroWr/v 
 Kal 'Ifir/plav. Ta 8e irepl rov 
 vaov -irpoetprjfxeva rov iv 'lepo- 
 <To\v/j.oi<;, orv KarerrpriaO'q jxev 
 VTTO rS}v Bafiv\a>vL(jiiv iTnarpa- 
 TevadvTcov, n'jp^aro 8e irakiv 
 
 again puts it forward in his histoty 
 of antiquity. But I will give the-, 
 very words, of iierossus which are as 
 follows. 
 
 " His father NaboIa?sar, having 
 heard that the naan &o. 
 
 • Quoted before : see page flli. 
 
 Such is what he related about the 
 aforesaid king, and much besides in 
 the third boojj of his Chaldee his- 
 tory, in which he finds fault with 
 the Greek historians as falsely sup- 
 posing that Babylon was built by 
 the Assyrian Semiramis, and falsely 
 writing that the wonderful works 
 round it were thrown up by her. 
 And thus we must deem the writings 
 of the Chaldseaus most worthy of 
 credit : not but that in the archives, 
 of the Phcenicians also are written , 
 accounts which agree witli the things, 
 that are said by Berossus- about the, 
 king of the Babylonians, how he 
 conquered both all Syria and Phoe- . 
 nicia. Concerning these things 
 Philostratus also agrees, iu his 
 history, wliere lie mentions the siege 
 
 of Tyre. And Megasthenes, in the. 
 fourth book of his Indian history, 
 in which he endeavours to show 
 that the aforesaid king excelled 
 Hercules in manliness and greatness 
 of exploits. For he says that he 
 subdued the greater part of Libya 
 and Iberia. But what has been 
 said above about the temple iu Jeru- 
 salem, how it was burnt by the 
 Babylonian invaders, and began to 
 
 be rebuilt, when Cyrus, received the 
 
BEROSUS. 
 
 5^ 
 
 avoiKoSo/j,eia-0ai Kvpov Trj'i 'A(T- 
 la<; TTjV ^acriKelav irapetKrj^o- 
 To?, eK T&v BT}pco<7crov (Ta<p&^ 
 'kiTwei'^OritjeTai irapareOevTWV, 
 Aeyei <yap oiirm Sia, tjj? Tpir7i<;, 
 '" Na/SoVyoSovoo'opo's fiev oh) 
 fterci TO ap^aadai rov •wpoeipt]- 
 likvov Tet%0D9, eix-rrea-wv ek ap- 
 paxjTLav, pteTriKKd^aTO rov ^iov, 
 fie^acrikevKo)'; eTrj Teaa-apaKOVTa 
 Tpla. r^s^Se ^acTiXeM'i Kvpio^ 
 iyeveto 6 v(o? aiirov EveiXfiapd- 
 Sovxo'S. OvTc; TTpocrTa^ t&v 
 rTrpay/MaTav dvop.co'i xal AcreX- 
 70)9, eTTi^ovkevOeh inro Tov rrjv 
 (iSeXi^i' e'XpvT0<; avrov Nrjpiy- 
 \i<Too6pov dvrjped'q, ^a(n\ev(Ta<; 
 ^trj Svo, Merd Be to dvaipeOrj- 
 vai TovTov, SiaSe^d/^evoi t^v 
 dp^rjv 6 iiTL^ovKeva-at; avrw Nr]- 
 piyXicrooopo^, i^aalXevoev eTrj 
 reaaapa. Tovtov vioi Aa^o- 
 poaodp^oSo'i eKvpievae p,ev ttj? 
 ^aa-iKela's ■TraX^ cov fjirjva'i ivvea • 
 i-TTi^ovXevdel^ Se, Sm to TroWd 
 ep,^aiveiv KaKorjdrj, vtto tS)V 
 ijiiXmv dw^TvinraviodT]. 'Atto- 
 \o/j,6vou Se TOVTOV, aiweXOdvTe^ 
 01 eiri/SovXevaavTe^ uvtS, KOivfj 
 Tijv fiaoiXeiav TTepieOrjicav Na- 
 'l3ovvijSa> Tivl tS>v ex Ba^vXavoi;, 
 'Svri, eK Trj'i avrfj'; iTnervoTaa-eax;, 
 
 'EttI tovtov Ta TJXpl TOV TTOTa- 
 
 fiov Tei'xrj Trji Baj3vXa>vloiV 
 TToXEfl)? ef oTTTrjis ttXIvOov Koi 
 da<j}dXTOV, KaTeKoap-rjdrj. Ovarii 
 Se T^? Pa(TiXeia<; avTov ev tA 
 iiTTaKaiBeicdTtp eTSL, Trpoe^eXr]- 
 XvOo)^ Kvpo^ eK T^s IlepaiBo'! 
 Iierd Evvdp.ea><; TroXXrjS, Kol KO- 
 TaoTpe-^dp,evoi ttjv Xoi/tttjv 'Acr- 
 iav iracrav, &pp/r]crev cttI tiJ? 
 BafivXcovicK. AloBopevO'i Se 
 NafiovwjZoi T^v e(j)oBev ovtov, 
 
 sovereignty of Asia, will be clearly 
 shewn from irhat Berossus says. 
 His words in his third book are 
 these : " Nabuchodonosor, after 
 beginning the wall aforesaid, fell 
 sick, and ended his lite, when he had 
 reigned forty three years. His son 
 Evilmerodach got possession of the 
 kingdom. He ruled affairs lawlessly 
 and impiously, and then being plot- 
 ted against by his sister's imsbaiid 
 Neriglissoor, was put to death, wlien 
 he had reigned two years. After 
 his death, Neriglossoor, who had 
 plotted against him, received the 
 kingdom, and reigned four years. 
 His son was Laborosoarchodos, who 
 became possessor of the kingdom, 
 when he was a child, for the space 
 of nine months : but a plot 
 was formed against him, because h« 
 gave signs of many bad principles, 
 and he was put to death by his 
 friends. After his death, those who 
 conspired against him met together, 
 and by common consent gave the 
 kingdom to Nabonuedus a Baby- 
 lonian, and one of the set of conspi- 
 rators. In his time the walls of 
 the city of Babylon along the river 
 were fitted up with baked brick and 
 asphalt. When his reign bad ex- 
 tended to seventeen years, Cyrusbaine 
 out of Persia with a large force, and 
 having subdiied all the rest of Asia, 
 marched against Babylonia. Na- 
 bonnedus perceiving his approach, 
 met hia with his army, and joining 
 battle, was speedily worsted in the 
 battle and taking to flight, having 
 only a few men with him, was shut 
 up in the city of the Borsippenians. 
 
60 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 aTravTrja-a<; /tcT^ rrji; Swdfiecov 
 Kol ■jrapaTa^dfievo's, rjTTrjOek ry 
 fidxv "^"'^ ipvyaiv oXiyoa-TO<;, truv- 
 eKXela-di) ek rrjv BopcmrTrr)vS>v 
 ttoXlv. Kvpo<; Se BafivK&va 
 KaTaXa^6fi€vo<;, Kal avvrd^w 
 TO. i^co T^s TToXewy reLxn Kara- 
 CFKa-^ai, Sta to \iav a{na> -irpay- 
 luniKr)V KOt SvadXatTOV ^avrjvai, 
 Tr}V iroXiv, dve^ev^ev hrl Bop- 
 CITTTTOV, eKTroXiopKrja-oiv tov Na- 
 ^ovvi^Sov. Tov M Na/Sovv^Sov 
 ovx vwoji.elvavTO'; rrjV irdXiop- 
 Klav, dXK' 67;;^;e(.p^(Tai'Tos ahrov, 
 •rrporepov ■Xprja^dfMevo'i Kvpo'i 
 ^iKavdpdyrro)';, Koi Sovt oiK^rrj- 
 piov aiiTM Kap/xavlav, e^eirefi,-^ev 
 e/c T/j? BafivXovia's. Na^ovvri- 
 Bos fiev ovv TO XoiTTOV Tov Xpo- 
 vov Staryevofievoi iv ixelvri Ty 
 X^P^ KUTeiTTpe^e tov ^lov. 
 
 But Cyrus took Babylon, and having 
 given orders to destroy the outer 
 walls of the city, because the city 
 appeared to him to be very factious 
 and difficult to be taken, he march- 
 ed away to Borsippus, to besiege 
 
 Nabonnedus. But Nabonnedus, not 
 standing a siege, gave himself up, 
 and Cyrus, having before used him 
 humanely, and given him Carmania 
 as a residence, sent him out of 
 Babylonia. Nabonnedus therefore 
 passed the remainder of his life and 
 died in that country. 
 
 Manetho, b. c. 300. 
 
 Manetho, of Diospolis in Egypt, was sprung from a 
 sacerdotal family, and was a priest and interpreter of reli- 
 gious ceremonies and of the sacred language at Sebenny- 
 tus : he was a contemporary of Berosus and wrote a his- 
 tory of Egypt in three books, from the earliest times to 
 the reign of Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia ; 
 fragments of which work are found in Josephus, Eusebius, 
 and Syncellus. He gives a list of thirty dynasties of kings 
 who reigned in the same city ; comprising an hundred and 
 thirteen kings who reigned 4465 years : but, as we cannot 
 reconcile this with the chronology of the Scriptures, some 
 writers throw discredit upon Manetho, and place him in 
 the list of fabulous historians. But Marsham has made it 
 appear that some of these dynasties may have reigned at 
 the same time in different parts of Egypt. The fragments 
 of Manetho's works, which occur in Josephus, and refer 
 to the Jews, are these which follow. 
 
MANETHO. 
 
 61 
 
 Jos. 0. Ap. I, 14. Mavedmv 
 8' fjv TO yivo's avr/p AIjvtttio'!, 
 TJj? ' EWriviK^'i fieTea'x^i]Kai^ 
 TraiSeiaf . . , iv ry Sevrepa t&v 
 AlyvTTTiaK&v ravra irepl rjixaiv 
 ['louSaiffli'] 'ypd<j>£i ..." ^Eyeve- 
 To fiacriKei)'; rfixlv, Tl/j.ao'; ovo/ioi • 
 €7rt TOVTOV ovK oiS' oVoi? o 6ibi 
 avreTTvevae, Koi •KapaZo^ax; sk 
 tS>v Trpo'i avaroKrjv fiepwv, av- 
 Bpanroi to yevo'; aarjiMoi, Kara- 
 BaparjaavTei; iirl TrjV xmpav 
 icTTpaTevcrav, xal paSiw? afia- 
 yrjTl TavTT]v KOTCL KpaTOi elXov, 
 Kal Tovi; TiyefioveiKravra'! ev 
 aiiTrj ')(eipa>tTdp,evoi, to "Konrov 
 Tas re TroXet? (B/iw? iveTrprjcrav, 
 Kal TO, lepa t&v 6eS)V KaTecr- 
 Ka^jrav. I7ao•^ Se TOt? eiri^wpi- 
 ois eydpoTaTci tto)? e^fprjaavTO, 
 Toix; p,ev (T^dipine^, t&v Se Kal 
 TO, TeKva Kal ywaiKai ell Sov- 
 Xeiav ayovTe?. Ilepa^ Se Kal 
 fiacriXea eva ef avT&v hrovqcrav, 
 w ovofia rp^ ^d\aTi^. K.al 
 0VT09 iv TTJ Mep<f>i,8i KaTeyiveTo, 
 
 TTJV T6 aVCO Koi KaTU) ')(0ipav 
 
 BacrpxiKoy&v, Kal ^pavpav iv 
 TOK eTriTriSeioTa,TOLi KaTcCKehraiv 
 TOTTOK. MoKicTTa Be Kal to, 
 •7rpo<; avaTo\rjvrjcr<f>a\L(TaTO fiepr/, 
 •7rpoop<ofj,evo<; 'Aacrvpuov, Tore 
 fiel^ov id'^vovraiv, iarop,evr]v eTrt- 
 BvfiLav T»7? avTrit ^aavKelas e^o- 
 Bov. Evpmv Be iv vofim Tw 
 Sa'tTy TToXw iTTiKaLpoTcnriv, 
 Kei/ievrjv /J,ev Trpos avaToXrjv tov 
 Bov^aoTiTov TTOTafiov, KaXov- 
 fievrjv B' airo tivoi ap^aia^ 6eo- 
 Xoyia^ Avapiv, TavTTjv eKTtaev 
 Te Kal Toh Teix'^cnv oxvpcoTaTrjV 
 iTroir]<Tev, hiOiKura^ avTrj Kav 
 TfXrjdos ottKit&v eh e'lKoct Kal 
 Te(raapa<! iJ,vpidBa<; dvBp&v irpo^ 
 <f)v\aKTjv. 'EvOdBe KaTa Bepeiav 
 
 Manetho was by birth a man of 
 Egypt, who had enjoyed a Grecian 
 education. ... In the second book 
 of his ^gypiiaca he writes these 
 things concerning us [Jews] : 
 
 "There was among us a king 
 Timaus by name : in his time I 
 know not how, God was adverse to 
 us and unexpectedly from the parts 
 towards the east, men of obscure 
 origin having taken courage marched 
 against the country, and easily took 
 it by force without a battle. And 
 having subjugated those who bore 
 rule therein, they afterwards both 
 savagely burnt the cities, and threw 
 down the temples of the gods. But 
 they treated all the natives most 
 cruelly, slaying some and leading 
 into slavery both the children and 
 wives of others; and in the end they 
 also made one of them king, whose 
 name was Salatis, and he dwelt in 
 Memphis, putting to tribute both 
 I he upper and the lower country 
 and leaving a guard in the most 
 
 suitable places. But especially also 
 did he secure the parts towards the 
 east, foreseeing from the Assyrians, 
 who at that time were acquiring 
 greater power, that there would be a 
 desire of invading the kingdom by 
 the same route. Finding a most 
 suitable city in the Saitic district, 
 lying to the east of the river Bubas- 
 tites, and called Avaris from an old 
 theology, he both [re-]built this, 
 and made it very strong with walls, 
 settling in it also a number of heavy, 
 armed soldiers, about twenty-four 
 myriads of men, for a guard. Thither 
 in the summer he' came, partly to 
 
62 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 ripyeTO, rh iiev a-iTOfierpSiv Kol 
 /j,i,crdo(j)oplav irape'^o/ievo^, to, Se 
 Kal TUi?. i^ovXiciawi Trpos (pofiov 
 
 "Ap^afs 8' evveaKaiSsKa eTTj rbv 
 l3iou iTe\,evrrj<Tev. Mera tovtov 
 he erepo^ i^aaiXeva-ev ricrcrapa 
 Kal TetraapaKovra err), koKov- 
 /tevo? Brjdiiv. Me6' ov aWo';, 
 ^Airayvaii, ?f koa TpLatcovra errj 
 Kal p,fivas eTTTd. "Eireira 8e 
 Kal 'A'7T(0(pt';, ^v Kal e^rjKOVTa, 
 Kal 'lavia^ wevrrjKOVTa Kal /xfjva 
 eva. 'EttI Tracn Sk Kal "Accra's 
 ivvea Kal TeaaapaKovra Kal 
 fi,^va<; Svo. Kal oirroi jxiv e^ 
 ev avrol'i iyevTj0r;aav TrpcoToi 
 ap')(ovr6<;, •rroXefj,ovVTe<; ael Kal 
 7ro6ovvT€<; p^aXXov rrjt; AIjutttov 
 e^apat, rrjv pl^av. 'EKaXelro Se 
 TO avp.'Trav aVTmv edvo'i 'TKaax;, 
 TOVTO Se ea-Tt /SacrtXet? Troifjueve^. 
 To yap 'Tk KaO' iepav yXaxruav 
 ^ao'Ckea cr'rjfj,aivec, to Se So); 
 iroifMTjV e'cTTt Kal Trot/ieve? Kara 
 TTjv KoivrjV SioKeKTOV. Kal 
 ovTCO avvnOeixevov yiveTai 'Tk- 
 <r!B9. Tivef Se Xeyovaiv avToii? 
 "Apa/Sa'; elvai. 'Ev S' aKkm 
 avTcypd(pa> ov /SacriXet? crri/xai- 
 veaOat Sta t^9 tov 'Tk ttooo-- 
 'r)yopta<;, dXXa TOvvavTiov aly- 
 fia'KaiTov^Sr]\ovcrdai7roi/j,eva<! . . . 
 TovTov; Se Toiji; TrpoKaTcovo/xaa- 
 fievovi ^aaoXeaf tov<s t&v ttoi- 
 /Mevwv KaXovp-evrnv, Kal Toy? e'f 
 avT&v yi;vop,evovi, KpaTrjaai, t^s 
 AlyvTTTOv (jjYirrlv l^MaveOtov] eTij 
 wpo? TOW irevTaKocloK evSeKa- 
 fi6Ta TavTa Se t&v ex T»j? 07]- 
 l3atSo<; Kal rij? aXXij? AlyvTTTOV 
 PauiXewv yeveaOai, ^-qa-lv, eVJ 
 Toil? ■TTOLfievai; eTravacrTaaiv, 
 Kal mXe/Mov avTOK (rvppa/yrjvat. 
 
 gather in the corn, and to pay 
 wages; and partly also to make 
 preparations by armaments against 
 the fear oi the foreigners. When he 
 had reigned nineteen years he ended 
 his life. After him there reigned 
 another forty four years, called Beon. 
 After whom another, Apaohnas, 
 thirty-six years and seven months. 
 But then also Apophis sixty one 
 years, and Tanias fifty [years] and 
 one month, and after all these Assis 
 forty nine years and two months. 
 And these six were the first rulers 
 bom among them, always carrj'ing 
 on war, and eager rather to root 
 out the race of -Egypt. Their whole 
 race was called Hycsos : that is 
 SAep7terd-kini/s. For fft/o in the 
 sacred language signifies a king, but 
 SOS is a shepherd and shepherds 
 according to the common dialect ": 
 and thus put together it makes R^c- 
 sos. Some say that they were Ara- 
 bians. But in another copy [it ap- 
 pears] that kiTigs are not signified 
 by the name Hycsos, but on the 
 contrary captive shepherds .... 
 
 These kings before mentioned, the 
 children of the so-called Shepherds, 
 and those who were descended from 
 them, ruled over ^gypt, Manetho 
 says, eleven years over the five- 
 hundreJ : but after this, he says, 
 an insurrection was made by the 
 kings of the Thebaid and the rest of 
 Mgypt against the shepherds, and 
 a great and lengthened war broke 
 out with them. But, he says, in 
 
MANETHO. 
 
 63 
 
 ix^av Koi wokvypoviav. 'EttI 
 oe pacn\€Qi<i, w ovofui etvai, 
 AXia<j)par//j,ovdcii(TK, rjTToyfiiv- 
 0U9, ^al, Tou? -irotfieva? vtt 
 aiiTOv, eK /j,ev t^? aKKr)^ Alyvw- 
 Tov ■TFacrri'; eKireaelv, Kara/cXeicr- 
 Brjvai S' eh TOTTOV, apovpwv 
 e^oVTa fivpltov rrjv Trepip,eTpov. 
 Avapiv ovojxa t^ tottm. Tov- 
 Tov, (pTjalv 6 M.ave6ibv, airavra 
 Tetj^et re /leyaXai xal lcT')(ypai 
 •jrepi^aXeiv toi"; TTOi/ievai;, ottw? 
 rrjv re fcri^atv airaaav e-^wcxiv 
 ev 6')(vpm, Kal Tr]v \eiav ttjv eav- 
 T&v. Tov he ' A\L<7(ppar/ixovda>- 
 o"€0J9 viov Oovfifjucoatv, e'jri'^ecprj- 
 <Tai fj^ev avTov^ Sia iroKiopicLa'i 
 ekelv Kara Kpdrov, okto) Kal 
 TecraapaKOvra jjuvpidcri irpoae- 
 Spevaavra TOif rei-^eaiv. ^EttcI 
 Se T7)<; •iroKmpKla^ cvwer^vw, •koit)- 
 aaaOat trvfi^do'ei^f iva rrjv 
 AiyvTTTOv eKXiirovre^ ottoi /3ou- 
 XovTai TTavTe? dSXa^eh cLTriX- 
 6o><Ti. Toil's Se 67rJ rah 6p,o\o- 
 7i'at9 'KavoiKea-la p.era t&v kty]- 
 cewv ovK iXdrrovs fivpidEcov 
 ovTai elKom Kal reaadpiav o/tto 
 rrit Alrfvirrov Trp epr}/j.ov eh 
 Svpiav oSoiTroprjaai. ^o/3ov/j,e- 
 vovs Be rrjV 'Aaavpuov hwatnel- 
 av, (tot6 lydp eKelvov; rrj^ 'AcrMi; 
 KpaTelv) ev tji vvv 'lovSala Ka- 
 Xovfjiivr) -rroKiv olKoSofn]crafievov^ 
 ToaavTai'S p-vpidcriv dvdpcoirav 
 dpKe^ovaav, 'lepocoXv/xa ravTrjv 
 ovo/idaai. 
 
 Ibid. 26. 'A/j,evo)<piv (prjaiv 
 ein6vp,ri(Tai 6e5>v '^eveaQai 0ea- 
 TT)V, wcTTrep ^flpos, eh tS>v Trpo 
 aiiTov fie^aaiXevKOTCov ' avevey- 
 Keiv Se rrjV i'Tri.dvfilav 6fj,o)vv/j.q> 
 fiev ain& 'AfMevaxpei, TraTpo^ Se 
 Ud'Tnot ovTi, Oeiaf Se Sokovvti 
 
 the time oi a king, whose name was 
 Alisphragtnuthosis, the shepherds, 
 being defeated by him, were ex- 
 pelled from all the rest of ^gypt, 
 and were shjt up in a place which 
 had an area uf ten thousand acres : 
 the name of the place was Avaris. 
 The whole of this place, says Mane- 
 tho, the shepherds surrounded with 
 a great and strong wall, that they 
 might have both all their property 
 and their booty in a strong place. 
 But Thummosis the son o{ Alis- 
 phragmuthosis endeavoured to take 
 them by force of arms througli a 
 siege, encamping before the walls 
 with forty eight myriads [of men]; 
 
 But when he had abandoned the 
 siege, he made conditions, that 
 leaving .S)gypt they might all depart 
 unhurt : and they on these condi- 
 tions with all their house and with 
 their possessions, being no less than 
 twenty-four myriads, proceeded from 
 Egypt through the desert into Syria. 
 But fearing the power of the Assy- 
 rians (for at that time these were 
 the masters of Asia), having built 
 in the land now called Judaea a city 
 that would suffice for so many 
 myriads of men, they named it 
 Hierosolyma. 
 
 He says that Araenophis desired 
 to be a spectator of the gods, like 
 Orus, one of those who had been 
 kings before him. He communicated 
 this desire to one Amenophis his 
 namesake, whose father was Papis, 
 and who seemed to have received a 
 
64 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 IJ,eTea'')(rjK€vai <j>v<Teo}<;, Kara re 
 crotpiav Kol irpofvaxriv r&v ecro- 
 /j,evo>v. EiTretv ovv ainS) tovtov 
 Tov 6/jMvv/j,ov, oTi SvmjaeTai 
 06011^ iSetv, €t Kadapav airo re 
 Xerrp&v Koi tS)v aXXcov /iiaprav 
 avdpunrtov T-qv '^(lopav awacrav 
 •TToiijaeiev. 'Hadevra he tov 
 ^a(7iK^a,'KavTa^ tovs Ta afop^ara 
 \eKoiP'qp,evov<i eK rfji; AlryvTrTOv 
 iTvvaryayelv 'yevecrdai Be tov 
 •jrXi]6ov<; p,vpodSa<; oktco. Kal 
 tovtov; eli ras XidoTOjMun; to? 
 iv T& irpoi; dvaToXrjv /u^pei tov 
 NeiKov i/i^aXeiv ainov, ottoK! 
 epyd^oiVTO Kal tS>v aXKwv Ai- 
 yvrrrlaiv ol eyKej^copurpAvoi. El- 
 vai Se Ttvas eu avTOi<; Kal t&v 
 Xoyioiv lepeojv (ftrjcrl, Xewpa avy- 
 Keyypievov^. Tov he 'A/xevmipiv 
 execvov tov (70<j>bv Kal fiavTiKov 
 avSpa, viTohelcrBat. '7rpo<; avTOV 
 Te Kal Toy ^aaiXea ')(oXov tcov^ 
 Oecov, el j3ia(rdevTe<; (x^drjtrovTai. 
 Kal irpoaOep^evov elireiv, otv irvfi- 
 fia-)(7]<Tovaiv Tives rot? p,iapoi<;, 
 
 Kal TiJ? AlyVTTTOV KpaTTjUOVIJlV 
 
 eir err) SeKaTpla. Mrj ToXptfjaai 
 fiev avTov ehire'tv TavTa ™ Ba- 
 aiXei, ypa(j>7iv Se KaTaXmrovTa 
 •n-epl iravTav eavTOV aveXelv. 
 'Ev advuia Se elvat tov ^acnXea. 
 Kairena KaTO, Xe^iv ovtw 767- 
 pa^ev Toyv Se rat? XaTOfxiaiii 
 IB? ')(p6vo<; iKavo<i hifjXOe raKai- 
 TTmpovvTwv, a^iwdeU 6 pacnXevi, 
 Iva TTpb'S KaToXvctv avTOK Kal 
 a-Kerrrfv dirofiepuTrj ttjv TOTe T&v 
 •JTOipAvaiv epnrjpM>0el<Tav iroXiv, 
 Avapiv avve'^a>pr)(Tev. "Ecttl 8' 
 rj ttoXk KaTO, ttjv OeoXoylav ava>- 
 6ev Tv(f)d>vio';. 01 he eh Tavrqv 
 elaeXBovTe^, Kal tov tottov tov- 
 tov eh d-rr6<7Tacnv e^0VTe<}, rjye- 
 
 portion of the divine nature, by his 
 wisdom and foreknowledge of future 
 events. This namesake said to him 
 that he would be able to see the 
 gods, if he would make all the coun- 
 try clear of lepers and other polluted 
 persons. The king delighted ga- 
 thered together out of Egypt all 
 wlio were maimed in their persons 
 (in number they were eight myriads), 
 and cast them into the stone-quarries 
 which are on the eastern side of the 
 Wile, that they might work there 
 and also those of the other Egyp- 
 tians who were set apart. But he 
 says that there were also some 
 learned priests among them, infected 
 with leprosy. That this Amenophis, 
 a wise man and a diviner, feared the 
 anger of the gods towards both 
 himself and the king if they should 
 be seen against their will : and that 
 he said in addition, that somepersons 
 would make alliance with the pol- 
 luted, and would rule over Egypt 
 thirteen years. That he did not 
 dare to tell these things to the king, 
 but having left a writing concerning 
 all these things he slew himself ; 
 and the king was in despondency j 
 and then he wrote thus word for 
 word. "But those in the stone 
 quarries, when some time had passed, 
 being distressed, the king having 
 been asked to apportion as a resting- 
 place for them and as a covering the 
 city which then was left empty by 
 the shepherds, granted to them 
 Avaris. This city is Typhonian 
 from ancient times according to the 
 theology. But they having entered 
 into it, and holding this in revolt, 
 then set up as their leader Osarsip- 
 pus, who was said to be one of the 
 
MANETHO. 
 
 65 
 
 fiova avT&v XeyS/ievov 7iva t&v 
 ' HXiottoKitSiv lepiav 'Ocrdpai- 
 <fiov iaTTjaaVTO. Kal rovrto 
 TreiOap^i^a-ome'} iv vcicnv wpKca- 
 IJi6rr)(Tav. 'O Be irpS>rov filv 
 avToii vofwv edero, /Mijre irpocr- 
 Kwelv 6eoii<t /iijre t&v /jLoXiara 
 iv Atr/vTTTm BefiitTTevo/xevoov 
 iepwv ^(ooDV a-Keyeadai fiTiSevbf, 
 Trdvra re dveiv Koi avaXovv. 
 SwaTTTeo'dai Se firjSevi, vXrjv 
 T&v <Tvv(aixo<Tp,kva>v. Toiavra 
 Se vofj.oOeT^cra'i, Koi irXelaTa 
 aXKa, fioKicrra TOt? Air/mnioi,'; 
 edujfjuoi'i evavnovfMeva, eKeKevaev 
 TToXv^eipiq, ra tt}? TroXeoo? eVur- 
 Kevd^eiv Tei^'l, "al Trpo? TroXe/xov 
 eTod/iou? r/iveadat top •jrpb'i 'Ap,6- 
 VQ)(f>cv Tov Paa-iKea. Avto<; Se 
 'rrpoaXa^6/j,evo^ fj,66' eavTov Koi 
 T&v aWmv lepioiv koI avfifjie- 
 IXLaafjuevav, eTvefJAJre Trpecr/Sei? 
 Trpoi; Toii^ inro Tedp^caaeco'; dwe- 
 XaaOivTa^ Troi/icm?, eh ttoXiv 
 TTjV KokovpAvrjV 'IepocToKvp,a. 
 Kal TO, Kaff eaVTOv Kal tov<} aX- 
 Xou? TOW (Twa/TipMo-OevTa'i Bt)- 
 'Kaxraf, rj^iov <TVve7n,<7Tparev- 
 €iv 6p.o6upMSov eV A'Ip/vjttov. 
 'E'lrd^eiv p,ev ovv avToix; eTTTjy- 
 •yeiKaTO, irp&Tov p,ev eh Avapiv 
 Ttjv irpoyoviKrjV avT&v TrarpiSa, 
 Kal TO, eTTLTo^Seia Toh o'xXok 
 Trape^eov d(f>d6vai<;, VTrepfia^rj- 
 ueaOai he ore Seoi, koX paBioj^ 
 VTTO'^eipwv avToh ttjv ■)(a>pav 
 iroirjaeiv. 01 Se imep')(apeh 
 '^evbp.evoL iravre'; ■TrpoOvp.wi eh 
 eiKocrt fivpidSa's dvSp&v <xvv- 
 e^wpfirjaav, Kal fieT oil 7ro\v 
 rJKov eh Avapiv. 'Afievco^i^ 
 B' 6 T&v Ai/yvTTTCwv /3aa-i- 
 Xeii';, to? eirvdeTO to, Kara rrjv 
 eKeivav e<f>oBov, ov ueTpuo<; crvv- 
 eyidri], Trji Trap' 'Ap^vw^eoj'S tov 
 
 priests ot Heliopolis ; and they took 
 an oath to obey him in all things. 
 
 But he first made a law for them, 
 neither to worship the gods nor to 
 abstain from any of the sacred ani- 
 mals which are held most holy in 
 Egypt, and to kill and eat all ot 
 them ; and to associate with none 
 except those who have taken an 
 oath towards them. Having enac- 
 ted these and many other laws, most 
 opposed to the Egyptian customs, 
 he bade them equip the walls of the 
 city with the large body of men 
 they had, and be ready for war 
 against king Amenophis. But 
 himself taking with him also some 
 of the other priests and polluted 
 persons, sent ambassadors to the 
 shepherds that had been expelled 
 by . Tethmosis, to the city called 
 Jerusalem : and having pointed out 
 what had happened to himself and 
 the others who had been dishonour- 
 ed with him, he asked them to join 
 him with one accord in marching 
 against Egypt. He promised that 
 he would restore them first to their 
 ancestral country Avaris, and furnish 
 provisions for their multitudes in 
 abundance, and fight for them 
 whenever it should be necessary, 
 and easily make the whole country 
 subject to them. But they, being 
 all delighted, with one accord, 
 amounting to two hundred thousand 
 men, issued forth together, and not 
 long after came to Avaris. But 
 
 Amenophis the king of Egypt, when 
 he heard of their approach, was not 
 a little confounded, rememberir.g 
 the prediction of Amenophis the son 
 
66 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 HcnTW; fiVTicrdeh '7rpoSr}\d>crecoi. 
 Kal wpoTepov crwa<ya<y(bv ifKrido^ 
 AlyuTTTmv, Kal ^ovXevcrdfievo'i 
 ixera r&v ev tovtoi<s rjyeiiovaiv, 
 TO. re lepa tfaa, to, irp&Ta fid- 
 Xiara ev row hpoif Tifimfieva 
 MS 7' eainbv /j,eTe7ri/j,yjraT0, Koi 
 Tots KUTa fiepo^ iepevcriv Traptjj- 
 yeiXev, cos a(7ipa\e(rraTa tcov 
 OeSiv crv^Kpvi^ai, to ^oava. Tbv 
 Be vlov XedoDV tov Kal ' Pa/j.ecrcr'rjv 
 
 aTTO 'PfflyU,1^6ft)S TOV •JTaTpO'S oivo- 
 
 fj,a(T/jAvov, •jremaeTT] Sura, e^e- 
 0€TO 7r/50S TOV eavTov (ptl^v, 
 Ainb'; Se 8ta/9as tojs oXKok 
 AlryvTrTioK ovaov eh TpuxKovra 
 /j.vpidSa's dvSp&v iJ,a')^i,/MJOTdTCOV, 
 Kai Tots TToXe/tttoJS diraVTrjaaaiv 
 ov avvefidXev • dWa /leWeiv 
 6eoiJia')(eiv vo/^icras, iraXivSpof^rj- 
 aat fiKev elf Mefi^iv. ^AvaXa- 
 pa>v Te TOV Te ' Attvv koi to, 
 aXKa Tk eKeiae fieTairefi<f>6eVTa 
 lepa l^S>a, evOii'i ek Aldcoiriav 
 crvv diravTi tm aroKm Kal TrXrjdet, 
 T&v Alr/VTTTloyv avrj-^^dT). XdpiTl 
 yap riv avTW viroyeipio'i tSjv 
 AlOibirav ^acriXev's' odev vtto- 
 Se^d/j,evof, Kal tous o-^Xov<} Trdv- 
 Taf vTToXa^wv ots ec^ev 17 %(Bpa 
 Tmv Trpos dvdpa>Trlvriv Tpo^fjv 
 eTTiTrjSelaiv Kal 7r6X,ets Kai. Kcofia'; 
 TTpo? T^y r&v ireTrpaifievQiv Tpia- 
 KaiSeKa eT&v dno t^s dpyfji 
 avTov eKTTTcoatv avTapKeK, ov^ 
 rjTTOV 76 KoX fXTpaTQTreSov At' 
 BioTTiKov TTpo's (pvXaKTjv iiTeTa^e 
 Tots Trap' 'A/J,ev(ocl)eoyi tov ^aai- 
 Xeo}? iirl t&v bplaiv tjjs Ahyvir- 
 tov. Kal tA, fih> KaTO, ttjv 
 AWiowiav TOiavTa. 01 Se Xo- 
 XvfUTai KaTeX06vTe<; crvv rots 
 
 fliapOi<; tS>V AlryVTTTlcDV, OUTfBS 
 
 uvoa-lo><} Tots dvOpatTTOK Trpoar}- 
 ve')(8rja-av, wcrre Trjv Ttav TTpoetpi]- 
 /xivciov KpdTr)(nv 'xei.piaTrjv ifial- 
 
 of Papis. And having fiist collec- 
 ted a multitude of Egyptians, and 
 having deliberated with . the leaders 
 among them, he both ordered to be 
 brought to himself the sacred ani- 
 mals, and first those that vrere most 
 honoured in the temples, and or- 
 dered the priests to hide the sta- 
 tues of the gods as safely as possible. 
 But his son Sethos, who was also 
 named Eamesses from Kampsis the 
 father, being five years old, he 
 placed out with a friend of his. But 
 himself going out with the other 
 Egyptians amounting to three hun- 
 dred thousand warlike men, when 
 the enemy met him, would not 
 engage with them, but thinking 
 he was about to fight against the 
 gods, he retreated and came to 
 Memphis. And having taken both 
 Apis and the other sacred animals 
 that had been fetched thither, he 
 immediately marched up into Ethio- 
 pia with all the armament and mul- 
 titude of the Egyptians : for the 
 king of the Ethiopians was bound to 
 him by gratitude. Wherefore hav- 
 ing received him, and having enter- 
 tained all the multitudes with what- 
 ever the country had of things 
 needful for human subsistence, and 
 cities and villages sufficient for the 
 fated thirteen years' expulsion from 
 the throne, he no less also appointed 
 the Ethiopian army as a guard to 
 those with king Amenophis on the 
 
 frontiers of Egypt. And such were 
 the events in Ethiopia. But the 
 Solymitfe having come down, with 
 the polluted Egyptians, behaved so 
 irreligiously towards the people, 
 that the supremacy of the aforesaid 
 
MANETHO. 
 
 67 
 
 vea-aat, tok tote ra rovrcov aae- 
 ^r'jixara Oecofievof;. Kal lyap ov 
 liovov TToXeK Kal K(B/409 iveTTprj- 
 trav, ovSe iepo<7v\ovvTe<; oiSk 
 \v/Miiv6iJ'€voi ^oava de&v rjp- 
 KovvTO, aXKa Kal tow avrol^ 
 OTrravloi'i r&v <7ePa<7Tevoixeva>v 
 lep&v ijiia>v ')(pd>/j,6voi SiereXovv, 
 Kal dinat Kal a-(j>a/yel'; tovtwv 
 tepew Kal •jrpo^ijTa'i rjvar/Ka^ov 
 'yivecdai, Kal yvpj/ovi; e^e^aXov. 
 Aeyerai Se otl ttjv iroKneiav 
 Kal rov<} vojiov^ avToi^ Kara^a- 
 \6fievo'i iepev<;, to 'yevot 'HXiov- 
 •jroXiTri<;, ovofxa ^Oaapa-lip, dirb 
 Tov ev 'Hxiov i7okei, deov 'Oct- 
 peoxi, IBS fierier] el<; rovTO to 
 76J/09, fiereTedi] rowo^ia Kal 
 TTpocrrjyopevd'ij Mavcnji. 
 
 appeared in the worst light to those 
 who then witnessed their impieties. 
 Eor not only could I hey not satisfy 
 themselves by plundering the tem- 
 ples and defacing the images of tlie 
 gods, but also they persisted in 
 using the same to cook the sacred 
 animals which were worshiped, and 
 compelled priests and prophets to 
 be the sacrificers and slaughters of 
 these, and cast them out naked. 
 But it is said that a priest who laid 
 down for them their government 
 and laws, by birth a man of Helio- 
 polis, by name Osarsiph, from Osiris 
 the god in the city of the Sun, had 
 his name changed, when he went 
 over to this nation, and was called 
 Movses. 
 
 HecaTjEus, b. c. 300. 
 
 The writer cited under this name by Josephus, is not 
 the famous historian of Miletus, but a later one, of Abdera, 
 contemporary with Alexander the Great, whom he accom- 
 panied into Asia. He wrote a work on the Antiquities 
 of the Jews quoted by Eusebius, Photius, and Josephus. 
 Scaliger, Eichhorn, and others think that this work was 
 the fabrication of Hellenistic Jews. Sainte-Croix endea- 
 vours to support its authenticity, but at present we have 
 nothing more to do than to produce the passages quoted 
 from the work by Josephus, as throwing light and illus- 
 tration on the history of the Jews. 
 
 Con. Ap. I, 22. 'EKaraioi Si 6 
 'A^SrjpiTTj';, avrjp <j>i\6cro<j)0i afia 
 Kal wepl ra? "Trpd^eiM iitavcoTaTO';, 
 'AXe^avSptp TM ^acTiXet avvaK- 
 IJ,dcra<;, Kal IlToXeixaiw tw Aar/ov 
 t7vyyev6/j,evot;, ov Trapipycoi, 
 
 Hecataeus of Abdera, a man both 
 philosophic and most sufficient in 
 matters of business, contemporary 
 with king Alexander, and intimate 
 with Ptolemy son of Lagus, wrote a 
 book, not as a leisure-work, but 
 
68 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 aXX^ Trepl avTOiV ^lov^atoyv (Tvy- 
 'yiypacfie PifSXiov, i^ ov /3ov\o/j,ai, 
 Ke<f>a.\ai,a>S&<; i-TriSpafielv 'ivia 
 T&v elpTjfiivcov. Kal irpSirov 
 eTTchec^co tov '^ovov. Mv7]fMop~ 
 evu yap rfj^ IlTokeixaiov jrepl 
 Td^av TTpo? ATjfjLrjTpiov fJ'd'xrj'i • 
 avrrj Se yiyovev evheKa.ru> f^ev 
 erei rf/f Ake^dvSpov TeXevTJjy, 
 eVi Se 'OXvfiTndSo^ e/3S6//,r)'; Kal 
 SeKaTr/t Kal eKaTocrri]<;, 0)9 Ictto- 
 pec KdcTToyp. Upocrdeh yap 
 ravrrjv Tr]v ' OXv/J-TTidSa (^Tjaiv, 
 €7ri TavTri^ TlToXefiato'; Adynv 
 iviKa Kara Vdi^av p-d-^rj AiqpirjT- 
 
 piOV TOV ^ AvTIr^OVOV, TOV iiriKX'T}- 
 
 divTa IIoXiopKr}T-i)v. 'AXe^av- 
 Spov Se redvdvai Travre? 6p,o\o- 
 yovcTLV iwl rijs kKaTomri<i recr- 
 aapecTKaiSeKdrrji 'OXu/i7rta8o5. 
 AifKov ovv, oTi Kal KaT eKeivov 
 Kal Kara. ^AXe^avSpov T]K/J,ai^ev 
 rjfj,S>v TO edvo';, Aeyet toIvvv 6 
 'EKaToto'i irdXiv rdSe, on ' /j,eTa 
 T7JV 6V Tdtr] fid^^TjV 6 JlroXe/Liato^ 
 iyevero rmv irepl Svpiav ro-ircov 
 eyKpariji. Kal iroXXoi t&v 
 dvdpdnrwv TrvvOavo/Mvoi. rrjv 
 rjirioT-qTa Kal (piXavOpcairlav rov 
 TlToXepiaiov, avva'jralpeiv ek 
 AtyvTTTov avTu>, km Koiviovelv 
 rSiv Trpayp-dronv ejBovXijOTjcrav. 
 ^ilv els fiv, (prjalv, 'E^exla'; 6 
 dp^iepev<i rS)v 'lovSalav, avd- 
 pGyjTO^ T7]V /iiev rjXiKiav &)? c^tJ- 
 Kovra ef iT&v, t& S' a^KOfxaTi 
 Tw Trapa Tot's Ofioedvoi'; /ieya?, 
 Kal Trjv ■^v')(riv ovk avor/ro?, eVt 
 Be Kal XeyeiV SvvaTo<;, Kal rot? 
 irepl Twv TrpaypATOiv, elwep th 
 ciXXo^, e/MTretpc;. KaiTOi, ^rjcrlv, 
 ol irdvTe^ lepec^ t&v 'lovSaiav, 
 01 T-qv SeKdTrjv tS>v yiVOfievo>v 
 Xap,f3dvovTe';, Kal to, Koiva Smi- 
 Kovvrei, TTepl ^iXlovi /j-dkurra 
 
 expressly about the Jews themselves, 
 out of which I wish to extract sum- 
 marily some of the things which he 
 says. And first I will point out 
 the time in which he lived. ¥or he 
 mentions the battle of Gaza between 
 Ptolemy and Demetrius : but this 
 took place in the eleventh year after 
 the death of Alexander, and in the 
 hundred and sixteenth Olympiad, 
 as Castor relates. For setting down 
 this Olympiad, he says, that in it 
 Ptolemy son of Lagus conquered 
 in the battle of Gaza Demetrius son 
 of Antigonus, who was surnamed 
 Poliorcetes. Now all acknowledge 
 that Alexander died in the hundred 
 and fourteenth Olympiad. It is 
 clear therefore that our nation flou- 
 rished in his time and in the time 
 of Alexander. Hecatteus says again 
 as follows, that " after the battle of 
 Gaza Ptolemy became master of the 
 
 parts about Syria. And many of 
 the people learning the gentleness 
 and philanthropy of Ptolemy, wished 
 to remove with him into Egypt, and 
 to share in his fortunes. One of 
 whom (says he) was Hezekiah the 
 high-priest of the Jews, a man 
 about sixty six years of age, and 
 high in estimation among his fel- 
 low-countrymen ; sensible in mind, 
 able also to make a speech, and 
 skilled, if over any other man was 
 so, in matters of business. And 
 
 indeed (says he) all the priests of 
 the Jews, who receive the tenth 
 part of the 'produce, and manage 
 their common business, are about 
 fifteen hundred in number. Again 
 
HECAT.-EUS. 
 
 69 
 
 Kol irevraKocriovi eltriv^ UaXiv 
 Be Tov TTpoeipTj/ievov ixinrjixovevcav 
 avSpo';, OuTO?, ifujcrlv, 6 avOpca- 
 •TTO? TeTeuYft)9 T?7? TlfJ,rjs Tavrrj';, 
 Koi tjvvrjdrj^ rj/xlv 'yev6fievo<;, ira- 
 pa\a/3d>v rcva^ tOsv fx^ff kavTOv, 
 TTfli SuKpopau dveyvoo iraaav 
 avToT'i, etj^e 7ap ttjv KaToiKrjcriv 
 avTOiv Koi Trjv woKiT^iav yeypafj,- 
 fjiivrjv.' Elra 'ExaTaToi; SrjXol 
 waXw, WW'S e^o/iew Trpos tou? 
 v6fj,ov<;, OTL ' TTovra Trda^eiv 
 virep rov fir) ■yrapa/Srivai, tovtov; 
 Trpoacpov/Me0a, koXov elvat vo/j,l- 
 ^ovre';. Touyapovv, (prjal, Kal 
 KaKaf aKovovre'; imo tS>v olcttu- 
 yeirovmv, Kal rwv eitratpiicvovfie- 
 vcov "TravTfov, Kal Trpo-rrrfKaKL^o- 
 fievoi 'TToWa.Ki'} Inro r&v Uepai- 
 K&v jSaaiKecov Kal aarpaTr&v, ov 
 Bvvavrai fieTaTretadrjvai rfj 8ca- 
 voLa, aXKa yeyvfivafievo)'} Trepl 
 TOVTCOV Kal alKiai'; Kat Oavdroc; 
 SetvordroK ixdXLcna TrdvTMV 
 dirain&ai,, pJq dpvovfievoL to, 
 •TTaTpaM^ Uape^eTai Se Kal 
 TeKjxrjpLa t-^s l<TXupoyva>fioavvT)<; 
 T^9 Trepl tS)V v6^o)v ovk oXiya. 
 ^•qa-l yap, ' 'AXe^dvBpov irore 
 iv Ba^vX&vi yevo/j.evov, Kal 
 rirpoeXo/jLevov rb tov BijXov ttett- 
 TO)KO? lepov dvaKoddpai, Kal 
 •Traaiv avTov toc<; a'TpaTuorat'; 
 bfioUo^ (jyepeiv tov j^ovv irpoaTa- 
 ^avTof, fi6vov<; tov^ 'IovSau)v<; 
 oil •7rpo(T')(elv ■ dXXa Kal iro'KKa'; 
 vTTOfieivaL wXriya';, Kal ^ij/iifa? 
 aTTOTurat, fxeydXa^, em? auT0i<i 
 (rvyyvovra tov ^aaCXea Sovvai 
 rrjv aSeiav. Twv ye fj-rjv tS>v 
 ek Trjv ')(a>pav, (prjcrl, wpo? av- 
 Tov'i dtfiiKVOv/jbevaiv, Kal veob^ Kal 
 yStB/iOi)? KaTacTKevacrdvTwv, utt- 
 aVTa Tavra KaTeaKaTTTOv. Kal 
 r&v /J,ev ^rjiiiav rots caTodirai'; 
 
 when he makes mention of the man 
 aforesaid, he says, " The man who 
 enjoyed this honour, and had been 
 intimate with us, having taken some 
 of those who were with him, ex- 
 plained to them all the difference ; 
 for he had their residence and their 
 polity down in writing. Then 
 Hecatfeus again shows how we con- 
 duct ourselves as regards the laws, 
 that we prefer to suffer e? ery thing 
 rather than transgress them, think- 
 ing it good to do so. Wherefore 
 also (says he) though spoken ill of 
 by their neighbours, and by all who 
 visit them, and often treated con- 
 temptuously by the Persian kings 
 and satraps, they cannot be shaken 
 in their determination, but most of 
 all men stand up manfully for these 
 laws against indignities and the 
 most dreadful deaths, and will not 
 renounce the customs of their fore- 
 fathers." There are also extant no 
 few proofs of their religious stead- 
 fastness on behalf of their laws. 
 Tor he says, "When Alexander 
 was at Babylon, and proposed to 
 re-establish the temple of Belus 
 which had fallen, and ordered all 
 his soldiers alike to bring earth, the 
 Jews alone would not heap up any : 
 but both endured many strokes, and 
 paid great penalties, until the king 
 in consideration for them gave them 
 
 immunity. He says that when 
 those people who came to them into 
 their country, established both 
 temples and altars, they overthrew 
 all these : and they paid the penalty 
 of some of these deeds to the satraps, 
 but received pardon for some." 
 
70 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 i^ereivov, Tvepi nvmv Se Kal 
 crvjyvro/j,Tj'; fieTeKafifiavov. Kal 
 TrpocreTTiTWrjaiv, on ' Si/caiov 
 eirl toi;toi9 avrov^ icm dav- 
 IJ,dt,ei,v.' Aeyei Se Kal Trepl rov 
 ' iroKvavd pairoTaTov lyeyovevat. 
 Tj/i&v TO Wvof • ToWai; /Mev yap 
 •^p^cov, (pn^trlv, avacnraaTov^ ei^ 
 Ba^vXmva Uipaai "Trporepov 
 aiiTaiv eTTOivTav jjAipiaZa'i • ovk 
 oXuyai he Kal p-eTa rbv 'AXe- 
 ^dvSpov Odvarov ei? Atyvmov 
 Kal ^oiviKT]V fieTea-T'r](7av, Sia 
 Tijy ev Svpla ardcnv.^ 'O Se 
 avT09 ovTO<i dvrjp /cat ro fiey66o<; 
 Trji '^a>pa<i, rjv KaroiKovpev, Kal 
 TO KaXXo9 IcTToprjKe, rpiaKoaia^ 
 yap /jiVpldSai; dpovp&v, crj^eSoy 
 TTj'i dpiaTTif Kal iTap/^op(i)TdTri^ 
 ^dopaf, vep,ovTai, ^r^aiv • rj yap 
 ^lovSala roaravrq irXdro^ iiXTiv.' 
 'AWa jj,rjv OTi Kal Ttjv ttoKlv 
 aiiTTjV TO, 'lepocroXv/Mi KaWLaTijv 
 T6 Kal p,eylcmrjv e« -jraXaiOTdTov 
 KaroiKovfiivrjv, Kal irepl •7r\i]0ov<; 
 dvSpaiv, Kal irepl t^9 tov vem 
 KaTao'Kev^';, ovrco^ avrb^ Sirjyei- 
 Tac. ""Ear I, yap tS)V 'lovSalcov 
 TO, p,ev TToWa oxvpcofiaja Kara 
 Tr}v -^ctipav Kal Koip^at. Mia Be 
 7r6A.is o)(ypd ■TrevTiJKOvra ixaXi- 
 UTa <7TaSlo)V rrjv ireplixerpov, 
 fjv olKovcTi p,ev dvOpdmaiv irepl 
 ScoSeKa p,vpi,dSe<; ' KaXovci Se 
 avrrjv 'Iepoa6\vp,a. 'Evravda 
 8' earl Kara fieaov p,d\itTTa t^5 
 TToXeo? iTepij3o\o<s \ldivo<;, /mtjko'; 
 CO? irevrdirXeOpo'i, evpot Se 
 irrj'^iav eKajov, k^av SiirXd^ irv- 
 Xaf ev c5 /8(B/LM)s eVrt rerpdryo)- 
 vo<;, OVK CK T/j,rjT03V, dXX' ex 
 crvXXeKTaiv dpy&v XlBuyv ovtco 
 crvyKeip.evo'; • irXevpdv jxev eKOcr- 
 rr)v eiKoai irrfytav, vijro<; 8e 8e- 
 KdiT-qyy. Kal irap avrov oiKrjfia 
 jj-eya, oi> /Sm/^o? ia-ri Kal Xvyyiov 
 
 He adds tliat it is fair to admire 
 them for these things. He speaks 
 also concerning our nation being 
 most populous, for the Persians 
 before caused many myriads of them 
 to be transplanted to Babylon : and 
 not a few myriads also after the 
 death of Alexander removed into 
 Egypt and Phcenicia, on account of 
 the sedition in Syria." This same 
 writer has related also the size and 
 the beauty of the country which we 
 inhabit; for (says he) they cultivate 
 three hundred myriads of acres, of 
 almost the best and most fruitful 
 soil ; for such is the country of 
 Judfea in extent. But he also 
 describes the city itself Jerusalem 
 as most beautiful and very large, 
 and inhabited from ancient times, 
 as well as concerning the number of 
 the people, and the establishment 
 in the temple. 
 
 " For there are of the Jews the 
 numerous fortresses and villages 
 throughout the country : and one 
 strong city of about fifty furlongs 
 in circuit inhabited by about twelve 
 myriads of persons and they call it 
 Jerusalem. There is there near the 
 middle of the city an enclosure of 
 stone, about five hundred feet long, 
 and an hundred cubits wide, having 
 double gates, in which there is a 
 square altar, not of hewn but un- 
 hewn stones collected, and so put 
 together, each side being twenty 
 cubits long, and its height ten cubits. 
 
 Near this is a large building, in 
 which there is an altar and a lamp, 
 both of gold, and two talents in 
 
HECATJJUS. 
 
 71 
 
 afi<j>oTepa ^puca, Bvo ToXavra 
 T'qv okKrjV. 'Ewl rovTWV <l>a)<; 
 eariv avairoa^^euTOV km Th<i 
 vvKTa'; Kol Tos ^/iepas. "AyaX- 
 fia Be ovK e<TTCV oiiSe dvdOrjfia 
 TOTrapdwav • ovBe (ftirrevfia ^av- 
 TeXft)? oiiBev, olov oKamBe'i rj ri 
 ToiovTov. AiaTpij3ou(n B' iv 
 avT& Koi rcK vvKra's Kal ra? 
 ri/jtepai lepeK, dyveui<! Ttvai &y- 
 vevoprei, Kal TOTrapaTrav oivov 
 oil TTLVoVTe^ iv rm lepai." "En 
 76 fir}V on Kal 'Ake^dvBpa) t& 
 ^a<n\ei avvearpaTevofMev, Kal 
 fierd ravTa roll BcaBo'^oa avrov 
 /jie/MipriipriKev. Oh auTO? irap- 
 arvx^iv (^yqaiv inf dvBpo<; 'lov- 
 Baiov Kara rfjv arpareiav 761/0- 
 /jIvok, Tovro •srapaOrjcroiiai. 
 Aeyec Be oiiro)'; • " 'E/j,ov <yovv 
 em rrjv 'Epvdpdv OdXaairav 
 ^aBlS^ovro^, avvrjKo'kovdei Tt9 
 /tera r&v aWcov rSrv rraparreiJi- 
 TTovrcov TjiJ.a'; hrrreaiv ^lovSaicov, 
 QVOfia MoaoXXa/jiO^, dv6panro<i 
 iKavo<i Kara ■\jrv)(r}V, evpa>aro<i, 
 Kal ro^6rr]<; {nro Brj rravrav ojjlo- 
 Xojovfievos Kal rSsv 'EW^vmv 
 Kal r&v j3ap^dpa)v dpiaro';. 
 Ovroi ovv 6 avOpoowa, Bi.a/3a- 
 Bitpvroiv rroKK&v Kara rrjv oBov, 
 Kal jjidvred)'; nvoi opvidevofievov, 
 Kal Trdvra'i eVio-^etv d^iovvros, 
 ypoonjtre. Bid rl TrpoajxevovcTi,. 
 AeL^avro'i Be rov fidvreai^ avrm 
 rov opviOa, Kal (prjaavro^, edv 
 fiev avrov fJ^nj, "Trpocr/Meuecv 
 aviJ,(j>epei rraaiv, dv S' dvaard^ 
 els rovfhirpoaOev irerTjrai, rrpoa- 
 lyeiv, edv Be eh rovmadev, dva- 
 "j^mpeiv avQK, auaTrijcra'i Kai 
 rrapeXKuaa'} ro ro^ov e/3aXe, Kai, 
 rov opviOa irard^a'i drreKreivev. 
 'AjavaKrovvrcav Be rov /iavreo)'} 
 Kai nviov dWcov, Kal Karapto- 
 fievav avrw, 'rl fuuvecrde, e^rj. 
 
 weight. Upon these is a light that 
 is never put out, both day and night. 
 But there is no image or offering at 
 all; nor is there any thing planted 
 at aU, such as a grove or any thing 
 like it. Priests dwell in it both 
 night and day, celebrating certain 
 purifications, and altogether drink- 
 ing no wine at all in the temple." 
 Moreover also he has borne witness 
 that we joined in the army of king 
 Alexander, and afterwards of his 
 successors. I will add what he says 
 he himself witnessed as having been 
 done in the expedition by a man 
 who was a Jew. He tells it thus. 
 " As I was going to the Red sea, 
 there followed us among the other 
 horsemen who escorted us, one 
 named MosoUam, a man brave of 
 heart, strong of body, and acknow- 
 ledged by all to be the best archer 
 both of the Greeks and the bar- 
 barians. Now as many were pas- 
 sing along the road, and as a 
 certain augur was watching the 
 flight of a bird, and begging all to 
 stop, this man [llosoliat?/'] asked 
 what they waited for. But when 
 the augur showed him the bird, 
 and said that if the bird stopped 
 there, it would be good for all to 
 stop, but if it should rise and fly 
 forwards, for them to go on, but if 
 backwards, for them to recede, the 
 man said nothing, but drawing his 
 bow, shot and killed the bird. But 
 when the augur and- some others 
 were angry and cursed him, he said. 
 Why are you such fools taking this 
 unlucky bird into your hands ? 
 How could he, who did not foresee 
 liis own safety, declare to us any 
 thing sound concerning our march ? 
 For if he had been able to foreknow 
 the future he would not have come 
 
72 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Kaieohai/Jioveararov opviOa "ka- 
 povTe's ek raf %6i/)a? ; IT&)9 
 yap ovTOi, Trjv avrov a-a>Tqpiav 
 oil irpoXhibv, 'jrepl T^9 rffxerepa^ 
 iropelai rj/uv av ri vyie'; antnf^- 
 jekXev ; El yap ^BvvaTO tt/jo- 
 yivaxTKeiv to fJueXkov, eii rov 
 
 TOTTOV TOVTOV OVK UV ffkOe, (pO- 
 
 ^ov/ji.evo';, fir) Tofeucra? avTov 
 aTTOKTewrj MocroXKafMot lov- 
 ato'i. 
 
 Contra Apion. II, 4. " 'EtIijm 
 yap rj^Siv to edvo^," <«9 Kal (ptj- 
 (Tiv 'ExaTalo'; irepl rjfjk&v, " ort 
 Sta rr)V eTrieiKeiav Koi ivia-Tiv, rjv 
 aifTW Trap^fjypv ^lovBaloi, ttjv 
 Sa/xapelTiv ■xjiipav nrpoaeBriKev 
 e)(eLV avTOK a(j>opo\dyrjTov." 
 "Ofj,0La he 'AXe^dvSpov Kal Uto- 
 \e/jLato<; 6 Adr^ov wepl T&v iv 
 'AXe^afSpela KaroiKoWTCov e(j)- 
 povrjae. 
 
 into this place, from fear lest the 
 Jew MosoUam should shoot an 
 arrow and kill him.' 
 
 For he honoured our nation, as 
 Hecataeus also says about us, that 
 " on account of the goodness and 
 faith which the Jews showed to him, 
 he allowed them to hold the country 
 of Samaria free from tribute." But 
 Ptolemy also, son of Lagus, had 
 similar sentiments to Alexander 
 about those who dwelt at Alexandria. 
 
 Agatharghides, b. c. 170. 
 
 Of this writer, a native of Cnidus in the reign of Ptole- 
 my Philometor, very little is known. Several of his works 
 are named by Photius, and his fragments were published 
 by Hudson in his Geographi Minores. Plutarch, in his 
 Lives, cites the Persica as a work of Agatharchides of 
 Samos. Nothing more is known of him, and it is reason- 
 ably supposed that the two are one and the same. 
 
 Autiq. XII, 1. MapTvpet Se 
 T^ \6yai Tovrm Kal ^ AyaOap^ih'q'i 
 6 Kvihioi;, 6 Ta<; r&v SiaSo^oyv 
 Trpd^ei'i o-i/'yypaT^a/xei'o?, oveiSi- 
 ^(ov rifjJlv heiai^atpAiViav, o)? hi 
 avTfjv diTo/3a\ov(n ttjv eXevde- 
 piav, Xiytav outo)? • " "Ecniv 
 edvo'i 'lovSamv Xeybp-evov, oi 
 TToKiv oyiypav Kal jxeyakqv e')(pv- 
 
 This account is supported by 
 Agatharchides also, who wrote the 
 deeds of the successors ; taunting 
 us witli superstition, as having 
 through it lost our freedom, he says 
 thus : " There is a nation called the 
 nation of the Jews, who having a 
 strong and great city, Jerusalem, 
 suffered it to fall into tlie hands of 
 
AGATHARCHIDES. 
 
 73 
 
 Te? 'JepoaoXviMi, ravrrjv vTrepel- 
 Zov viro IlTo\e/j,alq> '^evo/j.evrjv, 
 OTrXa Xa/Seiv ov deK^a-avre';, 
 oKXa Sia rrjV a/caipov Sei(riSai- 
 /jbovlav ■yaXeirov virkfiewav ey^^eiv 
 Se(Tv6T7jV." 
 
 C. Apion. I, 23. 'O 'AyaOap- 
 j^t'St;?, eTnaKMinmu Ty SrpaTO- 
 viicri rrjV SeiaiSac/Mvlav, irapa- 
 Betr/p-aTi ■^prJTav tm Trepl ^fi&v 
 \6y(p, Kcu yeypa^ev ovro)'; • ** Oi 
 KoXov/xevoi 'lovSam -n-okiv ol- 
 Kovvre'i o-)fvpaiTaTr)v iracr&v, rfv 
 KoKelv 'Iepocr6\v/J,a a-ufi^alvei 
 Touf eyxwpiov;, apyetv eWicrfievoi 
 St' €/3Sojti7js riijApa<;, Kal /XT/Se to 
 OTrXa fiacrrd^eLV iv rot? elprj/Ms- 
 voii; ■)(^p6voi^, fjbrjre yempyia^ air- 
 TeaOai, firire aXKrj'i eTrtfieKeicr- 
 0ai XeiTOvpyM'; ^TjSe/tta?, aW 
 ev Toli iepoX'! ixTeraKore'; ra? 
 p^etpa? ev-)(£(T8ai IJ-^^i T^9 eo"- 
 irkpat, eliTiovTO^ 6i9 t^k ttoXiv 
 IlToXe/iaiov rov Adjov p,6Ta rrj^ 
 Birvd/Meco';, koX tS>v avOpanrav 
 avrl Tov ^vKaTTeiv ttjv •koKiv 
 Bianqpovvrmv rr]V avoiav, fj p-hi 
 irarph ei\,y<pei hea'TroTqv iriKpov, 
 6 Sk vo/io'; i^rj\£y)(9T] <f>avXov 
 'e)(wv idotx/MV. To Be avp-^av 
 •ir\r)V eKelvcov Toiif aXkov<! irav- 
 T(i? BeBlZave, TqvLKavra ipvyeiv 
 ivvirvta, kcU ttjv irepl tov v6/iOv 
 TrapaSe8o/jAiir]V vttovomv, rjViK 
 av Tol'; o.vdpoiTTivoi'i Xoyur/j,ot<! 
 irepl rS)v BiaTTopov/Meviov e^atr- 
 6emja-ovcriv. 
 
 Ptolemy, not daring to take up 
 arms, but through their ill-timed 
 superstition they submitted to have 
 a harsh master. 
 
 Agatharohides, taunting Stra- 
 tonice for superstition, uses as an 
 example the account about us, and 
 writes thus : " Those called Jews, 
 who inhabit a city the strongest oi 
 all, which the natives happen to call 
 Jerusalem, being accustomed to be 
 idle every seventh day, and not even 
 to bear arms at the times aforesaid, 
 nor to put their hands to agriculture, 
 nor to concern themselves about 
 any other service, but with their 
 hands hanging idle to pray in the 
 temples until the evening : when 
 Ptolemy son of Lagus entered into 
 the city with his army, and those 
 people instead of guarding the city 
 persisted in their foUy, their country 
 received a harsh master, and their 
 law was proved to contain a bad 
 custom. The result taught all other 
 men except them, to shun such 
 dreams, and such fancy delivered 
 for law, when they fail by human 
 reasons about doubtful matters. 
 
 NicoLAus OF Damascus, b. c. 40. 
 
 This writer, a native of Damascus, was a friend of Herod 
 the Great, kiag of the Jews, whom he accompanied on a 
 iourney which they made to the emperor Augustus, to 
 
 10 
 
74 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 whom he had already been advantageously known, Augus- 
 tus havmg been in the habit of giving Nicolaus's name, by 
 way of pleasantry, to certain dates of Palestine, which the 
 latter was accustomed to send to him ; the intimacy be- 
 tween Nicolaus and the Roman emperor proved of service 
 to Herod, who, by his means, secured the favour of the 
 prince ; as a writer, he is known in several departments of 
 literature ; he composed tragedies, and, among others, 
 Susanna ; of these nothing remains ; he also wrote come- 
 dies, and Stobseus has preserved for us what he considers a 
 fragment of one of these, but what belongs in fact to a 
 different writer. Nicolaus of Damascus was author also of a 
 work " on the Remarkable Customs of various Nations," 
 of another " on distinguished actions," and of several 
 " Historical " works ; among the last mentioned class of 
 productions was an Universal History, in 144 books, a 
 compilation for which he borrowed passages from various 
 historians, which he united together by oratorical flouris- 
 hes ; as he has drawn his materials in part from sources 
 which no longer exist for us, the fragments of his " His- 
 tory," which remain, make us acquainted with several 
 facts, of which we should otherwise have had no know- 
 ledge. Nicolaus wrote also a " Life of Augustus," of which 
 a fragment marked too strongly with flattery still remains ; 
 he was author of some Metaphysical productions on the 
 writings of Aristotle ; as to his own biography, which has 
 likewise come down to us, we may be allowed to doubt 
 whether he ever wrote it ; the latest and most complete 
 ed. of the remains of Nic. Damascenus is Orellius, Lips. 
 1804, with a supplement published in 1 8 1 1 , and containing 
 the result of the labours of Bremi, Ochsner, and others, 
 in collecting the scattered fi'agments of this writer. 
 
 A few extracts from his works, quoted by Josephus, 
 refer to the early history of the Jews. His name occurs 
 in'many other parts of the latter portion of Josephus, in 
 connection with the numerous transactions in which he 
 was concerned. 
 
 Jos. Aiif.. T, 3, 6. K.aX NiKo- But Nicolaus ot Damascus also in 
 
 Xrao? Se Aaij.aaKr)vo'i ev rfj ivev- his ninety-sixth book relates about 
 
 •qicoaTrj Kai eKTrj /S//9X«i> iaTopel them in these words : 
 
 Trept avTtav, Xiyaiv outco?, " 'Ea- There is beyond the Miiiyad in 
 
NICOLAUS. 
 
 75- 
 
 Tiv vTTep TTjv MivvdSa fMeya 
 opoi Karct TTjV 'Ap/xevlav, Bapif 
 Xeyoiievov, el? 8 ttoWoii? crv/t- 
 (puyovTai im Tov Ka/TaKh,v(Tp,ov 
 Xoyo's 6^£t TrepicrcoOrjvai, KaiTiva 
 i-rrl \dpvaKOi o)(ovpi,evov eVi rrjv 
 a-Kpiopemv OKuXav, kol tcl \ei- 
 ^Irava tS>v ^v\o>v eirl iroKii aco- 
 Orjvai, Tevono 8' av outo?, 
 ovTiva KOI Maivafi'; dveypa<j>ev 
 6 'lovSalm' vo/jtodeTrji. 
 
 Antiq. I, 3, 9 . 'JETtrioSo? re Kal 
 
 'EicaTalo<; "E(popo'; kol 
 
 Ni/toX/xo? laropovcri roix; ap- 
 
 Antiq. I, vii, 2. NiKoXao's Se 
 6 Aap.aaK'qvo'i iv t§ TerapTj; 
 T&v l(7ropt,b)v Xiyei ovTco<t • 
 'AjSpdp.rj'i ePaaiXmae Aajiair- 
 Kov, eTTTjXvi <Tvv oTpaToi dipi/y- 
 /j.evo'i ix T^9 7^59 T^9 vTrep Ba- 
 ^VX&va, XaXSaioiv Xeyo/J.ivrj'S. 
 MeT ou -TToXiiv Be 'Xpovov i^av- 
 a<TTh<; Kal a-KO Tavrr}'; ti}? vmpa? 
 (Tvv TM er^erepai \aa> ei? T^y 
 Tore p,6V Xavavalav X^yofievfjv, 
 vvv Se 'lovSalav, p.eToiK'qae, Kai 
 ol cnr eKeivov •7f\r]6i!vavre<i, irepl 
 S)v ev krep(fi Xoym Sii^etfii Ta 
 IcTTopovfieva. 
 
 Antiq. VII, v, 2. MefiVf]Tai, 
 Se TovTov TOV PaaCKecot, \^ASd- 
 hov\ /cat NlkoKooi; iv t§ TerdpTri 
 T&v IcTTopiSyv, Xeywv ovtcov. 
 
 MeTO, Se TavTa ttoXTiq) Vpovq) 
 varepov tS)V ey"j((i>plu)V Tt9 ' ASa- 
 Sos ovop,a TfKeiov lcrxv<Ta,<i Aap,- 
 cuTKOv re Kal tt}? aXX'rjis Svpia-;, 
 efo) ^olvLkti';, ifiad'Ckevcre. U6- 
 Xefiov Se e^eveyKai irpot Aav'iSrjv 
 ^aaCKea tjj? ^lovSaia^, Kal iroX- 
 Xai'i fidyai^ KpideU, vcTTdTr) re 
 TTapa TOV Ei^pdTr]V, iv rj rjT- 
 
 Armenia a great mountain, called 
 Baris, to which report sayS many 
 fled in the time of the flood and 
 were saved, and that one of them 
 arrived at the top carried in a chest, 
 and that the remains of the limbers 
 were preserved for a long time. 
 This may be the man, whom Moses 
 also the lawgiver of the Jews men- 
 tions. 
 
 Both Hesiod and Hecataeus . ; . . 
 Ephorus and Nioolaus relate that 
 the ancients lived a thousand years. 
 
 But Nicolaus of Damascus, in the 
 fourtli book of his histories, says 
 thus : 
 
 Abraham was king of Damascus. 
 He was a foreigner, who came with 
 an array out of the land beyond 
 Babylon, which is called the land 
 of the Chaldseans. But not long 
 after, he rose up and removed from 
 this country with his people into 
 the land called at that time Canaan, 
 but now Judsea; and his descen- 
 dants who had become numerous : 
 I will relate in another work what, 
 is told about them. 
 
 But Nicolaus also names this king 
 [ffadad'] in the fourth book of his 
 History, in these words : 
 
 But a long time after these things 
 one of the natives of that country, 
 named Hadad, acquiring power 
 became king of Damascus and the 
 rest of Syria, except Phoenicia : and 
 having made war against David king 
 of Judaea, and tried his fortune in 
 many battles, and last of all near 
 the Eupiirates, in which he was de- 
 feated, he was deemed the best of 
 
76 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 'X.iav fO>li/g Koi dvSpeia." 
 
 Antiq. XIll, viii, 4. Mdp- 
 rvi Se TovTcov rjixtv etm koi Ni- 
 KoXaoi; 6 Aa/j,a<7KrjV0i, ovtccs 
 laropSiv • " TpoTratov Se o-tijo-o? 
 'AvTiO'^o'; eVt Ta> AvKW "rroTa/MO}, 
 VK^CFw; 'IvSarr^v TOV HdpBwv 
 trrpaTTfyov, axnodi e/j,£ivev rnjApaf 
 hvo, SeijOevTO'i 'TpKavov rod 
 'lovSaiov hid Tiva ioprfiv irdT- 
 piov, iv y TOt? 'lovSaloK ovk ^v 
 vofjujiov i^oSeveiv." 
 
 Antiq. XIII, xii, 6. Aeyei Se 
 Kal STpdffav Koi NiKoXao';, ori 
 TovTov avTotf e^pi^aavTO top 
 TpoTTOv, Ka6a>^ Kal iyo) vpo- 
 elpTjKa. 
 
 Antiq. XIV, I, 3. WtKoXno? 
 fiivToi Arjalv 6 AafiacrKrjvo';, 
 TOVTOV eivai 7&0? £« t&v irpw- 
 Tiov 'lovSaiiov, r5>v ex Baffv- 
 X&vo'; eh rfjv 'lovSalav d<\>iK0- 
 /Jkevcov. 
 
 Antiq. Xiy, VI, 4. nepl S^ 
 T^9 UojiTTTjiov Kal Ta0iviov 
 arpaTelai; i-rrl 'lovSalov; 'ypd<f>ei 
 NiKoXaoi 6 Aa/xa^Krjvo'i .... 
 
 their kings in strength and man- 
 hood. 
 
 Our witness of these things is 
 Nicolaus of Damascus, who relates 
 thus : Antiochus set up a trophy 
 on the river Lycus, for having con- 
 quered Tndates the general of the 
 Parthians, and remained there two 
 days at the request of the Jew 
 Hyrcanus, on account of an ancient 
 festival, during which it was not 
 lawful for the Jews to travel. 
 
 But Strabo and Nicolaus say that 
 they used them in this manner, as 
 1 also have said before. 
 
 Nicolaus of Damascus says that 
 he was by birth descended from the 
 first Jews, who came out of Babylon 
 into Judaea. 
 
 Nicolaus of Damascus writes of 
 the expedition of Pompey and Ga- 
 binius against the Jews. 
 
 Chjeremon, b. c. 30. 
 
 Chffiremon, not the tragic poet of Athens, b. c. 340, but 
 the philosopher and historian of Alexandria, accompanied 
 iElius Gallus through Egypt, where he was appointed 
 librarian to the Serapeum. He was one of the tutors to 
 Nero at Rome, and wrote a work on the Antiquities of 
 Egypt, another on Hieroglyphics, and was the author of 
 one of the two systems about the Christian religion, which 
 divided the opinions of the ancient world. A single ex- 
 tract from his works, preserved by Josephus, bears re- 
 ference to our present subject. 
 
CHiEREMON. 
 
 77 
 
 Contra Apion. I, 32. Kal yap 
 ovro^ \Xai,f>riiJUi>v\ Ai/yvTrTiaKrjv 
 <f)dcrK(ov IcTTOpiav cniyiypacpetv, 
 Kai irpoaOei^ ravro ovofia tov 
 /8ao-tXe(B?, o'jrep 6 MaveSm^, 
 'A/Mevm<f)iv, koI tov vibv avTov 
 Pa/j,i<T<7r]v, tjyrjcrlv, ori Kara Toiil 
 VTTVovi rj ^laa i^aVTj Ttu 'A/xe- 
 vdxbei, ixepj^ofjievri avrov, on, to 
 lepov axrrfi^ iv tm •jroXifj.^ xa- 
 TeaKaiTTai • ^pni^dvTTfv Se le- 
 por/pa/ifMaria ^dvai, eav t5>v 
 Toil? fio\v<7fiov'; ixovrmv avZpwv 
 Kaddpri Tr)V AiyinrTov, wavcrao'- 
 
 Oai T^S TTTOtO? avTOV. 'ETTlXe- 
 
 ^avia Se Tmv eiriaLvSyv fivpidSai; 
 elKoai/ireme ex^aKelv. 'Hyelcr- 
 Qai S' avT&v ypap./j.aTea'; Maiv- 
 rrrpj re koX ^Iwarjirov, Kal tovtov 
 lepoypa/j-fiaTea. Airyinma Se 
 avTOii ovofiara elvai, rw fih/ 
 McoiJa-fj TiiTtdev, raJ Se 'laKTi^irai 
 IIeTe<7^<f). Tovtov; 8' eh Ilrj- 
 Xova-iov ekdeiv, koI eirtrvxelv 
 livpMcn TpiaKovTOOKTO) Kara'Ke- 
 'Keilifikvai's VTTO tov ' Ajievoxpto^, 
 a? oil OeKeiv ek t^v AtyvTrTov 
 SiaKOni^eiv. Oh (fiiKiav awde- 
 fievoVif e^rl ttjv AcyinrTov cTpa- 
 Tevcrai. Tov Se 'A/jIvaxpiv ov^ 
 vwo/ielvavra Trp) e^oSov axnSiv, 
 eh AWioTrlav <pvyeiv xaTaXt- 
 TTOVTO, Tr)V yuvacKa eyxvov • rjv 
 KpvTrTOfieinjV ev Ticri (TTrrfKaloL'i 
 Te/ceXv •rratSa, ovojxa Mecra-ijvriv, 
 ov avSpcodevra e«Siwfat tou? 
 'lovSaiovi eli ttjv Xvpiav, ovTai 
 irepl eiKoai /j,vpcdSa<;, /cat tov 
 ■n-aTepa 'A/xevaxptv ex t^s AWio- 
 TTta? KaraSe^acrOai. 
 
 For he also [CAceremon}, profess- 
 ing to write Egyptian history, and 
 assigning the same name of the 
 king as Manetho, Amenophis, and 
 his son Harnesses, says that " Isis 
 appeared in dreams to Amenophis, 
 rebuking him, because her temple 
 had been thrown down in the war : 
 but that Phritiphantes the sacred 
 scribe said, that, if he would purge 
 Egypt of the meu who had pollu- 
 tions, he would cease from his alarm, 
 and that he having collected toge- 
 ther twenty five myriads of the 
 polluted, cast them out. That their 
 leaders were the scribes Moyses and 
 Joseph, who also was a sacred 
 scribe. Their Egyptian names were, 
 Tisithen for Moses and Peteseph for 
 Joseph. That these came to 
 Pelusium, and lighted on thirty 
 eight myriads that had been left 
 there by Amenophis, whom he was 
 unwilling to conduct into Egypt. 
 
 With these they made an alliance, 
 and marched towards Egypt. But 
 that Amenophis not awaiting their 
 coming, fled intOjEthiopialeavinghis 
 wife with child, and that she secretly 
 in some caves brought forth a child 
 named Messenes, who, when he be- 
 came a man, drove the Jews into 
 Syria, in number about twenty 
 myriads, and got back his father 
 Amenophis out of JSthiopia. 
 
 Menandek. 
 About Menander of Ephesus, I can give no further 
 
78 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 information than that which Josephus supphes in the 
 extracts here quoted. 
 
 Antiq. VIII, 5, 3. Me/j,vr)Tai, 
 Se TOVTOJV tS>v tvo Paaikewv koX 
 MevavSpO'i, 6 /j-eTacjipdaa^ airo 
 rrj^ ^oivUtov SiaXeKTOV ra Tv- 
 pioov ap^ela elt rrjv ' EWi]Vi,ktjv 
 ^avriv, \eya>v oi!tq)9 • ' TeXev- 
 Tija-avTO'i Se 'A/3iffaXov, SieSe- 
 ^aTO Trjv pacTiXeiav Trap avTOv 
 6 vib'i avTov Eipa/j,o<;, 09 ^laxra^ 
 6TJ] TrevTi^KOVTa Tpla iBacriXevae 
 TpMKOVTa Koi Teaaapa, Ovro'; 
 e^axre to Eipv^wpov, koI tow 
 16 ■^vcrovv Klova rov iv Tot? tov 
 Aib'i aviOrjKev, eVi re vXtjv ^vXmv 
 aireXOwv e/co-^jrev aTrb rov 6pov<i 
 TOV Xeryo/ievov Aij3dvov ets ra? 
 T&v lep&v (TTeya's. KadeXoov re 
 TO. ap'^dia hpa, xal vabv (pKoSo- 
 fiTjcre TOV 'HpaKXeow Kal tov 
 rrj'! ' AuTapTT}';. IIp5>Tb<; re tov 
 'HpaxXeovi eyepaiv eTroiijcraro 
 iv TW UepLTiat /j,r]vL Toi<i re 
 'HvKeoi^ iiTKTTpaTevcraTO /j,rj 
 aTToSiSovai Toiii ^opovi, Kal 
 viroTa^af ttclXlv avTw avearpe- 
 ■<}rev. 'Ewl TovTov yv 'A^Si]- 
 ixovof 7rai<; ve(OTepo<;, 09 ael ivl/ca 
 TO Trpoj3Xriiui.Ta, a iireToaae 
 SoXopMV 6 'lepocToXvfuov ^aaL- 
 
 Antiq. VIII, 13, 3. Me/ivi^rai 
 Se Trj'; dvo/j,j3pia<; ravTq^ Kal 
 MevavSpo<i iv rat? 'Idoj3dXov 
 TOV Tvpicav /SaaiXeo)!} Trpd^eai,, 
 Xeycov ovTcof • " 'A^po^ia re 
 d-rr avTov iyevero, aTTO tov 
 
 Twep/SepeTaiov fitjvbi 60)9 tov 
 i')(pp,evov 670119 'T7repl3eperaiov. 
 
 iKeTeiav S' avrov 'Troirja'a/ievov, 
 Kepavvov<; Udvovs f3e/3XrjKevai. 
 OvTOi ttoXlv BoTpvv eKTlCTe TrjV 
 iwi ^owiKj), Kal Avi^av ttjv iv 
 Al^vr/." 
 
 These two kings are named by 
 Menander also, wlio translated from 
 the dialect of the Phceiiicians the 
 archives of the Tyrians into the 
 Grecian tongue, saying thus : 
 " When Abibalus was dead, his son 
 Heiram received from him the king- 
 dom, who living fifty three years 
 reigned thirty four. It was he who 
 earthed up the Eurychoron, and set 
 up the golden pillar in the temple 
 of Jupiter, and moreover went and 
 cut timber wood from the mountain 
 called Libanus for the roofs of the 
 temples. And having taken down 
 the ancient temples he built both 
 the temple of Hercules and 
 that of Astarte. And he was the 
 first who made the raising of the 
 [temple of] Hercules in the month 
 Peritius. And he marched against 
 the Eukei when they would not pay 
 their tribute, and having reduced 
 tfceai made them again subject to 
 him. In his time was the younger 
 son of Abdemon, who always van- 
 quished the problems, which Solo- 
 mon the king of Jerusalem imj)osed. 
 
 This drought is mentioned by 
 Menander also in the deeds of Itho- 
 balus king of the Tyrians, in these 
 words : " There was a want of rain 
 in his time from the month Hyper- 
 beretaeus to the Hyperberetseus of 
 the next year. But when he made 
 supplication, there were great 
 thunders. This king built the city 
 of Botrys in Phoenicia, and Auza in 
 Libya. 
 
MENANDER. 
 
 79 
 
 Con. Ap. I, 18. 'AWh Trpo? 
 TOUTo) Trapadrjcrofjiac MeuavSpov 
 rov 'Ej>e(Tiov. Feypacfie Se ovro<; 
 Ta? e(j> exdcnov toiv fiaaiXeov 
 wpd^ef; wapa rots "EWrjcri, Kal 
 ^ap^dpoK jevo/Mva';, ex t&v 
 Trap eKeivoK iiri'xapuov rypap,- 
 fidrcav (nrovSdaa'; ttjv iaropiav 
 fj,a6eiv. Tpd<l>a>v Brj irepl tS>v 
 ^e^acriXevicorcov iv Tvpo>, eTreira 
 'yevofievo's Kara tov Etpcofiov, 
 Tavra ipTjirl • " TeKevTrjaavroii 
 he ^Al3i^dXov, SieSe^aro T'^jv 
 /3aaiXe(av 6 u('o5 avTov E'ipo)p,o<;, 
 05 ^id>(Ta<; err} ireinriKovra rpia 
 i/3aa-i\eu(76v errj TpiaKovra recr- 
 crapa. Outos e^mcre Toy evpv- 
 
 XO'POV, TOV T€ ^VaOVV KlOVa TOV 
 
 ev Tolt TOV Aw dveOrjKev en 
 Te vktjv ^v\(ov direXOoDv eKo^ev, 
 airo TOV Xeyo/^ivov opovi Ai^d- 
 vov, KeSpiva ^vKa et? ra? riov 
 iepSiv aTeya'} • KadeXMV re ra 
 dp)(ala lepa Kawov'i vaoii'; wko- 
 S6/j.rjae, to Te tov 'HpaKkeovi 
 Kol T7ji 'AcrrdpTTji; re/ieyo? dvie- 
 pevaev, Kal to jj,ev tov 'HpaxXe- 
 0U9 Trp&Tov eTroir]aaTO ev Ta> 
 JJepiTiM fi^jvl, e'iTa to t?J'> Act- 
 TapTTji;, OTTOTe Ti,tvoI<; eTrearpd- 
 Tevaev, fMrj d7roSi£ov<ri, tow 0o- 
 povi • ous Kal uTTOTa^as eavTw 
 wdXiv dvearpe-KJrev. 'EttI tovtov 
 Se Tif rjv ' AfiS>j/j,ovos vraw ved- 
 Tepof 09 evLKa to, Trpo^rj/xara, 
 a eTreTacrcre SoXofioiv 6 'lepoao- 
 Xviiajv fiaaiXevf." Wri<pii^eTai 
 Si 6 xpovo'S aTTo tovtov rov f^a- 
 (TtXettfs cl)(pL T^s Kap'XTjSovos 
 KTi'o-eca? ouTtu?. " TeXevrrjaav- 
 T09 Elp(op,ov, SieBe^aro r-qv /3a- 
 criXeiav BaXed^apo'S 6 vi6<;, o? 
 Piioaa'i err] recrcrapaKovra rpia, 
 epadtXevaev errj errrd. Mera 
 TOVTOV ' A^Sdarapros o airov 
 
 But I will place by the side o£ 
 him Menauder the Ephesian. This 
 man wrote the events that happened 
 in the time of each of the 
 kings among the Greeks and 
 the barbarians, having taken pains 
 to learn the history out of the 
 national writings preserved among 
 them. Writing then concerning 
 those who reigned in Tyre, and 
 then coming to speak of Heirom, 
 he says these things ; When A bibalus 
 was dead, his son Hierom received 
 the kingdom, who living fifty three 
 years reigned thirty four years. It 
 was he who earthed up the Eury- 
 choron, and set up the golden pillar 
 in the temple of Jupiter, and more- 
 over went and cut down timber- 
 wood from the mountain called 
 Libanus, cedar-timber for the roofs 
 of the temples : and removing the 
 old temples he built new temples, 
 and consecrated the shrine of Her- 
 cules and that of Astarte, and made 
 first tliat of Hercules in the month 
 Peritius, and then that of Astarte, 
 when he marched against the Tity- 
 ans, who would not pay him tri- 
 bute ; wliom also he reduced and 
 made again subject to him. In his 
 time was a younger son of Abdemon, 
 who vanquished the problems, which 
 Solomon the king of Jerusalem im- 
 posed." 
 
 But the interval between this 
 king and the founding of Carthage 
 is thus calculated : 
 
 " When Heirom died, he was suc- 
 ceeded in the kingdom by his son 
 Baleazar, who, living forty three 
 years, reigned thirty seven. After 
 him Abdastartus his son lived 
 twenty nine years, and reigned nine. 
 I'he four sons of his nurse conspired 
 
80 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS 
 
 i»io?, ^itixTW eT7} eiKoaiv evvea, 
 e^aa-iXeva-ev err) evvea. Tovtov 
 01 T?? Tpo(j>ov avTOv viol rea- 
 (Tape<s eTTc/3ovX€u<TavTe<; aTroiKe- 
 crav, &v 6 wpea^vrepo? e^acri- 
 Xeva-ev eTtj SeKaSvo. Me0' ou? 
 "AcTTapTO^ 6 AeKaia(TTdpTov, 8? 
 ^uixra'i eTTjirevTriKOVTa recraapa, 
 el3acri\€V(7ev err] ScoSexa. Mera 
 TOVTOV 6 aSeXrfio? avTov 'Acripv- 
 IJ,o<;, jBuocrai; eTi} recraapa kol 
 TTevrrjKOVTa, i/SacrlXevaev eTTj 
 evvea. Ovtoi airmXero mro tov 
 aSeXtfiov $6A.7)T09, 09 \a0cov Trjv 
 ^aaiXeiav fjp^e /j,rjva<; 6ktu> 
 Puixra^ eTq irevT-qKovra. Tov- 
 tov aveTXev EWm^dko'i 6 tij? 
 AdrdpTT]^ lepevs, o^^aaiXeiKrwi 
 €Trj rpiaKOVTa Svo, efHaxrev err) 
 e^rfKOVTa oktco. Tovtov BieSi^aTO 
 BaSet,o>po<; vlbs, 09 ^uoaa'i eri; 
 TecraapaKovra irevre, e^acrlXev- 
 crev err) ef. Tovtov ^idhoyo^ 
 'yeyove Ma.T'yrjVO'i 6 u/09, 09 ^uo- 
 craf eTTi TpidicoVTa hvo, ej3aa-L- 
 Xevcrev eTrj evvea. Tovtov Sid- 
 ^"X"' jejove ^vjfiaXiiav, pirixra'i 
 S* €T7; TrevTTjKOVTa e^, €/3aalXev- 
 aev eTt] TecxcrapaKOVTa CTTTa. 
 'Ev 8e Tw eV avTov e/386/im eret 
 7j dSeXij))) avTov cjivyovcra ev Tfi 
 Ai,j3vrj ttoXlv wKoSo/xijcre Kap- 
 ^ijSova." 
 
 against him and slew him ; the 
 eldest of whom reigned twelve years. 
 After them came Astartus the son of 
 Delseastai'tus, who lived fifty four 
 years, and reigned twelve years. 
 After him his brother Aserymos 
 lived fifty four years and reigned 
 nine years. He was slain by his 
 brother Pheles, who, having taken 
 the kingdom, reigned eight months, 
 and lived fifty years. This king was 
 slain by Eithobalus the priest of 
 Astarte, who reigned thirty two 
 years, and lived sixty eight. His 
 successor was his son Badezorus 
 who lived forty five years, and 
 reigned six years. His successor 
 was his son Matgenus, who lived 
 thirty two years, and reigned nine 
 years. His successor was Phygma- 
 lion, and he lived fifty six, and 
 reigned forty-seven years. But in 
 the seventh year of his reign his 
 sister fled and built the city of Car- 
 thage in Libya. 
 
 Dius [of uncertain date] 
 
 I find no other information about this writer besides 
 what is furnished by Josephus, who tells us that he wrote 
 the history of the Phoenicians in an accurate manner. 
 
 Con. Apion. I, 17. OSto? rot. He [Dius] writes in his History 
 
 vvv ev raw irepl ^oivUcov Ictto- of the Phccnicians in this manner : 
 
 plab'i ypd(j}et tov TpoTTov tovtov. When Abibalus died, his son 
 
 " 'A^t0dXov TeXevTrjo-avTot, b Heirom became king. It was he 
 
APION. 
 
 81 
 
 U(09 auToO E'ipafioi ifiaa-IXev- 
 cev, OvTOti Ta Trpo'i avaTo\a<; 
 fJ'epT) T^? 7ro\e(US irpocTe')(a><Tev, 
 Kal /j,ei^ov to acrrv iT-eTToh}Kev, 
 Koi Tov '0\v/j,Trl,ou Alb's TO lepbv 
 Kaff' kavTO bv iv vriaw, ■xaxra^ 
 rov /^ra^v tottov, avvrf^e Trj 
 •n'oket, Kol ^ucrots ava6riiia(Ti,v 
 eKoa-jjiTqaev avafia'i Se et9 Toy 
 Ai^avov v\oT6/j,r;<Te Trpo? rr]V r&v 
 vaS)v KUTaa-Kevijv • Tov Se rvpav- 
 vovvra ' lepotroKvp^aiv XoXajjiSiva 
 Trefi-^jrai (pairl 7rp6<; tov EIpM/iov 
 aivlr/naTa, Kal ■Trap' ainov Xa/Seiv 
 a^iovv • TOV Se /i^ Svvrj6evTa Sia- 
 Kptvat, TM Xv(TaVT(, '^rj/MiTa airo- 
 Tiveiv, '0/M)\oyi]<7aVTa Se tov 
 E'ipwfiov, KoX ixrj SvvyOevTa Xvaai 
 TO- alvlry/iaTa, woXSA t&v ^rjfid- 
 Tojv el's TO e'TTi^rifjiiov avaXwaat, 
 EiTa Si) 'A^Srj/xovov riva Tvpiov 
 avSpa TO, irporeOivTa Xvcrai, Kal 
 avTov aXka Trpo^aXeiv. '^A jxtj 
 XvaavTa tov XoXojxwva, iroXka 
 Tw Elpd>/j,m ■TTpoa-aTTOTUrai, XPV- 
 /j^Ta." 
 
 who earthed up the eastern parts 
 of the city, and made the town 
 larger, and joined to the city the 
 temple of the Olympian Jupiter, 
 which stood by itself on an island, 
 by filling up the interval with 
 earth, and he adorned the same with 
 golden offerings. He went up into 
 Libanus and cut wood for the 
 building of the temples : and they 
 say that Solomon the tyrant of 
 Jerusalem sent riddles to Heirom, 
 and asked him to send some back 
 to liim ; and that the one who was 
 not able to unravel them, should 
 pay money to the man who could 
 solve them. That Heirom con- 
 sented to these terms, and not 
 being able to solve the riddles, paid 
 a large sum of money for the pen- 
 alty. That afterwards a Tyrian 
 named. Abdemonus explained the 
 riddles proposed and propounded 
 others ; but that Solomon, failing 
 to explain them, paid much money 
 to Heirom. 
 
 Apion. 
 
 This writer was a grammarian and historian of the Great 
 Oasis in Egypt. He spent part of his hfe in Alexandria, 
 but traveled into Greece, and taught Rhetoric at Rome 
 under the emperors Tiberius and Claudius. He is men- 
 tioned by Phny 30, 2, and Aulus Gellius, 5, 14. One of 
 his works was on the Antiquities of Egypt, and another 
 on the Antiquities of the Jews. In this latter work he seems 
 to have treated the chosen people with great contempt, 
 but as the work is lost, and we know nothing of it except 
 from the reply of Josephus, we cannot venture to designate 
 its character with accuracy. His commentaries on Homer 
 have also perished, with the exception of a few fragments 
 preserved in the Etymologicum Gudianum. 
 
 11 
 
82 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Con. Ap. II, 2. JTepi mv Sk 
 -TrpocrTWrjcnv 6 'Attloov, eiri- 
 lxvr)0rj(TOfi,ai crvvTO/xai'i. ir)al 
 yap ev ry Tpirrj t&v Alr/vTTTia- 
 Kwv TaSe" Mcovcrjj'i, ws ffKOvaa 
 irapa tS>v Trpea^vrepav twv 
 Alr/inrriaiv, Jfu ' HKLovrrokiTq^ • 
 o? TraTploi^edecn KaTrjyyvrifjLevo^, 
 aWpiovi irpoaev^a'i avrjyev, eh 
 oiov<; etxev r) ttoXis irepifioXiOVi. 
 Upos a(j}'ri\ia>T'>jv Be Trarrav 
 cmeajpei^ev • &he ryap Kal 'II\iOV 
 Kelrai TToXts. ^Avrl Se 6^e\&v 
 €<TTr)<Te Kiova'i, v(p' ot<; fjv iktv- 
 TTWfMa (TKiicprj';, cTKih S' aTr 
 aKpcov eir avTr]v SiaKeifxevr], di's, 
 OS ev aWepi, tovtov ael Tov Spo- 
 jjMV 'HXltp uviXTrepiiroKel. 
 
 'O he ye TravTcov TTtcTOTaTos 
 'Awicov apuraTO ttjv i^oSov 
 dKpt/36J9, Kara ttjv e^B6/J,Tiv 
 ^OXvfj.'Tri.aSa, koI Tavrr}'; €T09 
 elvai TTpmrov, ev u> (p-qcrL " Kap- 
 ■)(TlB6va $oti'i«e? eKTiaav." 
 
 " ' OSev<TaVTe<; y^p," (p^crlv, 
 Sf rjiJbep&v oBov /3ov0&va^ 'eay(pv, 
 Ka\ Bia TauT7]V ttjv alrlav Ty 
 epBofxri j]/j,ipa aveiravaavro cro)- 
 6evre<; eh Trjv yuipav rrjv vvv 
 ^lovBaiav XeyofievTjv, /cat eKoKe- 
 aav TrjV r/fiipav crdlS^arov, <tq>- 
 fovTe? TrjV AhyvsTTimv yX&TTav. 
 To yap /3ov/3oivTO'i a\yo<; Ka- 
 'Kovcriv AliyvTTTwi Sa^^drataiv. 
 'O Be dav/ui<TTb<; 'AttIcov Si^ 
 fiev e^ rjjxep&v avToii'} eKdetv eh 
 TTjV ^lovBalav Trpoeiprjxev, irdXiv 
 Be TOV Mo)v<Trjv eh to puera^v 
 T^s Alyinrrov Kal t^9 'Apa^ia'; 
 opo<;, o KaXeirat XtvaioVj ava~ 
 0dvTa <f)rjcrlv rjjxepaK Teacrapd- 
 KOVTa KpvcpfjvaL, Kaxeldev Kara- 
 ^dvra, Bovvai TOi? ^lovBaioc^ 
 Tov<; v6/j,ov<i. 
 
 C.^ Ap.^ II, 4. 'EXOovTe^, 
 KJjrjcriv, cnro Xvplai aiKrjcrav irpo^ 
 
 But T will mention briefly what 
 Apion adds. For he says, in the 
 third book oi his Egyptian history,, 
 as follows : " Moses, as I have heard 
 from the jEgyptian elders, was a 
 man of the city of the San, who, 
 being pledged to the customs of his 
 forefathers, offered up prayers in 
 the open air towards the walls which 
 the city had : but he turned it all 
 towards the east: for so also lies 
 the city of the sun. But instead of 
 obelisks he set up columns. Under 
 these was the figure of a boat, and 
 a shadow from their tops falling 
 upon it so disposed that it might go 
 round with the sun the same course 
 which he does in the sky .... 
 
 Our most trustworthy Apion has 
 accurately defined the Exodus, in 
 the seventh Olympiad, and that it 
 was the first year of it, in which the 
 PhcBnicians built Carthage. 
 
 For, says he, when they had tra- 
 velled six days' journey, they had 
 buboes, and for this reason they 
 rested on the seventh day, when 
 they had got safe into the country now 
 called Judsea, and they called the 
 day sahbath, retaining the dialect 
 of the Egyptians. For the Egyp- 
 tians call the disease of buboes sab- 
 batosis. 
 
 But our wonderful Apion said 
 before that they went in six days 
 into JudKa, and again he says 
 that Moses went up into the mount 
 between Egypt and Arabia, which 
 is called Sinai, and was hidden there 
 forty days, and then having gone 
 down again, gave the laws to the 
 Jews. 
 
 II, 4. They came, he says, from 
 Syria and dwelt near the stormy sea. 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 83 
 
 uKl/iivov daXaixaav, yUTVidaav- 
 Te? Talf T&v KvfiaTav e«/3oXat?. 
 
 II, 7. In hoc sacrario Apion 
 praesumsit edicere, asini caput 
 collocasse Jud»os, et id colere 
 ac dignum facere tanta religione : 
 et hoc affirmat fuisse depalatum, 
 dum Antiochus Epiphanes et 
 exspoliasset templum et illud 
 caput invenisset ex aureo com- 
 positum multis pecuniis dignum. 
 
 II, 8. Apion dixit ; Antiochum 
 in templo invenisse lectiim et 
 hominem in eo jacentem et ap- 
 positatn ei mensulam maritimis 
 terrenisque volatiliuni dapibus 
 plenatn, et quod obstupuisset his 
 homo. Ilium vero mox adorasse 
 regis ingressum tanquam maxi- 
 mam sibi opera praebituri : ac 
 procidentem ad ejus genua, ex- 
 tensa dextera poposcisse liberta- 
 tem; et jubente roge ut consi- 
 deret, et diceret, quis esset, vel 
 cur ibidem habitaret, vel quae 
 esset causa ciborum ejus, tunc 
 homin^tti cum gemitu et lacrimis 
 lamentabiliter suam narrasse 
 necessitatem. Ait, inquit, esse 
 se Grsecum : et dum peragraret 
 provinciam parandi victus causa, 
 correptum se subito ab alieni- 
 genis hominibus, atque deduc- 
 tum ad templum et inclusum 
 illic, et a nullo conspici, sed cun- 
 cta dapium apparatione saginari. 
 Et primum quidera heec sibi 
 inopinabilia beneficia visa at- 
 tulisse lietitiam, deinde suspici- 
 onem, postea stuporem: postre- 
 mum consulentem a ministris ad 
 se accedentibus audisse legem 
 ineffabilem Judseorum, pro qua 
 nutriebatur : et hoc illos facere 
 singulis annis quodam tempore 
 
 in the neighbourhood of the dashing 
 of the waves. 
 
 II, 7. In this shrine Apion pre- 
 sumed to say that the Jews placed 
 an ass's head, and worshiped it and 
 made it honoured it with so much 
 ceremony : and he affirms that this 
 was found, when Antiochus Epiph- 
 anes both spoiled the temple and 
 found that head made of gold and 
 worth much money. 
 
 II, 8. Apion said that Antiochus 
 found in the temple a couch and a 
 man lying on it, and a table placed 
 near him, full of dainties of fowls 
 from both sea and land, and that 
 the man was astonished at them. 
 But that he saluted the entrance of 
 the king as if he would afford him 
 much assistance : and falling at his 
 knees, with right-hand out-stretched 
 asked for his freedom : and, when 
 the king bade him seat himself and 
 say who he was, and why he was 
 dwelling there, and what was the 
 explanation of the food that was 
 before him, that then the man piti- 
 ably related his necessities with 
 groans and tears. He said, says 
 Apion, that he was a Greek, and, 
 whilst he was traversing the pro- 
 vince for the purpose of getting his 
 living, he had been suddenly seized 
 by foreigners, brought to the temple 
 and there confined, that he was seen 
 by no one, but was fattened by all 
 this array of provisions. That at 
 first these unexpected bounties 
 caused him joy, then suspicion, and 
 thirdly astonishment ; that at last, 
 on asking the attendants who came 
 to him, he heard of that law of the 
 Jews for which he was fed, but 
 which must not be talked about, 
 and that they were used to do this 
 
84 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 constituto. Et coraprehendere 
 quiJem GrEecum peregrinurn, 
 eumque annuo tempore saginare, 
 et deductum ad quandam sylvam 
 occidere qnidem eum hominem, 
 ej usque corpus sacrificare secun- 
 dum suas solennitates et gustare 
 ex ejus visceribus et jusjurandum 
 facere in immolations Greeci, ut 
 inimicitias contra Grsecos habe- 
 rent : et tunc in quandam 
 foveam reliqua hominis pereun- 
 tis abjicere. Deinde refert, eum 
 dixisse, paucos jam dies debitos 
 sibimet superesse, atque rogasse, 
 ut reveritus Grsecorum Deos, et 
 superans in suo sanguine insidias 
 JudiEorura, de malis eum cir- 
 cumstantibus deliberaret. 
 
 II, 1. KaTaylrevSercu Se Kol 
 opKov rifj,a)v, to? Ofiwovrav 
 Tov Oeov, Toy iroiriaavTa rov 
 ovpavov, KoX Trjv 7171', Kal rrjv 
 da\a<T(jav, fiijSevl eiivorjaeiv a\- 
 'Ko<j}v\a!, ixaXiara Se "EWrjcnv. 
 
 II, II. TeKixrjpiov <yap elvai, 
 (fyrjoi, rov /HTjre vofiof; ^fj,d<} 
 ■X^prjadai SiKaioK, /iTJre top 6ebv 
 evcreBetv ft)9 TvpoayKe, to /j,^ 
 apxeiv, SovXeveiv Se iJ,aX\ov 
 eOveai koX aXKore aXKoi'i, Koi, 
 TO K€-)(fnjcr6ai, av/j.(popaL<; ricn 
 irepX Trjv TToKiv, avT&v ZrjXovort, 
 TToXeco? riyefMouiKQiTaTTji ck twv 
 avmdev ap')(uv, oKXa fj,fi 'Pco- 
 /itatois Bov\ev£i,v (rvvrfiLafievoiv. 
 
 C. Ap. II, 1.3. 'EjKaXeX yap 
 OTi i^wa dvofiev, Kal •)(oipov ovk 
 ccrdiofiev, Kal rrjV rS)v aiBoltov 
 ^evd^ei irepnofiriv. 
 
 every year at au appointed time : 
 that they seized a Greek stranger 
 and fatted him for the space of 
 a year, and then led him to a certain 
 wood, where they slew him, and 
 sacrificed his body according to 
 their rites, and tasted of the carcase, 
 and made an oath, in slaughtering 
 the Greek, that they would keep 
 enmity against the Greeks, and 
 that they threw the remains of the 
 dying man into a ditch. Then he 
 ]_Apion\ relates that he said that a 
 few days remained due to him, and 
 that he asked the king, that in 
 reverence for the gods of the 
 Greeks, and defeating the schemes 
 of the Jews in shedding his blood, 
 he would take thought for the evils 
 surrounding lum. 
 
 II, 10. He tells also falsely that 
 oath of ours, as if we swore by God, 
 who made the heaven and the earth 
 and the sea, that we would show 
 good will to no foreigner, and es- 
 pecially to Greeks. 
 
 Por, says he, a proof of our 
 neither using just laws, nor worship- 
 ing God as we ought, is the fact 
 that we are not a ruling nation, but 
 rather are subject to different nations 
 at different times, and have suffered 
 calamities about our city, whilst 
 forsooth they had been accustomed 
 from ancient times to rule in a most 
 imperial city, and not to be in sub- 
 jection to the Bomans. 
 
 II, 13. For he alleges against us 
 that we worship animals, and do not 
 eat pork, and he trifles about our 
 circumcising our private parts. 
 
 Besides the foregoing, Josephus names several other 
 writers, whose works have perished, but he does not quote 
 their very words ; and, as they add nothing to our infor- 
 
JOSEPHUS. 85 
 
 mation about the Jews, it is unnecessary here to dwell 
 longer upon the subject, the more particularly as the reader 
 who is desirous of studying every thing connected with the 
 bible history cannot dispense with the task of reading the 
 whole of the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. 
 
 A third and still more important enquiry, in an examina- 
 tion of the works of Josephus, bears reference to the 
 Christian religion, which was already, we are told in the 
 book of the Acts of the Apostles, counting its adherents 
 by thousands before Josephus began to write his history 
 and antiquities of the Jewish nation. If we consider, with 
 Fynes Clinton, that the crucifixion of Christ took place in 
 the year 29 of our era, forty years at least must have 
 passed before he began his great work, and in this interval 
 Christianity had made great progress. Great however is 
 our disappointment at finding that in the long history of 
 Josephus about his own times, there is nothing but two 
 passages, now admitted to be interpolated, in which any 
 allusion is made to Christ or the Christians. The follow- 
 ing is the principal of these : 
 
 Antiq. XVIII. iii, 3. Tiverai About this time was Jesus, a 
 
 86 Kara tovtov tov xP°'""' wise man, if at least it be right to 
 
 'Itjaoiii, (TO<f>o's avrjp, eiye avSpa call him a man : for he was the 
 
 avTov Xeyeiv xpv ' V" 7«P Trapa- doer of wonderful works, a teacher 
 
 So^av epycov -Troi-qTri^, StSacr- of men who receive with pleasure 
 
 Ka\<K avdpa>-ira)V rcov r/Sovy to, the things which are true, and he 
 
 oKrjdfj he-xpixevaiv koI ttoXKoik; gained over to himself many Jews 
 
 fiev 'loviaiovt, woWov<; Se Kat and many of the Greeks. He was 
 
 rov'EXXrjviKov eiTTjyap/eTO. 'O the Christ. Aui when Pilate, at 
 
 Xpia-TO'! ouTO? ^v. Kal ainov the information of the first men 
 
 ivSei^ei T&v -TTpdyrmv duSp&v among us, had punished him on the 
 
 -Trap' r)iuv, aravpo) eircTerifiriKo- cross, those who loved him from the 
 
 TO? UiXdrov, ovK eiravaavro o'C first did not cease to love him. 
 
 •ye Trp&Tov ainov ayaTrija-avre';. Tor he appeared to them again the 
 
 'E(pdvrj yap avToh Tpirr/v ej^iuj' third day alive ; the divine prophets 
 
 fiij,epav iTokiv tfjdv, twv Oeiav having spoken both these and num- 
 
 -TTpoifytjT&v ravTo, re Kal aX\a berless other wonders about him. 
 
 pivpLa Oavp,d<na jrepl avrov The tribe of Christians, so named 
 
 elprjKOTaiV. Eli eTi vvv t&v from him, have not ceased to exist 
 
 XpiaTiav&v diTo TovSe d)vo/j,a<T- until the present time. 
 fievccv OVK eVeXiire to <j)v\ov. 
 
86 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Those who are best acquainted with the character of 
 Josephus and the stile of his writings, have no hesitation 
 in condemning this passage as a forgery interpolated in the 
 text during the third century by some pious Christian, 
 who was scandalized that so famous a writer as Josephus 
 should have taken no notice of the Gospels or of Christ 
 their subject. But the zeal of the interpolator has outrun 
 his discretion, for we might as well except to gather grapes 
 from thorns or figs from thistles as to find this notice of 
 Christ among the Judaizing writings of Josephus. It is 
 well known that this author was a zealous Jew, devoted 
 to the laws of Moses and to the traditions of his country- 
 men. How then could he have written that Jesus was the 
 Christ ? Such an admission would have proved him to be 
 a Christian himself, in which case the passage under con- 
 sideration, too long for a Jew, would have been far too 
 short for a believer in the new religion, and thus the 
 passage stands forth, like an ill-set jewel, contrasting most 
 inharmonious] y with every thing around it. If it had been 
 genuine, we might be sure that Justin Martyr, Tertullian 
 and Chrysostom would have quoted it in their controver- 
 sies with the Jews, and that Origen or Photius would have 
 mentioned it. But Eusebius, the ecclesiastical historian 
 [I, 11], is the first who quotes it, and our reliance on the 
 judgment or even the honesty of this writer is not so great 
 as to allow of our considering every thing found in his 
 works as undoubtedly genuine. 
 
 Besides the extract already quoted, there is another 
 short notice of Christ, which, in the words of Paley, is 
 " allowed by many, though not without considerable ques- 
 tion being moved about it." The main point of the narra- 
 tive is very brief ; but it is best to give the context from 
 the beginning of the chapter. 
 
 Antiq. XVIII, iii, 3. Ylkji/Kei Caesar sends Albinus as eparcli 
 
 Se Kal Kaurap 'AXplvov el's T-qv [governob.] into Judaea, wlieii he 
 
 'lovBalav e'jrap'xpv, ir/aTov rrjv leanit that Festus was dead. But 
 
 TeXevTrjv Tru^o/iei/o?. 'O Be /3a- the emperor took away the high 
 
 CTiXeii? cufieiXeTO /J-ev top ^laxrr)- priesthood from Joseph, and gave to 
 
 irov TTjv ap-)(iepwcTvvr)v, t& Be the son of Ananus, who was also 
 
 'Avdvov waiBl, Kal avrw 'Avdvq> called Ananus, the succession to the 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 87. 
 
 \eyofievq), t^v SiaSo^^v t^? 
 "■PXV'i eS(B«e. TovTov Se ^curl 
 TOP TrpecrfivTaTOV "Avavov evrv- 
 yecnoTov r^eveaOai • Trevre 'yap 
 6<r^6 7ratSa9, koI toutovs TravTas 
 avve^Tj ap-)(iepaTiV(Tai tg3 Qew, 
 avTO'i Kal Trporepov tjjs rl/xrj'; 
 eTTfc TrXfc'tCTToy a7roXavcra9, ottc^ 
 ouSevi crwe^Tj tSiv wrap rj/up 
 ap-^iepiav. 'O Be vecorepoi 
 "Avavo'i, ov TTjV dp')^iep(i>a-vvrjv 
 e<pap.ev irapeCkri^kvai,, Bpaav^ 
 rjv Tov rpoTTOV, Kal ToK/j.rjTrj'i 
 SuupepovToii; • aipeaiv Se fier^ei 
 rijv SaSSoVKalcov, oiTrep elul 
 "Trepi Ta? Kpi<Tei'i w/iol irapa 
 iravra's Toii? 'JouSatou?^ Ka6w 
 rfSr) SeSriXa)Kajj,ev, "Are Brj ovv 
 Toiovra wv 6 "Avavo'i, vofiia-a<; 
 ey^eiv Kaipov eimrjieuiv, Sia to 
 redvavai fiev ifjcnov, 'A\j3lvov 
 Se erv Kara ttjv oSbv vTrdpvecVj 
 Kadi^ei a-vveBpiov Kpncov • Kal 
 wapaycvyaiv eh ainb tov a,Se\<f>bv 
 Iriaov [tov ^yop,evovXpiaTov,^ 
 'la.Kco^o'; ovo/ui avT&, KaL twos? 
 eTepovi, ft)S •7rapavofir]crdvT<DV 
 KaTTfyoplav Troirjcrd/u.evo';, irape- 
 SroKe Xeucr^T/ero/ievou?. 
 
 office. The elder Ananus is said to 
 have been a most lucky man : for 
 he had five sons, and it happened 
 that they all were God's high-priests, 
 whilst himself also had before 
 enjoyed that dignity for a very long 
 time, which never was the case with 
 any other of our high-priests. But 
 the younger Ananus, whom we just 
 named as having been appointed 
 to the high-priesthood, was of very 
 bold and enterprising character : he 
 followed the sect of the Sadducees, 
 who are severe in their judgments 
 beyond all the other Jews, as we 
 have already shewn. Ananus then, 
 being such a man as I have descri- 
 bed, thinking that he had met with 
 a fitting opportunity, seeing that 
 Festus was dead, and Albinus was 
 still on his journey, appoints a san- 
 hedrim [meeting] of judges, and 
 bringing before it the brother of 
 Jesus [who is called Christ,] named 
 James, and some others, accused 
 them of having broken the law, and- 
 gave them over to be stoned. 
 
 The words enclosed in brackets, who is called Christ, 
 are probably an interpolation in the text, introduced, like 
 the preceding, by some dishonest copyist in order to set 
 aside the unfavourable consequences deduced from the 
 silence of Josephus. Many reasons may be given for 
 looking upon the words in question as an interpolation. 
 I shall, however, be content, at present, to rest the case 
 upon internal evidence ; which is certainly not in favour of 
 their authenticity. For if the longer passage quoted from 
 Josephus be rejected as spurious, the few words now before 
 us are incomplete : they clearly refer to a more full account 
 of Jesus which had preceded. If, however, we admit the 
 former extract as genuine, the latter is inconsistent with 
 it ; for, in the former, Jesus is called the Christ, equiva- 
 
88 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 lent to ' the Messiah' : but in the latter he is called simply 
 ' Christ/ a name having no spiritual signification, and im- 
 porting nothing more than an ordinary surname. This 
 inconsistency could not have proceeded from Josephus, to 
 whom the Greek and Hebrevs^ languages ■were equally well 
 known. It is extremely improbable that Josephus would 
 use the term the Christ, without further explaining its 
 signification ; it is equally improbable that he would have 
 used the surname Christ, without shewing that it originally 
 had a spiritual derivation : but it is doubly improbable that 
 he would have used both expressions, for the same indivi- 
 dual, without saying that it indicated the Messiah whose 
 coming the Jewish people were daily expecting. It would 
 be very possible, also, to raise a question about the name 
 Christ itself, if such enquiries were at all the subject of 
 this work ; for its etymology, though evident, does not 
 denote its origin. Suetonius and Lucian have Xpr]crTo<; 
 Chrestus good, which is a different word from Xpurro'; 
 Christus anointed, the Greek term for Messiah, the 
 Hebrew name by which the expected prophet of the Jews 
 was pointed out. These enquiries would be interesting, 
 but must not detain us from our purpose. 
 
 In contrast with this notice of Christ is another passage 
 found in Josephus respecting John the Baptist, about 
 which no suspicion of spuriousness has ever been enter- 
 tained. 
 
 Antiq. XVII, v, 2. Ticrl Be It seemed to some of the Jews 
 
 Tftjy 'lovhaUnv eSoKei oXcoXevai that Herod's army was destroyed by 
 
 Tov 'HpciSov arpaTov viro tou God, thus taking deserved ven- 
 
 0eov, Kal fiaka SiKaia><; tivvv- geaiice for the death of John sur- 
 
 fievov Kara Troivrjv ^Icodvvou named the Baptist. For Herod 
 
 TOV iTTLKoKovfiemv BaTTTicTTov. slew him, though he was a good 
 
 Krelvei yap tovtov 'HpcoBr)';, man and exhorted the Jews to cherish 
 
 cuyadhv avhpa, Kal tou? 'lovSal- virtue, and whilst practising upright- 
 
 0U9 Kekevovra aperrjV iiraaKovv- ness towards one another, and piety 
 
 TO?, Kal TTJ Trpbi; aWyXov; towards God, to have recourse to 
 
 ScKaioavvrj Kal Trpo? tov Oebv baptism : for that their baptism 
 
 6v<Te/3eir] -^pafj-evov; ^avTia/xat would be acceptable to him, not if 
 
 cvvdvai • ovTio jap Kal Trjv they made use of it for the setting 
 
 jSdiTTLcnv aiToheKTrjv avra (pa- aside of their sins, but for purity of 
 
JOSEPHUS. 
 
 89 
 
 veicrBai, /xr/ ctti Tivav d/xapToiSmv 
 vapanria-ei. j^poo/Mevcov, aXX' eif 
 ar/veia tov a-cofiara, are Sr) icai 
 Trj<; -^Irvxvf BiKaioarvvr) TTpoeKxe- 
 Ka9app,evr)<;. Kal t&v aXXcov 
 trvcrTpetf>Ofj.£va)V — Kal yap Tjpdrj- 
 <Tav iirl "TfXeiuTOV rfj axpodcrei 
 tSiv Xoymv, Seia-ai 'Hp(i>Srj<; to 
 67rt roo'ovSe indavov avTov T049 
 avdpQ)TToii p^r] iiTL aTrocTTaa-ei 
 Tivl cpipoi, wavra yap £a>Ke<rav 
 cvfi^ovX-p rfi ixelvov Trpafoj/Tey, 
 TToXv Kpehrov rffeiTai,, Trplv ri 
 veanepov ef avrov yevkadai,, 
 irpoXapibv avaipelv fj /xerajSoX?}? 
 yevofievTj<; els ra ■Trpdyp.aTa i/j,- 
 irealbv fieTavoelv. Kal 6 /j,ev, 
 inroyfria ry 'HpcoSov, Secr/tjo? eh 
 TOV M.a-)(aipovVTa Trep.ipdeW, to 
 irpoeipTjiJ.evov (ppovpwv, Tavrr) 
 KTivvvTai. Tois Se 'lovSaion; 
 So^av eTTt Ti/J,o)pia Trj eKeivov 
 TOV oXedpov IttI Ta> (TTpaTev/xaTi 
 yevicrOai, tov 0eov KaK&'s 
 'MpcoSrj dikovTOS. 
 
 body, that is if the soul also had 
 been previously purified by righte- 
 ousness. Aud when the rest of the 
 people gathered themselves together 
 — for they were .excited to a great 
 degree by hearinghis words— Herod, 
 fearing his great power of persuading 
 men, lest it might lead to a revolt — 
 for they seemed likely to do every 
 thing by his counsel^deemed it 
 much better, before any new thing 
 should proceed from him, to seize 
 him and put him to death, than, 
 after some change had been wrought, 
 to repent when he had fallen into 
 trouble. And so he [John], on 
 account of Herod's suspicion, was 
 sent in bonds to the before-men- 
 tioned castle of Machaerus, and there 
 put to death. But the Jews thought 
 that Herod's army was destroyed in 
 vengeance for his death arising from 
 God's anger being kindled against 
 Herod. 
 
 Here would have been a good opportunity for the 
 writer to make allusion to the connection between John 
 the Baptist and Christ — if at least, he was acquainted 
 with the life and mission of both those teachers. But 
 a good reason is supplied by Josephus himself, in the 
 memoir of his own life, why he should have been ac- 
 quainted with the teaching of John the Baptist, but not 
 with that of Christ. For, in his search after truth, 
 Josephus joined for a time the sect of the Essenes, to 
 which John the Baptist, from the remarkable similarity 
 of their doctrines, seems to have belonged, and so had 
 an opportunity of learning the nature of their teaching : 
 whilst on the other hand, as he afterwards left them 
 and joined the Pharisees, the enemies of Christ, it is 
 not likely that he ever knew of the Christian doctrines, 
 or, certainly, that he would mention Christ as the 
 Messiah that was to come. 
 
 12 
 
90 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 POMPONIUS MELA, a. d. 48. 
 
 Pomponius Mela, a geographer, was born in Spain. He has 
 left a work entitled Chorographia, or De situ orhis : but 
 has therein made important omissions ; for he takes 
 no notice of Cann^, Munda, Pharsalia, Leuctra, or Man- 
 tinea, at all of which places great battles were fought. 
 Nor, which more .concerns our present purpose, does he 
 even name Jerusalem, though he names Judaea. 
 
 1, 11. Syria late litora tenet, ter- 
 rasque etiam latius introrsus, aliis 
 aliisque nuncupata nominibus ; 
 {nam et Coele dicitur, et Meso- 
 potamia, et Damascene, et Adia- 
 bene, et Babylonia, et Judaea, et 
 Commagene. Hie Palaestine 
 est, qua tangit Arabas : turn 
 Phoenice; et ubi se Ciliciae 
 committit, Antiochia) olim ac 
 diu potens, sed cum earn regno 
 Semiramis tenuit, longe poten- 
 tlssima. Operibus certe ejus 
 insignia multa sunt : duo max- 
 jme excellunt ; constituta urbs 
 mirae magnitudinis Babylon, ac 
 siccis olim regionibus Euphrates 
 et Tigris immissi. 
 
 Ceterum in Palsestina est in- 
 gens et munita admodum Gaza : 
 sic Persse aerarium vocant: et 
 inde nomen est, quod, quum 
 Cambjses armis jEgyptum pet- 
 eret, hue belli et opes et pecuniam 
 intulerat. Est non minor Asca- 
 lon ; est Jope, ante diluvium (ut 
 ferunt) condita ; ubi Cephea 
 regnasse eo signo accolae affir- 
 mant, quod titulum eius, fratris- 
 que Phinei, veteres qusedam 
 
 Syria occupies a great breadth 
 of the coasts, and a greater breadth 
 of country in-land : it is known 
 by different names ; for it is called 
 Ceele \_Hollow'] and Mesopotamia, 
 and Damascene, and Adiabene, 
 and Babylonia, and Judeea, and 
 Commagene. Here is Palestine, 
 where it touches on the Arabians, 
 then Phoenicia, and where it joins 
 Cilicia, Antiochia, powerful in for- 
 mer days and for a long time, but, 
 when Semiramis comprised it in 
 her kingdom, by far most powerful. 
 Many places are distinguished by 
 her works. Two especially excel ; 
 a city which she built named Ba- 
 bylon, of immense size, and the 
 irrigation of countries once dry 
 by the Tigris and Euphrates. 
 
 But in Palestine is the great and 
 strongly fortified city of Gaza; 
 (this is the Persian name for a 
 treasury) and it takes its name 
 from this circumstance, that, when 
 Darius was turning his arms 
 against Egypt, he brought to this 
 town his supplies and money for 
 the war. There is Ascalon a town 
 of no less size ; and Joppa, founded 
 as they say, before the flood, where 
 the inhabitants assert that Cepheus 
 
PETRONIUS. 
 
 91 
 
 arae cum religione plurima re- 
 tinent : quin etiam rei celebratee 
 carminibus ac fabulis, servatae a 
 Perseo Andromedas clarum ves- 
 tigium marinae belluse ossa im- 
 mania ostentant. 
 
 was king, by this toke'n, that some 
 ancient altars preserve with much 
 rehgion the inscription of him and 
 of his brother Phineus; besides 
 which they show the gigantic bones 
 of a sea-monster, a distinguished 
 memorial of Andromeda saved by 
 Perseus, — a story much celebrated 
 in songs and legends. 
 
 PETRONIUS, A. D. 60. 
 
 The elegant but licentious Petronius comes next upon 
 our list. He appears as the author of a satirical work 
 of great celebrity : but whether the writer is the same 
 Petronius whom Tacitus names as governor of Bithynia, 
 and afterwards, by order of Nerva who gave him his 
 choice of a mode of death, opening his veins and dying in 
 the bath, is a question that has not been fully decided. 
 The prsenomen of the Petronius in Tacitus is Caius : but 
 the author of Trimalcion's Feast bears the name of Titus. 
 
 Judseus licet et porcinura num- 
 en adoret, 
 Et coeli summas advocet auric- 
 ulas, 
 Ni tamen et ferro succiderit in- 
 guinis oram, 
 Et nisi nodatum solverit arte 
 caput, 
 Exemptus populo Graias migra- 
 bit ad urbes, 
 Et non jejuna sabbata lege pre- 
 met. 
 
 Let Jews adore their guardian 
 swine. 
 
 And pray to heavenly " ears " 
 divine. 
 
 Yet, if they will not prune a part. 
 
 And loose the knotted head with 
 art. 
 To Grecian towns they must with- 
 draw. 
 And break their sabbath-fasting 
 law. 
 
 PLINY THE ELDER, A. D. 70. 
 
 The great Naturalist, Pliny, is the next writer of whom 
 we have to speak. The extracts from his work are, as 
 might h'ave been expected mostly geographical, with one 
 interesting exception — a few lines in which he speaks of 
 the Essenes, that Jewish sect of Stoics, to which John the 
 
3S 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Baptist is supposed to have belonged, and after him, for a 
 time the Jewish historian Josephus. 
 
 Natur. hist. V, 13. Juxla Sjria 
 litu3 occupat, quondam terrarum 
 maxima et pluribus distincta 
 nominibus. Namque Palsestina 
 vocabaturqua eontingit Arabas,et 
 Jiidtea et Coele dein Phoenice : 
 et qua recedit intus Damascena : 
 ac magis etiamnum meridiana. 
 Babylonia. Et eadem Mesopo- 
 tamia inter Euphratem et Tigrin : 
 &c. 
 
 S^ria, once the greatest of land?, 
 and distinguished by several names, 
 occupies tke shore near. For it 
 was called Palestine, where it 
 touches the Arabians, and Judaea, 
 and then Cosle-Phoenioia, and 
 where it recedes in-land, the 
 Damascene territory, and more to 
 the south, Babylonia : the same 
 too is Mesopotamia, &g. 
 
 In the geographical account which here follows, 
 nothing important occurs except the names of a few 
 Jewish towns, Ascalon, Azotus, Joppa, the rock where 
 " they show vestiges of the bonds of Andromeda " [in 
 quo vinculorum Andromeda vestigia ostendunt], Csesarea 
 built by king Herod, Gahleea a part of Judasa, ten to- 
 parchies of Judasa, and the river Jordan with the lake 
 Asphaltitis or Dead Sea, in which no animal can live 
 on account of the bituminous nature of its waters, the 
 castle of Machjerus, and the fountain Callirrhoe. 
 
 V, 15. Esseni gens solaet 
 
 in toto orbe prseter cseteras mrra, 
 sine ulla femina, omni Venere 
 abdicata, sine pecunia, socia pal- 
 marum. In diem ex jequo con- 
 venarum turba renascitur, large 
 frequentantibus, quos vila fessos 
 ad mores eorum lortunse fluclus 
 agitat. Ita per SEECulorura millia 
 incredibile dictu ! gens jeterna 
 est, in qua nemo nascitur. Tarn 
 fccunda illis aliorum vitse poeni- 
 tentia est. 
 
 The Esseniatis, the only race ot 
 men, and beyond all others re- 
 markable in ail the world, without 
 any woman, they have given up 
 sexual intercourse, have no monev 
 and live among the palm-trees. 
 Their society is kept up by crowds 
 ■who throng to them daily, men 
 driven out among them by the 
 caprice of fortune from the fatigues 
 of the world. Thus, wonderful to 
 say, their race, in which no child 
 is ever born, is perpetuated for 
 thousands of ages. So advan- 
 tageous to them is the repentance 
 of others foi their past lives ! 
 
PLINY. 93 
 
 Xni, 4. Chydseos appellavit Called Chyclaei [vile, common] by 
 Judaea gens, contumelia numi- the Jews a nation famous for its 
 num insignis. contempt of the gods. 
 
 XXI, 8. Aliud vero castimo- But there is another talisman 
 
 niarum superstitioni etiam sacris- of chastity dedicated also to super- 
 
 que Judseis dicatum, quod fit e stition and Jewish rites, made 
 
 piscibus squamma carentibus. out of fishes that have no scales. 
 
 XXX, 1. Est et alia magices There is also another magical 
 
 factio, a Mose etiamimm et Lo- sect, stiE in these days kept up by 
 
 tapea Judseis pendens, sed multis the Jews Moses and Lotapeas, but 
 
 millibus annorum post Zoroas- this is many thousand years later 
 
 trem. than Zoroaster. 
 
 MARTIAL, A. D. 40. 
 
 The Latin epigrammatist Martial, who was born at 
 Bilbilis in Spain, is the next writer who mentions the Jews. 
 Like most young men of genius under the earher Roman 
 emperors, he went, at the age of about twenty-two, to make 
 his fortune at Rome. Here he was patronised by Titus 
 and Doraitian, and remained there thirty-five years, after 
 which, by the aid of the younger Phny who lent him some 
 money. Martial returned into his native country, and at 
 last completed the collection of epigrams, which we still 
 have, bearing his name. His notice of the Jews is of the 
 most meagre character. Recutitorum Judceorum of cir- 
 cumcised Jews, JudcBum pondus Judasan load, and de Soly- 
 mis from the people of Jerusalem, occur in the 30th, 
 35th and 54th epigrams of his seventh book. 
 
 PLUTARCH, A. D. 100. 
 
 This is one of the most voluminous writers of antiquity, 
 but the time of his birth cannot be exactly ascertained. 
 Plutarch himself tells us that he was studying under Am- 
 monius at Delphos, when Nero visited Greece, which was 
 in the 66th year of our era. We may therefore conjecture 
 
94 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 that he was born about the middle of the first century. In 
 his early days he saw at one time his father, his grandfather, 
 and his great-grandfather all in being, and seems to have 
 been brought up in the most domestic fashion, and in the 
 simplicity of ancient manners. 
 
 In the school of Ammonius, which he attended when 
 still quite young, and where he formed an intimate friend- 
 ship with a descendant of Themistocles, he received in- 
 struction in mathematics and philosophy ; without doubt 
 he carefully attended also, under able instructors, to the 
 various departments of belles-lettres, and his works plainly 
 show that the perusal of the poets had supplied his memory 
 with ample materials ; it appears that, while still quite 
 young, he was eipployed by his fellow-citizens in some 
 negotiations with the neighbouring cities ; the same motive 
 led him to Rome, whither all the Greeks possessed of any 
 industry or talent had been accustomed regularly to come 
 for more than a century, to seek reputation and fortunes, 
 either by attaching them selves to some powerful individuals, 
 or by giving public lectures on philosophy and eloquence. 
 Plutarch, it may readily be supposed, did not neglect this 
 latter mode of acquiring celebrity ; he himself declares, 
 that during his sojourn in Italy he could not find time to 
 become sufficiently acquainted with the Latin tongue, by 
 reason of the public business with which he was charged, 
 and the frequent conferences he had with educated men 
 on matters of a philosophic nature, about which they came 
 to consult him ; he spoke and wrote in his own language 
 according to the privilege which the Greeks had preserved 
 of imposing their idiom on their conquerors, and of making 
 it the natural language of philosophy and letters ; these 
 public lectures, these declamations, were evidently the 
 first germ of the numerous moral treatises that Plutarch 
 subsequently composed; the philosopher of Ch^ronea 
 exercised at Rome that profession of sophist, the very 
 name of which is now become a bye-word, and the mere 
 existence of which seems to indicate the decline of national 
 literature, but which was more than once rendered illus- 
 
PLUTARCH. 95 
 
 trious at Rome by great talents and the effects of persecu- 
 tion ; it is well known that, under the bad emperors, and 
 amid the universal slavery which then prevailed, philosophy 
 was the only asylum to which hberty fled, when banished 
 from the forum and the senate ; philosophy, in earlier days, 
 had effected the ruin of the republic ; it was then only a 
 vain scepticism, abused to their own bad purposes by the 
 ambitious and the corrupt ; adopting a better vocation, it 
 became, at a later period, a species of religion, embraced 
 by men of resolute spirit; they needed a wisdom that 
 might teach them how to escape by death the cruelty of 
 the oppressor, and they called for this purpose Stoicism to 
 their aid. Plutarch, the most constant and the most con- 
 temptuous opposer of the Epicurean doctrines ; Plutarch, 
 the admirer of Plato, and disciple of his in the belief of 
 the soul's immortality, of divine justice, and of moral good, 
 taught his hearers truths, less pure indeed than those of 
 Christianity, but which yet, in some degree, adapted 
 themselves to the pressing wants of heroic and elevated 
 minds. It is not known whether Plutarch prolonged his 
 stay in Italy until the period when Domitian, by a public 
 decree, banished all philosophers from that country ; some 
 critics suppose that he made many visits to Rome, but 
 none after the reign of this emperor ; one thing, however, 
 appears well ascertained, that he returned when still young 
 to his native country, and remained there for the rest 
 of his days. Plutarch was continually occupied with plans 
 for the benefit of his countrymen : and to give but a single 
 instance of his zeal in the public service, he not only filled 
 the office of archon, the chief dignity in his native city, 
 but even discharged with great exactness, and without 
 the least reluctance, the duties of an inferior office, that 
 of inspector of public works, which compelled him, he 
 tells us, to measure tiles, and keep a register of the loads 
 of stone that were brought to him. All this accords but 
 ill with the statement of Suidas, that Plutarch was 
 honoured vrith the consulship by Trajan ; such a supposi- 
 tion is contradicted both by the silence of history and the 
 usages of the Romans. But another and more recent 
 
96 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 tradition, which makes Plutarch to have been the precep- 
 tor of Trajan, appears to rest on no better foundation, and 
 can derive no support whatever from any of the genuine 
 works of the philosopher ; an employment, however, which 
 Plutarch does seem to have filled was that of priest of 
 Apollo, which connected him with the sacerdotal corpora- 
 tion at Delphi ; the period of his death is not known, but 
 the probability is that he lived and philosophized until an 
 advanced age, as would appear both from the tone of 
 some of his writings and various anecdotes that are related 
 of him. 
 
 Symp. IV, 4, 4. 'O yap ifib's 
 •jTainro'i elcodec Xeyeiv eKacrroTe 
 Toii^ 'lovSaiov? €7ncTKa>irTo}v, oti 
 TO SiKaioTaTov Kpea'i ovk eadi- 
 
 OVCTLV. 
 
 — IV, 5, 1. 'Etrel Se raVT 
 ipp-^dr], 8ov\o/x,evav tcvcov avri- 
 KaTaT6iveiVy rov erepov Xoyov 
 iKKpovoiv 6 KaWlaTpaTO<;, e<pr] • 
 II&<; vfuv SoKet Xeke^xOai, to Trpo? 
 Toi}^ ^Iovhaiov<;j oTi to BtKatoTarov 
 Kpewi OVK iaOiovaiv ; 'TTrep^uw?, 
 ecpTj 6 IIo\vKpaTr]<i • iyo) Se koX 
 irpotrhiairopSi, •jrorepov ol avhpe'i 
 Tifxri Tlvi T&v vS)V, rj /MVaarrofievoi 
 TO ^aiov, aire'^ovTaL T979 /Spmcreco'; 
 avTOV. Ta <yap irap eKelvoi,^ 
 Xeyo/jueva p.vdoi,'; eoiKev, el fj,ij 
 Tiva^ dpa Xoyov; (TTrovSaiov; 
 e^ovrei ovk eK(pepovai,v. 
 
 2. 'Eyo) /j,iv Tolvvp, eiTrev o 
 KaWlarpaTO';, olixai Tiva Tt/j.rjU 
 TO i^roov eyeiv Trapa tow avhpacnv • 
 €1 Se SvafJ,op<j>ov 17 S? Kal doXepov, 
 aSX ov KavBdpov KoX ypv * Kal 
 KpoKoSetKov Kal alXovpov Trjv 
 otjriv aTOTTQiTepov, rj ttjv (piKTlv 
 dfjyOvcroTepov • oI? tt)9 ar^ooiTaTOK 
 lepel'i AlyvTrrioiv aXXoa aWoi 
 ■77 po<TJ)epovTai. Tt]v Sk vv diro- 
 
 Por my grand father used to say 
 at each time, rebuking the Jews, 
 that they refrain from eating a food 
 which is most lawful. 
 
 But when these things had been 
 said, certain persons wished to 
 oppose, and Callistratus, refuting 
 the other opinion, said, " How are 
 we to think this has been said 
 relating to the Jews, that they eat 
 not a flesh which is most lawful ? " 
 "Most monstrously," said Poly- 
 crates; "but I doubt moreover, 
 whether it is from some reverence 
 for swine, or abomination of that 
 animal, that these people abstain 
 from eating it. For the things 
 which are said among them, are 
 like unto fables, unless indeed they 
 have some reasonable arguments 
 which they do not make public. 
 
 I indeed (said Callistratus) think 
 that the animal has some honour 
 among these men. But it the 
 sow be ill shaped or offensive, 
 it is not more unseemly in appear- 
 ance or more coarse in nature than 
 a beetle, and a gryphin, and a 
 crocodile and a cat, yet with these 
 animals other priests of the Egyp- 
 tians associate as most sacred. 
 
PLUTARCH. 
 
 97 
 
 •j(pq(TTrj(Tai Kol Ti/xacrdai Xeyoiwt • 
 TrptoTf] y^p (T'^i(7(Kja tS) Trpoiyyovrt 
 T^9 opv^t (w? ^curi) TTjV 7771', 
 t^j/oi; ap6a-e<oi; edrjKe, kcu to Tiif 
 vv€0)<i {/iprjyi]t7aTO epyov ' oOev Kol 
 Tovvofia yeveaOai r5> ipyaXeiw 
 \iyov(riv anro rrf; 116';. 01 Be r a 
 /laXBaKO, Koi KoXka t?}? %<»pa? 
 Alr/vimoi yeoipyovme^, oils' apo- 
 Tpov SioVTai Tonrapdirav • oXK 
 OTOV 6 NelXot a-rropper) Kara- 
 fipi^a'; rat apovpw;, eTraKoXou- 
 Oovvrei;, rav vi KwrefiaKov 
 
 OlfMiL Se, Koi Toil's 'JouSajou?, 
 eiirep e^SeXiiTrovTO Trjv vv, a/KO- 
 KTUveiv av, wairep oi fiajoc toik; 
 fivf aTTOKTewovai • vvv 8e 6fju)la><; 
 tS> (j)ap/eiv TO aveXelu airopprjTov 
 icTTW avTot'S. KaX i<7&(? e^es 
 Xoyov, tt)? Tov ovov ccva^yvavTa 
 •TTTiyrjv avTott vSaToi Ttp,&criv, 
 ovTot<; KOI Trjv vv trelSeadat cnropov 
 Kal apoTOv SiSdaKoXov yevojjbevqv • 
 el fi/f], vrj Ala, Kal tov Xa/ywov 
 ^ri<ri Tis diTe'^e(T0ai tou<; ca/Spa<;, 
 <i>? pLva'apov Kal dxadapTOV Sva- 
 j^epalvovTa<; to ^a>ov . . . S • . . . 
 
 . . .To Se vetov Kpka<; oi avSpe^ 
 a^oa^iov<rOcu, SoKovcriv, oti f/.aXio'- 
 ra oi fidp^apoi xa? eiriKevKla<i 
 Kal XeTTpa'i Bva-xepalvov<ri, Kai t§ 
 Trpoa-^dK^ to, Toiama KaTa^oa- 
 KeaOai TrdBn) tov'; dv6poy!Tov<i 
 oXovrai,. 
 
 El Se Set Koi TO, /j-vBiKa. Trpoa- 
 Xa^eiv, \eyerai piev 6 "ASavK 
 VTTO TOV <Ti/os Sia^daprjvai,' tov 
 B' 'AStovtv ov^ erepov, dXKa 
 AUivvcrov, elvai, vo/xl^ovcri, • Kal 
 TToWA Tftjv TsKovfi-evtov eKarepa 
 nrepl tu^ eopTo.'i ^e^aiot tov Xoyov. 
 
 Bat they say that they ab- 
 stain from eating the swine and 
 honour it. For she first cleft the 
 earth with the protuberance of her 
 snout (as they say), and gave the 
 idea of ploughing, and pointed 
 out the work of the ploughshare. 
 Trom which fact also they say that 
 the name was given to the instru- 
 ment from the swine. But the 
 Egyptians, culti rating the soft and 
 hollow parts of the country, do 
 not require the plough at all, but 
 when the Nile flows off after 
 wetting the fields, they follow it up 
 and send in the swine .... 
 
 But I think that the Jews also, 
 if they abominated the swine, 
 would kill it, as the magi kill 
 mice. But as it is, they hold it 
 forbidden to kill them as much as 
 to eat them. And perhaps it has 
 reason, that as they honour the 
 ass which showed them a fountain 
 of water, so also they reverence the 
 swine which was their teacher of 
 sowing and ploughing : unless, by 
 Jove, some one says that those 
 men abstain from the hare also, 
 abominating it as a filthy and un- 
 clean animal. 
 
 But those men seem to hallow 
 the flesh of swine, because the 
 barbarians especially abominate 
 whitenesses and leprosies, and they 
 think that such diseases prey on 
 men by the attrition 
 
 But, if we may also adduce 
 mythical stories, Adonis is said to 
 have been killed by the swine, and 
 they think that Adonis was no 
 other than Dionysus [Bacchus], 
 and many of the rites performed 
 to each in the feasts confirm the 
 account . . . 
 
 13 
 
98 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Syinp. IV, 6, 1 ..."Apaie^) 
 ITU Tov iraTpimTqv 6ebv, o) Aa/i- 
 TTpla, eviov opai/^iivaiKa p,aLVop,e- 
 vai'i avOeovja Ttp.aiat', Aiovvaov, 
 eyypaxpeK KoX VTroiToiel'i TOt? 
 'Ejipaicov aTTopjyriToi.'i ; , . . . 
 
 2. . . UpSiTOV p,ev e(j)r] rij? fie- 
 7t'(7T)j? Kal TeXetoTttTi;? eoprrj'; 
 Trap avToi's 6 Kaipo^ iari ical 6 
 rpoiro^ Aiovvaa irpoo'i^KCOv. Trjv 
 yap Xeyofj^evTjv PTjarelav aKfia^ovTi 
 rpvyrjrw rpaire^a'; re "TrporWevTai, 
 TramoSaTrr}'; oird>pa<;, mro crKrjvai'; 
 Kal KaXidaiv 6k K\7)fj,dTa)V jxa- 
 Xicrra Kai kvttov Bcawe'jrXeyfie- 
 vaL<s • Kal rr]V irporkpav rij? kop- 
 T-ij? (TK'qurjv ovojjbd^oviTVV. '0\i- 
 yaa Se varepov rj/jbipaK aWT/v 
 eopTTjV, ovK av St' alvir/jiaToav, 
 aXX' dvTiKpv; Buk^ov Ka\oiifJ-e- 
 vov, TcXovcTiv. *'Et7Tt Be Kal 
 KpaSrjcpopia Tt? ioprr) Kal Bvpao- 
 ^opla Trap' avroK, iv ^ dvpaov} 
 e%oj'Te; ek to lepov ela-iaaiv 
 eiaeXOovre'} Se, o ti Spcacrtv, ovk 
 icTfiev • etKo? Se ^aK'^eiav elvai to 
 iroiov/ieva • Kal yap craKiri/y^i, 
 /iiKpai'}, axTTrep 'Apyetoi, Tot? Aio- 
 vvaLoK, dvaKa\ovp,evoi tov 6eov 
 'XP&vrai, • Kal KiOapiijavre'; erepot. 
 Trpocriacriv, oiif aiiTol AevbTa<i 
 •rrpoa-ovofjidtpvaiv , etre irapd tov 
 Avaiov, e'lre jxaXKov •jrapa to 
 Emov, Trji eTTiK'Xija'eoii yeyevr)- 
 p^ivq'i. OT/j,ai Se Kal ttjv t&v 
 caP^aTfCV eopTriv fir) TravTairacnv 
 dTrpoa-Siovvcrov elvai. Sd/3/3ovi 
 yap Kal vvv eVt TroXXofc Tov^ JBaK- 
 X'"J^ KaXovcn, Kal TavTr/v cK^iaai 
 Trjv ifio)vr}v, QTav opyid^oicn t& 
 eea, 
 
 AvToi Se TftJ \6y(p fiapTvpouo-lv, 
 OTav o-d/3/3aTov Ttfiwcri,, f^dXia-Ta 
 fjbev TTiveiv Kal olvovaOai, wapaKa- 
 XoOvTe? aXXT^Xoy? ■ oTav Se KoiXvei 
 
 Do you (says he) Lampria?, 
 ascribe and suggest under the 
 mysteries of the Hebrews, Bacchus 
 the " Evian woman-exciting deity, 
 blooming with mad honours " ? . . 
 
 In the first place, said he, the 
 season and the mode of the greatest 
 and most perfect feast among them 
 is appHoable to Bacchus. For 
 at the fast which is so-called when 
 the vintage is at its height, they 
 put forth tables of every kind of 
 fruit, under teuts and cabins 
 platted for the most part out of 
 vine-twigs and ivy, and name it 
 the first tent of the feast. A few 
 days afterwards, they celebrate 
 another feast, not in allegories, 
 but openly in the name of Bacchus. 
 But there is also a feast of cup- 
 bearing and a feast of thyrsus- 
 bearing, among them, in which 
 they enter the temple holding 
 thyrsuses. But what they do, 
 when they are inside, we do not 
 know, but it is likely that their 
 doings are of a bacchanalian cha- 
 racter. For they use small trum- 
 pets, as the Argives use those of 
 Bacchus, calling on the name of 
 the deity, and others come up 
 playing the harp, whom they call 
 Levites, a name derived either from 
 the word Lysion, or rather from 
 Evian; but I think also that the 
 feast of the sabbaths is not wholly 
 unconnected with the worship of 
 Bacchus. Eor even now also 
 many persons call the Bacchanals 
 Sahhoi, and they shout this name 
 when they perform the orgies to 
 the god. 
 
 But the men themselves bear 
 witness to this account, when they 
 honour the sabbath, mostly exhort- 
 ing one another to drink and be 
 
SUETONIUS. 99 
 
 T£ /LteJfoi', wiTo^eveaQal ye ■n-avroii drunken, and, when any greater 
 
 axpaTov vofii^ovrei .... thing prevents them, being accus- 
 
 IIp&Tov /j,ev 6 ap')(iepev^ iXey- tomed to taste wine wholly un- 
 
 'Xei, p,Lrpoj>6po^ re -rrpouov ev Tat<; mixed First the high-priest 
 
 eopraK, koX vefiplSa ■)(pva-6'!raa-Tov tests it, coming forth with a mitre 
 
 ivr/fM/ievo'i, ^tTwya Be Tro&qpT) on his head at the feasts, and 
 
 (^opwv Kal KoQ6pvov<; • KoySoive's Be clothed with a fawn-skin spangled 
 
 •TToWol KaTaKpe/jLavrai Trj<s iaOrj- with gold, and wearing a vest 
 
 Toi, viroKopm-oiivre's ev rm fia,- reaching to his feet and buskins. 
 
 Bi^eiv But great bells hang from his 
 
 garment, which ring as he walks. 
 
 SUETONIUS, A. D. 100. 
 
 Contemporary with Plutarch was Suetonius, who wrote 
 Lives of the twelve Caesars, and other historical works. Like 
 his contemporaries, he seems to have treated both Jews 
 and Christians with extreme contempt, and not to have 
 taken any pain sto obtain accurate information respecting 
 them. Thus, in the first of the extracts which are given 
 below, he writes as if he thought the Jews fasted on their 
 sabbath, and in the third he not only calls Christ Chrestus 
 instead of Christus, but seems to think that the commo- 
 tion occasioned by his teaching took place, not at Jeru- 
 salem, but at Rome. As no contemporary heathen writer 
 has illustrated the application of the word Christus to our 
 Lord, it seems not unlikely that it was understood to des- 
 ignate the "good man," ckrestos in the Greek language, 
 and not Christus the anointed, according to the Christian 
 interpretation. But the Christians did not disdain to use 
 the term as a complimentary pun on the name of their 
 great founder, (see Justin Martyr's Second Apology) 
 though TertuUian, in his Apology, 3, says to his unbelieving 
 opponents, " The name is wrongly pronounced by you 
 Chrestianus." 
 
 Octavian. 76. Ne Judasus Not even a Jew keeps a fast on 
 
 quidem tam diligenter Sabbatis the Sabbaths so carefully as I have 
 
 jejunium servat, quamego hodie kept one to-day. 
 servavi. 
 
100 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Tiber. 36. Extemas cere- 
 monias, jEgyptios Judaicosque 
 ritus compescuit : coactis, qui 
 superstitione ea tenebantur, 
 religiosa3 vestes cum instru- 
 mento omni comburere. Judre- 
 oriim juventutem per speciem 
 sacramenti in provincias gravi- 
 oris cceli distribuit : reliquos 
 gentis ejusdem, vel similia 
 sectantes urbe submovit, sub 
 poena perpetuae servitutis, nisi 
 obtemperassent. 
 
 Claudius, 25. Judseos itnpul- 
 sore Chresto assidue tumultu- 
 antes Roma expulit. 
 
 Nero, 16. Affecti suppliciis 
 Christianij genus hominum 
 superstitionis novse et maleficee. 
 
 Nero, 40^ Preedictum a ma- 
 tliematicis Neroni olim erat, 
 fore ut quandoque destituere- 
 tur : unde ilia vox ejus celeber- 
 rima to re'^lov Traaa ryala rpe- 
 <j)€i: quo majore scilicet venia 
 meditaretnr citharoedlcam ar- 
 tem, principi sibi gratam priva- 
 te necessariam. Spoponderant 
 tamen quidam destitute Orien- 
 tis dominationem, nonnulli no- 
 minatim regnum Hierosolymo- 
 rum, plwes omnis pristinte 
 fortuiiiE restitutionem. 
 
 Vespasian. 4. Percrebuerat 
 oriente toto vetus et constans 
 opinio, esse in fatis ut eo tem- 
 pore Judcea profecti rerum 
 potirentur. Id de imperatore 
 RomanOj quantum posteaeventu 
 patuit, pr»dictum Judaei ad se 
 trahentes, rebellarunt. 
 
 He restrained the foreign ceremo- 
 nies, the Egyptian and Jewish rites : 
 compelling all, who were held in 
 that snperstition, to burn their reli- 
 gious garments with all their 
 instruments. He distributed the 
 Jewish youth under the form of the 
 oath into provinces of an unhealthy 
 climate; and the others of that 
 same race, or who followed similar 
 pursuits, he removed out of the city, 
 under pain of slavery for life, if they 
 did not obey. 
 
 He expelled from Eome the Jews 
 who were continually making dis- 
 turbances having Chrestus for their 
 instigator. 
 
 The Christians, a race of men of a 
 new and baneful snperstition, were 
 punished. 
 
 The mathematicians had foretold 
 to Nero that one day he would be 
 destitute; which was the occasion 
 of that famous saying of his, " All 
 the world maintains an artist :" 
 which made it more excuseable that 
 he should practice singing, an art 
 agreeable to him as a prince, but 
 needful to him when he should be a 
 private man. Some however pro- 
 mised him, in his destitution, the 
 government of the East, some the 
 kingdom of Jerusalem by name ; 
 but the greater part promised him 
 the restitution of his ancient fortune. 
 
 An old and constant opinion had 
 grown frequent in all the east that 
 it was decreed by the fates, that at 
 that time some going forth from 
 Judsea should obtain the empire of 
 the world. This was foretold about 
 the Eoman emperor, as afterwards 
 was plain by the event, but the Jews 
 rebelled, referring to themselves 
 that prophesy. 
 
JUVENAL. 
 
 101 
 
 Titus, 5. Ad perdomandam 
 Jiidaeam relictus, novissima 
 Hierosolymorum oppugnatione 
 duodecim propugnatores toti- 
 dem sagittarum confecit ictibus, 
 cepitqne earn natali filiae suae. 
 
 Domitian. 12. Prseter cseteros 
 Judaicus fiscus acerbissime 
 actus est : ad quem defereban- 
 tur qui vel improfessi Judaicam 
 viverent vitam, vel dissimulata 
 origine imposita genti tribata 
 non pependissent. Interfuisse 
 me adolescentulum memini, 
 quum a procuratore frequen- 
 tissimoque concilio inspiceretur 
 nonagenarius senex, an circum- 
 sectus esset. 
 
 Domitian. 14. Adolescentulo 
 Chaldsei cuncta prfedixerant. 
 
 Being left to subdue Judsea, he 
 in tlie last assault on Jerusalem, 
 slew twelve of its defenders with so 
 many arrows, and took it on his 
 daughter's birth-day. 
 
 The Jewish tax was levied most 
 bitterly beyond the rest : it was 
 imposed both on those who either 
 practised the Jewish mode of life 
 without professing it, or who dis- 
 sembling their origin did not pay 
 the tribute imposed on their race. 
 I remember being present as a young 
 man, when an old man of ninety 
 years was examined by the procura- 
 tor and a numerous assembly, to see 
 whether he had been circumcised or 
 not. 
 
 The Chaldajans had foretold all 
 to him when he was a young man. 
 
 JUVENAL, A. D. 100. 
 
 This great satirist was born at Aquinum A. D. 42, in 
 the reign of Claudius, and died at an advanced age in the 
 reign of Hadrian, who under the honorable title of prefect 
 of a legion stationed in Egypt, got rid of the poet, who, 
 he thought, had aimed his shafts at the vices of his own 
 imperial person. Several indirect notices of the Jews 
 occur in Juvenal's Satires, showing that there was a great 
 number of that nation, — not over-wealthy — then at Rome. 
 Wliether the extract about burning at the stake refers to 
 the Christians is open to the reader's judgment. 
 
 Sat. I, 155. 
 
 Pone Tigellinum, tceda lucebis 
 
 in ilia 
 
 Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo 
 
 gutture fumant, 
 
 Et latum media sulcum diducis 
 
 arena. 
 
 Satirize Tigellinus, and you burn 
 
 Like those who stand with fixed neck 
 
 at the stake. 
 
 And draw out a broad furrow mid 
 
 the sand. 
 
102 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Ill, 13. 
 Hie, ubi nocturnae Numa con- 
 stituebat amicse, 
 Nunc sacri fontis nemus et 
 delubra locantur 
 Judaeis : quorum cophinus 
 fcenumque supellex. 
 Omnis enim populo mercedem 
 pendere jussa est 
 Arbor, et ejectis mendicat sjlva 
 Camoenis. 
 VI, 890. 
 Cophino foenoque relicto, 
 Arcanam Judaea tremens men- 
 dicat in aurem 
 Interpres_legum Solymorum et 
 magna sacerdos 
 Arboris ac surami fida inter- 
 nun cia coeli; 
 Implet et ilia raanum, sad par- 
 cius Kre minute, 
 Qualiacunque voles Judaji som- 
 nia vendunt. 
 XIV, 97. 
 Quidatu sortiti metuentem sab- 
 bata patrem 
 Nil prseter nubes et cceli numen 
 adorant ; 
 Nee distare putant humana 
 carne suillam. 
 Qua pater abstinuit. Mox et 
 praeputia ponunt, 
 Romanas autem soliti eontem- 
 nere leges 
 Judaicum ediscunt et servant 
 ac metuuntjus, 
 Tradidit arcano quodcunque 
 volumine Moses, 
 Non monstrare vias eadem nisi 
 sacra colenti : 
 QuiBsitum ad fontem solos de- 
 ducere verpos. 
 Sed pater in causa, cui septima 
 quajque fuit lux 
 Ignava, et partem vitse non 
 attigit uUam. 
 
 Here where king Numa met his maid 
 
 at night, 
 
 Now stands the sacred fount, the 
 
 grove, the temple. 
 
 For Jews, whose household stuffs 
 
 hay and a basket. 
 
 For every tree now pays the people's 
 
 tax; 
 
 The wood now begs : the Muses 
 
 are expelled. 
 
 Leaving her hay and basket. 
 The trembling Jewess whispering 
 begs her bread. 
 Interpretress oJ Salem's law, and 
 priestess 
 Of trees, and faithful go-between of 
 heaven. 
 She f iUs the hand too but with smal- 
 lest coin. 
 Those Jews will sell you any dreams 
 you please. 
 
 Some men who had a sabbath -fear- 
 ing father. 
 Worship no god except the clouds 
 and sky. 
 And deem swine's flesh as sacred as 
 a man's. 
 Because their father did ; then clip 
 their foreskins. 
 And holding in contempt the Eo- 
 man laws. 
 They learn and keep and fear the 
 Jewish code, 
 Whate'er says Moses in his mystic 
 volume : 
 And will not point the road save to 
 their fellows. 
 Or shew to water when they ask for 
 
 Their father is to blame, who passed 
 
 in sloth 
 
 The seventh day and therein would 
 
 do no work. 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 103 
 
 TACITUS, A. D. 110. 
 
 Cornelius Tacitus, one of the two greatest Roman 
 historians, was born about the year 56 of our era, and 
 was about the same age as Pliny the Younger. Though 
 an Italian by birth, he received his education at Mar- 
 seilles, which was at that time a famous seat of learning. 
 His first great work was his History, comprising twenty 
 seven years from the accession of Galba in 69 to the 
 death of Domitian in 97 : but a great part of this work 
 is lost. His Annals, which relate of the earlier times of 
 the empire, were written afterwards, and besides these 
 he has left us an account of Germany, a life of Agricola 
 his father in law, and a Dialogue on illustrious Orators. 
 Tacitus is the most important author for our present 
 work, and his notices of Jews and Christians show 
 that he made very little distinction between the two. 
 
 An, 2, 42. Per idem tempus 
 [c. an. D. 17] . . provinciae Sy- 
 ria atque Judaea, Jessae oneri- 
 bus, deminutionem tributi ora- 
 bant . . . Tunc decreto Patrum 
 permissae Germanico provinciae 
 quae marl dividuntur, majusque 
 imperium, quoquo adiisset, 
 quam his qui sorte aut missu 
 principis obtinerent. 
 
 — 2, 85. Actum est et de sacris 
 J]]gyptiis Judaicisque pellendis, 
 factumque patrum consultum, 
 ut quatuor millia libertini gene- 
 ris ea superstitione infecta, quels 
 idonea setas, in insulam Sardin- 
 iam veherentur, coercendis illic 
 latrociniis, et, si ob gravitatem 
 coeli interiissent, vile damnum ; 
 
 About the same time Syria and 
 Judaea, sinking under their burdens, 
 prayed for a dimination of tribute. . 
 . . . Then by a decree of the senate 
 the provinces which are separated 
 by the sea, were committed to Ger- 
 manious, and greater authority, 
 wheresoever he should go, than is 
 given to those who obtain their 
 governments by lot or by the au- 
 thority of the prince. 
 
 Measures were also taken to ex- 
 pel the religious ceremonies of the 
 Egyptians and the Jews, and a 
 decree of the senate was passed that 
 four thousand freed men, who were 
 tainted with that superstition, and 
 of fitting age, should be carried into 
 the island of Sardinia to check the 
 piracies that were carried on there, 
 and, if they should die from the 
 
104 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 cseteri cederent Italia, nisi 
 certam ante diem profanos ritus 
 exuissent. 
 
 — 12, 23. Ituraeique et Judsei, 
 def unctis regibus Sohemo atque 
 Agrippa, provinciae Syrise additi. 
 [A. D. 90] 
 
 — 12, 54. At non frater ejus, 
 cognomento Felix, pari moder- 
 ationeagebat,jampridem.Jud8e8e 
 impositus et cuncta malefacta 
 sibi impune ratus, tanta potentia 
 subnixo. Sane prsebuerant Ju- 
 dsei speciem motus orta seditio- 
 ne, postquam Caio Caesari baud 
 obtemperatum esset, cognita 
 c»de ejus, sedata. Manebat 
 metus ne quis principum eadem 
 imperitaret. Atque interim Fe- 
 lix intempestivis remediis delic- 
 ta accendebat, aemulo ad deter- 
 rima Ventidio Cumano, cui pars 
 provincise habebatur : ita divisis 
 ut huic Galilteorum natio, Felici 
 Samaritse parerent, discordes 
 olim et turn, contemptu regen- 
 tium, minus coercitis odiis. Jgi- 
 tur raptare inter se, immittere 
 latronum globos, componere in- 
 sidias et aliquando proeliis con- 
 gredi spoliaque et praedas ad 
 procuratores referre : hique pri- 
 mo laetari, mox gliscente perni- 
 cie, quum arma militum inter- 
 jecissent, caesi milites : arsisset- 
 que bello provincia, ni Quadra- 
 tus Syrise rector subvenisset. 
 
 severity of the climate, it would be 
 a slight loss : that the rest should 
 leave Italy, unless by a stated day 
 they had renounced their profane 
 rites. 
 
 The IturEeans and the Jews, on 
 the death of their kings Sohemus 
 and Agrippa, were added to the 
 province of Syria. 
 
 His brother, surnamed Felix, for 
 some time governor of Judsea, acted 
 not with the same moderation, but, 
 relying upon such powerful protec- 
 tion, supposed he might perpetrate 
 with impunity every kind of villany. 
 It must be admitted that the Jews 
 had exhibited some evidence of in- 
 surrection in the disturbance which 
 broke out, since, after they were ap- 
 prised of his assassination, they 
 scarcely returned to obedience : their 
 fears remained lest some of the suc- 
 ceeding emperors might lay the 
 same injunctions upon them. Felix, 
 too, meanwhile, by applying un- 
 seasonable remedies, inflamed the 
 disaffection, emulated as he was, 
 ia his abandoned courses, by Venti- 
 dius Cumanus, who held part of the 
 province ; the division being such, 
 that Galilee was subject to Cumanus, 
 and Samaria to Felix ; nations long 
 at variance, and now, from contempt 
 of their rulers, less than ever res- 
 training their reciprocal hate. Ac- 
 cordingly, mutual depredations were 
 committed, bands of robbers em- 
 ployed, ambuscades formed, and 
 sometimes battles fought, and the 
 spoils and booty obtained were given 
 to their governors, who, at first, 
 rejoiced over it; but when the 
 mischief increased, they interposed 
 their troops, and their men were 
 slain ; and, but for the aid of Quad- 
 ratus ruler of Syria, the whole pro- 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 105 
 
 Nee diu adversus Judaeo6,qui in 
 necetn militum proruperant, du- 
 bitatum quin capita pcenas lue- 
 rent ; Cumanus et Felix cunc- 
 tationem adferebant, quia Clau- 
 dius, causis rebellionis auditis, 
 jus statuendi etiam de procura- 
 toribus dederat. Sed Quadra- 
 tus Felicem inter judices osten- 
 tavit, receptum in tribunal, quo 
 studia accusantium deterreren- 
 tur, damnatusque flagitiorum, 
 quae duo deliquerant, Cumanus, 
 quies provinciae reddita. 
 
 Annal. 15, 44. Ergo abolen- 
 do rumori Nero subdidit reos, 
 et quEBsitissimia poenis adfecit, 
 quos, per flagitia invisos, vulgus 
 Christianos adpellabat. Auctor 
 nominis ejus Christus, Tiberio 
 imperitante, per Procuratorem 
 Pentium Pilatum supplicio ad- 
 fectus erat. Repressaque in 
 prsesens exitiabilis superstitio 
 rursus erumpebat, non modo 
 per Judaeam, originem ejus 
 mali, sed per urbem etiam, quo 
 cuncta undique atrocia aut pu- 
 denda confluunt celebrantur- 
 que. Igitur prime conrepti, 
 qui fatebantur, deinde, indicio 
 eorum, multitude ingens, baud 
 perinde in crimine incendii, 
 quam odio humani generis, 
 convicti sunt. Et pereuntibus 
 addita ludibria, ut ferarum 
 tergis contecti, laniatu canum 
 
 vince had been in a blaze of war- 
 Nor, in the proceedings against the 
 Jews, who carried their violence so 
 far as to kill our soldiers, was there 
 any hesitation about punishing them 
 capitally : but Cumanus and Felix 
 created some delay; for Claudius, 
 upon hearing the causes of the revolt, 
 had also granted a power to try and 
 sentence the governors : but Quad- 
 ratus, taking Felix up on the tribu- 
 nal, exhibited him among the 
 judges, to awe the zeal of his ac- 
 cusers : so that Cumanus alone was 
 doomed to punishment, for the 
 crimes which two [Felix and Cum- 
 anus] had committed. Thus the 
 tranquillity of the province was 
 restored. 
 
 Hence, to suppress the rumour, 
 he falsely charged with the guilt, 
 and punished with mostexquisite tor- 
 tures, the persons commoply called 
 Christians, who were hated for their 
 enormities. Christus, the founder 
 of that name, was put to death, as 
 a criminal by Pontius Pilate, pro- 
 curator of Judaea, in the reign of 
 Tiberius : but the pernicious super- 
 stition, repressed for a time, broke 
 out again, not only through Judaea, 
 where the mischief originated, but 
 through the city of Kome also, 
 whither all things horrible and dis- 
 graceful flow, from all quarters, as 
 to a common receptacle, and where 
 they are encouraged. Accordingly, 
 first those were seized who confessed 
 they were Christians : next, on their 
 information, a vast multitude were 
 convicted, not so much on the 
 charge of burning the city, as of 
 hating the human race. And in 
 their deaths they were also made 
 the subjects of sport, for they were 
 covered with the hides of wild 
 
 14 
 
106 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 interirent, aut cruoibns adfixi, 
 aut flammandi, atque, ubi de- 
 fecisset dies, in usum nocturni 
 luminis urerentur. Hortos 
 suos ei spectaculo Nero obtul- 
 erat, et circense ludicrum ede- 
 bat, habitu aurigse permixtus 
 plebi, vel currioulo insistens. 
 Unde, quamquam adversus 
 sontes et novissima exempla 
 merifos, miseratio oriebatur, 
 tamqiiam non utilitate publica, 
 sed in saevitiam unius, absume- 
 rentur. 
 
 Hist. 1, 10. Bcllum Judai- 
 cum Flavins Vespasianus (du- 
 cem eum Nero delegerat) tribus 
 legionibns administrabat. 
 
 Hist. 2, 4. Profligaverat bel- 
 lum Judaicutn Vespasianus ; 
 oppugnatione Hierosolymorum 
 reliqua, dure magis et arduo 
 opere, ob ingenium montis 
 et pervicaciam superstitionis, 
 quam quo satis virium obsessis 
 ad tolerandas necessitates su- 
 peresset. 
 
 Hist. 2, 79. Hand dubia 
 destinatione discessere : Muci- 
 anns Antiochiam, Vespasianus 
 CEesaream : ilia Syrise, hsec 
 Judsese caput est. 
 
 Hist. 5, 1. Ejusdem anni 
 principio Caesar Titus, perdo- 
 mandae Judiese delectus a patre 
 et prselatis utriusqne rebus 
 militia clarus, majore turn vi 
 famaque agebat, certantibus 
 provinciariiin et exercituum 
 studiis. Atque ipse, ut super 
 
 beasts, and worried to death by dog?, 
 or nailed to crosses, or set fire to, 
 and when day declined, burnt to 
 serve for nocturnal lights. Nero 
 offered his own gardens for that 
 spectacle, and exhibited a Circensian 
 game, indiscriminately mingling 
 with the common people in the 
 habit of a charioteer, or else stand- 
 ing ill his chariot. Whence a feeling 
 of compassion arose towards the 
 sufferers, though guilty and deserv- 
 ing to be made examples of by 
 capital punishment, because they 
 seemed not to be cut off for the 
 public good, but victims to the 
 ferocity of one man. 
 
 Flavius Vespasian, (whom Nero 
 had appointed general) was carrying 
 on the Jewish war with three 
 legions. 
 
 Vespasian had broken the neck 
 of the Jewish war, leaving only the 
 siege of Jerusalem, a hard and up- 
 hill work, more on account of the 
 nature of the hill and the obstinacy 
 of their superstition, than because 
 the besieged had strength to endure 
 the necessities of the siege. 
 
 They separated with no doubt as 
 to where they were going, Mucianns 
 to Antioch, Vespasian to CEesarsea : 
 the former is the capital of Syria, 
 the latter of Judasa. 
 
 In the beginning of the same year, 
 Titus, who was appointed by his 
 father to complete the subjugation 
 of Judaea, and who, when both were 
 no higher than subjects, had gained 
 a reputation for military talents, 
 now exercised a more extended in- 
 fluence, and shone with augmented 
 lustre ; the provinces and armies 
 emulating each other in their zeal 
 and attaohmeiit to him. Titus, on 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 107 
 
 fortunam crederetur, decorum 
 se promptumque in ormis 
 ostendebat, comitate et adlo- 
 quiis officia provocans, ac ple- 
 runique in opere, in agmine, 
 gregario milili mixlus, incor- 
 rupto ducis honore. Tres eiim 
 in Judsea legiones, quinta et 
 decima et quintadecima, vetus 
 Vespasiani miles, excepere. 
 
 Addidit e Syria duodecimam 
 et adductos Alexandria duoetvi- 
 cesimanos tertianosque. (.'om- 
 itabantur viginti sociae cohortes, 
 octo equitum alae; simul 
 Agrippa Sohemusque reges et 
 auxilia regis Antiochi valida- 
 que et, solito inter adcolas odio, 
 infensa Judasis manus, multi, 
 quos urbe atque Italia sua 
 cuemque spes acciverat occu- 
 pandi principem adhucvacuum. 
 His cum copiis fines hostium 
 ingressus, composito agmine, 
 cuncta explorans paratusque 
 decernere, baud procul Hiero- 
 solymis castra facit. 
 
 2. Sed, quia famosse urbis 
 supremum diem tradituri sn- 
 mus, congruens videtur, pri- 
 mordia ejus aperire. Judseos, 
 Creta insula prof ugos, novissima 
 Libyae insedisse, memorant, 
 qua tempestate Saturnus, vi 
 Jovis pulsus, cesserit regnis : 
 a rgumentum e nomine peti- 
 
 his part, that he might be thought 
 deserving of still higher distiactions, 
 appeared in all the splendour of ex- 
 terual embellishments, and showed 
 himself a prompt and resolute soldier, 
 challenging respect by courtesy and 
 affability ; mixing with the common 
 soldiers when engaged in the works 
 and on their march, without impair- 
 ing the dignity of the general. He 
 succeeded to the command of three 
 legions in Judsea, the fifth, the 
 tenth, and the fifteenth; who had 
 long served under Vespasian. To 
 these he added the twelfth, from 
 Syria; and the third, and twenty- 
 second, withdrawn from Alexandria. 
 He was attended, besides, by twenty 
 cohorts of the allies, and eight squa- 
 drons of horse, with the two kings 
 Agrippa and Sohemus, and auxili- 
 aries from Antiochus. He had also 
 a band of Arabs, formidable in 
 themselves, and harbouring towards 
 the Jews the bitter animosity usually 
 subsisting between neighbouring 
 nations. Many persons had come 
 from Rome and Italy, each impelled 
 by the hopes he had of preoccupying 
 tlie favour of a prince who had not 
 yet chosen his friends. With this 
 force Titus advancing into the 
 enemy's country in order of battle, 
 by his scouts diligently exploring 
 the motions of the enemy, and pre- 
 pared for action, formed a camp a 
 short distance from Jerusalem. 
 
 Being now about to relate the 
 catastrophe of that celebrated city, 
 it seems fitting that I should unfold 
 the particulars of its origin. The 
 Jews, we are told, escaping from the 
 island of Crete, at the time when 
 Saturn was driven from his throne 
 by the violence of Jupiter, settled in 
 the extreme parts of Libya. Their 
 
108 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 tur : inclytum in Creta Idam 
 montem, adcolas Idseos ; aucto 
 in barbarum cognomento, Tu- 
 daeos vocitari :) quidam, reg- 
 nante Iside, exundantem per 
 ^gyptura multitudinetn, duci- 
 bus Hierosolymo ac Juda, pro- 
 ximas in terras exoneratam : 
 pleriqne, jEthiopum prolem, 
 quos Rege Cepheo metus atque 
 odium mutare sedes perpulerit. 
 Sunt, qui tradant, Assyrios 
 convenas, indigum agrorum 
 populutn, parte ^gypti potitos, 
 mox proprias urbes Hebrseaa- 
 que terras et propiora Syriee 
 coluisse rura. Alii, JudEeorum 
 initia, Solymos, carminibus 
 Homeri celebratam geutem, 
 conditam urbem Hierosolyma 
 nomine suo fecisse. 
 
 3. Plurinii auctores consen- 
 tiunt, orta per Jigyptum tabe, 
 quae corpora foedaret, Regem 
 Bocchorim, adito Hammonis 
 oraculo, remedium petentem, 
 purgare regnum, et id genus 
 hominum, ut invisum Deis, 
 alias in terras avehere jussum. 
 Sic conquisitum conlectumque 
 valgus, postquam vastis locis 
 relictum sit, ceteris per lacri- 
 mas torpentibus, Mosen, unura 
 exsulum, monuisse, ne quam 
 Deorum hominumue opem ex- 
 spectarent, utrinque deserti, 
 sed sibi ut Duci coelesti, crede- 
 
 iiame is adduced as a proof. Ida, 
 it is alleged, is a well known moun- 
 tain in Crete : the neighbouring 
 Idseans, by an addition to the name 
 to adapt it to the language of bar- 
 barians, were thus called Judiie- 
 ans. Some say that the population, 
 overflowing throughout Egypt, in 
 the reign of Isis, was relieved by 
 emigration into the neighbouring 
 countries, under the conduct of 
 Hierosolymus and Juda. Many 
 state that they are the progeny of 
 the Jilthiopians, who were impelled 
 by fear and detestation to change 
 their abode in the reign of king 
 Cepheus. There are those who 
 report that they are a heterogeneous 
 band from Assyria, a people who, 
 being destitute of a country, made 
 themselves masters of a portion of 
 Mgj'pt, and subsequently settled in 
 cities of their own in the Hebrew 
 territories, and the parts bordering 
 on Syria. Others, ascribing to the 
 Jews an illustrious origin, say that 
 the Solymi, a nation celebrated in 
 the poetry of Homer, called the city 
 which they built Hierosolyma, from 
 their own name. 
 
 Very many authors agree in re- 
 cording that a pestilential disease, 
 which disfigured the body in a 
 loathsome manner, spreading over 
 Egypt, Bocchoris, at that time king, 
 repairing to the oracle of Jupiter 
 Hammon in quest of a remedy, was 
 directed to purify his kingdom, and 
 exterminate that race of men as 
 being detested by the gods. That 
 a mass of people thus searched out 
 and collected together were in a 
 wild and barren desert abandoned 
 to their misery, when, all the rest 
 being bathed in tears and torpid 
 with despair, Moses, one of the 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 109 
 
 rent, primo cujus auxilio prae- 
 sentes miserias pepulissent. 
 Adsensere atque omnium ignari 
 fortuitum iter incipiunt. Sed 
 nihil aeque, quam inopia aquae 
 fatigabat. Jamque baud procul 
 exitio, totis campis procubue- 
 rant; quumgrexasinorumagres- 
 tium, e pastu in rupem, nemore 
 opacam, concessit. Sequutus 
 Moses, conjectura herbidi soli, 
 largas aquarum venas aperit. 
 Id levamen : et continuum sex 
 dierum iter emensi, septimo, 
 pulsis cultoribus, obtinuere 
 terras, in quis urbs et templum 
 dicata. 
 
 4. Moses, quo sibi in poste- 
 rum gentem firmaret, novos 
 ritus contrariosque ceteris mor- 
 talibus indidit. Profana illic 
 omnia, quse apud nos sacra : 
 rursum concessa apud illos, 
 quae nobis iucesta. Effigiem 
 animalis, quo monstrante erro- 
 rem sitimque depulerant, pene- 
 trali sacravere : casso ariete, 
 velut in contumeliam Ham- 
 monis. Bos quoque inraolatur, 
 quern jEgyptii Apin colunt. 
 Sue abstinent, memoria cladis, 
 qua ipsos scabies quondam tur- 
 paverat, cui id animal obnox- 
 ium. Longam olim famem 
 crebris adhuc jejuniis fatentur : 
 et raptarum frugum argumen- 
 tum panis Judaicus, nuUo fer- 
 
 exiles, admonished them not to look 
 for any aid from gods or men, being 
 deserted of both, but to trust them- 
 selves to him as a heaven-com- 
 missioned guide, by whose aid 
 already they had warded off the 
 miseries that beset them. They 
 assented, and commenced a ventur- 
 ous journey, not knowing whither 
 they went. But nothing distressed 
 them so much as want of water; 
 and now they lay stretched through 
 all the plains, ready to expire, when 
 a herd of wild asses, returning from 
 pasture, went up a rock shaded with 
 a grove. Moses followed them, 
 and forming his conjecture by the 
 herbage that grew upon the ground, 
 opened copious springs of water. 
 This was a relief ; and pursuing 
 their journey for six days without 
 intermission, on the seventh, having 
 expelled the natives, they took pos- 
 session of a country, where they 
 built their city, and dedicated their 
 temple. 
 
 4. In order to bind the people to 
 him for the time to come, Moses 
 prescribed to them a new form of 
 worship, and opposed to those of 
 all the world beside. Whatever is 
 held sacred by the Eomans, with 
 the Jews is profane: and what in 
 other nations is unlawful and im- 
 pure, with them is permitted. The 
 figure of the animal, through whose 
 guidance they slaked their thirst, 
 and were enabled to terminate their 
 wanderings, is consecrated in the 
 sanctuary of their temple; while 
 in contempt of Jupiter Hammon, 
 they sacrifice a ram. The ox, 
 worshiped in Egypt for the god 
 Apis, is slain as a victim by the 
 Jews. They abstain from the flesh 
 of swine, from the recollection of 
 
110 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 mento, retinet. Septiino die 
 otium placuisse, ferunt : quia 
 is finem laborum tulerit : dein, 
 blandiente inertia, septimum 
 quoque annum ignaviae datum. 
 Alii, honorem eum Saturno 
 haberi : seu principia religionis 
 tradentibus Idseis, quos cum 
 Saturno pulsos et conditores 
 gentis accepimus, seu quod e 
 septem slderibus, queis raortales 
 reguntur, altissimo orbe et 
 prsecipua potentia, stella Sa- 
 turni feratur: ac pleraque 
 coelestium vim suam et cursum 
 septimos per numeros con- 
 fidant. 
 
 5. Hi ritus, quoquo modo 
 inducti, antiquitate defendun- 
 tur: cetera instituta sinistra 
 foeda pravitate valuere. Nam 
 pessimus qnisque, spretis reli- 
 gionibus patriis, tributa et stipes 
 illuc gerebant : unde auctse 
 Judeeorum res. Et, quia apud 
 ipsos fides obstinata, misericor- 
 dia in promptu, sed adversus 
 omnes alios hostile odium, se- 
 parati epulis, discreti cubilibus, 
 projectissima ad libidinem gens, 
 alienarum concubitu abstinent ; 
 inter se nihil inlicitum; cir- 
 cumcidere genitalia instituere 
 utdiversiiate noscantur. Trans- 
 
 the loathsome affliction which they 
 had formerly suffered from leprosy, 
 to which that animal is subject. 
 The famine, with which they were 
 for a long time distressed, is still 
 commemorated by frequent fastings ; 
 and the Jewish bread, made without 
 leaven, is a standing evidence of 
 their seizure of corn. They say 
 that they instituted a rest on the 
 seventh day because that day brought 
 tbem rest from their toils; but 
 afterwards, charmed with the plea- 
 sures of idleness, the seventh year 
 also was devoted to sloth. Others 
 say that this honour was rendered to 
 Saturn, either because their religious 
 institutes were handed down by the 
 Idseans, who, we are informed, were 
 expelled from their country with 
 Saturn, and were the founders of 
 the nation ; or else because that of 
 the seven stars, by which men are 
 governed, the star of Saturn moves 
 in the highest orbit, and exercises 
 the greatest influence ; and most of 
 the heavenly bodies complete their 
 effects and coarse by the number 
 seven. 
 
 Tliese rites and ceremonies, how- 
 soever introduced, have the support 
 of antiquity. Their other institu- 
 tions, which have been extensively 
 adopted, are tainted with execrable 
 knavery; for the scum and refuse 
 of other nations, renouncing the 
 religion of their country, were in 
 the habit of bringing gifts and 
 offerings to Jerusalem. Hence the 
 wealth and grandeur of the state ; 
 and also because faith is inviolably 
 observed, and compassion is cheer- 
 fully shown towards each other, 
 while the bitterest animosity is har- 
 boured against all others. They eat 
 and lodge with one another only ; 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 gressi in morem eortim idem 
 usurpant : nee quidqiiam prins 
 imbuuntur, quam contemnere 
 Deos, exuere patriam, parentes, 
 liberos, fratres, vilia habere. 
 Augendse lamen multitudini 
 consulitur. Nam et necare 
 quemquam ex adgnatis, netas : 
 animasque proelio aut suppliciis 
 peremptorum aeternas putant. 
 Hinc generandi amor et mori- 
 endi contemptus. Corpora 
 condere, quam cremare, e more 
 .iEgyptio : eademque cura, et 
 deinfernispersuasio: coelestium 
 
 contra. jEgyptii pleraque ani- 
 malia effigiesque compositas 
 venerantur; Judsei mente sola 
 unumque Numen intelligunt. 
 Profanos, qui Deum imagines 
 mortalibus materiis in species 
 hominum effingant : summum 
 illud et seternum, neque muta- 
 bile, neque interiturum. Igitur 
 nulla simulacra urbibus siiis, 
 nedum templis, sinunt. Non 
 Regibus hsec adulatio, non 
 Caesaribus honor. Sed, quia 
 Sacerdotes eorum tibia tym- 
 panisque concinebant, hedera 
 vinciebantur, vitisque aurea 
 temple reperta, Liberum Pat- 
 rem coli, doraitorem Orientis, 
 
 and, though a people of unbridled 
 lust, they admit no intercourse with 
 women from other nations. Among 
 themselves no restraints are imposed. 
 That they may be known by a dis- 
 tinctive mark, they have established 
 the practice of circumcision. All, 
 who embrace their faith, submit to 
 the same operation. The first thing 
 instilled into their proselytes is to 
 despise the gods, to abjure their 
 country, to set at naught parents, 
 children, and brothers. They show 
 concern, however, for the increase 
 of their population, for it is forbid- 
 den to put any of their brethren to 
 death; and the souls of such as die 
 in battle, or by the hand of the exe- 
 cutioner, are thought to be immortal. 
 Hence their desire of procreation, 
 and contempt of death. The bodies 
 of the deceased they choose rather 
 to bury than burn, following in this 
 the Egyptian custom ; with whom 
 they also agree in their attention to 
 the dead, and their persuasion as to 
 the regions below, but are opposed 
 to them in their notions about ce- 
 lestial things. The Jilgyptians 
 worship various animals and images, 
 the work of man's hands ; the Jews 
 acknowledge one God only, and 
 conceive of him by the mind alone, 
 condemning, as impious, all who, 
 with perishable materials, wrought 
 into the human shape, form repre- 
 sentations of the Deity. That being, 
 they say, is above all, and everlast- 
 ing, neither susceptible of likeness 
 nor of decay. They therefore allow no 
 resemblance of him in their city, 
 much less in their temples. They do 
 not so flatter their kings, nor show 
 respect for the Caesars. But because 
 their priests performed in concert 
 with the pipe and timbrels, were 
 
112 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 quidam arbitrati sunt, nequa- 
 quam congruendbus institutis, 
 Quippe Liber festos Isetosque 
 ritus posuit; Judaeorum mos 
 absurdus sordidusque. 
 
 6. Terra finesque, qua ad 
 Orientem vergunt, Arabia ter- 
 minantur ; a meridie ^Egyptus 
 objacet ; ab occasu Piioenices 
 et mare ; septentrionem a latere 
 Syriae longe prospectant. Cor- 
 pora hominura salubria et fer- 
 entia laborum. Rari imbres, 
 uber solum. Fruges nostrum 
 ad morem ; prseterque eas 
 balsamum et palinEe. Palmetis 
 proceritas et deeor. Balsamum 
 modica arbor : ut quisque 
 ramus intumuit, si vim ferri 
 adhibeas, pavent venae; frag- 
 mine lapidis aut testa aperiun- 
 tur: humor in usu medentium 
 est. Praecipuum montium 
 Libanum erigit, mirum dictu, 
 tantos inter ardores opacum 
 fidumqne nivibus. Idem am- 
 nem Jordanera alit funditque. 
 
 Nee Jordanes pelago accipitur : 
 sed unum atque alteram lacum 
 integer perfluit, tertio retinetur. 
 Lacus immenso ambitu, specie 
 maris, sapore conruptior, gravi- 
 
 crowned with ivy, and a golden vine 
 was found in the temple, some have 
 supposed that Bacchus, the conquer- 
 or of the East, was the object of 
 their adoration ; but the Jewish ins- 
 titutions have no conformity to 
 the rites of Bacchus. For Bacchus 
 has ordained festive and jocund 
 rites, while the usage of the Jews 
 are dull and repulsive. 
 
 Their land is bounded and their 
 borders are formed on the east by 
 Arabia ; on the southern confine 
 lies Egypt; on the west Phcenicia 
 and the sea; they command an ex- 
 tended range northward on the side 
 of Syria. The natives are robust, 
 and patient of labour. Bain is 
 seldom seen, and the soil is rich and 
 fertile. The productions of the 
 earth are such as are usually found 
 with us, and besides them palms and 
 the balm tree flourish in great luxu- 
 riance. The palm groves are 
 beautiful and lofty ; the balm is of 
 moderate size. As the branches 
 successively swell, if you apply the 
 force of iron the veins shrink, but 
 they may be made to discharge by 
 the fragment of a stone or by a 
 shell; the fluid is employed as a 
 medicine. The principal mouutaiu 
 which this country rears aloft is 
 Libanus, which, astonishing to be 
 related, in a climate intensely hot, 
 is kept cool by its shady groves, 
 and affords a secure retreat for 
 snows. From this mountain the 
 river Jordan springs, and receives 
 its supply of waters. The stream 
 does not discharge itself into the 
 sea ; it runs into two different lakes, 
 without mixing witli them, and is 
 absorbed into a third. The last of 
 these lakes is of immense circuit. 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 113 
 
 tate odoris adcolis pestifer, ne- 
 que vento impellitur, neque 
 pisces aut suetas aquis volucres 
 patitur. Incertae undae super- 
 jacta, ut solidoj ferunt : periti 
 imperitique nandi perinde attol- 
 luntur. Certoanni tempore bitu- 
 men egerit: cujus legendi usum, 
 ut ceteras artes, experientia do- 
 cuit. Ater suapte natura liquor, 
 et sparse aceto concretus, inna- 
 tat ; hunc manu captum, quibus 
 ea cura,in summa navis trahunt. 
 Inde, nuUo juvante, influit, 
 oneratque, donee abscindas. 
 
 Nee abscindere sere terrove 
 possis : fugit cruorem vestem- 
 que infectam sanguine, quo 
 feminae per menses exsolvuatur; 
 Sic veteres auctores. Sed 
 gnari locorum tradunt, undantes 
 bitumine moles pelli, manuque 
 trahi ad litus : mox, ubi vapore 
 terrae, vi soils, inaruerint, secu- 
 ribus cuneisque, ut trabes aut 
 saxa, discindi. 
 
 7. Haud procul inde campi, 
 quos ferunt olim uberes, mag- 
 nisque urbibus habitatos, ful- 
 minum jactu arsisse ; et manere 
 vestigia terramque ipsam specie 
 torridam vim frugiferara perdi- 
 disse. Nam cuncta sponte 
 
 resembling a sea, but more nauseous 
 in taste, and, by the offensiveness 
 of its odour, pestiferous to the 
 neighbourhood. The wind does 
 not stir its surface, nor can fish or 
 water fowl endure it. The equivo- 
 cal waters sustain things thrown 
 as upon a solid material ; those who 
 are able to swim and those who are 
 not are equally upborne. At a 
 stated season of the year, the lake 
 throws up bitumen. Experience, 
 the mother of all useful arts, has 
 taught men the method of gather- 
 ing it. It is a liquid substance, 
 naturally of a black hue, and by 
 sprinkling vinegar upon it, it floats 
 on the surface in a condensed mass, 
 which those whose business it is 
 lay hold of with the hand, and draw 
 to the upper parts of the vessel; 
 thence it continues to flow in and 
 load the vessel, till you cut it off. 
 Nor could you cut it off with brass 
 or iron. It shrinks from the touch 
 of red blood, or a garment stained 
 with the sanguineous fluid which 
 females discharge monthly. Such 
 is the account transmitted to us by 
 ancient authors; but persons ac- 
 quainted with the country, record 
 that waving masses of bitumen are 
 driven towards the shore, or drawn 
 by the hand; and when by the 
 vapour from the land, or the heat 
 of the sun, they have dried, they 
 are cut asunder, like wood or stone, 
 by wedges, or the stroke of the 
 hatchet. 
 
 7. At a small distance from the 
 lake are plains, which tradition says 
 were formerly a fruitful country, 
 and occupied by populous cities, 
 but had been destroyed by thunder- 
 bolts. Traces still remain, we are 
 told, and that the soil, in appearance 
 15 
 
114 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 edita, aut manu sata, sive 
 herbEe tenues aut flores, ut 
 solitam in speoiem adolevere, 
 atra et inania velut in cinerem 
 vanescunt. Ego, sicut inclitas 
 quondam urbes igne cffilesti 
 flagrasse concesserim, ita halitu 
 lacus infici terram, corrumpi 
 superfusum spiritum, eoque 
 foetus segetum et autumni pu- 
 trescere reor, solo coeloque 
 juxta gravi. Et Belus amnis 
 Judaioo mari inlabitur : circa 
 cujus OS collectse arenge, ad- 
 raixto nitro, in vitrum exoo- 
 quuntur : modicum id litus et 
 eaerentibus inexhaustum. 
 
 8. Magna pars Judaeae vicis 
 dispergitur; habent et oppida. 
 Hierosolyma genti caput. lUic 
 immensse opulentise templum 
 et primis munimentis urbs, 
 dein Regia. Templum intirais 
 clausum ; ad fores tantum 
 Judeeo aditus : limine, pra:ter 
 sacerdotes, arcebantur. Dum 
 Assyrios penes Medosque et 
 Persas oriens fuit, despeciis- 
 sima pars servientium ; post- 
 quam Macedones prgepotuere, 
 rex Antiochus, demerc super- 
 stitionem et mores Grjecorum 
 dare adnixus, quo minus teter- 
 rimam gentem in melius mu- 
 taret, Parthorum bello prohibi- 
 tus est. Nam ea tempestate 
 Arsaces dcsciverat. Tum Ju- 
 
 parched with fire, has lost the 
 power of bringing forth fruits. 
 For all things, whether spontane- 
 ously produced or planted by the 
 hand of man, whether they grow to 
 the extent of the blade only and the 
 flower, or their ordinary form, 
 blackened and insubstantial, crum- 
 ble into ashes. For my part, as I 
 would admit that cities once famous 
 have been destroyed by fire from 
 heaven, so am I of opinion that the 
 earth is tainted by the exhalation 
 from the lake, the superincumbent 
 air contaminated, and that therefore 
 the young plants of corn, and the 
 fruits of autumn, wither away, the 
 soil and air alike being infected. 
 There is also a river named Belus, 
 which glides into the Judsean sea ; 
 sands are found in the neighbour- 
 hood of its mouth, which mixed 
 with nitre are fused into glass. The 
 shore is of moderate extent, and 
 affords an exhaustless supply to 
 those who dig it out. 
 
 8. A great portion of Judaea con- 
 sists of scattered villages. They 
 have likewise towns; Jerusalem is 
 the capital of the nation. There 
 stands a temple of immense wealth; 
 the city is inclosed by the first for- 
 tifications you meet with ; the royal 
 palace by the second ; the temple 
 by the inmost. A Jew is not ad- 
 mitted beyond the portal. All, 
 except the priests, are excluded 
 from the threshold. While the 
 Assyrians, and after them the Medes 
 and Persians, were masters of the 
 East, the Jews, of all the nations 
 then held in subjection, were deemed 
 the vilest. After the Macedonian 
 monarcliy was established, king 
 Antiochus having formed a plan to 
 abolish their superstition, aTid intro- 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 115 
 
 daei, Macedonibus invalidis, 
 Parthis nondum adultis (et 
 Koraani procul erant) sibi ipsi 
 reges imposuere, qui mobilitate 
 vulgi expulsi, resutnpta per 
 arma dominatione, fugationes 
 civium, urbium eversiones, 
 fratrum, conjugum, parentum 
 neces aliaque solita regibus 
 ausi, superstitionem fovebant, 
 quia honor sacerdotii, firma- 
 mentum potentiae, adsume- 
 batur. 
 
 9. Roraanorum primus Cn. 
 Pompeius Judseos domuit tem- 
 plumque jure victorise ingressus 
 est. Inde vulgatum, nulla 
 intus deum tffigie vacuam 
 sedem et inania arcana. Muri 
 Hierosolymorum diruti, delu- 
 brum mansit. Mox civili inter 
 nos bello, postquam in ditionem 
 M. Antonii provinciae cesserant, 
 rex Parthorum Pacorus Judaea 
 potitus interfectusque a P. 
 Ventidio et Parthi trans Eu- 
 phratem redacti; Judaeos C. 
 Sosius subegit. Regnum ab 
 Antonio Herodi datum victor 
 Augustus auxit. Post mortem 
 
 duoe the manners and institutions 
 of Greece, was prevented by a war 
 with the Parthians (for Arsaces had 
 then revolted) from reforming this 
 execrable nation. In time, when 
 tlie Macedonians were by degrees 
 enfeebled, when the Parthian state 
 was in its infancy, and the Romans 
 were at a distance, the Jews seized 
 the opportunity to erect a monarchy 
 of their own. Their kings were 
 soon deposed by the caprice and 
 levity of the people; but having 
 recovered the throne by force of 
 arms, and having dared to drive 
 citizens into exile, demolish cities, 
 put to death brothers, wives, and 
 parents, and all the cruelties usual 
 with despotic kings, they encouraged 
 the superstition, because they took 
 to themselves the dignity of the 
 priesthood as a support of their 
 power. 
 
 9. Pompey was the first Roman 
 that subdued the Jews, and by right 
 of conquest entered their temple. 
 Thenceforward it became generally 
 known that the habitation was 
 empty, and the sanctuary unoccu- 
 pied, no representation of the deity 
 being found within it. The walls 
 of the city were levelled to the 
 ground; the temple remained. In 
 the civil wars that afterwards shook 
 the empire, when the eastern pro- 
 vinces fell to the lot of Mark An- 
 tony, Pacorus, the Parthian king, 
 made himself master of Judaea; 
 but was, in a short time after, put 
 to death by Ventidius, and his 
 forces retired beyond the Euphrates. 
 Caius Sosius once more reduced the 
 Jews to obedience. Herod was 
 placed on the throne by Mark 
 Antony, and Augustus enlarged his 
 privileges. On the death of Herod, 
 
116 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Ilerodis, nihil exspectato Cse- 
 sare, Simo quidam regium 
 nomen invaserat. Is a Quinc- 
 tilio Varo, obtinente Syrian), 
 punitus, et gentera coercitam 
 liberi Herodistripartitorexere: 
 
 sub Tiberio qnies. Dein jussi 
 a C. Csesare effigiem ejus in 
 templo locare, arma potius 
 sumsere ; quern motum Caesaris 
 mors diremit. Claudius, de- 
 functis regibus aut ad modicum 
 redactis, Judseam provinciam 
 equitibus Romanis aut libertis 
 perraisit, e quibus Antonius 
 Felix, "per oranem stevitiam ac 
 libidinem, jus regium servili 
 ingenio exercuit, Drusilla Cleo- 
 patras et Antonii nepte, in 
 matrimonium accepta, ut ejus- 
 dem Antonii Felix progener, 
 Claudius nepos esset. 
 
 10. Duravit tamen patientia 
 Judseis usque ad Gessium 
 Florum procuratorem. Sub 
 eo bellum ortum. Et com- 
 primere coeptantem Cestium 
 Galium, SyrisB Legatum, varia 
 proelia ac saepius adversa exce- 
 pere. Qui ubi fato, aut taedio 
 occidit, missu Neronis Vespa- 
 sianus fortuna famaque et 
 egregiis ministris, intra duas 
 asstates, cuncta camporum 
 omnesque, praster Hierosolyma, 
 urbes, victore exercitu teaebat. 
 Proximus annus civili bello 
 intentus, quantum ad Judasos, 
 per otium transiit. Pace per 
 
 a man of the name of Simon, with- 
 out waiting for the aathority of the 
 emperor, seized the sovereignty. 
 He, however, was punished for his 
 ambition by QuinctiHus Varus, the 
 governor of Syria ; and the nation, 
 reduced to submission, were divided 
 in three portions between the sons 
 of Herod. During the reign of 
 Tiberius things remained in a state 
 of tranquillity. Afterwards, being 
 ordered by Caligula to place his 
 statue in the temple, the Jews, 
 rather than submit, had recourse to 
 arms. This commotion the death 
 of Caligula extinguished. Claudius, 
 the Jewish kings being either dead, 
 or their dominion reduced to narrow 
 limits, committed the province of 
 Judaea to Roman knights, of his 
 freedmen. One of these, Antonius 
 Felix, exercised the prerogatives of 
 a king with the spirit of a slave, 
 rioting in cruelty and licentiousness. 
 He married Drusilla, the grand- 
 daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, 
 so that he was grandson-in-law 
 of Mark Antony, who was the 
 grandfather of Claudius. 
 
 10. The patience, however, of the 
 Jews held out to the time of Cassius 
 Floras, the procurator. Under him 
 a war broke out. Cestius Gallus, 
 the governor of Syria, endeavoured 
 to crush the revolt. He fought 
 some obstinate battles, most of them 
 unsuccessfully. After his death, 
 which happened either by destiny or 
 from disappointment and vexation, 
 Yespasian, who was sent by Nero, 
 succeeded to the command. By 
 his character, the good fortune that 
 attended his arms, and with the 
 advantage of excellent officers, in 
 two summer campaigns he overran 
 the whole country, and made liim- 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 117 
 
 Italiaiu paita, et externse curse 
 rediere. Augebat iras, quod 
 soli Judsei non cessissent. 
 
 Simul manere apud exercitus 
 Titum, ad omnes Principatus 
 novi eventus casusve utilius 
 videbatur. Igitur castris, uti 
 diximus, ante moenia Hieroso- 
 lymorum positis, instructas 
 legiones ostentavit. 
 
 11. Judsei sub ipsos mures 
 struxere aciem, rebus secundis 
 longius ausuri, et, si pellerentur, 
 parato perfugio. Missus in 
 eos eques cum expeditis cohor- 
 tibus ambigue certavit. Mox 
 cessere hostes, et sequentibus 
 diebus crebra pro portis prceUa 
 serebant : donee adsiduis dam- 
 nis intra moenia pellerentur. 
 Romani ad oppugnandum 
 versi. Neque enim dignum 
 videbatur, famem hostium 
 opperiri. Poscebantque peri- 
 cula, pars virtute, multi ferocia 
 et cupidine prsemiorum. Ipsi 
 Tito Roma et opes voluptates- 
 que ante oculos ; ac, ni statim 
 Hierosolyma conciderent, mo- 
 rari videbantur. Sed urbem, 
 arduam situ, opera molesque 
 
 self master of all the cities except 
 Jerusalem. The following year, 
 which was devoted to civil war, 
 passed in tranquillity so far as con- 
 cerned the Jews. The peace of 
 Italy restored, the care of foreign 
 affairs returned. It entlamed his 
 resentment that the Jews were the 
 only nation that had not submitted. 
 At the same time it was deemed 
 politic for Titus to remain at the 
 head of the armies, with a view to 
 any events or casualties that might 
 arise under the new reign. Accord- 
 ingly the prince, as already mention- 
 ed, encamped under the walls of 
 Jerusalem, and displayed his legions 
 in the face of the enemy. 
 
 11. The Jews formed in order of 
 battle under the very walls, deter- 
 mined, if successful, to push for- 
 ward; and, if obliged to give 
 ground, secure of a retreat. The 
 cavalry, with the light-armed co- 
 horts, sent against them, fought 
 with doubtful success. Soon the 
 enemy gave way, and on the follow- 
 ing days engaged in frequent skir- 
 mishes before the gates, tUl at 
 length, after a series'of losses, they 
 were forced to retire within the 
 walls. The Romans resolved now 
 to carry the place by storm. To 
 linger before it, till famine compell- 
 ed a surrender, appeared indeed 
 unworthy of them, and the soldiers 
 demanded the post of danger, some 
 from courage, many from hardihood 
 and the hope of gaining rewards. 
 Rome, her splendours and her 
 pleasures, kept flitting before the 
 eyes of Titus himself ; and if Jeru- 
 salem did not fall at once, he looked 
 upon it as obstructing his enjoy- 
 ments. But Jerusalem, standing 
 upon an eminence, difficult of 
 
118 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 firmaverant, queis vel plana 
 satis munirentur. Nam duos 
 coUes, immensum editos, clau- 
 debant muri, per artem obliqui, 
 aut introrsus sinuati : ut latera 
 oppugnantium ad ictus pates- 
 cerent. Extrema rupis abrupta : 
 et turres, ubi mons juvisset, in 
 sexaginta pedes, inter devexa, 
 in centenOR vicenosque adtolle- 
 bantur : mira specie, ac procul 
 intuentibus pares^ Alia intus 
 moenia, Regise circunajecta. 
 Conspicuoqiie fastlgio turris 
 Antonia, in honoreni M. An- 
 tonii ab Herode appellata. 
 
 12. Templum in modum 
 arcis propriique muri, labore et 
 opera ante alios. Ipsse por- 
 ticus, queis templum arabieba- 
 tur, egregium propugnaculum. 
 Fons perennis aquEe, cavati sub 
 terra montes : et piscinas cis- 
 ternaeque servandis imbribus. 
 
 Prfeviderant condi tores, ex di- 
 versitate morum, crebra bella. 
 Inde cuncta quamvis adversus 
 longum obsidium : et a Pom- 
 peio expugnatis metus atque 
 usus pleraque monstravere. 
 
 approach, was rendered still more 
 impregnable by redoubts and bul- 
 warks, by which even places on a 
 level plain would have been com- 
 petently fortified. Two hills that 
 rose to a prodigious height, were 
 inclosed by walls constructed so as 
 in some places to project in angles, 
 in others to curve inwards. In 
 consequence the flanks of the besie- 
 gers were exposed to the enemy's 
 weapons. The extremities of the 
 rook were abrupt and craggy. And 
 the towers were built, upon the 
 mountain, sixty feet high, in the 
 low ground, a hundred and twenty 
 feet. These works presented a 
 spectacle altogether astonishing. 
 To the distant eye they seemed to 
 be of equal elevation. Within the 
 city there were other fortifications 
 inclosing the palace of the kings, 
 and the tower of Antonia, with its 
 conspicuous pinnacles, so called by 
 Herod, in honour of Mark Antony. 
 12. The temple itself was in the 
 nature of a citadel, inclosed in walls 
 of its own, and more elaborate and 
 massy than the rest. The very 
 porticoes that surrounded it were a 
 capital defence. A perennial spring 
 supplied the place with water. 
 Subterraneous caverns were scoop- 
 ed out in the mountains, and there 
 were basins and tanks as reservoirs 
 of rain-water. It was foreseen by 
 the founders of the city, that the 
 manners and institutions of the 
 nation, so repugnant to the rest of 
 mankind, would be productive of 
 frequent wars ; hence every kind of 
 provision against a siege, howsoever 
 protracted; and exposed as they 
 had been to the successful assault of 
 Pompey, their fears and experience 
 had taught them many expedients. 
 
TACITUS. 
 
 119 
 
 Atque, per avaritiam Claudia- 
 noriim temporum empto jure 
 muniendi, struxere muros in 
 pace,tanquamadbe!lum; magna 
 conluvie et ceterarum urbium 
 clade aucti. Nam pervicacis- 
 simus quisqne illuc periugerat, 
 eoque seditiosius agebant. 
 Tres Duces, totidem exercitus. 
 Extrema et latissima moenium 
 Sinio, quern et Bargioram vo- 
 cabant, mediam urbem Joannes, 
 templum Eleazarus, firmaverat. 
 Multitudine et armis Joannes 
 ac Simo, Eleazarus loco, poUe- 
 bat. Sed proelia, dolus, incen- 
 dia inter ipsos, et magna vis 
 frumenti ambusta. Mox Jo- 
 annes, missis per speciem sacri- 
 ficandi, qui Eleazarum man- 
 umque ejus obtruncarent, 
 templo potitur. Ita in duas 
 factiones civitas discessit, donee, 
 propinquantibus Roraanis, bel- 
 lum externum concordiam 
 pareret. 
 
 13. Evenerant prodigia, quae 
 neque hostiis, neque votis piare 
 fas habet gens superstitioni 
 obnoxia, religionibus adversa. 
 Visse per coelum concurrere 
 acies, rutilantia arma et subito 
 nubium igne conlucere tem- 
 plum^. Expassae repente de- 
 lubri fores et audita major hu- 
 mana vox, Excedere Deos : 
 simul ingens motus exceden- 
 
 On the other hand, having pur- 
 chased the privilege of raising for- 
 tifications through the venality of 
 the Claudian times, they constructed 
 such walls in a period of peace as 
 showed they had an eye to war ; 
 while their numbers were augment- 
 ed by a conflux of people from 
 every quarter, and from the over- 
 throw of other cities ; for all the 
 most indomitable spirits took refuge 
 with them; and by consequence 
 they lived in a state of greater dis- 
 sension. They had three armies, 
 and as many generals. The out- 
 ward walls, which were of the widest 
 extent, were defended by Simon : 
 John, otherwise called Bargioras, 
 guarded the middle precinct. The 
 two former were strong in the 
 number of men ; the latter in situa- 
 tion. But battles, plots, and burn- 
 ings occurred among themselves, 
 and a large quantity of grain was 
 consumed by fire. After a short 
 time, John, sending a band of 
 assassins under colour of performing 
 a sacrifice to cut off Eleazar and 
 his party, gained possession of the 
 temple. From that time the citi- 
 zens separated into two factions ; 
 and in this state they continued till 
 the Eomans approaching, an enemy 
 without produced unanimity within. 
 
 18. Prodigies had occurred which 
 that race, enslaved to superstition, 
 but opposed to religion, held it 
 unlawful, either by vows or victims, 
 to expiate. Embattled armies were 
 seen rushing to the encounter, with 
 burnished arms, and the whole 
 temple appeared to blaze with fire 
 that flashed from the clouds. Sud- 
 denly the portals of the sanctuary 
 were flung wide open, and a voice. 
 
120 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 tium. Quse pauci in metum 
 trahebant: pluribus persuasio 
 inerat, antiquis Sacerdotum 
 litteris contineri, eo ipso tem- 
 pore fore, ut valesceret Oriens 
 profectique Judasa rerum po- 
 tirentur. Quae ambages Ves- 
 pasianum ac Titum preedixerat. 
 Sed vulgus, more humanaB 
 cupidinis, sibi tantam fatorum 
 magnitudinem interpretati, ne 
 adversis quidera ad vera muta- 
 bantur. Multitudinem obses- 
 sorum, omnis aetatis, virile ac 
 muliebre secus, sexcenta millia 
 faisse accepimus. Arma cunc- 
 tis, qui ferre possent : et plures, 
 quam pro numero, audebant. 
 Obstinatio viris feminisque 
 par : ac, si transferre sedes 
 cogerentur, major vitoe metus, 
 quam mortis. Hanc adversus 
 urbem gentemque Caesar Titus, 
 quando impetus et subita belli 
 locus abnueretj aggeribus vin- 
 eisque certare statuit. Divi- 
 duntur legionibus munia, et 
 quies proeliorum fuit : donee 
 cuncta expugnandis urbibus 
 reperta apud veteres, aut novis 
 ingeniis, struerentur. 
 
 in more than mortal accents, was 
 heard to announce that the gods are 
 going forth ; at the same time a 
 prodigious bustle, as of persons 
 taking their departure — occurrences 
 which few interpreted as indicative 
 of impending woe : the majority 
 were deeply impressed with a per- 
 suasion that it was contained in the 
 ancient writings of the priests, that 
 it would come to pass at that very 
 time, that the East would renew its 
 strength, and they that should go 
 forth from Judaea should be rulers 
 of the world. Mysterious words, 
 which foreshowed Vespasian and 
 Titus : but the people, according to 
 the usual course of human fondness, 
 interpreting this consummation for 
 destiny as referring to themselves, 
 were not induced to abandon their 
 error even by affliction. We learn 
 that the number of the besieged of 
 every age, male and female, was six 
 hundred thousand ; all that were 
 capable bore arms, and more than 
 could be expected out of that 
 number had the fortitude to do so. 
 The devotion of the women was 
 equal to that of the men ; and if 
 they must needs move their seat, 
 and quit the habitation of their 
 fathers, they dreaded to live more 
 than to die. Such was the city, 
 such the nation, against which Titus 
 Cajsar determined to act by means 
 of mounds and mantelets, since the 
 nature of the locality was adverse 
 to assault and sudden attacks. 
 The legions had each their several 
 duties assigned them, and there was 
 a cessation of fighting until all the 
 engines and appliances for reducing 
 cities, invented by ancient or modern 
 genius, were prepared. 
 
PLINY. 
 
 121 
 
 PLINY THE YOUNGER, A, D. 100. 
 
 Pliny the Younger was nephew to Pliny the Naturalist, 
 He has left us a series of letters written at different times, 
 and a Panegyric addressed to Trajan, who appointed him 
 proconsul of Pontus and Bithynia. In those countries he 
 found so many Christians, that he did not know how to act 
 towards them, and consulted the emperor on the subject. 
 
 Caius Plinius Trajano 
 Imperatori Salutem — So- 
 lemne est tnihi, domine, omnia, 
 de quibus dubito, ad te referre. 
 Quis enim potest melias vel 
 cunctationem meam regere, vel 
 ignoratitiam instruere? Cogni- 
 tionibus de Christianis interfui 
 nunquara : ideo nescio, quid et 
 quatenus aut puniri soleat, aut 
 quaeri. Nee mediocriter hsesi- 
 tavi, sitne aliquod discrimea 
 setatum an quamlibet teneri 
 nihil a robustioribus differant ; 
 deturne poenitentise venia, an 
 ei, qui omnino Christianus fuit, 
 desisse noa prosit ; nomen 
 ipsum, etiamsi flagitiis careat, 
 an flagitia cohaerentia nomini. 
 
 puniantur. Interim in iis, qui 
 ad me tanquam Cbristiani de- 
 ferebantur, hunc sum sequutus 
 modum. Interrogavi ipsog, an 
 essent Cbristiani : confitentes 
 iterum ac tertio interrogavi, 
 siippliciuni minatns : perseve- 
 rantes ducijussi. Neque enim 
 dubitabam, qualecunque esset, 
 quod faterentur, pervicaciam 
 
 16 
 
 C. Puny to the Empeuoe 
 Trajan, Health — It is cnstomary 
 with me to refer to you, my lord, 
 all matters about which I entertain 
 a doubt. Por who is better able 
 either to rule my hesitation or in- 
 struct my ignorance ? I have never 
 been present at the enquiries about 
 the Christians : and therefore can- 
 not say for what crime or to what ex- 
 tent they are usually punished, or 
 what is the nature of the inquiry 
 about them. Nor have I been free 
 from great doubts whether there 
 should not be a distinction between 
 ages, or how far those of a tender 
 frame should be treated differently 
 from the robust: whether those 
 who repent should not be pardoned, 
 so that one who has been a Christian, 
 should not derive advantage from 
 having ceased to be one : whether 
 the name itself, of being a Christian, 
 should be punished, or only crimes 
 attendant upon the name. 
 
 Meanwhile I have laid down 
 this rule in dealing with those who 
 were brought before me for being 
 Christians. I asked whether they 
 were Christians : if they confessed, 
 I asked them a second and a third 
 time, threatening them with punish- 
 ment ; if they persevered, I ordered 
 them to be led off. Por I had no 
 doubt in my mind, that whatever it 
 miglit be which they acknowledge, 
 
122 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 certe, et inflexibilem obstina- 
 tionem debere puniri. Fuerunt 
 alii similis amentise : quos, 
 quia cives Romani erant, ad- 
 notavi in urbem remittendos. 
 Mox ipso tractatu, ut fieri 
 solet, diffundente se criniine, 
 
 plures species inciderunt. Pro- 
 positus est libellus sine auctore, 
 multorura nomina continens, 
 qui negarentse esse Christianos, 
 aut fuisse, quum, prieeunte me, 
 deos appellareut, et imagini 
 tuse, quam propter hoc jusseram 
 cum simulacris numinum ad- 
 ferri, thure ac vino supplicarent, 
 pr^terea maledicerent Christo: 
 quorum nihil cogi posse dlcun- 
 tur, qui sunt revera Christiani. 
 
 Ergo dimittendos putavi. Alii 
 ab indice nominati, esse se 
 Christianos dixerunt, et mox 
 negaverunt : fuisse quidem, 
 sed desisse; quidara ante tri- 
 ennium, quidam ante plures 
 annos, non nemo etiara ante 
 viginti quoque. Omnes et 
 imaginem tuam, deorumque 
 simulacra venerati sunt : ii et 
 
 Christo maledixerunt. Adfir- 
 mabant autem, banc fuisse 
 summam vel culpas suae, vel 
 erroris, quod essent soliti stato 
 die ante liicem convenire : 
 carmenque Christo, quasi Deo, 
 dicere secum invicera : seque 
 Sacramento non in scelus ali- 
 quod obstringere, sed ne furta, 
 ne latrocinia, ne adulteria com- 
 mitterent, ne fidem fallerent, 
 ne depositum appellati abne- 
 garent : quibus peractis morem 
 
 obduracy and inflexible obstinacy 
 at all events should be punished. 
 There were others guilty of like 
 folly, whom I set aside to be sent 
 to tlome, because they were Eotnan 
 citizens. In the nest place, when 
 this crime began, as usual, gradually 
 to spread, it shewed itself in a 
 variety of ways. An indictment 
 was set forth without any author, 
 containing the names of many, who 
 denied that they were Christians or 
 ever had been; and, when 1 set the 
 example, they called on the gods, 
 and made offerings of frankincense 
 and wine to your image, which I, 
 for this purpose, had ordered to be 
 brought out together witti the 
 images of the gods ; moreover they 
 cursed Christ : none of which acts 
 can be extorted from those who are 
 really Christians. I consequently 
 gave orders that they should be 
 discharged. Again : others, who 
 had been informed against, said 
 that they were Christians, and after- 
 wards denied it : that they had 
 been so once but had ceased to be 
 so ; some three years ago, some 
 longer than that, and some even 
 twenty years before ; all of them 
 worshiped your image and the 
 statues of the gods ; they also 
 cursed Christ. But they asserted 
 that this was the sum total of their 
 crime or error, whichever it may be 
 called, that they were used to come 
 together on a stated day before it 
 was hght, and to sing in turn, 
 among themselves, a hymn to Christ, 
 as to a god, and to bind themselves 
 by an oath, not to any thing wicked, 
 but that they would not commit 
 theft, robbery or adultery, nor break 
 their word, nor deny that any thing 
 had been entrusted fo them when 
 
PLINY. 
 
 123 
 
 Bibi discedendi fuisse, rursus- 
 que coeundi ad capiendum 
 cibum, promiscuum tamen, et 
 innoxium : quod ipsum facere 
 desisse post edictum meura, 
 quo secundum mandata tua 
 hetferias esse vetueram. Quo 
 magis necessarium credidi, ex 
 duabus ancillis, quse ministrse 
 dicebantur, quid esset veri, et 
 per tormenta quserere. Sed 
 nihil aliud inveni, quam super- 
 stitionem pravam et immodi- 
 cara, ideoque, dilata cognitione, 
 ad consulendum te decurri. 
 Visa est enim inihi res digna 
 consultatione, maxime propter 
 periclitantium numerum. Mul- 
 ti enim omnis setatis, omnis 
 ordinis, utriusque sexus etiam, 
 vocantur in periculum, et voca- 
 buntur. Neque enim civitates 
 tantum, sed vicos etiam atque 
 agros superstitionis istius con- 
 tagio pervagata est : quae vide- 
 tur sisti et corrigi posse. Certe 
 satis constat, prope jam desolata 
 templa coepisse celebrari, et 
 sacra solemnia diu intermissa 
 repeti, passimque venire victi- 
 mas, quarum adhuc rarissimus 
 emtor inveniebatur. Ex quo 
 facile est opinari, quae turba 
 hominum emendari possit, si 
 fiat poenitentise locus. 
 
 Trajanus Plinio Salutem. 
 Actum quem debuisti, mi 
 
 called upon to restore it. After 
 this they said that it was their 
 custom to separate, and again to 
 meet together to take their meals, 
 which were in common and of a 
 harmless nature : but that they had 
 ceased even to do this since the 
 proclamation which I issued accord- 
 ing to your commands, forbidding 
 such meetings to be held. I there- 
 fore deemed it the more necessary 
 to enquire of two servant-maids, 
 who were said to be attendants 
 [ DEACONESSES ? ] what was the 
 real truth, and to apply the torture. 
 But I found that it was nothing 
 bat a bad and excessive superstition, 
 and I consequently adjourned the 
 enquiry, and consult you upon the 
 subject. For it seemed to me to 
 be a matter on which it was desir- 
 able to take advice, in consequence 
 of the number of those who are in 
 danger. Por there are many of 
 every age, of every rank, and even 
 of both sexes, who are invited to 
 incur the danger, and will still be 
 invited. Por the infection of this 
 superstition has spread through, 
 not only cities, but also villages and 
 the country ; though it seems pos- 
 sible to check and remedy it. At 
 all events it is evident that the 
 temples, which had been almost 
 deserted, have begun to be fre- 
 quented, and the sacred solemnities 
 which had been intermitted are 
 revived, and victims are sold every- 
 where, though formerly it was 
 difficult to find a buyer. It is 
 therefore easy to believe, what a 
 number of persons may be corrected, 
 if the door of repentance be left 
 open. 
 
 Tea JAN TO Pliny, Health. — 
 You have acted very properly, my 
 
124 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Secunde, in excutiendis caussis 
 eorum, qui Christiani ad te 
 delati fuerant, sequutus es. 
 Neque enim in universum ali- 
 quid, quasi certain formam 
 habeat, constitui potest. Con- 
 quirendi non sunt : si deferan- 
 tur et arguantur, puniendi 
 sunt: ita tamen, ut, qui nega- 
 verit se Christianum esse, idque 
 re ipsa manifestum fecerit, id 
 est, supplicando diis nostris, 
 quamvis suspectus in prseteri- 
 tum fuerit, veniam ex poeni- 
 tentia impetret. Sine auctore 
 vero propositi libelli, nullo cri- 
 mine locum habere debent. 
 Nam et pessimi exempli, nee 
 nostri seculi est. 
 
 Secundus, in enquiring into tte 
 case of those, who were brought 
 before you for being Christians. 
 For it is impossible to lay down any 
 universal rule bearing a set form. 
 The Christians are not to be sought 
 out : but if they are brought up 
 and convicted, they must be 
 punished : yet in such a way that, 
 if any one denies he is a Christian, 
 and proves what he says by some 
 deed, such as making offerings to 
 our deities, though he may be open 
 to suspicion about the past, yet he 
 should be pardoned in consequence 
 of his repentance. But indictments 
 put forth anonymously cannot be 
 admitted in the case of any crime. 
 For this would be a most dangerous 
 precedent, and wholly incompatible 
 with the age in which we live. 
 
 SENECA,A. D. 115. 
 
 The works of Seneca the philosopher, who follows Pliny 
 the younger, consist principally of moral treatises. They 
 are rather numerous and do not mention the Christians, 
 though from more than one passage we may gather that 
 Seneca was acquainted with the Jews. In his 95th epistle 
 he says, 
 
 Accendere aliquem lucernara Let us forbid a man to light a can- 
 
 sabbathis prohibeatnus : quo- die on the sabbath day, for the gods 
 
 niam nee lumine dii egent, et do not want a light, and neither do 
 
 ne homines quidem delectantur men take pleasure in smoke, 
 fuligine. 
 
 In Epistle 108, §2, is an allusion to the Jewish custom 
 of abstaining from various kinds of meats. 
 
 In Tiberii Caesaris principa- 
 
 turn juventse tempus inciderat: 
 alienigena turn sacra moveban- 
 tur : sed inter argumenta 
 superstitionis ponebatur quo- 
 rundam animalium abstinentia. 
 
 My youth was cast in the reign of 
 Tiberius Csesar: foreign religious 
 rites were at that time much talked 
 of : among their different kinds of 
 superstition was abstinence from the 
 flesh of certain animals. 
 
EPICTETUS. 125 
 
 It is thought that Seneca may have been personally 
 acquainted with Saint Paul ; for they both hved at the 
 same time ; and we learn from the Acts of the Apostles 
 that Paul taught the Christian doctrines at Rome, " no 
 man forbidding him." The possibility of such an acquain- 
 tance between the philosopher and the preacher led to 
 the fabrication of thirteen letters, said to have passed be- 
 tween them : but these letters, which are still extant, are 
 too dull to have been written by Saint Paul or Seneca, and 
 have been justly set aside as neither authentic nor valu- 
 able. 
 
 EPICTETUS, A. D. 120. 
 
 Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher, comes next ; he speaks 
 of the Christians by the name of Galileans, and ascribes to 
 them great insensibility to pain and suffering. 
 
 Is it possible that a man may arrive at this temper, and become indif- 
 ferent to these things from madness or from habit as the Gahlaeans ? 
 
 FLORUS, A. D. 120. 
 
 Florus, also bearing the name of Annasus, is generally 
 thought to have been contemporary with Tacitus, Sueto- 
 nius and Juvenal : but very little is known about him. A 
 work entitled Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, bears his 
 name and furnishes one extract for our work. The sum- 
 maries prefixed to the books of Livy's History are ascribed 
 to the same Florus. 
 
 Ill, 9. Hierosoljmam defen- The Jews tried to defend Jerusal- 
 
 dere tentaverunt Judsei : varum em, but Pompey entered this city 
 
 hancquoque intravit Pompeius also, and saw that great patent 
 
 et vidit illud grande impise gen- mystery of that impious nation, a 
 
 tis arcanum patens, sub aureo vine under a golden heaven : and 
 
 yitem coelo ; dissidentibusque having been made umpire between 
 
 de regno fratribus arbiter factus two brothers who were quarreling 
 
 regnarejussitHyrcanum; Aris- for the kingdom, he decided that 
 
 tobulo, quia renovabat earn Hyroanus should be king. But Aris- 
 
 rem, catenas dedit. tobulus, for reviving that quarrel, 
 
 he threw into prison. 
 
]26 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 LUCIAN, A. D. 160. 
 
 Lucian, the author of seventy-eight satirical dialogues 
 still extant, was born at Samosata in Syria, and lived part 
 of his life at the city of Antioch. Here he fell in vi^ith 
 the new and rapidly increasing sect of the Christians, and 
 gives an interesting account of them in his dialogues 
 named Peregrinus and Philopairis — if, indeed, the last of 
 these is a genuine work of Lucian, seeing that its clear 
 definition of the Trinity seems to refer it more correctly 
 to a later date. 
 
 KPITIAS. 
 
 Kal riva etrofioa-oixal 76 ; 
 
 TPIE^flN. 
 
 'TijnfieSoVTa 6eov, /xiyav, afi^- 
 
 pojov, ovpavlcova, 
 
 Tlbv iraTpo'i, TTvevfJia ex irarpov 
 
 iKiropevofxevov, 
 
 "Ev ix Tpi&v, Koi i^ evb'i rpia, 
 
 Tavra v6/;U^e Zrjva, tovS' r/yov 
 
 6e6v. 
 
 KPITIAS. 'ApiOfieew fie h- 
 hdaKeK, Kal opKO<; rj apidfx,ijTiKT] • 
 Kal yap apidfiieK o)5 NiKO/ia- 
 Y09 Tepaarjvoi. OiiK olSa yap 
 Tt Xeyei'i, ev rpla, rpla ev. Mi} 
 rrjv rerpaKTiiv <bfj<; Trjv JJvBa- 
 yopoVj rj TTjv oyood^af Kal rpu- 
 UKaha ; 
 
 TPIE^flN. Xliya ra vepOe, 
 Kal TO, cir/r]'; a^ia • ovK kaO' 
 wSe /j,6Tpetv ra ■\]niWS>v "x^V- 
 'Eyo) yap <re SiSd^o} ri to ivav, 
 Kal Tl's O TTplOTjV irdvTwv, Kal Tt 
 TO <TVa'TT]/JM ToO TTaVTO^, Kai 
 
 yap "TTpwriv Kayo) Tavra kiraa- 
 ypv, airep av' fjViKa 6e (jml 
 TaXCKaw'i h/eTV^p', dva<f>a\av- 
 T^a?, eKLppwo^, e? Tp'vrov ovpa- 
 vbv depo^aTrjo'a's, Kal ra KaX- 
 Xiara iKfiep-aOrjKa)^, St vSaro? 
 jj/xa? dveKalvLaev, e? to, t&v 
 IWiKapav lyvM ■TrapeiawSevo'e, 
 
 Ceitias. And by whom shall I 
 swear. 
 
 Tkiephon. The God who rules 
 aloft, great, immortal, heavenly. Son 
 of the Father, Spirit proceeding from 
 the Father, One out of Three, and 
 Three out of One, These consider as 
 Joye, look on him as God. 
 
 Gritias. You are teaching me 
 arithmetic, and the oath is arithme- 
 tical. You are arithmeticizing, like 
 Nicomachus the Gerasenian. For 
 I know not what you say, one three 
 and three one. Do you allude to 
 the tetrad of Pythagoras, or the 
 ogdoad, or the triakad ? 
 
 Triephon. Say nothing of those 
 earthly matters, that should be for 
 ever buried in silence : we have not 
 now to follow the traces of spiders. 
 I will teach you all, and who was 
 the earliest of all, and what is the 
 system of the universe. For I was 
 once what you are now : but when 
 the Galilsean (St Paul] lighted 
 upon me, that bald-headed, long- 
 nosed man, who trod the air into 
 the third heaven, and became acqua- 
 inted with such beautiful things, and 
 renewed us with water, he guided 
 me into the footsteps of the blessed 
 
LUCIAN. 
 
 127 
 
 eXvTpaxraTO. Philop. 
 
 Aeym, adecov ifj/jreTrX^cTOai 
 Kal XpuTTiaviav Tov HovTOV, ot 
 irepl avTov ToXfiaicri to, KaKiara 
 ^XaiT^fielv, ou? e/ceXeue \Ldoii 
 (Kavveiv, ei^e idekovaiv 'iXem 
 e^etv TOV 6e6v. Luc. Ai^ex. 25. 
 
 ^vyrjv eavrov KajaSiKdiTa<! 
 eVXamro, aXKrjv aWore afiel- 
 /3(ov. 11. "Oren-ep koX ttjv 
 Bav/MKTTrjV <70<j>lav t&v Xprja-- 
 Tiavmv e^ifjbade, irepl rrjv Ua- 
 XaiaTivrjv tok lepevcri, Kal ypafi- 
 fxarevaiv ainSsv fyy^evdp.evof, 
 Kal Ti jdp ; iv ^pa^el TratSa? 
 aiiToii^ a7r£<prive, •jrpo(f>TjT7j';, Kal 
 ffiao'dp^'r]';, Kal ^vvar/oyyev'i, Kal 
 Trdvra fiovo'i avro<; wv, Kal 
 tSiv ^i^Xcov Tai fJLev e^rfyelro, 
 Kal S(£<Td<j>ei,' TToXXas Se euro? 
 Kal ^vveypatjie, Kal d)S Oeov 
 avTov EKeTvoi ■^yovvTO, Kal vofio- 
 Berri ij(p&VTO, Kal •jrpo<ndr'qv 
 iireypaipov. Tov fieyav lyovv 
 eKelvov en crS^ovaiv avdpcoTTov, 
 TOV iv T§ UaXaiUTivri dvacrKO- 
 XoTTio-devTa, on Kawrjv Tainifv 
 Tekerrjv elarfya'yev e? 70v /3lov. 
 13. Tore Srj Kal <Tv'KKrj(^0et<; iirl 
 Tointfi 6 Uprorev^, iveTreaev eh 
 TO heaiMOTrjpiov, oirep Kal avTO 
 ov fiiKpov avT& d^icofui wepie- 
 woirjae irpo^ Tov e^rj'i j3lov, Kal 
 Trjv Tepareiav, Kal Bo^oKoiriav, 
 &v ep&v eTvyyava/. 'EttsI S' 
 ovv iSiSeTO; oi XpicrTiavol crv/M- 
 <l>opav 'n-oiovfievoi to irpar/p-a, 
 iravTa IkIvovv, i^apwdo'ai Trei- 
 pwfievoi avTov. Elr iirel rovro 
 rjv dSvvarov, Tyye dWv OepaTreia 
 iraaa ov irapepyw^ a\Xa ^iiv 
 CTrovSfj iyvyveTO • Kal eajOev fi,h> 
 eidiii rjv opav •jrapa t^ Eeufjuo- 
 TTjplai •jrepi/j.ivovra lypa'iSia, 
 XVP'^^ Ttra?, Kal TTaiScd op^avd • 
 
 and rescued us from the wicked 
 places. 
 
 I say, that Pontus was full of 
 atheists and OhristianSj who trj to 
 spread the basest calumnies about 
 him, and he bade his followers stone 
 them if they wish to have the 
 favour of God. 
 
 Consigning himself to exile, he 
 took to flight, and wandered about 
 from one country to another. 
 At this time it was that he learnt 
 the wonderful philosophy of the 
 Chrestians, having kept company 
 with their priests and scribes in 
 Palestine. And what was the end of 
 it ? In a short time he shewed them 
 to be mere children, for he became a 
 prophet, a leader of their processions, 
 the marshaller of their meetings, 
 and every thing in himself alone. 
 And of books also he explained and 
 cleared up some, and wrote many 
 himself : and they deemed him a 
 god, made use of him as a legislator, 
 and enrolled him as their patron. 
 They still worship that great man 
 who was crucified in Palestine, 
 because he introduced this new 
 worship into life. For this, then, 
 Proteus was seized and thrown into 
 prison, which circumstance also gave 
 him no little importance from that 
 moment, both in the working of 
 wonders, and in thirst for popularity, 
 of which he was very fond. When 
 he was put in prison, the Christians, 
 looking upon it as a misfortune, 
 moved every thing in their endeavour 
 to rescue him. But when this was 
 impossible, every other kind of at- 
 tention was shewn to him, not lei- 
 surely but with all their zeal. At early 
 dawn, might be seen waiting about 
 the prison old women, certain wid- 
 ows, and orphan children. But those 
 
128 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 ol Se iv TeXei avr&v koX crvveKa- 
 OevSov evSov /tter avTov, Sta(p- 
 6eipovTe<; Toii^ SecrfioipvXaKa'; • 
 elra ZuTTva voiKiXa elcreKO/jii^eTo, 
 Kol Xoyot, lepol avT&v eKeyovro, 
 Koi 6 ^eXnaTos Tlept^plvot (en 
 ryap TOVTO eKaXeiTo) Kaivo^ S<J>- 
 KpcLTrj'i inr avr&v Svo/id^eTO. 
 IS. Kal p,-qv KoX T&v iv 'A<tUi irS- 
 Xemv eariv &v rjKov Tivei, T&v 
 ^piariav&v cTTeXXovTcov airo Tov 
 KOLVov, pOT]9rjc70VTe<;, Kal ^vva- 
 '/opevaovTC'i, Kal 7rapa/j,v9ria6- 
 /j-evoi rov avBpa. ' AiMj-^avov 
 Be Ti TO TcL^o'i iiriSeiKvvvrai, 
 iireiBdv Tt TOLOvrov ryevrjTac, 
 S7]/j,6awv. 'Ev ^payel 'yap, 
 a<f>eiSov<Ti, wdvTaiv. Kal Si) Kal 
 T& JJepeyplvcp TroXXa Tore rjxe 
 -^rjixaTa trap' avr&v em Trpo- 
 (pdcrei, T&v Se<Tp,&v, Kal irpoaoBov 
 oil p,i,Kpav Tavrrjv eTroi^o-aro. 
 UeireiKacri, yap avTovt ol KaKO^ 
 Saifj.ove';, to p-ev oXov dBdvaToi 
 eaeadai, Kal fiutxreadao tov ael 
 ■Xpovov. Uap o Kal Karacppo- 
 voixn TOV Oavdrov, Kal eKovTef 
 avTow eTTiSiSoaa-LV oi ttoXXoI. 
 "Eirena Be 6 vop,odeT7js 6 Trp&- 
 To^ eireurev aiiTOVi, &<; dSeXipol 
 ■KavTet elev dXX^Xcov • eTreiBav 
 wjra^ wapafidvre'i, deov'} p,ev 
 Toiji ' EXXrjviKOVi aTrapVYjaaiv- 
 Tai, TOV Be dve(TKoXo7rLcrp£VOV 
 eKelvov (70(^t<7TrjV avT&v irpoa- 
 Kvv&(jL, Kal Kara tov<; eKelvov 
 vopovt pi&ai, KaTa<ppovov<Tiv 
 ovv diravTcov e^lo'r}<;, Kal KOiva 
 rj^ovvTai, avev Tivo<; dxpiPov^ 
 TTicTTea)? Ta TOiavra irapaBe^d- 
 jxevoi. ^Hv Tolvvv irapeXdri t(,<; 
 eli avTov^ yorj^, Kal Te'^viTq'; 
 avdpoiTTO'}, Kal irpdyp^acri, ^(p^T- 
 6av Bvvdp.evo';, ainlKa p,dXa 
 •jrXova-io<s iv ^pa-^el iyeviTO, 
 ISiMTai's dvOpr' TTOK ey^avayv. 
 
 of them who were iu authority, also, 
 corrupting the guards, slept in the 
 prison with him. Then elegant sup- 
 pers were carried in for him, and 
 they held there their sacred conver- 
 sations, and the good Peregriuus, for 
 he was still so called) was named by 
 them a new Socrates. Morover 
 there came to him persons from 
 some of the cities of Asia, sent by 
 the Christians out of their common 
 stock, to assist him, to join in advis- 
 ing him, and to comfort the man. 
 But it is wonderful what alacrity they 
 show, whenever such a thing hap- 
 pens, in the common cause. For in 
 a very short time they are lavish of 
 every thing they have : and Peregri- 
 uus, on the plea of his imprisonment, 
 then received so many things from 
 them, that he made no small revenue 
 from this source. Pot those unlucky 
 people have broughtthemselvesto the 
 belief, that they shall be wholly im- 
 mortal, and live for ever ; for which 
 reason also the most part of them 
 despise life, and willingly give them- 
 selves up. In the next place, their 
 first lawgiver has persuaded them 
 that they are all brethren one of 
 another, when, having once trans- 
 gressed the law, they have denied the 
 gods of the Greeks, and worship that 
 sophist of theirs who was crucified, 
 and live according to his laws. They 
 therefore despise all things alike, 
 and look upon all things as com- 
 mon, having received such doctrines 
 without any very exact belief. If 
 then any man, who is a magician, or 
 good artist, and knows how to man- 
 age matters, goes among them, he 
 immediately becomes rich in a short 
 time, and laughs at those foolish 
 people. 
 
LUCIAN. 
 
 129 
 
 14. ItXrjv aXK' o Uepeyplvoi; 
 a^eWr] vtto tov tote t^s Xvpla's 
 ap^oi/TO? avZpo'i j)Ckoao(^ia %at- 
 povTO<;, 05 <jwet? rr)v airovoiav 
 ainov, KOI OTi Si^air av airo- 
 Oavelv, uyi So^av iirl lovra 
 aiToXhroi, a^xev avTov, ovSe 
 Trj^ KoXdcrewi inrokafioiv a^iov, 
 'O Be eh TTjV olKeiav eTraveXdoDV, 
 KaTa\a/M/3dvei, to Trepl tov iraT- 
 pcpov <j)6vov eVt (pXej/xalvov, koI 
 iroWoii'; Toii^ iTravaTeivo/ievovi 
 Trjv KaTijyoplav. AirjpTraaTo 
 he TO, irXelcrra t&v KTqixaTwv 
 •jrapa Tr)v airohqixiav avTov, Kcil 
 ixovoi .vireXehrovTO ol a/ypol oaov 
 eh TrevTeKaiSexa ToXdvTWV d^la, 
 rjv 6 ryepwv fcaTeXtTrev, ou^ ft>(7- 
 irep 6 waryyiSxitoi; Oearyivt)'; 
 eXeye, TrevTaKLcrxiX^v • Toaov- 
 TOi yap ovSe rj •Ka<7a tS>v Ua- 
 piav&v -iroXii, TreVTe avv avrfj 
 Tai yei,TVia>(Ta<i irapcCXaBova-a, 
 TTpadeLrj av, avTOi'i avOpwiroii;, 
 
 Kol ^0<TKiqp,aAJi, Koi T^ XoiTT-p 
 
 irapacrKevy. 15. 'AXX' eTi ye 
 ri KaTrpjopia Kal to eyKXrjfui 
 Bepfwv rjv, Kid eaiicet ovk eh 
 l^axpav eiravaiTTrjaeadai ti,<; 
 avT&. Kal fiaXuTTa 6 Si)fj,o^ 
 ovTOS r/yavaKTei, ^pTjo-TOi', co? 
 etpacav ol iS6vTe<;, yepovTa irev- 
 OovvTe^, ovTQ}<i dae^oi^ d/iroXai- 
 XoTa. 'O Se <ro^o9 ovtoi Ilpm- 
 reu? 7r/30? airavTa TavTa CTKe- 
 ■\fraa^0e olov ti e^evpe, imI otto)? 
 TOV KivSvvov SiA(j)vye. UapeX- 
 6a>v ydp eh Trjv e.KKXr]<7lav t&v 
 HapMVMV, (ixofia Se ■i^Srj, Kal 
 Tpl0a)va iTlvapov i^p.'Treix^To, Kal 
 TTripav 'TrapTjpTfjTo, Kal to ^vXov 
 ev Trj %6ipt ^v, Kal oXo)? p,dXa 
 TpayiKS><; ecrKevacrTO,) tojoOto? 
 ovv i7ruf>aveh avToh, d^elvai 
 eipT) Trjv oiKTMV, f/v 6 fiaKapiT'T)'; 
 TraTrjp avTw KareXiTre, Srj/wcrlav 
 
 The governor of Syria being a man 
 who took pleasure in philosophers, 
 treated Peregrinus with mildness ; 
 for perceiving his madness, and that 
 he would even die to leave behind 
 him a reputation on that account, 
 he set him free not thinking him wor- 
 thy of punishment. But he, return- 
 ing to his own country, found the 
 ferment about his father's murder 
 still alive, and many persons ready to 
 accuse him. The greatest part of 
 his possessions had been plundered 
 through his absence, and nothing re- 
 mained but the land, to tlie value of 
 fifteen talents : for the whole of the 
 property, which the old man left, 
 was in value about fifteen talents, not 
 five thousand, as the ridiculous The ■ 
 agenes stated. Yor this is a sum 
 which all the city of the Parianians, 
 with five other neighbouring cities, 
 including their men and cattle, and 
 all their goods, would not fetch. But 
 the accusation and the charge 
 against him was still hot, and it was 
 probable that before long some one 
 would stand forward against him. 
 The people at large were most excit- 
 ed against him from sorrow that a 
 good old man, according tothose who 
 had seen him, should have been so 
 impiously murdered. But only see 
 the contrivance which this cunning 
 Proteus adopted to meet all this, 
 and how he escaped from the danger. 
 His hair was now long, and he 
 had on a rough cloak: a staff was in 
 his hand, and he had altogether a 
 very tragic appearance. In this 
 guise, then, he went before the peo- 
 ple, and said that he would give up 
 to them as public property, all that 
 his good father had left him. The 
 people being mostly poor men, and 
 eager to receive distributions, no 
 17 
 
130 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 elvai TTacrav. Tovro a)5 ijKovaev 
 6 Sij/io?, irevrjre^ avBpmiroi, Kal 
 TT/DO? Siavofia'i KeyrjVOTe';, avsK- 
 paryov evdii'; eva (f)iX6crocf)Ov, eva 
 (piXoiraTpiv, eva Aioiyevovs Kal 
 KpaTTjTos ^rjXcoTijv. Oi 8e 
 iX^pol eVec^t/itoi/TO. Kav el rt? 
 eTTL^eipijaeie /jLe/jtinjadai tov 
 (fiovov, \idoi<; eu6v<; e^dWero. 
 16. 'Efjjei ovv TO Sevrepov 
 TrXavrjao/jkevoi;, Ixava e(j)6Sui 
 Toii'i XpicTTiavov'i e^o)V, v(j) &v 
 Sopv<f)opovjj,evo?, ev a'rracrtv a(p- 
 Bovoii; fjv. Kal ^(fiovov jxev rwa 
 ovtok; e/SoaKeTO. Eira 'Trapa- 
 vo/Mija-a^ TL Kal i'i eKeivovi, 
 {c!)(pdr] yap Ti, a)? olp-ai, eadiwv 
 Tcov airopprjTuyv avTOK) ovk en 
 iTpO(7iep,eva>v ainSiv airopov- 
 ixeva, Ik TraXivcfiSia'} mero 
 Seiv &c. 
 
 sooner heard this than they shouted 
 out he was a philosopher and a 
 patriot, equal to Diogenes and 
 Crates : but his enemies held their 
 peace. If any one attempted to 
 recall to mind the murder he had 
 committed, he was immediately 
 stoned. 
 
 16. Peregrinus then went away 
 a second time on his wanderings 
 having plenty of provision for his 
 journey from the Christiana, by 
 whom he was escorted as if by 
 guards and had every thing in great 
 plenty: and in this way he supported 
 himself for some time. But 'after- 
 wards he gave some offence to them 
 also, — he was seen, 1 believe, eating 
 some of the meats which are forbid- 
 den among them — and being at a 
 loss what to do when they no 
 longer visited him, he thought it 
 best to recant, &c. 
 
 JUSTIN, A. D. 166. 
 
 This historian, who is only known for having abridged 
 Trogus Pompeius's History of the World, is supposed to 
 have lived in the age of the Antonines. The extracts from 
 this work, in which the Jews are named, will certainly 
 astonish many a reader. He makes Damascus, Azelus, 
 Adores, Abraham (!) and Israel (!!) to have been Jewish 
 kings. 
 
 XXX, 1. Antiochus Judasos 
 quoque, qui in Macedonico 
 imperio sub Demetrio patre 
 arrnis se in libertatem vindi- 
 caverant, subigit. Quorum 
 vires tantae fuere, ut post 
 
 Antiochus subdues the Jews also, 
 who in the time of the Macedonian 
 empire, had vindicated their liberty 
 in arms under Demetrius the father. 
 So great was their power that they 
 never submitted to any Macedonian 
 
JUSTIN. 
 
 131 
 
 hunc nullum Macedorium re- 
 gem tulerint, domesticisque 
 imperils usi Syriam magnis 
 bellis infestaverint. 
 
 2. Namque Judaeis origo 
 Damascena, Syrise nobilissima 
 civitas : unde et Assyriis regi- 
 bus genus, ex regina Semirami, 
 fuit. Nomen urbi a Damasco 
 rege inditum, in cujus honorem 
 Syrii sepulchrum Arathis uxoris 
 ejus pro templo cokiere, deam- 
 que exinde sanctissimse reli- 
 gionis habent. Post Damasce- 
 nura Azelus, mox, Adores et 
 Abraham et Israel reges iuere. 
 Sed Israhelem felix decern 
 filiorum proventus majoribus 
 suis clariorem fecit. Itaque 
 populum in decern regna divi- 
 sum filiis tradidit omnesque ex 
 nomine Judae, qui post divisio- 
 nem decesserat, Judaeos appel- 
 lavit, colique ejus memoriam 
 ab omnibus jussit. Ejus portio 
 omnibus accesserat. Minimum 
 setate inter fratres clam inter- 
 ceptum peregrinis mercatoribus 
 vendiderunt, a quibus deporta- 
 tus in ^Egyptum, quum magicas 
 ibi artes solerte ingenio perce- 
 pisset, brevi ipsi regi percarus 
 fuit. Nam et prodigiorum 
 sagacissimus erat et soraniorura 
 primus intelligentiam condidit, 
 nihilque divini juris humanique 
 ei incognitum videbatur : adeo 
 ut etiam sterilitatem agrorum 
 ante multos annos providerit, 
 perissetque omnis Jilgyptus 
 fame, nisi monitu ejus rex 
 edicto servari per multos annos 
 fruges jussisset ; tantaque ex- 
 perimenta ejus fuerunt, ut non 
 ab homine sed a Deo responsa 
 dari viderentur. Filius ejus 
 
 king after him and under chieftains 
 of their own nation they harassed 
 Syria with serious wars. 
 
 For the origin of the Jews is from 
 Damascus, a noble city of Syria, 
 from whence also is the origin of 
 the Assyrian kings also, from queen 
 Semiramis. The name of the city 
 was given it from king Damascus, 
 in wohse honour the Syrians rever- 
 enced the tomb of Arathis his 
 wife as a temple and from thence 
 esteem her as f, most sacred deity. 
 After Damascenus were the kings 
 Azelus, then Adores, and Abraham, 
 and Israel. Now Israel was made 
 more illustrious than his forefathers 
 by a happy progeny of ten sons. He . 
 therefore bequeathed to his sons his 
 nation divided into ten kingdoms, 
 and called all of them Jews from 
 the name of Judah who had died 
 after the division, and he command- 
 ed that all should cherish liis me- 
 mory. His lot had been added to 
 all. The youngest among the bro- 
 thers, having been secretly intercep- 
 ted, they sold to foreign merchants, 
 by whom having been carried into 
 Egypt, when he had there by his 
 shrewd intellect learned magical arts, 
 he in a short lime became much be- 
 loved by the king himself. For he 
 was most sagacious about prodigies, 
 and first established the understand- 
 ing of dreams, and nothing of divine 
 or human law seemed unknown to 
 him : so that he also foresaw the bar- 
 renness of the land many years be- 
 fore, and all Egypt would have peris- 
 hed with hunger, had not the king 
 by his advice commanded by procla- 
 mation that the crops should be 
 kept for many years, and his exper- 
 ience was so great that his answers 
 
132 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Moses fuit, quern praeter pa- 
 ternse scientias hereditatem 
 etiam formae pulchritudo com- 
 mendabat. Sed jEgyptii quum 
 scabiem et vitiliginem pateren- 
 tur, response moniti eum cum 
 Eegris, ne pestis ad plures ser- 
 peret, terminis JEgypti pellunt. 
 Dux igitur exulum factus, 
 sacra J^gyptiorum furto abstu- 
 lit, quae repetentes armis 
 ^gyptii, domum redire tem- 
 pestatibus compulsi sunt. Ita- 
 que Moses, Damascena antiqua 
 patria repetita, montem Synan 
 occupat, quo septem dierum 
 jejunio per deserta Arabia cum 
 populo suo fatigatus, quum 
 tandem venisset, septimum 
 diem, more geutis Sabbatum 
 appellatum, in omne aevum. 
 jejunio sacravit, quoniam ilia 
 dies famem illis erroremque 
 flnierat. Et quoniam metu 
 contagionis pulsos ab iEgypto 
 meminerant, ne eadem causa 
 invisi apud incolas forent, cav- 
 erunt, ne cum peregrinis com- 
 municarent : quod ex causa 
 factum paullatim in discipllnam 
 religionemque convertit. Post 
 Mosen etiam filius ejus Aruas, 
 sacerdos sacris iEgyptiis, mox 
 rex creatur ; semperque exinde 
 hie mos apud Judaaos fuit, ut 
 eosdem reges et sacerdotes 
 haberent, quorum justitia reli- 
 gione permixta incredibile 
 quantum coaluere. 
 
 3. Opesgenti ex vectigalibus 
 opobalsami crevere, quod in 
 his tantum regionibus gignitur. 
 
 seemed to have been given not by 
 a man but by God. His son was Mo- 
 ses, who had the advantage of beau- 
 ty of person, over and above the in- 
 heritance of his father's science. But 
 when the Egyptians were suffering 
 from the scab and the itch, warned 
 by an answer [of their oracle] they 
 expel him with the diseased beyond 
 the frontiers of Egypt,lest the disease 
 should extend to more. Wherefore 
 taking the lead of the exiles, he car- 
 ried oft by stealth the sacred things 
 of the Egyptians, which the Egyp- 
 tians reclaiming by arms, were forced 
 by storms to return home. Moses 
 therefore returning to his ancient 
 country of Damascus, occupies 
 Mount Syua, at which when, fati- 
 gued by a fast of seven days, he 
 had at length arrived with his people, 
 he dedicated the seventh day, which 
 is called Sabbath after the manner 
 of that nation, to be a fast day for 
 ever, since that day had finished 
 their hunger and wandering. And, 
 whereas they remembered that they 
 had been driven from Egypt through 
 fear of contagion, lest they should 
 become hated among their neigh- 
 bours for the same cause, they took 
 precautions not to communicate with 
 foreigners ; which thing being done 
 from a cause by degrees changed into 
 a discipline and a religious princi- 
 ple. After Moses also his son 
 Aruas, a priest of Egyptian rites, 
 was made king, and always from 
 that time this custom has prevailed 
 among the Jews, to have the same 
 persons for their kings and priests, by 
 whose justice mixed with religion, it 
 is wonderful how they prospered. 
 
 The wealth of the nation arose from 
 their revenues. of opobalsara, which is 
 produced in these countries only. 
 
JUSTIN. 
 
 133 
 
 Est namque vallis, quae con- 
 tinuis montibus, velut muro 
 quodam, ad instar castrorum 
 clauditur. Spatium loci du- 
 centa jugera, nomine Hierichus 
 dicitur. In ea valie silva est, 
 et ubertate et amoenitate in- 
 signis, siquidem palmeto et 
 opobalsameto distinguitur. Ar- 
 bores opobalsami f ormam simi- 
 lem piceis arboribus habent, 
 nisi quod sunt humiles magis 
 et in vinearum morem exco- 
 luntur. Heb certo anni tem- 
 pore balsam um sudant. Sed 
 non minor loci ejus apricitatis 
 quam ubertatis admiratio est ; 
 quippe quum toto orbe regionis 
 ejus ardentissimus sol sit, ibi 
 tepidi aeris naturalis qusedam 
 ac perpetua apricitas inest. 
 In ea regione lacus est Asphal- 
 tites, qui propter magnitudi- 
 nem et aquae immobilitatem 
 Mortuum Mare dicitur. Nam 
 neque ventis movetur, resistente 
 turbinibus bitumine, quo aqua 
 omnis stagnatur, neque naviga- 
 tionis patiens est, quoniam 
 omnia Tita carentia in profun- 
 dum merguutur ; nee materiam 
 uUam sustinet, nisi quse alumine 
 illinatur. Primum Xerxes, rex 
 Persarum, Judseos domuit ; 
 postea cum ipsis Persis in 
 ditionera Alexandri Magni 
 venere, diuque in potestate 
 Macedonici imperii subjecti 
 Syrise regno fuere. A Deme- 
 trio quum descivissent, amicitia 
 Romanorum potita, primi om- 
 nium ex Orientalibus liberta- 
 tem receperunt, facile tunc 
 Romania de alieno largientibus. 
 
 Ppr there is a valley shut in like a 
 camp by continuous mountaius as 
 by a wall. The extent o£ the place 
 is two hundred acres, and its name 
 is called Jericho. In that valley is 
 a wood remarkably fertile and 
 agreeable, seeing that it is charac- 
 terised by a grove of palm and 
 opobalsam. The trees of opobalsam 
 have a form similar to pitch-trees, 
 except that they are lower and are 
 cultivated Uke vineyards. They drop 
 sweet balsam at a certain time of the 
 year. But the agreeableness of that 
 place is not less admirable than its 
 fertility: for, as the sun is most hot 
 of all the world in that country, 
 there is there a natural and perpet- 
 ual warmth of hot air. In that 
 country is the lake Asphaltitis,which 
 from its size and the immobility of 
 the water is called the Dead Sea. 
 Por it neither is moved by the winds, 
 because the bitumen, with which all 
 the water stagnates, resists eddies ; 
 nor does it admit of navigation, since 
 every thing without life sinks to the 
 bottom ; nor does it bear up anything 
 except what is smeared with alum. 
 Xerxes king of the Persians, first 
 subdued the Jews : afterwards they 
 came with the Persians themselves 
 under the dominion of Alexander 
 the Great, and were long under the 
 power of the Macedonian empire, 
 subject to the kingdom of Syria. 
 When they had revolted from De- 
 metrius, having sought the friend- 
 ship of the Eomans, they were the 
 first of all the Eastern nations that 
 recovered their hberty, the Romans at 
 that time readily giving up what 
 belonged to others. 
 
134 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 CELSUS, A. D. 170. 
 
 Of this writer, unfortunately, little is known ; his works 
 have perished, with the exception of the extracts which 
 have been preserved in the, writings of his antagonist 
 Origen, who wrote to refute the charges of fraud and 
 falsehood which Celsus had brought against the Christians. 
 He hved in the reign of Hadrian, and was admitted a 
 member of the Christian community, but was expelled out 
 of it, from a suspicion that he was not sincere, and to this 
 cause is ascribed the enmity which he is said to have 
 borne towards that society ever afterwards. 
 
 I, 21. TovTov ovv Tov Xoyov Moses then, having heard this 
 ToO Trapa toiv cro^oh eOvetri account among wise nations and men 
 KoX iWoyiiiOf} dvSpdcriv iiraKr}- of repute, had a divine name. 
 /coQ)9, 6vo/j,a haiiJtovLov eo"%e 
 
 I, 23. 'E^rj's T0UT0t9 (prjo-lv 
 6 KeXcro<}, ore Ta> rjiyTjcrafiiva) 
 t7(pa)V ewoixevoi McoiJafj aiiToKoL 
 Kol TTOi/ieve'}, AypoiKoi,'; anaTaif 
 tjrv)(a'ya)'yr]divT£';, eua ivofuaav 
 elvai Oeov. 
 
 1, 26. ^Tjcrl he o KiXcro's, 
 aiiToii'} aefieiv ayyeKovf koI lyori- 
 Tela irpO(TKeiadai, -^s 6 Mcoii<7'rj<; 
 aiiToli; yiyovev e^TjyijTT^';. 
 
 Ill, 5. '-Ef^s 8e TowTOj? 6 KiX- 
 ffos olofjbevo^ Tov<; 'lovSalovi} Al- 
 yvTTTiov; !& yevei Tvy)(avovra'i 
 KaTakeKonrivai, rrjv Atyvmov, 
 fjTauidaavTa^ irpo^ to kocuov 
 rS>v AiyvirTLOiv, koI to ivAlyuir- 
 TM avvrjde^ "jrepl ra? OprjaKela'i 
 virep^povrjcavTa'i, ^rjalv, avToiif 
 UTrep e'TTol/qcrav AlyvTTTWK ire- 
 TTOvOevai VTTO T&v TrpoaOe/jievaiv 
 TO) 'Ir)aov Kal TruTTevadvTfov 
 avT& di<; -^^piaTw • koX d/j,^OTe- 
 pOK ahiov yeyovevai Trj'S Kai- 
 voTo/j,ia<; TO <7Ta<TM^eiv 7rpo9 to 
 
 KOWOV. 
 
 IV, 81 . ^7j(Tiv 6 KeXa-os • 'lov- 
 Saiovi diT AlyvwTov hpairera^ 
 
 After this Celsus says that goat- 
 herds and sliepherds, following 
 Moses their leader, and deceived by 
 rustic wiles, held that there is only 
 one God. 
 
 But Celsus says that they worship 
 angels and are addicted to enchant- 
 ment, of which Moses was their 
 teacher. 
 
 After this Celsus, thinking that 
 the Jews, being Egyptians by birth, 
 left Egypt, having revolted against 
 the general body of the Egyptians, 
 and having despised the custom in 
 Egypt as regards worship, says that, 
 as they had done to the Egyptians, 
 so they had been treated by those 
 who adhered to Jesus and believed 
 on him as anointed [Christus], and 
 that revolting against the communi- 
 ties was to both the cause of their 
 carving out novelties. 
 
 Celsus says, that the Jews were 
 runaways from Egypt, having never 
 
CELSUS. 
 
 135 
 
 feyovevai, /x/rjBev ■Kunrore d^io- 
 Xoyov TrpdPavTa^, ovt iv Xo-yoj 
 OVT €v apiufxw avrov<i irore 
 •yeyevrj/ievowi. 
 
 IV, 33. ^Tjalv, tt)9 apa iireyel- 
 fyr/aav yeveaXoyelv avTov^ airo 
 "Trpcorrj'} cnropa's yoryrusv Koi 
 irXavwv dvdpamuw, d/j,vSpai koi 
 a^^t/3oXou9 ipmva^, iv (jkot(^ 
 irov Kpv^iov^, i7ri/j,apTvp6/ji€voi, 
 Kal Toi? afiaOecri Kal dvoriroi<; 
 irape^rfyoviievoL, Kal ravra firjSe 
 
 TTCOTTOT iv TToWo) T& TTpOcrdeV 
 
 XP°'"? '^ov TowvSe fiT/S' d/i(f)t,a- 
 
 ^TjTrjdivTO^. 
 
 V, 6. IIp(OTovovvTCt>v'IovSai- 
 eov uavfid^eiv d^iov, el rov (xev 
 ovpavov Kal tow ev ToSSe dyye- 
 XoLiy (removal • ra (re/jLVOTara Se 
 avTov fiepTj Kal SwarcoraTa, 
 rjXtov Kal (re\7]vr)v, Kal royy 
 dWov<; darepa'!, difkavet'i re 
 Kai Tf\avriTa<;, ravTa irapatrkp.- 
 irovcnv • di^ ivSe'^Ofiei'ov, to 
 fiev oXov elvai, Beov, rd he /Jiipr) 
 ainov fir) Beta' rj Toil's fibh) iv 
 (TKOTa wov iv yoTjTela'i ovk 
 op6rj<i TV^'KuyTTOvalv, rj Si d/j,vS- 
 p&v <l>aa/j,dT(ov oveipdmovaiv, 
 iyXplfXTTTeLV Keyofihov^, eS 
 fidXa dprjCTKeveiv • Toii? S' ivap- 
 yoi^ ovTco Kal Xaixirp&'s dwaai, 
 'Trpo^rjTevoVTa'!, Si &v verov'} Te 
 Kal ve(pr], Kal j3poVTd'; (a? irpoa- 
 Kvvovai) Kal daTpairdi;, Kal 
 KapiTov'i, Kal y ova's dirdaa's tix- 
 fiieveadai. Si &v avroli dvaKa- 
 XvTTTeadai tov deov, tovs ^ave- 
 pardTOvs r&v Uvea KrjpvKa';, 
 Tous a)9 dXrjffS)'; ovpaviovi dyye- 
 Xovt, TOVTOVi fiyelardai to fj-r/Sev. 
 
 V, 43. ^rjcrlv ovv, el fj,ev Srj 
 KaTo. Taxna TrepicTTeKhoiev 'lov- 
 Saioi TOV 'iSiov vofjiov • ov jxe/ji/TTTd 
 
 done any thing worthy of mention 
 nor having ever been themselves in 
 repute or in estimation. 
 
 He says, that they attempted to 
 deduce their genealogy from the first 
 seed of mountebank and vagrant 
 men, calling to witness obscure and 
 doubtful sounds, hidden somewhere 
 in darkness, and misinterpreting 
 them to the unlearned and ignorant, 
 and this too though in long previous 
 time such a thing had never even 
 been called in question. 
 
 First then, we may justly wonder 
 at the Jews, if they worship the 
 heaven and the angels therein ; but 
 its most magnificent and powerful 
 parts, the sun and the moon, and the 
 other stars, both fixed and wander- 
 ing [^planets], these they overlook j 
 as if it be possible, that the universe 
 may be divine, but its parts not 
 divine : or that they should readily 
 worship those beings which are 
 said to approach in darkness by 
 some unseemly magic to the bUnd or 
 through faint visions to those who 
 dream, but as regards those other 
 beings which prophesy so plainly 
 and manifestly to all, through which 
 the rains and the clouds, and the 
 thunders (which those men worship) 
 and the hghtnings and the fruits, 
 and all productions are regulated, 
 through which God revealed to them 
 those most manifest heralds of 
 things above, those truly heaveidy 
 angels, they deem these things to 
 be nothing. 
 
 He says then ; If indeed the Jews 
 thus maintaiu their own law, we 
 cannot blame them, but rather those 
 
136 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 avTwv, eKeivcov Se /j,SXXov, ToiV 
 KaTOKuKOVTOiV TO, (T<f)erepa, KoX 
 TO, 'lovSalojv irpoairoiovfikviov. 
 
 El B' «9 Tfc <rO(p(OT6pOV 6tSoT€9 
 
 aefJLVvvovTai re, ical rrjv aXKwv 
 Kouvmviav ovk ef 'icrov Ka9apS><; 
 d'7ro(TTpe<j}OiiTaL • ijBr/ dKijKoaaiv, 
 oTi ovoe TO irepl ovpavov S6y/j,a 
 iSiov \eyovcriv • aXK %va ircana 
 eaaw, KoL Uipcrai'; (w? ttov 
 SrfKoi Kol 'HpoSoTOi) irakai 
 BeSoyfievov. No/j,i^ou(Ti ydp, 
 ^rja-l, Ad fM£v eVt to, vi^irfKo- 
 Tara t&v ovpkwv dvafialvovTe's 
 6va'la<i epSecv, tov kvkKov irama 
 rov ovpavov Aia KoXeovTef. 
 OvSev ovv o'iop,ai Si,a(pepei,v Ala 
 ' T'yjrwTOV KaXelv, rj Zfjva, r) 
 ' AZcovalov, fj Xal3au>6, rj 'Afji/j,ovv 
 (ft)? AhyvTTTioi) fi JJatraXov (o)? 
 Sicvffai). Ov firjv ovSe Kara 
 ravTa ar/uoTepol t&v aWoiv av 
 elev, OTi irepiTeiMJoVTai • tovto 
 yap AlyuTTTLoi, Ka\ KoXxoi, 
 TrpoTepoi. OvE' OTi crv&v dirk- 
 •^ovTai • Kal jap TavT Alr/V7r- 
 Tioi, Kal TrpocyeTi aljSiv tb Kal 
 oi&v, Kal 0O&V re Kal ly6va>v 
 Kal Kvdfj,a)v 76 UvOayopa'i re 
 Kai 01 fiadr/Tal, Kal eii-\lrv^(OV 
 awavTcov. Ov ixrjv ovS' evSoKi- 
 jxelv Trapa ra 6ea) Kal arepyeo'- 
 6ai Si,a<p6poyi n t&v aXKwv tov- 
 Tov;, eiKo? ■ Kal ireiJiiTetrOaL 
 /iwot? avTol'; eKeidev dyyeXovi, 
 OTI Si] TLva fxaKaprnv •)(aipav 
 'Ka')(ovaiv. 'Op&/j,€v yap avrov'i 
 re Kal rrjv ■)^a>pav, tLvoiv rj^kov- 
 Tai. Ovro^ fiev 6 X''P°'i aTrcTO), 
 SiKTjv dXa^ovela'i viTocf)(a>v • ovk 
 et'Scb? TOV fieyav 9e6v, dXX' viro 
 Trji; Mcova-imi; yorjTela'i inra'^- 
 9ek TS Kal ^IrevcrdeU, Kavelvrj^ 
 OVK err dyaOco TeA.es yeyoviix; 
 fJLadrjTrji;. 
 
 who leave their own customs and 
 profess those of the Jews. But if, 
 as possessing some superior know- 
 ledge, they are proud, and from 
 purity keep aloof from equal com- 
 munion with others, they have al- 
 ready heard, that even the dogma 
 which they tell about Heaven is not 
 their own, but (not to mention all) 
 was held, as Herodotus also some- 
 where shows, by the Persians also. 
 For they are used, says he, to go up 
 to the tops of the mountains and to 
 sacrifice to the god [Dis], calling all 
 the circle of the heavens god. I 
 think therefore that it makes no 
 difference whether you call God the 
 Highest, or Zeus, or Adonseos, or 
 Sabaoth, or Ammoun (as the Egypt- 
 ians do) or Papasos, as the Scy- 
 thians do. Nor would they either be 
 more holy than others in this respect 
 that they circumcised themselves. 
 For the Egyptians and Colchians did 
 this before them : nor that tbey 
 abstain from swine, for the Egypt- 
 ians do this also, and moreover from 
 both goats and sheep, and both oxen 
 and fishes. And both Pythagoras and 
 his disciples [abstain] from beans, 
 and from all living things. Nor is 
 it likely that they are in good estima- 
 tion before God or beloved more than 
 other men, or that angels are sent 
 from thence to them alone, because 
 they eujoy a country of the blessed, 
 for we see both themselves and their 
 country, what has been their value. 
 Let then their crew go to perdition 
 and smart for their impudence : not 
 knowing the great God, but having 
 been misled and deceived by the 
 magic of Moses, and having become 
 a learner of it for no good purpose. 
 
M. AURELIUS— DIOGENES. 
 
 137 
 
 MARCUS AURELIUS, a. d. 180. 
 
 The emperor, Marcus Aurelius, has left a work bearing 
 the title About himself: in this work occurs a single not- 
 ice of the Christians. 
 
 To §6 6Tot/x(w TouTo, ha cmo Let this preparation o£ the mind 
 
 ISiKrji Kpureo}'; epxt^cih M "^t" [i- e. to die] arise from its owq 
 
 ^iXrjv wapdra^iv, (»? ol Xpia- judgment, and not from obstinacy 
 
 Ttavol, aWa XekD'yur/j-evea's, koI like the Cheistians; but delibe- 
 
 tre/xi/w? Kol (uo-re Koi aWov rately, and reverentially, and undra- 
 
 •jrelaai, aTpar/wBai. matically, that it may persuade 
 
 others. 
 
 DIOGENES LAERTIUS, A. D. 200. 
 
 Diogenes Laertius probably lived about the end of the 
 second century. — In his Lives of the Philosophers, he has 
 one sentence about the Jews. 
 
 Peckeji. VI, "Eviot Sk Kal 
 TOWS 'lovSalovi eK tovtcov [raiv 
 AiyvTTTicov] elvcu. 
 
 But some say the Jews also are 
 descended from them [the M gypti- 
 
 DIO CASSIUS, A. D. 200. 
 
 Dio Cassius, born in Bithynia, was a Roman senator, 
 proconsul and consul. His History of Rome, in 80 books, 
 though grievously mutilated by time, contains some in- 
 teresting notices of the Jewish people. 
 
 XXXVI, 15. KavTevOev ivl 
 TfjV Svplav TTjV IIa\aL(TTlvr]v, eo? 
 Kol ^oiviKrjv KaK.mtfavTa';, mpp/ij- 
 aev [ITo/i7r»jto?], fjp'yov Se airrSiv 
 'TpKav6<i re Kal ' Apiaro^ovkoi 
 aSeX^ol, Kal ervyyavov inrep t-^9 
 Tov a<j>eTepov deov (ocrTts Trore 
 
 18 
 
 And from thence he [Pompey'] 
 marched into Syria Palestine, as 
 having also done harm to Phoeni- 
 cia; but their chiefs were the 
 brothers Hyroanus and Aristobu- 
 lus, and they happened both 
 themselves to be quarreling ami to 
 
138 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 ovTOi eariv) iepaxxvvq'i (ovTca yap 
 rrjV ^ainXeiav a-cfiaiv onvofjiaipv) 
 avTOL T€ Sta<pep6fji,6vo[. Kal ra? 
 TToA-et? oTaaidilpine^. 'O ovv 
 ITojU.7rijio9 'TpKavov /lev oiSe/xlav 
 a^i6-)^pecov i<T-^vv e')(pVTa ap,a,y^ei 
 €vOv<i irpoaiOeTO ' ApKTTo/SovXov 
 Se e? j^aplov Tt KaTaKKeicra<; ofxo- 
 Xoyrjcrai, ol rjvaiyKaae. Kal iTrsiSf) 
 /iijre TO, 'x^prjixara fJ-f^re to ^pov- 
 piov irapehihov, eSrjaev avTov, kcik 
 TOVTOV Tou? /J,kv aXXov; paov 
 Trpo<reTroii]craTO. Ta Se 'lepocro- 
 \vfia 'TToXiopKmv irpar/fuiTa cV^e. 
 
 16. Tijv IMV yap aWrjV ttoXm/, 
 elcxBc^a/Mevaiv avTov t&v to toO 
 'TpKavov tppovovVTiov, aiTpayfj,6- 
 vco^ €\afiev avro he to lepbv, 
 irpoKarao-'^QVTcop TCJif erepcov, ovk 
 aTTOVQ}^ et\6v. 'Eiri ye yap fj,e- 
 redypov fjv Kal '7repi/36Xo) tSt« 
 ai'^vpcoTO, Kal elye ey irdaaL'i 
 Tali rjfjilpai,'; 6/j,ol(o^ rjixvvovTO, 
 OVK av avro e^^eipdxravro • vvv Se 
 rai Tov Kpovov Sr/ covopaapevai 
 ■fip-epw; Sod\,eiiTOVTe<; Kal qvSev to 
 •jrapdnrav ev avTal<; Spwi'Te? irape- 
 SayKav T0i9 'PwfJialQi^ Kaipov ev 
 ra> SiuKevo) tovto) to Tetp^o? Sia- 
 <Tet<7ai. MaOovre'; yap rrjv ep,- 
 •rrolr]<n,v avTow rauTTjV, tov p,ev 
 aXXov '^povov ovhev aTTOv^ eV- 
 paTTOv, Tats Se 8^ rjpepaK eKei- 
 vat,<i, OTTore ck t^? TrepiTpOTriji 
 eTreXOotev, evTovoiTaTa ol irpofre- 
 PaWov, Kal ovTca<; eaXwcrdv Te 
 ev Tfi TOV Kpovov rjp,epa, /nrjS' 
 dp^vvopevoif Kal iravra rd XPV- 
 fiara SiTipTrda-dT], fi re Parrikela 
 T& 'TpKavM iSodr] koX 6 'Apicrro- 
 /3ovA,09 dvrjve)^dr]. Tavra puev 
 TOTe ev Tfi UaXaia-Tivrj iyevsTO. 
 OvToj yap TO avp.Trav e6vo^, otjop 
 diTO Tj}? ^oiviKTjt pexpi- rfji Al- 
 yv-TTTOv Trapd rrjv ddXacraav rrjv 
 
 be stirring up the cities to insurrec- 
 tion about the priesthood — for so 
 they name the government of their 
 god, whoever he is. Pompey then 
 at once gained over Hyrcanus with- 
 out a battle, as he had no sufficient 
 force, but shut up Aristobulus in one 
 of his fortresses, and compelled him 
 to a capitulation. And when he 
 would not give up either the trea- 
 sures or the fortress, he put him in 
 prison, and from this time be gained 
 over the others more easily. But 
 he had much trouble in besieging 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 For he easily took the rest of 
 the city, because the followers 
 of Hyrcanus admitted him : but 
 the temple itself, having been pre- 
 viously occupied by the other party, 
 he did not take without much 
 difficulty. For it was on a height, 
 and was strengthened by its own 
 enceinte. And, if they had every day 
 defended themselves alike, it would 
 not have been taken ; but as it was, 
 they left off the defence on the day 
 called Saturn's day and doing nothing 
 at all on those days they gave an 
 opportunity to the Romans of bat- 
 tering the wall during this interval. 
 For when they learnt this practice 
 of theirs, they made no serious at- 
 tempt at other times, but on those 
 days when they advanced in turn, 
 they attacked it most violently. And 
 thus they were taken on Saturn's day 
 without defending thernselves,and all 
 their goods were plundered, and 
 the kingdom was given to Hyrcanus 
 and Aristobulus was withdrawn. 
 These things then happened in 
 Palestine : for such is the name which 
 from ancient times has been given to 
 all this nation extending from 
 Phoenicia along the Inner sea as far as 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 139 
 
 &•(» trapriKtl, VTTO iraXaiov Ksickr}- 
 Tai. "iEypvai Se erepov Kal ovofia 
 iwUXr/Tov • rj re lyap %(«/3a 'lov- 
 Saia Kal avrol 'lovSaloi wvo/id- 
 harat,, 
 
 17. 'H Se i'7rU\7j<Ti<; avrrj 
 eKeivoii; /iev ovk oiS' oOev ^p^aro 
 ryevitrOai, (fiepei Be Kal em Toii^ 
 aWov^ dvdpcoTrovi, ocroi to, vofiifia 
 avT&v Kalirep oKKoeOveK 6We5 
 ^TJKovai,. Kal icTi Kal Trapa Tolii 
 ' Pio/JMioii TO yevo^ tovto, koXov- 
 a-dev /ikv •jroXKa.Ki';, av^dkv Be 
 ewl Tr\ei<TTOv, ware Kal eV irapprj- 
 alav TT}? vofitaecoi; iKViKrjarat. 
 Ke'xapiSaTac Se <z7ro r&v \onrS>v 
 dvOpcoTTcav e? re to, aXXa to, Trepv 
 TfjV hianav •jrdvS', dis ehrelv, Kal 
 Il6Xiu& am tc>u f^ev ciXX.(av Oecov 
 ovSiva TifiSiaiv, eva Se Tiva icrvv- 
 pw? (removal • oiiB' a/yaXfia ovoev 
 iv avTOK TTore rot'; 'lepoaokvfiOK 
 erxyov ■ apprjrov Be Brj Kal aeiBrj 
 avTOV vofil^ovTe<; eivaij 'Trepio'ao- 
 Tara dv6pco7rwv 6p7]aKeuov<ri Kai 
 a\n& veayv re p,er/i<jTOV Kal -rrepi- 
 KoKKeoTarov, ttXtjv Kaff ocrov 
 d')(avr}'; re Kal avd>po!f)0<; fjv, e^e- 
 iTolr]aav. Kal ttjv Tjp,epav rijV 
 Tov Kpovov KaXovixevqv dveOecraV • 
 Kal aXKa re ev avrfi ISialraTa ov 
 iroiovcTl Kal epyov ovSevb'S o-ttov- 
 Baiov irpoaaTrTOVTai. Kai Ta 
 /lev Kar eKelvov, tk t etrri Kal 
 odev ovT<o? eTi/j,^6rj, ottw? re wepl 
 auTov eTTTorjVTai, TroXXot? re 
 e'ipTjTai Kal ovBev ryBe Trj laTOpia 
 irpoariKei. To Be Br; e? Toii'; eTrra 
 roiii TrXayjjra? mvo/j-acr/xevow ras 
 fjixepa^ dvaKeiadai, KarecrTrj fiev 
 VTT AlyvTTTuav, TrdpecTTi Be Kai, 
 ifrl TrdvTa'S dvdpcoTrov^ oil -rrdXat 
 irork, 60? \6ya> elireiv, dp^dfievov. 
 
 XXXIX, 56. KaraKiTrmv oSv 
 iraov'io<i] ev ttj Svpia Sta-ewav 
 re TOV vlov, .... auTo? Be h tt^v 
 
 Egypt. But they have also another 
 additional name : for the couulry is 
 named Judaea, and the people Jews. 
 
 But I do not know whence they 
 got this appellation, but it extends 
 to all other persons wlio copy their 
 laws, even though they are foreigners. 
 The same people are found among 
 the Eomans also; they have often 
 been cut short, but iii general have 
 increased, so that they have prevailed 
 to the free declaration of their law. 
 They are different from other men 
 both in all other things that concern 
 their mode of life, so to speak, and 
 especially because they honour no 
 other god but one, and him they re- 
 verence most profoundly, nor ever 
 had they any statue in Jerusalem : 
 but deeming him to be unutterable 
 and invisible, they worship him most 
 of all men, and have made a great 
 and beautiful temple for him, except 
 in so far as it is open and without a 
 roof. And they have dedicated to 
 their god the day of Saturn and they 
 refrain from doing their private 
 things on it, nor do they engage in 
 any serious occupation. And as 
 regards this god, both who he is and 
 for what reason he was thus honoured 
 and how they shudder at his name, 
 has been already related by many, 
 and does not concern this present 
 history. But the circumstance of the 
 seven days being set apart to the 
 seven planets so called, took its origin 
 from the Egyptians, but is found 
 also over all mankind, having begun, 
 so to speak, not long ago. 
 
 Gabins therefore, having left 
 Sisenna his son in Syria . .~ . . . . 
 went himself into Palestine where he 
 
140 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 UaXata-TLvrjV iXOoiv tov re 'Apicr- 
 ToPovkov [SiaSpa's lyap eK T^y 
 'Pdfmj';, im-eTapaTTe re) crvviXafie 
 Kol rw IIo/M7r7jta> eTre/j.yJre • Kal 
 i^opov roi's 'lovSaioK errera^e koX 
 fiera rovro xal es Trjv At'^vwrov 
 eve^Mvev. 
 
 XLI, 17. 'O he oiv Kal<rap 
 
 ravrd re oyro)? eTvoiT^aey 
 
 Kal TOi' ^Apia-ro^ovKov otxaBe 69 
 rrjv JJaXaLcTTivrjv ottm? rm iTo/i- 
 TTTjiip Tt avriTTpd^ff, ecrreL\,e. 
 
 XLVIII, 26. ra S' aXXa 
 TlaKopo'i Xa/Sa)!/ h TIakai(7rlv7)V 
 iae^aXe ical rbv re "TpKovov, 0? 
 Tore TO. TTpwyiiara avrSiv rrapa 
 rSiv 'Pcofialav emrpairel'; el%ez', 
 eiravcre • Kai rov 'ApurrdlSovXov, 
 rov dSe\<j>bv avrov, ap'xovra Kara 
 ro eKeivcov edo<; avriKaretrrijcrev. 
 
 XLVIII, 41. Kal fiera rovro 
 TrjV TlaXaiurivriv, ^ Avrlr^ovov rbv 
 ^aciKevovra avrrfi eV^o/^jjcro.?, 
 \Ovevr&io'i\ KarecF')(ev dwovoD'i. 
 'O jxev ravra re Eirjye Kal XPV- 
 jiara rroWd fj,ev irapd r&v aXkoiv 
 a>9 eKacmov, rroWd Be Kal rrapd 
 rov 'Avrir/ovov, rov re 'Afrib'x^ov, 
 Kal MdXypv rov Na^aralov, on, 
 Tw UaKopw crvpr/pavro, elae-K- 
 pa^e. 
 
 XLIXj 28. Pato? heBrj Xoo'aco'i 
 rr]V dp')(T]V rfj<; re ^vpia<; Kal t^? 
 K.L\iKia<i Trap avrov [^AvrmvLov^ 
 \a/3o)v, Tou? re 'ApaSiovs rroXtop- 
 KrjdevTa<! re /J-expi' rare, Kal Xifxa 
 Kal vbaw ra\af7ra>pr]divra<;, e-y^ei- 
 pcaaaro, Kal rbv 'Avriyovov, tou? 
 (f>povpov^ roiif rrap eavrw rS>v 
 Poifjuaiayv ovra<; drroKrelvavra, 
 lid')(ri re eviKTjcTe, Kal KaraAvyovra 
 €5 ' Iepo(T6\vp,a, rroXiopKia Kare- 
 a-rpi-xjraro. TloWd p,ev Sr/ Kal 
 Sewd Kal 01 'lovSaioi, tol"? 'Pco- 
 
 seized Aristobulus, who had run 
 away from Rome and was causing 
 disturbances, and sent him to 
 Pompey. He also appointed atribute 
 for the Jews and after that went into 
 Egypt. 
 
 Caesar then did these things so, 
 
 and sent Aristobulus home 
 
 into Palestine, that he might do 
 something aganist Pompey. 
 
 But Pacorus, having taken the 
 other places, entered Palestine, and 
 deposed Hyroanns, who at that 
 time held the government which had 
 been committed to him by the 
 Romans, and he set instead of him 
 as ruler according to their custom 
 Aristobulus his brother. 
 
 And after this he [Ventidius] 
 occupied Palestine without diffi- 
 culty, having driven out Antigonus 
 its king. These things he achieved, 
 and raised heavy contributions from 
 all the others, and also from Anti- 
 gonus, and Antiochus, and Malchus 
 the Nabatsean, because they had 
 joined Pacorus. 
 
 But Caius Sossius received from 
 him [Antony] the government of 
 Syria and Cilicia, reduced the Aradi- 
 anSjWho hadbeenbesieged untilthen, 
 and had suffered from hunger and 
 sickness, and he both defeated in 
 battle Antigonus who had put to 
 death the Roman guards that were 
 with him, and, when he had taken re- 
 fuge in Jerusalem, he reduced him by 
 a siege. The Jews also caused many 
 sufferings to the Romans (for their 
 nation is bitter when angered), and 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 141 
 
 fxalov^ eSpacrav (to yap rot 76V09 
 avTwv QvfjLcoOkv, iriKpoTarov ia-Ti) 
 ttoXXm §€ 87] 'TfKeUo avToX eiraOov, 
 'EaXcaa-av /iev <yap, "rrporepoi fj,ev 
 virep Tov T6/Mevov<; tov 6eov a/j,v- 
 vofjkevov, eirena he Koi 01 aXkov iv 
 T§ TOV Kpovov Kal TOT6 rjfiepa 
 <ovop,a<jp^vri • Koi ToarovTov ye 
 T^? 6pr)(7Kela'i avTol^ wepirjv, 
 waTe Tou? TrpoTepov; Toiif fieTO, 
 TOV iepov j^etpcoaivTai; irapaiTr)- 
 craaOai Te tov Soaaiov, eirel 
 rj/j,epa av6i<; r/ tov Kpovov ivea-Tr], 
 Kal avek66vTa<i e? avro, TTcana 
 fieTo, T&v XoiTT&v TO, vo/ji,i^6p,eva 
 •TToiijcrai. 'Exeivov^ /lev ovv 
 'HpfoSri Tivl 6 'AvTcovio'i ap'xeiv 
 eTreTpeyjre, tov Se 'Avriyovov e/xa- 
 crTiyajcre, (TTavpa> irpotr^aa'; (o 
 /j.r]Sel<; aWo<; /SacrtXei)? vtto t&v 
 PoyfiaiQJV iireTrovOei) koi fj.eTa 
 TovTO Kal d-7recr(pa^ev. 'EttI fj,ev 
 Srj TOV KXavSiov tov Te Neop^dvov 
 TOV0' ouTCo? eyevCTO, 
 
 suffered also much more themselves. 
 For they were taken, the first of 
 them fighting for the temple of their 
 god, and afterwards the others also 
 on Saturn's day which even then 
 went by that name : and such was 
 their excess of worship that the 
 former persons who were taken with 
 the temple asked permission from 
 Sossius, and, when it was Saturn's 
 day again, they went np into it and 
 celebrated aU the ceremonies with 
 the rest of the people. Antony 
 therefore entrusted the government 
 of these to one Herod, but scourged 
 Antigonus, and having bound him 
 to a cross (a treatment which no 
 king had ever before received from 
 the Romans) he afterwards put him 
 to death. These things happened 
 thus in the time of Claudius and of 
 Norbanus. 
 
 LIII, 526. Tw Se 'HpcoSy He [Augustus] gave to Herod 
 Zr/voScopov Tivbi TeTpap)(iav eire- the tetrarchy of Zenodorus. 
 Tpe-^e [AvyovtTTO'i]. 
 
 LY, 27. "O Te 'HpwSrji 6 Ua- And Herod of Palestine having 
 
 'KauTTCVot, ahiav two. diro t&v suffered some accusation from his 
 
 aSe'\(j>S)v\a^a)V,v7r6Td<;"A\7rei.'; brother, was expatriated under the 
 
 virepwpicrdr) Kal to p,epo<; t))<i Alps and the portion of his govern- 
 
 dpyfi'; avTov eSri/iocndodrj. ment was confiscated. 
 
 LX, 6. Tov9 Te 'lovSalov;, 
 irXeovdaaVTa's avdi^, wcne %aXe- 
 Troi? av dvev Tapa^rj'i vtto tov 
 o-xXov cr(j}&v T^9 TToXeo)? elpx^fj- 
 vai, ovK i^'^Xaa-e fMev [^K\av- 
 Sw<f\, tS> he Brj iraTplat v6p.a> 
 (S/ft) ^ptop-evov; ixiXeva-e p,r} avva- 
 dpoii,ea0aL. 
 
 He [Claudius] did not drive out 
 the Jews, who again swarmed to 
 such a degree that they could not 
 be excluded from the city without 
 trouble on account of their number, 
 but he commanded them to follow 
 their national mode of life and not 
 meet toL'ether in crowds. 
 
142 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 LX, 8. Tm yap 'AjpLTTTra tm 
 UaXaicrTivm, cv/jmpd^avri oi Tr)U 
 rus/xoveiav {eTV)(e yap iv rfj 
 'Pa>fir) mv) Tijv re apyr^v irpoa-- 
 eTTTjv^Tjae [KXavSioy] Kal Tt/ia? 
 vTraTiKai evedpie, Ta> Se dSeX^oS 
 avTOV 'HpcoSrj to re (TTparrfjiKov 
 a^lfoii^a Kal hwacrreiav rivh eSaxe 
 Kal 69 re to <7VveSpcov ecreXOelv 
 <T(f>l(7t, Kal X"-P^^ "' ' EXXtjvio-tI 
 yvavai iTrerpe^jre, 
 
 LXVI, 4. O Tito's t& twv 
 ^lovBalctiv iroXefMM Tr^ocTTa^^ei?, 
 eTre^eiprjcre p-ev aiiTOV^ \6yoi'; 
 Turl Kal iirayyekiai'i irpocxiroiri- 
 <raadai • p,r] ireiadeiai, Se iiroXe- 
 fi€t. Kal p^d^aii; p^ev irptoTais 
 dy)(<i>pa\a dywvtcrapevo'i, eiTa 
 Kparijaai, i-iroXiopKei, to, 'lepoao- 
 \vpa • rjv he Tpla avTol'i aiiv tm 
 ToO vem irepi^oXfp Tely^'q. Ol 
 re ovv 'Pa>p,atoi ^^wfiaTci re 
 7rpo9 TO T6t^09 i-x/ovvvaav, Kal 
 p7]'^avr)paTa 'Trpoa'r}yoVj Toy? Te 
 eweKOeoVTa'i 6p,6cre lovTe's dvea- 
 reWov, Kal roii'; SttI tov Tei-)(ov'i 
 oWa? a-<j>evS6vai,<; Kal To^evfiaaiv 
 dvelpyov. Xv^vov^ yap Kal wapa 
 Pappdpwv TivS>v l3a<7iXecov wep^- 
 6evTa^ el^ov, Kal ol 'lovSaloi, 
 TToWol /lev avToOev, •jroWol he 
 Kal irapa ruiv oporjOwv, ov-^ OTi 
 eK T-i)? (XuTJj? T&v 'Pwpaiwv apj^ri';, 
 aXKa Kal ^K tSiv irepav Evippdrov 
 wpoa-jSefiorjdrjKOTe';, /BeXr] Te Kal 
 avTol, Kal Xl0ov<;, tou9 jxev eK 
 ')(eip0'i, Tov'i Se Kal p,7}'^avaX^ 
 cri^oSpoTepov, are Kal cuji v-yf^XoVj 
 eirepTTOv. Kal eTre^iovrei;, § Kai- 
 po? rjv, WKTO'i re Kal rjpepa^, ra'i 
 p.Tj'^ava'; eveTrlpTrpao-aVj av^vov^ 
 dweKTeivvvcrav, rov Te %oOi/ vtto- 
 pva-crovTe<; b-rro ro T6j;)^09 v^elXKOv, 
 Kai TOL"? Kptov<; T0v<; pev /Spo'^ot'^ 
 dveiXKOv, Toll's Be upTrdyac^ dvecr- 
 
 He [Claudius] both enlarged the 
 territory of Agrippa of Palestine, 
 who had aided him in obtaining 
 the empire (for he happened to be at 
 Eome), and gave him consular hon- 
 ours, and gave his brother Herod the 
 rank of consul and some power 
 and permitted them to come into the 
 senate and give him thanks in the 
 Greek language. 
 
 Titus, having been appointed to 
 carry on the war against the Jews, 
 endeavoured to gain them over by 
 words and promises, but when he 
 CQuld not persuade them, he made 
 war against them : and in the first 
 battles he fought with them inde- 
 cisively, but afterwards defeated 
 them and laid siege to Jerusalem, 
 which had three walls with the 
 enceinte of the temple. The Ro- 
 mans then piled up a mound 
 against the wall and brought up their 
 engines, and engaging with those 
 who sallied forth, drove them back 
 and straitened those on the walls, 
 with slings and arrows. For they 
 had many men who had been sent 
 from some barbarian kings, and the 
 Jews, many from the place itself, 
 and many also from those of kindred 
 customs, not only out of the empire 
 of the Romans itself, but also from 
 those beyond the Euphrates, having 
 brought aid themselves also, shot 
 both darts and stones, some hand to 
 hand, but others also more violently 
 by machines, as being from high 
 ground. And sallying forth, where 
 there was an opportunity, both by 
 night and by daj', they burnt the 
 machines,slew manymen,anc) under- 
 mining the mound drew it beneath 
 the wall, and drew up some of the 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 143 
 
 Trmv, ETepaiv to,'; Trpocrfidkct^ ca- 
 viai •Koyelai/i, (TVfiTr^vrfyfMevaK 
 Te Kai trecFiSrjpwfMivai^, as Trpo 
 Tov Teix^vt KoBieaav, airiarpe- 
 ^ov. To Se Srj TrXtlcrrov oi 
 'Pa>p,aloi tfi awSpia eKaKOTrddovv, 
 Kal (jiavXov Kal woppaidev iiScop 
 iirayofievoi • oi 8e lovSciioi Sia, 
 tS)v inrovofiwv 'i(j-)0iBV. 'Opcopvy- 
 /ievovi Te yA,p avToin; eVSo^ev vtto 
 Ta Tel'x^ H'^XP'' '"'oppto rrj'; ■^copcK 
 elxov, Kai Si avTcov Sie^iovre';, 
 TOK re vSpevo/jteuoii iireTiOevTo, 
 Kal Toi"; dTroaKeSavvv/iivovi i\,v- 
 fiaivovTO ' 0S9 o TtT09 iravrai 
 direi^pa^e. KAv Tolt epyoK tov- 
 TOt? TToXXoj. iTirpciiirKOVTO eKari- 
 pcov, Kal edvr)(TKOv. Kai 6 Tlroi 
 aiiTO'; \L9ii> TOV dpvcnepov ot/Mov 
 ewKrf/ri, Kal dir avTov rr/v %etp(» 
 aa-devearepav el-xe. Xpova S' 
 ovv 'Trore tov e^a> Trepi06Xov oi 
 'Pcii/ialoi, iTrijSrja-av. 'Ev fxea-q> 
 Se T&v Bvo Trepi/Sokcov arpaTO-Ke- 
 Sev<Tdp,evoi, Trpos to erepov Telxoi 
 •Trpoare^aXov. Ou fMeiToc Kal 
 o/J-oia r) 'Trpoo'/Mi^i^ <T(pLaiV iyuy- 
 vero. 'Ava^copj^aavTet yap £9 
 EKelvo TTo.vTe'i, paov (are Kal e« 
 0pa')(VTepa'i Trj's toO kvkXov Trepi- 
 /SoXJj?) rjij,vvovTO. 'O ovv Tito? 
 Kripvyp,a avdii, dSeiav avToii Bl- 
 Sou9, iTToiijcraTO. 'Ekeivoi Te ovv 
 Kal 0)9 eKapTepovv. Kal oi dXicr- 
 Kop-evot, o'l Te avToixoXovvTet 
 trt^oiVf TO vBoip To)V Pap-altov 
 XavOavovTO)'; ecpOetpov, Kal twv 
 
 dv9pQ)T70)V 0U9 TTOV flOVOV^ a-KO- 
 
 Xapoiev, e<T<j)a^ov. 'O Be Tltoi 
 ovKCT ovBiva avT&v eSe^eTO. 
 Kdv TOVTO) Kai t&v 'Pco/xaia)V 
 Tivet aBrjixovrjaavTe^, ola ev %fo- 
 via TToXiopKia, Kal irpocrviTOToirri- 
 aavTef, oirep idpvXXeLTO, aTropOrj- 
 Tov 6vTU><i TTjV TToXiv eivai, p,eTe<T- 
 Trjuav • Kal avToi"i eKelmi, Kai-Trep 
 
 battering rams with ropes, and 
 dragged some with hooks, and 
 turned aside the heads of others 
 with thick planks, framed together 
 and ironed, which thej let down 
 in front of the wall. But the 
 Romans suffered most from want 
 of water, bringing in bad water and 
 from a great distance, but the Jews 
 were strong by means of the mines. 
 For they had them sunk under 
 the walls from within to a great 
 distance over the country, and 
 going out tiirough them, they both 
 set upon the water carriers, and 
 did harm to scattered parties. 
 All these Titus fenced off ; and in 
 these works many men were 
 wounded and died on both sides. 
 Titus himself also was wounded in 
 the left shoulder by a stone, and 
 from this cause had his hand weak : 
 But at length the Romans got 
 possession of the outer eiiceiute, 
 and encamping between the two, 
 directed their attacks against the 
 second wall. The engagement 
 however between them was not 
 the same as before ; for all, having 
 retired into it, more easily defended 
 themselves, because the circuit of 
 the wall was less. Titus then 
 again made proclamation, offering 
 them free pardon ; but they even 
 thus held out : and tiiose who 
 were taken and those of them n ho 
 deserted, secretly corrupted the 
 water of the Romans, and slew all 
 (he men that they could find alone. 
 Titus then would no longer receive 
 any of them. And at this time 
 some of the Romans also, losing 
 heart, as the siege was long, and 
 suspecting what was talked about, 
 that the city was really invincible, 
 deserted : and they [the Jews] 
 
144 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 TTov, e? iiriSei^tv tov koI airrol 
 avTOfioXov<; e^en". AiaKOTrivroi 
 Se TOV Td-yov<; /jbrj^avaK, Karcb 
 /j^v rovTO ov6' ws eakaicrav, aWa 
 Kal ■jrdvv TroWoin; ia-^M^o/iivov^ 
 aweKTeivav. 'EfJUTrprjaavTe^ Se 
 Tiva Tcov iyyvf olKoSofMV/MiTaiv, 
 m? Koi SK TOVTOV Tou? 'Pcajiaiov^ 
 irepaiTepo}, Kav tov kvkKov Kpa- 
 Triaaai, irpoeKOetv KayXva-aVTSf, 
 TO Te Tec'xp'} ekvixrjvavTO, Kal Toy 
 Trepi^oXov tov irepi to Te/ievicrfia, 
 a,K0VTe<i a-vyKaTi<f>\e^av, Kal aveo)- 
 "Xdv V do'oSo'i rj hrl Toi' veibv Tot? 
 'Po)/xaioii. Ov p,riv Kal irapa- 
 ■^pfjpa, Sia TO Seio'iBai/MOvrjaai,, 
 i(TeSpap,ov. 'AW 6\jre TroTe, tov 
 TcTov (Tipa'i KaTavaryKacravTO^, 
 e'iao) 7rpoE')(Q>pr)a-av. Kal avToii^ 
 oi 'lovhalot TToXii irpoOvpLOTepoVt 
 byairep Ti ep/xaiov, to irpof re rm 
 vam, Kal inrep avTov fia^o/xevoi 
 •jrecrelv, evp'qKOTe'i rjp,vvoVTO. 'O 
 (xev Stj/xo'S kcltw iu tm wpovaw, ol 
 Se ^ovKevTal ev Tot? ava/3acT/j,oi';, 
 o'l ff iepeoi; ev airrw tw p.e<yiipa> 
 Terayfievoi. Kal ov TTTep ov ye 
 evi.Krfii)aav, Kaiirep oklyoi irpo'S 
 TToWo) TrXeiovi piw^of^evoi, Trplv 
 VTroTrprjcTdfivai tc tov veco. Tore 
 yap iOeXovcrioi,, ol /j,cv f/i^ect 
 <T(j>a<; rot? t&v 'Po)/j,aio>v irepie- 
 TTeipav, oi 8e aKKriKov<; i<f>6vevov, 
 aXXoi eavToiK} KaTe^p&VTO, ol Se 
 €9 TO TTvp eae-n-qhrnv. Kal eSoKei 
 7ra<rt p.ev, p,dX(,aTa Se eKeivofi, 
 oi/^ OTi oXedpo'!, aXXd Kal vIkt) 
 Kal awTrjpia, evSaipovia Te elvai, 
 OTt Toj vow CVVaTToXoiVTO. Ed- 
 Xcccrav S' ovv Kal w? aXXoi Te, Kal 
 o BapTroprjf. Kal p-ovo'i ye ovto'; 
 ev T0S9 eTTiViKioc^ eKoXdadr). 
 
 although in want of foocl, treated 
 them well, by way of boasting, 
 that they also had deserters. But 
 when the wall was broken through 
 by the machines, they were not 
 even thus taken, but slew very 
 many also, who forced their way 
 in. And having set fire to one of 
 the neighbouring houses, that from, 
 thence they might prevent the 
 Eomans from advancing further, 
 even if they should get possession 
 of the wall, they both injured the 
 wall, and unintentionally burnt 
 the enceinte round the sacred pre- 
 cinct, and the entrance to the 
 temple was opened to the Eomans. 
 They did not however immediately 
 rush in, from superstition. But 
 it was late before they advanced 
 inwards, when Titus compelled 
 them. And the Jews defended 
 themselves more bravely than be- 
 fore, as if they found it some prop 
 to their courage, that they were 
 fighting near the temple, and in 
 its cause. The common people 
 were appointed below in the fore- 
 court, the senators on the steps, 
 and the priests in the house itself : 
 and they were not beaten, though 
 fighting few against many, before 
 a part of the temple itself was 
 burnt. For then of their own 
 accord, some transfixed themselves 
 on the swords of the Eomans, and 
 others slew one another, others 
 slew themselves, and some leapt 
 into the fire. It seemed to all, 
 but especially to them, not to be 
 death, but victory and safety, and 
 happiness, that they perished with 
 the temple. Even so however 
 both others were taken prisoners 
 and Barpores : and he alone was 
 punished amid the rejoicings for 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 146 
 
 OuTCO TO, 'lepocToKvfia iv Trj tov 
 Kpovov rf/itApa, ^v fiaXiirra ert, 
 teal via) a-i^ovcn, efciXero, 
 
 LXVII, 14. 'T<f> ^s [affeoTT,. 
 Tos] Kal aXkoi k T(t rwv 'lov- 
 haitav ijOtj efo/ceWoKTe? ttoWoI 
 KareSiKacrdijcrav KoX oi fikv aire- 
 Gavov, ol Se rwi/ yow tuiaiSn) 
 i<rTepr)6f]crca>, 
 
 LXVIII, 1. Ovre a/7e/3eia/i 
 ovT lovSatKov ffiov KaTomaa^Oai 
 
 ^LXVIII, 33. Kal iv Txwra 
 Ol Kara Kvpijmjv 'lovSaioi, 'AvS- 
 peica> rcva wpooTTjcrd/j.evoi <T<ba>v, 
 Tov^ re 'Pea/uuow Kal rovt ' E\- 
 iv>)va,<; e<p6etpov Kcd ra? re trdpKot 
 miiTMv iimovvTO Kal ra evrepa 
 aveSovvTo, tw re aifiari ^XeitJMvro 
 Kal ra drroKeiJifxara iveSvoirro' 
 ■^oWxiV'; Se Kal /jLeaw; avro Kopv- 
 "4^9 Si£7rpiov, Sr)ploi,<i iripov; iSi- 
 coerav Kal iwvofui')ie'iv aXKov^ 
 vjvdrfKa^ov, ware ra? Trcura's Sfvo 
 Kal eiKoen //AjpuiSa^ atroXiaOai, 
 "Ev re Air/VTrra iroXXa eSpatrav 
 Suoia Kal iv rfi Rinrpai, rf/ovfjievov 
 ^j^uTw 'Apre/iuavo'; • koX d-nai- 
 lijovro Kal iKei fivpi,aZe<; rkucrape^ 
 Kal eXKOtFt. Kat hia rovr ovBe& 
 ^lovSaim eTTi^rjvai avrrji e^ecrrw, 
 aXXa KOI* avep.a) rU fiuta-Oeh eh 
 rrjV v^aov ifnrea-ri, ffavarovrai. 
 ^AXtC 'lovSaiov; fiev aXKoi re Kal 
 AoiHTW; inro Tpalavov wefupdelt 
 Karea-rpi-^avro. 
 
 the victory. Thus Jerusalem was 
 taken on the day of Saturn, which 
 they still now reverence the most. 
 
 For which [_aiAeism] many 
 others also going over to the 
 customs o£ the Jews WBre con- 
 detuned, and some oi them died, 
 but some irerc deprived of their 
 })roperty. 
 
 He [Wervai] allowed no one to 
 be accused either of Atheism or of 
 living like a Jew. 
 
 And in this interval the Jews 
 in Cyrene, having set over them 
 one Aiidreias, slew both the Eo- 
 mans and the Greeks and ate their 
 flesh, and crowned themselves with 
 their bowels, and anointed them- 
 selves with their blood, and clothed 
 ttiemselves in their skins. But 
 they sawed many also through 
 from their head, and gave others 
 to wild beasts and compelled 
 others to fight single combats, so 
 that in all two and twenty myriads 
 died. They did many such things 
 also in ^ypt and in Cyprus having 
 Artemion for their leader, and 
 there also four and twenty myriads 
 perished. And on this account it is 
 not allowed any Jew to land there 
 but ever if he is cast upon the island 
 by the force of the waves, he is 
 put to death. The Jews were redu- 
 ced both by other generals and by 
 Lusius who was sent by Trajan. 
 
 LXIX, 11. Ala Se T^? 'lov- But after this, proceeding 
 Saiai /jierh, raiira ek Aiyvwrov through Judrea into Egypt he 
 ■TrapuSov Kal ivrf^tae rS> Uopmrjlw. also sacrificed to Pompey. 
 
 LXIX, 12. 'jE? 8e ra 'lepoao- But against Jerusalem, a city 
 
 Xv/to woXiv aiirov avrl t^? Kara- which he had founded in the place 
 
 19 
 
146 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 CKaAeicTTj'; olKiaavToi, rjv Kai 
 AlXiav Ka7riT0}\ivr]V wvofiacre, 
 Kal 6? Tov Tov vaov Tov 6eov 
 rmrov vaov tq) Ad' erepov avreyei- 
 pavTot, TToX^fio^ oijTe /iiKpb'; out 
 okir/oypbvKK eKW^drj. lovSaloi 
 
 yap, SeiVOV Tl ■!TOWV/J,€VOl TO dX- 
 \o<f>v\00V TlVat €9 TTjV TToXw tXi^SlV 
 
 olKUrBijvai, Kal ro iepa oKKorpLa 
 ev ainfi iSpvcrOrjvai,, irapovro's p,ev 
 ev re Trj Air/WTT<i) Kal av6i,<; ev rfj 
 Svpia TOV 'ASpiavov, r]a-v-)(a^ov, 
 irXrjv KaO' ocrov rd OTtXa to, eVt- 
 ra')(deVTa cr(f>i(xi-v rJTTOV eirnrfieia 
 efeTriTTjSe? KaTeaK&iaaav &>? awo- 
 hoKifui/jQiujw auTot? vir eKelviDv 
 •f^pijcraa-dai. 'Eirel Se -Troppco 
 iryevero, ^avepm airicrTTjcrav Kal 
 irapard^ei p^ev (j)av€pa ovk eVoX- 
 fj,av SiaiavSvvevcrai Trpo? tov<; 
 'Pa)p,aiov<;, to, Se rrji %<Mpas iiri- 
 Kaipa Kare\dp,Pavov Kai inrovo- 
 /iot9 Kal Tei')(e<nv eKpaTvvovro, 
 OTTO)? ava<j>vjd^ re, otrdjav ^uia- 
 6&CTIV, eywai, Kal Trap oKK'viKoi'i 
 vTTO yrjv oiat^onoiVTe'i \avddviocn, 
 ScaTcrpdvre^ ava> rd? vTroyelov? 
 oSoiii;, Xva Kal avepMV Kal (pe'yyo<; 
 elaSi^xpiVTO. Kal to p.ev wpwrov 
 ev ovSevl auTOU? \6<yq> oi 'Pap-aloi 
 eTTOiovVTO • eTtel S' ri re ^lovSaia 
 iraaa eKeKwriTo Kai oi amavra-yov 
 yrj<s 'lovSalot, avverapdrTOVTO Kal 
 (Tvv^eaav, Kal TroWd KaKa es Toiti 
 'PcopMiov; TO, p,ev KdOpa to, 8e 
 Kal <^avep5><; iveSelKVVVTO, TToWoi 
 re akXoL Kal tS>v d!O\.0<j>v\aiv iiri- 
 6vp-ia KepSovi <T<pi)Tt (jweXafJipd- 
 vovTO Kal ird&Tfj^, (U? elirelv, kivov- 
 p.eVTj'i eVt TOVTb) rrj's OLKOv/ievrj'!, 
 Tore Srj rore toijs Kpariarov^ tS>v 
 a-rparTjymv 6 'ASpiavb'S 67r' avrov<i 
 eTre/M^jrev, &v tt/dmto? ^lovKioi} 
 Se0ijpoi vTTTJpxev, dTTo Bper- 
 ravlas, ^? fjp'^^ev, e'srl rovi; 'lov- 
 Salovi (TTaT^^h • o? avriKpvi fjt,ev 
 
 of that which had been destroyed, 
 and which be also called JElia 
 Capitoliua, when also in the place 
 of the temple of their god be built 
 up another temple to Jupiter, a 
 war was raised up, which was 
 neither little nor of short duration. 
 Por the Jews, thinking it dreadful 
 that any of foreign race should be 
 settled in their city, and that 
 foreign temples should be placed 
 in it, remained quiet whilst Hadrian 
 was in Egypt and again in Syria 
 save that they intentionally fur- 
 nished the arms that were com- 
 manded them less serviceable, so 
 that they might use thera them- 
 selves when rejected by them. 
 But when he was at a distance, 
 they revolted openly, and did not 
 dare in open line to risk a battle 
 against the Romans, but they 
 seized the suitable points of the 
 country, and strengthened them 
 with mines and walls, that they 
 might both use them as places of 
 refuge when they were driven hard 
 and escape notice as they went 
 from one to another under the 
 ground piercing subterranean ways 
 upwards, that they might receive 
 wind and light. And at first the 
 Eomans made them of no account 
 but when both all Judsea was moved 
 and tlie Jews everywhere in the 
 world were troubled and came 
 together, and did many evils some 
 secretly and some publicly to the 
 Romans, and many other foreigners 
 also from desire of gain joined them 
 and all the world, so to speak, was 
 disturbed thereat, then indeed, 
 then Hadrian sent his best generals 
 against them, the first of whom was 
 Juhus Severus sent from Britain of 
 which he was governor against 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 147 
 
 OvSafioOev iToX./j.rja'e toj? evavrloK 
 a-vfiSaXetv, to re ttXjj^os koI rrjv 
 a-jroyvaa^iv avrStv op&v • Xa/4/8a- 
 vwv 8' <»? e«a(7Tow TrXi^Oei t&v 
 UTpanan&v Koi t&v V7rdfy)(0iv, 
 Kol rpo^fj'} careipycov koI Kara- 
 Kkeimv, iBvv^Orj ^paZvrepov filv, 
 aKivSvvdyrepov Be KaraTplijrai Kol 
 eKTpv)(S>aai, ical eKKO-^^ai auroini. 
 ^OXlr/oi 8' oiiv Kopiiiiff Trepieyi- 
 vovro • KaX <ppovpia p,ei> aiiT&v 
 wevn^KOvra rcuye a^ioXoycoTara, 
 Kwftai Se evvaKocTiai xai oySot^- 
 KOVTa KaX -rrivre ovoiiaa^ToraTaL, 
 KaTeaTpMpTjcrav • dvSpe? Si oktco 
 /cat 7revTi]fcovTa ^vptaSe^ io'tpa/yr]' 
 aav ev re rai'; KaraSpo/Mah Koi 
 Ta't<i /u,dx<^K. T&v re yap Xi/xm 
 KOL voacp Kol TTvpl <j>6apevTCi}v TO 
 •jrXijdo'i ave^epeivrjTov rjv, &<TTe 
 TTacrav oXlr/ov Selv Trjv 'lovSaiav 
 eprj/jMdijvai, Kaddwep irov Kal irpo 
 Tov TroXefiov avTol<; 'TrpoeSei^dij. 
 To yap ijuvrfjieiov tov Xo\op,5>vTO'i 
 ov ev TOii ae^aiTnioi^ ovrot ayov- 
 civ, a-jrb TavropATOu SieXvOji re 
 Kal cruveireae, Kal Xvkoi iiaival re 
 TToKKal e? ra? TroXeis avT&v eae- 
 TTiTTTOv a)pv6fj.evot. UoWol fjbhi- 
 Toi ev TO) TToXe/xeo tovtco Kal t&v 
 'Pa>p,ala>v airaikovTO. Aio Kal 6 
 'ASpiavo^ 'ypd<poiv irpm ttjv /Sou- 
 Xrjv ovK e^p^CTtiTO tm wpooip-la) 
 TM (Tvvrjdei TOK avTOKpdTopm, 
 oTi, El avTol re Kal ol 7rat8e9 
 vfji&v vyiaiveTe, ev av e')(oi • eym 
 Kal TO, (TTpaTevfiaTa iyiaLVO/j,ev, 
 Tov Be Se^fjpov i<s Bidvvlav hr- 
 ep,-\jrev 
 
 'O fiev ovv T&v 'lovSauov tto- 
 \€/i09 £9 TovTO eTe\evTr](re, 
 
 the Jews. He indeed never dared 
 to engage with the enemy openly 
 seeing their number and their des- 
 pair : but taking them severally by 
 the number of his soldiers and his 
 lieutenants and shutting them off 
 from provision and hemming them 
 in, he was able more slowly indeed 
 but with less danger to crush and 
 weary them out and cut them off. 
 Very few of them survived ; fifty of 
 their most considerable fortresses 
 and nine hundred and eighty five 
 good-sized villages were destroyed, 
 and fifty eight myriads of men were 
 slain in the skirmishes and the bat- 
 tles. For the number of those who 
 were destroyed by famine and dis- 
 ease and fire could not be found 
 out, so that there was a near miss 
 of Judgea being altogether depopu- 
 lated, as also was foretold to them 
 would happen before the war. For 
 the tomb of Solomon, which they 
 hold among their objects of vene- 
 ration, was broken and fell iu of its 
 own accord, and wolves and many 
 hyEenas entered into their cities 
 howling. Many however of the Ro- 
 mans also perished in this war. 
 Wherefore also Hadrian, writing to 
 the senate, did not use the preface 
 customary to the emperors, " If 
 yourselves and your children are 
 in health, well : I and the armies 
 are in health." But he sent Severus 
 into Bithynia 
 
 The war of the Jews then thus 
 ended. 
 
148 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 MINUCIUS FELIX, a. d. 180— 24Q. 
 
 The age of Minucius Felix has not been clearly ascer- 
 tained : some say he lived as late as 240 ; others refer him 
 to the reign of Marcus AureKus. He was a Christian 
 writer, author of a work called Octavius r and as such 
 might have been omitted here ; but, as Meier has quoted 
 two passages in which the Jews are named, it seems best 
 to retain them in this work also.. 
 
 X. Judaeorum sola et mf- 
 sera gcntilitas unum et ipsi 
 Deutn, sed palam, sed templis 
 aris victimis eeremoniisque 
 coluerunt; cujus adeo nulla vis 
 nee potestas est, ut sit Romanis 
 numinibus cum sua sibi natione 
 eaptivus. 
 
 XXII. Judseis nihil profnit, 
 quod unum et ipsi Deum aris 
 atque templia maxima supersti- 
 tione colueiunt. Ignorantia la- 
 beris, si priorum aut oblitus aut 
 inscius, posteriorum recordaris. 
 Nam et ipsi Deum nostrum, 
 idem enim omnium Deus est, 
 quamdiu eum caste, innoxie, 
 ireligioseque coluerunt, quam- 
 diu praeceptis salubribus ob- 
 temperaverunt, de paucis innu- 
 meri facti, de egentibus divites, 
 de servientibus reges, modici 
 multos inermi armatos, duin 
 iugiunt insequentes, Dei jussu 
 et elementis adnitentibus obru- 
 erunt. Scripta eorum relege, 
 vel si Romanis magis gaudes, 
 ut transeamus veteres, Flavii 
 Josephi vel Antonii Juliani de 
 Jujdseis require ; jam scies ne- 
 
 The miserable nation of the Jews 
 alone worshiped one God, but 
 openly, with temples, altars, victims, 
 and ceremonies J whose foree and 
 power to such a degree is nothing at 
 all, that he is captive to the Eomati 
 deities together with his nation. 
 
 It was no advantage to the Jew& 
 that they worshiped one God with 
 altars and temples with the greatest 
 superstition. You fall through igno- 
 rance if, either forgetful or ignorant 
 of former events, you remember later 
 ones. Eor they also, as long as they 
 chastely, innocently, and religiously 
 worshiped one God, for the God of 
 all is the same, as long as they obey- 
 ed his wholesome precepts, becom- 
 ingnumberless fromhaving beenfew, 
 rich from having been needy, kings 
 from having been slaves, though few 
 and unarmed, overwhelmed many 
 who were armed, by the command 
 of God and with the assistance of 
 the elements. Read over their 
 writings, or if you take more plea- 
 sure in those of the Romans, to 
 pass over the more ancient ones, 
 search in those of Tlavius Josephus. 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 149 
 
 quitia soa hanc eos mevuisse 
 fortunatn, nee quidquam acci- 
 (lisse, quod non sit his, si tn con- 
 tumacia persevcfarent, ante 
 prBedietum. Itapriuseos deser- 
 BJsse eoiaprehend«-s, quam esse 
 desertos, nee, ut impie loqueris- 
 eum Deo suo captos, sed a Deo 
 at disciplinse transfugas, de- 
 ditos. 
 
 or of Antonius Juliauus, about 
 the Jews : and you. will soon know 
 that they have deserved this fate by 
 their wickedness, and that nothing 
 has happened, which had not been 
 before predicted to them, if they 
 should persevere in their obstinacy. 
 Thus you will find that they deserted 
 [God] before they were deserted 
 [by him], and were not, as you im- 
 piously say, captured with their 
 God, but were given up by God as 
 deserters of discipline. 
 
 PHILOSTRATUS, A. D. 210. 
 
 Philostratus was a Pythagorean philosopher of the age of 
 Severus. He wrote, besides other works, a Life of Apol- 
 lonius Tyaneus, full of marvelous tales, which were after- 
 wards opposed by Hierocles to the miracles of the Gospel 
 history. It furnishes one extract to be here noticed. 
 
 Y. ^E/celvoc [ot 'lovSoLoi] 
 fiev 'yap nrakai cupeo-raaav ov 
 jj^ovov * PoyfMata>Vf aXKa Koi Trav- 
 TWJ' avBpdnrwp. 01 'yap fiiov 
 afiiKTOv evp6vTe<i, kcu, dU lirjTe 
 icoivr) 7rpo9 avOpwirovi Tpdirelji 
 firjre (nrmiSdl /Mifre ei^al fiijTe 
 Sva-uu, -nXeov cKpecrTacriiV rjfiSsv, 
 fi Sovcra Koi Bd/crpa /cat mrep 
 Tavra 'IvSoL 
 
 Tor they [the Jews] long ago 
 stood aloof not only from the 
 Komans, but also from all man- 
 kind. For those who have desired 
 an unsociable way of life and who 
 have neither a common table nor 
 treaties, nor prayers, nor sacrifices 
 in common with the rest of men, 
 are farther removed from us than 
 Susa and Bactra, and moreover the 
 Indians. 
 
 IMPERIAL DECREES, a. d. 214—541. 
 
 The body of Roman laws, first published in the code of 
 Theodosius, and afterwards in that of Justinian, contains 
 some notices of the Jews, and of the position which they 
 then held in the Roman empire. 
 
150 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Cod. I, ix, 1. [a. d. 214]. 
 Quod Cornelia Salvia Univer- 
 sitati Judseorum, qui in Antio- 
 chiensium civitate constituti 
 sunt, legavit, peti non potest. 
 
 Cod. Theodos. XVI, viii, 1. 
 [a. D. 315]. Juda^is et majori- 
 bus eorum et Patriarchis volu- 
 iDus intimari, quod si qui post 
 banc legem aliquem qui eorum 
 feralem fugerit sectam et ad 
 Dei cultum respexerit, saxis 
 aut alio furoris genere, quod 
 nunc fieri cognovimus, ausus 
 fuerit adtemptare, mox flammis 
 dedendus est, et cum omnibus 
 suis participibus concremandus. 
 
 Si quis vero ex populo ad 
 eorum neEariam sectara acces- 
 serit, et conciUabulis eorum se 
 adplicaverit, cum ipsis poenas 
 meritas sustinebit. 
 
 Cod. I, ix, 4. [a.d. 365.] In 
 synagogam Judaicee legis velut 
 hospitii merito irruentes milites 
 jubeas emigrare : quos privato- 
 rum domus, non religiosarum 
 loca habitationum merito con- 
 yenit attingere. 
 
 ix, 5. [a. d. 383] Jussio, 
 qua sibi Judaicse legis homines 
 blandiuntur, per quam eis cu- 
 rialium munerum dabatur im- 
 munitas, rescindatur. 
 
 Cod. Theodos. XVI, viii, 9. 
 [a. d. 393.] Judaeorum sectam 
 nulla lege prohibitam satis 
 constat. Unde graviter com- 
 movemur interdictos quibusdam 
 locis eorum fuisse conventus. 
 Sublimis igitur magnitude tua 
 hac jussione suscepta nimieta- 
 teni eorum, qui sub Christianse 
 
 That what Cornelia Salvia bequea- 
 thed to the community of Jews who- 
 are established in the city of Antioch, 
 cannot be claimed. 
 
 We wish it to be intimated to the 
 Jews and to their elders and patri- 
 archs, that if any one after this law 
 shall dare to assail any one who has' 
 fled away from their deadly sect and 
 has looked back to the worship of 
 God, with stones or other kind of 
 madness, which we have heard is 
 now done, he shall immediately be 
 given over to the flames, and be 
 burnt with all his accomplices-. 
 
 But if any one of the people shall 
 have gone over to their wicked sect, 
 and attended their meetings, he shall 
 bear due punishment with them. 
 
 Bid the soldiers, who rush into 
 the synagogue of Jewish law as by 
 right of hospitality, to withdraw : 
 for the house of private persons 
 most befits them and not places of 
 religious habitation. 
 
 Let the ordinance by which men 
 of the Jewish law flatter themselves, 
 whereby immunity from the offices 
 of the court was given to them, be 
 rescinded. 
 
 It is clear enough that the sect 
 of the Jews is forbidden by no law. 
 Wherefore we are greatly troubled 
 that their meetings have been for- 
 bidden in certain places. Your 
 sublime greatness therefore, when 
 you receive this ordinance, will 
 restrain with due severity the 
 excesses of those who under the 
 
DIO CASSIUS. 
 
 151 
 
 religlonis nomine illicita quae- 
 T}ue prsesumunt et destruere 
 synagogas, atque expoliare 
 conantur, congrua severitale 
 cohibebit. 
 
 viii, 12. [a. d. 397.] Excel- 
 lens auctoritas tua Rectores 
 conveniri, prtecepta notatione 
 oognoscant oportere a Judffiis 
 irruentes contumelias propul- 
 sari, eorumque synagogas in 
 quiete solita permanere. 
 
 viii, 14. [a. d. 400.] Super- 
 stitionis indignse est, ut archi- 
 synagogi, sive presbyteii Ju- 
 daaorum, velquos ipsi apostolos 
 vocant, qui ad exigendum 
 aurum atque argentum a patri- 
 archa certo tempore diriguntur, 
 a singulis synagogis exactam 
 sumniam atque susceptam ad 
 eundem reportent. Qua de re 
 omne quidquid considerata 
 temporis ratione confidimus 
 esse collectum, fideliter ad 
 nostrum dirigatur serarium. 
 De cetero autem nihil prEedicto 
 decernimus esse niittendum. 
 Noverint igitur populi Judaeo- 
 rum removisse nos deporta- 
 tionis hujusmodi functionem. 
 Quod si qui ab illo depopula- 
 tore Judseorum ad hoc officium 
 exactionis fuerint directi, judi- 
 cibus offerantur ita, ut tanquam 
 in legum nostrarum violatores 
 sententia proferatur. 
 
 15, [a. d. 404.] Judaeos et 
 Samaritanos omni militia pri- 
 vandos esse censemus. 
 
 19, [a. D. 409.] Coelicolarum 
 nomen inaudilum quodammodo 
 
 name of the Christian religion pre- 
 sume to do unlawful things, and 
 endeavour to destroy and to rob the 
 synagogues. 
 
 Your excellency's authority should 
 give orders to warn governors that 
 they should make themselves ac- 
 quainted with the propriety of de- 
 feuding the Jews from insult, and 
 that their synagogues should remain 
 in quiet as usual. 
 
 It is an unworthy superstition, 
 that the chiefs of the synagogue, or 
 elders of the Jews, or those whom 
 they call apostles, who are sent by the 
 patriarch at a certain time to exact 
 gold and silver, should bring back 
 to the same the sum which they 
 have exacted and received from each 
 synagogue. Wherefore let all which 
 we believe to have been collected, 
 having regard to the time, be faith- 
 fully carried into our treasury. But 
 for the rest, we decree that nothing 
 is to be sent. Let the people of the 
 Jews therefore know that we have 
 done away with the office of this 
 sort of carrying. But if any persons 
 have been sent by that spoiler 
 of the Jews to this office of collec- 
 tion, let them be brought before the 
 judges in such sort, that sentence 
 may be passed on them as against 
 violators of our laws. 
 
 We enact that the Jews and the 
 Samaritans are to be deprived of all 
 military service. 
 
 The name of CoelicolBe [hitherto] 
 unheard of has somehow vindicated 
 
152 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 novum crimen sii,perstkionis 
 vindicavit. Hi nisi intra anni 
 terminos ad Dei cultum vene- 
 rationemque Christianam con- 
 versi fuerint, his legibua, qui- 
 bus prsecipimus hasreticos ad- 
 stringi, se quoque noverint ad- 
 stringendos. 
 
 22. [a. d. 415.] Si Christi- 
 anura vel cujuslibet sectiB ho- 
 minem ingenuum servumve, 
 Judaica nota foedare tempta- 
 verit quisquam Judseorum, 
 legum severitati subdatur. 
 
 Cod. Theod. Nov. Ill, [a. d. 
 425.] In omne asvum sanci- 
 mus : Neminem Judseum, ne- 
 mineai Samaritam, neutra lege 
 constantem, ad honores et 
 dignitates accedere, nulli ad- 
 ministrationem patere civilis 
 obsequiis nee defensoris fungi 
 saltim officio. Nefas quippe 
 credimus, ut supernee majes- 
 tati et Romanis legibus inimici, 
 ultores etiam nostrarum legum 
 surreptivas jurisdictionis habe- 
 antur obtenti et acquisitse dig- 
 nitatis auctoritate muniti — ju- 
 dicandi vel pronuntiandi quod 
 velint habeant potestatem. 
 iriud etiam pari consideratione 
 rationis arcentes, ne qua syna- 
 goga in novam fabricam surgat, 
 f ulciendi veteres permissa lioen- 
 tia, quse ruinam praesentaneam 
 minitantur. 
 
 Iwp. Leonis Const. LV, [a. 
 D. 470.] Qui olim sceptris po- 
 titi sunt, de Hebrseorum gente 
 (quae quondam quoad divino 
 patrocinio foveretur, inclyta 
 fuit, nunc autem ob contuma- 
 
 the new crime of superstition. Unless 
 these within the limits of a year 
 shall be converted to the service of 
 God and Christian worship, let them 
 know that they also will be restrai- 
 ned by the same laws as we order 
 heretics to be restrained. 
 
 If any Jew shall endeavour to 
 pollute with the Jewish mark a 
 Christian or a man of any sect, free 
 or slave, let him be subjected to the 
 severity of the laws. 
 
 We ordain for ever that no Jew or 
 Samaritan, constant in neither law, 
 shall find his way to honours or dig- 
 nities, and that the administration 
 of civil service shall be open to none, 
 nor even to discharge the duty of an 
 advocate. For we thiisk it wrong 
 that those who are enemies to the 
 heavenly majesty and to the Roman 
 laws, should be employed as avengers 
 of our laws of clandestine jurisdiction 
 amd be fortified by the authority of 
 an acquired dignity — should have 
 the power of judging or pronoun- 
 cing what they please. This also we 
 forbid on like consideration of reason 
 that no new synagogue shall be 
 erected, because of our licence gran- 
 ted to repair the old ones, which 
 threaten present ruin. 
 
 Those who formerly held the 
 sceptre, as touching the nation of 
 the Hebrews, (which formerly, as 
 long as it was nurtured by the divine 
 favour, was of great reputation, but 
 now, for its contumacy towards 
 
IMPERIAL DECREES. 
 
 153 
 
 ciam in Christum et Deura 
 nostrum, in calamitatibus Cele- 
 bris est) diversas promulgarunt 
 leges, quae de ipsorum vitae 
 statu tractantes, jubent, ut 
 sacras ipsi scriptm'as legant, et 
 ne a suis ritibus arceantur : 
 quinetiam cognationem suo in- 
 stituto accommodent. Atque 
 haec quidem, qui olim (ut dixi) 
 imperium obtinuerunt. Verum 
 
 sacratissimus Princeps 
 
 quod ipsor in novum secundum 
 Christum hominem transfor- 
 mari debere persuasit, ut vete- 
 rem deponerent, plane effecit, 
 et quaecunque vetustatem sape- 
 rent, circumcisionem,sabbatum, 
 et si quid aliud est, cum illo 
 simul exuit. Atqui quum tanto 
 cum eHectu a Judaica pertina- 
 cia ipsos deduxisset, non etiam 
 prioribus legibus, quae Judaico 
 ritu vivere permittebant, silen- 
 tium et vocationem alterius 
 legis decreto imposuit. Quod 
 igitur pater noster prsetermisit, 
 id nos adimplendum putantes, 
 omnl antiquiori, quae de He- 
 braeis statuit, legi silentium 
 injungimus, et ne illi aliter, 
 quam pura salutarisque Chris- 
 tianorum fides vult, vivere 
 audeant jubemus. 
 
 Christ and our God, is celebrated in 
 cakinities) set forth various laws, 
 which, treating of their state of life, 
 order that they shall read the Holy 
 Scriptures and not be deterred from 
 practising their rites and moreover 
 bring up their kindred according to 
 their institutes. These things did 
 those, who (as I said) held the im- 
 perial power. But that most reli- 
 gious prince, when he persuaded 
 them that they ought to be trans- 
 formed into a new man according to 
 Christ, fully brought it to pass that 
 they put off the old man, and to- 
 gether with that he also put away 
 from them whatever things savoured 
 of antiquity, circumcision, the 
 sabbath, and whatever other thing 
 there is. But though he had led 
 them away so effectually from 
 Jewish obstinacy, he did not also 
 by the decree of another law impose 
 sUence and nidlity on former laws, 
 which permitted men to live in the 
 Jewish manner. What therefore 
 our father passed over, we trusting 
 to fulfil enjoin that silence be im- 
 posed on every older law which 
 enacts any thing about the Hebrews, 
 and we command that those persons 
 dare not to live otherwise than the 
 pure and wholesome faith of the 
 Christians directs. 
 
 Nov. CXXIX, Prsefat. [a. d. 
 541.] Samaritas pridem atroces 
 et elatos contra Christianos et 
 in omnium velut novissimam 
 superbiam excedentes plurimis 
 quidem poenis affliximus, una 
 vero maxime, quod neque tes- 
 tamenta ipsi possunt conscri- 
 bere, neque hi defuncti absque 
 testamento, cognatis qui ab 
 intestato vocantur, hereditatem 
 
 20 
 
 The Samaritans who long ago 
 have been fierce and proud against 
 the Christians and have gone to the 
 last degree of pride, have received 
 many punishments from us, but one 
 in particular, that neither can they 
 themselves make wiUs, nor can 
 those who have died without a will, 
 transmit an inheritance to kinsmen 
 who are called by the intestate, unless 
 it happens that those who are called 
 
154 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 transmittere, nisi ad heredi- 
 tatem ex utraque causa vocatos 
 rectse Christianorum fidei esse 
 contingeret. Interdiximus au- 
 tem eis, et legata dare et dona- 
 tiones scribere, aut aliquas 
 omnino alienationes in suis 
 ponere rebus, nisi (orsan ortho- 
 doxa fide percipiens persona 
 esset. 
 
 from either cause to the inheritance 
 are of the right faith of the Chris- 
 tians. But we have forbidden them 
 both to give legacies and to write 
 bequests : or in any way to make 
 any alienations of their property un- 
 less by chance the person receiving 
 them were of orthodox faith. 
 
 AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, A. D. 379. 
 
 Ammianus Marcellinus lived in the latter part of the fourth 
 century, and wrote a history of the Roman empire from 
 the point at which Tacitus leaves off, down to his own 
 time. 
 
 XIV. Has quoque regiones 
 pari sorte Pompeius Judseis 
 ■domitis, et Ilierosolymis captis 
 in provinciarum speciem rec- 
 tori delata jurisdictione for- 
 mavit. 
 
 XXII. Quum Palsestinam 
 transiret [Julianus] JEgyptum 
 petens, foetentium Judseorum 
 et tumultuantium ssepe tsedio 
 percitus, dolenter dicitur ex- 
 claraasse : " O Marcomanni, O 
 Quadse, O Sarmatse, tandem 
 inquietiores inveni ! " 
 
 Those countries also Pompey with 
 equal success, when he had subdued 
 the Jews and taken Jerusalem, redu- 
 ced into the form of a province and 
 gave the jurisdiction of them to a 
 ruler. 
 
 When he {Julian] was crossing 
 Palestine, on his way to Egypt, he 
 often felt disgust for the stinking and 
 seditious Jews, and is said to have 
 exclaimed in sorrow, " O Marco- 
 manni, O Quadee, Sarmatians, I 
 have at last found a people more un- 
 quiet than you ! " 
 
 RUTILIUS NUMATIAN, A. D. 400. 
 
 Rutihus is the author of a poem, in which is described a 
 journey made by him from Rome into Gaul his native 
 country at the end of the fourth century. His animadver- 
 sions on the Jews are very severe. 
 
RUTILIUS. 
 
 155 
 
 '•■... Judseus agebat, ... a Jew> 
 
 Humanis animal dissociale An animal averse to human flesh. 
 
 cibis. • . . ... 
 
 Reddimus obscoenas convicia We give reproaches due to that foul 
 
 debita gentij race, 
 
 Quae genitale caput propudiosa Which shameful lops from its own 
 
 metit; limbs a part. 
 
 Radix stultitias, cui frigida sab- That rod of folly, worshiping cold 
 
 bata cordi. sabbaths, 
 
 Sed cor frigidius religions sua Whilst colder still their heart than 
 
 est. their religion. 
 
 Septima quaeque dies turpi Each seventh day is condemned to 
 
 damnata veterno, shameful sloth, 
 
 Tamquam lassati mollis imago Like the soft image of a wearied 
 
 • . . dei [God. 
 
 Atque utiiiam nunquam Judsea I would Judsea never had been con- 
 
 subacta fuisset quer'd 
 
 Pompeii bellis imperioque Titi ! By wars of Pompey and command 
 
 Latins excisae pestis contagia of Titus, 
 
 serpunt. Deeper the cutting, deeper spreads 
 
 Victoresque suos natio victa the venom. 
 
 premit. And so that vanquish'd nation curbs 
 
 its victors. 
 
 PROCOPIUS, A. D. 560. 
 
 Procopius was the most famous historian of the Byzantine 
 empire and secretary to Belisarius. It is doubtful whether 
 he was a Christian or not. In his books about the Persian, 
 the Vandal, and the Gothic wars, occur the following 
 notices of the Jews and the Christians. 
 
 De bell. Persico, I, 19. Toi 
 JJaXaiarivri'; opia Trpo? avlcr- 
 y(pvTa ijXiov £9 6aXacr(Tav t^j' 
 epvOpav koKov/jIvtiv SirpKrjvrcu. 
 Avrr) Se r) QoKatraa t'f ^IvS&v- 
 ap'Xo/xevT], hnavda TeXevra t^s 
 
 'Pco/Miiav ap^fj<; ' H 
 
 re yrj avrr] tw ia--7r\eoVTC SKare- 
 pQ)0£v oparrj yiverai, p^ixP'' ^'' 
 TTjV 'IcoTd^rjV KoKovjxevrjv vfjaov, 
 'A'iXa Tr6\ea><s a-^raSlov'; oiix 
 
 The frontiers of Palestine towards 
 the rising sun extend to what is 
 called the Red Sea. This sea, 
 beginning from the Indians, is the 
 end of the empire of the Eomans in. 
 
 that quarter And this. 
 
 land is visible on both sides to a 
 person saiUng it, as far as the island 
 called lotabe, extending no less 
 than a thousand stadia from the city 
 of Ailas. There the Hebrews lived 
 
156 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 r)aaov r) ')(l\Iov^ Sd'^pva'av. 
 "Ev0a, 'E8pcuoir avTovo/Mi fj,ev 
 6K iraKaiov oiKrjVTO, €7rl tovtov 
 Se ^lovanviavov /BaaiXevovToii, 
 KWTrjKOOi 'Pw/J,aio>v yeyevrjVTai. 
 
 20. 'Ttto Toi"! 'xpovov^ rov 
 TTokeixov TovSe ' EXXlcrOeato^, o 
 T&v AWioTTuiv fia<n\ev^, Xpia- 
 Tiavos re arv, Koi So^if; TrjcrSe 
 a)9 fiaXxcna iiTLixeXovixevo^, 
 eTreiSrj 'O/J-rjpiT&v tS>v tov avrc- 
 irepaif ■yjirelpov, eyvo) ttoXXoi)? 
 /xej/ TouSat'ou? ovra^, ttoXKov^ 
 Se Bo^av Tr]V irakaiav ae^ovTa<; 
 (tjv Brj KcCKovaiV ' EX\7]Vifcr]V oi 
 vvv avdpanroL) eiriBok^ jxerpov 
 ovK e')(pvarj e's tow eKelvy Xpia- 
 Tiavov^ yprjaBai' utoKov re 
 vqSiv Kat UTpdrevfia ar/eipa^, 
 err avroii'; ^\de. Kal fid^Qj 
 viKrjaa'i, tov re /SaaiXea, Kal 
 T&v 'O/JbripiTcov 7roWov<; £K- 
 reivev. 
 
 11, 12. 'Two Be TOV ■)(p6vov 
 exeivov 'Irjcrov<; o tov deov TraJs 
 hv acofiaTi, &>v. Tot's iv HaXaicr- 
 rlvri dvOpdotiToi^ o)fj,t\ei.. Tw re 
 fiTfBev TO iraparrav dfiaprecv 
 •TrcoTTOTe, dXKa KOi to. d/j,ri^ava 
 e^ep'^di^eadai Bui^avMi; evBeiKvv- 
 /x,evo<;, on Br] tov 6eov waif tu? 
 dXrid5><; e'lT) ■ {veKpovf re 'yap 
 KoXxav e^aviaTt] wawep e^ vwvov, 
 Kal irripoK T0v<i 0(j>da\fi0vf ovtio 
 Te')(Qe%<jiv dve(f^e, (rajxaTot re 
 oKov \e()Ka<i eKdQ'r]pe, Kal iroB&v 
 TnjpaxTiv eXvcre, Kal oaa aWa 
 larpol^ wdOrj dviara a>vo/j,acr/j,eva 
 e<jTl •) TavTa awarf^eKkovTotv 
 Avyapof T&v eK UaXaicTTlvrji; 
 €9 rrjv "EBeaav e'!n')(a>pia^6vTu>v, 
 a.Kovcra'i- iddpcrrja-e tc, Kal 
 rypafi/iaTa irpo? rbv 'Irjcrovv 
 'ypd^af iSeiTO avrov, awaWdtr- 
 
 independent from ancient times» 
 but in the reign of the present emp- 
 eror, Justinian, they became subjects 
 of the Eomans. 
 
 About the time of this war 
 Hellistheaeus king of the Ethio- 
 pians, both being a Christian and 
 having much care of this doctrine, 
 seeing that, of the Homeritse on the 
 main land opposite, some were Jews 
 and many reverenced the ancient 
 opinion (which indeed men now 
 call the Grecian) began to make an 
 immoderate attack on the Christians 
 in that part ; and having collected a 
 fleet of ships and an army, went 
 against them, and having conquered 
 them in battle, slew both the king 
 and many of the Homeritae. 
 
 About this time Jesus the son of 
 God in the flesh, conversed with 
 the men of Palestine, and shewing 
 clearly, both by never sinning, and 
 also by doing things impossible, 
 that he was truly the son of God — 
 for be raised the dead by calling 
 them, as if from sleep, and opened 
 the eyes of the blind that had been 
 born so, and cleansed the leprosies 
 of the whole body, and healed the 
 maiming of feet, and whatever other 
 sufferings are named incurable by 
 physicians. Augarus hearing these 
 things from the report of those who 
 came from Palestine to Edesa, both 
 took courage, and writing letters to 
 Jesus, asked him to come away 
 from Judsea and the unreasonable 
 men there, and to live for the future 
 with him. When Christ knew of 
 
PROCOPIUS. 
 
 157 
 
 aeoBai fiev tj)? 'lovSala's, koI 
 rav imavOa aryvM/jiovoiv dvdpoi- 
 Trav, aiiTo) Se to Xoittov fu/t/S(o- 
 Tevetv. 'E'Trel Tavra 6 Xpuno'i 
 aiveveydkina, elBev • avreypa^yfrev 
 TTjOO? Tov Avyapov • '/2? /xev ovk 
 cufji^erai, amiKpvi aTTOvevcov, 
 rrjv Se ir/leuzv rm rypdfifiaTi 
 v7ro<T'x6fievo';. ^aa-l Se Kal 
 rovTO avTov e-irem-elv, &>? ovSe 
 7) TToXts 7roT6 Pap^dpoL^ aXdxn- 
 fiois edTai, Tovro rr)'; eVtcTTO- 
 X^9 TO dxpoTeXeiiTLov, ol fiev 
 eKeivov TOV "xpovov ttjv laropLav 
 ^vyypd'yjravre'i, ovSa/Mrj eyvaiaav • 
 oil 'yap ovv ovSeTTr) avTov eVe- 
 fivijcrdrja'av. 
 
 'ESecrrivol Se avro ^vv Trj 
 eTTUTToXfj evpicdai, (j)ciaiv • acrre 
 d/j,e\ei, Kal avdypaTrTOf oinm 
 rfjv ewKTToXTjv dvT aXXov tov 
 ^vKaKTijplov iv Tai? ttj? TroXeoj? 
 •KeirolrivTai TrvSxw;. Teyove fiev 
 
 ovv VTTO MljSoi'i J^pOVW Tivl 
 
 vo'Tepov ov^ aXovaa iJ,einoL,dXKk 
 TpoTTO) TotcSSe. ETretSr] to 
 ypd/x/jia TOV Xpia-Tov Avyapo<i 
 eXa^e, Kaic&v /xev oXlryai va-Tepov 
 aTraOrjv yeyove • a-vxyov Se Trj 
 vyma eTTt/Siou? ')(p6vov, ereXeu- 
 TTja-ev. "0(m<s Se SieSe^aro rrjv 
 fiaaiKelav T&v avTov TraiSav, 
 dvoaimTaTO^ yeyovw'j d-rrdinoiv 
 avBpoiTrcoVt aXKa re iroXXa e? 
 Toil? dp^ofievovi e^i^/A.apTe, Kal 
 TTjV e« 'Pa)/j.aio)V SeSco)^ tLo-iv, 
 7rpoire^a>pr]crev eKovcricoi Ilep- 
 <Tai<t. Xpovto Se TToWffl ^ESe- 
 ar)VoX vaTepov dveXovTei tSsv 
 ^apBdpcov Tovs (T<j>lcnv evSrj- 
 /iovvrag (j>povpov<;, eveSouav 
 ' Pmfialoii TTjV wokiv. TeKfJMi- 
 pbpi.evo'i oh iv toI<s KaT ejxe xpo- 
 voi<s yeyove direp ev tow KoOr)- 
 Kovai, Xoyocs Sij\a)aa> • Kai pMi 
 
 this message, he wrote back to 
 Augarus, that he would not come, 
 declining plainly, but promising 
 salvation in writing. And they say 
 that he said moreover this also, that 
 his city should never be liable to be 
 
 taken by the barbarians. Those 
 who have written the history of that 
 time, knew nothing about this end 
 of the letter : for they have made 
 no mention of it any where. 
 
 But the men of Edesa say they 
 found it with the letter; so that 
 they had the letter so written up 
 instead of any other protection on 
 the gates of the city. 
 
 In time however it fell under the 
 power of the Modes, not having 
 been taken, but in some such man- 
 ner as this. When Augarus re- 
 ceived Christ's letter, for some short 
 time after, he was free from mis- 
 fortunes, and having lived some 
 time in health he died. But which- 
 ever of his children received the 
 kingdom, was the most unholy of 
 men, and both committed many 
 offences against liis subjects, and 
 fearing ' punishment from the Eom- 
 ans, went over of his own accord to 
 the Persians. But a long time 
 afterwards the people of Edesa 
 cutting off the garrison of the bar- 
 barians that was residing among 
 them, gave up the city to the 
 Romans. If I may conjecture by 
 the events which happened in my 
 o«n times which I will state in the 
 proper place; I fancied that, even 
 
158 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 if Christ did not write these things 
 which have been related, yet because 
 men came to this opinion, he wished 
 on this account to preserve his city 
 untaken, that he might never give 
 to them any excuse of wandering. 
 These things then, having said 
 thus much about them, I leave to 
 God. 
 
 Chosroes had the intention to 
 lead his army strait towards Pales- 
 tine, that he might plunder all the 
 other things and the treasures in 
 Jerusalem : for he had heard that 
 this country was fertile and full of 
 wealthy inhabitants. 
 
 TTOTC ewoia yeyovev, o)? ei fifj 
 Taina, a/irep eppeOrj, 6 Xpurrbi; 
 eypaifrev, aXX' on 65 toSto 
 Sofj;? avd pwTTOi ^\6ov, <}>v\d^ai 
 Sia rovTO avoKaiTov eOiXei ttjv 
 TToKiv, a)9 iJbrfjroT€ avTolii TrXavsjs 
 TLva aiap^LV SiSoii}. Tavra 
 fjbev ovv, oTTT] tS 0ew <\>i\ov, 
 TavTrj i'^eTO) re Koi Xerjecrdco. 
 
 II, 30. Tvayp/eiv Se et%6j' 
 [Xo(rpo9j?] ev6v IIaXcu(TTkini<; 
 Sr/uv TO cyTparevpya • oVft)? rd 
 re aXKa, xal to, ev 'Iepo<roXvfj,OK 
 Keifir/Kia, iravTa XrjicrrjTai. Xta- 
 pav yap rainrpi dyaOrpi re Suupe- 
 povToy;, Kal iroXvypvcraiv oIkti- 
 ropwv elpai, aKofj el^^v. 
 
 De bello Vandal. II, 9. 'Ev 
 Tot? Kal tA 'lovSaiwv Keifi^Xuz, 
 ^v, mrep Ove<7TracrMvov Tiro^ 
 /lera ttjv tcov ' lepocroXv/Mav 
 aXcocriv €9 'Pdafvqv ^iiv erepots 
 Ticrlv i^veyKS. Kal avra r&v 
 Tjs 'lovSauov ISwv, Kal irapa- 
 crras t5>v ^aaiXeo}^ yvcopifiiop 
 Tivi' Tavra, €(f>7), to, -xp-qixara 
 e? TO ev SvtfWTita iraXdnov 
 eaKoixlijccrBai, d^v/M^opov o'lofiai 
 elvai,. Ov ydp olov re aira 
 £T6pa>6i. ecvai, rj ev tSi %(op«, ov 
 8rj SoXofJMV avra wpoTepov, 6 
 T&v 'lovSaiiav ^aaCKev'^, eBero. 
 Ala Tavra yap Kal Tifept^o? 
 TO 'Ptop-aimv jSaaiXeia etKe, Kal 
 vvv TO BavBlXcov 6 'Pcop-aicov 
 crpar6%. Tavra eirel dvevex- 
 devra /3a<n\6v<} rjKovaev, eBetae 
 re, Kal ^vjjbiravra Kara Tamo's e? 
 tS>v XpuTTLav&v TO ev 'lepoao- 
 \v/j,oi,^ lepa eire/J^jrev. 
 
 10. ^ErreiSr) 'E^paiot ef At- When the Hebrews retreated out 
 
 yv-TTTov dve)(a>prjcrav, Kal ayxf, of Egypt, and were near the moun- 
 T.S>v IIa\ai(TTivrj<; opiav iyevov- tains of Palestine, Moses, a wisf 
 
 Among these were also the trea- 
 sures of the Jews which Titus son 
 of Vespasian after the taking of 
 Jerusalem carried with some other 
 things to fiome. And one of the 
 Jews, when he saw them as he stood 
 near some one of the friends of the 
 emperor, said : " I think that it 
 wiU be inexpedient to carry these 
 things to the palace at Byzantium : 
 for it is not possible to put them 
 any where else than in the place 
 where Solomon the king of the 
 Jews put them. Por it was through 
 these that Genseric took the royal 
 palace of the Romans, and that the 
 lioman army has now taken that of 
 the Vandals." When the emperor 
 heard the report of this, he was 
 afraid, and quickly sent the sacred 
 things in Jerusalem to the Christians. 
 
PROCPIUS. 
 
 159 
 
 TO • Mosirfji fjtkv <ro^o9 avrjp, o? 
 avTO<i TTJ'i oSov ■^r/iraTO, Byq- 
 axet,. AiaSi'xeTai, Se ttju ■^ye- 
 Ijiovlav 'lyjaom, 6 tov Navfj 
 iraii. *0s e? re Trjv UaXaiarL 
 V7]V TOV \ewv TovTov ela-ij'yaiye • 
 Kal dperrjv h> t& TroXe/ia) Kpeur- 
 <7co 1) Kara avOpcoirov ^vaiv 
 
 De bello Gotth. I, 9. Oev- 
 8aT09 Kal irpoTepov p-ev ovk 
 areXeo'Toi r/v r&v rt -rrpoKer/eiv 
 hrayyeKKofJievcav Tai incTei^ 
 •jroielcrdai • tots Se tow irapov- 
 <Tiv diropoviaevo's, o S^ fiaXicrTa 
 Toiii avOpayTTOVi e? p,aVTeLa<; 
 6pp,av eicoBe, rHv rwot'EPpaiaiv, 
 So^av eVl TOVTO) -TroXKrjv e'^ov- 
 TO?, eTTUvBdverOy oirolov iroTe Tft) 
 irokkpyfp ToSe to irepwi etnai ; o 
 Se aiirm ejrrffyeike '^(pipaiv Sexd- 
 Sai Tpeh Kodeip^avTi hi oIkIjt- 
 KOii Tpitrl, Kal ovofia iroirjaa- 
 jjbevtp SeKaSi eicdoTri, TotOcov re 
 Kal t5)V ' Pa/ialmv, Kal rroK /3a- 
 <n\eci)<s (TTpaTCfOTav, rip,epa<; 
 ptjToi.'i riavxv fiiveiv. 
 
 ■mm, who was the leader of the 
 march, dies, and Joshua the son of 
 Nau^ succeeds to the leadership. 
 He led this people into Palestine, 
 and having shewn in the war virtue 
 above the standard of human nature 
 possessed the country. 
 
 Theodotus before also was not 
 without experience in creating for 
 himself assurance from those who 
 professed to foretell future events. 
 And then, being perplexed at the 
 existing state of things, (which 
 most of all is wont to drive men to 
 consult oracles) he enquired of one 
 of the Hebrews, who had much 
 reputation in this way, what would 
 be the end of the war. But he 
 told him, when he had shut up 
 three decads of pigs in three pens, 
 and given to each decad the name, 
 Goths, and Bomans and soldiers of 
 the emperor, to remain quiet a, 
 certain number of days. 
 
 SUIDAS, A.D. 975? 
 
 Of this Greek lexicographer nothing whatever is known ; 
 his name is prefixed in all the manuscripts containing the 
 lexicon which bears his name. 
 
 [Sub voce 'AI3padfi.] 'A^- 
 pahp. 6 irpSsTo<i iv irarpLdpvaK ■ 
 ek ov d-!rea-ep,vvveTO SrjiJ,o<; o rS>v 
 'E^pauov TO Trporepov 7rp\v rj 
 6eov d-rrcxTKipTfitrai Kal yevea-dai 
 TOVTOV dXXorpwc, Kal to tov 
 fjMVoyevow aiiTOV vlov alp^a e<j> 
 
 Abraham, the first among the 
 patriarchs : iu whom the people of 
 the Hebrews was exalted, before 
 they strayed away from God and 
 became estranged from him, and 
 drew upon themselves the blood of 
 his only begotten Son, He came 
 
160 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 eavToil'} eirKT'TrdcracrBai. OuTO? 
 ix fJiev T^? XdkBaloov 71)9 vwrjp- 
 ■^ev Spixci/ievo'i, r&v •jrepi ra /ie- 
 •reoipa Koi rovf acrrepa? Tov ^iov 
 okov KajavaXuTKOVTaiv. 'Aaxr)- 
 Bel'i ovv Kara Tov iraipiov vofiov 
 Tas TWi' eTTOvpavlav currepav 
 
 ovK hi rovToii; la-Tarai, to fieya- 
 "Kovpyov T^9 ^aivojxevq'i ravTTjcl 
 KTicretB?, aXK' €;^6t Tiva tov 
 Brj/iiovpybv Koi Kivovvra koI 
 SievBvvovra rrjv evapp-oviov rSiv 
 acTTepaiv -rropeiav, Koi tov k6ct/j,ov 
 TTaVTOt Tr)V KaTaaTCUTLV. Kat, 
 Sia TOV i/,eye6ovi Kal Trji koX- 
 
 XOV^'S t5>V KTl(T/J,dT(l>V TOV jsve- 
 
 cnoupyov avT&v, w? ivPjv, 6ecop^- 
 aaf, OVK eaTT) fieypi tovtcov, 
 ovSe TTjV e<f>€<TLV eh Tavra KaTe- 
 ha-rravrjcrev. 'AWa t&v oiipaviav 
 d-^jrlSoiv vwepapdel^, Kal irdaav 
 Sta/Sa? Tr}v vorjTijv T6 Kal inrep- 
 Koa-fxiov a-vprntj^iv, oiiK d-TriaTr] 
 TOV ^np-ovfiivov, 6oi<; ov 6 ttoOov- 
 fj.evo'i eavTov avTui ei^avepaxre, 
 TviroK T€ Kal /j,op(j}a>p,aa-LV, Kal 
 ol? eavTov €fj,<j>avlt,ei 6 cKpavrj'} 
 Kat dopaTOf;. Kal fLeravda-Trjv 
 avrov eK rij? waTplBo^ \afia>v, 
 €7ri Trjv KavaviTiv KaTeo'Trjae, 
 TOV ivvevrjKocTTOv ttov Kal evaTov 
 ^Sr) '^povov TVapekKOVTa. Kal 
 ciTraiSa p-exfii- tots Tvy)(dvovTa, 
 •yevv^Topa tov Oav/xaaiov Kal 
 fidKapoi; KaTea-TTjcrev ^laaaK, tV 
 'ixoi' fiovoyevy vlov Kal Trparo- 
 TOKOV, TOV fiovoyevovi Kal trpca- 
 
 TOTOKOV flV<TTlKrjV ClKOVa TTpO- 
 
 Star/pd(j)ovTa • tovto yepat avTOD 
 KttT i^aipeTOV 'xapicrdiMvoi;, to 
 SovXov Kal (ji'CKov Kal iraTepa 
 ■Xprj/iarlaai, tov /j,ovoyevov<; viov 
 KaTa adpxa, toO toj' Kocrfiov 
 bXov Sr]p,iovpy)j(TavTO<;. Oino<; 
 evpev ieph ypd/ifiaTa, Kal y\o>cr- 
 
 forth ont ot the land of the Chal- 
 deans, having been occupied all his 
 life with the heavenly bodies and 
 stars. Having therefore, according 
 to the custom of his country, learnt 
 the movements of the stars of heaven 
 and conjecturing that the grandeur 
 of this visible creation does not con- 
 sist in those things, but has some 
 creator that moves and^regnlates the 
 harmonious progress of the stars, 
 and the constitution of all the world. 
 And as he contemplated through the 
 size and beauty of created things 
 the author of their being, as he might, 
 he did not stop at those, nor did he 
 lavish his desires upon these, but 
 rising above the vault of heaven, 
 and traversing all the intelligible 
 structure of things above the earth 
 he did not desist from vfhat he 
 sought until he vfhom he sought 
 revealed himself to him both in types 
 and forms, and in the modes by 
 which the secret and unseen Being 
 manifests himself. And taking him 
 away as an alien from his country he 
 settled him in the land of Canaan 
 when he was already in his ninety 
 ninth year."f*.And though childless 
 up to that time,he made him father 
 of the wonderful and blessed Isaac, 
 that he might have an only be- 
 gotten and first-born son, marking 
 out before-hand the mysterious 
 image of his only begotten and 
 first-born son, bestowing upon him 
 this especial gift, to act as the 
 servant and the friend and the 
 father ot his only-begotten Son ac- 
 cording to the flesh, who created the 
 whole world. He it was who found 
 out the sacred letters, and invented 
 the language, of which the cliildren 
 ot the Hebrews are in possession, as 
 being his disciples and descendants. 
 
SUIDAS. 
 
 161 
 
 TraiSe? ev emcrTijfir] irvyyotvov, 
 «i>9 ovTei; TOVTOV /iaOrjTai xal 
 aTToyovoi. 'Ek tovtov Kcd rA 
 'EWrjvaiv ypafifiara ras a<j)Op- 
 fj,a<; e\al3e, kov aX-Xm? kavTOV<s 
 Siavai^ovTe^ avaypd^axriv "E\- 
 A.ijwe?. Kal TOVTOV /utpTvpiov 
 37 Tov "A\,ij)a <j>o>vri TOV WptOTOV 
 <rToi^eiov Koi a.p^0VT0<i, ofrro ToS 
 "AXe^ 'E^paucov Xa^ovTOi ttjv 
 i7rikXj>j<nj> tov /iaKaplov Kal 
 irpwTOV Kal aOavdrov oi/oyuaro?. 
 '£k tovtov Kal Ta ovelpcav /3(/3- 
 Xia i<T<j>eTepia-avTo "EWrjuei, 
 Kal fidpTV^ 'loxTrjcf) 6 •jravOav- 
 fiacrTOt, 6 Tot/TOK aTToyovo^, o 
 TOV iapao) TO, eianrvLa o)? e/ieX- 
 Xov a/7rofirj<T£<Tdai Sitiyov/ievoi. 
 TovTO fwi Kal $l\cov, f'f '£/3- 
 paimv <j)iX6cro<l)Oi, iv TcD tov 
 UoXtTiKov Bltp a-vve!np,apTvp^- 
 a-eTai — ^IXcov, irepl ov ippeO^ 
 ^iXav TrXaTtovi^ei, Kal TtkaTcov 
 ^Xoivi^ei, 
 
 "Ort rjpfaro ■q eiStoXdXaTpeia 
 airo Xepovx etoi T&v ypovoov 
 Sdpa TOV iraTpbi 'A^padfi. 
 "O? ^Afipaap. vTrdpx<^v iTotv cS', 
 Kal deoyvcoariai d^uodeU, evov- 
 ^eret tov TraTepa avTOV, Xer/wv • 
 Ti TrXava<; T01/9 dvdpdnrovi Sta 
 KepSo<; eTTi,l^rjiJ,iov [TOVTea-Tt, Ta 
 6i8(<>\a) ; ovK ea-TLV aXXo^ deo<;, 
 el p/fj 6 iv TOW oupavoK, Kai, 
 irdvTa TOV Koa-p/iv Sr]p.iovpy7]o-a<;. 
 'Op&v yap Toil-; dvdpwTrov; 
 KTia-fUiToXaTpovvTa's, Snjp%eTO 
 Ziairovovp,evo<;, Kal tov ovto)^ 
 ovTa 6eov eK^rjT&v ex jiiXoOeov 
 KapSiai. 'OpSiv he tov ovpavov 
 TTOTe p.ev Xap-jrpov, ttots 8e <7ko- 
 TSLVOV, eXeyev, iv eavTw, OvK 
 ea-nv outos ^eo9. 'Op,ola><i Kal 
 TOV rjXiov, Kol Tr]V treXijvrjv, top 
 
 From him also the letters of the 
 Greeks took their origin, though 
 the Greeks mocking themselves 
 describe it differently. And a proof 
 of this is the sound of alpka the 
 first letter and the beginning of the 
 alphabet, and which takes from the 
 Hebrew alepk its name of the bles- 
 sed and first and immortal name. 
 From him also, the Greeks appro- 
 priated their books of dreams. A 
 witness also is the admirable Joseph 
 his descendant, who declared how 
 the dreams of Pharaoh were about 
 to turn out. This also is witnessed 
 by Philo, a philosopher of the He- 
 brews, in his life of the Political man 
 — Philo, of whom it was said Philo 
 Platonizes, and Plato Philonizes. 
 
 For idolatry began from Seruch till 
 the times of Terah the father of Abra- 
 ham. Which Abraham, being 
 fourteen years old and being judged 
 worthy to know God, admonished 
 his father saying, " Why dost thou 
 lead men astray on account of hurt- 
 ful gain (that is the, idols) ? there is 
 no other God, except him who is in 
 the heavens who also made aE the 
 world." For seeing that men wor- 
 shiped creatures, he continued toil- 
 ing on, and seeking God with pious 
 heart. And seeing the heaven at 
 one time bright, at another dark.he 
 said in himself, " This is not God." 
 And in like manner the sun and the 
 moon, seeing that the one is hidden 
 and dark, and the other wanes and 
 comes to nothing, he said, " Neither 
 31 
 
162 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 fia) aTTO/cpvTTTo/J.evov Kai afi^av- 
 povfievov • rrjv Se (pdivovcrav Kal 
 airo\rpjov(Tav,eipr]uev, ovS' Ovtol 
 elal BeoL Kal /j,evToc koI rfjv 
 rcov acrTepoiv Kivrjcrtv, ix tov 
 7raTpb<i 'yap eTraiSevsTo ttji) aa- 
 rpovo/iMV, aiTopwv eSucr^epaivev. 
 "fl(p9ri he avTU) 6eo<;, Kal \iyei 
 avTip • e^eXde e/c tt}? yfji; (Tov, 
 Kal ex Trj'i <TVy'yeveia<i aov. Kat 
 Xa^mv ra ecScoXa tov 7raTp6<;, 
 Kal ra fiev KXdaaSj ra Be ^//.ttv- 
 pltxa^j ave'^(op7}ae fiera tov irar- 
 pb<s eK 7)75 XaXSaloiv Kat e\- 
 66vTa>v eis Xappav, eTeXeimjaev 
 6 iraTrjp avTov. Kal e^eXda>v 
 ixeWev ev Xoyro Kvplov ■^Xde 
 crvv Trj 'ywaiKl 'Sappa, Kal ra 
 aveifno) Aa>T, fiera 7racr?y9 airmv 
 rrjv oTToaKevrj'; et? Trjv o(j)eiXo- 
 fievrjv T^v Xavaav, rjv ol Xava- 
 vatoi, TvpavviKU)^ d<j)eX6/j,evoi, 
 WK-Tjaav. Aifj,ov Se yevo/Mvov 
 KaraXiTTcbv Trjv Xavavaiaiv jijv 
 61? A'iyvTTTOv aw^eo, ov xal 
 yvvaiKa Xappav 'A^ipAXey^ 
 rfpTratrev 6 0acnXev<;. Tovrov 
 6 deb<i eKSei/MaTuxra';, Kal rrdpeatv 
 ray /MeXciv eTrd^at, 'AiroSot, etpr), 
 Tm dvdpd>TT(t> TT)V yvvalxa, oti 
 Trpo<fi-)jTTi<; earl, Kal Trpoirev^eTai 
 Trepl (TOV, Kal ^ria-eu'i. El Sk fir) 
 aTToSw^, <yv&6t OTi, mrodavfj ai) 
 Kal TO, (ra TrdvTa. Kal outms 
 CLTToXa^oiV TrjvyvvaiKa afjiiavTov, 
 Kal TTpocrev^d/j.evo';, la6rjvai, eV- 
 oirja-e Trj'; ■jrapi(Tea)<; tov 'A^i- 
 /ieXep^ Kal tov oIkov avTov. Kal 
 SKTOTe Tipmv avTov b jSa^iXeii'} 
 Kal Tvpoakyuiv ^v tok vir avTOv 
 XeyofMevoi'}. AihdaKaXo'; ovv 
 'A^paap- eicre/Seiii? Kal ttoXv- 
 Treipeia^ Alyvmiovi iyiveTo. 
 
 'O auTo? 'AjSpahp, eincrTpe- 
 
 <j>(OV eK TOV TToXe/MV Tfjf ev)iM- 
 
 yia<! TOV MeX'^iaeBeK KaTi/f/w- 
 
 are these Gods." And moreover 
 respecting the movement of the stars, 
 —for he had learnt astronomy from 
 his father— he was vexatiously in 
 doubt. 
 
 Bat God appeared to him, and said 
 to him, " Go forth from thy country 
 and from thy kindred." And when he 
 had taken the idols of his father, and 
 broken some and burnt the others, 
 he went forth with his father out of 
 the land of the Chaldeeans, and, when 
 they came to Haran, his father died. 
 And going out from thence in the 
 word of the Lord he came with his 
 wife Sarah, and his kinsman Lot 
 with all their stuff into the land of 
 Canaan which was due unto tbem, 
 which the Canaanites having oppres- 
 sively taken from them had occupied. 
 But a famine having taken place, he 
 left the land of Canaan and went 
 into Egypt, where also Abimelech 
 the king took by force his wife Sarah. 
 Him did God terrify, and bringing 
 on him a weakness of his limbs, 
 said to him, " Give back to the man 
 his wife ; for he is a prophet, and 
 shall pray for thee, and thou shalt 
 live : but if thou wilt not give her 
 back, know that thou shalt die and 
 all thou hast." And thus having 
 taken his wife undefiled, and having 
 prayed, he caused Abimelech and 
 his house to be healed of their weak- 
 ness. And from that time the king 
 honoured him and listened to what 
 he said. Abraham therefore became 
 a teacher of piety and of wisdom to 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 The same Abraham ■ returning 
 from the war was thought worthy of 
 the blessings of Melchisedeo the 
 
SUIDAS. 
 
 163 
 
 Tai, Tov /3a(7t\eto? Sa\.'r]fi, 89 
 i^veyxev aural aprous Koi otvuv. 
 ^Hu Se Koi Upeiii tov 'T'^ia-rov. 
 Kal eScoKev ai/rm "A^pafj, SeKO,- 
 Ti)v CLTTO Trdvrmv. 'JTw Se 6 
 MeXj^ijTeSeK airaTtop, a/M^Tcep, 
 aryeveaXoytiTOi;, d<pco/j,oia>fj,ivo<; 
 T^ via) ToO 6eov. Tm Be "A^pap, 
 areKvLav o\o(f>vpop,eva> Koff 
 VTTvovi eTTtSetfas 6 ^eo? tou9 
 cujTepa^, Kara to ttXjJ^os avT&v 
 eaecrOai ol to airipp^ irpoeSrj- 
 Xou. 'O 8e eiriaTevae tw Oeai, 
 Kal iKoyicrdrj avrS) eU Sixaio- 
 (Tvvrjv. 'H Be Sdppa arelpa 
 ovcta avveyuipr]aev ' A^pap, diro 
 TTj'i TraLBiaK-qii TraiZoTTOiricraadai,' 
 Kal e(TX^ TOV 'I<Tp.aifK. 'Ewe- 
 VTjKOVTa Be Kal ewka er&v ovti 
 T& "A^pap, i'TTiCJiaveh o 6eo9 
 'A^paap, p^ToovopjKrev. ' Afi- 
 pap yap irpiiyrjv mvopd^ero. 
 'Op,oia)<i Be Kal tt/v Xdpav Sdp- 
 pav, Trpoa-0eU Kal erepov p. 
 Kal wepierepe tov 'la-parjX, Kal 
 TrdvTa'i Tous ef avTov. K.vpio<s 
 Be T& 'APpaap e-m^eva>9eh 
 eTrrjyyelXaTO Te^ea-Bat Xdppav 
 aiiTa TraiBa. 'H Be epe£iaa'e, 
 Kal 'laaaK to yewTjOh) wpoar}- 
 yopevOr], ^epavvpa's Tw peff 
 rjBovfi^ yeXaiTL Kara Trjv 'E^pat- 
 Ba BidXeKTOv. 
 
 [Sub voce Mq)0ot)9.J Mmii- 
 
 arjs 6 TT/SOC^TT)'? Kal vopodeTTjs. 
 'Ev T(S oySorjKoa-Tm tovtov hei 
 i^Xdov ol viol 'la-parfK i^ Al- 
 yvTTTOV ev fj ■irapwK'rjcrav err] 
 SiaKocria BeKarrevre. ITm? ovv 
 <j)r)<Ttv 6 Oeo'i ■n-pb's rov 'Aj3paap, 
 on rrdpoiKov ia-rai to a-rrepp.a 
 (TOV err) reTpaKoaia ; aWa 
 BtjXov, OTt arro TJjf avafida-eo)^ 
 'A^pactp ex Xapav Set rrjv tov 
 \aov rrapoiKiav dpiOpelv. Ov 
 yap ev Air/vrrra pMvr] yeyovev 
 rj rrapoUrjO-ii, aWa Kal ev yy 
 
 king of Salem, who brought forth 
 for him bread and wine. He was 
 also priest of the most High, and 
 Abraham gave to him a tenth from 
 all. But Melchisedeo was without 
 father, without mother, without ped- 
 igree, likened to the son of God. 
 But when Abraham lamented his 
 want of children God showing him 
 in his sleep the stars, foretold to him 
 that his seed should be according to 
 the number of them. And he be- 
 lieved God, and it was accounted to 
 him for righteousness. But Sarah 
 being barren agreed that Abram 
 should beget children by his hand- 
 maid ; and he had Ishmael. And 
 when Abram was ninety nine years 
 old, God appeared to him and chan- 
 ged his name to Abraham, for he was 
 called Abram before. In the 
 same way also [he changed] Sarah 
 to Sarrah adding also another r. 
 And he circumcised Ishmael and all 
 his issue. And the Lord was enter- 
 tained by Abraham and promised 
 that Sarah should bear him a son. 
 But she laughed, and the child 
 she bore was named Isaac which is 
 equivalent to laughter with pleasure 
 in the Hebrew dialect. 
 
 Moses the prophet and lawgiver. 
 In his eightieth year the sons of 
 Israel went out of Egypt : wherein 
 they sojourned two hundred and 
 fifteen years. How then does God 
 say to Abraham, that thy seed shall 
 be sojourning tour hundred years? 
 But it is clear that we must reckon 
 the sojourning of the people from 
 the going up of Abraham out of 
 Harau. for the sojourn was not 
 only in Egypt, but also in the land 
 of Canaan. 
 
164 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Xavadv. Meovcrrj<; yap Xeiyei • 
 'H Se irapotKrici'; tS>v vl6n> 
 'I<TparjX iv yfi Xavaav Kal ev 
 AlryvTrrm errj TerpaKocia Koi 
 TpMKoma. Kal rov fxev 'A^- 
 paafL cmo Trp ix Xapav avaPd- 
 aeoo's /J^e^pi T^y 'laaax yevecreo><; 
 err) elKoaiirevTi. 'Atto Ss 
 'IcraaK f^^^i ^laKW^, errj e^rj- 
 Kovra. 'Awo hk 'laKot^ f'-^XP^ 
 Tov Aevl, <rjhor)KovTa hrrd. 
 'Atto Aevl /J-ixpt Kciad, rea-cra- 
 paKovra irevre. 'Atto Kaaff, 
 IJ^i'Xpi' ^A/Mpa/j,, e^KOvra rpia. 
 ^Atto Maiicreoyi p-exfii rrj's i^oBov 
 oySoijKOvra • Kal ovTWi i^Xdev 
 'I(Tparj\ eK ttjs AlyvTTTOv, tov 
 Mo>vcre(0<; yevrjOevTO^. Ol t£k6v- 
 T£9 SeStore? tous Alywrrlov^, 
 li'q')(a,vS)VTaL ifXeyfia ^vlSXivov, 
 e/i<j>eph Tjj KaTcuxKevfi KicrTiBc, 
 fieye0oi Trof^aavre'; avrapKe's eh 
 TO fier evpvxoypla'i h> dirOKelaOai 
 Ppej>o'i. "Eirena p^i'trazTe? 
 a(7<^dXTCp Kara tov rroraixov 
 ^aXKovcTi. QepiiovBii; hi, rj 
 6vya,Tr)p tov ^aa-iX£a)<i, rovrov 
 avevK^TO. Tptereo 6e yevofiivco 
 dav/uuTTOv 6 deb'; to t^? ^XiKiai 
 i^pev dvdfrrrina. MmiJaij'; Se 
 oyhorjKOvra r]p,epcK evj^arevae • 
 Tea-aapaKovra ras rrporepa^, 
 KoX Teo'o'apdKOVTa f^erd to trvv- 
 rpf^ai Ta? 7r\afca<;, campe^pfo 
 XtOtp oaKrv\a> @eov ypat^eia'a^, 
 OvSel<; Jjv dt^iXoTLpboi ovt(o<s, <09 
 M(ova-r)V Oeaa-d/ievoi, pjq eKirXa ■ 
 yeltj rrji eiipjop<^M<;. 
 
 [Sub voce 'lepoypa/j.p.arei'i.] 
 'Iepoypa/ji,p,aT€l'} Trap' Aip/vrr- 
 T106S rjaav Zeivol Kai, irepl t&v 
 fieWovToov Trjv dXijOeiav elrrelv. 
 Kai TOVTav rlt dvayyeXXei rm 
 ^acrcXet rex^V'^ecrdal Tiva Kar 
 tKelvov TOV Kaipov toJ? 'lapar}- 
 
 For Moses says, " Now thesojonr- 
 jiing of the cMldren ot Israel in the 
 land of Canaan and in Egypt was 
 four hundred and thirty years." 
 And from the going up of Abraham 
 from Haran until the birth of Isaac 
 was twenty five years. But irom 
 Isaac to Jacob was sixty years. But 
 from Jacob to Levi was eighty seven 
 years, from Levi to Caath forty 
 five. From Caath to Amram sixty 
 three. From Moses to the Exodus 
 eighty. And thus Israel went forth 
 out of Egypt when Moses was born. 
 His parents fearing the Egyptians 
 contrive a wicker work of rushes 
 similar to a little chest, making the 
 size of it sufficient for the babe to 
 lie in with freedom. After which 
 smearing it with asphalt they cast it 
 into the river. But Thermuthis, the 
 king's daughter, took him up, and 
 when he was three years old, God 
 magnified wonderfully the dignity 
 ot his stature. But Moses fasted 
 for eighty days, forty before and 
 forty after he broke the tables writ- 
 ten on a sapphire stone with the fin- 
 ger of God. No one was so insen- 
 sible, as not, when he saw Moses, to 
 be astonished at the beauty of his 
 stature. 
 
 The sacred scribes among the 
 Egyptians were clever at teUiug the 
 truth about future events. And 
 one of these teUs the king that 
 about that time there should be 
 born a man among the Israelites, 
 who when grown should humble 
 
SUIDAS. 
 
 165 
 
 \tTaK, 89 Tawetvaiaei fihi Tr)v 
 AeyvTnUov ffyefMyviav, aii^aei 
 Se Tov? ^la-paojX.vra';, rpai^ek, 
 apery re wdvrai; inrep^aXei, 
 Kal So^av oei/MViijaTov icrrjaeTai, • 
 irepl Mcovcriai'i Xe^wv. 
 
 [Sub tit. nXa^iv.'} 'JEw rats 
 0eoypdif>Oii TrXa^t ravra rjv 
 yeypa/ifieva. 
 
 'EyQ> eipX Kvpioi 6 Oeo's erov, 
 6 i^a/ya/yav ere ex 7^9 AvyinrTov, 
 i^ oiKov SovKeia<!. Ovk eaovral 
 aoc @eol erepoL ifKrjv e/iov. 
 
 Oil TToi^o'ei/s aeavrm effitoXov 
 iravTO^ 6p,ouofjui, oaa ev rm 
 oiipavm avw, koI eirl ttj? 7^9 
 KCLTm, KoX ocra ev T0t9 vSatriv 
 vwoKaTO) T^9 7^9. Ov irpoa-- 
 Kwriaei^ avTol'i, ovB oii fir) Xa- 
 Tpevceii; aiiTOK. 
 
 Oi) X»)i|'77 TO ovojjba Kvpiov 
 ToO 6eov (70V eiri funaiw. 
 
 MvrjcrOrjTi T^y r]p,epav T&v 
 Sa^^drwv ar/id^etv avTrjV. 
 
 Tifia TOP irwrepa aov, Kal t7}V 
 IJ/i)Tepa (rov, 'iva ev croi yevTjTat, 
 Kal ecrg fiaKpcfXpoviO'S ivl t^9 
 
 7^9. 
 
 Oil fioixeva-eK. 
 
 Oil KXe'^ei^. 
 
 Oil t^ovevaei'i. 
 
 Oil •^evhofiapTVprjirei,'; Kara 
 Tov vXrjaiiOV trov i^evhop,apTV- 
 plav. 
 
 OiiK eiTL6vpbri(je(,<s Tr)v 'yvvacKU 
 rov ttXtjo-wv crov. Ovk hndv- 
 fii^aeK rrjv oIkuiv rov ttXtjctuip 
 (TOV, oiiSe rov dr/pbv rov wXTjcrlov 
 erov, oiiSe TOV TratBa diirov, oiiSe 
 rov /Sovv avrov, ohSe rrjv rrai- 
 Sl<TKriv aiirov, ovre to imo^vyiov 
 avrov, ovff 0(ra rS> irXijaiov a-ov 
 eerriv. 
 
 the sovereignty of the Egyptians, 
 and exalt the Israelites, and surpass 
 all in virtue and gain an everlasting 
 reputation — meaning Moses. 
 
 These things were found on the 
 tables that were written by God. 
 
 I am the Lord thy God which have 
 brought thee out of the land of 
 Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 
 Thou shall have no other gods 
 besides me. 
 
 Thou shalt not mate unto thee 
 an image, the likeness of any thing 
 as many as are in heaven above, 
 and in the earth below, and as many 
 as are iu the water underneath the 
 earth : thou shall not bow down 
 thyself to them nor serve them. 
 
 Thou shalt not take the name of 
 the Lord thy God in vain. 
 
 Remember the sabbath day to 
 keep it holy. 
 
 Honour thy father and thy 
 mother, that it may be well with 
 thee, and that thou mayst be 
 long-lived upon the earth. 
 
 Thou shalt not commit adultery. 
 
 Thou shalt not steal. 
 
 Thou shalt not kiU. 
 
 Thou shalt not bear false witness 
 against thy neighbour. 
 
 Thou shalt not covet thy neigh- 
 bour's wife, thou shalt not covet thy 
 neighbour's house, nor thy neigh- 
 bour's field, nor his servant, nor his 
 ox, nor his maid, nor his beast nor 
 any things that are thy neighbour's. 
 
166 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 [Sub voce Xavadv] Ma>v<Trj<; 
 TeacrapaKovra eri; cvfitj^iXoaO' 
 <j>tjiTa'i TM \aa>, reXeura, SidSo- 
 yov KaTaXiTToiv 'Ir)<rovv rbv rot) 
 Navrj • 0(7Tt9 KaTMKUre rbv 
 'IcrparfK iv Ty ryfj, fj eirrj'yyelXaro 
 Kvpio<; TO) 'A/Bpaa/j,- yeari, 8' 
 a-TTO Tov TroTafMov Ahyinnov 
 KVKkovpAvrj Sia OaXdaaTj'i Koi 
 fTjpas.) 'EK^aKaiv nrdvTa^ Toiii 
 0a<TiKeK KoX Zwdcnai tS>v id- 
 v5>V. OlTH'eS VTT avTov SuoKO- 
 fievoi Sia T^s •napakiov Air/VTr- 
 Tov T6 Kal AiPvr)<i KaTe^vyov 
 eh "rifv T&v "A(j)po>v ')(a>pav, t&v 
 AlryinrTicov jxyj TrpoaSe^a/iivoiv 
 avTov'i, Sm rriv pLvruMt^v Tr)v 
 irporepav, rjv eTraOov Si ainoix;, 
 ev rfi Epvdpa KarairoimaOevTei 
 OaXda-a-r) ■ Kal ■Kpo<T<pvy6vre^ 
 Tots "A^poi^s, rrjv epri/j,ov avr&v 
 aKTjcrav •)(a>pav, dvaSe^d/xevoi to 
 (T'xfiixa, Kal TO, edr), Kal iv TrXa^l 
 Xidivai^ dvarypa'KJrd/j^voi, rrjv al- 
 Tiav, Sb ^v aTTo T^9 Xavavaiwv 
 77J? aiKurav rrjV 'A^piKijv, Kal 
 elcrl fJ.e^^pi vvval TOiavrai TrXdKei 
 ev Ty NovfiiSla Trepie-)(pvaai 
 oiirco? • 'H/iet9 eajjih) Xavavaioi, 
 oil's eBlw^ev 'Irj<rovi 6 Xj?(7T»j9. 
 
 MoseSj having philosophised with 
 the people fortj' years, dies, leaving 
 as his successor Joshua the son o£ 
 Naue: who settled Israel in the 
 land which the Lord promised to 
 Abraham, and which is comprised 
 from the river oJ Egjpt between the 
 sea and the wilderness. He cast 
 out all the kings and rulers of the 
 nations, who being chased by him 
 through the sea-coast of Egypt 
 and Libya fled into the country of 
 the Africans, when the Egyptians 
 would not receive them, on account 
 of the former memorial which they 
 suffered on account of them, when 
 they were sunk in the Eed Sea. 
 They fled to the Africans and inha- 
 bited their desert country, adopting 
 their habit and their customs, and 
 engraving on stone slabs the cause, 
 for which they came out of the land 
 of the Canaanites to settle in Africa : 
 and there are up to this time in 
 Numidia such slabs containing as 
 follows : " We are Canaanites, 
 whom Joshua the robber pursued." 
 
 [Sub tit. "ASep.] -'ASep 6 
 aXiTrjpLO^, 6 irravaaTa's So\o- 
 fi&VTi. IlaK ovra f/v 'ISov- 
 fialoi;, ')evo<i sk PaaCKiK&v cirep- 
 fidTcov. KaTaaTpe^jra/iAvov Se 
 Trjv 'ISov/iaiav 'Imd^ov tov 
 AaPlh (TTpaTyyov Kal ■KOVTOi 
 Tovs ev aKfiTJ Kal (f>€peiv 07r\a 
 hvvajxevovi; S(,a(j>deipavT0<; jj,7j<tIv 
 e^, (pvycbv ouTO? rJKe Trpo? $a- 
 pao) TOV AvyvTTTOv $a<7i\ea. 
 O Se (^Cko(pp6vw<; avTov VTToSe- 
 ^dp,evo^ oiKov Te avrm SlSaxrt,, 
 Kai ')(u>pav 619 SiaTpo<j)ijv • Kal 
 •yevofievov ev rjXiKla Xiav rjydTra, 
 
 Ader the sinner, who rose up 
 against Solomon. He was a boy of 
 Idumaea, by birth of kingly race. 
 But when Joab David's general sud- 
 dued Idumroa and for the space of 
 six months slew all those who were 
 in the vigour of life and able to bear 
 arms, he fled and came to Pharaoh 
 the king of Egypt. But he receiving 
 him kindly gives him both a house 
 and land for maintaiuanoe, and as 
 he was in the flower of youth he 
 loved him much, so that also he 
 gave him in marriage the sister of 
 his wife named Thaphiue ; by 
 
SUIDAS. 
 
 167 
 
 oxijcai T17? avTov ywaLKoi avra> 
 Sovvai Trpo? yd/wv ttjv a£e\<j>rjv, 
 ovo/j,a QaiplvTjv e^fi<; viot avTOJ 
 yevo/x^voi, roh tov ^aa-iXem 
 TTMcrl <7waveTpa.<J3'rj. 'AKovaw; 
 oSv TOV Aa^lS Oavarov ev Alr/im- 
 TO) Kal rbv 'Itod/3ov, TrpocreXdwv 
 iSeiTO TOV ^apaS) dTriTpeireiv 
 aiiT^ fia&i^ew elf ttjv iraTpiSa. 
 Tov Sk fiatnXeaii avaKplvovTO'^, 
 Tivo^ £vSeri<i mv, fj tI Traffmv 
 eawovSaxe KaTcCKehrem avTov, 
 
 TOTS /lev OVK d<j)6idlf}. "TcTTepov 
 Se Koff hv ijSri Katpov SoXofiStvri 
 TO, irpayiuiTa Kaxa'; el-)(e Sia 
 Ta? Trpoe(,prifj,evai ahia^ koX 
 Trapavofiia^, koX Tr)V opyrjv ttjv 
 eir avTOK tov 6eov, crvywopTj. 
 aavTO'i TOV ^apaw, 6 "ASepo^ 
 rjKev el<s Trjv ' ISovfiauiv. '^Os 
 T^s Xvpla's fiaa-iXevtrag xaTe- 
 Tpe^^e TTJV T&v 'IcrparjXcT&v ^00- 
 pav, eTTCTideTai Se SoXo/icavTi. 
 
 ISixhtit.'E^eKiai]. 'EXedaf, 
 ^aa-iXevi 'lepova-aXr)//,, vl6<; 
 A'Xa^, aTrdvTosv eiicre^eaTepo'; • 
 ov y&p fiovov TO, eiSwXa Kareo-. 
 Ka^jrev, Kal ra? OTijXas ain&v 
 ovveTpiy^ev, dXXa Kal r^ ev rot? 
 v^jn/Xoci KaSeiXe, Kal to. aXat) 
 KaTeKO'^e, koI tov o<j)i,v, bv eKpe- 
 luure Mmvafjii (eTt, yap avrw 
 TTai/TE? eOviiUov) fieTO, twv Xoi- 
 TTQSV ^BeXiry/jLaTrav ^(fydvtcref tov^ 
 re lovSalov! etZaXoXaTpouvTa'i 
 eTi/uopetTO, eKKOTTTiav to, fjuvrj- 
 /i6<Tvva Kal Xeu\jrava Trj's dOeo- 
 TTjTO'i. ToaovTov yap deoae- 
 /3ela'; d(pet(TTi]Keicrav, &)? oTna-- 
 dev T&v 0vpo>fidTO)v ^ai'ypa<f>eiv 
 TO. eiSoiXa, Kal TrpocrKvvetv • iv, 
 ei TLvet tS>v irap 'E^eKiov epev- 
 v&ev, dvouYWjxkvwv t&v 6vp&v, 
 (TKeiroiTo TO, fiSeXvy/xaTa • Kal 
 uovo'i e/3aa'lX£V(rev 'lovSalai 
 
 whom he had i son who was bred up 
 with the king's children. When 
 then he heard in Egypt of the death 
 of David and of Joab, he came and 
 asked of Pharaoh permission to go 
 to his own country. But when the 
 king asked him what he was in want 
 of, or what was the matter with him 
 that he was so eager to leave him, at 
 that time indeed he was not allowed 
 to go. But afterwards at the time 
 when Solomon's affairs were in a 
 bad state on account of the aforesaid 
 causes and offences and the wrath 
 of God which was upon them, 
 Pharaoh gave permission and Ader 
 came into Idumsea. He reigned 
 over Syria and overran the country 
 of the Israelites, and attacked 
 Solomon. 
 
 Hezekiah, king of Jerusalem, son 
 of Ahaz, was the most pious of all : 
 for he not only overthrew the idols 
 and crushed their pillars, but also 
 took away what was in the high pla- 
 ces, and cut down the groves, and 
 together with the other abominations 
 he put away the serpent which 
 Moses hung up (for all of them still 
 burnt incense to it) and he took 
 vengeance on the Jewish idolators, 
 cutting down the memorials and 
 remains of their impiety. For they 
 had gone away so far from right- 
 eousness, that they painted the idols 
 behind their doors, and worshiped 
 them ; that if any of Hezekiah 's men 
 should search, the abominations 
 might be concealed, when the doors 
 were opened ; and he alone reigned 
 over Judaea by the providence of 
 God. There is moreover also some 
 
168 
 
 HEATHEN RECORDS. 
 
 Kwra irpoalpetTW 6eov. feperai, 
 
 ^ £Ti Kal TOIOVTOV. ^Hv Xo- 
 
 XajjiMvoi} ^ifiko's la/j-drmp Trddovi 
 iravTos, eyK£Ko\afi,/iivT] rrj tov 
 vaov (pXoia, TavTTjv i^eKO- 
 Xatjrev 'E^eKia% oil 'apo<jk')(QV- 
 T0<; TOV \aov rm dea>, Sik to ra? 
 Bepaireiai toiv irad&v ivdeuSe 
 Toiit ■7ra<7'^ovTa'i avroii'; KO/j,i^e(T- 
 6ac, ireptopS>vTa<i ah-elv tov Oeov. 
 'EiroXeixrjcre he fiej^po Pafiys 
 Toct dWoipvXoK, 'A<T(Tvpia)v 
 aTTOOTa^, irpoTepov inrriKOO'i &v. 
 [Sub tit. BepaTrevTai-l ^i- 
 'Kmv "Kepi tS>v ef 'E^palmv 
 ^AcTKrjT&v eypa-^ev ev t& Trepl 
 GecopTjTiKov 01OV, 0&9 &epa-7rev- 
 Ta? KoXel, Kai Ta<; ofjiOLoayfifjiov'; 
 KoX ofjLotorpo'jrov's 'yvvaiKa^ 0e- 
 paTrevTiSai wvoi^aae. Kal 0e- 
 pawevToi fj,ev, (prjcrl, KeKXrjVTai, 
 rj Trapk to ra? ■i^v)(a^ tS)V irpocr- 
 lovTcov avTOLt aTTO KaKia^ va- 
 6S)V laTpcov SixtjV aTraXKaTTOv- 
 Tat 6epa/7revew, rj t^? nrpoi to 
 6etov Kodapa'i Kal eoKiKpivovi 
 OepaTreuvi Kal 6pr}iTKeia<; evsKa. 
 OvToc TrpeoTOV p-ev dp^dfievoi 
 ^Ckoa-oi^eiv, i^icrTavTai t5)V 
 
 TTpOO'llKOVTCOV Kal TMV VTTap'XOV- 
 
 Twv. "E-jreiTa he vratrat? dwo- 
 Ta^dfievoc rat? tov 0iov (jipov- 
 tIo-i Kal e^o) Tei'xSiv wpoeXOovTei, 
 iv /jMvdrfpOK, rj Krjiroi^, rj opeai 
 Ta? SiaTpi^av iroiovVTai, Kal 
 ra<; ex tS>v dvofioiwv eVi/ttfifa? 
 aXv(7iTe\,el<; re Kal /SXa^epaf 
 etSores, rov •jrpoij>T]Ti,Koi' ^T/XoOcri 
 Kal d(TK0V<TV 0U)V. Kal iv exd- 
 CTTg a-vp,p,opca O0Kr]/id icrriv 
 lepov, o Ka\ovcn (re/ivetov Kal 
 IxovauTripiov, iv & /jU)vovp,€voc 
 tA tov o-ep,vov ffiov /j,v<rTi]pia 
 TeXovvTai, p.'qhel^ fLtjhhi Kop,it,ov- 
 T€?, fif] iroTOV, p-r) aiTiov, p.rjhe 
 Tt tS>v aXXav 8<Ta Trpbi Ta? tov 
 
 such story as this. There was a book 
 by Solomon of remedies for every 
 disease, engraved on the wall of the 
 temple. Hezekiah obliterated this, 
 when the people did not approach 
 to God, seeing that those who were 
 ill, got for themselves remedies of 
 their diseases from thence, and neg- 
 lected to pray to God. But he made 
 war on foreigners as far as Gaza, and 
 severed himself from the Assyrians 
 to whom he had before been subject, 
 t 
 Philo wrote about the Ascetics or 
 the Hebrews in his book on the Po- 
 litical Life: he calls them TheraipenU 
 and named the women of the same 
 forms and customs Therapeutids. 
 They are called Therapeuts, he says, 
 either from their healing \tkerapeu- 
 eivi] and freeing the souls of those 
 who go over to them from vicious 
 passions, or from their pure and sim- 
 ple service \therapeia\ and worship 
 towards God. When these men first 
 begin to philosophize, they stand 
 aloof from all that relates to them or 
 belongs to them. Afterwards they 
 bid farewell to all the cares of life 
 and leaving the towns, they make 
 their abode in lonely fields, or gar- 
 dens, or mountains, ,and knowing 
 that associations with others dissi- 
 milar to themselves are unprofitable 
 and harmful they emulate and keep 
 up the prophetic life. In each frater- 
 nity there is a sacred house which 
 they call their sanctum or monastery 
 in which living singly they fulfil the 
 mysteries of the religious lite : none 
 bring any thing, neither drink nor 
 meat, nor any of the other things 
 which are necessary for the needs of 
 the body, but laws, and oracles that 
 have been spoken through the pro- 
 phets, and hymns, and other things 
 
SUIDAS. 
 
 169 
 
 a-w/iaToi; ^pet'as avar/Koia • aXKa 
 vofj,ov<i, Kai \6yia 6ea-jna9evra 
 Sia irpocfirjTwv, koX iifjivom, KaX 
 TaXka, oil e-jncTTrnxr) Kot evai- 
 ^eia (Twav^ovTai re koX T6\et- 
 ovvrai. Kal (rvveKovri cjidvai, 
 (TiTLOV, fj TTOTOV ovSelf avTmv 
 irpoaeve^KoiTO irpo ffKiov Bvcr- 
 ecos. 'EveiSrj to fiev (piXocro- 
 ^eXv d^iov (jxoTO'i elvai Kplvovai, 
 CTKOTOV; Se ra? rov cra>/uiTO<; 
 avdiyKa^, at Be i^ytjcreK rSyv 
 cep&v 'Koyiwv 'yivovrai aiiTOK BC 
 VTTovoiwv ev aXXrjjopiai'i. JJacra 
 yap vofjioOecria BoKei rot? avBpdai 
 TovTOK ^<BM ioiKevai Kal cro>/j,a 
 (lev 6%etJ' Ta? pijTfl? StaXefet?, 
 ■}jrv^r)v Be, rbv ivviroKeifMevov 
 raU Xe^ecriv aoparov vovv. 'ila- 
 avTCoi Be el(Ti Trji avTri<; Kaja- 
 (TToa-ecoi Kai at fuvalxei;. 
 
 [Sub voce l3Se\vy/x.a.^ 'Avrio- 
 ')(0'S 6 'E'TTKpavij';, vibv XeXevKov 
 rov ^i\o'7rdTopo<;, avrjp vwdp- 
 ')((ov Beivb'i Kal TrXeoi'eKTTj?, 09 
 7rapa\al3a>v ttjv ttoXiv BopidXto- 
 Tov, dveiXe p,vpLdBa<; vr). KaTa- 
 ToX/x.ijcra'! ovv Kal eh to dr/iacrfia 
 elaeXdoiv ev mrefyq^aveia -TtoXXfi 
 Kal arrjcra^ fico/Mov Kal eiBaXov 
 ^SeXvj/ui eprj/juocrea)'! Kal top 
 vaov /iidvai Bi aKaOdprav 
 6v(TiS>v, iepov Alb's 'OXvfiwlov 
 irpoaTfyopevcrev. Kal tov'; /ir/ 
 aTToyevo/j^vov; r&v 'xpipeiaiv 
 Kpe&v, avripei. 'E<t> ov Kai ol 
 arfioi MaKKa^aioi dvripWrjaav, 
 ol Be XeyovtTiv, 'ASpiavbv arrjaac 
 rbv dvSpcdvTa. 'O yap 'ASpi- 
 avb<; KadeCKe ttjv "koKlv dpBr)v. 
 Mera Trjv Ovea-Tramavov Kal 
 TiTov yevop,iv7]V epr]fuo<nv, e-Ki 
 'ASpiavov (TV(TTdvTe<; ol 'lov- 
 Saloi eaTTOvBa^ov eVt Trjv wpo- 
 repav eTraveXOeiv TroXiretav, 
 SracTidpTei oZv eh vavreXij 
 
 by which knowledge and piety both 
 grow up together and are made per- 
 fect. And, to speak in few words, 
 none of them can receive meat or 
 drink before the setting of the sun. 
 For they deem philosophy to be 
 worthy of the daylight, but the neces- 
 sities of the body of darkness, and 
 the descriptions of the sacred oracles 
 are to them through hidden meanings 
 in allegories. For legislation seems 
 to these men to be like to an animal 
 and to have for its body stated ex- 
 pressions, but for its soul the unseen 
 sense that lies beneath those words. 
 And in like manner too are the wo- 
 men of the same institution. 
 
 Antiochus Epiphanes son of 8e- 
 leucus Philopator, a fierce and ty- 
 rannical man, who having taken the 
 city in war, destroyed eighteen my. 
 riads. Presuming therefore to enter 
 into the holy place with much pride 
 and erecting an altar and image the 
 abomination of desolation, and pol- 
 luting the temple by unholy sacri- 
 fices, he called it the temple of 
 Olympian Jupiter, aud he put to 
 death these who would not eat of 
 swine's flesh. Tor which also the 
 holy Maccabees were put to death. 
 But others say that Hadrian put up 
 the statue : tor Hadrian destroyed 
 the eity utterly. After the desolation 
 of Vespasian and Titus, the Jews 
 banding together in the time of 
 Hadrian were eager to return to 
 their former government. They 
 therefore rebelled and brought them- 
 selves to utter destruction : and he 
 
 22 
 
170 
 
 SUIDAS. 
 
 eprjiuocnv eavTov^ KarecTTTjaav. 
 Kal TO eavTov ovoixa eweOijKe 
 TOK 'Keiyjrdvois t?}? TroXem?, 
 A'ikiav avTrjv iTpo<xa/yopev<ja<;. 
 AtKLO<; yap 'ASpiavb'; eKaXecTO. 
 
 [Sub voce KXavSiOS.] 'EttI 
 avTov [tov KXavSiov) a-racna- 
 advTtav t&v 'lovSauov Kara 
 XpLiTTuivaiv, ap)(pvTa eTreaTt]- 
 uav avTolf KXavSiov ^olXiKa, 
 KeXevaa^ avTui rifMopeta-dat tov- 
 Tov<;. To)V Se ek to, iepa a9- 
 poi^ojjAvwv, (pavfj rjKovadr) ex 
 Toiv aSvTiov, Xeyovaa • Medur- 
 Tufieda Twv evrevOev. Kal 
 TovTo yiryove rpirov • i^ ov irav- 
 aiXedpia Bte(j>0dp7]crav. 
 
 [Sub voce Svi'Mla-l UiXd- 
 To? eU Triv 'lovSaiav ra? Ti^e- 
 piov eiKava^, ai ar^jxalai KaXovv- 
 rat, KeKaXvfJLixeva^ eltTrjve'^Kev. 
 01 Se i^eTrXar/rjcrav, tti? ireiTaTr]- 
 jxevwv ainoi's twv vofiifioiv. 
 OvSev yap rj^iovv SeUeXov iv rfj 
 TToXet elatevai. 
 
 Sub voce 'EvtavTo^.] Ol 
 'Efipaioi TOV eviavTOV Kara tov 
 <Te\7]PlaKov SpofMov dpiOfjiovaiVt 
 &a-Te TOV jxfiva '^/Mp&v elvai 
 Trap' avTok k0 . 'Hi tov jiev 
 fjXiaKov kvkXov iirdpp^oz'TO? T^e • 
 TOV Se aeKrjVMKOV eviaVTOv tvS • 
 €0? TOV r/Xiaicov TrapaWdaaeiv 
 eviavTov ri/j,epa<; id tov aeXrjvia- 
 Kov iviavTov. ma-Te" E\\rive<; Kal 
 'lovSaioi firivaf Tpeh e/t/3oXi/x.ous 
 aurm Trape/M^aXKovcriv. 
 
 gave his own name to the remains 
 of the city, calling it jEha : for Had- 
 rian's name was j351ius. 
 
 In his [^Clawdins's] time the Jews 
 rose up against the Christians and 
 set over them as a leader Claudius 
 Felix, bidding him take vengeance 
 upon them. But, when they were 
 collected into the temple, a voice 
 was heard from the shrine saying 
 'We are departing from this place/ 
 And this took place three times : 
 from which they were overwhelmed 
 in utter destruction. 
 
 Pilate carried into Judaea the im- 
 ages of Tiberius, vhich are called 
 Standards, covered with a veil. 
 But they the Jews were frightened 
 because their laws were thus pro- 
 faned. For they held it lawful that 
 no image should enter into their 
 city. 
 
 The Hebrews measure the year 
 by the course of the moon, so that 
 the moon, according to them, con- 
 sists of twenty nine days : seeing 
 that the year of the sun contains 
 365 and that of the moon 354 days; 
 so that the solar year exceeds the 
 lunar by 11 days : so that the 
 Greeks and Jews insert into it three 
 intercalary months. 
 
171 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface . 
 
 Heathen Records . 
 
 Herodotus, b. c. 480 
 
 Polybius, A. c. 200 
 
 Cicero, o. u. 70 . 
 
 Horace, b. c, /iO , 
 
 Ovid, B. c. 20 
 
 Strabo, b. c. 30 — a. d. 30 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, a. d. 10 
 
 Philo the Jew, a. d. 40 . 
 
 Josephus, A. D. 70 — his account o f the Essenes 
 
 (Authors quoted by Josephus) 
 Lysimachus, b. c. 400? 
 Berosus, b. c. 320. 
 Manetho, b. «. 300 
 Hecataeus, «. c. 300 
 Agatharchides, b. c. 170 
 Nicolaus of Damascus, a. d. 40 
 Chaeremon, a. d. 30 
 Menander 
 Dius 
 Apion 
 
 Josephus — his notices of Jesus and of John the Baptist 
 Pomponius Mela, a. d. 48 . 
 Petronius, A. d. 60 
 Pliny the Elder, a. d. 70 
 Martial, a. d. 40 . 
 Plutarch, a. d. 100 
 Suetonius, a. d. 100 
 Juvenal, a. d. 100 
 Tacitus, A. D. 110 
 Pliny the Younger, a. d. 100 
 Seneca, a. d. 115 
 
172 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Epictetus, A. D. 120 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 Floras, A. D. 120 . 
 
 125 
 
 Lucian, a. d. 160 . 
 
 126 
 
 Justin, A. D. 166 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 130 
 
 Celsus, A. D. 170 . 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, a. d. IBO . 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 Diogenes L4ertius, a. d. 200. 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 Dion Cassius, a. d. 200 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 Minuoius Felix, a. d. 180 — 240 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 Philostratus, a. d. 210 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 Imperial Decrees, a. d. 214 — 541 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, a. d. 379 
 
 
 
 
 154 
 
 Rutilius Numatian, a, d. 400. 
 
 
 
 
 154 
 
 Euocopius, a. d. 560. 
 
 
 
 
 155 
 
 Suidas, A..D.900? . 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
i 
 
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