|i) ! — TN?0, ft "3 in :;:::■: ::::;:; ■- iilaiiliiilS hghhRv :;»:::■:: i lilt Cornell University Library TN 805.A3 Coal mine fatalities in the United State 3 1924 003 627 878 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003627878 Bulletin 115 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES VAN. H. MANNING, Director COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES 1870-1914 WITH I STATISTICS OF COAL PRODUCTION, LABOR, AND MINING METHODS, BY STATES AND CALENDAR YEARS COMPILED BY ALBERT H. FAY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 The Bureau of Mines, in carrying out one of the provisions of its organic act — to disseminate information concerning investigations made — prints a limited free edition of each of its publications. When this edition is exhausted copies may be obtained at cost price only through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The Superintendent of Documents is not an official of the Bureau of Mines. His is an entirely separate office and he should be addressed: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The general law under which publications are distributed prohibits the giving of more than one copy of a publication to one person. The price of this publication is 40 cents. First edition. April, 1916. CONTENTS. Page. Part I. — Coal-mine statistics for the United States, by calendar years 3 Introduction 3 Source and scope of statistics 4 Acknowledgments 5 Number of men employed 5 Underground and surface employees 6 Coal-mine fatalities in the United States, 1839-1914 7 Reduction in fatality rates and growth of mine-inspection service compared . . 25 Coal-mine fatalities, by years and causes, from the beginning of inspection in 1870-1914 27 Coal-mine fatalities in the United States, by years, 1870-1914 27 Customary basis for computing fatality rates 60 Comparison of fatality rates on a uniform time basis 62 Principal causes of coal-mine accidents 65 Coal-mine disasters 65 Gas and dust explosions 73 Mine fires 75 Explosives 77 Permissible explosives 80 Falls of roof 82 Haulage systems 83 Accidents due to electricity 87 Mine shafts 90 Surface shops and yards 91 Accidents, classified by occupation 92 Nonfatal injuries in coal mines in United States 96 Fatalities at bituminous coal mines 104 Mining machines 107 Production Ill Number of men employed Ill Effect of machine mining on fatality rates Ill Causes of accidents 113 Gas and dust explosions 116 Explosives 116 Mining conditions 116 Fatality rates on basis of coal mined by machines 117 Part II. — Coal-mine statistics for each State, by calendar years 133 Introduction 133 Alabama 136 Area and distribution of coal fields 136 Coosa field 136 Cahaba field 137 Warrior field 137 Plateau field 138 Mining methods 139 Roof 139 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 140 Accidents 140 in IV CONTENTS. Pakt II. — Ooal-mine statistics for each. State, by calendar years — Continued. Page. Arkansas 146 Area and distribution of coal fields 146 Semibituminous field 146 Mining methods 146 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 147 Accidents 147 California 153 Area and distribution of coal fields 153 Accidents 153 Colorado 156 Area and distribution of coal fields 156 Character of coal beds 156 Mining methods 157 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 157 Accidents 158 Georgia 166 Area and distribution of coal fields 166 Accidents 166 Illinois 170 Area and distribution of coal fields 170 Character of coal beds 170 Mining methods 170 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 171 Accidents 172 Indiana 178 Area and distribution of coal fields 178 Character of coal beds 178 Mining methods 179 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 179 Accidents 181 Iowa 188 Area and distribution of coal fields 188 Character of coal beds 188 Mining methods 188 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 189 Accidents 190 Kansas 196 Area and distribution of coal fields 196 Character of coal beds 196 Mining methods 196 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 197 Accidents 198 Kentucky 204 Area and distribution of coal fields 204 Character of coal beds 204 Mining methods 205 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 206 Accidents 207 Maryland 213 Area and distribution of coal fields 213 Character of coal beds 213 Mining methods 214 CONTENTS. V Part II. — Coal-mine statistics for each State, by calendar years — Continued. Maryland — Continued. * Page. Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 215 Accidents 215 Michigan .• '. . . 222 Area and distribution of coal fields 222 Character of coal beds 222 Mining methods 222 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 223 Accidents 223 Missouri 228 Area and distribution of coal fields ' 228 Character of coal beds 228 Mining methods 228 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 229 Accidents 230 Montana 235 Area and distribution of coal fields 235 Character of coal beds 235 Mining methods 236 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 236 Accidents 237 New Mexico 243 Area and distribution of coal fields 243 Character of coal beds 243 Mining methods 244 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 245 Accidents 245 North Carolina 251 Area and distribution of coal fields 251 Character of coal beds 251 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 251 North Dakota 253 Area and distribution of coal fields 253 Mining methods ." 253 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 253 Accidents 254 Ohio 258 Area and distribution of coal fields 258 Character of coal beds 258 Mining methods 259 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 260 Accidents 261 Oklahoma 268 Area and distribution of coal fields 268 Character of coal beds 268 Mining methods 269 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 270 Accidents 270 Oregon 277 Area and distribution of coal fields 277 Mining methods 277 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 277 Accidents 277 Strikes and lockouts 278 VI CONTENTS. Part II. — Coal-mine statistics for each State, by calendar years — Continued. Paga. Pennsylvania (anthracite) 281 Area and distribution of coal fields 281 Character of coal beds 281 Northern field ! 281 Eastern-middle field 281 Southern field 282 Western-middle field 282 Mining methods 282 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 284 Accidents 286 Pennsylvania (bituminous) 294 Area and distribution of coal fields 294 Character of coal beds 294 Mining methods 295 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 296 Accidents 297 Tennessee 304 Area and distribution of coal fields 304 Character of coal beds 304 Mining methods 304 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 305 Accidents 306 Texas 311 Area and distribution of coal fields 311 Character of coal beds ". . . 311 Mining methods 311 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 312 Accidents 312 Utah 313 Area and distribution of coal fields 316 Character of coal beds 316 Mining methods 316 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 317 Accidents 317 Virginia 323 Area and distribution of coal fields 323 Character of coal beds 323 Mining methods 324 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 324 Accidents 325 Washington 330 Area and distribution of coal fields 330 Character of coal beds , 330 Mining methods 331 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 331 Accidents 332 West Virginia 339 Area and distribution of coal fields 339 Character of coal beds " 339 Mining methods 340 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 340 Accidents 341 CONTENTS. VII Part II. — Coal-mine statistics for each State, by calendar years — Continued. Page. Wyoming 347 Area and distribution of coal fields 347 Character of coal beds 347 Mining methods 348 Reportable accidents and organization of inspection service 348 Accidents 349 Coal-mine fatalities in the United States, by States and causes, during the cal- endar year 1915 " 354 Publications on mine accidents and methods of coal mining 355 Index 359 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate J. Percentage of fatalities due to principal causes, by States, arranged in decreasing order of falls of roof 26 II. Number of men killed per 1,000 employed in the coal mines of the United States, by States and principal causes 26 III. Coal-mine fatalities computed on the basis of a 2,000-hour year, for a 10-year period, 1903-1913 (except 1909), for the various coal- producing States 64 Figure 1. Production, number of men employed, fatalities, and number killed per 1,000,000 tons mined, in coal mines of the United States, for which complete returns are available, 1870-1914 21 2. Relation between coal mine fatality rates in United States and the percentage of industry covered by inspection service, 1870-1914. . 22 3. Number of men killed per 1,000 employed in the coal mines of the United States, by principal causes, 1870-1914 24 4. Total number killed per 1,000 employed in coal mines of the United States; also number killed per 1,000 employed, in common and in exceptional accidents, 1870-1914 68 5. Number of men killed per 10,000 employed, by explosives, in the bituminous coal mines of the United States, compared with the amount of permissible explosives used, 1901-1914 80 6. Average number of men killed per 1,000 employed in anthracite and bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, by occupation, 1902-1913 93 7. Analysis of nonfatal injuries showing part of body injured and per- centage for each location 98 8. Fatality rates, by principal causes, in bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1891-1914, as compared with the increase in the per- centage of machine-mined coal 104 9. Number of men employed in bituminous coal mines of the United States, by groups, based on percentage of coal mined by machines, 1896-1913 112 10. Total number killed, fatality rates, men employed, tons produced, and days active at the bituminous coal mines of the United States, by groups based on the percentage of coal mined by machines, 1896-1913 114 11. Number of men killed per 1,000 employed in bituminous coal mines of the United States, by principal causes, by groups based on per- centage of coal mined by machines, 1896-1913 115 12. The total number killed per 1,000 employed in bituminous coal mines of the United States; also number killed per 1,000 employed, in common and in exceptional accidents, by groups based on percent- age of coal mined by machine, 1896-1913 118 13. Tons mined per man per day and number of men killed per 1,000,000 tons mined in the bituminous coal mines of the United States, by groups based on the percentage of coal mined by machine, 1896-1913 119 vrn COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870- 1914, WITH STATISTICS OF COAL PRODUCTION, LABOR, AND MINING METHODS, BY STATES AND CALENDAR YEARS. Compiled by Albert H. Fat. PART I.— COAL-MINE STATISTICS FOR THE UNITED STATES BY CALENDAR YEARS. INTRODUCTION. The first data compiled by the Bureau of Mines relating to coal- mine accidents in the United States were published in Bulletin 69,° in which the total fatalities by years and States were tabulated from 1896 to 1912. Since the publication of Bulletin 69, further research has been conducted, with the result that the bureau is now able to publish for the first time all of the fatal accidents described in the State inspectors' reports by States, causes, and calendar years, from the beginning of inspection service to date. For the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, there is a continuous record since 1870; the records of the Pennsylvania bituminous mines are continuous from 1877, and, with the exception of one year, the Ohio records are complete from 1874 to date. In fact, the records of all of the States, with few exceptions, are complete; and incomplete data for any year may generally be attributed to the fact that no report was published during that year. The magnitude of the coal-mining industry in the United States is such that too much stress can not be placed on the need of safeguard- ing the three-quarters of a million men employed. Although the figures given herein show an appalling record for past years, they are not published for the purpose of proclaiming the high fatality rate of the past. They are a record of experience covering a period of 45 years, showing causes and results of many accidents in the coal mines of the United States. They represent a diagnosis of the hazard of the mining industry, pointing out the principal physical causes of accidents, and make available a body of uniform facts that will serve as a basis of preventive measures for use in future operations. It is with these great purposes in view that the Bureau of Mines presents the classified data in this report. n Horton F. W., Coal-mine accidents in the United States and foreign countries: Bull. 69, Bureau of Mines, 1913, 102 pp. A 4 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. Classification and study of mine accidents on the basis of number of persons killed is common and very old, but fails to throw enough light upon the problem involved. Many serious accidents in mines have no fatal results, hence in a tabulation of fatalities they are overlooked and the real hazard of the industry is not made clear. An accident does not necessarily include an injury that may result therefrom. Such accidents as the breaking of a hoisting cable, an explosion of powder, gas, or dust, a runaway car or motor are all serious. Although no loss of life results, they should be recorded, investigated, and studied to prevent their repetition. No accurate data for the United States are available showing how far the personal element as related to the mirier and his co-worker, the mine foreman, or to the superintendent and others in authority ( contributes to accidents. Many accidents are due to inexperience on the part of the miner, his failure to heed orders, a misunderstanding of instructions and last, but not least, carelessness of himself or his fellow worker. A foreman or superintendent may fail to give proper warning regarding the conditions of certain parts of the mine; he may not have inspected certain rooms or entries on the day of a mine accident; the mine may not be properly equipped, or the operator may neglect to comply with the inspector's recommendations. There is, therefore, a personal element on the part of both the operator and the miner that must be considered. Legislation and the enactment of compensation laws will make the operator realize the seriousness of the mine-accident situation, when fatalities and injuries are to be paid for in legal tender of the realm. The miner must be educated and made to realize the dangers he encounters; he must learn that self-preservation and the safety of his fellow workmen should receive his first attention; he should cooperate with his employer, his asso- ciates, and the State mine inspector to the end that the mine hazard may be reduced to a minimum. "Cooperation for safety" should be the watchwords of the operator, miner, State inspectors, and all others in any way interested in the mining industry. SOURCES AMD SCOPE OF STATISTICS. The f atalities classified in the State tables have been compiled from the State mine inspectors' reports. The details relating to each indi- vidual fatality, as published by the inspectors, have been carefully reviewed and the f atality classified according to the cause of the death as reported. The date of the accident has also been taken into con- sideration, so that all of the tables have been prepared on the basis of a calendar year. Thus, for the first time, the coal-mine fatalities of all the States are placed on the same basis. It is hoped that those States that classify f atalities by fiscal years will realize the value of a uniform classification and will adopt the calendar year as their basis. Inas- much as figures based on the calendar year have been used throughout this bulletin, it has not been possible to make the State tables check COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1S10-19U. 5 absolutely with the published reports of the inspectors. Some of the States have years ending June 30, others in May, September, October, or November. In the compilation of these tables, all fatalities that were not di- rectly attributable to the mining industry have been eliminated, including coke-oven accidents, suicides, natural causes, and murders. In a number of the earlier reports accidents of this character were included in the inspectors' returns. Data relating to the production since 1807, the number of men employed since 1889, the number of days worked, the number of mining machines in use since 1891, the percentage of coal mined by different methods since 1911, the spot value of the coal, and notes on the coal areas and distribution have been taken from the annual vol- umes of the Mineral Resources of the United States, published by the United States Geological Survey. The data relating to mining meth- ods have been compiled from both the reports of the United States Geological Survey and the State mine inspectors. It is not feasible to indicate the source of each individual item by footnotes, as that would be both burdensome and confusing. The general statement as above given, it is hoped, will indicate plainly the source of the data herein. Wherever practicable, footnotes have been inserted, showing the source of tables and direct quotations. Notes relating to the mine-inspection service were compiled from the State mining laws and submitted to the individual State inspec- tors for verification and comment, and their corrections or additions have been included. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Acknowledgments are due to the following persons for technical assistance that has made possible the completion of the data compiled herein, and for suggestions that have been used in the preparation of the tables and other data: Dr. J. J. Rutledge, mining engineer, E. S. Boalich, mine statistician, and W. W. Adams, clerk, of the Bureau of Mines; M. R. Campbell, geologist, of the United States Geological Survey, who revised the notes on the various coal fields of each State ; and the State mine inspectors, who supplied missing data and revised notes relating to the mine-inspection service of their respective States. NUMBER OF MEN EMPLOYED. ^Although the majority of the State mine inspectors' reports give the number of men employed in the coal-mining industry for each year, many of the reports are based on fiscal years, and as the fatali- ties have been classified according to calendar years, the actual num- ber of employees would not be in accordance therewith. Some of the inspectors have included coke-oven employees, and as coke-oven acci- dents have been excluded, these workers should be omitted. It seemed best, however, that the number of employees should be ob- 6 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. tained from one source, as in so doing the statistics relating to em- ployees would be on the same basis for all the States. The bureau has, therefore, used the number of employees as reported by the United States "Geological Survey since 1889 (except 1909 and 1911). As the figures have been collected by one bureau, they are on a uni- form basis and, furthermore, they are for calendar years and do not include coke-oven employees. For comparative purposes the number thus reported employed will be much better than one based on reports from 25 or 30 sources and for varying fiscal years. The number of employees in the coal-mining industry for the year 1909 was compiled by the mining division of the Bureau of the Census and was published by the United States Geological Survey in 1910, as 666,552. In 1912 State figures for 1909 were compiled by the same bureau and published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper 48,° in Bulletin 69, 6 and in each of the monthly statements of coal-mine fatalities to date. These publications have had wide circulation and have been used by many mining companies, State officials, and insur- ance organizations, and for this reason the figures showing coal-mine employees in 1909 as previously published by the bureau have been used in t his bulletin. The final census figures for 1909, published in 1913, show the number of employees on December 15, 1909, as 743,293. That figure, however, includes a certain number of coking establishments and, furthermore, as the coal-mining industry employs the largest number of men at that season of the year, the number reported on that date is too high to represent a fair average. The census report for 1909, page 196, also gives the number of employees on the 15th day of each month during the year, the aver- age of which is 681,090. The same report also gives the number of men employed on the 15th of each month during the year by States, the average of which is 680,872, as compared with 666,552, published by the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines. These two census figures, although agreeing closely, seemingly include certain coke workers. Taking everything into consideration, it is believed that the Bureau of Mines is justified in adhering to its first published figures (666,552), although this fails to check with the final census figures by about 2 per cent. For the year 1911 the bureau collected accident statistics and at the same time obtained direct from the operators the number of men employed, both on surface and underground. The number of employees thus obtained has been used throughout this bulletin. UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE EMPLOYEES. Complete statistics showing separately the total underground employees, as well as surface employees at coal mines are not avail- Horton, F. W., Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1896-1912, with monthly statistics for 1912, 1913, 74 pp. 1 Horton, F. W., Coal-mine accidents in the United States and in foreign countries, 19H, 102 pp. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 7 able. The number employed since 1889, as reported by the Geologi- cal Survey, is combined as one item, but coke-oven employees are not included. As there are no separate data for these two classes of employees, Table 6 has been prepared, the underground and surface employees being calculated on the basis of the 1911 returns to the Bureau of Mines. In this year 122,513 surface employees were reported at coal mines (exclusive of coke workers) or 16.82 per cent of the total. The total number employed each year since 1895 has been separated on the above basis, with underground and surface fatality rates calculated independently. The 20-year period chosen is considered sufficiently long to be thoroughly representative and thus to throw a little more light on the real underground hazard. For example, the fatality rate in 1913, based on all employees, was 3.725 per 1,000, whereas the underground rate was 4.218, or 13 per cent higher than the combined rate. The surface rate for the same year was 1.283. Similar comparisons with other years may be made. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1839-1914. Table 1 shows by calendar years the total number of fatalities recorded for the coal-mining industry of the United States as com- piled from the State mine inspectors' reports, and from other authentic sources. This table shows that since 1839 to the end of 1914, 53,078 men have been killed in and about the coal mines in the United States. This number, however, is not complete, as mining was carried on in all of the coal-mining States several years prior to inspection service, and as the number of fatalities that occurred in the early period of the industry has not been recorded, except for a few of the larger disasters in which 5 or more men were killed. The 49,733 fatalities given in Table 2 represent those occurring in 89.46 per cent of the industry as based on the tonnage from 1807 to the end of 1913. The fatality rate per million tons mined during the 10 years from 1870 to 1879 was 8.70. If this figure be taken as representative of the early stages of the industry and applied to the remaining 10.54 per cent of the production from 1807 to and includ- ing 1909, not represented by accident statistics, an estimated 9,000 fatalities should be added to the 49,733, making the total to the end of 1913 as 58,733. The total fatalities to the end of 1914 are, there- fore, 61,187, of which number 53,078 are accounted for in Table 1. The total number of fatalities shown in Table 1 does not necessarily agree with" the totals shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4, because in the latter tables only those fatalities have been included for which the corre- sponding number of men employed was obtainable. In Table 1 the figures covering 1888 to the end of 1914 do check with the above tables. Prior to 1888 the table covers a number of mine disasters in States in which the number of men employed was not obtainable. In the subsequent discussion of mine accidents Table 1 is ignored and the lessons to be drawn are based on Tables 2, 3, and 4, which contain complete comparable data for 49,733 fatalities. 8 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. *mo£ •2mtQO-^ M, •muiSjtA ^sa^i. ■uajSnn{SBAi *otji3jta I ■ «OHrtWN«OOXKi •SBX9X •33SS3Tni9X ■ cj cc m tp t- c ■ (snout m HHNHr ooot^i-iio •(ajioeim. -tie) enreAiAsnnea' i««wciiNeiiNHi-(c>icsiNC)nwnMW««c - L~ - HMO OHi-IO •uo2aio •BtaoiTEpio 'ORO -^o^sa qiJOM •oorxaj^ Ma^ -40COSOCOOOOSIO-* -ctrejaoj? • O i-t t» CO r-< » 00 "tT»-" t- "JTt- t- W ■TJTlOSSTJf -COCONCOdMOOWOiHOOO •UBSnpiH ■pUBI^JBH ■ O iO ^"O CO 00 -£"oo 1 • m •JTiq yr ^z -^ l- t-- ~ — l- — l - i-~ m — . ■^omn93 'SBsinrx ■BAiOJ ■Ol^HNi-tOieMcOM.-ieNCNeNCNeNi-lCNOlCMCNCa'r •Buerpiri •siontni 'Ot^OOHt^wNaOCONOIOWOWNSN •bujxojbo •OpBJOJOO - rt .-: — — -m ■- -o rg — ro iq t-. •cnuojnBO • t» to "JT^T 00 *i •BUiBq'Biv 'NHCiiOCilOONOO ■•-HC^coeNos^i'^eoTf'ifs Or-T!iWOOHNMfl'IO»SQ001QTH«MV«qOls000JOFH«WT)CC00«)COGCa0CO00»^-TfHioioiooo«ost^efl ' -*t- 00 CN Tf«H lOMlflfDOlHOr-llutOOJM 00"STtOOCOD-.i-lffii-HOOlO HffivWONtOOOOHOi 10 >o to m t» rD 10 * to !C (C IC ; ; ; ; ;r-« ■(T'OO MPS1 S3 Fl a o l»* £ ° 2 a ® s 33 &OC s-s w o © "3 •91* 10 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, '1870-1914. 3 O . 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The table and the figure show the total number of men killed in and about the coal mines in the United States for which complete records are available. It will be noted that in 1870 the percentage of the industry covered by the mine-inspection service (fig. 2), based on the production, was 47.42 with 35,600 men employed. The figures for the total number of men employed are not available. In 1871 the percentage of the industry represented by the production was 41.25 with 37,488 men employed. The figures for the first four years, 1870 to 1873, include only the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania. From 1874 on, a number of other States adopted inspection service, so that by the close of 1888, 87.29 per cent of the production was from States having inspection and representing 285,517 men. The first com- plete record of the number of men employed in all of the coal-ruining States was in 1889, when 311,717 men were employed. Of thi3 number, 283,198, or 90.85 per cent, were employed under the inspec- tion service. The percentage of the production represented by in- COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 21 S ^ :*- —\ / t w ■s \ ~\ \ \ \ \ s 1 / t / k 1 \ \ \ J 0/&* \* *' N ■-- ^Z"* \ \ \ / >« *ft / \ \\ "~^ ^ ^ 1 \ \ c ^ \ — q. \ ■O ^ \ i-\ QUbf •-^> \ I 1 t \\ / 1 w | ■-,* V V 1 k i / 1 % k \ \ 069/ 1 T I \l I i\ J * / v_; hi ti X "2 $i \ R<, ) \ i\ V \ v\ $> Kit ! figP CIS/ ^&/. /o. "•puosn OUj i i \ § H I § \ \ 1 ^ /o 8 ft 0//(. \ § 1 5 § 1 a o 8 pq 22 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. i / MSf I 1 V k ' *§F ll ■f \ $ i \ r \ *, / N \ \ / I \ ! ' [/ \ \ \ 4 f \ \ { / \ 1 i 1 l $ a 7 S i Z| ^ ' 1 \ - \ . %\ if \ 1 *\ \ i / $ 1 _4 * / \ «b s 1 S" 6-T &V'" ' \ fl 1 / ,/ • r * -- l s 1 ! 5 1 i 5 i ^ ^ A ^ ?///* « J9, ■a ■a s ° •g s E3-S .a ■a pd/b/du/9 uatu oocfi jad pa///y jagus/7// I COAL-MINK FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 25 Accidents due to explosives also show a decrease from the begin- ning of inspection to about 1887. From 1887 to 1903 there was an increase, and from 1903 to date the rate has gradually declined. The fatalities due to shaft accidents (fig. 3) are gradually decreas- ing, the rate per 1,000 men employed in 1870 being 0.758, while in 1913 it was 0.083. Table 5 contains the same grouping by causes as does Table 4. It, however, shows fatality rates by States for continuous periods for which records have been published. It contains 1,279 less fatalities than Table 4, by reason of the fact that intermittent records prior to the period of continuous records have been omitted. (See Pis. I and II.) REDUCTION IN FATALITY RATES AND THE GROWTH OF MINE-INSPECTION SERVICE COMPARED. The relation between mine-inspection service and the fatality rates at coal mines from 1870 to date is shown in figure 2. The upper curve represents the actual percentage of coal produced under inspection service to the close of 1909. From 1910 to 1914 the Bureau of Mines has received accident report's direct from the operators in those States wherein there is no mine inspection. These States are Cali- fornia, Georgia, Idaho, North Carolina, and Oregon. The coal pro- duced in the noninspection States is less than 0.1 per cent of the total so that the curve from 1910 to 1914 may be accepted as representing the inspection service. In 1869, 179 men were killed in a mine fire at Avondale, Pa. The following year a law provided for systematic inspection of the anthracite mines. Pennsylvania was therefore the first State to establish a mine-inspection system. From 1870 to 1873 the curve shown represents the anthracite fields only. The fatality rate in 1870 in the anthracite mines was 5.93 per 1,000 men employed, whereas the number of fatalities per million tons mined was 13.47. Corresponding figures for 1914 for the Pennsylvania anthracite field are 3.31 fatalities per 1,000 men employed, and 6.55 fatalities per million tons mined. There are no records to show what the fatality rate in anthracite mines was for years previous to 1870. It was, however, high in 1869, on account of the Avondale disaster. The year 1870 was apparently normal as shown by the actual number of men killed in the anthracite field during the next few years, so that the number of fatalities in 1869 must have been more than 350, with not to exceed 35,000 men employed. The next State to appoint a mine inspector was Ohio, in 1874, and the first complete inspection year for the Pennsylvania bituminous mines was in 1878, so that after 1874 other States have been added to the inspection list, 26 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. Tables 8 to 39 show by years the number of inspection States for which complete records have been obtained, and it is upon these tables that the totals shown in Table 2 and the curves in figure 2 have been, based. During the first 10 years (fig. 2) of mine inspection the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed and the number of fatalities per million tons of coal mined declined rapidly. From 1880 to 1897 the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed remained practically stationary, while the number of fatalities per million tons mined showed a very slight reduction. From 1897 to 1907 the number killed per 1,000 em- ployed increased considerably, reaching the highest point in 1907. Since that year there has been a marked decline. The increase in the fatality rate from 1897 to 1907 is not necessarily due to less efficient mine inspection. The conditions under which mines were operated were changing. The mines were growing deeper ; there were more old abandoned workings for accumulation of gas and dust; and more men were employed in the individual mines than in former years ; so that in case of a gas or dust explosion, the likelihood of trapping more men was greater by reason of a larger number of men being employed. During this period there was an influx of for- eign laborers, many of whom came from the agricultural districts of southeastern Europe. They had no experience in mining, did not know the English language, and hence were not capable of under- standing and carrying out orders that were made in a tongue foreign to them. Although the inspection service has been increasing in efficiency from year to year, the various hazards, for the reasons mentioned, are also increasing. The increasing fatality rate due to mine disasters, from 1897 and culminating with 1907, has been the means of the passage of more stringent laws concerning the operation of coal mines. Every disas- ter is thoroughly investigated by State and Federal authorities, as well as by the local engineers of the operating company, to determine the exact cause, so that similar disasters may be prevented in the future. States are establishing rescue and first-aid stations, and nearly every large mining company has its safety engineer and safety- first committees with the necessary rescue and first-aid equipment. An educational campaign on mine-accident prevention has been con- ducted since 1907 with the result that there is much closer cooperation of miner, foreman, operator, and inspector than in former years. Permissible explosives and improved types of safety lamps have been introduced into many of the mines. Explosibility of coal dust has been studied and precautions adopted to render the dust inert. The work of these various agencies has resulted in a gradual decline in the fatality rate from 1907 to 1914. Missing Page COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 27 COAL-MINE FATALITIES, BY YEARS AND CAUSES, FROM THE BEGINNING OF INSPECTION IN 1870 TO 1914. Tables 8 to 39, inclusive, show by causes and calendar years all of the fatalities occurring in and about the coal mines in the United States by combining those States for which there are complete inspection records. In the compilation of these tables all fatalities have been omitted for which the corresponding number of employees was not given. Thus one State may appear in a certain year and not in another simply because the records were incomplete. With reference to fatalities from 1870 to 1873, inclusive, which are repre- sented only by the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, the reader is referred to Table 125 under that State. The percentage of the industry covered by these tables, the number of men employed, and the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed, and per million tons of coal mined are shown in Table 2 14355°— Bull. 115—16 3 28 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. a H .-I a 3 w O PS w m •IB^O^. pUBIO | e»H CM o 1 CD CM *#co CM CO CM o CO CM i-t CM CM CM 1 CM cocn »H 1 "» CM 1 ^ s 1 a m g id 03 •I^^ox •*.h CM kO CM CO© CO co CO H^*« t» :^< ■S9ST1130 I8t£K) CM rHTjl » CMU3 ^- H« CO i>o kO ■SQApOTH -OOOJpU'G SJBO Xl3AV[tl3'iI IcO CO w H i-< io STiOTSo^dxe "jetiog o OJ CN»C t- !co CO 1 ^ tH 'AiQwvgy&yi Oi !o iO '■* ^1 llO IO !co CO •(suinq jo spoqs) A^ioujoaig; CO 'S9AI10UI0001 euiui pife sjbo OTirH f-t HN CO i-HO CO !»C5 IO !»o kO +5 1 .g . ■g a •moi COCO as t~Oi CO CM Ht* U3 CMCO CO •sestiBO jgqio CD :~ ~ 'Sdl3[S JO S9&0 It*. r- '•tr~ r- tHIO CO »HCO ■* •sgdoxs JO s^jctis tH rHCM CO -tf* ^ ■sedois jo CO i-H CNCD CO to c* 1A • CT en —ICO ^ to CN ■a % O a 1 1 •IB^OX cm en CO CM i-l« o CM COCQ HO CM CM CM1> CO o CM 0i ■S9ST1B0 Jaqjo CM CO.H cM CM 'CO ■CO CO CO ''** HN CO •(■o^9 'p9^ooiins 'patutiq) S9ig 9U?K i-t CO iH a ■S9urqo^Tii Stipijq; O csT CO •simoray c» yHT* kO CO ■(smnq jo upoqs) A^pupeia 00 i 00 ■S9SE§ entxu raojj uoi^Booijng t- ■"* ■* »H 'cs CM 1-1 w CD s •S9ATSoidxa <£> Itc CO o 'S9AT^Ota -ODOI PUB ' SJBO 9IITW CO .r- CO rHt- 00 CM 1 N ' CO CO oia CM ■{■BOO JBllld JO 90BJ JO S^tf S3 CM ■a ■ c ) CO 1 CM CO co a CO •(•0%Q ( 2pOJ 'pOO) JOOJ fO BlIBj[ - HO rH"«j o C0 1 o>- CO cocc 1 H iO rH CC 1 CO 5 t- 1 CO ;' '•'z S -i co ; c iH , o ' < : i :! • & f< ; < • i : I s i "3 i B ; I jo :j 3 :> . c c ■ t ; i ;" Of j 1 ! 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SC O » N O ■sastiso jsifto •('oj9 'pa^eooijns •paiuTiq) sajrj enrjV ■sannpreni Snnnys; ■SlTSlULUy ■(smnq jo ^ooqs) A^iotcjooia eana tno jj norjBOojjns •S9Aisoidxa l»CO .^H«3 \pamqtaoo ^stip pus sb3 2urpTnoin) snoTsoidsa 'nsnp-iBQQ •SB3 3ntojnq pus suoisojdxa s«o -a 3 P. •saAfjora -ooox pus " sjbo sotr ■fBOO JBjnC[ JO 90BJ 10 SflB^ -(■DJO '^00 J '[BOO) JOOI JO SnBtf 15 ?j>8 s s &5?i s&H ili|i|l|iii^iiifilllllii|||! COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 41 W IK W « o o H w O « Big w5 ciT~i CM ■iranmoBji s 00 - 1 i-l ■(snjnq jo 3[00t[s) Xjiop^oeia CO 1-t •SQAI^OmOOOJ emra pri« sjbo oiiih - COIN "3 ■s .9 % i ■ro°x t-tOC2CM rt i-l COU9 tH * ■sestiBO jemo i-l ^ : n •Sdt3[S JO S93BQ U3 HM CN i-< ■H -*■* CO ■sedois jo sijBqs nAiop Suiito ff>oofqo 3 CNrH CO •sedois jo sjjraqs HMop 3nntE,i cocq W 1 3 i CM 1 O 61 8 3 •IB^OI to CM 00 CMCOCOOU3QO CD CM rHrH r- en OOt-T-l i-tQPOl TH ■00H 1 > CO < CM CO 'sestrco Joq^o »-4 -Hi3 ! 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'TOO} PTTBIO « E» CO ~s eo cocoes as tc vt-»HC« tH /-vrtrt eaoo moo ? •5" ^-o e e © o 3 T. § ® "TOOX 1 *""' ■d< -H OS i-l 3* rH» 04 C9 ■sssneo leq^o ©S 1 CM - »OtN — — O *S9AT^Ota -oooj pire sibo Aus-itu-a — C4 - - >o ■ N CD jo snoisojdxa iairog C3 | - - -~ ■-* CO ■ajbuitiobji e> 1-4 - as l-» •(stunq JO ^OOqS) ^TOTJ^pOI^ *| ■S9AIJOIDOOOI eutui pur. sjeo ototc 2 x | lOHiKHH OS H« t-eo iH CO a: o 3 ■sasneo jai^K) s ! ^ - ■ ea ■Sdp[S JO S33«0 lO 1 1-1 1 - - CM o* O--! •sedois jo su«ns S 1 :- O—i ^ ■S9dO]S JO s ^"iHCO ■ - «^H CO -6 § o to 1 a 9 © 'TO<>£ CO t-eo 1- i X ifl H L^ OHH i-f OHIO eoea COrH M oo CO OS •sasntJO Jeqio CO - -" ^ OS OS CO i ■(■o^e 'pajeoojjns 'peTunq) sajg orapt ■-4 ■H « ~- N ?Q OS ■sannjoBui Suiulj^ o •H •spfuiiiiv CO ^ ^ j« *(snjnq jo ^ooqs) A^pijqoeia; 00 ^ OS CO S3S83 ennn raoijTioii«oojjns .1 T-i CM CO ■S9Aiso|dxa CD 1 ^ NiOWW-- ^ cc-*- X -# OS ■ 00 oo •(pauiqraoD }snp pus sb3 "Stnpnpui) snorsoidxa "^snp-pjoo te -*OS CM o CO CO 'seSSnnijnq pire suotsoxdxa sbq *» "S< 1Q « l- OS w : ■seArpra •ooox pus "sjbo oniK CO ■** >-*« • i-Hi-H OS HlOH M» ^?ps osr- '. ea *JBOO J^fnd W 90BJ JO SffBJ OS OS ~H T? w cs HH — «eoe» -!}I^H O OS " ■* ■ OS ■(*OJO *3p0I '[BOO) JOOI JO S^tf r-l t- HKJ cocsescoioeo t-MN ■oo o» ■* > | P c c C > | C- c c 3 c c E- 1 c * t c 1 > 1 I -1 d C "E > 1 '• c 6 a COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 43 1 1 JA 1AM o HMl>tD« Or-06 OOCO ft0>0> CO i-t O ««H ^rl ^ej^HOH/^ ^M-ICO-r~ OI CO o 'IBJOl pUBI£) £ " £s" 6 ■c S S •a "TO<>X | •H ©i 4t*Hi-l - i-l 3S N iHCft ! •sesnEO jattio rH JOOIr-l r^CM ; s ■SSAIJOUl -oooj puis sj'eo XB^ireH iH i-l "*CO N j 3 •sadid rarajs 3misjnq 1 a JO snorsojax9 J9jlog 1 w ■ r-lrH « ; ■* •AjgunjOBH s r-l N lOCO - ■H j Ol Ol •(sujnq 1 «, 10 ^poqs) it^ioijioeia: ] rt *S9Ap0ta000[ j t. etmn puis sjbo 9tnH | ^ N ^ MMH **• : 00 ■a .g M "TO°I | r-liH 2** iH « OH 03 l-C i ■* •S9srreo jaojo CD r-l •sdl3[S JO S93EQ | S tHtH -*i-i cq cq i-H ■ Ol •sadojs jo sjjcqs UAiop 2UI1IEI sioafqo i-H h ^ Oi I-l •sedopjo 1 „ sijeus umop SurrTEj 1 •"■' j 1 > X lb P | 00 en CO 14355°— Bull. 115—16- 44 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ■* £ o o a 6 tno riHH COM oor-ea •0 • ■HO > : 1 * *S9saBOJ9mo n | w - — t^« ■ ."i-4CM ■ cs o* -CJ - : E- ■sadid ureses Sntjsmq jo snoisoiixo Jauog «i ^HCM - : "* *£i9HtnaBjt OS j c* i-l C0i ^H us co t- -h ■* CDU9 1* ' S 9-TlC J9TIJJO co —- ' : CO R ■sdpp JO S93130 3 | - - n_ :- "* fN OS © •sadofs jo sjjBqs •41 1 I — i OJ '1-1 w : ** •?adois JO s|- i^HlC WCO CM •0 s o © a 3 © 3 TB^ox 09 CO 00 CO coej eo co 00 -ui «d ^1 ^1 »h *3 — 1 — 1 -h r4 00 cacD ■WIN t- C5 so ■XI 1- — i COO) ■ -U- as .^100 w lH ■sasneojeq'jo ea n 1-1 ^« ■* ■CM 1-1 Q9 •(■aja 'pe^Booijns 'panjuq) saig eniK T-t jj •seanprem Suiuitc o CN ei "srenmry OS c- t- •(strmq jo qooqs) ^jpiJ^oaia 00 "^ .-Ho lO C^l ■CO CO CO *sb3 SnniJTiq pire suOTSoxdxe sbq «m »o eo -0 -# ■ r. I-HCO si •saArjoia -OOOX PUB " SJtfO 9UIK eo t-WrH ^ cq ■^oi *^- !M T)l -|BOO j^tn'i jo eoej jo sixbj; » D- i-i WN - 1 - ?-> cow ■-W-O Is r •(•319 *^OOJ *fBOO) JOOI JO SnBJ - eo X P3 — X a $*~ MOW OQ-W— i • "*3 CD to i .2 CO 1 c < ,c 1 1 c < I i c < c c 5 c c 1 c c 1 c c | 1 c c J S c: c s I s < I c c C 1 C - j C c E z c - < p. C c 1 s > Z C c p. c is c e c c s c ■ c si 32 Si c "E > 1 ct C £ c > ■Ti C& OO ■H "3 D •** O H COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 45 H W K « as>Ht-t*o<»E«tf Brt i^t« CO ^>^H CO iH --\C cj a Tt-t- CM ■sedojs jo syeqs TjMop Sunpsj sioefqo ** - : rtrt : CM -*CM ■sedois jo I M S)JBqS TIMOp SinnM | rt eo OOtJH , " H CM CO •(■0^9 'p9}K>0JJTlS 'pgtxmq) S9JTJ 9rapi iH r-t ^ PO^H >o 3 •S9mqomn 2nnnjt o rt T-4 •siBnimy OS l-Hi-H M CO •(sujtiq JO 2[00qs) ^I0IJ109ia CO 1-1 CO t- ■S9S133 9TITUI IHOJJ UOI^OOIJTlg E- TprH CO 00 •S9AIS0ldXa CD CO *"■ a«Pi(OH eq^-iiNco CO-* CM fflH ^ Ol ■ ^1 CM iH ■(peuiqraoo^snp puB SES'SntpnTOnt) snotsoidxo ^snp-iOTQ lO lO o o CN US o CM ■se3 Supxmq pire snoisojdxo ffBQ ■* £N CO.-H DC CO CO ^ US *S9Apotn -0001 ptIB ' SJBO 9UIK CO ^ ON (N >o " rHi-< W3 CM CO i-l CO-* Hffl i us •poo JBITld JO 90EJ JO sn^ic CM cq CO O T-< COCN "OH COCO HN us •(•0^9 'J100I ■p300) JOOI JO SIP3.I .-1 t^ a> 'tf'-H'Hi-f'H COCOrHT* OC3S CO i-IOO COCO CO CMC© us us CD 3 CO 1 < c: E £ o s 1 g < s 1 < 1 c CS c ! i- c t: c I * c 5 I 1 a 1 V 1 I g 1 g b ! i s i 1 I ! 1 c I c c c IZ .C c « E c i E c 1 2 C "a -*- ] 1 'c 1 2 a (1 C c I i a i i a « ■>! Q C C a E- s Q 4 I > i c C ■5 o.fc > 1 c 1 d CD OS , "^ O « S3 46 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 'TOO* piTBJ£) o oo ls r- ■«• ci ^ »-i « o « r- ic a e a i-i ^ g* M — c •^ 1! ' a 3 tn 3 •TOOX 1- CM ^ 03 — i CJ-H eor- HO Is •sasneo Joqio 85 w CM G> • - 1^1 Ol -OOOJ PUB SJGO JLB.IVIIB^ j ** | -« —1 - 3^ —i 1 & -sadtd mea^s Supsmq l 1 10 snoisojdxe J90og; 1 °» j eq 1-H CI ^ : CO r3 •AjannpBjf cs - o» M -(snjnq i „ i jo 3pons) A^iptEjoeia | rt I 1 I f : "SQApOOIOOOI I t, I 9urm pire sjgo ©otk | ,h | - OtJh r-IQ0 o CO 3 a -a S3 5 'TOOX | 1 -« 1H CIO ■-I 00 iH 1 *° *S9STIB0 J9IO0 S ' I j •sdi^s jo sa3B3 | 2 | O-r-a CM r-100 CO lea leu ssdop jo s^jsqs ^ j tL.tt.op 3u}u«i s^osfqo ** I ^ •i '• <- ?! CO O O u5 CSH« —lF-1 -H iH t> O C-! HOW 00 t> M CM O C4 1NNO i O •sasnBO J9q^o 2 00 CM rtHCN SNtN W 3'" ■^ oo '(■059 'p&$*ooijris 'penmq) seig botr; 1-* CO s—g o U3 •samqOBtn 3unn;fl[ O "^ — 1 T— t ^ « *s iwuii uy o» w CO-* 00 •(suinq jo ^ooqs) AjptJjoexa 00 i* -.^ OS CI I-I ■S9SB3 eunn mo j j hot jBOOjjng t- ^ o CO ■seAisoxdxg C© © *H CS^jtcOtN-^ "*iO (M xs 3^"' «OS • r- i-f ■(peuiquioo isnp pire SG3"2niptqoTii) snoisoidsa '^snp-p^oo uO 00 CM CO CM -8 ' CO 'sb3 Snnunq pire suotso'idxe so*) ^< c* CN —i CO 00 o iH •saAtjom -oooi poBSJBO Qiirra « o X c*eoc» iO Hi-ltN a»t- g^» — 1 OS 1-1 TB0O jBnid jo 9obj jo sn^j N o CO 00 —*t- C4 o e»-*i-i coco CO iOen . ■(•o^e *^x>j r p3oo) jooj jo sn^d: i-l 00 13 cm 0>-l<-l OOMO co>-t - ■ - — N«3rt -^ oo [m . c ! « 1 6 < < 1 c •7= < « ? E > c ■r = 1 p 5 c 2 t ^ | 2 i S C | i c 1 s s c j 1 C .- c C c — c _> c c c 'c 5 c E- - ~c. > c c b 1 > c £ o > i- a ea »H "a i 2 o COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 47 ■p^o:} pn-e jq O MM r- «* en co c» 1-1 co o cm t* com oto« do ^^h N^NWH iH i-I i-I •-.» ■* ^>0 US M *-> /-sCO « CM CM a B r- & ■2 s § ® 1 •Vbioi CJ CM Ni-li-l *HtH (Noa u»co iH CMO cn CO •sesneo Jaqio cm 1M rf : : lOH HCO ■ CM •ssai^oui -oooi Vw s rao ^BMn«H (M fHrHrH ■* i t~ •sedid raisers Suiisjnq jo snoisojdxg J9[pa O CM CM rH ^CO o l-l •AratnqaBH OS ■ tH t^CM H - 91 CM •(Sttinq jo spoqs) A'lioijpeig; 00 i-I ■ ■H ■sqaiiouioooi Onira PTTB SJEO 9TITH t- CN Hi- 1 i- lOCN CD ! CO CM 03 •S .9 ■a a •TOOX OOIfHlO CM CI »H i-HiH. 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CO ■S9 Almoin -oooi pire'sjuo 9UJH CO Ol CN o CM CM t-1-tf i-HiH o oo tow CO CM too iH I-l '(•019 '3J00J 'JBOO) jooj jo strE.1 iH CN CO CNi-HiOCNi-HCOiO»OCNt- ■*HHHH COO Oi-I lO to o» CO 1 03 I | < 1 1 < a s 1 < ! ! c 1 2 '5 c I 1 )C I P 1 s 1 C, 1 1* 1 1 1 s 1 b 1 s t 'I V s i c c ► s 5 2 1 C 2 c c E c i c 1 c 'a +■ 't E 1 C 1 [ (2 E I a 1 s e i J 1 1 : S3 ■■P csj O en iH 48 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 'TOO} pireio i-~-~*ieioojeo«^ ~ « ■- oj ■* ■- « «s oj : S 3 •— ■ 5 ■— I ^ IOCO 5 s — — as "T^oji "S8SHBO i^m o "S9AIJOUI -oooj ptre SJBO £gMggg "sadid muais 3m jsanq jo snorsoidsa jgpog ■AjeuripEj^ ■(saraq jo y>oqs) .^i3TJ).ootg[ •SOAROTnOOOI quito pu'g sjbo ffaijy T^ox ■sasnBO Jaq^o ■sdpis jo sa3so 'sadois jo sijuqs 'S9dOfS jo SfisiJS iLJiop Snni^J! C>» -* « — I —■ TB^OJ, ■9-VNNNH i-l I-- ■sasnra jeqio •(*a(9 'po^BOOijns 'penmq) ssjtj eurjt 'seurqDBtii Snjurpf "SjvnnuY' *(sumq jo ^ooqs) A^ioiJ^ooia onnn raojj trotjBooijag •seAisoxdxa OOCONIO (penrqinoo isnp pire sb3 3ncpnprn) *sb3 Suimnq pro* saoiso"[dxa sbo -soATjora -ooox pire'sapo onrre Teoo jemd jo 9dbj jo sne^j r*CMcq ■!-*!-« 'iBoo) jooj jo sn?»i I 233 S ^ » — T3 ^£ 43 c o k-c * 2 2.5. s S O S3 _» co -w> ._ , = § e S3 S.3 3 >, COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 49 w W W Eh P3 < W !* M • CM jo suorso[dxe jeijog ] w ^ ■*i-l CO ■lisTnqoBj^ S "<*« Oieo f-i i ■(snjnq 10 3[00qS) ^lou^ooia 00 •S9AIJOin000l otnni ptirc sjtco 9injq t- - r-i CM CO-csH CO o '• to "is •a ■TO°1 M to CM oce i-i "* i os OS 'S9STH30 J9I$0 co •sdRS io seSBQ to i-H to cq co cm - CM 00 - CM ! 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I 1 » 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 b i I +. i ; c , c :"> 1 a s 5 !z I i c c c ■5 c s c 1 o p a 1 I P E c 'J E j 1 a ft : 1 ^ a e 1 '• 1 ji ■f i c i'l ; i C ;i 11 a & 52 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. •TOO* PTTBI£) ** eor» T4 B r- c\ te ^i co co it eo *-^»o eo ^o o» eo -— . ^h eo eo eo CO* a a f- a o s s •moi | *l ^*ea co c<-o«-i oeo IfiHH CO CO •sesneojoioo S ~H : i I- i CM (Nh eeQcafloee»ei E>*#CQCOe2 CO ^-0 CO CO *p30O IBJ\t& JO ©OBJ JO S\\V£ OI CO O CM -" ^C^H CO CM ■*co »-«t«-o to *(*019 *^OOJ *1W)0) JOOJ JO Sp^tf I-* C* r- i-t cm cm i~i ^h Wt~H CM CM CO OWN CO o 1 E 3 = S i ■a = -a 1 < c -C C3 - c C 1 G J3 o z •a c a a S O © c > z ■a 3 o •i c £ j = O S 1 c c 1 > a s c s | c o a s T c a e J? 1 c c c c s c o o Pi o c c e C c > > V I <£ P- 2 C c 2 1 > c c c e a c B c s y c 1 =1 "S ■ is, e er a EH >h a COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 53 •TOO* pnBig [ 00 *CO a k e]u)H«oco(OOH^«nne qOth^i us m o r-< -^r- ^coco^t tHOJ« »-h «* -^r- r- co --n --vCM >h oo 3h i-< s sous e e eo 1 m ■* 1 of CD (-1 s m § -a cd i •I^ox 1 I 1 • CM '• '• I-l I ??" 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I; o •sdrqs jo S93B3 lO CM Oco - ^H(M CM-* 's •sadors jo sycqs H ~+ ~- i-HCM o ■sadoxs jo sireqs nA\op 2mrrej[ CO 'MH -* r-l e-is- — H o fl J3 O hi to s- c- cs ^H ***«"* CM "3 CO O CO o ■(•3}9 '^00 J '[BOO) JOOJ JO ST[B^ *-< !i =s t= CM l= -M CM t-t CS i-l f-l "OOXtt^wQNH CS LT -H ^H -^ l-t i-l CM »H CM © S da £ C3 •i < c 1 < a S s < = 1 1 e c i c C £ c 2 ■e c a - a c C 1 1 1 e 1 1 1 t s 1 1 > C C c > 1 t c 2 e: 1 c c c c *>< a s c 2 c 2 z 5 C c c c ' c >- c 6- c 5 > C c 1 d e T c • lb s o cs a c- i- Ic- COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 55 eoo^Moee TBWpirBio tHiomhcoh 'moi C4MMAH •S9STVB0 jemo n sadtd ureses Sra^sjtiq jo siiOTSoidxQ aenog •^jetnqo'eH 3 ■(smnq JO 2[00qS) A^IOIJ^QQja; ! ■soAi^oraoooi QUITO pITe SJBO 9Ujy[ *TO<>X 'S9ST1130 J9TQ0 ■sdi3[S jo se3«o ■sedojs jo s^jBqs UM.op Swix^j sioefqo ■sodojs jo ■sosnrao Jeq^o i-li-H .(N cq iHHNNr •(•o^e'pe^oosns 'peumq) S9jg euiH "S9int[0BTa 3inui^; •simarav '(snmq jo 2[ooqs) ^q.ioiJ^09ta 9UITO mojj uot^ooiiTig •seAisoidxgc OIHCOTOOHHp •(p9tnqtaoo:).snp pire SBS'Stnpnpm) suotsoidxQ 'q.stip-yBOQ 'SbS Strrnmq puB snotso'idx9 sbo 'soApoia -oooi ptre sjbo 9urK 3 CO t-HO -H CO tO r- •p300 JBItld JO 9013J JO SItB,! 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TBWpmsxg aoN«oooel«»ei«iat>as4Hp TOOX *sasnso jqiro ■soAuom setitti the9js 2ncjsmq jo suoisoidxa' jenog; •XietnriOByt '(sumq io ^ooqs) Ajiotigoeig; 'S9AtJ0U1000l 9UIUI pTTG SJBO fenrp[ •moi ■sesriBO iaipo •Sdt3(S JO SOSBQ 'SGdOIS JO SJ.JBTJS TiM.op Smne; spofqo 'sedofs jo sqjeqs tmop 3uniyj •rooi •sestreo jeioo S3 i •(■019 'pffJBOOHTlS 'pOTJtiq) sejg ©trrpi *S8tnrqpBni Suniijf •yi^uiLii v •(sumq jo ^ooqs) ^TOL^oaia: ennn taojj noTieoontig •ssAisoidxa •(peinqinoo ^snp ptre s«3 2urpti[OTn) snoisotdxe 'isTtp-pioo •sb3 Sunuriq ptre snoisojdxa sbq 'S9AT)0ta -oooi ptib'sjbo eutji ^"«rl HWU3H t-H i-4 COOS c CD SI' - « OSlft-3 COCO eo OS 3 CO g ■s a M TBJOX eo CM t-iH Hl>Hrt *n eo en ox iH i-t t> om iH 00 iH OS e» •sasnra J9qio « ■ CMi-h 'COrH j - tO CM CM CO .-I r-ICM 'SdAIlOTH -OOOt PCTB SJEO jttJJITIBtl «h 1 eo " CO -"" - rt rf CM ; ^ ■sedid urea^s Snjisjuq jo snoTsojdxo ' jonog 1-i CMN US viJanrqOBji 01 CM CM • CO eo ■(smnq jo qooqs) ijiouioeia 00 1 1-1 CMIM rf CO '• 00 •SQAi^oraooox ounn puB sjbo ourR -1 - - CO fHCO i-H CO s^ CO eej ■3 ■d "TOOX eo iHpH 01 h»i r-«eo tM CMC- Ol >H iHi-IOliH CD •sestiBO JOtBO ce 1 -• : rt : w : ; eo ■sdpis jo sbSeo to i-t r-( >o i-tCM cq -* MCO CM-H O CM •sadojs jo sjjuqs HAop SunM sp9[qo •# - - - : CM ■ m ■sedofs jo syraqs n^op 3nrxiB,i eo CM CO h " OOtjt - eo CO 1 Ih g ■m°i, JH OS ■* CO i-H N ■**» iH iH iH iH cncnnooo 00 r-eo^H^ eo OS 10 of •sostreo Jeqio eM ^ CO ti* OO eoi-t us us •(■ot9 'poiuoojjns 'patunq) sejg 9nrjt[ 1-4 s i-H ■seinqoBitt Siuiujv O r-4 ^ 1-1 1-1 ^ ^ 0 W ; co •S9Aisojdxa CO >o i-Ht-I f-ICM CO 1H1H CM O^H r~oo OrtOO ■ •(paniqraoo isnp pire sbS Sutpniom) saoisoidxa lsnp-jsoo ws CM MNHiu ^ CM co r- 00 us •sc8 Snrajnq ptro snoKoidxs sbq ** CD CM iO CO CM U3 CM CMlOi-H W3r-i t- CO 00 ■ CO (-1 •saAiiotn -O00{ pttB ' SJ30 9UTJ? eo 10 cm CO i-i 00 CO cm 10 CM CM CM CO toco OscDCM CM OS CO lO lO iH CO ■JBOO jBtnd jo eo«i jo S[tBj cm CO 01 OS CM .-H-tH CMrHCM 00r-l r-cOtH o> ■coooic Ol •(•019 '3[00J '(BOO) JOOI JO S[IBj[ i-i 10 ioeo>-i inoascoosoOTjit— cmoo C0M i-ii-t —HO OS to to CO 1 $ E IT < i 1 1 4 1 c I t: I 1 )C 1 U I X 1 t ! i s 1 I 5 5 b i t. i 5 I i 5 c 5 2 ! 1 X c 2 c '-c c c E c s c i c 1 'Z t- +- P c c 1 ► ■ a (1 c J 1 f ,1 1 c '1 • : C • ' c •a* 'c if ,; is '■ ■ a ■1- C E- 58 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. ■psiol paisio | eo eo e» e» «s» r* i-h«e- eoe* ^-ioco hn«m« iH Ot rH COCO CO ta CO 4> CJ o ^ Is ■sasn«0J3ino S *-li-i - COt-I • hN ■' ~ -n<1-*1-* M :|§ ■S9A1101H -ooox ptre sjbo abmitch OS CM - CM - - IH I CO "sodid uresis Smjsjnq jo saoisojdxe iapoa o cm - rt ■£i8aiqoBM CO •H -- < - ta<£> D» ■ i« -(samq jo ^aoijs) AjrotJ509[g s i-c»Q - i-l • CO ■S9AT70UIOOOJ eurta pire sjbo qutk - - ~ ': too CO CM CO — — CO 03 ■S a ■a a> s "inoi ^IIO OICO "i-« •H ^Ki-l ot- — < ■rtOI ■ CM CO ■sesneo Jdmo cp ■ W :- ; CM ■sdp^s jo s©3bo U3 HN CM - - :— : C5 *s<*do[s jo sijcqs TiAiop Sarnej s^oetqo ■** - : "• ■sgdojs jo sijbt[S uAvcp SarxT^g eo CM CM CM ^i-( COH ON CO I— 1 - I o to ■a a o & © -d c 'TOOI CM r-tO MiOCO i-h -t Tji ,-H CM 'HCSdHC^ »o-*< »-4 ■ CM0Ot-( CO CO •(paraquioo isnp pros sb3 Surpnioui) saoisoidxa "isnp-i^oo lO CO CO XTt-CM CM "^ r. :** co CM *sbS Sanuriq pire saojso'idxa sbq ^4 CO XN 1-1 iOCM o ■ >o CO ■saApoia -oooi ptre " sibo outr co as ^H t- CO ^HCO CM CM CM CM =3 CO X o -,2 — — "~ — CO CM ■{BOO JBnid JO 90EJ JO S[TB£ C4 t- ,-4 1-4 ■CN 1-1 ; ■IJl^H CO OCM CO o C4 '('019 ( 3[0OJ '[BOO) JOOJ JO Sjretf i-l 3 "0O« cs-^oct^-^dciaocncocoot— .IOCN^h ^-i CM a» «t-OCMCOir-(»^C3co CS»G CM ^h N^ — tCM r-l o CO w 1 1 03 c < C j c L I s < c < 5 c; C s X c p c "t c « C 1 a 2 ! : C i "c = e 1 > 1 .2 a a is — C 1 i 4 a i t c E c o I i < t — z d e 1 .1 >p c r c 2 c 1 > o C c ) c P- * c c e c 3 . > ;. > > c i >0 J! 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The customary basis for computing fatality rates is on the number of men employed in the industry. This basis is faulty to the extent that under existing conditions it is not possible to obtain the exact number of men at work, for the reason that all of the men do not work throughout the year. There are always a number of men who work a few days at one property and either quit or are discharged and go to other mines. The actual number of men on the pay roll is, there- fore, much higher than the number of men really at work in the mines, and unfortunately it is the former figure that the operators too frequently report. It is also imperfect in that no distinction is made concerning the number of working hours per day. In some States the 8-hour day prevails, whereas in others 9 or 10 hours con- stitute a legal day. The comparison of fatality rates on a percentage basis is far from being correct. For example, there may be 1,000 fatalities due to various causes in a certain group of mines, 50 per cent of which may be attributed to some one cause, as falls of rock, and 25 per cent to some serious gas and dust explosion. The difficulty with the per- centage basis is that the number killed in a large disaster enters into the total number of men killed in that particular group of mines. 'When the total is thus abnormally increased the effect is to decrease the percentage rate of each of the other causes to balance the excess which is due to the one large disaster. In the assumed case above cited, in which 25 per cent of the f atalities were due to a gas and dust explosion, the elimination of the number killed (250) in this partic- ular disaster from the total would leave only 750 fatalities, and the percentage of fatalities due to falls of rock, which in the first case was 50 per cent, would be increased to 66§ per cent, although the aotual number, 500, killed by falls of rock remains the same, and roof conditions have not changed. The tonnage basis for comparison is also open to some criticism in that mining conditions are not the same in all mines or States. One mine may be in a coal bed 7 or 8 feet thick, and another mine in a bed 2 feet 6 inches thick. It is evident that a miner working in thick coal can produce more tons per year than a miner working in thin coal. The first mine would show a lower f atality rate on the tonnage basis, although in each mine the men were exposed to the mining risk the same number of days per year, indicating that the thicker coal bed is safer than the thinner bed. As a matter of fact the thinner coal bed is the safer of the two, as shown by the low fatality rate in Iowa as compared with the rates of Illinois and Indiana and some other States. For certain purposes, each method has its champion, and in order to meet the requirements of all, the three bases have been used throughout this bulletin. But for true hazard rates, that one serves COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 61 best which takes into account the number of men and the time they are engaged in a hazardous occupation. This necessitates reducing all labor to a standard year of a certain number of hours, 2,000 or 3,000 as the case may be, representing a definite number of days (shifts) of 8 or 10 hours each. The ideal method would be for the operators to report the actual number of hours' labor for which wages were paid during the year. This figure divided by 2,000 would give the number of 2,000-hour employees; that is, the actual number of men who were exposed to the mining hazard the full 2,000-hour period. They would, therefore, all be on the same time basis. The total number of hours divided by 3,000 would place the employees on a 300 (10-hour) day year, but inasmuch as coal mines are operated less than 2,000 hours per year, the shorter year is more nearly in keeping with actual conditions, and therefore preferable. Figures approximating this condition are given in Tables 40 and 41. Table 40.— FATALITY RATES BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS AS COMPARED WITH THE RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF MEN REPORTED AS EM- PLOYED, 1903-1913, INCLUSIVE, EXCEPT 1909. [See Plate III.] | u d

3 00 00 ■**co rf 00 OS o •9 ■^> H 5.2 COr-t COOS WCNCO CM to 1 fe &-g 1 a rtT j1^ Hl _ t r- 1 "& H *3 a ti'S i-Hi-l I-ICO r- ■-i 3 »»2S§ 00»O CO 01 s 3SfeS 3SS f« 3 ■moKJNaa i-t tH iH « 00 1 a &1I a OS-^ -^.-Hi-li-l CO a3 Sg tag O 3 'd lOCSM OSOCM.-I OH»,onoo 1OHN1HIONCC CO 01 co" £,q to * «t3 OJQOOf-'-*roH NtONHrt CI 3 . OT © ,d*o c3 « II ©•-1 — til a. 2 D c IT c c: -*• O S3 1 OS %s Is s g c a 1 CO 3 c COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 67 Table 43.— FATALITIES IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES OP THE UNITED STATES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO COMMON AND EXCEPTIONAL ACCIDENTS." [See fig. 4.] Number killed. Number killed per 1,000 employed. Year. In ex- ceptional accidents. In com- mon accidents. Total. In ex- ceptional accidents. In com- mon accidents. Total. 1870 21 25 190 185 223 253 260 260 242 211 230 306 269 340 443 463 498 497 429 494 645 648 655 815 821 905 881 951 950 938 1,034 1,153 1,216 1,434 1,318 1,699 1,730 1,920 1,903 2,324 2,097 2,144 2,336 2,237 2,168 2,321 211 210 223 263 260 260 242 225 235 317 274 340 448 542 538 549 494 604 728 663 733 956 991 958 958 1,142 1,083 990 1,062 1,241 1,489 1.574 1,724 1,926 1,995 2,232 2,138 3,242 2,445 2,642 2,821 2,656 2,419 2,785 0.59 .67 5.34 4.93 4.98 5.25 3.87 3.06 2.83 2.60 2.56 3.18 2.17 2.93 2.72 2.85 2.59 2.33 1.95 2.16 2.26 2.29 2.25 2.62 2.59 2.55 2.46 2.53 2.50 2.41 2.64 2.91 2.81 2.98 2.58 3.05 3.02 3.12 3.02 3.44 3.09 3.22 3.22 3.07 3.00 3.10 5.93 1871 5.60 1872 . 4.98 1873... 10 .21 5.46 1874 . 3.87 1875 .. 3.06 1876 2.83 1877 14 5 11 5 .17 .06 .12 .04 2.77 1878 2.62 1879 3.30 1880 .. . • 2.21 1881 2.93 1882 5 79 40 52 65 10 83 20 78 141 170 53 77 191 133 52 28 88 273 140 406 227 265 312 235 918 348 498 485 429 251 464 .03 .49 .21 .25 .30 .04 .29 .07 .27 .46 .53 .15 .21 .51 .35 .14 .07 .23 .63 .29 .80 .41 .46 .51 .37 1.37 .51 .74 .67 .58 .35 .62 2.75 1883 3.34 1884 2.80 1885 . 2.58 1886 .. 2.25 1887 2.20 1888 .. 2.55 1889 2.36 1890 2.52 1891 3.08 1892 3.12 1893 2.70 1894 2.67 1895 .. 3.04 1893 2.85 1897 . 2.55 1898 2.71 1899 .. 3.14 1900 3.44 1901 .. 3.27 1902 3.38 1903 3.46 1904 3.48 1905 3.63 190") .. 3.39 1907 4.81 1908 . 3.60 1909 3.96 1910 3.89 1911 3.65 1912 3.35 1913 . 3.72 Total 6,697 43.03S 49,733 .45 2.87 3.32 1914 316 1 2,138 2,454 .41 1 2.81 3.22 a ExceDtional accidents are denned as those in which 5 or more men are killed at one time. Common accidents are those in which less than 5 men are killed at one time. Table 43 shows, in parallel columns, by years since 1870 the number of men killed in common accidents and those killed in exceptional accidents, with fatality rates for each. For the entire period the rate for the exceptional accidents was 0.45 per 1,000 -men employed, and for the common accidents 2.87. The rates for 1914 are slightly below the average. In figure 4 the total fatality rate is represented by a solid line, the common-accident rate by a dotted line, and the excep- tional-accident rate by dashes. These curves show the lowest total and common-accident rates between 1885 and 1890. Since then these rates have increased to 1907, from which year there is a decline in the 68 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. • *e / / i — P/6J \ \i \ \ / A ? / / #' Si i i \ ^ \ \ ,»-i --I .--' / .' — - > •» "^-r / / / i \ 1 ^ ■Hi / f /' N , . \ / r j ■s. \\ \ "ft \n $ f i w Wj •« *\ *4 >. a &* 3 a in S ^3 © © COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 69 fatality rate. This table shows that 6,692 men were killed in. excep- tional accidents since 1870, whereas the number killed in common accidents was 43,036. The number of fatalities represented in this table is based on those States for which complete inspection reports have been rendered. Table 44 gives a revised list of all of the mine disasters ° for which records are available from any source whatever since 1839 to and in- cluding 1915. This table presents details of the summary shown in Table 42. Table 44.— COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. (REVISED TO JAN. 1, 1916.) Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1839 Mar. 18 1847 Feb. — 1854 1855 1869 Sept. 6 1870 Mar. 22 1870 Aug. 10 1870 Aug. 29 1871 May 27 1871 Oct. 2 1873 June 10 1876 May 20 1876 July 24 18/7 May 9 1877 July 11 1878 Jaa. 15 1878 Not. 21 1879 May 6 1879 Nov. 2 1880 May 3 1881 Feb. 10 1S81 Mar. 4 1882 Feb. 3 1882 May 24 1883 Jan. 9 1883 Feb. 16 1884 Jan. 24 1884 Feb. 20 1884 Mar. 13 1884 Aug. 21 1884 Oct. 27 1885 Apr. 6 1885 Aug. 11 1885 Oct. 21 1885 Dec. IS 1886 Jan. 13 1886 Jan. 21 1886 Aug. 30 1886 Sept. 13 1886 Nov. 26 1887 Apr. 27 1887 Oct. 1 1888 Mar. 29 1888 Nov. 3 1888 Nov. 9 1889 May 9 1889 Sept. 9 1890 Feb. 1 1890 Mar. 3 1890 Apr. 2 1890 May 15 1890 June 16 1891 Jan. 27 Black Heath. Spencer Chesterfield.. Midlothian... Avondale Potts Heins & Glassmire. PrestonNo.3 WestPittston Otto Red Ash- Henry Clay Midlothian Black Diamond. Wades^ille Brookfield Potts Sullivan Audenried Mill Creek Lykens Valley. Robbins Almy Midlothian Kohinoor Coulterville Diamond .-. Crested Butte West Leisenring. Laurel Buck Ridge Youngstown Cuyler West End Plymouth No. 2.. Nanticoke No. 1.. Almy No. 4. Newburg Fair Lawn.. Marvine Conyngham.. Tunnel. Bast Keith & Perry No. f Kettle Creek Shaft No. 2 Kaska William White Ash. Nottingham ShaftNo.3 Susquehanna No. 4. Jersey No. 8 Hill Farm Mammouth Near Richmond, Va.. Pottsville, Pa Near Richmond, Va. Coalfield, Va Plymouth, Pa Potts Mine, Pa Middleport, Pa Girardville, Pa West Pittston, Pa- Branch Dale, Pa. Shamokin, Pa Coalfield, Va Nortonvule, Cal.. Wadesville, Pa... Brookfield, Ohio. Locust Dale, Pa- Sullivan, Ind Audenried, Pa. . . Mill Creek, Pa.... Shamokin, Pa Robbins, Ohio... Almy, Wyo Coalfield, Va Shenandoah, Pa.. Coulterville, 111... Braidwood, 111... Crested Butte, Colo. . West Leisenring, Pa. Pocahontas, Va Shamokin, Pa Uniontown, Pa Raven Run, Pa Mocanaqua, Pa Plymouth, Pa.. Nanticoke, Pa.. Almy, Wyo Newburg, W. Va.. Scran ton, Pa do Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. Ashland, Pa Big Mine Run, Pa.. Rich Hill, Mo Clinton County, Pa. Frontenac, Kans Middleport, Pa Jefferson County, Colo. . Plymouth, Pa South Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Nanticoke, Pa Ashley, Pa Dunbar, Pa Mount Pleasant, Pa Mine explosion do do do , Mine fire Explosion of breaker boil- ers. Cage fell down shaft Cage fell down slope Smoke from burning breaker. Mine explosion do do do do Suffocated by gases from mine locomotives. Mine explosion do do do do ....do ....do do ....do ....do Inrush of surface water into workings. Mine explosion do ....do Mine fire Mine explosion Fall of roof Gas from boiler fires in mine. Mine explosion Buried by inrush of quick- sand. . Mine explosion do ....do Suffocated by inrush of mine gas. Mine explosion Suffocated by inrush of mine gas. do Mine explosion do ....do Mine car fell on men in cage. Inrush of water from old shaft. Mine explosion do ....do ....do Mine fire Mine explosion <• Horton, F. W., Coal mine accidents in the United States: Bull. 69, Bureau of Mines, 1913, p. 45. 70 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lSTO-lSU. Table 44.— COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OE MOBE MEN WEBE KILLED. (BEVISED TO JAN. 1, 1916.)— Continued. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1891 Feb. 4 1891 Oct. 23 1891 Nov. 8 1892 Jan. 7 1892 Apr. 20 1892 Mav 10 1892 July 23 1893 Jan. 10 1893 Feb. 14 1893 Apr. 1 1893 June 22 1893 Sept. 21 1894 Feb. 13 1894 July 17 1894 Aug. 24 1894 Oct. 8 1894 Oct. 11 1894 Nov. 20 1895 Jan. 22 1895 Feb. 18 1895 Feb. 27 1895 Mar. 20 1895 Apr. 8 1895 Oct. 7 1895 Dec. 19 1895 Dec. 20 1896 Feb. 18 1896 Mar. 23 1896 June 28 1896 Oct. 29 1896 Dec. 26 1897 Jan. 4 1897 Jan. 13 1897 Mar. 4 1897 Sept. 3 1897 Sept. 20 1897 Sept. 28 1897 Oct. 30 1898 May 26 1898 Sept. 23 1898 Oct. 1 1898 Nov. 5 IRflfl Feb. 21 1899 Apr. May 21 1899 23 1X99 July 24 1K9H Dec. » 1S99 Dec. 23 1B00 Mar. 6 1900 May 1 1900 Aug. 21 1900 Nov. ?, 1900 Nov. 9 1901 Ken. 25 1901 Apr. 29 1901 May 15 1901 May 27 1901 June 10 1901 Sept 16 1901 Oct. 25 1901 Oct. 2(1 lHffl Nov. 14 1901 Nov. 22 1901 Dec. 28 1902 Jan. 13 1902 Jan. 24 1902 Mar. 6 1902 Mar. HI 1902 May 19 1902 July 10 1902 Aug. 7 Spring Mountain No. 1... Bichardson. Susquehanna No. 1. No. 11 Lytle Boslyn York Farm Como Chicago and Iowa Neilson Susquehanna No. 1 LanceNo. 11 Gaylord East Sugar Loaf Franklin Luke Fidler Henry Clay Blanche Tate West Bear Bidge White Ash: Bed Canyon Blue Canyon Dcrrance Cumnock Nelson Vulcan Berwind Twin ShaftNo.3 Oswald No.l Wadesville Kansas & Texas No. 44. Sunshine Belle Ellen Jennyn No. 1 Von Storch Kaska William Umpire.. Midvale.. Exeter... Jeanesville, Pa. Glencarbon, Pa. Nanticoke, Pa.. Krebs, Okla MinersviHe, Pa.. Boslyn, Wash Pottsville, Pa Kjig, Colo Albia, Iowa Shamokin, Pa Nanticoke, Pa Plymouth, Pa do Stockton, Pa Franklin, Wash Shamokin, Pa ....do Standard, W. Va Sturgis, Ky....- Mahanoy Plane, Pa Cerrillos,N. Mex Bed Canyon, Wyo Lake Whatcom, Wash. . Wilkes-Barre, Pa Cumnock, N. C Dayton, Tenn New Castle, Colo Dubois, Pa Pittston, Pa South Wilkes-Barre, Pa Princeton, Ind Alderson, Okla Wadesville, Pa Huntington, Ark Sunshine, Colo Belle Ellen, Ala Bendham, Pa Scranton, Pa Middleport, Pa Brownsville, Pa Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. West Pittston, Pa. Drowned by inrush of water from abandoned workings and asphyxi- ated by gas from fire built by imprisoned men. Imprisoned by rush of coal and suffocated by mine gas. Mine explosion do Drowned by water from old workings. Mine explosion do do do Mine fire Mine explosion do Fall of roof Dynamite explosion Mine fire ....do Boiler explosion Mine explosion Powder explosion Mine explosion : do. do do do do do do do Fallofroof Mine explosion. , do- do.. Crosshead fell down shaft. Mine explosion do. BloctonNo.2 Cook & White Cumnock.. Grindstone Carbon Hill No. 7 Sumner Bed Ash Winter Quarters 1 and 4 . . Issaquah No. 4 B erryburg Buck Mountain Diamondville No. 1 . - - McAlester No. 5 Chatham Eichland Port Boyal No. 2 Spring Gulch Buttonwood Diamondville Pocahontas do No.l Milby & Dow Lost Creek No. 2 Catsburg Nelson Fraterville Boiling Mill Bowen Blocton, Ala Madrid, N. Mex... Cumnock, N. C Grindstone, Pa — Carbonado, Wash. Sumner, Pa EedAsn-W. Va., Scofield.Utah Issaquah, Wash. . . Mine fire ....do ....do Drowned by water from old workings. Mine explosion Mine fire Mine car fell on men in cage. * Mine explosion .do.. .do.. .do.. .do., .do.. .do., .do.. Berryburg, W. Va. . Mahanoy, Pa Diamondville, Wyo. Alderson, Okla Farmingtori, W. Va.. Dayton, Tenn Port Boyal, Pa Spring Gulch, Colo.. Plymouth, Pa Diamondville, Wyo. . Pocahontas, Va ....do Hartshorne, Okla. . . Dow, Okla Oskaloosa, Iowa Monongahela, Pa — Dayton, Tenn Coal Creek, Tenn.... Johnstown, Pa Bowen, Colo Smoke from burning air shaft. Powder explosion Mine explosion Mine fire Blown-out or windy shot. Mine explosion do do do ....do ....do Mine fire and explosion . . Mine fire Fell from cage Mine fire Mine explosion do do do do do COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 71 Table 44.— COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN ' THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. (REVISED TO JAN. 1, 1916.)— Continued. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1902 Sept. 15 1902 Sept. 22 1902 Oct. 1 1902 Nov. 29 1902 Dee. 9 1903 Mar. 15 1903 Mar. 23 1903 Mar. 31 1903 Apr. 12 19(13 June 19 1903 June 30 1903 Nov. 20 1903 Nov. 21 1904 Jan. 25 1904 Jan. 30 1904 Apr. 20 1904 May 5 19114 ...do 1904 May 11 1904 May 25 1904 Oct. 28 1904 Nov. 2 1904 Dec. 7 1905 Jan. 111 1905 Feb. 18 1905 Koh. 20 1905 Keb. 26 1905 Mar. 9 1905 rMar. [Mar. 18 19 1905 Mar. 22 1905 Apr. 3 1905 Apr. 2(1 1905 Apr. 26 1905 Apr. 27 1905 Apr. 30 1905 July 6 19115 Oct. 13 1905 Oct. 29 1905 Nov. 4 1905 Nov. 15 1905 Dec. 1 1905 Deo. 4 1906 Jan. 4 190H Jan. 18 190fi Jan. 24 1906 Ksh. 8 1906 Keh. 19 1906 Feb. 27 1906 Mar. 22 1906 1906 Apr. May 22 l.f 1906 June 7 1906 Aug. 6 1906 ( )ot. 3 190fi Oct. 5- 1906 Oct. 24 1906 Nov. 3 1906 Dec. 20 1906 Deo. 22 1907 Jan. 14 1907 Jan. 23 1907 Jan. 26 1907 Jan. 29 1907 ...do 1907 Feb. 4 1907 Mar. 2 1907 Mar. 16 1907 Apr. May 20 1907 1 1907 May 19 1907 June 18 1907 Aug. 17 1907 Dec. 1 1907 Dec. 6 1907 Deo. IB 1907 Dec. 19 1907 Dec. 31 1908 Jan, 30 AlgomaNo. 7 Stafford Lawson LukeFidler South Wilkes-Barre. Cardiff AthensNo.2 Sandoval Central Slope 77 Blossburg No. 3 HannaNo. 1 Bonanza No. 20 Ferguson Harwich Maple rill SteamsNo. 5 Lance Locust Gap Big Muddy Williams town Tercio Auchincloss No.5 Decatur Lytle Virginia City Grapevine Clear Spring ■Rush Run and Red Ash . . Oswald Leiier Cabin Cree^ Conyngliam Eleanora No. 19 Puller Clyde Hazel Kirk No. 2 Tidewater Braznell Diamond ville No. 1 Horton Coaldale Detroit PoteauNo. 6 .■ Parral Maitland Little Cahaba Century No. 1 Cuatro Shenandoah City Red Lodge Susquehanna No. 7 Pocahontas Dutchman Rolling Mill San Toy No. 1 Fidelity No. 1 Breese-Trenton DeeringNo. 7 Primero Lorentz Johnston City Stuart Thomas No. 25 Holden Bond and Bruco Morgan "Whipple Englerille Johnson No. 1 Sonman Naomi Monongah Nos. 6.and £ Yolande Darr Bernal Baekman Algoma, W. Va Stafford, W. Va Black Diamond, Wash. . Shamokiu, Pa South Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Cardiff, 111 Athens, 111 Sandoval, 111 Carbon, Okla Blossburg, N. Mex Hanna, Wyo Bonanza, Ark Connellsville, Pa Cheswick, Pa Mahanoy City, F a Stearns, Ky Plymouth, Pa Locust Gap, Pa Herrin, 111 Williamstown, Pa Tercio, Colo Nanticoke, Pa Burnett, Wash Decatur, 111 Minersville, Pa Virginia City, Ala.. Wilcoe, W. Va West Pittston, Pa.. RedAsh,W.Va.... Princeton, Ind Zei:ler,Ill Kayford, W. Va Wilkes-Barre, Pa Dubois, Pa Wilburton, Okla Searight, Pa Fredericktown, Pa. . Monongahela, Pa Vivian, W. Va Bentleyville, Pa Diamond ville, Wyo. Horton, W. Va Coaldale. W. Va Detroit. W. Va Witteville, Okla Parral, W. Va Walsenburg, Colo . . . Piper,Ala Century, W. Va Tercio, Colo Shenandoah, Pa Red Lodge, Mont . . . Nanticoke, Pa Pocahontas, Va Blossburg, N. Mex.. Johnstown, Pa Corning, Ohio Stone Citv, Kans. . . Breese, 111 Mine explosion do ....do ....do Dynamite explosion Mine explosion Windy shot Blown-out shot Mine explosion Powder explosion Mine explosion and fire. . . Mine explosion do ....do Dynamite explosion Mine explosion Dynamite explosion Mine fire Powder explosion Suffocated by gases from locomotive. Mine explosion Fell down shaft Mine explosion Mine Are Fa'lofroof Mine explosion do Fell down shaft Mine explosion do. do. Powder explosion Fell down shaft Mine explosion ....do ....do Mine fire Mine explosion do ....do ....do Mine fire Mine explosion do Dynamite explosion.. Mine explosion do do do .do. Clinton, Ind Primero, Colo Penco, W. Va Johnston City, 111 Stuart, WVa Thomas, W. Va Taylor, Pa Tacoma, Va Black Diamond, Wash. Scarboro , W. Va Enileyille, Colo Priceburg, Pa Sonman, Pa Fayette City, Pa Monongah, W. Va Yolande, /la Jacobs Creek, Pa Carthage, N. Mex Hawks Nest, W. Va, . , Dynamite explosion Mine fire Mine explosion do ....do do Fell down shaft Powder explosion Cage with men fell down shaft. Powder explosion Mine explosion Powder explosion do Mine explosion do do do do do Mine fire Mine explosion Fell down shaft Mine explosion do do do do do 72 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. Table 44.— COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OB MORE MEN WERE KILLED. (REVISED TO JAN. 1, 1916.)— Continued. Date. Name of mine Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1908 Feb. 10 1908 Mar. 28 1908 May 12 1908 May 13 1908 July 15 1908 Aug. 26 1908 Aug. 28 1908 Nov. 20 1908 Nov. 28 1908 Dec. 29 1909 Jan. 10 1909 Jan. 12 1909 Jan. 19 1909 Jan. 25 1909 ...do 1909 Feb. 2 1909 Mar. 2 1909 Mar. 20 1909 Mar. 31 1909 Apr. 9 1909 June 23 1909 July 6 1909 Oct. 3 1909 Oct. 21 1909 Oct. 31 1909 Nov. 9 1909 Nov. 13 1909 Dec. 11 1909 Dec. 23 1910 Jan. 11 1910 Jan. 31 1910 Feb. 1 1910 Feb. 5 1910 Feb. 8 1910 Mar. 12 1910 Mar. 31 1910 Apr. 20 1910 Apr. 21 1910 May 5 1910 Oct 1910 Nov. 3 1910 Nov. 6 1910 Nov. 8 1910 Nov. 11 1910 Nov. 25 1910 Dec. 14 1910 ...do.... 1910 Dec. 31 1911 Jan. 20 1911 Feb. 9 1911 Mar. 18 1911 Mar. 22 1911 Apr. 7 1911 Apr. 8 1911 Apr. 24 1911 May 27 1911 July 13 1911 Sept. 12 1911 Oct. 3 1911 Oct. 23 1911 Nov. 9 1911 Nov. 18 1911 Dec. 9 1912 Jan. 9 1912 Jan. 16 1912 Jan. 19 1912 Jan. 20 1912 Feb. 22 1912 Mar. 20 1912 Mar. 26 1912 Apr. 21 1912 June 18 1912 July 11 1912 July 16 1912 July 24 1912 Aug. 13 1913 Feb. 19 1913 Apr. 23 1913 May 6 1913 May 17 Moody HannaNo. 1 Mount Lookout Prospect Wilhamstown Hailey-Ola No. 1 Warrior Run. Red Lodge Rachel and Agnes J ick Branch Zeiiler Lick Branch Stone Canyon Washington No. 5 OrendaNo. 2 Short Creek No.14 Sunnyside , Echo Eureka No. 37 Lackawanna No. 4 Toller Northwestern Rock Island No. 8 Franklin No. 2. '. Auchincloss St. PaulNo. 2 Baker No. 5 Mine A , Nottingham Primero Browder , F.rnestNo. 2 BarthellNo. 1 South WIlkes-BarreNo.5. Great Western No. 2 Mulga Amsterdam , PalosNo.3 Starkvffle YolandeNo. 1 Lawson Victor American No. 3... Shoal Creek No. 1 Providence No. 3 Greeno Leyden Lick Fork Carbon Hill Cokedale No. 16 Hazel Price-Pancoast Banner OttNo.20 Cameron Sykesville Marvine DriftonNo.2 O'GaraNo. 9 Adrian Bottom Creek Cross Mountain Parrish Carbon Hill Central KemmererNo. 4 Western No. 5 SanBoisNo. 2 Jed Coil Hastings Panama... Old Dominion No. 1 .... , Superbaand Lemont Abernant Cincinnati. Taylor Imperial... South Carroll ton, Ky.... Hanna, Wyo Wyoming, Pa Midvale, Pa Williamstown, Pa Haileyville, Okla Wilies-Barre, Pa Red Lodge, Mont Marianna, Pa Switchback, W. Va Zeigler.Ill Switchback, W. Va Chancellor, Cal , Franklin, Md BoswelI,Pa Short Creek, Ala Pittston, Pa Evansville, Irid Buery,W.Va Windber, Pa Wehrum, Pa , ToUerville, Colo Roslyn, Wash Hartshome, Okla Johnstown, Pa Nanticoke, Pa Cherry,Hl Clay,Ky Herrin,Ill , Plymouth, Pa Primero, Colo Browder, Ky Ernest, Pa , Stearns, Ky. Wilkes-Barre, Pa Wilburton, Okla Mulga, Ala Amsterdam, Ohio , Palos, Ala Starkville, Colo Yolande, Ala Black Diamond, Wash.. Delagua,Colo Panama, 111 Providence, Ky , Tacoma, Va Leyden, Colo Thacker, W. Va Carbon Hill, Va TrmidadjColo Mineral, Kans East Canonsburg, Pa.... Throop,Pa Littleton, Ala Elk Garden, W. Va Shamokin, Pa Sykesville, Pa Scranton, Pa Freeland, Pa Harrisburg, 111 , Punxsutawnev, Pa Vivian, W. Va Bricevule, Term Plymouth, Pa Carbon Hill, Va Central City-Ky Kemmerer, Wyo Lehigh, Okla McCurtain, Okla Jed.W.Va Madison ville, Ky Hastings, Colo Moundsville, W. Va Carbon Hill, Va Evans Station, Pa Abernant, Ala Eldorado, 111 Finleyville,Pa Hartford, Ky Belle Valley, Ohio Mine explosion do do Fall of roof ". Powder explosion . Mine fire Mine cars Mine fire Mine explosion .do. Mine fire and explosion. . Mine explosion do Mine cars (surface) Mine explosion do do do Dynamite explosion do Mine explosion do ....do ....do do Mine fire. do Mine explosion do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Mine fire and explosion. . Mine explosion , Powder explosion Mine explosion Mine fire Mine cars Mine explosion do do Fall of roof. Mine fire Mine explosion , do do do :... Mine cars Cave-in Mine explosion do , ....do do do Dynamite explosion Mine explosion do Mine fire Mine explosion do do do do do Cloudburst flooded mine Mine explosion do. do Overcome by gas.. Mine explosion. . . . » Not included in State inspector's statement of mine fatalities. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18T0-1914. 73 Table 44— COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. (REVISED TO JAN. 1, 1916.)— Continued. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1913 Aug. 2 1913 Oct. 22 1913 Nov. 18 1913 Dec. 16 1914 Jan. 10 1914 Jan. 14 1914 Apr. 28 1914 Apr. 29 1914 May 29 1914 June 30 1914 Sept. 4 1914 Sept. 16 1914 Oct. 5 1914 Oct. 27 1914 Dec. 9 1915 Feb. 6 1915 Feb. 17 1915 Feb. 18 1915 Mar. 2 1915 Apr. 5 1915 May 24 1915 July 27 1915 July 30 1915 Aug. 31 1915 Nov. 16 1915 Nov. 30 East Brookside Stag Canon No. 2 ActonNo.2 Vulcan Rock Castle Spencer-Newland Eccles Nos. 5 and 6 Union Pacific No. 2 Maryd Cinderella No.l Lehigh No. 4 Mulga North or No. 1 Tripp Carlisle Prospect Atlas Layland No. 3 Shoal Creek Smokeless Valley No. 1 United Coal No. 1 Patterson No. 2 Orenda Northwestern Boomer No. 2 Tower City, Pa.., Dawson. N. Mex. Acton, Ala Newcastle, Colo. RockCastle, Ala. Mulberry, Kans.. Eccles, W. Va Cumberland, Wyo. Maryd, Pa Cinderella, W. Va.. Adamson, Okla... Lansford, Pa Mulga, Ala Royalton, HI Scranton, Pa Carlisle, W. Va... Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Rich Hill, Mo Layland, W. Va... Panama, 111 Johnstown, Pa Christopher. Ill Elizabeth, Pa Boswell, Pa Ravensdale, Wash. Boomer, W. Va Mine explosion, do .do. .do. .do. Cage with men fell down shaft. Mine explosion Mine cars Overwinding of cage Suffocated by fumes from fire in fan house. Cave-in Mine explosion do do Collapse of bottom of cage . Mine explosion do Powder and mine explo- sion. Mine explosion do do do Mine cars Mine explosion do do .19 203 24 37 12 181 5 13 7 16 52 13 21 13 5 112 11 19 31 23 » GAS AND DUST EXPLOSIONS. Table 45 shows the number of men killed by gas and dust explo- sions in the coal mines of the United States, by States, during indi- cated periods ending December 31, 1913, for which continuous records are available. This table takes cognizance of 6,726 fatalities in the coal mines of the United States due to this cause alone, including both common and exceptional accidents. In addition to these accidents a number of mine disasters occurred prior to the beginning of State mine inspection, which are not included in this table. During the periods covered, the fatalities due to gas and dust explosions were 13.88 per cent of the total number killed, or a fatality rate of 0.46 per 1,000 men employed. Utah has the highest percentage of fatalities in important coal mining States due to this cause, the rate being 57.75 per cent of the total, or 5.34 per 1,000 men employed. Utah's high rate is due to one disaster at the Winter Quarters mine, in which 200 men were killed at one time. New Mexico has the next highest percentage, 56.51 per cent of the total fatalities for a period of 21 years, or 6.46 per 1,000 men employed. This high rate is due to the Dawson disaster, in which 263 men were killed at one time. The percentage of fatalities due to gas and dust explosions in some of the States is much higher than in others, whereas the rate per 1,000 men employed may not be in accordance therewith. Here again is shown the fallacy of making fatality comparisons on the percentage basis. In Utah and New Mexico the percentage of fatalities due to 74 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-19U. falls of roof, 26.76 and 28.17, respectively, indicates exceedingly safe roof conditions in the mines of these States, as this rate is about one- half the average for the United States, which is 47.49 per cent. But the f atality rate due to falls of roof, based on the number of men em- ployed, in New Mexico is 3.22 and in Utah 2.48, both of which are much larger than the average for the United States, which is 1.57 per 1,000 men employed. Table 45.— NUMBER OF MEN KILLED BY GAS ANX> DTJST EXPLOSIONS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES OF THE UNITED STATES. BY STATES. DURING PERIOD SHOWN ENDED DEC. 31, 1913, FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE. Number of years in period ended Dec. 31, 1913. Number Mlled. State. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 employed. 21 9 28 5 29 19 26 21 26 23 14 26 14 21 6 30 21 5 44 36 23 5 22 5 25 29 6 620 2 517 33.32 1.S7 29.75 1.75 .05 2.12 170 57 44 33 74 4.99 8.39 6.10 6.25 11.65 .13 .18 .13 .15 .23 40 10.58 .19 321 56.51 6.46 64 262 2 1,344 1,306 339 2.79 35.94 66.67 7.59 13.82 39.47 .07 1.96 1.79 .26 .40 1.70 Utah. 205 25 195 1,036 67 57.75 9.S6 30.47 21.82 27. £0 5.34 .63 1.87 1.09 1.45 6,726 13.88 .46 a This table is based on Table 5, and is for periods indicated, by States, for which continuous records are available. It does not necessarily check with Tables 3 and 4, for the reason that the latter tables include intermittent records prior to the period having continuous records. It will be noted from figure 3 that the accidents due to gas and dust explosions were comparatively few from 1875 to 1890, the rate being about 0.30 per 1,000 men employed. Beginning with 1890 the fatality rate has been very irregular, owing to the irregular occurrence of large diasters. The climax was reached in 1907, when seven explo- sions occurred, in each of which more than 20 men were killed. The number killed by gas and dust explosions in 1907 was 1.417 per 1,000 employed in all coal mines, or 1.796 (Table 68) per 1,000 for the bitu- minous mines alone. As shown in Table 4, the f atality rate due to this cause has declined since 1907, being 0.457 per 1,000 in 1911 as com- pared with the average of 0.487 from 1870 to 1913. In considering the number of men killed in recent gas and dust explosions, it must not be forgotten that the mines are becoming COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 75 deeper, contain more abandoned, rooms and old workings, with the possibility of greater accumulations of gas and dust, are larger, and that more men are employed in the individual mines than in former years, so that when an explosion does occur, there is the possibility of trapping more men than would have happened in the same mine 20 or 25 years ago. With deeper mines and the resultant old workings, ventilation is not as easy to maintain as in the newer mines, thus permitting the accumulation of gas and dust. The deep slope or shaft mines drain all of the water from the upper workings, leaving the haulage ways and rooms dry, with the result that coal dust will be produced and accumulate in them. Water also drains from the gob and waste piles and they become comparatively dry. Air will circulate through abandoned rooms, caved workings and gob, and in so doing the velocity of the air current is reduced and the suspended dust deposited. The air is actually filtered, leaving its deadly burden of dust to be ignited by an explosion of gas or a blown-out shot. MINE FIRES. Table 46 shows a list of the principal mine fires which have occurred in the United States since 1869, and in which 1,053 men have been killed. This table does not necessarily check with Table 3, for the reason that it includes one disaster in 1869 not shown in Table 3; Table 46.— MINE FIRES IN THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH FIVE OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. 1884 1890 1893 1894 1894 1897 1897 1897 1898 1901 1901 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1905 1905 1906 1907 1908 1908 1909 1909 1909 1910 1910 1911 1912 Sept. 6 Aug. 21 June 16 Apr. 1 Aug. 24 Oct. 8 Sept. 20 Sept. 28 Oct. 30 Oct. 1 Feb. 25 Nov. 14 Nov. 22 Ian. 13 June 30 May 5 Jan. 16 Oct. 13 Dec. 4 June 7 May 19 Aug. 26 Nov. 20 Jan. 10 Nov. 9 Nov. 13 Nov. 8 Dec. 14 Apr. 7 Feb. 22 Total.... Name of mine. Avondale Buck Ridge Hill Farm Neilson Franklin Luke Fidler Belle Ellen Jermyn No. 1 Von Storeh Midvale Diamond ville No. 1 Pocahontas do Milby &Dow HannaNo. 1 Locust Gap Decatur Clyde Horton Red Lodge Engleville Hailey-OlaNo.l Red Lodge Zeigler Auchincloss St. PaulNo.2 Victor American No. 3. . Leyden Price-Paneoast Western No. 5 Location of mine. Plymouth, Pa Shamokin, Pa Dunbar, Pa Shamokin, Pa Franklin, Wash Shamokin, Pa Belle Ellen, Ala Rendham, Pa Scranton, Pa Wilkes-Barre, Pa Diamondville, Wyo. Pocahontas, Va do.. Dow, Okla Hanna, Wyo Locust Gap, Pa Decatur, 111 Fredericktown, Pa. Horton, W. Va Red Lodge, Mont. . Engleville, Colo Haileyville, Okla. . . Red Lodge, Mont. . Zeigler, 111 Kingston, Pa Cherry, 111 Delagua, Colo Leyden, Colo Throop,Pa Lehigh, Okla Killed. 179 7 31 10 37 5 5 5 6 5 28 9 8 10 "169 5 5 29 9 259 «79 10 72 1,053 14355° a Fire and explosion combined. -Bull. 115—16 6 76 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. it also includes 3 disasters in which a mine fire and explosion were combined. Table 47 shows a list of mine fires at mines in the United Kingdom that were due to spontaneous combustion. This table brings out forcibly the dangers due to spontaneous combustion of waste material stored underground. Too much care can not be exer- cised in the matter of taking care of waste material, such as waste in engine rooms and pump stations, and old timbers, which may be easily ignited should they come in contact with oil-saturated waste. Timber should not be stored with the mine gob where oxidationis likely to take place, as it will add fuel to a fire which may be easily started. All inflammable material should be removed from the mines. Table 47.— LOSS OP LIFE OCCASIONED BY FIEES DUE TO SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION IN MINES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1893-1912, INCLUSrVE.a Date of accident. Name of mine. County. Number killed. Number injured. Reported cause of death. 1894 Oct. 16 1895 Oct. 29 1896 Sept. 10 1898 Apr. 19 1899 Mar. 11 1899 Oct. 20 1901 Feb. 15 1901 Nov. 7 1902 June 19 1904 Aug. 28 1905 June 24 19C5 June 25 1905 Aug. 28 1906 Apr. 27 1906 May 26 1906 June 1 1907 July 14 1907 Dec. 29 1908 Dec. 23 1910 Apr. 17 19U Nov. 25 1912 Feb. 2 1912 Feb. 24 1912 July 9 1912 Oct. 27 Total. Harecastleand Woodshutts. Oldfleld Shelton Whitwick CadebyMain.. Dalqhuarran.. HillofBeath.. Talk o' the Hill Hamstead.. Melgund... Coneygre, No. 126 pit. HadenHUI... Hamstead Lumphinnans, No. 1 pit. Bog, Nos. 1 and 2 pits. Court Herbert. Aldridge... Lochhead. Cakemcre Wmdmillend, No. 5 pit. Bignall EM, Jamage pit. Bentley : forth Staffordshire. . ....do.... do.... Leicester. . Yorkshire- Ayrshire. Fife North Staffordshire . South Staffordshire - Fife South Staffordshire . .do. -do. Fife Lanark Glamorgan South Staffordshire. Fife Worcester. , ....do North Staffordshire. Yorkshire Norton CadebyMain. CaeDuke North Staffordshire. Yorkshire Glamorgan Skull fractured by explo- sion blowing out stop- ping. Suffocated by fumes and smoke. Carbon monoxide poison- ing. Suffocated by fumes from burningtimbers. Explosion ignited by gob fire while working in a "scouring." Suffocated by fumes; gob fire. Poisoned, by carbon mo- noxide leaking through stoppings. Explosion ignited by gob fire. Carbon monoxide poison- ing. Suffocated by products of combustion. Carbon monoxide and black damp poisoning. Do. Carbon monoxide poison- ""Bo. Carbon monoxide suffoca- tion. Shock of explosion ignited by gob fire. Suffocated by fumes. Carbon monoxide poison- ing. Severe burns. Carbon monoxide poison- "60. Explosion ignited by gob fire. Do. Do. Carbon monoxide poison- ing. a First report of the departmental committee on spontaneous combustion of coal in mines, Home Office, London, 1914. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 77 EXPLOSIVES. Table 48 shows by causes and States the total number of fatalities due to explosives, during periods of inspection service for which con- tinuous records are available. The fatality rates due to explosives from 1870 to 1914 are shown in figure 3. In Table 48 are tabulated 3,675 fatalities due to the use of explosives underground. This table has been divided into 14 subheadings showing various causes of accidents while using explosives, and it will be noted that 24.87 per cent are due to premature blasts, 16.79 per cent to handling and trans- portation, 16.71 per cent to flying pieces of rock or coal. The number of fatalities due to striking unexploded charges in removing debris is small, only three being reported. The small number of fatalities due to thawing of explosives is largely accounted for by the fact that black powder is used to such a large extent in the coal mines. Dyna- mite is not used so extensively and hence there are not so many acci- dents due to thawing as in the metal mines, where dynamite is used almost exclusively. Of the 27 fatalities due to thawing explosives, 21 occurred in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, where a large amount of dynamite is used. The table presents a detailed study which has not heretofore been available, and it is hoped that it will be of some special use to safety engineers in forming rules and regulations concerning the use of explosives. The table also gives the percentage of fatalities and the rate per 1,000 men employed. In Kansas and North Dakota nearly one- fourth of all coal-mine fatalities is due to the use of explosives. Although in Indiana 19.44 per cent and in Oklahoma 15.77 per cent are due to this cause, the average for the United States is 7.59 per cent. Table 49 gives the number of fatalities due to explosives in and about the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania from 1870 to and includ- ing 1913. This table shows that 1,835 fatalities were due to this cause alone, of which 1,790 were underground, as indicated in Table 48. Table 49 also shows the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed as being 0.225 in 1870. This rate fluctuates more or less, but it has more than doubled in recent years, ranging from 0.414 in 1909 to 0.540 in 1908 and 0.427 in 1913. The average fatality rate per 1,000 men employed in the anthracite field during the entire period of 44 years is 0.354, as compared with 0.05 in the bituminous fields of Pennsylvania, in which there were 185 fatalities as compared with 1,790 in the anthracite field. Anthracite coal being much harder than bituminous coal, more nearly approaches metal-mining operations, and of course larger quantities of more powerful explosives are required. Table 50 shows that the amount of explosives used in the anthracite field is practically three times the amount used in the bituminous mines of 78 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 8 ►.'SkSaI wcoc4-«'ecTi'c5coci»oMO)C4Ti't^ T -4oo , £"3 -a, «j iOifco-^coosc;'*-^o»»OTHeDTtieor>.io 3SS3 o i-*inxHco>CE4kn 5! h m o o loaeoaocmon w *d • — *- ©d ^ » ■ -reqe* •-* •=§-§ lis Art « *8 l M o la U3 «£ WNtJHP ill J If lllHIllIls m II I B*Sg|£ _ UL.i-| d O S+» ■|.B>| H(S ■£.•5 *? 8 0«a c COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 79 Pennsylvania. In 1913 the bituminous fields used 14,652,931 pounds of black powder as compared with 44,001,660 pounds in the anthracite mines. The bituminous mines for the same year used 696,162 pounds of dynamite, whereas the. anthracite mines used in the same period 16,093,035 pounds. The amount of permissible explosives used in the bituminous fields was 6,715,028 pounds as compared with 3,323,645 in the anthracite fields. Records showing the use of permissible explosives are not complete prior to 1909. Table 49— FATALITIES IN AND ABOUT THE ANTHRACITE MINES OF PENNSYLVANIA DUE TO EXPLOSIVES. Number killed by — t a Year. § U il ■3 a 1 w 23 t) „ §•'1 w .9 2 lis a I CO o f I A E-i a 1 O 2-C 03 in a 03 U Ph 1 * U °*i O cs s 8 O .a >> B w O ■g 1 SI M 1 ■s OJ A ■a a (S CO OJr-J ^ Ph £) CO i i» . s CO IS gl 9d las CO ^a .a" s we ■ a -i, A i O W 3 9. a 8 i-T fee. Si" M s 1 3 J5 1870 1 4 4 1 2 9 15 3 6 7 2 4 6 9 4 7 2 1 5 3 6 5 3 20 12 8 5 6 17 11 7 22 14 14 12 16 13 18 12 14 20 19 11 22 14 27 34 31 28 14 24 27 21 21 4 5 5 4 3 10 10 5 4 2 1 7 7 4 13 2 12 9 6 8 4 3 8 11 10 5 13 9 11 10 10 9 4 16 13 9 15 13 21 15 26 18 23 35 1 1 8 16 16 16 14 30 33 12 17 17 11 19 21 41 35 30 26 20 38 33 18 44 36 41 46 52 38 51 34 35 43 54 31 60 70 63 86 89 94 69 85 88 80 75 0.225 1871 1 .427 1872 .358 1873 2 1 2 1 .332 1874 2 1 1 1 1 .262 1875 .429 1876 1 1 2 .468 1877 .179 1878 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 5 1 1 .266 1879 1 1 2 2 2 3 .247 1880 .150 1881 2 5 9 3 9 3 4 6 3 1 1 .250 1882 1 2 .256 1883 1 .449 1884 i 2 .346 1885 3 1 .299 1886 .252 1887 1 2 4 .188 1888 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 1 3 9 2 4 1 6 4 3 6 2 7 5 6 3 9 2 1 1 2 3 2 5 2 1 6 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 .311 1889 .267 1890 .143 1891 6 6 5 14 14 5 7 4 4 8 10 7 13 19 9 19 5 10 9 17 15 18 5 3 1 1 1 "2" .348 1892 .279 1893 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 "2" 3 "3' 2 2 16 7 3 2 6 6 .308 1894 .350 1895 . 3 4 364 1896 .255 1897 1 1 1 .340 1898 1 .234 1899 .251 1900 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 .298 1901 1902 1 2 .372 .209 1903 4 11 6 11 12 14 14 7 4 5 7 .399 1904 . 1 2 1 2 1 .449 1905 ... .... 6 1 .381 1906 1907 1 2 .530 1908 1909 .... 4 1 "2" 3 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 .540 1910 .502 1911 2 1 506 .460 427 1933 2 Total. . 325 7 318 10 10 25 4 21 89 1 88 591 8 583 432 12 420 126 9 77 10 3 26 112 13 99 1,835 (45 1,790 .354 Under- ground. 126 9 77 10 3 26 a Based on total employees as given in Table 124. t Included in the 2,321 surface fatalities, Table 5. 80 COAL-MINE NATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. Table 50.— EXPLOSIVES USED IN THE COAL MINES OF PENNSYLVANIA^ Quantity of explosives used in anthracite mines. Black powder. Dynamite. Permissible explosives. Quantity of explosives used in bituminous mines. Black powder. Dynamite. Permissible explosives. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905 1906 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911 1912. 1913. Pounds. 34,317,275 30,929,500 33,020,100 21,128,675 42,529,400 44.779,800 47,570,500 40,352,075 47,636,700 49,380.800 41,191.857 45,112,322 47,846,483 41,401,015 44,001,660 Pounds. 3,649,417 3,454,641 4,155,685 2,130,965 5,317,422 6,519,312 8,353,594 7,980,733 10, 544, ^81 10,766,245 10,724,616 11,171,458 13,369,056 13,685,0C2 16,093,035 666,827 1,506,140 2,122,2C4 2,037,025 3,323,045 Pounds. 6,C00,7C0 7,409,925 7,851,500 9,906,725 11,145,715 12,026,275 15,194,150 13,119,010 13,S T 4,215 12,738,800 12,221,214 12,539,013 12,925,731 13,402,034 14,652,931 Pounds. 222,076 243, 517 693,801 921,149 1,133,305 l,3CO,161 2,159,080 2,425,073 3,425,404 2,193,944 694,123 513,605 658,330 527,807 696,102 Pounds. 3,291,400 5,126,251 4,462,416 5,699,176 6,715,028 o Ann. Rept. Department of Mines of Pennsylvania, 1913, pp. 59, 75. PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES. The number of fatalities per 10,000 men employed, due to explo- sives used in the bit umin ous coal mines of the United States from Figube 5.— Number of men killed per 10,000 employed, by explosives, in the bituminous coal mines of the United States, compared with the amount of permissible explosives used, 1901-1914. (Based on Table 68.) 1901 to 1914, inclusive, are shown in figure 5. The figure also shows the amount of permissible explosives used for the same period. This period is taken for the reason that in 1901 there were no permissible explosives used in the coal mines of the United States. In 1902 this COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 81 class of explosives was introduced, there being 11,300 pounds used during that year. In preparing this chart, the amount of permissible explosives used in the anthracite mines has been eliminated, leaving the figures for bituminous mines only. This chart shows the rapid increase in the use of permissible explosives and, at the same time, a corresponding decrease in the fatality rate. None of the serious mine disasters have been attributed to permissible explosives. Table 51 shows the amount of black powder, high explosive other than permissible, and permissible explosive used in the coal mines of the United States, geographically grouped, wherein the mining conditions are more or less of a similar character. This table is for the two years 1913 and 1914. Table 51.— QUANTITY OF "EXPLOSIVES USED IN THE COAL MINES OF THE UNITED STATES DURING 1913 AND 1914.1 States. Quantity of explosives used. Black blasting powder.& High explosives, other than permissible explosives. Permissible explo- sives. 1913 Maryland and Virginia Pennsylvania West Virginia Georgia and North Carolina Indiana and Kentucky Illinois Ohio Alabama and Tennessee Michigan Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas Montana, North Dakota, South Da- kota, and Wyoming Cdlorad o, New Mexico, and Utah Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Wash- ington California and Nevada Kegs. 124,239 2,535,008 614,302 7,900 762,815 1,269,974 305,581 315,942 21,421 875,091 309,390 161,082 82,416 9,940 802 103,250 2,477,542 566,692 5,400 704,308 1,195,026 192,097 247,327 28,999 941,702 294,177 158,270 84,541 13,115 Pounds. 471,475 18,198,494 645,425 5,680 699,201 172,300 62,3C0 722,610 20,125 1,430,550 455,050 145,975 615,670 473,568 24,650 Pounds. 286,500 19,204,406 510,725 2,800 203,734 143,450 547, 700 913,775 31,900 1,076,450 665,770 154, 150 243,760 225,825 Pounds. 134,000 9,622,475 3,282,500 Pounds. 441,825 8,989,625 2,904,449 482,250 1,569,175 6,650 4,481,975 564,525 1,327,575 11,200 2,982,363 21,125 356,500 252,625 1,381,950 167,600 45,400 15,237 396,700 261,850 1,534,900 163,643 Total 7,396,683 7,072,506 24,143,133 24,215,945 21,804,285 19,593,892 a Fay, A. H., Production of explosives in the United States during 1914, Tech. Paper 107, 1915, pp. 10-12. b Kegs of 25 pounds each. QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVES USED IN THE COAL MINES OF WEST VIRGINIA."! Year. Number of operators reporting. Black powder. Dynamite. So-called safety powder. 1905 1903 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 395 409 460 498 458 580 693 678 098 Kegs. 373,669 447,306 443,989 425,342 391,282 459,273 409,312 409,540 W Pounds. Pounds. 788,049 281,529 303,646 141,209 114,080 m 453,074 1,170,861 1,661,861 3,022,682 3,430,759 2,010,823 a Compiled from State mine inspectors' report3. & Not given. 82 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. YEARLY SALES OF SHORT-FLAME EXPLOSIVES USED IN COAL MINES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1901-1914.O Year. Quantity sold. Year. Quantity sold. 1901 Pounds. 1908 Pounds. 2,108,610 1902 11,300 288,661 608,270 1,031,300 1,533,575 2,095,244 1909 8,942,857 1903 1910 11,820,836 1904 1911 13,428,239 1905 1912 18,150,618 1906 1913 21,804,285 1907 1914 19,593,892 » Fay, A. H., Production of explosives in the United States during 1914: Tech. Paper 107, Bureau of Mines, 1915, p. 13. QUANTITY OF PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES USED IN DIFFERENT COAL FIELDS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910-1914.« Coal fields and regions. 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Pounds. 1,486,100 5,967,216 3,188,785 165,975 196,560 808,200 8,000 Pounds. 1,917,412 6,350,272 3,377,268 337,012 255,050 1,177,075 14,150 Pounds. 2,177,172 9,190,025 3,995,485 751,005 440,825 1,473,129 122,977 Pounds. 3,294,225 9,744,810 4,481,975 2,058,075 377,625 1,634,575 213,000 Pounds. 4,380,635 7,966,464 3,510,013 1,364,450 411,937 1,796,750 163,643 Total 11,820,836 13,428,239 18,150,618 i 2I.SfU.2RR 19,593,892 "•Fay, A. H., Production of explosives in the United States during 1914: Tech. Paper 107, Bureau of Mines, 1915, p. 13. - & Not including Pennsylvania anthracite field. PALLS OF ROOF. Table 52 shows the number of fatalities due to falls of roof and pillar coal in and about the coal mines of the United States, by States, during periods ending December 31, 1913, for which contin- uous records are available. During these various State periods there were 23,011 fatalities due to falls of rock and coal alone. This represents 47.49 per cent of the total number of fatalities, or a fatality rate of 1.57 per 1,000 men employed. (See fig. 3. Pis. I and II.) It is not always in the mines having the strongest roof where the least number of fatalities occur. When a mine is known to have a bad roof, the miner, foreman, and all others concerned will take special precautions to use plenty of timber to keep the roof in place. Furthermore, the roof will be tested frequently and the miner will be on the lookout at all times when he knows that roof conditions are bad. With a strong roof, however, such precautions are not taken. The miner and the foreman consider the roof safe and give it no further thought. This leads to negligence, and as a result many of the fatalities due to roof falls happen where roof conditions are considered the best. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 83 Table 52— NUMBER OF MEN KILLED BY FALLS OF ROOF AND PILLAR COAL IN THE COALMINES OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, DURING PERIOD SHOWN ENDED DEC. 31, 1913, FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE, a Number of years in period ended Dec. 31, 1913. Number killed. State. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 employed. 21 9 28 5 29 19 26 21 26 23 14 26 14 21 6 30 21 S 44 36 23 5 22 5 25 29 6 713 65 852 6 1,616 306 426 259 316 127 51 235 88 160 6 1,509 153 1 7,378 5,393 361 16 95 131 182 2,452 114 38.31 60.75 49.02 85.71 47.40 45.07 59.00 49.05 49.76 57.73 52.04 62.17 55.34 28.17 46.16 65.84 20.99 33.33 41.65 56.93 42.03 64.00 26.76 52.19 28.44 51.64 47.30 2.01 1.46 3.50 2.60 1.19 .97 1.31 1.20 .98 1.08 1.13 1.10 2.15 3.22 1.44 Ohio . 1.57 1.14 .90 , 1.42 1.64 1.81 .67 Utah 2.48 3.33 1.75 2.57 2.46 23,011 47.49 1.57 a This table is based on Table 5, and is for periods indicated by States for which continuous records are available. It does not necessarily check with Tables 3 and 4 for the reason that the latter tables include intermittent records prior to the period having continuous records. Falls of roof form the principal cause of accidents in coal mines, a fact that should command the serious attention of the inspectors, operators, mine foremen, and the miners. Roof falls are bound to happen, yet with proper precautions, use of sufficient timber, and care on the part of the foremen and miners the number of accidents from this cause should be reduced to a considerable extent. HAULAGE SYSTEMS. Table 53 shows the number of men killed underground by mine cars and locomotives covering periods for which continuous records are available, including 1913. This class represents one-eighth of the total number of men killed in and about the coal mines, or 0.42 per 1,000 men employed. During the periods covered 6,056 men were killed by mine cars and locomotives. (See fig. 3. Pis. I and II.) This number, however, does not include accidents due to electricity on haulage systems nor injuries inflicted by animals. Details relat- ing to haulage systems of all of the various States are not available, but as an example to show the character of haulage used it has been possible to prepare tables for Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, and the anthracite and bituminous mines of Pennsylvania. 84 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. Table 54 shows the number of horses and mules and steam, elec- tric, and compressed-air locomotives used in the Pennsylvania coal mines from 1898 to 1913. The number of animals used in anthra- cite haulage has not changed materially during this 15-year period. The number of steam locomotives has practically doubled, the number of electric locomotives has increased from 24 to 781, and the number of compressed-air locomotives has increased from 10 to 161. The number of horses and mules used in bituminous haulage in Pennsylvania has doubled during this period. The number of steam locomotives has increased but slightly, whereas the number of electric locomotives has increased from 122 in 1899 to 1,933 in 1913. The use of compressed-air locomotives has increased in about the same ratio as in the anthracite field, there being 13 in 1899 and 168 in 1913. Table 53.— NUMBER OF MEN KILLED UNDERGROUND BY MIKE CARS AND LOCOMOTIVES IN THE COAL MINES OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, DURING PERIOD SHOWN ENDED DEC. 31, 1913, FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE." State. Number of years in period ended Dec. 31, 1913. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 employed. Alabama Arkansas Colorado Georgia Illinois Tnriiansi Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri. Montana New Mexico North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania (anthracite) . . Pennsylvania (bituminous) . Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wyoming 193 2 141 10.37 1.87 8.11 0.55 .05 .58 414 7.5 76 12 46 30 2 19 23 43 2 277 78 12.14 11.04 10.53 2.27 7.25 13.64 2.04 5.03 14.47 7.57 15.38 12.08 10.70 .30 .24 .23 .06 .14 .25 .04 .09 .56 .87 .48 .29 .58 2,403 1,452 49 2 25 32 81 557 22 13.56 15.33 5.70 8.00 7.04 12.75 12.65 11.73 9.13 .46 .44 .25 .08 .65 .81 .78 .58 .48 Total.. 6,056 12.50 a This table is based on Table 5 and is for periods indicated, by States, for which continuous records are available. It does not necessarily check with Tables 3 and 4 for the reason that the latter tables include intermittent records prior to the period having continuous records. In 1900 of the total amount of coal mined in Illinois, 5.5 per cent was transported by electric haulage underground, 10.1 per cent by cable haulage, and 84.4 per cent by horse and mule haulage. In 1912 the electric haulage systems handled 67.7 per cent, the cable haulage 0.7 per cent, and horse and mule haulage 31.6 per cent. In figuring these percentages the amount of coal handled by hand and COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 85 gg ■«! ft Mi ftes a JS-fc O d w rt q ® <» o t> NNMNMOOmHOOl-'JMHCO HWntDtDtDONr OmnMCOfflOONMOlMH'^MOO nO(Or-iI!000(»C-t»M*t~NNCl» c^oooTcTrH*c^c^r^-^ur , *'-* , 'M""co'fo'c«r Oi«aQ©(DQNS«D(M>fl>OOOHN as 88 a S &T ,ooJ n « £ > p.03 a SSSS j§ 8.6 as» jig NlOClCO CO POCCCO cooooiooi ®fflosttiO*ooj©rocic> 86 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lcftO-lMA. Table 55.— PERCENTAGE OF COAL HANDLED UNDERGROUND IN ILLINOIS MINES BY ELECTRIC, ROPE, AND ANIMAL HAULAGE WITH FATALITIES DUE TO HAULAGE SYSTEMS. Year. Percentage of coal hauled by a— Number of men killed in haulage accidents. Electric haulage. Rope sys- tem. Animals. Total. Per 1.000 employed. 1900 5.5 8.1 8.5 10.8 11.3 12.4 19.1 35.9 40.0 45.8 49.5 60.5 67.7 10.1 10.5 9.7 8.1 4.1 3.8 4.4 6.1 6.7 2.9 5.3 4.7 .7 84.4 81.4 81.8 81.1 84.6 83.8 76.5 58.0 53.3 51.3 45.2 34.8 31.6 13 12 16 20 18 21 23 41 27 24 33 43 44 0.332 1901 .287 1902 .337 1903 .395 1904 .329 1905 .362 1906 .378 1907 .625 1908 .397 1909 .346 1910. . . .454 1911 .568 1912 .563 o Calculated from data published in the State mine inspectors' annual reports. Table 56.— SUMMARY OF THE NUMBER OF MINE LOCOMOTIVES IN WEST VIRGINIA DURING THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1899-1913, INCLUSIVE.o Number of mines using locomo- tives. Number of locomotives in use. Year. Electric. Steam. Com- pressed air. Gasoline. Total. 1899 63 72 96 109 145 168 243 281 333 404 402 483 447 480 502 21 43 78 107 154 206 253 335 439 590 723 888 921 1,194 1,365 64 69 60 64 74 77 90 83 76 81 78 72 54 62 46 3 4 3 2 3 6 3 3 4 5 10 7 33 38 40 * 91 1900 ne 1901 - 141 1902 173 1903 231 1904 289 1905 ". 346 1906 421 1907 . 519 1908 676 1909 811 1910 967 1911 1,008 1912 17 28 1,311 1913 1.479 « Compiled from State mine inspector's annual reports. other haulage was small and was therefore disregarded. Table 55 shows the percentage of coal handled by the three systems. The fatalities, shown in a parallel column, include in addition to those due to mine cars and locomotiTes underground, 13 fatalities due to animals and 8 fatalities from electric shock as being attributable to the haulage system. The table shows in general an increasing rate, which is due not so much to electricity as to the more rapid transit and the nearer approach to railroad operations. Table 56 shows the number of mine locomotives in use in West Virginia from 1899 to 1913. The number of mines using locomotives in 1899 was 63, while in 1913 it was 502. The number of electric locomotives has increased from 24 in 1899 to 1,365 in 1913. The number of steam locomotives has decreased slightly, having dropped COAL-MlNE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 87 from 64 in 1899 to 46 in 1913. The use of compressed-air locomotives has not increased and in 1912 gasoline locomotives were introduced, 17 being installed in that year and 28 in 1913. Table 57— MINING MACHINES AND ELECTRIC-HAULAGE MOTORS IN OHIO MINES." Mining machines. Electric- haulage motors. Year. Electric. Com- pressed air. Total. 1889 4 15 25 27 41 59 82 130 166 194 236 322 389 527 696 888 1,001 1,110 1,272 1,316 1,267 1,374 1,457 1,491 1,604 m m 89 102 107 112 82 79 67 58 44 40 40 47 78 87 145 156 124 129 128 99 85 58 49 m 114 129 118 171 164 209 233 252 280 362 429 574 774 975 1,146 1,266 1,396 1,445 1,395 1,473 1,542 1,549 1,653 1 2 2 2 2 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 6 10 1897 1898 1899 28 50 1900 1901 1902 ; 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 525 1913 612 o Compiled from the annual reports of the State mine inspector. & Not reported. In Table 57 is shown the number of electric haulage motors used in Ohio from 1889 to 1913. In 1889 there was only one electric haulage motor; in 1913 there were 612. The table also shows the increase in the number of electric and compressed-air mining machines. ACCIDENTS DUE TO ELECTRICITY. Table 58 shows the number of fatalities by States in and about the coal mines due to electricity since its introduction into the mines. These include both surface and underground fatalities, of which there were 710. The largest percentage of this number of fatalities was due to direct contact with the trolley wire. This group represents practically 50 per cent of the total number of fatalities. The next largest group is that due to contact with machine feed wire, by which 131 were killed, representing 18.45 per cent. The miscellaneous column is unfortunately large, inasmuch as sufficient details were not given in the description of the individual accidents in order to enable a proper classification of these fatalities. Many of them were reported simply as "electrocuted," no details whatever being given; hence this column represents 128 fatalities, or 18 per cent of the total. 88 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. < Eh m Q < m Eh C0 1 T-l' CO l-lt-l^ !co 1 00 CO CM O O0* "din i-4 t- it-ICO • ■-" oa Contact with haulage motor. ■ CM .-H ■^r • OO CO 1-1 Contact with machine feed wire. CO CO .-I cn • >o Oi-I CO co "Ji f-l CO I-l Contact with mining machine. COW C*i-I ww CO i-l CO ■ 00 T- om oa CO Tool or iron bar striking trolley wire. ■^ f-l t»" CO COOs • (M CO to CO r-' <6 $ >> s> "o .B '% Ci c3 +j Pi O o "5 5 to o OS l>-CO C*J CO CO NO eooo ■ oo to ■O CO i-H o Repair- ing guard boards. N N IO o m 3 m o t-l I-l eo pj Falling or walking against wire. CO CO «o JO I-i** ^H .-. 00 oa co CO iH Replac- ing trolley pole. o> i-llO ■ IO iH iH «-l While riding on car or motor. TO fM CO W i-i^l I-i • CO t- While climbing on car or motor. I-l «* CO CO 00 i-l oa> o 41 o> e ■a o H co co co co co co co co co co co co oo co co co co do co cooocococccococo CS OS CS CS CJ OS OS CS CS OJ Ol OS O* OS Cs CS O* OS CI OS G* OS OS OS Ol OS OS >-h i-i MrtauSc^ (A«oc» toco oo to co os .-« as © as co o o oooo»o ShSoj csas e» cs S o i-i o c cs <=> OS ~ OSCSCS'QOCES OSS1X ODOO 00 00 OS OS OS CS OS 00 a* *-i i-l t-H i-f i-l i-C iH i— ?— . — — i f-*iH T-t HrlrtHplrlHH 6 ■*■> CO e E i < 3 ■5 o c c 1 o .2 o c i c c o 1— 1 1 o p c ■e c =1 s § ts c, i 3 p ii a S « o '5 a © c Q o c o E o a o c o « o 1 is it P o > c c s 1 C5 - J t > = c t3 p 1 a 1 > — is CO B 1 I En o o u 1 p Si Pi COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 89 3 ■ S co °2 it OS £.1 31 o> 3 £H |.g PHOMNN S3 +^ cs » y ■ 4 - = ° t>-»f3 « ii-H^C* .13* • g.Hao o ■§€ cd o b33 S °S 5 O M o 03° ^ en"" Sr'2'S >>o Els 4J fl I £83°>8 oS«13g tj< 'OcomT-ico g£ 90 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. In Table 59 is given a classification of accidents due to electricity as compiled from the coal-mine inspectors' reports of Great Britain. The majority of the fatalities were caused by alternating current at voltages ranging from 250 to 650. It is to be expected that the majority of the accidents should be within this range of voltage, as it is used almost exclusively at the mines. Table 60.— NUMBER OF MEN KILLED BY SHAFT ACCIDENTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES OP THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, DURING PERIOD SHOWN ENDED DEC. 31, 1913, FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE." State. 14 J3 o §3 d srz Alabama Alaska and California Arkansas Colorado Georgia and North Carolina . Idaho and Nevada Illinois Indiana. Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri. Montana New Mexico North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania (anthracite)... Pennsylvania (bituminous) . Tennessee Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia. Wyoming Total. Years. 21 4 9 28 5 4 29 19 26 21 2i 23 14 26 14 21 6 30 21 5 44 36 23 5 22 5 25 29 6 0.43 115 31 35 19 10 117 36 22 25 520 104 1 105 19 211 90 36 266 71 65 50 24 10 27 1 79 25 843 217 1 1 3 1 13 67 1 4.00 .84 .40 2.03 1.41 .41 193 1.811 3.74 0.02 1.87 .05 2.07 .15 7.80 .20 10.46 .23 9.00 .20 9.47 .23 3.78 .08 10.20 .22 7.14 .13 .63 .03 3.45 .08 3.43 .19 4.76 .16 2.29 .06 .12 .04 .08 .03 .12 .07 .02 .12 a This table is based on Table 5, and is for periods indicated, by States for which continuous records are available. It does not necessarily check with Tables 3 and 4 for the reason that the latter tables include intermittent records prior to the period having continuous records. MINE SHAFTS. Table 60 shows the number of fatalities, by States, due to accidents at shafts and subdivided into four different groups, as falling down shafts, objects falling down shafts, cages or skips, and miscellaneous. During the period represented 1,811 were killed by shaft accidents, of which number 843 occurred in and about the anthracite mines. The large number of fatalities at the anthracite mines is not excep- tional for the reason that practically all of the mines are opened by < COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 91 shafts, whereas in the bituminous mines, except some in the Central and Western States, the majority of the mines are opened by slopes and drifts. During 36 years only 217 were killed by reason of shaft acci- dents at the Pennsylvania bituminous mines, while in Illinois during the 29-year period 266 men were thus killed. The average number of men employed per year in the Pennsylvania bituminous mines is about twice the number employed at the Illinois mines (Table 7), showing that the high Illinois rate, which is more than three times as high as at the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, is due to the fact that the mines are operated through shafts instead of slopes and drifts. The Illinois mines are more nearly comparable with the anthracite mines in this respect. More than one-half of all fatalities at shafts are due to persons falling down the shaft, either from the surface or from the various landings. Cages and skips are responsible for slightly over one-third of the shaft accidents. These two causes offer a good field for safety work, and, as shown in Table 4 and figure 1, the accidents at coal-mine shafts .are being reduced by reason of vigilance on the part of the inspectors and the installation of safety devices by the operators. SURFACE SHOPS AND YARDS. Table 61 shows the number of men killed at surface works about coal mines in the United States during continuous periods as indicated including 1913. The fatalities recorded in this table do not include accidents to coke-oven workers, as these have been eliminated in every case where sufficient information was given to identify the victim with the coking industry. The number-of surface fatalities as shown is 3,573, representing 7.37 per cent of the total number killed in and about the mines. The rate per 1,000 men employed is 0.24. Of the total number killed 2,321 were at the surface workings of the anthracite mines and a large percentage of these were killed in the breakers. The accidents in the breakers have been included by reason of the fact that this is one of the branches of the industry which is absolutely necessary to prepare the coal for the market. The coke-oven fatalities of the bituminous field were eliminated for the reason that they are considered foreign to the preparation of the coal for market. It is a second step in which the coal, so to speak, is manufactured into another product. Almost one-half of the surface fatalities are due to mine cars and locomotives and railway cars and locomotives, thus pointing out the need for closer supervision and better equipment of haulage systems. Boiler explosions and bursting steam pipes are responsible for 214 fatalities. Machinery claimed 775 victims, 629 of which were at the anthracite mines and include many breaker accidents. 14355°— Bull. 115—16 7 92 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18T0-1914. Table 61.— NUMBER OF MEN KILLED BY SURFACE ACCIDENTS ABOUT THE COAL MINES OF THE UNITED STATES BY STATES, DURING PERIOD SHOWN ENDED DEC. 31, 1913, FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE.o 6 I E 6 ■d § CD S O o g 3 SB State. CO OS M a 9g § m 1 • E5 m o "3 o •S3 3 a o s >> | 8 >> hi ID H "3,-s — "3 8*" I *3 i O I o CD bo (3 CD 1 s ft a H 3 n « o H ft fc 17 18 19 20 21 22 Years. 21 4 11 2 5 10 28 1.50 0.08 9 28 5 1 3 1 49 .94 2.82 .02 21 1 3 7 14 .20 Georgia and North Carolina. 4 29 19 26 21 26 23 14 26 14 21 6 30 21 S 134 16 19 17 47 22 5 4 9 4 87 17 Illinois 5 2 3 1 23 12 1 26 15 1 6 1 3 2 1 56 10 7 8 9 4 1 1 3 31 3 3 5 10 5 2 1 3 1 3.93 2.36 2.63 3.22 7.40 10.00 5.10 1.06 5.66 .70 .10 .05 .06 2 2 1 .08 .15 .19 .11 1 i 3 .02 .22 2 .08 Ohio : 22 4 2 6 2 18 1 20 1 19 9 3.80 2.33 .09 .13 Pennsylvania (anthracite) . . 44 669 8 629 118 228 669 2,321 13.10 .45 Pennsylvania (bituminous). 36 161 14 57 35 46 92 405 4.28 .12 23 5 22 5 25 29 21 1 6 8 12 156 1 1 3 7 33 1 15 18 35 279 3.84 4.00 4.23 7.17 5.47 5.88 .16 .04 Utah 1 1 13 2 1 3 3 1 28 2 6 10 61 .39 .46 9 19 3 2 .33 West Virginia .29 6 3 1 2 1 7 2.91 .15 Total 1,133 41 775 214 446 964 3,573 7.37 .24 a This table is based on Table 5, and is for periods indicated, by States for which continuous records are available. It does not necessarily check with Tables 3 and 4, for the reason that the latter tables include intermittent records prior to the period having continuous records. ACCIDENTS CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION. Data for mine accidents as related to the occupation of the employee are far from complete. Many of the mine inspectors' reports give the occupation of the man who has been fatally injured, and from these reports it is an easy matter to actually compile figures for cer- tain States showing the total number killed in each occupation. However, these reports, with but one or two exceptions, fail to give the actual number of men employed in the specified occupations, and since data of this character are lacking, it is not possible to arrive at any true comparative hazards for the various occupations. The fatality figures may show a larger number of men killed in one occu- pation, possibly ten times as many, than in some other class of work. At the same time, there may be twenty times as many men engaged in this particular work, so that the hazard would not be as great as indi- cated by the actual number of men killed. For example, there are rela- COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1S1Q-1SU. 93 tively few shot fixers in the mines as compared with other underground employees, and the actual number of shot firers killed is therefore much smaller than in some other occupations, yet it is an extremely hazardous occupation. To obtain the relative hazard of each occu- pation the number engaged therein is necessary. Mine inspectors' reports for the State of Pennsylvania from 1902 to 1913, inclusive, show both the number of men killed in certain of the principal occupations and the corresponding number of men employed therein. Table 62 shows fatalities by occupations in the anthracite mines from 1881 to 1913, inclusive. The corresponding number of men employed, however, is shown only for miners and 12 3 4 5 6 Mine foremen and assistants. Drivers and runners Fire bosses and assistants.. Door boys Miners' laborers Machine runners Machine scrapers Machine loaders Miners All others %£2&32%0£Z33£22£££2%%£S%! gPPPB I '//////// y/sy//s>'/s™ MB ^y^^777^7X ■ff} ?zzn '///yy. m m (_ <4nthracite V/SSSS/S>SS/ SS;S>Ss>s>s'/ / >/ / >>7Z\ Bituminous' e^ Figube 6.— Average number ol men killed per thousand employed in anthracite and bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, by occupation, 1902-1913. (Based on Tables 62 and 63.) miners' laborers. Beginning with 1900 complete figures to and includ- ing 1913 are given for the number killed, as well as the number employed in the various occupations. The highest fatality rate is for the anthra- cite miners, which averages for the period 1900 to 1913, 6 per 1,000 men employed. The fatality rate for the miners' laborers is 4.29 per 1,000 employed. The fatality rate for fire bosses and assistants is 3.86, as compared with 4.29 in the bituminous mines. The rate for mine foremen and assistants is also higher, being 2.28 as against 1.86 in the bituminous mines. 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I w So COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 103 s CB oooo in ut> m — t % 5 2 S3 (SMrtH t-n* « ssss «HN« OJ S HftOOJfjOO S 00 «d< t*> CO CO (N O" fH ' r-H CO —* pH - rH - - l-^CN 1H1-I lOCMiH ^ OS CO o t^i«iO CD CM Ht»H 00 tH CM rt ^ r» cm w =D r-t ■•»* *tf rt fH« CO CO^rt CM »H CO <* SO CM CM r-f* ■^l Ui CO CM CO CM i-4 r- CO CM - ■«HC» -# t^CO OS -iclb ■* CM CO CM t-i CO CO HO ■*Tj) CO CO ~ (N co lOCMrtCO00rt OS H>0 f-r-iocoi-HcotNiHcoc^ CM i-t i-H CM t^-CO CO iH OH r»-cM HClOM^CJOM at CB 00 CM rt tDO)>0 r-t CO cO'^er-cO'tflcocOOO CM CM CO 00 CM OOt^-rt - 1 mm CM 1-1 IM-* NNH^I US CO r- U5HHU50fflHC COCO"*'*CiOrtrtO -COC»COCOOCM s E i ■1 * 1 1 ] 1 1 C .£ a a b 1 r! r 1 1 ! E X If rJ 1 \ & 1 ft ■s E 1 5 5 1 5 1 1 PC i [i X 1 i. c c 5 I 1 • I. i a 'E a P- T a C t a E S c b i t 2 : ! t a 1 | < < I t 1 r! I 1 c -1- s g 1 1 = ■E g 1 'i g I 1 i 6- 1 .1 E 1 3 I t 1 + c 104 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. FATALITIES AT BITUMINOUS COAL MINES. Inasmuch as bituminous coal mining differs so much from the mining of anthracite, Tables 67 and 68, covering the bituminous coal-mining industry from 1890 to and including 1914, have been compiled. Complete data prior to 1890 would be de- sirable, but for a study of present-day mine accidents it is believed that these ta- bles go back sufficiently far to show the actual hazards of the bituminous mines. The total production and the number of men em- s' ployed in all bituminous 2 2 mines of the United States eg S 1.2 are given in Table 67. In f § the second part of the same table are given the produc- ■S a tion and number of men em- » w ployed in those States which Z I are under inspection service and for which accident rec- ords are available. In 1890, 89.60 per cent was repre- sented by inspection States, whereas for the same year 85.96 per cent of »the em- ployees were in the same group. Table 68 shows the fa- talities at bituminous mines by the same groups of causes as in Tables 4, 5, and 6, which include the anthracite mines. It also shows the actual number killed in each group and the percentage of fatal- ities due to each class, as well as the number killed per 1,000 men employed. Figure 8 shows the fatality rates by principal causes from 1891 to 1914. In 1890 the number killed by falls of roof and pillar coal per 1,000 men employed was 1.259. This rate gradually increased until COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 105 W o i-i W M o fH i» M Ei oa P Q o o m o 15 as EH rt ' 'O m Ooo I-t H as no o (J o ft o Ph 2§ 3ft aa i§i M ° rt *1§ *- " «- hi « 03 o> S 1

cs ^a»g, ass- o o H«C»H«««WHNHHHr usoJOOffl'^'iiooNcor-woNHt.TiiTi'Ti'mooou wMcowcjeo«N«cQcoeoeQeocococo'*(«'*'^co«)coco »O.00 [OMMHINNHOCOH-S'MC CNiOONl»r-Oi wioioioiot-iQusfflr-oo'fliwiotoinsoNOsciOr HrtHrtNHWNHHNrt tOMOCON-*ONW!OOr wcoOHOHVNno'" co co "* -v«r •* i&ws"* 10 >o 10 >o >o 0«30H10l>H»IO«ON»N«lfiO!tHI>T)l03QQOOO r»-t , -00a0ooio-*tDooio SOOCOSOOjiO^OO- NWNOTltOSTllMnHfOC - . NooSr-iinrtfoacoNWOi'^MOsiflr-N^ir-NOiNwo ne4iOMii0n^hOO!NO COOSCOcOGOtH«D(D»OCOeOOOClOt^ I HOs«-HlOt- r-ti-iNCii-icoeo'^coos'-ifN^Door-^H'^oicor-i-iOiot-cfl i-)?-llHTHi-li-(i-lrH^lTHC^C»e^C^NCOeOCOCOCO'*' CT3 0> OS G^ C oooooooooocoooobcococ 106 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 4*peAoidTU9 nem j^qranx i-inaifnoooocOQ^aNffiHto . tnceMs to o L-i -r -^r > l^ CO 00 —. ,- _ ;vj ~J e*r-e«5.-iaoco»aco»ce»« - » l- — j ■pe^oidrae 000'T J9d pdfTO jaqnmti fla«co«ocoviBeot>oeinfcoaa>«i^NCDOnNt v AOlCCBC4i-ICOCO i-i«oNC«oioneot>Ha>«»ionAeHc)>iocQr>r<< oiwnMNMWiKWM'rinrirt'rtrtrt^'rt'w'MnwMri 'P3TTPI loqarajz ^Hrtrt-H-C'HNN^HCir- ■S if* •poioidrao ooo'l J9d petip[ -raqum^ HOOOOOO fHHCO«HHrt«HHHrtHrtpH •p»nR JBqO? JO 938$H90J9,£ panp[ J9qnm>{ •paioidnreooo'l «a penH jeqnuiN ^HO^^HT^^HOOO^-»T-ft-»^Oi-HOi-tT-*i-tOT-*0000 "a o •P9II?3[ IK)0J JO B3B1D90J9J 'P9IIP[ -raqmnN «rtNn«nNwwn'*^-*p5>o«MaioM0iioidra9 000'T J9cf p9nR J9qranN CNl-Hl-lOWr OOOHrt««Hrt!- n-HCOCOiCC'laaiO ■p9Hn IBJOJ JO aSpjTIdOJQ^ Nr-OrtaNt-awattvooiooOiHoaONaiHNoo; ?: t' l':' n D t' o: « r; d 'r - !■■: m r c l-! c x t-' c [' ■; t^ i- ■p9[IR -reqniriN ■pg^oidino ooo'l J9d p9[fP[ jeqranN; NOOWQOiOI^OCONr»'*NCOO>0<'cOvcOVtOOCOOcC ■p«nR [C40 1 JO 03E1O90J9J x iOt i- t: h- ^ n c>- >> » ^ x m> c •»' l"' c r: r: n' r' "POFIPI JoqnmN Oi-ttO-*«C5NOHCCOS •poXoidtae ooo'l So ■p»nH jkjoj jo oSreineoiej rt SS •panRJeqninN wWt-f*5SoeocJd«w*eQCflT 8|e •Si S-2 •pe^oidure ooo'T ma p«nPl JsqranN •p»IIPl fe%oi jo eSwjnBaraj [^NOOOooaMooOHOOooHOMHn^oAo ■p»I[H J9qmriH pojfoidnre ooo'l s? -s •poriR [B^O) JO 92U3U9ai9^>»ocfnOi-H^Hr--Hco^HgstOi-iHfiir'«0'*oo CNCNeNMC ; »eOWCQTtt-.cDCC!XC>3CC3>OOC3!OC3S COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 107 in 1909 it was 1.951. Since 1909 the rate has been decreasing until in 1914 it was 1.548 per 1,000 men employed. With reference to mine cars and locomotives the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed in 1890 was 0.163. The rate increased quite uniformly to 0.593 per 1,000 employed in 1913. The rate for 1914 was slightly lower. The fatality rates due to gas and dust explosions have been very erratic, reaching the highest point in 1907, when the rate was 1.796 per 1,000 employed. Since the year 1907 this rate has decreased, although irregularly, to 0.523 per 1,000 employed in 1914. The fatality rate due to explosives gradually increased from 1890, during which year the rate was 0.182 per 1,000 employed, to 1903, when it reached its highest point, 0.339 per 1,000. Since the intro- duction of permissible explosives and more strict rules concerning the handling and use of explosives, together with more efficient mine- inspection service, the fatality rate has gradually decreased until in 1914 the number killed per 1,000 employed was 0.096. This reduc- tion is illustrated in figures 5 and 8. The number of accidents at shafts has decreased slightly, whereas the number of those on the surface shows a gradual increase. The percentage of coal mined by machines since 1891, when the first records are available, is shown in figure 10. In 1891 only 5.26 per cent of the bituminous coal was mined by machines. The quantity has steadily increased year by year until in 1914, 51.7 per cent of the coal was reported as machine mined. The upper curve in figure 10 includes all hand-mined coal as well as that shot off the solid as distinguished from the machine product. Details of accidents as related to machine mining follow. MACHINE MINING. A study of coal-mine accidents would not be complete without some reference to machine mining. It would be very desirable, indeed, if it were possible to tabulate data for a period of years, showing the actual number of men employed in machine-worked mines, together with the corresponding casualties oocurring therein. Data of this character are not available, however, and hence it is impossible to make such a study. The United States Geological Survey, however, has for a number of years, 1896-1913, collected and published data showing the percentage of coal mined by machines in each State, and this information is used as a basis for the study of mine accidents as tabulated herein. In comparing figures of production, number of men employed, fatalities, etc., for the 18-year period, those States have been included in which complete accident-fatality records and the number, of employees are available. Inasmuch as details are lacking to show the number of mines where mining machines are used, the only other alternative whereby comparative results may be obtained is to group the States according to the percentage of coal mined by 14355°— Bull. 115—16 8 108 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 3 < o CQ D o « $ H M a z a o a {* o « H m a 1 CO CO S= ss s?s cot- eo COf- N ^HiH tO-*H COW iH lOl-l 3 00CN^-t»»OC SOUQ^-ir— O eO t* i-H CO iO CO CO Ol Deccfl^N-jo t*- c* ~-< C4 CO *usc» hSh eo woo N »O^H CO >CO CO co as tH co oo in oo o iq i*- O O co ocococo^t Stqco *-« c5 io 55 * ci e» t- »o io lacaus eS3 S<- g-n IS 5 •a III! sasi ■ -dS '■ :t ■ ■ ■ ■ ■a'B n>3 His US S3 w" co" M 00 CM 3 S 3 as us 1a co 3 8 lO 00 ■«*• a> » CO i3aaSagzoSiS"S6?5>^&:^ COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 109 machines. Four groups have therefore been used as follows: Group I includes those States in which less than 20 per cent of the coal produced was mined by machines, leaving the other 80 per cent of the coal as mined by hand or shot off the solid. Group II includes those States in which 20 to 39 per cent of the coal produced was mined by machines. Group III includes those States in which 40 to 59 per cent of the coal produced was mined by machines. Group IV includes those States in which 60 per cent or more was produced by mining machines. Table 70.— NUMBER AND TYPE OF COAL-CUTTING MACHINES IN OPERATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1899 TO 1914, INCLUSIVE."" Number of machines in use. &■- Year. Pick. Chain breast. Long wall. Short wall. Radial axe or post. Total. 1899 1,997 2,350 2,580 3,185 3,887 4,483 5,525 5,911 6,227 6,380 7,107 6,716 6,535 6,833 6,327 5,878 1,106 1,509 1,716 2,182 2,717 3,102 3,557 4,144 4,652 4,992 5,590 5,973 5,943 6,425 6,936 6,859 22 48 45 51 54 78 102 157 265 197 352 518 481 545 791 618 3,125 3,007 1900 1901 4,341 5,418 1902 1903 _ 6,658 7,663 9,184 1904 1905 1906 10,212 1907 11,144 11,569 1908 1909 13,049 13,254 13,819 15,298 16,379 16,507 1910 47 777 1,371 2,208 3,024 83 124 117 128 1911 1912 1913 1914 i Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. : GROUPING OF STATES, ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE OF COAL MINED BY MACHINES, FOR THE PERIOD 1896-1913, AND NUMBER OF YEARS EACH STATE IS REPRESENTED IN EACH GROUP. [Group I, less than 20 percent mined by machine; Group II, 20 to 39 percent; Group HI, 40 to 59 percent; Group IV, 60 per cent or more.] Coal-mining States. Groupj II til Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri Montana New Mexico North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania (bituminous) . Years. 16 14 5 16 4 Years. 2 Years. Years. Texas Utah..: Virginia Washington..., West Virginia., Wyoming 110 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-19H. a H m •4 M DO Cm O « B a? H Z a j . << H g s §1 i a M . S3 «o »&< el E< H . Dm OH mZ •*w B™ Z«! <:a 2 £ Wfi © s| § 8 OS HZ >.a oo J« -a zo a z" o O & a o M CM fc. o « a D 3 3 "*■§ i- u Cm © 1.83 E^fS Z fl §a§| on ca,2 d® DO j C9 O ap. Is 13 a >. z o 3« cineon coco *o r*» a n N t- i-- t> Ji :r ■^cocoe* 3IC2 CO 0*04 0*1-4 — ^ - - — r^ao«-4 0* cTeTasef S-^MO* oiaeooo OOt-OUS 1ONM00 as — ^i ri OHO r-ooe*t> gOcg"^ cTcfc-Tof :t — >.~ l- ofeCof §§¥ nisi as 3>ai o HWUJO o o o 3 ?" gz Qs" £g w3 00 - »s X i i \ i / «\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ \ \ \ \ / 1/ \ * § 1 \ \ \ \ / / i 1 s ■si \ \ \ \ \ \ ! J \ \ \ / / / ' ^» % K i i i i \ \ i \ 1 / •'-. \ \ N. 1 I 1 1 • \ J / 1 1 I t \ I .*="• fe I 1 t ; «v/ 1 / ? 1 1 \ \ \ \ . \ 66* 6} $ / X ^ *©s 1 i i 1 i 5 8 S g : ' 5 p9/o/cfuj& spuesnom c Pi a 3 ^N ■a S 3*"- S «- B ,2 a a I f at s H 6 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 113 Although their use may have increased the number of accidents due to machinery and electricity, yet the results shown in Tables 69 to 85 and figures 10 to 15 do not seem to bear out the first impression. The increase of accidents due to machinery and electricity seems to be more than offset by the decrease in fatalities due to explosives, as shown in Table 5. As indicated, the fatality rate, in those groups where the percent- age of machine mining is largest, is lower than in those groups where the amount of coal undercut by hand or shot from the solid is the largest. As indicated in Table 71 and figure 10, the first three groups are practically of the same rank, each employing slightly over 2,000,000 men during the 18-year period. Group IV is much smaller, employ- ing only 522,293 men. The total production for the first three groups is nearly the same, so that comparisons for those groups may be made on an equal basis. The total number of men killed in excep- tional accidents, in all of the groups, was 5,183, and in common acci- dents, 21,475. In Group I the number of fatalities due to excep- tional accidents was 2,476, representing a rate of 1.11 per 1,000 em- ployed. The exceptional-accident rates per 1,000 men employed are 0.76 for Group II, 0.38 for Group III, and 0.20 for Group IV. The rates for common accidents are 2.98 for Group I, 2.81 for Group II, 2.92 for Group III, and 2.62 for Group IV. There is a gradual decline in the total-fatality rate, ranging from 4.09 per 1,000 employed, in Group I, to 2.82 in Group IV. The number of fatalities per million tons mined in Group I is 6.89 for the entire period, and in Group III, which has the lowest rate, is 4.00, for Group IV it is 4.16. In Table 72 (figure 11), the four groups are compared by principal causes of accidents, showing the percentage of fatalities and the number killed per 1,000 men for each group. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS. The fatalities due to falls of roof (figure 11) are practically the same for each of the four groups, ranging from 1.70 in Group I per 1,000 men employed to 1.79 in Group III. The percentage of fatal- ities due to falls of roof is lowest in Group I, ranging from 41.66 in Group I to 60.90 in Group IV. The comparison on a percentage basis is not however as true as that based on the actual number of men employed. A sudden increase or decrease in one particular class of accidents affects the total, and percentages derived from this base will be more or less altered. When comparisons are made on the basis of actual number of employees, a large disaster due to one cause will not alter the comparisons for the other causes as the rates are derived from a base that remains unchanged. 114 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. GBOTTP I. gboot n. Gboot III. Group IV. PER CENT MACHINE MINED. Figure 10. — Total number killed, fatality rates, men employed, tons produced, and days active at the bituminous coal mines of the United States, by groups based on the percentageof coal mined by machines, 1896-1913. (Based on Table 71.) COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 115 J 3 ! 1 ilj Mi III h 3 '' "> 1 1 I ft i i \i "TT :l !l il 1' i fa 1 1 ! 1 '--. 1 - i / s!^ / ^ v - 1 1 w 1 *3\ ,,( y X Nj (°- &'/ yP / / i / t t v -..., '■^ // 1/ \ 1: 1 \ At fci ^^f <5 / s p v. / / is ■ *■- N ^ »0 ,s i / 1 ft / / , 4? / / . <^ i / is / $ \ "b ■ * \ % V <0 •■■ \ / / \i /' y' / / '« / *s.. \ \ "V s s X '' c *J \ S; 1 v*\ ■D k \ j | foV »V tf^ pa/o/du/B ooo'i rjad ' pa//i>i j&ju/Oa/ sou 5« 116 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lSIO-lOU. There is but little difference in the f atality rate by reason of acci- dents due to mine cars and locomotives (fig. 11). In Groups I and IV the rates are practically the same, being 0.35 and 0.34 respec- tively, but in Groups II and III the rates are slightly higher. GAS AND DTXST EXPLOSIONS. The most striking difference in the number of fatalities in the various groups is in accidents due to gas and dust explosions. It will be noted that 29.40 per cent of all of the fatalities in Group I were due to gas and dust explosions, and that the percentage due to the cause declines as the percentage of machine-mined coals, only 6.92 per cent of the total fatalities in Group IV being due to this cause. As stated above, the percentage comparison is not as fair as that based on the number of men employed. The fatality rate in Group I due to gas and dust explosions was 1.20 per 1,000 men em- ployed during the 18-year period, in Group II the rate was 0.66, in Group III, 0.39, and in Group IV, 0.19 per 1,000 employed. These differences are shown in figure 11. EXPLOSIVES. As would be expected, the fatality rate due to explosives (fig. 11) is higher in Group I than in the other groups. In Group I the maximum amount of explosives is used and much of the coal mined is shot off the solid; its fatality rate is 0.33 per 1,000 men employed. In Groups II, III, and IV, where less explosives are used, the fatality rates are 0.23, 0.12, and 0.15 per 1,000 employed, respectively. In the latter two groups there is a minimum amount of explosives used in the coal mines. With reference to miscellaneous underground, shaft, and surface accidents there is no variation of importance. MINING CONDITIONS. These figures are not absolute proof that lower fatality rates in Group IV as compared with Group I are due to the larger use of ma^ chines in the mines of Group IV. Many small mines are included in Group I in which hand mining prevails. The small mines do not always have the most improved equipment, and many times less attention is given to safety measures. The mines in Group I use a maximum amount of explosives, are operated under all classes of roof conditions, and include all types of coal beds ranging from thick to thin with various degrees of inclination, from horizontal to vertical. The hand-mining mines are in most cases operated more hours a day and, as shown in Table 71, more days a year as compared with Group IV. The number of days active is 218 for Group I, 212 for Group II, 227 for Group III, and 192 for Group IV. With the excep- 1870-1914. 117 tion of Kentucky, the employees in Group IV are all on an 8-hour basis. The other groups contain many 9 and 10 hour men. As regards the mines in which the major part of the coal is mined by machine, they include but few small mines and hence have more systematic management. When a mine has reached the stage where the management is financially able to install machines, it is usually conducted on a more business-like basis than are the small and poorly financed properties, has better haulage systems, and more efficient ventilation. In machine mining a minimum amount of explosives is used and in a mine where machines are introduced it is essential that good roof conditions prevail and that the coal bed is of reasonably uniform thickness. Also machines are operated in the flatter lying beds and are seldom used in the steeply inclined measures. The majority of the States in which the largest percentage of coal is mined by machines are operated on an 8-hour basis and less days per year, hence the time of exposure to the dangers of mining is less. FATALITY BATES ON BASIS OF COAL MINED BY MACHINE. The total fatality rate at the four groups of mines, based on the percentage of machine-mined coal, from 1896 to 1913, is shown in figure 12. The upper part of the figure represents, as indicated, the total fatality rate at bituminous coal mines during this period. The second or middle part of the figure shows the fatality rate due to "common" accidents, that is, those in which less than 5 men are killed at one time. These rates are reasonably close together, Group IV showing the lowest and Group I, as a whole, the highest rate. The lower part of the figure shows the fatality rate due to "exceptional" accidents. Here again Group I is high, and is followed closely by Group II; Group IV is exceedingly low. The amount of coal mined per day per man in the various groups of mines is given in figure 13. The curves show that in Group I, in which less than 20 per cent of the coal was mined by machine, the average number of tons mined per day is 2.72 (Table 73) ', While in Group III it ranges from 2.80 to about 3.90 tons per day. Group II is more erratic, and since 1910 many of the mines originally in this group have passed into Group III, so that since that year there has been a decrease in the amount of coal produced per man per day. Group IV remains practically stationary, with an average of 3.53 tons per day. Figure 13 also shows the fatalities per million tons mined according to the four groups outlined above. In Group I the fatality rate is exceedingly high when based on the number of tons mined per fatality. This rate varies from 4.06 to 10.68, the average being 6.89 (Table; 73). As would be expected, the number of fatalities per milhon tonsjjpro- duced in Groups III and IV are considerably lower than in the other two groups, the average being, respectively, 4.00 and 4.16. 118 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18"70-1^14. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 119 T I I I i / SI \ 'if i 1 1 / y / \ t ! 1 / \ l A ' k. 1 I 1 | »- N 1 l i i f i. i / i \ 5 1 Is I \ \ \ / t i i 4 \ 1 5 1 ' i \ V \ \ \ i / / / t \ i / i / 1 / / / * \ / \ / \ / \ / \ i \ el « \4 f V S 1 1 \ "*"> — — i V -— ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 * as/ y ' S ..-•"' * 1 1 A V / ^°. XS3 J V \ S, 0/6/ 1 i 1 \ ft 1 1 806/ X i > \ Mil / ! I T 1 1 1 ! \ \ 1 1 1 1 T / / i \ 1 Y /\ / \ / / -* -/ \ / \ / 1 \ \ •- X. 1 i I i \ » 1 V i 1 I I \ \ \ i i \ \ c 1 H 6V / • \ • • • 1 V -X.i \t — -.^ 16U mi 5 | .9 n H g ■a s « Pi >. OS li 120 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. % CO O H Eh S~ SO KSS HO Sri m!-i *H §3 *S iaSa5cDt'Necbi w ^r fcv *— ■ *^" **J "J *J ^ *-v ^? ^.tf *— ' ^Ef w *~ ~r .,> u: © o c » o « c u:- S us "-c w3 i-c c o io T-" -r O « N t^' c t' iC N tc 'J t' N C X us d 00^tfip00ffilOOH>*'0ooTi-<0'a'ci lOtOOWHTMNHi-ia gcoocaO'*'(0or^iHTt"»ot».eoo HC^«wcN«c3e5Nwir*» ^u3lOoeNw^*«^^-^-©cOtQ^oo^-co*■J•^* 0)0>00)VOO»OiQC W 1-1 l-tl-l l*w+ ■(NN^tJHNO^T 3 53Q H ' i, MocoNQ>acft©N«aiog oCTcBe>l^i'-^|t*'^"-^'ooy?TrcSooco>or»-c oiO«ooeD»ooscOi-<^"a5»ocoooi'CMoo2 j-i 25 1- »o oo »o »o 5 II M © © St a* a » is 3+a o » n c « c a a o ui ic -o l* 5 io i3 us m OOiOtOOCqCilOCOHHMfjMStij^Tl' SiScNiOifOsnOi-iNOOFHQOSrHI-r-iOH o c n :i ^ ■; o n v 5 3 ^ h i . -i -r i • »OM50C IS a 3 ■98 a- 18 •p avoiding ooo't loa petiPl nqnznn •penPTMqnmu •peXoidma ooo'l ■P9IIJ2I ie%o% jo e3c?uoojej "pQIIR jeqranN •pe^oidraa ooo't jbq pallia J9qran^; ■panpt •poFTPI Jeqran^ •pe^oidraa ooo't joa poiip[ aequin^; •p9HR IB-JO!* JO 93B-IU90J9J P9IIR jeqran^ •p9^0Tdin9 ooo't J9(t(NHQ"S< CM« HM00'OrtHNHNffi«'J'«HH cOCOt*ODXNcOe i )>OOncD>'>QOcDTj « NC* rHi-iTH CON C* 105NOOD»TjlTliTj1rHl-lT-l«t^'05000{N« ©c»eoodiQcdt^i^oi>e»i>oo>r^os©« STd©H(D'ii'ncaf MHooNNioomoo "*-*COCOCO-*"*lOCO ,l S , CO»0-'-*ai**ooocoi-(cocoTti HC500if5'VCDeOincOQ5Q'H«300THasC^ oo)^«^^cNe5rtTHc5N?ScsiN OK)OOobcK9S$CDCBCw$9CnCOO)C 122 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. < o o H w Ph O En w o « H Ph a H •Ibioj pniejo con B« eofi HH as 8* P O Z E-i m Eh (x m w w •aj ■S9STIB0 J9q:Jo •seAiioni -oooi puB sjbo ^BmiJB^j •sodid thbois Siujsjnq jo saoisoidxo J9nog ■AjainqOBj? •(snmq io 3[ooqs) ijiopjoaia •s9aiiouioooi euira puB sjbo entpi •IB+Oi 'S9SIIB0 J81WO •sdpts jo sbSbo •sedois jo sjjBqs miop SaijiBj spatqo ■sadois jo b!(jtiqs u.nop 3nnts,J ^oirHtoaiteHinMHootooiooaotee t-Om(0M'CQi-HeD'*'-*C005^1*'*»0CD'^ t N nMm^HHlflWCO • CO rH CO TH IO »H CONON«)")IHN(OU;COIM'*HCO WW 'HUJMMNm ■« n-n-H 00 0£>-ac4C4cou:eo WHCqHrt ■!-< -IN*H ■ -^t iC*TPCCeOfO"*^»OCQ-*CO'0'*«CieOC4(N OHHOOin*'fNONO«nOH«M U)!D»nnnH«MHHflMMvnPl t~Oit~NCOQl^COOSeOt~OCQ MC*»r-li-IC»>HrHnt~!ON'3'TliO'niCNHlNW H«NM«NM i- HcqNn coin — — ■ toooosoiooeoonoco NVCSMOOOHOOVco"3WOOONiOlO -(OOl-H« oo>oo ncN-H - « d <» oo a o cc HCO^f-OOrHCTCO KltOC COlOO -lOi-l"Ji^i to^t"-r-oor-r~t~-<©5D£ - '-[^r--«©tooor-to HOOM(/lHfflN00*00 Tfi to CO w r- !>-• c 4>0 0)00 iO'C5 CN"»0 CO OV CM iO§ noociooc 3Tffiocor-oooiOi-iiM« ^.OOOOOQOdE^SCi 00Q00000OSOSOi0>O3CTSCi0^OlO>Oi0S0iOS 14355°— Bull. 115—16 124 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18"70-1914. a M © o IS mO E - | Si ^S <3 tog JO ^S 1-tCQ «<$ OO E« °s j^ Ho a° s*< M™ ?° as 3 5 5i oS o*^ , «n't-c*Mt~N« ^HHMSnnSw^W' oorNcor-m^weoect-^w-'* ^veoot^nt-moo^wooOHoc •VOiatimO 000't J9d p9ni3[ jaqrariN •penR \B%0% jo oSKurearaj po[IH JsqniiiH ■po-toidme ooo't J9< r P*ITP[ JaqratiN •p»IIP[ [BJOJ JO 93E4U90J0J ■psiIH «qninit •p9A>[dni9 ooo'l J9d p9ti;5 J9qranN •pailH JSJO} JO 9Bei)n93i9J penpj J9qmnN ■p9^oidraa OOO'I ■rad p9[ira jaqnnin ■P«IIH [o;oj jo sgEjnaoiaj 'P^tlH -raqtimN ^e»i-i*-i*-WMt'CHOa0>«VQ0O ->«CN«nMM^OCS»OC« CQVOQCQH ■I ^ »H iH eo w eq -^•r^N-Tfto^^-ato __:: = = — ~^_ — — — — COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 125 § en o 3 •I-bjo^ pn«J£) t>»t-t>awN«moatar-cDr-mi«o>fiu»eiii-ic>ioi r- (0 •I^iox o M CO •sasneo J9q^o CM CM CNCOi-lCOiOTl-cOCMOcOiOTtfi-lTjl CO CO *S9AI10ra hdooi pub sjbo A^n^ii ©J HTCNnmNt-^oioriomin "*CM 00 *S9did un39js Sui^sanq JO STI0TS0ldX9 J9H0a § <-HiHCN 'MHH rt W,H •A^rauitprejv; ©» CO"* CNtNtMn-cOtNiO-^tN w co •(srunq jo jpoqs) A^toojogig; 00 irt in *S9AT50raOOOI 9mm pirn sjbo 9uijm; 5 ^ NCNOCOCCCOxl'eCC'flCNlCM >-Hira«.-( e» "o3 CO .g e i ■I«jox (Dcot>toHHnr<4)(nt-o»a9Hn »-ic«c«Mi-«ein-teoiH.->rHi-« 00 rH CM ■sgstveo J9mo CO . . CO •stilus jo sgS^o *n "rHniOO»NN-*NO!0>ONa<0 -3« T-( o 'S9(J0[S JO KUBTtS tiAvop Sun^i sjoofqo «# • 'NNONWrtHHCCOrHHM - •sodois JO Klieqs uM.op Surn^j CO NHNfOt-"*«i-iNQ0O)lCiH'* CO eu •3 s 3 o & » •o a 3 ■3 « 9 •I^ox mcuiscoUMtoNiAOeoiaaomHtot-a (DtOiO»'U)IMl-l-t-lOOlftflrtffiOtDCO 3 o ■S9sivbo Jetfto e« cot--*QOwoo5^cco*s»^cN!-i-*m ■(■o^9 'p95BOoijns 'pgujnq) sqjij etiTK - co ■ .-< 1-1 'HHti' i -001 I - en •sgmqosra STirmjq; o CM CN W CN •* cN tN '^Hr-ICM I CO CO in CM •stBmiuv OS 1 I^h-^^hcN jcN !cOCO«lO -rt tn CI ■(sujnq JO 3[OOqS) jC^T0TJ^09ia CO 1-l.H i-H i-l i-H CM 'S9SBS omul rao jj nop'Booijng I- CO iH •S9Atsojdxa «e CO oo •(pgtirquiooisrip pue SBS'Suxpniotrr) suotsoidx9 ^sup-i^oo W >-icor— oocot-"!j*i-(oor-^'TtHr^iji 00 •jboo jBind jo eoBj jo sn^d: CM CO •(•Q%9 *3pOJ «IBOO) JOOJ jo sno,! - MMiflCTiTfQQHMi-tKcnJlOlOOlOn^ HHH«MWmi-IH«HHH 1-1-H s eo" • 1 1— OOCftC X'jOO- 03 sis "* o Co if. s s c oc G CI s CO ffl OS fr- ! 126 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. Eh < CO a H E-i i-i Z z© mO H - KS CO < J C S cZ to" C a) Eng — ac s- ro eg W* -a ""& § ZQ - ■S go & o ss IS 1° Oft z ^ «- a S J S ssgsg "8S§| gS3 s -S go, Is ■SB gft 12 o o t-xo N* CT « « m «" « M M K M «" K «'«'«« K3SeSeEB5Eoc5cS3E3cac5di c-i o" c*j cii-»ocflr-coc ■— - " ,•■ ^_ ^ lI :£: r»- X CS C — C3 C3 •Xi Jjv: x.cicac3cic»Qoico)c:csiaiOo COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 127 PJIffl p^ (H* (Hi-1 .< no WO <=a 0h H 3 o +» •o 1 ■pa&idnra ooo'l •red penH .raqnrriN 4.71 2.97 2.15 2.36 2.06 2.14 2.93 2.37 3.20 3.11 4.61 3.26 3.75 3.37 3.20 3.21 3.36 CO 'P'lII 3 ! -reqmnN w i5oflfflHMmHMtw»oa:on n CO 00 Total surface fa- talities. (13 to 16) ■mtojdme ooo'l J9d parjpi jeqran^i n«Hn««NOHcoooOHq HOHOOHHHC4HHMHNN t- IB}Of) jo eSBjneoio,! 5.36 3.41 5.44 2.56 .78 5.11 5.25 4.74 4.50 3.96 4.29 6.05 4.81 6.69 6.09 CO ■to 'P 8 !!!^ JequinN coco"3ca.-ir-r-iraoosQac»ncic3»ra o*(N-i-3',-r-o> CD CO to Explosives. (6) ■pOjCoidrae ooo'l led pejiH Jeqran^j 0.43 .15 .11 .27 .29 .25 .28 .16 .07 .13 .12 .11 .12 .10 .11 .08 ei ■pentsj IB}0} JO 9gB}n90J9,J 14.29 7.14 4.55 13.04 13.68 8.53 11.68 4.86 2.27 2.85 3.51 2.93 3.41 3.24 3.52 2.35 r- CD CO ■p9H!3[J9qumN HHi-IHWHNINNCO«mW CO o CO Gas and dust ex- plosions. (4 and 5) •p9jtoidm9 OOO'I 19(1 peiiH JeqmnN CO ■peiusr TB}0} JO 93B}O90a9 < J 3.41 3.26 2.56 3.10 3.65 7.00 2.08 32.70 26.37 14.35 2.42 7.58 9.84 9.74 o CO ■peiii3[J9qninM Mine cars and locomotives. (3) •p9Aoidni9 noo'l J9d penpi J9qmn]tf (M inco^teWTfco^onoJNfflHeD ta •pailH [E}0} JO 93Bln90J9NOifla>NOffi^ CO Falls of roof and pillar coal. (land 2) •mSoidmo ooo'l .reef p9r[i3[ I9qmnfrj -i CHC i-Tf-TlH «■ ac SB J 3 K a o n ■roox COCOiOCOr4t-r-kaGOtOOOkOCMe4U9 •sesrreo Jocno CM W(N WIONWWO'-'Ot** 1-1 f>4 cm OllH-( H««'OCO , *'*-*t~« o IS ■£9did uresis 3uijsjn'q jo suoisoidse aepog o eoi-i w ^-CS iO«!l"COi-l CM ■jtianrqoBK en ~* i-n-ri— CMor-c-cnc: CO ■(samq jo :qooqs) A^pupeia ao *-' .-(04 ^CMCM"-* OO to ■saAi^oraaoox dorm pife sjbo euij^ I> HiHcoca«>o^H^Heo«t-eNOeot»r-o IO as ■(•o^e'pe^coo^ns 'paujnq) &9jn eurre T-t • ■ (CXrt -CO ■ ■ -N o 'soutqoem Smmjq; o I-l ^HirSCSiCiQ^CMtCi^OeO CO lO ■sreuiiuy a ■ e* w >■* i-i -h o» "«• « co ao *(siuaq jo 3[ooqs) A^ioTJiwiq ao - - NWQOOCNMiHXOO 3 CO ■S9SB2 eann raoaj uorqBoogng r- - ; ^h cs ^ ■ • ■ ■ »h '• T~t t» ■saATSOidxa co ao o CO •(pamqraoo ^snp ptre sb3 'Saipnpm) suoxsoidx3 isnp-pjoo IO ■sb3 Surtunq pire snoTSo'idxa sbq ** CO •S9AT10OI -ooo[ pus sjbo oafre « iQ t toic-^'S'-raieNooon^ocn'W CO •reoo JBixrd jo eoBj jo qre^ ©i W^©<0»t^«rtNOO0SrHX00O»0 en OP ao *[BO0) JOOJ JO S[[B^ - .■^OCOONNXCCXCHIOOQW CI CO ao co" 3 3C 8 s CS c o- c — c c- IT c ce c as c c a: S5 CN 5 5 "5 ■4- c COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 129 H 6h 3 J 3o Oco OS ffl H PQg WW ■-? So m £ a 9 o>< ■ «b a Bh » :zS s PK «o «° izirt fit h Sg So Eh o P P o rt ft I fc.§ as 21 sa 3~i% H sai q silil Ubgo OS a p. I? o o OTCSCCCCCCCOCOCBCC Tf-*'9i-*«io«eo« < H M IN 08 00 t H ono-*«5oo3coc-»o) ef FH*esTo i> efgf of a? t-HMOOOOOOO OlOCDtuNfll-tfHi© OOi-HCOiOOCNTCOin JOHiOCOC »■* 003»oa Soososmr^psooco ■^i-HCOPflOOOO-^TH OseC^c0003SDC»103 u5nh««ocoqooo in r— n i©o 5NOOO)OH«m-*mtOM»ffiOHNtO SQ3a»OOOOOOOOOOi-li-l.-ii-i 0000O3O>O3a3O3CS3O3O3O3O3C3O3O3O3 130 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1S70-191-L M OS ^3 <;< CO M OH Sot g> CsH s° SH H> z° ho s? 3™ < w cO ~w — H °S < z ^3 55 H O « Cm I "3 a «j h O •pftA-oidura OOO'l Jed parrpi J9qmnfc[ 10 CM 2.90 2.88 3.29 2.38 2.62 3.66 2.17 2.66 2.86 M CO •perrpt JeqmnM: t- HHHHHNHHOl Total surface fa- talities. (17 to 22) •pOA-opInie OOO'l jed p9if;5[ joqmnM Ot-coccasioi^«Dt» MOWHQHOHO O ^* 1^)0? jo aSnjnaoJSj; 10.32 2.29 8.44 5.31 3.47 4.08 3.31 5.91 2.32 CO •peilH jequinN cococoeo»00'0.-iio fr- Total shaft fatali- ties. (13 to 16) •peioidnro OOO'l I9d pauR lequinN OCMOOOO coo ees P»tlH IB?0^ JO 92B1U90J9J 2.38 7.63 .65 1.77 .69 1.22 100 1-1 r- CMeo 'P^riR Jequrn^; MOHMHM -*00 CM CO Miscellaneous un- derground. (7 to 12) TOiotdme OOO'l 19a p9i[T3[ igquinj^ 0.25 .24 .39 .13 .11 .18 .13 .19 .37 01 ■p^HH \v%o% jo eSBjuaojed 8.73 8.40 11.69 5.31 4.17 4.90 5.96 6.99 12.96 r- •p9ni3[ J9qmnj«t ^» Explosives. (6) •pgjfoidure OOO'l QO O OsOOCOOhOWO ONOHNTOHOO O ta P9IIR 1BJ01 JO 9g!3iu90J9r.:iaaoia e x ? 12.70 9.16 11.04 15.04 15.97 8.57 10.60 11.29 15. 28 C4 O •p9HH JeqmnN '""' eocMr--r*co^-'t©>-ieo llrtlHl-HMNHNCIJ Falls of roof and pillar coal. (1 and 20) p9Xo[dm9 OOO'l lea paiiR -squinn l.SO 1.76 2.09 1.56 1.60 1.S2 1.04 1.70 1.59 CM •p9[[I3[ I«}0} JO 98BJU90J9J 1H 61.91 61.07 63.63 65.49 61.11 49.80 75.50 63.98 55.56 O CO "PGUP! Jaquin^t ■* OOOCC*COC»"*OiO t^coo»t— 00 cm i-"- 1 cm en 00 i as 1 'J 5f :/ c c e ; cr £ c cr C O cr- ■t- c COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-19U. 131 '113)0} pn-Bio . i . ,f 126 131 134 113 144 245 151 186 216 1,473 CD 1 1 a o ■o IB 3 W 'TO©X Mmc4epkSOioHio »h •S9STIB0 J91W0 CM WS i . ■* CM '• ' ■* CO rH 'S9Afl0m CM ; ; ; ; ;i-h ■■<* •sadid taBois Sin^sjnq jo suoisoiaxe Jenog o CM • '• '• !••*. !co : i* -1 : : 00 'AjsinqoBji OS ; ; ■ ;i-i ; CM ■ ' rH rH OJ r> ■(sniTiq JO 3[0Ot[S) ^lori^ooia 00 : : : : : : rt *S9AH0m000( ointa pura sjbo quih *H ■ ' • 'NMWHWOHMi' h e>i CM *3 a en .3 5 •I^ox . . . ifiJOHClHn -^*0 CM CO 'sesrieo jeqio (0 -> 1-t •sdt3[s jo sq3bo u» ■ ; ; ■ M oo ' ■ -CM -COr- H tO •sedoxs jo syeqs ** : ; : 1 I th : • CM •sedois jo S^JBlfS UM.Op Sinn's,! CO 5 CO o M -piox ....»> ■ ■ * ■ f-i i-t ^< o eo en *f r- C ' ■rHiHrHiHrHCMi-lpHC' ) O r- I CO •sesTVBO Jaq^o CM '■ ! '■ ! r "' "° . i rH ■ Tjt tf ) r> ■(•o^e 'pa^oogns 'paninq) S9in einjq; rH •seuiqOBni Snruij^ O . ! I ! -* !« H CO CM CO CM ■*] CM 'Spnnxtrv a> ; ; • ■ ;cn ; ■ ' ■ ' '• ©a ■(siLmq jo 3[ooqs) jfcnoiJijxraig 00 . . . . c© OS O "5 co os CD r- c 00 CO ■S9S^2 ©mm tao jj nop'EOogrig r> ■;*;';;;'''''"' ta •seATSOidxa cp . . . . CS] ■ ' > • "tf * ■si33 Supimq pne saoiso'idxe s^o ** • • • ■ ph eo co cm oo co .r-u" ITS ■S9AIJ0ta -oooi pu'e'sj'BO enyj^; CO : : : : rt ! ! I jHHHHNNHNCf r> *IB00 jB^nd jo eoiy jo sim CM I ! . . co ■ • ■ • t- W5 CO CO CM 00 CO OS Tj CM '('0^9 '3(00 J 'IBOO) JOOJ JO SHE,! - : : : : rt ■ • • >HIO»OhcD^cOO« ' < ■ 'NNOSNOOHOHr- 1ft s 1 tor^-ooasc OS OS OS OS o 00 00 00 00 OS pH CM CO *#' »C CO* !>.' C oooooooc osroo^cscsososc O Os o t-r cm cr DOrH-H --H I- S QS OS OS OS C ■3 O H PAET II.— COAL-MINE STATISTICS FOR EACH STATE BY CALENDAR YEARS. INTRODUCTION. The following pages give detailed information of the coal-mining industry by States, arranged in alphabetical order, and calendar years. Most of the information has a bearing on the accident hazard. Com- ments are made on the coal-bearing area of each State, the character of the coal beds, that is, whether the beds are thick or thin, flat or inclined, and data are given concerning the roof conditions. There are also notes on the methods of mining, whether long-wall, room- and-pillar, etc., with statements as to whether the coal is mined by hand, machine, or shot off the solid. In the State tables are complete figures for the production of coal from the beginning of the industry to the end of 1914; also the number of men employed, the number of fatalities, and the fatality rates per 1,000 men employed and per million tons of coal produced since the beginning of inspection service. The tables also give the number of days the mines were operated each year, the number of tons of coal mined per man, per day, and per year, together with the number of mining machines in use since 1891, or since their introduc- tion into the mines, if adopted at a later date. There is also for each State one table showing all the fatalities by causes and calendar years, for which complete records are avail- able, and with this as a start it should be an easy matter for each State to continue its records on the calendar-year basis. There will also be found under each State data as to the number of hours worked per day and the number of men employed in each group of 8, 9, or 10 hour workers. Fatality rates have also been calculated on the basis of a uniform year of 2,000 hours, so that true com- parisons of one State with another may be readily made. Under each State will also be found a list of all of the mine disasters in which five or more men were killed at one time. The last table under each State gives data concerning strikes and lockouts, showing the number of men involved and the total amount of time lost. While the area of the coal fields will be found under each State, the accompanying table shows, in addition, the estimated original supply, the production in 1913, and the total production to the close of 1913; and in the last column is shown the estimated available supply of coal in the various States at the close of 1913 as estimated by the United States Geological Survey. 133 134 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. rs a 3 w •o.s~ p\ss a™ H © as ooo ooo ooo o"o"o~ o o o OOiO oooooo oooooo oooooo oooooo Tj**eo"o'io'«rt^orooo' r^-^ootocD-^r-^HO oo O o o o o"o" oo oo ooo o O ~ ooo 'o"o"o~ — oo oooo o o oo oooo o"oo"o' oooo OOCN-* ~ — i- -r ~. CO OO 1> O 00 Oi C i-" -■ICOtDOOCDOONW Ni0 0000>©t»<0>0 — o -£ o OOCO ooo Soo -* o tio*3 ® s h. c3 jf B "IT 1 d E5 rt d -J B.aS Sg3S.ti»3g8a Eh ellf 1 o o ft- 3 CO c3 © C3 I- * - 15'H oP5 I Pi ® a ^ c "•a »« •3 a> <» s> 5 3 3 3 go CO COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 135 fe- ci p, 0> S3 3000 3000 3000 OO OOC ©OOO O OOOOO ooooo lO rp OS t- Oi i -^t" 05 oo i~~ oi HCiCO COCO ooo O OO ooo cO COO r-o>co a ooo ooo oJOOO g o"oo~ £000 ooo ooo ooo ocTeT ooo OCN O OO o o OO ooooo ooooo ooooo oo oor~ O-^OCN ooo ooo ooo p< 2 oJOIIf-lOHtM OOOCHON'* ** «D i— < CO >0 ^* CO COO) —I LO iO o COO** CI o OO^OOCOCO HCCOOCJ Oj ooto CO 000 000 000 COOT* r-o-* OOO .000000 oOUOCOOO OI0 09CQU301Q 2 c i Tco"'oo"Wo ocf 00g Ztf 8°> "H Sg Qg g| B« I* as ag *. * s 5^ ■§■§ Zz a" 5 si g* *a as 9S «S is **< ^2 M^ O ft a § *-» fer .2 ™ Phcq a ft zm •§' -«! a ZH h OS* 5 go a HZ ft «3 3 *3 s h a "sounn jo jaqraiiN ei X— — OSCM i- i-«CM « © u OS a •3 .s •3 § 1 3 z ■TOOl o ion co ^. cm ^jo oo «o os ^< i-i eo os as ooi-< r- ! «-*tNCMi-*W CMC0 CM 1 ■}sod jo axe irnpea a» IIBitt ^joqg 00 1 CM CM "IIB-ai Snoi r- CM CO ^ I s - O K ■^SB9jq ureqo S SB * « CN<-4»HCNi-i I -JcMc4 CMCM CN ■* cm <-o os co os os -o eo ^-« i-« co CM "* co OJjso eo t- r- ^o> O CMCM^NCMCMCMCMCM ^'cN « MB9i J9J e» o r-t ^ n o> wo o i-i coa e>* W«OOi-l'*iOQ'noO WO cC •* -O CO >o »o ^ ^" »o to -oeo «: >-< ■* O ■* cm eo oo eo io cm-o eo OCMeo^cooeocoo i^cn oo eo io O U3 eo eo eo eo O t- r- '^'•9' o* 1 «o~t>TT>r-*'io'co**«o"'cN"iC co"t^r ,-T ■OO^CM iO* 00 CMCMOOCOOOCOOSO o«o t* ;eocMi-HCM hh i-i :im:i;ih — — H •3 s I 3 z •peunn suo^ 000'000'T Md: «0 •rSSPS" 3 cmos t- r-« ep co os t^ to cm »-t *-c *^n i-h |eot-ooco tooo cm ■* ^ oo oo eo t- co oo co -*r- as ■eo^ed-"^ «o«d »d -*-^-^ , *i>idi>oc» cjs^" co J r+ iH T-t i-( •po^ojd -ma ooo'i -"sa: lO .wcor-co coos t- -oo^ecoiitNon od--h o ■ ioosi>-u3 <0i-h oa c«c-coC'Mc CMr> >o •wt-HedcM eo^ t?i ci w co ci -r d> i- ^ -o t^o os •moj. * "trriS 10 Os*9 Q NOOt-WNO'** osco a ••-«cmcocm co** ■M' eo ^ io »o 00 00 OS -O O CNCO o I tH «-«»H ^tCM CM •peioplnra J9qt&tiN e^ o> oo co co o cm oo eo oo ujn ^t oki"?xl:owh r-c5 o ocooao'-jooos oo eo rnVtOiHt-oToHCft nnn IM HHHil r- -h « p- -i H £N -< ^ M M H iHC* CM "ounn y& no? jed enp3A OI 2 — 55SSSS2SS 2S^ S f- o o c* o 1-1 •* os to osoo r- >-|HOOOCBQOlOl OOf^- O i-l «-■ M O* CM CM CO CN CM »H CM CM jHi-HiHiI^H — rH i-H il f-4 *H pH <-€ fH iH wi tH i-i *(suo? 3ioqs) uoi^onpoj j - H O OWQwi-tCONNO t>>00 i—« N O I- "1 T a o ^ a U3Q3 e* o o a ^ i-- co as ih r-. uf •#iqiq *S>0Ot(O4a)«)nm«ljeqs uiiop 8ui[[BJ SJ09fqo rH rH rt -sado|s jo eijEqs UAiop SnjnBji eo rH ^ ^ ■rHCM 1 o & 1 I 5 ■mo& >ootoieao«tor>naDt«MNO«aoasr**«t>c4l> HNCOMCQ«ncqCi9'vi0l»«AlOOOIC4OHeiOl rH rtHHNOIHHH •sesireo jotro rH CM COrH OS CO OS OS CM CM CM rH t- CM rH CM ' lOCM •(■0}9 'peiBOOIItlS ■pemtiq) sojg earn rH ^< »o ■sautitOBni SraxrjK O ^ ■siuiujuy ea •(samq jo qooqs) ^loijiooia CO rHCO«O^COtDOOlOrH i-l rH 'Soss3 euim uiojj uoi^ooijTig r» CM ^ CM • o : ■saAisojdxg; CO CM CM CM CO ■*C0C0OMC0'*t>e0CMOO'0'0CMiH •(paaiqraoo )snp pne SBS'SmptiTOai) suoisoidxo jsrip-iBOO t£» (M t>- >o rH CO CM CO • *sb3 Snjumq pire suoisopixo seo « CO -J- O iO(M CM rH 00 CO OS CO US OS CO 'CMcOcOr^ r-tCMrHrH . CM CO •soAijora -O00[ puB SiEO OOTpf eo CMc0M'*C3>*0"*C0e»COr-.00CMrHC0r*O'*»OO»-* THTHrHrHCMrHrHi-HCM •fBOO JB[t! '• •(•a»o 'jfOOJ 'IBOO) JOOJ JO SltBJ rH CO rH ObCO r- CM OOr* 00 OSO ^< rHIOrH CO rHrH CO CO rH CO a >> c c a s S s >CC a a a o a s o o s o o a o a CC c o c a a c a S o S = OSO CV a CI - O rH a. ,_, o 146 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ARKANSAS. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The semibituminous coal field of Arkansas occupies the west- central part of the State, having a length from east to west of 75 miles. At the Oklahoma-Arkansas line it is about 50 miles wide and at the eastern extremity about 25 miles wide. It comprises about 1,580 square miles, of which 75 per cent is considered as pro- ductive. The coal-bearing rocks occupy the larger part of Crawford, Franklin, Sebastian, Johnson, and Logan counties. The lignite field of Arkansas occupies the eastern part of the State and is possibly coextensive with the Tertiary rocks of the Mississippi Valley. The estimated area of these rocks is 6,000 square miles, but workable lignite has been discovered at only a few places, and at no place is it mined on a commercial scale. SEMIBITUMINOUS FIELD. The semibituminous field is the eastward extension of the Okla- homa fields, but in Arkansas there is only one coal bed of commercial importance, the Hartshorne, which lies just above the massive Harts- horne sandstone and at the base of the Spadra shale. This coal is mined extensively in the vicinity of Huntington, Midland, Green- wood, and Jenny Lind, in the western part of the field, and is from 3 feet to 8 feet thick. Where the bed is less than 4 feet thick, it is generally clean coal, but where the thickness increases to 6 or 8 feet the bed is broken by many soft shale partings. The field as a whole is a broad, open synclinal basin or trough, with many minor folds and faults that break the regularity of outline and seriously interfere with economical mining. The Hartshorne coal bed outcrops around the rim of the basin, but only part of the exposed outcrop is thick enough to mine under present conditions. The coal is of high rank, comparing favorably with the Pocahontas and New Eiver coals of the Appalachian region. In the west end of the field it is semibituminous, but its rank increases eastward to semi- anthracite about Spadra and Kussellville. MINING METHODS. The first records of coal production in Arkansas extend back to 1840, when 220 tons of coal were mined. The production has grad- ually increased to 1913, when 2,234,107 tons were produced. Most of the mines are opened by shafts, but a few are opened by slopes. The room-and-pillar method of mining prevails throughout the State. About 99 per cent of the coal produced comes from the Huntington field, from what is known as the Hartshorne seam of Oklahoma. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1911. 147 Coal-mining machines were used in Arkansas in 1896, at which time there were 14 machines in operation, producing about 3 per cent of the coal. Fifteen to 20 machines were kept in operation until the close of 1902, and from that year until 1910 no mining machines were used in the State. In 1911 there were 14 machines in use, producing a little more than 1 per cent of the coal mined. In 1913 there were 27 machines, producing slightly over 11 per cent of the coal. In 1912, 92 per cent of the coal was shot off the solid; in 1914, 78 per cent was thus mined. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. By an act approved March 7, 1889, the legislature of Arkansas established a Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, under the supervision of a commissioner, whose duties included the collec- tion and publication of statistics setting forth the extent of the min- eral resources of the State, the purpose being to encourage immigra- tion to Arkansas. The act made no provision for the investigation or reporting of mine accidents, but a subsequent law, approved April 4, 1893, which was still in force in 1914, provided for the appoint- ment by the governor of a mine inspector, to whom all fatal or serious accidents in coal mines should be reported by mine operators. The inspector investigates all fatal accidents to determine the cause thereof. He is required to personally inspect all coal mines in the State where 20 or more men are employed underground, to insure the safety and health of the workmen, and to see that the provisions of the act are properly observed and enforced. The act is not appli- cable to mines employing less than 20 men. Annual reports are rendered to the governor on the 1st day of November of each year. Mine operators report to the inspector all injuries resulting in at least two days' disability, and these are included in the annual reports which the inspector renders to the governor. Injuries involving 10 or more days' disability are classified as serious, all others being con- sidered slight injuries. In 1915 the inspector employed no assistants. ACCIDENTS. The accompanying tables (Nos. 87 and 88) give the production, number of employees, and number of men killed in and about the coal mines of Arkansas, compiled from the best records available. The accident records began with 1897, although the inspection serv- ice began at an earlier date. There are no records for the years 1899, 1900, and 1904, and the record for 1903 is incomplete. For the 9-year period for which continuous records are available, 1905 to 1913, inclusive, 107 men were killed, representing a fatality rate 148 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. FATALITIES IN ARKANSAS COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING 9 YEARS, 1905 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 9 years 60.75 1.87 1.87 14.01 18.69 1.87 .94 1.46 .05 .05 .34 .45 .05 .02 100.00 2.42 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN ARKANSAS IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. " Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number of men killed. 1897 Mar. 4 Kansas and Texas No. 44. Bonanza No. 20 Powder and dust ex- plosion. 1903 Nov. 20 ... of 2.42 per 1,000 men employed. The production per fatality was 180,117 tons, or there were 5.55 fatalities per million tons mined. There have been two serious mine explosions since 1897, in which 25 men were killed. The 8-hour day prevails in Arkansas and the actual number of hours worked per man a year is 1,314 (Table 40), as compared with 2,255 hours for Alabama and 1,539 hours for Missouri. A fatality rate for the 10-year period, 1903 to 1913 (except 1909), for which NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN ARKANSAS. ■' 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-honr day. Number of men employed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total number of men em- ployed. Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. 38 42 45 55 67 67 4,029 4,472 4,146 4,282 4,970 5,325 2 14 114 108 30 16 115 12 4,157 4,580 4,192 1905 1 16 4,298 5,085 1908 5,337 1909 ' 5,266 1910 63 53 46 53 5,312 5,196 4,196 4,652 256 142 340 5,568 5,338 4,536 4,652 1911 1912. . . 1913 o Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. b Census year. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 149 NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN ARKANSAS AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 223 165 177 165 190 145 33,398 36,748 33,582 34,400 40,795 42, 708 7,447,754 6,063,420 5,944,014 5,676,000 7,751,050 6,192,660 3,724 3,032 2,972 2,838 3,876 3,096 1904 1905 8 13 13 14 2.69 1906 4.58 1907 3.35 1908 4.52 1909 1910 128 133 157 174 44,800 42,846 36,628 37,216 5,734,400 5,698,518 5,750,596 6,475,584 2,867 2,849 2,875 3,238 14 12 6 12 4.88 1911 4.21 1912 2.09 1913 3.71 complete data are available, is 2.36 per 1,000 men employed. This, however, reduced to a common basis of 2,000-hour workers, shows a rate of 3.74 per 1,000. Table 41 shows the other States worked out on a similar basis, so that comparisons may be readily made. The tables of statistics "for the State follow : STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES ARKANSAS." IN Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of aays lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 2,041 47 216,265 5,040 106 107 1907 1,185 4,037 1,443 4,873 665 403 1,221 1,415 35,835 387,841 41,836 713,210 4.615 37,685 32,481 159,854 30 1900 1908 96 1901 1909 29 1902 14 398 76 625 3,828 140 2,078 1,424 7,806 291,095 10 5 19 12 76 1910 146 1903 1911 7 1904 1912 94 1905 1913 27 1906 1914 113 <• Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 150 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. IS 3« si ? w ■|i» £oS g © pj - a of a *-• □ c p* 5 b •^Bp joj o m as coe»^"OOi t-b-Q-'* co as osco-^iot- COCOOSCO oi .-4 hn'nnn tNeqoio cOMOOOco-^eocooo — . cocooo-*r*" CO 0Or-tCO«O OS i-H 00 CO «3 b- « o *o IfS rH ^10S»OCOfr- «OeOCDiiO 1-1 CN 00 CN CO t* CO OS Td __ i-H CN CN pH i-H 1-4 i-H ^HtHt-*t-H NNHOqHHHiHH ^ qi^op jod norptipojj; fr- CO Oi O COCO OS CO oo "5 oca OTt* 241,834 143,405 205, 418 148,454 158,477 13 U © a J5 ■peurta suo} OOO'000'I J8J ee a" r-l OS OS CO OS CO i-tC»OOfr- CO 'rf co ^5 co cd •peloid -ura OOO'I J9J us CO OS COCN fr-CO »cjeo 1.91 3.02 2.56 2.62 2.85 W>£ ^ *» n*S 0093>h 00COCO-*' »0 ■poioidnre J9qnmii OS O t- CO CC oo i>-oqoscooo t-omco c*^noci»i.-n (o CO H«lQO)iH OCmOH O "W OS lO GO OS OS 00 CO CO as eciHu5"*e» »oos"5co ooHiOHirjHOion tN •erani }b no} jed 9tii«A ea O CN O- m 1.19 1.24 1.34 1.22 1.25 1.12 1.06 1.03 1.17 1.14 1.14 1.31 1.51 1.54 1.49 1.61 1.68 1.68 1.48 ■(snoq yons) noijonpoj,! - 539,798 276,871 279,584 399,888 542,379 535,558 574,763 512, 626 598,322 675,374 856, 190 1,205,479 843,554 1,447,945 1,816,130 1,943,932 2,229,172 2,009,451 1,934,673 1,864,268 2,670,438 2,078,357 2,377,157 £ x 2 -v oc OS o ? or c o* or o- or r on o- or o- rr 00 OS g rr i-ICN OC « lOeofr- OOC c s COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1911. 151 s OHO lOtfit s 1 D O 9 3*fc '• 5 WW ■ N(D ■* I 3 «o O S3 to ■ t-KOrH ^ M ■>*cqio OJ OOit- t- co t*cq i-H OS *^ NiON O) (OCOOJ CM =o oicr- o U3 to .-1 IANCO tO CNCOIO cm whn MO -* cn ©« t~t a>i-t lO CO tOcD A CO iO lO^ITjl *t**i cN *— rt >-lT-i*H rH CO COO O OOCO tO iH 00 CO X o o» fH 5® B «s r H i-H 1 3 152 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 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AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The area and distribution of the coal fields of California are described by Parker" as follows: There are in California a number of small, widely separated coal fields, chief among them the Mount Diablo field of Contra Costa County, the Corral Hollow field of Ala- meda County, a small area in Amador County, the Priest Valley and Trafton fields of San Benito County, and the Stone Canyon field of Monterey County. The first two, which are on the eastern border of San Francisco Bay, and consequently in the west- central part of the State, produce black lignite or subbituminous coal. The areas in Monterey County are more to the south and in or hear a region which has been con- siderably distorted. The coals are of the same geologic age as those farther north, but they have been altered into true bituminous coals. The alteration in the San Benito County area has not progressed so far as in the case of the Monterey County coals, but they closely approach the bituminous grade. None of them possess coking qualities. The records of the State Mining Bureau of California show a production of coal in that State as early as 1861. It was at that time one of the 16 coal-producing States, and, relatively, of some importance as a coal producer. During the latter part of that decade and throughout the following decade the coal production of California exceeded 100,000 tons annually and reached a maximum of 236,950 tons in 1880. Since 1881 the production has been irregular, having been influenced chiefly, up to the beginning of the present century, by the imports of Australian and British Columbian coals, the receipts of Australian coals depending principally upon the wheat production and shipments from the Pacific coast. Since 1900, with the great increase in the produc- tion and use of petroleum which began in that year, coal production in California has fallen to an insignificant quantity. ACCIDENTS. Tables 89 and 90 show the production of coal and the number of men employed since 1889, for which reasonably complete records are available. Records of fatalities, however, date back only to 1909. In 1876 there was one explosion at Nortonville, in which six men were killed, and in 1909 there was another at Chancellor, which also killed COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN CALIFORNIA IN WHICH FIVE OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name o£mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number of men killed. 1876 July24 Mine explosion 1909 Jan. 19 six men. As is shown by the table following, the coal-mining industry of California is small, hence little attention has been given to the col- lection of accident and labor records. With the passage of the com- pensation laws no doubt more complete records will be available in the future. The tables of statistics for the State follow: <* Parker, E. W., The production of coal: Mineral Resources of the United States ior 1913, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1914, pp. 819-820. 154 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. SS 5« g gg 1 ^ fe u ra MS O mm © WO a-. Hfc) OZ ►J 1 -! £ ft* tl Sj M CO Wn — : *5 O S^ CQ WR r^ 0_ O (Hoi « a- g U2 £ ^ "3 tlH oi* 3 s Pfl u U55 ■s OH P5J *~ B 'S3nnn jo iaqmn£{ a> o (j - - - u d S j o © ■I^ox •^sod ao xb ibipbh ■fleai ^ioqs XIBM Shot; •JSB9iq TnBtto •ps^jodej jo^; ■pips 50 aoqs "^ntqo'Bjf •pTren •j£«p J9 J ■JB9.£ 19 j •p93[iOAi. &£bq; qjB9p jed noi-jonpoij S ■p9tinn suoq. OOO'OOO'I •»o »- -*• -j: 1- x . - — i — 1 -t «.» oot^eocom = ;w*iO'*'2 5eO'*«^ti-« ^■lOOOOf-H- »0'-TOl'H'- , 05«)r-iOI>Na'« , iOt*iOOOONt-N'-t'-"'*' Hrt ooaoooooaowaoooooceocoocxjooooosaioicoCTicic - 3i OS OS COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 155 "*CM T*CN CM i-l tN CM - ; •(snjnq JO 3(00HS) A^IOIJlOgjtf CO *S9ATJ0ta000[ 9mtu puB sJTiO eutjt t- - - "c3 w .g ■a 3 M TOOI ■S9snE0 J9q^o ce ■sdn[s 10 S93B0 US •S9dO(S 10 KHBllS TiAiop Sujipsj sjoefqo ^ •sedojs jo sijrcqs imop Stijubj; eo O be

\ feet thick. Coal-mining machines have been in use in Colorado since about 1891, at which time 20 machines were in operation. This number has gradually increased until in 1914 there were 306 machines in use, producing 25 per cent of the coal. Shooting off the solid is practiced less in Colorado than in many other States, the coal thus mined in Colorado being 11 to 14 per cent of the total coal produced. About 60 per cent of the coal is pro- duced by hand mining methods. The amount of coal mined per man per year in 1887 was 333 tons; in 1913 it was 770 tons. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The Legislature of Colorado, by an act approved February 24, 1883, provided for the appointment of an examining board, to examine applicants for the position of State inspector of mines. From the 158 GOAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. list of eligibles thus established the governor was authorized to appoint a mine inspector for a term of four years. Section 12 provided that the act should apply to any coal mine where more than 12 men were employed underground. The inspector was required to examine at least once each quarter every mine employing more than 20 men, to make a record of such inspection, showing the number of employees, and number of accidents and deaths, and to file a report in the office of the secretary of state on the first Monday in November preceding the biennial sessions of the legislature. This report was included in the biennial report of the secretary of state. AH accidents causing loss of life or serious personal injury were reported by the operators to the inspector. An act of April 8, 1885, extended the inspection law to cover all mines employing more than 10 men, and required the inspector to examine such mines quarterly. On April 2, 1887, a law was approved directing the inspector to render a biennial report to the governor showing the number of persons employed and the number of accidents and deaths from injuries in and about the mines; the inspector was also authorized to employ clerical or other assistance not to exceed $1,500 per year. An act approved April 4, 1913, authorized the governor to appoint a chief mine inspector and the chief thus selected to appoint five deputy inspectors. The chief and deputy inspectors are selected from a list of eligibles established by a board of examiners. The chief mine inspector divided the State into five districts and assigned one deputy inspector to each district. An annual report for the year ending December 31 is rendered to the governor, the report to enumerate all deaths and accidents causing disability for 5 days or more. Operators are required to render monthly reports of fatal and nonfatal accidents to the inspector, in addition to sending to the chief inspector immediate notice of all fatal accidents. Accidents resulting in 5 or more days' disability, which under the law are reported to the inspector by mine operators, are published in the inspector's annual reports and are classified as serious or slight according to the judgment of the State mine inspector. In 1915 the inspector was assisted by four deputies. ACCIDENTS. Tables 91 and 92 show the total number of fatalities by causes and calendar years since 1883 as compiled from State mine inspectors' reports. The accompanying tables show the percentage of accidents, classified by principal causes, and fatality rate per 1 ,000 men employed, over a period of 28 years, 1886-1913, for which continuous records are available. The fatality rate during this period is 7.14 per 1,000 men COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 159 FATALITIES IN COLORADO COAL MINES BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES DURING 1886 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Causes. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock , etc. ) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total (28 years) 852 141 517 60 83 36 49 49.02 8.11 29.75 3.45 4.78 2.07 2.82 1,738 100.00 3.50 .58 2.12 .25 .34 .15 .20 7.14 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN COLORADO IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1884 Jan. 24 Inrush of water from old shaft. Mine explosion 59 1889 Sept. 9 White Ash Jefferson County 10 1893 Jan. 10 24 1896 Feb. 18 1897 Sept.3 do . 12 1901 Sept. 16 1902 Aug. 7 .... do .. 6 Powder and mine ex- plosion. 13 1904 Oct.28 19 1906 Feb. 19 14 1906 Apr. 22 do 19 1907 Jan. 23 ..do .. 24 1907 May 19 5 1909 July 6 Toller Toflerville 9 1910 Jan. 31 75 1910 Oct.8 do 56 1910 Nov.8 Victor American No. 3. Mine fire and explo- sion. 79 1910 Dec. 14 10 1911 Feb. 9 17 1912 June 18... 12 1913 Dec. 16.... do 37 employed. There were 19 accidents in which. 5 or more men were killed at one time, representing slightly over 28 per cent of all of the fatalities due to mine accidents. Of the total number of fatalities 49.02 per cent were due to falls of roof and pillar and 29.75 per cent to gas and dust explosions. The average production of coal per fatality during this period was 96,798 tons, or there were 10.33 fatalities for each million tons mined. Beginning with 1903 and including 1912 about 50 per cent of the men were on a 10-hour basis. In 1913 the 8-hour law became effective and only a few men were employed for a longer day than eight hours. The time element has been taken into consideration and tables com- piled on this basis for comparison with other States. The fatality rate for the 10-year period, 1903-1913 (Table 40), based on the actual 160 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING-DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN COLORADO." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Number of men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men e'm- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Total numbei of men em- ployed. 1903 24 55 61 67 60 79 488 2,058 3,660 5,259 3,420 5,158 17 11 4 9 8 3 692 432 189 655 312 63 70 57 40 48 54 61 7,743 5,583 6,551 5,222 7,439 8,535 306 50 620 232 3,052 767 9,229 1904 8,123 11,020 1905 1906 11,368 ' 14,223 1907 1908 14, 523 1909 & 11,472 15 861 1910 61 57 61 146 2,935 2,701 2,923 11,175 8 10 5 3 303 299 173 75 49 46 50 5 5,913 4,559 4,631 128 6,713 6,814 5,273 612 1911 1912 1913 " Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. & Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN COLORADO, AND THE FATALITY RATE, BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 245 261 255 268 258 212 90,316 76,632 102,071 102,275 132,026 134,084 22,127,420 20,000,952 26,028,105 27,409,700 34,052,708 28,425,808 11,064 10,000 13,014 13, 7 05 17,031 14,213 44 94 65 89 107 63 3 98 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 4 43 1909 1910 236 207 227 229 145,754 131,215 118, 708 96,863 34,397,944 27,161,505 26,946,716 22,181,627 17, 199 13,581 13,473 11,091 323 88 96 108 18 78 1911 6 48 1912 7.13 1913 9.74 number of employees is 8.71, whereas on the number of 2,000-hour workers it is 8.02 per 1,000. During the 10-year period the men averaged 2,172 hours employment per year. Table 41 shows the fatality rate for each year on the 2,000-hour basis, 1903-1913, for each State, so that a true comparison of Colorado with other States may be readily made. The tables of statistics for the State follow. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1§70-1914. 161 STATISTICS OF STEIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN COLORADO.^ Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 504 17 1,527 \{^ 7,103 3,865 31,520 935 86,045 20,845 407,909 481,482 62 55 56 47 57 125 1907 215 768 55 2,044 150 6,378 16,646 1,250 195,558 32,375 30 1900 1908 1901 1909 1902 1910. . . 1903 1911 1904 1912 1905 1913 7,324 4,418 552,082 1,090,025 1906 1914 o Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 162 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. § si' JS "So 55 35 550 a I do sS os g-g &S 2 8 OS5 o H Ofl ,2-9 nS ffl 3' §* d l B 1 - 55 ti g«. aS al &.J -■§ °£ II S ■§! PQoQ to 3 <« it ill W55 feS "3 a pi o *8 O^ "Si! CJtn a« BJ a -a S • is 55« ■goo 55H "| 1™ 1^ Pq 5 o §55 ft5 ft-5 sa - Pb •sennn jo jeqnmH •-< C4 U3 CO tor-c ooo w: CMOSO •oo t-ac BO I S3 § a o •a a C3 a) a 9 55 ■IKJOX O o CN •}SOd JO XB IBtpBH OS -[p^ ^oqs CO •JIB^ Shot; T}l«IOC *3SBeiq ureqo CD l: c ri - ■- L~ — L-- ■3[0I^jJ^j>eo — — i-i — iH. — — i _ — . •pnBH *H O CD JL >gn •^Bp J9J O t»eoi-Hco oosooi-H coooot- r-i-noor- cicooieN cic6e4a 2.66 2.54 3.16 3.28 3.14 3.14 3.32 'X89£ jq j a> i-ieotM ooo up hOwm Tji^jicor^ oseoos con co hi^coo eor-cocc COCOCO »0>0 »0 ©ifl^iio TtHOOeC eoeoo voho O-VCN OCN OOO r-cooo oooocooo •po^JOAV s£«q; 00 a e e e o CaaOtQCM NQOO WMH lOHlAOO cn oo io oo r-oooj'W" cotoco ^toieo *(su(4 ipoqs) r- 17,657 150,674 228,056 149,311 75, 361 108,216 192,313 117,088 106,389 89, 182 149,022 134,043 45,771 93,381 177,233 119,406 169,173 103,637 101,388 168,718 70, 834 135,791 113,609 T3 CD ft CD 1 a 55 ■pauiLU suoi ooo'oob'i »a C0 56.64 6.64 4.38 6.70 13.27 9. £4 5.20 8.54 9.40 11.21 6.71 7.46 21.85 10.71 6.64 8.37 5.91 9.65 9.86 5.93 14.12 7.36 8.80 •po^ojd -ma ooo'I -raj; IO HMO OSiO O ^"OSCMCO ^tOr-OQ e£J O IO NNOM i>cncn j: i- o r-cocfiN — i — .- l- — ri — < r- , - — x i-Jc»»io "Vcn »d io«doieo o«ocoio -vedod TjJ^-Iiot^ •I0 1*- -^ C» 50 CO •pe-toplnra jeqnmK CO OiCifl or-r» lOCOlO eo»oio ■"*■ r— co r^cflt^io ^"NOco a>Oco ascoooo c cn o -*ooc« OioTfto »or-io cncncnco OOO O NN«rt f- OOTjii-i tPQOOS csi — — rt ^■io to ust^coco «o «o"«o l>* I>O0*00 OS 00 i-t i~< •ennn }« no} led eni«A CM 1.37 1.62 1.24 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.23 1.31 1.22 1.26 ■{saa% jjoqs) nopanpojj. - 3,410,445 1,229,593 1,130,024 1,356,062 1,368,338 1,791,736 2, 185, 477 2,597,181 3,077,003 3,512,632 3,510,830 4,102,389 2,831,409 3,082,982 3,112,400 3,361,703 4,076,347 4,776,224 5,244,364 5,700,016 7,401,343 7,423,602 6,658,355 8,826,429 10,111,218 3 o ■x, '5 s. « s -Xi 3 a 00 00 c ao 00 CN s 00 1 oo 00 00 00 OS X OS a> - c o OS c OS o OS 1 o o COAL-MINE FATALITIESJN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1014. 163 ss as sg§ " *o« ■OS QO eo Oi CO tra , CN -*t- CO CO CO CO CO •>£ co go t— cS iooo COOS TF O TfHCO-^ 1 osto o> s Si H N««NMNMM •sesriBo Jaqio CM *sdi3[s jo soS^o -^ rs — 1 ^^ ^ W ^^ (N i ■s9dojs jo sjjBqs -# ^ ^ i-h ■ ^ -sgdojs jo s^Bqs UMop Surn^j: OS t-H e* ^ *^ NHOlHNN Id o i CD 1 S3 2 "TOOX • CO H«NHMN1-HWCOrtlMMNiOr-VCOinccOiO(C« rt CO •sesriBo Jeqio - I-l 1-1 ~-.^H 1M rtN Q4 In •(-0^9 *p91BOOIJTlS 'poujnq) sejg 9nrj\; r4 1-t ^ ■s9Aisoxdxa: CO «t-HtN MMWi-iHIM ■^ ^H^trtCO'^'W'V^NTOCOi-T •(pauiqraoo jsnp ptre seS'SntpnpTn:) snotsoidxo isnp-reoo to CO -0 OS tN OO-V^HCs a CO— < cc •sb3 Smnitiq puB suoiso'idse^SBO , ihOH 10 1-1 N i-H rf o*co ^r ^-c »o cm as CO nr- *S9AlJ0ni -0001 puB " sjbo Qmyi co -neoco ■veo-HCNtNco-Hfoc^cCTrcoc^oocjcMooocicsiCjr^oo ■[BOO JBn?*I JO 90BJ JO SI|B J CM '""' HW^^'OClWN'OWil'WM OniOiOOONiqiQWH *(-#J9 *3pOJ 'jBOO) JOOJ JO SXIBJ - .-H iHiHiHfH r-t i-H <-< CN i-H CN CO CN -^ CO CO IQ CO >0 CO C3 e I s QC 5 00 5 J" a: ! C5 CO 3 i ca 00 r— 00 00 00 Si O C 3J g s c C5 CO — Cft Cft O COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-19H. 165 00 CO 00 00 0)0 s lONM CM CO *T-t > ca © a ti5 o 3 M 73 £p a . £H P5 H« — Hi © .s s E ■sennn jo jeqttm^; *-* «-ICD«MiOQOt-HMnOO«iOOJrH©iOOSO>'* CDO«O<0OQ0O«HlftH!DMHiHMWI0'*QU5inM •p93[jOAi. s£ec[ 00 codr*cg-#c i iM'**aooico>-Hc^co'*t~t^cot- , !t , »o>ocor-t^-coooGct— cow^eoiQ •etmn ?« tkxj. iad eni«A N $1.50 1.04 1.50 .99 .98 .85 .83 .70 .72 .81 1.00 1.17 1.20 1.42 1.25 1.22 1.29 1.28 1.38 1.38 1.41 1.46 1.49 •(suoi ;joi[s) uorpnpoia rH 2,284,269 180,000 225,934 228,337 171,000 215,498 372, 740 354, 111 260,998 238,546 195,869 244, 187 233, 111 315,557 342,825 414,083 1904 ! 383,191 UHtf 1 351,991 190li ' 332, 107 264,822 211, 196 177,245 165.210 o3 © I , 3 .c z 5 E : 4 c 5 C - j i c : a - c : a z : 5 ■ z - c 5c - c ; 5 i c 3 : ' CI c 5~ COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 169 NtM CM OO ino mo o § o id cO cue OiOS cOi-( Oi-t »0«3 o - toco in O cncm COO CM CM NO as •-•CO arto" 9co l-H i-< OS'* O0r-j r-O CO CO -# o ■*o ^3 cd MN OCO (ON n o o 33 3° 9~ £> J*° 5™ i ° wfc 3 m zn SO aS 6 C ffe ^ SS e-u *S — b£ ca • C3 *?! <<: P c3 2:^ «S II ■2^ »*3 D^ ■B 0" 2.5 ?K ■sg U£ fiS cuS C3 03 t- o o £OI bh C = w O H"! -<; <=n o£ ■sounn jo jequm^ v4 C4 00 cc aNoooc 4C i- r ■- -^ -* ■- HOONf CMt-0« cooco-^ to iqio >a OCM-H aooc o^ >L O CM U3 CO CM :n.: co hoooooc r-co «o -*t— cot— oc CMCM CM CMCMCOCMCN t-OCMO O-*00 «ff ONO^i MOO »0^ COCOCO"* tH Tf »o »o«c ■jsod JO 9XB ICTpB^I en ■neM iiong CO I-t 'IpsjA. Shot; r- CM ■jsB9jq ureqo f* t- t- OCM oo "Via to CO CO -cpiC ■a a i "c3 81 © >i COB C3 1 p-t •pe^jodoi io^ ^« ■piios ijo johs I-l ■aurqoBK CM ON CO NOOO"* Ot-^O t-^t<0 0*0 coo cm" cc. cs -h oo oc i cicixTjl oi »— 5 t— J da <-• CJ t- •X^p je j o Ti. 00 CO ci noNooo e>» oiaonn ohmw CMr-oo oeo CftCSO CM>-t CMCMCO COCO •JB3X j^ « — — — — — U3 ^tlOlO^ , '^ , >C3(0>OcO oseoio on LQiO OS CO«C cO cO CO t- CO ■pa^icm Sj£bq; CO owe (MCNCN >acOCO^^-* -* CDOC»CO(N CO1OU300 CO O CO COM CNO^tCN^H O HNOWm 0000t~CN CN CN CM CM'-' Hiwp J9d uotpnpoij t- I-tTPCO Cftt- OS OOtJHCO cm eq 236,689 310, 423 243,690 251,372 296,226 268,288 319,606 258,874 240,356 300,238 227,383 282,666 274,969 206, 659 334,781 252,627 255,433 307,845 233,906 210.838 a S5 •pgnitn snoi OOO'OOO'l -raj cs MOt* «N.-»0Oe» CO COCOCOCOO "* ^f *# C6 COfHlO CO-* ONHCBCO r- i-tOO^HCO - * U2C0 3COS ~ : T- n CNC^ ^co-^eoco eo coco^M-* eoc6-*d oSraco ^J* ^ •p9ioid -HI9 OOO'I »J IS r-oo OJCDOO coa>c*co c» ooincon t^cor-c» »-iiOeo NS o>c4cBO« Oi Tttoeo-^o t--Hina» — '- ?l -h-h ^^HrHi-H^H i-i ^iNoiTHCM »Mi?ioit-J -i ri ri coco ■rooj. ^* o^*co koohnh t— ©oswn co onon wt-t— ooc^ ^cc^< 1-h »o co »o us tj< us -^ to oo to i— f-r-cst-- ooo »o(— ■paioidtna jeqnm^; CO OCBUJ c» cor- oco»o 25,946 25,846 26, 804 29,410 30,076 28,574 32,951 34, 585 36,390 38, 477 38,630 39, 560 33, 7X8 35,026 36,766 39,101 41,880 47, 411 50, 596 54.685 ■arnm }E uoi J9d 9ti[BA CM SI. 17 1.11 1.09 1.12 .97 .93 whooio ocMoom -^coco t-o oaoscococo oot>t— co OOO <-ih •(suaj ijjoqs) TIOHOTlpOJd - ■■- X li- CS COU3 ION -T O CO 00 no ^ CM 5 11,175,241 12,423,061) 14,32X,1X1 12,104,272 15,292,420 15,660,698 17,802,276 19,949,564 17,113,576 17,736,864 19,780,626 20,072,758 18,599,2UU 24,439,019 25,767,981 27,331,552 32,939,373 36,957,104 36,475,060 M >< J cr 1 s V a 6 y 5 3- 1 C7 a or c or c- <3 Of -4 C if C CT Of e ot 0( c or cr a s c a CN = f c ■4 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 175 as*:?! S92 p*^ 50 OiH MOO »»« U5i- •»r--* co otP «c 00-* COCO W5CD *Ot-CQC- ttlfH t-000000 0000 (DON OOiiOO OO OdO Cflwoieo coco COOOtH COCSCO CO CO CO ^ CO CO 00 O COCO H(ON cOOt-r- r-co j>r^t- cococno hoj ocor- ONf-r- r-* O CNir-»n HNNN '-'CO COCOCO OOOCfi-H OCM 0(M«5 CNOOr»CO Oi-H CNI-tO uieococo oico cocioi GOOJNCN (Op whnn ooco c^C5■^ OtOOlN Wrfi r^Oco COOOi-tlC U31A CO CO 03 uSooopeo N^ woiim oo>>oo -*rc© toom cooorHio 00 r-ooi-n Tf"-*CO(0 c»os toooco NM O t- t- ct> OO) to <6 ..sag 3333 33 333 4 3 176 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. •ye\o% pirejo 0«tt MHJJN otsar- «HrtH CD 3 «S en g © •moi fHlO ** iT> Tf ifi»>o>->4i«ian«ci«ft-oH ■sesriBo Jamo CM CM " ^~> ^^^^^ HMNHM ^HM ■ •so Almoin -OOOI pUtt &TBO jSBA^irea: CM IN - NH NHOl HW«Hi-iHrtNWmN0O ■sadid ure9q.s Stnisjnq jo snoiso[dx9 Jeijog; -* rf CMN ^ : ■^ '.'~ , ,-t ; : ■XiennpBji *-l tH 1-* tM -■ -"-* -H o c-j HTfN CO CI ■(soinq io spoqs) ^pijjoeia 00 :"* 'seAi)omooo[ 9UIU1 pIXG SJtO 9UI J£ 1-) ^ :^ *"* ^h £3 03 •a c -a — 5 ■T^ox r r>««eoao«oo>4tc4<*ie4*t>>ooiecoHooot>Hnoooo ■sesruao jomo <0 ** - 1 - 1 i" -1 ■""' '- , "^ ■sdi3[s jo sa2«o to CqiflNMM^ON^ONXH ""J"CM"#cOiOCOCO»a^-ti-lrt •sodojs jo s^qs TLiiop Suiii^j sioofqo «# ^ W^Hrt tM rt ■""' CJi-h WHM HNWrt *S9dO[S JO sjjBqs nMop Sutn^iC f-i «MH "* "* Wt^WNW©"*tO 05W*MHIOO'*0 o t CD -a co '0 •roox a«cD oaeQcoioN^Hf^oooi^vnHeiitoaaioet^m •S9STIB3 J9TIJ0 « as -* r- OJ 00.-H -• d I™ 1-1 ^ i-t 'M«hw ! '(•0^9 'D91B00IITIS 'peuJTiq) S9JTJ 9TIIK - rt -cMe>Qe«CDCQOC4XO] CN 00 -* CO CO CO i-* CO o c 1 1 si- 5 V 2 3 3 ii c i ii is c 38 5 it- a 5S c ■ 5 ii N0O COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES 1870-191-J. 177 HlO»Nt.« COiHcOpq CO-* IOCO>H CONCO t-CONCl^lOO eo(or-iOrtiH H« ■ -i— i »— I N ■*»o«Od •* O lO * ■* M W :i«5M:ir fOiHMN »« O OS Ol OJ ©) Ol 31 a* 11 *a a si 0fc3 E .2 5 •a— j Is II 52 tH CO « 00 ?.a I? SO 178 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. INDIANA. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal-bearing area of Indiana amounts to about 6,500 square miles and includes 26 counties in the southwestern portion of the State. Nineteen of these counties are producing coal on a commercial scale. The coal measures contain over 20 horizons, in which coal beds of varying thickness have been found. Of these eight are of workable thickness over much or all of the field and several others are locally of workable thickness. In the center of the field as many as seven or eight beds are workable in a single area. Ordinarily over most of the field not more than'three workable beds will be found. The coal measures in Indiana have a total thickness of approxi- mately 1,300 feet. Of these 1,300 feet there are 600 feet of barren beds at the top, a 500-foot interval which contains most of the work- able coals, followed in descending order by 200 feet or more of rocks consisting mainly of sandstone. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The eight different coal beds mined vary from 3 to 9 feet in thick- ness. The coal in the eastern part of the field is called block coal or semiblock because of its breaking into rectangular blocks. It is very pure, noncoking coal. The strictly "block coal" is found in Fontaine, Parke, Clay, and Owen Counties. South of that the coals in the easternmost counties are semiblock. The block coal occurs in small basins which vary in extent from a few acres to several square miles, owing to the irregular surface of the rocks upon which they were laid down. The coal may be 3 to 5 feet thick in the center of a basin but thins out gradually toward the edges. The western counties of the Indiana field contain bituminous coal. The bitu- minous beds vary from 3 to 10 feet in thickness, most of the work- ings being in beds over 5 feet thick. In 1910, 26 mines were mining coal from beds over 7 feet thick. These coals lie regularly with a slight pitch to the west and southwest, and in many parts of the field are regular in thickness. Practically all of the mines have a clay floor and shale roof. The No. 5 coal is overlain with black shale, commonly broken with pyrite concretions, that locally will hold up indefinitely over a 40-foot room without any posts. Most of the beds, however, have roofs of shale that tends to disintegrate rapidly in the summertime, especially in the air passages, and requires close posting. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 179 MINING METHODS. The earliest records of coal production in Indiana are for 1840, when 9,682 tons were mined. The production increased gradually until in 1913 it was 17,165,671 tons. Most of the commercial mines are opened by shafts varying from 50 to 450 feet deep, only a few being opened by slopes and drifts. From the shafts the mines are opened by main entry and air course, each 8 feet wide, separated by a 12-foot pillar. The coal is mined almost exclusively by the room-and-pillar. method, which varies in detail in different districts and even in different coal beds of the same district. The mines are usually well equipped with the latest appliances, including electric machines and self-dumping cages. Mining machines were first used in 1884. The "block coal''' was first successfully mined by machines in 1894. In 1891 there were 47 mining machines in operation and in 1913 there were 732 which produced 56.7 per cent of the coal mined during the year. Of the total number of machines used 365 were of the chain-breast type. The average production per machine in 1913 was 13,302 tons. About 30 per cent of the coal mined is shot off the solid; hand mining produced only about 11 per cent of the total output in 1913. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. An act approved March 8, 1879, which became effective May 1, 1879, authorized the governor to appoint a mine inspector, whose duty was to inspect each coal mine in the State at least twice a year. The inspector was required to render annual reports to the governor and to state therein the number of mines operating, the production of each mine, and such other information as the inspector deemed nec- essary. On February 26, 1889, the department of geology and natural science was created and placed under the supervision of a director, who was also the State geologist. The department consisted of four divi- sions : Geology and natural science, mines and mining, mineral oils, and natural gas. The chief of each division was appointed by the geologist. The office of mine inspector was abolished, and the chief of the division of mines and mining, to be known as the inspector of mines, was directed to perform all duties previously performed by the mine inspector. Annual reports of the inspector were included in the annual reports of the department. The inspector was authorized to employ one assistant. An act approved March 2, 1891, covering coal mines employing 10 or more men, made it the duty of mine operators to report, under penalty, all mine accidents causing death, and upon receipt of such a 180 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. notice the inspector and coroner were required to investigate the cause of the accident. The act of March 4, 1891, restricted the appointment of inspector of mines to persons who had passed an examination satis- factory to the State geologist. On March 6, 1897, an act was approved directing mine operators to report to the inspector all accidents which prevented the usual working of a mine for 24 consecutive hours, or resulted in injuries causing death or requiring the attendance of a physician or surgeon. On March 11, 1901, the number of assistants to the inspector was increased to two, and on March 9, 1907, the num- ber was further increased to four. The latter act also required that each mine should be inspected at least three times each year. An act approved March 6, 1911, created a bureau of inspection, to consist of three departments: Inspection of mines, inspection of boilers, and inspection of factories. The new bureau was placed under the supervision of a chief inspector appointed by the governor. The governor also appointed three deputies, one for each of the depart- ments comprising the bureau. Each deputy inspector was authorized to appoint five assistants, with the approval of the chief inspector. Up to 1915 it was the practice of operators of mines employing 10 or more men to report to the inspector all accidents causing death or requiring the attendance of a physician or surgeon, and all such accidents were published in the inspector's annual reports. Injuries causing disability for two weeks were classified as serious, all others being considered slight. The legislature of 1915 passed a workmen's compensation act, effective September 1, 1915, to be adniinistered by the Industrial Board of Indiana, which was also provided for by the act. The department of inspection of mines and mining was transferred to the industrial board. Under the compensation law all employers of labor are required under penalty to report to the board all accidents causing injury to an employee whereby the employee is incapacitated for work more than one day. The department of mines, under .the juris- diction of the industrial board, consists of one chief inspector and five assistants, who are appointed by the board with the concurrence of the governor. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1370-1914. 181 ACCIDENTS. The accompanying tables show the total number of fatalities by causes and calendar years since 1881 as compiled from State mine inspectors' reports. They also show the percentage of accidents, by principal causes, and the fatality rate per 1,000 men employed for a period of 19 years for which continuous records are available. The fatality rate during this period is 2.16 per 1,000 men employed. FATALITIES IN INDIANA COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1895 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total , 19 years 300 75 57 132 22 71 16 45.07 11.04 8.39 19.44 3.24 10.46 2.36 079 100.00 0.97 .24 .18 .42 .07 .23 .05 2.16 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN INDIANA IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Killed. 1878 Nov. 21 Mine explosion 1896 Dec.26 7 1905 Mar.22 do do Powder and mine ex- plosion. 1907 Jan. 14 1909 Mar. 20 Indiana has been fortunate in that it has had but few disasters (only four) during this period in which 5 or more men were killed at one time, the total number being 29 fatalities, or slightly over 4 per cent of the entire number. To offset this, however, there were 132 fatali- ties due to explosives, representing 19.44 per cent of the total. The average production of coal per fatality during this period was 291,062 tons, or 3.44 fatalities per million tons mined. Indiana, like Illinois, is an 8-hour State, and in order to make it comparable with other States, where 9 or 10 hours are considered a working day, a table has been compiled whereby the time element has been taken into consideration. The fatality rate for the 10-year period 1903-1913 (Table 40) based on the actual number of employees 182 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN INDIANA." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 236 244 271 230 208 207 16,291 18,727 24,484 19,842 18,323 18,040 5 7 2 2 24 44 24 100 6 4 3 39 16 15 663 800 800 1,028 2,699 335 17,017 1904 19,587 1905 25,323 20,970 21,023 1906 1907 1908 1 5 18,380 1909 * 20,937 1910 215 213 211 199 20,783 20,946 21,220 21,637 4 2 1 3 16 7 6 42 3 3 5 6 14 16 109 121 1,065 22 316 435 21,878 20,991 21,651 22,235 1911 1912 1913 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U.-S. Geol. Survey. b Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN INDIANA, AND THE FATALITY RATE, BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000-hour workers. 1903 197 177 151 175 197 174 136,901 157,572 203,438 168,888 170, 875 147,385 26,969,497 27,890,244 30,719,138 29,555,400 33,662,375 25,644,990 13,485 13,945 15,360 14,778 16,831 12,822 52 34 46 31 53 45 49 51 46 35 66 3.86 1904 2.44 1905 2.99 1906 2.10 1907 3.15 1908 3.51 1909 1910 229 182 182 190 176, 133 167,989 173,748 178,599 40,334,457 30,573,998 31,622,136 33,933,810 20, 167 15,287 15,811 16,967 2.53 1911 3.01 1912 2.21 1913 3.89 1914 is 2.20 as compared with 2.95 on the 2,000-hour basis. Table 40 gives all of the States on this basis for the 10-year period, so that a comparison with other States may be made. During this period the men worked 1,487 hours per year as compared with 2,034 hours for the bituminous fields of Pennsylvania. The tables of statistics for the State of Indiana follow. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 183 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN INDIANA, a Year. Number of men affected. Total. days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 3,272 3,583 1,027 1,824 2,680 1,061 981 15,875 132,825 71,282 40,812 23,693 46,560 22,963 12,528 995,217 40 20 39 13 17 18 13 63 1907 3,176 7,076 36 12,638 4,577 15,400 2,657 8,052 42,842 157,899 720 423,894 146, 636 795,887 44,143 302,855 13 1900. 1908 22 1901.. 1909 20 1902. . . 1910 34 1903... 1911 32 1904 1912 52 1905 1913 17 1906. . 1914 38 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 184 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ■2T ;£ 3 ■3? ='S fill HE OP 5| -:i ©' o CO M > CO a la •Eg Ho o to c - 30. fiPM . >,o as O" « J§ -S

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Q^C iog co tjiiq eo r- o 00 00 06 00 00 a ooooQoaoaoooooo o i-ic»co^<»ra coNQOffi S"^5 _- ~ ~ ~ ~ T. — T. ~ ~ ~ ~ t 00 00O0 00 00O0 0OO0COO0 DOC COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 193 800 b-01« tO eOi-H © coco cncmcn O00-* OJOO ©oarftOioi > © ■^ >o >o ^h >-* "^ eOkoio t»NNin«OfflN ©cO-cfi no co"o ©V-Too"© 53 co © MCDoomoomcn-* ©oooo p5 cm t-h cn 1-« cn i-i cm i-hcocm •*coiOMiQ'*liiQ , '1< USOICO hoioon«coo mow i-H r-i CI i-5 ira i-t CO t-t V* *."J "J ** (050iO(OtO i-i CO 1-H CO 0OO) ©"© cd\0 ©rf C O CMC tDClCi ooVt S(N O 00 ©«D -I CD CM WNM Of-i-i «3iO© n*t>-"*oo' i-^ojVT 3U3N COOO CM HNCO COCNiO sss o oi c. ffl 3) © © © <1 TH 194 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. "TOoj pitwo cr »o««otMe«otM«^w^^Mcx>MCMio<»oa<»t-»g£:*»2j2 iHCMi-*CMOje il 3CM»- 5 *TO<>X IS MNriHMiaiONHHHHNNV t^^HHnioHOKiia •S9STU30 J9UJO CO ^ 1-1 'sdrqs jo sqSbq I-l eo COiHCTHON"trti-t "~"" H '"" , w "■* « C3 CM ■S9d0IS JO S^JBtp XLtt-Op s'mncj sjoelqo - 1 ~H~H CJ ~-* ■sedois jo CO ■H o ^HtM-HW « ^CMGMCO WCM^ CO i-*C»r-ltM •6 D s •a a •a 5 *mox ^( H - H - H M H WHNHNrtHt!HWW-toi (M CMCNi-l w WHNi-lMHiSNCTraC-1'fffflN'* "IBOO JBnjd jo ooBj jo sije^ e» ?i : i — cm N>-"C1 "'-*-« t-CMeN(M>-t — t-co •(•0^9 *3[0OJ *p300) JOOJ JO snBj - -rLTfflpHvtwcO I? 5 — 00 i! 1 I --- 3 § o 1 I § s a s If a ot a 3 s c c a g c o c -3 c a c a c c c c c: COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 195 CTP3HMHM WCONCOtOlO S a s o 0)0)0)0>ffl 196 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. KANSAS. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal-bearing measures of Kansas comprise about 18,600 square miles, of which 3,100 square miles are known to contain workable coal beds. The coal-bearing area occupies a strip covering about 3 to 4 counties wide entirely across the eastern end of the State, but the best beds are found in Cherokee and Crawford counties in the southeast corner. The coal beds of this State belong to the Carboniferous system and occur in the southwest extension of the coal-bearing rocks of the Iowa-Missouri field. About 90 per cent of the coal mined in the State is from the Weir-Pittsburgh beds in Crawford and Cherokee counties. About 6 per cent of the coal is produced in the Atchison- Leavenworth district from a depth of 700 feet to 1,150 feet. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coal beds of Crawford and Cherokee counties are practically horizontal, and occur at depths of 30 feet to 250 feet. The coal is bituminous, and produces a large amount of dust when mined. The beds vary in thickness from 3 to 10 feet, those in the Cherokee shale being very irregular. The thicker parts of the workable beds lie in "swamps" or basins of very irregular outline. Rolls in the floor and roof cause differences of level of 20 to 30 feet in many of the mines and a difference of as much as 60 feet has been observed in a single mine. It seems that these irregularities are due to unevenness of the original bottom upon which the coal was formed. MINING METHODS. The earliest statistics of coal production in Kansas are for 1869, when 36,891 tons were mined. In 1913, the production was 7,202,- 210 tons. Practically all of the coal is mined by the room-and-pillar system, but some longwall mining is done in Osage County. About 85 per cent of the mines are opened by shaft; 11 per cent are strip pits, and 4 per cent are drift mines. In southeastern Kansas con- siderable coal is mined by stripping with a steam shovel. In places as much as 40 feet of cover is removed in stripping. Mining machines were introduced into Kansas about 1897 but their use has been confined to a limited number of mines. In 1908, there were 17 machines in use; in 1913, only 9 were used, producing 0.3 per cent of the coal mined in the State, 14.8 per cent was mined by hand, and 85.5 per cent was shot off the solid. The State mine inspector in his report for 1913 states that in Craw- ford and Cherokee counties 982,546 12J-pound kegs of powder were COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 197 used, or one keg for every 7.22 tons of coal produced. In addition, he also estimates that 1,029,000 pounds of dynamite and 46,450 pounds of permissible powder were used. He also states that: The extreme danger in the increased and excessive amount of explosives used is hereby made apparent and can not be gainsaid. Had these figures of dynamite and permissible powder been reversed the condition under which the mines were operated, in my opinion, would have been vastly improved as far as their safety is concerned. This may also account in a certain measure for the grade of coal produced at some of the mines. REPOBTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SEBVICE. The governor of Kansas was authorized by an act approved February 27, 1883, to appoint an inspector of coal mines for two years from June 30, 1883. Mine operators were required to report to the inspector all accidents causing serious or fatal injuries, and, if fatal, to the coroner of the county in which the mine was located. A monthly report by the inspector, showing the number of accidents and deaths from injuries and number of men employed, was required to be filed with the secretary of the State board of agriculture on or before the first Monday in each month. The act of March 13, 1885, required the inspector to render annual reports to the governor on the 1st day of February of each year. The mine operators were required by the act of March 13, 1897, to render quarterly reports of accidents to the State mine inspector. The method of selecting the mine inspector was changed by an act approved January 6, 1899. By this act an association of miners was authorized, consisting of a delegate from each organized body of five or more miners in any county, city, or mining camp in the State. The State association held annual meetings and elected a president, vice president, and secretary, and the secretary so elected succeeded to the duties of State mine inspector. On February 5, 1913, an act was approved creating a department of labor and industry under the control of a commissioner of labor and industry. The commissioner was made ex officio factory and mine inspector, with authority to appoint an assistant of at least five years' experience in coal mining. In 1914 the inspection of coal mines was carried on by the assistant commissioner and five deputies. All injuries, whether serious or slight, are reported to the inspector and are included in his annual reports, but no definition is given as to what constitutes a serious or slight injury. 198 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914:. ACCIDENTS. Tables 101 and 102 show, by causes and calendar years, the total number of fatalilfies since 1884, excepting 1886, 1888, and 1892, for which years reports are not available. These tables also show the percentage of accidents, classified by principal causes, and fatality rate per 1,000 men employed for a period of 21 years for which continuous records are available. The fatality rate during this period is 2.45 per 1,000 men employed. Of the total number killed FATALITIES IN KANSAS COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1893 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number Hied. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 21 years 259 12 33 131 26 50 17 49.05 2.27 6.25 24.81 4.93 9.47 3.22 .06 .15 .61 .12 .23 .08 528 100.00 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN KANSAS IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1888 Nov. 9 ShaftNo.2 Cage with men fell down shaft. 40 1906 Dec. 20 Fidelity No. 1 7 1911 Mar. 18.... No. 16 5 1914 Jan. 14 Spencer-Newland 6 (1893-1913), 49.05 per cent of the fatalities were due to falls of roof and pillar coal, and 24.81 per cent to explosives. The amount of coal mined by shooting off the solid is approximately 80 per cent of the total production. The average production of coal per fatality during the 21 years was 203,153 tons, or 4.92 fatalities for each million tons mined. The average production per man a year was 497 tons, or 2.56 tons per day. During the period 1884 to 1913, inclusive, there were three mine disasters in which 52 men were killed, representing slightly less than 8 J per cent of the total number killed in the coal mines of Kansas. In Kansas, more than 95 per cent of the men are on an eight-hour basis, and for comparative purposes the time element has been taken into consideration and tables compiled. It will be noted that the fatality rate for the 10-year period, 1903-1913 (Table 40), based on actual number of employees, was 2.70 per 1,000 men employed, and reduced to a 2,000-hour basis was 3.45 per 1,000. Table 41 shows COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 199 NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KANSAS." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Numher of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 145 151 121 141 134 138 9,965 11,599 11,004 12, 606 10, 980 12,973 9 9 6 7 10 11 447 215 129 94 156 283 8 5 5 3 1 7 62 45 54 399 10 363 450 339 739 1,256 1,293 297 10,924 1904 12, 198 1905 .. 11, 926 1906 14,355 12,439 13,916 12,359 12,870 11,823 11,646 1907 1908 1909 f> 1910 126 121 132 138 12,255 10,989 11, 186 12,240 9 7 7 1 115 177 380 5 1 5 495 657 80 234 1911 1912 1913 12,479 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. t Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KANSAS, AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number Of2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 215 213 212 165 225 181 88,413 98,228 96,384 116,988 100,981 112, 634 19,008,795 20,922,564 20,433,408 19,303,020 22,720,725 20,386,754 9,504 10, 461 10,217 9,652 11,360 10,193 33 31 41 39 37 38 3.47 1904 2.96 1905 4.01 1906 4.04 1907 3.26 1908 3.73 1909 1910. 148 190 202 197 103,580 95,418 93, 628 100,071 15,329,840 18,129,420 18,912,856 19,713,987 7,665 9,065 9,456 9,857 17 42 30 28 2.22 1911 4.63 1912 3.17 1913 2.84 the fatality rate for each year on the 2,000-hour basis (1903-1913) for each State, so that a true comparison of Kansas with other States may be readily made. The tables of statistics for the State follow. STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KANSAS." Year. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Number Total of men days affected. lost. 1,986 88,798 157 3,590 60 300 334 17,256 328 2,516 186 1,214 1,482 14,686 11,827 709,422 Average number of days lost per man. Year. 1907 1908. 1909. 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914. Number of men affected. 923 11,155 4,715 10,346 984 2,088 3,178 2,673 Total Average number days of days lost. lost per man. 16,957 18 665,224 60 71,566 15 1,578,027 153 8,507 9 13,487 65 28,936 9 45,257 17 " Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S, Geol, Survey. 200 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18"70-1914. n _o < 1 sB §§ '-» aS g* I§ MS gs .,■< — ' u Mm to o OO 3» gg | t^S ©m t»o =| On -3 m S 8° B~ "Ob ° ►,<; »-s « i^i , ©fa. "Pi gg a 15 gg I' a a' 3 g la 1 * B* 5 a a "3 "^ ■23 <* 3.3 o i- OH go ^^ a? Ss si sg ^2 to OB a,-. «a is Bai «§ 2* II B« § S 5° s- 5 J; So I P •setmn jo leqnm^t 1 3 *nBA Shot; •H CNCM ■}SE8jq uieqo CO CO •^tOM U9 eooec a 1 81 CO 1 o •papodej }on « •pnos jjo joqg CO •anniOBK CMCOO OOOCB CMMCOlC •pireH rt © © a > 9 ^ ■Avp I9J o oo nonnco i-ir-^jio: co c»CM"*oo-^' ■^co-*'- 1 oi i-5 oi oi ci c« oioieioi cmoJcm cioJoioi •JB9i I9J e» o ■ ?i ■ ■ ** eo o oooo«e-H ■ — - 186,087 282,490 246,973 189,468 141, 177 266,079 240,400 509,002 200,386 240, 767 212,756 445,503 188,074 176,969 204,300 166,682 © 1 3 2 ■pamra sm*j ooo'oob'i raj cs :S3 : «0 CO 6.40 3.64 4.05 OOOOCO — — ~ L* C ~T ~1 <-- — Y. t- NOt- HOOH t-0»CO COOOCO-^ >di>co ^ >h tp - 1 i" * •pa^ojd -nra OOO'T »J lO c4 I -* t- r- • o c- r- oi i-i <-i oir-r- ooocoo op»H«o cm-*"*o THcoi-i i-i "eioi ciwoi cooicoo •rw ^ ■eooa ■ OO IM OO >-l T}*Tt i-<^^00 WHHQ ■*3- i-* iH^_^WCMi-l i-t t- tO CO »-«C»OCBtM t^OSt^O CROOrH ~-r X - i. 5 « e5 OiOihcooo cqpjoo ioc-jcp oioaotu; ) C> lO OilOCOCO-* hoho ■*f«o>-* ~ — — T •anna }B noj jsd enpsA CM ■ O CO c no ■* c > ^- OS A CS SI CS C D 00 00 OO OO 00 OO □ a o- -1 ^ 5 > OOO I D QCSCA C ill COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 201 tot^. com »o.-( o> Ot- t->-l CO ^W IMNIN ao »n(N (root- ed moo - «MN «eq pho5 c-a SCO 00 iQ 03 0) O lO •# OOCS 00 »Oso" "*CC (Otj!co N W IMH CO cc oo oo kO 00 r- og SO hwco Q3 Ol O* A O) O O^ 202 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lSTO-lM!. 4N» l-l 4 3 ^i?-< »-h f« ©I iH ©i eo eo •* eo co eo eo •-« ^i CO ■ ^ lO ~* ; Icn ■-i i-H — i —< o» :::;•; " w •(*0^8 'pejBOOBTIS 'p9umq) saig. ootk - ■samqoBui 3urnt ji o f< 'spnnnry 03 ;:;::::;:;■"';: •(sitmq jo spoqs) A^ioiJioaia CO ^ : : :::::::;: :^ "S3SB3 ounn tuo jj uorvBOOgng fr- : : :^ ::::::: \ n ■saAisojdxg ee «o CQ^HC4 «-*Hiowioiacoc i «Nt-'-<«oa ~*w* . ■feoo ei CN ;;;;;;; : w ;:;: : -("o?o '^00 J 4 1800) JOOJ JO SHBtf — CN ■ o O >i£ B>-> fe o a.-* 14355°— Bull. 115—16 204 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1911. KENTUCKY. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The two coal fields of Kentucky are located in the extreme eastern and western parts of the State. The Eastern coal field has an area of about 10,270 square miles, of which about 70 per cent may be considered as productive. . The rocks in this field are practically horizontal, except those in Bell and Harlan counties, which he in the great synclinal trough east of Pine Mountain. In the middle of this trough the coal beds are flat-lying, but on either rim they dip steeply toward the axis of the trough. The stresses which caused the great trough have produced several minor folds in its bottom and also a few faults, which cause consider- able trouble and expense in mining. The principal producing coun- ties are Bell, Floyd, Harlan, Johnson, Knox, Laurel, Lee, Letcher, Perry, Pike, and Whitley. In 1913, the field produced 11,098,906 tons, as compared with 8,517,640 for the Western field. The Western field is a continuation of the Indiana-Hlinois field and has a coal-bearing area of about 6,400 square miles, of which 65 per cent may be considered as productive. This field, which includes Butler, Daviess, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, McLean, Muhlen- berg, Ohio, and Webster counties, is the southeastern part of the big flat basin that carries the coal of Indiana and Illinois, but the rocks are much more disturbed in the Kentucky part than they are in those parts lying in the other States. The line of disturbance, extending in an east-west line across southern Illinois, continues across the western Kentucky field. Along this line from Shawneetown, Illinois, to Litchfield in Grayson County, the rocks are tilted and broken by faults to such an extent that mining is difficult and expensive. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The Eastern field belongs to the Pottsville group of the Allegheny formation and contains 12 or more coal beds of workable thickness and quality. The coal of these beds is usually of high-grade gas or coking quality and some of it is cannel coal. The Blue Gem and Jellico beds, which extend into Tennessee, average about 22 inches thick. This coal is extensively mined and finds a ready market as a domestic and steam fuel. Other coal beds contain 8 to 9 feet of workable coal. In Breathitt County one of the coal beds that is ex- tensively worked is 30 inches thick and has a thin shale roof above which is a stratum of limestone. In Pulaski County, one of the important beds is 35 inches thick and has a dip of about 1 per cent. In Bell County, one of the most productive beds is 36 to 42 inches thick and is horizontal. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 205 There are three important coal beds that are worked in various parts of the western district. Coal A (No. 12) is about 80 inches thick at the Pierce mine in Muhlenberg County, it is of excellent steaming quality and has been used to a limited extent for coking, but is not of commercial importance for this use. The thickness of this bed varies and in general the roof is fire clay and shale. Coal B (No. 11), known also as the Danville bed, is one of the principal sources of commercial coal. It varies in thickness from 12 to 84 inches and is cut. by clay slips and disturbed by rolls. It is 40 to 100 feet below the surface and is 25 feet below the No. 12 coal. At the Pierce mine, Muhlenberg County, the coal is 78 inches thick, and in Hopkins County, is about 84 inches thick. At Madisonville there is a thin stratum of shale between the coal and a limestone capping, whereas at Nortonville the limestone rests directly on the coal. Bed D (No. 9, equivalent of No. 5, Illinois) is more regular than the other coal beds and produces about 75 per cent of the coal of the western district. It is 56 to 60 inches thick and extends throughout the larger part of 8 counties. It is about 300 feet below the surface and is opened by shafts. Coal Fb (No. 5), also known as the "Four- foot" coal, is extensively mined at De Koven, Union County, where it has a maximum thickness of 54 inches. The roof is black shale 1£ to 2 feet thick. There are a number of other coal beds in the State, varying in thickness from a few inches to 40 and 50 inches, some of which are worked. MINING METHODS. Coal mining in Kentucky began in a small way in 1828, during which year 328 tons were reported as the annual production. The production has gradually increased until in 1913 it was 19,616,600 tons. The majority of the coal is mined by the double-entry, room- and-pillar method. In the eastern part of the State practically all of the mines are opened by drift or slope, whereas in the western field there are a number of shaft mines. In 1900 there were 23 shaft mines in the State, the others being opened by slopes or drifts. The following description a given by Dr. C. J. Norwood covers the mining methods of the year 1889. Almost without exception, the mines of Kentucky are worked on the "pillar-and- room " system, with either single (with parallel air course) or double entry, usually the former. Sometimes one portion of the bank will be worked with single entry and another portion with double. The only two instances, known to the writer, in which long wall was tried resulted in failure; and one instance in which square work was attempted resulted in crushed pillars. The rooms are usually turned every 30 or 33 feet, and widened to from 18 to 21 feet. The necks are usually 6 to 12 feet long by 6 to 8 feet wide in the western field, and 8, 12, 18, or 20 feet long by 6 to 9 feet wide in the eastern field. The lengths of the rooms vary so greatly that a general statement on <■ Report of the inspector of mines of Kentucky, 1889, 206 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. that point can not well be given. Sometimes they are driven a distance of 600 feet from one entry through to the other; again, rooms are started from parallel entries to meet midway, and will be driven up only 200 to 250 feet. In the western field the rooms are almost invariably single. In the eastern one they are often double, or two rooms are worked from a single "parting. " It is not uncommon for rooms to be turned from the main entry, in the eastern field; in the western one it is seldom done. In both fields single entry, with parallel air-course (rooms sometimes being turned from the air-course), is the more common of the two systems followed. Double entry is oftener followed in the western field than in the eastern. Sometimes, when single entry with parallel air-course is adopted it is ultimately modified, in order to curtail expenses, by continuing room width what began as narrow work. In the eastern field all of the openings, with one exception, (a short slope), are drifts, considerably above the level of drainage. (And the mines there are the wettest in the State). In the western one, the coals are reached by shafts, slopes and drifts. These methods have not changed materially except possibly in the increased number of mining machines since their introduction in 1884. In 1893, there were 70 machines in operation in the Kentucky coal mines, which produced 20 per cent of the State's output. The num- ber of machines has gradually increased until in 1913, 1,263 mining machines produced 73.2 per cent of all of the coal mined in Kentucky. Shooting off the solid has been and still is prevalent in Kentucky, but with the increase in the number of mining machines, there is a slight decrease in the amount of coal shot off the solid. In 1911, 16.2 per cent of the coal was thus mined and in 1913, 15.7 per cent. A large amount of the underground haulage is by mules, which are used largely for gathering the coal from the working face and deliver- ing it to a rope haulage or electric haulage system. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The mine-inspection law of Kentucky was approved by the gov- ernor and became effective May 10, 1884. The law related only to mines in which more than 5 persons were employed at one time. The first State inspector was appointed May 12 and entered on duty May 14, 1884. He was required, among other things, to report to the gov- ernor not later than October 10 on the condition and operation of the coal mines and to enumerate in his report all accidents in or about the mines. The law, however, contained no provisions compelling operators to report accidents to the State inspector, and the official record of mine accidents in Kentucky from 1884 to 1888 is therefore somewhat incomplete. The defect in the original law was remedied by an act approved April 6, 1888, making it the duty, under penalty, of mine operators to furnish accurate information to the State inspec- tor, on blanks supplied by him, as to all accidents in or about the mines. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 207 An. act approved March 23, 1914, designated the office of inspector of mines as the department of mines and changed the inspector's title to chief inspector of mines. The act applies to all coal mines in which 6 or more men are employed, and requires the superinten- dents of such mines to render t» the chief inspector monthly reports of all fatal and serious accidents, showing the cause of such accidents, and such other information as the chief inspector may require. Fatal accidents are also required to be reported immediately to the district inspector. Each district inspector is required to examine each mine in this district at least once every four months. Monthly reports are rendered by the assistant inspectors to the chief inspector, and annual reports are rendered to the chief inspector within 60 days after the close of the calendar year. The act requires that the chief inspector shall prepare and file his annual report for printing within six months after the close of the calendar year. The first assistant inspector was provided for by the acts of Decem- ber 3, 1892, and June 9, 1893, and he entered upon his duties July 1, 1893. Since that time the inspection force has been further increased, so that in 1915 the force consisted of one chief inspector and five assistant inspectors. It is the practice of mine operators to report to the inspector all accidents causing death or injury resulting in disability for at least 7 days, and all such accidents are published in the inspector's annual reports. Nonfatal injuries are classified into three classes: Serious, severe but not serious, and slight. The inspector has defined these classes as follows: Serious injuries include fractures, paralysis, dangerous injuries to internal organs, injuries permanently affecting muscles (as may come from burns, cuts, lacerations), dislocations, injuries necessitating amputation, crushed bones, and injuries of similar importance; severe but not serious injuries include those that, while they may be painful and cause loss of a week or more, leave no permanent effects or are not dangerous, such as bruises, cuts, and strains; slight injuries include bumps, scratches, strains and minor hurts that cause no cessation of work, or only for a few days (less than a week). Slight injuries are not recorded in the inspectors' annual reports. ACCIDENTS. The accompanying State tables (Nos. 103 and 104) show the total number of fatalities by causes and calendar years since 1884, as com- piled from the State mine inspector's reports. They also show the per- centage of accidents and fatality rates per 1,000 employed by principal causes, over a period of 26 years (1888-1913) for which continuous rec- ords are available. The fatility rate during this period is 1.98 per 1,000 men employed. There were 10 accidents in which 5 or more men 208 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. FATALITIES IN KEJTITrCKYCOALMINES.BYPRINCIPALCAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1888 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 26 years 316 46 74 89 39 24 47 49.76 7.25 11.65 14.02 6.14 3.78 7.40 635 100.00 0.98 .14 .23 .28 .12 .08 .15 1.98 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN KENTUCKY IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number Mlled. 1895 Jan.22 Tate.. Powder or mine ex- plosion. Mine explosion Blown-out shot Mine explosion Powder and mine ex- plosion. Mine explosion. Powder and mine ex— plosion. Mine explosion. 5 1904 Apr. 20 Stearns No. 5 5 1908 Feb. 10 South Carrollton Clay 9 1909 Dec. 11 7 1910 Feb. 1 34 1910 Feb. 8 BarthellNo. 1 6 1910 Nov. 25 Providence No. 3 10 1912 Jan. 19 5 1912 Apr. 21 Coil 5 1913 May 6 Taylor Overcome by gas 5 were killed at one time, or a total of 91 men, representing 14 per cent of all fatuities. The average production of coal per fatality during this period was 292,541 tons. During recent years about one-half of the men were on a 10-hour basis; one-fourth on 9 hours, and one-fourth on 8 hours. The time element has been taken into consideration and a table compiled on NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KENTUCKY.O 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed 1903 49 58 50 60 60 56 3,372 3,870 3,445 4,171 4,610 4,636 42 60 52 65 71 52 3,779 4,208 4,050 3,972 4,508 2,072 84 141 94 79 97 132 6,157 5,952 5,995 5,941 6,842 9,166 1,046 205 1,195 1,188 1,011 1,122 14,354 14,235 14,685 15,272 16,971 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 16.996 16,903 20,316 19096 1910 69 79 69 68 6,095 6,103 6,037 5,754 56 46 58 84 3,965 4,789 4,901 7,389. 126 144 149 147 9,064 10,289 11,815 12,390 1,192 2,943 1,551 799 1911 24,124 1912 24 304 1913 26,332 « Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U.S. Geol. Survey. t, Census year. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 209 NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KENTUCKY, AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number ol 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2, 000- hour workers. 1903 207 197 200 212 210 186 131,971 130, 197 134, 715 139,218 154,971 157, 494 27,317,997 25,648,809 26,943,000 29,514,216 32,543,910 29,293,884 13.659 12,824 13, 472 14, 757 16, 272 14,647 27 20 31 39 32 40 1.98 1904 1.56 1905 2.30 1906 2.64 1907 1 97 1908 2.73 1909 1910 221 201 201 212 185,813 221,302 224,514 243,624 41,064,673 44, 481, 702 45,127,314 51,648,288 20,533 22, 241 22, 564 25,824 86 44 51 48 4.19 1911 1.98 1912 2.26 1913 1 86 this basis for comparison with data on other States. The rate for the 10-year period (1903-1913) under consideration, based on the actual number of employees is 2.23 per 1,000, whereas on the number of 2,000-hours workers it is 2.36 per 1,000 (Table 40). During the 10-year period the men worked 1,885 hours per annum as compared with 2,447 hours per annum in Virginia. The tables of statistics for the State of Kentucky follow: STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN KENTUCKY." Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 837 2,946 933 1,248 599 3,781 923 1,242 24,598 90,095 32, 707 22, 184 13,717 144,245 62,651 44,812 29 31 35 18 22 39 68 36 1907 . 1,325 1,002 275 1,475 1,080 2,759 1,029 2,250 53,916 26,941 16,500 15, 197 34,008 79,685 18,638 82,919 1900 1908. . . 27 1901 1909 1902 1910 10 1903 1911 . 1904 1912... 1905 1913 1906 1914 37 c Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 210 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. m ■2" fc p ^ » W« Si 3 Bo Hfl IS, £0 So I— |«fi -H oS || S.S GQ CO gg -39 fig ™i pjm" ■si- s* Kg Sg S3 zeh a " Is s-s go, g 2 55Z Is 3pi gg Sa as Si s 1 *s -I ,, © s a fc^ .a? gS < a |zi fS of IS g^ la *s 5-: a£ si Is 1-3 fig la OZ P." S3 a! 8 &S S h. "senna jo jgqttnm; 3 S5 o I CD >i t£.Q Ml 'mox •asod JO 9XB IBtpB^; *ipm *Joqg w XfB& 3noi •^SBOjq nreqo •^o?d: ■pajjodoa %o$i •pips 50 *oqg 'etntpEj^; •p™H ■j£«p jo j •jBOiC jb<£ *p03[JOJ4. S^Bd •(sno^ ?joqs) qi^op JQd uononpojd: .a •ponnn suaj. ooo'ooo'i joa: •peloid -m.9 ooo' T «j •TOOX ■paiCoiduio jequm^i •oxma w no* jod oti^A •(sua% jjoqs) noi^onpojj C400O Qst--00 OOCOt-O - ,H . „ — — i CMCMCO CCfiO© ^-io»eo os ci i- t~tatfto CN NNOMNW 0 5D CN CNO) .-? T IQIOIOO oo OS in r»- tN *o co io oot-'^r i— coos t^r-otN -~ ---CO --- »-t NHQWtO r-CCtN W ^-< Q QOQH o o TfTfcoosco ""fujas oocof- co^j't^os oo »o m eo os i-t ex oo r* oot— cor-m odcni-n«00h. — i CN COMOOOOiO 0(01< 0«t» COC^sOtN io io oocooot-r- t^r-t- aoco ■«■ ^ CO o o c — iOOC SO :- — I- OCOOtNOOO t^OOlft Sr"t>-or»r» ~ — >" 0=050 OtTIOW t-ioeiooio co r- osoo^coco OOOC4CO cot-er>»Q L~ l- — — i-- . — — m t-o rococo 0*0 OO OOcOtO OO 0000 Ot-HCN S3 CO ©H O IOCO.-H O CO CO com or- tN -"^too WW OJ. CO MOOJ o IOC) OiA WHt- OQ iHCN w (Dl- CSCN COCO COCOCO o CO CO »o»o oco ^htp Oi-H -3< CO VHN ^iin Usui >ooio o o »o ©I-H.-H lO CON ■* OlOO CDCQIO CO i-H NW >00 tutPCN r-Ii-J 0"S1 lOcp'cO t0>0 CO CO (DON O O ooo c4 -*oi 00 oJ 3.02 3.24 (a) 3.26 2.90 3.38 3.51 OO o cm'co vco coo NQa coo cow oor»^< COCO Oc— hQCOt~ ooo o© 100 OCO H HHM ^H CO ^.M Q Q W CM ,-t *£NN CM CM O) rHO OOO OliH 336,035 256, 164 314,629 170,039 319,311 323,344 408,679 Oi CO CM CO 2.9S 3.90 3.18 5.88 3.13 3.09 2.45 ©JO -* o m'cn" 1.89 2.35 2.01 4.23 1.82 2.10 1.82 CON OS rH i-Ie-i NO -**< cjoo N o 10,753,124 10,246,553 10,697,384 14,623,319 14,049,703 16,490,521 19,616,600 208,128,654 7,144,744 20,382,763 s ot O OS rH a o O iH 5a a i- 5 i- 5- r- 3 c CO 00 00 ft CD bo *s H.-H cooa 5" T- »- 212 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lSTO-lSU. *mO^ pTTBJX) iai-iH«tNOoaiNO«coNcot-f-Mfflr-o-icniNOi'coi'-«H m g 2 *ro<>x pH CM f-1 iH pH r4 p-l NHHC4MCS^I^*HHCONC4C9 ■sasrreo jemo CI : w N :« .' M«r-) •saATjoraoo 64 i" -1 '« j«l-l~H ipM^-l :^ jo suoisojdxo -i<*iI°S CM ^ ^ •£jt&mx[ZKTi en PH - 1 ^ -(snmq io :^ooqs) ^pinoota; 00 -• 'S9AIJ0Tn0001 ointii ptre areo OTnji t- i~l CM ^H ** w ^^^^.-■^CM hhmhN *3 .a ■a O •moi w CMpHpH P-) CM CI ~* iOeo<-t oicoea •sesrreo J&mo CO ■^ CJ a ■sdi^s io seS^o ^ — : w r-< 1-1 <oooNiaHt0csiot>co>ot*coeois>oniaHeiNn pHUiHpH iH i-l rH HHHNHNN«C9mCO«««lO 1 +3 ■sasriBO ieq^o ea ^ « ^ : ■ -*■ fl ■("0^0 'pQ^BOOIJTlS 'pguinq) sojtj 9triji p-t 09 CJ ■satntpyera 3nnnjn o -■ rt :^ HHMrt 1 "SJBIUIUV" CQ en S3 OS ■(sumq JO ^OOOS) A^T0IH08ia - M — ,.- — Tl ■S9SB2 o nun taoij uopBOoijng r- •seAisotdxa CO 1-1 w ~ C$ ** ^ : ■ i— -o *S9ApOUI -oooj pire" sjbo onij^ M "^^ CN.-I tHN CN pHIO -"CNC*^!'COCN»a*QlO'-t~-0"cf'ClcO^J«Tl HHr 1 O [ II •2&H , -si os a ft O 0> ■WioOiOWUNW «< -Ol N Tjl H T(i O « CO GO c£J iO t— Ol «0 »0 ■-* U3 !>■ Tjl O 00 o CO o 00QCACAONQD COCOCOCOCOCOCO•'1^'^^ , f-NWeo. , coioo>cNc»eo , *ococoioO'* i-ooc»cftO"-3<0 co w f- CO Til CO* O OS l-" CO **' NO* COINi-* «n" hOiq od -^ i-I I- OS OS CO OS 3.66 3.74 3.78 3.76 3.41 3.38 3.58 3.27 3.33 3.17 3.11 3.42 •>■»• t- U> i-t eo co OilO Nffl®tHO COCO »HeDt— too cni-*'Qtj h '« 1 c^ OO) c~ o -* OJO) 0C00COCOO1C- 1O00 £>0OCO CO to N« CficO OO CTM cqMNnnN 'cT M cm Sea S3 "<* 426,094 479,237 403,847 481,362 340,569 905,909 201,162 289,840 312,386 330,936 367,680 MtN OS TJi ■H to ss •■*C-» lOOS COCO-^ O COO "C OOH «'c4 ca"«'c^rH* 4.97 3.45 3.20 3.02 2.72 oo in iH CO 2.25 1.89 2.05 1.76 2.52 .93 2.50 3.10 2.47 2.43 2.30 t» CO 00 CO ■i-ico tN-rH ciOintDooto ooo lomeo to I-OO t- to i- 1 CI 5,333 5,827 5,859 5,671 5,948 6,438 5,880 6,079 8,004 5,809 6,079 6,162 5,645 «OCO o o io'io' .99 1.06 1.48 1.19 1.14 1.19 1.20 1.17 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.18 1.24 t-- 5, 113, 127 5,271,609 4,846,165 4,813,622 5,108,539 5,435,453 5,532,628 4,377,093 4,023,241 5,217,125 4,685,795 4,964,038 4,779,839 175,653,679 4,392,277 4,133,547 c s o OS r-i CC o OS T a- 1—1 a tc c o- T- r- o- or a- a- c c o 5 a o c 6- 1 « CO OS S3 60- he > «1 i— o 14355°— Bull. 115—16 15 220 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. TOO; pTTBIO ic O M OS oc « »oo«D«ioi>««io*»ot"NHe«g i g ■a S a 'tnox « •H «-ie*»H ■sesneo jstro CM 04 ** -OOOJ pUB SJBO ^BJi^TE-a OJ iH i ■sedrd uresis Sutjsjnq jo snoisoidxQ jenog O 'AJonrqOEj^ en •H ^ •(sumq jo spons) A^ptr^ig; ■saAponiooot etrnn pub sjbo euin S - - CN - 1H1-H I -4-3 ■9 •o 3 TOOi •sesrreo laq^o s •sdp[s jo saSi3o to I-l •sadeis'josireqs njiop Sinflisj s^fqo !■* •sedois jo sjreqs nMop Suirre^ OS •6 a 3 o & © 1 o •roox lO 009 00 CO eo ioooco(Oioi>»spia^4S 55 s| «!•«) S3 S5« g 8 M " la eg «s ►JP 29 ^ So 3 ™ a ^a . SI la e.a -2 a* .sg- oe »| (VJO OI H p^ « a *| is 2|* §a p£ O C4 t>io cot-ioo eoiocpomo r-tO CO O* CQ«1Q i? OO O i-t O CM OO rH •jsod 10 9XB prpea i-t •neajjoiis 00 co r- •nB^Sroxi r- rHCM rl-ift ■^srojq uiwuo CD r-l 00 rHOCMCMCO TiM to r-l t- COTi*OOOOtO "-T — O ■^" 00 OS 00 CO 00 CO lO CO ■a « 1 o 1 o 1 CD >-. r s ■payodej }ox i-i CO CM •piios 50 loqg CO CM CO •emqpBj^ CM r-l ion a t- 'S.'sp J9J O 'hhh ccr»iacoaoa> _ co oo CatN-V NOhOhO q O O ^-ioics c-i ri -; — .' ri ri w oi ci *JB0^19J CO OO t- OCiTtcjiHOO CN"tf «o r-r orot»iHi3 0>i-< t*»qc CM -d* CO CO CN OO CO C4 ^ -^i -^ OJiOCN Tp 00 <3> OS -H CM OO -?• O ^< i-( 03t^03C^--r? HC4 m Tl*iOTSi t? CO CO CO O "^> 10-^< ■* •pe^joii s^scE 00 « OS iaiQ«^fir>0 W3 CN Wl~~* WMOM^t- w 00 Ol MHHMrtrtCi (SIN NWH MrHrtrtCioi q^C* CS •(snoj voqs) q}B9p jed nottonpojj t- 84,948 206,874 120, 500 170,952 223,807 163. 690 269,268 290,837 305,837 198, 209 255,828 210,868 ■a a a s I 3 'pomui sno? OOO'OOO'I MJ co t^OOCM XfHN^W OO) t^ ■pe^ojd -nre ooo'i -raa: to t- ^ ^h r; r~- -r "— — — ' r»oo cD OOOtJI /^-:!i.- ISO rH "OCMCO* CM ri i "S- ■*p oeooo oocoaatot-cD cs » t- • pa.io{dm9 jaqnmx M 261 180 223 230 162 223 320 320 637 715 1,291 1,704 2,276 2,344 2, 768 3, 5-10 3, (Ml 3,971 4, 247 3,496 3,676 3,248 ■9Tirp ^b noj iad QtiieA c* 93 ;c:odr»ooqeo t-o» co^^-^ r»- r^ r-t O O >-i CS~n ai -u-i^^jioo'* ^co ■"*""*• c» oi oo r* oo oo oo r-a oo •(sno} jjoqs) uononpojj: - 1,435,711 67,431 74,977 80,307 77,990 45,979 70,022 112,322 92,882 223,592 315,722 624, 708 849,475 1,241,241 964,718 1,367,619 1,342,840 1,473,211 1,346,338 2,036,858 1,836,019 1,784,692 1, 534, 967 1,476,074 J 'J 5 a 0( C a a s at a c a c c a c IS a c a a O 1 a c c c — c c c C5 s a 3 i CI s c c CJ> COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 227 -i U CM CM 8 o> cnco o .-teO f-oo 00 r-t 00 *- <1 c 5 o o B O 1-1 fi M O o o < p H I-H <1 o En . £» i-t M Oh HO B s § Q l-H o w ij ►j 3 a Ph O « H M ■imoi pn-Bio ^ocoooaocecninixoAcot-oocoea C5 3 co o «d 3 T»V>I rt M ^ •sssireo Jeqjo est rt H •soAHOin -000J PUG S J130 £BA\JT13}I CM rt •sadid roBe^s Snrjsjnq 10 SU0TS0ldx9 JOfTOa O C4 CM ".£j9Trnpi3H O •(samq JO 3[00qS) i)10f409ia OO •S9AT10UIO0OX aunn puis sjbo ©utj^ I» "tfl .4 CO .s CD 3 •TOOX rt NiH rH^rtrt i-t w •sasmso jbujo ■sdpp jo seSBQ US '"■' (N ^ W^H ■sedoxs jo kijbtis niiop SnjrrBj sjoetqo ■"* w *"■ •sedoxs jo s^|Bqs TLftop Sntipjj M ^ ^ S3 § •a « 3 •I^joi ^09cocs< •(snjtiq jo 3jooqs) A^iotj^oeia; 00 *"■ .H CNi-H •S9SE8 9unn raoji uot^BOOjjng i> •SOAisojdxa to CS] tP W i-H ^-1 ^-1 CM^H T-HW •(pouiqraoo^snp pmj si32 ' 2uiprqoui) saoisojdxo 'jsnp-iBOo to ■seS 3ranjnq ptre snoisojdxa sbq «* ■seAjaora -ooo[ p'OB ' sjeo enpH C9 ^ ■"* ■jeoo JBIUd JO 90EJ JO SII13 J CM ~* ^ ^ ■(•0}9 '3[00J 'p300) jooj ;o snEj fH (OtNU3tNM»O^HCNTj ro 5 §55 85 2* S« dz go M g Is a°5 is °3 ££ PI.. 8= §1 O 3 ® 9 o-3 j o 2 is is s" as og g3 a a 5 ^° IS OEh gS w% si* £■=' -SI •,--< a St" a Q« 3 p a*T-< 3* *<# -< ■* CO 3S 3 1ft OS ^ ^-t^COCOCS )0 OS "^ H'T.PNiO W CO t? -a< ^ CO ^ CO •pe^ioji. s&GO. 00 • < en cooooon ooi-hqo« ■*«« io o^io-^os • • _ w Hmonco oaffiH i-i w o i-i ooiooho -(s- TRBOp J 10} tjaqs) )d uoi}onpoiow MO«T(t — — ,- as r» io««ci ' cot*. OS t-OtOSi-f* -*HOOO wt»- ■ th"io i-i co "*o oo cm r-Tc-Too io ONft o ode* ■* en*-* • i-ic5 i-i i-i i-H t-« t-* i-H woic»eM i-hcSco « coeoN=*eo o 2 « f 3 is *pgnnn sno} OOO'OOO'I »j C0 ■ i— l^-C CO CO»Oi-l«DCO MOW* NHN »-< -ifOOOi-l ■ coco «o i>o6cdo6>d ed-^coco *bTt«e4 -* e5ci-*oieo ■p9-£ojd -nre ooo'l » tr io as ooooooco •omnic B HO} JBd 9I1IBA CI CO c ; eococoj^CM aooor^Q iH t»" co »-h cocoeo"*'* 1 CSWNHH OOOCM CMCMCO «D (O0<00<0 w •(sno} Jjoqs) noijonpojj - A —? »o -^cor-iQCM i-tujooio ooo oo ooeoaor-c- o oio co r-eoas-*D- coeooo(N *oo eo (Ooowcih ri ~ '~ r~ eor-coceo eoocoo iooooo cn rHOst^aseo CO COCM CM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCO CO CO CO •* •* CO CO CO CO * i OC « s 1 OS c 88 < D i-«CM( IS OSC3SC O OOOO Oi**iO Ot- is as as as o O CO 00 00 oc COOS c asas c 0000 c i-tCM C oo < OSOS ( 3 SSS -- OSOSC 5SS SOS OS COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 233 01 858 OiOOO : Si Tt<0 t- 00 NN *"* -«*<« r-cot^ Ol r-l •<*-<© « jHt-Ol a -#©oo (D 33$ S cqeo eor-o o iH roio Ol SS3S3 Ol Ol ^5 nHN • OS O • O CO w O! NNN • Ol 1-H i-H 234 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. •jbix)^ pnBJQ CtHHOiCIHHH rMr-li-trHi-trHr-li-li-li-l HMH t-l i-HH o g •IBJOI ■ -r-t '»H -tH •■•*'• ' ........ . r-t ■ • • •SOStlBO J3HJO ©1 ::: :^ ::::;::: : •S9AI(0in -oooi pcre sj'eo Aet/qwyL M \ '.'.'.'. \ '.'. '.^ '.'. '. ■sadid nreajs Sntjsjiiq jo suoisojdxe ieiioa o M •AjeTnqoej^; ■H ; : : : : :"* :::::: i ■(stunq ao spoils) A"itoiJi09ia CO ■saAijonioooi OTittn pttB sieo etnjt : i"* :;;:::::: i : "3 -a ■TOOi ■HNMHMHHHNiH ■ r-, • N • 'hm • ■ eo ■ >m ■ i» •sesriEO iemo CO ■S(Ip[S JO S98BQ tA • I-l T"H CO I-l I-I 'I-(T-|(N ' 'I-* ' H . . . ■■ i .«. « *« '«o ■sodojs jo sjjmjs nAop Suitjbj saoafqo : : : \ i ~ i :::;::: : •sadojs jo sijraqs ndiop Stittt^^ rH . ;fH ■ ; hh • ■ ■ ;w ; ■ ■ rH . ;HH • ■ rH . . rH . ■ T3 O 1 a; •IBIOJ, i>aiai>out-ci]i>oa>Hoouwi>Ho«oaoao«>uo4i ■sestreo JBqio *4 co • ';;;;;;;;; ' ; ■ • < CM ■ <>-H ■ ■(■0!)9 'pgjBoopns 'pexunq) sojti 9npH rt 'S^mqOBm Sjinnj^ S *S|Btaniy aa •(smtiq jo 3[Ooqs) ^lTOjjaoeia 00 ;;;::;;;; ;<& ; ; ■stseS oujia raoji not^oojjng t- : : i- 1 : : rt : : : : : : ■seiisoidxa CO •H^WWHtHio 'HH 'HiC HCO«NNH iT^iH ■ -i-l ■ ■(peuiqraoo jsnp pnB sraS'Smptipraj) snojsoidxs lsnp-jBOo W5 •* CM ■ CM < • ::;:::::: ; w : : ■seS Strrajtiq pire snojsojdxo SBf) ■* • . T-l ■ CO "^ ' ' ' ■ > ■ •CO i-H ■ i-H rH i-H rH rH rHrH • . ;^H<-t -CO -CM «CM •p300 JBJTld JO 90BJ JO SITB,J CJ ■ t-H llMNHrt ■ ii-l^ ■ > r-t • ;rH ; . r-l"^ .i-HNlOOOtOC >o O 00 1> CM CO 00 O OOXD t- 00 CJ I a e -q I J: ; ! ; I * '. ', I ogaOHiMnrHioioNooaOf- ooaciroQO!)0)0)G9CnO)0)0>OC oOOTCoixioQoooocQooooaoaooJO 1 sssssssssda'as cncncncnoicnoioacnoocnoa COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN - THE UNITED STATES. 1870-1914. 235 MONTANA. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of Montana are widely distributed over the eastern two-thirds of the State, and have an aggregate area of about 39,000 square miles. From a commercial standpoint there are only three important fields in the State. These are, according to production, as follows: (1) Ked Lodge field in Carbon County, (2) Bull Moun- tain field in Musselshell County, and (3) the Great Falls field in Cas- cade County. The Red Lodge field comprises an area of about 50 square miles, but the number and thickness of the beds compensate in large meas- ure for the small size of the field.- The beds dip to the southwest toward the Beartooth Mountain, from which they are separated by a great fault. The Bull Mountain field has a known productive area of 630 square miles, being a great synclinal basin lying mainly between Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers. This field has developed since the building of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway in 1908. The Great Falls coal field, which contains about 1,500 square miles, is south and east of the town of Great Falls. This field is one of the first to be developed in the State, but owing to the heavy percentage of ash the coal can hardly compete with that from Red Lodge and Bull Mountain. The Milk River field, in the northern part of the State, as well as the great lignite fields in the eastern part, cover large areas, but are only slightly developed. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coal beds of the Red Lodge field vary from 3 to 12 feet in thickness ; the coal is high r grade subbituminous, slacks readily, and for this reason pillars will soon crush when left standing, and thus allow the roof to fall. The coal about Bridger, a little to the northeast of Red Lodge, is bituminous, but only a little of this coal is mined at present. In the Bull Mountain field the coal beds occupy a synclinal trough. There are 10 to 16 feet of clean coal; the dip does not exceed 6°. The mines are opened by shafts ranging from 137 to 350 feet deep. The quality of the coal is about the same as that mined in the Red Lodge field. In the Great Falls field the beds are 3 to 7| feet thick, with a slight dip to the north. At Sand Coulee, the principal mining cen- ter of this field, the beds are flat and about 10 feet thick. The coal is bituminous and intrinsically of higher grade than from either of 14355°— Bull. 115—16 16 236 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. the fields so far described, but the heavy percentage of ash detracts greatly from its commercial value, and the field, which up to 1907 held first place in the State's production, has now dropped to third place. In the Milk River field the roof in most cases is a soft sandstone or carbonaceous shale, making it necessary to leave considerable coal to keep the entries from caving in. Extensive timbering will be necessary when mining is done on a large scale. MINING METHODS. The mines at Chestnut, Gallatin County, are the oldest in the State, having been opened in 1867, and coal hauled from them long distances by teams. The records show that the production of coal in Montana began in 1880, when 224 tons were reported as mined. In 1913 the production was 3,240,973 tons, of which Carbon County mined 1,187,270 tons. The mines are opened by drift, slope, and shaft, and are mined by the room-and-pillar and pillar-and-stall systems. At Stockett the roof is sandstone, and the coal is mined by machines. Machines are also extensively used at Belt. In 1896 there were 62 mining machines in use in the State, which produced 37.5 per cent of the coal; in 1913 there were 97 machines, producing 33.2 per cent of the coal, Whereas 35 per cent was shot off the solid, and 31 per cent was reported as being mined by hand. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The first mine-inspection law of Montana was approved March 14, 1889, and provided for the inspection of all mines where 5 or more men were employed, except mines operated only by the owners or lessees. The inspector was authorized to employ an assistant to act in cases of emergency, as in cases of accidents, or in the absence of the inspector. The assistant's salary was on a per diem basis and his employment was limited to 100 days a year. Mine operators were required to report to tbe inspector or his deputy all fatal and serious accidents in and about the mines. The inspector was re- quired, whenever possible, to go to the scene of the accident and investigate the cause thereof; and if it was not possible for the inspec- tor to visit the mine, the person in charge was required to obtain written and sworn statements from persons who had witnessed the accident. The inspector rendered annual reports to the governor and enumerated therein all accidents of which he had received notice. On March 4, 1897, an act was approved directing the deputy in- spector to devote his entire time to his official duties. On March 18, 1901, an act relating exclusively to coal mines was approved, and COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 237 the governor was authorized to appoint a coal-mine inspector. An act approved March 4, 1913, created a department of labor and industry, consisting of a commissioner, boiler inspector, inspector of mines, and coal-mine inspector, and directed that the annual reports of these inspectors should be combined in one volume and published biennially. The authority to appoint the deputy inspector was transferred from the coal-mine inspector to the governor by an act approved March 31, 1913. Mine operators in Montana report to the inspector only those acci- dents causing at least 14 days' disability, and these are published in the inspector's annual reports. Accidents causing disability for less than 14 days are not considered serious. ACCIDENTS. Tables 111 and 112 show the number of fatalities in and about the coal mines in Montana, classified by causes and calendar years since 1889, as compiled from the State mine inspector's reports. The years 1896 and 1899 are left blank, as reports for these years were not available. Continuous records for 1900 to 1913, inclusive, show that 159 men were killed in and about the coal mines in Montana, FATALITIES IN MONTANA COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1900 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) . Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface 23 55.34 14.47 2.15 .56 6.92 16.98 .63 5.66 .27 .66 .02 .23 Total, 14 years.. 159 100.00 3.89 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN MONTANA IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1908 Nov. 20 do... representing a fatality rate of 3.89 per 1,000 men employed. Of this number 55.34 per cent were killed by falls of roof and pillar coal and 14.47 by mine cars and locomotives. Montana has been free from disasters due to gas and dust explosions. The production per fatal- ity was 186,276, or there were 5.37 fatalities per million tons of coal 238 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. mined. There have been two mine fires, in which 17 men were killed. The 8-hour day prevails in Montana and the time element is, therefore, taken into consideration for comparison with other 8-hour and with 10-hour States (Table 40). The total number of hours worked per year is 1,930, as compared with 2,447 for Virginia or NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN MONTANA." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 13 19 23 28 29 36 449 646 I> 1,707 6 2,203 2,732 2,903 5 8 1,635 1,653 1 4 2 3 12 6 68 194 468 106 2,155 2,505 2,181 1904 1905 1906 •i 1 1 85 3 2 2,394 2,735 3,146 1907 1908 241 1909 c 4,535 3,837 1910 44 44 39 40 3,568 3,862 3,435 3,416 1 6 263 2 1911 3,864 3,440 1912 1 5 1913 1 4 210 3,630 o Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. & Including day men who work 10 hours, c Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN MONTANA AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 254 243 243 243 268 224 18,949 21,911 17,928 19,343 21,883 25,411 4,813,046 5,324,373 4,356,504 4,700,349 5,864,644 5,692,064 2,407 2,662 2,178 2,350 2,932 2,846 5 9 8 13 13 21 2.08 1904 3.38 1905 3.67 1906 5.53 1907 4 43 1908 7.38 1910 239 220 220 228 30,971 30,914 27,530 29,254 7,402,069 6,801,080 6,056,600 6,669,912 3,701 3,401 3,028 3,335 12 14 7 20 3.24 1911 4.12 1912 2 31 1913 6.00 2,255 for Alabama. The total number of hours of labor performed has been converted to a 2,000-hour basis and fatality rates shown in Table 41, for comparison with other States. The fatality rate on the actual number of men employed during the 10-year period 1903 to 1913 (except 1909) is 4.08, as compared with 4.23 fatalities per 1,000 on the basis of 2,000-hour workers. The tables of statistics for the State of Montana follow: COAL-MINE FATALITIES IS THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 239 STATISTICS OF STKIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN MONTANA." Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 650 40 285 686 33,800 1,640 14,175 7,636 52 41 49 11 1907 30 556 110 345 529 869 1,094 171 600 9,201 1,110 38,260 8,114 8,445 6,682 1,271 20 1900 1908 17 1901 1909 10 1902 1910. . 111 1903 1911 1904 792 200 2b0 37, 140 36,000 7.030 47 180 31 1912 10 1905 1913 1914 6 1906 7 <• Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Eesouroes, U. S. Geol. Survey. 240 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. i* S n _§ fc s SziW -S- 39 8 "a o> o.2 © fc-I O & .o £>§ &<0 "<{vj P fl "=*«! . fctf Si si * % dZ 8 8 s « I! gg si fe" 1 ■«* oa «■> ^ 8* p^ 1 *^ coco S3 l" Ha a 55 faO 2 ° ' .3 osa ■3 3 18. £g 6» & 2 P30 .5 5^ on s Ofc P. ^ 1 J;0 fc t> a, ■senrai jo jeqnm^ CM or- -v r-co IB *c3 l 81 1 a 9 ■pejjodejt iojj / •pips bo loqg CO 'eurnoBj^ CM »Ot^-rH , «*< OiCOCO CD iC 00 iM 00 r-t Osr- Nmdo c4cOTji eo iri >o co oo t>^ oies K-rti.: tDio-* "* co "* io -^ co eocM •pireH « Si.-® d 2§S .j O CD ■Xep 19 d O o OS 00cOt>O QOOOOC THoic4co «nc3c r-ooo ncoo"*«:n .-^oo t— ao as t^c^t-n--t- g^H e4cioi cioJcocooioi *^co •ITOl J9J Cft 00 "* HtCOD-OO) wiONO M ^h OOGOCOC-100 cOONtN ^" ^i ^(( ^ cD io co to t^ CO cC ffi^HO C31 -^ iO CO CO i-« COCO CDCOOO r l- N [^ t-- 'C IOC- "P93[I0^. S^13 517,477 77,409 188,216 892,309 154,566 o 00 237,395 199,440 130,069 297,762 150,991 205,479 140,763 155, 143 91,438 232, 176 243,414 s CP 3 •p9nnn STH4 OOO'OOO'I mj CO 1.93 12.92 5.31 1.12 6.47 00 CO CO 4.21 5.01 7.69 3.36 6.62 4.87 7.10 6.45 10.94 4.31 4.11 •p9^o(d -ma ooo'I 18,1 to 0.80 6.26 2.59 .71 3.37 *o-*c» cjost^eoiooo coco ©«n CO »o CO "* r- CD "*<-t c4cocd C4 co co >a ^p co ci co W>J. ■* O ^H t~CO»- CO ^H HN •po^oidraa jequmj^; CO 848 1,251 1,119 1,158 1,401 1,782 2,184 2,335 2,337 2,359 2,378 2,376 2,158 1,938 2,165 2,505 2,181 2,394 2,735 3,146 4,535 3,837 ■ennn }B no} Jed 8H[ba (M 9 5 ixeojifa r^tor^r- co"*^ "* .-i cm t* ■* co r~t-q CMCCC3SOQO -*t>WS»0 COVia cOcOI^-t^OiOS OJQO •(snoi ijoijs) troijonpoij r+ 303,350 363,301 517,477 541,861 564,648 892,309 927,395 1,504,193 1,543,445 1,647,882 1,496,451 1,661,775 1,396,081 1,560,823 1,488,810 1,358,919 1,643,832 1,829,921 2,016,857 1,920,190 2,553,940 2,920,970 £ i at a 5 a c c or a 0! o o a a J Of IT O y CI a )0« c o 58 g a c a c lO c o •5 i a 2S c >c a jrs; COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 241 sss 00 to OS •OS NNOT ■ rH r-t r+ ■ o ;cm OOHN | ta- ll* «"■ "5 < • OS 1-t ~ & 242 COAL-MINE FATALITIES 1ST THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. - a •p^Ol pttUXO o £-e4iH r -' en a ■d © 3 •roox ^H ■S9streo istno CD ■sdrqs jo seSBQ to ■H rH 'sodofs io sueqs xuvop SntjlBj sjoefqo ^< 'sedois jo SjreqS TLiiOp SUTXIBJ n o & t-t CD s •mox Hf-M-OOD "sostiBO Jemo ej ^ NN - - " - - '('0^9 'pe^BOOJJTlS 'peumq) s9jtj 9uih *H 00 C5 "SourqOBTii Smutu o - 'SpmiLiiy « '■"' •(sumq io 2[ooqs) A^iOTXjoeia oo *■• ■S9SB2 onrtn xno j; uoiiBOojjng r- -- •S9AIS0[dxa . "* «-h ao i o a a c a a — a o a a* a a s w c a « s a a a c o « 1 c c- - c rr £ -a s§ s r- s c — £■ s t« COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE TTtfltED STATES, 1870-1914. 243 NEW MEXICO. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of New Mexico comprise about 13,000 square miles but most of this large area is undeveloped and the producing dis- tricts are small and widely scattered. The most important field, both as regards quality of coal and amount produced, is the Raton field, which is the southward con- tinuation of the Trinidad field of Colorado. It extends about 40 miles south of the State line to the Cimarron River, and from the base of the Rocky Mountain Range eastward about 50 miles. Its area is about 960 square miles. The largest area is the San Juan River region in the northwestern corner of the State. Its area is about 10,000 square miles, but only two small districts in this great field are developed at present. These are Gallup, on the Santa Fe Railroad, at the southern end of the field, and Monero, or Lumberton, at the north end. The coal at Gallup is subbituminous, and at Monero bituminous. The Los Cer- rillos field, in the central part of Santa Fe County, contains about 35 square miles, and is noteworthy as the only western field outside of Colorado that is producing anthracite. Operations in the White Oaks field of Lincoln County are small, and the production is limited to local consumption. Mining on a small scale is also carried on at Carthage, in Socorro County, in a small isolated field containing bituminous coking coal. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. Practically all of the coal mined in the Raton field comes from a few large mines working the lowest bed of coal. This bed varies from 4 to 12 feet thick. There are at least four other coal beds thick enough to be of economic importance, although comparatively little development has been done on them. The second bed from the bot- tom, known as the Sugarite coal, has been opened east of Raton at the Sugarite mine, and the third bed has been developed to some extent at Yankee, and is believed by some to be the same as the coal bed opened at Brilliant, which is situated in Dillon Canyon, northwest of Raton. No producing mines have been opened on the higher coal beds. The coal beds in the Raton field he nearly flat, and mining is not particularly dangerous, except for gas in some of the mines. In the Gallup district the coal beds, as a rule, he nearly flat, except on the rim of the basin, 3 miles east of Gallup, where they sharply upturn. There are five coal beds in this district, ranging in thick- ness from 2£ to 7 feet. 244 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. The coal beds of the Los Cerrillos field dip about 18° east. There are three important beds, varying in thickness from 2\ to 7 feet with the higher grade of coal in the northern part of the field. The northern part also contains some anthracite coal which has been produced by an intrusion of igneous rock, and which gradually merges into coking and semicoking coals to the south. The only other field in which active mining is carried on is a few miles east of Socorro. This field contains coking coal, but the beds are so broken by faults and covered by recent material washed in from the surrounding higher land that mining is expensive and uncertain. MINING METHODS. The records of coal production in New Mexico extend back to 1882, during which year 157,092 tons of coal were produced. The production has gradually increased until in 1913 the total amount was 3,708,806 tons. In 1898 the 29 mining machines in use pro- duced 16.5 per cent of all the coal mined. During 1905 and 1906 there were no mining machines in operation, but in 1907 three machines were introduced, and the number has gradually increased until in 1914 45 machines produced 16 per cent of the coal. In 1911 31.2 per cent of the coal was shot off the solid, but with the increase in the amount of machine-mined coal the amount shot off the solid was reduced to 17.6 per cent in 1913. From 65 per cent to 75 per cent of the coal is mined by hand. The coal mines of New Mexico are operated on single and double entry systems through slopes and drifts. One large company oper- ates a triple-entry system. Coal is mined by the room-and-pillar method. In 1913 there were three longwall mines and three panel- system mines. Many of the mines are very dry, and humidifiers have been installed. Shot firers are employed. Mule, horse, and electric haulage are in use. The following extracts are from the State mine inspector's report for 1910. The Tocco mine, near Albuquerque, has the distinction of operating the thinnest coal seam developed in New Mexico, one of the thinnest worked in the United States, and one that ranks also with the thinnest mined in Europe. The seam is from 12 to 15 inches thick, with 1 to 3 inches of bony coal at the top, leaving 10 to 13 inches of clean coal to be mined. A slope has been sunk 355 feet, with an average dip of 25°, and cross entries have been driven about 30 feet apart. The props used are from 10 to 13J inches long. The coal is bituminous, free from sulphur, and is a good black- smith's coal. The product of the mine is hauled to Albuquerque, N. Hex., where it is sold for blacksmithing purposes at from $9 to $12 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The mines at Dawson are worked as follows: Triple main entry; double-cross entry; room-and-pillar, robbing on retreat. All main drift entries are 10 feet wide by 6 feet high; main cross entries, S feet by 6 feet. o State mine inspector's report, 1910, pp. 17, 20. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 245 Cross entries off cross entries are 8 feet wide by 5 feet 6 inches high ; main air courses are 10 feet by 6 feet and other air courses 8 feet wide by 6 feet. All workings are sub- stantially timbered and haulage ways and traveling roads are lighted by electricity. Main entry pillars are from 100 to 300 feet thick; main cross entry pillars, 50 to 100 feet. Average length of rooms, 350 feet; room centers, 60 feet; width of rooms, 20 feet; size of room pillars, 40 feet. The mines are ventilated by exhaust fans on the surface. Shots are fired by electricity after all persons are out of the mine. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. By an act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, official inspection of coal mines was authorized in all Territories where the aggregate annual production of such mines exceeded 1,000 tons. The appoint- ment of the inspector was vested in the President of the United States. Under the provisions of this law, the first mine inspector for the Territory of New Mexico was appointed July 1, 1892, and entered upon duty August 30, 1892. Section 15 of the act provided that a full and written report of all fatal accidents should be made to the mine inspector within 10 days after such death shall have occurred'. Annual reports for fiscal years ending June 30 were ren- dered to the Secretary of the Interior. New Mexico was admitted to the Union on January 6, 1912, and the former Territorial mine in- spector was continued in office. The office of State mine inspector was created by an act approved June 13, 1912, and the first State inspector was appointed September 20, 1912. The State law requires mine operators to keep a record of all accidents at their mines, to which record the inspector shall have access, and to at once report to the inspector by telegraph or telephone all accidents resulting in death, such immediate report to be followed, within 10 days, by a full and complete written report of the accident. It was made the inspector's duty to proceed without delay to any mine within the State upon receipt of notice of any explosion or other accident result- ing fatally or jeopardizing the lives of the men working in such mine. Annual reports are rendered to the governor for years ending November 30. According to the State inspector, the number of nonfatal accidents published in his annual report is not complete, as the reporting of such accidents is not made compulsory by law, and some operators do not report all injuries at their mines. In 1915 the State inspector had no clerical or other assistants. ACCIDENTS. Tables 113 and 114 show by causes and calendar years the total number of fatalities in and about the mines of New Mexico, since the beginning of inspection service in 1893 to the end of 1913, as com- piled from the territorial and State mine inspectors' reports. The 246 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, I^O-IM.*. 21-year period from 1893 to 1913 shows 568 fatalities, of which 56.51 per cent was due to gas and dust explosions, 28.17 per cent to falls of roof and pillar coal, and 7.57 per cent to mine cars and locomotives. The fatality rate for New Mexico is exceedingly high by reason of the disaster at Dawson, in which 263 men were killed at one time. FATALITIES IN NEW MEXICO COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1893 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number MUed. Total. Percent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 21 years 160 43 321 24 16 4 28.17 7.57 56.51 4.23 2.82 3.22 .87 6.46 .70 .08 11.43 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN NEW MEXICO IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident . Number killed. 1895 Feb. 27 24 1899 Apr.21 1903 Tune 19 Blossburg No. 3 Madrid 6 do 5 1906 Oct.5 do do 10 1907 Dec. 31 do 11 1913 Oct.22 Stag Canon No. 2 do 263 The fatality rate during this period is 11.43 per 1,000 men employed. By referring to Table 40 it will be noted that the fatality rate for common accidents — that is, those in which less than 5 men were killed at one time — based on the actual number of employees is 4.84 per 1,000 men, for the 10-year period 1903 to 1913, inclusive, except- ing 1909. The number of fatalities due to exceptional accidents — that is, those in which 5 or more men were killed at one time — is 9.70 for the same 10 years. The fatality rate due to common accidents is a little higher than in a number of other States. The one disaster at Dawson overshadows all others and for this reason the total rate is exceedingly high. Table 40 also shows that the number of hours worked per year per man is 2,463, as compared with 1,495 for Ohio and 2,034 for the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania. By reducing the fatality rate of common accidents to the basis of 2,000-hour workers, the rate becomes 3.93 as compared with 3.84 for Ohio and 2.82 for the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lSlO-lOTi. 247 NUMBER OF HOUES TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NEW MEXICO." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 7 6 4 8 8 5 99 78 83 78 79 30 1 1 5 2 4 6 3 31 92 24 287 356 13 15 12 16 14 14 1,309 1,680 1,923 1,856 • 2,584 3,015 378 60 10 112 20 47 1,789 1904 1,849 1905 2,108 1906 2,070 1907 2,970 1908 3,448 3,317 1910 5 2 2 16 21 5 4 2,335 5 6 6 8 185 , 167 140 401 16 22 23 10 3,345 3,516 3,777 1,590 34 12 7 3 3,585 1911 3,700 1912 3,928 1913 4,329 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. ' Census year. NUMBER OP HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NEW MEXICO AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day. (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 260 228 234 242 269 197 17,311 18,243 20,812 20,408 29,235 34,017 4,500,860 4,159,404 4,870,008 4,938,736 7,864,215 6,701,349 2,251 2,080 2,435 2,469 3,932 3,351 22 8 7 23 34 24 9.77 3.85 2.87 9.32 8.65 7.16 283 230 274 289 35,589 36,811 39,125 38,216 10,071,687 8,466,530 10,720,250 11,044,424 5,036 4,233 5,360 5,522 16 11 16 272 3.18 2.60 2. 99 49.20 From 1903 to the close of 1912 practically all of the men in the mines of New Mexico were employed on a 10-hour basis, but in 1913 the majority of the men were employed 8 hours a day. Table 41 shows the fatality rates on the 2,000-hour basis for a period of years, so that a comparison with other States may be easily made. The tables of statistics for the State of New Mexico follow: STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NEW MEXICO." Year. Number- of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1904 556 73,090 131 766 470 54 32,949 9,820 710 43 21 13 1913 8 1,040 130 1914 o Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 248 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ?"> S3 H II 35 -oS f=* M ?s I3 pa °3 tfl« go S§ is SB H %< li Si n* is go »a H55 go °Z if Is I* Is ^s oc as no § 5 «^ II ^ 1 e a •somra jo jQqtnnN 01 NW ;W WW WW coco 00 eo I I s o •a a 1 Id CI 1 3 'TOOj, o CM OS 1 "* HCON OJW * nh w i-i --ti-i ; • cor~ ■* co c •isod JO 9XB IBtpBa as "ips^ l^oqs CO ■H "n^Ji 3noi *-* w •}SB9iq nreqo ■# wo "* W "* •^PM w ■cor- TfH ■a § 6 03 1 © to *3upiodai }on ^»» 1° ■pnos jjo joits eo w •ennjoBj^ «CO CO w oo -^os — ' -~ x 'c6 CRCO i-» w ■ -* w W CO •praH i-l CO -Tt« CO i-t t- 00 CO C* CO O i-*CC W WWC4CQWC4C4 c\c< TfcO^H W^USWOSCO ^,eO O Tfosco co-^cooswco qI* r- nh'« cococococoed """co co 'IB9j£ J3J o> O -* Tt r^. co o . as «ocswooair~o tihio co ^^ NNNHHHN WW WWW WWWWWi-H q W W ■(saoq. ^jotis) qimp led no^otipoid t- • -CM 54,291 25,738 69, 181 143,396 124,036 58,373 144,367 72,436 74,912 70,081 181,541 235,705 85,422 77,322 102,831 200,081 219,270 286,196 a '2. J- 0) 1 3 ^1 *p9ULUl SUOJ ooo'obo'i -raa (8 eiiaipt- «oeo »h«i f-.-< -*h«n o«o cs ^OOtPOS Or-( C3SO0CO N«ONt»OaN O *0 *d ooco^jico COI> COCOCO "fli iO - w co r* co "* ■* -f ~< — hn i-t rHi-t w weow »-*^i w ■psiotdara jsqnniK CO io i— hnct s ososa 3 CO0O0( tlSCt OSCBOSC oooocoo - o a C a o DC >c so S C a c 3 C it ISC ii 1 p ? c s c 331/ 30C ISOSC ;=or sosc - 1 5? h is - -- i ; s c 1 1 4 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 249 lOO .lO COCO ■ CO 83 is *-( ■ COO ■ ' JC i-HCO • ■ CM ■ 1-1 «*to I "co t-N . .Cft COCO 1 !cm 0»tO 1 loo CO r~ '• 'ao HH I I" -1 1-c* , .© 00 CO 1 led : i*"* r-o I lo -*oo I !iri |>CO . iCD oo r- 1 o oo MO) { 1^ CON • COCO om ■ ^ CM oioo « t- CT> ■s 1-00 : 83 1 CM CM • 02 -* eM CM COCA - 0900 CM CM . CD t~ OJCO eon CO-* e*Tti gsg '. !co r-5i-J ! I th ■*cO co e» gj NO 00 CO o to eg co »o (OK CO HN 23°. 3 r,,m ico : : :s : : iT-t ' ; "So '. : B*~ • hw ; mm < s 250 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. < o o o z t— t o tf o o o «s p P o ►J ^ ^: • o 03 1 O 1 3 •a a C3 P. ■Xcp J9J ~ — — rr — c- ■•? _co qon^nco O "* O CM CO OS a> S^OO ^(DOWHN i-H * cd i-J i-I i-i i-5 w i-4 i-S i-5 cm i-i i-5 i-I *JB9l J9J CO 0O"#"*M00OO"*t"- „"* HO<0«0'* i-HCM CMi-l^'Trl'*^coC|-^«»OCQC-< CO CM CM CM •(sn(ynJ 0C I s ) q^rop J9d uoi^onpoid r- ® 8 •pgmra sno$ ooo'doo'i wj CO ■p9£oid -tn9 000'T ■»£ lO 'TOOj, ■* OS BO GO oooo CM <0 •pe^oidme loqraiifci CO OOOOlOrtMH O "* »« O OS W "5 OCOOOSI— OS®i-nO ,-^t- OO CM ■** Tt< CM i-t ■9nnn ye no^ J9d otiiba CM SI. 74 1.93 1.44 1.50 1.76 1.66 1.60 1.34 1.25 1.30 1.32 1.25 1.50 1.47 1.60 1.50 *(sn<4 iioqs) noijonpojj - 229, 150 250 222 10,262 20,355 6,679 17,000 16,900 24,900 7,813 21,280 11,495 26,896 17,734 12,000 23,000 17,309 7,000 1,557 oo MO i-i CM CM i ■x ■x. 1 X. Y. o CE OC 3 a: c oc co c oc a* X 3 •^ cr x or oc os or oa s c c 1* o m c o s oc s as o c es c. "5 O COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-191*. 253 NORTH DAKOTA. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal beds of North Dakota are lignitio, and occupy about 35,000 square miles, or practically the western half of the State. Ninety- seven townships contain at' least one bed of lignite 7 feet thick, and at least 100 other townships contain beds 4 to 7 feet thick. The lignite beds are horizontal and occur at depths ranging from near the surface to a depth of at least 300 feet. MINING METHODS. Lignite has been mined in North Dakota by ranchers and others since the territorial days of the State, and the first records of produc- tion were obtained in 1884, when 35,000 tons of coal was mined. The production in 1913 was 495,322 tons. In 1911 there were practically 100 mines in operation, 20 of which were surface and 80 underground mines. Of the underground mines, 69 were opened by slope or drift and 11 by shaft. The mines are opened by single and double entry and the coal mined by the room- and-pillar method, the rooms being 12 by 100 feet to 22 by 300 feet; pillars are 8 to 20 feet wide. The length of entries varies from 100 to 5,000 feet. In 1911, there were 15 mines with entries over 1,000 feet long. The largest number of deep mines is in Ward County, where the mines vary from surface pits to 200 feet in depth; 21 mines are over 100 feet deep. In Adams County the deepeest mine in 1911 was 300 feet. Ventilation is usually by an air shaft in connection with slope, drift, or entry. Mining machines have been in use in a limited way since 1896. In 1914 there were 14 machines in operation, producing 41.1 per cent of the coal mined. Twenty-six per cent was shot off the solid and 6.3 per cent was mined by hand. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The State engineer of North Dakota was made ex-officio State coal- mine inspector by an act approved March 14, 1907, with power to employ necessary assistants. The engineer renders biennial reports to the governor, showing the condition of each mine, number of men employed, and such other information as he deems desirable. The law does not require operators to notify the inspector of mine accidents, but the inspector has requested the operators to report all accidents, however slight. All accidents thus reported are published in the biennial reports of the inspector. No distinction is made between serious and slight injuries. 254 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ACCIDENTS. Tables 116 and 117 show the total number of fatalities in and about the coal mines of North Dakota from 1908 to the end of 1913, as com- piled from the State mine inspectors' reports. During the 6-year period 1908 to 1913, inclusive, there were- 13 fatalities, of which 46.16 FATALITIES IN NORTH DAKOTA COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1908 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number tilled. Total. Percent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of root and pillar (coal, rock, etc.). Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface 46.16 15.38 1.44 .48 23.08 15.38 .72 .48 Total, 6 years.. 13 100.00 per cent were due to falls of rock, 23.08 per cent to explosives, and 15.38 per cent to mine cars and locomotives. The production per fatality during this period was 203,020 tons, or there were 4.93 fatali- ties per mini on tons mined. North Dakota has been fortunate in that there have been no serious mine disasters in that State. The fatality rate during this period is 3.12 per 1,000 men employed. Since 1903 practioally one-half of the men have been employed on a 10-hour basis. By referring to Table 40 it will be noted that during this period the men averaged 1,974 hours per year. During the NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NORTH DAKOTA." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, and 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 6 8 8 6 11 11 40 66 79 47 89 103 8 11 7 4 6 5 90 117 50 38 119 114 20 20 20 20 17 14 263 292 374 323 304 275 93 79 123 80 50 139 486 1904 554 1905 626 1906 488 1907 1908 1910 11 12 12 13 94 115 59 61 6 4 4 5 75 46 51 51 16 24 23 24 327 423 415 472 38 176 97 57 1911 1912 1913 641 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. & Census year. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 255 NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NORTH DAKOTA AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 198 192 187 209 223 181 4,597 5,212 5,929 4,668 5,273 5,851 910,206 1,000,704 1,108,723 975,612 1,175,879 1,059,031 455 501 555 488 588 530 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 4 7.55 1909 1910 207 229 232 221 5,039 7,148 5,954 6,180 1,043,073 1,636,892 1,381,328 1,365,780 522 818 691 683 2 1 3.83 1911 1.22 1912 1913 6 8.78 5-year period 1908 to 1913 (exclusive of 1909) for which complete data are available, the fatality rate based on the actual number of employees is 4.08 as compared with 4.01 based on the number of 2,000-hour workers. Table 41 shows the figures on the 2,000-hour basis for a period of years by States, so that a comparison with other States may be readily made. The tables for the State of North Dakota follow: STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN NOBTH DAKOTA." Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1907 82 104 75 736 1,620 525 1900 1908 16 1901 32 8 35 175 224 8 340 6,300 7 1 10 36 1909 7 1902 1910 1911 34 10 69 20 2 1912 2 1905 1913 37 92 2 1914 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 256 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. a a s •■a I < H O Ms OS KZ <=§ g ZH •§ Z "1> Sg 63 OS H fa WO m- 1 fc.2 3 3 .-d P5 ps8 "3.9 <:z c< <& °B ^z H « £s =« HO HZ S S o H ajO S J s or °9 OZ «H l-O .a 3 al ■senna jo loqumfj CM 3 CD i a o s ■a a ea a a Z •m<>x O C4 HO)»lQ l>c»o CftOaOS^tMi-t COCO •}sod 10 9XB JBip B H OS i-i ■nsM. ^ions CO •fl 1 ^- Shot; 1-1 CM •jscaiq rcreqo eo l-t """• NXO'-'NCB OS C3S -jpij 1Q -*• CN.-t t^"* ■a « a 1 "3 SI » &" Mil 1 » Ah •3np)jod9j}oji ■* ■pt[OS BO JOD.S CO •QntqoBji CM • cMc»»a*o i—^Ht^ Tjooor-wN eo^** oai«t^o6 cdcooi .-Jcdo^cJoi t^^ HOINCO CMCMCO •"* ■* CO CO eo CO cm-* •pnBH i-i tXbc 3 s g a ■Xep 19 j O ■*OJ»ncO COI—OSC cocnco-* eocic4co QH^i CSO^OXH ^ COOCO CO»Ot~OI~CO q CO CNeOoi ci 8 CO io ^D •* o tainmN oomco eo i-i t- co as oo -^"r^ CJJOSCO >»OMWO CO-* mam iq ^ to co co us ■***• •p92[JOii S^B(I CO "e^cT c CDCOCOOS OOOt--* CNOOCO OONNC6WH t- i-lCB»OCO COcOOOiO ■^Oi'-H COOIOOOCNQO -—O N CNHilH .-H^H^Hi-H i-ti-ICN .-(^H^-ICNCMT-t g CM •(sn(4 lions) qiBsp J9d noijonpojj i» CO 00 cT 00 , ^-1 to en ■a CD g 3 Z 'p9uiiusno} ooo'oob'i Ma co O «3 ■p9^oid -tag OOO'I -raj; to eo CO "3 I- co ■I»}ox -«* ■* 00 CO «D iO^« ■(snoj ^joqs) noiionpoj,! - 141,425 28,907 30,000 30,000 40,726 49, 630 42,016 38,997 78,060 77,246 83,895 • 98,809 129,883 166,601 226,511 278,645 271,928 317,542 306,689 347,760 320, 742 422,047 399,041 i ( ' c C D C OC 3 i- » C H C S c c 1 c §1 •3 - : - OC Ku 00 3 C c :r OC OC - c i : OC R C 00 3 C >c If 5 S 9 C OC 52 c 5 ci li 3 t- 31 ll COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 257 CN rHi-Hi-H -J* 1-1 OS rti-i^ •* ■* "* CC -# CI cO cO cO tNCOCN CM 00 CO CO COT* eoso-* 1* (OMH l-HrHi-H CO CO OScOO 00^ lO cn-M coor- COOOt*- eo oo CO o OlcM—* CM COO tNcNcM I© CO lH i-H CI CM 00 CM CO cf o CO CM*" 00 O'Q cm ci ■ eoo «"oo > as s IN MCI eicn CO CO CO oi CM 00 HCO CO .6 HO(D 04 OcMi-H cOO'** to CO CD eooo as in COlQ eocotN -# uj iO CJ OOOO CM 56 CM co-rPeo c^oTuo" cO «M i-t I> 00 >o coco eo* oTce 3 3§ 5 c o s 1 J, © en M «•? © a- 5" CJ o Eh O R PS o o o «l P w ►J MS Eh & Bo oo S H H en Sps m ^ h« "H Hj <° OH °W WEh eg °s ^H 05 «C«I « ►J ►3 H a o PS H Ph a 2 ■lisioi pnmg «ON offlw « 3 ca o CO 8 ■TO°I •S9StlE0 J8H10 CM -ooo[ ptre sjbo i&MJreji Ol jo suoisoidxa jonog o CJ *Aj9urupBH A '(smiiq jo jpons) i4;aijj09ia 00 •sBAtjoxnoooi enno putt sjuo ouijf •H I CO .9 ■a •S9A;sojdxg; CO ^^ rH •(p9xnqni0D istro ptTG SB3'2Tnpnioxn) suoisoidx9 (Stip-iBOo ta •s«8 3mtimq ptre suoisoidxo sbq <«n •S9AIJ0OT -oooi PUb'sjbo 9nij5 M CM CM 'IE00 JBIUlI JO 90EJ JO S[IB J CM •(•0J9 '3[00J '[TOO) JOOJ JO SUM iH N 7-1 COiH S3 c s a C c 1- c I- 2 258 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. OHIO. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal-bearing area of Ohio covers about 12,600 square miles, and occupies 30 counties in the southeastern part of the State. It is a part of the northwestern side of the great Appalachian coal basin which stretches from northern Pennsylvania to central Alabama. As it lies on the northwestern side of the basin the general dip of the beds is southeast toward the middle, but there are a few small folds which break up the continuity of the southeastward dip, and in some places cause a dip in the opposite direction. The most pronounced fold of this kind trends north to south and enters the State near Marietta. The coal beds and associated rocks extend to the northeast into West Virginia and Pennsylvania and to the southwest into Kentucky. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coal beds of Ohio are numbered from the bottom upward, coal No. 1 being the lowest bed. Coal No. 1 has been most extensively developed in the northern part of the State, but it occurs in isolated areas along the west side of the field. It is from 3 to 6 feet thick at- Brier Hill and at Massillon. The roof is shale ranging from 5 to 40 feet in thickness. The coal is jointed, hence its name, block coal. It is noncoking, but of good steaming quality. The No. 2, or WeHston bed, is 45 to 75 feet above No. 1 and is seldom more than 2 feet thick, although at WeHston, Jackson county, it is 4 feet thick. The roof is shale and the coal non-coking. The No. 5 bed, or Lower Kittanning, extends in an almost unbroken outcrop across the State. It is mined in almost every county of the Ohio coal field from southern Mahoning on the north to Hanging Rock on the south. It is generally less than 3 feet thick, but at Mineral Point, Zanesville, and New Castle, it is 4 to 5 feet thick. The coal is of good coking quality, but because of the thinness of the bed minin g machines are not used extensively, the coal being largely mined 'by pick mining. No. 6 bed, or the Middle Kittanning, also extends under a wido area. In the northern part of Columbiana County it is less than 1 foot thick. In the southern part of the county it is worked extensively, although it is only 20 to 30 inches thick. In Coshocton County, it attains a thickness of 3 feet to 4 feet 10 inches. At Shawnee it is known as the Hocking Valley seam, and in many places contains 10 feet of mineable coal. From 32 to 38 per cent of the State's produc- tion comes from this bed. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-19U. 259 The No. 7, or Upper Freeport, is not so extensive as the lower beds and varies in thickness from 5 feet 4 inches to 6 feet 9 inches. This is one of the best steaming coals in the State. The No. 8, or Pittsburgh, is the most important bed of the upper coal measures. The coal rests on a bed of fire clay and is 4 to 6 feet thick. This bed extends into West Virginia and into Pennsylvania. MINING METHODS. The accompanying table shows the number of mines opened by shaft, slope or drift, from 1892 to 1912, inclusive. At first the single- entry system of mining prevailed , but in the early eighties the double- entry system was introduced in a number of the larger mines, and now, although the single-entry system still prevails in some mines where the bed is thin, most of the mines are opened by the double- entry system, also some are opened by the three-entry system. Mining machines are used extensively in coal beds Nos. 6, 7, and 8. Prior to 1877 all of the coal mined in Ohio was mined by pick. During this year the first mining machines were introduced in the State and the use of machines has steadily increased until in 1913 there were 1,681 machines in operation, producing 21,535 tons each, or in all 90.2 per cent of the coal of the State. The electric machines were introduced in Ohio in 1889 and their number has gradually in- creased to 1,604 in 1913. In 1891, 89 compressed-air machines were in use in Ohio mines and in 1905 the highest number, 145, was reached. There were only 49 in operation in 1913. Less than 4 per cent of the coal is reported as being shot off the solid, and slightly over 4 per cent as being mined by hand. Prior to the introduction of mining machines in Ohio, the coal- mining work was performed principally by skilled miners from Eng- land, Scotland, and Germany. This class of miners has gradually been supplanted in the State by labor from southern Europe. The table on methods of opening and ventilation at Ohio mines follows: 260 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. NUMBER OF COAL MINES IN OHIO, CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF OPENING AND METHOD OF VENTILATION FROM 1892 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE.^ Mines opened by— Method of ventilation. o . & ■ «3 .3 5 •gS a n Year. aa H.9 3 a SI 1909 59 1902 1910 54 1903 1911 37 1904 1912 32 1905 1913 26 1906 1914 159 o Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 264 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ■2*0 09 © +-> S3 Co cao Sg E| . 3 ? o a! ~S? o 2 « < m . Ota E^ oz; 2* eZ 5s *3 5 s oo OZ c5 ?g **- s* 11 ►JM So SS as 55 21 In C3^ '3'S 8M „ p. P3>J Sg BS ll a< §8, fc.,- la og as r — m ^3 lo- &C =3°° B 3 o . I 3 o 11 'sennzx jo leqnm^ C4 ■*coasu: ^•ooset coco CO ^ ■* 5 5 T^asco^" cotP 1 .C s s o •o c X •a § a 3 •fejox O CM ^- (N -*r-cc OS-* ON NN •^.sod jo xb l^rp^'a C5 i-4 ■n^A vong OO 'U"bal Snoq; fc- •jsBeiq ureno - eo cor*>ooioN ooio r* o i-^-^*t>io6i> eooo os os oooooot>r~ c^co o o d b£ tr 3 Sjfl j O CD <^ P. •S.vp J9«£ •HCBOCQ ctaoo 00 e»COlQ«00 -*n t* aoaoascNO r*r+ ci oicicNcdeo eoco •jceX jej es ooeo«t" C4MCOCO CNCCCNP3 «3 ONKCflO cD OS O i-t -^ OS M (ON mothcoo i-i io MOioro* Ocg W»"#^iO «S »0 iO(0«0 , #>0 lO^ 1 ■pe^joji s^sa; CO 0)HCO CC 3a O ON- _ •~> -— -i y. ~ ■— "Hoc O O^HOoeor- co^* CM NNHpHU i-Ii-H Hq.B9p JOd UOTJOtlpOJd r- IONMU3 5DCDCCCO SSS3S O 8 e" CO MMWNN lO i-H Ot-t-^O CAN »OCNCOiOCO CO CO IOH10 00N *0 "* r-maocoos •# r- so ^ *-« eo oo ior- oo*cro*eo~cr eo ^t* oo"\n oo « ^h cd tM rtoou'^i as as mhidoo o^h oJNNeoco tN tM eoeococoN eo eo •6 CD CO B ■peinxa sntu ooo'ooo'i «a CO cacoao oo os cm as CO — — V. —■ rt y-i OS MSf-CNU^N COO ^Hr-asasas ■* eo os^txN.oo cnn ■^CO^NN CO CO tNCONCOCO COCO ■peloid -me OOO'I JQd kO H©OH CN iH r-i O) OS CO Ost^eOior- eO O .-iOO"*t^ W50Q ^JcNi-41-i i-i t+ HF4HHci rA rA TO°X •* cNM^-to3-»-i p0 aietstNt>icotM"*«co co eo eo-*coc«3U3 -*eo o -poAoidmo lequrriN C4 ooog IQMQO 00 - -?■ 1' [- - oonwc ^-t t- tP NHNNN eo to c^lcO^-^>0^ , OO tP r— 001^030^ o^h CO *0 i-HiOOSi-tcO lO^" as O tMCNCOI^-* »pep »H CM NNCTNN NW •9nnn ye ncxj ied ©np3A CI inioooeo ■* ^ ocn aoas as _ "* *# ca. eg as asoo r. ™ * x t» t»N *(sacn ^joijs) notpnpoid ■H •*wcsogopioopociie»>-"MH r- so cor-co- CS t-Nooio«ioooN-*cH«)eo"ir«a o> ■* ocnoc5c»co oo^ »g w* cc »o ifl'o'cD'orcroo t^"i-« oo*o"o as i-i oreo"cs •-« eo* cTcn i c 01 J 3 i JC 0( ot 01 i 1 3 c 3 -J 1 SS3 a 3 s a ~-n«"*»o eot^ as as cd os os osas coooooaooo oooo COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 265 ■at- tMC-cO OS(M"eMO.-i© oo oot-t- vj^H COCO^ asocpcoaoco mo t-"*CO H'* •»PtP^ -^iQ^^iTfl^i mcO cOCOco HeOOS -#f-t- E8SS coca cot~.i-i t - t~ I> 00 i-» O i-HrH ■**« SOt-OOOWO) COCO cow»r 1-1 oo oo T-t gs w r~ -^ ci r- '-o moocN-*©co os© csr-»o OCOC- ooosr- cieoed 00-* mCO-tf •* « i-l *H CO "* «3^i COON CI t— ICN!D tOi^OOlN'C WCO OSOO^ com lo m ' O0I> COCO OffiCT inOSWiOin-* -.!-• 00t-CO 0*0.© o>HM(OTfi^ "co t-r-oo rococo co co co co co co 'co CO CO CO - MO ...,„.. cow coco mocj cpcOCO lOiOW5CO«OlO l>t*- CNN os t- r~ t» cs i-i oj i» t*h t-io i— oo »- OJ ^ t-I>C0 QCONHMN COW t-WOJ Offl [ANN OOOi-HOCO Uii-t OOiQ'-l in OS CM CI POS W coco cococo -c — . CI OSCOOsa ^h« cJ^Hci tNoieqwcoN cico nncq HNCOWl-H »H W ©COCO CO 00 00 i— I W CO -^ OS CO CO I."- "* H OS t» W COCO MHO CO CO OS CO, C5 o, .-jTji SSoo 88 S8S3 535«S^ S§S 333 t^ o ON^ noooos i-4oo t^ Jot~ WOCS 0(NW*HCO ^tD 0ONN DON i-HOODO i-i CJ OS SO ■* CO COW CS t- W SS §8*2 in W OS OS W SiOCO^t^ COO WcNC plOt-i-ltM OSC* t>WC Tt< ■* in r- n co r--*»< Ot1. 3 0000 OSOSOS OSOSOSOSOSOS OSOS ©SOSCS «J OS r-l •— I HrlH »-< rH tH ft ^H i-H r-i rH ft i-H i-t ~H i-t 266 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED SXATJita, ioiu-xsm.*. ■\s%o% pn-eio o»^»OiHisey»MOio©iea«MOCM^t»eoM»<»^«e»ooe£jH3Jjg « o a m o ® 3 M T»»oi <*coth • • •»-ie >1H • 'COCO ■ • • 'iHCO ;,HiHi-icNi-iMeocMca •sastiBO J91JJ0 CM rtCa^-l • '• '• '• '• '• '• • IrH i-l i-HCN ; •SQAnoni -oooi pus sreo A^jrea; CM : : ; : :^ : : : : ; rt , , . .,_(,») O* rH ■ •sadtd nre&is 2u$sjnq jo snoisoidxg Jeytog; e CM CM -t 1 ! !(Mrt '• '• '• 'i-i ■ .^l^H . ^ . .CN.H •AionniOBK t-H p ::::;:::: : •(snjriq jo spons) ijioijaoaia CO ;;;;;;;; i 1-1 •soAHoraoooj eirtta pura sjbo gutj^ rHt-l . • ■ 'i-li H ! 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fl th " ! ! ■siBTnray en ^ ■ •!— 1 > n-H ■ ■ H-H •(sumq jo jpoqs) ^touaoBia 00 ' ' !hi-I 'i-l I i-H •S9SB8 9unn tnojj uoiiBDOjjng I- . .rHCM J • N ;;;•;;; ;iH ; ■ I !ih * ! ! ! !,-i •S9Aisoidxa co CNCOtMi-lrH 'tJI i-irtcoc^co(Ococq I -icqi-itoeot^iH(NcocO'*ecooa> •(p9ntqtaoo jsnp pus SB3*3inpri[0tn) saoisoidxo 'isnp-iBOO to ' *seS Snnunq pTTB SU0IS0\dx9 SB*) «# tOi-« >h • in ' !h ! ! ■ rH .rH « r-< • CO CO CO ■S9AI10UI -oooi P™ 3 SJB0 BU IH CO H(NOi«H t-^ i-H ■ r-l Tfl . ,-H Tj< 'cocoecto OCNI^-tOCO-riH-^tOOSCO tH i-H •[BOO JBUjd JO OOEJ JO siibj CM US •rH CC ■ — l ■ CO"* > lO CO CO o oj r- 1- ■* ■* CM CO t» t» •* io to to t0l0m00«C©NM(DHOOi-t , *inffl'*OHM si 00 ; ; ; a -o o OtON COCiO 30 00 00 00 OO 00 C»CQCQ0Q0600CQCO0QO3CnC» 000000000000000000 000000 ■O^lfltDNCCCDOH S 5> Q OS C- © Oi O O XOOOOQOOOOOOOOlCn i COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 267 NHO)nu3HH«OM«« ■ ^-t W5 I-^N ■ ~HtH^ :^ W -*T-I (MNHHH -* ea ** rH cm ^ CI ' T ~' i-ICrH THtO ^M^OCiiOCOifltOfl NH(OHOCONN lO-^CNl COHNWHH ■}sod JO 9XB IBip^a '1I» ?Joqs CO •JIBJS. Saoq; r- ^h r-I ^-1 m -h" -i ci 01 208,685 107, 734 134,576 91,110 47,728 60,064 54,908 64,023 42,487 67, 159 83,747 105,053 71,327 65, 005 93, 401 64.089 « 3 1* s a 2 •peaira sno} OOO'OOO'I J9J to 4.79 9.28 7.43 10.98 20.95 16.65 18.21 18.21 23.54 14.89 11.94 9.52 14.02 15.38 10.71 15.60 •pa^oid -nra OOO'I -I8.I to ^COO CO"fl*cd t*occ^ c'. , :'i.:'c'j'C ■TOOJ, ■* Q(OQ9 lOQOCOOO lO^Cl CMCS^-^OltC c5 1-HweICM eo»o"* vw*irn->! u •pe^oidaie laqtan^i CO M i-« r-*t~"cogo"'oc •ennrt jb noj red 9tip3A 02 00 eo cn « > a "(Sao} }ioqs) uononpoi^ ^H 2,966,438 761,986 752,832 869,229 1,091,032 1, 192, 721 1,252,110 969,606 1,211,185 1,366,646 1,336,380 1,381,466 1,637,427 1,922,298 2.421,781 2,820,666 3,517,388 3,046,539 2,924,427 2,860,205 3,642,658 2.948.116 3 >< 3 c a 2C 5 cs a 3 ex IT cs X a -i ia^t '• o CM 1 a ■* cortieo CO 1 3 t- COW lOCO iO OS & CMl-H rHCO CM 8 OS CM 00 OS i CM* id +s rH CI CO-* OS t- I oocdo d t*-00 00 r» s lO^H COHH TJ1 E r-Ii-i CMt**cd CO ci rH CM lOCOCM o lOi-HCM* cm" 13 CP _eo . 6 '1 NNHflO »-iio •32 i-ii-l CM cp *-. CM i-t oa^Tt* US'* CO o mm ocm »o ■cHCO lOH* COrHCM" US CO coos t-oieo er w.-i US f CO CMOSCM C- r-co 1 «* CO >> s Oat* OSW* coco CO iO CM CO-* cor- coco r-t>o eo o £ OOCO COCO OS cocc" 1 5 OCM i/S^iC £ OCM 0>HO C5 cm" cm" cm" el cm* • -1 s OS t-5M TfrHI- CO cccm cM-*r- T-i coco .9 CD — • U9CO CD 03 Oieo iJtiOiO ■* CO S. CO 55 t-ICO OCOrH ^ 03 ■* OS Cfl as a cocm coeo^ os caw 1 s •a" OSO i-HCM CO O-H i-i.-t.-l OS OS OS O 1 .- OS 276 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. ■< o o E- o g s o o o 'TOO* pireio d 3 ■S3 (-■ a o © B "l^ox H t-i 02 1-4 04 01 -H — 1 rtH«H •SOSTIBO JOTttO CM ~" -. N - ^ Wrt -oooi P OT s^ ^Bjw-irea Ol -* •sodrd ure^s Snntsmq jo snoisoiiso jopo a o ^ "A\i9nrqoB^[ a ^ T-* •(stunq jo 2[ooqs) A^pTj^oeia CO "S^ApOinODOI enna pmi sjbo eran r- *" ^^ ^H ^ 03 01 £ ■a s ■rooi, M CIO I-l C4 " AH — ( ■sesrreo jotqo CO m •sdpisjoseSeo W CO - (N^( ■sodoys jo sjjeqs TLtt.op 2arip3j sioofqo i-i J ( IB00) JOOJ JO Sn^i - NC0N(0fflVNffiNOO-*©N»aM«0rt©«0t»O © >< Cr- X cc 5: ic x z r s CC C! c: CC 3 c: i C2 c CC s C a 5 o CC CC UUAL-jyujnj!; J--A1AU11J10 xN THE UNITED STATES, lglO-191i. 277 OREGON. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal in Oregon is subbituminous. The Coos Bay field, which is the principal one in the State, occupies a small structural basin in the vicinity of Coos Bay and contains 230 square miles. It extends north and south and is about 30 miles long, with a maximum width of 11 miles. There are other coal fields in the State, but none of them has been worked to any extent, so do not enter into the ques- tion of mine accidents. The Coos Bay field may be divided into six parts, consisting of four basins and two arches. The basins contain- ing workable coal are the Newport, Beaver Slough, Coquille, and South Slough. The arches contain no coal. The structure of these basins* may be considered as simple, the dip being slight. There are a number of faults, but these are of little importance. The Newport basin, the principal one that has been worked, con- tains about 6 feet of coal in three benches, yielding 5 feet of coal that can be mined. The roof is sandstone and requires comparatively little timbering. The top bench of coal is usually left with the upper parting to form the roof. The Beaver Slough basin contains five beds, the most important being the lowest one, which contains over 6 feet of coal. This bed has been mined at Beaver Hill. MINING METHODS. The first records of coal production for Oregon are for the year 1880, when 43,205 tons was reported. Three mines have been opened by drifts and slopes in the Newport basin, and the coal is mined by the room-and-pillar method. In the Beaver Slough basin one or two mines have been opened by slopes and a small amount of coal has been mined by the pillar-and-chute system. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. No provision has been made by the State of Oregon whereby acci- dents in or about coal mines shall be reported to a State official. The coal production of the State since 1880 has averaged less than 64,000 tons annually. Keports of accidents have, since 1910, been voluntarily rendered to the Federal Bureau of Mines by the mine operators at the close of each calendar year. ACCIDENTS. The production of coal, number of men employed, and the number of fatalities, as far as complete records are available, are given in Tables 122 and 123. The fatalities at coal mines have been recorded 278 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lcV70-1914. only since 1909, but the number of employees has been reported since 1890. For the five years for which continuous records are available, the accident rate in Oregon is comparatively low, being 2.69 per 1,000 men employed, but on the tonnage basis it is high, being 10.37 fatalities per million tons mined. There have been no serious coal-mine disasters in Oregon. The tables of statistics for the State follow : FATALITIES IN OREGON COAL MINES, BY PKINCTPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEAE 1909 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Number killed. Cause ol accident. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground : 1 2 33.00 67.00 0.90 1.79 Shaft 3 100.00 2.69 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. During 1914, the first year in which there were labor troubles in Oregon, 21 men were on strike, resulting in the loss of 798 days, or an average of 38 days per man. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 279 !* v a ffl ti >> * s 5 . B« H M" J **-< 0^ o *s § tOH 3 Sz-g Is I Op a 3s I sS« g - a .9- 03 io Oj a^ 81 g3 h 5a a.» **&* pga„- aa a M H a' *9 H w2 on »g 1 ho oe CO MO 1M W2 a^ 1 3 r> • o ■O 2^ g Srt o p«! -d OP a oK w MM rfl d,H ^ ri" S s f "samni jo raqtnn^ fH oh cjsosr* ;co i § a o •a ■a 1 ID •m»x o ea •jsod OS Tie* woqg 00 l-l •HEM. 3noi r- •}SB9jq mwo to •3101,1 to ■a I a o 1 I ej © •po^jodei ^oj*i ** •pjios bo ^oqs eo •9urqoi3p[ « •ptren 111 •i«p J9 J O IS^Ht~lNOOC»N(OW«NtOO'*MOC-N ,_ « lO Ol O c»i-»cNO»CM"30-*oai»oHHMI»«00'*OOCBN-*HC» t- OS OS CO OCMCNOS'wi(OOSI>'^Mfr-eNieO'ra-*^cvttO TfH _, >OIr- CO CO CO tH rH i-l CM HHiHNWNNWHNNWWa «HN« NO , coco ©KM fr- CO IM OO toco • ooo CI5U-J CO iO coVh OS lO t3 a 1 3 P5 •pgurai suo^ OOO'OOO'I -193 ee $ 5§ i (NCM ; 53 O OS •pgXoid -ura 000' I -raj iO CD CM OsO ■ CxjiO ; COTji | as co CPCI TOicocoeo^cic>ic4Nc>iMeNC>ic^cONoiN 00 < 55-3 bL S3 pqM _©co 5z ^a ^b ■§» oo ga E?C © to gpq an E> - ■§§ Oh P>o I -I 5 92 I •seunn jo laqtntifcj Ot CD fl fC Q cS o ■o 3 1 f 3 Z W>1 o CM •jsod jo 9xb imp^a e» •ypn. jioqg CO *IIBii3uoT; r- ■^seejq ureqj co •ioij: •a g a '(3 o 1 _ 1 © P* •pe^iodaj !jo^[ **f •pnos jjo }oqs CO iH •sntqDBj^ ©a •pnBH w £® d <* be t* £ ^ fl j o © •/J«p J9J o OCOHM NMOlO O iO OO OSOSOOOS -s. r T. r~ OSOOOSOOOC \ree£ J9 j , o> OCN««H«^0)OOONH<]0 NffirtH r^ ~. — r^ - l- •- ^Hi-ifoMNosmmowMwo oc r~ « oo cooooac -* lO lO lO -v CO CO CO CO -S" CO -"a* -^"T CO COCOCOCO CO CO -t ■* ^" CO ■« •p»3[io^ &£«fj oo i-IOOCNXN -*i«NMWWClMHHMCT«CTmn CO W CO W CO CO -* -^ "^ "^ Tt ■peloidme igqum^J. CO 35,600 37,488 44,745 48, 199 53,402 69,966 70,474 66,842 63,964 68,847 73,373 76,031 82,200 91,421 101,073 100,324 103,044 100, 617 122,218 123,676 126,000 126, 350 129,060 132,944 131,603 142. M7 •9nnn a« uoj J9d enj^A CM 82.00 1.95 2.01 1.81 1.44 1.43 1.46 1.57 1.59 1.85 1 41 -(sn<4 poqs) uonoiipoij - 232,705,704 15,664,275 19,342,057 24,233,166 26,152,837 24,818,790 22,485,766 22,793,245 25,660,316 21,089,682 30,207,793 28,649,812 31,920,018 35, 121, 256 58,456,845 37,156,847 38,335,974 39,035,446 42,088,197 46,619,564 45,546,970 40,468,641 50,665,431 52,472,504 63,967,543 51,921,121 K7.ano.9Q7 © e s 1 c •- -r- a s « a Of 1 s if i g § ii 1 1 c at c S c s 1 ■ COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 291 . CO CN iO 00 OCONt- t-HHWO>w»a co ^ ■"* co >-■ I CN CO CO CM* TOcof-eo^r~co to 01 co ea "V W* •C* ■* "3" »0 ■* "* ^«U3-*»0 MO TliONMO COCOCO OiQOQO TO CD ,-< t— Nwmc^w eft >-i o o ,-* to e3 q _ n^inn O") 03 CM 108,475 124,377 129,885 131,059 139,581 131,524 137, 912 144,029 122,952 120, 590 127, 976 120,910 122,815 142,981 140,574 129,419 140,369 148,099 OQt-I &>•-£■ ■tiTor rtrt N-^OCOtO OiOU<«0)HNtl >-l t— oioot^t>t^ i> ir^ cd od co r-^ 06 06 cd* t-^r^co" O LO e w 00 CO CDNNOiO CO CO ■* CM OS CO CO OJ O iflNWW COOOOOCOOO IQ ^ 00 00 ^ CN 00 -^ lOOTfUJ coNOJeow eoc^coco'coco*Ti5coco* co-^coco* ^ONCOiO CO CD CD CD 17,902 402. 64 595 148,991 149,884 145,604 139,608 144,206 145,309 148, 141 150,483 155, 861 165, 406 162,355 167,234 174, 174 166.801 169, 497 173,940 174,030 175,745 HOI 00 CD i>"oT 1-1 1— iH i-I »ia 10 ■* ■* "4 1 CO CO O TO CO CO TO TO CO toto,- CO 1-1 a>os 1 292 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-I»14. ■TOO*pn«9 g S g;« eacao-oaoacajj^^ioacjcje 'mu «»OI--Q0-^ , iQC^»Ol>»OC0»O'-'5 2 t ~ ■$no9uvxi3osij\[ ■$)at$oidi3 I •SUOSUdfOStfDtf I tf [ 'vixno 10 w smq 'stingo ux uoi}vooJf.ns | Ol^-*>-i«f3 • 90 &3 *-i °0 ©* ■ >-. ©I ©* »j «q »* ©i >-- '-x • l s* l Q* I ■saAi;otao.x>i p us SJCJ XE^n^TJ 1 f. ^^ COCCr-l -T-H 'AJOtnqj'Gi^ 00C^00CCiC-? - >OCCr-t~O0C0COC4i— t oo ■(siunq jo 3[ooqs) A'tpirpaia | •saAiiomooot pire sjbo atnH f NlOttJioeOlONOnOMP) •*j*ip I^OX 3 I 'sasngo Jaqip | _^5 J t -1 s jo gags J I .iocm»r-*oco -i-t -»-i««ot-c- "* I •sadois jo sijsqs naiop 3ornBj sfroofqo | -ii-i ■ -oOnNN a| •sadop jo sipsqs nAi.op SnniBj rioconcociororHiQiotoNiowT •ponoiazapTra 1*3.0,1 5 O •rooj, ! -tO-cijiiO •ff7io?UD22wsyf a ■-. -— ■ -+^-9» n9«9{b:- •suosxddfo tfpg 90 90 93 90 »* «3 >-i ""-i OO 93 90 «* ■ • •■-i 's*inyo m umptoojfng 1 • ijquiii &u%xp^[ 1 ^^^^^ ■ 94 > «3 Qo ■"-« "■+■•*(■*-« •jfjoj jo yppj /iq yoruig \ ■ ■--.>-. • .«* - t >- ( 90«i9r3Ol>-< •qop" io jvoo/o ysny | . >^ ^.t^, . 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PENNSYLVANIA (BITUMINOUS). AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAX FIELDS. The bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania are in the western and southwestern part of the State, and comprise the northern end of the great Appalachian series of coal measures. The fields include about 14,200 square miles, covering 12 counties and parts of 21 other counties. The structure conforms to the system of Appalachian folding in long northeast-southwest waves, locally modified more or less by minor cross folds. In the northwestern part of the area the strata gently undulate, with extremely slight dips, generally of but a few feet to the mile, but in passing eastward these undulations increase to well-marked folds along the eastern margin of the main body of the coal field. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania are described by Parker 3 as follows: The coal-bearing rocks all belong to the Pennsylvania series and have a total thick- ness in the southwest comer of the State of about 2,600 feet. The great bulk of the coal mined comes from the Allegheny and the Monongahela formations, formerly known as the "Lower" and the "Upper Productive Coal Measures." Below the Allegheny formation is the Pottsville, containing, in the western part of the State, the Sharon and the Mercer coals, which have been worked only in restricted areas. The Allegheny formation, with a thickness of 250 to 350 feet, contains at least seven coal horizons, all of which yield workable coal locally. They are called, beginning at the bottom, the Brookville, Clarion, Lower Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Upper Kittanning, Lower Freeport, and Upper Preeport coals. It is now definitely recog- nized that the coals of these horizons do not occur in continuous beds, and in many cases not in exactly the same horizons; yet it is clear that the corresponding geologic horizons mark times of conditions generally favorable for coal formation, and that no coal of wide extent is found at other levels. As a rule, the coal beds are not character- ized by details of section, roof, or floor by which they can be clearly recognized , except over limited parts of the field. No one of them is continuously workable, but the Lower Kittanning and the Upper Freeport coals are widely workable, and the Lower Freeport has a splendid development over several counties in the northeast part of the field. The Brookville or A coal is of workable thickness in spots over a large part of the marginal belt of the coal measures, especially in Jefferson, Clearfield, Center, Cambria, and Somerset counties. The Clarion or A' coal reaches workable thickness in about the same belt, though the two are seldom of workable thickness in the same section. Both of these coals are apt to be impure when thick. The lower Kittanning or B coal is the most persistent, uniform, and reliable of the Allegheny coals, although it is thinner than the Freeport coals, seldom exceeding a thickness of 4 feet. It is exposed in workable thickness and purity in 11 of the counties. The Middle and the Upper Kittanning horizons, C and C, contain but little workable coal, though the Upper Kittanning shows cannel coal at a number of points and stands fourth in pro- ductivity. The Lower Freeport coal, D, is finely developed in Clearfield, Jefferson, Indiana, and Cambria counties — in the well-known Moshannon (Clearfield), Rey- noldsville-Punxsutawney, and Bamesboro-Patton basins. Over most of the rest of the territory this seam is either worthless or of too low grade for competition in the present market. The Upper Freeport or E coal is a variable and complex bed, ex- tending in gross workable thickness over most of its area, although over a considerable o Parker, E. W., Coal: Mineral Resources of the United States for 1910, U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2 p. 195. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 295 part of this territory it is too much broken up and too impure for profitable mining. It appears to be entirely absent in some localities. As a whole, the Allegheny formation yields about 40 per cent of the total output of bituminous coal in the State. For about 600 feet above the Upper Freeport bed occurs the Conemaugh formation or "Lower Barren Measures." It contains six or more coals, which, however, are workable only in very restricted areas, their best development being found in the Berlin Basin in Somerset County. Just above the Conemaugh formation lies the Pittsburgh coal, the most uniform in quality and thickness, and for a given area the most valuable coal bed in the bitu- minous field of Pennsylvania. Although not of as high a grade as the best Allegheny coals to the east, and although varying greatly in quality from east to west, on the whole the Pittsburgh coal, on account of its thickness, its regularity, its high grade, its adaptability for the production of coke and illuminating gas, has long been the most famous bituminous coal bed in America. It is confined to the southwestern part of the State. The bed gives 9 feet of available coal over large areas, and seldom runs under 4 feet. Above the Pittsburgh coal occur the Bedstone, Sewickley, Uniontown, and Waynesburg coals, which are of good workable thickness locally, but in the presence of the great Pittsburgh coal are but little mined. METHODS OF MINING. The earliest records of the United States Geological Survey show that bituminous coal has been mined in Pennsylvania since 1840. Most of the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania are opened by drift from the outcrop, or by a gentle slope down the dip of the bed. There are but few relatively deep mines as compared with the deep coal mines of Europe, the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania, or the metal mines. In the earlier years of the industry many of the mines were opened by single entry, but in recent years the larger operations and newer mines are opened by double or triple entry. The room-and-pillar system is used throughout the bituminous fields of Pennsylvania. In 1896 about 12 per cent of the coal was reported as being mined by machines. The amount of coal produced by machines has steadily increased until in 1914 it was 53.8 per cent. Shooting off the solid is not extensively practiced, the total amount of coal thus produced being less than 3 per cent. About 35 per cent of the coal is reported as being mined by hand. In 1914, there were 6,326 machines in operation. Table 54 shows the increase in mechanical haulage in the bitumi- nous mines from 1899 to the close of 1913. In 1899 there were 122 electric locomotives in operation and in 1913, 1,933. The number of compressed-air locomotives has also increased from 13 in 1899 to 168 in 1913. The number of mules and horses used in underground haulage has practically doubled since 1898. The amount of black powder (Table 50) used in the bituminous coal mines has a little more than doubled since 1899, whereas the use of dynamite increased gradually from 1899 to 1907. Since 1907 the amount of dynamite used has decreased rapidly, and has largely *been replaced by the use of permissible explosives. 296 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The first law providing for the inspection of bituminous mines in Pennsylvania, approved April 18, 1877, applied to all mines employ- ing more than 10 men, except mines which did not generate fire damp, black damp, or other dangerous or noxious gases. A board of examiners was provided for the purpose of examining applicants for appointment as mine inspector. From a list of eligibles thus established the governor was authorized to appoint three inspectors, one for each of three districts into which the bituminous coal fields were to be divided by the examining board. Each inspector was required to examine all mines in his district as olten as possible, to make a record of such examinations, showing the number of employees, number of deaths and injuries in and about the mines, and to file a record thereof each month in the office of the secretary of internal affairs, to be included by the secretary in the annual report of his department. Operators were required to notify the district inspector of all fatal and serious accidents, and on receiving such notice the inspector was required to visit the mine and investi- gate the cause of the accident. An act approved May 25, 1878, repealed the provision in the law of April 18, 1877, which exempted from the inspection law those mines which did not generate fire damp, black damp, or other noxious or dangerous gases. The law of June 3, 1881, increased the number of inspection districts to four, and the number was further increased to six by an act approved June 13, 1883. The latter law also required the inspectors to make annual reports to the secretary of internal affairs. On June 30, 1885, the examining board was authorized to divide the bituminous coal fields into eight districts, the governor to appoint a mine inspector for each district. An act approved May 15, 1893; authorized the examining board to further divide the bituminous fields into districts of not less than 60 mines nor more than 80 mines, and the governor was authorized to appoint an inspector for each district established by the board. The number of inspectors was increased in 1894 to 10, in 1901 to 12, in 1903 to 15, in 1905 to 16, in 1906 to 18, in 1907 to 20, in 1909 to 21, in 1911 to 25, in 1912 to 26, in 1913 to 28, and in 1915 to 30. Mine foremen were required to make monthly reports to the dis- trict inspector showing all accidents resulting in personal injury to mine employees. On June 9, 1911, an act was approved by which the State was divided into 25 bituminous districts and the chief of the department of mines was authorized to increase the number of dis- tricts with the approval of the governor. The district inspectors were directed to render both monthly and annual reports to the chief of the department of mines, and to enumerate all accidents in and about the mines. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 297 Under the inspection laws it is the practice of the operators to report to the district inspectors all injuries causing disability for 6 days or more. The district inspectors, in their reports to the department of mines, omit accidents of a less serious nature, so that only the more serious injuries are published in the annual report of the department of mines. The department has not officially defined a serious injury, and it is left to the discretion of the district inspectors as to which of the accidents reported to them by mine operators may be eliminated from their reports to the department. ACCIDENTS. Tables 126 and 127 show the production of coal, number of men employed, and the number of fatalities in and about the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania. The record of the number of men em- ployed and the fatalities is complete from the beginning of inspection service in 1877 to the end of 1913. The fatalities, as shown in the accompanying tables, have been compiled from the annual volumes of the State mine inspectors' reports. In a few instances slight changes have been introduced, owing to the fact that some of the earlier in- spectors' reports included accidents at coke ovens, and others included deaths due to natural causes. In all cases where sufficient informa- tion was given, all fatalities that occurred which were foreign to the mining operations have been excluded from the tables. During the 37-year period 1877 to 1913, inclusive, there were 9,473 fatalities attributed directly to the coal-mining industry. This rep- resents a fatality rate of 2.87 per 1,000 men employed. The amount of coal mined per fatality, during the entire period, was 271,832 tons, or there were 3.68 fatalities per million tons mined. Since 1879, there have been 37 mine disasters in each of which 5 or more men were killed at one time, the total fatalities thus represented being 1,268, or about 13 per cent of the entire number since 1877. Of the total number of fatalities, 56.93 per cent was due to falls of roof; 15.33 per cent to mine cars and locomotives; and 13.82 per cent to gas and dust explosions. The fatality rate due to explosives is ex- ceedingly low, being only 1.95 per cent of the total, as compared with 24.81 per cent in Kansas, 19.44 per cent in Indiana, 13.47 per cent in Illinois, and 3.27 per cent in West Virginia. FATALITIES IN PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES DURING THE YEARS 1877 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Per cent. Per 1,000. em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 36 years 5,393 1,452 1,309 185 512 217 405 56.93 15.33 13.82 1.95 5.40 2.29 4.28 1.64 .44 .40 .05 .16 .06 .12 9,473 100. 00 2.87 298 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, lS^O-lM.*. ACCIDENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS MINES IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1879 Nov.2 Mill OrooV Mill Creek 5 1884 Feb. 20 West Leisenring 19 1884 Oct.27 do 14 1887 Oct. 1 Bast SoQocated by inrush of mine gas. Powder and coal-dust explosion. 5 1888 Nov.3 Kettle Creek Clinton County 17 31 Mount Pleasant Mine explosion 109 1896 Mar 23 13 1898 Sept.23 do 8 do 5 do 19 Port Royal No. 2 do 19 1902 Mar 6 do 5 1902 July 10 .. ■Rolling Mill do 112 ... do 17 1904 Jan 25 do 179 1905 Apr. 27 do 13 1905 July 6 . do 6 1905 Oct 13 Clyde Fredericktown 6 1905 Oct. 29 Hazel Kirk No. 2 5 1905 Nov. 15 7 1906 Oct. 24 TJnlling Mill do 7 1907 Aug. 17 1907 Dec. 1 Fell down shaft Mine explosion 5 34 1907 Dec. 19 Darr 239 1908 Nov 28 Rachel and Agnes do 154 1909 Jan. 25 . do 5 1909 Apr. 9 Dynamite and mine explosion. Mine explosion do do 7 Lackawanna No. 4 Franklin No. 2 21 1909 Oct.31 13 1910 Feb. 5 12 1911 Mar. 22.... East Canonsburg 9 1911 July 13 Mine explosion 21 1911 Nov. 9 . 8 1912 July 24 Superba and Lemont . Cloudburst flooded mine. »18 1913 Apr.23 96 1915 May 24 . . Smokeless.V alley No. 1 Patterson No. 2 9 1915 July 30. . . Mine cars Mine explosion 9 1915 Aug. 31 19 « Not included in State inspector's tabular statement of mine fatalities. Table 127 showing the fatalities by causes has been amplified from the bureau's regular form by subdivisions under "Falls of roof and coal," "Gas and dust explosions," "Miscellaneous underground," and "Miscellaneous surface." This is in conformity with the State inspector's latest reports, and in no way does it conflict with the bureau's classification in comparing fatalities by causes with those of other States. The main headings have been maintained as indicated in the table by numerals; the subheadings are indicated by letters. This classification gives operators, inspectors, and others an oppor- tunity to study the mine accidents more in detail. Since 1903 practically one-half of the men in the bituminous coal mines of the State have been on an 8-hour basis, as shown in the ac- companying table, the remainder being 9 and 10 hour men. In order to make a true comparison of Pennsylvania with other States Tables 40 and 41 have been compiled showing the fatality rate based on the actual number of men employed and also on the number of calculated 2,000-hour workers. The number of hours worked per year per man in the Pennsylvania bituminous fields is 2,034, so that COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 299 there is but slight variation in the fatality rate based on the actual number of employees during the 10-year period 1903 to 1913 (except 1909) which is 3.39 per 1,000, and that based on the number of 2,000- hour workers, which is 3.34. The number of hours worked in Vir- ginia is 2,447, in West Virginia 2,132, and in Ohio 1,495. With such varying periods of exposure to the hazards of the mining industry, it is essential that the time factor be taken into consideration. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS MINES.o 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total number of men em- ployed. Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. 1903 481 637 669 744 809 764 58,761 77,960 60,297 92,082 96,667 99,406 220 223 226 233 260 241 28,221 24,972 26,090 25,695 24,883 24,828 170 187 179 190 198 197 32, 192 30,286 31,314 30,895 35,355 38, 125 10,091 1,882 25,928 3,427 6,390 3,602 129,265 135, 100 1904 1905 143, 629 152,099 163,295 165,961 159 321 1906 1907 1908 19096 1910 834 842 774 849 101,208 99,522 91,928 100,568 272 273 316 312 30,270 28,204 32,935 32,064 225 213 214 242 37,769 37,586 35,322 38,671 6,156 5,796 4,959 893 175,403 171, 108 1911 1912 165, 144 1913 172, 196 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U.S. Geol. Survey. & Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS MINES, AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- houx workers. 1903 235 196 231 231 255 201 1,136,816 1,168,226 1,263,678 1,307,704 1,408,343 1,432,368 267,151,760 228,972,296 291,909,618 302,079,624 359,127,465 287,905,968 133,576 114,486 145,955 151,040 179,564 143,953 395 533 475 476 799 571 2.96 1904 4.66 1905 3.25 1906 3.15 4.45 190S 3.97 1910 238 233 252 267 1,515,188 1,478,036 1,429,690 1,487,867 360, 614, 744 344,382,388 360,281,880 397, 260, 489 180,307 172,191 180, 141 198, 630 521 515 446 609 2.89 1911 2.99 1912 2.48 1913 3.07 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS MINES.a Year. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Number of men affected. 15,131 7,574 2,541 12, 580 12, 805 9,336 5,686 59,593 Total days lost. 636, 160 223,093 125,116 264,862 321,925 576,353 186,250 3,941,835 Average number of days lost per man. Year. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Number of men affected. 6,447 18,780 5,824 60,098 5,601 22,538 17, 244 36,613 Total days lost. 59,834 375,569 260,381 2,700,746 148, 124 538,248 274, 296 1,052,005 Average number of days lost per man. 9 20 45 45 26 24 16 29 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 14355°— Bull. 115—16 20 300 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. HZ =o £B Is Hlj "So EK §2 ^ Pi o *5 ■ 3 ^ - -y2 «s5 >■= o° Ss on cog MM f 8 P °.9 Hg «S g§ §1 1 8 H^ -S.S o55 2.9 JO S| P.E-1 Z So 5- wm e. 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K ia n w Other causes. 22 "IBIOJ, 1 rt " CM "-" co--t ; ■o | •momvu.ttsijY | ^ *- •s*-— ■ o | -sdatsoidig 1 .Q | 'SUOSUd /0 S#Djf | ** ©* — rf | -viino 10 'sutq l snntp ui uoijmogns 1 S3 | ■seATiomoooj pire sjbo Atuirrea 1 " rt CM g 1 'sodid uresis Stnisjnq jo suoisoidx© Jerrog 1 c~ - CM S 1 •Aianrcp^jv I ^ : *"« 2 t '(snjnq jo ^ooqs) A"iiDiJioeTg | J; I -seArjoraooot pn« sjbo enrw I w 0^-1 CM*-* HTTMNH — . to S4 • Mulls mox l ~ «Hi-4 »o •-• c* co «e 01 S 1 -sesuK) joitjo 1 ;;«;;; 5 1 -sdnis jo soS^o I CN1-1 ; ^ii-*CMi-*COrt 3 1 *S9dO[s jo s^reiis nAvop StrqrBi spafqo 1 : I 1- ' f-t ■ ■ -est • 3 1 -sadois jo s^j^qs tLuop 2Tnr[«^; | ^ O) . . 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Tl 9rj t-, "^ «Q * | 'xmjiy 1 * 3Qj £S^S' Q §S 0sCs £;£22°S,2* Falls of roof (coal, rock, etc.). 1 1 COt-^'OClHlOMJCX-OX^XS "IBIO T CMCMCMCM"a •o | -mooiuj | : : ;•**«<»«« :•= : ©t«*a*>»ovf}y cc^^"t l ^ L -~^:^^ — ' i -- 3c X io 35 S ■a a a c 01 1 CMC 353 .883 10 S3 s 3 'I CM COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 303 r* CM CM CM CM ■ THCMUOcOuOT-icoeCOOuaCMi-iTji : ;•** ■**■** ■ • ■ • ©*©)©$ ■ ©4 -*t-30 -i 'i-i I-H ■ -CO 'CMl-4 ■ Ui W O CO CO CM CO T ' • ■ CM-^ -CM ■CO 'r-ii-i 'rlH -*OCOCM : m 1-1 : CO CM CMCMCMcOi-l-t-CO ,-H I-t I-t HNrtMiH r-l CO *-i "=f i— I ■ CM t- CO 00 CM 00 CM CM CM i-l "V CO i— I CO ' ■ ' ■ 'i-Ht-* ■ -CM 'HHHrlNNHN •COi-i ■ i-l i-t CO 0O tH lO tD C- U3 »0 CM ■«< t- Ol CO ■* 1> CO OlH^W^HOO^lMCBCCNCft^ilnHCOWt-OOOlOr- 1-1 «H CO^'*J'-^CM»neOeoCM«DCN.CMt'--a>0 *■< • *-1 ■ GO '•-i ^-i ■ ©i '—i >-t •»-( »<5 -—i t-i • ©i *^>i *" : 93 . . ,»~|>~,»~, . , T-, , t~, , ©i ©C; i-l ©4 ■ i-l t-h ©4 *-l i-l »! *-$-»-< >-i *^ y~i GQ *-i -*[— *go I 1 *" *-.*H *■* ~* i-H-^-*t--+ ** CO ""■* ; ■i-l<© 1-1 co ■ ^ i-Hi-h^i-iCMCMUS^-^t-iCM ?DC0 T-i ' • -^i i — 1 *— 1 -CM.-H-I 'i-ti-HCMi-l -i-H 'CMCMCO'OOCDi-iOlCMCJseO^fOCMOOiOOcOlO ' t— 1 i-H CM CM CM CM CO CO i-H CM CM (N'*'OH , J"Ot»Cfit* Ci -t* t- 00 CO t— «D 1> O (O 00 tt» t- • CO ' • ■ "-* ■ ■ OS CO ■Cftl'i-I -00 -r- ■ 1-1 HN CM©*CM CMi-iCO 1-1CM CO -!-,>-,,. SO*H eo *"* -*t-toQ* ■ °o to~*9^' , -" l o e-oeoai eo ■ ■ ■ • 94 *-< • . i i i-l ©4 ©4 -*t-«S fc» -st- 1 -! ©3 to i-> -rH-*eC'OOiH010tON(NiOcD'fl , OiOOO i-lT-H.-11-HCMeMtNCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMi-l ©it- • ■ ©i ©i ->-H t-i ©t co ■«*•©* ■ **. -^ms >-,... ») <9) ; fr~ ->*— <*■**©* >-- O CO 00 -q-^-CO «5«5S^ --. i»i >-< »J 9) Oj ^ &( t-i >~. ©* co &$ -3-1) o^ - oj co -**o '-itoN'esiSiO'o oc T»1 Oi 00 IO CO CD t- OiO> coco 00 X 00 o o OS c cr c o a c cr O S to O OS o c 55 a CC a a 304 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. TENNESSEE. ABEA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of Tennessee are from 50 to 70 miles wide and ex- tend northeast and southwest across the State from Chattanooga on the south to Middlesboro, Ky., on the north. The coal-bearing areas comprise about 4,400 square miles, of which it is estimated about 47 per cent may contain coal of economic value. The coal fields may for convenience be divided into a northern and a southern division. The northern area, which produces most of the coal mined, may be subdivided into the Jellico Basin, comprising parts of Campbell and Scott counties; the Wartburg Basin, including parts of Morgan, Anderson, and Scott counties; and the Middlesboro Basin, including Campbell and Claiborne counties. The southern division, which is known as the Chattanooga district, includes the Sewanee Basin, a part of the Cumberland plateau, the Walden Ridge Basin, and the Lookout Basin. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coal for the most part is bituminous throughout the State, but there is a limited area of cannel coal in the Jellico district. The beds, though reasonably uniform in thickness over limited areas, are relatively thin and the coal is variable in quality. The coal beds are nearly horizontal in most regions of extensive development except for local folds and rolls. The coals in the northern districts are a good grade of steam and domestic fuel, whereas in the southern districts the Sewanee coal is better adapted for coking purposes. The Jellico coal in the Jellico district varies from 3 to 4 feet and the Blue Gem coal from 1J to 2 feet. Many mines are operated in these two beds, but most of them are mines with a small output. The coal iu the Middlesboro Basin varies from 4 to 5 feet in thickness and is extensively mined in Mingo Hollow and elsewhere. The coal in the Wartburg Basin is variable in thickness and quality, ranging from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The coal in the Chattanooga district is nearly horizontal except over local areas, as along Walden Ridge, where it is greatly disturbed. The Sewanee coal ranges from about 2\ to 4^ feet in thickness and is generally found badly crushed and contorted and sometimes inti- mately mixed with "rash," which in this crushed form is very difficult to separate from the coal. MINING METHODS. The earliest records for the production of coal in Tennessee are those of 1S40, during which year 558 tons were mined. The pro- duction has gradually increased and in 1913 amounted to 6,903,784 tons. The mines are practically all opened by drifts, a few by slopes, and only two by shafts, and the coal is mined largely by the COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1014. 305 room-and-pillar system. Few of the mines in the State are large producers and in many of them mule haulage alone is used. Roof conditions average fairly good when proper precautions are taken in timbering. About 57 per cent of the' mines are ventilated by fans and about 30 per cent by furnaces. Most of the mines are wet and there is little chance for dust to gather, but some of them are very dry and considerable dust is produced in mining the coal. In a few of the dry mines adequate sprinkling cars are provided, but in two or three dry mines no attempt is made to sprinkle, and the mines are dangerously dusty. There were 8 coal mining machines in use in 1897 and 252 in 1913. The amount of machine-mined coal for the latter year was 26.7 per cent of the total output, or 7,312 tons per machine. In 1912, 32.9 per cent of the coal mined was shot from the solid and in 1913, 37 per cent was mined by this method; 36.3 per cent was mined with hand picks. As early as 1891 an agreement between mine operators and miners prohibited shooting coal off the solid, but this contract is too frequently broken in practice. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. ,8, The first mine-inspection law of Tennessee was passed April 7, 1881. It required that all accidents at mines should be reported to the inspector of the district in which the mine was located, and, if fatal, to the county coroner. The enforcement of the law was intrusted to the geologist of the bureau of agriculture, statistics, and mines, with power to employ such assistants as were necessary. The inspector was required to preserve in his office a record showing the cause of all accidents in the mines. . An act approved March 29, 1887, consolidated the inspection service and placed it under the jurisdiction of one mine inspector, whose office was maintained at Chattanooga, and to whom all accidents were to be reported by the mine operators. The inspector rendered annual reports to the gov- ' ernor on January 1 of each year. On March 23, 1891, an act was approved by which the office of mine inspector was consolidated with the bureau of labor and mining statistics, under the super- vision of the commissioner of the bureau of labor, statistics, and mines. The scope of the work of the new bureau was made to in- clude the inspection of all mines, collieries, mills, and factories, and all accidents at such establishments resulting in loss of life or serious personal injury were to be reported to the commissioner of the bureau, the commissioner to render annual reports to the Governor. An act of April 3, 1903, separated the mine inspection service from the bureau of labor and mining statistics, established the office of chief mine inspector, and authorized the governor to appoint one 306 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. chief inspector and two district mine inspectors, the chief to specify the counties which should compose the two districts. The act applied to both coal and metal mines, and the chief inspector was required to render annual reports to the governor, and to enumerate therein all accidents, both fatal and nonfatal. ACCIDENTS. Tables 128 and 129 show the production, number of men em- ployed, and number killed in and about the coal mines of Tennessee as compiled from the reports of the United States Geological Survey and the State mine inspector's reports. Continuous records of f atali- ties have been kept since 1891 to the end of 1913. During this period there were 859 fatalities, representing a rate of 4.30 per 1,000 men employed. The amount of coal produced per fatality was 119,280 tons, or there were 8.38 fatalities per 1,000,000 tons mined. Of the total number of fatalities 42.03 per cent was due to falls of roof; 39.47 per cent to gas and dust explosions, whereas mine cars and locomotives caused 5.70 per cent, and explosives a like percentage. FATALITIES IN TENNESSEE COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1891 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar ( coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 23 years 339 49 27 1 33 42.03 5.70 39.47 5.70 3.14 .12 3.84 1.81 .25 1.70 .25 .13 859 100.00 .16 4.30 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN TENNESSEE IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1895 Dec. 20 Mine explosion 25 1901 May 27 do 20 1902 Mar.31 do do... 16 1902 May 19 do... 184 1911 Dec.9 Cross Mountain do 84 Since 1895 there have been five disasters in which 327 men were killed. A list of these disasters is given in an accompanying table. Since 1903 slightly over one-half of the men have been employed at the mines on a 9-hour basis. During the 10-year period 1903 to 1913, excepting 1909, the men were employed 2,100 hours during the year. The fatality rate based on the actual number of employees as shown in Table 40 is 3.40, but when computed on the basis of equivalent 2,000-hour workers becomes 3.23. By comparing Tenn- COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 307 essee with Ohio on the basis of actual number of employees, it will be noted that the Tennessee rate is much higher, being 3.40 as compared with 2.94 for Ohio. The men in Ohio were employed 1,495 hours per annum, so that reducing the fatality rate to 2,000- hour workers the Tennessee rate is 3.23 as compared with 3.94 for Ohio. A similar comparison may be made with other States in tables 40 and 41. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES OF TENNESSEE.!* 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total number of men em- ployed. Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. 1903 1 8 8 4 13 5 9 657 876 246 1,561 287 84 63 62 79 75 87 5,614 6,102 5,693 6,938 6,968 8,220 23 24 33 30 .27 19 3,415 2,887 4,463 4,034 3,379 1,921 923 770 896 234 144 1,384 9,961 10,416 11,928 1904.. .. N 1905 1906 1907 12' 052 1908 11,812 10, 031 19096 1910 5 6 5 9 451 375 317 710 86 56 77 78 7,566 5,929 5,720 6,163 32 30 29 35 3,395 3,978 3,980 3,927 518 842 292 463 11,930 11, 124 10 309 1911 1912 1913 11,263 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 6 Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN TENNESSEE AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 1903 227 217 221 229 232 209 93,055 95,974 110,939 106,856 110,286 107,942 21,123,485 20,826,358 24,517,519 24,470,024 25,586,352 22,559,878 10,562 10,413 12,259 12,235 12,793 11,280 26 28 29 32 30 34 2.46 1904 2.69 1905 2.37 1906 2.62 1907 . 2.35 1908 3.01 1909 1910 . '. 225 232 234 241 iio. 314 103,719 96,444 104,584 24,820,650 24,062,808 22,567,896 25,204,744 12,410 12,031 11,284 12,602 38 111 18 35 3.06 1911 9.23 1912 1.60 1913 .. 2.78 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN TENNESSEE.^ Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 1,595 1,559 1,706 1,904 1,639 2,391 150 180 37,085 67,308 82, 730 136,347 36,021 170, 680 4,770 1,185 23 43 49 72 22 71 32 7 1907 284 349 277 4,725 11,441 9,295 17 1900.. 1908 33 1909...: 34 1910 1911 163 670 857 1,630 20,011 42,966 10 1912 30 1905 1913 50 1906 1914 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 308 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. s* Dt! ^ P ^ 3.9 o ® ^2 oa §2 65 »§ si Sa a— * p*i ©N £& s-: 3 " c3 a, 53 SI .9 .SS rt rt SS fa B4 s °< mS P3H •35 213 I* 5 8 Jl rr.S a Sv° fe. •senna jo lequm^ w il s .£3 o 03 a o •a a ■a © a 55 TOOj, o CM OOACM 00 i-l GO t-h iO 1-4CM 1-HCMCOU300 *^sod JO 9XB IBipB^ 'IIEii. JiOTIS 00 *IT8A Shot; t- •^srniq nreqo C0 it ca I Ah ■p9^J0d9J %0$l •prios go ^oqg CO ■exmpreM DOO OO^HOS-WCM i— i IQ eD "9» co tO CD OJ •pTIBH 3 a) © cj Ms ■j£bP J9 109, 713 160,928 146,328 155,777 68,531 121,050 288,885 159, 100 166,633 350,958 84,495 19,394 184,539 170, 793 ■6 © © a ■p9Tma suo^ ooo'ooo'i -K»d: 03 >-t i-H CO CM OS <£> SOCIO lOWONS) i-i (N 00 *4< »0 CM -»NO OOOOiO^JiQO ~' \Z d --f ~r sl COCOCO ?i— : — ..-' l- r-* H>0 ■peloid -nie OOO'I J9J IS 4.32 2.64 2.61 2.53 7.23 3.37 1.58 2.86 2.88 1.31 4.75 25. 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C4 ■-HIM •(■0^9 £ 3[00J 'iBoo) jooj jo sn'B.g: iH ->}">*HICJ N1( (4 c3 o c c c r- r- C c C C C 14355°— Bull. 115—16 316 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. UTAH. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal-bearing areas of Utah comprise about 10,570 square miles, which are roughly divisible into three fields. The Wasatch field is the largest, and includes parts of Carbon, Emery, Grand, Uinta, and Wasatch counties. The next largest field is in the southern part of the State, and occupies the larger part of Garfield, Iron, and Kane counties. The other field is in Summit County, in northern Utah, and is relatively unimportant, although mining operations at Coal- ville have been carried on since 1870. The greatest amount of development has been in Carbon and Emery counties, Carbon County producing about 90 per cent of the coal mined in the State. The principal districts in Carbon County are Sunnyside, Kenil- worth, Castlegate, Pleasant Valley, Spring Canyon, and Hiawatha- Black Hawk. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coal and the associated rocks in the Wasatch field have been subjected locally to serious folding and displacements, but in gen- v eral the deformation has been uniform, resulting in regular struc- ture and low dips. In western Carbon County and in Emery County the coal-bearing rocks are highly folded and cut by numerous faults, which render mining expensive and uucertain. But in the eastern part of the developed field the coal either lies nearly flat or dips only 3° to 7°. The beds as a rule are thinner in the eastern than in the western part of the field. The coal in two beds, both of which are mined, in the Sunnyside district is about 14 feet thick, whereas in some of the western districts, as at Kenilworth and Hiawatha, the coal of a single bed ranges from 15 to 20 feet thick. The coal beds in general are not uniform in thickness over large areas and in many places are known to be very lenticular. Rolls and "horsebacks" are common in some districts and in many places the latter oftentimes cut out a considerable part of the coal bed. The southern coal field has never been exploited on a commercial scale, but the coal ranges in thickness from 4 to 8 feet. MINING METHODS. Coal was first mined on a commercial scale in Utah in 1870, when 5,800 tons was produced. The production in 1913 was 3,254,828 tons, and in 1914, 3,103,036 tons was mined. Most of the mines are opened by drifts, entries, or slopes, and the coal is mined by the room-and-pillar method. The principal mines are worked on the double-entry system and at one of the typical mines the rooms are 24 feet wide by 400 feet long, separated by 40-foot pillars. Wherever COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1?70-1914. 317 the coal extends 7 to 9 feet in thickness the excess is left on the roof and is taken down only when the pillars are drawn. Most of the mines are comparatively dry and the coal yields considerable dust when mined. The State mining law requires extensive sprink- ling systems in such mines and most of the operators rigidly observe the law. Coal is rarely shot from the solid and is usually undercut (by machine or hand pick) or sheared before being shot. Electric shot-firing systems are in common use. Coal-mining machines were first introduced into Utah in 1896 and in 1913 there were 50 machines in operation. During 1913 the machine-mined coal equaled 19.2 per cent, coal mined by hand-pick methods equaled 74.2 per cent, and that shot from the solid equaled 4.2 per cent. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. An act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, authorized the Presi- dent of the United States to appoint a % mine inspector for each Territory in which the aggregate annual production of coal exceeded 1,000 tons. Under the provisions of this law the first mine inspector for Utah was appointed August 23, 1892. Section 15 of the act provided that a full and written report of every fatal accident should be made to the mine inspector within 10 days after such death should occur. Annual reports for fiscal years ending June 30 were rendered to the Secretary of the Interior. Utah was admitted as a State in January, 1896, and under a law approved April 5, 1896, the first State inspector was appointed April 6. The State inspection law covered all coal and hydrocarbon mines employing more than six men, and the inspector was required to examine all such mines at least quarterly, and to render an annual report to the governor. Mine operators were required to report to the inspector every fatal accident within 10 days after the accident, .and every nonfatal accident involving disability for one week or more. An act approved March 20, 1911, authorized the employment of a deputy inspector and repealed the provision of the previous laws limiting the inspec- tion service to mines employing more than six men. All accidents reported to the inspector by mine operators are pub- lished in the inspector's annual report, but only those involving dis- ability for at least 30 days are classified as serious accidents. ACCIDENTS. Tables 132 and 133 show the number of men employed, the pro- duction of coal, and the number of fatalities as compiled from the best records available. The State mine inspectors' reports show fatal accidents back to 1892, and are complete from that year to 318 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18"70-191±. date. The total number of men killed during the period 1892 to 1913, representing 22 years, was 355 or 9.25 fatalities per 1,000 FATALITIES IN UTAH COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1892 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc. ) . Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions a Explosives 6 Miscellaneous Shaft Surface 95 25 205 5 7 3 15 26.76 7.04 57.75 1.40 1.97 .84 4.23 2.48 .65 5.34 .13 .18 .08 .39 Total, 22 years.. 355 100.00 9.25 a Includes Winter Quarters mine disaster at Scofield, May 1, 1900, in which 200 men were killed by a powder and dust explosion, representing 56.34 per cent of the fatalities, or 5.21 per 1,000 for the 22-year period. ' See footnote «. COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN UTAH IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date May 1, 1900. Name of mine. . .- Winter Quarters Noa. 1 and 4. Location of mine Schofield. Natureof accident Powder and mine explosion. Number killed 200. men employed, of which number 57.75 per cent' was due to gas and dust explosions. This includes the explosion at the Winter Quarters mine in 1900, in which 200 were killed at one time. This one disaster represents 56.34 per cent of the total fatalities during the 22-year period. Falls of roof represent 26.76 per cent, or 2.48 fatalities per 1,000 men employed. The quantity of coal produced per fatalitity was 89,252 tons, or 11.20 fatalities per million tons of coal mined. Since 1903, the mines have been operated on an 8-hour basis, and for comparison with States having 9-hour and 10-hour working days, Tables 40 and 41 have been compiled. It will be noted that during the period 1903 to 1913, except 1909, the men were employed 2,109 hours per year. The fatality rate based on the actual number of employees is 4.15 per 1,000, whereas, when reduced to the uniform basis of 2,000-hour workers, it becomes 3.93, which compares favor- ably with the rate in Ohio, where the rate on the same basis is 3.94. Similar comparisons with other States may be made by reference to Table 41. The tables of statistics for the State follow. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 319 NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN UTAH." 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 ' hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed 1903 12 15 13 12 16 17 158 1,356 1,352 1,554 2,046 2,620 4 2 1,747 5 3 1 2 1 9 2 6 3 11 11 3 13 157 42 1,925 1904 1,374 1905 1,361 1906 1 2 1.572 2,203 1908 1 2 2,664 3,014 1910 20 21 22' 23 3,049 3,056 3,326 4,063 4 390 3,053 1911 3,446 1912 1 2 2 95 3,328 1913 4,158 <* Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U.S. Geol. Survey. *> Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN UTAH AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- taour workers. 248 294 247 288 258 227 17,176 11,012 10,903 12,597 17,781 21,358 4,259,648 3,237,528 2,693,041 3,627,936 4,587,498 4,848,266 2,130 1,619 1,347 1,814 2,294 2,424 5.56 5.20 2.21 2.18 2.06 260 236 285 273 24,428 27(.958 26,626 33,359 6,351,280 6,598,088 7,588,410 9', 107, 007 3,176 3,299 3,794 4,554 5.67 3.94 5.01 3.73 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN UTAH. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average ■ number of days lost per man. 1907 148 592 4 1908 1901 754 23,055 30 1909 1910 1903 350 9,800 28 1911 208 624 3 1912 6 6 1 1913 5 150 1,300 1,800 260 1906 1914 12 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 320 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, IS^O-lM/i > o ■§ ll 3§ p Ss ft 2=° -s-S "3 Eg < S i H c £ S oS 3J2 r ,s °° ° ^ g» «« si fig ■§«>" rig s| wg si gg £8 SK -as §» Is £*■ sa g&= ■§! **> »c. 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OP • COO r-ieocq 10cd»0 r-^-toi m to c^t^o < CM CO coui-*' ' oiio COOit^ lO <*(N i-H i-Hi-H iO fH(M CO CO ■H (OOOOO I •* en ifCMifl < ^ .H ■*CO»H e-rt c 3 CO"* r-t~& or- »o '• Oi CO COCO ■ iO i-Ji-ii-i I 1-1 ioo>°9 ■m r-co t-^N ,-< i-l 00 00 ^H O COCO"* tN COCO in ■* o wow (N ^* ■-! «eo« CO 'CM :<» '00 3© .P u B *s?: hH ■ i-HCNCO >f-lT^ ! ■4^ i-H 4 OS 322 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. •I-b;oi pubiq MOHHeaoinoc»cooot*cnt«4e4 CM u O 3 en § a 3 'TOOJi : : : ]** : : ; ■ ■HtH • CM ■ • ■ ■MHHiom "sosn^o ioqq.0 CM : : rt : : : : : : - 1 :-* -0001 P UB SIBO itBAEfBH ■ < ! iH ■sesiteo J9tp|.o «o 'Sdt3[s jo seS^o us : ; : fH : ; : : : •sedois jo sweiis iH •sodois jo ayens nAVop Sniil'Bii « I-l : : : ;^ : : ; : : rt u CD CD *I^OX « • HHHWW ■ OS . eg ccr-«)cc*i'ioifiimmwxHt- •sastiBO Jeq^o d '::::::: : rt i 1 ! 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The coal-bearing area of Virginia comprises about 1,550 square miles in the Appalachian region, 200 square miles in the Brushy Mountain fields, and 150 square miles in the Atlantic Coast region. Of the latter, the larger part is in the Richmond Basin. This basin extends in a north and south direction through parts of Goochland, Henrico, Powhatan, and Chesterfield counties. It is about 30 miles long, with a maximum width of 10 miles, and its eastern edge is about 13 miles from Richmond. There are also one or two other isolated fields in the Atlantic coast region, but mining in these has been of little importance. The Brushy Mountain fields include long narrow strips of coal- bearing rocks nearly across the State. These rocks are of lower Car- boniferous age and are some of the oldest coal-bearing strata known in this country. Some of the coal is of the semianthracite rank. The Appalachian region includes a large area in the southwestern part of the State, with the principal mines in Wise, Russell, Tazewell, and Lee counties. More than one-half of the coal mined in the State comes from Wise County. The coal-bearing rocks lie in a broad, fiat, synclinal trough lying between the southeastern edge of the coal field and Pine Mountain. In the middle of the trough the beds are gener- ally fiat, except where they are disturbed by small folds and faults. On the edges of the trough the beds are strongly tilted, in some places even standing vertical. CHARACTER OF COAL-BEDS. The coal in the Richmond Basin is a bituminous coking coal. The coal beds are steeply inclined and are 4 to 30 feet thick, and in a num- ber of places have been cut by intrusions of diabase, producing nat- ural coke. It has been estimated by Shaler and Woodworth that at a distance of one mile from the outcrop the depth of the beds is 2,500 feet, and it is possible that the beds may extend to a depth of 4,000 feet. The coal beds are broken by faults that make systematic mining difficult. The coal beds in the Brushy Mountain fields range from 3 to 12 feet in thickness, but the beds contain many partings of shale which make mining expensive and the products of the mines difficult to market. Although desultory mining has been done on these coal beds for a long time, only a little coal has reached the market. In the main bituminous field the coal beds are much more numer- ous and valuable. In Lee County 12 beds of coal are of workable 324 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. , thickness, ranging from 2\ to 6 feet thick. In the Big Stone Gap district the most important coal bed is the Imboden, which ranges from 4 to 13 feet in thickness. There are also a number of beds from 4 to 8 feet thick lying above the Imboden. On Toms Creek the Upper Banner coal, ranging from 5 to 8 feet thick, is the most important bed. This bed has a shale roof and a hard shale floor. In Dickenson County the coal beds below the Gladeville sandstone are thin, but above that sandstone 10 beds are recognized, which range in thickness from 2 to 12 feet. The Lower Boiling bed is 4 feet thick with shale roof and clay floor. The Glamorgan bed is 4£ feet thick with shale roof and shale floor. The Pardee bed is about 9 J feet thick. MINING METHODS. Coal was first mined in the Richmond Basin in 1750. In 1789 regular shipments were made. Production records begin with 1822 with 5,400 tons. The larger mines are opened by slopes and vertical shafts, the latter being 400 to 500 feet deep. In the earlier days col- ored labor was employed under the supervision of English and Welsh miners, and the mining systems were largely adapted from English practices. In recent years Hungarian and colored labor is employed, largely under the direction of local or Pennsylvania managers. With the development of the southwestern Virginia field the Richmond Basin remained practically dormant after 1883. Renewed activity has prevailed during the last 4 years. As in West Virginia, the room-and-pillar method of mining pre- vails largely throughout the Appalachian region with practically all of the mines opened by drift entries. In 1887 there were only 8 mining machines in operation, but in 1913 there were 187 machines, producing 47.6 per cent of the coal; 19.7 per cent was mined by hand, and 32.6 per cent shot off the solid. The production per man in 1913 was 964 tons. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The mine-inspection service of Virginia was established in accord- ance with an act approved March 13, 1912, applying to all coal mines in which five or more persons were employed in a period of 24 hours. The appointment of the inspector was vested in the commissioner of the bureau of labor and industrial statistics, to whom the inspector was required to render annual reports for years ending June 30. Mine operators were required to report to the inspector all accidents COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 325 causing loss of life or serious personal injury, stating the cause of such accident, and the inspector, if he deemed it necessary from the facts reported, was required to visit the scene of the accident and render such assistance and advice as he deemed necessary for the future safety of the men. No rules have been adopted by the Bureau of Labor as to what constitutes a serious injury such as the law requires shall be reported to the inspector, but all accidents of which the inspector receives notice are included in his annual report to the commissioner. In 1915 one coal-mine inspector was employed. ACCIDENTS. Tables 134 and 135 show the production of coal beginning with 1822, the number of employees beginning with 1888, and the number of fatalities from 1909 to date. Although Virginia was one of the first States to produce coal, yet systematic records of accidents in that State have not been kept until recent years. There have been a number of serious mine explosions, extending as far back FATALITIES IN "VIRGINIA COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1909 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 5 years 131 32 25 10 34 1 18 52.19 12.75 9.96 3.98 13.55 .40 7.17 251 100. 00 3.33 .81 .63 .25 .86 .03 .46 6.37 COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN VIRGINIA IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1839 Mar. 18 Near Richmond do Mine explosion 1854 Chesterfield 1855 Coalfield do... 1876 May 20 do do do 1882 Feb. 3 do do do. . 1884 Mar. 13 do... 1901 Nov. 14 do Mine fire and explosion 1901 Nov.22 do do 1906 Oct. 3 do do 1907 Mar.16 11 1910 Dec. 14 do ...do.. 1911 Jan. 20 Carbon Hill Carbon Hill do 1912 Jan. 16 do...: do Dynami le explosion. . . 1912 Julyl6 Old Dominion No. 1 . do 326 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. as 1839, as shown in the accompanying list. During the five years, 1909 to 1913, for which continuous records are available, there have been 251 fatalities, representing 6.37 fatalities per 1,000 men employed. The quantity of coal produced per fatality was 138,644 tons, or 7.21 fatalities per milli on tons of coal mined. Of the total number of fatalities during the 5-year period, 52.19 per cent was due to falls of roof-and-pillar coal, 12.75 per cent to mine cars and locomotives, and 9.96 per cent to gas and dust explosions. Practically all of the men employed in and about the coal mines ia Virginia are on a 10-hour basis, hence to permit comparisons with States on the 8-hour or the 9-hour basis, Tables 40 and 41 have been compiled. The number of hours worked per man a year in Virginia is 2,447 as compared with 2,132 hours in West Virginia, and 1,495 hours in Ohio. In order that true comparisons may be made with reference to the hazard of the mining industry, the time element has been taken into consideration and rates worked out on the basis of the number of 2,000-hour workers, as shown in Tables 40 and 41. Based on the actual number of employees, the rate for the 4 years 1910 to 1913 is 6.74 per 1,000. This reduced to the basis of 2,000- hour workers becomes 5.26 per 1,000, as compared with 5.18 for West Virginia, and 3.94 for Ohio. Table 41 shows figures for the other States worked out on a similar basis, so that comparisons may be readily made. The tables of statistics for the State follow. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN VTRGINIA.O 8-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed 1903 2 2 2 6 250 256 522 105 4 6 7 5 7 10 21 372 591 727 849 802 21 24 25 31 42 32 5,032 4,092 3,999 4,294 5,791 A 214 305 445 618 5 30 80 5,608 1904 5,165 1905 5,730 5,131 1906 1907 6,670 1908 1909 6 2 112 6,208 6,191 7,264 1910 1 2 2 1 189 43 24 32 10 4 3 8 1,021 33 41 302 45 52 49 49 5,710 6,929 8,181 8,743 344 1,102 432 85 1911 8,107 8,678 9,162 1912 1913 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. t> Census year. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 327 NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN VIRGINIA AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2, 000- hour workers. 1903., 267 238 241 250 241 200 55,254 50,321 55,047 50,368 65,821 60,974 14,752,818 11,976,398 13,266,327 12,592,000 15,862,861 12,194,800 7,377 5,988 6,633 6,296 7,931 6,097 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 241 261 251 280 70,897 79,849 86,259 91, 169 17,086,177 20,840,589 21,651,009 25,527,320 8,543 10,420 10,826 12,764 57 68 75 24 6.67 1911 1912 6.93 1.88 1913 328 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 1370-1914. Sfi 2 o S-9 *3 3» On, a? w 1 - .no C en nfcl —« to a. S3 C3 >>3 £~ H" CHg OS m% uZ. 8*2 SI S«a> ps a ffl.3 H ° & M -ri£ »- « a -j: c3 id I ~" -T3 s«> 3 - > a a ^ ss fla II y^ So — - OS & •ga^ ■5 a S *a" 3 s >> III *S3titoi jo jeqnm^j ( CM CO 1 COCO to" a> fl 2 u a a o ■a a s s a 2 'mo& o C4 ooooco otOH ocoiot^r-ui r-cj t-1 r-l r* eo eo t* OO o ■* •;-.sod e» ■ipm ^johs CO SO 'lp3Ji Shot; r- -*-*> *^SB9Jq UIBllO s OWlONrHi-l NOD i-i >-< C<1 P* »0 t— OOi-t ■apld to 00 ■a a I "3 U 1 fc&Q C3 a> o s Ah 1 'po^jodej jo^j ^< ■pnos ]jo jons eo ■ouihobjv; N i-h«« coco"* c>i r^ oi o ec ■* t~^»d CNIt-»M i-l.-itM 0»03 pxreH 3 S'li t-Bt, *^up jed: O l-t 2.04 3.65 4.21 3.38 3.21 2.82 2.53 3.06 4.26 4. 26 2.76 2.35 2.78 2.30 2.77 3.10 3.32 2.93 3.43 3.72 'itral J9j e» 447 568 605 898 808 854 752 634 500 652 979 1.074 — [-— loocooseoeo ooco COCOQO COtOt-OOt-CO t^QO ■p93[JOjJi S£$(X 00 'eT "e , Cft ^OliOMOia .-ICOIO cor~e» co eo ■* wo -"i* © _■*** C-l MHMWMrt C3CMCM PINC4 (M 1-Hi-H lO .-HOOcO (M(NO rli—li-. W^ •* O ^ l-H © cOt-CO. co-*co U3 d CO ,-H coco •* o o CO CO CO CO «-H OS COCO rfHO«D OOOiOi CO r- OO CO CO 00 CO "SCO OJCNC1 CM CM i-lCq CO OS«O00 ©■*W ooe HHM ■« CO >* Oi to f- COOS H(ON CM CO t>co as-* CM eococo OOCOCN COCN 00 U5 ■■# cDt-«5o ■^cobo" tO-f-M oooooo coWoo* — I 1— "O 00 .-< CO E— Oi »0 r-T <»» 00 i« '"■ CM 01?j to" ^ot-*d9 'pejBoojjns 'poujrtq) S9ju 9inj^ 1-4 : rt ■somqottui Sunnjj O CO T-H •sittunny c» •(snJtiq J0 3[00TJ_S) A"lT0tJJ09T_g 00 eOMThTlti-i - S9Stt3 9UTUI TH0JJ UOTlBOOJITlg l> •soAisoidxg; CO o ■(p9Titqraooisrip pus SB3'3uipniOTlf) STiotsoidx9 'isnp-jBOo US o ■sb3 SniaJTiq pus suoisojdxe sbq ^» lOO •S9AIJ0in -oooj pub'sjbo 9TI[H CO ^HOOOJ-^rH •psoo jBtH ^ I0 90B J I0 SIP 3 .! CI r-t^. •(•0}9 '3[0OJ 'l^oo) jooi jo snM F-I CC COCOCOt-H^H CD CT C a c o a a 330 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 187t)-l»14. WASHINGTON. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of Washington comprise an area of about 1,800 square miles in the northwestern part of the State. They may be grouped into four fields, as follows: North Puget Sound, including Whatcom and Skagit counties; south Puget Sound, including King and Pierce counties ; Roslyn Basin, in Kittitas County; and the south- western field, including Lewis and Cowlitz counties. King, Kittitas and Pierce counties are the principal producers. The north Puget Sound field extends from the coast south of Bel- lingham northeastward to the foot of Mount Baker. It is the south limb of a great syncline. The coal beds dip to the northwest at vary- ing angles, ranging from 35° near the coast to 90° at Cokedale and 45° at Glacier. The quality of the coal ranges from coking bitumi- nous coal at Cokedale and Blue Canyon to anthracite at Glacier. The south Puget Sound field is characterized by a series of parallel folds, usually in a north-south direction. The principal mines at Wilkeson and Carbonado are on the west slope of an anticline, where there are a number of overthrust faults. The structure in this field is complicated by folding and faulting and the intrusion of igneous rocks. The Roslyn field, in Kittitas County, is a more regular basin, with a slight pitch to the southeast. The dip of the coal-bearing rocks varies from 10° to 20°, and the basin is free from faults. The southwestern field is in general a broad, flat basin, but on the east side, next the Cascade Range, the coal beds are badly covered by lava flows. Here the coal is of low rank, being classed generally as the lowest grade of subbituminous coal. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The coals of Washington vary from lignite through semibitumi- nous to bituminous coking coal. In a number of the districts the coal produces a large amount of slack or fine coal when mined. Near Bellingham the coal bed that is now worked is 14 feet thick, whereas at Cokedale there are beds 20 feet thick. Gas is prevalent in these mines. The Blue Canyon bed has an average thickness of 7 feet, and at Glacier it is about 6 feet thick, but badly crushed and distorted. The coal beds in the South Puget Sound field are more numerous, but the strata are so disturbed that coal beds can seldom be identified from mine to mine, even though the properties are contiguous and in some cases the mine workings connect. The center of production in King County is about Black Diamond. The principal beds here are the Upper McKay, which ranges from 4 feet 4 inches to 4 feet 9 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 331 inches, and the Lower McKay, which is 4 feet 7 inches to 6 feet 3 inches in thickness. At New Castle there are four productive beds, varying from 4 to 12 feet in thickness, some of which have been worked down the dip to a depth of about 2,000 feet. At Renton there are two beds, varying from 7£ to 8 feet in thickness. The most important producing area in Pierce County includes the mines on Carbon River from Wilkeson on the north to Montezuma on the south. At Wilkeson there are three coal beds, averaging each about 6 feet thick. At Carbonado at least 10 coal beds, which range in thick- ness from 2 feet to more than 8 feet, have been worked. The Wingate bed, about 5 feet thick, is the best in the mine. The Carbonado mine has considerable gas, especially on the west side of Carbon River. In Kittitas County the mines are gaseous, one disastrous explosion occurring during 1910, in which 10 men lost their lives. Another explosion occurred in 1902. At Roslyn coal is being mined from beds 4 feet 6 inches thick from a shaft 604 feet deep. The roof con- sists of shale. At Clealum, in the same district, coal is being mined from a bed 4 feet 2 inches thick at a depth of 250 feet. MINING METHODS. The coal beds are faulted and upturned in many sections, so that it is necessary to mine coal from steeply inclined seams. The mines are opened by shafts, slopes, and drifts. In the Roslyn field the beds are very dry and require sprinkling to prevent the accumulation of dust. The double-entry room and pillar systems of mining are used. At Carbonado the mines are opened by slopes and drifts, some of which extend nearly 2 miles into the mountain side. A number of the larger collieries in Washington have opened their mines by slopes and the coal is mined by the pillar-and-breast system, abo.ut 90 per cent of the coal being extracted. In the northern field the coal beds are opened by shafts and drifts and in some cases the coal seams are gaseous. In 1896 there were three mining machines in use, producing only 3 per cent of the coal. The number of machines remained about the same until 1909, when there were 18 machines, and in 1913 there were 63 machines, producing 7.2 per cent of the total coal. Shooting off the solid is used for more than one-third the total production. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. An act approved November 28, 1883, effective January 1, 1884, authorized the governor of the Territory of Washington to appoint an inspector of coal mines for all mines employing more than 10 men. In addition to rendering an annual report to the governor, the inspector was required to make a special report on all accidents 14355°— Bull. 115—16 22 332 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN TLT^ ^.^~„ *,I.-li.„, causing loss of life or serious bodily injuries. Operators were re- quired to notify the inspector and coroner of all fatal accidents, and upon such notice an investigation was conducted to determine the cause of the accident. The act of February 4, 1886, required operators to notify the inspector of all serious accidents as well as fatal accidents. On February 2, 1888, an act was approved by which the Territory was divided into two inspection districts, with an inspector for each district appointed by the governor. The State legislature enacted a law which was approved March 5, 1891, relating to the inspection of coal mines, but the requirement as to the reporting of fatal and serious accidents was not changed. The inspectors were appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of an examining board, and were required to file annual reports with the secretary of state before February 1, covering the previous calendar year. The act of March 6, 1897, provided that the inspection law should apply to all coal mines employing 10 or more men, but that operators of mines enploying less than 10 men should notify the inspector as soon as 10 men were employed. On March 5, 1907, a law was approved providing one mine inspector for the entire State until there are 60 mines in operation, and dividing the State into districts, containing not less than 10 nor more than 60 mines each, and an inspector for each district, as soon as the number of operating mines in the State exceeds 60. An act approved March 13, 1911, authorized the State mine inspector to appoint, with the consent of the governor, a deputy inspector, who should hold office during the pleasure of the State inspector. Prior to 1912 it was the practice of the operators to report only those injuries causing at least 30 days' disability, but since that year, when the workmen's compensation law became effective, the oper- ators have reported all injuries resulting in disability for 5 days or more and these are published in the inspector's annual reports. Serious injuries are those resulting in 30 days' disability, all others being considered slight injuries. In 1915 the inspector was assisted by one deputy. ACCIDENTS. Tables 136 and 137 show the production of coal, the number of men employed, and the fatalities in coal mines as compiled from the reports of the United States Geological Survey and the State mine inspectors' reports. Complete records of fatalities from the mine inspectors' reports are available from 1889 to 1913, a period of 25 years. During this time there were 640 fatalities, representing a rate of 6.14 fatalities per 1,000 men employed. The amount of coal produced per death was 93,606 tons, or 10.68 fatalities per COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 333 FATALITIES IN WASHINGTON COAL MINES, BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1889 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 25 years 182 81 195 32 102 13 35 28.44 12.65 30.47 5.00 15.94 2.03 5.47 1.75 .78 1.87 .30 .98 .12 .33 100.00 6.14 FATALITIES DUE TO THE DIP OR PITCH OF COAL SEAMS IN WASHINGTON MINES, 1905 TO 1912, INCLUSIVE.® Cause of accident. 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 3 1 i 4 3 2 1 5 1 1 2 2 Runaway cars, and men falling from cars or skips 2 7 2 1 3 5 1 3 i 2 2 2 3 1 Total 5 12 11 22 11 36 9 25 6 39 6 43 11 27 a Compiled from State mine inspector's reports. COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN WASHINGTON" IN WHICH S OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. • Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. Nature of accident. Number killed. 1892 MaylO 45 1894 Aug.24 FfflTiTi-lin 1895 Aprv8 Lake Whatcom .. .do. 23 31 1899 Dec.9 Carbon Hill No. 7 1900 Aug.21 Smoke from burning air shaft. .. do. 1902 Oct.l 11 17 1904 Dec. 7 No.5 1907 Apr, 26 Roslyn .. do... 10 1910 Nov. 6 .do 1915 Nov.ie Northwestern million tons of coal mined. During this period there have been 10 mine disasters in which 5 or more men have been killed at one time, making a total of 202 fatalities. Of the total number of fatalities during this 25-year period 30.47 per cent was due to gas and dust explosions; 28.44 per cent to falls of roof and coal; and 12.65 per cent to mine cars and locomotives. Practically all of the mines in Washington are operated on an 8-hour basis, and for purposes of comparison with 9 and 10 hour States, Tables 40 and 41 have been compiled. The number of hours worked per year per man is 2,023. The fatality rate based on the actual number of employees is 4.64, as compared with 4.58 when 334 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. reduced to the equivalent of 2,000-hour workers. Table 41 gives similar data for all of the States, so that comparisons of one State with another may be readily made. NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING-DAY, BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN WASHINGTON." S-hour day. 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Men em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number ol' mines. Men em- ployed. \ Number of mines. Men em- ployed. Number of mines. Men em- ployed. number of men em- ployed. 1903 S 24 18 29 41 39 342 4,152 3,644 4,179 5,594 4,665 17 4 1 4 1 1 2,245 70 28 106 5 20 6 2,180 4,768 5,287 4,765 1904. . . 1,065 740 231 346 799 1905 8 353 13 1906 ; 4,529 5,915 5,484 5,992 6,314 7,236 1907... 1908 1909 6 1910 40 45 42 52 6,129 5,642 5,344 5,794 185 1,594 125 1911 1912 2 50 5,519 5,794 1913 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. b Census year. NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN WASHINGTON AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployees). Total hours per year. Number of 2,000- hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2.000- hour workers. 1903 285 243 227 266 273 202 44,751 43,431 39,594 36,595 47,911 44,691 12,754,035 10,553,733 8,987,838 9,734,270 13,079,703 9,027,582 6,377 5,277 4,494 4,867 6,540 4,514 25 31 12 22 37 25 1904 1905 2.67 1906 1907 5.66 1908 1909 1910 256 225 226 260 50,697 59,482 44,377 46,352 12,978,432 13,383,450 10,029,202 12,051,520 6,489 6,692 5,014 6,026 43 27 14 22 6.63 1911 1912 1913 On account of the coal beds being badly upturned, necessitating working on steep pitches or dips, there is an unusual percentage of accidents due to coal, rock, or timber sliding down from a working face, from cars getting loose and running down an incline, and from men falling down chutes or slopes. About 30 per cent of the fatalities belong to this group, as shown in the accompanying table. In nearly all of the States, the bituminous coal beds are compara- tively flat, but Washington is an exception in this respect. Outside of certain fields in Oklahoma and Colorado, and the anthracite fields in eastern Pennsylvania, there is not a district where the coal beds are as steeply inclined as in Washington. The tables of statistics for the State follow: COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, ISlO-lSM. 335 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN WASHINGTON." Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 1907 484 226 123 101 2,099 807 1,239 459 8,544 67,800 2,300 303 22,215 31,347 60,145 25,410 18 1900. . . 100 3,000 30 1908 300 1901 1909 19 1902 1910 3 1903 200 365 6,600 25,020 33 69 1911 10 1904 1912 39 1905 1913 49 1906 1914 . 55 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, IT. S. Geol. Survey. 336 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE UNITED STATES, 18?0-19U. a . 35 a* Is H " si ga ss ^° Us £z ^t s?f >3 §! •2 © v -'l-H fcCM ng cS 3* "il Zh "m oa .. da 2- ■r 1 on Z 6 " 53 Z" 8-b IS §S o« a* H Z .3 a 3z si ^1* £ O ■sounn jo jequm^i 1-t C2 ■^H ^fOSCO CM CM t— 00 C> CO I ;CM CM»ieM COM'^'ViO'C" en CD n o 03 S o -a a 3 »3 a 03 b. 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CO •00.3C o r- CO IN- ^*» r* OJ O CMOStOO O»o^t ccnl- -i-- C3_ in O "* CD iO CD "W< CMCOfCO t^-*C? (O«COC4-H« — l~ -r t-rii-L- — — •-J*^^ cf c^crcr«"crcf e>f e>Tco"'eo' »'•*'■*■ ■*"«o''*''» .^H ^H 00 ^1 CO CD O'i'OOOO OCOCM ©eCOOffliH • y- ^ CO t^- CO CN CO CO ^-t OOSt^t^ ~. '~Z (~- cDcOC>-OOOCN '(suoj v°^s) norpnpojj 1-1 X, 759, 683 380,250 423, 525 772,601 1,215,750 1,030,578 1,263,689 1,056,249 1,213,427 1,264,877 1,106,470 1,191,410 1,195,504 1,434,112 1,884,571 2,029,881 2,474,093 2,57K,217 2,681,214 3,193,273 3,137,681 2,864,926 3,276,184 3,680,532 3,024,943 3 : ■ oo ■ ■ <£ V. X OOQOOC i>CO CJ QOOO OO OHNO os os os c aoooooa |-*«3 COt-0 S OS OS OS OS C 3000O ooaoo DOS C DOS O : x os c CO CO o OS o OS V. a c; -r. 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AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of West Virginia occupy all of the area on the Western slope of the Appalachian Mountains. The entire area of the State is 24,022 square miles, of which an area of approximately 17,000 square miles is coal-bearing. Thirty counties are important pro- ducers. The 6 counties heading the list, in the order of their pro- duction in 1913, are McDowell, Fayette, Marion, Harrison, Kanawha, and Logan, each of which mined more than 4,000,000 tons of coal. There are seven important fields, the three in the northern part of the State being (1) Fairmont field, including Harrison and Monroe counties ; (2) Elk Garden (Piedmont) , or Upper Potomac field, includ- ing Mineral, Grant, and Tucker counties; (3) Ph.iU.ipi field, including Preston, Barbour, and Randolph counties. The four fields in the southern part of the State are as follows: (1) New River field, includ- ing Fayette and Raleigh counties; (2) Kanawha field, including Kan- awha and parts of Boone and Putnam counties; (3) Pocahontas field, including McDowell and Mercer counties, W. Va., and Tazewell County, Va. ; and (4) Big Sandy field, which is a continuation of the Kanawha district into Logan and Mingo counties. In general the coal beds and the associated sandstones, limestones, and shales of the West Virginia fields dip northwestward toward the axis of the great Appalachian trough, which passes through the north- western part of the State from the southwest corner of Pennsylvania to Wayne County on Big Sandy River. Notwithstanding the general regularity of this great trough, the southeastern side, especially in northern West Virginia, is affected by a number of anticlinal folds trending in the same direction as the axis of the great trough. These smaller folds cause the dips in places to be much steeper than the normal, and on the southeast flank of the arch, to be toward the southeast. This is well illustrated in the synclinal trough in Preston County east of the Chestnut ridge anticline. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. All of the West Virginia coal is bituminous or semibituminous, the majority of which is of high rank. The coal increases in rank from west to east across the State, the semibituminous coals being limited to small fields along the margin of the area. These fields of semibituminous coal are Pocahontas, New River, and Upper Potomac (Georges Creek). These coals are preeminently steam coals, going into the market as "smokeless," but they also are used to a limited extent in coke making. The most important coal in the Fairmont and Elk Garden dis- tricts is the Pittsburgh (Elk Garden or 14-foot) bed, with an average 340 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UJXiitu siario, loiu-wn. thickness of 8 feet 6 inches, of which 7 feet is usually mined. The Waynesburg and Sewickley coal beds occur in the Fairmont district, but are little worked. They vary in thickness from 5 to 10 feet. The Elk Garden district also contains the Thomas or Upper Free- port, 2 J to 3£ feet thick, and the Davis (Upper Kittanning or " Six- Foot") bed, varying from 4 to 11 feet in thickness. In the Kanawha district, the most important beds are "No. 2 Gas" and the Eagle (soft coking coal), varying in thickness from 3 to 5 feet, and the Coalburg and No. 5 (splint coal), varying from 4 to 6 feet thick. In the New River field the principal beds are the Sewell, varying in thickness from 3 J to 5 feet; Fire Creek, averaging 3 feet, and the Beckley, varying from 4 to 6 feet. The Pocahontas field produces coal from the "No. 3" bed, which is 4 to 11 feet thick, averaging about 6 feet. In recent years considerable development work has been done on the "No. 4" and also on the Sewell bed. MUTING METHODS. The earliest records showing coal production of West Virginia are for 1863," during which year West Virginia became a State, and 444,648 short tons was mined. This tonnage has gradually increased until in 1913 the production amounted to 71,308,982 short tons. As the majority of the beds outcrop at various places, nearly all of the mines are opened by drifts or slopes, few shafts being necessary for mining operations. The room-and-pillar method of mining is extensively used. In 1913, there were 1,479 locomotives in use in the mines, of which 1,365 were electric, 46 steam, 40 compressed air, and 28 gasoline. Mining in the Elk Garden district began in 1881. In 1891, there were 8 machines used in the State of West Virginia, and this number has gradually increased until in 1913 there were 2,541 machines in use. The average production per machine in 1913 was 15,116 tons. About one-half of the machines used are of the chain-breast type. Of the total amount of coal mined, 55.3 per cent in 1913 was mined by machines; 43.6 per cent was mined by hand, and only 0.8 per cent was shot off the solid. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. An act approved March 11, 1879, authorized the judge of any cir- cuit court in any county to appoint a mine inspector for such county, upon a petition signed by 100 voters showing that any coal mine employing more than 10 men was not sufficiently ventilated. Inspec- tors so appointed were required to report in writing on the first day of every term of said court the condition of all such mines and whether " Prior to 1863 the production of coal in what is now West Virginia was reported as of Virginia. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 341 any employee had been injured, and the cause of such accident. By an act approved February 26, 1883, the inspection service was placed under the jurisdiction of a State mine inspector, and applied to all coal mines employing 15 or more miners. The inspector was re- quired to render an annual report to the governor, showing number of employees, and number of persons killed or injured. The act of February 20, 1890, divided the State into two inspection districts and authorized the governor to appoint a mine inspector for each dis- trict, each inspector to render annual reports to the governor for years ending June 30. A chief mine inspector was authorized by the act of February 17, 1897, assisted by four district inspectors, who rendered monthly reports to the chief inspector. The department of mines was created by the act of February 25, 1905, and placed in charge of the chief mine inspector. The act of February 27, 1907, changed the title of chief mine inspector to that of chief of the depart- ment of mines, and the inspection law was extended to cover all mines employing five or more men. Various laws have increased the number of district inspectors until in 1914 there were twelve such inspectors. ACCIDENTS. Tables 138 and 139 show the production of coal and number of men employed, together with the fatalities in the coal mines in the State. The fatalities have been compiled from the reports of the State mine inspectors and are based on a calendar year, and do not, therefore, necessarily agree with the inspectors' figures published for fiscal years. During the period from 1885 to 1913, for which con- tinuous complete records are available, there were 4,748 fatalities, representing 4.97 fatalities per 1,000 men employed. The amount of coal produced per fatality during this period was 160,635 tons or 6.23 fatalities per million tons of coal mined. During this period there have been 30 mine disasters, in each of which 5 or more men were killed. FATALITIES IN WEST VIRGINIA COAL MINES. BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, 1885 TO 1913 INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar aL&x&o, LO t V — Xif-L-r. _ .CO Sw Is ' §s m 3 ■S'S 8§ Si "!£ ■ o 3 H Pa '.9 O w° ■» §M ^ gn go ms » ot fit 3 -a dg ■§"§ £ e as 2^ — t»o £^ « 5 OH |^ s^ a" B5 1| §« -si 0-9 WO "SB >hH S5 og ats wg .§.2 a S *& 6.P SB O po JtJcq a g« 3 00 - o£ §a PmJ -g.g I ■< ^ m S.S •sminn jo J9qnmj>j a 2 a 3 125 a 1 8 I © © rj fe a n > 5 ^ •roox ■jsod "IIBM. l-ioqg •n^A 3uoi •?seejq ureqo •*PI«I •ps^jodej yon •plios so aoqs *oniqoBj^ •pxreH ■^Bp I9J 'JBQjt JOJ *p83[J0AV SAB(I ■(stio; ^ioqs) qi«9p jed uoi^onpojj B ■pQinni suoj OOO'OOO'T JQd •peXoxd -me 000' X «o coccr-cc NOON r-- NtCOtDO H1O00N .-(OlW tN COCN^HOOO) QOi-I^P COi-tC C4 C4C4C4i-4i-I CNtMCMDl CM CI 7 ho^o •* oo ^ t— cjit"i^ t^y-tt^eo i-h »n ^ ooeooooo eo oo OO^Hi-iOOeo e»2>coeo cp =o to ^t0 »OiOU3Ttt wOO WCOiHW t-1 O) COCOCO HO i-HCOt- Nt*HQino)como t- co ncincim t- "S" CM CO CO (M tN "«• I- t^ (M CM 00 lO 00 •- COTMOcOCDOt-OOOl omcoso HCAU ooffiH oo oo oooot>r-co cccocoeo ooooc sss o "* »oiooor-rH coao>iQ r-Nco CO CNiOt- i-aooioooiiOHoo ^h 5 cm oo -cr co eo co c — r oo eo Cm co co co c OMOOh-N _ ^- MMOMCO 1~-Tr CN CO «Nt»CO« OOCS cOCCO Cm I-OOO cm eoo CO i-< .-« Cm tN « CO ■* "* «« co I> OIOJOhh Cm tj» co OS tNcSw nOHNW■^J'u;lD^ eOaQCOOQCOOOOOOOO 0000000000 0000000 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. 345 cor- Nt«N oo hio cm to ~v -mo «nc nShcoumo ooos o cm it ■ ) ,-|,-|,H ,-<,-! CMtNCN O coioco in-*< to ■*C-COCO Q0OS D-iOi-H tor- ooi t-r-co rHi-H rHCN ©i-HOO^eOOS (OH ^Ht^Ttt co os cm •* w os coco ^ ri =o "* ■«* CO t^ 00 O0 ©O ONM CCOMHN0 OO I>3jC as eo cd eo os OiO cocqiri WNNCOMCQ ■*■* -*»OlO CO CO CO CO CO cot f- CO t- 00 00 I> OS00 00OSOS ot-gsQOw QQ .-hco-* rH OS ©CM CO 00 — CM NtDtC IMHC)C4C W3 Vt- KJiflH osrHr-wcoco moo t-r-rn i-KNrHiH rH rH 1-1 HrlN m tt 10 o 10 1> 00 10 10 - *t*> \ft 00 ■* t- >0 OOS OOOrH »OrHC0-V**tf ON t-hC5iTJ r-OSCflt-CDO ■ COCO© 00 000 cot-eo o"\-T i-Tr-T OSCOr-T r -r. ioco uxor- ess' OSO iH CmCO > "* OrH rHrHrH Jj •"H CT> OS OSOSOS ^J OS 346 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. o e o •A n A o o o « J M Z w a o « H PI TBio^. pnBio O oa o 1 a o — inox * •M« i iHH£ 'O^H>en>on>et>(oOHHoa)HNOoe]|>e4or>c4(OHHa« ■ W*HNHW-ji^iot'<£ic£it»coM-)'wci«Ma5iN'Xi-HN HHHHHHNt-WMNMnMlO 13 •sesriBO J9q?0 CM ^ MNNTOf ^ItH ■* CNCq^HpHOieNCOrHCO ■ CM CO o ft ■(■0^9 'P9JB0OIITIS ( p9umq) s9jij 9htto p-t CM i-H • 00 . . . Ifi JZJ C3 ■MurqoBtn 3utmj{ O ^ ^ : 1-HrHiH ■*TtiM(OiO •siuunuy en i-H w ^H -CM 't-ICO WiH ■ oqs) ^jiouioeia oo CO i-fCNcO i-l ^h CN (N CN i-H O* *S@S03 9nrta tnojj notjBOOijng t- •seAtsoidxa o cOihio ioenNnvoiOJiot-«oiooi-(if oowwoow *(p9mqiaoo;stip- pus sb3 SuTpnpuT) suoisoidx9 gsnp-jBOo »o 00 CO ■COCOi-tCBt^ -COCO •COCOCDiQO -CN00 *sb3 Sunutiq ptre suoisojdxe s«o *t» CO >o ^ Mr*.WCOCJ«COOOOO CM ■S9Aiq.oni -ooo^ pub'sjbo eujH W OvO»OtDCQ •jeoo jB[[id jo 90Bj jo siibj; CM ••=> '■*# > i-Hr-d-H i— — -h -i-hCi-h HrHP)COW«H«« ■('0^9 *3p01 ( [B00) JOOJ JO SIp^ rH s 'N^ffiOOt-OOiOCOUlHONNiHHOOOHOnfflQONiHNTO^iaOt^ ■ i-i ih r-iCMc5eo*3''cprFTtiwioior»coi.— ooiocomu'mon r~ oo C3 TO 1 35o 5t- : Ic J 3S DO ■If 3d J- 10 hit ■ - 'JO DO ;1- 5 C DO - r J DC/ IC 2 c JO ^c •> en c icoNcflc 3000C SOJOOSC £ o ^-1 ci c - ~ en en c 1 rr, COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18*70-1914. 347 WYOMING. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of Wyoming comprise an area of about 25,000 square miles. In addition to this area, in which the coal beds are fairly well known, there are a number of deep basins such as Bighorn Basin, Wind River Basin, and Green River Basin, aggregating 16,000 square miles, in which coal beds are doubtless present, but are at such a depth as possibly to be unavailable. The most important region in point of quality of coal and quantity produced is the Green River Basin, including the belt of disturbed rocks in Lincoln and Uinta counties. This region com- prises about 18,000 square miles underlain by coal-bearing rocks, but an area of only 8,000 square miles contains coal beds that are now accessible. This region includes the Kemmerer and Rock Springs districts, which produce practically all of the high-grade coal of the State. The production of this region in 1913 was about 4,500,000 tons. The region of next importance is the Powder River region, which has an area of 74,000 square miles. Of this, an area of about 11,000 square miles is believed to be underlain by coal beds more than 3 feet thick. The coal in this field is subbituminous, and Sheridan is the chief center of production. In the Bighorn, Wind River, and Hanna Basins and in the belt of disturbed rocks in Lincoln and Uinta counties the coal beds are con- siderably disturbed and in places dip at high angles, but in other fields the dips are low and regular, or the beds are practically flat. CHARACTER OF COAL BEDS. The general structure of the Rock Springs district of the Green River field is that of a dome, the axis of which is about 90 mile3 long extend- ing north and south. The coal beds on the west of this anticlinal axis dip 5° to 30°, whereas those on the east vary from 5° to 10°. There are many normal faults of less than 100 feet in displacement. There are four coal-bearing groups, containing 20 beds 2 to 12 feet thick, aggregating 90 feet at Rock Springs, Sweetwater County, which produced in 1913 about 35 per cent of the State's output. In the Kemmerer district, Lincoln County, there are three principal coal beds known as the Upper, Main, and Lower Kemmerer beds. These range from 4 to 14 feet in thickness and are generally con- sidered as the best coals in the State. They dip 20° to 25° to the west. This district has the distinction of containing the thickest coal bed that has been mined in the United States. It is 84 feet thick in the old prospect entry, but as the coal slacked badly the mine was abandoned. 14355°— Bull. 115—16 23 3-48 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. In the Powder River field, immediately east of Sheridan, there are 5 coal beds as follows: Healy, 10 to 15 feet thick; Felix, 6 to 30 feet thick; Arvada, 5 to 10 feet thick; Roland, 3 to 7 feet thick; and Smith, 4 to 10 feet thick. South of Sheridan is a small area, known as the Buffalo district, containing the Healy bed, which is about 15 feet thick, and the Walters bed, which is 35 feet thick. These beds are also horizontal. Sheridan County in this field produced 15 per cent of the State's 1913 output. In the Little Snake River field the coal beds are inclined from horizontal to about 35°. JThe coal is 3 to 12 feet thick, with shale and sandstone roof. In the Bighorn Basin the beds dip 3° to 56°, varying from 5 to 10 feet in thickness. Little coal has been mined from this area. MINING METHODS. The earliest statistics of coal production in Wyoming are for 1865, when 800 tons of coal was produced. In 1913 the production was 7,393,066 tons. In most of the mines thus far developed in the Rock Springs district the roof and floor of the coal beds are firm and give little trouble. The majority of the mines are opsned by slopes and a few by shafts. The room-and-pillar method of mining is used- in coal beds varying from 4 to 8 feet in thickness. In the Rock Springs district a large percentage of the coal is mined by shooting off the solid. There is comparatively -little gas in the mines. In the northern part of the State, in Sheridan County, mines are opened by drifts and the coal is mined by room-and-pillar methods. The coal beds are thicker than in the Rock Springs district, varying from 10 to 19 feet, and in places are 25 to 30 feet thick. Mining machines have been in use in Wyoming since about 1890. In 1913 there were 195 machines in use, producing 41 per cent of the coal; 36.7 per cent was mined by being shot off the solid; and 21.9 per cent by hand mining. A number of the mines are using electric coal-cutting machines, and haulage is by mules and electricity. REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF INSPECTION SERVICE. The inspection of coal mines was placed under the jurisdiction of a Territorial mine inspector by an act approved February 25, 1886, covering all coal mines in which 10 or more men were employed. Operators were required to render to the inspector immediate reports of all fatal and serious accidents. All fatal accidents were to be reported to the county coroner also, and upon such notice an investi- gation was conducted to determine the cause of the accident. The inspector rendered quarterly reports showing number of accidents COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1911. 349 and deaths from injuries, number employed at the mines, etc., and published his report in at least one paper in each county in which there were any coal mines. The act of February 17, 1903, divided the State into two inspection districts and authorized the governor to appoint a mine inspector for each district, the inspector to render quarterly reports of accidents. By the act of February 27, 1909, the inspectors were required, within one week after the examination of each mine, to send a written report of such examination to the governor and also to file with the governor an annual report not later than December 1 of each year. There are no regular deputy or assistant inspectors, but the district inspectors are authorized to appoint temporary deputies to investigate accidents when it is impossible for the district inspectors to be present in person. Prior to the enactment of the workmen's compensation law, mine operators reported to the inspectors only those injuries resulting in disability to an employee for at least 14 days, and these were pub- lished in the inspectors' annual reports. Under the compensation law, which became effective April 1, 1915, all' accidents at mines are required to be reported. ACCIDENTS. Tables 140 and 141 show the production of coal and number of employees since 1889 to the end of 1913. The fatality records are not so complete, continuous x-ecords being available only from 1908 to the end of 1913. During this period of 6 years there were 241 fatalities in and about the coal mines, representing 5.21 fatalities per 1,000 men employed. The production of coal per fatality was 169,801 tons, or 5.89 fatalities per million tons of coal mined. Of the total number of men killed during the 6-year period, 47.30 per cent was due to falls of roof and coal; 27.80 per cent to gas and dust explosions; and 9.13 per cent to mine cars and locomotives. FATALITIES IN WYOMING GOAL MINES. BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES, DURING THE YEARS 1908 TO 1913, INCLUSIVE. Cause of accident. Number killed. Total. Per cent. Per 1,000 em- ployed. Underground: Fall of roof and pillar (coal, rock, etc.) Mine cars and locomotives Gas and dust explosions f Explosives Miscellaneous Shaft Surface Total, 6 years 114 22 67 13 17 1 7 47.30 9.13 27.80 5.40 7.05 .41 2.91 2.46 .48 1.45 .28 .37 .02 .15 100.00 5.21 350 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS IN WYOMING IN WHICH 5 OR MORE MEN WERE KILLED. Date. Name of mine. Location of mine. * Nature of s'ccident. Number killed. 1881 Mar. 4 ///S'.do//////. /...'...... 38 1886 Jan. 13 Almy No. 4 do 13 1895 Mar.20 60 1901 Feb. 25 Diamondville No. 1. . . 28 1901 Oct.26 -.. . do Mine explosion Mine explosion and fire. do 22 1903 June30 169 1905 Dec. 1 Diamondville No. 1 . . . Haima No. 1 Kemmerer No. 4 Union Pacific No. 2. . . 18 1908 Mar. 28 59 1912 Jan. 20 6 1914 Apr. 29 5 Since 1881 there hare been 11 coal-mine disasters, in each of which five or more men were killed at one time, representing 428 fatalities. A list is given in the accompanying table. Since 1907 the mines in Wyoming have been operated on an 8-hour basis, and for comparison with States having 9-hour and 10-hour days, the time element has been taken into consideration. The number of hours worked per annum per man in Wyoming for the 10-year period 1903 to 1913, except 1909, was 2,137. The fatality rate during the 5 years 190S, 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913, for which complete records are available, is 5.38, based on the actual number of employees, whereas if based on the equivalent number of 2,000-hour workers it becomes 5.71. By referring to Tables 40 and 41, comparisons with other States may be readily made. The tables of statistics for the State follow: NUMBER OF HOURS TO THE WORKING DAY. BY YEARS, IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN WYOMING." 8-hour day. , 9-hour day. 10-hour day. Mer em- ployed other than 8, 9, or 10 hours per day. Total Year. Number of mines. Number of men. Number of mines. Number, of men. Number of mines. Number of men. number of men em- ployed. 1903 2 5 2 2 37 51 289 19 8 8 6,382 6,802 2 1 2 2 6 583 491 456 25 197 20 17 26 29 4,024 5,087 5,492 5,500 .97 63 21 401 66 96 4,993 5,660 5,977 5,934 6,645 6.915 7.123 7.771 8.118 S.036 8,331 1904 1905 1900 1907 1908 2 17 1909 6 1910 41 60 60 56 6,175 6,571 7.S07 8,321 1,596 1,542 226 1911 2 1 2 5 3 6 1912 1913 1 4 » Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 6 Census year. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-19U. 351 NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES IN WYOMING AND THE FATALITY RATE BASED ON THE NUMBER OF 2,000-HOUR WORKERS. Days worked. Total hours per day (all em- ployee;). Total hours per year. • Number of 2,000 hour workers. Fatalities. Year. Total. Per 1,000 2,000- hour workers. 252 262 236 281 275 217 48,672 56,008 59.277 58, 898 53.423 55,450 12,265.344 14,674.096 13,989,372 16,550,338 14,691,325 12,032,660 6, 133 7.337 6,995 8,275 7,346 6,017 1914 1908 81 13.46 1909 1910 248 230 238 232 63, 764 66,491 64,517 66, 662 15,813,472 15,292,930 15,355,046 15, 465, 584 7,907 7,647 7,678 7,733 36 32 36 26 4.55 1911 4.18 1912 4.69 1913 3.36 STATISTICS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN AND ABOUT THE COAL MINES WYOMING.a Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. Year. Number of men affected. Total days lost. Average number of days lost per man. 1899 1907 1,785 4,658 22,060 99,576 12 1900 . 1908 21 160 1,120 7 ig09 1902 1910 1,196 12,792 11 1903 413 4,130 10 1911 1904 1912 360 3,425 10 192 231 192 5,775 1 25 1913 1906 : 1914 248 2,727 11 a Compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. 352 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IX THE TjSTITED STATES, 1870-1914. n ? 0* a fc 1 S a - I Zo> Is IS -sS 5o S o °Z t Z ©■" es So t>C -3'c ~Z -s <;< Sc z« §3 "a gg> Q(= Pig Si 11 °$ MS ess gg §^ S-2 w Bo gco d u *Z ?'« zs i.sp -<- S^ -5 >• g£ si ?Q si OK Cg ►JZ =- ss l| *3 it *Z gi a 10 s^ §« 31 s . «* Z2 •a-o « Co ■?'£ O CO csioaoco -o-*cs c» o» i-< eo o oo -trS£ co-^-^us eot-o iot^oooor-oo £*™ •jsod JO SB IBipBH i S ! •IfBAi IJOqg oo - — ! - - 'HBAV Snoq t- s - ■^SBQjq niBii j «o 'j' [i-icMCXeoeo-f com •^u to i - - - -: n -* Ol « CS CO iC t- lO .^ ■a 1 ! ! 1 -pgjjodei io& "* - :| •pjios jjo ^oits a ! ;! ■eraqoBpf 2 ! 18.8 21.4 22.1 18.1 16.3 17.9 13.1 16.9 20.4 22.1 21.8 21.3 19.5 22.4 19.5 ■pu«H 3 ! ! i © © (H £gs •XBp J9o tcr-t-t-co t~-ocacx coi-t^r' oo *q t— ■* >-» -v ooas Ot~-V « >-i CO CO "* CJ C5«D t-oooo saQooih ooca ■p93[J0A\ SXBd I oo s . ^ —.N oo es> go ^h ^ t ^r - * — -r ._---:-: x i- — ^ — iljBap J9d noijonpojti t- 67, 777 213, 104 209,252 © "peunn sno? ooo'ooo'i J9< Q 8 % I oc CBC5 X -' oca i ? -a Da S5 C 3 ^ c D C 5c is a c . p > c s c St SC sc 3 C ^ C 5 I- 3 C 5§ a c a c is 5fl COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 353 8 cO e tc CC HrtH CO OWN ■* i-lrHCN CO i-tCSi-t w t-t-CO 00 wcOih i*5 CO SO cO CO^IrH CM ^ OONN cieOcd o 3 CM CM OcOCs co CM -HiOiN CD CO CO W CO CO .-tcD 00 — eo ■* **00 00 OS CO 1- OOQM CNCMCM eieq coos OJ—i 210, 777 204,670 284,349 - OcO COO) oTc©"" CM r-oo w ■*"*CO O100 00 00 ION ■*0OM OS"*.-! 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CO"* co" co^co" 5 c S 1 1 CO o j o CO M M En < W a a E* Op ©J £z, zo S B Jg o o K a P O P5 a Q S 3 55 K a o M w m p 55 I *TO0} pnBI£) h O (O N O •S9Atsoidxg; cc H-*(OH iH •«*< •(p9inqraoo ^snp piiB suS'Smpniom) suoiso^dxa ^snp-iBoo i« OS >o L~ •sb3 SuTUJtiq pUB SU0IS0][dX9 SBQ - rt 'S9Ap0tn -000( pUB SJE0 9UTH eo H O W tJi W iP o •|B00 J^ind JO 90BJ JO SHE£ CM CO OS O OS iO oi m '(■0^9 ( 3[00J ( IE00) JOOJ JO SUB.I CC i— I i C IQ CO CO C"l si o o r a c - a a c 5 5 -1 5 354 GOAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1S70-1914. - moi "sasriBO jaqio ■OMKWMf ■saAraoraooox PCCE SJEO AB-U.IJ152I -sadid ra e 9 i s Sopsiriq jo snotsoi&xd -i3n°a ■Ajaurup'Ei^ •(stunq jo 2pons) Xjpjxpais "S3AT10UIOOOX 9uxtn i "■'.:■: sjgj aniR T^ioi lOKCJHW 'S9STIB0 I9l[10 ■sdr^s jo ss2bo *S3dOIS JO SJJBUS miop Surnej spafQO •sadofs jo sg^us tmop gtrtflE j •roo,i So co too •S9STVB0 J9IR.0 ■(■o^e'pajBoogns 'patunq) S9jp anrpT *S9trrqo^ni Snjnrj^ •spsmTny •(snmq JO3I0OTIS)A^pua09ia I OilHOO i-im Mr- - S9SB3 9HIUI mojj noi^Boogng o-saAisoidxa ■lOrtONCvl ■SHOTS ■ oidxe qsap-isoo n ^- ■ ioh •SB3 3untmq pire saoisoidxa seo *S3AT?0HI -oooi pire sieo anijj -jid io 93sj jo snej ~- -^CO £■*•«■ '1800) JOOJ JO Sn^tf iCI»M3u1LT(N-rl- t-oms; o 3 CO p o ■3 zs.% ■§l||plllll§'|l|gsl|g i §g§s^-&ls„ S3 PUBLICATIONS ON" MINE ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF COAL MINING. Limited editions of the following Bureau of Mines publications are temporarily available for free distribution. Requests for all publi- cations can not bo granted, and applicants should select only those publications that are of especial interest to them. All requests for publications should be addressed to the Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. • - Bulletin 17. A primer on explosives for coal miners, by C. E. Munroe and Clarence Hall. 61 pp., 10 pis., 12 figs. Reprint of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 423. Bulletin 20. The expkfcibility of coal dust, by G. S. Rice, with chapters by J. O.W. Prazer, Axel Larsen, Frank Haas, and Carl Scholz. 204 pp., 14 pis., 28 figs. Bulletin 42. The sampling and examination of mine gases and natural gas, by G. \. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 116 pp., 2 pis., 23 figs. Bulletin 45. Sand available for filling mine workings in the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin of Pennsylvania, by N. H. Darton. 1913. 33 pp., 8 pis., 5 figs. Bulletin 46. An investigation of explosion-proof mine motors, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 44 pp., 6 pis., 14 figs. Bulletin 50. A laboratory study of the inflammability of coal dust, by J. C. W. Frazer, E. J. Hoffman, and L. A. Schol 1 , jr. 1913. 60 pp., 95 figs. Bulletin 52. Ignition of mine gases by the filaments of incandescent electric lamps, byH. H.Clark and L.C.Ilsley. 1913. 31pp., 6 pis., 2 figs. Bulletin 56. First series of coal-dust explosion tests in the experimental mine, by G. S. Rice, L. M. Jones, J. K. Clement, and W. L. Egy. 1913. 115 pp., 12 pis., 28 figs. Bulletin 60. Hydraulic mine filling; its use in the Pennyslvania anthracite fields; a preliminary report, by Charles Enzian. 1913. 77 pp., 3 pis., 12 figs. Bulletin 62. National mine-rescue and first-aid conference, Pittsburgh, Pa., Sep- tember 23-26, 1912, by H. M. Wilson. 1913. 74 pp. Bulletin 68. Electric switches for use in gaseous mines, by H. H. Clark and R. W. Crocker. 1913. 40 pp., 6 pis. Bulletin 69. Coal-mine accidents in the United States and foreign countries, com- piled by F. W. Horton. 1913. 102 pp., 3 pis., 40 figs. Bulletin 83. The humidity of mine air, with especial reference to coal mines in Illinois, by R. Y. Williams. 1914. 69 pp., 2 pis., 7 figs. Bulletin 99. Mine-ventilation stoppings, with especial reference to coal mines in Illinois, by R. Y. Williams. 1915. 30 pp., 4 pis., 4 figs. Bulletin 101. Abstracts of current decisions on mines and mining, October, 1914, to April, 1915, by J. W. Thompson. 1915. 138 pp. Technical Paper 4. The electrical section of the Bureau of Mines, its purpose and equipment, by H. H. Clark. 1911. 12 pp. Technical Paper 6. The rate of burning of fuse as influenced by temperature and pressure, by W. O.Snelling and W.C. Cope. 1912. 28 pp. Technical Paper 7. Investigations of fuse and miners' squibs, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell. 1912. 19 pp. Technical Paper 11. The use of mice and birds for detecting carbon monoxide after mine fires and explosions, by G. A. Burrell. 1912. 15 pp. 355 356 COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1810-1914. Technical Paper 13. Gas analysis as an aid in fighting mine fires, by G. A. Bur- rell and F. M. Seibert. 1912. 16 pp., 1 fig. Technical Paper 14. Apparatus for gas-analysis laboratories at coal mines, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 24 pp., 7 figs. Technical Paper 15. An electrolytic method of preventing corrosion of iron and steel, by J. K. Clement and L. V. Walker. 1913. 19 pp., 10 figs. Technical Paper 17. The effect of stemming on the efficiency of explosives, by W. 0. Snelling and Clarence Hall. 1912. 20 pp., 11 figs. Technical Paper 18. Magazines and thaw houses for explosives, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell. 1912. 34 pp., 1 pi., 5 figs. Technical Paper 19. The factor of safety in mine electrical installations, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 14 pp. Technical Paper 22. Electrical symbols for mine maps, by II. IT. Clark. 1912. 11 pp., 8 figs. Technical Paper 28. Ignition of mine gas by standard incandescent lamps, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 6 pp. Technical Paper 29. Training with mine-rescue breathing apparatus, by J. W. Paul. 1912. 15 pp. Technical Paper 39. The inflammable gases in mine air, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 24 pp., 2 figs. 'Technical Paper 43. The effect of inert gases on inflammable gaseous mixtures, by J. K. Clement. 1913. 24 pp., 1 pi., 8 figs. Technical Paper 44. Safety electric switches for mines, by II. H. Clark. 1913. 8 pp. Technical Paper 4< . Portable electric mine lamps, by H. H. Clark. 1913. 13 pp. Technical Paper 48. Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1896-1912, with monthly statistics for 1912, compiled by F. TV. Horton. 1913. 74 pp., 10 figs. Technical Paper 52. Permissible explosives tested prior to March 1, 1913, by Clarence Hall. 1913. 11 pp. Technical Paper 58. The action of acid mine water on the insulation of electric conductors; a preliminary report, by H. H. Clark and L. C. Ilsley. 1913. 26 pp., lfig. Technical Paper 69. Production of explosives in the United States during the calendar year 1912, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1914. 8 pp. Technical Paper 71. Permissible explosives tested prior to January 1, 1914, by Clarence Hall. 1914. 12 pp. Technical Paper 75. Permissible electric lamps for miners, by H. H. Clark. 1914. 21 pp., 3 figs. Technical Paper 76. Notes on the sampling and analysis of coal, by A. C. Field- ner. 1914. 59 pp., 6 figs. Technical Paper 77. Report of the Committee on Resuscitation from Mine Gases, by W. B. Cannon, George TV. Crile, Joseph Erlanger, Yandell Henderson, and S. T. Meltzer. 1914. 36 pp., 4 figs. Technical Paper 78. Specific-gravity separation applied to the analysis of min- ing explosives, by C. G. Storm and A. L. Hyde. 1914. 13 pp. Technical Paper 84. Methods of preventing and limiting explosions in coal mines, by G. S. Rice and L. M. Jones. 1915. 45 pp., 14 pis., 3 figs. Technical Paper 100. Permissible explosives tested prior to March 1, 1915, by S. P. Howell. 1915. 15 pp. Miners' Circular 5. Electrical accidents in mines, their causes and prevention, by H. II. Clark, W. D. Roberts, L. C. Ilsley, and II. F. Randolph. 1911. 10 pp., 3 pis. Misers' Circular S. First-aid instructions for miners, by M. \V. Glasgow, TV. A. Raudenbush, and C. 0. Roberts. 1913. 07 pp., 51 figs. COAL-MINE FATALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1870-1914. 357 Miners' Circular 12. Use and care of miners' safety lamps, by J. W. Paul. 1913. 16 pp., 4 figs. Miners' Circular 13. Safety in tunneling, by ]>. W. Brunton and J. A. Davis. 1913. 19 pp. Miners' Circular 14. Gases found in coal mines, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1914. 23 pp. Miners' Circular 15. Rules for mine-rescue and first-aid iield contests, by J. W. Paul. 1913. 12 pp. Miners' Circular 10. Hints on coal-mine ventilation, by J. J. Rutledge. 1914. 22 pp. Miners' Circular 21. What a miner can do to prevent explosions of gas and coal dust, by G. S. Rice. 1915. 24 pp. INDEX A. Page. Abernant mine, Alabama, explosion 72, 141 Accidents not attributable to mining, omis- sion of 5 personal element in 4 See also Fatalities and States listed. Acton No. 2 mine, Alabama, explosion 73, 141 Adamson No. 1 mine, Oklahoma, accident. . 73, 271 Agnes and Rachel mine, Marianna, Pa., ex- plosion 72, 298 Air compressors, number in Pennsylvania coalmines 85 Alabama, coal mined by band, percentage ... 144 mined by machine, percentage 144 shot off solid, amount 144 value per ton at mine 144 ooal fields in, area 134, 136 coal mines, accidents 140, 141 days worked annually at 144 disasters, list of 141 fatalities at 144, 145 by causes 145 chart showing 26 fatality rates 144 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 142 hours worked daily 142 lockouts and strikes 143 men employed 12, 144 mining machines, number 144 mining methods 139 coal production 134, 144 per death 144 per man 144 mine-inspection service 140 mines, accidents reportable 140 Alaska, coal fields in, area i 135 Alderson No. 1 mine, Oklahoma, explosion. 70,271 Algoma No. 7 mine, West Virginia, explo- sion 71, 342 Almy mine, Wyoming, explosion 69,350 Almy No. 4 mine, Wyoming, explosion 69, 350 Amsterdam mine, Ohio, explosion 72,261 Animal haulage, Illinois 86 Pennsylvania 84, 85 Animals, fatalities from 14 Anthracite coal-fields, in United States, areas 134, 281 Anthracite coal mines, Pennsylvania, fatality rates, by occupation 93, 94 Appalachian coal fields, area 134 Arizona, coal field in, area 135 Arkansas, coal mined by hand, percentage... 150 mined by machine, percentage 150 shot off solid, amount 150 value per ton at mine 150 coal fields in, area 134, 146 Page. Arkansas coal mines, accidents 147, 148 accidents reportable 147 days worked annually 150 disasters, list of 148 fatalities at 130 by causes 152 chart showing 26 fatality rates 150 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 149 hours worked daily 148 inspection service 147 lockouts and strikes 149 men employed 12,150 mining machines, number 150 mining methods 146 coal production 150 per death 150 per man 150 Ashland mine tunnel, Pennsylvania, acci- dent 69,287 Athens No. 2 mine, Illinois, accident 71, 172 Atlantic Coast coal fields, area 134 Atlas mine, Rich Hill, Mo., explosion 73,230 Auchincloss mine, Nanticoke, Pa., acci- dent 71,72,287,288 Audenreid mine, Pennsylvania, explosion.. 69, 2S7 Avondale mine, Plymouth, Pa., fire 69, 287 B. Backman mine, Hawks Nest, AY. Va., ex- plosion 71, 342 Baker No. 5 mine, Clay, Ivy., explosion 72, 208 Banner mine, Littleton, Ala., explosion 72,141 Barthell No. 1 mine, Stearns, Ky., explosion 72, 208 Bast mine, Big Mine Run, Pa., accident 69, 298 Belle Ellen mine, Alabama, fire 70, 141 Bernal mine, Carthage, N. Mex., explo- sion 71, 246 Berryburg mine, W. Va., explosion...' 70,342 Berwind mine, Dubois, Pa., explosion 70, 298 Bevier coal field, Missouri 228 Big Muddy mine, Herrin, HI., explosion 71, 172 Bituminous coal, production by machines.. 110 Bituminous coal fields, area of 134 See also States listed. Bituminous coal mines, days worked an- nually 105 fatalities at 104 figures showing 114, 115, 118, 119 by causes 106 figure showing 104 percentage 106 figures showing 104,114 per 1,000 employed 106 figures showing 93, 115 See also States listed. 359 360 INDEX. Page. Bituminous coal mines , machine mining 107 percentage under inspection 105 production per man 105 figure showing 119 Black Diamond mine, Nortonville, Cal., ex- plosion 69,153 Black Heath mine, Richmond, Va., ex- plosion 69,325 Black powder. See Explosives. Blanche mine, Standard, W. Va., explosion. 70, 342 Blocton No. 2 mine, Alabama, explosion 70, 141 Blossburg No. 3 mine, New Mexico, explo- sion 71, 246 Blown-out shots, latalities from 78 Blue Canyon mine, Lake Whatcom, Wash., explosion. 70,333 Boiler explosions, fatalities from 14 Bonanza No. 20 mine, Arkansas, explosion. 71,148 Bond and Bruce mine, Tacoma, Va., explo- sion 71, 325 Boomer No. 2 mine, West Virginia, explo- sion 73, 342 Bottom Creek mine, Vivian, W. Va., explo- sion 72, 342 Bowen mine, Colorado, explosion 70,159 Braznellmine, Bentleyville, Pa., explosion. 71,298 Breese-Trenton mine, Illinois, accident 71, 172 Brookfield mine, Ohio, accident 69, 261 Browder mine, Kentucky, explosion 72, 208 Buck Mountain mine, Mahanoy, Pa., explo- sion 70,287 Buck Ridge mine, Shamokin, Pa., fire 69. 287 Burnett No. 5 mine, Washington, explo- sion 71,333 Buttonwood mine, Plymouth, Pa., explo- sion 1 70, 2S7 C. Cabin Creek mine, Kayford, W. Va., explo- sion 71, 342 Cages or skips, fatalities from 14, 90 Cahaba coal field, Alabama 137 Calendar year, statistics by 27-50, 133 advantage of 4, 5 See also States listed California, coal mined by hand, percentage. . 154 mined by machine, percentage 154 shot off solid, amount 154 value per ton at mine 154 coal fields in, area 135, 153 coal mines, accidents 153 days worked annually 154 disasters, list of 153 fatalities at 154 by causes 155 men employed 12, 154 mini ng machines, number 154 coal production 154 per man 154 California State Mining Bureau on production of coal 153 Cameron mine, Shamokin , Pa. , explosion ... 72, 288 Carbon Hill mine, Virginia, explosion 72, 325 Carbon Hill No. 7 mine, Carbonado, Wash., explosion V0, 333 Cardiff mine, Illinois, explosion 71, 172 Page. Carlisle mine, West Virginia, explosion 73, 342 Catsburg mine, Monongahela, Pa., explo- sion 70,298 Central mine, Central City, Ky. t explosion. . 72, 208 Central Slope 77 mine, Carbon, Okla., explo- sion 71,271 Century No. 1 mine, West Virginia, explo- sion 71,342 Chain-breast machines in United States, num- ber of. 109 See also States listed. Chance, H. M. , on mining methods in anthra- cite coal fields 283 Chatham mine, Fanmngton, W. Va., explo- sion 70, 342 Cherry mine, Illinois, fire 72,172 Chesterfield mine, Richmond, Va., explo- sion 69,325 Chicago' and Iowa mine, Albia, Iowa, explo- sion 70,190 Cincinnati mine, Finleyville, Pa., explo- sion 72, 298 Cinderella mine, West Virginia, accident- . . 73, 342 Clear Spring mine, West Pittston, Pa., acci- dent 71, 2S7 Clyde mine, Fredericktown, Pa., fire 71, 298 Coal, available supply of 134 mined by hand. See States listed. mined by machines 107,108 See also States listed, shot off solid. See States listed. value per ton at mine 10 See also States listed. Coal cutting machines, types of 109 See also Machines named. Coal fields in the United States, area by States 134, 135 See also States listed. Coal-mine disasters 65 by causes 66 by number of men killed 66 list of 69 See also States listed. Coal-mine fatalities. See Fatalities and States listed. Coal mines, changing conditions in 26 men employed 5, 12 nonfatal injuries in 96 See also Bituminous coal mines and States listed. Coal-mining machines. See Mining machines and States listed. Coal production. See Production. Coaldale mine, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 Coil mine, Madisonville, Ky. , explosion 72, 208 Cokedale mme, Trinidad, Colo., explosion. . 72, 159 Coke-oven accidents, omission of 5 Coke-oven employees, omission of 5 Colorado, coal mined by hand, percentage. . . 162 mined by machine, percentage 162 shot off solid, amount 162 value per ton at mine 162 coal beds, character 156 coal fields in, area 134, 135, 156 coal mines, accidents 158 reportable 157, 158 INDEX. 361 Page. Colorado coal mines, days worked annually. 162 disasters, list of 159 fatalities at 162 by causes 164 chart showing 26 fatality rates 162 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 160 hours worked daily 160 inspection service 157 lockouts and strikes 161 men employed 12, 162 mining methods 157 mining machines, number 162 coal production 162 per death 162 per man 162 Common accidents, definition of 67 Como mine, King, Colo., explosion 70, 159 Compressed-air locomotives, in Pennsyl- vania 85 in West Virginia 86 Compressed-air mining machines. See Min- ing machines. Conyngham mine, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., acci- dent 71, 287 explosion 69, 287 Cook & White mine, Madrid, N. Mex., explo- sion 70, 246 Coosa coal field, Alabama 136 Coulterville mine, Illinois, explosion 69, 172 Crested Butte mine, Colorado, explosion 69, 159 Cross Mountain mine, Briceville, Term., explosion 72, 306 Cuatro mine, Tercio, Colo., explosion 71,159 Cumnock mine, North Carolina, explosion. . 70, 251 Cuyler mine, Raven Run, Pa., accident... 69,287 D. Darr mine, Jacobs Creek, Pa., explosion. . . 71, 298 Dawson mine, New Mexico, explosion 73,246 Days worked annually in coal mines 10,11 average number 64 See also States listed. Decatur mine, Illinois, fire 71, 172 Deering No. 7 mine, Clinton, Ind., explo- sion 71, 181 Delayed blast, fatalities from 78 Detroit mine, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 Diamond mine, Braidwood, 111., accident.. 69,172 Diamondville mine, Wyoming, explo- sions 70, 71, 350 Diamondville No. 1 mine, Wyoming, fire... 70,350 Dip of coal, fatalities from 333 Disasters, coal-mine 65 list of 69 See also States listed. Door boys in mines, fatality rates of 94, 95 figure showing 93 Dorrance mine, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., explo- sion 70, 287 Dow & Milby mine, Oklahoma, fire 70, 271 Drift mines in Ohio, number of . .- 260 Drifton No. 2 mine, Freeland, Pa., accident. 72, 288 Drilling into unexploded charge, fatalities from 78 Page. Drivers and runners in mines, fatality rates of 94,95 figure showing 93 Dutchman mine, Blossburg, N. Mex., explo- sion 71,246 Dynamite. See Explosives. E. East Brookside mine, Tower City, Pa., ex- plosion 73,288 East Sugar Loaf mine, Stockton, Pa., explo- sion 70,287 Eastern interior coal field, permissible explo- sives used in 82 Eccles mine, West Virginia, explosion 73, 342 Echo mine, Buery, W. Va., explosion 72, 342 Eleanora mine, Dubois, Pa., explosion 71, 298 Electric dynamos, number used in Penn- sylvania 85 Electric haulage in Illinois coal mines 86 Electric mining machines, number used in Ohio 87 Electric locomotives, number used in Ohio. . 87 in Pennsylvania 85 in West Virginia 86 Electricity, accidents due to 87, 89, 90 See also States listed. Employees in and about coal mines. See States listed. surface and underground 6 under inspection, percentage 10 See also States listed. Englevillemine, Colorado , fire 71, 159 Ernest No. 2 mine, Pennsylvania, explosion . 72, 298 Eureka No. 37 rrine, Windber, Pa., explo- sion 72,298 Exceptional accidents, definition of 67 Exeter mine, West Pittston, Pa., accident.. 70,287 Explosions, gas and dust _. 73 list of 69 Explosives accidents 16 by States and causes 78 in anthracite mines 79 in machine mining 116, 121, 124, 127, 130 fatalities from 16,77,78 figure showing 80 fatality rates 16 quantity used by States 80,81 figure showing 80 short-flame, used in coal mines 81,82 See also Permissible explosives. Fair Lawn mine, Scranton, Pa., explosion. . 69, 287 Falling down shaft or slopes, number killed by 90 Falls of roof and pillar coal, fatalities from 14,16,23,82 See also States listed. Fatalities and machine mining 107 at surface shops and yards 91, 92 based on percentage of machine-mined coal 110, 120, 123, 126, 129 by calendar years 4,7,8,9,27-59 by causes 14, 16, IS, 19, 27-59 by common and exceptional accidents. . . 67 figure showing ti8 362 INDEX. Page. Fatalities, by occupation 92 figure showing 93 by States 7,8,9,18 chart showing 26 from electricity 87, 88 from explosives 77 from falls of roof 82,83 from gas and dust explosions 74 from mine fires 75 under inspection service 10 See also States listed. Fatality rates Dased on machine-mined coal 117, 120, 123, 126, 129 figure showing 114 on 2,000-hour workers 61 on underground and surface em- ployees 19 bases for computing 60, 62 compared on uniform time basis 62 effect of machine mining on Ill increase with changing conditions 26 increase with length of exposure 64 per 1,000 employed 10,16 figure showing 115 per 1,000,000 tons mined '0 See ateo States listed. Ferguson mine, Connellsville, Pa., explosion 71,293 Fidelity No. 1 mine, Stone City, Kans., explosion 71,198 Fire bosses and assistants, fatality rates oi. . . 94, 95 figuro showing 93 Flying pieces of rock or coal, fatalities from. . 78 Franklin mine, Washington, fire 70, 333 Franklin No. 2 mine, Johnstown, Pa., explo- sion 72,298 Fraterville mine, Coal Creek, Term., explo- sion , 70, 306 Frontenac shaft No. 2, Kansas, explosion.. 69,198 Fuller mine, Searight, Pa., explosion 71, 298 G. Gas and dust explosions 14, 16, 23, 73 by States 74 fatality rates, by years 16 in machine mining 116, 121, 124, 127, 130 Gasoline locomotives, number used in West Virginia — . 86 Gaylord mine, Plymouth, Pa., accident 70, 287 Georgia, coal mined by hand, percentage 168 value per ton at mines 168 coal fields in, area 134, 166 coal-mines, accidents 166, 167 days worked annually 168 fatalities at 168 by causes 169 fatality rates 168 men employed 12, 168 coal production 168 per death 168 per man 168 Glassmire & Heins mine, Middleport, Pa., accident 69,287 Grapevine mine, Wilcoe, W. Va., explosion. 71, 342 Great Britain, electricity in mines, accidents from 89,90 Great Britain, mine fires 76 Page. Great Western No. 2 mine, Wilburton, Okla., explosion 72, 271 Greeno mine, Tacoma, Va., explosion 72, 325 Grindstone mine, Pennsylvania, explosion. . 70, 298 H. Hailey-Ola No. 1 mine, Halleyville, Okla., fire 72,271' Hanna No. 1 mine, Wyoming, explosion and fire 71,72,350 Hartshorne No. 1 mine, Oklahoma, accident . 70, 271 Harwick mine, Cheswick, Pa., explosion 71,298. Hastings mine, Colorado, explosion 72, 159 Haulage systems in coal mines 83- Hazel Kirk No. 2 mine, Monongahela, Pa., explosion 71, 298 Hazel mine, East Canonsburg, Pa., accident 72, 298 Heins & Glassmire mine, Middleport, Pa., accident. . : 69, 287 Henry Clay mine, Shamokin, Pa., explo- sion 69,70,287 Herrin Mine A, Illinois, explosion 72, 172 Hill Farm mine, Dunbar, Pa., fire 69, 298 Holden mine, Taylor, Pa., explosion 71, 288 Horton mine, West Virginia, fire 71, 342 Hours worked annually, by States 61 daily 64 See also States listed. I. Idaho, coal field in, area 135 Illinois, coal mined by hand, percentage 174 mined by machine, percentage 174 shot off solid, amount 174 value per ton at mine 174 coal beds, character 170 coal fields in, area 134, 170 coal-mines, accidents 172 accidents reportable 171 days worked annually 174 disasters 172 fatalities at 174 by causes 176 chart showing 26 fatality rates 174 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 173 haulage systems 86 hours worked daily 173 inspection service 171 lockouts and strikes 173 men employed 12, 174 mining machines, number 108, 174 mining methods 170 quantity of explosives used 81 coal production 174 per death 174 per man 174 Imperial mine, Belle Valley, Ohio, explo- sion 72, 261 Indiana, coal mined by hand, percentage 184 mined by machine, percentage 184 shot off solid, amount 184 value per ton at mine 184 coal beds, character 178 INDEX. 363 Page. Indiana, coal fields in, area 134, 178 coal-mines, accidents 181 accidents reportable 179 days worked annually 184 disasters 179 fatalities 184 by causes 186 chart showing 26 fatality rates 184 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 182 hours worked daily 182 inspection service 179 lockouts and strikes 1 83 men employed 12,184 mining machines, number 108, 184 mining methods 179 coal production 184 per death 184 per man 184 Injuries, nonfatal, coal mines 96 metal mines 96 parts of body injured 97, 98 figure showing 98 Inspection service. See Mine inspection service and States listed. Iowa, coal mined by hand, percentage 192 mined by machine, percentage 192 shot off solid, amount 192 value per ton at mine 192 coal beds, character 1 88 coal fields in, area 135, 188 coal mines, accidents 190 accidents reportable 189 days worked annually 192 disasters 190 fatalities 192 by causes 194 chartshowing 26 fatality rates 192 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 191 hours worked daily 190 inspection service 189 lockouts and strikes 191 men employed 12, 192 mining machines, number 108, 192 mining methods 188 coal production ig2 per death 192 per man 192 Iowa and Chicago mine, Albia, Iowa, explo- sion 70,190 Issaquah No. 4 mine, Washington, accident . 70, 333 J. Jed mine, West Virginia, explosion 72, 342 Jermyn No. 1 mine, Rendham, Pa., fire 70, 287 Jersey No. 8 mine, Ashley, Pa., explosion. . . 69, 287 Johnson No. 1 mine, Priceburg, Pa., explosion 71, 288 Johnston City mine, Illinois, explosion 71, 172 Kansas, coal mined by hand, percentage 200 mined by machine, percentage 200 shot off solid, amount 200 value per ton at mine 200 14355°— Bull. 115—16 24 Page. Kansas, coal beds, character 196 coal fields in, area 135,196 coal mines, accidents 198 accidents reportable 197 days worked annually 200 disasters . .* 198 fatalities 200 by causes 202 chart showing 26 fatality rates 200 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 199 hours worked daily 199 inspection service 197 lockouts and strikes 199 men employed 12, 200 mining machines, number 108, 200 mining methods 196 coal production 200 per death 200 per man 200 Kansas & Texas No. 44 mine, Huntington, Ark., explosion 70,148 Kaska William mine, Middleport, Pa., ac- cident 69,70,287 Keith & Perry No. 6 mine, Rich Hill, Mo., explosion 69, 230 Kemmerer No. 4 mine, Wyoming, explosion . 72, 350 Kentucky, coal mined by hand, percentage ... 210 mined by machine, percentage 210 shot off solid, amount 210 value per ton at mine 210 coal beds, character 204 coal fields in, area 134, 204 coal mines, accidents 207 accidents reportable 206 days worked annually 210 disasters, list of 208 fatalities 210 by causes 212 chart showing 26 fatality rates 210 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 209 hours worked daily 208 inspection service 206 lockouts and strikes 209 men employed 12, 210 mining machines, number 108, 210 mining methods 205 coal production 210 per death 210 per man 210 Kettle Creek mine, Clinton County, Pa.,. ex- Plosion 69,298 Kohinoor mine, Shenandoah, Pa., explosion. 69, 287 Krebs No. 11 mine, Oklahoma, explosion... 70,271 Labor at coal mines 12 See also States listed. Laborers in mines, fatality rates of 93 94 figure showing 93 Lackawanna No. 4 mine, Wehrum, Pa., ex- Plosion 72,298 Lance mine, Ply mouth, Pa., explosion ... 70, 71 , 287 Laurel mine, Pocahontas, Va., explosion .... 69, 325 364 INDEX. Lawson mine, Black Diamond, Wash., ex- plosion 71,72,333 Layland No. 3 mine, West Virginia, explo- sion 73, 342 Lehigh No. 4 mine, Lansford, Pa., explosion. 73, 288 Letter mine, Zeigler, 111., explosion 71, 172 Lemont and Superba mine, Evans Station, Pa., accident 72, 298 Leyden mine, Colorado, fire 72, 159 Lick Branch mine, Switchback, W. Va., ex- plosion 72, 342 Lick Fork mine, Thacker, W. Va., accident . 72, 342 Little Cahaba mine, Piper, Ala., explosion. . 71, 141 Lockouts and strikes. See States listed. Locomotives. See Compressed-air locomo- tives; Electric locomotives; Gaso- line locomotives; Mine cars and locomotives. Locust Gap mine, Pennsylvania, fire 71, 287 Long-wall machines in use, number of 109 See also States listed. Lorentz mine, Penco, W. Va., explosion 71, 342 Lost Creek No. 2 mine, Oskaloosa, Iowa, ex- plosion . . . : 70, 190 Luke Fidler mine, Shamokin, Pa., explosion 71, 287 fire 70,287 Lykens Valley mine, Shamokin, Pa., ex- plosion 69, 287 Lytle mine, Minersville, Pa., accident. . . 70, 71, 287 M. McAlester No. 5 mine, Alderson, Okla., ac- cident 70,271 Machine feed wire, contact with, fatalities from 88 Machine loaders, fatality rates of 95 figure showing 93 Machine mining 107 See also Mining machines. Machine runners, fatality rates of 95 figure showing 93 Machine scrapers, fatality rates of 95 _ figureshowing 93 Maitland mine, Walsenburg, Colo., explo- sion 71, 159 Mammoth mine, Mount Pleasant, Pa., ex- plosion 69,298 Maple Hill mine, Mahanoy City, Pa., ex- plosion 71,287 Mariana mine, Pennsylvania, explosion. . .. 72,298 Marvine mine, Scranton, Pa., accident 69, 72,287,288 Maryd mine, Pennsylvania, accident 73, 288 Maryland, coal mined by hand, percentage. . . 218 mined by machine, percentage 218 shot off solid, amount 218 value per ton at mine 218 coal beds, character 213 coal fields in, area 134,213 coal mines, accidents 215 accidents reportable 215 days worked annually 218 disasters 215 fatalities at 218 by causes 220 chart showing , 26 Page. Maryland coal mines, fatality rates 218 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 216 hours worked daily 216 inspection service 215 lockouts and strikes 217 men employed 12,21S mining machines, number 108, 21S mining methods 214 coal production 218 per death 218 per man 218 Maryland Geological Survey, on coal beds of Allegany County, Md 213 Men employed in anthracite mines 290 bituminous coal mines 105 figure showing 112, 114 coal mines, by States 5, 12 figure showing 21 relation to percentage of machine-mined coal Ill, 120, 123, 126, 129 See also States listed. Metal mines, nonfatal injuries in 96 Michigan, coal mined by hand, percentage. - . 226 mined by machine, percentage 226 shot off solid, amount 226 value per ton at mine 226 coal beds, character 222 coal field, area 134, 222 coal mines, accidents 223 accidents reportable 223 days worked annually 226 fatalities at 226 by causes 227 chart showing 23 fatality rates 226 chart showing 25 on 2,000-hour basis 224 hours worked daily 224 inspection service 223 lockouts and strikes 225 men employed 12, 226 mining machines, number 108, 226 mining methods 222 quantity of explosives used 81 coal production 226 per death 226 per man 226 Midlothian mine, Coalfield, Va., explosion. . 69, 325 Midvale mine, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., fire 70, 287 Milby & Dow mine, Dow, Okla., fire 70, 271 Mill Creek mine, Pennsylvania, explosion. . . 69, 298 Mine cars and locomotives, fatalities from. 16, 23, 84 by States 84 fatality rate per 1 ,000 employed 16, 84 See also States listed. Mine disasters. See coal-mine disasters and States listed. Mine fires from spontaneous combustion 76 list of 75 Mine foremen and assistants, fatality rates of 93,94,95 figure showing 93 Mine inspection service, coal-mining industry covered by, percentage 20 employees under, percentage 10 fatalities under 10,105 INDEX. 365 Page. Mine inspection service, growth of 25 production of coal under 10, 105 See also States listed. Mineral No. 16 mine, Kansas, explosion 72, 198 Miners, fatality rates of 93, 94, 95 figure showing 93 Mining industry, accidents not attributable to 5 Mining machines, accidents 88 by principal causes . 88, 110, 121, 124, 127, 130 coal mined by 107, 108 fatality rates 117, 120, 123, 126, 129 fatality rates affected by Ill number, by States 108 types of, number 109 See also machines named and States listed. Mining methods. See States listed. Missouri, coal mined by hand, percentage 232 mined by machine, percentage 232 shot off solid, amount 232 value per ton at mine 232 coal beds, character 228 coal fields in, area 135, 228 coal mines, accidents 230 accidents reportable 229 days worked annually 232 disasters 230 fatalities 232 by causes 234 chart showing 26 fatality rates 232 chartshowing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 231 hours worked daily 231 inspection service 229 lockouts and strikes 231 men employed 12, 232 mining machines, number 108, 232 mining methods 228 coal production 232 per death 232 per man 232 Monongah mine, West Virginia, explosion. . . 71, 342 Montana, coal mined by hand, percentage. . . 240 mined by machine, percentage 240 shot off solid, amount 240 value per ton at mine 240 coal beds, character 235 coal fields in, area 135, 235 coal mines, accidents 237 accidents reportable 236 days worked annually 240 disasters. 237 fatalities at 240 by causes: 242 chart showing 26 fatality rates 240 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 238 hours worked daily 238 inspection service 236 lockouts and strikes 239 men employed 12, 240 mining machines, number 108, 240 mining methods 236 Page. Montana, coal production 240 per death 2-iO per man 210 Moody mine, South Carrollton, Ky., explo- sion 72, 208 Morgan mine, Black Diamond, Wash., ex- plosion 71, 333 Mount Lookout mine, Wyoming, Pa., explo- sion 72,288 Mulga mine, Alabama, explosion 72, 73, 141 N. Nanticoke No. 1 mine, Pennsylvania, acci- dent 69,287 Naomi mine, Fayette City, Pa., explosion. . 71, 298 Neilson mine, Shamokin, Pa., fire 70, 287 Nelson mine, Dayton, Tenn., explosion 70, 306 Newburg mine, West Virginia, explosion. . . 69, 342 Newland-Spencer mine, Mulberry, Kans., ac- cident 73, 198 New Mexico, coal mined by hand, percentage . 248 mined by machine, percentage 248 shot off solid, amount 248 value per ton at mine 248 coal beds, character 243 coal fields, area 134, 135, 243 coalmines, accidents 245 accidents reportable 245 days worked annually 248 disasters 246 fatalities 248 by causes 250 chart showing 26 fatality rates 248 chartshowing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 247 hours worked daily 247 inspection service 245 lockouts and strikes 247 men employed 12, 248 mining machines, number 108,248 mining methods 244 coal production 248 per death 248 per man 248 North mine, Royalton, 111., explosion 73,172 North Carolina, coal, value per ton at mine. . 252 coal beds, character of 251 coal fields in, area 134, 251 coal mines, accidents reportable 231 days worked annually 252 disasters 211 inspection service 251 men employed 12, 252 coal production 252 per man 232 North Dakota, coal mined by hand, percent- age 236 mined by machine, percentage 256 shot off solid, amount 256 value per ton at mine 256 coal fields of, area 135, 153 coal mines, accidents 254 accidents reportable 253 days worked annually 256 366 INDEX, North Dakota coal mines, fatalities at 256 by causes 257 chart showing 26 fatality rates 256 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 255 hours worked daily 254 inspection service 253 lockouts and strikes 255 men employed 12, 256 • mining machines, number 108,256 mining methods 253 coal production 256 per death 256 per man 256 Northern Appalachian coal fields, permissible explosives used 82 XorthwesternNo. 1 mine, Ravensdale, Wash., explosion 73, 333 Northwestern No. 4 mine, Roslyn, Wash., explosion 72,333 Norwood, C. J., on mining methods in Ken- tucky 205 Nottingham mine, Plymouth, Pa., explosion. 69, 72,287,288 O. Objects falling down shaft or slopes, number killed by 14,90 Occupation, fatalities classified by 92 figure showing 93 O'Gara No. 9 mine, Harrisburg, 111., explo- sion 72, 172 Ohio, coal mined by hand, percentage 264 mined by machine, percentage 264 shot off solid, amount 264 value per ton at mines 264 coal beds, character 258 coal field in, area 134, 258 coal mines, accidents 261 accidents reportable 260 days worked annually 264 disasters 261 electric haulage motors, number of . . . 87 fatalities 264 by causes 266 chart showing 26 fatality rates 264 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 262 hours worked daily 262 inspection service 260 lockouts and strikes 263 men employed 12, 264 method of ventilation 260 mining machines, number 108, 264 mining methods 259 number in operation 260 quantity of explosives used 81 coal production 264 per death 264 per man 264- Oklahoma, coal mined by hand, percentage. . . 274 mined by machine, percentage 274 shot off solid, amount 274 value per ton at mine 274 coal beds, character 268 Page. Oklahoma, coal field in, area 135, 268 coal mines, accidents 270 accidents reportable 270 days worked annually 274 disasters 271 fatalities 274 by causes 276 chartshowing 26 fatality rates 274 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 272 hours worked daily 272 inspection service 270 lockouts and strikes 273 men employed 12, 274 mining machines, number 108, 274 mining methods 269 coal production 274 per death 274 per man 274 Old Dominion No. 1 mine, Carbon Hill, Va., explosion 72, 325 Oregon, coal, value per ton at mine 279 coal field in, area 135, 277 coal mines, accidents 277 accidents reportable 277 days worked annually 279 fatalities 279 bycauses 280 fatality rates 279 inspection service 277 lockouts and strikes 278 men employed 12, 279 mining methods 277 coal production 279 per death 279 per man 279 Orenda mine, Boswell, Pa., explosion 73, 298 Orenda No. 2 mine, Boswell, Pa., explosion.. 72, 298 Oswald mine, Princeton, Ind., explosion. 70, 71, 181 Ott No. 20 mine, Elk Garden, W. Va., ex- plosion 72,342 Otto Red Ash mine, Branch Dale, Pa., explo- sion 69, 287 P. Pacific Coast coal fields, area 135 permissible explosives used 82 Palos No. 3 mine, Alabama, explosion 72, 141 Panama mine, Moundsville, W. Va., explo- sion 72, 342 Pancoast-Price mine, Throop, Pa., fire 72, 288 Parker, E. W., on California coal fields 153 on Georgia coal fields 166 on number of working hours at coal mines 62 on Pennsylvania bituminous coal fields. 294 Parrel mine, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 Parrishmine, Plymouth, Pa., explosion 72,288 Patterson No. 2 mine, Elizabeth, Pa., acci- dent 73, 298 Payroll basis for computing fatality rates 60 Pennsylvania (anthracite) coal, value per ton at mine 290 coal beds, character 231 coal fields, area 134, 281 INDEX. 367 Page. Pennsylvania (anthracite) coal mines, acci- dents 286 accidents reportable 284 air compressors, number of 85 days worked annually 290 disasters 287,288 electric dynamos, number of 85 explosives used, quantity of 80, 82 fatalities 290 by causes 292 chart showing 26 from explosives 79 fatality rates 290 by occupation 93, 94 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 288 horses and mules, number of 84, 85 hours worked daily 288 inspection service 284 lockouts and strikes 289 locomotives in, number of 84, 85 men employed 12, 290 mining methods 282 coal production 290 per death 290 per TnftTi 290 Pennsylvania (bituminous) coal mined by hand, percentage 300 mined by machine, percentage 300 shot off solid, amount 300 value per ton at mine 300 coal beds, character 294 coal fields, area 134,294 coalmines, accidents 297 accidents reportable 296 air compressors, number of 85 days worked annually 300 disasters 298 electric dynamos, number of 85 explosives used, quantity of 80 fatalities at 300 by causes 302 chart showing 26 fatality rates 300 by occupation 93,95 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 299 horses and mules, number of 84, 85 hours worked daily 299 inspection service 296 lockouts and strikes 299 locomotives, number of 84, 85 men employed 12,300 mining machines, number of 108, 300 mining methods 295 coal production 300 per death. 300 per man 300 Percentage basis for computing fatality rates . 60 coal mined by hand. See States listed, mined by machine. See States listed. produced under inspection 10 shot off solid. See States listed, coal-mining industry under inspection. . 10,20 employees under inspection 10 fatalities from principal causes 16 Page. Permissible explosives used in Pennsylvania coal mines 80 in various coal fields 81, 82 See also Explosives. Perry & Keith No. 6 mine, Rich Hill, Mo., explosion 69,230 Personal element relating to mine acci- dents 4 Pick machines in United States coal mines, number of 109 See also States listed. Pitch of coal seams , fatalities from 333 Pittston No. 14 mine, Pennsylvania, ex- plosion 72, 288 Plateau coal field, Alabama 138 Plymouth No. 2 mine, Pennsylvania, ex- plosion 69, 287 Pocahontas mine, Virginia, fire and ex- plosion 70, 71, 325 Port Royal No. 2 mine, Pennsylvania, ex- plosion 70, 298 Poteau No. 6 mine, Witteville, Okla., ex- plosion 71, 271 Potts mine, Pennsylvania, explosion 69, 287 Potts mine, Locust Dale, Pa., explosion 69,287 Premature blasts, fatalities from 78 Preston No. 3 mine, Girardville, Pa., acci- dent 69,287 Price-Pancoast mine, Throop, Pa., fire 72,288 Primero mine, Colorado, explosion 71, 72, 159 Principal causes of accidents, percentage killed, and number killed per 1,000 employed 16, 19 Production, anthracite coal 290 bituminous coal 105 coal, by machines 110,111 by States 20 in United States, 1807 to 1914 10 per death 10 per man 10, 20, 105 under inspection service 10 See also States listed. Prospect mine. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., acci- dent 72, 73, 288 Providence No. 3 mine, Kentucky, explo- sion 72, 208 R. Rachel and Agnes mine, Marianna, Pa., ex- plosion 72, 298 Radial axe or post machines in United States, number of 109 See also States listed. Red Ash mine, West Virginia, explosion ... 70, 342 Red Ash and Rush Run mine, Red Ash, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 Red Canyon mine, Wyoming, explosion ... 70, 350 Red Lodge mine, Montana, fire 71, 72, 237 Reportable accidents. See States listed. Richardson mine, Glencarbon, Pa., acci- dent 70, 287 Richland mine, Dayton, Tenn., explosion. . 70,306 Richmond coal basin, Virginia 323 Robbinsmine, Ohio, explosion 69,261 Rock Castle mine, Alabama, explosion 73, 141 368 INDEX. Page. Rock Island No. 8 mine, Hartshorne, Okla., explosion 72, 271 Rocky Mountain coal fields, area 135 permissible explosives used 82 Rolling Mill mine, Johnstown, Pa., explo- sion 70,71,298 Roof, falls of 82, 83 Rope system of haulage, Illinois mines 86 Roslyn mine, Washington, explosion 70,333 Royalton No. 1 mine, Illinois, explosion 73, 172 Rush Run and Red Ash mine, Red Ash, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 S. St. Paul No. 2 mine, Cherry, 111., fire 72, 172 San Bois No. 2 mine, McCurtain, Okla., ex- plosion 72, 271 San Toy No. 1 mine, Corning, Ohio, acci- dent 71,261 Sandoval mine, Illinois, accident 71, 172 Seagraves mine, Eldorado, 111., explosion. . . 72, 172 Shaft accidents, number killed by 14, 16,18,19,89,90 Shaft mines in Ohio, number of 260 Shenandoah City mine, Pennsylvania, explo- sion 71, 287 Shoal Creek mine, Panama, 111., explosion 72, 73, 172 Shooting off solid. See States listed. Short Creek mine, Alabama, explosion 72, 141 Short-flame explosives. See Explosives. Short-wall machines in United States, num- ber of 109 See also Mining machines and States listed. Shot breaking through pillar, fatalities from. . 78 Skips. See Cages. Slope mines in Ohio, number of 260 Smokeless Valley No. 1 mine, Johnstown, Pa., explosion 73, 298 Sonman mine, Pa., accident 71, 298 South Dakota coal field in, area of 135 South Wilkes-Barre mine, Pennsylvania, ex- plosion 71, 72,287,288 South Wilkes-Barre No. 5 mine, Pennsylva- nia, explosion 72,288 South Wilkes-Barre shaft No. 3, Pennsylva- nia, explosion 69,70,287 Southern Appalachian coal field, permissible explosives used 82 Spencer mine, Pottsville, Pa., explosion 69,287 Spencer-Newland mine, Mulberry, Kans., ac- cident 73,198 Spontaneous combustion in mines, fires caused by 76 Spring Gulch mine, Colorado, explosion 70, 159 Spring Mountain No. 1 mine, Jeanesville, Pa., accident 70,287 Stafford mine, West Virginia, explosion 71,342 Stag Canyon No. 2 mine, Dawson, N. Mex., explosion 73, 246 Starkville mine, Colorado, explosion 72, 159 Statistics of coal mines, by States 133 source and scope of 4 See also States listed. Steam locomotives, number used in Penn- sylvania 85 West Virginia 86 See also Locomotives. Stearns No. 5 mine, Kentucky, explosion. . . 71, 208 Stoek, H. H., on Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields 281 Stone Canyon mine, Chancellor, Cal., explo- sion 72,153 Strikes and lockouts. See States listed. Stuart mine, West Virginia, explosion 71, 342 Suffocation by mine gases, fatalities from 14 by powder gas, fatalities from 78 Sullivan mine, Indiana, explosion 69, 181 Sumner mine, Pennsylvania, explosion 70, 298 Sunnyside mine, Evansville, Ind., explosion. 72,181 Sunshine mine, Colorado, explosion 70, 159 Superba and Lemont mine, Evans Station, Pa., accident 72, 298 Surface accidents, by causes 14, 92 See also States listed. Surface employees, fatality rates based on . '. . 19 number of 6, 19 Surface fatalities, number of men killed and fatality rates 16 Surface shop? and yards, accidents at 14, 91, 92 Susquehanna No. 1 mine, Nanticoke, Pa., ex- plosion 70, 287 Susquehanna No. 4 mine, Nanticoke, Pa., ex- plosion 69, 287 Susquehanna No. 7 mine, Nanticoke, Pa., ex- plosion 71, 288 Sykesville mine, Pennsylvania, explosion.. . 72, 298 T. Tamping, fatalities from 78 Tate mine, Stur,gis, Ky., explosion 70, 208 Taylor mine, Hartford, Ky., accident 72, 208 Tennessee coal mined by hand, percentage . . 308 mined by machine, percentage 308 shot off solid, amount 308 value per ton at mine 308 coal beds, character of 304 coal fields in, area 134, 304 coal mines, accidents 306 accidents reportable 305 days worked annually 308 disasters 306 fatalities 308 by causes 310 chart showing 26 fatality rates 308 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 307 hours worked daily 307 inspection service 305 lockouts and strikes 307 men employed 12, 308 mining machines, number 108,308 mining methods 304 coal production 308 per death 308 per man 308 Tercio mine, Colorado, explosion 71, 159 INDEX. 369 Page. Texas, coal mined by hand, percentage 314 mined by machine, percentage 314 shot off solid, amount 314 value per ton at mine 314 «oal beds, character 311 coalfield in, area 135,311 coal mines, accidents 312 accidents reportable 312 days worked annually 314 fatalities 314 by causes 315 chart showing 26 fatality rates 314 chart showing - - . 26 on 2,000-hour basis 313 hours worked daily 313 inspection service 312 lockouts and strikes 313 men employed 12, 314 mining machines, number 108, 314 mining methods 311 coal production 314 per death 314 per man 314 Thawing explosives, fatalities from 78 Thomas No. 25 mine, West Virginia, explo- sion 71,342 Tidewater mine, Vivian, W. Va., explosion. 71, 342 Toller mine, Tollerville, Colo., explosion 72, 159 Tonnage basis for computing fatality rates. . . 60 Transportation of explosives, fatalities from . 78 Trinidad coal field, Colorado 156 Tripp mine, Scranton, Pa., accident 73, 288 Trolley wire, contact with, fatalities from " 88 tool or bar striking, fatalities f rom . . . 88 Twin mine, Pittston, Pa., accident 70, 287 Two-thousand-hour workers, fatality rates based on 61,62 number 61,62 See also States listed. Tunnel mine, Ashland, Pa., accident 69, 287 U. Umpire mine, Brownsville, Pa., explosion. . 70, 298 Underground employees, fatality rates 19 by principal causes 19 number 6, 19 Unexploded charges, drilling into 78 Uniform time basis for computing fatality rates 62 Union Pacific No. 2 mine, Cumberland, Wyo., accident 73, 350 United Coal No. 1 mine, Christopher, 111., explosion 72, 172 United Kingdom, See Great Britain. United States, ooal, value per ton at mine ... 10 coal mines, disasters, list of 69 fatalities by calendar years and States , 1870 to 1914 27-59 by causes 14 by States, 1839 to 1914 7, 8, 9 chart showing 26 men employed, by States 12 mining machines, number 108 coal production 10 Page. United States Geological Survey, acknowl- edgment to 5 coal-field areas estimated by 133 Utah, coal mined by hand, percentage 320 mined by machine, percentage 320 shot off solid, amount 320 value per ton at mine 320 coal beds, character 316 coal field in, area 135, 316 coal mines, accidents 317 accidents reportable 317 days worked annually 320 disasters 317 fatalities 320 by causes 322 chartshowing 26 fatality rates 320 chartshowing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 319 hours worked daily 319 inspection service 317 lockouts and strikes 319 men employed 12,320 mining machines, number 108, 320 mining methods 316 coal production 320 per death 320 per man 320 V. Ventilation of coal mines in Ohio 260 Victor American No. 3 mine, Delagua, Colo., Are and explosion 72,159 Virginia, coal mined by hand, percentage 328 mined by machine, percentage 328 shot off solid, amount 328 value per ton at mine 328 coal beds, character 323 coal fields, area 134, 323 coal mines, accidents 325 accidents reportable '... 324 days worked annually 328 disasters 325 fatalities 328 by causes 329 chart showing 26 fatality rates 328 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 327 hours worked daily 326 inspection service 324 men employed 12, 328 mining machines, number 108, 328 mining methods 324 coal production 328 per death 328 per man 328 Virginia City mine, Alabama, explosion 71, 141 Von Storchmine, Scranton, Pa., fire 70,287 Vulcan mine, New Castle, Colo., explosion. . . 70, 73, 159 W. Wadesville mine, Pennsylvania, accident . . 70, 287 explosion 69, 287 Warrior coal field, Alabama 137 370 INDEX. Warrier Run mine, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., acci- dent 72,2S8 Washington, coal mined by hand, percentage. 336 mined by machine, percentage 336 shot off solid, amount 336 value per ton at mine 336 coal beds, character of 330 coal field in, area 135, 330 coal mines, accidents 332 accidents reportable 331 days worked annually 336 disasters 333 fatalities 336 by causes 338 chart showing 26 from dip or pitch of coal 333 fatality rates 336 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 334 hours worked daily 334 inspection service 331 lockouts and strikes 335 men employed 12,336 mining machines, number 108, 336 mining methods 331 coal production 336 per death 336 per man 336 Washington No. 5 mine, Franklin, Mo\, acci- dent 72,215 West Bear Ridge mine, Mahanoy Plane, Pa., explosion 70, 287 West End mine, Mocanaqua, Pa., accident .. 69, 287 West Leisenring mine, Pennsylvania, explo- sion 69,298 West Pittston mine, Pennsylvania, breaker fire 69,287 West Virginia, coal mined by hand, percent- age 344 mined by machine, percenta £ e 344 shot off solid, amount 344 . value per ton at mine 314 coal beds, character 339 coal fields in, area 134,339 coal mines, accidents 341 accidents reportable 340 days worked annually 344 disasters 342 fatalities 344 by causes 346 chart showing 26 fatality rates 344 chart showing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 343 haulage system 86 hours worked daily 343 inspection service 340 lockouts and strikes 343 Page. West Virginia coal mines, men employed. . 12, 344 mining machines, number 108, 344 mining methods 340 quantity of explosives used 81 coal production 344 per death 344 per man 344 Western interior coal fields, area 135 permissible explosives used 82 Western No. 5 mine, Lehigh, Okla., fire 72, 271 Whipple mine, Scarboro, W. Va., explosion. 71, 342 White & Cook mine, Madrid, N. Mex., explo- sion 70,246 White Ash mine, Cerrillos, N. Mex., explo- sion 70,246 White Ash mine, Jefferson County, Colo., accident 69, 159 Wilburton No. 19 mine, Oklahoma, explo- sion 71,271 Williamstown mine, Pa., accident 71, 287 explosion 72,288 Winter Quarters mine, Scofield, Utah, -ex- plosion 70,318 Wyoming, coal mined by hand, percentage. . 352 mined by machine, percentage 352 shot off solid, amount 352 value per ton at mine 352 coal beds, character 347 coal fields in, area 135, 347 coal mines, accidents 349 accidents reportable 348 days worked annually 352 disasters 350 fatalities 352 by causes 353 chart showing 26 fatality rates 352 chartshowing 26 on 2,000-hour basis 351 hours worked daily 350 inspection service 348 lockouts and strikes 351 men employed 12, 352 mining machines, number 108, 352 mining methods 348 coal production 352 per death 352 per man 352 Y. Yolande mine., Alabama, explosion. 71, 72, 141 York Farm mine, Pottsville, Pa., explosion. 70, 287 Youngstown mine, TJniontown, Pa., explo- sion 69, 298 Z. Zeigler mine, HI., fire and explosion 72, 172 o