OLIN NA 2930 .F91 1889a The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924089908788 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2000 19th THOUSAriD ».5»^-w,j.t, i^f ■•-.''*?<^&. ^^^Ml^l^^i^-il^^*^*^''*'^ "'^ PRICE ep. ^ ;, ,-^..\.. M-^'^^^ THE ^ ^^^ ' @ IFFGL , ^ ^v-^ 9 OHJGR, MP tS) ^ WITH [^ VIEVv/ OF TOWErM - ' •' ■' - ■ -' AT\D ' ^ " Cff At) . Portrait of M. Eif^l |l|. COMPILED AND EDITED FROM THE OFFICIAL 97^ RS FURNISHED BY M. EIFFEL. aii^ -PARTICULARS .P THE SHANNON |% Letter and Bill File.-^ ^p Best and Cheapest g)B System in the World. ^f^ FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE ASK THE Shannon File Co- Lim'^- 2, FINSBURY STREET, LONDON, E.G. i^% F. IV. Scha/er, Managim; Director, -^jy" XPublished by F. C. Hazen &= Co.,j28, High Holborn, London, IV.C- If *''v. -^ THE SHANNON SYSTEM > Y , / OF FILING PAPERS. The/bhannon Letter (& Bill. Filing Cabinet. ':--t- BEST CHEAPEST ' IN THE WORLD. kSK FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The only Cabinet whereby papers can be conveniently EXAMINED WITHOUT REMOVAL OR REMOVED AND REPLACED without the possi- bility of disturbing- the other papers. -^ " 77? is inipoi iant Filing > Cabinet is supplant' ng- all others.''^ The Rapid Roller Damp-Leaf Copier Always Damp l^t* o • i-*.- '' ^ vK^\ Specialities: AlwaysReady ^,s^«a. DESKS, Turn the Crank and the Letter is copied. 100 Letters canbe copied in hvo ini7iutes and fnany copies taken Jrom one writing. "OFFICE KING," AND OTHER LABOUR SAVING OFFICE DEVICES. Shannon File Co., Limited, 2, FINSBURY STREET, LONDON, E.G. F. IV. SCHAFEK. Araiiao'"!: Din-cl.^r. Van Houten's Cocoa. PURE BEST 8z: GOES FARTHEST. Being very strong and nutritious THIS Cocoa is Cheaper and more satisfying than Tea. MADE INSTANTLY. EASILY DIGESTED. INVALUABLE in FAMILIES, SCHOOLS HOSPITALS, and in all places where a Refreshing and Nourishing Beverage is le quired at a Moment's Notice. Milk not necessary. LANCET: — " Delicate flavour, PURE, and unmixed ; goes a long way, and is really cheaper to use in the end." BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL:— "It is admirable; flavour is perfect, and so PURE." HEALTH : — " None of the numerous cocoas have as yet equalled this inventor's in solubility, agreeable taste, and nutritive qualities — " " — It excels in all the characteristics which elevate cocoa to the first rank as a food — " -ITS PURITY IS BEYOND QUESTION- "— Once used, always used—" PEEK, FREAN I CO., LONDON, Biscuit Manufacturers, FOR HOME AND EXPORTATION. By Special appoUitiiieiit toH.K.H. The rXINCE of WALES and tJie Courts of Belgium &^ Italy. By Special appointment to H.R.H. The PRINCE of WALES and the Courts oj Belgium ^ Italy. I'lv stration of P.F, & Co. 's patent export tin with soft inner soldered h'd, vhich can be removed without spoiling the tin. Specially suitable for long voyages. PEEK EEEAN & Co, manufacture BISCUITS and CAKES in hundreds of varieties, from carefully selected ingredients, Attention is called to their speciality the delicious and wholesome OSWEGO BISCUITS' for general use, particulaily recommended for Invalids, delicate persons, and convalescent patie7its. ■ Biscuits can be packed in soldered or unsoldereh BRILLIANTLY COLORED ENAMELLED TINS. THE IFFGL ^ V® ^<^- OUJGR, SL_^^ *-5_ PARIS, 1889. EDITED BY "FRITZ." WITH Portrait of M. Eiffel AND yiEW OF TO\VER COPYRIGHT. ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL COTJRT. Published hy F. C. Hagen &• Co. ,328, High Holborn, London, W.C- ALL RIGHTS OF TRANSLATION RESERVED. ' EDITOE'S NOTE.^. T^E'l^iFW^^roWRl uWlio'has aiorfeard of this stupendous -^liderti&iifg ? '^'What'e^r^^aay prove to be its merits, or otherwise, no one can deny that it is the greatest engineering work of the day, and as such it is an object of intense interest throughout the entire civihzed world. MiUions of visitors to the great Paris Exhibition will look upon it as one of the features of this great world's show. It is estimated that some three million visitors will be able to ascend' to its dizzy height, and from its summit of nearly 1,000 feet look upon the great panorama stretched. around as>far as the eye will carry. ' ■ : ;-~: In issuing this little pamphlet our aim is to give- our readers an insight into the marvellous, engineering' skill !'bf, M:-\'Eij3iel's undertaking. The- information- has all" been very kiiidly furnished lis 'by M. Eiffely and in translating and compiling it for publication, we have purposely avoided comments, as it would go a long way beyond the scope of our little booklet. The opening chapter is a short resume of the con- cluding ones, which give the details and particulars which will doubtless be read with interest by those more closely acquainted with the technicalities of this great work. The portrait is a reproduction of a Photograph also kindly sent us by M. Eiffel. The view of the Tower itself will give an idea of its size by comparison, with the diagram we give. "FRITZ," London, February, 1889. Pond's Extract THE GREAT CURATIVE Has no equal for allaying InfiatmnaHon and Hemorrhages, Rheutnatisin^ Gout, Hemorrhoids, Wounds, Burns ^ Bruises, Cuts, etc., etc. In use over Forty Years! POND'S EXTRACT Is the only Proprietary curative that is honoured with general Eoyal Patronage. We supply direct the follo-iving Illustrious Personages: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF ROUMANIA. Her Royal IIigikess the Duchess of Cumbeelat-id. Hee Highness Peincess op Nassau. Hek Seeexe Highness Princess op Wied. His Seeene Highness Pkinoe Nicholas of Nassau. i Pamphlet wilh Medical Testimonials Etc., Post Free, on AppUcaticn. SOLD IN BOTTLES ON'LV AT 2s. 3J., 4S. 6d., & Ss. 6d., CAN BE OBTAIISED OF ALL Cfir.MISTS, OR OF THE SOLE PROPRIETORS : POND'S EXTRACT COMPANY, LIMITED, 64. GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C. HE ®)^ , iFHGL fomm -4-2 ^^ CHAPTEE I. GENERAL OUTLINE. Eofore we coninienco a more teclmical description of the Eiffel Tower, now reacliing its completion in Paris, we will give a general description of tltis undertaking, and also give a short biography of M. Eiffel. The height of this great wonder of the 19th century will when complete, be nearly 1,000 feet. When our readers bear in mind that St. Paul's Cathedral is only 404 feet high, the enormous difference is apparent. Further on we give the heights of some of the best known buildings in Europe. The entire structur® is built of iron, the total weight of which is some 7,531 tons — say 15,062,000 pounds. Over 2,500,000 rivets will be required to put this gigantic structure together. The natural question will ari se what is to bo the use of t]i[^ Tower. Without entering into the scien tific value to which this Tower may lead, and the many scientific uses it may hereafter bo jiut to, we take it that first and foremost it will be one of, if uot, f/ie greatest feature of the Universal Exhibition opening on the 5th of May next. Secondly, it is undoubtedly a commercial enterprise, and we are bound to confess we see no reason why so much mud should have been thrown at M. Eiffel by part of the press, even if it turns out to have no further value. Assuredly', M. Eiffel, and those with him, have as much right to invest their money in the success of the Eiffel Tower as in any other commercial undertaking. It is calculated that about 25,000*' persons can ascend per ■day, and taking the average cost per head to be 3fr. we have here alone a gross revenue of about 75,000 francs per day — away and apart from this there are many other minor sources of revenue, so that allowing "for all sorts of contingencies, some millions of francs may be netted by the spirited undertaker of -this work, ere yet the Paris Exhibition is a thing of the past. Why call a man mad and a fool, who has sufScient pluck and ingenuity to attempt something never before attempted. We ■stiould rather blame, if blame be called for, the morbid taste of the present generation, the ever increasing craving for something new, startling and sensational, The supply follows the demand, and always will. The Tower stands some 300 yards off the south side of the Seine, near the Jena Bridge, and its base forms an immense archway over the main path leading from this bridge to tlie central grounds of the Exhibition. The Tower at its base covers an area of 107,584: square feet. The first floor will be devoted to cafes, restaurants, smoking room for ascenders, and as a look-out. The third floor will be the great look-out, or as some have called it, the " Alpine recep- tion room," over which comes the cupola, which again ia its turn -will offer the daring ones a still higher surface from which to look down on the world nearly a 1,000 feet below. It will be something to be able to say you have been to the top of this •enormous Tower. From the base to the second floor will be four lifts (a more minute description of which is given in a later portion of this work) and from the second floor to the top a further lift. The fares will be, up to the 1st floor, 2 francs J, „ 2nd flooi-, 3 francs „ „ Top floor, 6 francs The entire ascent -will take about 15 minutes. We give a view of the Tower and a diagram. Our readers will also notice that our advertising friends the " Patent Borax Co." have made -use of the Eiffel Tower, to illustrate the value of their Soap over all other similar productions. Not a bad idea. M. Gustav Eiffel is already well known as one of the ablest, boldest, and most famous French engineers, and was born in Dijon, * Extract from a letter dated 2ist January, 1S89. — "The lifts from ground to 2nd floor will carry 2,350.per hour, and from and floor to top 750 per hour. Total, say, 3,000 per hour — about 25,000 to 30,000 per day." in Burgundy, in 1832. i Educated at the Ecoie Centrale des Arts 'Ct Mauufactures, and graduated at the age of 23. Immediately on leaving here M. Eiffel was engaged in the 'building of the great metallic bridge at Bordeaux and at once gave ■evidence of that indefatigable energy, boldness, and enterprise, which has never forsaken him and which are the marked' charac- teristics of the man. His remarkable capacities soon won for him golden opinions all over Europe, and he was engaged in succession on the following undertakings. At the age of 26 he was entrusted with the building of the Bridge over the Nive, in Bayonne, followed by the viaduct built on metallic piles at ■Comyentry in Gannat, the viaduct at Vianna in Portugal, Tardes, (near Montlucon, Cubzao, Garabit, Douro Porto, the Eailway ■ Stations of Buda Pesth, the Szegedm Bridge, &c., &c. Monsieur Eiffel's name was also prominently connected with •the Paris Exhibitions of 1867 and 1878 He further constructed the Great Cupola at the Observatory at Nioe.which although nearly. 75 feet in diameter and weighing 100 tons a child can regulate On the other side of the Atlantic Monsieur Eiffel's name and . skill is associated with the great statute of Liberty, which graces the Harbour of New York. It is almost needless to add that decorations and honours have been literally showered upon this gTcat engineer We will here place on record our indebtedness to M. Eiffel for the very kind attention we have always received at his hands, and for tlie unvarying promptness with which he has in the midst of his stupenduous work replied to our many communi- cations on the subject of the Eiffel Tower We feel therefore that whatever credit there may be attached to this little work is entirely due to M.Eiffel and not to us, and shall ever remember with sincere pleasure the visit we paid to M. Eiffel's offices, and cm- tour of inspection of the great work now proceeding on the Champ de Mars -and shall most certainly hope to go up to the very summit of this Tower ere many weeks have passed, and wind and weather permitting, shall drink to the health and prosperity of the man, -whose ingenuity has enabled us to do so at something like 1000 feet higher in the air than all around us. CHAPTER II. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRESS OF THE EIFFEL TOWER WASHINGTON MONUMENT THE TOWER NEARLY COMPLETED THE LIFTS. &C. The building of this noble structure is now nearly iin fait accompli, and, of it, it may be said that the construction of no similar edifice has ever gone on more smoothly, has been subject to fewer delays in building, nor ultimately carried to -a more triumphant issue than has this magnificent monument which now stands a dignified reproach to the few who, in the- early days of its conception and building, were even wont to scoff at the bare possibility of such a Tower being erected. The strongly expressed opinions of eminent scientists and others that this Tower will prove to be of positive and actual utility, both in a scientific and practical sense, will before long^ bo put to the test ; meantime, the public will materially inclino towards the views of those who foresaw from the first that tbe- building of the Tower would be successfully accomplished rather than give credence to the opinions of people who had denied the possibility of Avhat has already been proved. We shall now endeavour to place before the reader a clear and succint history of this remarkable tower from the date- when M Eiffel conceived the idea of carrying into effect what had at different times been variously suggested in the form of a monnment of altogether exceptional height, to the day that sees the work nearly brought to a successful finish. M. Eiffel has never given particular training to his workmen and all the anxiety which has been given expression to has no sort of veritable basis. It was feared that workmen could not be found who would be able to sufficiently resist the sensation ot giddiness to carry out the erecting, but the experiments which he has mado- absolutely destroy all uncertainty on this head. M. Eiffel erected the highest viaducts there are in France, viz. : the Viaduct of Tardes near Montlucon, which is about 300 feet above the ground, and the Viaduct of Garabit, in Cantal, which is 124 metres (465 feet). His men who worked absolutely in the open and out of the perpen- icular, did not in way suffer from giddiness. Were the workmen specially trained? Certainly not. Thejr 13 Avcro mostly luiskillcd peasants, yet they cfuickly adapted them- selves to work at those heights, although among them were s6mo very j^ouiig workmen. Neither M. Eifl'el hiihself, nor any of the engineers engaged Avith him in these enterprises ever felt any apprehension whatever. It is quite an error to siippose that the tehdenciy to giddiness increases with the height; the contary is the case. Allwho liavo experienced going up in a balloon Imotv this, even in a captive balloqn. Beyond this, in the' Tower the workmen do'notAvOik in the open as at the two viaducts in question, they staiid on a floor 15 metres square where they are as much at their ease 'as if on terra firma. In 1875, when the Philadelphia Exhibition was in course 'of construction; it was mooted in' the press that a Tower of 1,000 feet in height would be built in the middle of the park which surrounded the palace. The project, however, was not carried out, and now to France belongs the honour of having put the idea into execution. Experience gained from the erection of all high monuments hitherto constructed, has 'shown the great difficulty which exists in exceeding a height of 500 feet when the mnterial used in the building is chiefly stone. ' •' The following are the heights of the principal known monu- ments : — The Tower of Washington ... about 555 feet' Cologne' Cathedral ... ... ... ,, 521 „ Eouen Cathedral ... ... ... „ 491 „ The Great Pyi-amid of Egypt ... „ 478 „ Strasburg Cathedral ... ... ,, 465 „ Vienna Cathedral ... ... ... „ 452 „ , Cathedral of St. Peter, at Eome... ,, 435 „ St. Paul's, London ,, 404 „' Spire of the Invalides, Paris ... ,, 344 „ Pantheon, Paris L. ... ... ,, 259 „ Balustradeof the Tower of Notre Dame, Paris 216 „• , Such heights as the foregoing cannot bo exceeded without having recourse to the' employment of iron, which is eminently suited for withstanding the oscillation resulting from the foi^ce of the wind, and which oscillation is very considerable at great heights. ■ ■- Metallic buildings of later construction hh,ve'beon easily biiilt to a lieight of about 200 feet, and no serious -difficulty has beeil felt where good engineeriiig skill has been employed iii reaching!; «4 liciglits up to about 350 feet ; but to obtain an elevation of nearly 1,000 feet, as has been done in the present instance, was » question requiring tbe deepest study and most careful considera- tion, tbe first being to decide definitely upon the material to be- sed for tbe construction of tbe Tower. In a paper read by M. Eiffel to tbe Paris Institute of Civil , Engineers, he states at some length bis reasons for having chosen ■ iron in preference to any other material for the building of the < Tower. We can, therefore, scarcely do better than give a trans- lated extract from the aforementioned pajjcr, which reads : — " That this material should be either iron or steel is decided—^ firstly, by reason of the great resistance of the metal and its light weight ; secondly, by the email surface that it offers to the wind ; and finally, "by its elaclisity, which solidifies all the various pieces and makes a structure, every part of which will bear eithei- expansion or compression, combined with complete security. "With regard to the preference that we have, for our pui-posc. given to iron over steel, we long hesitated, but as in our case ttiere is no occasion that the etructnre should be particularly light, which, as far as the resistance to the wind goes, would be more objectionable than preferable, and seeing that steel would more readily yield to the force of the wind, and there would con- sequently be greater oscillation and vibration, we have chosen iron. "The employment of metal for the construction further offers the exceptional advantage, that the Tower is easily removable, and if for any reason it \\ere considered advisable to transfer it to any point away from the exhibition, this could be effected at the not very excessive cost, considering the extent of the undertaking, of 000,000 to 700,000 francs. "We have, beyond considering metal, taken into account the advantage we should derive from using masonry, and have studied two points — one that masonry should be used in combination with the iron, and the other that masonry should be exclusively used. We will at once say that both these solutions have appeared to us, on examination, inferior beyond all comparison to the employment of metal and metal only. " In endeavouring to combine the use of iron with that of masonry, one encounters all the opposite influences which would, be recognized in a mixed solution, in which altogether dissimilar elements entered. Therefore, without further remark on this point, we may add that we foresaw euch difficulties in the 15 employment of the aforesaid combination as appeared to us insuperable. " We further came to the conclusion that it would be im- practicable to use masonry alone, apart from the fact that the cost would be far greater. " The following brief elucidations on this subject may bo of interest : — " The first point to be considered is what co-efficient of resist- ance per square centimetre or square inch to adopt. " Beyond this another vital consideration has to be taken into account without which one would be entirely misled. We refer to the possible height of a Tower being only calculated on the resistance of the stone employed in its construction as if it were a monolith and one supposed that with porphyry or granite a higher Tower could be built than with good limestone. '■ In fact, if one would not wish to make merely mathematical conceptions, and would remain in the region of facts, which one must do when studying the building of a great structure, tlie materials of which will be subject to a very considerable strain, it must not be forgotten that the building if of stone, could not be ofiected by simply placing the parts one on top of the other on surfaces more or less well prepared to receive them, as they would be inevitably separated by beds of mortar. " The stability of the work would therefore depend on the mortar not cracking, and it must be, consequently, fully under- stood that it is the crushing point of the mortar much more than that of the stone, which must be considered, for stone by itself •would appear to show building possibilities altogether deceiving, and raise practical possibilities to the most fanciful heights. " The essential condition is that the material employed should l)e more resistant than the mortar. " Classical buildings show that the cement mortar used in their oonstruction a maximum resistance of 150 to 200 kilogrammes per .square centimetre.* In adopting, as a practical limit the 1-lOth of this resistance, as is generally done, masonry or free-stone ■should not be used to support a load of more than 15 to 20 kilogrammess per square centimetre. Under altogether ex- ceptional circumstances, and going beyond the ordinary limit of * For all practical purposes it will suffice to bear in mind that ■2^ centimetres are equal to 1 inch English, and a kilogramme 4wo pounds English weight. LOAD pen ■■ 3QU4R6 CEMTIMETRE. 14-7(3 kgr. 16-36 3) 19 36 yi 19-76 rf 29-40 j> 29-44 jj i6 security, entering indeed to a degree the dangerous zone, a* mucli as 25 kilogrammes is permitted. " Sometimes imdeed 30 kilogrammes is given as a limit, but this is altogether excessive. The following are the buildings in. which we believe the strain or load is the greatest : — Pillars of the Dome des Invalides, Paris Pillars of St. Peter's, Eome Pillars of St. Paul's, London ... Column of St. Paul's, Hors-les-Murs Church Paris Pillars of the Tower of Si. Merri, Paris Pillars of the Dome of the Pantheon, Paris ... "For the Church de la Toussaint, at Algiers, 45 kilogrammes^ might be added, but this example is, perhaps, scarcely admissable^^ as the Church is in ruins. From this table will be seen the- limit to which builders have gone, and judging from these examples the average is, as mentioned by us, from 16 to 20 kilo- grammes per square centimetre, rising in two of the instances quoted to 30 kilogrammes. We will now put bsfore the reader a pew of the chiep- rOINTS WHICH H.^VB TO BE CONSIDEUED IN BUILDING HIGH. METALLIC PILES. The principal difficulty which presents itself is the following: — According to the general method of building viaducts, sti-ong trellis work, which is calculated to resist the action of the wind,, is made use of, but the base of the piles being, of course, in- creased in proportion to the height of same, the trellis bars bj"" reason of their great length are somewhat illusory in theu- efficiency. They may be given the form of caissons, so as to serve equally as well for traction or thrusts, as for compression, neverth less, they still present a great difficulty if the distancs apart exceeds SO' to 100 feet. There is ^-eat advantage, therefore, to be g-.ined by dispensing withthe trellis bars, the weight of which becomes- comparatively very great, and to give to the pile a form which would ooncentraj^pi^l its resisting strength in its hips, and reduce it to four great uprights, united simply by some horizontal belts very far apartit^Were it merely a question of a pile to support a metallio pla,tform, account having only to bo taken, of the efifect of.tha wind on the platform itself, which is always very considerable compared with that exercised on the pile, the wind-withstanding 17 bars of the vertical surfaces could be dispensed with, by passing the axis at a special point situated at the summit of the pile. It is evident in this case that the horizontal force of the wind would be directly dispersed, following the axis of these rafters or stays which thus would never be subject to any great force. When, however, the building of a big pile has to be considered, such as with the Eiffel Tower, in which at the summit there is no horizontal reaction of the wind on the platform, but simply the action of the wind on the pile itself, things have to be- differently arranged, and to do away with trellis bars it is suffi- cient to so curb the uprights that the tangents of the uprights, brought within the points situated at the same height, always meet at the point of passage of the resultant of the action that the wind exercises on that part of the pile which is below th& points referred to. In fact, where account has to be taken, both of the action of the wind on the upper platform of the viaduct, and of that exercised on the pile itself, the exterior curve of the pile clearly approaches the straight line. Eeferrins; asain to the relative values of iron and stone for tho- construction of such an edifice as the Eiffel Tower, we may, in- drawing a simile, give a brief account of what was, before the- erectionof the Great Paris Tower, thehighest building in the world. We refer to the great stone obelisk known as the Washington Monument, which is at the present time the highest structure irt the world. This work, built entirely of granite with a coating of marble- is 554 feet high. It is square from top to bottom ; its base, at the level of the foundations is 55 feet square ; at the bottom of the j)yramid which crowns it, it is 34 feet square. The pyramid itself is 55^ feet high. This obelisk has a square, hollow inside, so that the thickness of the walls is 19^ inches at the top, and 14 feet 9 inches at the base. Its external slope is 10 feet 4 inches on a height of 499 feet, or -0206 feet per foot. The internal aperture contains a steam lift which was used to raise the materials, and now serves to hoist visitors. The weight of the structure is 45,500 tons, which, spread over a base of 2,392 square feet, gives a pressure of 280 pounds per square inch. If one takes into accoimt the effect of a wind of 60 pounds per square foot, the stress due to this wind is 92 pounds per square inch, which gives a total stress of 372 pounds per square inch. Such is the limit that, even with the finest materials, and particularly careful workmanship, the American engineers, who in no way lack boldness, have not been able to exceed and for very good reasons. We may add by way of parenthesis, while on the subject, that the example of this monument gave no encouragement to build a tower of stone. In fact the erection of this memorial was first projected in 1848, when it was decided that it should take the form of a pyramid COO feet in height, to be encircled by a Pantheon with collonade, forming a peristyle, but when in 1854, the pyramid having reached a height of 150 feet, was found to bear on one side to an alarming extent, the work was suspended. The next resumption of it took place in 1877, when it was decided to reduce by 100 feet the projected height, which was then fixed at 525 feet, and the entire foundation was underpinned The base was con- siderably enlarged and surrounded with Beton massives, increasing the surface of the foundations from 196G square feet to 4916 square feet. It was not until 1880, when after overcom- ing great difficulties, the building of the upper part of the structure was continued. The work then went on very regularly at the rate of 100 feet per year, and the inauguration ceremony took place on February the 21st, 1888. The money already expended on the building amounts to £280,000 As regards the Pantheon, which ie to decorate the edifice, an indefinite adjourn- ment has taken place by reason of the considerable expense that the building of it would entail, and in referring to the cost of tliis monument, it should be borne in mind the edifice is as plain as it could very well be, being in fact a sort of big chimney shaft little more than half as high as the Eiffel Tower. What would then a tower of 985'feet in height cost? We liave endeavoured to make the calculation and allowed for an equally substantial building and have arrived at a cube of n.o less than 7G,000 yards, exclusive of the foundations. If the cubic yard be calculated at no more than £7 10s. a total expenditure of £570,000 would be required. With regard to the foundation, its upper diameter would be about 100 feet, its lower diameter 230 feet, and its height about fi5 feet, which gives a cubic measurement of 41,200 yards, which at £2 the cubic yard sliows a cost of £82,400, or about £652.400 in all. If to this were added a pantheon and special decorations this total would be still further augmented to so great a de<>Tce that we will not attempt to fix an approximate price. «9 To resume, the difiSculty attending tbe foundations and the dangerous consequences that might result from them, either by unequal sinking in the soil (which depression in the case of an iron tower would be of comparatively little consequence), o^ of unequal compression of the mortar and the possibility of its t;iking an insufficient hold of the immense massives, and further, the diificulty and slowness of building necessitated in the placing together of such an enormous cube of masomy, added to the euormous cost of the enterprise. All these considerations can only lead to the conviction that a tower built of masonry, bo diifi- cult to project even theoretically, would present in practice many dangers and drawbacks, the least of which is the enormous expense that is so disproportionate to \he end to be attained. M Eiffel and his colleagues having therefore definitely decided for the many reasons enumerated in the foregoing report, that the tower should be built of iron, a site had to be found iu the exhil)ition grounds which was suitable alike for convenience of situation, and at the same time geologically fit to receive the foundations. That the reader may better follow us in the detailed description we shall give both of the foundations of the monument and of the structure itself, we have thought it desirable to commence by giving A SHORT INTRODCCTOKY DESCRIPTION AS TO THE GENEU\L ARRANGEMENTS OF THE TOWER. The framework is essentially composed of four piles, which form, so to say, the hips of a pyramid with curved sides. Each pile is built in a square section, which gradually dimi- nfshes in size from base to summit, and forms a curved trellis worked caisson 49 feet square at the base and 16 feet at the summit. The distance apart of the feet of the piles is about 325 ft. from axis to axis. These piles repose on solid massive foundations, to which, so as to increase the stability, they are anchored. On the first floor or stage of the tower, that is to say, at about 230 feet above the ground, the piles are united by a gallery 49 feet wide, which runs round the edifice. This gallerj' has a surface 45,300 square feet, including balconies. On the second floor is a chamber about 400 feet square. On the summit is a cupola with outside balcony of 2,G80 square feet, from which may be viewed a magnificent panorama of 75 mUes in extent. In the lower part of the tower at each side is a grand archway having an opening. of 262 feet,' and being 1(54 feet in height. The richness of ornamentation -and- diversity of colouring -on these arches make them the- principal decorative elements of the tower. Tlie uprights contain in their interior the lifts- for carrj'ing the visitors up the tower.- THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE EIFFEL TOWEK. From the various borings made in, the Champs de Mars, it was found that th-e lower stratum of the subsoil is ■ formed by a stiff jDlastic clay bed about 52 feet thick, which- rej)Oses on chalk. The clay: is dry, sufficiently compact, and able to bear a -^veight •of about 251bs. to the square inch. The cJlay bed is slightly on the incline from the Military School to the Seine, and is sur- mounted by a compact bank of sand and gravel eminently suited for bearing foundations. As far as the environs of the balustrade, which sepatates the •Champs de Mars proper, belonging to the state, from the square Ibelonging to the town, that is to say nearly to the height of the Eue de Crenelle, this bed of sand and gravel has an almost Riniform depth of from 20 to 23 feet. Beyond this seems to lie the former bed of the Seine, and the action of the water has reduced the thickness of the sand and gravel bed. which gradually diminishes to almost nothing, when the present bed of the river is reached. This solid bed of sand and gravel is surmounted with a layer of fine sand of variable depth,- as also with muddy sand and the like, unsuitable for receiving foundations. Certain administrative considerations forbidding the placing of the Tower an that par(i of the Champs de Mars which belongs to the State, a,nd were the placing of the foundations would have presented no difficulty, the next site that appeared desirable was the quay ■of the Seine, so that the Tower might be as far as possible from the Exhibition buildings. The subsoil, however, in this locality proved to be utterly unsuitable, for so heavy a building could not be built directly on a clay bed, and finally, at the instance of M. Eiffel, the site was chosen at the extreme limit of the square, where the building is now- situated. The foundations of each of the feet are thus separated ftoni the clay by a layer of gravel of eufificient thickness. On January 28th, 18S7, the excavations for the foundations were commenced. ■ Mode of Found.\.tion. ' The two'.rear pilos,-or uprightsofthe Tower, are Situated on the borders of the old balustrade, ' where there was a layer of debris 23 feet deep, at Tjvhich point the 'normal level of tbe Seine is reached. iBelowithe debris lies a bed •of sand and gravel,, the depth of which is ihere about 20 feeft. 'Thus a perfect foundation was veiy easily obtained for these itwo piles, and ji layer of Beton cement,. 6^ feet thick, constitu^ite the bottom of same. The two front piles bave been diflferently founded, the sand and gravel bed he^e is only reached atl6" 4'' below the level of the Seine, and to arrive at it, marly and sliraj' earth, the result of the alluvial deposits of the Seine, has to be traversed. As far down as the clay, nothing could be found below- the ■sand and gi-avel bed but pure sand, ferruginous sand-stone, and :a bank of limestone, which had formed ■ itself at the bottom 6f the depression made hj the water' in the bed of plastic clay. There is thus an incomprossible bed, which is nearly 10 feet deep .at pile No. i (Grenelle side), and nearly 19 feet at pile ' No. 1 '(Paris side). Thus all security is assured, particularly as the foundations are adjusted in such a manner that the maximum pressure on the foundation soil; even when taking into accouiit 'the effect of the wind, does not exceed 571bs. per square inch. Conifiressed air was the power employed in making the ^foundations of these two piles, -i-sheet iron caissons 49 feet long >by 10 feet wide, being used foreacli pile and sunk to a depth of 16 ' 4" below water level. MASSIVES AND WALLS. Each of the four piles which form the feet of the Tower, is ^built in a section of 15 metres square, the pressure on the foundations being regulatiid and transmitted through massives or iblocks of masonry, on which repose the four uprights constituting a pile. The upper part of these massives, receiving tlie iron ishoes of the uprights, is normal to the inclination of the pile; and is of a somewhat pyraniidial shape, which latter has been so arranged as to carry to a point closely neighbouring the centre of the foundation, the oblique result of pressures. This oblique reaction of pressures when it enters the masonry lias a force of 565 tons without wind, and 875 tons with the wind. On the foundation soil of the two piles neighbouring the Seine, i.e., at a depth of 46 feet, the vertical pressure on the soil; is h3,320 Ions with the wind, and is spread over a surface of 90 -s- and 4 inche.'^ in diameter, which by the aid of cast iron shoes and irons, run over the greater part of tho masonry of the pyramids. This anchorage, although not necessary for the stability of the- Tower, which is assured by its own weight, lends, of course, additional security to it. These blocks of masonry are covered by two layers of freestone brought from Chateau Landon, which is capable of resisting a breaking or crushing strain of throe tons on the square inch, whereas the actual priessure it has to bear is- but little more than 3 J cwt. on the square inch. The stone there- fore is only required to bear one fortieth of its resisting strain. From the figures and particulars given it wUl thus be seen that these foundations have been made under the most secure conditions, and that be it in choice of materials, or in dimensions, they have- been liberally allowed for, so as not to leave any doubt as to their stability. Notwithstanding, so as to be quite sure that the feet of the Tower can be kept, under every condition, on a perfectly horizontal plain, a cavity has been left in each of the shoes holding the uprights, in which cavity an 800 ton hydraulic press may be placed. By the aid of this press the displacement can bo effected of anjr one of the uprights, which may be rtiised as required, and steel ^vedges inserted between the upper part of the- shoe and the lower part of a counter shoe of wrought steel on which the iron upright rests. These presses can be worked, if necessary, at any moment in the manner of a regulating screw, so. as to effect the exact levelling of all poin*^s of support. Around each pile, that is to say, surrounding the four massives. which carry a like number of uprights and constitute a foot of the tower, runs a wall built nearly on a level with the founda- tions, which it encloses. For this object it is built and not for the purpose of sustaining any weight. These waDs are built ooc pillars having arcades, the frontages of which are either perpendi- cular or parallel to the Champ de Mars. The enclosure thus, foi-med is 350 feet square and is filled in with djbris, except in the case of pile No. 3, under which a cellar is formed wherein the engines and generatore for the lifts are stored. 23 Seeing that the greatest inclination of each pile from its hovi- Eontal at the base of the tower is 54°, the extent to which it overhangs or is out of its perpendicular is consequently 98 feet for that part of each pile between the ground and the first floor. The difficulty of erection results from this overweighing, since it is necessary to maintain a stable equilibrium in the enormous inclined masses which constitute each foot. Our readers will remember that each pile is composed of four uprights, or hips, spacedin a 15 metres square, and bound together by crossbars and trellis work, thus constituting a prismatic aiTangement with quadrangular base. Each comer upright is strengthened in its socket of masonry by the aid of a cast iron and steel support arranged in the follow- ing manner. Firstly, a piece of cast iron weighing about five tons reposes on the inclined seat of the foundation. This casting- is hollow, and is bored in the side to admit of the introduction of an 800 ton hydraulic press. On the upper part of the casting rests a steel circular covering of smaller circumferance weighing about two and a half tons, which partly penetrates the hollow of the under casting, at the same time supjiorting the lower end of of the first shaft or pillar of the corner upright. The proper tlistribution of the weight of the upright on the masonry is assured by the interposition of the supports referred to. By the arrangement of the steel cap penetrating the cast iron support it is possible to slide the said piece of steel, which being in a sense the axis of the upright allows the definite position of each upright to be mathematically regulated, the upright being too, in a certain degree independent of the support of the foundation. It is here that the 800 ton presses, to which we have referred, are brought into use. In the chamber reserved in the support Ls installed the great press cylinder the base of which rests on the iron casting, while its head works under the steel circular covering. When the press is put in operation it will lift up the steel covering and consequently raise the pillar or shaft of the upright that it supports. It is needless to say that the means of regulation, guiding, and precision are minutely calcu- lated and by careful working a variation in the weight of the uprights can be effected to an extent that would be more than «ufiicient addition to the theoretical security drawn from the I'esult of calculation, and here is a practical guarantee ag-ainst any displacement in the presence of the iron holdfasts of the tower, which are anchored beneath each foundation, traversing 24 the base of the lower iron casting being fixed by powerful irorn braces to the foot of each upright. We have already referred to the great slope given to the piles, which naturally gives them a tendency to overturn. Such ten- dency, however, could only obtain when the pile had reached' such a height that the projection from the centre of gravity fell outside the square of supports which form the base of the entire pile. Calculation showed this height in the Eiffel Tower to be- about 80 feet, so that up to that point the erection of the inclined piles were effected, as far as stability goes, in a like manner to ■ that of a vertical pile. The piles, however, having been built to the said height of 85 • feet, it was necessary to find some temporary support for them- until they had reached that elevation (180 feet) where the hori- zontal posts or rafters could be fixed, and thus join together the- four piles, forming the framework of the first floor of the tower. The method adopted in this instance was to erect woodeni pylons, or scaffolds, of pyramidial shape, 100 feet in height, j)laeing them in such a position as to support at their summit the- uprights forming the piles. Twehe of the said scaffoldings had to be erected to support the various uprights of the tower, re- quiring nearly 2,.300 cubic feet of wood. Tliis support obtained-, the building out of the perpendicular was continued to the first floor of the tower, when the first row of horizontal jjosts, or rafters, were fixed, thus joining the piles together. Tliese posts are 25 feet long, and weigh 68 tons each. The great height at which they had to be fixed necessitated the- erection of further scaffolding to a height of 147 feet, finishing at the top with a platform 82 feet in length. Four similar scaffolds had to bo erected for each frontage of the tower, but these- together with the smaller ones were only required until the posts had been joined to the piles. Tlie first stage of the tower having been luached in the earlj^ part of January, 1888, the work was continued in the manner indicated, and in July of the same year, the second floor was- arrived at, and this at an elevation of 377 feet from the ground.. Here the four piles were joined together bj^ means of the hori- zontal posts, as in the case of the first floor. At the same time the decorative arches at each of the four frontages of the tower - were built, and the consoles were also put up which support the galleries that run round the first floor. For the actual erection and elevation of the parts forming the- 2S jjiles, nine pivot cranes, specially designed for this purpose were- used. The following is a brief descripiion of them : — Each pile of the tower, as our readers are aware, is fitted with a j)assenger lift, for which pui-pose two parallel posts to support the rolling-way or course of the cage were fixed in the foot of each pile. M. Eiffel happily conceived the idea of making use of these rolling ways for the support of a horizontal platform to receive a crane, and furnish at the same time other points of attachment for the pivot crane to work on. The cranes thus emploj^ed had a 39 feet radius, which was sufficient to serve each of the four uprights of the pile. The lifting and placing of the load was effected by the combined movements of rotation of the crane, and elevation of the platform on which the crane stood, by means of a winch worked by the crane. When the crane had thus set a floor of girders, it was hoisted, while it still had hold of its load, and until it was brought to the required height for placing the girders of another floor- This elevation of the crane was made gradually at distances of about 9 feet at a time, being aided by the application of a large screw. The crane can lift weights of four tons, and the radius could Lc varied 'by adjusting the jib. It was therefore capable of serving all parts coming within its reach. These cranes which were furnished with every requisite safety appliance, were powerful but easily managed machines, by the aid of which the work of erection was carried on at a great rapiditj". The weight of the crane, one of each of which was supplied to each pile, was 12 tons. The pivot on which the crane worked was made to glide round a horizontal axis, so as, by means of a regulating screw to keep the crane in a vertical position. Not- withstanding the difficulty of the circumstances under which the crane had to work ; it was so adapted as to be as readily and easily manipulated as if working on the ground. The shape of this tower has not, as is commonlj- thought, been designed merely in view of architectural beauty, but it has more pai'ticularly been formed on mathematical considerations, which were regulated by calculations as to the power of the wind. The tower is so formed that no matter what ariel ciirrents are brought iuto contact with it, from a gentle breeze to a hurricane that beats with a force of iSOO lbs. on the square foot, the result of the force which strikes each part passes by the centre of gravity of each of the sections. The form of the tower is in a manner of cpeaking moulded by 26 iihe wind itself. One can scarceiy imagine tLe tremendous labour that the drawing of the plans entailed. The plan of the «difice was divided into 27 squares or panels, each of which necessitated a separate diagram. Again, each of these diagrams gave rise to a series of geomet - rical drawings, calculated by the aid of logarithm tables. It is not possible for us to enter into the technical details •of this immense work. We will content ourselves with noti- fying that the different metallic parts which have entered into -the construction of the Tower number no less than 12.000, and uO „ Various ... ... ..- ••• ;i 50 ,, 'IV. al ... 6,500 tons. The base of the Tower being 100 metres tlie point of .■stability will be 100 Ms=6,o00tx =325,000"tons metres, 2 which exceeds the overturning point. In the secoiTl hypothesis, that of a wind varying from 200 to ■400 kilogrammes, the total horizontal force is not more than iJ,874 tons, but the centre of action rises to 107 metres above the ■buttress, the moment of overturning is consequently Mr.-2,S74N 107 :--S07,;j13 This figure is nearly identical to that of the fi.rst hypothesis tind remains below the point of stability. But we can also augment notably the point of security in making tfast each of the 4 ends of the uprights to the massive foundation •of the sub-basement by means of ."i holdfiistsof Om ]l diameter •^vhlch will intersect a cube of masonry, sufficient to double the co- efficient of security. As regards the foundations it will be ■sufficient to give some figures to show that they are very easily ■constructed which is as follows : — Each of the cornerribs is supported on a square massive masonry -foundation ordinarily of 6 metres in height and 8 metres square which reposes on a Beton base 4 metres in thickness and 9 metres square. These massives which are crossed by anchoring or lashers 8 metres in length, aieboimd to oneanother by a wall 1 metre in thickness and between them is a large glazed chamber, about 250 squar metres which will bo used as the acces to the lifts and the installation of the engines. Under these conditions the foundation soil would be weighted as follows, where the •^ir.d had a force of 300 kilogrammes per square metre. lat. Weight of Metallic Ui.rif,4it Weight of Upright itself ... 6,500 4 1,G2J tons Effect of Wind 307,518 j. 3,162 tons. 2x100= 1,537 „ j 2nd. Weight of Masonry 5,400 „ Total ... ~~85G,2 tons. Which divided over a surface of 324 square metres, allow per square centimetre 8,5G2,000 :--:2k, 6 on an a-\-erage. 3,240,000 and 4k50 on the hip most affected. Finally with regard to the maximum bearing strain of the iron we would observe that it should allow for a wind having a force of SOO, kilogrammes per square metre which is so exceptional as not hitherto to have occured at Paris, and we will fix this co-efficient strain at 10 kilogrammes wliich for all ordinary winds at Paris, will correspond to an effectivj strain of 6 to 7 kilogrammes. This co-efticient of 10 kilogrammes is usual in Germany and Austria for great metallic structures which are not subject as in bridges to the vibration caused by trains, we have ourselves applied it in a general manner to the station at Buda Pesth, and the Eailway Companies of France also apply it to great structures. The co-efficient total share in our tower belonging to the actual load is 5 kilogrammes, also 5 kilogrammes for the force of the wind of 300 kilogrammes w^hioh result is reduced to one or two kilogrammes for winds of ordinary violence at Paris. I should also refer to the extent to which a tower of this kind would bend under the influence of the wind. This question is of interest, not only as regards the actual bend which a wind of 300 to 400 kilogiammcs might cause (about which no alarm need be felt, seeing that the summit of the tower would not then be accessible) but is also desirable to be taken into account so that it mighi be seen whether winds of ordinarj' violence would incommode any people who might be on the upper platform. If we tal^ the classification of winds referred to in the work of Claudel, and calculate the bends which correspond to the indicated pressures, we shall find these bends to be tho following : — 32 TABLE OF BENDS UNDEE DIFFERENT WINDS. BENDS DESIGNATION OF WIND. SPEED PER PK.ESSU REFER TAKEN BY SECOND. SQ. METRE THE TOWER Very strong breeze 10-00 13-54 038 Breeze vvbicli necessitates taking in of high, sails 1200 19-50 0055 Yery strong wind 15-00 30-47 0-086 Boisterous wind 20-00 64 16 0-153 Tempest 2'l-00 78-00 0-221 These figures are entirely' reassuring, and as the oscillations "would bo extremely slow by reason of the great length of the part which was bending, it is clear that the effect -would not be apparent, and would further be much less than in lighthouses of masonry, where the elasticity of the mortar is the most impor- tant factor in the oscillations that have been observed THE LIFTS. Returning to the subject of the passenger lifts with which the Eiffel Tower is fitted, there will be four lifts nianing from the groimd to the second floor. Two of these are supplied by the well known American firm of Otter Brothers, being constructed to carry 50 passengers and travel at ihe rate of 2 metres per second. The further two lifts running from the ground floor are "hy the celebrated French firm, Messrs. Eoux, Cambaluzier, and Lepape, and are constructed to hold 100 passengers, travelling at a speed of 1 metre per second. Between the second floor and the top of the Tower there will only be one lift, which i ons on the vertical. This one is constructed to carry 05 passengers, and will also travel at the rate of 1 metre per second thus the lifts together will carry to the first and second floors 2350 persons per hour, and to the summit 750, making a total per hour of 3000, or a daily total of between 25,000 to 30,000 passengers. Beyond this the staircases which lead from the ground to the second floor will permit of the ascension on foot of 2000 persons per hour. A more detailed description of the lifts in a later edition. In the aforedescribed strictly mathematical and minutely calcu- lated manner, has the work of building the Eiffel Tower, steadily progressed until at the time of writing (February 1889) it has ne irly reached its allotted height of 1000 feet. Little more than the decorative features and the placing- of the Cupola at the top of 33 "the Tower, is left for the workmen to do,and in a few weeks hence M. Eiffel will have the infinite satisfaction of beholding this tstupenduous undertaking completed As we have already mentioned at the outset of our little pamphlet M. Eiffel will at any rate have proved to the world, and more especially to those "knowing ones" that the undertaking, however difficult, was not impossible, and assuredly, no one can but admire the indefatigable energy ,pluck, and boldness, of M. Eiffel, in thus bringing to so happy a conclusion the greatest engineering under- taking of its kind of the 19th Century. We understand it is in contemplation, amongst other things, to use this Tower for affixing to it Electric lights with which to light the entire Exibition Grounds,and if this is successfully carried out it will be the ach ievement of oneoi the uses which M. Eiffel, at the outset laid claim to. In a later edition of this booklet, to be issued for the opening of the Exhibition, we shall add a chapter giving a further detailed d-scription, which the present necessarily in- complete state of affairs renders iraiDracticable. UTILITY OF A METAL TOWER OF 300 METRES IN HEIGHT. One of the most frequent objections urged by the public against the erection of this tower is its lack of utilitJ^ We are, however, perfectly assured — and of this assurance we will presently give proof — that an actual and positive utility attaches to it, and in furtherance of this statement let us consider a few of its applications. To begin with, there is no doubt in view of the success -which attended the preceding ascensions in the captive balloon, Giffard, and that of the Trocadero ascenders, that the public would find much interest in visiting the different floors of our tower, as they would thus be enabled, without sustaining either I "the fatigue attending the climbing of mountains, or the danger ' attached to ballooning, to view an extraordinary sight— that of a panorama of 61 to 70 miles in extent. The view of Paris by night for instance, with its brilliant lighting, would present a wonderful sight, such as is only known to asreonauts up to the present. It is not to be doubted, therefore, that this tower will constitute one of the great elements of attraction at the coming Exhibition as, indeed, after its close. 34 "With regard to its application for meteorological purposes ■vi'e cannot do better than give a few extracts from a commnnica- tion made on March 3rd to the INIeteorological Society of France by M. HEEVE MANGOE. " The attention of the Meteorological Society of France has- been often called to the utility of a metallic tower in open work built to a gi'eat height, from whence, by the aid of scientific instruments, experiments and operations might be made at Tarious distances from the ground. Several observatories are fitted with towers of masonry, but for the installation thereon of metetrological instruments, more- disadvantages than advantages are offered. The mural surface presented by the masonry to the heat of the sun causes eddies in in the air rendering observations consequently difficult during rain, fog, dew, or 6now,and thus allhygrometicalandthermometri- cal indications become false and illusory. The project of an iron tower 1000 feet high therefore affords the greatest interest to meteorologists. Among the meteorological observations and experiments that such a tower would admit of we may mention the following. The law of lowering temperature according to the height could' be easily observed, and the variations caused by the wind, clouds, &c., would supply numerous particulars that up to the present wo are completely ignorant of. The quantity of rain which falls at different heights on a similar vertical has been very variously estimated. This deeply interesting question with regard to the theory of the formation of rain would be solved by observations of some years, carried out by means of" say, 15 rain guages running to the top of the Tower, and being Spaced at regular distances apart. Fogs.mists and dews, which so- often collect in large clouds at lesser heights than SOO metres from the gTound could be studied through all their density. The density- of a volume of water in its globulous state suspended in each. atmosphere, could be ascertained. Tlic hygrcmetrical condition of the air varies with the height hence nothing would be easier- than studying these changes, if at the same moment instruments could be seen that were placed one above the other and at sufficient distances apart. The subject evaporation would further offer scope- for many useful experiments ; much could be ascertained also with 35 regard to atmospheric electricity. '.riie difference of electric tension between 2 points situated at 300 metres.vertical distance "is probably very great and examination would doubtless show phenomenon which would prove of the deepest interest. The speed of the wind grows generally with rapidity, when -sweeping up from the surface of the ground, and the Tower would allow of the rate of increase in the speed of the wind lieing ascertained to a height of 300 metres. Apart from the theoretical interest that the solving of this question would afford it would also give some useful information affecting areostation- The transparency of the air could be observed under except- ionally favorable conditions from the Tower, either from the ■vertical, or from lines of a given inclination. Apart from the meteorological observations to which in the foregoing remarks I have exclusively confined myself,the 300 metre Tower would jidmit the carrying out of a great number of experiments which vsvithout its aid it would be impossible to attempt. It would allow of the placing of manometers up to 400 atmospheres, and serve to -gTaduate experimentally the manometers of hydraulic presses. Such a Tower would further admit of pendulums being fixed on at, each oscillation of which would last more than ^ minute. The Director of the Observatory at Paris, Admiral Mouchez, expresses a like opinion to the foregoing, accentuating the fact that an iron building such as the Eiffel Tower would be vastly superior for meteorological observations to a stone building. Seeing that masoni-y imparts to the instruments afiixed to it either heat or cold as the masonry itself may be affected, whereas in the case of iron the meteorological instruments would be as if entirely isolated in the air, consequently iron is incontostably •euperior for meteorological observations OPINION OF M. PIEEEE PUISEUX. This distinguished astronomer attached to the Paris Observatory ■comments as follows : — There can be no doubt but that the projected Tower will j)rove of great ul^lity for astronomical researches, on its summit, by the «se of spectroscopes the light of both sun and stars may be analysed .and the movements peculiar to the latter could be ascertained by the displacement of the rays, so much more accm-ately at an elevation of 300 metres than at the level of th , ground, on account of the clearness- of the utmosphere at su great a height 36 A solar or lunar photographing apparatus could also be used witlii advantage particulairly at the passage of mercury, or wlien eclipses- take place near the horizon. OPINION OF COLONEL PEEEIEE. Colonel Perrier having been consulted with reference to the- application of the Tower for optical telegraphy, fully confirms our view that such a Tower would render important aid in that direction and permit of communications which have hitherto been I mpossible. For reasons, however, vidiich may be readily undestood he remains silent with regard to localities and thus briefij'^ sums up some of the applications to which the Eiffel Tower may be put. Astro7iomy. — Law of refractions, spectroscopic tulluricrays. 3 Vegetable Chemistry. — Vegetation at 300 metres high, com- position, carbonic acid. Metemvlogy. — ^Wiud, temperature, hj-gometry, electric con- dition, upper currents. Physical Science. — Deviation of a falling body, atmospheric clectiicity. Poncalt's experunent for demonstrating the rotation of the earth. War. — Optical telegraphy, and view oifered of the movements of the enemy. ' Many other opinions might be ({uoted, but from the foregoing alone it cannot be doubted that, M. Eiffel's project has received the distinct and clear approval of men in the first rank of scientists . TOTAL WEIGHT of METAL USED in the EIFFEL TOWER Total \\'cight of Metal 6500 Tons^ Made up as follows : — uprights with crosspieces ... 5190' Gallery of ist floor :— 70m X 16m X 4=4200m Chamber on 2nd floor 30m x 30m = 900m 5100 a 100 kilogr. Tipper Chamber and platform of 100m ... Anchorings The four arches at base Total ... tons The cost of which at 50 centimes per kilogramme put in position, gives Estimated cost of foundations and masonry massives Various additional -werk, such as glazing, cost of building the rooms in the Tower, &c., &c., estimated at ... ... ... ... 800,000 Total cost of building proper , ... 4,905,000 To which may be added the cost of the lifts, with engine s 250,000 ' Making the total cost ... ... ... ... 5,155,000 Say in roimd figures ... ... .... £206,000- ♦These figures may have to be slightly amended when the Tower is eompcletd. Aspinall's Enamel FOR BEAUTIFYING EVERYTHING. As supplied for use in the Household of His Royal Hig-hness the Prince of Wales at Sandringham. Usedf by the Queen of Sweden and all the elite. CO CO LU _J I H tr o =8 CO o z o CO o CO z o I- < ASPINALLS OXIDIZED ENAMEL, READY FOR USE. lsm\ mW.'Hew, or renovating Old Furniture of every taiiij iSirABlES,MlLKlIlcSTO,0I.S, Hoi- WATER CANS Bfflii'iil |eiBi!ciiz7s, Bedsteads ; in fact any old eyesoteitan kia ifSfieiii cvea by a child in a very short spate d imiij f^PINALL'S ENAMEL. " DIRECTIONS FOR USE. . MMusits; if the ENAMEL gets thicK. iveiyMeTO's Tin must never be allowed to stand ouen. but must berifii "MEL till been taken'out il not i t w i 1 1 SKiwmd bimm umiw iistnamel it is urgently leauested that the BABEbniOfflJ terns Enamelled, as the heit forms a speties of vaw^ ip Jry in consequence ; all old articles stioiilil bewll» _ ^.m-it] tefore b eing Eoameited. ^ '■l' WORKS, I PECKHAM, LONDON, S.E, ^llliliiiiiJiiiiilliliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifc^^ FAC-SIMILE OF TIN. 30 m m o H g CO i i H CO O Sp CO O H ZL n m CO CO M/lDf //V EVERy KNOWN SHADE. OVER 100 COLOURS. SOLD EVERYWHERE. OR IN TINS POST FREE, 1/6 <^ 31- FOR BATHS, POST FREE, 1/9 '^ 3 '6 FROM THE WORKS, LONDON, S.E. F. C. H AGEN Sz Co., Hbverttsement Egents & publishers, 328, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. Telegrams :— Feuilleton, London. A fine lithographed large sheet view of the EIFFF^L TOWER will be sent, post free, to any address on receipt of 15 stamps. VISITORS TO LONDON ^ 5 SHOULD ALWAYS TRAYEL > Jjjj BT THE 2 DISTRICT railway: " BETWEEN B h CITY & WEST END, 3 AND TO AND FROM ALL PLACES OF •aq 9 Amusement & Interest. 1 fl FOR ROUTES SEE "DISTRICT RAILWAY" MAP OF LONDON, g M Obtainable at the Stations' Bookstalls and at the Company's Booking Omes, Z S PRICE 6d. AND UPWARDS. J h ALSO THE "DISTRICT RAILWAY" COUNTRY MA.P, ^ PRICE 8d. AND UPWARDS. * 17 GOLD, SILVER, & BRONZE MEDALS ORIGINAL MAKERS OF GUARRANTEF.D Non- 03D ^^^^ Arsenical i£y| Papers, SOLE ADDRESS :— tlO, HIGH STREET, LONDON, W. (Near Manchester Square). R C. HAGEN & CO., 328, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C, Hbverttsing Bgcnts, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS. Estimates given for Letterpress and Litho Work of every description. COLOUR PRINtiNG A SPECIALITY. « ^ « » Do^ Shows, Cattle Shows, and Exhibition Catalogues estimated lor, and Advertisements obtained for same or Advertising rights bought. Telegraphic Address: FEUILLETON, LONDON. F. C. HAGEN 8z: Co., Hbvevtisement Egents & publishers, 328, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. Telegrams : — Feuilleton, London. A fine lithographed large sheet view of the EIFF^^L TOWER will be sent, post free, to any address on receipt of 15 stamps. VISITORS TO LONDON ^ 5 SHOULD ALWAYS TRAVEL > mm BT THE ^ DISTRICT railway: T BETWEEN BJ h CITY & WEST END, S - AND TO AND FROM ALL PLACES OF •»3 ^ Amusement & Interest. I H FOR ROUTES SEE "DISTRICT RAILWAY" MAP OF LONDON, g M OUmnabh at the Stations' Bookstalls and at tlie Company's Booking (mces, 2 n PRICE 6d. AND UPWARDS. ] § ALSO THE "DISTRICT RAILWAY" COUNTRY MAP, ^ PRICE 8d. AND UPW ARDS. 17 GOLD, SILVER, & BRONZE MEDALS ORIGINAL MAKERS OF GUARRANTEED Nbn- [ pwTj] Wall Arsenical i£|£| Papers, SOLE ADDRESS : - no, HIGH STREET, LONDON, W. (Near Manchester Square). R C. HAGEN & CO., 328, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C, H6verti6ing Hgents, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS. Estimates given for Letterpress and Litho WorlL of every description. COLOUR PRINtlNG A SPECIALITY. » — « • Dog Shows, Cattle Shows, and Exhibition Catalogues estimated for, and Advertisements obtained for same or Advertising rights bought. Telegkaphic Address: FEUILLETON, LONDON.