W7y Wm/k r :li 1 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GT 337O.B97" """""^"y Library Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024133864 WIDOW-BURNING. By the same Author. A MONTH in the CAMP before SEBASTOPOL. By a NoN-CoMBATANT. Third Edition. Post 8vo. 5s-. London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. London : A. and G. A. Spottiswoode, New-street. Square. WIDOW-BURNING: A NARRATIVE. BT HENRY JEFFREYS BUSH BY, OP THE INITER TEMPLE, ESQ., BAKBISTBR-AT-LAW ; LATB OF THE HON. E. I. CO.'S CIVIL SERVICE, LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1855. Reprinted, by leave of the Proprietor of the Quarterly , Review, with additions. WIDOW-BURNING. On the 30th of August, 1838, the princely- city of Oodypore was the scene of a terrible solemnity. About mid-day, a prolonged dis- charge of artillery from the fort announced the unexpected decease of Maharana Juwdn Singh; and, as is usual in tropical climates, prepara- tions for his obsequies immediately commenced. The palace-gate was thronged with the ex- pectant populace. Something, however, in the excitement of their voices and gestures, boded the approach of a spectacle more thrilling than mere pomp could render even a royal funeral. It was not the dead alone whom the eager crowd were waiting to see pass from among them. Sculptured in startling abundance on the tombs of their rulers, the well-known b WIDOW-BURNING. effigies of women^sfeet * gave ghastly assurance, that a prince of Oodypore would not that day be gathered to his fathers without a wife, or a concubine, sharing his pyre. The only ques- tion was — how many? It was known that the youngest of the two queens came of a family in which the rite was rai'ely practised; while the suddenness of the Mahardna's death had given but scanty time for any of his in- ferior women to mature so tremendous a reso- lution. Great, therefore, was the admiration of the multitude when they learnt that, im- mediately on the fatal tidings reaching the zendna, both the queens and six, out of seven, concubines had determined to burn. The seventh, a favourite, had excused herself on the plea — which, characteristically enough, was at once admitted — that " she felt none of the inspiration deemed necessary to the sanctity of the sacrifice." It next became the duty of the chief nobles to address the ladies with the forms of dissua- * The distinctive memorial of a Suttee. The feet of each victim are represented in relief, with the soles outwards, on the face of the mausoleum. TRAGEDY AT OODYPOKK. 7 sion. But to these they quickly put an end by an act that rendered retreat impossible : — loosen- ing their hair, and unveiling their faces, they went to the gate of the zendna, and presented themselves before the assembled populace. All opposition to their wishes now ceased. They were regarded as sacred to the departed monarch. Devout ejaculations poured inces- santly from their lips. Their movements became invested with a mysterious significance ; and their words were treasured up as pro- phetic. Meantime the pile had been prepared. The eight victims, dressed in their richest attire, and mounted on horseback, moved with the procession to the cemetery. There they stripped off their ornaments and jewels, dis- tributed gifts to the bystanders, and, lastly, mounting the pile, took their places beside the corpse. As. the Mahardna had left no son, his nephew, the present Sovereign, applied the torch. The crash of music, the chanting of the priests, and the cries of the multitude arose simultaneously, and the tragedy was consum- mated. " The father of one of the queens " (concludes the native report) " was present A 4 8 WIDOW-BURNING. during the whole. He is here immersed in contemplation and grief, and his companions are comforting him." Perhaps, at this point, some of our readers may feel puzzled by the recollection, that Lord William Bentinck is celebrated in numberless works as having put down all atrocities of this kind more than twenty years ago. And true it is that he did so as far as his authority, ex- tended ; but within that limit the operation was necessarily confined. In other words, out of about 77 millions of souls, this prohi- bition reached directly only the 37 millions who were British subjects; indirectly, per- haps about 19 millions more, consisting of the subjects of native princes in whose in- ternal management we had some voice ; while there remained not less than 21 millions, the subjects of states which, though our allies, could in no degree be reached by the legisla- tion of 1829. The kingdom of Oodypore, or Meywar, was of the last class. The only notice, therefore, that the Governor-General of 1838 (Lord Auckland) could take of the horrors above detailed, was by way of private com- munication. The Resident at Oodypore was in- THE FIRST CHANGE, i) structed to explain unofficially the displeasure with which the British Government had heard of the tragedy, and of the prominent part in it played by the new Sovereign himself. The Resident's opinion was, at the same time, asked as to the most suitable compliment to be paid to those nobles who had sought to dissuade the ladies from their resolution ; and the answer was noteworthy. Lord Auckland was apprised, that the personages in question would simply feel "disgraced" by any tribute which should imply that their dissuasions had been meant for aught but decorous forms ! Such was the veneration in which, up to a date so recent, the sacrifice of Suttee was held by a vast proportion of our al- lies, and such the acquiescence with which the British Government perforce regarded its celebration. Within the last seven years*, however, the rite has occasioned one of the most remarkable movements recorded in Eastern annals. Never before, within histo- rical memory, had the Hindoos exhibited the phenomenon of religious change. During that brief period, an agitation has sprung up, which * Written in September, 1851. 10 WIDOW-BURNING. has led more than half the great independent states to repudiate a sacrifice regarded by their forefathers, not only as sacred, but as a stand- ing miracle in attestation of their faith. So extraordinary an exception to the inveterate tyranny of tradition would demand investi- gation, were it only as a psychological problem ; but how much more is this the case when the wonder is known to be the work of a single British officer ! We owe to the late lamented Chairman of the Court of Directors * the means of presenting our readers with the first authen- tic account of this triumph of individual skill and energy. Strange to say, the movement originated in the very stronghold of the rite. Among the states who gloried in the readiness of their women to brave this supreme test of conjugal devotion, none exercise a wider influence over Hindoo opinion than the small knot of Powers on the north-west frontier, who occupy the provinces known collectively as .Rajpootdna. The respect paid throughout India to the blood of the Rajpoots — Anglice, "the pro- geny of princes" — is well known. Matri- ^ Major-General Sir Archibald Galloway, K.C.B. EAJPOOTS. 1 1 monial alliances with their chiefs are eagerly- sought by potentates of thrice their territorial importance. A race of soldiers and hunters, their figures and faces are eminently handsome and martial ; their voices loud ; and when they laughjit is with a hearty burst, likeEuropeans — in broad contrast to the stealthy chuckle of the Bengalee, or to the silent smile of the reserved Mussulman. Unlike those, too, they scorn the pursuits of the desk ; and even agriculture has only become common among them since the tranquillisation of the frontier has diminished their opportunities of obtaining military ser- vice among their feudal lords. Whatever a Hindoo knows of chivalry or nationality, he deems to be exemplified in this model race. Since, therefore, Rajpoots were renowned for the frequency of their Suttees, the great inde- pendent states thought it beneath their ortho- doxy to return any other answer to .the re- monstrances of the British Government against the rite, than that " it would be time enough for them to prohibit it, when Rajpootdna led the way." This they, doubtless, thought, was to post- pone the change indefinitely. Many, in truth, 1 2 WIDOW-BURNING . and pitiful, were the instances, which seemed to forbid the hope, that Rajpoots would ever consent to take the lead in such a course. One of these has already been given. A second — the last with which we shall pain our readers — must be added, because it illustrates the chief difficulty with which the friends of abolition had to contend. It was the belief of those officers who had acquired the longest ex- perience in Rajpoot affairs,- that every attempt on the part of the British Government to re- monstrate against Suttee, had been followed by an increase in thenumber of the sacrifices. This opinion — which, whether right or wrong, na- turally carried weight with the Government, and had caused the discouragement of any active interference in the matter — was sup- posed to receive a further corroboration in the occurrence we are about to narrate. Early in 1840, the Political Agent, or charge d'affaires, at the Rajpoot court of Kotah had ventured, on his own responsibility, to break through the cautious reserve thus prescribed, by apprising the chief of that state, that the British Government would be greatly gratified, to hear that his Highness had abolished Suttee RESPECT FOR ANTIQUITY. 13 throughout his dominions. " My friend," re- plied the prince, " the customs alluded to have been handed down from the first fathers of mankind. They have obtained in every nation of India, and more especially in Eajpootdna ; for whenever a sovereign of these states has bidden farewell to life, the queens, through the yearnings of the inward spirit, have become Suttees*, notwithstanding that the relatives were averse to the sacrifice, and would fain have prevented it altogether. It is not in the power of a mortal to nullify a divine, though mysterious, ordinance!" With true Oriental complaisance, however, his Highness proceeded to promise his best efforts to under- take the impossibility. " Since " — he concludes, — " it will afford the English Government pe- culiar pleasure, I shall take such measures as lie in my power to prohibit the practice." It * " The term Suttee, or Sati, is strictly applicable to the person, not the rite ; meaning a pure and virtuous woman ; and designates the wife who completes a life of uninterrupted con- jugal happiness by the act of Saha-gamana, accompanying her husband's corpse. It has come in common usage to denote the act." — Wilson's History of British India, vol. iii. p. 265 ; where may also be found a lucid and succinct account of the measures taken by Lord W. Bentinck to put down the rite within our own dominions. 14 WIDOW-BURNING. appears that nobody, except the officer to whom it was addressed, attached any value to this plausible assurance. The veteran diplo- matist who at that time superintended our re- lations with the Rajpoot States, was even led to augur from it some fresh outbreak of reli- gious zeal in favour of the rite. An example was not long wanting. About three p.m. on the 29th October, 1840, a Brahmin, by name Luchmun, died at Kotah, and his widow declared her intention of burn- ing with the corpse. The permission of the reigning prince had, in the first instance, to be obtained. Now, therefore, was the time for testing the value of the pledge which he had given to the charge d'affaires. His Highness absolutely declined to use his authority. The chief constable was, indeed, sent to address the ordinary dissuasions to the woman, and to pro- mise her a livelihood in case she survived ; but the victim, as usual, was resolute. To the offer of a maintenance she is reported to have answered: — " There are a hundred people related to me ; and I have no such thoughts to annoy me. I am about to obey the influ- ence of God." The sight of her infant son did A MIRACLE. 15 not shake her. All the marvels which the arts of the priesthood conjure up on such occa- sions, were employed to convince the populace that it was the will of Heaven that the sacri- fice should proceed. "It has been usual" — naively wrote . the Kotah minister in his ex- culpatory account of the catastrophe to the charg6 d'afiuires — "it has been usual, on a disposition to burn being evinced, to confine the individual in a room under lock and key ; and, if these eff^orts should be frustrated bv the voluntary bursting of the locks and doors, it was a sure sign that her intention was pure and sincere, and that it was useless to oppose it. This test was applied on the present occa- sion, and both lochs and doors flew open ! More- over, it was known that a Suttee's words, for good or for evil, would assuredly come true ; which of itself deterred any spectator from interfering. Your Agency messenger brought her to the palace, and, took her by the hand ; though, as she was regarded as dead to the world and all its creatures, this ought not to have been done. He was told to take a guard, and dissuade her if he could, but he did not succeed." 1 6 WIDOW-BURNING. The chief constable soon obtained sufficient warranty of the strength of the woman's deter- mination to satisfy him of the propriety of order-, ing the pile. Twenty pounds of sandal- wood, and twenty more of cotton rope, together with faggots and flax, were accordingly put together in haste by the river side ; and the funeral pro- cession was on the point of commencing, when the Resident sent a servant of his own to make a final efibrt to dissuade the victim. The messenger found the Brahmins plying her with camphor, and was wholly unable to over- come the natural and artificial exaltation which she exhibited. Moreover, the crowd were impatient at what they deemed so perti- nacious an opposition to the Divine will, and bore the woman off to the palace, in order to obtain the chief's prohibition of any further attempts of the kind. The messenger had the courage to accompany them. On being ad- mitted to the presence, he reminded his High- ness of his late promise to the Resident ; but his remonstrances were quickly neutralised by an adroit hint to the prince from a native courtier, that " if the widow's purpose were , thwarted, she might utter some impreca- KOTAH CASE. 17 tions fatal to the State ! " On this, his High- ness declared that he would stand neutral in the matter — ^'he would neither assent nor dissent — the messenger might do his best.'.' The Brahmins and crowds of course, interpreted this as it was meant ; they jostled the emissaries of the charg^ d'affaires, and even threw out threats against that officer himself, in case of any further interference. Musicians now came out from the palace to assist at the ceremony; a sumptuous dress and ornaments were presented to the woman ; and, thus decorated and attended, she was con- ducted to the place of sacrifice. Secret orders to use despatch had, in the meantime, been sent by the Prince ; and so well were these obeyed, that within three hours of Luchmun Brahmin's death, his widow had shared his obsequies. It is true that cases have occurred more hor- rible than those above related. Instances are on record, in which, at the supreme moment, women have lost courage, and, starting from the pile, have torn off their sacrificial garlands, and cried aloud for mercy ! Unhappily, too, it is not improbable that, on some of these occa- B 18 WIDOW-BURNING. sions, the fatal belief that a Suttee's reso- lution once voluntarily taken is irrevocable, may have caused the bystanders to thrust the victim remorselessly back into the flames ; or if, from British interposition, a rescue has been effected, the woman has, it may be, sur- vived only to curse the pity which, to save her from a few moments of pain, has deprived her, as she deemed, of ages of happiness.* These things have been; but, with rare ex- ceptions, the Suttee is a voluntary victim. Kesolute, undismayed, confident in her own in- spiration, but betraying by the tone of her pro- phecies — which are almost always auspicious — and by the gracious acts with which she takes leave of her household, and by the gifts which she lavishes on the bystanders, that her tender woman's heart is the true source whence that inspiration flows, the child-widow has scarcely time to bewail her husband ere she makes ready to rejoin him. She is dressed like a bride, but it is as a bride who has been re- * In some cases Suttee is performed without the aid of fire, by burying the widow alive. For the particulars of this form .of the rite, see Ward's View of the History, ^c, of the Hindoos, vol. i. p. Ixxi. and vol. ii. p. 110. SUTTEE VOLUNTAEY. 19 ceived within the zendna of her bridegroom. Her veil is put off, her hair unbound : and so adorned, and so exposed, she goes forth to gaze on the world for the first time, face to face, ere she leaves it. She does not blush or quail. She scarcely regards the bearded crowd who press so eagerly towards her. Her lips move in momentary prayer. Paradise is in her view. She sees her husband awaiting with approbation the sacrifice which shall restore her to him dowered with the expiation of their sins, and ennobled with a martyr's crown. What wonder if, dazzled with these visionary glories, she heeds not the shouting throng, the ominous pile? Exultingly she mounts the last earthly couch which she shall share with her lord. His head she places fondly on her lap. The priests set up their chant — it is a strange hymeneal— and her first-born son, walking thrice round the pile, lights the flame. If the impulse which can suffice to steel a woman's nerves to encounter so painful a death, and to overpower the yearnings of her heart towards the children she may leave behind her — if such an impulse is, even to the eye of philoso- phy, a strange evidence of the. power of faith, B 2 20 WIDOW-BUENING. and of the depth and strength of tenderness — surely we may well conceive how the supersti- tious Hindoo should trace in it more directly the finger of God Himself. They, we are peri suaded, will best cope with this superstition — for they alone will comprehend the grounds on which it rests — who, content with the weapons of truth, will own, that love, and beauty, and death — terror, wonder, pity — never conspired to form a rite more solemn and aiFecting to the untutored heart of man.* The confirmation that the Kotah case ap- peared to give to the current opinions on the danger of interference, had naturally caused * ' ■ I have heard," says Mr. Mountstuart Elphinstone, " that in Guzerat women about to burn are often stupified with opium. In most other parts this is certainly not the case. Women go through aH the ceremonies with astonishing composure and presence of mind, and have been seeu seated, unconfined, among the flames, apparently praying, and raising their joined hands to their heads with as little agitation as at their ordinary de- votions. The sight of a widow burning is a most painful one ; but it is hard to say whether the spectator is most affected by pity or admiration. The more than human serenity of the victim, and the respect which she receives from all around her, are heightened by her gentle demeanor and her care to omit nothing in distributing her last presents, and paying the usual marks of courtesy to the bystanders; while the cruel death that awaits her is doubly felt from her own apparent insensibility to its terrors."— History of India, i. 361. GENERAL INACTION. 21 an official neutrality on the subject to be pre- scribed more strictly than ever to our Kesi- dents at the native courts; and a complete inaction was the order of the day. Not to multiply instances of this policy, we may men- tion that, in 1842, Lord EUenborough expressly declined to sanction an offer made by the charge d'affaires at Hyderabad, to procure from its Mahomedan ruler a prohibition of the rite. It was in the midst of this general despon- dency that Major (now Lieutenant- Colonel) Ludlow, charg^ d'affaires at Jypore, conceived the idea of assailing the superstition in its stronghold. His scheme was simple, and not new^ — qualities which are the best evidence of the difficulties that had hitherto prevented its execution. Long ago, Oriental scholars, both native and European, had shown that the rite was not only unsanctioned, but infe- rentially forbidden, by the earliest and most authoritative Hindoo scriptures.* Nay, Colonel Tod, in his book on Rajpootana, had actually *A corrupt passage in the Kig-Veda is the only primitive authority that has ever been adduced in favour of Suttee, and receives, indeed, this interpretation from Mr.Colebrookein the fourth volume of the Asiatic Besearches, p. 211. See, however, POSTSCEIPT, p. 58. B 3 22 WIDOW-BUENING. indicated this anomaly in Hindoo doctrine as the best point of attack for abolitionists to select. Yet, though that valuable work was published in 1829, and though the author, from the position he long held as chief diplo- matic officer in the country he so well de- scribes, had the amplest opportunities for carrying out his own suggestion, it was re- served for Major Ludlow, in 1844, to put it to the test of practice, and to vanquish the obstacles which had hitherto confined it to the dream-land of speculative benevolence. The explanation of this previous inaction is not difficult. Scholars, it is true, had proved Suttee to be an innovation and a heresy ; but it was an innovation of 2000 years' standing, and a heresy abetted by the priesthood since the days of Alexander. Though unnoticed by Menu, the supplementary writings with which the Hindoos, like the Jews, have overlaid their primitive books, are profuse in its praise. Above all — let the force of the appeal from the more recent to the primitive code be what it might — it could not but be attended with suspicion when proceeding from religionists who equally repudiated both the one and the MAJOB Ludlow's advantages. 23 other. It is no matter for surprise, that Englishmen should have hesitated long to assail with the delicate weapon of theological criti- cism a rite thus strong in remote antiquity, in venerated records, in a hierarchy at once igno^ rant and unscrupulous, and in the associations with which iimumerable traditions of womanlj'' courage and constancy had ennobled it in the eyes of the Hindoo people. His resolution once taken, however, there were circumstances in Major Ludlow's position not unfavourable to the enterprise. He en- joyed peculiar opportunities of intercourse with the nobles of the court to which he was accredited. The prince of Jypore was a minor, and the government was carried on by a coun- cil of regency, over which the Major presided. Not only did he thus possess a more direct voice in the administration than his post of charg^ d'affaires would have given him, but he had already so used this vantage-ground as to dissipate, to an extraordinary degree, the jealousies likely to be excited in his native col- leagues by any interference with their domes- tic customs. He had even contrived to bring the other Eajpoot states to combine with B 4 24 WIDOW-BUENING. Jypore for an object not wholly alien from that which he had at present in view. Then, as now, the abuse which he had undertaken to assail concerned their zenanas ; and his bitterest oppo- nents were likely to be found amongst the priests. Old maids, as our readers have probably heard, are sadly depreciated in the East. A Rajpoot girl who remains long un wedded is a disgrace to her house ; but that was not the only danger which, but a few years ago, her father had to fear. Should he succeed in find- ing her a husband, the chances were, that the family estates would be hopelessly encumbered in providing the gratuities claimed by the priests and minstrels who were certain to flock to the nuptials. No Kajpoot is above the dread of satire and imprecations ; and those worthies notoriously dispensed their blessings and applauses, or their curses and lampoons, according to the price at which their services were retained. The result was, that their fa- vour was purchased at almost any cost. " The Dahima emptied his coffers on the marriage of his daughter" — ran a favourite distich of these venal bards — " but he filled them with the praises of mankind ! " The Rajpoots at large were not FEMALE INFANTICIDE. 25 disposed to be Ddhimas, nor yet to brave the scandal of housing marriageable daughters. They found refuge from the dilemma in infan- ticide. - Parents reared just so many girls as they could afford to marry off, and destroyed the rest. The criminality of the practice was, indeed, acknowledged. Rajpoot decorum de- manded that it should be veiled in secrecy ; but that was all. A trifling penance absolved the perpetrator. Nobody dreamed of drag- ging such affairs into publicity. If a son was born, the fact was announced to inquirers with exultation ; if a daughter, the answer was — Nothing ! and those who came to congratulate went silent away. At the same time, it must not be supposed that this system had grown up to such monstrous maturity without some de- gree of resistance on the part of the native rulers. It appears that here and there, and at various periods, a Rajpoot prince had sought to reach the evil by sumptuary enactments in restraint of nuptial gratuities; but that fear of the reproach of their kinsmen in neighbouring communities had invariably deterred his sub- jects from taking advantage of the remedy. Major Ludlow conceived that he saw his 26 WIDOW-BURNING. way to improving on these precedents. He conjectured that, if the various states through- out Rajpootdna could be brought to agree to a common scale of such largesses, apportioned to the revenue of the bride's parents, and with uniform penalties for all demands in excess, the problem might be solved. Nothing, however, is harder than to bring these tena- cious principalities to act together on any subject. What could seem more so than to bring them to work in concert on a question involving points so delicate as the largesses to be dispensed on their daughters' weddings, and the comparative claims of their mins- trels and priests ? It was certain, too, that, failing this agreement, no measure of the kind could be demanded of them by the British Government without„a breach of the treaties that secured the freedom of their internal ad- ministrations. In spite of these obstacles, Major Ludlow ob- tained permission to do his best, on the single condition of using no direct solicitation towards the chiefs. His first efforts were thus confined to his brother diplomatists, and to such native deputies as resided at Jypore for the purpose THE REMEDY. 27 of commuuicating on plunder-cases. The latter, gradually coming into the idea, promulgated it among their respective governments ; and, by this indirect process, he at length suc- ceeded in obtaining the enactment of an inter- national sumptuary law which has rid Rajpoo- tana of its most frightful scourge and stigma. Never probably before, since the origin of the Rajpoot States, had their jealousies and divisions been even temporarily suspended. But the advantage of their tardy concert was at once rendered palpable to them by their delivery from a ruinous system of extortion, with all its frightful and unnatural results. They were aware that the merit of this social, rather than political, reform, was due to Major Ludlow's private exertions; and thus be- tween him and themselves there sprung up a relation on such subjects, which the an- tipathies of race and religion very seldom allow of amongst Englishmen and Hindoos. What, then, if he could avail himself of these aids to accomplish an infinitely harder under- taking ? He had rid the Rajpoots of a practice which their consciences condemned. Could he rid them of one to the full as terrible, which 28 "WIDOW-BUENING. they revered ? He had rescued her child for the mother. Could he rescue the mother for the child? It was, doubtless, much for an Englishman to hope to tear aside the prescrip- tive sanctions which, for twenty centuries, had elevated the Indian widow's cruel martyrdom into the holiest of mysteries ; but if the shock was ever to be given, it was now, and at Jypore. The resident Vakeels would com- municate it to all the Rajpoot States ; and whenever Rajpootdna should lead the way in breaking through "the traditions of the elders," Hindostan at large was tolerably certain to follow. The hour, the place, and the man, all fa- voured the design. One lion, however, there was in the path. Major Ludlow could not hope that the permission given him to use his personal influence with the convention of Vakeels to promote measures against female infanticide, would be extended to any similar undertaking against Suttee. The acknowledged criminality of the one practice, and the reputed sanctity of the other, made here all the differ- ence ; and we have already alluded to the be- lief on the part of the British authorities, which INSTRUMENTS. 29 SO many facts had seemed to substantiate, that the eflforts of our diplomatists in the inde- pendent states to check the rite had tended only to an opposite effect. As an essential condition therefore to success, and on pain of having his operations summarily suspended, Major Ludlow was compelled to work unseen. He determined, if possible, to induce two or three trustworthy and influential natives to undertake the cause; to ply them with the critical objection drawn from the older Scrip- tures ; and, by declaring his own resolution to remain neutral till public ppinion had declared itself, to excite in them the ambition of taking the lead. He found a person admirably adapted to his purpose in the Financial Minister of the court at which he was accredited. Seth Manick Chund belonged to a sect whose distaste for destruction in all its forms is singular even in the East. The Oswal tribe do not wilfully slay the meanest animal. Carrying out the doctrine of the transmigration of souls to its logical result — vie wing in every insect a possi- ble human intelligence, and as yet blissfully ignorant of the revelations of the oxy-hydrogen microscope — their priests carry besoms to 30 WIDOW-BUENING. sweep the ground on which they tread, and cover their mouths with gauze, to avoid the scandal of inhaling their ancestors, or of crush- ing them wholesale under foot ! One result of this tenderness for life in every shape is, that they disapprove of Suttees. To the Financial Minister, therefore, and to his own head* Moon- shee. Major Ludlow communicated all the argu- ments he thought likely to be of use ; and, thus charged, they betook themselves to the High Priest of Jypore. Warily, and as if on their own account, they pressed this important dignitary with the omission of all mention of Suttee in the Code of Menu ; with the inferential prohibition of the rite in the denunciations contained in that work against suicide ; and with its promise to widows living chastely of eternal felicity with their husbands — whereas even the writings which countenanced the sacrifice, limited the duration of its recompense to the comparative bagatelle of thirty-five millions of years ! * In ♦"There are 35,000,000 hairs on the human body. The woman who ascen43 the pile with her husband will remain so many years in heaven." — Hindoo quotation, in Ward's View of .the History, SfC, of the Hindoos, vol. ii. p. 96. MERCENARY PIETY. 31 addition to these objections, already familiar to Oriental scholars, Major Ludlow supplied his emissaries with two others at least as effi- cacious. Pope's Universal Prayer embodies, it appears, a favourite sentiment of Hindoo moralists : — " What conscience dictates to be done, Or warns me not to do ; This teach me more than hell to shun, Tliat more than Heaven pursue.'' But the Hindoo divines assert, not only that the love of goodness for its own sake ought to prevail over the hopes of posthumous reward, but that the slightest intrusion of an interested motive is fatal. What more easy than to apply this dogma to the poor widow bent on earning by a cruel death her own, and her husband's, salvation ? Her devotion was represented as a mercenary calculation of profit and loss. She did but mock the Deity with the unclean sacrifice of a selfish bargain. Was the martyr's crown her aim ? She had forfeited it by that very aspiration ! Major Ludlow wound up these arguments by a shrewd appeal to national pride. Suttee (urged his emissaries), unwarranted by Menu, 32 WIDOW-BUBNING. was the evident invention of some degenerate race whose women were worthless, and whose widows, if they survived, would bring reproach on the memory of their lords. To such it might be left. The honour of Rajpoot hus- bands was in safer keeping ; and the fair fame of their daughters was aspersed by the mere retention of so disgraceful a security ! The High Priest received these representa- tions with surprising candour. In less than six months, he was induced to put forth a do- cument, in which he adopted all the theological arguments, and declared authoritatively, that the self-immolation of widows was less me- ritorious than their practising " the living Suttee of chastity and devotion ! " This Avas evidently half the battle. Major Ludlow now personally entered into the contest, so far as to cause the manifesto to be shown at his re- sidence to the various Vakeels who came there to transact business ; and these, in their turn, communicated its contents to their masters. A religious agitation sprung up, and spread widely. At the same time, there could belittle doubt that, let the impression produced by the High Priest's decision be what it might, no THE OLD ALTERNATIVE. 33 man of rank — least of all, a Rajpoot Sovereign — would be anxious ,to proclaim himself the first convert. To iterate day by day the same arguments — to be ever on the stretch to discover me- thods of rendering them more efficient— to confirm the wavering — to encourage those who were already compromised as abolitionists — above all, to keep within the delicate line that severed his private "advocacy of the High Priest's dictum from his official adhesion to it — here was an arduous combination of aims; and the Major knew that if he failed in any one of them, a quick and mischievous reaction of public opinion would render the object of all his toil more distant than ever, and expose him to the censure of his own Government. But what then ? It was the old alternative of every man wiser and braver than his fellows — the criterion would be success. If he did not win the palm of a benefactor of his race, he must be content to be reproached as a meddler whose untimely zeal had but injured a noble cause. Within a few months of the issue of the High Priest's manifesto, that personage died. c 34: WIDOW-BUKNING. Never, not even during his last sickness, did he receive the slightest message or civility from Major Ludlow. So important was it deemed to give no ground for the imputa- tion of a secret understanding between them. While, therefore, it was part of the good for- tune attending this enterprise, that the High Priest should have left the scene in the odour of sanctity before he had leisure to retract or modify his opinion, it was probably due to Major Ludlow's caution, that the public faith in the honesty of the manifesto remained to the last unshaken. And now the fruit of all this untiring energy began to appear. One by one, the members of the Council of Regency declared themselves in favour of the legal prohibition of Suttee ; though they did not as yet think proper to pledge the infant sovereign to so critical a measure. Most of the nobles con- nected with the Court were avowed aboli- tionists, and three of the tributary provinces of Jypore actually issued enactments against the rite. Their example was followed by several petty neighbouring states. Major Ludlow believed that the time was TAKING THE FIELD. 35 come for bolder measures. Every thing de- pended on the utmost publicity being given to the adhesions he had already received. Great as was the general respect for the de- ceased High Priest's authority, the timid were not likely to be converted except in good com- pany, and, as has been said, the timidest of all in a matter of Rajpoot orthodoxy would be the Rajpoot sovereigns. He was aware, indeed, that rumour had already befriended him in this respect. The resident Yakeels had, as a matter of course, kept their roasters through- out Rajpootdna well acquainted with the pro- gress of the strange agitation at Jypore. But those functionaries had no access to the letters which, in his capacity of President of the Council of Regency, he had from tinie to time received from the leading abolitionists; and such documents, forming collectively a very imposing record of opinion in high places, had now accumulated in his hands. These he re- solved to turn to account. He sent copies of the whole correspondence to two or three of his brother diplomatists in Rajpootdna, in order that they might communicate it to the Courts to which they were attached. The re- c 2 36 WIDOW-BUENING. suit was — his first and only check. His official superior, apprised of the circulation of these documents, took alarm, and arrested the whole proceeding. The mortification to Ludlow must have been great ; but there remained so much to be done, and by means so foreign to the routine of official experience, that we can scarcely be astonished that the first impression inspired by the promulgation of the plan should have been one of distrust. When, however, a year had passed without any evil resulting from the agitation of the subject, the able officer who had thus felt it his duty to interpose his authority, so far withdrew his opposition as to issue a circular to the chiefs, urging, on the grounds already taken, not indeed the prohi- bition of Suttee, but the imposition of penal- ties on all persons abetting the widow in the rite. Happily, the event surpassed these cautious advances, and proved how little Major Ludlow had overrated the strength of the movement. In eight months' time from the issuing of the circular (August 23rd, 1846), the Council of Regency at Jypore led the way among the great independent Rajpoot states in declaring Suttee SUCCESS. 37 penal on all parties engaged in it, principals as well as accessories. Lord Hardinge, then at Simla, at once caused a notification of this event, coupled with an expression of thanks to Major Ludlow, to be published in the Govern- ment Gazette (Sept. 22, 1846); and so vast, and so swift, was the effect of this example, and of the prominence thus judiciously assigned to it, that, before Christmas, his Lordship was enabled to announce the prohibition of Suttee by eleven, out of the eighteen, Rajpoot prin- cipalities, and by five, out of the remaining sixteen, free states of India ! Of the whole territory then exempt from internal control, more than two-thirds were gained over to the cause of abolition within four months from the Jypore proclamation.* * The following table gives, we believe, with a tolerable ap- proach to accuracy, a view of the progress up to the present time (May, 1855), of the cause of abolition among those states which have the control of their internal affairs : — Abolitiohist (19). Eajpootma. Square Miles. Jypore - - 13,427 Kotah - - 3,102 Jtilawar - Bobndee - - - 1,287 - - 2,291 Jessulmere - - 9,779 Banswarra - - 1,440 c 3 38 ■WIDOW-BURNING. To persons unacquainted with the influence of Rajpootdna on Hindostan, so sudden an inter- Bajpootdrm. Square Miles. Brought forward - - 31,326 Purtabgurh - 1,457 Doongurpore - 2,005 Kerowlee - - - - 1,870 Sirohee ... - 3,024 Dholepore - 1,626 Ameer Khan (Mahomedan) - 1,633 Jodhpore ... - 34,132 Total . - 77,073 Out of Rajpootdna. Hyderabad (Mahoiliedan)* . 88,887 Indore (Mahratta) - - 4,245 Rewah (Rajpoot) - 10,310 Bundelkund - 16,173 Gwalior (Mahratta) - - 32,944 Cashmere about 1,500 Total area - 231,132 Non-Abomtionist (15). Rajpootdna. Sciuare Miles. Meywar ... - 11,784 Ulwur . . 3,235 Bikaneer - - . . 18,060 Kiahengurh 724 Bhurtpore (Jaut) - 1,946 Total - 35,749 Out of Rajpootdna. Baroda (Mahratta) . ' - 5,525 Katteewar (Rajpoot) ' - 19,424 EFFECT ON INDIA. 39 ruption of the torpor of ages might well have appeared too momentous to be ascribed to the seemingly simple measures at Jypore which it immediately followed. It was as if Major Ludlow had thrown a pebble from the shore, and the ice of an arctic sea had riven before him. Yet never did a train of events less de- serve to be ranked as mere coincidences. If. any further proof were necessary, we might point to the fact that the state of Gwalior, in Ovt of Bqjpootdna. Square Miles, Brought forward - - 60,698 Bhopal (Mahomedan) - 6,772 Cutch (Rajpoot) - 7,396 Dhar (Rajpoot) - 1,465 SawuntwaiTee (Mahratta) 935 The four protected Sikh States - 16,602 Total area - 93,868 Kotah did not give in its adhesion until March, 1847; Jodhpore followed during Lord Dalhousie's administration ; while Indore is stated to have prohibited the rite so long ago as the reign of Hurree Rao Holkar. The last men- tioned prohibition had, indeed, remained unheard of elsewhere down to the date of the proclamation at Jypore ; but this may be explained by the slight importance likely to be attached by Hindoos in general to the religious proceedings of a com- munity of Mahrattas. The Sikh empire, which, with the excep- tion of Cashmere, has since been annexed to the British dominions, is included among the five abolitionist States out of Rajpoot^na, alluded to in our text, c 4 40 "WIDOW BURNING. proclaiming Suttee penal, expressly cited as its authority the edict from Jypore ; while nearly every abolitionist sovereign assigned as the grounds of his adhesion, the very arguments that had obtained the Jypore high-priest's sanction. The recognition of Major Ludlow's services by his own superior was immediate and hearty : — " The last Political Agent " — wrote Colonel Sutherland to the Government — • " was, I believe, as little prepared for the abo- lition of Suttee at Jypore as I was on my re- turn to that capital in May, 1846 ; and it is almost exclusively to Major Ludlow's influence that we are indebted for the first promulgation of the law prohibiting Suttee in a Hindoo principality."* Major Ludlow's aids were, a superior utterly incapable of petty jealousies, and ready to abandon his own anti-abolitionist views directly abolition appeared possible ; a variety of British officers residing at other native courts, eager to forward the good work when once begun ; a Governor-General capable of appreciating the lustre which such an achievement would cast on an administration * From the Governor-General's Agent for Rajpootana to the Secretary to Government, September 11, 1847. THE NEW TRUTH. 41 already bright with military glories; and last, not least, a Court of Directors ever prompt in the recognition of great services. Our narrative is concluded. It would be a strangely superficial view that saw in it no- thing but a skilful series of measures by which a certain annual saving of female life has been effected, to the gain of Eastern morality, and to the credit of the chief actor. The great fact it teaches is, that the Hindoo mind is capable of advance even in the department where its immohility has been deemed most absolute — traditionary faith. More than threescore years have passed since Burke thus described our Indian Em- pire : — " With us, are no retributory superstitions by which a foundation of charity compensates through ages to the poor for the rapine and injustice of a day. With us no pride erects stately monuments, which repair the mischiefs that pride had produced, and which adorn a country out of its own spoils. England has erected no churches, no hospitals, no palaces, no schools. England has built no bridges, made no high roads, cut no navigations, dug out no reservoirs. Every other conqueror of every other description has left some monument either of state or beneficence behind him. Were we to be driven out of India this day, nothing would remain to tell that it had 42 WIDOW-BURNING. been possessed, during the inglorious period of our domi^ nion, by anything better than the ourang-outang or the tiger." Doubtless, when this eloquent invective was uttered, many of the " monuments" desiderated by the orator were due at our hands; and great and valuable have been the efforts since made in recognition of the debt. But Burke himself did not dream of moral memorials, of records traced in the faith and customs of the people. It may be questioned, indeed, whether he did not hold them superfluous. " This multitude of men" — he said of the natives of India on the same occasion — " does not con- sist of an abject and barbarous populace, but a people for ages civilized and cultivated — cultivated by all the arts of polished life whilst we were in the woods." There, in truth, has lain the difficulty of their making any further advance. It was this very polish — a polish of luxury rather than of civilization — a polish of surface incompatible with growth — that, like the glittering cement encasing the Pyra- mids, preserved the primeval institutions of Hindostan through twenty centuries of rapine and subjection, proof alike to the whirling EASTERN OPTIMISM. 43 wastes of barbarism and the keen assaults of Western intellect. It was the inveterate complacency, sprung from this very idea that they possessed most of the arts of peace when the rest of mankind were "in the woods," Tphich had convinced them that nothing re- mained to add to their mental stores, and that to arrange and adorn their existing materials was for ever their only duty. Nay, so absolute was this state of optimism, that no one custom or tenet was held less indisputably excellent than another; since all derived their import- ance from the common sanction of antiquity. A change in a Hindoo's food or his faith, in his poojah or his porridge, was equally odious to him — equally a reflection on the infallibility of his forefathers — to question which, were indeed " confusion worse than death." That the semibarbarous conquerors from northern Asia, whose " retributory supersti- tions " Burke has eulogised, should have been able to break into so compact a system, was not, perhaps, to be expected. India rather influenced them than they India, and, like a voluptuous mistress, enervated each in turn, 44 WIDOW-BURNING. till he resigned her to some hardier captor. ■But even the European invaders, who were saved from such a fate, if by no other cause, by this — that their physical constitution pre- cluded them from settling on the soil — even they, with all the energy which a constant re- cruiting of the governing class from the West secured to their respective dynasties, had never, until the period of our narrative, broken one of the links in the ancient chain of Hindoo dustoor. The distressing failures of our own missionaries are notorious. " How" — wrote the zealous but truthful Henry Martin, after more than a year's fruitless labour on that impracticable soil — "How shall it ever be possible to convince a Hindoo or Brahmin of anything ? . . . .Truly, if ever I see a Hindoo a real believer in Jesus, I shall see something more nearly approaching the resurrection of a dead body than anything I have yet seen. This last week a Brahmin came three or four days following, and stayed an hour or two each time. I told him all that God had done for mankind from the beginning; the evidence of Christianity, the nature of it, the folly and wickedness of their religion ; in short, every topic that could affect a human being. At the end of all he was exactly as at the beginning : the same serene smile denotes the absence of all feeling^' — Journal, p. 536. And again, a year and a half later : — " Were MISSIONARY DIFFICULTIES. 45" . the Hindoo woman you mention a true con- vert, she would be a rich reward for a life's labour ; but alas ! I doubt of every Hindos- tanee Christian in Hindostan " {lb., p. 628). This opinion seems to have been shared by Sir James Mackintosh : — "He thought that little was to be apprehended and little hoped for from the exertions of the missionaries " {Ih., p. 706). It is true that, by dint of unflagging efforts, the pioneers of the Gospel in the East have at- tained — in Southern India especially — a degree of success which would have astonished Martin. But the sum of conversions, when viewed with reference to the number of our subjects, is as a drop in the ocean. And how, in effect, can a people who conceive themselves to be living in a very atmosphere of miracles, celestial and diabolical, attach adequate importance to the evidence of those wonders by which the divine origin of Christianity is attested? On the other hand, if they are to judge us by " our fruits," what are the qualities likely to attract their regard ? In our preachers they see none of that terrible asceticism with which the naked fakeer, or self-torturing jogee, success- , 46 WIDOW-BUENING. fully challenges their reverence. The exposure of our women's faces, the indiscriminate mix- ture of the sexes in our social meetings, our dancing, our unscrupulous diet, are, each of them, features which, however innocent in themselves, shock that material morality which the natives best appreciate. They admit, indeed, our veracity, justice, and energy, and that "beaver-like" faculty which one of our own satirists has seized as the principal national attribute. That it is our destiny, for some inscrutable purpose, to make our penknives bristle from pole to pole, to run a girdle round the earth with our printed yarns, and to fight, if need be, for these objects like Roostums, or scheme like Faridoons — all these things are admitted by the natives, and the contempla- tion of them fills them with wonder and awe. But alas ! no less true is it, that none of these things move their envy. If, therefore, success in teaching the Hindoo a higher and truer civilization is possible at all, our first efibrts must be directed towards convincing them of the defects of their own system, rather than of the merits of ours — when they can appreciate the last, the battle will have been won. THE WEDGE INSERTED. 47 Eight years ago, to a proposal even thus limited, nobody could have been blamed for ob- jecting with Henry Martin, " How shall it ever be possible to convince a Hindoo of anything?" But who can say that it is hopeless now, when half the states of Hindostan have been brought to repudiate a rite which was held holy by their race for full three centuries before the Christian era? True, the arguments which have effected the change, have been of a kind that left the validity of their ancient books unassaUed — nay, the doctrine of one series has been abandoned mainly, if not solely, on account of its incompatibility with still older and more venerated authorities. But it is surely needless to point out the consequences of admitting reason, in whatsoever guise, into the domain of tradition. Call it mere com- parative criticism, if we will — the truth re- mains equally obvious, that criticism, once sanctioned in any form, will in the end detect something more than the discrepancies be- tween rival records. Let us, then, appreciate our vantage-ground. The small end of the wedge is inserted — how are we to drive it home? 48 WIDOW-BURNING. In the first place, we would suggest the importance of making the significance of the movement in its bearings on the fallibility both of tradition and of the priesthood, as apparent to the whole Hindoo family as it is to ourselves. Let the present generation be made to understand, however much the efibrt may cost them, that they have veritably de- clared and proved themselves wiser than all their predecessors since the date of the Shasters. Let them perceive, that it is not only harmless, but good, to exercise reason — at any rate for the purpose of reviving the primeval wisdom of the Code. And we may fairly hope that Hindoo intellect, having once exercised its wings so far, will not fold them up for ever afterwards in serene contemplation of the age of Menu.* In the next place, let us guard against relapse. Before now there have been native rulers, more enlightened, or less devout, than their subjects, who have endeavoured to put * Facilities will, ere very long, be afforded to the natives for remounting to yet more ancient authorities than Menu. — See Postscript. RAJPOOT COLLEGE. 49 down the most cruel among the Hindoo rites. But, whatever effect their enactments may have had diaring their own reigns, the flood of popular superstition invariably rolled back afterwards, and their laws soon sank into matters of history. To avoid this danger, our Government should be constantly on the watch to see that its abolitionist allies carry out their own proclamations. Marks of favour might re- ward every display of zeal in this direction ; while reactionaries might be made to under- stand, that we regarded their adhesion to the cause of humanity as in some sort a compact with ourselves. Finally, there is now before us in Rajpoo- tdna an excellent opening for educating the higher classes of natives of the independent states of Northern India. The schools at Agra, and at Calcutta, are too remote for their bene- fits to reach these influential principalities. We possess in Ajmere, situated as it is in the midst of Rajpootdna, a small tract of territory admi- rably adapted for the purpose. Not only is it advisable, in choosing a site for such a foun- dation, to prefer the vicinity of a race who, D 50 WXDOW-BUENING. more widely than any other, influence the mind of Hindostan — but it also happens, that the Rajpoots are, of all our allies, the most likely to accept the benefits of education at our hands. This is due, in part, to the confidence which our respect for their liberties, ever since we first rescued their country from the Mah- ratta yoke, has inspired; in part, to the in- creased facilities for making pilgrimages to dis- tant shrines afibrded by our roads ; which, by familiarising them with the superior fertility and order of the British territory, have already stimulated in them a degree of curiosity as to the secret of our advantages. Great numbers of Raj- poots have accepted vaccination from us, at the risk of offending one of the direst divinities in their Pantheon — Mdtajee, the goddess ofsmalU pox ! Above all, they have now been the first to cooperate with us in putting down Suttee. Such are the tokens, both of greater independence of spirit, and of amity towards ourselves, which have satisfied those most competent to judge, that the higher Rajpoots would gladly lead the way in making use of a college at Ajmere. The only educational experiment hitherto made there, was at a period when our relations, both SECULAR INSTRUCTION. 51". at Jypore and Jodhpore, were on the most; unfriendly footing. Of course, it failed. But,, under no circumstances would it have availedi for the objects now indicated. What is wanted in the first instance, is not so much a school; for the lower orders, as a college to which the chiefs can send their sons, accompanied by something of that state and retinue which native nobles consider essential to their rank. The lecturers should be gentlemen — men of habitual courtesy. Honorary privileges con- nected with the foundation might be placed within reach of the leading Rajpoots, who would, in all probability, forward the scheme in proportion as it appeared to identify them with the Supreme Government. No religious, instruction should, at first, be attempted. This proviso is essential. You may write Chris-' tianity, or any other faith, on the tabula rasa of a savage mind — with a people, not in the in- fancy of barbarism, but in the decrepitude of a precocious civilisation, you have to unteacL before you can teach ; and an interval must occur between the two processes. The direct extrusion of one religion by another absolutely distinct, after the fashion of the pellets of a D 2 52 WIDOW-BURNING. popgun, is too rare and exceptional to be anti- cipated anywhere, least of all in India. Nor can the miraculous extension of Christianity, in primitive times, be so good a guide to us here as the local experience of our own propagan- dists. There is, we fear, almost of necessity, a sceptical period that supervenes on the tear- ing up of the old belief which has wound its roots round all a man's thoughts and asso- ciations; and he is happy in whose life the truth can spring from the soil so disturbed by the eradication of falsehood. It is, perhaps, pos- sible that our eflForts to educate the Hindoos may not do more than destroy idolatry in one generation ; and that the intolerable want of something to hold by will not necessitate the adoption of Christianity in its place till the next. Be that as it may, we must remember that the choice is not between religious and secular education for the Hindoos, but between secular education and none at all. We must do what we can to give that enlightenment which will be adequate to discover the defor- mities of error, and then^ perchance, our pupils may learn to see the beauties of truth. We do not envy the man who can see no- SELFISH COUNSELS. 53 thing in the career thus opening before Eng- land in the East but hazard to her empire. "Once teach the natives" — some reasoners have urged — "the absurdities of their divisions of caste and creed, and we shall lose the chief security for our power." It is enough to an- swer, that England holds her possessions of God, not of the devil ; and that the world has never seen a satanic counsel answer in the long run. The future may be dark, but it will not be dangerous, so long as our conduct is guided by the principle that Morals and Policy cannot be antagonistic. What, in fine, has been our experience in India ? One by one, the worst reproaches in its administration have disap- peared ; extortion, corruption, and cruelty are matters of the past ; and, in the same degree, the loyalty of our native subjects, the deference of our allies, and the confusion of our enemies have become more and more conspicuous. It is thus, and not by the selfish calculations that marked its origin, that our Eastern empire has grown to be a wonder of the world. Like a coralline island, its foundations were laid by petty agencies, working for ends they knew not of. But the storm and the sunshine, and D 3 M WIDOW-BURNING. the dews of heaven, have descended on the harsh superstructure, and softened and ri- J)ened it into a generous soil — needing, of a truth, abundant husbandry — but already rich with increase, and full of promise. POSTSCEIPT. The foregoing narrative is founded on un- published official documents, to the study of which the writer brought the advantage of having served in Eajpootana for nearly three years, in a subordinate diplomatic post. Com- pelled by ill health to retire early from India, he was glad thus to discharge, however in- adequately, a portion of the debt due to his late profession. The time seems to have come for again bringing the subjects above treated before the public. Since September, 1851, Oriental scholars have dealt more than one heavy blow to eastern superstition. In the first place, a step has been taken towards enabling the Hindoo to judge for himself of the glaring discrepancies between his present faith and the D 4 56 POSTSCRIPT. primitive records on which it assumes to be based. Usually ignorant of the very language of his ancient hymns, or Vedas — the recita- tion of which is, nevertheless, strictly en- joined — the Brahmin is further debarred from ascertaining their meaning by their broken and elliptical text. Still he obeys the injunc- tion ; and sometimes he recites them forwards, and sometimes — with a variety of resource that recalls the mediaeval device for raising the devil — he recites them backwards. What will be the bewilderment of the de- votee when he shall learn, from their perusal in his native tongue, that they are addressed to beings who figure no longer as the di majores of his Pantheon; that the greatest gods and goddesses of modern Hindostan have no place whatever in these venerated Vedas ; that castes are unrecognized by them, metem- psychosis ignored, and the incarnation of Vishnu, and the tri-une mystery itself, not once adumbrated!* Such a discovery can * For a learned account of these records, which are supposed to be coeval with the Pentateuch itself — and of the evidence afforded by them of the Scythian origin of the Hindoo race — see Professor Wilson's Prefaces to. his Translations of the First and Second Books of the Rig- Veda (Wm. H. Allen and Co.). LIGHT IN THE EAST. 57 scarcely fail of proving fatal to the existing superstition, and will certainly not revive that ■which is dead ; for whatever else may come of the shock, it may safely be predicted, the. Hindoo wil not revert to the Vedaic eleme ts — he will not learn his faith backwards, like his hymns. This mighty disenchantment may be said to be even now in preparation. By the wise liberality of the East India Company, Dr. Max Miiller and Professor Wilson have been enabled to devote themselves, the one to col- lating the text of the Rig- Veda, and the other to rendering it into English; whence, of course, it can easily be translated into the modern dialects of Hindostan. The secoiad instalment of this great work has recently been given to the world ; and deeply is it to be hoped, that a task which has never before been more than partially performed, and which few are competent to undertake at all, is destined to be completed by the accomplished scholars who have now entered upon it. Perhaps it falls more strictly within the scope of this narrative to notice, that a dis- covery has been made, during the course of 58 POSTSCRIPT. their Joint labours, which suppHes the last link to the argument for considering widow- burning a spurious Hindoo rite. It has been ascertained that an obscure passage in the Rig-Yeda, occasionally adduced as the one primitive authority for Suttee, is so far from really having any such character, that it enjoins inferentially the widow's preserva- tion. The absence of any allusion to the rite in a work so full of reference to the Vedas as the Code of Menu, together with the rules of holy living laid down for widows by that law-giver, had, indeed, already thrown the utmost doubt upon the text in question.* But it was reserved for Pro- fessor Wilson to change doubt into cer- tainty, and so to demolish the last Brah- minical pretext for regarding Suttee as an orthodox Hindoo practice. In a paper read by the learned Professor before the Royal Asiatic Society, on February the 4th, 1854, he pointed out that the disputed passage had, in, fact, been corrupted by the substi- tution of the word agneh for agreh — the meaning being thereby perverted from " let * See page 21. CRITICAL DISCOVERY. 59 them [the widows] go up into the dwelling" to " let them go up into the fire" — a flagrant corruption truly. Professor Wilson added, that he was supported in this opinion by Dr. Max Miiller; and that Aswalayana, the author of the " Grihya Sutras" — a work little inferior in authority to the Yedas themselves — actually designates the proper person for leading the widow away at the conclusion of the- funeral-rites. There is evidently no time to be lost in acquainting those native rulers who, during Lord Hardinge's administration, refused -to abolish Suttee, with this new ground on which they may reconsider the question without compromising the reasoning then put forward by them to justify their recusancy. The Court of Directors are understood to have sent out numerous copies of Professor Wilson's paper for distribution among their diplomatic servants; but it remains to be seen what efforts the Indian Government will make to turn to account the new instrument for good thus unexpectedly supplied. Unhappily, the fact cannot be concealed that the cause of Suttee-abolition has, of late 60 POSTSCRIPT. years, received in India no fresh . impulse, if, indeed, it has not actually retrograded. With the single exception of Jodhpore, no new adhesions on the part of the native states have to be added to those enumerated in the preceding pages. Yet all the gravest diffi- culties have been surmounted; and vigilance and energy in the path already opened, are alone requisite to accomplish, sooner or later, the downfal — not of one rite merely — but of the entire fabric of Hindoo superstition. The whole of that system, as has been remarked, stands or falls together ; and, though the compulsory abolition of Suttee in our own dominions could do little towards damaging Hindooism, still every such enactment by an independent native state — proceeding, as it does, on a voluntary recognition of the hete- rodoxy of the rite — assumes necessarily the fallibility of the priesthood, the legitimacy of religious criticism, and, in a word, admits reason into the region of absurdity. This is the great end which abolitionists have ever had in view. On the other hand, the fact is equally certain, that every state which con- tinues to uphold the rite, helps to inspire FORWARDS ! 61 doubt and distrust in those Who have ven- tured on its abolition. This constitutes the danger of desisting prematurely from our work. It would be invidious, perhaps, to inquire too closely on whom the responsibility of the stagnation, now visible, rests. Nor is it ne- cessary to ask, why the author of a movement which governors-general have singled out as the chief triumph of their administrations, and for which cabinet-ministers have claimed credit in Parliament, should yet be dwelling amongst us undistinguished by any mark of honour from the Crown. Colonel Ludlow's fame takes no detriment from such neglect, though the public service may. But the graver considera- tion cannot be omitted, that lethargy in carry- ing out the measures initiated by that officer, is only too likely to deprive us of the ground already won. In dealing with prejudices which are but partially abated, a passive policy is not even a stationary one — inaction means reac- tion. To guard, if it be possible, against so shameful a result, by recalling public attention at home to the subject, is the end sought to be gained 62 POSTSCRIPT. by reprinting this little narrative. English- men need, perhaps, to be reminded how power- ful is any expression of their sympathy in ani- mating the efforts of their distant countrymen. Hitherto our Indian empire has been doomed to interest us chiefly by its wars and disas- ters. It is regarded when darkened by some sinister eclipse — is watched with anxiety till light is restored — and then is noticed no more than the sun at noon-day. Let us hope that a better era has begun. Britain has now the opportunity of winning an imperishable title to the gratitude of the East. She has but to resolve — and the bloodless contest here re- corded will be pursued to issues as far surpass- ing present calculation, as the results already gained transcend historical experience. But the opportunity is fleeting : let her resolve in time. Temple, May, 1855. THE END. London : A. and G. A. Spottisw ouDE, New-street- Square. A CATALOGUE OF NEW WOEKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE, PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN. BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, 39, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. CLASSIFIED INDEX. Affriculture and Rural Affairs. ^ Pages Bayldonoii Valuing- Bents, etc. . .,6 Caird's Letters on Agriculture ... 7 Cecil's Stud Farm 8 Loudon'sEneycloptediaof Agriculture . 14 , , Self-lnBtmction for Farmers, etc. 14 Low's Elements of Agriculture . . 15 „ Domesticated Animals . . . la Arts, Manufactures, and Architecture. Bourne on the Screw Propeller Brande'B Dictionary of Science, etc. Uhevreul oh Colour . . . > Cresy'sEucyclo. of Civil Engineering Eastlake on Oil Painting . Gwilt's EncyclopaJdia of Architecture Jameson's Sacred and Legendaty Art ,, - Commonplace Book Loodon's Rural Architecture . Moseley's Engineering and Architecture 17 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship , . 19 Scrivenor on the Iron Trade . . ' Steam Engine, hy the Artisan Club Tate on Strength of Materials lire's Dictionary of Arts, etc. Biography. Arago's Autobiography . . . .22 if Lives of Scientific Men . • 5 Bodenstedt and Wagner's Sehamyl . 22 Brightwell's Memoriala of Opie . . 18 Buckingham's {J. S.) Memoirs . . 6 BuDsen^sHippolytus . .... 7 Chesterton's Autobiography ... 8 Clinton's (Fynea) Autobiography . . 8 Cockayne's Marshal Tnrenue . , . 22 Dennistoun's Strange and Lnmisdeii . 9 Forster's De Foe and Churchill . . 22 Freeman's Life of Kirby .... 13 Haydon's Autobiography, by Tom Taylor . 10 Hayward'E ChesEerfield and Sel'wyn . . 22 Holcroft's Memoirs 22 Bolland'a (Lord) Memoirs . . .11 Lardner's Cabinet Cj-clopaedia ^ . 13 Mannder's Biographical Treasury . , 16 Memoir of the Dnke of Wellington , 22 Memoirs of James Mont^^omeiy . . 16 Merirale's Memoirs of Oicero . , 16 Ruaaell's Memoirs of Moore . . . ^7 „ ' Life of Lord William RdsbcII . l9 Pages . 21 . 21 . SI . 21 Southey's Life of Wesley ,, Life and Correspondence Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography Taylor's Loyola .... „ Wesley z Townsend's Eminent Judges . . . S Waterton's Autobiography and Essays . 2 Books of General Utility. Acton's Modern Cookery Book Black's Treatise on Brewing Cabinet Gazetteer ,, Lawyer Cust's Invalid's On'n Book Gilbart's I^gic for the Million HiptE on Etiquette How to Nurse Sick Children Hudson's Executor'h Uuide „ On Making Wills Lardner's Cabinet Cyctopicdia Loudon's Self Instruction ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gartkner Maunder's Treasury' of Knowledge ,, Biographical Treasury ,, Scientific Treasury , ,, Treasury of History ,, Natural History . . Fificator's Cookety of Fish Pocket and the Stud Py croft's English Reading Reece's Medical Guide 5 6 7 7 8 9 lit 11 Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary Riddle's Latin Dictionaries Richardson's Art of Horsemanship Roget'fl English Thesaurus , Rowton's Debater .... Short Whist Thomson's Interest Tables . Webster's Domestic Economy West on Children's Diseases Willich's Popular Tables . Wilmot's Elacltstone'ii Commen^ies Botany and G-ardening. ConrersationB on Botany . Hooker's British Flora ,, Guide to Kew Gardens Lindley's Introduction to Botany . „ . Theory of Horticulture Loudon's Hortus Britannicua . ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener ,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners ,, EncyclopsediaofTreefiSE Shrubs 15 16 16 16 16 16 18 10 18 18 19 1,9 19 19 19 24 24 11 14 14 15. 15 14 London; Printed by M. Mason. Ivy Lanej Faternoster Row. CLASSIFIED INDEX. Pngea Loudon's Encfclopaidia of GnTdening . 14 „ „ Plants . . 14 Pereira's Materia MediCR .... IS tlivers's Rose Amateur's Guide . . 19 Wilson's Dritisli Mosses . ... 34 Chronology. Alcorn's Chronology 5 Ulitir's Chronological Tables ... 6 Bunxen's Ancient Egypt .... 7 Haydn's Beatson's Index .... 10 Johns and Nicolas's Calcndnr ofVictory IS Nicolas'B Chronology of History . .13 Commerce and Mercantile Affairs. Athinson^s Shipping Laws . . . 5 Francis On Life Assurance ... 9 „ Stock Exchange .... 9 Loch's Sailor's Guide .... 14 Lorimer's Letters to aYoungMASter Mariner 14 .M'Culloch's Commerce and Navigation . 16 Scmenoron the Iron Trade . . .19 Thomson'sInterestTables . . .23 Criticism, History, and Memoirs. Aastin's Germany .... Balfour's Sketches of Literature Blair^Chron.aud HlstoricalTables Bunsen's Ancient Egypt „ HippolytuB . — > Burton's History of Scotland . Cbalybaeus's Sped'ulatiTe Pbilosopby Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul . Eastlnke's History of Oil Painting Erskine's History of India Francis's Annain of Life Assurance Gleig's Leipsic Campaign Gurney's Historical Sketches . Hamilton's Discussions in Philosopbyi etc. 10 22 HaydoD'a Autobiogrnphy, by Tom liylor 10 Holland's (Lord) Whig Party ... 11 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions . , 12 Johns and Nlcolas's Caleadar of Victory 12 Kemble's Anglo-Saxons in England. . 12 Larduer's Cabinet CyclopRdia . . 13 Macaulay's Crit. ond Hist. Essays . . Ifi ' }, History of England . , 16 ,t Speeches . « . . 15 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works . 15 ,, History of England . , 15 M*Culloch*8 Geographical Dictionary ' , 15 Martincau's Church History , . .16 Mnunder's Treasury of History . . 16 Mayne's Czar Nicholas 1 16 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington . 22 Merivaie's History of Rome ... 16 „ Roman Republic . . . 16 Milner's Church History .... 16 Moore's (Thomas) Memoirs, etc. . . 17 Mure's Greek Literature .... 17 Raiike's Ferdinand and Maximilian . . 22 Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary . 19 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries ... 19 Rogers'sEssays from Edinburgh Review 19 Hoget's English Thesaurus ... 19 Russell's (Lady Rachel) Letters . . 19 „ Life of Lord William Russell . 19 St. John's Indian Arcliipelago . . .19 Schmitz's History of Greece . . .19 Smith's Sacred Annals .... 30 Southcy'sThe Doctoretc. . . . 21 . 24 Pages Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography . 21 ,, Lectures on Frencn History . 21 Sydney Smith's Works . . - .21 ,, Select Works . . 22 „ Lectures ouMoralPhilosopby 21 ,, Memoirs 21 Taylor's I^oyola 21 „ Wesley 21 Thirlwall's History of Greece . - .23 Thirty Years of Foreign Policy . . 23 Townsend's State Trials . . • .23 Turkey and Christendom . . .22 Turner's Anglo-Saxons , . . . .23 ,, Middle Ages .... 23 „ Sacred History of the World . 23 Vehse's Austrian Court ... 23 Whitelocke's Swedish Embassy . . 24 Geography and Atlases. Arrowsmith's Geog. Diet, of Bible Butler's Geography and Atlases Cabinet Gazetteer Cornwall, its Mines, Scenery, etc. Dalton's British Guiana Durrieii's Morocco Hughes'H Augtrali&n Colonies . Johnston's General Gazetteer . M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary ,, Rassia and Turkey Milner's Baltic Sea .... Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography Sharp's British Gazetteer . Wheeler's Geography of Herodotus Juvenile Books. Amy Herbert 20' Earrs Daughter (The) .... 20 Experience of Life 20 Gertrude 20 Giibart'sLogic for the Young ... 9 Howltt's Boy's Country Book . . . 11 „ (Mnry) Children's Year . . 11 Katharine Asbton 20 Laueton Parsonage . . . . 20 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations . . IQ & 16 Margaret Percival 20 Pycroft's English Reading . . . IS Medicine and Surgery. Brodie's Psychological Inquiries . . 6 Bull's Hints to Mothers .... 7 ), Managementof Children . . f Copland's Dictionary of Medicine . . S Cust's Invalid's Own Book ... 8 Holland's Mental Physiology . . . 11 How to Nurse Sick Children . . . 11 Latbam On Diseases of tbe Heart . .14 Moore On Health, Disease, and Remedy . 17 Perelra On Food and Diet . ^ . 18 „ Materia Medica . . . .18 Reece's Medic,al Guide ... . .18 West on the Disenses of Infancy.; . 24 Miscellaneous and General Literature. Atkinson's Sheriff Law .... 6 Austin's Sketches of Germao Life .- . S Carlisle's Lectures and Addresses . . 32 Chnlybaeus's Speculative Philosophy . 8 Defence of Eolipie of Faith ... 9 Eclipse of Faith ...... 9 Greg's Essays on Political and Social Science 10 TO Messrs. LONGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. Pagea HRBsallouAdiiUerstionof Food . . 10 Haydo's Book of Digottieii • • •10 HoUand's Mental Physiology ... 11 Hooker's Kew Guide . ... 11 Howitt'sRural Lifeof Englaud . . 11 „ Visits to Remarkable Plnces > 11 JaiiieBOQ*s Commonplace Book . • 12 Jeffrey's (Lord) Essays . . . -IS Last of the Old Squires .... 17 Macaiilay'B Critical and Historical Esa&ys Ifi 1, Sueeched 1& Mackintoshes (Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 15 Memoirs of a Maitre d^Armes . . 22 Maitland'K Church in the Catacombs . IS PohcbI's Works, hv Pearce ... 18 Pycroft's English Reading . . . 18 Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary . 19 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries . . . 19 Rowton's Debater 19 Seaward'E Narrative of his Shipwreck , 19 Sir Roger De Coverley . . . .20 Smithes (Rev. Sydney) Works . . .21 Soutbey's Common-Place Books ■ .21 „ Doctor 21 Souvestt-e's Attic Philosopher . . 22 r. Confessions uf a Working Man 22 Stephen's Essays 21 Stow^s Training System, . . . .21 Thomson's Outline of the Laws'of Thought 23 Townsend's State Trials .... S3 Willich's Popular Tales- .- . . . 24 Yonge's English Greek Lexicon . . 24 M Latin Gradus . . . .24 Znmpt*s Latin Grammar .- . > .24 Natural History in General, Catlow*s Popular Concfaology ... 7 Ephemera and Young on the Salmon . 9 Gosse^B Natural History of Jamaica . 10 Kemp'sNatural-History of Creation . 22 Kirbyand Spence'a Entomology . . 12 Lee's Elements of Natural Histo^ . 14 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History . 16 IVrton's Shells of the Britishlslands . 23 Waterton's Essars on Natural History . 23 Youatt's The Dog 24 f. The Horse 24 l-Volutne Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries. Arrowsmith's Geog. Diet, of the Bible Blidne'H Rural Sports Brande's Science, Literature, and Art Copland's. Dictionary of Medicine Cresy'a Civil Engiueeriug Gwilt's Architecture . Johnston's Geographical Dictionary Loudon's ^^riculture ,^ Rural Architecture f^ Gardening „ Plants f. Trees and Shrubs . Mcculloch's Geographical Dictionary Mnrray'sEncyclojiaidiaof Geography Sharp's British Gazetteer ... [Xre'sDictionary of- Arts, etc. • Webster's Domestic Economy , Keligions and Moral Works. Amy Herbert 20 Arrowsmith's Geog. Diet, of the Bible . 5 Pages Bloomfield's Greek TestAmeots . ,f Annotations on ditto . Calvert's Wife's Manual . Conybeate's Kssays .... Conybeare andHowson's St, Paul . Dale's Uomestic Liturgy . Defence of Eclipse of Faith . Discipline ...... Earl's Daughter (The) Eclipse of Faith Englishman's Greek Concordance . t, Heb. and Chald. Concord. Experience of Life (The) . Gertrude Harrlson'sLIghtof the Forge . Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week Home's Introduction to Scriptures ,t Abridgment of dittO' . Jameson's Sacred Legends . f. Monastic Legends . ij Legends of the Madonna ,t Sisters of Charity Jeremy Taylor's Works Katharine Ashton . . ■ . Kippis's Hymns Lnnetoo ParsouKge .... Letters to My Unknown Friends „ on Happiness . . Litton's Churcli of Christ . Maitland's Church in the Catacombs Margaret Percival .... Martineau's Church History Miliier's Church of Christ . Montgomery's Original Hymns Moore On the Use of the Body . ft „ Soul and Body . ,t 'r Man and his Motives . Mormonism Neale's Closing Scene „ Resting Places of the Just . tt Riches that briuo' no Sorrow tf Risen from the Ranks . . Newman's fj. H.) Discourses . . Ranke's Ferdinand and Maximilian , Readings for Lent .... ft Confirmation Robinson's Lexicon to Greek Testament Saints our Example .... Self Denial Sermon in the Moant Sbortland's New Zealand Traditions Sinclair's Journey of Life- . . . Smith's (Sydney) Moral Philosophy ,, (G.) Sacred Annals Southey's Life of Weslej . . , _ Stephen's (SIrJ.) Ecclesiastical Biography Taylor's Loyola .... }, Wesley Theologia Germailica Thumb Bible (Tbe) ..... Turner'sSacredHistory .... Poetry and the Drama. Arnold's Poems .... Aikin's(Dr.)BritIshPoet8 . ; Baillte's Joanna) Poetical Works Bode's Ballads from Herodotus Calvert's Wife's Manual, . Goldsmith's Pijems, illustrated Kiupis'B Hymns .... L.E.L.'sFoe(icalWor]t8 . Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome Montgomery's Poetical Works „ Original Hymns CLASSIFIED INDEX. Pages Moore's Poetical Works . . . . 17 LalU Rookh ]7 Irish Melodies Sonf^siiQd Ballads B Remains Roby's Shakspeare, by Bowdler ,, *B bentimenta and Similes Southey's Poetical Works ,, Britisk Poeta . Thomson^s Seasons, illustrated Watts's Lyrics of the Heart Political Economy & Statistics. Cairil's Letters on Agriculture ... 7 Francis on Life Assurance ... 9 Greg's Kssay^ on Political and Social Science 10 Laing's Notes of a Traveller . . 12 & 22 M'CuUoch'B Geographical Dictionary . 15 f. Dictionary of Commerce . . 15 I, London 22 ,, Statistics of the British Empire 15 Marcet's Political Kconomv . . .16 Tegohorski's Rasslan Statistics . . SI Wmich's Popular Tables .... 24 The Sciences in General and Mathematics. Arago's Meteorological Kssays „ Popular Astronomy Bourne's on the Screw Propeller . Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. ,, Lectures on Organic Chemistry Cresy's Civil Engineering DelaBeche's Geology ot Cornwall, etc. „ Geological Observrr . Dela Rive's Electricity . . . Faraday's Non-Metallic Elements . He rscbel's Outlines of Astronomy . Holland's Mental Physiology . . .11 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature . .11 ,, Cosmos . . . .11 Hunt's Researches on tJght Lardner's Cabinet Cyclnptedia Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversatinus I5&i6 Moseley's [Engineering and Architecture 17 Owen's Lectures on Comparative Anatomy 18 Our Coal Fields and our Coal Pits . Pereira on Polarised Light Peachel's Elements of Physics . 18 Phillips's dossils of Cornwall^ etc. . . IS „ Mineralogy . ', . ,18 „ Guide to («eology . . Portlock's Geologv of Londonderry Powell's Unity of Worlds . Smee's Klectro-Metaliurgy Steam Engine, by the Artisan Club Tate on Strength of Materials . Wilson's Electricity and the Electrii Telegraph Rural Sports. Baker's Rifle and Honnd in Ceylon Berkeley's Reminiscences . Blaine's Dictionary ot Sports Cecil's Stable Practice „ Records of the Chase < Cecil's Stud Farm .... The Cricket Field .... Davy's Angling Colloquies Epbeinera on Angling .... 9 ,, 's Book of the Salmon . , g Hawker's Young Sportsman ... 10 The Hunting Field . Idle's Mints oii Shooting • Pocket and the Stud . . Practical Horsemanship . . Pulmnn'B Fly-Fishing Richardxou'a Horsemanship . St. John's Sporting Rambles . Stable Talk and Table Talk Stonehenge on the Greyhound , The Stud, for Practical Purposes Pages 10 12 10 10 18 19 19 10 31 10 Veterinary Medicine, etc, Cecil's Stable Practice „ Stud Farm The Hunting Field . Pocket and the Stud . Prai-tica] Horsemanship . Richardson's Horsemanship Stable Talk and Table Talk The Stud for Practical Purposes Vouatt'sThe Dog ., The Horse , bnrg Voyages and TravelSi Baker's Kifle and Hound In Ceylon Barrow's Continental Tour Burton's Medina Carlisle's Turkey and Greece . De Custine's Russia . Efithen Ferguson's Swiss Men and Mountains Forester and Biddulph'a Norway Gironifere's Philippines Gregororrius'fi Corsica HilPs Travels in Siberia . Hope's Brittany and the Bible . ,, Chase in Brittany . , Hewitt's Art Student in Munich ,, Victoria Hue's Chinese Empire Hue and Gabet's Tartarv and Thibet Hughes's Australian Colonies Humboldt's Aspects of Nature Jameson's Canada Jerrmanii's Pictures from St. PetersI Laing's Norway .... ,, Notes of a Traveller Macintosh's Turkey and Black Sea Marryat's California . Mayue's .Artie Discoveries Miles' Rambles In Iceland Month before Sebaslopol . Oldmixon'a Piccadilly to Peru , Osborn's Narrative of Discovery of 1 Passage Paton's Bulgarian, etc. PfeiffeHs Voyage round the World Power's New Zealand Shetchrs Richardson's Arctic Boat Voyage Seaivard's Narrative of his Shipwrei St. John's (H.) Indian Archipelaco (Hon. F.) Rambles . , Sutherland's Arftic Voyage . Wathen'a Victoria . . . , Weme's African Wanderings . Works of Fiction, Arnold's Oakfield . , Lady Willouehby's Diary . Macdon lid's Villa Verocchlo Sir Roger De Coverley , Southey'fl Doctor . , Trollope's Wnrden White's Charles Randon . . 5 . 22 . 7 22 22 n 23 22 22 &22 17 17 18 18 22 18 19 19 19 19 21 23 22 ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OP NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS FUBLISHBD BY Messks. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. Miss Acton's Modem Cookery- Book.— Modern Cookery in all itb BrtiuclicB, reduced to aSfstem of Kasy Practice, tor the use of Private families. 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