.■*jr.*i ^- '^ '*'/' ^ ..»->",- » ^i..'\ ^ '>■ ^. QJorncU llniOTt0ita Hibtarg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRAHY 3 1924 092 476 229 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092476229 EXPANSIVE / ^ CLASSIFICATION Part I: THE FIRST SIX CLASSIFICATIONS BOSTON C: A. CUTTER 1891-93 EXPANSIVE CLASSIFICATION INTRODUCTION FOR THE SMALLEST LIBRARY The classification which I worked out for the Boston Athe- naeum was the result of much study and thought, and it has borne the test and received the improvements of five years' use. As some features of the notation appeared to stand in the way of its general acceptance, I devised another notation (to be used with the same classification), which was put in use at the Gary Library at Lexington, Mass. But a further modification soon appeared to be needed. The Boston Atheneeum contains about 1 70,000 volumes. It is evident that a library, all whose books could be put into a single room, all whose work must be done by a single person, would not require and would never attempt to use this elaborate arrangement ; consequently there have been so many requests from persons interested in the lesser libraries to have the Athenaeum classification, with the Lexington nota- tion, adapted to their needs, that I have been led to prepare a scheme applicable to collections of every size, from the village library in its earliest stages to the national library with a million volumes. I purpose at first, in suggesting a plan for arranging the smallest collection of books, to say briefly what should be done, without any explanation or statement of reasons. Afterwards, in showing how this simple plan can be developed into one suited to the varied and complex purposes of a large library, inasmuch as more technical language must be used, and disputed questions must be considered, it will be necessary to define and illustrate and argue at some length. (I) DIRECTIONS For arranging and marking a very small library in such a way that other books can be added to it without disturbing the arrange- ment, and with as little change of m.arks as possible, Divide your books into the following eight sections)! — A Works of reference and general works which include several of the following sections, and so could not go in any one. B Philosophy and Religion E Biography F History and Geography and Travels H Social sciences L Natural sciences and Arts Y Language and Literature Yf Fiction Mark each book on the back with the letter of its section. Put the same letter against the title of the book wherever it occurs in the catalog, and use it in charging. Put it also on the shelf (on a movable card), or over the range of shelves, which contain the books of that class. The shelves are not to be marked at all with alcove, range, or shelf numbers. When you have got your books sorted into the eight sections, arrange them within each class alphabetically by the authors' names, except in Biography, which is to be arranged by the subjects, that is, by the names of those whose lives are told. To keep the books in this order, add to the class-letter the initial of the author's name (in Biography of the subject's namie). In the sections Biography and Fiction, and in all classes in a library that is expected to grow rapidly, to distinguish different authors whose family name begins with the same letter, add to (2) the initial a figure taken from Cutter's " Alfabetic order table,' the method of using which will be fully explained further on. Put this initial, or initial-and-figure, on the back of the book under the class-letter ; put it also in the catalog ; and when a class occupies several shelves put on each shelf a movable label showing what letter begins it. When marking the catalog separate the class-letter from the author's initial by a period above the line (as A-B). If the quartos and folios are shelved separately from the smaller books, use a plus sign as a separation mark for them instead of a period (asA+B), so that you will know which set of shelves to go to for the book. If the folios are separated from the quartos, use + for quartos and || for folios (as A||B). When a book is added to the library, give it the proper class- letter and initial, or initial-and-figure, so that it can take its exact place on the shelves just as a new card takes its place in a card catalog. By such insertion the volumes following it on the shelf are pushed along. To allow of this, part of each shelf must be left vacant in the first arrangement of the books. When any shelf becomes full, divide the books between it and the next shelf, so that each will have room for future growth. This process of adjustment can be continued till all the shelves are filled. Let the succession of books on the shelves be from left to right, like the order of the words in a line of print, and from the upper to the lower shelves, like the order of the lines in a page. Let each class begin at the beginning (left) of a shelf, and, if there is room, let it begin with the first (that is, the upper) shelf of a range. Dispose the classes about the room in such a way as to bring the most used class, that is. Fiction, near to the delivery desk. It is best to let the classes succeed one another in the alpha- betical order of the letters by which they are marked, but this is not necessary, if any other order is more convenient. (3) INTRODUCTION FOR LARGER LIBRARIES A SHELF CLASSIFICATION, is a scheme for arranging the books of a library so that simi- lar works or works treating of similar subjects shall stand together on the shelves. The reason for classifying is that people often wish to see many books on a subject at once ; either in order to read the whole literature of the subject, or that they may examine it and select the best works. A classified a,rrangement is also some- times an assistance in finding a book whose author's name has been forgotten, tho its subject is remembered. It also frequently enables one to get a book without consulting the catalog to find where it is placed, for when the classes are well defined one knows just where a book of well-defined character must be. No one, for example, would go to the catalog to find the place of a life of Washington, or a novel by Dickens, or a history of France in a library in which there were the classes Biography and Fiction and French history, and an alphabetical sub-arrangement. On the other hand, we must not expect too much from classifi- cation. It will never enable us to do away with either the author or the subject catalog. The first is the proper means of finding a book of which the author's name is known. It is only occas- ionally that the classification should be called upon to perform this function! The phrases used above, " well-defined classes " and books " of a well-defined character," are not to be disre- garded. If the book wanted is one that might be put almost equally well -under either of two classes, — and there are many suph books, — one cannot tell in which class to look for it, and time may be saved by consulting the catalog, which guides (4) us at once to the right place.. So it will be if one does not know, or has forgotten, the character of the book, and therefore does not know where the classifier would put it. Also, if a man misremembers the subject of the book, or never rightly comprehended it, he must not complain if it is not on the shelf where he expects to find it. And if the class can be only vaguely defined, and there is a considerable debatable land between it and the next, the result is the same. Nor can the inquirer dispense with the aid of the catalog if he wishes to find all that there is in the library on a given subject. It is plain that no shelf-classification can collect in one place all that the library possesses on each subject ; because, in the first place, there are in many libraries special collections, which take books out of the general classification, so that to exhaust the literature of a subject one must look both in the general library and in the special or " parallel " library, and perhaps in several special libraries ; and secondly, because some books treat of several subjects and yet can be put in only one place, unless in such cases another copy is bought for each additional subject, which is generally out of the question ; and thirdly, because a book on one subject may be bound with a book on another, and if the volume is put in one class it is necessarily missing in the other. But within the proper limits of its work, and in connection with the catalog, classification is of the greatest value as one of the keys that unlocks the treasure-house of knowledge. The gain from classification is greatest in libraries which admit visitors to the shelves ; in them I consider it indispensable. When, as in most town libraries, books are asked for by bor- rowers on call slips, and brought by attendants, the advantage is much less. But there is a gain. If the library tries to supply, not merely entertainment, but instruction ; if the librarian gives out, not merely books over a counter, but advice in reading and assistance in investigation, he must have his library so arranged that he can lay his hand on his materials at once. It (S) is not enough that, with the aid of the catalog, he can get any one book (which can be done in a library absolutely unarranged), but he must know where to go for each subject; he must (so far as possible) find there whatever the library has on that subject. And he wants to do this quickly. When inquiries are pouring in upon him he must not be obliged to waste time in searching. The quicker he can get together the books that will answer one question, the quicker he can turn to the next applicant. Five minutes' preparation on the dull day will be well spent if it saves one minute in the busy day. It must not be overlooked that however well a librarian may know the position of his books, however independent he may be of catalog and classification, when he dies or resigns he will take away his knowledge with him. There is no way in which he can transmit part of it to his successor so quickly and so effectually as by leaving the books well classified. A new librarian or a new assistant who goes into an unarranged library, undertakes a very hard task, and it will be a long time before he can satisfactorily assist inquirers. In a well-arranged library he can make some use of the books ,at once, and become familiar with the resources at his command in a comparatively short time. A NOTATION is a method of so marking the books that after they have been used they can be restored to the proper class with certainty and quickness, and that by looking in the catalog, where the same mark is given in connection with the title of the work, one can learn in what class the book is to be found. If the notation is such that each book has a mark of its own different from that of any other book, that mark will serve for charging it to a borrower, and will identify it in various library records. I have drawn out three notations for use with the present set of classifications, as I know that some persons object to one feature of the one which I prefer. Their differences will be (6^ explained hereafter under the heading " The three local lists," for they vary only in the " local list." How the first notation came to be made, and how it differs from other notations, is stated in an article which will be reprinted from the Library journal in an appendix. The Classification, then, assigns a book to its place; the Notation keeps it in its place, and gives it a proper name by which it can be known, called for, and recorded. THE MARK consists of two parts : [a) the class-mark, which shows in what class the book belongs ; and (3) the book-mark,* which dis- tinguishes that book from other works in the same class. THE CLASS-MARK, in the series of classifications set forth here, is in the First notation when the class is a subject (as History, Phil- osophy, Science, the Arts) or a kind of litera- ture (as Fiction, Drama, Poetry) ; a LETTER, which may be followed by one or more letters a SINGLE FIGURE TWO FIGURES to distinguish books written in a certain form (as Dictionaries, Encyclopccdias, Periodicals, etc.) from other works in the same class ; to distinguish books relating to a place (as America, Africa, Egypt, Massachusetts, Bos- ton, White Mountains, Lake George, the Mis- sissippi) from other works in the same class. The Second notation differs from the first in this : that instead of distinguishing PLACES by TWO FIGURES, it uses a VOWEL, which may be followed by another letter. * I am sorry to be obliged to use this term, which has another well-accepted meaning, but there is no other suitable term ; work-mark is the letter which distinguishes the two works of the same author in any section. (7) The Third notation to distinguish places instead of two figures uses a letter, which may be followed by another letter. THE CLASS MARK .FOR SUBJECTS. In the First notation, so long as we deal only with subjects, letters alone are used. A single letter marks a great class (J might serve for Government, for example). Another letter added to it indicates a subdivision of that class (e. g. Jq Punish- ment). A third letter marks a section of the subdivision (e. g. Jqc Capital punishment); and, if the splitting up is carried any farther, a fourth letter would mark a special part of the section. These are arranged like the words in a dictionary : B • Bcc Ba Bed Bb Bcda Be Bcdb Bca Bcdba Bcb and so on. THE LOCAL LIST. But this is not the only way in which classes need to be broken up into parts. Subjects vary according as they relate to different countries. Thus in Zoology, there are not only books' which treat separately of the Invertebrates and of the Vertebrates, of Mammals and of Monkeys, but also books which describe the animals of Africa, of Madagascar, of Borneo. So in the form- class Literature, the form divisions marked by letters are Fiction, Drama, Poetry, Oratory, and the like ; the local divisions are English literature, French literature, German literature. These differences in nature require a corresponding division on the shelves when there is material enough to divide. Since the flora of Africa is not the same as the flora of North America, the books on it should not be in the same place in a botanical library. As the fauna of the Arctic regions differs from the fauna of the Tropics, a zoological library should not mix the (8) books upon them. The history and the laws and the language and the literature of England are so diverse from the history, laws, language, and literature of France that no general library of size would for a moment hesitate to separate them. This kind of subdivision it is desirable to mark in some different way from the other, for two reasons : First, because it is different, a division not by subject but by locality ; and second, because it is suitable and convenient that the mark for each country should be the same in all the different classes, and also that it should not be used for any other purpose. We cannot employ the letters for this purpose, for they are already taken for subject- marks ; we therefore use figures. If, for example, 45 is the mark for England, and D is Church history, then D45 is English church history F is History F45 is English history G is Travels G45 is English travels K is Law K45 is English law N is Botany N45 is English botany O is Zoology O45 is English zoology Whenever one meets 45 one knows that it means England, and that in this part of the classification we shall find books treating of the subject to whose class-letter it is annexed, with special reference to England. And, on the other hand, if we wish to find the books about England in any class, we look for 41 in the series of numbers under that class-mark. These numbers following a class letter are arranged before the letters following a class letter ; that is, the divisions A 1 1 to A 99 precede the divisions A a to Az, thus, — A31 Bii P26 A44 B39 P37 A72 B86 P99 A91 Bb Pm Aa Bp Pr Ad Bx Ps Am Bz Pt (9) Though there are disadvantages in the use of letters to mark local divisions, they will serve, and in one way they are superior, as will be stated farther' on, in the chapter on " The three local lists." When we use them, if, for example, e is the mark for England, and F is History, then Fe is English history G is travels Ge is travels in England Nz is local Botany Nze is English botany Oz is local Zoology Oze is English zoology We cannot say that whenever one meets e one knows that it means England, because that letter is also used for many subject subdivisions; but we can say that when we come to that part of any class which contains the books treating of the subject locally, we shall find all the books relating to England under the sub-mark e. THE ORDER OF CLASSES. It is not always necessary to place the main classes on the shelves in the alphabetical order of the letters. If they are arranged around a single room and class A (Reference books) comes near the charging-desk on one side, division Yf (Fiction), the most used of all classes, will be near it on the other. But it may be that there are more books than can be got into one room, and that to preserve this convenient placing some inter- mediate class must be taken out and put into a side room. Or it may be that the library occupies a house whose rooms cannot be made to succeed one another in any very intelligible order. The reason for wishing to put classes in the regular alphabeti- cal order is simply that it indicates where any class can be found, because every one knows that B follows A, C follows B, and so on. But with regard . to the main classes it is easy for the attendants to remember even a very considerable displacement. When the public go to the shelves, a class out of place is a greater evil because it requires explanation. In that case it is well to put up a written or printed statement of the order of all of the classes, and in the place where any one would naturally be looked for to post a notice stating where it actually is. (lo) Though main classes, or a great division Hke Fiction, may be placed out of order without any great harm, it is very undesirable to so misplace a subordinate section of a class. To go to the shelf and not find a group of books where its class-mark would lead one to expect it to be, is a most disagreeable disappointment, and should not be occasioned without a strong reason. In putting books upon the shelf it is best, when there is room, to begin a class or any large subdivision with a shelf ; if this is done one comprehends the arrangement more easily and the eye catches the successive class-labels more quickly. If it is neces- sary after finishing one subject on a shelf to begin another on the same shelf, a vacant space should be left if possible between the two. The books can be kept apart by Crocker book supports. Indeed, half a dozen subjects with only a book or two in each can be put on the same shelf and yet be perfectly distinct, if each has such a support before and after it.* There is not always room to thus separate each subject from its neighbor, but when this can be done, and each subject has its own class-label, the use of the library is much facilitated. The class-mark, then, keeps all the books of a class together; the book-mark keeps them in their proper order within the class. When a new book is added it is inserted where it belongs on the shelf (just as a card is put in its proper place in the card catalog); the books after it are moved along a little. In time the shelf gets full ; then the books can run over on to the next shelf, or if the shelves are generally full, the class can run over into the next case or alcove, or be moved into a new room. For the books with this notation are not fixed to any shelf ; they are only con- fined to their place in their class. It makes no difference where the class is placed ; they will be found in the same situation relatively to the other books of the class, for which reason this movable location is sometimes called a relative location ; the other is called fixed. * These supports can be procured of the Library Bureau, Boston, or of the inventor, the Rev. H: Crocker, Fairfax, Vt. (") The fixed location may be compared to the line in the directory which states that a man lives at 129 Grace street; the movable to the army register, which says that he is captain of Company C, 5th Regiment, M. V. The street is immovable. The regiment may be marched from one part of the country to another, and yet the man be easily found by his position in it. In the same way books may be found by their position in a certain class, though the class itself be transferred from one alcove to another. If the man moves to a new street, a new directory is needed ; but the army register does, not have to be altered just because the regiment has been quartered in a differ- ent town. So when books are moved under the system of fixed location, shelf-lists must be rewritten and shelf-marks changed on the catalogs ; under the system of movable location the old class lists still hold good, and there is no changing of marks. A BOOK-MARK, as I said, is designed to distinguish each book from the other books in the same class ; to make it four methods are chiefly in vogue. 1. The accession number* is used both for {a) charging (usu- ally without the class-mark) and (b) arranging (with the class- mark) ; e.g. a book may be charged as 129 or 4372, but marked for arrangement as A 129 or C4372. If the accessions number is different for each book, it serves the first purpose {a) well ; for the second purpose {d) it is not so well adapted, because it leaves the books on the shelves in no intelligent order, but just as they happen to be added to the library. 2. What might be called the accession mark of the class is used, that is to say, the books in class A are numbered A'l, A-2, A-3, as they are added to the class. This makes shorter * An accession book is a journal in wliicli boolcs are entered chronologically as they are added to the library. In the margin are a series of numbers from i upward. The number standing against any entry is the accession number of the book entered. (12) marks than the other, because the number in a single class would seldom get into the thousands, but as a method of arrangement it has the same defect as the first — it is not orderly, and there- fore is of little use. 3, 4. For this reason the third and fourth methods are better — to arrange each class in (3) approximate or (4) exact alphabetical order. 3. The order of the alphabet may be approximately kept by marking the books with the initial of the author's name, followed by the accessions number of the initial, that is, the first book by any author whose name begins with M is marked Mi, the second one by an author with an M-beginning name, M2, the third, M3, and so on. 4. Exact alphabetic order is maintained by Cutter's " Alfabetic- order Table," which can be procured of the Library Bureau, Boston. A full explanation of the method of using it is given further on. This table uses a combination of letters and figures. The letter is the initial of the author's name, and is followed by certain figures which distinguish names that have the same initial^ from one another, and keep them in the proper order. I also compiled a table of figures alone, which ensures the same result (described in the Library journal, v. 3, p. 248-251), and used it at the Boston Athenaeum for a year or so. It worked well ; but the table made with initials works better. Persons who object to the combination of letters and figures might use the numerical table. THE USE OF ALPHABETIC ORDER. As long as there are few books in a class (15 or 20) it makes very little difference which plan is adopted ; but when the class grows, and has 50 or 100 or 200 or 300, the alphabetic arrange- ment is better, for two reasons : ist, with that order one can find any book of which one knows the author's name without going to the catalog. Miss Alcott's novels, for example, will be on one of the first shelves of Fiction, Bret Harte's near the middle of the class, Mrs, Oliphant's a little farther along, and Miss Yonge's (13) at the end.* Another advantage is that all the works of each author are brought together, instead of being dispersed about the shelves in the order in which they chance to come into the library. In a class like Fiction or Poetry this is really neces- sary ; in all classes it is convenient ; for it is sometimes as de- sirable to get quickly all that a certain man has written in a kind of literature, or on a subject, as to get all that there is on the subject. The simple numerical order is easier to apply in the first instance than the alphabetic, but the latter saves time in the end, and is always more satisfactory to an orderly mind. There is, however, a great difference in this matter between the libraries which, like college and proprietary and some smaller town libraries, admit either the whole public, or some select part of their public, to the shelves, and those which exclude all out- siders, as do the larger town and the city libraries. And there is a difference between those which are used much for browsing and study and those which are used mainly for circulation. If a reader goes often to the. shelves, he will find his convenience greatly served by minute and thorough arrangement. If a librarian in service of readers inquiring into subjects goes often to the shelves, he will find his searching made easier by arrange- ment, not merely arrangement by subjects, but under them by authors. But if nobody goes to the shelves but the call-boys, if books are always picked out on the catalog and sent for by number, and are never looked for in situ, either by reader or * When there are many books in one alphabet, as there usually will be in a small library before it is subdivided, and will always be in Fiction and Biography, finding books is much helped by putting on the shelves little movable tin guides, enamelled white, with letters (A, B, C, etc.) painted in black on them. When the alphabet gets very long, whole names may be painted on the guides, as Cooper, Dickens, Eliot, Scott, etc., noted names being taken first. The labels can be procured of any large manufacturer of tin goods (e. g. G; H. Mason & Co., of Boston), and the letters or names painted at the library. The Library Bureau supplies letters and names already printed on cards, which go in tin holders fastened to the shelves, of this form B A C D The arm A B goes above the shelf, C D below it. The angles B and C are made a little less than right angles, so that the two arms incline slightly towards each other, and grasp the shelf tightly. Similar labels should be used for names of classes and subclasses. librarian, then, although for other reasons subject arrangement is still preferable, alphabetical order is of hardly perceptible value. Libraries might be arranged in an ascending series, with reference to the need and gain of order. At the foot would come those that are very small, and those that are sought merely for recreation and not at all for study. Above them would come progressively the larger libraries and the libraries of more and more serious use, succeeding one another just in proportion as they are larger or more studied. But a large library, frequented by a frivolous public, would in this series come lower than a much smaller library that was better used. The three factors, size, use, and degree of shelf access enter in varying proportions into each library's character, and by the resulting product its managers can determine how minute shall be its classification, whether there shall be any alphabetical sub-order, and if there is any, whether it shall be approximate or exact. Alphabetical order will not come in as a necessity in a closed library till it is very large, till it has say 1,000,000 volumes. In a library admitting readers to the shelves, it will be a need when there are 100,000; and anywhere it is a convenience much earlier. But it is of different value in different classes. In divisions which have no more books than one can readily run over with the eye, the help of alphabetical order is hardly perceptible. When the books fill several shelves, the aid which it gives becomes decidedly noticeable, and in a library of access is worth whatever trouble it may give to apply it ; but even then approximate order (in which the books are arranged by initials only) is about as useful as exact order. In Fiction, however, and perhaps in a few other classes, in which there are always a great many books, I do not see how any library can dispense with an order either absolutely or very nearly exact. There is nothing to prevent thoroughly arranging this class, and any other that seems to require it, and yet using the accession mark of the class (see p. 1 1) for the rest of the library. The rfeasons for doing so — I mean for arranging alphabetically part only of a library (is) — are (a) that it takes a fraction of a second less time to assign the- accession number of the class than it does to put on the author-mark ; (d) that the accession number is shorter, and (c) that it is simpler. In a library of a very large circulation among an illiterate populace, and with ignorant or constantly changing attendants, these last two items are important. On the other hand, with a small circulation, or with a charging system that does not require the writing of call-numbers, or with a large number of persons consulting the shelves rather than the catalogs, the objections to author-numbers are insignificant compared to their utility, and the whole library might as well be so numbered. DETAILS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE MARKS. The method of using the marks is this : They are written on the catalog card on the top line or in the margin near the top.* Here they serve (like the street and number in a directory) as a guide to the place where the book is to be found. They are also put on the back of the book, so that one may know, without opening the book, where to put it away after it has been used, and so that as one stands before the shelves one can see at what class and what part of the class one is looking, and running the eye along the backs can easily pick out the particular book which one is in search of.t * They are put near the top that they may strike the eye readily. In a printed catalog the mark is of course given in one line, as B'M48 ; but on cards I have preferred to put the class mark and the book-mark on separate lines, as .jyj- „ or in a more elaborate classification .^ o There is a slight advantage in thus emphasizing by position the distinction between class-mark and book-mark. t When books are covered the marks are written on the paper cover ; when they are left uncovered sometimes printed labels are pasted on the back, sometimes written labels, sometimes the marks are put on with white paint, sometimes they are stamped on by a binder with gold leaf, as books are lettered. Painting disfigures the books, and the paint becomes soiled and wears off; labels get dirty and drop off; lettering is the best, but is costly. If labels are used they should be put at or near the top, even to the loss of uniformity in appearance, as they are more quickly soiled at the bottom by the hand holding the book. Here also the mark should be made in two or more lines, as it greatly facilitates finding a book to have the class-mark stand alone. When one has once fflund a class one need thereafter look at the book-marks only. Moreover, narrow backs will not always take the whole of a mark in one line. (i6) FIRST CLASSIFICATION. For a very small Library. A Works of reference and works of a general character covering: several classes Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public, such as the best dictionaries of languages and other sub- jects ; encyclopaedias, both general and special, handbooks of dates, dictionaries of biography and peerages, gazetteers, manuals of statistics, books of quotations, concord- ances, etc.- B Philosophy and Religion Includes Moral philosophy. E Historical sciences Includes Biography, History, and Geography and Travels. H Social sciences Includes Statistics, Political Economy, Commerce, the Poor, Chanty, Education, Peace, Temperance, the Woman question, Politics, Government, Crime, Legislation, Law. L Sciences and Arts, both Useful and Fine X Language- Y Literature Includes Literary history. Bibliography, and the arts that have to do with books. Yf Fiction To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. (17) Btit it is better to divide History into three classes, thus : E Biography To be arranged in the order of the persons whose lives are told. On distinguishing between the collective and the individual works see, forward, " The method of arrang- ing biography." F H istory History includes the allied subjects : Antiquities, In- scriptions, Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood, Heraldry, Peerage. G Geography and Travels It will be noticed that there are gaps in the alphabetic order of the letters used. C, D, I, J, K, M-W, and Z are not em- ployed. The reason for this will appear later. How the scheme works may be better understood from SOME EXAMPLES: i, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS. History. Bancroft, G: History of the United Freytag, G. Pictures of German life. States. F-B22U F-FSg Bancroft, H. H. History of the Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war. Pacific States. F-B22 F-Gi6 Boui GER, D. C: History of China. Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the F-B66 Roman Empire. F-Gss Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. Green, J: R: History of the English F-B84 people. F-G82 Burton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne. Green, J: R; The making of England. F-Bgs F-G82m Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich Hallam, H: View of the state of II. of Prussia. F-Cig Europe during the Middle Ages. Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng- F'Hic land. F-D56 Higginson, T. W. Young folks' his- DiCKSON, W. Japan. F'D56 tory of the U. S. F-Hs3 Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Hildreth, R: History of the United Russia. F-D68 States. F'H54 Duruy, V. History of Rome. F;D93 Hunt, W: History of Italy. F-Hoi FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng- Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada. land. F-Fs4 p.jrg Freeman, E: A. Historical geography Knight, C: Popular history of Eng- of Europe. F'FSy land. F-K74 (i8) Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th century. F'L49 Lodge, R: Student's modern Europe. F-L82 Macaulay, T: B. History of England. F-Mii Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought from Alexander to the Roman conquest. F"M27 Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's empire. F-M27S Marshman, J: C. History of India. F-M3S Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France. F-M36 Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. F'8M3C Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings. F'8M3 p Michelet, J. Hist, de France. F-MsS Motley, T: L. History of the United Netherlands. F-M8s Parkman, F. France and England in America. F"P23 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. F'P92 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II. F-P92 p Ranke, L. von. Universal history. F-Ri6 Rawlinson, G: Five great monarchies of the ancient eastern world. F-Ri9 Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon- archy. F'Ri9 s Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental monarchy. F'Rig se Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F-Sch8 Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy. F-Sy6 Winsor, J. Memorial history of Bos- ton. F-9W73 Winsor, J. Narrative and critical history of America. F'gWysn YoNGE, Miss C. M. European history. F-Y8 YoNGE, Miss C. M. Stories of German history. F-Y8 EXAMPLES: 2, \A^ITH ACCESSION-MARK. Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the Roman Empire. F'l Hallam, H: View of the state of Europe during the Middle Ages. F-2 Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada. F'3 Michelet', J. France. F'4 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. F's Hildreth, R: History of the United States. F-6 Macaulay, T: B. History of England. F7 Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng- land. F-8 Bancroft, G: History of the United States. F-9 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II. F-io Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. F'li Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings. F-i2 Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France. F-I3 Knight, C: Popular history of Eng- land. F-I4 Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II. of Prussia. F"i5 Motley, T: L. History of the United Netherlands. F'i6 Rawlinson, G: Five great monarchies of the ancient eastern world. F'i7 Freytag, G. Pictures of German life. F-i8 Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. F-ig Gardiner, T: R. Thirty years' war. F'20 Parkman, F. France and England in America, F"2i (19) Marshman, J: C. History of India. F-22 Dickson, W. Japan. F-23 YONGE, Miss C. M. European history. F-24 Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon- archy. F-25 Hunt, W: History of Italy. F-26 Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy : the age of the despots. F'2 7 Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental monarchy. F"28 Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th century. F'29 YoNGE, Miss C. M. Aunt Charlotte's stories of German history. F'3o Green, J: R: History of the English people. F"3i Burton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne. F-32 VVinsor, J. Memorial history of Bos- ton. F-33 Boulger, D. C: History of China. Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Russia. F'3S Freeman, E: A. Historical geography of Europe. F'36 Green, J: R: The making of England. F-37 Bancroft, H. H. History of the Pacific States. F'38 Ranke, L. von. Universal history., F-39 Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F-4o Lodge, R: Student's modern Europe. , F'4i Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his- tory of the U. S. F-42 Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought from Alexander to the Roman conquest. F'43 Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's empire. F'44 DuRUY, V. History of Rome. F'4S WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical history of America. F'46 FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng- land. r'47 F-34 In arranging this list, the books have been supposed to come into the library in about the order of their publication. Note their alphabetical disorder. THE RESULT OF USING THIS CLASSIFICATION will be that the library will have eight undivided classes and one class that has one subdivision. Within each class the books will stand in alphabetical or accessional order. The classes will be of very unequal extent. If it is like most small town libraries, Fiction will absorb a quarter or half of the books ; Biography, History, and Travels will be strong ; the other classes will be comparatively weak. Language, for in- stance, may not have even a single representative. This, of course, does no harm. A class-mark that has no book to bear it simply remains unused, and waits till its book comes in. Language might indeed be combined with the next class, making a compound class. Language and Literature, but I do not see any advantage in so doing. (20) The books should be spread upon the shelves evenly, a large class occupying many shelves, a small one proportionately fewer. A part of each shelf, two-thirds if possible, should be left for increase.* The classes may grow unevenly, but this will not make much trouble, because an overfull shelf or an overfull case,,- can run over on to the next. THE VERY SMALL LIBRARY GROWS. As a library increases, and books accumulate under each sec- tion, it becomes worth while to divide some of the classes. This is not true of all ; Fiction, for instance, is best kept in one alphabet of authors ; t Biography should remain in one alphabet of the persons whose lives are told;| but as soon as even a * Leaving such room for growth removes the only objection to a " movable " as compared with a "fixed" location, namely, that the books do not remain long enough in the same place for any one to learn where to go for them ; in short, that a movable location interferes with a local memory. In a measure this objection is correct. If no spaces were left, of course the whole line would be pushed forward whenever new books were inserted, and supposing one end to be fixed, the other end would advance fast in a rapidly growing library. The usual reply to this is that we should cultivate a relative memory ; that is, that we should remember not on what shelf of what alcove a book stands, but in what part of what class. This is undoubtedly good advice ; but few people like to cultivate new habits. If, however, two thirds of each shelf is left for addi- tions, both methods are equally permanent till the shelves are nearly filled, and both methods equally require us to move the books and destroy the local memory when the shelves are entirely filled. So far the two are on a par. The difference between them comes when the space is al- most gone. Then, as books never come into the various parts of a library with uniformity, some parts will fill before others, and the fixed location is reduced to either abandoning its classification in these parts, or to an entire re-arrangement earlier than is strictly necessary, or to a partial re-arrangement with the attendant cost of time and liabihty to mistakes in re-marking, and the annulling of the local memory after all. But in the same circumstances the movable location, by its flexibility, escapes all this, and yet interferes with the local memory no more. With the fixed location when one moves books one must re-write the shelf lists and re-mark the catalog. With the relative location one merely moves the books along. There is no need to re-write the class list, because that has no connection with the particular shelves the books happen to be upon ; and one cannot re-mark the catalog, because there has been no change in the marks. It must be noted, however, that leaving great gaps for growth spreads the books over a proportionately larger space, makes the. borrowers wait longer for the books which they have sent for, and costs the attendants more steps, an important matter where the circulation is large. The good manager, therefore, will try to balance the extra cost of service in loose packing against the cost of frequent moving and the convenience of permanence of place, and to draw the line so as to get the greatest advantage at the least cost. That line cannot be drawn at the same place in all libraries. t Some prefer an alphabet of titles. This probably facilitates finding single novels, as in fiction titles are better known than authors ; but on the other hand it separates the stories of a single author, and this seems to rae to outweigh the gain. I Accurately speaking the class Biography is subdivided from the beginning ; the persons whose lives are told are the separate subjects ; each one forms a sub-class ; every new person put in adds a new subdivision to the class. (21) hundred histories get together it is well to pick out the books on one or two countries and put them by themselves. First to be separated should be our own country, then England, then France, and Germany, and so on. If I am asked for a history of the United States, it is not pleasant to have to search for it through a whole bookcase of historical works, and find one here and another there and a third elsewhere. I want to have them all together, in the lower right-hand corner, or in some other definite place. Then I can run my eye over them, select the one I had in mind, tho in the hurry of the moment its name had escaped me, and hand it to the inquirer without any delay. The same thing might be said of hundreds of other subjects. While the books are few, to be sure, one can remember them all and. their places ; but as their number increases this becomes difficult and finally impossible. The larger the library grows the more it must be subdivided. The only real question is how soon shall we begin. To make few classes saves time and thought at first, not much, perhaps, but some. To subdivide afterwards costs thought and time whenever it is done, and it costs a little more time then than it would have taken at first, because work already done has to be done over. THE METHOD OF RE-ARRANGEMENT is very simple. Suppose E is to be divided into E, F, and G ; the books that are to remain in E need no change ; those which are to go into F and G are picked out and brought together, the Fs after the E. books and the Gs after the F books. The class- mark is altered from E to F or G, as the case may be, on the book and on the catalog, wherever it occurs, under author, sub- ject, title, or in a reference. This is the most troublesome part of the alteration ; it must be done with great care to avoid omissions and mistakes. The book-mark needs no change ; the books will stand in the same relative order in F and in G that they had in E. (22) Now appears the reason why some of the letters of the alpha- bet were not used at first, namely, that they were reserved for classes to be inserted later. In the ordinary methods of arranging and re-arranging libraries a small classification is made at first with classes and class-marks chosen somewhat at random, and with no provision whatever for growth, probably because there is no prevision that growth is to come. The consequence is that when a rearrangement is to be made the old classification is thrown aside, an entirely new one is adopted, and every book in the library has to be reclassified, a process so long and costly that many libraries stagger on in the bonds of an utterly insufficient classification, because they dread to make a change, tho every year, by adding new books, renders the change more necessary and harder to make. In the classification here set forth, on the contrary, the classes chosen are parts of a care- fully prepared whole, and the notation is such that other classes, which are sure to be needed in a library grown larger, can be intercalated without changing the classes already in use, except by taking some books out of them. PARTIAL RE-CLASSIFICATION. It may happen that when a library is using one of the earlier classifications it receives a large increase of books in some one department. It should then re-classify that department accord- ing to the appropriate section of one of the later classifications, leaving the rest of the library under the earlier system till that too grows. Suppose, for instance, that i,ooo volumes in English history were bequeathed to a library that before had only twenty works put without division under the mark F 45. A thousand volumes of English history ought to be divided even to the single reigns. And so the history of any other country must be more minutely classified in proportion as the books upon it mul- tiply. The consequence of this would be that an irregularly growing library might contain in different parts examples of all seven of the classifications. (23) SECOND CLASSIFICATION. For a Library that has grown larger. A Works of reference and works of a general character covering several classes. Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public. B Philosophy and Religion Includes Moral philosophy E Biography F H istory F 30 Europe F 39 France F 45 England, Great Britain F 47 Germany F 60 Asia F 70 Africa F 80 America F 83 United States In F 30 will be put~ the works on Europe and any of its parts (except France, England, and Germany); in F60 works on Asia or any of its parts, and so on. History includes the allied subjects : Antiquities, Inscriptions, Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood, Heraldry, Peerage. G Geography and Travels G30 Europe G39 France G45 England G47 Germany G60 Asia G70 Africa (24) G 80 America G 83 United States In G 30 will be put works on Europe or any of its parts (except, England, France, or Germany); in G60 will be put the works on Asia or any of its parts, and so on. G will contain general geographies and maps, collections of travels, voyages round the world, and works on mathe- matical geography and map-making. H Social sciences Includes Statistics, Political economy. Commerce, the Poor, Charity, Education, Peace, Temperance, the Woman question, Politics, Government, Crime, Legislation, Law. L Physical sciences Includes Science and Arts (treated in the same book), Science (general works). Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy. M Natural history Includes Microscopy, Geology, Physical geography, Meteorology, Palaeontology, Biology, Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, and Ethnology. Q Medicine R Useful arts V Recreative arts, Sports and games, The- atre, Music In the broadest sense, the Fine Arts include Music, but as ordinarily used the phrase means Plastic and Graphic Fine Arts. The materials and methods of Music are entirely different from those of Architecture, Sculp- ture, Painting, etc., and the greater part of the works on the " Fine Arts " do not include music. For these reasons (2 5) I think that what connexion there is (which is chiefly in yEsthetics) is sufficiently recognized by putting Music directly before Fine Arts. W Fine arts Includes Esthetics ; Landscape gardening, Architec- ture, Sculpture, Carving, Casting, Ceramics ; Drawing, Painting, Engraving, Photography ; Decorative arts. Needlework, Costume, Furniture, artistic Metal-work. X Language Y Literature Includes Literary history. Bibliography, and the arts that have to do with books. Yf Fiction To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. ji@°" Some of the letters not used before appear here. In the First Classification the class L contained all the books which in this are put in M, Q, R, V, W. With this classification the library will have 1 1 undivided and 3 slightly divided classes. EXAMPLES, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS. History. Freeman, E: A. Historical geography Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's o^ Europe. F30-F8 empire. F-M27 Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the Ranke, L. von. Universal history. Roman Empire. F3o-G3S F-Ri6 Hallam, H: View of the state of j~ ~ Europe during the Middle Ages. ^''''''^'- F30-HIS Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Hunt, W: History of Italy. F3o-H9i Russia. F30-D68 Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada. DuRUY,V. History of Rome. F30D93 F3o-Ir8 (26) Lodge, R: Students' modern Europe. F30-L82 Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought from Alexander to the Roman conquest. F3o'M27 Motley, T: L. History of the United Netherlands. FscMSs Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. F3o'P92 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II. F30-P92P Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F3o-Sch8 Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy: the age of the despots. F3o-Sy6 YoNGE, Miss C.. M. European history. F30-Y8 France. Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France. F39-M36 MiCHELET, J. Histoire de France. F39-MS8 England. Barton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne. F4S-B9 Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng- land. ' F4S-Ds6 Green, J: R: History of the English people. F4S-G82 Green, J: R: The making of England. F4S-G82 m Knight, C: Popular history of Eng- land. F45-K74 Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th century. F45-L49 Macaulay, T: B. History of England. F45-Mii Germany. Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. F30-B84 Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II. of Prussia. F47-Ci9 Freytag, G. Pictures of German life. F47-F89 Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war. F3o-Gi6 YoNGE, Miss C.. M. Aunt Charlotte's storiesof German history. F47'Y8 Asia. Boulger, D. C: History of China. F60-B66 Dickson, W. Japan. F6o-D56 Marshman, J: C. History of India. F60-M3S Rawlinson, G: Five great monarch- ies of the ancient eastern world. F6o'Ri9 Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon- archy. F6oR]9S Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental monarchy. F6o'Ri9se America. Parkman, F. France and England in America. F8o'P23 WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical history of America. F8o'9W73 United States. Bancroft, H. H. History of the Pacific States. F83-B22 Bancroft, G: History of the United States. F83-B22U FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng- land. F83-FS4 Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his- tory of the U. S. F83-HS3 HiLDRETH, R: History of the United States. F83-HS4 Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. F83-8M3C Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings. F83-8M3p WiNSOR, J. Memorial history of Bos- ton. F83-9W73 Comparing this with the examples following the First Classifi- cation, one can see how the class-marks are changed in re-classi- fying. (27) THIRD CLASSIFICATION. A Works of reference and works of a general character covering several classes. Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public. B Philosophy Br Religion and Religions (except the Chris- tian and Jewish) C Christian and Jewish religions D Ecclesiastical history E Biography F History and subjects allied Fo2 Ancient history, generally F 03 Modern history, generally F04 Medieval history, generally Use the same place divisions as in Geography and Travels (G). The allied subjects are : Antiquities, Inscriptions, Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood, Heraldry, Peerage. G G. sography and Travels G30 Europe G32 Greece G35 Italy G36 Rome, Roman Empire G38 Switzerland G39 France G40 Spain and Portugal G45 England, British Empire G46 Netherlands (28) G47 Germany G48 Scandinavia <^54 Russia G56 Austria G59 Turkey G60 Asia G61 Palestine, Bible lands G65 China G66 Japan G68 India G 70 Africa G71 Egypt G80 America G81 North America G82 Canada G83 United States G95 Mexico G97 West Indies G98 S. America G99 Brazil H Social sciences Includes Statistics, Political Economy, Commerce. I Sociology Includes Crime, the Poor, Charity, Providence, Educa- tion, Temperance. J Government, Politics K Legislation. Law. Woman. ' Societies L Science in general, and Physical sciences Includes Science and Arts (treated in the same book). Science (general works), Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy. (29) M Natural history in general, Microscopy, Geology, Biology Geology here includes Physical Geography, Meteorology, Paleontology. N Botany O Zoology Q Medicine R Useful arts in general, Metric arts. Extract- ive and Productive arts. Chemical and Electrical arts, Domestic economy The general works on the Useful arts will include books on Inv£ntions, Materials, Receipts, Trades-marks, Indus- trial exhibitions, Patents. The Extractive and Productive arts are Mining and Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Animaliculture (in- cluding Veterinary medicine, and Animal products). The Chemical arts include Foods and drinks. Perfumery, Dyeing, etc.. Glass-making, Explosives, Illuminants, and Fuels. Domestic Economy includes Cookery. S Engineering and Building Includes Sanitary and Hydraulic engineering, also Transportation (Canals, Railroads, etc.). T Manufactures and Handicrafts U Defensive and Preservative arts Includes Art of War, Naval art. Shipbuilding, Life- saving service. Fire-fighting, etc. V Recreative arts: Sports, Theatre, Music See note in the Second Classification. (30) W Fine arts Includes Esthetics ; Landscape gardening, Architec- ture, Sculpture, Carving, Bronzes, Ceramics ; Drawing, Painting, Engraving, Photography ; Decorative arts. Needlework, Costume, Furniture, Metal-work. X Language Y Literature Yf Fiction To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. Z Book arts All about books ; their making (Authorship, Writing, Printing, Publishing, Bookselling), preservation (Book- collecting, Libraries), description (Literary history and Bibliography), and reading. Jie°-On this list the letters C, D, J, K, N, O, S, T, U, and Z appear for the first time. With this classification there will be 21 undivided and 4 sub- divided classes. EXAMPLES, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS. History. Yonge, J/wj- C. M. European history. Ranke, L. von. Universal history. F3o'Y8, F-Ri6 Lrrccce. Medieval history. Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought Hallam. H: View of the state of from Alexander to the Roman Europe during the Middle Ages. conquest. Y^i-Mz-jg Fo4-Hi^ Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's empire. F32'M27s Europe. , Freeman, E: A. Historical geography Italy. of Europe. F30-F8 PIunt, ^\": History of Italy. F35-H9I Lodge, R: Students' modern Europe. Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy: F3o'L82 the age of despots. F35'Sy6 (31) Rome. DuRUY, V. History of Rome. F36-D93 Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the Roman Empire. F36-G3S France. Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France. F39-M36 MiCHELET, J. Histoire de France. F39-MS8 Spain. Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada. F4o-Ir8 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. F4o-P92 Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II. F40-P92P Englattd. Barton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne. F4S-B9 Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng- land. F45-Ds6 Green, J: R: History of the English people. F4S'G82 Green, J: R: The making of England. F4S-G82ni Knight, C: Popular history of Eng- land. F4S-K74 Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th century. F45*L49 Macaulay, T; B. History of England. F45'Mii Netherlands. Motley, T: L. History of the United Netherlands. F46-M8s Germany. Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. F47-B84 Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II. of Prussia. F47'Ci9 Freytag, G. Pictures of German life. F47-F8g Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war. F47'Gi6 (3 Yonge, Miss C. M. Aunt Charlotte's stories of German history. F47-Y8 Russia. Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Russia. FS4-D68 Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F54-Sch8 Asia. Boulger, D. C: History of China. F60-B66 Dickson, W. Japan. F6o-Ds6 Marshman, J: C. History of India. F60-M3S Rawlinson, G: Five great monarch- ies of the ancient eastern world. F6o'Ri9 Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon- archy. F6o-Ri9S Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental monarchy. F6o-Ri9se America. Parkman, F. France and England in America. F8o-P23 WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical history of America. F8o-9W73 United States. Bancroft, H. H. History of the Pacific States. F83-B22 Bancroft, G: History of the United States. F83-B22 Fiske, J: Beginnings of New Eng- land. F84-F54 Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his- tory of the U. S. E83-HS3 Hildreth, R: History of the United States. F83-HS4 Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. F83-8M3C Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings. F83-8M3p WiNsoR, J. Memorial history of Bos- ton. F83-9W73 2) FOURTH CLASSIFICATION. A Works of reference and works of a general character covering several classes Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public. B Philosophy Bg • Logic Bm Moral philosophy, Ethics Br Religion Bt Religions Except Judaism and Christianity. C Christianity and Judaism Ca Jfldaism Cb The Bible Cc Christian theology D History of the Christian Church Includes ecclesiastical biography (collective works only; individual biography goes always in class E). E Biography The individual biography should be arranged in the order of the persons whose lives are told. On distinguish- ing the collective biography from the single lives, see " Method of arranging Biography," forward. F History and allied subjects Use the full place list. F02 Ancient history, F03 Modern history, F04 Medieval history. The allied sub- jects are : Antiquities, Inscriptions, Numismatics, Chiv- alry and Knightly orders. Heraldry, Peerage. (33) G Geography and Travels Use the full place list. H Social sciences (general works) He Political economy Hf Laboring classes. Includes Slavery. Hk Commerce Ht Taxation I Sociology Ib Crime Ik Education J Government, Politics K Legislation. Law. Woman. Societies L Sciences and arts (general works) Lb Mathematics Lh Physics, Natural philosophy Lo Chemistry Lr Astronomy M Natural history /. e. Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology together. Mc Geology Geology here includes Physical Geography, Meteorology, and Paleontology Mv Biology N Botany O Zoology, Anthropology, Ethnology Q Medicine (34) R Useful arts in general Includes works on Inventions, Materials, Receipts, Trade-marks, Industrial exhibitions, Patents. Rc Metric arts Includes the measuring of time, space, weight, and value, also the metric system. Rd Mining and Metallurgy Rg Agriculture, Rural economy, Rural life Includes Horticulture and Arboriculture. Rj Animaliculture, Animal products. Fisheries Includes Veterinary medicine. Rt Chemical arts Includes Dyeing and bleaching, manufacture of Explosives, Foods and drinks, Glass-making, Perfumery. Rt Electric arts Ry Domestic economy Rz Food and cookery s Engineering and building Sj Sanitary engineering Sl Hydraulic engineering Includes Water supply, Harbors, Rivers, Canals. St Transportation in general. Roads Sv Railroads Sz Aerial navigation T Machinery, Manufactures, and Handi- crafts U Art of war Un Nautical arts Includes Naval history. Navigation, Shipbuilding. Uv Lighthouses Uw Life-saving service Ux Shipwrecks (35) Uy Fire-fighting V Recreative arts, Sports, Games, Festivals Vs Gymnastics, Physical education Vt Theatre Vv Music See note under Recreative arts in tlie Second CIassifica.tion. W Fine arts Includes Esthetics. We Landscape gardening Wf Architecture. Wj Sculpture, Carving, Bronzes, Ceramics Wp Drawing, Painting, Engraving, Photo- Ws Decorative art [graphy Includes Needlework, Costume, Furniture , Metal- work. X English language Xd Dictionaries Xg Grammars X 1 1 Language in general As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a very large part in all libraries, relate to the English language, I have in this class made an exception to the rule that the general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter ■ class-mark for the larger class. Any other language than Eng- lish will be marked from the local list, e. g. X 35 Italian language X 39 French " X46 Dutch X467 Flemish X 47 German " (36) This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement, namely, that the subdivisions of English literature, Xd Diction- aries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put with the other works on that language, and before any of the other languages, although in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is put before the class letter followed by a letter (Xd, Xg). Of course, if any one prefers consistency of practice to econ- omy of marks, he can use X for Language in general and X 45 for English language. Y English and American literature Yd English drama Yf English fiction Yj English juvenile literature Yp English poetry To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. Yi I Literature in general For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks, the special precedes the general- here. Other literatures are marked as other languages are, e.g. Y 35 Italian literature Y 36 Latin literature Y40 Spanish literature Y41 Portuguese literature Y54 Russian literature Similarly Y 39 F French fiction Y 40 D Spanish drama Y47P German poetry But, as in Language, anyone who prefers can use Y for Literature in general and Y 45 for English literature. (37) Z Book arts All about books ; their making (Authorship, Writing, Printing, Publishing, Bookselling), preservation (Book- collecting, Libraries), description (Literary history and Bibliography), and reading. It may be noticed that in this Fourth Classification French fiction Y 39 f, Spanish fiction Y 40 f, German fiction Y 47 f, and so on, are taken out from the general collection Fiction Yf of the First Classification. In college libraries this should be done with the English versions of the novels as well as with the originals ; but in town and city libraries it would probably be best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been written in. Thus English translations of George Sand and Balzac and Valera and Jokai will be treated as if their authors wrote in English. An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations of the fiction of any literature immediately after all the originals, marking them g instead of f, as Y39F French fiction Y 39 G English versions of French novels I tried this in the Boston Athenaeum, and I cannot recommend it. Neither do I condemn it; but the other methods are preferable. If a person using one of the earlier classifications has a doubt in regard to the meaning and extent of any class, the uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the corre- sponding class in one of the later and more fully developed classifications. (38) FIFTH CLASSIFICATION. A General works, covering several classes Reference books. Ad Dictionaries Except those which are put in X. If subdivided at all, let the order be by languages, arranged alphabetically, as Adf French dictionaries, Adg German dictionaries; but Ad English dictionaries. Ae Encyclopaedias May be subdivided like Ad. Ai Indexes If kept together. Alphabet by the work indexed. Am Museums (General) As British Museum; but a zoological museum should go in Zoology, an art museum in the Fine Arts. An Notes and Queries Ap Periodicals (General) Includes Atlantic, Harper's, and the like, but not special periodicals like the Journal of music. Library journal, His- torical magazine. Popular science monthly, which go with their respective subjects. Aq Quotations, Allusions, etc. Ar Reference books Special collections kept in the Delivery Room, Reading Room, or in any other special place. May be arranged alphabetically or subarranged by character, as Are Ency- clopedias. This mark Ar would not be needed unless there were two collections of reference books. If there were only one the marks Ad, Ae, At, etc., would suffice. (39, 2d ed.) As Sopieties (General) As Berlin Academy, the Institut, etc.; to be arranged alphabetically. N. B. Whenever in class A the arrangement is by countries or languages English will have no country num- ber at all, as in class X, e. g. Harper's magazine would be Ap, but a similar French magazine would be Ap 39. B Philosophy Ba Oriental Bb Greek and Roman Be Early Christian and Medieval Includes Gnostic and Patristic. Bd Modern Witli tlie local list. Bf Systems and schools running through several countries or periods E.g. Bfi Idealism, Bfm Materialism, Bfp Pessimism, Bfs Scepticism. Bg Metaphysics, Ontology Bh Logic Bi Psychology BiPM Mnemonics Bj Physiological psychology, mind and body Includes Senses, Animal magnetism, Clairvoyance, Second sight Telepathy, etc.. Sleep, Somnambulism, Phrenology, Physiognomy. Bl Character Includes Genius, Habit; effect of Heredity, Sex, and Tempera- ment; Eccentricities, books of Characters. Bm Moral philosophy Bq Social Ethics Includes Class feeling. Philanthropy, Conduct of life. Per- nicious literature, Sexual morality. Bqq Etiquette Bqt Aphorisms, Maxims, Proverbs Bqy Treatment of animals, Vivisection (40, 2d ed.) Br Religion; general works on Religion and Bs Natural theology [the Supernatural Includes works on God, Atheism, Theism, Panthe- ism, Evil, Dualism, Creation, Providence, Prayer, Wor- ship, the Soul, but not the Christian doctrines on these matters, for which see Cc, etc. Bt Religions Btc Comparative mythology Bu Superstitions, Folk lore Bv Supernatural beings Bw Demonology and witchcraft Bx Apparitions, ghosts, spectres Bxs Spiritism Bz Local religions With the local list or better the letter-marks given in the Seventh Classification. N. D. If the local list is used for local religions, use the alpJiabetical %v^dL\N\%\or\% of Bz for the non-local religions, as BzF Free religion, Bzt Theosophy, Bzsa Saint-Simonism ; but if the letter list is used then Free i"eligion will be BzzF, and so on C Christianity and Judaism Ca Judaism - Cad Talmud Cb Bible (whole Bible) Cbb Illustrative works. Works about the Bible. Cbbd Dictionaries. Cbd Commentaries on the whole Bible Cbe Biography Cbf Old Testament Cbg Works about the Old Testament Cbi Commentaries on the Old Testament Cbk Parts of the Old Testament All single books can be put here; but it is better if one has a text of or commentary on one book to put it under its exact mark as given in the Sixth Classification. (41, 2d ed.) Cbo Apocrypha Cbp New Testament Cbq Works about the New Testament Cbs Commentaries on the New Testament Cbu Parts of the New Testament See note on Cbk Cby Apocrypha of the New Testament Cc Christianity General and miscellaneous works Anyone more solicitous of a short mark than scrupulous for logical order could mark this C alone CcE Fathers of the Church /. e., Theological writers to the middle of the 8th century. It is better to divide them into Greek, Latin, etc., as in the Sixth Classification. CcF Works on the Fathers collectively Cd Later divines With the local list. Ce Evidences, Apologetics Cf Doctrinal theology Cj Creeds and ofiEcial catechisms Arrange alphabetically by churches. Ck Ethical theology. Christian ethics Cp Ecclesiastical polity and discipline Cr Ritual theology Includes that part of Doctrinal and Ethical theology that relates to rites and ceremonies. Under this head come Sacraments, Wor- ship, Prayer, Sabbath. Cu Ritual and liturgies of single churches Cv Private collections of prayers Cw Hymns With the local list. Cx Pastoral theology Cv Preaching Cz Sermons, arranged by languages D Ecclesiastical history Da Early church history (42, 2d ed.) Dp Medieval church history Dc Modern church history Dd Church history of countries With the local list. De Eastern Church Df Other churches not CathoHc nor Protestant Dg CathoHc Church Dj Reformation Dk Protestants Dm Monastic orders, Religious confraternities Dn Councils Dp Persecutions and martyrdom Dq Apparitions and miracles Dr Heretics Ds Missions, foreign and domestic Dt Revivals, Salvation Army, etc. Du Young Men's Christian Associations, etc. Dv Sunday-schools Dw Bible societies Dx Ecclesiastical antiquities Dy Ecclesiastical chronology, geography, and statistics Dz Ecclesiastical biography Collections only ; single lives go in class E; single lives of biblical persons go in class Cb. E Biography The individual biography should be arranged in the order of the persons whose lives are told. On distinguishing the collective biography from the single lives, see "Method of arranging Biography," on pp. 131-137. F History, Universal history Periods. FOl Prehistoric and very early history F02 Ancient history F03 Modern history (476 to the present time) F04 Medieval history (476-1453) (43, 2d ed.) Fo5 Crusades (1095- 12 70) F06 Renaissance (1400-1550) F07 Modern modern history (1500 to the present time) N. B. The history of any one country for these periods goes ^ under the country. Countries. Fi I to F99 History of single places For marks for particular periods see the Seventh Classification. Allied studies. Fa Allied studies in general and works about history Fb Historical miscellanies Fc Chronology Fd Philosophy of history Fe History of civilization and culture Ff Antiquities, manners and customs With the local list. Fi Inscriptions With the local list. Fn Numismatics With the local list. Fs Chivalry Ft Knightly orders Fv Heraldry With the local list. Fw Peerages, Nobility With the local list. G Geography and Travels With the local list. N. B. The maps of any place may be brought immediately after the place by prefixing z to the author mark, e. g. G45. z a map of England, G45 M3. z map of Manchester, England. But see Gz below ; also a fuller note in the Seventh Classification. (44, 2d ed.) Ga Ancient geography Gb Medieval geography Allied studies. Gd Art of travel Ge Mathematical geography Includes Surveying, Geodesy, Hydrography, Topography, Cartography. Gs Surveys, of all sorts With the local list. Gz Maps To be used if it is preferred to keep the maps together and not mix them with geography and travels. E.g. Gz4^. a map of England, Gz i^ M3. a map of Manchester, England. But see G, above, and a fuller note in the Seventh Classification. H Social sciences Hb Statistics He Economics, Political economy Systematic, general, and miscellaneous works arranged by the countries of the writers. Hf Laboring classes Includes Trades Unions, Strikes, Arbitration, Cooperation, Profit- sharing; also Slavery. Hk Commerce, Trade, Business Hm Money as a means of commerce Includes Bi-metallism. Hn Money as an object of commerce Includes Banking, Pawnbroking, Finance (private). Ht Taxation and public finance. Includes Tarifs, Free Trade. Hw Property I Demotics, Sociology Ib Crime, Criminal classes Includes Temperance, Police. Ie Punishment Ig Charity, the Poor (4S) Ih Providence Includes Savings banks, Insurance. Ik Education II Means of education other than schools and col- leges Includes Mechanics' institutes, Mercantile associations, Lyceums, Reading clubs. Debating societies, Correspondence, Universities, and University extension. lu Schools Ix Colleges Iy Special schools Iz Classes of persons educated E.g. Blind, Deaf, Dumb. J Civics, Government, Political science Jb Kinds of political organization E.g. Monarchy, Aristocracy, Republicanism, Socialism, Com- munism, Nationalism, Nihilism, Anarchy. Jk Political methods E. g. Representation, Ballot, Caucus. Jo Political rights E.g. Freedom of speech, of the press, etc. Jq Political questions not otherwise provided for E.g. War and peace. Colonies, Emigration and Immigration. Jt Constitutions and institutions With the local list. Ju Politics With the local list. Jv Administration With the local list. Jw Local administration With the local list. Jx Law of nature and of nations Jy International law Some lawyers say that there is no such thing as International law ; but there are books upon it, which is all that concerns us. Jz Treaties (46) K Legislation Use K with the local list for both the legislation and the law of countries, e, g. K83 Legislation of the United States K83 L Law of the United States K841 Legislation of Maine K841 L Law of Maine I advise using the full list of marks given in the Sixth Classification. Works on American law may be put with those on English law or vice versa; but American laws (statutes) should of course be separated. Kl Law KW Woman KX Societies not otherwise provided for Includes Freemasons, etc.; Secret societies. L Sciences and Arts together La Sciences (Natural) Includes works on Experiment, Observation, Instruments, Classifica- tion and Nomenclature of science, and on the Laws ,of nature. Lb .Mathematics Lc Arithmetic Ld Algebra Le Geometry Lf Trigonometry Lg Calculus Lgx Kinematics Lh Physics or Natural phik Lj Electrics Includes Galvanism and Magnetism. Lk Optics Ll Thermics, Heat Lm Acoustics, Sound Ln Pneumatics, Gases Lnh Hydrics, Fluids (47) Lns Sterics, Solids Lo Chemistry Lr Astronomy Lv Solar system M Natural history /. e.. Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology. With the local list for natural-history voyages and explorations. Ma Museums of Natural history With the local list. Mb Microscopy Mc Geology With the place list for local geology and paleontology. Md Mineralogy and Lithology Me Crystalography Mg Physiography, physical geography Includes Meteorology. Mq Paleontology Mv Biology Includes Darwinism and other theories of biological evolution. My Botany and Zoology together It may not be worth while to separate the books in this section from those in M. My Local botany and zoology With the place list. Mz Marine natural history (botany and zoology) N Botany N Local flora With the place list. Na Botanical gardens, Herbaria, etc. With the local list. Nb Phytology, theoretical botany Nc Phytography, descriptive botany Nd Cryptogams (48) Nr Phanerogams Nz Economic and Medical botany o Zoology o Local fauna With the place list. Oa Zoological museums and zoological gardens With the local list. Ob Comparative anatomy and physiology Oc Zoological psychology, Instinct Od Zoography, descriptive zoology Odi Invertebrates Ot Insects P Vertebrates General works and all special works except : Pe Birds Pg Mammals Pu Economic, and Medical, and Parasitic zoology Pv Mythical zoology Pw Anthropology and Ethnology Pw Museums of Anthropology and Ethnology With the local list. PwA Geological man Px Ethnology (primitive and historic man) Py Ethnography (races of men) Q Medicine Qa Anatomy and Physiology Qh Hygiene Qm Materia medica and Pharmacy Qn Therapeutics (modes of cure) Qs Surgery General surgery and treatment of the ear, eye, teeth, hand, foot, skin ; also Obstetrics. (49) Qy Medical jurisprudence R Useful arts, Technology The general works include Inventions, Materials, Receipts, Trade- marks. Ra Exhibitions With the local list. Rb Patents With the local list. Re .Metric arts, Weights and measures Includes the measuring of time, space, weight, and value ; also the Metric system. Rd . Mining Rf .Metallurgy Rfy Rural life Rfz Rural estate management Rg Agriculture With the local list for the history and condition of agriculture in different countries, and for agricultural societies and agricultural stations. Rh Horticulture Rhf ■ Floriculture, Fructiculture Ri Arboriculture Rj Animaliculture General works on the taming and raising of animals, and all special ones except : Rjj Bees RjL Fishes, Pisciculture Rjz Dogs Rk Beasts of burden Rl Horses Rm Cattle, Stock Rn Cows, Dairy Ro Veterinary medicine Rp Animal products (so) RPF Fisheries With the local list. RPH Hunting for profit Rps Skins Includes Tanning, Leather, Feather, Fur, Hair. Rpv Taxidermy R«. Chemical technology Includes manufacture of Foods and drinks, Per fumery. Dyeing, Glassmaking, Explosives, Illuminants, and Fuels. Rt Electric arts All or nearly all of the works on electricity will come here rather than in Lj. Ru Telegraph Rv Telephone Rw Lighting Rx Power, Motors Ry Domestic economy Ryt Toilet Rz Food and cookery S Constructive arts (Engineering and Building) S Engineering With the local list for the engineering works of par- ticular countries Includes Tunnels, Earthwork, Masonry, Founda- tions, Walls, etc.. Frame structures, Trusses, Bridges, Roofs. Sg Building x^ Includes Building laws. Carpentry, Painting and Glazing, Varnishing and Gilding, Papering, Bell- hanging. (51) Sj Sanitary engineering Includes Domestic and Town sanitation, Sewage, etc. Sl Hydraulic engineering Includes Reclamation and protection of land. Dams, Water power. Water supply, Harbors, Water-ways, Rivers, Canals. St Arts of transportation and communica- With the local list. [tion Su Roads, Highways, Streets Sv Railroads With the local list. Sy Various kinds of railroads, as Syc Cable, Sye Elevated, Syg Gravity, Syh Horse, Svi ^Moun- tain, Sys Ship. T Manufactures and Handicrafts With the local list. Ta Machinery Tf Tools Tg Mechanic trades, Handicrafts U Art of war UIO Military biography Collective biography only. u Military history With the local list. Ua Battles Alphabetically arranged. Ub Sieges Alphabetically arranged. Uc Military organization, condition, and policy With the local list. UCA Military art Includes Strategy, Logistics, Grand tactics, Minor operations. Engineering, Manoeuvres. (5^) Ue Military law, regulations, etc. With the local list. Uf The Service Includes Staff, Signal service (not weather service, which goes in Mg), Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineering corps. Militia, Partisans. Um Material, Munitions, Arsenals With the local list for arsenals. Un Nautical arts Un 10 Naval biography This is for collective biography; the lives of individuals go in class E. Un Naval history With the local list. Uo Naval battles Arrange alphabetically. Up Naval organization With the local list. Uq Naval manoeuvres, Tactics, Seamanship, Navigation Ur Naval law With the local list. Us The Service Ut Equipment Includes Navy yards. Ordnance, Torpedoes, etc. Uu Ships, Shipbuilding-, etc. Uv Lig-hthouses Uw Life-savingf service "^^ Ux Shipwrecks Arrange alphabetically by the name of the ship. Uy Fire extinction, Fires Uz Protection against fire and thieves (S3) V Recreative arts, Sports, Games, Festivals With the local list. Va Fighting sports Vd - Other outdoor sports VI Boys' and girls' in- and outdoor games Vm Indoor games and amusements Vr Jugglery, Ventriloquism, Natural magic Vs Gymnastics, Physical education Vt Theatre Vu Biography of actors and managers Includes both collective and individual biography. Vu History of the theatre With the local list. VuL Acting Vv Music Vw 10 Biography of musicians Includes both collective and individual biography. Vw History of music With the local list. VwA Theory Vx Instruments (including the voice) and Instruction Arrange alphabetically, as Vxv Voice Vy Works of music With the local list for National music. Vya Instrumental music Vz Vocal and mixed music Includes both collective and individual biography. W Art W-l ^Esthetics W 10 Lives, Bibliography, and Criticisms of artists and Speci- mens of their works Arrange alphabetically by artists. (S4) Wii History of art Wi2 Ancient art W13 Christian art W14 Medieval art (476-1453) W16 Renaissance art (1450-1550) W17 Modern art JV. B. These when limited to one country go under the country. W2 1 etc. Local history of art and collected specimens of na- tional art Wc Museums, Galleries, etc. With the local list. Wd Plastic and constructive fine arts We Landscape gardening Wf Architecture WfIO to Wf99 Biography and History of Architecture To be divided like W lo-Wgg; but Wf id contains only collec- tive lives. Wfd Architectural drawing and modelling Wfg Orders Wfk Color, Polychrome Wfg Ornament Wfs Brick Wft Terra cotta Wfy Restoration Public buildings. Wg Religious Wh Secular Private buildings. WlA Commercial and industrial WiM Domestic Wix Parts of buildings (ss) Wj Sculpture Wj 10 to Wj 99 Biography and History as in W 10, etc. WjA Art anatomy and human proportion WjK Color, Polychrome in sculpture Wjo Ornament, sculptural Wk Carving and Turning Includes Stone, Wood, Ivory, Gems, Seals, Dies Wkn Casting, Baking, Firing Includes Bronzes, Glass, Keramics, Terra cotta Wl Arts of design, graphic arts Wm Drawing Wmb Perspective Wmn Industrial or technical drawing Wn Drawings and their reproduction Wp Painting With the local list. Wpc Color Wpd Materials and Method As encaustic, enamels, oil, water-color, etc. Wpj Surfaces As Walls, Ivory, Pottery, Glass, Textile fabrics. Wps Subjects As Portrait, Miniature, Landscape, Marine, Genre, Animals, and Flowers. Wq Engraving and its history With the local list. Wr Photography Ws Decorative arts, Ornament With the local list. The minor decorative arts can be put in alphabeti- cally, as WsA Alphabets, WsH Home decoration, etc. (56) Wt Mosaic Wu Needlework and textile decoration Wv Costume and its adjuncts Includes Canes, Fans, Hair-dressing Ww Furniture Wx Jewelry, Silver- and Gold-smithing Wy Metal work Wz Bric-a-brac X English language Xd Dictionaries Xg Grammars Xll Language in general As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a very large part in all libraries, relate to the English language, I have in this class made an exception to the rule that the general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter class-mark for the larger class. Any other language than Eng- lish will be marked from the local list, e. g. X 35 Italian language X 39 French X46 Dutch X467 Flemish X 47 German This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement, namely, that the subdivisions of English literature, Xd Diction- aries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put with the other works on that language, and before any of the other languages, although in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is put before the class letter followed by a letter (Xd, Xg). Of course, if any one prefers consistency of practice to econ- (57) omy of marks, he can use X for Language in general and X 45 for English language. Y English and American literature Yc Correspondence, Letters Yd Drama, Dialogues Yf Fiction To save time it is not unusual to omit the class- mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. Yj Juvenile literature "^^-^ Similarly juvenile literature may be marked sim- ply J, omitting the Y. Yh lAles Yp Polpry Ys Speeches, Oratory Yw Wit and humor, Parodies Yz Dialects Divide alphabetically, e. g. Yzd Dorset dialect. Any other literature than English and American will use the local list, putting the number between the Y and the d, f, p, or other subdivision letter, as Yll Literature in general For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks, the special precedes the general here. Other literatures are marked as other languages are, e.g. Y 35 Italian literature Y 36 Latin literature Y40 Spanish literature Y41 Portuguese literature Y 54 Russian literature Similarly Y 39 F French fiction (58) Y 40 D Spanish drama Y47P German poetry But, as in Language, anyone who prefers can use Y for Literature in general and Y 45 for English literature. It may be noticed that in this Fifth Classification French fic- tion Y 39 F, Spanish fiction Y 40 f, German fiction Y 47 f, and so on, are taken out from the general collection Fiction Yf of the First Classification. In college libraries this should be done with the English versions of the novels as well as with the originals ; but in town and city libraries it would probably be best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been written in. Thus English translations of Geor^ Sand and Balzac and Valera and Jokai will be treated as ip fneir authors wrote in English. An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations of the fiction of any literature immediately after all the originals, marking them g instead of f, as Y 39F French fiction Y 39 G English versions of French novels Y 40 F Spanish fiction , , Y40G English versions of Ffe«eh novels Y 47 F German fiction . Y 47 G English versions of EE&aeh novels The other methods are preferable. z Book arts Za Authorship Zd Writing Zh Printing Zk Binding Zl Publishing and BookselHng (59) Zp Private libraries With the local list. Zq Public libraries With the local list. Zt Bibliography With the local list. Zx Literary history ■ With the local list. Zy Subject bibliography • Add the class-mark of the subject, as Zyw Bibliog- raphy of art. Zz Reading The local list may be used. If a person using one of the earlier classifications has adoubtinregard to the meaning and extent of any class, the uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the corre- sponding class in one of the later and more fully developed classifications. (60) SIXTH CLASSIFICATION. A General works, covering several [classes, Polygraphy Reference books. Ad Dictionaries Except those which are put in X. If subdivided at all let the order be by languages, arranged alphabetically, as Adf French dictionaries, Adg German dictionaries ; but Ad English dictionaries. Ae Encyclopaedias May be subdivided like Ad. Ai Indexes If kept together; but indexes are usually put with the works to which they respectively belong. Arrange alpha- betically by the work indexed. Am Museums (General) As British Museum ; but a zoological museum should go in Zoology, an art museum in the Fine Arts. Ap Periodicals (General) Includes Atlantic, Harper's, and the like, but not special periodicals like the Journal of music. Library journal, Historical magazine. Popular science monthly, which go with their respective subjects. Aq Quotations' An Notes and queries, etc. Ar Reference books Special collections kept in the Delivery Room, Reading Room, or in any other special place. May be arranged alphabetically or subarranged by character, as Ar Ency- clopaedias. This mark Ar would not be needed unless (6i) there were two collections of reference books. If there was only one the marks Ad, Ae, Ai, etc., would suffice. As Societies (General) As Berlin Academy, the Institut, etc. ; to be arranged alphabetically. N. B. Whenever in class A the arrangement is by countries or languages English will have no country num- ber at all, as in class X, e. g. Harper's magazine would be Ap, but a similar French magazine would be Ap 39. Or the initial of the language could be used, Apf standing for a French magazine. B Philosophy Ba Oriental Bb Greek and Roman Be Early Christian and Medieval Includes Gnostic, Patristic, and Scholastic. Bd Modern With the local list. Bf Systems and schools running through several countries or periods E. g. Bfi Idealism, Bfm Materialism, Bfp Pessimism, Bfs Skep- ticism. Bg Metaphysics, Ontology Includes works on the origin, limits, and classi- fication of knowledge. Bh Logic Bi Psychology Includes reality, nature, and origin of the soul, also states and faculties of the soul. BiPM Mnemonics Bj Physiological psychology. Mind and body Includes Senses, Physiological aesthetics. (62) BjR Phrenology, Physiognomy Bk Physio-psychological obscurities Includes Animal magnetism, Clairvoyance, Second sight,' Tele- pathy, etc.. Illusions, Sleep, Somnambulism. Bky Comparative psychology That is, Zoological psychology. (Compare Oc Instinct.) Bl Character Includes Genius, Habit ; effect of Heredity, Sex, and Tempera- ment; Eccentricities, books of Characters. Bm Moral philosophy Bp Family ethics Bq Social ethics Includes Class feeling, Philanthropy, Conduct of life, Per nicious literature. Sexual morality. Bqq Etiquette Bqt Aphorisms, Maxims, Proverbs Bqy Treatment of animals Includes Vivisection. Br Religion General works on Religion and the Supernatural. Bra Agnosticism Bs Natural theology Includes works on God, Atheism, Theism, Panthe- ism, Evil, Dualism, Creation, Providence, Prayer, Wor- ship, the Soul, but not the Christian doctrines on these matters, for which see Cf, etc. Bt Religions Bta Origin of religions Btc Comparative mythology Practices running through several religions. Btf Fetishism (63) Bti Idolatry Btn Nature worship Btq Holy places, Holy rites, Holy persons (in more than one religion). Minor beliefs. Bu Superstitions, Folk lore With the local list. Special subjects can be arranged alphabetically, as BuA Amulets, etc., Bub Botanic and zoological mythology, BuF Futurity (Fortune telling, etc.), Buo Occult powers, Bup Place legends. But Time su- perstitions (unlucky days, etc.). Bv Supernatural beings BVF Fairies, elves, brownies, kobolds, etc. Bw Demonology and witchcraft With the local list. BWD The Devil Bwp Possession and exorcism Bx Apparitions, ghosts, spectres Bxs Spiritism By Religions classified by character /. e. General works on Bya Monotheistic religions; Byg Polythe- istic religions ; Bym Mystic religions ; Byr Rationalistic religions. Bz Local religions With the local list. Bz Non-local religions N. B. Use the alphabetical %\i!aiL\v\%\Qm% of Bz for these, as Bzf Free religion, Bzm Mormonism, Bzsa Saint-Simonism, Bzt The- osophy. C Christianity and Judaism Ca Judaism Cad Talmud Cax Samaritans Cay Essenes (64) Cb Bible Cb Whole Bible, in the original texts This is, O. T. Hebrew and N. T. Greek; chronologically arranged. Polyglots Versions in general (collections) English versions of the whole Bible (collections) Single English versions Arranged chronologically by the first issue of each version and further by the year of issue of the copy. {See yth Classification for details.) Cbae Wycliffe's version, 1380 Cban King James' version, 161 1 Cbap Revised version, 1881 Cbav Private versions and revisions The author marks of the collections (Cbac and Cbad) are their dates. Works about the versions-in-general have author letters. The original edition of each version (except in Cbav) needs no author mark ; later editions have the year of publication as author mark. Works about any one version go with it and have the usual author mark. E. g. Cbaa- 1657 Walton's Polyglot. Cbaa' B14 Bagster's Bible of every land. Cbad- An2 Anderson's Annals of the English Bible. Cbae- 1850 Forshall's edition of Wycliffe's version. Cbaf- 1838 Bagster's edition of Coverdale. Cban- Authorized version, London, 1611. Cban- 1624 Authorized version, London, Norton & Bill, Cbap- i8go Revision of 18S1, a copy issued 1890. [1624. Cbap- B91 Burgon's "Revision revised." Private versions take the translators' names as author marks. Works about a private version immediately follow the version. E.g. Cbav G26 Geddes' version. Cbav- G26P Prospectus of Geddes' version. Cbax Versions in other languages than English Arrange alphabetically, the name of the language supplying the author mark. E.g. Cbax- D2 Danish. Cbax- D9 Dutch. (6S) Different versions in thfe same language are distinguished by the translator's initial, as (in French) Cbax- F88g The Geneva version. Cbax- F88l The version of Louis. Cbax' F88m Martin's version. In marking a large collection of foreign versions it will be necessary to give the dates (in full or by the Biscoe letters), and the author mark will be divided, thus : Cbax- G3L 1649 Luther's version, an edition of 1649. Cbax- G3L 1854 Same, an edition of 1854. Or the dates may be abridged by the use of the Biscoe date letters. Cbb Illustrative works, Works about the Bible Cbbc Concordances Cbbd Dictionaries Cbbi Introductions That is works treating at once of the origin, history, canonicity, text, and versions of each of the separate books. Works on a single book go with the text of the book. Cbc Criticism Includes general works, textual criticism, works on the canon, evidences, authenticity, inspiration, lg;nguage, style of the Bible, and on science and the Bible. Cbcx Exegesis, Hermeneutics, Interpretation Cbd Commentaries on the whole Bible Notes on a single book or class of books or testament go with the text of that book, class, or testament. Cbdp Paraphrases. Cbdr Analysis Cbds Question books Cbdx Philosophy of the Bible Cbdy Morality of the Bible Cbdz Theology of the Bible Cbe Biography of biblical persons Collections, at least. It is doubtful whether it is best to sepa- rate the lives of single biblical persons from general biography. Cbeh History of biblical events Cbf Old Testament Mss. or facsimiles of mss. of the whole Old Testament or of single books will be marked by the supposed date of writing, (66) Cbfad Cbg Cbh Cbhx Cbi Cbir Cbj Cbk Cbkc Cbkh Cbkl Cbko Cbl Cblc Cbld Cble Cblf Cblg Cblh Cbli Cblj Crlk Cbm Cbmd Cbmi Cbml Cbn Cb'ni Cbn J Cbnl Gbnm Cbnn Cbno Cbnp Cbnq e. g., if of the 5th century, .04, if of the 12th century, .11, i. e., .0400, .1100, the last two figures being left off as unnecessary. to C-BFAX English versions Chronologically arranged by the first issue of each version and further by the year of issue of the copy. See Cbad to Cbax, which is to be imitated mutatis mutandis. Works about the Old Testament Criticism Exegesis Commentaries on the whole Old Testament Commentaries on a single book follow the text of the book. Analysis Biography Octateuch Pentateuch Ten Commandments Genesis Exodus Historical books in general Joshua Judges, I, 2 Judges, I Judges, 2 Ruth Samuel, i, 2 Samuel, i Samuel, 2 Cbkk Leviticus Cbku Numbers Cbkx Deuteronomy Cblc 1-3 1 Joshua ral Cbll Kings, I Cblm Kings, 2 Cbln Chronicles, I, Cblo Chronicles, i Cblp Chronicles, 2 Cblq Ezra Cblr Nehemiah Cbls Esther Poetical books and poetical passages in other books Cbmr Ecclesiastes Cbmu Song of Solomon Job Psalms Proverbs Prophetical passages and books of the Old and New Testaments Isaiah Cbnr Obadiah Jeremiah Cbns Jonah Lamentations Cent Micah Ezechiel Cbnu Nahum Daniel Cbnv Habakkuk Hosea Cbnw Zephaniah Joel Cbnx Haggai Amos Cbny Zechariah Cbnz Malachi (67) Cbo Apocrypha Cbni- 1850 Cbni- 1850- 2 Cbnin- 1819 Cbnix- C44- 183s Cbnix- C45- 1831 Cbnix- Di4- 1839 Cbniz- C13 Cbniz- D37 Treat separate books of the Old Testament and of the New Testament like the following example of Isaiah. ' Hebrew text, an edition of 1850. another edition of 1850. English, authorized version, an edition of i8ig. Chippeway, an edition of 1835. Choctaw, an edition of 1 831. Dakota, an edition of 1839. Calvin's Commentary on Isaiah. Delitzsch's Biblical commentary on the prophecies of Isaiah. In Cbk and Cbn, it is possible to assign three letters to each book, the first for text, the second for versions, the third for com- mentaries, as Cbkx Deuteronomy, Hebrew text, Cbky versions of Deuteronomy, Cbkz works about Deuteronomy. In Cbu and Cbv only two can be afforded, one for text and versions, the other for commentaries, etc. In Cbl and Cbn each book has only a single letter, and versions and notes must be distinguished by adding another letter as in Cbad to Cbax. This of course may be done, if preferred, in all cases. Cbp New Testament Cbq Works about the N ew Testament Cbr Criticism Cbrx Exegesis Cbs Commentaries on the New- Testament Cbsp Paraphrases Cbsr Analysis, etc. Cbts Biography Cbu Gospels and Acts Cbud Gospels Cbuq Cbus Matthew Mark Cbuu Cbuy Luke John Cbvp Acts Cbw Pauline Epistles Cbwa Cbwb Cbwc Cbwd Cbwe Cbwf Cbwg Cbwh Romans I, 2 Corinthians 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians Cbwi Cbwj Cbwk Cbwl Cbwm Cbwn Cbwo Cbwp I, 2 Thessalonians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians • I, 2 Timothy 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Cbwq Hebrews (68) Cbwr Catholic or pastoral epistles Cbws James Cbwt Epistles of Peter Cbwu I Peter Cbwv 2 Peter Cbvvw Epistles of John and I John Cbwx 2 John Cbwy 3 John Cbwz Jude Cbx Revelations Cby Apocrypha of the New Testament For directions on author marks for the New Testament and its books see notes under Cbav and Cbo. Cc Christianity General and miscellaneous works Anyone more solicitous of a short mark than scrupulous for logical order could mark this C alone. CcE Fathers of the Church Collected works of theological writers to the middle of the 8th century. CcF Works on the Fathers collectively CcG Greek Fathers Works on particular subjects may be put here or under the subjects, e. g. Augustinus de Deo might be in CcG or in Cga. But whichever practice is adopted should be carried out uniformly. CcH Works on the Greek Fathers Cci Single Greek Fathers Alphabetically arranged. CcL Latin Fathers CcM Works on the Latin Fathers CcN Single Latin Fathers Ccs Syriac Fathers CcT Works on the Syriac Fathers Ccu Single Syriac Fathers Cd Later theological writers Collected works, but not works on special subjects. Use the local list with alphabetical subarrangement ; tho chrono_ logical order would have some advantages. (69) Ce Apologetical theology, Evidences Includes works treating together of the evidences of natural and revealed religion. Cf Doctrinal theology The general works include Methodology and " encyclopaedia," works on the Criterion of truth in religion or rule of faith, on the Development of doctrine, on Indifferentism. Cg Systematic treatises Cga to Cgz Particular doctrines Both discussion and history. Cga God Cgb Trinity Includes works on the divinity of Christ. Cgc Human nature Includes original state, fall, sin, free will. Cgg Salvation, Soteriology, Christology Cgh Person of Christ Includes Preexistence, Incarnation, Humiliation, Ex- altation. The works on the Divinity of Christ will go better in Cgb Trinity. Cgm Offices Cop Priesthood, Mediatorship, Atonement, Satis- faction Life of Christ See Cbe Cgr The process of salvation Includes Grace, Calling, Election, Regeneration, Conver- sion, Repentance, Faith, Justification, Sanctification, Works, Perfection, Perseverance. Ch Eschatology, last things Cha Death For Dance of death see W Chd Intermediate state Includes Sleep of the Soul, Descent of Christ into Hades, Limbo, Purgatory and prayer for the dead. Future probation. Chi Second coming of Christ, Millenium Chj Resurrection Chk Judgment (70) Chl Rewards and punishments, retribution Includes Comparative number of the saved and lost, Future state of infants, of the heathen and heretics, of certain noted persons. Chr Heaven Includes Degrees of blessedness, Recognition of friends, the Beatific vision. Chv Hell Chx Duration of future punishment Chz Universal salvation Ci Doctrines of several systems, sects, or churches CiA to Ciz Doctrines of a single system, sect, or church E.g. Cic Catholics ClF Friends This is for the doctrines of a sect collectively; single doc- trines go in the suitable subdivision of Co or Ch. For the doctrines of a single country use the local list, as Ci 47 German theology. Cj Creeds and official catechisms CjA to Cjz Creeds and catechisms of single churches The mark of the three general creeds will be: CjA Apostles' creed CjAA Athanasian creed CjAAA Nicene creed Ck Ethical theology, Christian ethics Cp Ecclesiastical polity and discipline Includes Dedication of churches, Consecration of bishops. Fasts and feasts. Jubilee. Cqa to Cqz Particular churches Cr Ritual theology Includes that part of Doctrinal and Ethical theology that relates to rites and ceremonies. Cs Sacraments CSB Baptism CSE Lord's Supper CSH Mass (71) CsK Confirmation Csp Penance CsM Matrimony Csz Extreme unction Ct Worship Includes worship of Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints, images, and family worship. Ctp Prayer Cts Sabbath, Sunday Cu Ritual and liturgies of single religious bodies Arranged by sects alphabetically, subarranged by churches. For full explanation of the details of marking see the Seventh classification. Cv Private prayer books These may be arranged by the churches of the writers, or simply in an alphabet of authors. Cw Hymns Hymns for both public and private use geographically arranged like literature, with the local list. Cx Pastoral theology, Clergy Includes Calling, Education, Ordination, Marriage, Amuse- ments, Prayer meetings. Missions, Revivals, Sunday schools Catechising, Visiting. Cy Preaching, homiletics With the local list for sermons, arranged by language. Cz Clergy of particular churches Alphabetically arranged, as CzM Methodist ministers. Historical sciences Books on the historical sciences in general will be put in History (F). D Ecclesiastical history Periods. Da Early church history, ist-5th centuries Db Medieval church history, 6th- i6th centuries Reformation. See Dj, below. Do Modern church history (72) Places. Dd Church history of countries, etc. With the local list. Here come histories of single churches, as 1st Church of Boston, etc. Churches. De Eastern Church, Russian Church Df Other churches not Catholic nor Protestant As Dfa Armenian, Dfe Ethiopians, Abyssinians, Dfc Copts, Dfj Christians of St. John, Dfm Maronites. Dg CathoHc Church Dh Catholics in various countries As Galilean Church DL39, English CathoKc Church DL45, German Catholic Church DL47. Dj Di Inquisition Reformation Reformation in France Dj 39, English Reformation Dj 45, etc. Dk Protestants Dl Single Protestant Churches and Sects Such as Church of England, Protestant Episcopal Church, etc. but not 1st Church of Boston and the like. Appendix. Dm Monastic orders, Religious confraternities Dn Councils Single councils to be alphabetically arranged, as Dnc Council of Chalcedon, Dnn Council of Nice. For a list see the Seventh Classification. Dp Persecutions and martyrs Dq Apparitions and miracles Dr Heretics d^^With classes Dm, Dn, and Dr three courses are possible, to put in them (i)all the works on these subjects; (2) only the works which treat of the councils, monastic orders, etc., of the whole church, putting the councils, etc., of any one church under that church, as Dgm Councils of the Catholic Church, Dgn Monastic orders of the Catholic Church; (3) the general works and those relating to the Catholic Church, putting councils, religious orders, etc., of other churches each under its own church. This latter (3) seems to me to suit best the Hterature (though not the logic) of the subject. (73) Methods of Propagation and Maintenance. Ds Missions, foreign and domestic With (he local list. Dt Revivals, Salvation army, etc. Dv Young Men's Christian Associations, and the like Dv Sunday-schools Dw Bible societies Related subjects. Dx Ecclesiastical antiquities. Dv Ecclesiastical chronology and geography Dz Ecclesiastical biography Collections only; single lives go in class E; single lives of biblical persons may go in class Cb. E Biography The individual biography should be arranged in the order of the persons whose lives are told. On distinguishing the collective biography from the single lives, see " Method of arranging Biography," forward. F History, Universal history Periods. F 01 Prehistoric and very early history Fo2 Ancient history F03 Modern history (476 to the present time) F04 Medieval history (476-1453) F05 Crusades (1000-1300) F06 Renaissance (1450- 1 550) F07 Modern modern history (1500 to the present time) N.B. The history of any one country for these periods goes under the country. Countries. Fi I /o F99 History of single places The larger countries should be subarranged by periods. The tables for this purpose are given in the Seventh Classification. Allied studies. Fa Allied studies in general and works about History Fb Historical miscellanies > (74) Fc Chronology Fd Philosophy of history Fe History of civilization and culture Ff Antiquities, manners and customs With the local list. Fi Inscriptions With the local list. Fn Numismatics With the local list. Fs Chivalry Ft Knightly orders Fv Heraldry With the local list. Fw Peerages, Nobility With the local list. G Geography and Travels With the local list, e. g., G 30 Geography of Europe, G 60 Travels in Asia, G 45 L Description of London.' N. B. The maps of any place may be brought immediately after the place by prefixing z to the author mark, e. g. G45. z a map of England, G45M3. z a map of Manchester, England. But see Gz below; also a fuller note in the Seventh Classification. Ga Ancient geography Gb Medieval geography Allied studies. Gd Art of travel Ge Mathematical geography Includes Surveying, Geodesy, Hydrography, Topography, Cartography. Gs Surveys, of all sorts With the local list. (75) Gz Maps To be used if it is preferred to Iceep the maps togetlier and not mix tliem witli geograpliy and travels. E.g. GZ45. a map of England, Gz 45. M3 a map of Manchester, England. But see G, above, and a fuller note in the Seventh Classification. H Social sciences Hb Statistics With the local list for the statistics of countries, but alphabetical subdivisions for the statistics of sub- jects. The statistics of many subjects will go better in the appropriate classes, as naval statistics in class U. He Economics, Political economy Systematic, general, and miscellaneous works arranged by the countries of the writers. Hd Population He Production With the local list. Also works on the ' Production and exchange ' of a country. Hf Laboring classes Includes Hours of labor, wages. Hg Trades' unions and guilds Includes Strikes, Arbitration. Hh Cooperation, Profit-sharing Hi Slavery in general Hi 54 Russian serfdorn Hi 61 Bible slavery HiA Slavery in the United States Hiz Exchange of products Hj Transportation and communication Economically considered; as arts these come under classes St, etc. Hk Commerce, Trade, Business With the local list. Includes books treating of Com- merce and banking, Commerce and finance together; also Advertising, Panics, Crises, Speculation. (76) Hkb Book-keeping Hkc Commercial correspondence Hl Joint stock companies With the local list for single companies. Hm Money as a means of commerce With the local list for national currencies. Includes Gold, silver, and paper money, Bimetallism, Credit, Foreign exchange. Prices. Hn-Hr Money as an object of commerce Hn Banking With the local list. Hp Pawnbroking Hr Finance, Private With the local list. Includes Money-market, Stocks and bonds, Stock-exchange. Hs Distribution of returns Ht Taxation and public Finance. With the local list, the sub-arrangement chronologically by the Biscoe numbers. Hu Tarifs With the local list. Hv Protection and free trade The local list may be used. (Corn laws Hv 45.) Hw Property, Capital Hx Landed property Includes Unearned increment, Rent. Hxx Public lands With the local list. Hy Personal property Hz Consumption Includes Luxury, economically considered. Demotics, Sociology B Crime, Criminal classes Includes Duelling, Gambling, Intemperance and Temperance, Juvenile crime. Prostitution, etc. ; Police, Prevention, Detection, and Reformation. Ie Punishment Includes Capital punishment. Transportation, Prisons, etc. (77) Ig Charity, the Poor With the local list. Ih Providence Includes Savings banks, Insurance. Ik Education II Means -of education other than schools and col- leges Includes Mechanics' institutes, Mercantile associations, Lyceums, Reading clubs. Debating societies, Correspondence universities, Chautauqua Societies, and University extension. Ip Pedagogics lu Schools With the local list. Ix Colleges, Universities With the local list; the colleges in each country to be arranged in one alphabet. Distinctive marks for colleges in the U. S. are given in the Seventh Classification. Iy Special schools E.g. Law, Divinit}', Scientific. Iz Classes of persons educated E. g. The Blind, the Deaf, the Dumb, Indians, Negroes Criminals. J Civics, Government, PoHtical science Ja General specialties E.g. Social contract. Public opinion, Parties, Revolutions, Social distinctions, the State, etc. JB Kinds of political organization JB Primitive government Jc Monarchy, Despotism JD Constitutional monarchy JE Aristocracy, Oligarchy JF Federation JG Republicanism JH Socialism V Communism JJ Nationalism JK Nihilism, Anarchy' (78)' Jk Political methods Jl Representation Jm Ballot Jn Caucus Jo Political rights Jp Freedom of speech, of the press, etc. Women's political rights. See Kg Woman Political questions not otherwise provided for Jq War and peace Will include books on Non-resistance. Jr Colonies Js Emigration and immigration Jt National constitutions and institutions With the local list. Under each country works on the institutions can either be subdivided into periods to correspond with history, or arranged chronologically by the Biscoe numbers in the class-mark. Distinctive marks for the editions of the constitutions of the United States and of France are given in the Seventh Classifi- cation. Ju National politics With the local list. To be arranged chronologically. May be marked either (i) with the Biscoe dates, (2) with the dates in full, or (3) by the same marks that are used for the period in tlie history of the country (see F in the Seventh Classification). Jv National administration With the local Ust. For the marks distinguishing the departments see the Seventh Classification. Jw Local administration With the local list. For the marks distinguishing the departments see the Seventh Classification. Jx Jy Law of nature and of nations International law Some lawyers say that there is no such thing as International law ; but there are books upon it, which is all that concerns us. (Subdivisions) (79) Jz Treaties Collections Arranged by names of editors. Single treaties Arranged chronologically by the Biscoe date-marks, the letter being in the class-mark and the number serving as the author-mark. K Legislation K with the local list marks ioth the Legislation and (by adding l) the Law of the various countries, e.g. K39 French legislation L French law English legislation K 45 A Sessional papers K39 K4S For these no author-mark is needed; if any is used the mark should be in the form K45 A 1865 A7 1865 being the year, A meaning Accounts and papers, 7 being the volume number. A = Accounts and papers C = Committee reports R = Reports of commissions S ^ State papers. K 45 E Debates and proceedings of Parliament K 45 F Debates and proceedings of the Lords K 45 G Debates and proceedings of the Commons K 45 K Miscellaneous works about Parliament K 45 L English law General works (including Theory, Study, Reform, Codifica- tion); miscellaneous works; and special works on Personal rights (Torts), Possession, Contracts, Succession, Wills, Remedy. K 45 M Statutes K 45 N Criminal law K 45 o Common law K 45 u Procedure Includes Antiquities {e. g. Torture, Ordeal, Judicial duel), Forms, Pleading, Evidence. (80) K 45 us Jury K 45 uu History of courts K 45 uv Organization of courts K 45 uw Jui-isdiction of courts K 45 V Admiralty law K 45 \v Canon law K 45 X Chancery law K 45 Y Special subjects {£■ g- Railroad law.) Including statutes on special subjects. K 45 z Administration of the law, legal statistics United States law will be K 83 l and U. S. statute law K 83 M, but U. S. law so far as it would come under the heads K 83 n to K 83 t will be mixed with the English law in the corresponding divisions. The law of France, Germany, Italy, etc., may require a special arrangement and a different use of letters for each country. K 8^ Legislation of the United States The divisions to be like those of English legislation, mutatis mutandis. For the Congressional documents (K 83 a) no author-mark is needed. The lettering which comes on the volumes is sufficient to indicate the place. The arrangement should be by Congresses and under them by sessions, the earliest first. If any mark is used it may be in this form K83A 45.1 HE that is, House Executive documents of the ist session of the 45th Congress. HE House Executive docs. SE Senate Executive docs. HJ House Journal SJ Senate Journal HM House Miscellaneous SM Senate Miscellaneous docs. docs. HR House Reports of com- SR Senate Reports of com- mittees mittees HS House Special reports SS Senate Special reports K 83 L Law of the United States K 841 Legislation of Maine K 841 L Law of Maine Works on American law may be put with those on English law or vice versa ; but American laws (statutes) should of course be separated. (81) Special subjects under legislation in general Kl Law, in general Km Statutes of various nations compared Kn Comparative criminal law, and so on Kp Personal rights, Torts Kq Possession Kr Contracts Ks Succession Ksw ■ Wills Kt Remedy Ku Procedure ' Subdivided as in K45 UA to K45 z, mutatis mutandis. Economy of marks might be attained (as in classes X and Y) by using K 11l to K 11 u for general law and Kl to Ku for English and American law ; and the local list for all other countries. But it would be necessary to distinguish the English statutes from the American, as K 45 M English statutes K 83 M Statutes of the United States K 844 M Statutes of Massachusetts The economy of marks in a class so small as Law usually is in all but special law libraries is hardly worth considering. Kv Trial' General collections arranged alphabetically by editors' names. Local collections with the place list, as : — Kv 83- 9 Collections of trials in the United States Arranged alphabetically by the editors' names. Kv 83- A to z Single trials in the United States. Arranged by the name of the person tried. (82) K w W Oman General and miscellaneous works, with the local list for the con- dition of women at various periods and in various countries. KwA Quotations and other collections about woman, and Delineations of woman in literature and art. KwB Body : Physiology, Hygiene, Therapeutics. Better in class Q Medicine. Kwc Soul : Psychology KwD Intellect KwE Education KwEC Co-education The last two may be in I. KwF Emotions KwG Morals, friendship KwH Duties as daughter Duties as wife. See Kwn Kwi Duties as mother Kwj Sexual relations KwK Love KwL Courtship KwM Marriage KwN Duties of husband and wife Kwo Restrictions on marriage E. g., relationship (sister, cousin, deceased wife's sis- ter), caste, ability to support wife. Kwp Primitive marriage, polyandry, etc. KwQ Polygamy, etc. Mormons. See B KwR Adultery Kws Divorce, separation KwT ' Free love,' ' Spiritual wives ' Prostitution. See Ibp Kwu Single life Kwv The family Kww Social relations Kww Rights in general ^83) Kwx Employment, labor For women as Teachers see I. For women as Librarians see Z. KwY Legal rights KwY Property Kwz Political rights Kwz Suffrage Kwz Office holding For Costume see class W. Kx Societies (not otherwise provided for) Many societies go under subjects, a historical society under History, a geographical society under Geography, a scientific society under Science, a library association under Libraries, and so on. These receive the class-mark of the subject, and are dis- tinguished from other general works by prefixing 8 to the author-mark, e. g. (M being Natural history), M" 8 B65 Boston Society of Natural History ; and (G being Geography) G'8R8i Royal Geographical Society of London. Learned societies of a general character go in class A, division s, e. g. As" B45 The Academy of Berlin As- M26 The Academy of Madrid Kxc Clubs With the loc^l list, as Kxc 45 l Clubs in London. Kxc 45 la Athenaeum club. Or the l and la can be put into the author- mark. KXF Freemasons With the local list. Kxc Odd-fellows With the local list. Ky Other secret societies (84) L Sciences and Arts together La Sciences (Natural) La includes works on Experiment, Observation, Instruments, Classi- fication and Nomenclature of science, and on the Laws of nature. Lb Mathematics, Number and space sciences General works, and works which treat of Mathematics, Kine- matics and Dynamics together, also works treating of Mathe- matics and Physics viewed mathematically. The general works include Tables, Problems, Instruments, Notation, and Study. Lc Arithmetic Lci Interest tables Ld Algebra Ldl Logarithms Ldp Probabilities Le Geometry Led Plane Lee Solid Lel Curvilinear Ler Conic sections Lf Trigonometry- Lfp Plane Lfs Spherical Lg Calculus Lgd Differential Lgi Integral Lgq Quaternions Includes Constants, Instruments, Measurements. Lgx Kinematics, Motion Lh Physics or Natural philosophy Lhp Hylics (general properties of substance) Includes Ether, Atoms, Molecules, Molecular space. Li Dynamics (force and matter) Often called Mechanics. (85) Lib Statics (general laws of force and matter, result- ing in equilibrium) LiK Kinetics (general laws of force and matter, resulting in motion) Formerly called Dynamics. LiM Kumatics (wave motion, vibration) Liu Forces Includes Attraction and repulsion, Cohesion and adhesion. Gravitation. Liz Energy Lj Electrics Includes Galvanism and Magnetism. Lk Optics, Light Lkc Color Lks Stereoscope, stereopticon, and othef optical instruments Lkx Spectrum Ll Thermics, Heat Lm Acoustics, Sound Ln Pneumatics, Gases Lnh Hydrics, Fluids Lns Sterics, Solids Includes Strength of materials. Lnz Alchemy Lo Chemistry Includes Chemical physics. Log Analysis Lp Inorganic chemistry Lq Organic chemistry Lqy Cosmography That is, Astronomy and Geography combined Lqz Astrolosrv (86) Lr Astronomy Includes Plurality of worlds, Celestial raeclianics, Cosmi- cal physics, Nebular hypothesis, Instruments, Chronometry, Reduction method. Ls Observatories and their observations With the local list. Lt Stellar system Lu Comets Lv Solar system Lw Sun Lx Planets Ly Moon Lz Earth M Natural history /. e., Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology treated together. With the local list for natural-history voyages and exploration.s. Ma Museums of Natural history With the local list. Mb Microscopy Mc Geology With the place list for local geology and paleontology. The word Geology is here used, as its subdivisions show, in its broadest sense. Md Mineralogy Includes Mineral physics. Origin of minerals and mineral forms, Descriptive mineralogy. The works on the mineral resources of various countries could be put here, but are better in Re. Me Crystalography Mf Lithology Includes Composition, Lithogenesis, Micro-lithology, Pseudomorphism, Disintegration, Descriptive lithology. Mg Physiography, physical geography With the local list. (87) Mh Aerology, Meteorology. For Meteors see Lt. Includes Aeroscopy (weather ser- vice), Aerochemy, Aerophysics, Aeroptics, Aerothermics, Aerobarics, Trade winds, Whirlwinds, Storms, Aerohydrics (Dew, Frost, Clouds, Fog, Mist, Rain, Hail, Snow), Aerelec- trics. Climate. Mj Hydrology Includes Springs, Rivers, Lakes, Oceans, Ice. Mk Geology of the surface Includes Chemical, Mechanical (Erosion, Glacial action),\ and Organic action. Ml Geology of the interior Includes Terrestrial magnetism. Internal heat, Volcanoes, Natural gas. Pressure and tension, Subsidence and elevation, Raised beaches, etc. Mm Petrographic geology Includes Stratification (see Mq), Metamorphism, Eruptive phenomena of the past, Unconformability, Mineral deposits. Organic deposits. Mn Structural geology Treats of Mountains, Valleys, Rock basins, Caverns, Table lands, Plains, Deserts, Islands, Coral islands. Mp Economic geology Includes Mineral, Agricultural, Sanitary, and Engineering geology. Mq Paleontology Includes Paleobotany, Paleozoology, Micro-paleontology, Stratigrafic paleontology (Archean, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Kainozoic, and Quaternary ages) ; but Local paleontology goes in Mc. Mv Biology Includes Vitality, Protoplasm, Cells, Ontogenesis, Phylogenesis. Mw Etiological theories Includes the Special creation, Encasement, Adaptation Transmutation, Evolution, and Selection (Darwinian) theories My Botany and Zoology together It may not be worth while to separate the books in this section from those in M. My would include 'Rural hours,' 'Country life,' etc. Compare Rfy. With the place list for local botany and zoology. Mz Marine natural history (botany and zoology) With the place list for local seaside natural history. (88) N Botany With the place list for local flora. Na Botanical gardens, Herbaria, etc. With the local list. Nb Phytology, theoretical botany No Phytography, descriptive botany Nd Cryptogams Nr Phanerogams Nw Flowers, Fruit, and colored leaves Nx Sylvae Ny Insectivorous and Parasitic plants Nz Economic and Medical botany o Zoology With the place list for local fauna. On Geographical distribution Ol2 Cave fauna Oa Zoological museums and zoological gardens With the local list. Ob Comparative anatomy and physiology Oc Zoological psychology. Instinct Od . Zoography, descriptive zoology Odi Invertebrates Ot Insects General works and all special works except : Oy Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps. P Vertebrates General works and all special works except: Pb Fishes Pc Batrachians Pd Reptiles Pe Birds Pg Mammals General works and all special works except : Pl Proboscidia Pm Ungulata (Equidae, Cervidae, Bovidae) (89) Pq Carnivora Pr Canidae Ps Felidae Pt Primates Pu Economic, and Medical, and Parasitic zoology Pv Mythical zoology Pw Anthropology and Ethnology Pw Museums of Anthropology and Ethnology With the local list. PwA Anthropology (geological man) Includes Origin and Antiquity of man, Fossil races and their arts. Px Ethnology (primitive and historic , man) Includes Unit)' or plurality of the race, its Place of origin, Physical and Psychical characteristics of races. Customs and Arts of primitive society. Py Ethnography (races of men) Q Medicine Qa Anatomy and Physiology Qd Physiology Qh Hygiene Qu Materia medica and Pharmacy Qn Therapeutics (modes of cure) Qp Pathology, Diseases Qs Surgery Qt Ear Qu Eye Qv Teeth Qw Obstetrics, Gynecology Qx Hand, Foot, Skin Qy Medical jurisprudence Qz Medical ethics (90) Useful arts, Technology R General and miscellaneous works With the local list for the local history and condition of the arts. Ra Exhibitions With the local list, with which the Biscoe letter may be used in the author-mark to designate the particular exhibition, e. g. Ra 39 p ■ M Paris exhibition of 1867. Ra 39 p ■ Mc Same, catalogue. Rai Inventions Ram Materials Rar Receipts Rat Trade marks Rb Patents With the local list. Rc Metric arts, Weights and measures RcD Decimal or metric system RcH Time, Horology Res Space, Gauging, Lumber surveying Rcw Weight Rex Value, Cambistry Rcz Extractive and productive arts General and miscellaneous works. Rd Mining With the local list for mining laws. Re Mineral resources and mines With the local list. Rf Metallurgy Rfy Rural life {See also My. Rfy includes the social side.) Rfz Rural estate management Rg Agriculture With the local list for the history and condition of agriculture in different countries, and for agricultural societies and agricultural stations. (91) Rga Agricultural chemistry and physiology Rgb Soils, Agricultural geology Rgc Manures, fertilizers Rod Irrigation, draining, etc. Rge Machines, tools, fences Rgf Farmers, laborers, accounts Rgg Pests, weeds, insects, vermin Rgh to Rgw Special crops Rh Horticulture With the local list for horticultural societies. Rhf Floriculture, Fructiculture Ri Arboriculture, Forestry Rj Animaliculture General works on the raising of animals, and all special ones except : RjA Taming RjD Silkworms, Sericulture Rjj Bees, Apiculture RjL Fishes, Pisciculture RjN Birds, Aviculture Rjz Dogs Rk Beasts of burden Includes Asses, Camels, Elephants, Mules. Rl Horses Rm Cattle, Stock Includes Bulls, Oxen, Goats, Sheep, Swine. Rn Cows, Dairy Ro Veterinary medicine Rp Animal products RpF Fisheries With the local list. RpH Hunting for profit Rps Skins Includes Rpt Tanning, Rpu Leather, Rpw Feathers, Rpx Furs, RPY Hair. Rpv Taxidermy (92) Rq Chemical technology Includes Rqa Refuse products, Rqc Chemicals, Rqd Drugs, Rqg Glassmaking, Rqk Cleaning, Bleaching, Dyeing, Rqp Per- fumery, Rqso Soapmaking, etc. Rr Foods and drinks, manufactured Particular foods to be arranged alphabetically. Rrx Brewing, Ale, Beer Rs lUuminants and fuels As RsA Artificial fuels, Rsc Candles, RsG Gas, Rso Oil Rsp Peat. RsR Explosives As Rss Gunpowder, Rst Guncotton, Dynamite, Nitro- glycerine, Giant powder, Rendrock, etc., Rsw Matches. Rsx Fireworks, Pyrotechnics Rt Electric arts All or nearly all of the works on electri rather than in Lj. Rtd Dynamos, Batteries Rtg Galvanoplasty Rtl Lightning rods Ru Telegraph Rv Telephone Rw Lighting Rx Power," Motors For Electric railways see Sy. Ry Domestic economy Ry Household books, account books, etc, With the local list. Rys Servants Ryt Toilet Rz Food and cookery Constructive arts (Engineering and Building) (93) s Engineering With the local list for the engineering works of particular countries, Sa Materials Sb Tunnels See Earthwork Sc Masonry Includes Stone, Brick, Concrete, Mortars, Cement. Sdl Foundations Sdr Walls, etc. Se Framed structures, Trusses Sf Bridges and roofs Building For the artistic side of the subject see Wf Architecture, or all the books can be put there. I prefer separation. Sgb Building laws Sh Carpentry Shh Stairs Si Painting and glazing Siv Varnishing and gilding Siw Papering Six Bell-hanging Sj Sanitary engineering Sk Town sanitation With the local list for town sanitation, sewerage, and public works (as streets and bridges). Skd Sewerage, Drains in general Sl Hydraulic engineering Slp Reclamation and protection of land Slv Dams Slx Water power Sm Water supply Sma Aqueducts Smi Irrigation Smw Wells (94) Sn Harbors Snl Lighthouses Their architecture ; for their management, lighting, history, reports, see Uv. Sp Water-ways, Internal navigation Sr Rivers (care and improvement) Ss Canals St Arts of transportation and communica- With the local list. Ftion Includes Stc City transit (cabs, herdics, omnibuses, etc.), Ste Express, Stm Messengers, Stp Pneumatic despatch, Sts Stages, Stt Traction (i. e. steaming on common roads). Su Roads, Highways, Streets Sv Railroads With the local list. SvE Enpineering: SwK Rolling stock Sx Operation Sy Various kinds of railroads, as Syc Cable, Sye Elevated, Syg Gravity, Syh Horse, Syi Inclined or Mountain, Sym Metropolitan, Sys Ship. Sz Aerodromics, Aerial navigation, balloons Water transportation. See Sn to Ss and Un to Ux T Fabricative arts, Manufactures and Handicrafts. With the local list. Ta Machinery Tb Motors and transmitters Tc Steam engine Td Pumps Te Other machines Tf Tools, including machine tools Tg Mechanic trades, Handicrafts Th Metal manufactures (95) Ti Casting, Founding Tj Forging, Drawing Tk Iron and Steel For artistic ironwork see Wy. Tl Copper, Brass, Bronze See also in Art Wkp Bronzes. Tm Tin Tn Mineral manufactures As Clay, Marble, Stone, Artificial stone. To Vegetable manufactures As Grains, Paper, Rubber, Celluloid, Lumber, Wood; but not such manufactures as go in Tq-Tt. Tp Animal manufactures As Saddlery, Trunks, and other leather articles. Tpx Miscellaneous manufactures As Toys. Tq Spinning Tr Knitting Ts Weaving, Textile fabrics Tt Cotton Tu Woolen Tv Felting, Laid fabrics Tw Clothes-making U Art of war U 10 Military biography Collective biography only. U Military history With the local list. Ua Battles Alphabetically arranged, as Uag Gettysburg. Ub Sieges Alphabetically arranged, as Ubv Vicksburg. Uc Military organization, condition, and policy With the local list. UcA Military art Includes Strategy, Logistics, Grand tactics. Minor operations. Engineering, Manoeuvres. (96) Udz Manoeuvres, reviews Ue Military law, regulations, etc. With the local list. Add c for courts martial, e.g. Ue 45 English military law, Ue 45 c English courts martial. To be arranged alphabetically by the name of the accused. Uf The Service Includes Ufa Staff, Ufs Signal service (not weather service, which goes in Mg), Ug Infantry, Uh Cavalry, Ul Artillery, Uj Engineering corps, Uk Militia, Ul Partisans. Um Material, Munitions, Arsenals With the local list for arsenals. Umf Fire arms Un Nautical arts Un 10 Naval biography This is for collective biography; tlie lives of individuals go in class E. Un Naval history With the local list. Uo Naval battles Arrange alphabetically. Up Naval organization With the local list. Uq Naval manoeuvres. Tactics Upn Seamanship, Navigation Ur Naval law With the local list. For courts martial add c to the country number, as Ur 45 c English courts martial. Arrange alphabeti- cally bv the name of the accused. Us The Service Includes both naval and merchant marine service. Ut Equipment Includes Ut (with the local list) Navy yards, Uxo Ordnance, Utt Torpedoes, etc. Uu Ships, Shipbuilding, etc. UuR Armored vessels Uus Steamships UuT Yachts (97) Uux Unseaworthy ships UuY Submarine boats Uuz Diving bells and armor Uv Lighthouses With the local list. Uw Life-saving service With the local list. Ux Shipwrecks Arrange alphabetically by the name of the ship. Uy Fire extinction, Fires Uz Protection against fire and thieves V Athletic and recreative arts Includes Sports, Games, Spectacles, Festivals, and other amusements. With the local list. Va Fighting sports Includes Animal fights. Vb Wrestling, Boxing, Fencing Vc Archery, Gunning Vd Outdoor sports in general Ve Hunting and Fishing Vf Aquatic sports except Fishing Includes Swimming, Skating. Vg Boating and Sailing Vh Land locomotion : Walking, Running Vi Wheeling Vj Horsemanship Vk Ball games VI Other outdoor games As Curling, Putting the stone, etc. Vm Boys' and girls' in- and 'outdoor games (98) Vn Indoor games and amusements Includes Billiards, Card games, Chess. Vq Dancing *& Vr Jugglery, Ventriloquism, Natural magic Vs Gymnastics, Physical education Vt Theatre Vu Biography of actors and managers Includes both collective and individual biography. Vu History of the theatre With the local list. VUL Acting Vup Private theatricals VUT Tableaux vivants Fine arts Vv Music Vw 10 Biography of musicians Includes both collective and individual biography. Vw History of music With the local list. VwA Theory Vwp Harmony and Composition Vwx Instrumentation Vx Instruments (including the voice) and Instruction Arrange alphabetically, as Vxv Voice Vy Works of music With the local list for National music. Vya Instrumental music Vz Vocal and mixed music Vzc Songs Vzo Opferas VzR Religious music (99) W Art, Fine Arts Wl ^Esthetics WIO Lives, Bibliography, and Criticisms of [artists and Specimens of their works Includes both collective and individual biography. Arrange the latter alphabetically by artists. W 105 Monograrnists Collective works only. Wi I History of art W119 Prehistoric art Might also be put in Anthropology Pwr-Pwy. W12 Ancient art Chiefly the art of countries around the Mediterranean and in the western part of Asia; and not including India, China, and the rest of the extreme East, which will be marked by the local list 64-6Q. W121 Egypt W122 Chaldsea, Babylonia, Assyria W123 Persia W124 Phoenicia and its dependencies That is, Cyprus, Carthage, Sardinia. W125 Judaea, Syria and Cappadocia (Hittites) W126 Asia Minor W127 Greece W128 Etruria W129 Rome W13 Modern art Modern is here used as opposed to Ancient, and includes Medieval; compare W 17. W14 Christian art W 141 Catacombs W 144 Christian symbolism, Christian iconography Includes W135 Christ in art, W136 Madonna in art, W137 Saints in art. W 149 Dance of Death W15 Medieval art (476-1450) W16 Renaissance art (1450-1550) (100) Wi7 Modern modern art N. B. Modern, Christian, Medieval, Renaissance, and the later Modern art when limited to one country go under the countr\'. W21 etc. Local history of art and collected specimens of na- tional art Except such as come under W12-W129. Wa Theoretical questions applicable to several arts (as Imitation, Moral purpose), and subjects including several arts (as Iconology, Emblems, Devices, etc.) Way Restoration of objects of art See also Wfy, Wjy, Wky, Wpy. Wb Education in art With the local list. Wc Museums, Galleries, etc. With the local list. Wd Plastic and constructiye fine arts We Landscape gardening With the local list. Wf Architecture For the technical side of the subject see Sg Building ; or all the ' books can be put here. I prefer separation. WfIO to Wf99 Biography and History of Architecture To be divided like Wio-Wgg; but WfIO contains only collec- tive biography; the single lives go in W 10. Wfd Architectural drawing and modelling Wfg Orders Wfk Color, Polychrome Wfg Ornament • Wfs Brick Wft Terra cotta Wfy Restoration (lOl) Public buildings Wg Religious Wgk Cathedrals Wh Secular Private buildings WlA Commercial and industrial WiM Domestic Wix Parts of buildings E.g. Chimney pieces. Wj Sculpture W; 10 /(9 Wj 99 Biography and History of Sculpture To be divided lilce W10-W99; but WjlO contains only collec- tive biography; single lives go in Wio. WjA Art anatomy and human proportion • WjB Bas-reliefs WjK Color, Polychrome in sculpture Wjo Ornament, sculptural WjY Restoration of sculpture Wk Carving and Turning Includes Stone, Wood, Ivory, Gems, Seals, Dies. Wkn Casting, Baking, Firing Wkp Bronzes Wkr Glass Wkt Keramics Wkx Terra cotta Wky Restoration Wl Arts of design, graphic arts Wm Drawing N. B. The history of dravcing in any country to go with the history of painting in that country. (102) Wmb Perspective Wme Projection Wmk Geometric drawing Wmn Industrial or technical drawing In general; but drawing for any one art goes with that art, as drawing for architects Wfd; for carpenters Shd; for engineers Sad; for machinists Taa; for photographing Wra; for stone- masons SCA. Wmr Pen drawing Wmv Caricature and pictorial satire Wn Drawings and their reproductions Wp Painting With the local list. Wpc Color ^ ~ — Wpd Materials and Method As encaustic, enamels, oil, etc. Wph Water-color Wpj Surfaces As Walls, Ivory, Pottery, Glass, Textile fabrics. Wps Subjects As Portrait, Miniature, Landscape, Marine, Genre, Animals, and Flowers. Wpy Restoration of paintings Wq Engraving and its history With the local list. Wq 10 Biography of engravers (collections only) Wqa Collections, cabinets Wqc Wood engraving Wqm Lithography Wqp Chromolithography Wqr Painter engravers Wqt Etching Wqy Restoration of engravings (103) Wr Photography Includes Materials, Photographic chemistry, Silver processes. Gelatine and pigment, Gelatine and printer's ink, Photolithog- raphy, Photozincography. Ws Decorative arts, Ornament With the local list. ■ The minor decorative arts, can be put in alphabetically, as Wsa Alphabets, Wsh Home decoration, etc. Wt Mosaic Wu Needlework and textile decoration • WuA Tapestry WuL Lace WuT Textile fabrics Wuv Carpets Wv Costu'me and its adjuncts Includes Canes, Fans, Hair-dressing. Ww Furniture Wx Jewelry, Silver- and Gold-smithing Wy Metal work Wz Bric-a-brac Arts of Communication by Language To bring together all arts that might be called arts of communication is not expedi- ent. Commerce, for example, goes better in Political economy ; Railroads and other means of transport with the Engineering arts; Telegraphy and Telephony in the Elec- trical arts ; communication of thought and feeling by means of form and color is Fine art; and by means of tone and time is Music. X English language Xd Dictionaries Xg Grammars (104) X 11 Language in general As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a very large part in all libraries, relate to the English language, I have in this class suggested an exception to the rule that the general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter class- mark for the larger class. Any other language than English will be marked from the local list, e. g. X35 Italian language X39 French X46 Dutch X47 German " This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement, namely, that the sub- divisions of English language, Xd Dictionaries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put with the other works on that language, and before any of the other languages, although in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is put before the class letter followed by a letter (Xd, Xg). In a library of limited circulation, or in any other where one might well prefer con- sistency of practice to economy of marks, it would be better to use X for Language in general and X45 for English language. Languages may be arranged in three ways : (i) By the local list, which has the advantage of corresponding with the rest of the classification, but represents linguistic affinities very badly; (2) Alphabetically, which is best for ready reference, and should certainly be chosen for the dictionaries placed at the disposal of the public in the reference room, but has the disadvantage — common to all alphabetic arrangement — that it is not always obvious under what name a language should be entered, — e. g. Greek (Modern), Modern Greek, or Romaic, — which doubt diminishes the readiness of reference; (3) . Linguistically, for which a list will be given in the Seventh Classification. Each language will be divided like the English (as X 35 Dan Italian dictionary, X39G a French grammar). A full list of such divisions is given in the Seventh Classification. The word Philology in the titles of the 17th and i8th centuries is very comprehen- sive, including Antiquities in its broadest sense. Language, and Literature. " Philologia sacra" can generally be put with miscellaneous works about the Bible (Cbb), or about one of the Testaments (Cbg, Cbq). " Philologia classica" may (i) go entire in Xy 31A, which is the easiest mode of treating it, or (2) it may be distributed, following the rule of chief contents. Any book will then be put in Classic antiquities (FF31), Antiquities of Greece (FF32) or of Antiquities of Rome (FF36), when there is more on antiquities than on anything else ; it will be put in Classical languages (X31) if the work is prevailingly linguistic, or in Greek language (X 32) or in Latin language (X 36) if it is confined to one of them ; and finally it will be put with the works about Classical literature (ZY31), Greek literature (Zy 32), or Latin literature (Zy36), if it relates to literature mainly. In this case, however, as these works are usually more exegetical than historical, a separate group should be made by adding a, e. g. Zy 31 History of Classical literature Zy 31 A Classical philology (exegetical portion). (i°S) There is also another method of disposing of " Philology " and other books which similarly relate to a country in many aspects and cannot properly be classed under either one of the subjects History, Description, Antiquities, Fine Art, the Useful Arts, Language, or Literature. It is to give them the country mark simply without any sub- ject mark prefixed, and to arrange them in a group by themselves, either at the end of the whole classification or at the end of Geography. This appears to me the most satis- factory way. To take an example from Oriental philology we should have. Royal Asiatic Society's Transactions 60 ■ 8R Sir W: Jones's Works 60 • J73 E: Balfour's Cyclopaedia of India 69 • 5B1 Horace Hayman Wilson's Works 69 • W69 Biblical philology then might be either Cbc or 61 ; Classical philology (except of course such works as treated solely of language or of literature or of antiquities) would be 31 ; Greek philology (with the same ^exception) 32; Latin 36. This would have the merit of bringing together a number of works of nearly similar character that otherwise would be separated. Xx Oratory (Composition and Delivery) Xxx Composition alone. See Zb Rhetoric Xy Delivery, Elocution : Speaking and Xyv Voice [Reading aloud Xyw Enunciation Xyx Impediments : Stammering, Stuttering Xyy Gesture Xz Speakers and Readers /. e. books designed for pupils ; important collections of [English] speeches would be Ys, and important selections of [English] literature would be Y. Y English and American literature Or Y 45 ; see, under X, the remarks on the use of X and X 1 1 . If Essays, Lectures, Ana, Thoughts, etc., are to have a division by themselves, let it be Yb, but it seems to me better to put all such works- (except perhaps Ana, which is a well-marked class) with the general and miscellaneous works in Y (or Y45 if that is used). Yc Correspondence, Letters So large a part of the interest of correspondence is biographical and so many letters are published with the lives of their writers ("Life and letters"), that it is best to put all but purely literary letters in class E Biography. But letters on any one subject will be treated like any other work on that subject ; Liebig's Familiar Letters on chemistry, for example, should be put in Chemical technology. (106) Yd Drama, Dialogues, Monologues Yf Fiction To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark alone. Yh Fables Yj Juvenile literature "^ Juvenile literature may be marked simply j, omitting the Y. Yl Legends, Prose sagas. Folk literature (not Folk lore). Fairy tales It is not always easy to determine which books shall go here and which in Bu. Yl should have those which are written with a literary object; Bu those whose chief interest is in the popular beliefs which they illustrate. The character of different libraries will determine differently where the line shall be drawn. Yp Poetry Ys Speeches, Oratory Yw Wit and humor, Parodies Yz Dialects Divide alphabetically, e. g. YzD Dorset dialect, Yzdd Dorset dialectic drama, Yzdp Poems in the Dorset dialect. Y 11 Literature in general Or Y; see, under X, the remarks on the use of X and X ii. Y 11 p Collections of poetry from several literatures For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks, the special precedes the general here. Other literatures are marked as other languages are, e. g. Y35 Italian literature Y36 Latin literature Y40 Spanish literature Y4I Portuguese literature Y54 Russian literature Similarly Y39F French fiction Y40D Spanish drama Y47D German drama Y47P German poetry (107) In college libraries the English versions of novels should be taken out from tha general collection Fiction as well as the originals ; but in town and city libraries it would probably be best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been written in. Thus English translations of George Sand and Balzac and Vaiera and Jolcai will be treated as if their authors wrote in English. An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations of the fiction of any literature immediately after all the originals, marking them g instead of F, as Y 39 F French fiction Y 39 G English versions of French novel's Y40F Spanish fiction Y 40 G English versions of Spanish novels Y 47 F German fiction Y 47 G English versions of German novels The other methods are preferable. [|;^~'Works about any literature go in Zy, as Y 47 German literature Zy 47 History, of German literature Y47D German drama ZY47D History of German drama Z Book arts Za Authorship Zb .Rhetoric Zc Indexing Zd Writing Includes Zda Autographs, Zdc Character in writing, Zdk Calli- graphy, Penmanship, Zdm Materials for writing, Zdp Alphabet, Zds Shorthand, Zdt Takigraphy, Zdu Phonography, Zdv Visible speech, Zdw Pasigraphy, Zdx Cryptography, Zdz Punctuation. Ze Paleography Zh Printing For literary purposes, excluding therefore photographic, tele- graphic, and dry-goods printing. Includes Zhc Composition, Zht Type, Specimen books, Zhm Printers' marks. With the local list for the history of printing. Zi Incunabula : catalogs and history Zj Incunabula : the books (108) Zk Binding and book preservation Zl Publishing and Bookselling With the local list for the catalogs of publishers, booksellers, and auctioneers. Zm Bookbuying, Bibliomania Zn Private libraries With the local list. Under Private libraries are to be put such as are owned by a person for his own use (and that of his friends) ; all others (club, society, proprietary, etc.), used by however small a portion of the public, go in Zp. Here come also catalogs of private collections which have been incorporated in public libra- ries, but are catalogd by themselves. Zp Public libraries Here will come general works on libraries, even when they treat of private libraries as well as public. Will include works on Classes of libraries (as College, Histori- cal, Law, Mercantile, Proprietary, State,- Sunday School, etc.), Arguments for and against public libraries, library Legislation, Founding of libraries. Zpe Management, Administration Zpf Building, its architecture and care Zpi Personnel Includes^PK Governing board, Zpl Librarian, Zfm Staff. Zpr Finance Zps Supplies ■Includes Zpt Furniture, Zfu Shelving. Zpx Branches Zpy Delivery stations Zpz Delivery to schools Zq Books Zqa Acquisition Zqb Selection, Zqc Purchase, Zqd Exchange, Zqe Gifts. Zqf Incorporation Zqg Collation, Zqh Accession and acknowledg- ing, Zqi Shelf-listing or Class-listing, Zqj Stamping, Pasting, etc. Zqk Cataloging '^ (109) Zql Classification and notation Classification of Knowledge is Bg, of Science is Lak. Zqm Conservation Includes Zqn Stock taking, Zqo Binding accounts (for binding see Zk), Zqp Injuries (heat, gas, insects, mutila- tion, defacement), Zqq Thefts and losses, Zqr Weeding out. Zqs Use Zqsq Qualifications for users Age, residence, references, guarantors, etc. Zqsp Payment or free use Zqsr Regulations for visitors, readers, and bor- Zqt Hours of opening [rowers Zqts Sunday opening Zqu Aids, guides, manuals for readers Zqv Consultation, Reference use Includes Reading-rooms for books and for periodicals. Zqy Circulation, Loans Number of books allowed, time, fines, sub- lending, restrictions, renewals, extra books, extra time, reservation, suspension of rules. Zqyx Inter-library loans Zqz ^ Charging systems Publications of and about particular libraries Excepting such as go better in previous places, as Zqp, Zqs, Zqu. Zr Reports, Statistics, Histories With the local list. Zs Catalogs and bulletins With the local hst. Zt Bibliography Zu Remarkable books Includes Zuc Condemned, ZuH High-priced, Zui Imaginary, ZUL Lost, Zup Privately printed, ZuR Rare, Zuv Vellum-printed. Zv Anonymous and pseudonymous books With the local list. (no) Zw Subject bibliography Add the class-mark of the subject, as Zwf Bibliography of hi s- tory, Zwf 45 Bibliography of English history, Zww Bibliography of art. Zx National bibliography With the local list. Zy Literary history With the local list. Zz Selection of reading The local list may be used. I@°"If a person using one of the earlier classifications has a doubt in regard to the meaning and extent of any class, the uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the correspond- ing class in one of the later and more fully developed classi- fications. i^^Throughout this Sixth Classification the note " With the local list " is to be taken as a suggestion of what may be done rather than as advice to do it. In classes which in the ordinary library are never likely to have more than a score of books the lengthening of marks by the addition of the country numbers is not to be recommended. But if such a class for any reason grows large it will be worth while at the next opportunity (issue of a new class list) to introduce local division. Libraries develop so variously that it is impossible to give any advice in such details that will apply equally to all. (Ill) INDEX FIRST SIX OLASSIFIOATIONS. An index will be given with each section of the Seventh Classification (as one has been with Philosophy already issued), and a full index to all, possibly annotated, will end the work. But as it must be some time before these get through the press, a temporary index is placed here to the subjects named in the first six classifications. About as many more names have been added of subjects which, tho not named, are of such importance and frequent occurrence that classifiers ought to be provided with a guide in their cases. When in doubt it has been thought better to include than to exclude. No pretension, however, is made to completeness. If any subject sought for does not appear in the index, look for some class that includes it, e. g., not finding Champagne look for Wine, not finding Fever look for Disease. Places are not usually included. They should be sought for in the index to the local list. The mark for such subjects as French language, German history, is to be made by adding the number for France (39) to the letter for language (X) making X39, and the number for Germany (47) to the letter for History (F), making F47. The names of places are given, however, in those cases where under certain subjects the local list is not used, but another num- ber is given to the country, e.g., Egyptian art is not W71 but W121. The number prefixed to any class letter shows the first classi- fication in which that mark is used; thus Botany L, ^M, ^N means that Botany is marked L in the first, M in the second, and N in the third and following classifications. It may seem to many at first glance that there is an unneces- sary number of marks following many subject-names, and that (112) an excessive amount of change is implied by this number. But one cannot have omelets without breaking eggs. One cannot have simplicity of classing in a small library and then have ade- quate exactness of classing in the same library when it has become larger without altering the marks of many of the books during the transition. But it is to be noticed that all the most comprehensive books need no alteration ; thus a general work on the Useful arts which is marked R in the Second classification remains R in the Seventh. The general subdivisions need little change. A Chemistry is Lo from the Fourth classification and forever after; Civics has only the two marks H and J ; Demotics only H and I ; Ecclesiastical history only B and D ; Commerce H and Hk. Only the works on the more limited subjects, and not all of them, need change at every advance in classification. Still there is a lesson to be drawn from the long lines of marks in the Index. Such a reference as L, ^R, ^S, *St (for Arts of commu- nication) or B, ^C, *Cb, ®Cbb (for Concordances of the Bible) is a warning against the inexpediency of selecting a too simple classi- fication for a fast growing library. Always classify ahead of your stock of books. I am tempted to say the farther ahead the better. The index is not intended as a substitute for the tables ; except in the most obvious cases, it should be used not as an absolute determinant of classification, but simply as a guide to the full schedules of classes, a study of which will often be needed in deciding upon the best place for any book. (113) INDEX. Compiled by Miss Harriet E. Green. Abbeys (architecture) L, 'W, "Wf, ^Wg Abbeys (history) B, 'I), ^Dd Abbreviations Y, 'Z, ^Zd Abiogeiiesis L, 'M, "Mv, 'M vl Abolition H, "Hr, 'HiA Aborigines of America E, "F80, "JFSOS Absolution B, ^C, "Cc, 'Gk Academies (learned societies) A, =As Academies, Private and public (educa- tion) H, 31, 4lK, =lu, 'Iw Academy of Plato B, ^Bb Accent .X (for any one language use the local list) Accession (library economy) . .Y, 'Z, =Zq, ''Zqu Accounts, Commercial H, ■'IIk, 'Hkb Accounts, Farm L, =K, *Rg, "Rap Accounts (library admin.). . . .Y, ^Z, =Zq, 'Zpr Acoustics L, "Li-i, ^'Lm Acoustics (architecture) L, ^W, "Wf Acoustics (music) L, ^ V, *Vv, 'VwA Acting L, =V, *Vt, ^Vul Acts (statutes) K (and local list) Acts of the Apostles. .B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbu, ''Cbbp Administration, Local H, 'J, 'Jvf Administration, National H, 'J, 'Jv Admiralty law H, ^K, ^Ki,, '•Kv Adulterations L, ^i, "Rs, 'Eq Adultery H, ^K, =Ky, "Kwb Advent, Second B,^C, "Cc, ^Cf, ''Chi Adventures E, (in travel) G Advertising H, "Hk Aerelectrics L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, "Mh Aerial navigation L, ^K, ^S, "Sz Aerochemy L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, '■Mh Aerodromics Ij, ^R, ^S, "Sz Aerohy dries L, HI, "Mc, 'Mg, ^Mh Aerolites L, "Le, 'Lu Aerology L, =M, "Mc, =Mg-,^ 'Mh Aeronautics L, ^R, 'S, "Sz Aerophysics L, ^M, "Mc, =Mg, 'Mh Aeroptics. L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, *Mii Aeroscopy L, ^M, "Mc, 'Ma, '■Mh Aerothermics L, "M, "Mc, =Mg, 'Mu Esthetics L, ^W, = W-1 etiology (biology) L, ^M, "Mv, ^Mw Affections B, ^Bl, 'Bis African colonization H, "Hf, 'Hia Aged, Pensions for H, ^I, 'In Agnosticism L, ^B, ^Be, 'Bra Agricultural chemistry L, ^R, "Rg, 'Rga Agricultural geology L, ''R, "Rg, 'Rgb or ^M, "Mc, 5Mg, 'Mp Agricultural physiology L, =R, "Eg, 'Rga Agricultural tools and machines L, =R, "Eg, 'Rge Agriculture L, "E, "Eg Aid societies H, 'I, ^IG Aid to theinjured L, =Q. 'Qs Aids to readers Y,3Z, =Zq, 'Zqtj Air (material) L, 'M, "Mc, ^Mg, 'Mh Air (pneumatics) L, "Lh, 'Ln Air engines L, E, n', 'Ta, 'Tb Alabama claims H, 'J, = J Y Alchemy L, "Lo, "Lnz Alcohol, Manufacture of L, E, "Es, 'Rr Alcohol, Use of 11, '1, 4iij Ale L, 'E, "Rs, 'Rex AlgEe L,^M,3N,=Nd Algebra L, "Lb, 'Ld Algebraic logic B, "Bii AJhambra L, =W, "Wf, 'Wh Aliens H, ^J, 'Jy Allegories Yf, =Yh Alloys h, "11, "Ed, Hit; 'Eft Almanacs A, 'Aa Almsgiving H, 'I, ^IG Almshouses H, ^I, ^l6 Alphabet Y, % ^Zd, 'Zdp Alphabets, Ornamental L, ^W, "Ws, 'WsA Altruism B, "Bm Alumni (biog.) E or Ix Amazons Kw Ambassadors H, ^J, ^ Y Americana (bibliog.) Y80, ^ZSO, ^ZxSO Americana (hist.) TSO Americanisms Y, "Y83 Amos, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, =Cbk, 'Cbncj Amphibia L, ^M, ^O, sp Amulets B, 'Be, *Bt, ^Bu, 'Bua Amusements (games) L, "V Amusements (morality) B, "Bm, 'Bp, 'Bq Amusements, Sunday B, ^C, "Cc, ^Ce, 'Cts Ana , ; • ■ • ."^ Anagrams X or Zd Analysis (chemistry) L, "Lo, 'Loo Anarchy ' H, 'J, sJb, 'Jk Anatomy (medicine) L, ^Q, 'Qa Anatomy (art) L, ''W, "Wj, =Wja Anatomy, Comparative L, ^M, ^O, 'Ob Ancient art L, ^W, 5W12 Ancient geography E, 'G, *Ga Ancient history E, ^F, ^F.Oa Angels B, =Bt, ^Bv Anglican Church B, ^D, 'Dp, 'Dc Angling L, 'V, =Vd, 'Ve Anglo-Saxon Y, "Y45 Animal fights L, ='V, =Va Animal magnetism B, 'Bi, 'Bk Animal manufactures L, "E, ^T. =Tg, 'Tp Animal painting L, =W, "Wp, =Wps Animal products L, ^R, *RJ, =Rp Animal psychology L, ''L, ^M, 'O, 'Oc Animaliculture L, ^R, "RJ Animals, Cruelty to B, "Bsi, 'Bpz, 'Bcjy Annuities (insurance) H, ^I, 'Ih Anonymous books Y, ^Z, 'Zt, 'Zv Anthropology L, "M, ^O, 'Pw Anthropology (Palse-) L, =M, "O, 'Pwa (114) Antimasonry . h, 'k, srz s^xb Antiquities, Biblical B, ^c, J, 3Jb, 'Jb Arithmetic, L, "Lb, 'Lc Armenian Church B, 3D, 'Dj, ''Dfa Armored vessels — L, =1!, 3XJ, -"Un, ^Uu' 'Udm Army regulations L, =R, 3u, 'Uc Arsenals L, "11, 'V, ^Um Alt L, =W Art anatomy L, '^ W, *W.J, ^Wja Art, Ancient L, ''W", 5W12 Art, Christian L, 'W, ^W13 Art, Education in L, "W", 'Wb Art, History of L, 'W, 'Wll Art, Medieval L, =W, =W14 Art, Modern L, 'W, 'WIT An museums and galleries L, ''W, ^Wc Art of travel E, "G, 'Gd Art of war L, -li, 3XJ Art, Prehistoric L, =W, 'Wll, ^W119 Art, Renaissance L, ^W, 'WIC Art, Restoration of objects of. . -L, 'W, ^Way Art schools L, "W, ^Wb Artesian wells L, =R, 33, -Si., %mw Artificial fuels L, "R, "Rt, 'Rs, isrsa Artificial ice L, "R, *Rt, 'Rs, 'SRri Artificial stone L, =R, ^T, 'To, ^Tn Artillery (guns) L, HI, ^U, =Um, '^Uma Artillery (service) L, "R, 3U, 'Uf, ^Ui Artists L, =W, 'WIO Arts, Athletic L, "V Arts, Book Z Arts, Chemical R, "Rt, 3Rs, 'Rq Arts, Decorative Ws Arts, Electrical L, "R, "Rt Arts, Extractive L, ^R, 'Rcz Arts, Fine L, =W Arts, Graphic L, °W, nVp, 'Wl Arts, Industrial L, "I! Arts, Metric L, =R, "Ro Arts, Nautical L, =R, 30, "Un Arts of communication by language X Arts of transportation and communication L, ^R, 3S, ■'St Arts of design L, "W, ''Wp, =Wi. Arts, Productive L, °K, '^Rcz Arts, Recreative jj sy Arts, Useful L 'R Assaying L, ■ Fresh air charity H, 'I, 'Ig Fret-work (architecture) . . .L, =W, "Wr, 'Wro Friction L, "IjH, 'Lns Friends, Doctrines of. . . .B, 'C, "Cc, ^Cp, ^Cif Friendship B, "Bm Frost L, "M, "JIc, 'MRsa Functions (trigonometry). ..L, "Lb, 'Lf, ^Lpp Funerals E, =F, 'Ff Fungi L, =M. 'N, 'Nd Furniture L, ^W, "Ws, 'Ww Furniture (library) T, 'Z, 'Zp, '^Zpt Furs L, "R, "R.T, 'Rps, ""Rpx Future punishment B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, ''Chx Future state B. 'C, "Cc, 'Cp, '^Chl Futurity B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bu, ""Bup G-alatians, Epistle to. .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, Tbwb Galleries, Art L, =W, 'Wo Galvanism L, "Lh. 'Lj Galvanoplasty L, ^R, "Rt, "^Etg Gallican church B, 'D, 'Dk39, "DLSg Gambling H, 'I, "Ib Game laws H, 'K, 'Kc Games L, ^V Games, Outdoor L, =V, 'Yd Gardening L, =R, "Rg, 'Rh Gardens, Zoological L, =M, 'O, 'Oa Gas L, =K, "Rs, Rsg Gas meters L, =R. "Rs, ^Rsh Gas, Natural.' L, =M, "Mc, '■Ml Gases ' ■■I'N Gastronomy L, =R, "Rz, 'Rzz Gauging L, =E, "Rc, 'Res Gazetteers -'^'^ Gems (art) L, =W, "W.J, 'Wk Genealogy ■ -^ Genealogy of the peerage Fw Generation L, =M, '0,_P Generative organs L, =Q, 'Qa Genesis, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbkl Geneva confession B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cj Genius ^' J?^ Genre painting L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wps Geodesy ^^ l^' S"" Geognosy L, =M, "Mc, 'Mn Geog. distribution of animals.. L, 'M, 'O. Oil Geog. distribution of plants. . .L, =M, '^^".^11 Geography and travels E, G Geokx^y. L, ^M. "Mc Geology, Agricultural L, =B, "Rg, JRgb Geometric drawing . .L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmk Geometry ^; '^^^r^'^ Geometry, Curvilinear L, "Lb, 'Le, °Lei. Geometry, Plane L, "Llb, 'Lb 'Led Germ theory of disease L. Q,_yp Gesture X, Xyy (119) Geysers L, =M, OIc, 'Mg, 'Ml Ghosts B, 3Bb, ■'Bt, 5Bx Giant powder L, -E, *Es, 'Est Giants L, =M, '0, =Pwa Gilding L, =K, "T, ^Tg Gipsies L, M, ^O, ^Py Girders L, ''E, ^S, 'Sr Glacial action L, -M, ■*Mc, 'Mk Glaciers L, =M, •'Mc, 'Mj Glass manufacture L, ^E, *Es, 'Eqg Glass painting L, 'W, *^Yp, 'Wpj Glazing L, 'E, ^S, ~Sg, 'Siv Globes, Astronomical L, "'Lb, 'Ltq Gloves L, =W, "Ws, -'Wv Gloves, Manufacture of. . . .L, =E, ^T, 'Tg, 'Tp Glue L, "R, 'Es Gnostic philosophy B, ^Bc Goats L, "E, "Rj, -T^M God, Christian doctrine of B, ^C, "Cc, 5Cf, 'Cga God Non-Christian doctrine of. . . .B, ^Bk, *Bs Gold (metallurgy) L, =E, ■'Ed, ^Ef, 'Efg Gold (mining) L, 'R, "Rd, 'Rdg Gold (polit. econ.) H, ^Hk, ^Hm Goldsmith's work L, nv, "Ws, =Wx Golf L, "V, =Vd, 'Vl Gospels B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbud Gothic architecture L, ^W, "Wf, =Wfg Government H, 'J Grace, Doctrine of B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgb Grading L, ^R, ^S. =Su Grafting L, =R, "Eg, 'Ehf Grape culture L, ^R, ''Eg, 'Ehf Graphic arts L, "W, 'Wl Gravitation L, "Ltef 'Liu Gravity railroads L, ''R, ^S, "Sv, =Stg Greek and Roman philosophy B, 'Bb Greek art L, W, 5W12, 'W127 Greek Fathers 6,^0, "Cc, 'Goe, 'Ccg Greenback party (U. S.) H, ^J, 5Ju83 Greenhouses I', °R, "'Eg, ^Rh Gregorian calendar L, ^R, "Re, 'Ech Gregorian chant L, ''V, "Vv, ^Vz, 'VzB Grottoes L, '^M, "Mc, 'Mnn Guano L, =R, "Eg, 'Rgc Guardians (law) H. ^K, 'Kl Guerillas H, ^j, sjy Guide books E, ^G, 'Gd (with local list) Guilds H, "Hf, 'Hg Guilds, Parish '. . .B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cx Gun cotton L. =Es, "E, 'Est Gun making L, =E, ^T, ^Tg Gunnery L, "E, ^U, "Um, 'Umf Gunnery, Naval L, ^E, ^U, "Un. ^Ut, 'Uto Gunning L, "V, ' Va, 'Vo Gunpowder L, -R, "Rs, 'Ess Gutta percha L, ^E, ^T, 'To Gymnastics L, ^V, "Vs Gynecology ^t'Q, 'Qw Gypsum L, ^M, "Mc, 'Md, 'Mp Habakkuk, Book of . .B, ^c, "Cb, 'Cbe, 'Cbnw Habeas corpus H, 'K, 'Kl Habit B, =Bl Haggai, Book of B, ^c, "Cc, ^Cbk, 'Cbnc Hail L, "M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh Hair, Animal L, ^R, "E.j, ^Ep, 'Ept Hair, Diseases of L, ^Q, ^Qp Hair dressing L, ^W, ^Wv Hand L, "Q, ^Qa Handicrafts L, =E, ^T Handwriting T, ^Z, 'Zd Happiness , B, "Bm Harbor defence L, ^E, ^U, =Uca Harbors (engineering) L, ^E, 'S, "Sl, 'Sif Hardware L, ^E, 'T, 'Th Harem H, "K, ^Kw, 'Kwq Harmony L, 'V, "Vv, 'Vwp Harness making L, ^E, ^T, =Tg, 'Tp Hartford Convention F, ^F8i Hasheesh L, °Q, 'Qm Hats L, 'W, mv Haulage L, "E, "En Hay fever L, ''Q, sQp Health L, "Q, sQh Hearing L, °Q, 'Qd Heat L, "Lh, 'Ll Heating L, ^E, "Sj Heaven B, ^c, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Chb Hebrew language ". . . . Y61 Hebrews, Epistle to . .B, =C, "Cb, ^Cbu, 'Cbuq Heliotyping L, 'W, "Wp, 'Wb Hell B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chw Heraldry F, ^Fv Herbaria L, "M, 'N, 'Na Hereditary succession H, ^j^ s jg Heredity L, ^M, "Mv, 'Mvx Heretics B, ^D, 'De Hermaphrodites L, ^M, -O, 'Ob Hermeneutics, Bible. .B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbb, 'Cbox Heroism B, "Bm Herpetology L, "M, ^0, 'P, 'Pi> Hibernation L, ''M, ^O Hieroglyphics Y, ^Z, ^ZvU Higher algebra L, "Lb, 'Ld Higher education H, 'I, "Ik, 'Ix Highways L, "E, ^S, "St, 'Su Histology L, "Q, =Qa Histology, Vegetable L, M, 'N, 'Nb Historical sciences E History E,/F History, Ecclesiastical B, ^D History, Military L, ^E, 'TJ History, Naval L, ^R, ^U, "Un History of civilization E, ^F, 'Fe History, Works about E, ^F, 'Fa ' Holy Ghost B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgb Holy persons, places, rites . . B, ^Bk, "Bt, 'Btq Holy Roman Empire E, =F47 Homiletics B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cy Homoeopathy L, ^Q Horology L, "E, *Rc, 'EcH Horse (agrio.) L, ^E, "Rj, 'El Horse (zool.) L, ^M, ^O, 'Pg, 'Pm Horse railroads L, ^R, 'S, "Sv, 'Syh Horsemanship L, ^V, 'Vd, 'Vj Horticulture L, ^E, "Eg, 'Eh Hosea, Book of B, =0, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbno Hospitals, management L, ^Q Hot springs L, ""M, "Mc, 'Mll Hours of labor H, "Hf Housekeeping L, ^R, "Ry Household books L, ^R, "Ry Human nature (theol.). .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgc Human proportion (art) L, ''W, "Wj, 'Wja Humane societies H, ^I, 'Ig Humor T, 'Tw Hunting for profit L, ^E, "Ej, 'Eph Hunting for sport L, ^V, 'Vd^ 'Ve Hybridism L, ^M, "Mv, '*Mvx Hydraulic engineering L, ^E, 'S, "Sl Hydraulic machines L, ^E, *T, 'Ta, 'Tb and Td Hydrics, Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics, Hydro- statics L, "Lh, 'Lnh Hydrography E, ^'G, 'Ge Hydrology L, =M, "Mc, 'Me, 'Mj Hygiene L, ^Q, 'Qh Hylics L, "Lh, 'Lhp Hymenoptera L, ''M, ^O, 'Ot, 'Oy Hymns B, "C, "Cc, 'Cw Hypochondria L, ^Q (120) Hypocrisy B, "Bm Hypsometry E, =0r, sQe ]°^ L, =JI, *Mv, <'Mj Ice age . L, =M, mc, Hm Ice manufacture L,'R, ms, '^Rki Ichthyology L, =M .^O ^Py Iconography L, nv, mvs, ^¥144 Ideahsm B ^Bfi }^!o«y '..■.■■.■.'.lV^^qp Mjoms. Y (with local list) idiot asylums jj 3j s j;,^ Idiot schools H ^i' SJ2 Wolatry B,' ^Bb, "Bt, ^Bti lUummants L ^K •'Rs Illuminated books Y, ^Z,'-Zt' ''Zd Illuminating L '^W '•Wp Illusions B 5Bi ^Bk Illustrated books Y, % ^Zt ^Zu Imagination b' ^Bii 'Bi Immigration ■ H, M, ^Jq, ^Js Immortality B, K', ■*Cc, 'Cr, "^Ch Impediments of speech x, 'Xy Inclined plane L ■'Lii 'Li Inclined railroads L, =E, ^S, -iSv/sSy, '"iSyi Income tax jj 4jj j, Incunabula, the books Y, % =Zh, ^Zj Incunabula, the catalogs, etc. . . Y, ^Z, ^Zii, 'Zi Indeterminates L, *Lb, 'Lg Inaexes A ^ Ai Indexing Y, 'Z, ^Za, 'Zc India rubber L, ''E, ^T, 'To Indians (ethnology) L, ^M,' ^O,' =Py Indians, Education of H, ^l', ■'Ik, az Indigestion L, =Q, 'Qp Indoor games L, "V, =Vm, '^Vn Induction B, ^Bg, <'Bh Inductive coil L, -"Lh, ^L j Industrial arts L, ^R Industrial chemistry L, =R, ■'Es, ^Rq Industrial drawing L, °W, ■'Wp, ^VVmn Industrial exhibitions. . '. L, ^I!, 'Ra Infallibility, Papal B, ^C, ■'Cc, 'Cr, K'4ial law H, 'J, 'Jy Martyrs B. 'D, *Dp Masonry L, ^R, 'S, 'So Mass : . . . .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cb, ^Csh Massage L,'Q, 'Qn Masses L, "V, "W, ' Vz, *Vzk Matches L, ''R, "Rs, 'Rsw Materia medica L, "Q, *Qm Materialism B, 'Bfm Materials, Building L, ^R, 'S, %A Materials, Industrial 'Ram Materials, Military L, ''R, 'U, 'Um Materials, Strength of L, "Lh, 'Lns Mathematical geography E, ^G, 'Gb Mathematics L, "Lb Matthew, Gospel of Cbuq Matrimony, Sacrament of. .CsM (see Marriage) Matter B, 'Bp, 'Bg Mausoleums L, ''W, "Wf Maxims B, *Bm, 'Bqt Measures and weights L, ^R, "Ec Mechanic trades L, ^R, 'T, 'Tg Mechanical drawing L, ^R, 'T, 'Taa Mechanical engineering L, ^R, 'T, 'Ta, 'Tc Mechanics L, "Lh, 'Li Mechanics' institutes H, 'I, "Ik, 'II Medals E, '^F, 'Fir Medical botany. ..L, "M, 'N, 'Nz, or L, ^Q, 'Qm Medical ethics L, =Q, 'Qz Medical jurisprudence L, ''Q, 'Qy Medical zoology. .L, M, 'O, 'Pu, or L, ''Q, 'Qm Medicine L, '^Q Medieval art L, ''W, 'W14 Medieval church history B, 'D, 'Do, 'Db Medieval geography E, ^G, 'Gb Medieval history ■, E, 'F04 Medieval philosophy B, 'Be Melancholy B, 'Be Melody L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vwa, »Vwp Memory B, 'Bh, 'Bi Mensuration L, "Lb, 'Lc Mental diseases L, ^Q, 'Qp Mental philosophy -. '. . .B, 'Bh, 'Bi Mercantile associations (educ.)..H, ^I, -Tk, ^II Mercantile association libraries Y, ^Z, =Zp Merchant marine service. .L, ^R, ^U, ■'Un, 'Us Mercury (metal) L, "E, "Rb, 'Rp Mercury (planet) L, *Lb Meridian circles L, ''Lr Mesmerism B, ^Bi, ''Bk Messiah B, ^c, 4Cc, ^Cf, ^Cgii Metagenesis L, ^M, 'O Metal manufactures L, ^R, ^T, ^Th Metal work, Decorative L, =VV, ■'Ws, 'VVy Metallurgy L, m, "Rd. sRf Metals, Chemistry of L, •'Lo, ^Lpm Metamorphism L, =M, ■♦Mc, ^Mg, ''Mm Metaphysics B, ^Bg Meteorology L, ""M, "Mc, 'Mfi, 'Mh Meteors L, -iLe, 'Lt Methodism B, ^D, 'Dl Metric art's L, '^li, '•Re Metric system L, ^R, "Re, 'Rcd Metropolitan railroads. L, ^R, 'S, ''Sv, ^Sy, 'Sym Micah, Book of B, ^iC, ■*Cb, ^Cbk, ^Cbnt Micro-lithology L, ^M, "Mc, ^Md, ""Mf Micro-paleontology L, °M, •'Mc, 'Mq Microphone L, ^R, ■'Rt, ^Rv Microscopy L, ^it, ^Mb Middle ages. See Medieval. Migrations of animals L, '^M, ^O H Mildew L, =M, 3jsr, ^Nd Military art L, "R, ^U, 'U, etc. Military engineering L, "R, ^U, =UcA Military history L, ''R, ^IJ Military-law L, "R, ^u, ^Ub Militia L, ^R, ^lU, "Uf, 'Uk Milk L, "R, "Rg, sRn Milk analysis L, *Lo, ^Loc Millennium 6,^0, fCc, ^Cf, "^Chi Mind B, ^Bh, '■Bi Mind and body B, 'Bi, 'Bj Mind reading B, 'Bi, 'Bk Mineral deposits L, ^M, -"Mc, ^Mm Mineral manufactures L, ^R, ^T, "^Tn Mineral resources and mines. .L, ''R, ''Rd, 'Re Mineral springs L, ^Q, 'Qm Mineralogy L, ''M, ^Md Mines and mineral resources. .L, ^E, "Rd, ""Rb Miniature painting L, ^W, ■'Wp, = Wps Mining L, ^R, ■'Rd Mining laws , L, ^E, ''Rd Miracle plays Y [local mark] D Miracles, New Testament. B,3C,*Cb,=Gbg,'Cbh Miracles, Old Testament. B, ^C, ■'Cb, ^Cbq, ''Cbk Miracles (ecclesiastical history) B, ^D, ^Dq Mirage L, ^M, *Mc, =Mg, 'Mhi Mirrors L, "Lh, ^Lk, 'Lks Missions, Foreign and domestic B, ^I), 'Ds Mist L, ^M, ''Mc, 5Mg. *Mh Mistral L, °M, -"Mc, =Mg, ^Mhn Mithraic worship. .B, ^Bb, *Bt, sBt635, 'Bz63.5 Mnemonics B, =Bipm Moabitic stone X, ''X608 Modern art L, =W, =W17 Modern church history B, ^D, 'Do Modern history F, ^FOS Modern history (last four cent.). .F, ^FOS, =F07 Modern philosophy B, 'Bom, 'Bd Moguls. E,-F69 Mohammedanism B, 'Bk, "Bt^ ^'&z Molecules L, ''Lh, 'Lhp Monarchy J, 'Jb, Vc Monastic orders B, 'D, 'Dgm or Dk Money as a means of commerce. .H, "Hk, 'Hm Money as an object of commerce. H, ''Hk, 'Hn Money market H,* Hk, 'Hn, ''Hr Moruogamy B, 'Bp Monolramists . .' L, ^W, =W10, 'W105 Monoliths E, ''F, 'Ff Monopolies H, *Hk Monotheistic religions B, 'Bk, ''Bt, 'Bya Moon L, "Ln, 'Lv, ^Ly Moraines L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'M j Moral philosophy B, "Bm Mormonism B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bzmo Mortar L, '^R, 'S, ^Sc Mortuary customs E, "^F, 'Fp Mosaic L, °W, "Ws, 'Wt Mosses L, -M, 'I-r, 'Nd Motion L, 'Lgx Motors, Electric L, "^E, ■'Rt 'Rx Mounds L, =M, 'O, 'PwA, ^Pwj Mountain railroads L, ''R, 'S, ■'Sv, 'Syi Mountains L, ^M, ■'Mc, =Mg, <'JMn Jlules L, ni, *Rj, -M!k Mummies E, ^F71 Municipalities H, 'J, 'Jw Munitions of war L, °R, 'U, 'TJm Murder H, 'I, ■'Ib Museums, Art L, '^ W, ' Wc Museums, Botanical L, -M, ■'N, 'Na Museums (general) A, 'Am Museums of natural history Ma Museums, Zoological L, ^M, 'O, 'Oa Mushrooms L, ''M, 'N, 'Nd Music L, ^V, ■'Vv Music, History of L, "V, ■'Vv, 'Vw Music, Instrumental L, ^V, ■'Vv, 'Vya Music, Religious L, ^V, ■'Vv, 'VzR Music, Theory of L, ^V, •'Vv, 'VwA Music, Vocal L, "V, ■'Vv, 'Vz Musical instruction L, ^V, Vv, 'Vx Musical instruments L, ^V, Vv, 'Vx Musical works L, ° V, Vv, ' Vt Musicians, Biog. of E, ■'Vv, 'VwlO Mysteries (religious plays) . . . Y [local mark]D Mystic religions. Mysticism. B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bym Mythology, Botanic.. . .B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bu, *Bub Mythology, Comparative B, 'Be, ■'Bt, 'Btc Mythology, Zoological . .B, 'Be, ■'Bt, 'Bu, ^Bub, or L, =M, 'O, 'Pv Nahum, Book of B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbmtj Names X Narcotics L, ''Q, 'Qm National administration H, 'J, 'Jv National bibliography Zx National character H, '.J, 'JA National constitutions H, 'J, ' Jt National institutions H, 'J, 'Jt National politics H, 'J, ' Jtr Nationalism H, 'J, 'Jb, 'Jj Natural gas L, =M, ■'Mc. ^Mi- Natural history L, ^M Natural history. Marine L, =M, 'Mz Natural history museums L, "M, Ma Natural history voyages L, ^M 1 1-99 Natural magic L, "^V, 'Vr Natural philosophy L, ■'Lh Natural selection L, 'il, ■'Mv Natural theology, B, ■'Br, 'Bs Naturalization H, 'J, ' Jq, '^J s Nature worship B, 'Bk, ■'Bt. ^Btn Nautical arts L, "E, 'U, ■'Un Naval architecture L, =R, 'U, ■'Ux, 'Uu Naval battles L, =R, 'U, "Un, 'Uo Naval biography L, "K, 'U, "Un, 'UnIO Naval equipment L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Ut Naval history L, 'R, 'U, "Un Naval law L, 'R, "Un, 'Ur Naval manreuvres L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Uq Naval organization L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Up Naval service L, ^R, 'U, "Un, 'Us Naval tactics L, ^R, 'U, "Un, 'Uq (123) Navigation L, ^E, ^U, "Un, 'Uq, 'Upn Kavy yards L, "K, ^U, "Un, ^Ut Nebular hypothesis L, ■'Lb Needlework L, °W, "Ws, 'Wv Negroes, Education of H, ^I, 'Iz Nehemiah, Book of B, ^C, Cb, =Cbk, 'Cblb Neolithic age L, ^M, ^O, 'Pw, 'Pwf Neo-Platonists B, ^Bb Nervous system Lj^Q, ^Qa Nestorian church B, ^D, ^Dpn Neutrals H, ^J, sJy New Testament 6,^0, ■'Cb, =Cbp N. T., Works about the.B, ^C, "Cb.sCbp, ^Cbq Newspapers Y, 'Z, 'Zy Nicene creed B, ^C, ■'Co, =Cj, 'Cjaaa Nihilism H, ^J, sJb, 'Jk Nitro-glycerine L, ^E, ■'Es, ''Est Nobility E, F, ^Pw Nomenclature of science L, ^La Non-Christian religions B, ^Bk, *Bt Non-local religions B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Bz Non-Jurors E, ^F45 Non-resistance H, ^J, 'Jq Normal schools H, ^I, *lK, 'Ip Northwest passage E, ^G14 Notes and queries A, 'A3!T Numbers, Book of . , . .B, =C, ''Cb, 'Cbk, *Cbku Numismatics F, 'FN Nunneries B, 'D, 'Dgm, or Db Nursing L, ^Q Oaths H, ^K, =Kl Obadiah, Book of B, ^C, -iCb, =Cbk, 'Cbnb Observatories L, ■'Le, 'Ls Obstetrics L, "Q, 'Qw Occult powers B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Bu, 'Bug Oceans L, ^M, ■'Mo, 'Mg, 'Mj Ootateuch 6,^0, ■'Cb, 'Cbk Oddfellows H, ^K, 'Kz, ^Kxo Oil L, =E, 5Es. ''Esc Oil, Mineral L, 'M, ■'Mc, =Mg, 'Mp on painting L, 'W, "Wp, ^Wpd Old Catholics B, 'D, =Dgb, or Db Old Testament B, ^0, ■'Cb, 'Cbf O. T., Works about B, ^C, ■'Cb, =Cbg, etc. Oleomargarine L, ^E, ■'Es, 'Rb Oligarchy H, ^ J, Jb, 'Je Omnipotence B, ^C, ■'Cc, 'Cr, 'Cga Ontogenesis L, ^M, ■'Mv Ontology B, 5Bq Operas L, ^V ,^'Vv, 'Vz, 'Vzo Optical instruments L, ■'Lh, 'Lk, 'Lks Optics L, ■'Lh, 'Lk Oracles B, "Bt, 'Btc Oratorios L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vz, ^VzK Oratory (art) X, 'Xx-Xz Oratory (speeches) X, 'Xz, and Y, 'Ys Orchids L, =M, ^N, =Ne Ordeal by battle, fire, etc H, ^K, 'Kl, ^Kv Orders of architecture L, ''W, ■'Wf. 'Wfg Orders of knighthood E, ^F, 'Ft Ordnance, Naval L, E, ^U, ■'TJsr, 'Ut, 'Uto Organic chemistry L, ■'Lo, 'Lcj Organic geological deposits.. .L, ^M, ■'Mo, 'Mm Oriental philosophy B, 'Ba Oriental religions B, 'Be, ''Bt, 'B? Origin of man L, ''M, ^O, PwA Origin of species L, ^M, ''Mv, 'Mw Ornament L, ^W, ■'Ws Ornament, Architectural . . .L, ^W, ■'Wf, 'Wfo Ornament, Sculptural L, ''W, ■'Wj, =Wjo Ornithology L, ''M, '0, 'Pe Orphan asylums H, 'I, 'Ig Orthography X Ottoman empire E, ^F29 Outdoor sports L, ^V, ' Vd (124) Ozone L, ■'Lo Paint L, ^E, ■'Es Painter-engravers L, ^W, ■'Wp, ^Wq, 'Wqb Painting L, "W, ■'Wp-Wpz Painting and glazing L, 'R, 'S, 'Sg, 'Si Paintings, Eestox-ationof . . .L, 'Vf, ''Wp, 'Wpy Paleobotany L, ''M, "Mc, =Mq Paleography Y, % ^Zv, 'Ze Paleontology L, "^M, "Mo, 'Mij Paleontology, Local L, 'M, "Mo, ^Mq Paleozoology L, ^M, "Mo, M Palimpsests Y, ^z, 'Zu Palmistry B, "Bt, sBit Pantheism B, "Be, 'Bs Paper manufacture L, ^E, 'T, 'To Paper money H, "Hk, =Hm Papering L, "E, ^S, sSg, 'Siw Parallax '. . .L, "Lb Paraphrases, Bible. . . .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbd, 'Cbdp Parasitic plants L, ^M, ^N, 'Nc, 'Nt Parasitic zoology Pu Parks, Public L, ^W^ nVia Parliamentary debates H, ^K, ^K45m Parliamentary practice H, 'K, 'Ki Parodies Y, ^ Yw Parties (in politics) H, y, 'Ja Partisan corps L, =E, ^U, 'Uf, 'Ul Pasigraphy Y, 'Z, =Zd, ^Zdw Passion plays Y [local mark] D Pastoral theology B, ^C, "Co, 'Cx Patents L, ""E, 'Eb Pathology L, ^Q, 'Qp Patriotism B, "Bm, or H, 'J, 'J a Patristic philosophy B, 'Be Patristics B, ^C, "Co, 'CcE Pauperism H, 'I, Ug Pawnbroking H, "Hk, ^Hn, 'Hp Peace H, =J(i Peat L, ^E, "Es,' 'Esp Pedagogics H, 'i, "Ik, ^p Pedestrianism L, ^V, "Vs Peerages p, 'Fw Pen drawing L, ^W, "Wp, =Wm, 'Wmb Penal law H, 'K, 'Kn Penance 'B, ^C, "Co, 'Ce, 'Csp Penmanship Y, ='Z, 'Zd, 'Zdk Pentateuch B, 'C, "Cb, ^Cbk, 'Cbko Perception B, 'Bh, 'Bi Perfection, Doctrine of . .B, ^C, "Cc, "Cf, 'Cge Perfumery L, ^R, "Et, =Es, 'Rqp Periodicals (general) A, =Ap Periodicals (special) under their subject, with '7 Pernicious literature B, "Bm, 'Bq Perpetual motion L, "Lh, 'Lik Persecutions B, 'D, 'Dp Perseverance B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cge Persian art L, ^W, SW12, 'W12a Personal property H, "He, ^Hw, 'Hy Personal rights H, ^K, 'Kl, 'Kp Personality ; B, 'Bf, 'Bg Perspective L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmb Pessimism B, =Bep, 'Bfp Pests, Agricultural L, 'E, "Eg, 'Egg Peter, .Epistles of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbit, 'Cbwt Petrographic geology L, ''M, "Mo, 'Mm Phanerogams L, ^M, 'N, ^Nb Pharmacy L, ^Q, 'Qm Philanthropy (morals) B, "Bm, 'Bq Philemon, Epistle to. . B, ^C, "Cb, =Cbu, 'Cbwp Philippians, Epistle to.B, ^C, "Cv, 'Cbu, 'Cbwp Philology X (see note in 6th Classification) Philosophy B Philosophy of history E, ^F, 'Fd Phoenician art L, ^W, =W12, 'W124 Phonetics Y, ^Z, 'Zd, 'Zds Phonography Y, ='Z, 'Zd. ^Zdu Photography. l, ^W, "Wp, =We Photohthography L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wk Photometry L^ 4Lij j^jj Photozincography L, =W, ■'Wp, 'Wk Phrenology B, 'Bj, ^Bje Phylogenesis L, ^M, ■•M\' Physical culture L ^V *Vs Physical geography L, "M, nMc.'^Mo Physics, Physical sciences L iLh Physiognomy B, =Bj, '^Bjr Physiography L, =M, "xMc, 'Mg Physiological esthetics B, ^Bi 'Bj Physiological psychology B,' ^Bj Physiology L, ^Q, 'R, 'S, ^Sj Sanitary science L, ^Q, ^Qs Satire, Pictorial L, ^W, "Wp, ^Wm, 'Wmv Savings bank H, ^I, *Ih Scarlet fever L, "Q, 'Qp Scepticism .B, =Be, 'Efs Scholastic philosophy B, 'Be School architecture L, ^W, "Wf, 'Wh Schools H, 'I, "Ik, 'Iu Science and religion (nat. tlieol.) B, 'Bs Science and religion (Bible and science) B, 3C, sCb Science and religion (Christian evidences) B, 3C, "Cb, 'Cbcs Sciences and arts L Sciences, Natural L, 'La Scientific instruments .L, 'La Sculptural ornament L, ^W, *Wj, 'Wjo Sculpture L, =W, "Wj Sculpture, Restoration of. . .L, ''W, "Wj, 'Wjy Sea L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mj Seals, Carving on L, ^W, "Wj, 'Wk Seamanship L, % ^U, "Un, 'Uej, 'Upn Seasons L, *Le Second advent B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chi Second sight B, 'Bj, 'Bk Secret societies K, 'Kz, 'Ky Secular architecture ^W, "Wr, 'Wh Selections of reading Y, ^Z, 'Zz Senses B, 'Bj Sepulture B, 'Br, "Bt, 'Btq Serfdom, Russian H, *Hf, 'Hi54 Sericulture S, ''R, "Rj, 'RJD Serpent worship B, ^Be, "Bt, 'Bts Servants L, ''R, "Ry, 'Rys Sewerage L, ''R, ^S, "Sj, 'Skd Sex in education H, ^K, 'Kw, 'KwE Sexual morality B, *Bm, 'Bq Sexual relations H, ^K, 'Kw, 'KwJ Sexual selection L, ^M, *Mv, 'Mw Sheep L, "R, "Rj, 'Rm (126j Slielf listing Zqj Shell heaps L, "U, ^O, 'Pw Shelving, Library Zpu Shipbuilding L, =1!, ^U, "Un, ^Uu Ship canals L, m, ^S, ■'Sl, 'Ss Ship railroads L, "K, ^S, ^Sy, 'Sys Ships L, "E, ^r, 4xj]sr, svu Shipwrecks L, Hi, ^U, "Un, 'Ux Shoemaking L, =E, ^T, ^Tg Shorthand Y, 'Z, ^Zd, ''Zds Sieges L, =E, ^U, 'Ub Sight L, "Lh, sLk Signal (not weather) service. L,°E, ^U, ^Uf, 'Ufs Silk manufacture L, =E, ^'l\ ^Tc ^Ts Silkworms L, =1!, *E j, ^E JD Silver (metallurgy) I,, =E, "Ed, ^Uf Silver (minine) L, =E, ■'Ed Silver (polit. econ.) H, "Hk, 'Hm Silversmith's work L, ''W, ■'Ws, ^Wx Simony B, ^C. ^Cp Simoon L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mg, ""Mhn Sin B, 3C, *Cc, 5Cr, '■Cgc Singing L, -V, =Vx Sirocco L, ''M, 'Mc, 'Mg, ''Miin Sisterhoods B, ^D, 'Db Skating L, "V, =Vh Skepticism, (philosophy) B, ^Bfs Skin L, ^Q, 'Qx Skins L, "^E, "E.!, 'Rps Slavery H, "Uf, 'Hi Slavery in the U. S H, *Hf, ''Hi a Sleep. L,-Q,5QAC(.nd Q,E,and (in Psychology) Bj Snakes L, =^M, ^O, =Pd Snow L, =M, *Mc. ^Mg, <'Mh Soapmaking L, ^E, ■'Es, ''Eqso Social contract H, 'J, 'J A Social distinctions H, ^J, 'Ja Social ethics B, ■'Bm, ^Bq, Social sciences H Socialism H, ^J, '^ Jb, Mil Societies, (general) transactions A, 'As Societies H, ^K, 'Kx Socinians B, 'D, 'Dl Sociology H, ^I Socratic philosophy B, 'Bb Soils L, =E, "Eg, 'Rgb Sol fa system L, =V, *Vv, =Vx Solar system L, ■'Lk, 'Lv Solids L, *Lh, =Lns Solitude B, *Bm Somnambulism B, =B.i, 'Bk Song of Solomon B, ^0, "Cb, 'Cbk Songs (music) L, "V, =Vz, ''Vzc Sophists B, 'Bb Sorcery B, *Bt, 'Bw Soteriilogy B, ='C, *Cc, =Cf, <^Cgg Soul B,-'Bb,=Bs Sound L, *Lti, 'Lm Speakers and readers (books) X, 'Xz Special creation L, "M, -'JIv Species, origin of L, "M, ''Mv, 'Mw Specimens of printing Y, ^Z, 'Zh, %tT Spectacles (shows) L, 'Y Spectacles (for the eyes) L, ^Lk Spectres B, ^Be, -Bt, =Bx Spectroscopy L, 'Lu, 'Lmb Spectrum L, -tLH, 'Lk, '■Lkl Speeches T, 'Ypoca.l markjs Spherical trigonometry L, ''Lb, 'Lf, "^Lfs Spinning L, =R, n^ 'Tg, 'Tq Spiritism B, 'Bb, -Bt, 'Bxs Spiritual wives H, 'K, 'Kw, 'Kwt Spoils system H, ^J, 'Jv Sports L, '^V Sports, Fighting L, 'V, ' V A Sports, Outdoor L, =V, 'Vd Springs L, =M, ■'Mc, =S[g, ""iM,! Springs, Mineral L, -(,), -"Qm Staif (military) L, '^E, 'U, H'f, '^Ufa Stage. >See Theatre. Stairs L, =1!, ^s, ^Sci, "SiiH Stammering X, ''Xyx Stars L, *Lk, 'Lt State, The H, 3J,<>Ja Statics L, ■'Lii, "^Lib Statistics U, 'Hb Statute law H, ='K, 'K[local markjL Statute law (comparative).. . .H, 'K, 'Ki,, '"Km Steam engines L, ^E, 'T, 'Ta, ''To Steamships L, =E, ^U, ■'Un, 'Uu, 'Uus Steel L, -E, 'T, 'Tg, 'Tk Stellar system L, ''Ln^ 'Ls Stereopticou L, 'Lh, 'Lk, ^Lks Stereoscope L, ''Lii, 'Lk, ""Lks Sterics L, ''Lii, 'Lns Stimulants L, -Q, 'Qm Stock exchange H, ''Hk, 'Hn, 'He Stocks and bonds H, 'Hk, 'Hn, 'Hk Stoic philosophy B, 'Bb Stone (as building material) L, ^E, 'S, 'Sc Stone age L, ^M, 'O, 'Pw, 'Pwp Stone carving L, =W, *Wj, 'Wk Stone cutting L, =E, 'T, 'Tg, 'Tn Storage batteries L, 'Lj Storms L, ^M, '•Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh Stoves L, =^E, *T, 'Th Strategy L, =E, ^T, 'IToA Stratification L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mm Streets L, ^E, 'S, ■'St, 'Su Strength of materials L, ■'Lh, 'Lns Strikes H, ■'Hf, 'Hg Structural botany L, -M, ^N, 'Nb Structural geology L, ''M, ■'Mc, 'Mn Stuttering X, 'Xyx Subject bibliography Y, 'Z, 'Zy, 'Zw Submarine boats. .. .L,^E, ^U, ■'Usr, 'Uu, 'UuY Submarine telegraph L, 'E, 'Ku Succession (law) H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Ks Suffrage H, 'J, 'Jo Sun L, Lk, 'Lv, 'Lw Sunday B, 'C, ■'Cc, 'Ck, 'Cts Sunday opening of libraries. . . Y, 'Z, 'Zq, 'Zqe Sunday schools B, 'C, ■'Co, 'Cx Sunday schools. History of B, 'D, 'Dv Supernatural , B, 'Bb Supernatui-al beings B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bv Superstitions B, 'Be, ''Bt, 'Ba Surfaces for painting L, =W, "Wp, 'Wpj Surgery L, ^Q, 'Qs Surnames X Surveying E, ^^G, 'Gb Surveys E, =G, 'Gs Suspension bridge L, "E, 'S, 'Sf Swedenborgians B, C, "Co, 'Cr, 'Ci Swimming L, "V, ''Vd, 'Vp Swine L, "E, "Ej, 'Em Sylvjfi L, =M, 'X, 'Xc, 'Nx Symbolism, Christian L, "W, 'W13, 'W144 Synonyms X (with local list) Syriac fathers B, 'U, ''Cc, 'Ccic, 'Cos Syrian art L, 'W, 'W12, 'W125 Tablelands L, 'M, ''Mc, 'Mg, 'Mn Tableaux vi vants L, "T, 'Vt, 'V ut Tactics, Military L, =E, 'U, 'tToA Tactics, Naval L, =R, 'U, ''UN, 'Uq Takigraphy Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdt Talmud B, 'C, "Oa, 'Cad Taming of animals L, "E, ■'E.T, 'E.JA Tanning L, 'E, E j, 'Eps. 'Ept Tapestrv L, =W, ''Ws, 'Wu, 'WuA (127) Tariffs H, *Ht, niu Taxation H, ■'Ht Taxidermy L, =R, "Kj, =Rpv Teaching H, ^i, t^K, 'ip Teclmical drawing L, "W, ♦Wp, 'VVmn Teolinology L, ^R Technology, chemical L, ''E, *Rs, ''Rq Teeth ....L. =Q, HJv Telegraph L, =R, ■>Rt, Hiv Teleology L, 'M, *Mv, ^Mxz Telepathy B, =Bj, ''Bk Telephone L, ""R, *Rt, 'Kv , Telescope L, *Lr, 'Lbl, Temperance H, ^I, =Ib Templars E, ^F, 'Ft Ten commandments. .B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbkh Tenure of office H, 'J, 'Jv Terra cotta L, "W, "Wj, HVkn, HVkx Terra cotta architecture.. . .L, =W. ''Wf, 'VVft Terrestrial magnetism. . .L, ^51, •'Mc, -'Mg, 'Ml Textile decorations ^,^W, "VVs, 'Wu Textile fabrics, manufacture. . . .L, ^E, 'T, ''Ts Textile fabrics, design, L, ''W, "Ws, 'Wu, nVuT Theatre L, "V, ■'Vt Theatrical biography L, ^V, *Vt, 'Vtt Theatricals, Private L, ^V, "Vt, ''Vup Theism B, "Ub, 'Bs Theology, Christian B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cr Theosophy B, ^Br, *Bt, 'Bzt Therapeutics I^, 'Q, 'Qn Therraics, Thermodynamics L, ■'Lh, ^Ll Thessalonlans, Epistle to the B, ^C, *Cb, 'Cbit, Cbwi Thieves, Protection against L, °R. 'Uz Thorough bass L, ^V, *Yv, 'VwA, 'Vwp Thunder and lightning . . L, ^M, ''Mc, 'Mg, 'Mi-iw Tides L, 'M, ■'Mo, ^Mg, 'Mjb Time arts .L, ^R, 'Ro, '■RcH Time superstitions B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Btj, 'But Timothy, Epistle to. . .B, 'C, "Cb, =CBtJ, 'Cbwl Tin L, "R, ^T, 'Tm Tithes B, 3C, sCp Titus, Epistle to 6,^0, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbwo Tobacco (its use) H, % "Ib Toilet L, =R, *Ry, 'Ryt Tombs B, ^Bb, "Bt, 'Btq Tools L, =R, =T, 5Tf Tools, Agricultural L, ^R, 'Re, 'Rqe Topography E, 'G, 'G-E Tornadoes L, °M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mhp Torpedoes, marine. .L, ^R, ^U, "Uh, 'Ut, 'Utt Torts H, 3K, sKl, 'Kp Torture H, 'K, =Kl, 'Ku Town sanitation L, =R, ^S, "Sj, 'Sk Toxicology L, ^Q, 'Qm . Toys, Manufacture of L, "R, ^T, 'Tpx Tractarianism 13, ^D, 'Db Traction L, "R, ='S, "St, 'Stt Trade H, "Hk Trade marks L, =R, 'Rat Trade winds L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh Trades unions H, "Hf, 'Hg Transit instruments L, "Lh Transmutation (alchemy) L, "Lo, 'Lnz Transmutation (biology) L, =^M, *Mv Transpoi-tation (polit. econ.) H, "He, 'H.J Transportation, Arts of L, "R, ^s, "St Transportation of criminals H, 'I, "Ib, 'Ie Travels E, ^G Treaties H, 'J, Mz Treatment of animals B, "Bm, 'By Trent, Council of B, 'D, 'Dnt Trial by jury H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Kits Trials H, 'K, 'Kx, 'Kv Triangulation E, "G, =Ge Trigonometry L, "Lb, 'Lf Trigonometry, Plane L, "Lb, 'Lf, 'Lfp Trigonometry, Spherical... L, "Lb, 'Lr, 'Lfs Trinity '. .B, 'C, "Cb, =Cf, 'Cob Troubadours (poetry) Y, 'Y39p Troubadours (literary history) Zy'69p Trunks L, ^R, 'T, 'Tp Trusses L, ni, 'S, 'Sb Trusts (polit. econ. ) H, "Hk Tunnels L, "R, 'S, 'Sb Turning L, ' W, 'Wk Type, Printing Y, % 'Zh, 'Zht Typhoons L, "M, "Mc, 'Mo, 'Map Understanding B, 'Bh, 'Bi Unearned increment H, "He, =Hw, 'Hx Ungulata L, ^M, 'O, =Pg, 'Pm Unitarianism . .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgl and CiUN Universal history E, '^F Universal salvation B, 'C, 'Cf, 'Chz Universities H, 'I, "Ik, =Il University extension H, '1, "Ik, 'II Unlucky days B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bu, 'But Unseaworthy ships. L, "R, 'U, *Un, 'Uu, 'Uux Useful arts L, ''R Vaccination L, ^Q, 'Qh Valleys L, "M, "Mc, 'Mq, 'Mn Value L, ^R, "Re, 'Rex Variation of species L, ^M, 'Mv, 'Mw Varnishing L, =R, 'S, 'So, 'Siv Vedas B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bz Vegetable manufactures L, 'R, 'T, 'To Vegetarianism L, ^Q, 'Qn Ventilation ...L, ^R, 'S, 'Sj Ventriloquism L, ^V, 'Ve Vermin, Agricultural L, ''E, "Rg, 'Rqg Vertebrates L, ^M, 'O, 'P Veterinary medicine L, ^R, "Rj, 'Ro Vibration L, "Lh, 'Lim Village communities H, 'J, '.Iw Visible speech Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdv Vision L, "Lh, 'Lk Vitality L, ^M, "JIv Vivisection B, "Bm, 'Bqt Vocal music L, 'V, "Vv, 'Vz Voice (in singing) L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vxv Voice (in elocution) X, 'Xyv Volcanic showers L, ''M, "Mc, 'Mfi, 'Mhc Volcanoes L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Ml Voting H, '.1, 'Jm Wages H, "Hp Walking L, ^V, 'Vd, 'Vh Walls L, ''E, 'S, 'Sde War and peace H, 'J, ' Jq War, Art of L, "E, 'U Watchmaking L, ^1^, 'Kc, 'RcH Wasps L, =M, '0, 'Ot, 'Oy Water color painting. L, ^W, *Wp, 'Wpd, 'Wph Water power L, "R, 'S, 'Sl, 'Slx Water spouts L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mhs Water supply L, "R, 'S, 'Sl, 'Sm Water ways L, % 'S, 'Sl, 'Sp Wave motion L, "Lh, 'Lim Wealth H, "He, 'Hw Weather service L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh Weaving L, ^R, 'T, 'To, 'Ts Weeds L, "R, "Rg, 'Rgg Weight L, 'R, "Rc, 'Rcw Weights, Atomic L, "Lo Weights and measures L, 'E, "Ec Wells L, =E, 'S, "Sl, 'Smw Wheeling (cycling) L, "V, 'Vd, 'Vi Whirlwinds L, "M, Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh Wills, law of H, 'K. 'Ke, =Kksw Winds L, M, «Mc» 'Mg, 'Mh (128) "Wit and humor Y,sT [local mark]wond Zy [local marklw Witclicraft B, ^Bn, ibt sBw Woman H^ ^K, 'Kw-Kwz Wood carving L ^W ^ Wk Wood engraving L, =W, m'p, %q, Wqc Woolen manufacture L, °R ''T ^Tu Works, Doctrine of B, ^C, ■•Cc, 'Cr, ''Cqb Worlds, Plurality of L ■'Lit Worship. B,' •'Bk, 5Bs Worship, Christian doctrine of „ • ■ •. B, 'C, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Ct Wresthng L,'V, sVa, ^Vb Writing T, 3Z, sZd Writing, character in V, ^z, ^Zd, ^Zdc Writing materials T, Z, ^Zd ''Zdm Wycliffe's version of the Bible B, ^C, "Cb, *Cbab "Yachts 3xj^ 4Ui^^ sxju, sp^T Yellow day, The L, =M, "Mo, ^Mg, ^Mhc Young men's Christian association. B, 'D, 'Du Zeohariah, Book of. . .B. 'C, "Cb, 'Obk, "^Cbnt Zephaniah, Book of.. .B, ^C, "Cb, =Cbk, ^Cbnw Zoography L, =M, ^o, sQd Zoological gardens and museums L,=M, 'O, sQa Zoological mythology.. . .B, Br, ■'Bt, 'Bu, *Bub Zoological psychology B, sBi, '^Bky, (instinct). L, "M, ^O, ^Oc Zoology L, ^M, 30 -P ADDENDA. Boat building L, "R, ^u, "Un, ^Uu Gypsies L, =M, ^O, 'Px Home decoration L, ^W, "Ws, ^Wsh Indians, N. Araer F. =F80, 'F801 Infantry tactics L, "R, ^U, *Uf, ^Ug PRELIMINARIES OF EACH CLASS Every large class, as History, Education, Science, Architecture, has in it certain works (such as Dictionaries, Periodicals, Atlases, or Tables) of a general character, but differing in form from the other books. These, for practical reasons, it is well to group together ; and it is especially desirable to give them the same mark in every class, so that they can always be found in the same part of the class. It is also often convenient to collect in the same neigh- borhood the books which treat of certain general aspects of the subject, its history, for instance, its biography, its philosophy. And, finally, it is well to separate from the books written by single authors, which are arranged alphabetically by their author's names, those that are the work of several persons, in which denom- ination come periodicals and the publications of societies, when kept together. The nine digits prefixed to the author-marks will conveniently mark these preliminary divisions, thus : (129) 1 Theory of the subject 2 Bibliography of the subject 3 Biography of the subject, i. e., lives of persons connected with it 4 History of the subject 5 Dictionaries of the subject 6 Hand-books, etc., of the subject 7 Periodicals limited to the subject 8 Societies devoted to the subject 9 Collections of works on the subject by several authors These numbers may be added to any class-number, e. g., Y Eng- lish literature, Y • 7 an English literary periodical ; Zq Libraries, Zq ■ 7 The Library Journal, etc., Zq • 8 The American Library Asso- ciation, etc. ; Y44 French literature, Y44 • 9 a collection of extracts from French writers, or a collection of the works of several French writers; Fn Numismatics, Fn' 7" a numismatical journal. This use of figures is readily distinguished from that in the locay list because the form divisions and the collections are marked by one figure only, whereas places are marked by two or more. My experience has been that I very seldom have occasion to use 1; 2 and 3 I do not use at all, preferring to put all subject bibliography in Zw, and all biography in E; 8 is used for the Charters, Rules, Histories, Proceedings, and many of the publica- tions of societies, but it seems to me better to break up the sets of many societies, whose works have only the coherence of a name, and put the volumes under their respective subjects. The advantage of having all the issues of a publication society together is seldom great (unless the society confines itself to one narrow subject), and is outweighed by the convenience of finding each work with the subject which it specially illustrates. BISCOE DATE-LETTERS The chronological arrangement which is often desirable may be marked either by the use of the date in full, which I think best in arranging a large collection of Greek or Latin classics (as Y36-C7g-1881 = Wilkins' edition of Cicero's De oratore, Oxford, 1881-92), or by an ingenious set of date-abbreviations devised by Mr. W. S. Biscoe. His table is as follows (I have taken the liberty to divide the A, which he uses for Antiquity, into 26 sections) : (130) A B. C. Aa Beginning to 2000 Ab 1999-1000 Ac 999-900 Ad 899-800 Ae 799-700 Af 699-600 Ag 599-500 Ah 499-450 Ai 449-425 Aj 424-400 Ak 399-375 Al 374-350 Am 349-325 An 324-300 Ao 299-275 Ap 274-250 Aq 249-225 Ar 224 - 200 As 199-175 At 174-150 Ex. The battle of Salamis 480 b.c. Caesar slain 44 b.c. Columbus discovers America The Civil War in the United States M6 The battle of Gettysburg Au 149-125 Av 124-100 Aw 99-75 Ax 74-50 Ay 49-25 Az 24-0 B A.D.-999 C 1000-1499 D 1500-1599 E 1600-1699 F 1700-1799 G 1800-1809 H 1810-1819 I 1820-1829 J 1830-1839 K 1840-1849 L 1850-1859 M 1860-1869 N 1870-1879 1880-1889 P 1890-1899 Ah Ay or (exact date) Aye C492 es M6 M63 ' METHOD OF ARRANGING BIOGRAPHY The persons whose lives are told — the subjects of the biog- raphies — are the subdivisions in this class. The names are indicated like authors' names, by an initial and a figure or two from the order-table, as E Lives Ec6 Life of Clinton Eab2 Life of Abbot Ecy Life of Cooper Eb39 Life of Beecher Eem3 Life of Emerson The subarrangement is, as usual, by the authors' names. As there are seldom many lives of the same person, the initial of the author's name is usually sufficient to distinguish them, and it (131) EcyS EG76 2 EG76 A EG76 Bl EG76 Bll EG76 • Elm .EG76 • B6 EG76 • C is desirable to make the author-mark short, because the class- mark must necessarily be long. Even when there are several lives the authors' names are not likely to have the same initial. If they do, a figure must be added. Different lives of the same person by the same author are distinguished by adding the initial of the title, e. g.. Gen. Grant's Memoirs Gen. Grant's Memoirs, 2d copy Arnold's Life of Grant Badeau's Grant in peace Badeau's Life of Grant Badeau's Military history of Grant Boston. Memorial of Grant Coppee's Grant Artists It is best in most libraries to mass the individual lives in E, and not distribute them in various classes to which they may seem to belong, a warrior's life in the art of war, a physician's in medicine, a statesman's in history, an ambassador's in international law, and so on. The reason is that a considerable number of lives do not illustrate any class ; others illustrate several subjects, and one does not know under which to put them ; and, moreover, it is a great convenience to know that a life is sure to be in one definite class, and not to have to pause to think in what class the man belongs. There is, how- ever, an exception to be made to this rule in the lives of artists. These generally contain so many specimens of the works, of the artists that they ought to be put with Art. A similar exception may be made with the lives of Actors and of Musicians, although there is not so strong a reason for making it. Autobiographies There are many autobiographies, some of them called Recol- lections, Reminiscences, and the like, in which the life of the author serves merely as a cord upon which to string portraits and anecdotes of his contemporaries. Such are Cockburn's Memor- ials of his time, Greville^s Memoirs, Capt. Gronow's Reminis- cences, Lennox's Celebrities I have known, Raikes' Journal, Red- (132) ding's Fifty Years' Recollections, Crabb Robinson's Diary. Theoretically, if classed by their subject, these belong (at least, the extreme cases) rather in the collective biography of the coun- try and time than in the single biography. But for practical convenience I incline to put them in the single biography. It is really a question of where the line of demarcation between the two classes should be drawn. All biographies have some inform- ation about contemporaries ; almost all of these reminiscences contain a little of the life of the author. The public will not usually know how great is this modicum of life, and will expect to find the work with the single lives ; therefore I would put them there. This is analogous to putting the correspondence of a man (meaning letters to as well as by him), which is really a collection of works by several authors, under his name in individual biog- raphy (or in English literature and letters, if that placing is adopted). It may be objected that he who is looking for the biography of a country and a period is defrauded by the arrangement. True, but so he is wherever the line is, drawn. All lives, as I said above, tell something about contemporaries. This is a difficulty that can be removed only by the catalog. There is the same trouble in classing the lives of persons of great historical import- ance. W: H. Hutton's " Simon de Montfort and his cause," and J. H. Round's " Geoffrey de Mandeville, a study of the anarchy," are professedly much more historical than biographical ; any one who was familiar with them would expect to find them in history ; yet one may hesitate to put them there.* There are many simi- lar cases. No library is completely equipped for service unless either (i) the lives are distributed on the shelves according to the subjects which they illustrate, and the catalog contains an alpha- betical list of them all; or (2) the lives are put on the shelves alphabetically, and each one is entered in the catalog under the subject or subjects which it bears upon. As these lives which illustrate several subjects — and they are many — can be put in the catalog under every one of their subjects, but on the shelves can appear under only one, as therefore arrangement of biography by subject can be com- *The French Memoires i^our servir profess to be historical, and need not to be considered here. ' (133) plete in the catalog and can never be complete on the shelves, while alphabetical arrangement can be equally complete in both cases, we do the most thorough work by using order (2). It may be asked why this argument does not apply to the whole library and prove that arranging all the books in one alphabetical order on the shelves is the best, if combined with a classed catalog. The answer is that the argument holds good and this arrangement is best wherever the ready finding of the works of a known author is the most pressing need of the library. But when the ready and comfortable investigation of subjects is of more consequence, as it is in a majority of libraries, the convenience of a single alphabet for all the books is not so great as the convenience of the subject shelf-order, imperfect though that be. A few libraries, used very little for study, form an excep- tion. In biography, however, the balance seems to incline the other way, and the single alphabet generally gives the greater facility of use, with exceptions in favor of subject distribution in purely educational libraries. A single autobiography goes, of course, with other lives of the autobiographer. National Arrangement It is a doubtful question whether it is better to arrange indi- vidual biographies of persons of all nations in a single alphabet, or to put all the American together, and all the English, and all the French, and so on, by the use of the local list. I prefer a single alphabet for all. The objects of the student of English or French, or any other history, can be attained by putting into the catalog, or keeping in the biographical alcove, a list — which in this case should be chronological — of all the lives that relate to each country, a method which has the advantage over national arrangement on the shelves, that men whose lives interest two countries, like Wm. Penn or Carl Schurz, can be mentioned under both. Lives of two persons are arranged by the first. Lives of three persons are considered to be collections. (134) Collections Single lives are arranged in one alphabet for convenience of finding. But there are collections of lives (lives of the, chief justices, of physicians, of statesmen, of contemporaries, naval biography, military biography, female biography, family biog- raphy, local biography, etc?) which ought to be separated from individual biographies.* They would naturally go in the undi- vided class E. To arrange them alphabetically the initial of the class of people (Lawyers, Actors, etc), with a Cutter number, would be used as the author-mark, two books about the same class of people being distinguished by adding the initial of the author's name. Dictionaries, Periodicals, Societies, and General collections would precede, as in any other class. The arrangement then would be : E • 5 Biographical dictionaries, not of any one country or class of persons, e. g., £■5078 Cooper's Biographical dictionary E • 5G68 Gorton's Biographical dictionary E' 7 Biographical periodicals, general, e. g., E" 7B52 The biograph and review E ■ 9 Collections of lives, general in regard to both subject and country, e. g., E'9Li6 Lamartine's Memoirs of celebrated char- acters E • A 1 Collections, limited as to subject, but not as to country, to \ e. g., lives of physicians, lawyers, discoverers, mer- E • Z I chants, families (.?), etc. These may be treated in three ways. I. They may be put as a 'preliminary' to the classes which the subjects illustrate, and not in class E {e.g., the physicians in medicine, the lawyers in law, etc.). If this is done they will have the appropriate class letter followed by a • 3, e.g., Kl • 3 Lives of lawyers N • 3 Lives of botanists Q • 3 Lives of physicians * Under the early classifications they might be put in tlie same alphabet as the single lives; but this is not recommended; it certainly would not do in a large library. (135) Any subject, however small, can include its biography marked in this way. 2. They may be put in class E. a. Arranged in an alphabetical list by the English names of the classes, e. g.. E-A Artists E E • B Botanists E E • E Eccentric persons E E • En Engineers E E • F Families (?) E I L M P S Inventors Lawyers Misers Physicians Scientists b. Arranged in the order of the classification by the class let- ters, ^.^., Philosophers Biblical persons Families (?) Travelers Lawyers Scientists Botanists Zoologists E E E E E E E E E •B •Cb •E •G •Kl ■L •N •O •s Engineers The best way probably is to combine i and 2a, that is, to put the collections of lives that very distinctly illustrate a subject under it (as collections of lives of philosophers under Philosophy, because they are simply the biographical history of philosophy ; to put in Art both the collections of lives of artists and the single lives because they usually contain many reproductions of the artists' work) ; but to put other collections which are not so illustrative, or have no class to which they evidently belong, under Biography in alphabetical order, as in 2a.* * Both in 2a and 2b it will be necessary to use a second period before the author mark, as E • E • W Wilson and Caulfield's Book of wonderful characters. This will allow other classes of persons whose appellation begins with E, as En Engineers^ Eng Engravers, to be marked by using the first two or the first three letters of the name, which could not be done without confusion if the author's or the title's initial were also to be added, immediately to the E (as E ■ Ee " Eccentric biography or sketches of remarkable characters "). (136) EXAMPLES OF I. ] or c 3D7 Doran's Monarchs retired from business K" 3J3 Jeaff reason's Book about lawyers Kw ■ 3Ed9 Edwards' Life studies of famous women L • 3Arl Arago's Biographies of distinguished scientific men Lnz" 3WI Waite's Lives of alchemystical philosophers Q "31-19 Hutchinson's Biographia medica The following classes of biography have special marks pro- vided for them in the classification : Artistic WIO, Bible Cbe, New Testament Cbt, Old Testament Cbj, Christian Fathers Cci, CcN, Ccu, Military UIO, Musical VwlO, Naval UnIO, Theatri- cal Vu. Lives of kings and queens regnant may go with the history of the. country ruled. The subject collections will be followed by Eii ^0 Collections, limited as to country but not as to subject /. e.. Local biography, which will be arranged by the E99 local list, e. g., J E45 ■ 5St Stephen's Dictionary of national biog. E45 ■ F95 Fuller's Worthies of England ES3"5A1 Allen's American biographical dic- tionary E83 • 9Sp Sparks's Library of American biography Finally come collections limited both by subject and country (as English merchants, French generals, Dutch navigators, Ger- man scholars). These may be treated in six ways. 3. They may be put with the subjects throughout the classifi- cation, and not in E. a. Not separated from the collections, so that Kl • 3 would include lives of lawyers and lives of English lawyers. b. Separated by the local list, thus : — Kl • 3 ■ Lives of lawyers Kl-339* Lives of French lawyers Kl-345' Lives of English lawyers Kl- 383 • Lives of American lawyers 4. They may be put in class E. (137) a. Arranged with the alphabetical subject divisions in one alphabet, as E ■ B Botanists, general and English b. In the same order but separated by the local list, e. g., E ■ B' Botanists E ■ B45 • English botanists c. Arranged in the order of the classification and marked by the subject letter alone, as E • N Botanists, general and English d. In the same order but separated by the local list, as E • N • Botanists E " N45 • English botanists As before, the best plan is a mixture of i and 2. Whether the local list should be used depends on the size of the library, or of the part of it under consideration. GENEALOGY, FAMILIES Genealogy is either the pedigree of one man, in which case it should go with his life, or the history of a family or of a collec- tion of families. The latter, if it comprise the families of a town, goes in local biography ; if it is a collection of noble or sovereign families, has its place in Peerages (Fw). Other family biography, wherever it is put, should be arranged alphabetically by the names of the families. It may be treated as suggested in 2a or as in 2b, and in either case the name of the family would take the place of the author-mark, e. g., E • F ■ B45 Bergen family or E-E-Ed23 Eddy family This would give a single alphabet of families, which is recom- mended for the same reasons that favor a single alphabet of individuals. But if any one objects to put Families among classes like Artists, Botanists, etc., they can be put (with a • 3) among the "preliminaries" of the class, e.g., E ■ 3C95 Cushman genealogy E ■ 3Sel Sears genealogy (138; THE CUTTER AUTHOR-MARKS; WHY AND HOW THEY ARE USED.* It has been found convenient by librarians to arrange some classes of books alphabetically. In Biography, for instance, if the books stand on the shelves in the order of the names of the persons whose lives they treat of, one knows that Adams will be at the beginning of the class and Washington at the end and Jefferson somewhere near the middle ; and one can go to the shelf, and get the life one wants, without having to consult a catalog first, which makes a saving, not only of time, but of eyes and patience. Moreover, one will find all the lives of Washington standing side by side, which often will not happen on any other plan. In Fiction such an arrangement, either by authors' names or by titles, is almost a necessity. In Poetry and the Drama also it is useful ; and, in fact, in every class it is better than an arrangement by sizes, which merely makes the shelves look a little more orderly, or by accession-number, which has no advantage at all. But it is also found that the books must have some marks on the back to keep them in order. The binders' titles will not do, because they often do not contain the word by which the book should be arranged ; and when they do, the arranger cannot always see at a glance which of several words is the one to arrange by. Moreover, we want some brief mark peculiar to each book, and not belonging to any other copy, by which to charge the volume to the borrower. Therefore I letter on the lower part of the back of each book : — 1. In one line, the letters or figures that denote its class and sub-class. 2. In another line, the initial of the author's name, followed by certain figures (to be explained later on) ; this line stands for the author's name. 3. In another line, the initial of the title (used only when there are two works by the same author in the same sub-class). 4. In the same line, when there is more than one copy of the *Some preliminary discussions on this subject may be found in Libya ly jonnial, 3: 24S. 302, 333; 4: 38-47. (139) same work, I put 2 for the second copy, 3 for the third, if there is one, and so on. Example in Knglish Fictio}t. Class Class, Class, and author author, author. and title. title and copy Yf Yf Yf .D36 .D36 .D36 r r4 Defoe's Defoe's Robinson Novels. Robinson Crusoe, Crusoe. 4th copy. Books on the shelves are kept alphabeted by authors by mark- ing them with the initial of the author's family name * followed by one or more decimal figures assigned according to g, table so constructed that the names whose initials are followed by some of the first letters of the alphabet have the first numbers, and those in which the initials are followed by later letters have later numbers. E. g., Gardiner, g16. Gore, g66. &'j Gerry, g36. Graham, g76. Gilman, g42. Grote, g89. Glover, g51. Guizot, g94. If the books are arranged in the order of these numbers, of course they will be in alphabetical order. To use the table : 1. Find the first few letters of the author's name in the table ; the figures following added to the initial are the mark, E.g., for the name Holmes the table gives Holm 73, the mark is h73. Lowell (Low 95) has l95, Tenney (Ten 'lb) t25. Hu.Kley is h98, Macaulay is m11, Thackeray t32. * In the case of authorless books (anonymous works, periodicals, government publications, etc.), the alphabetical order is determined by the heading adopted for cataloging according to Cutter's Rules for a dictionary catalog. British noblemen (except Lord Bacon) should be arranged by their titles, and well known pseudonyms (as Geo. Eliot, Mark Twain, George Sand) should be used instead of the real names. In biography the name of the subject of the life should be used instead of the name of the author. In the table at present published, (which can be had of the Library Bureau,) the consonants are followed by only two figures. One is preparing for use in large collections of novels or lives, in which the subdivision is carried ten times as far by adding another figure. (140) In printing a catalog the printer should be cautioned not to use the old style figures (i, 2, 3, 4, etc.), in which the figure i is the same as the "small capital" letter I. 2. Of names beginning with A, E, I, O, (J, and S, the first two letters are to be used instead of the initial, and of names beginning with Sc three letters are to be used.* E. g., Abbot is ab2, Edwards ei>9, Ives iv3, Olney oi.d, Upton upl, Semmes se5, Scammon sca5, Schopenhauer sch6. In this way fewer marks are used for the same amount of distinction. 3. If the first letters of the name do not occur in the table take the letters next previous in the alphabetical order. E. g., there is no Dot in the table ; for Dotten, therefore, we take the number of Dos, which gives d74 ; for Pecksniff the number of Peb ; for Manners the number of Mam.f 4. If the number found is already in use, annex another decimal. E. g., if one wishes to insert Harrison between Harris h'24 and Harsnet h26, a third figure makes Harrison h242, Harrisse h245, Harry h249. If, again, there is a Harrison, Alfred, h242, Harrison, James, may be numbered with a fourth figure h2424, Harrison, John, h2425, Harrison, Robert, h2427, and so on. This can be carried to any extent. In making such insertions it is necessary to consider in what part of the gap the new name will best go, so as to leave room on one side or the other for future insertions. For instance, between Bal 18 and Bald 19 there may come in all the names beginning with Bala, Balb, Bale. There are nine numbers, which we might divide thus : Bala 1-3, Balb 4-6, Bale 7-9. Then Balba would be b184, and Balbo b185, Balbuena b18G, Balcarres b187, Balch b188. If Balboa should come in it would go between iil85 and b186, i. e. b1853. I do not make it b1851, wishing to leave room for another Balbo. Except in very large classes like Fiction or Biography one rarely gets to the fourth figure. But bad judg- ment in choosing the third figure may hasten the need of adding a fourth. * For the vowels and S another table hns been made, in which the initials only are used (Abbot A12, Ives I9). In this A and S are worked out to the third figure. t Mr. R: ]31iss writes : " I find it useful to add at once another figure (=3 figs.) whenever the author-table does not give a figure for any combination (as in the above case). It saves trouble later," A 3-figure table is in preparation, by Miss K. E. Sanborn. (141) Avoid using the number 1 as long as other numbers are vacant, because when it is once used nothing can be inserted before it ; one cannot put, for instance, anything between 22 and 221. Zero is not used because it might be mistaken for the letter o of a worli-mark; otherwise 220 would come between 22 and 221 5. The figures are to be considered as decimals, and arranged on the shelf in the order h2, h21, h211, h211], h2112, h22, h23, h233, h24, h3, and so on. That is, all the numbers beginning with 2 come before a number beginning with 3, and all the numbers beginning with 21 before any beginning with 22, and all beginning with 221 before any beginning with 222 ; just as in a diction- ary all the words beginning with ab come before words beginning with ac and all the aca words come before the acb words. Some persons are apprehensive that this decimal arrange- ment will be hard to use, or at least hard to teach to stupid assistants and (when the public are allowed to go to the shelves) to a public unwilling to take the trouble to comprehend. It may be so sometimes ; I can only say that I have never had any difficulty with anyone, boy or girl, man or woman, when the arrangement was explained as it is above. But if this is con- sidered a serious objection to the use of these author-marks, the difficulty can be entirely avoided by using two figures with the initial in all cases, treating them as ordinals, and when two names are to be represented by the same combination, so that subdivision becomes necessary, starting a new series of ordinals either from i to 9 or from 1 1 to 99, by putting a point after the first two figures, e.g. H21.1, or H21.11. The stupidest attendant could not fail to comprehend the order H34, H34.1, H34.2, H34.3, H34.4, and so on. As it would be awkward to use two decimal points (H34.2.1, H34.2.2), it would be well to use two figures after the decimal point in very large collections, as Fiction and Biography, thus, H34, H34.11, H34.12, H34.13, etc. Of course this method does not allow infinite intercalation. A time will come when some new name cannot be inserted in its proper order, because its number is already occupied. But a notation consisting of an initial followed by four characters pro- vides places for so many names that this misfortune will not (142) occur soon or frequently. And when it does occur the ap- proximate alphabetic arrangement that will here and there result is very much better than no alphabetic order at all. Further marks : 6. On the shelves three alphg-betical series should be made, O including all books 25 cm. high or less, Q between 25 and 30, F over 30. These will be indicated by the sign that separates the class mark from the author-and-book mark, • for O and smaller sizes, + for Q, || for F. In small libraries it is best to make only one series of books under each division ; the few books that are too large for the shelves can be turned down very large books can be kept in some separate case. But in a library of size and especially in a library that has many old books, there are likely to be so many quartos and folios that provision must be made to keep them by them- selves, and yet in juxtaposition with the smaller books of their class. It is well always to mark the books for Q and F with the distinctive marks, but these two sizes may often be mixed advantageously in a single alphabet on the shelves, especially where there are only one or two folios with many quartos or one or two quartos with many folios. The three size-marks are for marking the catalog and the back of the title- page ; they are not used in lettering the backs of the books ; in a majority of cases the books' size is sufficiently shown to the attendant who puts them up by the fact that a Q book will not go on an O shelf. 7. In numbering Q and F books a single figure will usually be enough, because there will generally be few books of those sizes in any class, and therefore fewer marks are needed to distinguish them ; often the initial alone would be enough in F. 8. Different books by the same author in the same class are distinguished by work-marks consisting of the first letter or letters of the catch-title. E. g. Dickens's Chimes d55c, Christmas carol d55ch. Cricket on the hearth d55cr, David Copperfield d55d, Dombey and son d55do. (See p. 147.) 9. Other copies or other editions are noted by adding 2 or 3 or 4, as the case may be, to the work-mark. E.g., another edition of Dombey and son d55do2. (143) 10. The special mark for translations, for use in large libra- ries or in large special collections in a small library, is the initial of the language, a capital letter added (after a size-mark) to the author-mark. E.g., Goethe's dramatische Werke '05.5 " Dramatic works -gSS'E " CEuvres dramatiques 'gSS'F " Faust '055 F " Faust, in English '055 f*E II. If there are several translations distinguish, them by adding the initial of the translator's name to the language-mark. E.g., Faust, in the original '055 f " English byAustin 'cSSF-Ea " " " Bernays -GSSF'Eb " " " Blackie 'oSSF-Ebl " " " Bowen -oSSF-Ebo " " " Brooks 'cSSF-Ebr " French " Blaze de Bury 'aSSF-Fb " Italian " Maffei •G55F'Im These marks are long. But it must be remembered that the need for such marks does not occur at all in a small collection of books and very rarely in a large one. Moreover if anyone wants to avoid them altogether, he can do so by giving up the exact arrangement of versions and simply numbering texts and translations in numerical order as they are received, which is just as well where there is no access to the shelves and almost as well even where there is, until the number of editions and translations becomes very large, as is the case with the classics in a college library, and with Shakespeare, Goethe, and Dante in any large general library. 12. In Biography, which is to be arranged by names of the subjects of the lives, distinguish different authors by adding their initials. E.g., Chadwick's Defoe '0360 Morley's Defoe "DBGm Wilson's Defoe 'd-SGw 13. When, in a large collection, the number of editions of a single work exceeds or is likely to exceed 9, the different editions may be distinguished by adding the year of publication (usually (144) of the first volume, if there are more than one) instead of a number 2, 3, or 4. E;. g., Paradise lost, ed. of 1667 •im64p' 1667 " " reprint of same •m64p' 1667-2 " ed. of 17:W •m64p- 1732 " ed. of 1754 •m64p' 1754 Paradise regained •m64r For economy of marks one miglit use the Biscoe date-letters instead of the date in figures ; but I think that in general the superior intelligibility of the full date makes up for the greater length of the mark. 14. If it is desired to keep a commentary on any work im mediately after the work add to the work-mark a capital 'Y and (if necessary) the initial of the commentator. For dictionaries and concordances add 'Z. E.g., Frehse's Worterbuch zu Renter's sammtlichen Werken would be 'rSI'Z Clarke's Shakspere concordance (in a library which has no special mark for Shakspere) 'shI'ZcS. The various marks then are : Class as Y Size as ', + , || Author as D55 ■ Work as D Copy or Edition as 2, 3, 4 " " " when very many as 1887 Translation (if into English) 'E Other copies of Translation as '£2, '£3 Translation by another hand as (d being initial of translator's name) 'Ed Commentary or other illustrative work 'Y Dictionary *^ Another . . as (p being initial of author of dictionary) 'Zp jie" A table carried one figure farther is preparing. One has already been made, by Miss K. E. Sanborn, in which three fio-ures are given with the letters A and S. (i4S) Example showing how to treat a vokiminous author so as to avoid long work-marl cs : MRS. M. O. W. OLIPHANT (Her mark is Ol35, so that Agnes would be OL35 ag) a Adam Gra;me ho House divided 0- Odd couple ag Agnes i In trust ol Old Lady Mary ah Agnes Hopetoun in Innocent om Ombra at At his gates it It was a lover op Open door b Beleaguered city J John P Perpetual curate br Brownlows jo Joyce ph Phoebe junior c Caleb Field k Kirsteen Pr Primrose path ca Carita 1 Ladies Lindores q Quiet heart ch Chronicles of Carling- la Lady Car r Railway man ford lb Laird of Nordlaw re Rector CO Country gentlemen Ic Last of the Mortimers ro Rose in June cu Cuckoo in the nest li Liliesleaf s Salem Chapel cv Curate in charge lu Lucy Crofton se Second son d Days of my life m Madam si Sir Tom di Diana ma Madonna Mary so Son of the soil du Duke's daughter mag Magdalen Hepburn sq Squire Arden e Efifie Ogilvie mb Margaret Maitland st Stories of the seen f For love and life mc Marriage of Elinor su Story of Valentine fu Fugitives md May t Three brothers g Greatest heiress me Merkland w Whiteladies h He that will not mi Minister's wife wi Within the precinct he Heir presumptive mj Miss Marjoribanks wj Wizard's son hf Henry Jocelyn mr Mrs. Arthur y Young Musgrave hg Hester n Neighbours 2 Zaidee It will be seen that prolific as Mrs. Oliphant is, it is possible to mark all her works (with one exception) without going beyond the second letter. This, however, is on the supposition that the library has all of Mrs. Oliphant's novels when it assigns the let- ters, or at least that the classifier has a list of them so that he can mark what he has so as to leave room for the others. This, of course, cannot be in the case of an author who is still writing. Suppose that Mrs. Oliphant should take " Acte " for her next title. We should either have to alter the mark of Adam Greeme to ad (which can easily be done in a card catalog, but not in a printed catalog), or to let Acte come in out of order as ac But if the next title should be " The saints' comedy," it could be brought before Salem Chapel, which already has the s, only by marking it rz. A little contrivance like this will get one out of many difficulties; but when the library buys the successive novels of an author as they appear, if they are numerous, it will here and there get into violations of order, or use such long marks to escape disorder, that it must in time seize the opportunity to renumber these books which will be given by reprinting its catalog. (146) It is sometimes necessary when one has a pressure of names in any part of the alphabet to make a little supplementary table, so as to arrange them systematically. Thus if one had a num- ber of names beginning with Saint or Sainte, the following would serve. Sa Sa >ai to Sai ^ f Sa 2 Saint E Sa 23 Sainte Sa 27 Saint I Sa24 Sainu Sa28 Saint N Sa25 Sais Sa29 Saint S Sa26 Sal Sas Sains ) ( Sa 21 Saint A Sa 22 MARKINGS OF SOME VOLUMINOUS AUTHORS. No novel is included unless some other novel by the same author begins with the same initial. AiNSwORTH, W. H. c Cardinal Pole, ch Chetwynd Calverley, co Constable de Bour- bon, cp Constable of the tower, cr Crichton, 1 Lancashire witches, lo Lord mayor, m Manchester rebels, me Merry England, my Myddleton, o Old Court, ov Ovingdean, s Saint James's, so South Sea bubble, sp Spanish match, sq Spendthrift, st Stanley Brereton, su Star-chamber, t Talbot Harland, to Tower Hill. Alcott, L. M. 1 Little men, li Little women, lu Lulu's library, m Modern Mephis- topheles, mo Moods, s Silver pitchers, sp Spinning wheel stories. CoLLixs, W": W. a After dark, al Alicia, an Antonina, b Basil, bl Black robe, bn Blind love, d The dead alive, de Dead secret, f Fallen leaves, fr Frozen deep, g Ghosts' touch, gu Guilty river, h Haunted hotel, he Heart and science, hi Hide and seek, 1 Law and lady, le Legacy of Cain, m Man and wife, mi Miss or Mrs., mo Moon- stone, my My lady's money, mz ]\Iy miscellanies, n New Magdalen, no No name, p Percy, po Poor Miss Finch. Cooper, J: F. h Headsman, he Heidenmauer, ho Home as found, hp Homeward bound, j Jack Tier, ja Jack o' lantern, le Last of the Mohicans, li Lionel, m Mercedes, mi Miles, mo Monikins, p Pathfinder, pi Pilot, pj Pioneers, pr Prairie, ps Precaution, r Red rover, re Redskins, s Satanstoe, se Sea lions, sp Spy, w Water-witch, wa Ways of the hour, we Wept of Wish-Ton- Wish, wi Wing and wing, wy Wyandottfe. Craik, G. M. d Daughter of the people, di Diana, do Dorcas, 1 Leslie Tyrrell, lo Lost and won, m Mark Denison's charge, mi Mildred, mj Miss Moore, mr Mrs. HoUyer, t Two tales, tw Two women, w Winifred, wi Without kith or kin. Dickens, C : b Barnaby Rudge, ba Battle of life, bl Bleak house, c Christmas books, ch Christmas carol, ci Christmas stories, d David Copperfield, do Dombey and son, h Hard times, ha Haunted man, 1 Lamplighter's story, la Lazy tour, li Little Dorritt, m Martin Chuzzlewit, ma Master Humphrey's clock, me Message from the sea, mr Mrs. Lirriper's lodgings, mu Mudfog papers, mv Mugby junction, my Mystery of Edwin Drood, Oliver Twist, ou Our mutual friend, p Pickwick club, po Poor traveller, s Sketches, sk Sketches of young couples, t Tale of two cities, to Tom Tiddler's ground. Disraeli, B. c Coningsby, co Contarini Fleming, t Tales, ta Tancred, v Venetia, vi Vivian Grey, vo Voyage of Capt. Popanilla. Dumas, A. a Abbaye de Peyssac, ac Act^, ai Ainsi soit-il, am Amaury, an Ange Pitou as Ascanio, av Aventure d'amour, aw Aventures de John Davis, ax Aventures (147) de Lyderic, b Le batard de Mauleon, bk Black, bl Blanche de Beaulieu, bm Les blancs et les bleus, bn Labouillie, bo La boule de neige, br Bric-k-brac, c Un cadet de famille, ca Le capitaine Pamphile, cb Le capitaine Paul, cc Le capitaine Richard, cd Catherine Blum, ce Causeries, cf C^cile, eg Charles le Tdmdraire, ch Le chasseur de Sauvagine, ci Le chateau d'Eppstein, cj Le chevalier d'Harmental, ck Le chevalier de Maison Rouge, cl Le collier de la reine, cm La colombe, en Les compagnoiis de Jdhu, co Le comte de Monte-Cristo, cp La comtesse de Charny, cq La comtesse de Salisbury, cr Les confessions de la marquise, cs Conscience, d La dame de Monsoreau, da La dame de volupt^, de Le dernier roi des Frangais, df Les deux Diane, dg Les deux reines, di Dieu dispose, dr Les drames de la mer, ds Les drames galants, f La femme au collier de velours, fe Fernande, fi Une fille du regent, fj Le fils du forgat, fr Les frferes corses, g Gabriel Lambert, ge Georges, gi Un Gil-Bias en Californie, gu La guerre des femmes, h Histoire d'un casse noisette, hi Histoire d'une colombe, ho L'horo- scope, i L'lle de feu, in Ingenue, is Isaac de Lacquedem, it Isabel de BaviSre, j Jane, je Jehanne la Pucelle, 1 Madame de Chambla}-, m Madame de Cond^, ma La maison de glace, mb Maitre Adam, mc Le maitre d'armes, md Les mariages du pfere Olifus, me M^moires d'un aveugle, mf Mdmoires d'un m^decin, mg Le meneur de loups, mi Les mille et un fantdmes, mo Les Mohicans de Paris, mp Monsieur Coumbes, n Nanon de Lartigues, o Olympe de Clfeves, ot Othon I'archer, p Le page du due de Savoie, pa Pascal Bruno, pb Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, pc Pauline, pe Le pfere Gigogne, pf Le pfere La Ruine, pr Praxfede, ps Le prince des voleurs, pt La princesse Flora, r La reine Margot, ro Robin Hood, rp Le roman d'une femme, rq La route de Vincennes, s La salteador, sa Salvator, sb La San-Felice, so Souvenirs d'Antony, st Les Stuarts, su Sultanetta, sy Sylvandire, t Le testament, tr Les trois mousquetaires, ts Le trou de I'Enfer, tu La tulipe noire, v Le vicomte de Bragelonne, va La vicomtesse de Cambes, ve Une vie d'artiste, Vi vingt ans apr^s, vj Vie et aventures de la princesse de Monaco.* Edwardes, Annie, a Archie Lovell, at At the eleventh hour, b A ball-room repent- ance, bl A blue-stocking, o Ordeal for wives, ou Ought we to visit her, p Pearl powder, pi A play-wright's daughter, v A vagabond heroine, vi Vivian the beauty. Edwards, Amelia B. m Miss Carew, mo Monsieur Maurice, my My brother's wife. Edwards, Matilda B. d Doctor Jacob, dr Dream of millions, f Flower of doom, fo For one and the world, fp Forestalled, n Next of kin, no North country cousin, p Part- ing of the ways, pe Pearla. Eliot, G: m Middlemarch, mi Mill on the Floss, s Scenes of clerical life, si Silas Marner. Galt, J: a Annals of the parish, ay Ayrshire legatees, e Eben Erskine, en Entail, r Ringan Gilhaize, ro Rothelan, s Sir Andrew Wylie, sp Spae-wife, st Stanley Buxton, su Steamboat, sv Stories of the study. Gaskell, Mrs. E.. C. c Cousin Phillis, cr Crawford, 1 Lizzie Leigh, lo Lois the witch, m Mary Burton, my My lady Ludlow, r Right at last, ro Round the sofa, ru Ruth. Hawthorne, N. d Doctor Grimshaw's secret, do Dolliver romance, m Marble faun, mo Mosses from an old manse, s Scarlet letter, se Septimus Felton, sn Snow image. James, G. P. R. a Agincourt, ar Arabella Stuart, aq Arrah Neil, b Beauchamp, br The bride of Landeck, bs The brigand, c Charles Tyrrell, co The commissioner, cp The convict, d Darnley, de De L'Orme, df The desultory man, f The false heir, fo Forest days, h Heidelberg, he Henry Masterton, hf Henry of Guise, hu The Huguenot, r * In looking over a list of novels, I notice that authors who are now writing bid fair to far outstrip the dead in the number of their works; still there is a limit to human powers; it is not likely that anyone will try the marker with a more embarrassing array of titles than Dumas, and the list given above shows there is no serious difficulty In dealing with his work. (148) Richelieu, ro Rose Dalbret, ru Russell, s Sir Theodore Broughton, sm The smuggler, St The step-mother, su The string of pearls. KiNGSLEY, C : h Hereward, hy Hypatia, w Water-babies, we Westward ho ! KiNGSLEY, H: h Harveys, he Hetty, hi Hillyars and Burtons, o Oakshott castle, ol Old Margaret. Lever, C: b Barrington, br Bramleighs, c Charles O'Malley, co Confessions of Con Cregan, d Daltons, da Davenport Dunn, dd Day's ride, do Dodd family abroad, h Harry Lorrequer, ho Horace Templeton, k Kate O'Donoghue, kn Knight of the Gwinne, 1 Lord Kilgobbin, lu Luttrell of Arran, o The O'Donoghue, on One of them, r Rent in the cloud, ro Roland Cashel, s St. Patrick's eve, si Sir Brooke Fossbrooke, sj Sir Jasper Carew, sy Tales of the trains, t That boy of Norcott's, t Tom Burke, tp Tony Butler. Lytton, Lord, c Caxtons, co Coming race, d Devereux, di Disowned, e Ernest IVIaltravers, eu Eugene Aram, ev Eva, 1 Last days of Pompeii, la Last of the barons, le Leila, lu Lucretia, p Parisians, pa Paul Clifford, pb Pausanias, pe Pelham, pi Pilgrims of the Rhine, y Rebel, ri Rienzi, s Strange story, st Student. Marryat, Capt. j Jacob Faithful, ja Japhet, m Masterman Ready, mi Mission, mo Monsieur Violet, mr Mr. Midshipman Easy, p Pacha of many tales, pd Percival Keene, pe Peter Simple, ph Phantom ship, po Poacher, pp Poor Jack, pr Privateer's- man, s Settlers in Canada, sn Snarleyow, st Stories of the sea MuLOCH, Miss D. M. a Adventures of a brownie, ag Agatha's husband, av Avillion, b Brave lady, br Bread upon the waters, h Hannah, he Head of the family, hi His little mother, 1 Laurel bush, li Life for a life, Ij little lame prince, Ik Little Sunshine's holiday, m Miss Tommy, mi Mistress and maid, my My brother and I, o Ogilvies, ol Olive, t Twenty years ago, tw Two marriages. Reade, C: c Christie Johnstone, cl Cloister and hearth, cm Clouds and sunshine, CO Course of true love, g Good stories, gr Griffith Gaunt, p Peg Wofifington, pe Perilous secret, pu Put yourself in his place, s A simpleton, si Single heart and double face, w Wandering heir, wo Woman hater. Reid, Mayne. b Boy hunters, br Bruin, bs Boy slaves, bt Boy tar, bu Bush boys, f Flag of distress, fo Forest exiles, h. Headless horseman, hu Hunter's feast, y Young voyageurs, z Young yagers. Sand, G. c Cdsarine Dietrich, ch Le chateau de Pictordu, ci Le chateau des ddsertes, CO Le compagnon de tour de France, cp La comtesse de Rudolstadt, cq La confession d'une jeune fille, cr Constance Verrier, cs Consuelo, ct Contes d'une grand mere, cu La coupe, d La derni^re Aldini, de Les deux fr^res, f La famille de Germandre, fl Flama- rande, fr Francois le champi, h L'homme de neige, ho Horace, j Jacques, je Jean de la Roche, jf Jeaune, 1 Laura, le L^lia,Iu Lucrezia Floriani, m Mile Merquem, ma Mile La Ouintinie, mb Les maitres mosaistes, mc Les maitres sonneurs, md Malgr^tout, me La mare au diable, mf Marianne, mg Marquis de Villemer, mh Ma soeur Jeanne, mi Mau- prat, mj Le meunier d'AngibauIt, mo Monsieur Sylvestre, mp Mont Reveche, n Nanon, no Nouvelle lettres d'un voyageur, p Le pdch^ de M Antoine, pe La petite Fadette, pi Pierre qui roule, pj Le piccinino, s Le secretaire intime, si Simon, t Tamaris, te Teve- rino, to La tour de Percement, v Valentine, va "\'alvedre, vi La ville noire. Stowe, Mrs. m Mayflower, mi Minister's wooing, my My wife and I, o Oldtown fireside stories, ol Oldtown folks, p Pearl of Orr's Island, pi Pink and white tyranny, po Pogannuc people. Thackeray, Miss A. L f Five old friends, fr From an island, fu Fulham lawn, m Miss Angel, mi Miss Williams' divinations, mr Mrs. Dymond, o Old Kensington, ou Out of the world. (149) Thackeray, W; M. b Book of snobs, bu Burlesques, c Catharine, ch Christmas books, V Vanity fair, vi Virginians. Theoriet, a. a L'affaire Froideville, am Amour d'Automne, an L'amoureux de la pr^fete, au Au paradis des enfants, b Bigarreau, br Le bracelet de turquoise, c Charme dangereux, co Contes de la foret, cp Contes de la vie intime, cq Contes pour les jeunes, f La filleul d'un marquis, ti Le fils Maugars, fo La fortune d'Angele, m Mile Guignon, ma Mile Roche, mb La maison des deux Barbeaux, mc Le mariage de Gerard, md Les mauvais manages, mi Michel Verneuil, n Nouvelles intimes, no Nouvelles, o Les oeil- lets, on L'oncle Scipion, r Raymonde, re Reine des bois, t La tante Aurdlie, to Toute seule. Trollope, a. a Alice Dugdale, am American senator, ay Ayala's angel, b Barches- ter towers, be Belton estate, bf Bertrams, br Brown, c Can you forgive her? ca Castle Richmond, cl Claverings, co Cousin Henry, d Doctor Thorne, dr Dr. Whortle's school, du Duke's children, e Editor's table, eu Eustace Diamond, ey Eye for an eye, f Fixed period, fr Framley parsonage, fs Frau Frohmann, h Harry Heathcote, he He knew he was right, 1 Lady Anna, la Land-leaguers, lb Last chronicle of Barset, 11 Linda Tressel, lo Lotta Schmid, m Marion Fay, me La mfere Bauche, mi mistletoe bough, o Old man's love, or Orley farm, p Phineas Finn, ph Phineas redux, pr Prime minister, r Rachel Ray, ra Ralph the heir, s Sir Harry Hotspur, sm Small house at AUington, t Tales of all countries, th Three clerks, w Warden, wa Way we live now. Trollope, T. A. b La beata, be Beppo the conscript, d Diamond cut diamond, dr Dream numbers, du Dunton abbey, g Garstang grange, ge Gemma, gi Giulio Mala- testa, 1 Leonora Casaloni, li Lindisfarn Chase, s Sealed packet, si Siren, st Stilwinches. Trowbridge, J: T. c Chance for himself, cu Cudjo's cave, d Doing his best, dr Drummer boy, n Neighbor Jackwood, ne Neighbor's wives. Walford, Mrs. h Havoc of a smile, he Her great idea, hi History of a week, m Mere child, mi Mischief of Monica, mr Mr. Smith, p Pauline, pi Pinch of experience, s Sage of sixteen, st Stiff necked generation. Wood, Mrs. a Adam Grainger, an Anne Hereford, c Channings, co Count Nether- leigh, e East Lynne, ed Edina, el Elster's folly, 1 Lady Adelaide's oath, li Life's secret, lo Lord Oakburn's daughters, m Master of Greylands, mi Mildred Arkell, mr Mrs. Hali- burton's troubles, my Mystery of Jessy Page, o Orville College, os Oswald Grayi p Parkwater, po Pomeroy abbey, r Red Court farm, ro Roland Yorke, s Saint Martin's eve, sh Shadow of Ashlydyat. ss Story of Charles Strange, st Story of Dorothy Grape, t Told in the twilight, tr Trevlyn Hold. Yonge, Miss C. M. b Beechcroft, be Beechcroft at Rockstone, by Bye-words, c Caged lion, ca Castle builders, ch Chaplet of pearls, cl Clever woman of the family, cr Cross roads, cu Cunning woman's grandson, d Daisy chain, da Danvers papers, di Disturbing element, do Dove in the eagle's nest, dy Dynevor terrace, h Heartsease, he Heir of Redcliffe, ho Hopes and fears, 1 Lads and lasses, la Lady Hester, lb Lances of Lynwood, li Little duke, lo Love and life, m Magnum bonum, mo Modern Tele- machus, my My young Alcides, p P's and q's, pi Pillars of the house, s Six cushions, st Stray pearls, t Three brides, tr Trial, tw Two guardians, tx Two penniless princesses, ty Two sides of the shield, u Under the storm, un Unknown to history. GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS. The great difficulty in the use of transliteration tables is that one can never foresee who will write books, and after one has used the best judgment in guessing the future one may find one- self compelled to intercalate an unexpected name in some place where intercalation means long numbers. But there is no such drawback to their use for the classics. One knows just how many names one has to provide for; the roll is made up ; one can use a minimum of figures in assigning them symbols, without fear that any new-comer will disturb the order. The order adopted is : i , whole works, chronologically arranged ; 2, translations of whole works alphabetically arranged by the languages ; 3, dictionaries, commentaries, and other illustrative works; 4, selections ; 5, single works, each with the same divis- ions that the whole works have. The method of marking may be shown by an example : Paley's Frogs would be marked Y for Literature, 32 for Greek, Ay for Aristophanes, r for Ranae, 1878 because published in that year, or all together Y32-A7R 1878. Rogers's translation of the Lysistrata would be l for Lysistrata, e for English, and r for Rogers, — thus: Y32-A7l-Er. It will be noticed that the year is written in full. Mr. Biscoe's scheme for giving dates briefly is admirable. But it has a defect ; it is not self-interpreting; it does not suggest its meaning, but has to be understood by a sheer effort of memory. Therefore, in the classics, where editions are numerous, it seems better to put on the backs of the books a mark which everybody can under- stand at a glance, — the usual date, i886, 1494, etc. The greater length of the mark is compensated by its greater intelligibility on the shelf. As few names of languages into which the classics are likely to be translated begin with Y or Z, I use these letters to mark the works about a classic, putting after the Y or Z the initial of the modern author's name. (Any translations into Yoruba, or Zulu, or the like, I should mark X.) In this notation Z is used for dic- tionaries, Y for commentaries and other illustrative works. Thus Saulcy's Campagnes de Cesar dans les Gaules would be Y36'C2G'Ys; Ernesti's Clavis Ciceroniana would be Y36' C7 ■ Ze. I have not thought it worth while to lengthen the list by insert- ing a number of obscure authors of whose fragments there is, so far as apjDears in Engelmann's " Bibliothecaclassica," no separate edition. If by chance a librarian should have to deal with a pamphlet about any of these, it is easy to intercalate a number. For example : if one had Leist's program on Alanus, he would put it between Agrippa (A 15) and Albinovanus (A 16), and would mark it A155. Sometimes it would not be necessary to use a third figure, as there are vacancies among the two figure marks. In such work Engelmann should be consulted, and a number assigned in such a way as best to accommodate the other unnum- bered writers. In certain cases, where such intercalation would be difficult, I have made the lists complete. For the Fathers of the Church a special list has been prepared. Scholia on ancient authors and modern discussions of those scholia I should put with the authors commented upon {e.g., Acron's scholia under Horatius, ¥36" H5YA); but as others may prefer to put them under the name of the scholiast when known, I have included scholiasts in the list. I have several times risked a slight disturbance of alphabetical order for the sake of giving a single character to a prominent or voluminous author. For instance, I have assigned b to Boethius- In the improbable case that any one should have something by or about Balbus, Basilius, Bassus, Bellisarius, Blossius, or Bocchus, he could not get the name before Boethius unless he marked it A99, and he would probably put it out of order as Bi. The names of some of the more common writers are printed in small capitals, to facilitate finding them in the list. If any one, glancing over them, wonders why for this purpose one was taken and another left, let him compare together the various lists that have been published of the 100 best novels or the ten most important authors, — he will learn that it is not easy to select. Greek Authors (Class mark Y32; Achaeus Al Alexander Aetolus A36 Antisthenes ASl Achilles Tatius AI3 Alexander Aphrod. A363 Antoninus A52 Aelianus AI5 Alexander Magnus A37 Antoninus Liberalis AS23 Aelianus Tacticus a16 Alexander Trallianus A38 Aphtlionius AS3 Aeneas Gazaeus AI7 Ammonius A39 Apollodorus A 54 Aeneas Tacticus Al8 Anacreon -A4 Apollonius Citiensis ASS Aeschines AI9 Anaxagoras A41 ApoUonius Dyscolus A 56 Aeschines Socraticus AI9I Anaximenes A42 Apollonius Pyrgaeus AS7 Aeschylus A2 Andocides A43 Apollonius Rhodius AsS Aesopus A3 Andromachus A44 Apollonius Sophista A59 Aetius A3I Andronicus A4i Appianus a6 Alcaeus A32 Antliemius A 46 Apsines a61 Alcinous A33 Antigonus A47 Aratus A 62 Alciphron A34 Antimachu's A48 Arcadius A63 Alcman A3S Antiphon A5 Archestratus A64 EXAMPLES OF I. ] or c 3D7 Doran's Monarchs retired from business K' 3J3 Jeaff reason's Book about lawyers Kw 3Ed9 Edwards' Life studies of famous women L • 3 Arl Arago's Biographies of distinguished scientific men Lnz" 3WI Waite's Lives of alchemystical philosophers Q"3H9 Hutchinson's Biographia medica The following classes of biography have special marks pro- vided for them in the classification : Artistic WIO, Bible Cbe, New Testament Cbt, Old Testament Cbj, Christian Fathers Cci, CcN, Ccu, Military UIO, Musical VwlO, Naval UnIO, Theatri- cal Vu. Lives of kings and queens regnant may go with the history of the country ruled. The subject collections will be followed by ■^^^ ] Collections, limited as to country but not as to subject to ^ i_ e., Local biography, which will be arranged by the E99 I local list, e. g.^ E45 • 5St Stephen's Dictionary of national biog. E45 • F95 Fuller's Worthies of England E83'5A1 Allen's American biographical dic- tionary E83 • gSp Sparks's Library of American biography Finally come collections limited both by subject and country (as English merchants, French generals, Dutch navigators, Ger- man scholars). These may be treated in six ways. 3. They may be put with the subjects throughout the classifi- cation, and not in E. a. Not separated from the collections, so that Kl • 3 would include lives of lawyers and lives of English lawyers. b. Separated by the local list, thus : — Kl- 3 • Lives of lawyers Kl-339" Lives of French lawyers Kl- 345 • Lives of English lawyers Kl-383- Lives of American lawyers 4, They may be put in class E. (137' a. Arranged with the alphabetical subject divisions in one alphabet, as E • B Botanists, general and English d. In the same order but separated by the local list, e. g., E • B" Botanists E • B45 • English botanists c. Arranged in the order of the classification and marked by the subject letter alone, as E ■ N Botanists, general and English d. In the same order but separated by the local list, as E-N" Botanists E • N45 • English botanists As before, the best plan is a mixture of i and 2. Whether the local list should be used depends on the size of the library, or of the part of it under consideration. GENEALOGY, FAMILIES Genealogy is either the pedigree of one man, in which case it should go with his life, or the history of a family or of a collec- tion of families. The latter, if it comprise the families of a town, goes in local biography; if it is a collection of noble or sovereign families, has its place in Peerages (Fw). Other family biography, wherever it is put, should be arranged alphabetically by the names of the families. It may be treated as suggested in 2a or as in 2b, and in either case the name of the family would take the place of the author-mark, e. g., E • F • B45 Bergen family or E-E'Ed23 Eddy family This would give a single alphabet of families, which is recom- mended for the same reasons that favor a. single alphabet of individuals. But if any one objects to put Families among classes like Artists, Botanists, etc., they can be put (with a • 3) among the "preliminaries " of the class, e. g., E ■ 3C95 Cushman genealogy E ■ 3Sel Sears genealogy (138) THE CUTTER AUTHOR-MARKS; WHY AND HOW THEY ARE USED.* It has been found convenient by librarians to arrange some classes of books alphabetically. In Biography, for instance, if the books stand on the shelves in the order of the names of the persons whose lives they treat of, one knows that Adams will be at the beginning of the class and Washington at the end and Jefferson somewhere near the middle ; and one can go to the shelf, and get the life one wants, without having to consult a catalog first, which makes a saving, not only of time, but of eyes and patience. Moreover, one will find all the lives of Washington standing side by side, which often will not happen on any other plan. In Fiction such an arrangement, either by authors' names or by titles, is almost a necessity. In Poetry and the Drama also it is useful ; and, in fact, in every class it is better than an arrangement by sizes, which merely makes the shelves look a little more orderly, or by accession-number, which has no advantage at all. But it is also found that the books must have some marks on the back to keep them in order. The binders' titles will not do, because they often do not contain the word by which the book should be arranged ; and when they do, the arranger cannot always see at a glance which of several words is the one to arrange by. Moreover, we want some brief mark peculiar to each book, and not belonging to any other copy, by which to charge the volume to the borrower. Therefore I letter on the lower part of the back of each book : — 1. In one line, the letters or figures that denote its class and sub-class. 2. In another line, the initial of the author's name, followed by certain figures (to be explained later on) ; this line stands for the author's name. 3. In another line, the initial of the title (used only when there are two works by the same author in the same sub-class). 4. In the same line, when there is more than one copy of the *Some preliminary discussions on tiiis subject may be found in Library journal, 3: 2-J8, 302, 333; 4: 38-47. (139) same work, I put 2 for the second copy, 3 for the third, if there is one, and so on. Examfh- in English Ficlicm. Class Class, Class, and author author, author. and title. title and copy Yf Yf Yf .D36 .D36 -036 r r4 Defoe's Defoe's Robinson Novels. Robinson Crusoe, Crusoe. 4* copy. Books on the shelves are kept alphabeted by authors by mark- ing them with the initial of the author's family name * followed by one or more decimal figures assigned according to a table so constructed that the names whose initials are followed by some of the first letters of the alphabet have the first numbers, and those in which the initials are followed by later letters have later numbers. E. g., Gardiner, g16. Gore, g66. Gerry, g36. Graham, g76. Gilman, g42. Grote, g89. Glover, g51. Guizot, g94. If the books are arranged in the order of these numbers, of course they will be in alphabetical order. To use the table : 1. Find the first few letters of the author's name in the table ; the figures following added to the initial are tlie mark. E.g., for the name Holmes the table gives Holm 73, the mark is h73. Lowell (Low 95) has l95, Tenney (Ten '.^5) t2.5." Huxley is h98, Macaulay is Mil, Thackeray t32. *In the case of authorless books (anonymous works,periodicals, government publications, etc.), the alphabetical order is determined by the heading adopted for cataloging according to Cutter's Rules for a dictionary catalog. British noblemen (except Lord Bacon) should be arranged by their titles, and well known pseudonyms (as Geo. Eliot, Mark Twain, George Sand) should be used instead of the real names. In biography the name of the subject of the life should be used instead of the name of the author. In the table at present published, (which can be had of the Library Bureau,) the consonants are followed by only two figures. One is preparing for use in large collections of novels or lives, in which the si^bdivision is carried ten times as far by adding another figure. (140) In printing a catalog tlie printer should be cautioned not to use the old style figures (i, 2, 3, 4, etc.), in which the figure i is the same as the "small capital" letter i. 2. Of names beginning with A, E, I, O, U, and S, the first two letters are to be used instead of the initial, and of names beginning with Sc three letters are to be used.* E. g.. Abbot is AE"2, Edwards ed9, Ives iv3, OIney ol6, Upton upI, Semmes se5, Scammon sca5, Schopenhauer sch6. In this way fewer marks are used for the same amount of distinction; 3. If the first letters of the name do not occur in the table take the letters next previous in the alphabetical order. E. g., there is no Dot in the table ; for Dotten, therefore, we take the number of Dos, which gives d74 ; for Pecksniff the number of Peb ; for Manners the number of Mam.t 4. If the number found is already in use, annex another decimal. E. g., if one wishes to insert Harrison between Harris h24 and Harsnet h25, a third figure makes Harrison h242, Harrisse h245, Harry h249. If, again, there is a Harrison, Alfred, h242, Harrison, James, may be numbered with a fourth figure h2424, Harrison, John, h2425, Harrison, Robert, h2427, and so on. This can be carried to any extent. In making such insertions it is rfecessary to consider in what part of the gap the new name will best go, so as to leave room on one side or the other for future insertions. For instance, between Bal 18 and Bald 19 there may come in all the names beginning with Bala, Balb, Bale. There are nine numbers, which we might divide thus : Bala 1-3, Balb 4-6, Bale 7-9. Then Balba would be b184, and Balbo b185, Balbuena b186, Balcarres b187, Balch b188. If Balboa should come in it would go between b185 and b186, i. e. b1853. I do not make it b1851, wishing to leave room for another Balbo. Except in very large classes like Fiction or Biography one rarely gets to the fourth figure. But bad judg- ment in choosing the third figure may hasten the need of adding a fourth. *For the vowels and S another table has been made, in which the initials only are used (Abbot A12, Ives I9). In this A and S are worked out to the third figure. t Mr. R: Bliss writes : " I find it useful to add at once another figure (=3 figs.) whenever the author-table does not give a figure for any combination (as in the above case). It saves trouble later." A 3-figure table is in preparation, by Miss K. E. Sanborn. (141) Avoid using the number 1 as long as other numbers are vacant, because when it is once used nothing can be inserted before it ; one cannot put, for instance, anything between '2'2 and li'2l. Zero is not used because it miglit be mistaken for the letter o of a work-mark ; otherwise 220 would come between 22 and 221 5. The figures are to be considered as decimals, and arranged on the shelf in the order h2, h21, h211, h2111, h2112, h22, h23, h233, h24, h3, and so on. That is, all the numbers beginning with 2 come before a number beginning with 3, and all the numbers beginning with 21 before any beginning with 22, and all beginning with 221 before any beginning with 222 ; just as in a diction- ary all the words beginning with ai' come before words beginning with ac and all the aca words come before the aci words. jg^~ Some persons are apprehensive that this decimal arrange- ment will be hard to use, or at least hard to teach to stupid assistants and (when the public are allowed to go to the shelves) to a public unwilling to take the trouble to comprehend. It may be so sometimes ; I can only say that I have never had any difficulty with anyone, boy or girl, man or woman, when the arrangement was explained as it is above. But if this is con- sidered a serious objection to the use of these author-marks, the difficulty can be entirely avoided by using two figures with the initial in all cases, treating them as ordinals, and when two names are to be represented by the same combination, so that subdivision becomes necessary, starting a new series of ordinals either from i to 9 or from 1 1 to 99, by putting a point after the first two figures, e.g. H21.1, or H21.11. The stupidest attendant could not fail to comprehend the order H34, H34.1, H34.2, H34.3, H34.4, and so on. As it would be awkward to use two decimal points (H34.2.1, H34.2.2), it would be well to use two figures after the decimal point in very large collections, as Fiction and Biography, thus, H34, H34.11, H34.12, H34.13, etc. Of course this method does not allow infinite intercalation. A time will come when some new name cannot be inserted in its proper order, because its number is already occupied. But a notation consisting of an initial followed by four characters pro- vides places for so many names that this misfortune will not (142) occur soon or frequently. And when it does occur the ap- proximate alphabetic arrangement that will here and there result is very much better than no alphabetic order at all. Further marks : 6. On the shelves three alphabetical series should be made, O including all books 25 cm. high or less, Q between 25 and 30, F over 30. These will be indicated by the sign that separates the class mark from the author-and-book mark, • for O and smaller sizes, + for Q, || for F. In small libraries it is best to make only one series of books under each division ; the few books that are too large for the shelves can be turned down very large books can be kept in some separate case. But in a library of size and especially in a library that has many old books, there are likely to be so many quartos and folios that provision must be made to keep them by them- selves, and yet in juxtaposition with the smaller books of their class. It is well always to mark the books for Q and F with the distinctive marks, but these two sizes may often be mixed advantageously in a single alphabet on the shelves, especially where there are only one or two folios with many quartos or one or two quartos with many folios. The three size-marks are for marking the catalog and the back of the title- page ; they are not used in lettering the backs of the books ; in a majority of cases the books' size is sufficiently shown to the attendant who puts them up by the fact that a Q book will not go on an O shelf. 7. In numbering Q and F books a single figure will usually be enouo-h, because there will generally be few books of those sizes in any class, and therefore fewer marks are needed to distinguish them ; often the initial alone would be enough in F. 8. Different books by the same author in the same class are distinguished by work-marks consisting of the first letter or letters of the catch-title. E. o'. Dickens's Chimes d55c, Christmas carol d55ch, Cricket on the hearth d56cr, David Copperfield d55d, Dombey and son d55do. (See p. 147.) 9. Other copies or other editions are noted by adding 2 or 3 or 4, as the case may be, to the work-mark. E.g., another edition of Dombey and son d55do2. (143) 10. The special mark for translations, for use in large libra- ries or in large special collections in a small library, is the initial of the language, a capital letter added (after a size-mark) to the author-mark. E.g., Goethe's dramatische Werke '055 " Dramatic works 'gSS'E " CEuvres dramatiques 'gSO'F " Faust '055 F " Faust, in English '055 f*E 11. If there are several translations distinguish them by adding the initial of the translator's name to the language-mark. E.g., Faust, in the original '055 f " " English byAustin 'GSSF'Ea " Bernays •G55F'Eb " Blackie 'GSSF-Ebl " " " " Bowen 'cSSF-Ebo " " " " Brooks 'GSSF'Ebr "French " Blaze de Bury •G5.5F'Fb " " Italian " Maffei -GSSF-Im These marks are long. But it must be remembered that the need for such marks does not occur at all in a small collection of books and very rarely in a large one. Moreover if anyone wants to avoid them altogether, he can do so by giving up the exact arrangement of versions and simply numbering texts and translations in numerical order as they are received, which is just as well where there is no access to the shelves and almost as well even where there is, until the number of editions and translations becomes very large, as is the case with the classics in a college library, and with Shakespeare, Goethe, and Dante in any large general library. 12. In Biography, which is to be arranged by names of the subjects of the lives, distinguish different authors by adding their initials. E. g., Chadwick's Defoe -DSec Morley's Defoe '036 m Wilson's Defoe "dSGw 13. When, in a large collection, the number of editions of a single work exceeds or is likely to exceed 9, the different editions may be distinguished by adding the year of publication (usually (144) of the first volume, if there are more than one) instead of a number 2, 3, or 4. E. g., Paradise lost, ed. of 1667 ^164?- 1667 " reprint of same •m64p- 1667'2 " ed. of 173-2 •m64p' 173'2 " ed. of 1754 •m64p- 1754 Paradise regained •m64r For economy of marks one might use the Biscoe date-letters instead of the date in figures ; but I thinlc that in general the superior intelligibility of the full date makes up for the greater length of the mark. 14. If it is desired to keep a commentary on any work im mediately after the work add to the work-mark a capital 'Y and (if necessary) tiie initial of the- commentator. For dictionaries and concordances add 'Z. E.g., Frehse's Worterbuch zu Reuter's sammtlichen Werken would be 'rSI'Z Clarke's Shakspere concordance (in a library which has no special mark for Shakspere) 'sal'Zcb. The various marks then are : Class as Y Size as *, + , || Author as D55 Work as D Copy or Edition as 2, 3, 4 " " " when very many as 1887 Translation (if into English) 'E Other copies of Translation as '£2, 'ES Translation by another hand as (d being initial of translator's name) 'Ed Commentary or other illustrative work "Y Dictionary '2 Another . . as (p being initial of author of dictionary) 'Zp g@- A table carried one figure farther is preparing. One has already been made, by Miss K. E. Sanborn, in which three figures are given with the letters A and S. (I4S) Example showing how to treat a voluminous author so as to avoid long work-marks : MRS. M. O. W. OLIPHANT (Her mark is Ot35, so that Agnes would be OL35 ag) a Adam Graeme ho House divided Odd couple ag Agnes i In trust ol Old Lady Mary ah Agnes Hopetoun in Innocent om Ombra at At his gates it It was a lover op Open door b Beleaguered city J John P Perpetual curate br Brownlows jo Joyce ph Phoebe junior c Caleb Field k Kirsteen pi- Primrose path ca Carita 1 Ladies Lindores q Quiet heart ch Chronicles of Carling- la Lady Car r Railway man ford lb Laird of Nordlaw re Rector CO Country gentlemen Ic Last of the Mortimers ro Rose in June cu Cuckoo in the nest li Liliesleaf s Salem Chapel cv Curate in charge lu Lucy Crofton se Second son d Days of my life m Madam si Sir Tom di Diana ma Madonna Mary so Son of the soil du Duke's daughter mag Magdalen Hepburn sq Squire Arden e Effie Ogilvie mb Margaret Maitland St Stories of the seen f For love and life mc Marriage of Elinor su Story of Valentine fu Fugitives md May t Three brothers g Greatest heiress me Merkland w Whiteladies h He that will not mi Minister's wife wi Within the precincts he Heir presumptive mj Miss Marjoribanks wj Wizard's son hf Henry Jocelyn mr Mrs. Arthur y Young Musgrave hg Hester n Neighbours z Zaidee It will be seen that prolific as Mrs. Oliphant is, it is possible to mark all her works (with one exception) without going beyond the second letter. This, however, is on the supposition that the library has all of Mrs. Oliphant's novels when it assigns the let- ters, or at least that the classifier has a list of them so that he can mark what he has so as to leave room for the others. This, of course, cannot be in the case of an author who is still writing. Suppose that Mrs. Oliphant should take "Acte" for her next title. We should either have to alter the mark of Adam Grsme to ad (which can easily be done in a card catalog, but not in a printed catalog), or to let Acte come in out of order as ac But if the next title should be " The saints' comedy," it could be brought before Salem Chapel, which already has the s, only by marking it rz. A little contrivance like this will get one out of many difficulties; but when the library buys the successive novels of an author as they appear, if they are numerous, it will here and there get into violations of order, or use such long marks to escape disorder, that it must in time seize the opportunity to renumber these books which will be given by reprinting its catalog. (146) It is sometimes necessary when one lias a pressure of names in any part of the alphabet to make a little supplementary table, so as to arrange them systematically. Thus if one had a num- ber of names beginning with Saint or Sainte, the following would serve. Sa Sa I Saint E Sa 23 Sainte Sa 27 Sai ) ( Sa 2 Saint I Sa 24 Sainu Sa 28 to \ \ Sains) (Sa2i Saint N Sa 25 Sais Sa 29 Saint A Sa 22 Saint S Sa 26 Sal Sa 3 MARKINGS OF SOME VOLUMINOUS AUTHORS. No novel is included unless some other novel by the same author begins with the same initial. AiNSWORTH, W. H. c Cardinal Pole, ch Chetwynd Calverley, co Constable de Bour- bon, cp Constable of the tower, cr Crichton, 1 Lancashire witches, lo Lord mayor, m Manchester rebels, me Merry England, my Myddleton, o Old Court, ov Ovingdean, s Saint James's, so South Sea bubble, sp Spanish match, sq Spendthrift, st Stanley Brereton, su Star-chamber, t Talbot Harland, to Tower Hill. Alcott, L. M. 1 Little men, li Little women, lu Lulu's library, m Modern Mephis- topheles, mo Moods, s Silver pitchers, sp Spinning wheel stories. Collins, W: W. a After dark, al Alicia, an Antonina, b Basil, bl Black robe, bn Blind love, d The dead alive, de Dead secret, f Fallen leaves, fr Frozen deep, g Ghosts' touch, gu Guilty river, h Haunted hotel, he Heart and science, hi Hide and seek, 1 Law and lady, le Legacy of Cain, m Man and wife, mi Miss or Mrs., mo Moon- stone, my My lady's money, mz My miscellanies, n New Magdalen, no No name, p Percy, po Poor Miss Finch. Cooper, J: F. h Headsman, he Heidenmauer, ho Home as found, hp Homeward bound, j Jack Tier, ja Jack o' lantern, le Last of the Mohicans, li Lionel, m Mercedes, mi Miles, mo Monikins, p Pathfinder, pi Pilot, pj Pioneers, pr Prairie, ps Precaution, r Red rover, re Redskins, s Satanstoe, se Sea lions, sp Spy, w Water-witch, wa Ways of the hour, we Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish, wi Wing and wing, wy Wyandotte. Craik, G. M. d Daughter of the people, di Diana, do Dorcas, 1 Leslie Tyrrell, lo Lost and won, m Mark Denison's charge, mi Mildred, mj Miss Moore, mr Mrs. Hollyer, t Two tales, tw Two women, w Winifred, wi Without kith or kin. Dickens, C : b Barnaby Rudge, ba Battle of life, bl Bleak house, c Christmas books, ch Christmas carol, ci Christmas stories, d David Copperfield, do Dombey and son, h Hard times, ha Haunted man, 1 Lamplighter's story, la Lazy tour, li Little Dorritt, m Martin Chuzzlewit, ma Master Humphrey's clock, me Message from the sea, mr Mrs. Lirriper's lodgings, mu Mudfog papers, mv Mugby junction, my Mystery of Edwin Drood, o Oliver Twist, ou Our mutual friend, p Pickwick club, po Poor traveller, s Sketches, sk Sketches of young couples, t Tale of two cities, to Tom Tiddler's ground. Disraeli, B. c Coningsby, co Contarini Fleming, t Tales, ta Tancred, v Venetia, vi Vivian Grey, vo Voyage of Capt. Popanilla. Dumas, A. a Abbaye de Peyssac, ac Act^, ai Ainsi soit-il, am Amaury, an Ange Pitou as Ascanio, av Aventure d'amour, aw Aventures de John Davis, ax Aventures (147) de Lyderic, b Le batard de MauMon, bk Black, bl Blanche de Beaulieu, bm Les Wanes et les bleus, bn Labouillie, bo La boule de neige, br Bric-k-brac, c Un cadet de famille, ca Le capitaine Pamphile, cb Le capitaine Paul, cc Le capitaine Richard, cd Catherine Blum, ce Causeries, cf Cdcile, eg Charles le Tdmdraire, eh Le chasseur de Sauvagine, ei Le chS.teau d'Eppstein, ej Le chevalier d'Harmental, ek Le chevalier de Maison Rouge, el Le collier de la reine, cm La colombe, en Les compagnons de J^hu, co Le comte de Monte-Cristo, cp La comtesse de Charny, cq La comtesse de Salisbury, cr Les confessions de la marquise, cs Conscience, d La dame de Monsoreau, da La dame de volupt^, de Le dernier roi des Frangais, df Les deux Diane, dg Les deux reines, di Dieu dispose, dr Les drames de la mer, ds Les drames galants, f La femme au collier de velours, fe Fernande, fi Une fiUe du regent, fj Le fils du format, fr Les frferes corses, g Gabriel Lambert, ge Georges, gi Un Gil-Bias en Californie, gu La guerre des femmes, h Histoire d'un casse noisette, hi Histoire d'une colombe, ho L'horo- scope, i L'ile de feu, in Ingenue, is Isaac de Lacquedem, it Isabel de Bavifere, j Jane, je Jehanne la Pucelle, 1 Madame de Chamblay, m Madame de Cond^, ma La maison de glace, mb Maitre Adam, me Le maitre d'armes, md Les mariages du pfere Olifus, me Mdmoires d'un aveugle, mf M^moires d'un m^deein, mg Le meneur de loups, mi Les mille et un fantomes, mo Les Mohicans de Paris, mp Monsieur Coumbes, n Nanon de Lartigues, o Olympe de Cloves, ot Othon I'archer, p Le page du due de Savoie, pa Pascal Bruno, pb Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, pc Pauline, pe Le pfere Gigogne, p£ Le pfere La Ruine, pr Praxfede, ps Le prince des voleurs, pt La princesse Flora, r La reine Margot, ro Robin Hood, rp Le roman d'une femme, rq La route de Vincennes, s La salteador, sa Salvator, sb La San-Felice, so Souvenirs d'Antony, st Les Stuarts, su Sultanetta, sy Sylvandire, t Le testament, tr Les trois raousquetaires, ts Le trou de I'Enfer, tu La tulipe noire, v Le vicomte de Bragelonne, va La vicomtesse de Cambes, ve Une vie d'artiste, Vi vingt ans aprfes, vj Vie et aventures de la princesse de Monaco.* Edwardes, Annie, a Archie Lovell, at At the eleventh hour, b A ball-room repent- ance, bl A blue-stocking, o Ordeal for wives, ou Ought we to visit her, p Pearl powder, pi A play-wright's daughter, v A vagabond heroine, vi Vivian the beauty. Edwards, Amelia B. m Miss Carew, mo Monsieur Maurice, my My brother's wife. Edwards, Matilda B. d Doctor Jacob, dr Dream of millions, f Flower of doom, fo For one and the world, fp Forestalled, n Next of kin, no North country cousin, p Part- ing of the ways, pe Pearla. Eliot, G: m Middleraarch, mi Mill on the Floss, s Scenes of clerical life, si Silas Marner. Galt, J: a Annals of the parish, ay Ayrshire legatees, e Eben Erskine, en Entail, r Ringan Gilhaize, ro Rothelan, s Sir Andrew Wylie, sp Spae-wife, st Stanley Buxton, su Steamboat, sv Stories of the study. Gaskell, Mrs. E.. C. c Cousin Phillis, er Crawford, 1 Lizzie Leigh, lo Lois the witch, m Mary Burton, my My lady Ludlow, r Right at last, ro Round the sofa, ru Ruth. Hawthorne, N. d Doctor Grimshaw's secret, do Dolliver romance, m Marble faun, mo Mosses from an old manse, s Scarlet letter, se Septimus Felton, sn Snow image. James, G. P. R. a Agineourt, ar Arabella Stuart, aq Arrah Neil, b Beauehamp, br The bride of Landeck, bs The brigand, e Charles Tyrrell, co The commissioner, cp The convict, d Darnley, de De L'Orme, df The desultory man, f The false heir, fo Forest days, h Heidelberg, he Henry Masterton, hf Henry of Guise, hu The Huguenot, r * In looking over a list of novels, I notice that autliors who are now writing bid fair to far outstrip the dead in the number of their works ; still there is a limit to human powers ; it is not likely that anyone will try the marker with a more embarrassing array of titles than Dumas, and the list given above shows there is no serious difficulty in dealing with his work. (148) Richelieu, ro Rose Dalbret, ru Russell, s Sir Theodore Broughton, sm The smuggler, St The step-mother, su The string of pearls. KiNGSLEY, C : h Hereward, hy Hypatia, w Water-babies, we Westward ho ! KiNGSLEY, H: h Harveys, he Hetty, hi Hillyars and Burtons, o Oakshott castle, ol Old Margaret. Lever, C: b Barrington, br Bramleighs, c Charles O'Mallev, co Confessions of Con Cregan, d Daltons, da Davenport Dunn, dd Day's ride, do Dodd family abroad, h Harry Lorrequer, ho Horace Templeton, k Kate O'Donoghue, kn Knight of the Gwinne, 1 Lord Kilgobbin, lu Luttrell of Arran, o The O'Donoghue, on One of them, r Rent in the cloud, ro Roland Cashel, s St. Patrick's eve, si Sir Brooke Fossbrooke, sj Sir Jasper Carew, sy Tales of the trains, t That boy of Norcott's, t Tom Burke, tp Tony Butler. Lytton, Lord, c Caxtons, co Coming race, d Devereux, di Disowned, e Ernest Maltravers, eu Eugene Aram, ev Eva, 1 Last days of Pompeii, la Last of the barons, le Leila, lu Lucretia, p Parisians, pa Paul Clifford, pb Pausanias, pe Pelham, pi Pilgrims of the Rhine, r Rebel, ri Rienzi, s Strange story, st Student. Marryat, Capt. j Jacob Faithful, ja Japhet, m Masterman Ready, mi IVIission, mo Monsieur Violet, mr Mr. Midshipman Easy, p Pacha of many tales, pd Percival Keene, pe Peter Simple, ph Phantom ship, po Poacher, pp Poor Jack, pr Privateer's- man, s Settlers in Canada, sn Snarleyow, st Stories of the sea MuLOCH, Miss D. M. a Adventures of a brownie, ag Agatha's husband, av Avillion, b Brave lady, br Bread upon the waters, h Hannah, he Head of the family, hi His little mother, 1 Laurel bush, li Life for a life, Ij little lame prince, Ik Little Sunshine's holiday, m Miss Tommy, mi Mistress and maid, my My brother and I, o Ogilvies, ol Olive, t Twenty years ago, tw Two marriages. Reade, C: c Christie Johnstone, cl Cloister and hearth, cm Clouds and sunshine, CO Course of true love, g Good stories, gr Griffith Gaunt, p Peg Woffington, pe Perilous secret, pu Put yourself in his place, s A simpleton, si Single heart and double face, w Wandering heir, wo Woman hater. Reiu, Mayne. b Boy hunters, br Bruin, bs Boy slaves, bt Boy tar, bu Bush boys, f Flag of distress, fo Forest exiles, h. Headless horseman, hu Hunter's feast, y Young voyageurs, z Young yagers. Sand, G. c Cdsarine Dietrich, ch Le chateau de Pirtordu, ci Le chateau des ddsertes, co Le compagnon de tour de France, cp La comtesse de Rudolstadt, cq La confession d'une jeune fiUe, cr Constance Verrier, cs Consuelo, ct Contes d'une grand mere, cu La coupe, d La dernifere Aldini, de Les deux freres, f La famille de Germandre, fl Flama- rande, fr Frangois le champi, h L'homme de neige, ho Horace, j Jacques, je Jean de la Roche, jf Jeaune, 1 Laura, le L^lia, lu Lucrezia Floriani, m Mile Merquem, ma Mile La Quintinie, mb Les maitres mosaistes, mc Les maitres sonneurs, md Malgr^tout, me La mare au diable, mf Marianne, mg Marquis de Villemer, mh Ma soeur Jeanne, mi Mau- prat, mj Le meunier d'Angibault, mo Monsieur Sylvestre, mp Mont Reveche, n Nanon, no Nouvelle lettres d'un voyageur, p Le pechd de M Antoine, pe La petite Fadette, pi Pierre qui roule, pj Le piccinino, s Le secretaire intime, si Simon, t Tamaris, te Teve- rino, to La tour de Percement, v Valentine, va ^'alvedre, vi La ville noire. Stowe, Mrs. m Mayflower, mi Minister's wooing, my i\Iy wife and I, o Oldtown fireside stories, ol Oldtown folks, p Pearl of Orr's Island, pi Pink and white tyranny, po Pogannuc people. Thackeray, Miss A. I. f Five old friends, fr From an island, fu Fulham lawn, m Miss Angel, mi Miss Williams' divinations, mr Mrs. Dymond, o Old Kensington, ou Out of the world, (149) Th/^ckerav, W: M. b Book of snobs, bu Burlesques, c Catharine, ch Christmas books, V \'anity fair, vi X'irginians. Theuriet, a. a L'affaire Froideville, am Amour d'Automiie, an L'amoureux de la prdftte, au Au paradis des enfants, b Bigarreau, br Le bracelet de turquoise, c Charme dangereux, co Contes de la foret, cp Contes de la vie intime, cq Contes pour les jeunes, f La fiUeul d'ua marquis, fi Le fils Maugars, fo La fortune d'Angcle, m Mile Guignon, ma Mile Roche, mb La maison des deux Barbeaux, mc Le mariage de Gdrard, md Les mauvais manages, mi Michel Verneuil, n Nouvelles intimes, no Nouvelles, o Les oeil- lets, on L'oncle Scipion, r Raymonde, re Reine des bois, t La tante Aurdlie, to Toute seule. Trollope, a. a Alice Dugdale, am American senator, ay Ayala's angel, b Barches- ter towers, be Belton estate, bf Bertrams, br Brown, c Can you forgive her? ca Castle Richmond, cl Claverings, co Cousin Henry, d Doctor Thorne, dr Dr. Whortle's school, du Duke's children, e Editor's table, eu Eustace Diamond, ey Eye for an eye, f Fixed period, fr Framley parsonage, fs Frau Frohmann, h Harry Heathcote, he He knew he was right, 1 Lady Anna, la Land-leaguers, lb Last chronicle of Barset, li Linda Tressel, lo Lotta Schmid, m Marion Fay, me La mhre Bauche, mi mistletoe bough, o Old man's love, or Orley farm, p Phineas Finn, ph Phineas redux, pr Prime minister, r Rachel Ray, ra Ralph the heir, s Sir Harry Hotspur, sm Small house at AUington, t Tales of all countries, th Three clerks, w Warden, wa Way we live now. Trollope, T. A. b La beata, be Beppo the conscript, d Diamond cut diamond, dr Dream numbers, du Dunton abbey, g Garstang grange, ge Gemma, gi Giulio Mala- testa, 1 Leonora Casaloni, li Lindisfarn Chase, s Sealed packet, si Siren, st Stilwinches. Trowbridge, J: T. c Chance for himself, cu Cudjo's cave, d Doing his best, dr Drummer boy, n Neighbor Jackwood, ne Neighbor's wives. Walford, Mrs. h Havoc of a smile, he Her great idea, hi History of a week, m Mere child, mi Mischief of Monica, mr Mr. Smith, p Pauline, pi Pinch of experience, s Sage of sixteen, st Stiff necked generation. Wood, Mrs. a Adam Grainger, an Anne Hereford, c Channings, co Count Nether- leigh, e East Lynne, ed Edina, el Elster's folly, 1 Lady Adelaide's oath, li Life's secret, lo Lord Oakburn's daughters, m Master of Greylands, mi Mildred Arkell, mr Mrs. Hali- burton's troubles, my Mystery of Jessy Page, o Orville College, os Oswald Gray p Parkwater, po Pomeroy abbey, r Red Court farm, ro Roland Yorke, s Saint Martin's eve, sh Shadow of Ashlydyat, ss Story of Charles Strange, st Story of Dorothy Grape, t Told in the twilight, tr Trevlyn Hold. YoNGE, Miss C. M. b Beechcroft, be Beechcroft at Rockstone, by Bye-words, c Caged lion, ca Castle builders, ch Chaplet of pearls, cl Clever woman of the family, cr Cross roads, cu Cunning woman's grandson, d Daisy chain, da Danvers papers, di Disturbing element, do Dove in the eagle's nest, dy Dynevor terrace, h Heartsease, he Heir of Redcliffe. ho Hopes and fears, 1 Lads and lasses, la Lady Hester, lb Lances of Lynwood, li Little duke, lo Love and life, m Magnum bonum, mo Modern Tele- machus, my My young Alcides, p P's and q's, pi Pillars of the house, s Six cushions, st Stray pearls, t Three brides, tr Trial, tw Two guardians, tx Two penniless princesses, ty Two sides of the shield, u Under the storm, un Unknown to history. GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS. The great difficulty in the use of transliteration tables is that one can never foresee who will write books, and after one has used the best judgment in guessing the future one may find one- self compelled to intercalate an unexpected name in some place where intercalation means long numbers. But there is no such drawback to their use for the classics. One knows just how many names one has to provide for; the roll is made up; one can use a minimum of figures in assigning them symbols, without fear that any new-comer will disturb the order. The order adopted is : i, whole works, chronologically arranged; 2, translations of whole works alphabetically arranged by the languages; 3, dictionaries, commentaries, and other illustrative works; 4, selections ; 5, single works, each with the same divis- ions that the whole works have. The method of marking may be shown by an example : Paley's Frogs would be marked Y for Literature, 32 for Greek, A 7 for Aristophanes, R for Ranae, 1878 because published in that year, or all together Y32 • A7R 1878. Rogers's translation of the Lysistrata would be l for Lysistrata, e for English, and r for Rogers, — thus: Y32'A7L-Er. It will be noticed that the year is written in full. Mr. Biscoe's scheme for giving dates briefly is admirable. But it has a defect ; it is not self-interpreting; it does not suggest its meaning, but has to be understood by a sheer effort of memory. Therefore, in the classics, where editions are numerous, it seems better to put on the backs of the books a mark which everybody can under- stand at a glance, — the usual date, 1886, 1494, etc. The greater length of the mark is compensated by its greater intelligibility on the shelf. As few names of languages into which the classics are likely to be translated begin with Y or Z, I use these letters to mark the works abotit a classic, putting after the Y or Z the initial of the modern author's name. (Any translations into Yoruba, or Zulu, or the like, I should mark X.) In this notation Z is used for dic- tionaries, Y for commentaries and other illustrative works. Thus Saulcy's Campagnes de Cesar dans les Gaules would be Y36"C2G'Ys; Ernesti's Clavis Ciceroniana would be Y36' C7 • Ze. I have not thought it worth while to lengthen the list by insert- ing a number of obscure authors of whose fragments there is, so far as appears in Engelmann's " Bibliothecaclassica," no separate edition. If by chance a librarian should have to deal with a pamphlet about any of these, it is easy to intercalate a number. For example : if one had Leist's program on Alanus, he would put it between Agrippa (A 15) and Albinovanus (A 16), and would mark it A 155. Sometimes it would not be necessary to use a third figure, as there are vacancies among the two figure marks. In such work Engelmann should be consulted, and a number assigned in such a way as best to accommodate the other unnum- bered writers. In certain cases, where such intercalation would be difficult, I have made the lists complete. For the Fathers of the Church a special list has been prepared. Scholia on ancient authors and modern discussions of those scholia I should put with the authors commented upon [e.g., Acron's scholia under Horatius, Y36' H5YA); but as others may prefer to put them under the name of the scholiast when known, I have included scholiasts in the list. I have several times risked a slight disturbance of alphabetical order for the sake of giving a single character to a prominent or voluminous author. For instance, I have assigned b to Boethius. In the improbable case that any one should have something by or about Balbus, Basilius, Bassus, Bellisarius, Blossius, or Bocchus, he could not get the name before Boethius unless he marked it A99, and he would probably put it out of order as Br. The names of some of the more common writers are printed in small capitals, to facilitate finding them in the list. If any one, glancing over them, wonders why for this purpose one was taken and another left, let him compare together the various lists that have been published of the 100 best novels or the ten most important authors, — he will learn that it is not easy to select. Greek Authors (Class mark Y32) Achaeus Al Alexander Aetolus A36 Antisthenes A5I Achilles Tatius AI3 Alexander Aphrod. A363 Antoninus AS2 Aelianus Als Alexander Magnus A37 Antoninus Liberalis A523 Aelianus Tacticus a16 Alexander Trallianus A38 Aphtlionius AS3 Aeneas Gazaeus AI7 Ammonius A39 ApoUodorus A54 Aeneas Tacticus Al8 Anacreon A4 Apollonius Citiensis AS5 Aeschines AI9 Anaxagoras A4l Apollonius Dyscolus A56 Aeschines Socraticus Algl Anaximenes A42 Apollonius Pyrgaeui A57 Aeschylus A2 Andocides A 43 Apollonius Rhodius A58 Aesopus A3 Andromachus A44 Apollonius Sophista AS9 Aetius A3I Andronicus A45 APPIANUS a6 Alcaeus A32 Anthemius A46 Apsines a61 Alcinous A33 Antigonus A47 Aratus A 62 Alciphron A34 Antimachus A4S Arcadius A63 Alcman A3 5 Antiphon (153) AS Archestratus A64 Arcliilochus Archimedes Aretaeus Aristenetus Aristides Aristonicus Aristophanes Aristophanes Byz. Aristoteles Arrianus Arsenius Artemidorus Asclepiades Astrampsychus Athenaeus Athenagoras Autolycus Babrius Bacchylides Berosus Bion Brutus Callimachus Callinus Callisthenes Cebes Cedrenus Chariton Chion Choerilus Choricius Cleanthes Cleomedes Coluthus Conon Constantinus Man. Constantinus Porph. Crates Thebanus Cratinus Critias Ctesias Damascius Damocrates Demetrius Cydonius Demetrius Moschus Demetrius Pepag. Demetrius Phalereus Demetrius Zenus Democritus Demophilus Demosthenes A65 a66 A67 a68 A69 A693 A7 A73 a8 A9 A9I A92 A93 A95 A96 A97 A9S B B2 B4 b6 b8 C cl C15 C2 C25 t-'3 C33 C36 C39 C4 CS c6 C7 C72 C73 c86 cSl c8s C9 u Dl DI7 Dl8 DI9 D2 D22 D25 D29 D3 Dicaearchus D38 Didymus D4 Dinarchus D45 Dio Cassius D5 Dio Chrysostomus 116 Diodes D65 DioDOKUS Siculus D7 Diogenes Apollo D75 Diogenes Laertius d8 Dionysius, Aelius D84 Dionysius Byzant. d88 Dionysius Halicarn. 09 Dionysius Periegetes D92 Diophantus D94 Dioscorides D95 Dositheus D97 Draco D98 Duris D99 Empedocles E2 Epaphroditus E23 Ephorus E25 Epicharmus E27 Epictetus E29 Epicurus E3 Eratosthenes E4 Erinna E43 Erotianus E45 EUCLIDES e6 Eudemus E62 Eudocia E63 Eunapius E7 Euphorion E76 Eupolemus E78 Euripides e8 Eustathius Antecessor E9 Eustathius Mac. E9I Eustathius Thes. E92 Galenus Georgius Choerob. Georgius Codinus Georgius Gemistus Georgius Pachymeres Georgius Pisida Georgius Scholarius Glycas, J. Glycas, M. Gorgias Gregoras Gregorius Corinthius Gregorius Cyprius Hanno Hapluchiris G G2 03 G5 g6 G7 G7S G76 g8 g8s G9 G9S H Hi Harpocration h11 Hecataeus HI2 Plecataeus Abderita HI3 Hecataeus Milesius HI3I Heliodorus Emesenus Hi 4 Heliodorus metricus HI5 Heliodorus poeta h16 Hellanicus HI7 Hephaestion h18 Heraclides HI9 Heraclides Ponticus H2 Heraclitus Ephesius H22 Heraclitus Mythol. H23 Hermes Trismegistus H24 Hermesianax H25 Hermias H26 Hermippus H27 Hermippus Smyrn. H28 Hermogenes H29 Hero Alex. H3 Hero Byzantius H31 Hero Ctes. H32 Herodes H33 Herodianus Ael. H34 Herodianus Mst. H35 Herodotus H4 Hesiodus h5 Hesychius Alex. H53 Hesychius Milesius H55 Hierocles Alex. h6 Hierocles gram. H62 Himerius H65 Hipparchus H67 Hippocrates Cous H7 Hipponax H75 Homerus h8 Horapollo H84 Hybrias h8s Hyperides H9 lamblichus I Ibycus 12 Ion 13 Isaeus 14 Isidorus Characenus 15 Isigonus 16 Isis 17 ISOCRATES 18 Joannes Alex. J JULIANUS Imp. j6 Laurentius Lydus l Leo diaconus l2 (I.S3) Leo philosophus i.23 Pacanius p Qu ntus Smyrnaeus Q Leonidas L25 Palaephatiis pl Libanius L3 Palladius Pl2 Rhianus R Longinus L4 Panyasis Pl3 Rufus RS Longus L5 Pappus PI4 LUCIANUS l6 Parmenides ' Pis Sallustius s Lycophron L7 Parthenius Pl7 Sappho S2 Lycurgus l8 Paulus Aegineta p18 Scylax S2l Lysias L9 Paulus Silentiarius PI9 Scymnus S22 Pausanias P2 Sesenus S23 Manetho M Pediasimus P2l Severus S24 Marcianiis Ml 3 Phaedrus P22 Sextius S25 Marcus Ml 4 Phalaris P23 Sextus Empiricus ."^26 Marinus MI5 Phanodermus P23S Sibyllina oracula S27 Matthaeus MI7 Phavorinus P24 Simeo S28 Maximus M18 Pherecrates P245 Simonides Amorginus ,S29 Maximus Tyrius M2 Pherecydes Lerius P25 SiMONiDES Ceus S3 Megasthenes M25 Philemon gram. P259 Simplicius S32 Meleager MS Philes P26 Socrates S3S Memnon M35 Philetas P27 Solon S4 Menander coraicus M4 Philo Byzantinus P28 Sophocles ss Menander rhetor M42 Philo Judaeus P29 Sophron SS2 Menelaus M44 Philochorus P294 Soranus SS3 Mercurius M46 Philodemus P296 Soterichus SSS Michael Acominatus M48 Philolaus P297 Stephanus Byzant. , S57 Mimnermus M5 Philostratus P3 Stesichorus Himer. SS9 Mnaseas M55 Philoxenus Cytherius P3I Stobaeus s6 Moeris , m6 Phlegon P32 Strabo S7 Moschion M65 Phocylides P33 Strato S7S Moschopulus my Photius P35 Suidas s8 Moschus m8 Phrynichus sophista P36 Synesius 589 MuScEUS M9 Phurnutus P3S Synesius Cyrenaeus S9 Musonius M95 Phylarchus PiNDARUS P39 P4 Syntipas S9S Nemesius N Planudes P4S Terpander Tl Nicander N2 Plato P5 Theanus Tl7 Nicanor .N25 Plotinus PS5 Themistius T2 Nicephorus Blem. N3 Plutarchus p6 Themistocles T2S Nicephorus Bryen. N3S Polemo Ant. p61 Theocritus T3 Nicephorus Gregoras N4 Polemo Periegetes P63 Theodoretus T32 Nicephorus Sanctus N4S Pollux J., gram. P65 Theodorus Ducas T33 Nicetas Acominatus N56 Pollux J., hist. p66 Theodoras Gaza T33 Nicetas Eugenianus nGs Polyaenus p68 Theodorus Metochita T34 Nicolaus Damascenus n7 POLYBIUS P7 Theodorus Prodromu s T35 Nicomachus Geras. nS Porphyrins P75 Theodosius Alex. T37 Nonnus Panopolitanus Ng Posidonius P78 Theodosius Tripolit. T38 Nonnus Theoph. N9I Proclus p8 Theognis T4 Procopius Caesar p81 Theon Alexand. T44 Ocellus Psellus P85 Theon Smyrnaeus .T4S Olympiodorus philos 03 Ptolemaeus Chennus p86 Theon Sophista T46 Onosander OS Ptolemaeus Claudius P87 Theophanes : T47 Oppianus 06 Ptolemaeus Eordaeus P88 Theophilus T48 Oribasius 08 Pythagoras P9 Theophrastus , .•TS Orpheus 09 Pytheas (154) P9S Theophylactus ' T53 Theopompus T53 Trichas T7 Xenophon Ephesius x6 Thomas Magister T56 Tryphiodorus T74 Xiphilinus x7 Tlirasyllus Ts8 Trypiion 178 Tlirasymacluis TS9 Tyrtaeus tS Zaleucus z Thucydides t6 Tzetzes T9 Zenodorus Z2 Tiberius T63 Zonaras Z4 Timaeus Locrus T65 Xenocrates xl Zosimus historicus z6 Timaeus Sophista t66 Xenophon Athen. X Zosimus Panopolit. z8 Works of Plato (¥32- P5). E. g., the Gorgias is ¥32 • P5G, the Phaedo Y32 ■ P5PH. Alcibiades primus A Erastae ER Minos Alcibiades secundus A Eryxias ES Parmenides p Apologia Socratis AP Euthydemus EU Phaedo PH Axiochus B 'Euthyphro F Phaedrus PI Charmides C Gorgias G Philebus PL Civitas {see Respublica). Hipparchus H Politicus PO Convivium CO Hippias major HI Protagoras Q Cratylus CP Hippias minor HJ Respublica R Critias CQ De justo J Sisyphus s Crito CR Laches K Sophista so Definitiones D Leges L Th'eaetetus T Demodocus DE Lysis LY Theages TH Epinomis E Menex M Timaeus TI Epistolffi EP IVIeno N De virtute V Works of Plutarch (Y32 • P6). E.,^:, the "Ue sera," ¥32' P6s. Aemilius Paulus A Demetrius D Marcellus M Agesilaus AG Demosthenes DE iVtarius MY Agis AH Dio DI Moralia M Alcibiades AK Musica MU Alexander AL Erotics narrationes E Antonius AN Eumenes EU Nicias N Aratus AR Numa NU Aristides AS Fabius F Artaxerxes AT Flamininus FL Otho De fluviorum at montium Brutus B nominibus FM Pelopidas P Caesar C Galba G Pericles PE Camillus CA Gracchi GR Philopoemen Phocion PH Cato major Cato minor CL CC Instituta H Pompeius PO Isis et Osiris Publicola PU Cicero CI I De pudore vitioso PP Cimon Cleomenes cj CL Lucullus K Pyrrhus PY Coriolanus CO Lycurgus L Crassus CR Lysander Romulus R (155) De sera numinis vin- Poetae lyrici Y32P-9 dicta s Poetae satyrici Y32P-9 Sertorius SA Poetae scenici Y32D-9 Solon so Poetae sillographici Sulla SY et parodici Y32P'9 Themistocles T Rhetores Y32-98R Theseus TH Timoleon TI Scriptores Scriptores rei accip- Y32-9 Vitae V itrariae Y32-98A COLLECTIONS. Scriptores astrono- mici Y32-98A Anecdota Graeca Y32-9 Scriptores biogra- pliici Y32-98B Oratores Y326 Scriptores commen- tariorum Y32-9 Poetae Y32F '■9 Scriptores epistolo- Poetae aenigmatum Y32P '■9 graphi Y325-9 Poetae Alexandrini Y32P ■9 Scriptores erotici et Poetae bucolici Y32P-9 fabulae Romanae Y32F-9 Poetae didactic! Y32P ■9 Florilegia Y32-9 Poetae epici Y32P -9 Scriptores geogra- Poetae fabularum Y32P ■9 phici Y32-98G Poetae gnomici Y32P ■9 Scriptores gram- Poetae hymnorum Y32P -9 matici ¥32-980 Scriptores liistorici Y32'98h Script, historiarum Alexandri Magni F32A-9 Scriptores historiae Byzantinae F32D'9 Scriptores rerum inventarum Y32.981 Scriptores mathe- matici Y32-98M Scriptores medici Y32'98m Scriptores metric! et musici Y32-98M Scriptores metro- logici Y32-98M Scriptores rei mili- taris Y32-98M Scriptores mytho- logici Y32L-9 Scriptores rerum nat. et paradoxorum Y32-98N Scriptores paroerrii- orum Y327-9 Scriptores philosophi ¥32-98? Scriptores physiog- nomici Y32-98P An example from Homer's marks will show how the table is applied : COLLECTED WORKS. ^'''*''^'^- ^ast words On translating Homer Y32-h8-ya-l Opera. Lips., 1759 y32-H8-i759 Crusius. Greek and Eng. Carmina, cur. Heyne. Lips., lexicon of Homer Y32-h8-zc 1802 Y32-H8-1802 Seber. Index vocabulorum Church. Selections from Homer y32-h8-9C Whole works ; tr. into E7ig. by Chapman Y32-h8-ec Iliad and Odyssey; tr. into Eng. by Cowper Y32-h8-eco Iliad and Odyssey ; tr. into in Homerum Y32-h8-zs SINGLE WORKS. Eng. by Ogilby Y32-h8-E() CEuvres; tr. into French by Dacier Y32-H8-FD Qiuvres ; tr. into French by Giti Y32-H8-FG Werke ; tr. into German by Voss Y32-H8-GV Werke ; tr. into German by Voss (another ed.) Y32-H8-GV-2 Arnold. On translating Ho- mer Y32-H8-YA Batrachomyomachia; tr. into Eng. by Chapman Y32-h8b-ec Hymni, etc. Lips., 1858 Y32-h8h-i858 Hymn to Ceres ; tr. into Eng. by Lucas Y32-h8hc-el Ilias. Lond., 1768 Y32-h8i-i768 Ilias. Lips., 1872 Y32-H8ri872 Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by Chapjnan Y32-h8i-ec Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by Pope. 172I Y32-H8rEP Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by Pope. 1802 y32-H8iEP-2 Iliade ; tr. into Italian by Monti Y32-h8i-I!W (IS6) Collins. The Iliad Y32-HSrYC Ndgehbach. Anmerkungen Y32-hSi-x Scholia in Iliadem Y32-H8rYSCH Peiidergast. Complete con- cordance to the Iliad Y32-h8i-zp Odyssey ; [Or.] ; ed. by Hay man. 1866 Odys.sey ; tr. by Bryant Odyssey ; tr. by Chapman Odyssey ; tr. by Pope Y32-i-i8oD-iS66 y32'h8od-eb Y32-h8od-ec y32-hSod-ep Latin Authors (Class Mark Y36). Accius a Cato, M. P., censor (-'45 Frontinus F7 Acron a1 Cato, Valerius C48 Fronto f8 Acta diurna All Catullus CS Fulgentius F9 Adamantius a1 Celsus c6 ^thicus AI3 Censorinus C65 Callus G Afranius AI4 Charisius c68 Gellius, Aulus G3 Agrippa Albinovanus AI5 a16 Cicero, M. T. Cicero, Quintus C7 C7I Germanicus Gratius GS G7 Alcimus AI7 Cincius, L. C7S Alcuinus a18 Claudianus c8 Hadrianus H Aldhelmus AI9 Claudius Caesar C82 Hegesippus Hi AlI.MIAXUS A2 Claudius Quadigar. C83 Historia miscella H2 Ampelius Annales maximi A23 Columella Commodianus c8s c86 Homerus Latinus Horatius H3 H5 Anthimus A25 Consentius C87 Hyginus, C. J. h8 Apicius A3 ApoUinaris, see Sidonius Corippus Cornificius rhetor c88 C89 Hyginus grammat. H9 ««rfSulficius CURTIUS C9 Idacius I Apuleius Madaurensis A4 Isidorus IS Apuleius L. minor Apuleius Celsus Aquila Arusianus A4I A42 A46 A44 Dares Dictys Dicuil Diomedes u Dl D2 D3 Jordanes (Jornandes) Juba Julianus J2 J3 J4 Arvales fratres A48 Domitius Marsus D4 Junior JS ASCONIUS AS Donatus, Aelius DS Justinus J6 Asellio A5I Donatus, T. C. d6 Juvenalis J7 Auguralia A58 Dositheus D7 Juvencus J8 Augustus Imp. AUSONIUS AviANUS a6 A7 a8 Dracontius Ennius d8 E Laberius Lactantius Placidus L Ll AVIENUS A9 Ennodius E2 Laevius L2 Boethius Caecilius Balbus B C Epicadius Euanthius Eugippius Eumenius E3 E4 ES e6 Licinianus Livius Andronicus Livius Patavinus LUCANUS L3 L4 L5 l6 Caecilius Statius Caelius Aurelianus Caelius, M. R. Cl cls C17 Eutropiiis Eutyches Exsuperantius e7 e8 E9 Lucilius, C. Lucilius, C. S. Lucretius L7 l8 L9 Caesar Calpurnius Siculus Calvus C2 C2S C26 Fabius Festus F Fl Luscius Lutatius Luxorius L92 L94 l96 Capella C27 Firmicus F2 Lvgdamus L98 Capitolinus Cassiodorus Cassius Hem. Cato philosophus C28 C3 C35 C4 Firmicus jun. Florus, Julius Florus, P. Annius Fortunatus (157) F3 F4 f6 Macer Macrobius Maecenas M Ml MI3 Maecianus Mis PoUio, C. A. P72 SiLIUS s6 Mallius M2 Pompeius, Sextus P73 Sisenna S63 Mamertinus M25 Pomponius P74 Solinus s6s Manilius M3 Porcius P7S Spartianus S67 Marcellus Empiriciis M33 Porpliyrio P76 Statius S7 Marius Maximus M35 Priscianus Caesarian. P77 Suetonius s8 Afartialis, Garg. 37M Priscianus, Theod. P77S Sulpicia S82 Martialis, M. V. M4 Proba P78 Sulpicius Severus S84 Martianus M5 Probus P79 Symmachus S87 Maximus Taurinensis M59 Propertius pS Symphosius S89 Mela m6 Prosper p8s Syrus S9 Merobaudes M7 Prudentius P9 Messala m8 Tacitus T Musa 119 OUINTILIANUS Q Terentianus T erentius Afer. T2 T3 Naevius N Rabirius R TiBULLUS TS Nazarius Xl Rufinus R4 Tiro t6 Nemesianus N2 Rufus Festus KS Trogus t8 Nepos N3 N4 Rusticius r6 Turpilius T9 Nepotianus Rutilius, CI. M. R7 Nero N5 n6 Rutilius Lupus, P. r8 Vagellius V Nigidius Rutilius Rufus, P. R9 Valerianus Vl2 Nipsus N7 Valerius vls Nonius n8 Sallustius s Valerius vl6 Novius N9 Sabinus si Valerius, J. V2 Sq.binus, Asellius sU Valerius Aedituus V27 Obsequens Sacerdo Sl2 Valerius Antias V28 Optatianus Orientius 06 Salcius S122 Valerius Flaccus V3 07 08 Santra S13 Valerius Maximus V4 OVIDIUS Scaevola S133 Varro V5 Scajvus S14 Vegetius Ren., F. v6 Scaurus, M. A. sis Vegetius Ren., P. v61 Pacalus p Scaurus, Q. T. slss Velleius. See Paterci lus Pacuvius pl Scipio sl6 Verrius V7 Palladius 1-3 Scipio ^milianus sl66 Vestricius V7S Paterculus, C. V. Pis Scribonius Largus SI7 Vilius V77 Paulus PI7 Scribonius Libo SI77 Victor, J. C. V78 Pelagonius PI9 Sedulius, C. s18 Victor, M. V79 Persius P2 Sedulius, Scotus SI9 Victor, S. A. v8 Pevigilium Veneris P2S Seneca, L. A. S2 Victor Sulpicius V82 Petronius P3 [Seneca tragicus, if Victor Vitensis V83 Feutingerana tabula P35 separated S2S] Victorinus, Mar. v8s Phaedrus P4 Seneca, M. A. S3 Victorinus, Max. v86 Phalargyrius P42 Serenus, Sept. S33 Victorius V87 Phocas P43 Serenus Sammonicus S34 Vincentius V89 Placidus P4S Sergius S36 ViRGILIUS V9 Plautus PS Servius S4 Vitruvius, P. V92 Plinius Secundus, C. p6 Severianus .S42 Vitruvius, R. V93 Plinius (Valerianus), C p6s Severus, C. S46 Volcatius V95 Plinius Cascilius Se- Severus, J. S48 Vomanus V96 cundus, C. P7 Severus Sanctus SS Vopiscus V98 Polemius P7I Sidonius SS5 Vulcacius M. V99 (^58) Works of Cicero (¥36" C7). E.j;., the Tusculanse, Y36' C7X ; the Orator, Y35'C7E. SELECTION'S A Pro domo LE Cum Senatui gratulavil : lse Rhetorica B Pro Flacco LF Pro Sestio LSF De Claris oratoribvis c Pro Fonteio LG Pro Sylla LSY De inventione oratoria D De haruspicum respon- Pro Tullio LT Orator E sis LH In Vatinium LV De Optimo genera ora- De lege agraria LI Verrinae LW tionis F De lege Manilia LJ Epistolae M Ad 0. It. de oratore G Pro Ligario LL Ad Atticum N Paradoxa H Pro Marcello LM Ad Brutum NB De partitione 1 oratoria I Pro IMilone LN Familiares NF Rhetorica ad Heren- Pro Murena LO Ad Quintum fr. NQ nium J Philippicas LP Philosophica P Topica K In Pisonem LPI Academica Q Oratioxes L Pro Plancio LPL Cato, de senectute R Ad Antonium LA Pro Pompeo LPO De finibus S Pro Archia LAR Cum populo gratulavit LPP Laelius, de amicitia T Pro Balbo LB De provinciis con sulari - De natura deorum U In Caecilium LC bus LPR De officiis V Pro Caecina LCA Pro Ouintio LQ Somnium Scipionis w Pro Caelio LCB Pro Rabirio LR Tusculanae X In Catilinam LCC Pro 0. Roscio LRO Politica Y Pro Cluentio LCL Pro S. Roscio LRP De legibus YL Pro Deiotaro LD Pro Scauro LS De republica YR Aeneis Bucolica ViRGILIUS (¥36' V9). A Bucolica and Georgica B Culex BG Georgica c The foUowino; cipal Fathers: FATHERS. table will serve for the marking of the prin- Aeneas Gazaeus Alexander of Lj'copolis Aretas Aristides Athanasius Athenagoras Barnabas Chrysostomus Clemens Alexandrinus Clemgns Romanus Greek Fathers. A Cyrillus Alexandrinus C8 Georgius Pisides G A3 Cyrillus Hierosolymit. C9 Gregorius Nazianzenus G7 A6 Gregorius Nyssenus G8 A? T^-j Ai .„ ^...•„„o n Gregorius Thaumaturgus Go ' Didymus Alexandrmus U » a j ^° Diognetum, Epistola ad D7 ^9 Dionysius Alexandrinus D8 Hegesippus H Dionysius Corinthius D9 Hermas H2 Hermias H3 B C Epiphanius C5 Eusebius Pamphilus Cl5 Evagrius Hippolytus E E8 j:c) Ignsvtius H6 J Irenaeus Isidorus Pelusinus Justinus Martyr Joannes Hierosolym. Methodius Nilus 1 2 Origenes Is O J Papias Petrus Alexandrinus Tl Petrus Chrysoloras Polycarpus M Procopius Gazaeus N Socrates scholasticus Synesius Cyrenaeus S9 P p Tatianus T p Theodoretus T3 p^ Theodorus T4 po Theophilus Alexand. T5 Theophilus Antioch. T6 S Theophylactus T7 Latin Fathers. Ambrosius A Gregorius Maximus GS Novatianus N Arnobius Augustinus A4 A6 Hieronymus H Optatus Hilarius Pictavensis HS Paulinus Nolanus, M.P.A. P Basilius a Beda Venerabilis B3 Bernardus ClaraevallensisB4 Isidorus Hispalensis I Petrus Blesensis Prosper Aquitanus P4 P9 Boethius B6 Joannes Moschus J Ruffinus R Bonifacius By Joannes Damascenus Js Commodianus Cyprianus C9 Joannes Sarisburiensis Julius Firmicus Materna JS7 ■J9 Sedulius Silvester IL, Pope S S5 Ephraira Syrus E Lactantius Lanfrancus L L2 Tertullianus Titus Bostrensis . T T5 Firmicus F Leo L, the Great LS Fulgentius F9 Victorinus V Marius Mercator M Vigilius Thapsicus V7 Gregorius Turinensis G Vincentius Levinensis V8 [End of Part i and of the continuous paging. In the Seventh Classification there will be separate pagings for the several groups of classes or in some cases for single classes. On pages 7 and 8 a second and a third notation were spoken of, which dif- fered from the first (which marks places by two figures) by using instead, the second a vowel followed by another letter, and the third a vowel or consonant followed by another letter. These two notations will be shown in a new Local list. J (160) LOCAL LIST The chief characteristic of the notation used in the Expansive Classification is that it ensures an easy distinction between divisions relating to countries (which are marked by figures) and other divisions (which are marked by letters), and that the figures denoting any one country are with a few exceptions the same, in whatever part of the classification they occur. An attempt has been made in the following list not merely to put together countries that adjoin on the map, but to arrange them in such order that those which have most to do with one another shall not be widely separated. But even the first object can never be attained, as a country is generally bounded by three or four or five others, and in a list it can stand between only two, and the position which brings it near them tears it away from the others.* The second object is equally unat- tainable, for neighborhood, historical connections, racial relationship, and linguistic aflinities do not always coincide, and the juxtaposition in the list is often imperfect in one or more of these points.! The order here adopted, after taking up the World and its great divisions, first those running east and west (the zones), then those run- ning north and south (the lunes, — which bring in first the Pacific Ocean with Polynesia and then the Atlantic), passing through the Med- iterranean Sea and the Levant, and what is almost its synonym, the Turkish Empire, enters Europe from the south, takes up successively Greco-Eoman, Celtic, Teutonic, Scandinavian, Turanian, and Slavic Europe, goes over to Asia through the Balkan Peninsula, crosses that continent by the north and returning by the south leaps from India across the Arabian Sea to Africa, which it circuits,, going south on the * See, for instance, in the present arrangement, how Atlantis (261) is separated from the western African islands (796-798), and Syria and Arabia (607 and 62) from Africa (70). •j- For this reason in the Seventh Classification of Philosophy the ordinary order of the local list is not adhered to in all parts. (Ba Oriental philosophy, instead of B 60; Bb Greek and Roman philosophy, instead of B 31.) Note also the arrangement of countries under W12 History of ancient art. (1) east side and coming back to the north on the west coast, then taking leave of Africa at the western islands, passes to America, which it traverses from north to south. The usual practice in this list has been, as elsewhere in the classifi- cation, to put general inclusive subjects before the specific su.bjects that are included, — Europe, for instance, before all the parts of Europe. But here, as elsewhere in the classification^ occasional exceptions have been made for special reasons. Sometimes it is as well to put a general sub- ject between two of its parts. Nile Valley, for example, here follows Egypt for the sake of allowing Egypt to have a two-character mark and yet to come before Nubia and the other countries higher up the river, which come later in the course that the classification is following around the continent. SYNOPSIS. The World ii Zones (running East and West) 13, 14 Lunes (running North and South) 15-29 Continents 30-99 Europe 30 Asia 60 Africa 70 America 80 THE GLOBE. 11 The WORLD 12 Voyages and Travels (col- lections) ZONES, (RUNNING EAST AND WEST) 13 Voyages /round the World (2) 133 TROPICS 135 TEMPERATE ZONES 14 ARCTIC and ANTARCTIC REGIONS 14 Arctic regions. 141, if these are separated from Arctic and Antarctic regions. 14 American Arctic regions 142, if these are separated from Arctic regions. 143 Greenland 144 European Arctic regions 145 Jan Mayen 146 Spitzbergen 147 Franz Josef Land 148 Novaia Zemlia 149 Antarctic regions 1491 Victoria Land 1493 Wilkes Land 1495 Enderby Land 1497 Graham and Trinity Land 1499 Alexander Land LUNES (RUNNING NORTH AND SOUTH) I. e. the great Oceans and adjoining Continents. 15 OCEANS AND ISLANDS Here follow two or three continents together, with the intervening oceans. 151 Africa and America (3) 159 America and Asia i6 Pacific Ocean and Islands i6i Hawaiian Archipelago 1611 Hawaii 1612 Kahulaui 1613 Molokini 1614 Lanai 1615 Maui 1616 Molokai 1617 Oahu 1618 Kauai 1619 Naliau 17 Polynesia 171 Marquesas 172 Tuamotu (Low Archipelago) 173 Society Islands 174 Hervey Islands (Cook's Archipelago) 175 Austral Islands 176 Tonga (Friendly Islands) ' Kermadeo Islands < Samoa Islands (Navigator Islands) 177 Tokelau Islands (Union Islands) 178 Ellice Islands 179 Phoenix Islands i8 Micronesia 181 Gilbert Group (Kingsmills) 182 Marshall Islands 183 Mulgrave Islands (4) 184 Caroline Islands 185 186 187 Mariannes (Ladrone Islands) Magellan Archipelago Anson Islands 188 Palau (Pelew) Islands 19 Melanesia 191 192 194 Viti (Fiji) Islands { Loyalty Islands ( New Caledonia New Hebrides 195 ( Banks Islands ^ Queen Charlotte (Santa Cruz) Solomon Islands 196 197 1977 198 Bismarck Archipelago Admiralty Islands New Ireland 199 New Britain 1999 Louisiade Archipelago 20 Papua (New Guinea) 21 Australia All the colonies, towns, etc., may be arranged ; under 21, or the following order may be adopted : 211 West Australia 212 North Australia 213 Alexandra Lane 214 South Australia 215 Queensland (5) 216 New South Wales 217 Victoria 22 Tasmania 23 New Zealand All the provinces, towns', etc., may be arranged alphabetically under 23, or the following order may be adopted : 236 North Island (formerly New Ulster) 237 South Island (formerly , Middle Island) 238 Stewart Island (formerly South Island) 239 Chatham Island (Warekauri) 24 Asia and Africa 24 Indian Ocean 241 Laccadives 242 Maladives 243 Chagos Islands 244 Keeling and Christmas 245 New Amsterdam and St. Paul's 246 Kerguelen 247 Heard and Macdonald 248 Crozet 249 Prince Edward 25 Asia and Europe, Eurasia 25 Indo- Germanic 26 Europe and America 26 Atlantic Ocean 261 Atlantis 262 Azores 263 Cape Verde Islands (6) 264 Ascension 265 St. Helena 266 Tristan d'Acunha 269 Bermudas 27 Europe and Africa 27 Mediterranean Sea lere follow some places politically divided from the countries to which they geographically belong. 271 Gibraltar {or in Spain) 272 Balearic Islands {or with Spain) 273 Corsica {or with Italy) 274 Sardinia {or with Italy) 275 Malta 276 Grecian Archipelago {or with Greece) 277 Crete {or with Greece) 278 Khodes {or with Asia Minor) 279 Cyprus {or with Asia Minor) 28 Europe and Africa and Asia, L e. Eastern Hemisphere 29 Levant That is, the parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia that surround the western end of the Mediterranean. 29 Turkish Empire (7) SINGLE CONTINENTS. 30 EUROPE (301-308 periods in History.) 309 Soutlierii Europe, Latin Races, Romance Languages. Greco-Roman Europe, 31-36 Note. The divisions of Europe indicated by headings in the type used above are not exact, but will serve to explain the order and make remember- ing it easier. 31 Greece and Rome, 'Classic' 32 Greece 33 Byzantine Empire (For South East Europe see 59 ; for Turkish Empire see 29.) 34 Modern Grreece Celtic and Latin Europe, 35-44. 35 Italy The independent state of San Marino, being surrounded by Italian territory, may be marked 35 Sa5. 36 Rome, city, kingdom, republic, and empire Some persons may prefer, as the Roman history is mainly ancient and the Italian history mainly modern, to reverse this order, making 35 Rome 36 Italy 37 Central Europe, Tyrol, Alps 38 Switzerland 39 France Andorra and Monaco, though independent states, may, as they are includ- ed within French territory, be marked as if they were a part of France. 39 An3 Andorra 39 M71 Monaco The Pyrenees must be treated as part of France, 39 P99. (8) 40 Spain, and The Peninsula 41 Portugal 42 Ireland 43 Scotland 44 Wales For single places in Wales the mark will be 440 followed by the initial of the place, e. g. 440 Sw Swansea. 449 British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland) and Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) and British Empire 449 is for Geography j in History use 46. Teutonic and Scandinavian Europe, 45-62. England, England and Wales, British Empire In Geography 45 is England alone ; British Empire is 449. 451 Britons, Anglo-Saxons, etc. 46 Netherlands 467 Seven Northern Provinces, Dutch Eepublic, Kingdom of Holland Luxembourg, though independent, will have to gb under 467. 468 Ten Southern Provinces, Kingdom of Belgium Moresnet Neutral may as well be put under Belgium. 47 Germany, Teutonic Races 471 Early Germanic Races (9) 45 Northern Europe. 48 Scandinavia 49 Iceland 50 Denmark Including the Faroe Islands. 51 Vorway 52 Sweden 53 Northern Europe (Works including Finnish, Lappish, Slavic, Teutonic nations or several of them.) 531 North Sea 532 Baltic Sea 533 Goths 534 Esthonia Turanian Europe. 535 Turanian race 536 Lapland 537 Finland Slavic Europe, 639-59. 539 Slavic race 54 Kussia, Russian Empire Includes Caucasus. 55 Poland 56 Austria-Hungary 57 Hungary (10) 58 Bohemia 59 South-East Europe, Turkey in Europe (in Geography), Balkan peninsula The Turkish Empire is 29; the Byzantine Empire 33. 591 Bosnia 592 Herzegovina 593 Montenegro 594 Servia 595 Rumania 596 Bulgaria 59T Rumelia 598 Albania 599 Bosphorus and Black Sea 60 ASIA 6oi Turkey in Asia 602 Aleppo 603 Kurdistan 604 Armenia 605 Transcaucasia 606 Asia Minor The separate states to be alphabetically arranged with all other places. 607 Syria 608 Phoenicia 609 Sinaitic peninsula 61 Palestine, Holy Land, Bible 62 Arabia [regions 63 South Western Asia 631 Bagdad, Califate of 632 Babylonia and Chaldea 633 Mesopotamia 634 Assyria 635 Persia 636 Media 637 Parthia 638 Baluchistan 639 Afghanistan 64 Central and Northern Asia, Russian Asia generally 646 Turkistan 647 Caspian Sea 648 Transcaspian region 649 Kirghiz Steppe and Aral Sea 65 Siberia 66 Chinese Empire, China All the subordinate states, provinces, cities, etc., can be alphabet- ically arranged under 65, or the following order can be adopted. In the latter case single cities in China proper will be marked 660, followed by the initial of the place, e. g. 660 P36 Pekin. 664 Tibet 665 East Turkistan 666 Mongolia 667 Manchuria 668 Corea 669 Formosa (12) 67 Japan 68 Further India 68i East Indian Archipelago 6811 Philippines 6812, etc. Separate islands 682 Moluccas 683 Borneo 6831 Sarawak 6832 North Borneo 6833 Celebes 6834 Sunda Islands 6835 Java 6836 Sumatra 684 Malay Peninsula 685 French Indo-China 686 Cambodia 687 Anam 6878 Cochin China 6879 Tonkin 688 Siam 689 Burma 6899 British Burma 69 India Arrange all the provinces, ;cities, etc., in one alphabet ; or the ; following order may be adopted : 691 Himalaya mountains and states 6911 Bhotan (13) 6912 Sikkim Belongs to the Bengal Presidency. 6913 Nepal 6915 Kashmir 692 Bengal Presidency 6921 Assam 6922 Behar 6923 Northwest Provinces 6924 Oude 6925 Pan jab 6926 Delhi 693 Bengal, Lower 6931 Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers 6932 Orissa 6933 Chutia Nagpor 6934 Bhagalkand 6935 Bundalkhand 694 Central Provinces and Berar 695 Central India 696 Rajputana 697 Bombay Presidency 6971 Indus River 6972 Sind 6973 Kachh (Cutch) 6974 Kathiawar 6975 Baroda 6976 Konkan 6977 Dekkan (14) 6978 Haidarabad (Hyderabad) 698 Madras Presidency 6981 Maisur (Mysore) 6982 Malabar Coast 6983 Travancore 6984 Karnatic and Karimanal (Coroman- 6985 Tinnevelli [del) Coast 6986 Madura 6987 Trichinapalli 6988 Arkat, etc. 699 Ceylon 70 AFRICA Africa is in such a cliangeable condition that one can hardly expect any disposition of marks to be satisfactory a decade hence. 71 Egypt 72 Nile Valley 724 Nubia 725 Egyptian Sudan Includes Dongola, Sennaar, Kordofan, Darfur, etc. 726 Abyssinia 727 Ethiopia and Choa 728 Somali 729 Galla 73 Equatorial Africa All the countries, tribes, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically or the following order may be adopted : 731 English East Africa 732 Lake region Includes Uganda, Victoria Nyanza, and the Upper Nile region. (15) T33 German East Africa T34 Zanzibar T35 Eastern Islands 7352 Malie Archipelago or Seychelles Islands 7354 Amirantes 7356 Mascareignos 736 Mauritius or Isle of France 737 Reunion or Bourbon 738 Madagascar 739 Comoro 74 South Africa All the countries, tribes, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabeti- cally under 74. Or the following order may be adopted : T41 Portuguese East Africa Includes Makua, Quilimane, Sofala, Gaza. 742 English Central and South Africa Includes Itaqua, Urungu, Mambua, Kazembe, Lobemba, Lobissa, Lake Nyassa, Ulala, Barotse and Mabunda, Mashonaland, Matabele- land, Kalahiri Desert, Bechuanaland. 743 South African Republic or Transvaal 744 Swaziland 745 Orange Free State 746 Zululand and Tongaland 747 Natal • 748 Cape Colony Includes the Griquas, Pondos, Kaffirs, and Hottentots, also the Basutos, tho politically separated. 749 German Southwest Africa Includes Namaqualand and Damaraland. 749 West Coast 75 Lower Guinea, Portuguese West Africa, 751 Mossamedes rAnfiTOla (16) 752 Benguela 753 Loanda 754 Congo 76 Congo Free State 761 Upper Guinea 762 French Congo, Biafra, Adamaqua 763 Cameroons 764 Niger Valley, Benin, Yoruba 765 Slave Coast, Dtihomey 766 Gold Coast, Asliantee, Ivory Coast 767 Liberia 768 Sierra Leone 769 Seneganabia 77 Sudan 78 Sahara 79 North Africa, Barbary States 791 Tripoli 792 Fezzan 793 Tunis 794 Carthage 795 Algeria 796 Morocco 797 Canaries 798 Madeira 80 AMKRICA G 8o Geography of America G 801 Discovery (general works) (17) G 802 Precolumbian discovery G 803 Columbian discovery G 804 Postcolumbian discovery 81 NORTH AMERICA 815 Atlantic Coast 816 La Nouvelle France 817 British America 818 Labrador 819 Newfoundland 82 Canada, Dominion of All the provinces, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically under 82, or the following order may be adopted : 821 British Columbia 822 Northwest Territory 8225 Athabasca 823 Alberta 8235 Saskatchewan 824 Assiniboine 8245 Keewayden 825 Hudson Bay and Northeast Territory 8255 Manitoba 826 Ontario, Upper Canada 827 Quebec, Lower Canada 828 New Brunswick 829 Nova Scotia (18) 8295 Prince Edward Island 829T Cape Breton Island 8298 St. Lawrence River 8299 The Great Lakes Better in 90 83 United States All the states, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically under S3, or the following order may be adopted : 84-97 Separate States and parts of the country, namely : 84 New England or North Atlantic 841 Maine [States 842 New Hampshire 843 Yermont 844 Massachusetts 845 Rhode Island 846 Connecticut 847 Connecticut River and Valley 849 Appalachian Mountains 85 Middle Atlantic States 851 New York 852 Hudson River 853 New Jersey ^54 Pennsylvania 855 Delaware 856 Delaware River and Bay 857 Maryland [Bay 858 Susquehannah River and Chesapeake (19) 859 District of Columbia 86 The South 86i Confederate States of America 862 South Atlantic States 863 Virginia 864 West Virginia 865 North Carolina 866 South Carolina 867 Georgia 868 Savannah River 87 Gulf States 871 Gulf of Mexico 872 Florida 873 Alabama 874 Mississippi 875 Mississippi Eiver Valley 876 Louisiana 877 Texas 88 South Mississippi States, Old South 881 Arkansas [West 882 Tennessee 883 Kentucky 884 Missouri 885 Missouri River and Valley 89 The West 891 Middle Mississippi States (20) 892 • Ohio - 893 Western Reserve 894 Ohio Eiver and Yalley 895 Indiana 896 Illinois 90 North Mississippi States or Lake States. The Great Lakes 901 Michigan 902 Wisconsin 905 Lake Ontario 906 Lake Erie 907 Lake Huron 908 Lake Michigan 909 Lake Superior 91 Old North West 911 Minnesota 912 Iowa 92 The Plains 921 Dakota Territory 922 North Dakota 923 South Dakota 924 Nebraska 925 Kansas 926 Indian Territory 92T Oklahoma 93 Rocky Mountains, Rocky Mountain States, Mining States (21) 931 Montana 932 Idaho 933 Wyoming 934 Colorado 935 Utah 936 Nevada 937 New Mexico 938 Arizona 94 Pacific States 941 California 942 New North West 943 Oregon 944 Washington Territory 945 Alaska 946 Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands ZONES OF THE U. S. ACROSS THE CONTINENT- 947 Northern zone 948 Middle zone 949 Southern zone 95 Mexico 95 Y9 Yucatan /Spanish America \ Central America, Bermudas, 96 < and West Indies together / West Indies and South Ameri- \ ca together (22) 961 Central America 962 British Honduras ( — Belize) 963 Guatemala 964 San Salvador 965 H onduras 966 Nicaragua 967 Mosquito Coast 968 Costa Rica 97 West Indies and Caribbean Sea 971 Bahamas 971] Andros 9712 Great Bahama 9713 Abaco 9714 New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat. 9715 Watling (San Salvador), Landfall of Columbus 9716 Exuma and Yuma 9717 Acklin 9718 Mariguana (or Mayaguana) and Inagua 9719 Caicos and Turk 972 Great Antilles in general and Hayti 9723 Haytian Republic [(Hispaniola) 9725 Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo 973 Cuba 974 Jamaica 975 Puerto Rico, Caymans, Virgin Islands 976 Lesser Antilles 9861 Leeward Islands (North Caribbees) 9762 Anguilla, Barbuda, St. Christopher, Antigua 9763 Guadeloupe 9764 Dominica, Les Saintes, Maria Galante (23) 976-5 Windward Islands (South Caribbees) 9766 Martinique 9767 St. Lucia,- St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada 9768 Barbadoes 9769 Tobago 977 Dutch West Indies 9773 Danish West Indies 9774 French West Indies 9775 Spanish West Indies 978 Trinidad 979 Spanish Main, Buccaneers 98 SOUTH AMERICA 981 Isthmus of Panama or Darien 982 Columbia 983 Andes (or in 994) 984 Venezuela 985 Guiana 986 British Guiana 987 Dutch Guiana 988 French Guiana 99 Brazil yv. B. Subordinate parts of Brazil must be marked in two groups of marks, separated by a size mark, as 99 • R Rio de Janeiro, 99 ■ B 14 Bahia. 991 Paraguay 992 Uruguay 993 Argentine Republic (La Plata) (24) 994 Andes and Pacific Coast (or 983) 995 Patagonia 995 T Tierra del Fuego 996 Chili 996 J Juan Fernandez 997 Bolivia 998 Peru 999 Ecuador ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. In ancient geography the countries will have the mark of the most nearly corresponding modern country, e. g. Gallia 39, Mooritania 79, Tangitana 795. In three cases it was possible to assign special num- bers, Byzantine Empire (33), Roman Empire (36), Carthage (794). PARTS OF A COUNTRY. When a library gets large enough to make it worth while to sepa- rate books about the parts of a country from books about the whole country this may be done at first by merely making two groups, — (1) the whole and (2) its parts, distinguishing the latter by adding the letter z to the country mark, as G45 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home (England) G45z • C81 Cornish's Manchester G45z ■ H87 Hughes' Windsor Forest. G45z • K74 C: Knight's London G45z ■ K747 W: Knight's Lake District G45z • M36 Martin's Old Chelsea G45z • P85 Potter's. Lancashire G45z • W14 Walford's Greater London (35) •K74 Knight's LoNDOJf • W14 Walford's Greater London • C81 Cornish's Manchester •H87 Hughes' Windsor Forest •K74 Knight's Lae.e District •M36 Martin's Old Chelsea •P85 Potter's Lancashire The next step would be to take out the books about a few famous capitals, such as London, Paris, Rome, Washington, New York, and to mark them with their initials, as G45 ■ H31 Hawthorne's Our old home G45l- G45l- G45z • G45z- G45z • G45z- G45z- Some other important places may from time to time be separated from the mass. The final step is to arrange under each country all the single places (as cities, towns, counties, provinces, rivers, mountains, lakes, capes, shores, and the neighboring seas and islands, etc.) in one alphabet, as in a gazetteer. This will be done by adding to the country mark the initial of the place's name, followed in a country where one has or is likely to have many places, by one or two figures from the Cutter Alfabetic-order-table. CHIEF CITIES. As the chief city (usually the capital) of a country has generally most books written about it, and those books are more read than books about any other city, it is desirable that its mark should be short. For this reason use no number with its initial, either (1) letting it stand in its proper alphabetical place without regard to its mark, or (2) putting it, as its mark demands, out of the alphabetical order of its name, as the first of names beginning with the same initial, or (3) substituting A for its initial and putting it first among the single places, e. g. (1) G45 ■ H31 Hawthorne's Our old home G45L22-P8 Potter's Lancashire G45 L ■ K74 .Knight's London G45L95 ■ L9 Lowestoft guide (26) (2) G45 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home G4oL • KT4 Knight's London G4o L22 • P8 Potter's Lancashire G45 L'.)5 • L9 Lowestoft guide (3) G40 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home G45A-K74 Knight's London G45A-W14 Walford's Greater London G45A • Al2 Aldershot described G45C41-M.3 Martin's Old Chelsea G45 L14 • K7 Knight's Laks District G45L22 • P8 Potter's Lancashire G45L95 • L9 Lowestoft guide G4yM31 • C8 Cornish's Manchester G45W72 • H8 Hughes' Windsor Forest Where the public has access to the shelves (3) is the best plan, as requiring least explanation, the order being always : works about the whole country, works about the chief city, works about other places in the country. Otherwise (1) or (2) may be preferred. When there are two capitals or important cities (as Hartford and New Haven, Albany and New York) each can be marked with its initial alone ; but if the method of marking capitals with A has been chosen, mark the most important A and the other Aa E.g. or 851 A Albany 851 Ad2 Addison 851 N New York 851 N18 Nassau 851 A . New York 851 Aa Albany 851 Ad2 Addison PARTS OF A CITY. In a few large cities it is worth while to separate books on partic- ular buildings, or other parts of the city, from books on the city in general, though it makes a long mark, — E. g. 45 Lt. B2 Barrett's Tower of London 45 Lt. B4 Bell's Tower of London (27) PRINTING. Print the mark G45 T32 • and similar marks in two groups, with a- thin space between the country mark and the city mark, so that they can be more easily read. TWO COUNTRIES. Books treating of two countries must generally be put with books about the first, imless there is much more about the second ; thus books about China and Japan go with general works on China, and books about the United States and Canada go with works on the United States. Another arrangement is possible. For example 65 is Siberia and 66 China. By the rule that the most inclusive precedes, China and Japan should come before China alone. Mark China and Japan 659. Then the accounts of single places in Siberia must be marked 650, fol- lowed by the initial of the place. If the zero were not inserted the order would be wrong, thus : 65 • K36 Kennan's Siberia 659 • M45 Mayer's China and Japan 65Am • Rl Ravenstein's Russians on the Amur. This is on the supposition that figures are to precede letters in the notation, as suggested on p. 9, so that 65 followed by 9 could not come after 65 followed by Am. But if the alternative suggestion, made elsewhere, is followed, — to arrange all the country classes after the corresponding subject classes, — this zero is not needed. ECONOMY OF MARKS. The classifier must use his discretion in regard to the fulness of hi& marks. For a country like England, under which he will probably have many towns and cities, it may be necessary to use two figures after the initials of each town ; but for Saskatchewan or Madagascar, or even for Spain and Portugal, the initial alone would generally suffice to distin- guish all the places he is likely to have to deal with. A large library of (28) course needs more distinction than a small one, and a geographical or historical library needs more in its specialties than a general library. For such a one it will be worth while to take a list of the towns at least in its own state and write down the least number of figures that will dis- tinguish each town in the state from every other town. MODIFICATIONS. Severar modifications of the treatment of places under this list are possible. (1) In the United States instead of arranging places each in its own state (a) all places except the states and the greater divisions of the country (New England, the South, the West) may be arranged in one alphabet under the United States (83) ; (b) all places including the states and the greater divisions of the country may be arranged in one alphabet under 84 (85 to 97 not being used at all). (2) In each continent all the places (countries, cities, towns, mountains, rivers, etc.) may be arranged in one alphabet. If this is done, 31-59, 61-69, 71-79, 81-99 would not be used at all. (3) In the world all the places could be arranged in one alphabet- ical series, as in a gazetteer of the world. In this case of the local list only 11, 12, and 13 would be used. I recommend none of these modifications; and though I have shown above how a library can use a few local divisions at first and gradually subdivide more and more, I advise beginning the use of the full local list at least as early as the Fourth Classification. I believe it will be found nearly as easy in the application, fully as convenient in use, and more economical in the long run. THE RELATIVE ORDEE OF SUBJECTS AND PLACES. Figures following a class letter are arranged hefore letters follow- ing a class letter, that is the divisions A 11 to A 99 precede the divisions Aa to Az, thus, — (29) A B P A 31 Bll P26 A 44 B39 P37 A 72 B86 P99 A 91 Bb Pm Aa Bp Pr Ad Bx Ps Am Bq Pt The result of this will be that we shall have on the shelves (1) general works on a subject, that is works treating of the whole subject or at least of several of its branches, and treating it without regard to country. E. g. Packard's Zoology. (2) local works, treating of the whole subject^ or at least of several of its branches, in relation to one part of the world. E. g. DeKay's Zoology of New York. (3) special works, treating of some branch of the subject without regard to country. E. g. Scudder's Butterflies. (4) special and local works, treating of some branch of the subject with regard to one part of the world. E. g. Edwards' Butterflies of North America. This appears to me to be the most logical order. But three other orders are possible, one of which may appear preferable to some persons : {A) general, — Packard's Zoology. special, — Scudder's Butterflies. general local, — DeKay's Zoology of New York. special local, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America. {B) general, — Packard's Zoology. special, — Scudder's Butterflies. special local, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America. general local, — DeKay's Zoology of New York. ( G) general, — Packard's Zoology. special, — Scudder's Butterflies. local, — making two divisions under each place, e. g. for North America, — [a) local general, — Richardson's Fauna Boreali- American a. (30) (b) local special, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America. or for England (a) general, — Harting's British animals. (&) special, — Wood's British insects. (A), {B), and (C) will all require that the order spoken of above be reversed, that is, figures must in them follow letters, e. g. — A B P Aa Bb Pm Ab Bp Pz All B39 P45 A 31 B86 P99 This will bring with it another change in the order, namely that the form sections. Dictionaries, Periodicals, Society publications, Collec- tions, will follow instead of preceding the other general works on each subject, e. g. Figures first. La • 5R6 Eodwell's Dictionary of science. La • 7Q23 Quarterly journal of science. La • P94 Proctor's Familiar science. La • W57 Whewell's Inductive sciences. t Letters first. La • P94 Proctor's Familiar science. La • W57 Whewell's Inductive sciences. La • 5R6 Rodwell's Dictionary of science. La • 7Q23 Quarterly journal of science. (31) INDEX This index is confined, for the most part, to such places as occur in the list. The mark for any place which is not there must be made by adding its initial letter and a Cutter order-num- ber to the mark of the country in which it is situated, as explained in p. 26, 27. Islands go with the country off whose coast they lie, rivers with the country that contains the mouth or the greater part of their course ; some doubtful cases, as well as some mountain chains running between two countries, and some lakes and seas surrounded by two or more countries, have been put into this inddx. Abaco 9713 Abyssinia 726 Acklin Island 9717 Adamaqua 762 Aden, Gulf of . . . , 62 Ad3 Admiralty Islands 1977 Afghanistan 639 Africa 70 Africa and America 151 Africa, English East 731 Africa, English Central and South 742 Africa, Equatorial 73 Africa, French 70 F85 Africa, German East 733 Africa, GermanSouthwest 749 Africa, North .'. 79 Africa, South 74 Africa, Portuguese East. ..741 Africa, Portuguese West. . .75 Africa, West Coast 749 Alabama 872 Alaska ,.945 Albania 598 Alberta 823 Aleppo 602 Aleutian Islands 946 Alexander Laud 1499 Alexandra Land 218 Algeria 795 Alps 37 Altai Mountains 99 A17 Amazon River 98 Ami America 80 America and Asia 159 America, British 817 America, Central 961 America, Discovery of . . G 801 America, Columbian dis- covery of G 803 America, post-Columbian discovery G 804 America, pre-Columbian discovery G 802 America, Geography of . .G 80 America, North 81 America, South 98 America, Spanish 96 Amirantes Islands 7354 Amur River 66 Am9 Anam 687 Andes 983 or 994 Andros 9711 Anglesea Island 45 An4 Anglo-Saxons 451 Angola 75 Anguilla 9762 Anson Islands 187 Antarctic regions 149 Antigua 9762 Antilles, Greater 972 Antilles, Lesser : . . .976 Appalachian Mountains. ..849 Arabia 62 Arabian Sea 24Arl Aral, Sea of 649 Arctic and Antarctic re- gions 14 Arctic regions 14 (or 141) Arctic regions, American 14 (or 142) Argentine Republic 993 Arizona 938 Arkansas 881 Arkansas Eiver 881 Ar4 Arkat 6988 Armenia 604 Ascension Island 264 Ashantee 766 Asia 60 Asia and Africa 24 Asia and Europe 25 Asia, Central and Northern. 64 Asia Minor 606 Asia, Southwestern 63 Asiatic Turkey 601 Assam ' 6921 Assiniboine 824 Assyria 634 Athabasca 8225 Atlantic Coast 81 5 Atlantic Ocean 26 Atlantic states, Middle 85 Atlantic states. North 84 Atlantic states. South 862 Atlantis 261 Austral Islands 175 Australia 21 Australia, North 212 Australia, South 214 Australia, West 211 Austria-Hungary 56 Azores 262 Babylonia 632 Baffin Bav 81 B14 Bagdad, Calif ate of .631 (32) Bahamas 971 Balearic Islands 272 Balkan peninsula 59 Baltic Sea 532 Baluchistan 638 Banks Islands 195 Barbadoes 9767 Barbary states 79 Barbuda 9762 Baroda , 6975 Barotse 742 Basutos 748 Bechuanaland 742 Behar 6922 Belgium 468 Belize 962 Bengal, Lower 693 Bengal Presidency 692 Bengal, Bay of 69B48 Benguela 752 Benin 764 Berar 694 Bering Sea 946 Bermuda 269 Bhagalkand 6934 Bhotan 6911 Biafra 762 Biscay, Bay of 26 B Bismarck Archipelago 197- BlackSea 599 Bohemia 58 Bokhara 646 B63 Bolivia 997 Borneo 683 Bombay Presidency 697 Bosnia 591 Bosphorus .599 Bothnia, Gulf of 52 B65 Bourbon, Isle of 737 Brahmaputra River 6931 Bravo, Rio ..81B73 Brazil 99 British America 817 British Burma 6899 British Columbia 821 British Empire (for Geog- raphy) 449 British Empire (for History) 45 British Guiana 986 British Honduras 962 British Isles 449 Britons 451 Bulgaria 596 Bundalkhand 6935 Burma 689 Burma, British (ksoi) Byzantine Empire 33 Caicos 11719 California OJl California, Gulf of 1)5 C12 Cambodia. 686 Cameroons "6:! Canada, Dominion of 82 Canada, Lower S27 Canada, Upper 826 Canary Islands 797 Candia 277 Cape Breton Island 8297 Cape Colony 748 Cape Verde Islands 263 Caribbean Sea 97 Carnatio. See Karnatic. Caroline Islands 184 Carthage. 794 Caspian Sea 647 Cat Island 9714 Cattegat 50 C29 Caucasus 54 Cayman Islands 975 Celebes 6833 Central Africa, English. . .742 Central America 961 Central Asia 64 Central India 695 Central Provinces of India..694 Ceylon " 699 Chagos Islands 243 Chaldea 632 Champlain Lake 843 C35 Channel, English 45 C36\Ethiopia 727 Channel Islands 45 C361 Euphrates River 633 Eu6 Dakota Territory 921 Damaraland 749 Danube Uiver 59D23 Darf ur 725 Darien, Isthmus of 981 Davis' Strait 81D29 Dekkan 6977 Delaware 855 Delaware Kiver and Bay. ..856 Delhi 6926 Denmark .5(1 District of Columbia 851) Dominica 9764 Dominican Republic 9725 Dougola 725 Douro River 41 D74 Dutch Guiana 987 Dutch Republic 467 East Africa, English 731 East Africa, German 733 East Africa, Portuguese.. .741 East Indian Archipelago . . .681 East Turkistan 665 Eastern African Islands. . .735 Ecuador 999 Egypt 71 Egyptian Sudan 725 Eleuthera 9714 Ellice Islands 178 Enderby Land 1495 England 45 England and Wales 45 English Central and South Africa 742 Erie, Lake 906 Esthonia 534 Chesapeake Bay 858 Chili 996 China 66 China Sea 684 Chinese Empire 6H Choa 727 Christmas Islands 244 Chutia Nagpor 6933 Cochin China 6878 Colombia 982 Colorado ' 934 Colorado River 9.38 C71 Columbia, District of 859 Columbia River 944 C72 Comoro 739 Confederate States of America 861 Congo 754 Congo Free State 76 Congo, French 762 Connecticut 846 Connecticut river and valley 847 Cook's Archipelago 174 Corea 668 Coromandel Coast 6984 Corsica 273 Costa Rica 968 Crete 277 Crozet Island 24S Cuba 973 Cutch 6973 Cyprus 279 Dahomey "f'-"> Dakota, North 922 Dakota, South 923 Eurasia 25 Europe 30 Europe and Africa 27 Europe and Africa and Asia. 28 Europe and America 26 Europe, Central 37 Europe, Northern 53 Europe, Slavic 539-59 Europe, Southeast .59 Europe, Teutonic and Scan- dinavian 4-5-52 Europe, Turanian 535-537 European arctic regions... .144 European Turkey 59 Exuma 9716 Falkland Islands 995 F Faroe Islands 50 Fezzan 792 Fiji Islands 191 Finland ."..537 Finland, Gulf of 5.37 F Flanders 468 Florida 871 Formosa 669 France 39 Franz Josef Land 147 French Congo 762 French Guiana 988 Fi'iendly or Tonga Islands. 176 Farther India 68 Galapagos Islands 999 G Galla 727 Ganges River 6931 Gaza 741 Georgia 867 (33) German East Africa 733' German Southwest Africa. 749 Germanic races, early 471 Germany 47 Gibraltar 271 Gilbert Group 181 Goths 533 Gozzo 275 G7 Graham Land 1497 Great Bahama 9712 Great Britain and Ireland. 449 Great Lakes 8299 or 90 Greater Antilles 972 Grecian Archipelago 276 Greece 32 Greece and Rome 31 Greece, Modern 34 Greenland 143 Grenada 9767 Grenadines 9767 Griquas 748 Gold Coast of Africa 766 Guadeloupe 9763 Guatemala 963 Guiana 985 Guiana, British 986 Guiana, Dutch 9s7 Guiana, French 988 Guinea, Lower 75 Guinea, Upper 761 Gulf of Aden 24 Ad3 Gulf of California 914 C12 Gulf of Guinea 761 G94 Gulf of Mexico 81 M57 Gulf Stream 26 G94 Gulf States (U. S.) 87 Haiderabad 6978 Hawaii 1611 Hawaiian Archipelago 161 Hayti, Island of 972 Haytian Republic 9723 Heard Islands 247 Hebrides 43 H35 Hervey Islands 174 Herzegovina 592 Himalaya mountains 691 Himalaya states 691 HinduKushmountains..64H58 Hispaniola 9725 Hohang-ho River 66 H68 Holland 467 Holy Land 61 Honduras 965 Honduras, British 962 Hottentots 748 Hudson River 852 Hudson Bay 825 Hungary 57 Huron, Lake 907 Hyderabad 6978 Iceland 49 Idaho 932 Illinois 896 Inagua 9718 India 69 India, Central 695 India, Central Provinces. . . 694 India, Farther 68 India, Northwest Provinces 6923 Indian Ocean 24 Inrlinn Territory 926 Indian!) 895 Indo-rinnn, French 685 Indo-Germanic 25 Indus River 0971 Ionian Sea 34 lo Iowa 912 Ireland 42 Isle of France 736 Isle of Wight 45 W63 Italy 35 Itaqua 742 Ivory Coast of Africa 766 Jamaica 974 Jan Mayen 145 Japan 67 Japan Sea 67 J27 Java 6835 Java Sea 6835 J32 Juan Fernandez 995 J Kachh (Cutoh) 6973 Kaffirs 748 Kalmlaui 1612 Kalahiri Desert 742 Kamtchatka 65 K12 Kansas 925 Kara Sea 148 Kl Karimanal Coast 6984 Karnatic 6984 Kashmir 6915 Kathiawar 6974 Kauai 1618 Kazembe 742 Keeling Islands 244 Keewayden 8245 Kentucky 883 Kerguelen Islands 246 Kermadec Islands 177 Kiang, Yaug-tse River..66Yal Kingsmill Islands 181 Kirghiz Steppe 649 Koukan 6976 Kordofan 725 Kurdistan 603 Kuro Siwo 16 K96 Labrador 818 Laccadive Islands 241 Ladrone Islands 184 Lake region of Africa 732 Lake States (U.S.) 90 Lanai 1614 Landfall of Columbus 9715 Lapland 536 La Plata 993 Latin races 309 Leeward Islands 9861 Les Saintes 9764 Lesser Antilles 976 Levant 29 Liberia 767 Lipari Islands 35 L66 Loanda 753 Lobemba 742 Lobissa 742 Loffoden Islands 51 L82 Louisiade Archipelago. . . 1999 Louisiana 875 Low Archipelago 172 Lower Canada 827 Lower Guinea 75 Loyalty Islands 192 Luxembourg 467 Mabunda 742 Macdonald Island 247 Mackenzie River 817 M19 Madagascar 738 Madeira 798 Madeira River 99 M29 Madras Presidency 698 Madura 6986 Magellan Archipelago 186 Magellan Strait 995 M27 JIahe Archipelago 7352 Maine 841 Maisur 6981 Makua 741 Malabar Coast 6982 Maladive Islands 242 Malay Archipelago 681 Malay Peninsula 684 Malta 275 Mambua 742 Manchuria 667 Manitoba 8255 Maria G-alante Island 9764 Marianne Islands 185 Mariguana 9718 Marquesas 171 Marshall Islands 182 Martinique 9766 Maryland 857 Masoareignos Islands 7356 Mashonaland 742 Massachusetts 844 Matabeleland 742 Maui 1615 Mauritius 736 Media 636 Mediterranean Sea 27 Melanesia 19 Merrimao River 844 M55 Mesopotamia 633 Mexico 95 Mexico, Gulf of 81 M57 Michigan 901 Michigan, Lake 908 Micronesia 18 Middle Atlantic States 85 Mining States of the U. S.. .93 Minnesota 911 Mississippi 873 Mississippi River Valley. .874 Mississippi States, Middle.. 891 Mississippi States, Noi-th. ..90 Mississippi States, South... 88 Missouri 884 Missouri River and Valley.. 885 Moldavia 595 M Molokai 1616 Molokini ](!13 Moluccas 682 Mongolia. 666 Montana 931 Montenegro 593 Morocco 796 Mosquito Coast 967 Mossamedes 751 Mulgrave Islands 183 Mysore 6981 Nahau 1619 Namaqualand 749 Natal 747 Navigator Islands 177 Nebraska 924 Negro, Rio 98 N31 Nepal -r 6913 Netherlands 46 Nevada 9.36 New Amsterd ra I slands . . 245 New Britain 199 New Brunswick 828 New Caledonia 192 (34) New England 84 New Guinea 20 New Hampshire 842 New Hebrides 194 New Ireland 198 New Jersey 853 New Mexico 937 New Northwest (U. S.) . . . .942 New Providence Island. . .9714 New Siberia Islands 65 N42 New South Wales 216 New York 8.")1 New Zealand 23 New Zealand Sea 23 N42 Newfoundland 819 Nicaragua 966 Niger River and Valley 764 Nile River and ValWy 72 North Africa 79 North Amei'ica 81 North Atlantic states 84 North Australia 212 North Borneo 683 North Caribbee Islands. ..9861 North Carolina 865 North Dakota 922 North Sea 531 Northeast Territory (Can) .825 Northern Asia 64 Northern Europe 53 Northwest, New (U. S.) . ...942 Northwest. Old (U. S.) 91 Northwest Provinces of India 6923* Northwest Territory (Can.) 822 Norway 51 Nouvelle France 816 Nova Scotia 829 No vaia Zemlia 148 Nubia 724 Nyassa, Lake 742 Oahu 1617 Oceans and islands 15 Ohio 892 Ohio River and Valley 894 Oklahoma 927 Okhotsk Sea 65 Ok2 Old Northwest (U. S.) 91 Old Southwest (U. S.) 88 Oman, Gulf of 62 Oml Ontario 826 Ontario, Lake 905 Orange Free State 745 Oregon 943 Orinoco River 98 Or4 Orissa 69-32 Orkney Islands 48 Or5 Oude 6924 Pacific Coast of South America 994 or 983 Pacific Ocean and islands. . . 16 Pacific states (U. S.) 94 Palau or Pelew Islands 188 Palestine 61 Panama, Isthmus of 981 Panjab 6925 Papua 20 Paraguay 991 Parana River 98 P21 Parthia 637 Patagonia 995 Pelew or Palau Islands 188 Peninsula (Spain and Poi- , tugal) 40 Pennsylvania .85-1 Persia ."ti:!,") Peru 098 Philippine Islands (iSll Phcenicia 608 Phoanix Islands no Plains, The 02 Platte River 1124 P69 Poland - 55 Polynesia i7 Pondicherry ooSi) Pondos 748 Porto Rico 975 Portugal 41 Portuguese East Africa. . . .741 Portuguese West Africa 75 Potomac Kiver 863 P Prince Edward Island (Can.) 8295 Prince Edward Island (Ind. ocean) 249 Puerto Rico 975 Pyrenees 39 P99 Quebec 827 Queen Charlotte Islands. ..195 Queensland 215 Quilimane 741 Rajputana 696 Red River 87 R24 Red Sea 62 R24 Reunion Island 737 Rhine River 47 R34 Rhode Island 845 Rhodes 278 Rio Bravo S1B73 Rio Grande 876 R47 Rio Negro 98 N81 Rocky Mountain states (U. S.) 93 Rocky Mountains 93 Romance languages 309 Rome 36 Rumania 595 Rumelia 597 Russia 54 Russian Asia 64 Russian Empire 54 Sahara 78 St. Christopher 9762 St. Helena 265 St. Lawrence, Gulf of. .8298 G St. Lawrence River 8298 St. Lucia 9767 St. Paul's Islands 245 St. Vincent 9767 Samoa Islands 177 San Salvador 964 Santo Domingo 9725 Sarawak 6831 Sardinia, Island of 274 Saskatchewan 8235 Savannah River 868 Scandinavia 48 Scilly Isles 45 Sci Scotland 43 Senegambia 769 Sennaar 725 Servia 594 Seychelles Islands 73.52 Shetland Islands 43 Sh5 Siara 688 Siam, Gulf of 688 G9 Siberia 65 Sicily 35 Sil Sierra Leone 708 Sierra Madre Mountains 95 Sil Sierra Nevada Mountains 941 Sil Sikkim 0012 Sinai tic Peninsula 009 Sind 0072 Skager Rack 50 Sk 1 Slave Coast of Africa 765 Slavic Europe 539-.59 Slavic races 539 Society Islands 173 Sof ala 741 Solomon Islands 106 Somali 727 South, The 86 South Africa 74 South Africa, English 742 South African Republic. . .743 South America 98 South Atlantic states (U. S.) 862 South Australia 214 South Caribbee Islands.. .9765 South Carolina 866 South Dakota 923 South Mississippi states (U. S.) 88 Southeast Europe 59 Southern Europe 309 Southwest, Old (U. S. ) 88 Southwest Africa, German 749 Southwestern Asia .63 Spain and the Peninsula. ...40 Spanish America 96 Spitzbergen 146 Stanovoy Mountains. . . .(i5 St2 Sudan 77 Sudan, Egyptian 25 Sumatra 6836 Sunda Islands 6834 Superior, Lake 909 Susiana 635 Su Susquehanna River 858 Swaziland 744 Sweden 52 Switzerland 38 Syria 607 Tagus Elver 41 T12 Tartary 666 Tartary, Gulf of 65 T17 Tasmania 22 Temperate zones 135 Tennessee 882 Tennessee River 882 T25 Terra del Fuego 995 T Teutonic and Scandinavian Europe 45-02 Teutonic races 47 Texas 87i'> Thames River 45 T32 Thian Shan Mountains. . 04 T34 Tibet 664 Tigris River 633 T Tinnevelli 6985 Tokelau Islands 177 Tonga 07- Friendly Islands. 176 Tongaland 746 Tonkin 6879 Transcaspian region 648 (35) Transcaucasia 605 Transvaal 743 Travancore 6983 Travels (collections) 12 TricUinapalli 0087 Tristan d'Acunha 200 Tripoli 791 Tropics J :!3 Tuamotu Archipelago 172 Tunis 7o:; Turanian races 535 Turk Island 0719 Turkey in Asia 001 Turkey in Europe .50 Turkish Empire 29 Turkistan 646 Turkistan, East 665 Tyrol 37 Uganda, Lake 732 Ulala 742 Union Islands 1 77 United States 83 Upper Canada 826 Upper Guinea 761 Ural Mountains 54 Url Uruguay 992 Uruguay River 992 Ur8 Urungu 742 Utah 935 Venezuela 984 Vermont 843 Victoria, Australia 217 Victoria Land 1491 Victoria Nyanza. ., 732 Virgin Islands 975 Virginia 863 Viti Islands 191 Volga River 54 V8S Voyages and travels (collec- tions) 12 Voyages round the world. .13 Wabash River 895 Wll Wales 44 Wallachia .595 W Washington Territory 944 Watling Island 9715 West, The (U.S.) 89 West Africa, Portuguese. . .75 West Australia 211 West Coast of Africa 749 West Indies 97 West Virginia 804 Western Reserve 893 Wilkes Land 1493 Windward Islands 9765 Wisconsin 002 World 11 Wyoming 933 Yabloni Mountains 65 Yal Yang-tse-Kiang River. .66 Yal Yellow Sea. . . " 66 Ye3 Yellowstone Park 933 Ye3 Yellowstone River. . . .931 Ye3 Yenesei River 65 Ye3 Yoruba 764 Yo-Semite 941 Y7 Yucatan 95 Y9 Yukon River 945 Y9 Yuma Island 9716 Zanzibar 7.34 Zones of the U. S 947-949 Zululand 746 ^*#"^: .-^v; v' ■M..: 'iH4 m *;**ft.. ■H- .1-^ ?..■-*'■<' -'ft'-'^