CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM <^y Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032193686 ^ll'S (o-J (^ THOMAS DICKMAN ( The First Publisher of the Gazette ) * CENTENNIAL * EDITION. * GREENFIELD, MASS., FEBRUARY i, 1892. AT THE END OP A OENTUET, The Gazette greets the world on its hundredth bh-thday! A hundred years is more than the allotment of hu- man life, but the naturalist and the historian have not yet fixed the limits of newspaper existence. Age does not mean decadence here, and the Gazette, hav- ing left the journalistic companions of its youth by the way in years more or less early, calls upon the pages of this volume to prove that, if aged, it is at least not superannuated. The circle of news- papers was not large when the Gazette was launched into being, and of those that preceded it in the State but three remain. The Gazette pauses a moment to do obeisance to its seniors, the Salem Gazette now flourishing in the ancient city by the sea, at an age of one hun- dred and twenty-four; the Massachusetts Spy the vigorous patriot of the Revolution, at the be- ginning of which it was a refugee from Boston taking root strongly enough in Worcester to withstand the storms of a century and twenty- two years; and the Hampshire Gazette, by six years the leader as a pioneer in the Connecti- cut Valley. The bounds of the Gazette's first century are essentially the same as those of the nineteenth of Christian civilization. The paper was fairly on its feet to witness the dawn of the most- famed and fabulous of hundred-years, and its undimmed eyes now descry the drawing to the close of the marvellous period. Whatever has gone to make that century memorable among men, the Gazette has witnessed and in its own life, changing with the changed conditions of the people it has served, has reflected and im- printed the progress that has gone on about it. Could any other century have been as fortun- ate for the newspaper's span? Of all that have rolled since the light of reason first illumined the life of the world, has some other been so fruitful and so fuU of momentous change or compassed such broadening-out of human in- terest? Whoever reviews the annals of the century is overwhelmed with the grandeur of the achievements they record. It is as if the untold energies of mankind had been held in partial check and now came down as a tre- mendous cataract of irresistible power and un- measured grandeur. But man must learn from his obsei-vation of the play of great forces in nature that the broad sweep is to be perceived only by the study of some phase of the phe- nomena, rather than the incomprehensible whole. At present the Gazette would have him turn from the too ponderous study of the nation's growth and the world's advance to read what the century has wrought in its own chosen field, Franklin County. On the first day of February, 1793, Thomas Dick- man handed his neighbors the initial copy of the paper now the Gazette. The offspring of the press passed its early months under another name. It was the Impartial Intelligencer; but whether the jsreten- tious title threatened to tax too severely the infant's vitality, or whether it found itself confused with some other of the few prodigies of the newspaper family, its first summer was not gone before the simpler designation, the Gazette, came to be its for a life-time barring a period when the formation of a new county demanded that it be the Franklin Her- ald and a single year as the Traveller. Februaiy first, 1792. The nation was new-born. The constitution, not half so much then as now the The impartial intelligen r/LDNESD^r, FtBKi ic (liidu k Priming Office, Gretnlldd, i Feb.^1ary i, 179:. I TO THE PUBLICK. j THE.'Publifher of diii pa-'] per is induc'd, not inrrely from' a nlbtive oififmltrtjl, but from a principk ot rciKluring hiitiftlf (trvice.ible to the pub- Jick, to eftabliih a Priming ! OlScc in ihij town, notwithHand- 1 P"'"',),'", ing the prcfent number of fub- [ ^™g |,"„V fcribers are quite infufficient to' woiUrccm fuppott this expenfive under 1 alt - ! idipwiiio^ ingj'he hopts, however, ihit !^'f{^™J^ 'Jie credit which ihii piper msf 1 ^,y \,y p; fudiio, -will be the mean i ofitaj Wl.cicvt having a larger cifculanon, and | '''™^|;"'„*,| (hereby etuble bim to contitiue ' the publication. The (Editor begs leave to ol^cf tne.foUowing proporals wit!) re- gard to the fuetit of TKt 1M-. PARTIAL INTELLIGEN" CER: IT i» the general cutlom for jiioig E£seri to make extrava- gant proinifes, ami raife ilie ck- pcftauons of tlieir readers to fucli a degree that a difappuintment is [almoft onavoidabic •, but ihe EU- ',itor of this paper can only alTure die publick, that hisgreaicde.tcr- cions Oiall be employed to iTijke it the earhen in/froMr of eve ly im- portant intelligence, whether fur- dign ordomelltictf, anfl as fervice- qble as any {lublication rubjr;ft to ihe fjmcdi fad vantages. The principal. otye£U of ihc Editor of this paper iTiall be — to maintain itspurity unfullied — and to colleft lucli pieces of en- tertainment and humour, u may inftrufl and improve the muiiJ atid manners of the rifin and Tlie literary produflioni of d'is piore improved 4'mong mankuidj tending to mend the morals or enlighten the undertlarvding of the Ignorant, will ever be recciv'J with gratitude. ■ Such cxtraSi from authors as may be deemed proper /or pub- licauon, will be thankfully receiv- ed. The Hufbandman, it is hoped, bill communicate to the pub- lick, all improvements bi tlic Ml orhufbarMry .which may come to his knowledge,, and which may be of ule to hi* tnihrm. He may be iHiired that every article of information will meet with a kind reception from the Editor. The aRiftance of the fcm.ile part of our readers ii camedly foliciwd. Ai their prnduftions aregenenlly fraught with afundof good fenfe, they will undoubtedly, add greatly to the meiil of this Haper. n* fuiM'i wu/ tttJupfi' Old vtry buMUferJlanlA'^ THi EDITOR,' .I', 1» nMi:n4iy lo U-e rtidy :^wiiiicr (hficWs u uenrfiiiy tele- a liiil Hc m,y OiiinV. bick Willi • c (iiuWI'Di lu our cuccrli, and en wc ha<.e hciiJ ihe howl uf ih9 ipell, ind Ttll ibe girpe al ihe Fiiill, igr^iuLic rjcii oihcr niih more j(]id- 'Hh piled GiciinitirnuHking dinner. Die re Id indeed now nilurai l.itilE- nlilojnil.lr>nilcr>DVEiriuDn, D.f. :ncei. ttt know, in oever tocffec- \\y l.,d -lecp, » by fonc eomnon imuy 1 .n enemy uniiei all lo i-ham >ler brmjl (enerlllv lo ibe luis rideihoh, xKo, by ibe oppofilion of II melinilioni, or ihe difeienn of It cvplD^oienli, moved m viiioui idujnh through (he aihcrpini ofrhe \uA cnmpluniei, ^nd'oricn wifh Tor eoMuiuinec of Che locul reironwnh i(uie niiuollv eiufei in effaii 10 d enieilammtni.wilhin. Th he >e in »bich thafr, whom Iilcriiuie >•), hivB moie Ihm eomnion con- liou o\ Ibeir own hippineri. When r?^^^ ■HiillhElliihiaFiiii hnd new fubjcUi t enquiry, cngtgE lonhi'i"*" iK'V I Digjing upon ihe GgeipiOedotilKo phoi, deeply vufed engiged in refeiHeh. ■Knd" T"^"" " '"■ li ii obCcivtdbyMii who negieOi id villi )lie lO negleOi ic nce,[i|uiUyor irws iltot differtnldul (o dilTercni leilo.t, he DHy be chirg wiihiqiui dibbcdKpce tp ihe voice niiuic, who look! on Iht.bleik b lod Ic-jlleft woodi, tvilMui (tTiourn (ndawf. SpnuK >■ ''"''n'ronargiie nolwilhrerpcf.lo ill inllii our hippinefi, buinriheibi hie 10 condiifl i>. Thefe i Ijrily be more dependtnl i Ihete I would urillinjly impirri fv dins ihem 10 find oui for ihtir ' painani ofenvy ind ■viiice, ind i lejd 10 (riud ind lo profunan, (o • .etTonibiebcinglo fpend .ny ol , ihev lold him A lindi ani ihii h >ricr miy be u noi yei know er Ihereiligenliemanori. l)DV,Iel,) ucecmber gil UnWcdnefd.)! evening L,,u.,D<». r, Aiddec.mp 10 M.Jo",g.r.»l Sr. L^tli, irrivco wilh diFpuchei from e Secreliiy for ihe deplilmenl ol '.f,d.ledron^Wi(hinion,lhe i;iii T>>e glinfon il Fan JefTetron wilin'^ nded lobe conunued, ind wit nol Inceivcd 10 be in tny dinger 1 l[ wu ell [upplicd\filh piDvirionI, provided iih iiiilery,(ndcoiERiindedby Cipi. Cipiiin Sr.,i,«i. of Cumn'i biiiil- ion, bringing wnh Ihem B« Itjipi. TheXcniucky Tnil.i.i, under Ccn. mil SeOTT ind WilkihioR, ill provinon. wnuld probibly iinvo ic Von Wilhingion. iboui ihe middle of. liwiiexpeCled Ihit Iha difperlej FAC-SIMILE OF THE FIRST PAGE OF THE FIRST NUMBER. wonder of the world, was in the third year of its trial. George Washington was presiding with the incomparable wisdom and dignity of the first of patriots over the affairs of the nation. John Han- cock's immortal signature graced the proclamations of the Massachusetts executive. The United States were a line along the Atlantic coast. Western New York was the frontier. The west was unexplored, unknown, its wealth undreamed. Nearer the field in which Mr. Dickman's paper was the pioneer, the county of Franklin was twenty years in the future, the hills and valleys of Hampshire were sparsely peopled with a plain but sturdy folk whose character was of that stei'n sort that made the New England type the strongest the world has known, but whose priv- ileges and opportunities were restricted and whose homes were bare of adornment, however blessed with comfort and content. Books were few and the newspaper a rare visitor. While the Boston publica- tions, few in number and scant in their addition to the store of knowledge, were days in reaching the county by the lumbering stage, only a single venture had been made in the then great county of Hampshire. But that the people were ready to receive an accession to their literary supply, the quick growth of Mr. Dick- man's paper into favor may serve as proof. The educational enthusiasm of New England had hardly awakened. In its production of the school for the common people it was wholly latent. Schools were private and the culture the few attained only marked more strongly the denials to the many. The great industrial uprising, with its alertness of invention and expansiveness of enterprise, was not begun, and the slow methods of the spinning-wheel prevailed in the home. The power of the streams was used only for the primitive grist and saw-mill, the fulling mill that supplement- ed the fireside weaving, and possibly aided an occasional tannery where the home-produced hides were laboriously made into leather, stout and imyielding as the rugged settlers' own pur- pose. The rough hill and rich meadow farms were tilled at a cost of labor unrelieved by the least of power devices and the products found their markets by slow and tedious passage over roads that sought out and climbed every hm in their line, or by rough navigation of the useful Connecticut. Intellectually, the people were appealed to, let the newspapers of the day testify, by what was wonderful and unnatural, with little thought of its worth or significance. But New England communities were in wait- ing for their development. The slow processes of settlement, and the struggle against the foes and diflBculties of the forest had wrought an uncompromising foundation for the growth that was to come. And the century's story, whether we read it in Franklin County or on broader pages, loses its worth if it credits noth- ing, or little, to the stern and earnest men who builded strong and true, they little guessed for what a structure. The centennial is not the Gazette's; it is the peo- ple's. The celebration of the hundredth birthday by the paper would lose its chief significance if its con- stituents of to-day, the successors and it may be the descendants of those good people to whom the first editor addressed himself, were not invited to the feast, and if they did not together go over the ex- panse of a century between the then and the now to up'sS gather knowledge of the changes these years have brought. The world furnishes no more enchanting study, none more blessed with fullness of life and nobility of motive, than the story of New England towns. Here are the springs of romance, here the seed of heroism, here the flower of bodily vigor, in- tellectual freedom, and spiritual elevation. Ever back to them must come the artist and the romancer for ideals nowhere reproduced, and the historian gathers from their plainly told annals enthusiasm over their abiding virtues and their rugged heroism. It is, to be sure, with but one comer of New England and with but one century of its Uf e that the Gazette concerns itself in this issue. But on this ground and in this period there present themselves such riches of story and fact that only imperfectly and partially can it tell the tale. If clearly enough the single picture can be drawn, if the contrast between the northern Hampshire of 1793 and the Franklin of 1892 can be measured, the social growth, the educational gain, the in- dustrial upbuilding, whUe the page is adorned with some suggestion of the rare native beauty that blos- soms everywhere, an approach will have been made to the gTseting the Gazette would choose to present. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. man from Boston, Thomas Dickman by name, who was willing to print Greenfield's first paper. He was twenty-three years of age, had learned his trade of Benjamin Edes, one of the earliest printers of note in New England, and had subsequently been employed in the office of Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, a famous book publisher and public benefactor. The hand press brought here by Dickman was purchased of Thomas. That press was used in the office a great many years. In the first numbers there is nothing to indicate the spot where the printing office was located, but Nov. 5, 1795, the following notice was published: The Public are respectfully informed that the Print- ing Office, Post-office and Book store will in future be kept in the new building, east of Mr. Munn's tavern (north side of Main street). The Gazette wUl be de- livered and all business appertaining to the above- mentioned occupations transacted on the lower floor, east part of said building. By their humble servant, Thomas Dickman. As we have indicated, the name adopted, The Im- partial Intelligencer, was not a taking one, and after an existence of six months, the paper appeared as the Greenfield Gazette. The newspapers used by Mr. Dickman in preparing his paper were purchased by his supporters in Springfield, and he started off with an CENTENNIAL EDITION. Eriiered at the post-ojfice as second-class matter. E. A. HALL, PUBLISHER. Greenfield, Mass., Feb. 1, 1893. GEEENFIELD GAZETTE. -ITS HISTORY or ONE HUN- DEED YEAES, The first number of this paper, which appeared under the name of The Impartial Intelligencer, and the first page of which is reproduced in reduced size on the foregoing page, was pubhshed Feb. 1, 1793. How it happened to be called The Impartial Intelligencer does not appear, but the following letter, written by William Coleman of Greenfield to John Will- iams, Esq. , of Deei-fleld, three months before the paper made its appear- ance, shows that the name was not entirely satisfactory to its friends previous to its birth, and it is not strange that a new one was decided upon six months afterwards. Here is Mr. Coleman's letter, which is now presei-ved in the P. V. M. A. col- lection, at Deerfield: Greenfield, Oct. 10, 1791. WTiat think you, my dear sir, of the "plan of The Impartial Intelligencer"? — Poh, don't scowl so — You don't like the child's name?— Nor I, overmuch— Humph ! — with a nod of the head. I cannot follow you any further in your observations upon it. But, with my best and most obsequious bow, I only humbly cra\ e your honor's name, and the names of your honor's friends — just to buy the infant a few baby clothes and some little necessaries to keep it warm the first six months of its perhaps precarious existence. Pray, your honor, a little charity for the bantling; and as its guardian I promise that its first efliort shall be to sing its benefactor's praise In strains sublime, or humble prose, Just as your honoi-'s taste shall choose. Most respectfully, William Coleman. Coleman, we may judge from this letter, was the father of the new enterprise. The newspapers at that time were few and far between, and no doubt the leading men of the town and county thought that the publication would redound to the consequence and importance of this community. They found a young THE present home OF THE GAZETTE. edition of 800, which was soon increased to 1600, and that would not be a bad backing for a freshly started paper in these days. But it was not all sraooth sailing for this young printer. At the end of the first year, he published the following notice: All persons indebted to the Printer hereof for news- papers or advertisements are requested to make pay- ment. While the Editor returns sincere thanks to those who suscribed for the first six months' papers to encourage Printing Business, he earnestly requests that they would discharge their arrears that he may thereby be enabled to prosecute the same. Thomas Dickman was soon appointed postmaster and a post-office for the first time estabhshed in Greenfield. There were at that time few post-offices in the State, and people within a radius of twenty miles or more came here for their mail. Here is a list of letters remaining in the post-office at Green- field, Jan. 1st, 1795: Capt. Thomas Alexander, Northfield; Dea. Jona- than Arms, Deerfield; John Brown, Heath; Ezekiel Basconi, Greenfield; J. Barratt, Esq., Northfield- David Dickinson, Mrs. E. & T. W. Dickinson, Uriah Dubois, Deerfield; Philip Jones, Middlefield; William Langdon, Rowe; James Moore, Uriah Martindale Greenfield; Humphrey Palmer, Ley den; WiUiarn Richardson, Guilford; Henry Sweet, Greenfield; Jo- seph Starr, do.; Job Whitney, Deerfield; Richard Whitney, Esq., Guilford; Jonathan Wells, Halifax; Roswell Wells, Greenfield. Thomas Dickman, Postmaster. The first publication day was Wednesday, but the publisher appears to have suited his own convenience in this matter, and changed to other days of the week from time to time. We thus find that the Gazette was issued during its first years on Wednesday, Thurs- day, Monday and Saturday, changing every few weeks, waiting sometimes, perhaps, for "later intelli- gence from Europe" before issuing the paper. The papers were taken for the most part by post-riders, who distributed them to the subscribers throughout the several towns. We copy the following post-riders' notices, published in the Gazette during the year 1793: JAMES MATTHEWS hereby informs those persons whom he furnishes with the GREENFIELD GA- ZETTE that the time for which he contracted expires with the next number, when he shall discontinue rid- ing. He will esteem it a great favor if those who then-be indebted for the Gazette would make pay- ment to the printer, or himself, on or before the 30th inst. ; as he expects to leave this State in a short time, a speedy settlement will be absolutely necessary. N. B. Wheat, Rye, or live Geese Feathers will be received in payment, if delivered at the printing-office. JOHN M. FIELD respectfuUy in- forms the public that he has open- ed a communication between the printing offices o f Greenfield and Keene. His route is through North- field, Winchester, Swanzey, Keene, Westmorland, Chesterfield and Hins- dale. Those who wish to contract for the GREENFIELD GAZETTE or the CHESHIRE ADVERTISER may be supplied with either of them on the most reasonable terms. All kinds of en-ands performed with fidelity and dispatch. January 16, 1793. QILAS CUTLER, post-rider, re- kj quests all persons that are indebt- ed to him for one quarter's Newspa- pers, or more, to make immediate payment in Wheat, Rye or Indian Corn, which will be received at the following places, viz. : In Leyden, at Mr. Selah Chapin's, in Guilford, at said Cutler's, in Brattleborough, at Mr. Simpson Ellis's, in Dummer- ston, at Mr. David Leavitt's Store, in Putney, at Maj. Charles Chandler's Store. Necessity obliges him to urge a compliance with the above request, that he may have it in his power to settle with the printer and continue riding. Feb. 6th, 1793. On the 30th of August, 1798, Dick- man sold the Gazette to Francis Barker, who announced that he should make it "a truly genuine American gazette, exclusively devoted to the propagation of Federal principles and the vin- dication of the coimtry's honor." But Barker grew weary in this laudable endeavor and the paper was taken back by Thomas Dickman, June 17, 1799. The latter then remained publisher until June 7, 1803, when he sold out to John Denio, a Greenfield boy who had learned the printer's trade in his office. He gave notice that he should expound "truly Federal princi- ples, aiming at truth." February 13, 1811, Denio sold out to Ansel Phelps, who came here from Northampton, and he changed the name to The Traveller. In his manifesto he said, "Party invective and abuse shall at no time, unless chcumstances imperatively require it, find admission in the columns of Tlie Traveller." This was Col. Phelps' first connection with a Greenfield newspaper, and from that time on he continued in the business either by himself or in connection with others for a period of fifty-eight years, or until his death. January 14, 1813, the name of the paper was changed to the Franklin Heraki, and May 5 of the same year, Phelps sold an interest to John Denio, the firm be- coming Denio & Phelps. Nov. 4, 1815, Denio sold out to Phelps and May 31, 1817, he bought back his inter- f ft i«oo'\* ^^'^P' ^"^'^ ^8-^*" ^^^'^ publishers, bept. d, 1832, the name was extended and the paper was called the Franklin Herald and Public Advertiser May 30 1833, Denio & Phelps dissolved partnership^ and Col. Phelps, on the 10th of the following June took into his company Jonathan A. Saxton, the fimi becoming A. Phelps & Co. Saxton was of Deerfield birth, had studied law, but took to literary pui-suits rather than the legal practice, and was the author of several books. June 23, 1834, Phelps & Saxton dis- solved and a year later the latter established the Frankhn Post and Christian Freeman. Col Phelps kept on alone until June 26, 1837, when he united his paper with a new Greenfield Gazette, which had been established in 1833, and the title became the Greenfield Gazette and Franklin Herald. Gen. Alan- son Clai-k of Northampton was associated with Col Phelps until June 16, 1839, when the partnership was dissolved and a new one formed with C. J. J. Inger- soll, the firm becoming Phelps & Ingersoll. This state of things was continued until Jan 6 1835, when we find Col. Phelps alone in the manage- ment once more. July 4, 1837, the Gazette was united with the Mercury, which had been started by George T. Davis, in 1833, and the name became the Gazette and Mercu- ry, while C. J. J. Ingersoll again as- sumed an interest. July 30, 1841, an- other change took place. In 1838, Samuel S. Eastman and Joseph C. Kneeland, two young printers who had learned their ti-ade in Northamp- ton, came to town and started the Courier. In 1840, Eastman bought Kneeland out. The Gazette and Mer- cury and the Green- field Courier were both Whig papers, and so a union was brought about, in 1841, and the paper became the Ga- zette AND Cou- EiEE, as it has since remained un- disturbed for flfty- two years. The publishei-s were 8. S. Eastman & Co. —Col. CENTENNIAL EDITION. employed as Mr. Eastman's assistant in the office. Feb. 1, 1876, Mr. Eastman, whose health had broken down and who felt obliged to retire from business, sold out to Mr. Hall, who has retained the entire own- ei-ship since. Mr. Eastman died March 34, 1876. We have thus briefly outlined the history of the Gazette. Its career has been a remarkable one. As elsewhere stated, there are only three papei-s in Massa- chusetts which have been pubhshed for a longer period, and, as far as we are informed, it has always been self-sustaining and prosperous. Commencing with its modest subscription list of eight hundred, it has kept pace with the growth of the community with whioli it has been so closely identified for one hun- dred years, until more than five thousand and five hundred names upon its subscription list to-day rep- resent a larger constituency than any other couatry newspaper in Massachusetts. ^ WHAT'S IN A NAME? BIOGKAPHIOAL SKETCHES OF THE GAZETTE'S PEINOIPAL PUBLISHEES. As has been seen in the foregoing article, in the early days of our paper it underwent frequent changes in name. The publishera appeared to believe that a little variation occasionally in the head hues was pleasing to their readers. It was started as The Impartial In- GEEENPIELD AS IT APPEAEED FIFTY YEARS AGO. From a drawing made in 18S8. to .he soueh, while „o«h of .he ch..ch i. .he Ro,e. New.cn house, .oved hack !pon ^ifon Pltelel^erL^fH^I'tafh:';." ''''' ' ' ='°" ''""^= Phelps and Samuel S. Eastman, the latter assuming the full management. At this time, Daniel Wells Alvord was the editor, or political writer, and he was succeeded, March 33, 1843, by Henry L. Dawes, who was then a young law student in town. His connec- tion with the paper was retained only until the 20fch of September, that year, when he went to North Adams. In July, 1847, Mr. Eastman sold out his interest to C. J. J. Ingersoll, who six years before had been as- sociated with Col. Phelps, and went to Newport, E. I. He remained there only a year and a half, however, and came back and re-formed a partnership with Col. Phelps. During his absence, Phelps and Ingersoll had had a falling out as to the policy of the paper in supporting Gen. Taylor for the presidency, and the fonner had bought the latter out. The co-partnership of 8. S. Eastman and Col. Ansel Phelps remained undisturbed until the latter's death, Nov. 35, 1868. On the first of the following January, Mr. Eastman, who had become. sole owner, sold an interest to E. A. Hall, the present proprietor. He had come from Taunton three years before, and had been telligencer, Feb. 1, 1793, but became the Geeenpield Gazette, August 3 of the same year. But this title was not allowed to stand alone, for affixed to it, from time to time, were such head lines as Massachusetts and Vermont Telegraph, An Impartial Register of the Times, A Register of Genuine Federalism. In 1811, the Gazette was dropped and in its place was substituted The Traveller. This name was re- tained only one year, when the formation of the new county suggested a change and the paper became The Franklin Herald. In 1833, it was the Franklin Her- ald and Public Advertiser. In 1837, the old name was restored and it became the Gazette and Franklin Her- ald, and m 1837, The Gazette and Mercury, while in 1841, it appeared as The Gazette and Courier— and thus it has stood ever since. It will be seen that out of the one hundred years there have been about seventeen when the name Ga- zette was missing. The publication, however, has been continuous from the start. For five thousand and two hundred weeks the paper has gone forth on its mission to the towns of our county, and has always found a cordial and generous welcome. THOMAS DICKMAN, The first publisher of the Gazette, who removed to Springfield after disposing of his business here, died suddenly in Greenfield, while on a visit at the house of David Willard, whose wife was his daughter, Dec. 9th, 1841, at the age of 73. We copy this apprecia- tive notice from the Gazette of the following week Thomas Dickman, whose sudden death was noticed m the village papers of last week, was a native of Boston, born Dec. 18th, 1768; was there educated and there taught the art of printing and pubUshing a newspaper, by Benjamin Edes, one of the earliest ed- itors of New England. At the close of his apprentice- ship, he was employed as a journeyman, by Isaiah Thomas, who, if not the 'father of the press,' was among the most distingiiished printers and public benefactors of the age. By the encouragement and aid of Mr. T., he commenced business for himself and on the 1st of February, 1793, published "The Impar- tml Intelligencer, the first newspaper printed in Green- field; m the following August, the name was changed to the Greenfield Gazette, which he continSed about twelve years, when it passed into other hands and has been published to the present time, by differ- ent proprietors and under different names, and is now the Gazette and Coueier. After disposing of the Gazette, Mr. D. opened a book store, which he continued until he moved to Springfield, in 1806, having the year before been removed from the office of postmas- ter, the duties of which he had f aith- fully discharged from the first es- tablishment o f a post-office within the bounds of what is now the county of Franklin. At Springfield, Mr. D. com menced the publication of the Hampden Federal- ist, a spirited and popular poUtical, hterary and mis- cellaneous journal, which he conduct- ed about fourteen years, when he re- linquished the bus- mess of his early life, his favorite pursuit, and open- ed a small shop for the sale of books, connected with a circulating libraiy. ff 3 f 8;fleld in the Legislature of the State, where If not a great talker, he was a good worker. At length he abandoned his other business for the fXr*^'''^''''°ir* "" ^^^^ ^^'i elegant readmg room (which was well supported in that literary and flou^ Wp^ *^r^'-^« employment most oonS to h s taste and the infirmities of declining hfe In this sit "he inteflecCr^^"'"?*?^ '^"^^^^^ ^'^d °^terin| tv tne intellectual and social repast of his numerous friends until a few weeks before he fell, a bSless corpse (while on one of his annual visits to Wschfl dren), near the place where he first began to ch^onMe What others said and o.hers did How o.hers died and others liv'd. Soon after Mr. Dickman settled in Greenfield he mapied a Miss Church of Springfield, anexcelllnt'and amiable woman; she die C^ CO g-dhJ 3.3 2 §^3 2 d a3i2jc«OT3>CO P^i^HOOH^P .a a Oh CD t?- ..fl PI jd'S g d S 5° i^MPi^mS o 12; CD h-i rt en 3 r1 "CO S CO rH i2 ■ d ^ ffi cS S?= S i « o Mi-tHoacoW ^3|« 53 Ca ^H C6^^ O O^ ^ S H H <1 Iz; 1-5 cQ 0) iT C- 0; c« d ;> a» OJ !> -P CS P 2 > tH 'o a3 cS CO ::3 CD o Iz; 0) 0; O r^ CO . . .^ CD > CC t* fH sgS£;l^g CO d CO 2 -g m ''-' ■rH O d H-S H CD 03 rti cC d -H '^ o H d P O iJllMOO'Sl^ cS S u S d I — id d pi- £ g'i S „; 3 M ffi S g CD P S'So o ;z; ® h >jd d -1^ d.d-g-SPH cop:)'^ hO o ;z; DOOR, d CO o'^?^'3 '^ O i-5:^^ni^WH^w o 15 o o iz; o ;z, 5';=igiflg'i H H 1-5 H <1 1-5 02 CD 1-1 lis .1=1 o.S ,r en O , ^ ^ ci fl cs Ti ^-a f2 (D ID fl > O d i^HHi^OJQ w Ol > > CD ID 'S •" r3hH o.i3 SS HMi-5H When she came to . this spot, where the trail began to siscend this bluff, her captor, realizing that she colud not be expected to climb the hill, and that in the forced march she would be a constant hindrance to him, struck the fatal blow. Here "her sun went down while it was yet day." Here she en- tered on "the rest that remaineth," secure from pain and wandering, from sorrow and toil. She was five months and one day short of being forty years old. Her mother lived thirty-two years after this, and it may easily be thought that Eunice might have lived to as great an age had she been spared from the hatchet. Friends from Deerfield, with men from Hatfield, hastily summoned by the news of the attack upon and the destruction of the town, pressed on after the foe. The body was soon found. On that very day, or the next, they reverently carried her back to Deerfield and laid her to rest near her own babes, her neighbors and friends, in the old cemetery. The ever- greens now shade the spot. Her tombstone is well preserved. On it she is styled "The virtuous and de- sirable consort of the Rev. Mr. John Williams." THE CRUEL AND BLOODTHIRSTY SAVA6EWH0TfiaKHER,SLf.WHER WITH HIS fWTCHETAT ONE STROKE' REV.JOHN WrUlAMS, OF DEERriELC. THE REDEEWIEO CAPTIVE; so WROTE OF HIS WIFE, MRS.EUNICE WILLIAMS, WHO WAS KILLED AT THIS PLACE MARCH I, n04. ERECTED BY P. y.M.A.AUG.12,1884. In the Gazette and Courier of September 3, 1844, occurs the following item, wiiich marks the modest beginning of a great career: "Chas. Devens, Jr., was chosen 3d lieutenant of the Greenfield Artillery, at a meeting of the companv Friday last." ^' That choice of the Greenfield artillery company may be pointed to as the primal step of this man's high standing among the wai-riors who helped to save the country. 30 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES OP PROMINENT MEN, WILLIAM BAEEETT WASHBUEN. Greenfield has had the privilege of furnishing men for prominent political positions, who have served their town, the State and the Nation with distinguished honor. She has been proud to number among her citizens a senator of the United States and a governor of the Commonwealth. William Barrett Washbm-n was born in Winchen- don, in the neighboring county of Worcester, Janu- ary 31, 1820. He was about three years old when his father died, leaving a family in moderate circum- stances. He was as a youth industrious, studious and ambitious and of marked ability. He improved to the best advantage all the oppoi-tunities witliin his reach for the acquisition of knowledge. He pre- pared for college, mainly at the Lawrence Academy in Groton, where he formed a friendship with George S. Boutwell, then a youthful clerk in a country store, with whom in after years he became intimate- ly associated in the Congress of the United States, and in the most important public affairs. He was graduated with honor, in 1844, from Yale college, where he was, as was said by Ex-President Porter, "highly esteemed by all the college officers and trustees, and was a most amiable and lov- able man." He ever cherished a warm af- fection for Yale, and was for several years one of its trustees, untU 1881, when he de- clined further service in that position. Among his college classmates were the late Ex-Senator Ferry of Connecticut and Ex- Governor Haight of California. The early and decided inclinations of Governor Washburn, while pursuing his studies in academy and college, were toward the legal profession as the field for his life work. But circumstances peculiar in their nature and which he could not well disregard controlled his inclinations and turned the course and labor of his life in a different but perhaps no less important and useful direction. The embarrassed financial circumstances and the urgent solicitations of his uncle, the late William B. Whitney of Orange, who was then engaged in an extensive business, and from whom he had, in his struggle for a liberal education, received timely aid, appealed to his affection and his sympathy with a force that could not be resisted, and to which he yielded. He entered into business, with and for his uncle, with energy and zeal, and though he could not, with all his efforts, prevent financial disaster, he exhibited that capac- ity for the management of large affairs and formed associations which determined the coui-se of his future life as a manufacturer, and one of the most prominent and best known business men in Franklin county and in Massachusetts. The firm name of W. B. Washburn & Co. of Erving has been widely known, and wherever known has com- manded weU merited respect and confidence. The success of Mr. Washburn in business and his high character for intelligence and sound judgment soon attracted the attention of his f eUow-citizens and led them to call for his services in a public capacity. In 1850, he was elected a State senator from Franklin county, and discharged the duties of that position with fidelity and honor. He declined a re-election, which would otherwise have been given him, and de- voted himself to the management of his large and in- creasing business till 1854, when the pressing impor- tunity of the friends of the Hoosac Tunnel enterprise —then the all-absorbing question in Western Massa- chusetts—prevailed upon him to accept a seat in the State Legislature as representative from the town of Orange, then the place of his residence. He was, in the House and elsewhere, one of the most able and efficient advocates of the Tunnel project, and did much, both in his public and private capacity, in pre- paring the way for its future succeas. He also, at that time, did much in laying the foundation for his own success in hi^'her and wider fields of action. Mr. Washburn was one of the original stockholders and a member of the first board of the direct- ors of the Franklin County (now the Franklin County National) Bank, and conti-ibuted essen- tially to its early success. In January, 1856, he was chosen a ti-ustee of the Franklin Savings Institu- tion, serving continuously from 1859 as a meml^er of the board of investment. In 1858, October 6, he was WILLIAM BAEEETT WASHBUEN. chosen president of the Greenfield Bank (now the First National Bank of Greenfield), and by re-elections was continued in that office till the day of his depart- ure, completing a service of twenty-nine years. In 1857, Mr. Washburn removed his residence to Greenfield, without giving up the management of his business at Erving, and after that time was identified with the history and progi-ess of our town. He man- ifested a special interest in the Greenfield Library As- sociation, serving for many years as a trastee and president, and for which he erected, mainly, its library buUding. He estabhshed a generous fund, the income of which is to be devoted to the purchase of books. While Governor Washburn indentifled himself in a special manner with the interests of Greenfield and Franklin county, his labors and influence were by no means limited to this town and county. He soon became well known throughout the State, and from time to time, and from different quarters, was called to various positions of trust and honor, of labor and responsibility, especially in connection with important business and benevolent operations. He served faith- fully as trustee on the board of overseers of Amherst college, as a trustee of the Massachusetts Agricultural college, and a trustee of Smith coUege. In 1874, he was appointed as one of the board of commissioners to complete the Troy and Greenfield railroad, in which position he rendered valuable service to the Commonwealth. From 1870, he was one of the direct- ors of the Connecticut River railroad, and during the last sickness of President Harris was virtually the acting president of the company. He was for several years president of the American Missionary Associa- tion and a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. He felt a deep interest in the work of these Chris- tian organizations and contributed much to their aid in the way of time, labor and money. Mr. Washburn's early political relations were with the Whig party, and later he be- came a consistent and staunch supporter of the Republican party. He was not, however, an aspirant for political honors, but devoted himself from choice to his business affairs, quietly and steadily gain- ing the respect and confidence of the peo- ple and gi-owing strong in personal char- acter and influence, till the outbreak of the great rebellion, in 1861. He was then the first and foremost in support of the cause of the Union and Constitutional liberty. Physical disability debarred him from service in the field, but his voice, his influence and his substance rendered most valuable aid to freedom's cause in this ter- rible contest. In the summer of 1861, he presided over a series of "war meetings," held on successive days in Washington Hall, with remarkable tact, readiness and success. In the election of 1862, in the Greenfield Congressional District (then the tenth) there were several able and popular rival aspirants for the honor of a seat in the House of Representatives in the CongTess of the United States. But before the con- vention assembled, many in both the Re- publican and Democratic parties, who deemed it of the utmost importance that there should be but one candidate in the district, had turned their attention to Mr. Washburn as the one man worthy of the united suffrage of the people. The Repub- lican convention nominated Mr. Wash- burn, the Democrats with one voice rati- fied the nomination, and he had the fortune to receive nearly all of the votes cast in the ensuing election. In four successive elections he was the choice of the district by hand- some majorities. In 1871, Mr. Washburn, with Gen. Benjamin F. Butler as his opponent, received the Republican nom- mation for governor of Massachusetts, and was elect- ed by a large majority. He was re-elected in 1872 and again in 1873. In the winter of 1874, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill out the remainder of the term of the late Charles Sumner. He resigned his office as governor and took his seat in the Senate, where he was distinguished by the faithful performance of the duties of this high office. At the expiration of his term he declined offers of political preferment and devoted his time to the care of his private business and that of his firm, and the various financial institu- tions and religious and benevolent societies with which he was connected. Mr. Washburn was a mem- ber of the Second Congregational church, and for the prosperity of tliis church he prayed and labored and gave. He was one of the founders and the first pres- ident of the Congregational Club of the Connecticut Valley. He was constant and punctual in his attend- ance upon and in the support of the religious services and devotional exercises of the church, and was in this respect an example worthy of imitation. Mr. Washburn was married in early life to' the daughter of Col. Samuel Sweetser of Athol. His wife, son William N., and three daughters— Mi-s. Anna Whitcomb and Misses Clara and May Washburn— sur- vive him. Gov. Washburn's death occurred on the 5th of October, 1887. He was in attendance upon a meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, which was held in Spring-fleld. Soon after taking a seat upon the platform, apparently in his usual health, the summons silently came, and when he was conveyed to an adjoining room it was found that the heart had ceased to beat. He was sixty- seven year's of age. HON. GEORGE GEINNELlj. Bom in Greenfield, December 25, 1786. Died in Greenfield, November 20, 1877. These dates, sepa- rated by the space of almost ninety-one years, tell the beginning and end of the mortal life of George Grinnell. It was a long, active, useful, honored, and so far as man could see and judge, a happy life; and, further, a life that had been identified, more than any other, with the life of Franklin county from the time Franklin county has had a name. To such a life we may well look for example and encouragement. The son of George and Lydia Grinnell, worthy par- ents, in respectable and comfortable position in life, George Grinnell had, and with eager thirst and rare capacity for learning, well improved such facilities for education as were at that time to be found in the public schools and the good old Deerfleld academy, whose memory is like the memory of the just. In 1808, at the age of twenty-two, he was graduated with high honors at Dartmouth college, and for that insti- tution he ever entertained and cherished the warmest affection and highest respect. Soon after his gradua- tion, having chosen the profession of the law as the sphere of his future labors and duties, he entered, as a student, the law office of the late Hon. Richard E. Newcomb, then one of the leading law offices in this vicinity. In 1811, he was admitted to the bar of old Hampshire county. In that same year Frank) in coun- ty was organized, with Greenfield as its shire town. Here he commenced practice, and at once took a lead- ing position in his profession and in the public affairs of the day. In the discussion and determination of the various important matters that then most deeply CENTENNIAL EDITION. interested the people of this new county he appears to have taken an active and influential part. In 1820, he was placed in the position of county attorney, wluch he lield till 1828. From 1824 to 1827 he represented the county in the State Senate. In the various posi- tions which he filled he exliibited ability, integrity, and true regard for the public good which drew to him the hearts of the people. In 1828 he was chosen to represent his district in the House of Representa- tives of the United States. His term of service com- menced on the fourth of March, 1829, the day of the commencement of the administration of Andrew Jack- son, one of the marked eras in the history of this country. Four successive elections — in 1830, 1832, 1834 and 1836 — testify to the high position whicli he had gained and held in the estimation of the people of the district. Among his colleagues in the House from Massachusetts during the ten years of his ser- vice in Congress, were Isaac C. Bates, John Davis, Edward Everett, Rufus Choate, George N. Briggs and John Quincy Adams, all of whom honored him with their friendship and confidence. To the numerous important questions of national policy, foreign and domestic, which engaged the attention of Congress and the country during that period of high political ex- citement, in which Mr. Grinnell acted so well his part, we cannot further allude. At the expiration of his fifth term, Mr. Grinnell declined a re-election, and in 1839 returned to the practice of his profession. About that time was formed the law firm, still so well remembered, of Grinnell & Aiken (George Grin- nell and David Aiken), which so long held a leading position among the law firms of Western Massachu- setts. In 1840, Mr. Grinnell was chosen as one of the presidential electors who gave the electoral vote of Massachusetts to William Henry Harrison. In 1841, he was appointed register of probate for this county, which oflice he held till 1849, when he was appointed judge of probate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Richard E. Newcomb. This office he resigned in February; 1853, having been appointed clerk of the courts of the county, an office which he held by appointment and successive elections by the people till 1866, when, at the age of eighty years, but with "his eye not dimmed nor his natural force abat- ed," he withdrew from the labors and cares of active, public fife. From that time, without a known enemy, with a large family, rejoicing in a reasonable prosper- ity, and with remarkable intellectual and physical strength, he had lived and walked among us, exhibit- ing to all the virtues and graces of a Christian gentle- man, respected and beloved by all who knew him. In all enterprises tending to promote the interests of his native town and county, Mr. Grinnell felt a deep interest and took an active part. He was one of the corporators and the first president of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad Company. In the cause of education, in all its various depart- ments. Judge Grinnell was deeply interested. In 1838, he was chosen by the Legislature a trustee of Am- herst college, on the part of the Commonwealth. In that capacity he served faithfully and efficiently for twenty-one years, till 1859, when his duties as clerk of the courts preventing his attendance at the annual commencement exercises, he reluctantly resigned the trust. In 1854, the college conferred upon him the honorary title of LL. D. In 1813, Mr. Grinnell was made a Mason. From that time he was faithful to his obligations assumed, and at the date of his death he was, we believe, with the exception of Major Sheldon of Deerfield (Cheap- side), the oldest member of the order in this vicinity. In 1815, he was elected Master of Republican Lodge in this town. In behalf of the temperance cause, in all its stages. Judge Grinnell was decided and active at home and abroad, in Washington as well as in Greenfield. In the great cause relative to the rights of man in this country, he early took a positive stand in favor of hu- man freedom and equal rights. When in Congress 31 he was the first to advocate and urge the recognition by the United States Government of the independence of the colored republic of Playti; and to the great principle which he then advocated he remained faith- ful to the end. As a public speaker. Judge Grinnell had few equals. Erect, manly and prepossessing in his personal appear- ance, graceful in gesture, with an excellent voice, and with a command of fit words rarely excelled, he was listened to with pleasure, whether at the bar, or in the deliberative assembly, or the popular meeting. In years gone by he was the one most frequently called upon on various occasions to address his fellow-citi- zens. Judge Grinnell served Greenfield as selectman, and was frequently appointed to important commit- tees. In his domestic relations he was highly favored, and was exemplary in his character. In 1814, Judge Grinnell married Adele Blake, daughter of Hon. George Blake of Boston. She died in 1818. In 1820, he married Eliza Seymour Perkins, daughter of Rev. Nathan Perkins of Amherst. The children of this marriage were James S. Grinnell, for many years chief clerk in the Patent office at Washington, but return- ing to Greenfield in 1876 to care for his aged parents; Geo. B. , Win. F. , and Thos. P. Grinnell, who were for many years prominent brokers in New York city; Helen, the wife of George Milne of England; Harriet, who married Mr. McCullock, a Montreal merchant, and Ella, who was the wife of the late Major Thomas W. Ripley, and who has resided in Greenfield. Judge Grinnell was chosen a deacon of the Second Congregational church in 1821, and held the office for fifty years. He was ever true to his religious convic- tions, and led a life that was the highest type of Chris- tian truth and character. He passed away ripe in years, and was respected and beloved by all who knew him. REV. AMARIAH CHANDLER, D. D. Rev. Amariah Chandler, D. D., fifth pastor of the First Congregational church of Greenfield, was born at the old Ferry house, near Pine hill, in Deerfield, October 27, 1782. He was the youngest of nine chil- dren born to Moses and Persis (Harris) Chandler. Moses Chandler was ferry-man, and kept a store at the ferry from about 1771 to about 1787, when he moved to Shelburne, where he died June 21, 1814. Mr. Sheldon states in his history of Deerfield — and the story was confirmed to the writer by Rev. Dr. Chandler — that the ferry-house was a rendezvous of the leading Tories during the Revolutionary war, the attic of the house opening on a side-hill path leading to the wood, thus furnishing a convenient way of escape in case of alarm. The Committee of Safety finally caused Mr. Chandler to be an-ested upon sus- 32 picion of his holdinjj communication with the enemy by cipher dispatclies, but when it was found that the treasonable dispatches were simply bills of goods pur- chased in Albany, made out in Dutch, he was dis- charged. Amariah Chandler graduated in Burlington in 1807, studied theology with Rev. Dr. Packard of Shelburne, and was ordained to the ministry at Waitsfield, Vt., February 7, 1810. He was dismissed from there Feb- ruary 3, 1830, and supplied at Hardwick, Vt., until his settlement in Greenfield, October 34, 1833, where he died, October 30, 1864. He was made a Doctor of Divinity by the University of Vermont, in 1846, and in 1853 was a delegate to the Massachusetts constitu- tional convention. Dr. Chandler married, October 3, 1808, Abigail Whit- ney of Shelburne, who was the mother of his six chil- dren; she died June 19, 1833. He maiTied, November 17, 1840, Mrs. Mary Nims Roberts, who died March 4, 1853. His third marriage was vsdth Mrs. Eliza B. Glea- son, who died January 11, 1865. The Franklin Association, at the meeting next after Dr. Chandler's death, in their resolutions described him as "A man of superior natural abilities, an inde- pendent thinker, of a child-like, beautiful simplicity of character, a lover of Nature, of its sweetness, as he said in his last sickness, free from false ambition and conceit, magnanimous, social in his nature, genial in spirit, humorous even in trouble, rich in affection and good will, mindful of children, thoughtful of others' feelings, sympathizing, a_ hater of oppression, deeply patriotic, a friend of his race, alive to the present, abreast of the age in its onward movements, one of Nature's noblemen; he died respected, beloved by all who knew him, comforted and upheld by the glorious truths which he had by word and example for fifty- seven years commended to his fellow-men." JOHN BUSSELL. Greenfield is more indebted to John Russell for its early growth and industrial development than to any other person, and his name, in connection with the business of which he was the founder, is known to the remotest bounds of the continent. He was born in Greenfield, in 1797, and his father was an influential citizen of the town when the Ga- zette was established here, in 1793. His mother was a daughter of Nathaniel Edwards of Northampton. All the children of Major John Russell were carefully trained and educated. In 1816, John Russell, Jr., who was then nineteen years old, went to the South to make his own way in the world. He successfully engaged in business at Augusta, Ga., where he re- mained until 1830, when he returned to Greenfield. Of an active mind and enterprising temper, he could not remain idle, and looking for occupation, he evolved the idea of establishing in this country the GREENFIELD GAZETTE. manufacture of the class of goods of which Sheffield, Eng., had for centuries held the monopoly. With this end in view, he built small works upon land west of the present railway station and near where the Germania House is now located. The motive power used was steam. These buildings were burned shortly after their- occupation. Mr. Russell was convinced by his experience that there was an opportunity, and be- ing joined by his brother Francis, they proceeded to establish the old cutlery works, celebrated as the "Green River Works." The first goods made here were chisels, and the place was known for years in this neighborhood as the "Chisel Factory." But it was Mr. Russell's determination to make cutlei-y, and all his plans were directed to that end. The co-oper- ation of Mr. Henry W. Clapp, who had large unem- ployed capital, now made a very strong house, and the business was planned on a scale which was mag- nificent for a day of small things. Skillful artisans were imported from England, and goods rivaling the best quality of Sheffield work were soon in the mar- ket, stamped with the bold legend, "American Cut- lery." Buyers were, however, incredulous, and rather repelled by the name which confessed domestic ori- gin; and inexperience, costly labor and imported ma- terial made the business very difficult, but it was prosecuted with hopeful energy and continued im- provement in the processes of manufacture. The disasters of 1837 retarded but did not ruin the industry, and with the revival of trade great ad- vances were made. New patterns were introduced, an efficient force of American mechanics had learned the various branches of the cutler's trade, and first- class Sheffield workmen began to emigrate to this country. At this stage of the business new dangers threatened. The competition of the American work began to be felt by the old Sheffield houses. Hitherto they had sold at profits absolutely regulated among themselves, and they resolved to crush the American enterprise in the bud. In pursuance of this policy, the prices of cutlery were reduced to a point that left no margin to the Americans. The protection afford- ed by the tarifE of imports was very small, and much more than offset by the extra cost of iron, steel, tools and labor. So that it appeared an easy thing to break down the new-sprung rivalry, when the accumulated EngUsh skill and capital of centuries chose to set about it. But the English master cutlers left out of the calculation the genius of American mechanics, manifested in their irrepressible disposition to invent machines and methods to save labor. This disposi- tion is the natural outgrowth of American conditions and it was rapidly developed when the cutlers realized the inequality of this struggle with the experience and capital of England. The most important im- provement was in the application of the power ham- mers, run by belting, to blade forging; it was then but a step to abolish hand swaging, and to shape blades by trimming or stamping in dies. These proc- esses at once did away with all hand-forging in America; the ring of the cutler's anvil was a thing of the past. Here they were upon ground where the Sheffield master cutlers could not then follow. The innova- tion was one that the workman's trade unions of Sheffield would not permit, and the American cut- lers took possession of the home market. Associated with Mr. Russell were two men to whose co-operation through the long years which it took to establish and develop this industry much of his suc- cess was due. We allude to his brother, Nathaniel E. Russell, and Matthew Chapman, the latter of whom had been a cutler in Sheffield, came to this country in 1840, and is still an honored citizen of Greenfield. The "Green River Works" was the largest manu- facturing concern ever established in Greenfield.* In 1870, it was moved to Turners Falls, to avail itself of ^Although the works stood beyond the Deerfield line, the business was identified in every way with Greenfield and could be properly classed as an industry of the town. the more abundant water power, and the plant, with an increase of capital, was greatly enlarged. Mr. Russ^ll retired from active business in 1863, and sold out his interest in the company when it was removed to the Falls, although it still retained his name and is known to-day as the "John Russell Cutlery." Through all the years of his business life, Mr. Rus- sell was noted for sound judgment, untiring industry, and for his personal influence over his large number of sometimes turbulent workmen. He was a man of much natural dignity and presence. His word was a bond, and his signature was never in all the long years of his business dishonored by a protest. Mr. Russell died Dec. 37, 1874, at the age of seventy- seven. He was married in 1830, and his wife sur- vived him several years. A son, Francis B. Russell, died in 1870. Two sons are now living, Charles W. Russell of New York and Hon. John E. Russell of Leicester, while a daughter is the wife of Hon. James S. Grinnell of Greenfield. HON. GEORGE T. DAVIS, Son of Wendell Davis, Esq., was born in Sandwich, Mass., in 1810. His father was for some years sheriff of Barnstable county, and the family was of more than ordinary note. The younger Davis improved diligently his early advantages, and in 1839, at the age of nineteen, was graduated from Harvard college with a class which claims as its own some of the brightest names that adorn the learned professions of Massachusetts, among them the Hon. Geo. T. Bigelow, late chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of this State, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Rev. James Freeman Clarke. Having made choice of the law as his profession, Mr. Davis came to Greenfleld and entered, as a stu- dent, the office of Wells & Alvord, then one of the leading offices in Western Massachusetts, the part- ners in the firm being Daniel Wells and James C. Al- vord. Fellow-students with Mr. Davis were Benja- min R. Curtis, afterward associate justice of the Su- preme Court of the United States, and David Aiken, who still survives and is recognized among the lead- ers of his profession. Mr. Davis completed his stud- ies at the Cambridge law school, was admitted to the bar m 1833, and opened an office in Taunton. But there he was not at home and, in 1838, returned to Greenfield, for which place he then and ever after had a peculiar affection. Soon after his return, he estab- lished the Franklin Mercury, and in its columns dis- cussed with spirit and ability the various questions of the day. This was for him congenial employment, but the increasing business of his profession soon re- quired his attention to such an extent as to compel him to quit the editorial chair, and, in 1887, the Frank- CENTENNIAL EDITION. 33 liti Mercury was united with the Greenfield Gazette. From that time, Mr. Davis devoted himself mainly to his profession. In his practice he exhibited a nice sense of honor and propriety worthy of especial com- mendation. He was ambitious, anxious to win, and desired to please his client; but these characteristics did not lead him to forget his duty to the court, to the profession, and to himself. He was fair and honest and despised unfair and dishonorable means in others. In his intercourse with the court and his brethren of the bar he was ever considerate, courteous and pleas- ant, and especially to the yoimger members of the bar he was always kind, with cheerful words and helping hand. While the life of Mr. Davis was devoted mainly to the practice of his profession, he was by no means its slave. At all times he was active and influential in the business institutions and public affau-s of this town and county. For many yeare he was a director of the Greenfield Bank and a trustee of the Frank- lin Savings Institution, He was also interested in laying the foundation and building the city of Hol- yoke. In every enterprise intended to promote the public good, he was ready to help with his counsel and his best efforts. In the political discussions of the day he took an active part and was honored in a large degree with the confidence and support of his fellow-citizens. At an early age he was chosen to represent Franklin county in the Senate of Massachu- setts; afterwards he was a representative in the House at Washington, and, in 1861, represented his district in the House of the Massachusetts Legislature. The duties of these various positions he discharged in a faithful, able and honorable manner. Amid aU his attention to professional, political and other business matters, Mr. Davis, in this most active and busy period of his life, found recreation and pleasure in Uterary studies and select literary society. In this respect his attainments were of a high order, and in conversational powers his pre-eminence was acknowledged. In any company, however brilliant, he was a marked man, with few equals in those fac- ulties of speech which entertain and fascinate. After his retirement from practice, he found pecul- iar pleasure in the investigation of curious historical questions, and contributed to the Massachusetts and Maine historical societies — of which he was a mem- ber — several interesting and valuable papers. In December, 1865, Mr. Davis gave up his law prac- tice and removed to Portland, Maine, In 1866, he traveled in Europe, and after liis return continued his residence in Portland, devoting his time to those literary and historical studies which were so congen- ial to his taste. For two or three years his health gradually failed, although his mind seemed as clear and vivacious as usual, when he was suddenly pros- trated by an attack of paralysis, from which he died, June 17, 1877, at the age of 67 years. His remains were brought to Greenfield, and after a quiet and un- ostentatious funeral, in the Unitarian church, were interred in the lot in Green River cemetery which he and his brother, Wendell T., whose death occurred in December of the previous year, had prepared for their last resting place. Mr. Davis was twice married, first to Miss Harriet Eussell of Plymouth, who died in 1862, and second to Mrs. Little of Portland, Me. By his first wife he had three children, James C, Wendell and Ellen Davis. WENDELL THORNTON DAVIS. Mr. Davis was born in Sandwich, Mass. ; graduated at Harvard in 1838; studied law at Cambridge law school; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and entered into partnership with his brother, George T. Davis, and Charles Devens, Jr. , the partnership continuing for seven years. He became interested in real estate in the village of Greenfield, and built Davis street and opened it to the public. It has been said that the title to more land passed through his hands, in a per- sonal and representative capacity, than through any other man's. He became clerk and treasurer of the upper locks and canals of the Connecticut river, in the county of Hampshire, now the Turners Falls Company, about 1844. It is due more to him than to any other person that we now have the village of Turners Falls. He was for many years the clerk and treasurer of the Troy & Greenfield railooad. He represented this town in the Legislature two years, and took an active part in procuring the origi- nal bonds of the State credit to that company. For many years he held the office of trial justice, and probably heard more cases than any other magistrate in the county. In 1863, he formed a partnership with Austin De- Wblf, which was continued for just eleven years, when he took as a partner Franklin G. Fessenden. He never, it is thought, argued a case to a jury. He once remarked to a friend that in early life he had too much money for his own good; that he preferred the pleasures of social life to the hard work of a lawyer. He possessed rare qualities of mind, and had he ap- plied himself as closely to the practice of law in his early life as he applied himself to business in later years, he would have been one of the leading men of his profession. He wholly retired from legal prac- tice in 1875, on being appointed register in bankrupt- cy, which office he held at the time of his death. Mr. Davis was for a number of years one of the selectmen of Greenfield, and for many years was con- nected with the local militia company, attaining high rank as an officer. He was pre-eminently a social man and loved a good story. The young people always enjoyed his presence. He had a kind word for every young man. He was a true friend, and many a poor woman received, at Thanksgiving and Christmas, presents from an unknown friend. He had a noble heart, and many a kind word he had for the unfortunate and erring. He believed in placing a good example before others. United Sta,tes navy— and three daughters— Carrie W. Davis, Mary B. Conness, wife of Hon. John Conness, and Louisa Clark, wife of Lieutenant-Commander Charies V. Clark, U. S. N. Mr. Davis died December 3, 1876, aged fifty-eight. Mr. Davis possessed unusual musical ability. He directed the choir of the Unitarian church and was organist there for several years, doing much to elevate and cultivate a taste for good music among those under his leadership. He was prominent in the order of Free Masons. The charter of Republican Lodge was surrendered, at the time of the anti-Masonic excitement, and he was one of those who procured its restoration. He was afterward actively connected with the Lodge and the higher bodies of the order, being for one year the Senior Warden of the Grand Lodge. His wife, Maria Louise, died in 1874. Mr. Davis left two sons— N. Russell Davis, residing in Wyoming Territory, and George T. Davis, commander in the JODGE CHARLES MATTOON. Judge Mattoon was a native of Northfield, and com- menced the practice of law at Muscatine, Iowa, where he was married. He afterwards returned to Massa- chusetts and took an active part in local politics. He received an appointment from the Government in the Boston custom house, which he held for some time. In June, 1853, he was appointed Register of Probate and Insolvency for this county, and took up his resi- dence in Greenfield. This office he held until May 13, 1858, when, on the re- organization of the courts, he was appointed judge, a position which he held until the time of his death. In this position he gave great satisfaction, and so just was he in his decisions that none, during his term of twelve years, when ap- pealed to the Supreme court, were decided against him. For about eleven years. Judge Mattoon was the secretary and active manager of the Franklin Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and held many offices of trust and responsibility in this town and county. Judge Mattoon was an influential member of the Greenfield Unitarian society, and was for many years the superintendent of its Sunday school. He died at the age of fifty-four, August 13, 1870, after years of suffering from consumption. Mrs. Mattoon is now living, but their daughter, who was an only child, the wife of Rev. Charles A. Humph- reys, died some years ago. GEN. CHARLES DEVENS. The people of Franklin county whose memories ex- tend back half a century recall the yotmg man of dig- nity and promise who began here his legal career, and developed in the years of his young manhood the promise that was fulfilled in a life of distinguished usefulness. Mr. Devens came to Franklin county in 1841. He was then twenty-one years old, having been born in Charlestown in 1820; and a graduate of Harvard in 1838, with James Russell Lowell, William W. Story, Rufus Ellis, George B. LorLng and Wendell T. Davis, he had taken a course at the Harvard law school and completed his studies in Boston. Following the prac- tice of many of the young lawyers of that day, he sought a country settlement and came with Wendell T. Davis to Franklin county. They were partners from the beginning, Mr. Davis locating in Greenfield and Mr. Devens having his office in Northfield. 34 There he was identified with the social life of the town and made his first steps in poUtios, and to North- field ue often went on his visits to the county in more recent years. When, in 1844, Daniel Wells be- came chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and his partnership with George T. Davis was dis- solved, the firm of Davis, Devens and Davis was formed, and became the leaders at the Franklin bar. Mr. Devens came from Northfield in 1845, and re- mained in Greenfield till 1849, when he was appointed United States marshal by President Taylor. Mean- while he had become prominent in politics, and was elected, in 1847 and 1848, one of the two senators from Franklin county. He was a loyal Whig, and it was counted by his friends a part of his pohtical fortune that the breaking of his leg by being thrown from his carriage in 1848, withdrew him from the fac- tional strife of that memorable year of Whig, Van Buren and Looo-foco divisions. As a Whig he went to the Senate, and as a Whig President Taylor re- membered him. In 1854, after the expi- ration of his term of office, he resumed practice, forming a partnership with George F. Hoar, at Worcester. During his service as marshal, Mr. Dev- ens was called upon to execute the pro- cess remanding to his owners Thomas Sims, the fugitive slave. This was in discharge of what he considered his im- perative duty, but he strove afterwards to show his sentiments by buying the freedom of Sims . Lydia Maria Child was collecting funds for this object, and Mr. Devens wrote to her, offering to defray the whole expense himself. It is said that the coming of the war ended the project, but Sims was afterward aided by Mr. Devens and finally appointed to a department position, while General Dev- ens was attorney-general in President Hayes' cabinet. Mr. Devens resided in Worcester after 1854. In 1861, the country's call found a ready response from him, and leaving a case in the Supreme court unfinished, he accepted, April 19, 1861, the command of the Third Battalion of Rifles, with the rank of Major, and proceeded at once with this independent command to An- napolis and thence to Fort MoHenry. July 36, he was qualified as colonel of the 15th Massachusetts Volunteers. He went to Washington and remained there until the 35th, when he went to Pooles- ville, Md., under the command of C. P. Stone. Colonel Devens distinguished himself at the battle of Ball's Bluff, and was com- missioned brigadier-general during the seige of Yorktown. He then took com- mand of a brigade of Couch's division of the 6th Army Corps. He was severely wounded in the battle of Fair Oaks (in which fight Capt. Edwin E. Day of Greenfield was killed) but would not quit the field till night. He remained away from his command only a few weeks, addressing a war meeting at Faneuil hall while on his furlough. At the battle of Antietam, his horse was shot under him. He was highly complimented by his division commander for gallantry at Fredericksburg, and was seriously wounded while in command of a division at ChancellorsvUle. In 1864, he was assigned to Gen. Smith's 11th Army Corps, at Gen. Smith's request, and commanded a division at Cold Harbor. In April, 1865, he was com- missioned major general, by brevet, for gallantry and good conduct at the capture of Richmond. Mustered out at his own request, in June, 1866. The entire Congressional delegation from Massa- chusetts signed a recommendation that he be retained GREENFIELD GAZETTE. in the reorganization of the regular army, but Gen. Devens insisted on returning to the practice of his profession. n a t? He was chosen national commander of the G. A. R. to succeed Gen. Burnside. He served as comand- er of the Loyal Legion of Massachusetts and of the societies of the armies of the Potomac, of the James, and of the 6th Army Corps. In 1867, he was appoint- ed, by Governor Bullock, one of the judges of the Superior court of Massachusetts, and in 1873, by Gov- ernor Washburn, one of the judges of the Supreme court. In 1877, he was appointed attorney general of the United States, by President Hayes, and on his return to Massachusetts, in 1881, was reappointed to the Supreme court of Massachusetts. His only publications were his legal opinions and public addresses. The most important of these latter are those at the centennial celebration of the battle of Bunker Hill, at the dedication of the soldiers' monu- ment on Boston common, and of that in Worcester; ion who came with him to receive it: "Well, Robert, you are a bad egg no longer." Gen. Devens was highly esteemed for his genial, social qualities He never man-ied. He died in Bos- ton, January 7, 1891, at the age of seventy years. GEN. CHARLES DEVENS. also, on the death of Gen. Meade, on the death of Gen. Grant, and as presiding officer at the 350th anni- versary of the foundation of Harvard college. His last public address, and perhaps his most nota- ble one, in Franklin county, was delivered at the time of the dedication of the soldiers' monument on Green- field common. A local incident, which occurred about the same time of the Sims affair, is recalled by Greenfield peo- ple: A fugitive slave, named Robert Wright, was employed at the American House as cook. He was greatly alarmed lest an attempt should be made to reclaim him, and went into hiding. This was known to Mr. Devens, and, chiefly by his instigation, it was thought best to buy Robert from his former master. This was successfully carried out, the price being |300 or $400. Mr. Devens was one of the principal con- tributors, if not the largest. Judge Charles Allen had the pleasure of delivering the manumission paper to Robert, and he remembers the remark of his compan- HENRY W. CLAPP Was, for a period of thirty-four years, one of the leading and most prominent men in the business cir- cles of Greenfield and Franklin county. He was a son of Parsons Clapp and was bom in Springfield, in 1798. His mother's maiden name was Phoebe Wells, daugh- ter of Dr. Henry WeUs of Montague. Mr. Clapp left home at the age of sixteen and be- came the apprentice of a goldsmith and jeweler in Newark, New Jersey. Having completed his appren- ticeship, in 1830, he entered into business in the city of New York, and in a few years acquired a fortune, large for those days. In 1835, he selected Greenfield as the place of his future residence, and purchased the Gould place, on the corner of Main and High streets, where he lived till his death, March 17, 1869. The place was occupied by his widow until her death, a few months since, and her daugh- ter—Mrs. Isabella Russell, widow of the late Francis B. Russell. Mr. Clapp, upon his settlement in Greenfield, was immediately recognized as a gentleman of high character, broad views, and the most liberal public spirit. He became identified with every enter- prise intended and calculated to promote the growth, the prosperity and the beau- ty of Greenfield. The list of the various positions of trust and honor which he was from time to time called upon to fill, and the duties of which he discharged with marked ability and unquestioned integrity, shows the estimation in which he was held by the community. He was president of the old Greenfield Bank, of the Franklin County Agricultural Society and of the Connecticut River Railroad Company. He was one of the originators of and the first president of the Green River Cemetery Company, of the Green- field Library Association and of the Greenfield Gas Light Company. He did much by the loan of money and his name to insure and promote the success of the cutlery company, which was in his day one of the best-known business establishments in this vicinity. At the time of his decease he was a director in the Connecticut River Railroad Company and the president of the Franklin Sav- ings Institution. In all the relations of private life the character of Mr. Clapp was exemplary. He was a devoted and faithful member of St. James Episcopal parish in Greenfield. In 1849, he contributed more than eight thousand dollars — about two-thirds of the whole expense — ^towards the erection of the beautiful church of that parish. He did much to improve the appearance of Green- field. Among the many things for which the town is indebted to him are the fine elms on easterly Main and Franklin streets. He had fixed opinions on all public questions, but no taste for the cares and strifes of public life. He was loyal to friends and capable of strong and endur- ing attachments. The infiuence which he exercised was not required by efforts to be popular, but result- ed from native force and sagacity, persistent will and recognized integrity. His son, Henry B. Clapp, a man of marked ability and of generous spirit, met his death, June 9, 1861, by a falling wall, at the burning of the old steam mill, on Hope street. Another son, Frederick Clapp, has been the clerk of the Russell Cutlery Co. for many years. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 35 JUDGE DANIEL, WELLS. Judge Daniel Wells was descended from Puritan stock. His first ancestor in America, Thomas Wells of Essex county, Eng., came to this country at an early date, probably to the Massachusetts colony. But he soon bought land of tlie Narragansetts and made his abode in Rhode Island. His two sons, Thomas and Hugh, are connected with the early his- tory of the Connecticut colony. From Hartford the family spread northward, and those of the name in Hadley, Northajnpton, Hatfield, Deerfield, Greenfield, Hawley and Rowe are probably all descended from Hugh of Hartford. The lineage of Judge Daniel Wells is traced to Thomas of Hadley, the son of Hugh of Hartford. He was of the eighth generation from Thomas, the original ancestor in America, of the sixth from Thomas of Hadley. He was the son of Col. Daniel Wells, whose house on Main street of Green- field is still standing. In that house he was born, Jan. 14, 1791, and he hved in Greenfield for more than fifty of the sixty-three years of his hfe. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in the class of 1810, studied law in Greenfield with his brother-in- law, Elijah Alvord, was admitted to the FrankHn bar in 1813, and was its leader for thu-ty years. His prac- tice extended into aU the neighboring counties. In 1837, he succeeded Judge Dewey (then appointed to the Supreme bench) as district attorney for the four western counties. This ofiice he held until 1844, and was then appointed to succeed Judge Williams as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He re- mained upon the bench until his death. His home after his appointment to the bench was in Cambridge, and there he died, after a very brief illness of an af- fection of the heart, on June 33, 1854. His life was not an eventful one, but one full of use- fulness and honor. "When at the bar," in the lan- guage of the resolutions offered by the Hon. Geo. S. Hillard in Suffolk, "he was distinguished by industry, attention to the interests of his clients, unwearied pa- tience in the investigation of legal questions, and a fairness and candor of mind which gave him the ear of the court and the jury. His elevation to the bench met the hearty approval of all who had observed his professional course. As a magistrate, he was faith- ful, cautious, patient and courteous, with suflacient learning and conspicuous industry; more anxious that justice should be done than that business should be hastily dispatched; listening long and pondering care- fully; making no distinction of persons; encouraging the young by a paternal kindness of maimer; ever thoughtful of the rights of all; and invariably loyal to duty." Judge Wells is spoken of by his contemporaries as a learned lawyer. This is not a mere phrase. He was, during his whole life, first of all, a lawyer. But his learning consisted rather of having resolved the great principles of law in the alembic of his strong common sense and sense of right than in having a multitude of cases at his tongue's end. He was, in- deed, remarkable in the latter part of his career at the bar for the paucity of his citations. He drove straight at the justice of his cause. If the decisions did not quite bear him out, so much the worse for the decisions. As a prosecuting officer he was a model. "Of an exceedingly humane disposition," says Judge Bying- ton, "he never contended for victory without regard to the right. The love of truth was stronger than the love of victory ; the sense of duty greater than the love of fame. He was quick to perceive when a dishonest defence was made or false pretenses presented for leniency, and powerful and effective to defeat all such attempts to prevent justice. He had not the graceful action or melodious tones of the accomplished orator, but rather produced conviction by the perspicuous analysis and arrangement of the evidence in a cause and by cogent argument. The rights of the accused were always preserved by him; neither the innocent nor those not proved guilty were convicted, but those who were guilty seldom escaped punishment.'' His most important criminal case was that of the Commonwealth vs. Wyman, in which he was engaged for the government with the district attorney of the eastern district. In this he showed himself a worthy antagonist of the great lawyers for the defence, Dan- iel Webster and Frankhn Dexter, and against odds seemingly overwhelming secured a conviction. In speaking of Judge Wells' prominence at the bar, it may be significant to mention the names of some of the distinguished lawyers of Massachusetts con- nected with him either as students or as junior part- ners. Among these were Benjamin R. Curtis, James C. Alvord, George Ticknor Curtis, Henry L. Dawes, George T. Davis, Charles Devens, David Aiken, Dan- iel W. Alvord, Ansel Phelps, Jr., and Henry Vose. It probably still lives in the memory of some of the older lawyers, and it may be inferred from contempo- rary comment that Judge Wells' manner upon the bench was not free from criticism. It was not that he tried his cases with unfairness or with favor; no judge was ever farther removed from the slightest suspicion of partiality. To speak with more absolute correctness, the only person who ever complained of partiality was his son, the late Col. Wells, who while at the bar used good-humoredly to grumble that his father "was so afraid of helping him that he leaned the other way." As at the bar so upon the bench the justice of the cause was always the point at which he aimed. But he was so desu-ous to try the case and work out its right and wrong for himself that the lawyers were sometimes a little disconcerted. Lawyers do not like to be too much superintended, or to have any interference with their preconceived plans of putting in their case. To leave them very much to themselves is one of the great elements of the popularity of a judge with the bar. But popularity of this or any other kind never entered into Judge Wells' mind as one of the factors of the problem to be solved. So the lawyers were now and then dissatisfied. On the other hand, young lawyers owed much to Judge Wells. He was never inconsiderate, always encouraging. If they were ignorant, he supplied the want from his own abundant learning. If they were inexperienced, he took care that they were not over- borne. If they presented their case badly, he was sure to state its strong points fairly in his charge. Judge Wells entered little into the current politics of his day. Excepting some terms in the Legislature as representative or senator, he never held political office. But he was always interested in the great questions which underlay politics, particulai'ly that of sla\ ery. He had always felt that the existence of this institution ought to be a burden upon the con- science of every American, North and South. When, soon after 1850, vigorous attempts were made to en- force the fugitive slave law, sometimes with oircum stances of extreme inhumanity, his earnest nature was stirred to its very depths. His indignation never blazed out more strongly than on the morning when he went to the Boston court house to hold his term and found the building in chains. A poor fugitive was imprisoned there awaiting rendition. Other judges and lawyers had crept under these chains. Not so Judge Wells. He refused to enter until they were removed and a passage made for him. It would be pleasant were there space to speak at length of Judge Wells' personal traits and interests apart from his profession; of his zeal in the cause of temperance, of peace and of charity; of his firm but kindly efforts for the suppression of every form of vice; of the beauty and integrity of his daily life, an example to the community in which he dwelt; and especially of his religious principle, more liberal and free, perhaps, than that of his Puritan ancestry, but no less conscientious, sincere and ardent. All this must be passed with the mere allusion. It remains only to say a word of his public spu-it. The welfare and progress of Western Massachusetts, and particularly of his native town, were always paramount in his thoughts. Every new public im- provement had his enthusiastic encouragement. The great road through the mountains was a subject ever in his mind from the day when, long before the era of railroads, he accompanied its first survey as a pro- posed route for a canal, to the time of his death. Every scheme which would conduce to the growth of Greenfield found in him an earnest supporter. The organization and promotion of the Tool Company will occur to citizens of Greenfield as a notable in- stance. As proof of the high place in which Judge Wells stood among the friends of humanity, religion, reform and improvement, as well as of the esteem in which he was held by his brethren of the bench and bar, one need only refer to the tributes to his memory pub- lished in the religious and legal journals and in the daily papers throughout the Commonwealth. Some of these have already been quoted. A few of the many others, from the mouths of such men as Judge Huntington, Senator Dawes and Governor Emory Washburn, are alluded to in the columns of the Ga- zette AND Courier of July 3 following his death. HON. FRANKLIN RIPLEY. Judge Ripley was born May 7, 1789. He was a graduate of Dartmouth college, in the class of 1809, of which Levi Woodbury was a member. He studied law at Cooperstown, N. Y. , and at Northfleld, and was admitted to the bar in this county, in 1813. In 1832, the Greenfield Bank was established and he be- came its cashier, and remained connected with it in 36 that capacity, or as president or director, till his death. At the establishment of the Franklin Savings Institution, in 1834, he was its treasurer and so con- tinued through life. He held the office of Judge of Probate from 1854 to 1858, when that com-t, as a dis- tinct one, was abolished. In 1856, he was chosen one of the Presidential electors for Massachusetts, and at the time of his death was one of the trustees of the State lunatic asylum at Northampton. The other local offices and personal trusts whose duties he had been called upon to discharge were very numerous. In all that he undertook to do he deserved and received that confidence which reso- lute will, clear judgment, inflexible honesty and set- tled principles never fail to inspire. Wherever his name was known it carried full assurance of order, accuracy, economy and success in all financial con- cerns of which he had the charge. Mr. Ripley was capable of strong friendships. No man had more positive local attachments, or greater local pride ; and no man was more liberal of private con- tributions, or personal efforts to promote those things which he deemed of moral or material advantage to the community. His religious and political opinions were definite and the result of strong conviction; he avowed them frankly, lived up to them habitually and was looked to as a landmark among the waver- ing or more impressible. All these qualities bore their legitimate fruit in an honored life and a memo- ry which his friends will gratefully cherish. Judge Ripley's residence was the stone house, on Main street, now owned by G. Clinton Gardner. He died June 9, 1860, at the age of seventy-two. HON. WHITING QRISWOLD. Whiting Griswold, son of Maj. Joseph Griswold of Buckland, was born in that town on the 12th day of November, 1814, being the tenth in number of a fam- ily of fourteen children. He was studious and ambi- tious, and though employed most of the time in labor on his father's farm, fitted for college in the schools of the vicinity, and entered at Amherst, in 1834. He graduated, in 1838, with high honors. He supported himself in college mainly by teaching; he taught in Heath, Buckland, Shelbiu-ne, and one term in the vil- lage district in Greenfield. As a teacher he was suc- cessful and popular, with few, if any superiors. On leaving college, he commenced the study of the law, in the office of Wells, Alvord & Davis, in Green- field, and completed his studies in the office of Grin- nell & Aiken. He was admitted to the bar in 1842, opened an office in Greenfield, and continued in ac- tive practice here till his death. He was a studious, cautious, well-read and able lawyer, and had he de- voted himself entirely to the law would undoubtedly have gained a place in the front rank in the pi'of es- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. sion. But he felt a lively interest in public questions, was ambitious, and soon entered the political arena. In 1844, he was the Democratic candidate for rep- resentative in Greenfield. The Whigs nominated Barnard A. Newell, and the "laboring men," who held the balance of power, nominated James Avery. The contest was protracted and exciting. The town voted two days in succession with no choice, a major- ity being necessary for an election. One adjourned meeting was held, with the same result, and Green- field was not represented in the Legislature of 1845. Mr. Griswold was agam nominated, in 1847, and was elected. He served in the House of Representatives in 1848, 1849 and 1850. He acquitted himself in the House with marked ability, and won a high reputa- tion as a debater and legislate)-. He was an earnest and devoted advocate of the Hoosac Tunnel, the great subject in which Massachusetts was, in that day, spe- cially interested. In 1850, Mr. Griswold was nomi- nated by the Democrats as a candidate for State Sen- ator. The nomination was adopted by the Free Sell- ers, and he was elected. That was the year of the famous "coalition" which elected Charles Sumner to the United States Senate. Mr Griswold was a strong supporter of Mr. Sumner. He also was elected to the Senate in 1851. In the Senate he maintained and en- hanced the reputation acquired in the House of Rep- resentatives, as an industrious, honest and faithful legislator. He was again elected to the Senate in 1861, on a union ticket, and in 1869 by the Republic- ans. In 1853, Mr. Griswold was a member of the con- vention for revising the Constitution of the Common- wealth. In that convention he was the advocate of the great pi-inciple of town representation, and dis- cussed that and other questions with ability that gave him a high position in the convention which included among its members the most able men of all parties in the State. In 1852, Mr. Griswold was the Democratic candi- date for representative to Congress in the Berkshire and Franklin district. Upon the first trial there was no choice. The second trial resulted in the election of John Z. Goodrich, the Whig candidate. In 1855, he was prominent as a competitor with E. D. Beach of Springfield for the Democratic nomination for gov- ernor, but failed in the convention. In 1856, he was a member of the Democratic national convention, and an active and efficient supporter of James Buchanan, the nominee of that convention for Presi- dent of the United States. In 1857, he was strongly recommended to Mr. Buchanan for the position of collector of customs at the port of Boston. In 1860, he supported Stephen A. Douglass for President, and followed the example of Mr. Douglass in support of the government in the war of the Rebellion. In 1864, he supported Abraham Lincoln and was an elector at large in Massachusetts, with Edward Everett. In later years, Mr. Griswold joined the temperance party and was a candidate for attorney general on a ticket with Wendell Phillips for governor. As a citizen, Mr. Griswold interested himself in town affairs and in all movements calculated to pro- mote the public good. He served on the general school committee of the town, was for years a direct- or in the Franklin County Bank and in the Greenfield Library Association, and was also active in the or- ganization of the Green River Cemetery Company. Mr. Griswold was, during the later years of his life, a member of the Second Congregational church in Greenfield. He was ever constant and punctual in attendance upon the services of the sanctuary. He was twice married— first, in 1844, to Miss Jane M. Martindale, daughter of Phny Martindale of Green- field, who, after the death of their two children, died in 1852. In 1857, he married Miss Fannie L. Clark daughter of Freeman Clark, Esq., of Bangor, Maine who died in 1867, leaving two children — a son. Free- man C. Griswold, and a daughter, now Mrs. A. A. Brooks, both now living in Greenfield. Mr. Griswold died October 38, 1874. He had been in poor health for several months, but was confined to his house for only two or three days before his death. ALFRED E. FIELD. Alfred R. Field came to Greenfield about 1850, from Northfield, his native place. He became well known by his efficiency as a civil engineer and as a business man, not only in this immediate vicinity, but through- out the state and New England generally. For a period covering twenty-five years he was employed either as chief engineer or assistant in building the Vermont and Massachusetts, the Troy and Greenfield, the New Northern London, the Ware River, the Sar- atoga and Ogdensburg, and various other roads. He always discharged the duties and responsibilities im- posed upon him with satisfaction to the corporations employing him. He was a member of a committee of the town of Greenfield, who had in charge the building of the road from Greenfield to Turners Falls, and it was his wish to have the bridge high enough to carry the road over the tracks on the Montague side of the river; but the road was finally allowed to cross at grade against his judgment. He was also one of the construction committee in building the Greenfield water works and was the engineer em- ployed in behalf of the town. For three years Mr. Field was the chairman of the board of selectmen, six years a county commissioner and was twice sent to the Legislature; and no man in the town or county ever held these offices who dis- charged the various duties with more fidelity or greater satisfaction to his constituents than Mr. Field. Amid the multiplicity of his engagements upon the leading railroad lines of the state and country, he al- ways found time to give his advice and assistance in carrying out the many projects of local interest con- stantly coming up in every community for its im- provement or the advancement of its business inter- ests. Mr. Field was a victim of the terrible railroad acci- dent which occurred near Summit station, on the Burlington and Rutland road, June 8, 1870, being so severely scalded by escaping steam that he lived but a few hours. His funeral was held at the Unitarian church, Rev. Mr. Nightingale officiating, and was numerously attended by our citizens as well as rail- road men and others from abroad. His age was 54. A wife and daughter survive him. THEODORE LEONARD. During a residence of nearly thirty years in Green- field, from 1843 till his death in 1872, Theodore Leon- ard was so continually identified with the efforts to promote the welfare of the town, especially in intel- lectual directions, that his name must have a place in any record, however general, of its growth. His life was an active one in business, but he gave generously of his time and of his money to advance such pub- lic interests as the Association library, the lecture course, the church, and the schools. Mr. Leonard came to Greenfield in the summer of the year 1843. Born in Sandwich, in 1802, he began his business life as clerk in a Boston dry goods storj, after which he was the agent of a woolen factory in Dudley. The factory on Fall river, at Factory vil- lage, for several years owned by Nathaniel Russell, had become the property of James K. and Charles H. Mills, and it was as their agent that Mr. Leonard first became connected with the factory and with Green- field. He continued in this capacity until the finan- cial crash of 1857, when the concern was embarrassed and he became the chief owner of the property. The business carried on by the Greenfield Manufacturing Co., a name retained by Mr. Leonard, was the manu- facture of doeskins, and it was fairly prosperous dur- mg the time of the war, giving employment to about one hundred hands. It suffered, however, in the CENTENNIAL EDITION. 37 general depression of the woolen business that fol- lowed, the factory became burdened with debt, and Mr. Leonard's failing health made it Impossible to struggle against adverse conditions. In 1869, the bus- iness of the factory ceased, the property passed by foreclosure into the hands of Cooper, Vail & Co. , New York dealers in woolens, and was eventually bought by the Turnei-s Falls Company, which sought to con- trol the water power and has allowed the fine stone and brick buildings to remain unused and to gradual- ly crumble. Mr. Leonard died May 7, 1872. Mr. Leonard's public spirit was unfailing. In his prosperous days, he gtive liberally to the Unitarian church and other public institutions, and in the less fortunate times restricted his private expenditures in order not to lessen his aid to public benefits. He was one of the originators of the Greenfield Library Association, continued to be actively interested in the building up of the library, and was the Association's president at the time of his death. With Kev. John F. Moors, Wendell T. Davis, F. R. Allen, Rufus How- land, J. B. Moors, R. A. Packard and S. L. Shattuck, he became a founder of Prospect Hni school, the property of D. N. Carpenter being purchased by these men and the school opened in 1869. Mr. Leonard bought and improved the large place on Federal street now occupied by his wife and daughter, it including at the time a considerable tract which has been sold in building lots on Federal and on Leonard street which was built across it. Mount Auburn was his burial place. Mr. Russell's death occurred quite suddenly, on Sunday morning, February 10, 1884. His disease was an affection of the heart. He would have com- pleted his eighty-fifth year in the following March. NATHANIEL E. KUSSELL. Mr. Russell was a member of a family which has done more than any other to build up the business of this town. He engagen in business here with Lyman Kendall, the firm being Kendall & Russell; after- wards, N. E. Russell & Co. The store, which did a general traffic trade, was on the corner of Main and Federal streets, now known as the "Corner store." William Elliot was one of the clerks in the establish- ment. Mr. Russell next turned his attention to man- ufacturing and became the principal owner of the satinet factory on Fall river, "Factory Hollow.'' He was quite successful in this industry, giving employ-" ment to a large number of hands. But when the great crisis of 1837 came, manufactured goods fell from $1.50 to 37c a yard. Although crippled and embarrassed, Mr. Russell did not faU, but made an arrangement with his creditors and paid dollar for dollar, although it took him twenty years to do it. His course in this matter gives the character of the man. He never assumed an obligation he did not fulfill. In 1830, his oldest brother, John, with the aid of the late Henry W. Clapp, started what was then called a chisel factory, but which afterwards became the Green River cutlery works. Here the brothers — John, Francis and Nathaniel — built up the great in- dustry which in time became a successful rival of the cutleries of the old world. About 1840, Nathaniel RusseU went to New York to live, where he had charge of the sales of the company. He resided there till 1864, accumulating a handsome fortune, then sold out to his partners and came back to Greenfield, where he quielly enjoyed the fruits of his business labors. He was a dire tor of the Wiley & Russell manufacturing company. This, too, has become one of the most successful industries of the place. Mr. Russell was married, in 1837, to Miss Ellen M. Farrand of Burlington, Vt., who survives him. Mr. Russell was a man of the strictest integrity. He pos- sessed a mind of remarkable clearness and shrewd- ness in business matters. He had decided opinions, but his judgment was seldom at fault. He was one of the largest conti-ibutors to the building of the Second Congregational church; he made several gifts to the Greenfield Library Association, and donated to other worthy objects. LUCIUS DICKINSON, Whose portrait is given above, was an old-time resi- dent of Greenfield and well remembered by many of our older citizens. He lived for many years in the house which was moved back from Main street to Wells street when the Baptist church was built. He afterwards lived in the house, corner of Franklin and Church streets, removed by W. N. Potter when his present residence was built. Mr. Dickinson was born in Amherst, July 13, 1788. He lived in Cambridge- port fourteen years, where he was the keeper of a tavern. He came to Greenfield in early life and de- voted himself to farming. He was the village wood measurer many years, and probably did more in that Une than any other man who has ever lived here. Mr. Dickinson was the first Messenger of Courts in this county, a Whig in politics, and was a man of quiet, un- assuming manner, and respected by his fellow towns- men. He was made a member of Republican Lodge of Masons in 1817. He died Nov. 5, 1867. He was the father of nine children — two sons and seven daughters. MAJOR SAMUEL H. EEED. Samuel H. Reed was a native of Petersham, but went to Rowe as a clerk in the store of his brother Solomon, when a young man, and afterwards entered into the mercantile and manufacturing business with his brother. They were soon among the leading men of Western Franklin. At the death of his brother, the business being somewhat involved by the decline of the manufacturing interest, Mr. Reed settled up the affairs of the firm, paying all demands in full, although it took nearly all his private means. He still continued business in Rowe. He held a high place in the estimation of his fellow- townsmen. He was one of the selectmen in 1830, '31, '33, '34, '35, '44 and '46 — seven years in all. He was town treasurer some years, and in 1847 was chosen town clerk. He reprentented the town in the Legis- lature five years, at different times, the last time in 1843, and he was postmaster twenty -five years, from 1832 to 1847. In 1847 he was appointed sheriff of the county, in place of John Nevers of Northfield, deceased, and removed to Greenfield, where he re- sided till his death. He served this town as selectman and overseer of the poor several years. He was pres- ident of the Franklin Fire Insurance Company for twelve years (which office he resigned, Jan. 1, 1870), a trustee of the Smith Charities in 1857, and a trustee of the Franklin Savings Institution from 1858 to 1869. He held the office of sheriff till May, 1851, when the Democrats coming into power, he was removed and Gen. James S. Whitney of Conway was appointed. In March, 1863, Mr. Reed was reappointed and held the office till December, 1855, when, the Know noth- ings being in the ascendency, he was again removed, and Charles Pomeroy of Northfield appointed. The office being made elective by the people. Major Reed was elected at the first election, in November, 1858, and reelected for three successive terms, twelve years in all. Being no longer a candidate, he was succeed- ed by Solomon C. Wells, in 1868. Mr. Reed was al- ways an efficient, humane officer, prisoners finding in him a good friend and adviser, never sparing his own means to relieve their wants. In October, 1868, three months before the expira- tion of his last term of office, his eyesight, which had been gradually failing, failed entirely. He sought the best advice, but found no remedy, and for six long years the fight of day was phut from his sight. Up to the fall before his death his health was good and his intellectual vigor remarkable for a man of his years. At that time he was attacked by a disease which confined him to his house, and from which at times he was a great sufferer, but he bore all this with the same Christian meekness that he manifested on the loss of his sight. In his religious views, Mr. Reed was formerly a Unitarian, but met with a change in his belief and after taking up his residence here united with the Second Congregational church. He was active in the temperance cause, and was ever a valuable citizen and good friend. He was twice married, and at the time of his death, July 14, 1874, of his seven children three only were living — a son and two daughters. He was buried in Rowe. HON. CHARLES ALLEN. Charles Allen, son of Sylvester and Harriet Allen, and grandson of Jerome Ripley, was born in Green- field, AprU 17, 1827. He received his early education in the schools of Greenfield and Deerfleld Academy, and was graduated from Harvard college in 1847. He studied law in Greenfield with the Hon. George T. Davis, and at Harvard law school, and was admitted to the bar, in this county, in 1850. He commenced the practice of his profession in Greenfield, in part- nership with Mr. Davis, under the firm name of Davis & Allen. This was succeeded, January 1, 1852, by the firm of Aiken, Davis & Allen, and about 1855, by the finn of Davis & Allen, and this, in 1860, by the ss GREENFIELD GAZETTE. firm of Davis, Allen & Davis. The partners in the last named firm were George T. Davis, Charles AUen and James C. Davis, son of George T. Davis. In 1861, Mr. Allen was appointed reporter of decisions of the Supreme Judicial court, and soon after re- moved to Boston -with James C. Davis, with whom he continued in practice. In 1867, he was chosen attorney general of the Com- monwealth, by the Legislature, which office he held, by annual elections by the people, till 1872. In 1880, he was chairman of the commissioners to revise the statutes of the Commonwealth. Hon. Uriel H. Crocker of Boston and Hon. James M. Barker of Pittsfield were the other members of the commission. January 23, 1882, he was appointed justice of the Su- preme Judicial court of the Commonwealth, in place of Justice Morton, appointed chief justice. He took his seat upon the bench on the 24th day of the same month, at the term of the court then held in Boston for the county of Suffolk. He still holds this position. During his residence in Greenfield, Mr. Allen weis active and influential in the affairs of the town. In 1851, he organized a course of public lectures which was continued each year till 1855, with marked suc- cess, and gave the people of Greenfield and vicinity the opportunity to hear all the most distinguished lec- turers of that day. He took an active part in the or- ganization of the Green River Cemetery Company in 1851, the Greenfield Library Association in 1855, and the Greenfield Gas Light Company in 1860. He was the first clerk and treasurer of the last named com- pany. In his religious opinions, Mr. Allen is Unitarian. He did much to promote the revival and prosperity of the Unitarian society in Greenfield. In Boston he was an intimate friend of the late Rev. James Free- man Clarke, and a constant and devoted member of his society. Mr. Allen was politically a Whig and then a Repub- lican. He was, when in Greenfield, for several years, chairman of the Whig town and county committees. In the exciting and well-remembered Butler cam- paigns of 1871 and 1873, he was actively engaged, and contributed not a little by his earnest and un- wearied efforts to secure the nomination and election of his friend, the Hon. William B. Washburn, as governor of the Commonwealth. The interest of Mr. Allen in the prosperity of his native town has not ceased since his removal to a wider and higher field of labor and usefulness. The Greenfield Library Association and the Unitarian so- ciety have in an especial manner, from time to time, been the recipients of substantial tokens of his kind regard and generosity. It may well be said that the people of the town regard him as one of Greenfield's most worthy and most honored sons. with honor at Dartmouth, in 1830. Like most of the young men of that day, he varied his college life with experience in teaching school. He taught one term, at least, in Greenfield, in the old brick school-house, on School street, now the residence of Mr. George W. Avery. He studied law, in Greenfield, with James C. Alvord, and was admitted to the bar in 1883. He commenced practice in Greenfield and soon gained a place among the first in the profession. Traditions of the old firm of Grinnell & Aiken— George Grinnell and David Aiken— stiU linger among the survivors of a generation that is fast passing away. He was also, at a later day, a member of the firm of Aiken, Davis & Allen— David Aiken, George T. Davis and Charles Allen— a firm that combined as much legal learning and ability as any firm that ever practiced law LQ Franklin County. After the dissolution of this firm he practiced for some time in Northampton, with the late Judge Forbes. In 1856, he was ap- pointed, by Gov. Henry J. Gardner, associate justice of the old Court of Common Pleas, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Horatio Byington of Berkshire County. He acquitted himself in this po- sition with distinguished ability and was soon rec- ognized throughout the Commonwealth as one of the most learned and able judges on the bench. It was generally expected, when the Court of Common Pleas was reformed out of existence, under the ad- ministration of Gov. N. P. Banks, in 1859, that he would be selected for a member of the new (the Su- perior) Court; but the exigencies of the situation re- quired a different appointment. Since he left the bench he has practiced in Greenfield, a part of the time in partnership with W. S. B. Hopkins, now of Worcester, and later with his son, John A. Aiken, present District Attorney. Of late, he has given very little attention to of&oe business. Under the admin- istration of Gov. Butler, he was appointed attorney for the Troy & Greenfield railroad. In 1874, he rep- resented Franklin County in the State Senate. He was for some time a director of the Greenfield Bank and also a trustee of the Franklin Savings Institution. HON. DAVID AIKEN Was bom at Bedford, N. H., in 1804. He fitted for coUege at Phillips Academy, Andover, and graduated REV JOHN F. MOOES, D. D., Was born in Groton, Mass., Deo. 10, 1819. His early life was spent upon a farm. He fitted for college at the Groton (now Lawrence) academy, and entered Harvard college in 1838, and graduated in 1843 and at once passed to the Divinity school of the same insti- tution, from which he graduated in 1845, and entered upon the duties of his profession, at Deerfield, Mass., where he was ordained pastor of the First church, January 28, 1846. He remained there till April, 1860, and on the 23d of that month was installed as pastor of the Third Congregational society in Greenfield, which office he held till July, 1884, when he resigned to take a position as superintendent of the missionary work of the American Unitarian association in New England. Mr. Moors, though always and above all a minister of the gospel, was interested in many things outside of his profession. He was a member of the school committee in Deerfield for thirteen years and in Greenfield fifteen years. When the 52d regiment of nine months men was organized in the autumn of 1863, he was chosen chaplain, and served the regi- ment till it was mustered out in August, 1863. Though not a politician, he was called to fill import- ant public offices. He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1874, and of the Massachusetts Senate in 1877, in both cases serving on the commit- tee on education. For several years he was one of the trustees of the Insane Asylum at Worcester. His services were called for to a large extent for funerals and weddings outside his parish, and he probably officiated at more than any other minister in the county. He was in demand as a lecturer before lyceums, etc., in all the towns in this region. In 1847 he married Esther W. Hastings of North- field. She died in 1850, and in 1851 he married Eunice Wells Smith, the daughter of Rev. Preserved Smith of Warwick. At the close of his ministry he had written fifteen hundred sermons and lectures for the pulpit. In 1884 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Harvard college. REV. PETEE TOOEHBES FINCH, Rector of St. James Parish, has long been identified with that church and with the town. He was born in Shrewsbury, N. J., at Christ Church rectory, March 19, 1835. He graduated from Burlington col- lege. New Jersey, with Greek oration, in the class of 1854, received A. M. degree from the same institution in 1858, and an ad eundem from Trinity college in 1860. He was a clerk in the uncurrent department of the Metropolitan bank, corner of Pine street and Broadway, New York, during the years 1855 and 1856. Rev. Mr. Finch graduated from the General Theo- logical Seminary, New York city, in 1859; was or- dained deacon by Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter, in Trinity Church, New York, July 4, 1859, and Priest by Bish- op Williams of Connecticut, July 3d, 1860. He was in the diocese of Connecticut until the winter of 1863- 64. During a part of this time, animated by the patriotic spirit which then thrilled the hearts of the young men of the loyal states, he went into the army, serving as Chaplain of the 16th Regiment of Connecti- cut Volunteers, assigned to the second Brigade, third CENTENNIAL EDITION. 39 Division of the Ninth Army Corps, and participating in the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg. Rev. Mr. Finch came to Greenfield and supplied the pulpit of St. James Church from Christmas, 1863, until Easter, 1864, vs^hen he received a call to be the rector of the parish. He vs^as married in Christ Church, Hartford, Ct., April 28th, 1864. Eev. Mr. Finch was elected a member of the Green- field school committee in 1865. He resigned the rectorsliip of St. James Church, Oct. 1st, 1871, and entered upon that of St. John's Church, Pittsburg, on the 15th. In 1873 he became the rector of St. John's Church, Denver, Colorado, and continued in charge there until 1879, when he was recalled to St. James in this town to succeed Dr. HoUings worth. He was again elected a member of the school com- mittee in 1880, and has served continuously since. Bev. Mr. Finch takes an active interest in the welfare of the town, and his voice is frequently heard in the discussion of important matters in public meetings, and he assumes his full share of every good work. HON. CHESTER C. CONAST. Chester Cook Conant, son of Col. Jonathan and Clarissa (Dimick) Conant, was born in Lyme, Grafton county, N. H., Sept. 4, 1881. He was educated in the common schools, Thetford academy, Vt., and Dartmouth college, from which latter he was graduated with honor in the class of 1857. "WhUe pursuing his college course he supported himself in part by teaching, working during vaca- tions. He was graduated from the Albany law school in 1859, and was admitted to the New York bar and also to the Massachusetts bar the same year. He then formed a partnership with Judge David Aiken, at Greenfield, Mass., the firm name being Aiken & Conant. He continued these relations sev- eral years; afterwards was for three or four years a partner with Edward E. Lyman; practiced alone till 1878, when, admitting Samuel D. Conant, a nephew, as partner, the business has since been conducted un- der the firm name of Conant & Conant. He has been admitted to practice in the TJ. S. Supreme Court at Washington, and has practiced in said court. Mr. Conant was married in Portland, Me. , June 14, 1860, to Sarah B., daughter of Eev. Roger S. Howard, D. D., and Martha (Pike) Howard. Mrs. Conant died July 17, 1889. Of this union are two daughters, Charlotte Howard and Martha Pike Conant. Mr. Conant was register of probate, Franklin county, from 1863 to October, 1870, when he was ap- pointed judge of probate and insolvency for Franklin county, an office which he still holds. Judge Conant was for years a member of the school board. In 1884 he was delegate to the National Republican con- vention, held at Chicago, and in 1888 was presidential elector on the Republican ticket, and voted for Presi- dent Harrison. For several years he was secretary of the Greenfield Library Association — is now trustee; a director in the Franklin County National Bank twelve years; one of the original incorporators of the Greenfield Savings Bank in 1869, its first and only secretary, and has been its attorney and trustee to the present time. He was elected its vice-president in 1889. He is an Episcopalian, a vestryman of the church, and is usually a delegate to the annual dio- cesan convention; for over twenty years he has been superintendent of the Sunday-school. Before enter- ing his profession he learned of his father the trades of carpenter and builder and cabinet-maker, and was called a skilled workman. Judge Conant is a lineal descendant, in the eighth generation, from the Pilgrim, Roger Conant, who landed in America in 1623, and who built the first house in Salem. He is also a lineal descendant of Mary Chilton, the first woman to set foot on Plym- outh Rock at the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. JUDGE FRANKLIN G. PBSSENDBN. Franklin county had been for many years without representation on the Superior bench when Governor Wm. E. Russell, in August, 1891, appointed Franklin G. Fessenden to a judgeship. Mr. Fessenden's nomi- nation was immediately confirmed by the council and he entered upon the discharge of his duties the same month. Franklin G. Fessenden had been a resident of Greenfield and a member of the Franklin bar since 1874. He was born in Fitchburg in 1849, his family being originally from Lexington. He was educated in the Fitchburg schools, and was graduated from the high school of that city. He served for a time as clerk of the police court and left this position to enter Harvard law school, from which he was graduated, after a three years' course, in 1873. While taking his course at Cambridge, Mr. Fessenden was instructor in French for a year in the university. Returning to Fitchburg he opened an office and among his friends and patrons found Alvah Crocker, who was then actively concerned in the several corporations he or- iginated. Mr. Crocker induced the young lawyer to come to Greenfield, where he entered practice as the partner of Wendell T. Davis. When Mr. Davis was office practice, and the esteem in which he is held for judgment and honesty was shown in his being select- ed by Governor Washburn as the executor, in associ- ation with W. N. Washburn, of his large estate, to serve without surety on his bond. He was connect- ed with District Attorney Bond in the preparation of criminal cases to be tried in Franklin county and con- tinued to write the indictments when J. A. Aiken as- sumed the office. During the year 1883, Mr. Fessen- den lectured in the Harvard law school, on Criminal Law. At the time of the formation of the Greenfield militia company, Mr. Fessenden was induced to take the captaincy and served in that position from Nov. 21, 1887, until appointed this year on the Governor's staff as Inspector General with the rank of colonel. He was popular with the company, which he handled with strict discipline and with a constant study to its progress. appointed register in bankruptcy, shortly after, the partnership was dissolved and Mr. Fessenden contin- ued his practice independently. He has had a large HON. LEVI J. GUNN Is a representative of the solid business men of the county. From a humble beginning he has attained a position of influence, and has received a full share of political honors. His success in life is due to habits of thrift and industry, and the economical manage- ment of the large affairs with which he has been con- nected. Mr. Gunn was boi-n in Conway, in 1830. His father, who was also Levi Gunn, was a black- smith. The son came to Greenfield in 1852, and was connected with the Tool Works, which were moved here from Conway. In 1861, he formed a partnership with C. H. Amidon and engaged in the manufacture of wringers. Their shops, located near the Connecti- cut River railroad, and north of Silver street, were burned in 1868. The Millers Falls Company had been formed at this time and construction commenced on the dam and shops at Millers Falls. Work was started in this new location in 1869, the company being com- posed of Levi J. Gunn, Chas. H. Amidon and Henry L. Pratt. Mr. Amidon afterwards withdrew. The plant has been greatly increased from time to time and the industry has been a rare success from the start. Mr. Gunn has been the treasurer and mana- ger, and much has been due to his quick perception and wise judgment. Mr. Gunn was chosen a selectman of Greenfield in 1877-78. He represented the Franklin senatorial dis- ti-ict in the General Court, in 1885 and 1886, and was a member of the Executive Council in 1888 and 1889. He has been an active Republican in politics. He was for many years the chairman of the Republican 40 County committee and was also for several terms a member of the Republican State committee. Mr. Gunn is a director of the Franklin County National Bank, a trustee of the Greenfield Savings Bank, and a director of the Interstate Mortgage Trust Company. He mairied Esther C. Graves, and they have one son, Levi Walter Gunn. CLARENCE EDDY. Greenfield men have not only gained prominence in the pulpit, at the bar and in politics, but one of her sons has earned a vs^orld-wide reputation as a musician. The following appreciative notice is from the Chicago Indicator: Bom in Greenfield, Mass., June 23, 1851, Clarence Eddy was but a lad of five or six yeai-s of age when he gave evidence of the possession of marked musical ability. His fondness for music outweighed the charms of the customary sports and games, and his greatest delight seemed to be to hsten to music and to attempt to reproduce it. So manifest was his tal- ent that he was encouraged and given the best in- struction the quiet little home village afforded. The organ seemed specially to suit him, and accordingly to that instrument his studies were given, with such results that, by the time he was sixteen years old, he was regarded as a remarkable performer and worthy of the care of an acknowledged master. He was, therefore, sent to Hartford, Conn. , to receive instruc- tion from Mr. Dudley Buck, with whom he studied for a year with closest application and amazing re- sults. Receiving the appointment of organist at the Bethany Congregational church, Montpelier, Vt., young Eddy soon acquired more than a local reputa- tion as an artist. He kept up his practice indefatiga- bly, and by constant reading of the best works obtain- able and a study of the mechanical construction of the instrument, became as thoroughly conversant with the organ as a piece of mechanism as a musical instrument. And herein lies one of the important factors of the artist's great success, again proving the value of thoroughness in study. In 1871, Mr. Eddy went to Germany to perfect his studies under the renowned August Haupt, one of the greatest masters of the instrument the world has ever known. With the zeal of youth and the ardor of the true enthusiast, Mr. Eddy plunged into his studies and was rapidly pushed ahead by the delighted mas- ter, who recognized in his young pupil the ability and perseverance necessary for the accomplishment of great work. Without the possession of a remarkable physique, the young man could never have sustained the immense strain upon him consequent upon eight, ten and even twelve hours of practice daily. From morning until night, literally, he practiced and stud- ied, for he was making complete work of the organ, piano and composition. Haupt became much attached to his brilUant scholar, and with exceeding care took him through the whole range of Bach and other best works — proud of him as a pupil, delighted with him as an artist. Indeed, such friendship and admiration did he feel that on one occasion he dispatched the young man to represent him at a concert before the emperor and nobility — a mission that Mr. Eddy ful- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. fiUed with the greatest credit, receiving warmest words of approval from the distinguished guests. Having finished his studies, Mr. Eddy was ff|ven a letter by the great master, m which occun-ed the fol- lowing words: "In organ playing, the performances of Mr. Eddy are worthy to be designated as emment, and he is undoubtedly a peer of the greatest hvmg organists. " When we consider that these words came from August Haupt, it is doubtful if anything so thoroughly complimentary has ever been wntten about Mr. Eddy, despite the volumes of praise that have been penned. . •, j Prior to returning to this country, Mr. Eddy visited the principal cities of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Holland, and gave recitals, in which he met with gi-eat success and received marked expressions of praise from the leading critics. Returning to America, he located in Chicago, being appointed organist of the First Congregational church. He was naturally accorded a prominent position in musical circles immediately, and his career since has constantly added to his fame. In 1876, he became the general director of the Hershey School of Musical Art, and it was at the opening of the music haU at this institution that Mr. Eddy conceived the elaborate plan for one hundred weekly recitals without repetition of any one selec- tion — a plan that was successfully carried out in every particular. Very soon after Mr. Eddy's return from Europe, his services were in constant demand for concert work. His great proficiency acquired for him a national rep- utation in a remarkably short time, and churches with new organs and societies with need of an organist be- sieged him with commissions, and have continued so to do up to the present time. His engagements are constant throughout the season. It is not exaggera- tion to claim that Mr. Eddy has opened more new or- gans than any other organist in the world, and all the largest instruments in the country have been confided to his skillful care for their first impression. The great Auditorium organ in Chicago, one of the very largest and finest instruments in the world, is insep- arably connected with the name of Clarence Eddy. The invitation by the French government to Mr. Eddy to appear at the Paris Exposition, in 1889, was not the firet time this celebrated organist has been so honored. In 1876, at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, he gave officially two concerts daily for one week, in presence of large audiences, and at the World's Fair in Vienna he was also accorded promi- nent place upon the musical programme, and was spoken of in the terms of great praise that have, by this time, become the natural way of writing when refen-ing to him. WILLIAM ELLIOT. We include in our column of portraits the Ukeness of William Elliot, because for a period of more than fifty years his face was a familiar one to every citizen of the town. He was born in Boston, May 19, 1802. He was a clerk in his father's store at seventeen. He came to Cheapside, at that time the commercial cen- tre of this region, and entered the large store of Clark Houghton. He came to Greenfield in 1820, and was for a long time employed in the store of Lyman Ken- dall, which stood on the corner of Main and Federal streets; then, after a short stay at Windsor, Vt. he went into company with Richardson Hall, and sub- sequently carried on business by himself. He finally retired from mercantile life and engaged in the in- surance business, and was for many years the local agent of the Conway company. But Mr. Elliot was known more particularly for his interest in public affairs. He was active in anti- slavery days, and one of the first to espouse the cause of total abstinence. No public meeting was held in town in the interest of these reforms without his presence. Before the abolition of the school district system, he had been the prudential committee for a great many years. He had an intimate knowledge of the town's history and was fond of recalling the events and the people whom he had known during his long residence here. He died April 29, 1888. SONNET. To the Gazette and Courier, on Its Hundredth Anni- versary. BY FEEDEEIC ALLISON TUPPER. Oh, worthy of thy hundred weU-filled years. Gazette and Cotjeiee of the coimty's news. The years have faUen on thee as the dews That give new you';h that never disappears. A century of mortal hopes and fears. Safe chronicled, is garnered 'mid thy leaves, The record of a century's golden sheavesi. The joys, the disappointments, smiles and tears. Thou hearty centenarian and hale, I wish thee joy of all thy noble past. Steadfast and true, no matter what the gale, Worthy of those with whom thy lot is oast. Nor ever shall thy good name fade and pale, Thy future buUded on thy glorious past. ANCIENT TOWN OEDEES. Geeenfield, May 31st, 1774. Sir — Please to pay to Deacon Ebenezer Graves the sum of twenty shillings, for five weeks boarding a schoolmaster last winter, and for so doing this shall be your warrant. Sam'l Field, ) Selectmen Eben'r Aems, [■ of Sam'l Wells, ) Greenfield. To Mr. Sam'l Hinsdale, Treasurer of Greenfield. Geeenfield, May 31st, 1774. Sii — Please to pay Mr. James Roberts thirty shil- lings for five weeks' keeping school last winter, and for so doing this shall be your warrant. Sam'l Field, ) Selectmen Eben'e Aems, Y of Sam'l Wells, ) Greenfield. To Mr. Sam'l Hinsdale, Treasurer of Greenfield. Sir — Please to pay or discount with Dea'n David Smead, the sum of five pounds and ten shillings, for eleven weeks keeping school together with his board the same time, and in so doing this shall be your war- rant, Greenfield, May 21, 1774. Sam'l Field, ) Selectmen Eben'e Arms, V of Sam'l Wells, ) Greenfield. To Mr. Sam'l Hinsdale, Treasurer of Greenfield. Capt. Daniel Wells, Treas^r— Please to pay Mr. Ebenezer Nims three dollars, it being his due for ex- penses for rum, &c., in turning the river in God ward Meadow— Solomon Smead, ) Selectmen Caleb Clap, [• of Isaac Newton, ) Greenfield. Greenfield, December 20th, 1798. Capt. Daniel Wells, rreas'r— Sir— Please to pay Newton & Green four dollars, it being for rum for raising Fall river bridge. Isaac Newton, ) Selectmen Caleb Clap, I of Hull Nims, ) Greenfield. Greenfield, March 9, 1800. IIl^°Leyden must have been a "wet town" in the early days. In 1826, R. Sheldon, Jr., who kept store there, advertised for 50 bbls. cider-brandy. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 41 HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. THE GEEENFIELD HiaH SCHOOL. In March, 1853. an article was inserted in the war- rant for the annual town meetiag to see if the town would raise a sum of money for the support of a High school, as required by the revised statutes, and to build or piu-chase a school house. The matter was referred to a committee, Geo. Grinnell, W. T. Davis, Daniel W. Alvord, H.C. Newton and John J. Graves, who reported the following year. The law required that every town containiug 500 families should main- tain a school in which, in addition to the branches of learning usually taught in the common district schools, "instruction should be given in the history of the United States, book-keeping, surveying, geometry and algebra," and that such school should be kept for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the town, ten months at least, exclusive of vacations, at such convenient places in the town as the inhabitants shall at their con- venience determine. The committee reported that no time should be lost in acting upon the matter, and recommended that an arrangement, if practica- ble, be made by the town with the village school dis- trict, for a lease of one or more rooms in the school- house to be used for the High school for the larger part of the year, and that a like arrangement be made with the proprietoi-s of the house for a select school near the North Brick meeting-house, for the other portion of the year — this arrangement to con- tinue for such time as the town should decide. This plan, however, was not carried out un- til 1835, when a High school was organized. A small room was obtained, capapable of con- taining, said the school committee in their re- port, but not accommodating forty scholars. The school-room was fitted up in what was known as Davis' hall, in as cheap a manner as possible, as a temporary arrangement. Mr. Luther B. Lincoln of Deerfield was employ- ed as the first teacher, at a salary of $50 a month. The school in this location was suc- cessful. In the autumn months it was re- moved to the haU in the school-house at Nash's mill, "from a desire," said the committee, "of accommodating a larger number of our fellow- citizens." "Here," continue the committee, "the terms of admission were modified, and a class of youth gained admittance whose ob- jects and aims were in many respects foreign to the business of a school-room, and as a consequence much precious time was wasted, and the hopes of many were disappointed." At the close of that term, the school was re- sumed at its old location in District No. 1. But the principal having been chosen to a seat in the Legislature, resigned, and Charles F. Vent was selected to suc- ceed him. The expenses of the school for the first year were $696.14. In the school year of '56-7, the school was moved from Davis' hall to a room in the house of the Misses Stone. It open- ed with fifty scholars, all that could be aecommo- dated, and a number were refused admission, for want of room. The town appropriated $600 for the High school, and at the e n d of thirty -two weeks it was closed for want of less than $200, which was required to complete the term of forty weeks prescribed by law. March 3, 1857, action was taken by the town relative to the selection of a location and the building of a house for a High school. Henry W. Clapp, H. C. Newton and Albert Smead were the committee previously appointed and they reported in favor of a location on Chapman street, and submitted a plan for a school-house, 36 by 40 feet, built of wood, two stories high, which should have room for 140 scholars — 70 in each of the two rooms — with "large entries for each sex." The cost was not to exceed $4000. A vote was passed in accordance with the recommendation. Eufus Rowland was the chairman of the committee who had the construction in charge, and the entire cost of building and fur- nishing was $5340. The Chapman street building was used for the High school until the new building was erected on Pleasant street, in 1873. The building committee having in charge the erection of the latter were C. C. Conant, A. C. Deane and D. H. Newton. The cost was $31,- 337.16. GRAMMAR SCHOOL. PEOSPEOT HILL SCHOOL. Greenfield has long been noted for its private schools. In 1838, a boarding school for young ladies was opened in the Coleman house, now occupied by J. H. HoUister, Esq. The first principal was the Rev. Henry Jones, who was succeeded by the Rev. L. Langstroth. This school was continued until the year 1845. The Fellenberg Academy was incorporated in 1833, as a manual labor school. After a brief popu- larity, under the charge of Mr. James H. Coffin, the enterprise was abandoned. The brick building on Main street, in which it was carried on, was afterwards used for one of the public schools. A school for young ladies was kept by the Misses Stone, in their liouse on Federal street, for many years, and was well patronized by some of the best families in this portion of the State. Miss Ruth Russell opened a private school for girls in her house, in 1853, which was suc- cessful, until failing healtli caused her to relinquish it in : The adaptedness of Greenfield for such a pui-pose, indicated by these various attempts, and attributable to its beautiful and healthful location and its central position on important lines of travel, suggested to several gentlemen of the town the plan of an institu- tion for the liberal education of girls, secured on a more substantial basis than either of thu foregoing. The initiation of the plan and its successful promul- gation and accomplishment have been due chiefly to the interest and energy of the Rev. J. F. Moors, D. D., then pastor of the Unitarian church. In the year 1868, it occurred to him that an admirable opportun- ity was offered, in the coming in to the market of the estate of the late David N. Carpenter. This estate covered from seven to eight acres of diversified ground, on rising land, commanding a line view of the Deerfield Valley and Mount Tom in the distance. The large and commodious residence stood near the center of the place, approached by an avenue and drive-way, bordered with hedges and surrounded by noble shade trees, in great variety. The property was purchased for the purpose indicated, by the fol- lowing named gentlemen: F. R. Allen, Wendell T. Davis, Rufus Howland, Theodore Leonard, J. F. Moors, J. B. Moors, R. 4. Packard and S. L. Shat- tuck; and at considerable expense, the dwelling house was enlarged and adapted to the uses of a girls' boarding school. In the same year, the institution was incorporated under the name of the Prospect Hill School for Girls, with the above named gentle- men for its trustees. In April, 1869, the school was first opened for the admission of pupils, under the charge of Miss Lois R. Wright, an able and experienced teacher. Under her efficient management, with the assistance of Miss Emily W. Dana, the school soon attained a wide pop- ularity, and was filled to the utmost limit of its ac- PROSPECT HILL SCHOOL BUILDING. 42 commodations. The demand for additional room be- came imperative, and to meet this demand, the Rev. Mr. Moors erected a new building, across the avenue, to serve especiaUy for school uses, reserving the main building for a dormitory. In the year 1872, Miss Wright resigned her position as principal, and on September 4 of that year, was married to the Rev. Frederic Frothingham of Milton. She WHS followed in the management of the school by her sister. Miss Sabra Wright, who, retaining the as- sistance of Miss Dana for one year, continued in charge for the seven years ensuing. Like other such institutions, the school felt the eflfect of the financial disturbances, beginning with 1874, and gradually de- clined in numbers until, in 1879, it was considered best that it should be closed until it could be placed upon a more substantial basis. To pay off incumbrances, Br. Moors undertook the task of raising twenty thousand dollars by subscrip- tion, which he succeeded in doing during the year, paying off the debt and re-opening the school in the autumn of 1880. The property was now held in tmst by the American Unitarian Association, on the condi- tion of being always used for an unsectarian school for girls, in the State of Massachusetts. Twelve trustees, part of whom reside in Greenfield, are ap- pointed, subject to the vote of the Association, and enti-usted with the entire management of the business of the institution. In seeking a new principal, the trust- ees secured the services of the Rev. James C. Parsons, then in charge of the Second Unitarian society of Athol, who, with his wife, entered upon his duties in September, 1881. During the ten years since that date, the school has steadily gained in the number of pupils, the character of the work done, and the external facilities and accom- modations offered. One of the first improvements made was in introducing steam-heating ap- paratus throughout the dormitory, and changing the whole system of drain- age, in accordance with modern meth- ods. Subsequently, by the aid of a bequest from Mrs. Chester W. Chapin of Springfield, a considerable addition was made to the main building. By raising the third story of the ell, and enlarging it upon the south and west sides, space was obtained for addi- tional sleeping and bath rooms, and for a large music room, which is also available for parlor lectures and entertainments. From time to time, the house has been largely refurnished, the grounds im- proved, concrete walks put in, and a fine tennis ground prepared, with double courts, on a level look-ing out upon the beautiful scenery of the Deerfield valley. The increased number of pupils and the demands of modern scholarship continuing to call for better accommodations, it was determined to remodel and enlarge the school building on the eastern side of the avenue. By adding a space of 13 by 43 feet, on the north side, and putting on a third story, the building was increased to about double its former capacity. It now cantains a large, light and airy main room, with seats for fifty pupils, a library, and table for the use of books of reference, with a recitation room for mathematics, and one for modern languages — all on the ground floor. In the second story are the princi- pal's office and rooms for teachers and housekeeper. The third story contains a chemical laboratory, fitted with the most approved modern conveniences, a reci- tation room for physics, a Studio attractively furnish- ed and a room for light gynmastics. This building, also, is heated by steam and supplied with water, gas and electric bells. The curriculum of the school includes (1) a regular course of four years, embracing arithmetic, algebra, GREENFIELD GAZETTE geometry, book-keeping, the natural sciences, English language and literature, history, French and German; (3) a preparatory course for college, with Greek, Latin, science and mathematics; and (3) an advanced course for High school graduates, including civil govei-n- ment, political economy, moral science, psychology, advanced English, French, German and Latin. More than usual attention is given to the English language and literature, the former including versification as well as grammar and rhetoric, and the latter oavering a wide range of English and American authors, read critically, and studied in connection with theii- lives and times. Instruction is given on the piano, violin, banjo and guitar, and in vocal music; and in the studio, in the use of charcoal, pastel, oil and water colors, in china decoration and in modeling in plaster. With more than twenty years of experience, and with greatly increased accommodations and facilities, the school has gradually acquired a wide and favora- ble reputation, and receives applications from all parts of the country. The residences of its pupils range from New Brunswick to Texas and from Florida to Iowa. above goods returned to the subscribers, shall receive the above reward by applying to JUSTIN Lyman in the city of Hartford, or to Elias Lyman of Weathersfleld, Vt. , or a reasonable reward for the goods only. Said Lymans farther inform the public that they shall continue the Boating Business as usual, and re- ceive and forward goods to New York, Boston, or any other parts that their employers shall choose. They likewise transact all kinds of commission busi- ness, and whoever will favor them with their com- mands may depend on the strictest attention being paid to their property. They also want to purchase a quantity of WHITE BEANS and CATTLE'S HORNS, at the opening of the river, for which a generous price will be given, in cash or West India goods. Hartford, Feb. 9, 1795. MASONEY, "Tlie Gazette of Dec. 31, 1841, reported as still living in Deerfield, Chai'les Warren, a survivor of the battle of Bunker Hill, at the age of eighty -two years. The following Masonic notices, copied from the early files of the Gazette, will interest the members of the mystic order at the present time: ST. JOHN'S DAY. a Notice is hereby given, that the Festival of St. •yrKr John the Baptist will be celebrated by the Ar\ brethren of the Republican Lodge, at the house of Brother Calvin Murm, in Greenfield, on Fri- day, the 34th day of June next, at 9 o'clock a. m., at which time and place the members of said Lodge are requested and visiting brethren are invited to attend. The Lodge will form a procession and re- pair to the meeting house, where it is expected a discourse suitable to the occasion will be delivered by Brother Peeserted Smith. By order of the Worshipful Master. William Foebes, Secretary, Greenfield, May 35, A. L. 5,796 (1796). residence op PEANK J. PEATT, JE., MAIN STREET. aOODS STOLEN lEOM A EIVEE BOAT. The following advertisement, published in the Ga- zette in 1795, gives us some information about the boating business in those days, and the kind of mer- chandise transported up the river: SO DOLLARS REWARD. OTOLEN from the subscribers, at Millers Falls, on O Connecticut river, in Montague, State of Massa- chusetts, out of a boat, on the night of the 18th of September last, one tierce of GOODS containing the foUowmg articles, viz. : 7 1-4 yds. Forest Cloth, 7 1-8 " Blue Brodcloth, 8 1-3 " Brown do., 16 1-3 " Dark Brown do. , Fine Lambskin Coatins, Mixed do., • ^ ^Striped Elastic do. (red striped), 3 pairs of Ladies' Slippers, 1 pair Men's Shoes, 9 pieces of Nankeen, 1 piece Black Calamanco, 1 " Brown Durant, 1 second-hand Cocked Sever Hat 3 Napped Hats, '.i 1 Lady's Round Bever Hat, 3 dozen of Jacknives, 1 do. Penknives. Whoever will apprehend the thief or thieves so that he or they may be brought to justice, and the HARMON! LODGE INSTALLA- TION, ETC. THE Brethren of the ancient and honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons are hereby informed that Harmony Lodge, at Northfield, county of Hampshire, will be consti- tuted in due form and consecrated, and the Master installed, by the Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, on Thursday, the 13th day of this month. The officers and Brethren of Harmony Lodge will be happy in the company of such Brethren as can and will at- tend on that day. The Brethren are requested to meet at 10 o'clock, precisely, in the fore- noon, at the hall in the house of Broth- er Houghton. The procession will move to the Meet- ing house at twelve o'clock. Per order, Samuel Brewer, Secretary of Harmony Lodge. Northfield, Oct. 3, 1796. N. B. The Brethren are requested to bring their proper clothing. Tickets to be had of Brother Houghton, at 7||6. A LOST BONNET. 20 33 We clip the following advertisement from the Greenfield Gazette of June 5, 1827: LOST. ON Saturday, the 38th of April, a BAND BOX— blown from the stage in Bolton, containing one Leghorn Bonnet, full trimmed, and labeled where bought in Boston, as follows : "Bought of Mrs. Ham- mond, No. 174 Washington street." Said Flat is l^id to have been found and directed to Rufus Day, i iu T ^' '^"*^* '^^^ miscarried, if found, and gone to the West. Wherever it may lodge, in some office, a tavor will be conferred by directing it to R. Day, Wendell, Franklin County, Mass. Or, any person having found said Flat, and not having forwarded it by the stage, shall be handsomely rewarded by doing t^esanae Eupus Day. Wendell, May 36, 1837. THE TOWN HOUSE. It was the custom in the early history of Greenfield to hold town meetings in the meeting-house, and till December, 1813, the annual meetings were so held. The special town meetings were held at various places — many times at the South district school-house, Inn- holder Ebenezer Allen, Jr.'s house, Lieut. John Wells' house, and Amos Foster's, Amos Mansfield's and Eb- enezer Tucker's halls. The Court House was used for town-meetings from December, 1813, till March 3, 1840, aU the meetings being held there. The town paid $500 to the Court House building committee, and by order of the Court of Sessions was entitled forever after to hold town meetings there, provided it did not interfere with the use of the same by the county.* In 1839, at the March meeting, the subject of a new town house was before the town. A plan had been made and a committee had been appointed to locate. It was agreed by this committee that if the town house was located in this village, the village should provide the site, at an adjournment of the March meeting, held in April. The recorded action of that meeting, by which the town acquired what in later years has been known as "Armory hall,'' was as fol- lows: "The conmiittee appointed on the 4th day of March last to locate a town house made report orally that they were unable to agTee upon a site for said house. Whereupon, Mr. Henry W. Clapp made the following propositions to the meeting, in writing, to wit: Whereas the town, at their annual town meeting in March, having voted to build a town house, and the site whereon to erect the same not being yet de- cided on, I beg leave to ask the town to hear and act on the following propositions: For the purpose aforesaid I will convey by deed of warranty my lot on Federal street, adjoining the premises of Mr. David Long, to the town free of ex- pense. I will build the house on said ground for the unappropriated balance of the surplus money now be- longing to the town. The house shall be built in a durable, neat, work- manlike manner, of brick, with slate on the roof, and fire-proof, agreeable to the plans now before the town. I will give a bond to the acceptance of the town, ob- ligating myself to perform as above stated, if the town shall think best to accept the same. Greenfield, April, 1839. Henky W. Clapp. It was then voted to accept the propositions, and the selectmen appointed a committee to carry the same into full and legal effect." The first town meeting held in the new town hall was on March 3, 1840. THE PRESENT TOWN HALL. The town, in 1853, had for some time been crowded at town meetings in its hall on Federal street, now *The statement made on page 7, that the terms with the town re- quired $500 a >'tffl?-, is an error, for the agreement, as shown by the town records, ensured for this sum the use of the building for all lime. THE PRESENT TOWN HALL. CENTENNIAL EDITION. known as "Armory hall." At the April meeting, on an article " ' relative to selUng the old town hall and building a new one, it was voted that Henry W. Clapp. L. H. Long, Albert Smead, John Russell, Theodore Martindale, Cephas Root and Spencer B. Root be a committee to ascertain how much the present town hall could be disposed of for, to examine suitable places for a new one, and on what terms a site could be obtained, to procure an esti- mate of the expense of a new town hall, and to report at au adjourned meeting, May 3, 1853. At the adjourned meeting, the committee reported that the new town hall should be at least ninety feet long and sixty feet wide, three times the size of the old one, and that it should be able to accommodate 1000 persons. Built of wood, its estimated cost was $8000; of brick, |13,000; of stone, $16,000. Six sites were examined : 1st, the large lot on the south side of Main street, between Miles & Lyons store and the Unitarian church, 130 by 360 feet: it was light, safe from fire, and central, and would cost $3700. 3d, the Lucius Dickinson lot, on the corner of Main and Wells street, where the Baptist church now stands, 81 by 181 feet, for $3000, with the house thereon. 3d, the Field & Davis lot, opposite the old town hall, on the east side of Federal street, reserving the "yel- low house" on it, for $1500. 4th and 5th, a lot on School street and another on Federal street, which were not considered eligible. 6th, the Jones & Mitchell & Co. lot, opposite the American House, on Main street, 78 by 116 feet, with the buildings thereon, for $3300. The committee recommended the latter as central and on the whole best adapted to the purpose. They were not able to obtain any valuation of the old town house. This report of the committee was accepted by vote of the town, and the Jones & Mitchell & Co. site was selected. It was voted to build a town house, and David Aiken, Lucius Nims and John P. Rust were appointed a committee to get a bond for a deed of this land, and estimates and plans of a two-story and of a three-story tovsm house, and to report at an adjourned meeting, June 7. On June 7, this committee reported (one plan by Pratt, the architect) that more than 78 feet could be had, if necessary, but there must be a right of way left between the town house and the store. They es- timated that according to one plan a building 70 by 105 feet would cost $18,800; that there were ornaments of $1000 cost which could be de- ducted, leaving a cost of $17,- 800 for the building. By an- other plan, a building 85 by 100 feet, with ornaments off, would cost $15,650. That a building could not be built 65 by 100 feet for less than $15,000. That was a plain town house, without orna- ment, and was the lowest figure. It was voted to accept the report. It was then voted that David Aiken, Albert H. Nims, W. T. Davis, George Adams and Wm. Keith be a committee empowered to buy the land of Jones, Mitchell & Co., and to build thereon a town house not less than 100 feet long and 65 feet wide, 43 two stories Iii^li, and according to the plan of Mr Pratt, the architect. The committee were authorized to pledge the credit of the town to the amount of $30,000 for the purpose, as they saw fit. David Aiken declining to serve, J. S. Grinnell was appointed in his place, and W. T. Davis was made chairman of the building commit- tee. A few days later, a warrant for a new town meeting, June 33, was issued by those who did not approve of the location. H. G. Newcomb was moderator. It was moved "that the committee appointed at the last meeting to build a town house be discharged and the whole subject indefinitely postponed." An amend- ment was at once offered by adding to that motion the words, "after the town house is built." The amend- ment and motion were both voted down and a motion to reconsider was also lost. A new town meeting was then called for July 6, 1853. S. O. Lamb was elected moderator by acclama- tion. The article in the warrant was to see if the town would change the location of the town house. On this it was voted to "pass over the article." The matter was then clinched by this vote: "Voted, that the doings heretofore of the committee for the pur- chase of a lot and building a town house thereon be ratified by the town, and the committee instructed to proceed forthwith in building the town house on the lot procured for that purpose." This ended the controversy as to the location. The committee contracted the job to Philip Traver, for $16,000, but before he had completed the building he became embaiTassed and failed. The committee there- upon finished the building themselves, for $448 less than Traver's contract price, but by vote of the town that balance of $448 was paid to the creditors of Traver. SCHOOL BOYS OF A CENTURY AGO. The names of the older male scholars attending school in the winter of 1801, under the instruction of Proctor Pierce: Cyrus Chapin of Orange, Latin; George Grennell, son of George Grennell, Latin; Calvin Wells, Daniel Wells, Frankhn Wells, sons of Col. David Wells; Samuel Wells, Ezekiel Wells, sons of Col. Samuel Wells; Thomas Ripley, Franklin Ripley, sons of Je- rome Ripley, Latin; Beriah Willard, David Willard, sons of Beriah Willard, Latin; Calvin L. Munn, son of Calvin Munn; Justice Willard, son of Reuel Willard; Thomas Gilbert, son of Col. E. Gilbert; Samuel T. Wells, son of Israel Wells; John Pierce, son of Sam- uel Pierce; John Stone, son of Dr. John Stone; Abner Wells, son of Abner Wells; Preserved Smith, son of Rev. P. Smith of Rowe. Nine of the above number received a college educa- tion, seven at Hanover and two at Providence, and several afterwards became men of prominence in this community. 44 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. GEEENFIELD FIPTY YEAES AGO. DAN P. FOSTER S REMINISCENCES. In 1887, the following communication from Dan P. Foster of Waltham was published in the Gazette and Courier. Mr. Foster was an apprentice boy in Greenfield in 1835-6, and has a very vivid recollection of what was going on here at that time: Fifty years ago! How singular that that notice, for the first time since then, should have had the power to bring to the writer's mind all the old actors in living action as they then appeared. So clear and persistent are those characters and scenes now to him, which would have been utterly impossible to recall even a year ago, the writer is persuaded to make some record for his own and others perusal and as a matter of history in the personal life of Greenfield half a century ago; it may also be considered by some to be sufiiciently interesting for preservation on that ac- count. In November, 1836, some thirty young men, ap- prentices and journeymen representing all trades in the village, assembled at the Mansion House, then kept by Charles Smead, and called Smead's Tavern, and chose a committee of six, the writer being one of the number, to make arrangements for holding at the "Tavern" six cotillion parties. They were to be held once in two weeks: two in December, two in Janu- ary, two in February, and close with a grand ball on the 22d, Washington's birthday, the music to be by Eockwood & Temple's band. The gents paid into the treasui-y one dollar apiece and the balance at the closing ball. The first five parties kept the hours for dancing from 7 to 11 p. m., and the ball from 7 p. m. till 3 a. m. Uncle Tom Eockwood "worked" the violin, and Liberty Lamb was the prompter. Ex- penses per night for use of hall and side rooms, $3; horses, carriage and driver, to and from the hall un- der escort of the committee, $3; music, Sp2; prompt- ing, $1 ; cake and wine passed about in the hall, from $2 to $3. Total bill for each gent at the close, $3. The dancing hall was in the third story, across the whole Federal street end of the tavern. Everything passed off to the perfect satisfaction of all, and not even a sign of intoxication or rowdyism to mar the pleasure of the several parties. That was the class of young men that lived in Greenfield in the old days of "free rum," and they seldom or never stepped up to the bar and called for intoxicatiug drinks, but it was not unusual for the older men to call in occasionally to pass the time of day, remark about the weather and other stirring news, meanwhile having taken a little to start the tongue, would then indulge in stories, principally about what they had done or seen. There were two taverns in the village, Smead's and Wright's, and these were the only two places of re- sort. Being licensed innholders, they kept all kinds of wines and liquors, which retailed from thi'ee to six cents a glass or draught. I may mention that T. O. Sparhawk, the druggist, sold wines and liquors for medicinal purposes only. Then we had no State laws or prohibition. Eum was free and kept in nearly every house for company or for personal use, but liquor drinking, as a rule, was confined to the two taverns. Hard drinkers then had no such modern attachment as delirium tremens, nor got crazy drunk, but they would get either paralyzed at the time, or so that they could neither walk or talk, but the next day, or when sober, they could repeat all that had been said to them in their stupor. At all large gatherings, especially those who drank, always paid more for water than for rum, and in those instances, by adding water, the bar-keepers relieved their con- sciences, put mor e money in the till and prolonged the lives of their customers, who drank a good deal less rum than they imagined; but the early examples set by her temperate business men, old and young, have helped to make Greenfield what she is to-day. Look at the hardships of doing business then, when ox teams and horses did all the freighting in the country far and near; whale oil, tallow candles and pine knots did all the lighting; stage coaches carried all the passengers and mails. About this time a com- pany started a line of stage coaches called the Tele- graph Line, miming from Hartford, Conn. , to Haver- hill, N. H., and consisting of two light passenger and mail coaches. Each coach was allowed but six pas- sengers, and they started from each end of the route every morning, returning the next night. The dis- tance was about a hundred miles, and by relays of horses at eveiy ten miles ihey would average ten miles an liour, including stops. This was fast travel- ing then and seemed to be very appropriately named the Telegraph Line. Thomas Wait and Lucius Dickinson supplied Greenfield and vicinity with dry and fancy goods and light groceries. These they brought from Boston in large four-horse wagons, in trips of two or three per GREENFIELD ALMSHOUSE. month. All heavy groceries came up the Connecti- cut river in canal boats from Hartford, for Allen & Eoot. These boats were flat-bottomed, like a ferry boat, and partly covered to protect the goods. Two men usually worked each boat with poles and paddles. About this time Allen & Eoot created a great sensa- tion by adding to their fleet of canal boats a stem- wheel steamer, which was of course short and narrow in order to pass the locks. This firm were heavy im- porters from Hartford to Greenfield. Cheapside was the port of entry for the Greenfield "end of the route," and it required a large outlay of money and material to put up suitable buildings to receive the freight at the docks. One building — a sort of "bond- ed warehouse" — was some 25x30 feet on the ground. It had a set of tackle blocks, etc., for hoisting freight from the boats. When the steamer was put on the river — having one or two boats in tow — it was a sight never before seen on the Deerfield, when the proces- sion came up to the dock near Abercrombie's tavern, and the road near by was always filled with the friends of the crew — that is, the pilot and the fireman — who eagerly surrounded them as they jumped ashore, having been nearly a week on the raging wa- ters of the Connecticut and Deerfield rivers. When they heard the shouts of the crew, as they bore in sight of land at Cheapside, and saw the craft loaded to the utmost capacity with rum, molasses, tobacco, codfish, salt and other necessaries of life, it was an event in the life of the beholder not easily forgotten, and no 300-foot steamer coming into Boston to-day ever received such a royal welcome from friends ashore as did the little steamer of Allen & Root as she puffed and wheezed with her freight into port. But, alas! in the hight of her pride and usefulness she burst her boiler, but her crew — the pilot and fire- man — were saved. All the money in circulation in Greenfield fifty years ago passed through the hands of Franklin Eip- ley of the Greenfield Bank. About this time, Mr. H. W. Clapp came into town, with a few thousand dol- lars, or, at least, he paid all his bills in cash, which was an unusual thing in those days, even with the aristocracy. Mr. Clapp was an humble and unpre- tending gentleman, and could probably have bought out at their real value all the so-called aristocracy in Greenfield for a very small sum of money. L. M. Amsden, the barber, being asked what he did with the money he received for shaving Sundays, said he gave it to the Lord. It was a query amongst those that knew him whether he gave cash or his note in- stead. On the 3d or 4th of July, 1835, in the forenoon, I think, old Mr. Scoby was superintending the putting up of a liberty pole; going up on the cross-tree he fell from there to the ground and was instantly killed. At the west end of Greenfield street, at the old farm- house of Col. Wells, and during the first cold weath- er of 1835, some of the inmates of the house found in an empty meal barrel and frozen hard some fifteen or twenty large house rats, with their tails so braided to- gether that no one rat could be lifted without taking THE COUNTY JAIL. the whole bunch. On widening the canal some four feet or more at Turners Falls, a solid mass of rock was blasted away, when some ten feet below the top of the blast a large frog jumped out of his stone prison and died at once. One evening, while a party of men sat on the bank of the Connecticut river with a seine for catching shad, just below Montague bridge, near where they were sitting, they were startled by a loud splashing m the low water at their feet. At the foot of an old stump they saw something in the water— it being now nearly dark— and one of the party, John Andrews, a little shoemaker of light weight, jumped into the wa- ter and caught the object with both hands and hoist- ed out a muskallonge, or pike, that weighed twen- ty-four pounds. The little man was tremendous- ly elated and never came down to his original size or weight afterwards. The big fish was served up at Smead's tavern and invitations were given out to some of the principal citizens to dine on this the largest fish ever known to be caught out of the Con- necticut river. These stories may seem a little extravagant to some, perhaps, but were all noticed in the local papers at the time and were the cause of considerable talk and sensation among the people. Probably many old people living to-day in Greenfield will remember them, with many others of a like unusual nature. It is possible a few of the many names and dates in the two years mentioned may be in error, but it is be- lieved that they are as nearly correct as the absence of the real parties will permit, and we will close these brief reminiscences by giving a general business di- rectory of Greenfield, according to the best memoiy of the writer, fifty years ago: BUSINESS MEN OF GREENFIELD, 1835-6. The following is a list of the business men in Green- field, in 1835-6, their occupations and the help em- ployed by each: Carriage maker — E. B. Field, 10. Blacksmiths — Long & Goddard, 7. Iron founders — Wm. Wilson, W. W. Draper, J. J. Pierce, 8 to 13. Edge tools — John Eussell, 10. Gunsmith — Martin Smith, 3. Furniture — Bancroft & Miles, 6. Harness and trunk — A. P. Megrath, 4. Painter, house and sign — G. W. Mark, 4. Tin and sheet iron — Sam'l Pierce & Son, 3, Baker — George Field, 6. Chair makers — F. A. Birge, Gen'l Clarke, 15. Carriage painter — J. B. Prentice, 3. Millwright — M. Munson. Miller— S. F. Warner. Brick masons — Z. Billings & Son, 3. Tailors — Sylvester Allen, 8; Wm. Chapman, 6; E. W. Kingsley, 4 to 18. Printers — Ansel Phelps (editor and publisher of the Greenfield Gazette), 5; C. J. J. IngersoU (editor and publisher of Greenfield Courier), 5 to 10. Booksellers — Lewis Merriam, 2; Daniel Clarke. Jewelers — Albert Jones, 3; G. C. Munsell, 3. Woolen manufacturer — Nathaniel Eussell, 50. Barber — L. M. Amsden. Carpenters — O. Sheldon, James Avery, Fred Hawks, Caleb Wait, and old Mr. Scoby (killed July 3d or 4th, 1835. Druggist — Thos. O. Sparhawk, 3. Tavern keepers— Chas. Smead ("Stage Tavern"), 10; Col. David Wright ("Wright's Tavern"), 8 to 18. Freighting— Thos. Wait, Lucius Dickinson. Stage Proprietors— Isaac Newton, Asher Spencer, David Long, 10. Boots and shoes— P. T. Sprague, 2. MiUmers— Miss C. FiUey, 4; "Aunt" Kate Catlin, 3 to 7. Heavy groceries, iron, etc.— Allen & Root, 4. Light hardware— R. Hall & Co., 3. Dry and fancy goods— J. Rinley, 2; Wm. Elliot, 3 to 4. Jailer— David S. Jones, 3. Postmaster— Ambrose Ames, post-offlce at his house. LAWYERS. Elijah Alvord, James Alvord, Daniel Wells Alvord (law student), Geo. Grennell, Henry Chapman, Daniel Wells, R. E. & Horace Newcomb, Almond Brainard, J?^"^ T^^'^®'^' ^®°- '^- ^a'^iS' Wendell T. Davis and Chs^. Field (law students); Hooker Leavitt, register of deeds; David Willard, clerk; Elijah Alvord, clerk ot courts; David Wright, crier. DOCTORS. Alpheus Stone, James Deane, Stephen Bates. MINISTERS. Amariah Chandler, IstCong'l; 2d Cong'l, not known; iitus htrong. Episcopal; circuit preachers, Methodist; Dr. Willard, Fessenden, Bailey, HoUand and Thad- aeus Coleman, supplied the Unitarians at the court CENTENNIAL EDITION. 46 house. Mr. Coleman was at one time sent to England as State commissioner of agriculture. There was no Baptist society. OLD VILLAGE FARMERS. Old Mr. Grennell, Spencer Root, Pliny Severance, Col. Wells, Capt. Ames, J. J, Pierce. SCHOOLS. The Fellenberg academy for young men, Mr. Coffin in charge; young ladies' high school, Henry Jones in charge. JOTTRNETMEN, APPRENTICES AND OTHERS OVER EIGHT- EEN YEARS OP AGE. Edwy WeUs, John and Henry Strong, Edward and Lewis Graves, Lucius and Lewis Long, Benjamin and Osborn Amsden, William and James Keith, W. T. Clement, Levi Jones, Geo. P. Field, Wm. G<)ddard, Sam'l Stebbins, Chas. Lyons, Sam'l Boylston, Joel Lyons, Josiah Whitney, Eben Martin, L. N. Brownell, Nehemiah and Jonn Hoar, Rufus Howland, C. K. Grennell, James Ames, Thomas Ames, Chester Wright, Erastus Rowley, Nelson Blake, Levi Stiles, Lucius Dickinson, Jr., John Rust, Thomas Dickinson, Webb Frost, SUas PhiUips, Ansel Phelps, Jr., and John Phelps (journeymen printers), Warren Rockwood. SOME OP THE VILLAGE BOYS. James S. Grinnell and brother, Henry Allen, Frank Allen, T. W. Ripley, Richard, Daniel and James Field, Geo. Keith, Chas. Keith, Geo. Pierce, Jr., Geo. D. Wells, Chas. P. Stone (the late Gen. Stone, who died in New York, January, 1887), Henry Wilson (organ- ist), Henry Waite, Henry Clapp, Joseph Sprague, Horatio Rockwood, Alonzo Megrath. THE DOEEELLITES. In the years immediately following the Revolution, the country was in a state of moral decadence as well as pohtical unrest. It was an era of fanatics, impos- tors and sects without number. This community did not escape the demoralizing tendency which so gen- erally prevailed. The "DorreUites," who flourished about 1790, have not been forgotten, although that scrap of local history is not a matter to be proud of. WilUam Dorrell, from whom this deluded sect (?) de- rived its name, Uved in that part of Bernardston which later became the town of Leyden, and many of his foolish followers belonged in thatlooaUty. We take the following extract from a paper read by F. M. Thompson, Esq., before the P. V. M. A., in 1882: William Dorrell was a soldier in the army of Bur- goyne, and is said to have been the son of an English farmer, was born in Yorkshire, Eng., March 15, 1753; so at the time of his being surrendered at Saratoga he was not far from twenty-five years of age. He, like many others of his companions, fell out on their march across the country, and for a time was a resi- dent of Petersham, where he married one Polly Chase. He dwelt for a season in Warwick, and finally removed to Leyden, about 1794. He is described as a man having a vigorous frame, exceeding six feet in hight, of ruddy complexion, fluent in speech, of good native talent, but uneducated and unable to read or write, of strong and retentive memory, being able to repeat a large portion of the Bible from hearing it read by his wife. As a speaker, he was said to be very happy in his appeals to the plain people whom he addressed, and in the comparisons and arguments which he used. Such was the man who, inculcating among his followers the strictest principles of hon- esty and equitable dealing with the world's people, was for years the "apostle, prophet, seer, revelator and translator" of the sect to which he gave his name, the "DorrelUtes." His first success as a preacher was about 1794, and gaining a few followers the strange doctrines soon spread from neighborhood to neighborhood, and quite a number of respectable people were attracted by them and cast in their lot with their humanitarian leader, for the doctrine as first declared was founded upon the principle that man should not eat of flesh, and should not cause the death of any living creature. The doctrine was carried to that extent that no mem- ber might wear shoes or use harnesses made of leath- er, or use the skins of animals for any domestic pur- pose. Consequently the faithful wore shoes made of wood and of cloth, used rope harnesses, and even the blacksmith's bellows were made of cloth, thoroughly painted, to prevent the escape of wind. With his success in obtaining followers his inspiration increased and he was led to preach that every generation of men had its Messiah; that he was the Messiah of his generation; that no arm of flesh could hurt him; WILLIAM DOKRELL'S WOODEN SHOES. that there was no resurrection from the dead; that when '-resurrection" was spoken of in the Bible its meaning was a resurrection from a state of sin to spiritual life; that Jesus Christ was a spirit; that he took a body; that he died, but that he never was raised from the dead; that all who are raised from a state of sin to this spiritual life become perfect; that they then can do no sin, and are no more responsible to the civil law, and are beyond all "principaUties and powers." There was no future judgment; no knowledge after death of what passed in this world; that God had no power over man to control his actions, therefore there was no need of prayer. He had no hope for the future, but he had abundance of assur- ance that all was well. He was perfect, his body be- ing in perfect obedience to the spirit; and his follow- ers were comparatively perfect, as the members of the body are perfect when compared with the head; that all former covenants made by God with men were ended, and he was the head of a new covenant; that neither Moses nor Christ wrought miracles, and that he stood precisely the same as Jesus Christ, and that while no person might worship his human body, yet he might be worshiped as Christ was worshiped, as God united to human flesh. This is the substance of a "confession of faith," if it might be so called, obtained from the Ups of Dor- rell by the Rev. John Taylor of Deerfield, in 1798, the interview being had for that pui-pose. As the free- dom from sin arrived at by the followers of this new seer had led them into the commission of acts con- demned by the majority of people as grossly immoral, Dorrell was very cautious, the Rev. Mr. Taylor says, about committing himself fully in relation to those subjects; but upon the subject of marriage he de- clared that when a husband or wife became perfect, by being raised to spiritual life, the other party was not holden by the old covenant or the civil law; and if both were raised, still the parties were not holden to each other and had perfect right to promiscuous in- tercourse. The sect had no meetings for worship, as they con- sidered all days alike, one day as holy as another, and according to report, their later meetings were scenes of most outrageous and beastly conduct, interspersed with the singing of bacchanalian songs and lascivious addresses. Several of the followers of Dorrell were influential men, residing in Leyden, Bernardston, Colrain and Guilford, Vt. The sect had a common treasury, and the ofiice was filled by a shrewd business man, and it is a common report that the Dorrellite treasure was the foundation of the fortune of one of the wealthiest and most influential families in this portion of the county, but whether there is more truth in the story than the fact that the founder of one of our most highly respected families was the treasurer of the sect, I know not. The sect was at the hight of its prosperity about 1798, but Dorrell having become addicted to habits of intemperance, his influence with the more i-espectable portion of his followers began to wane, while he more vigorously proclaimed his possession of superior pow- ers and his immunity from all bodily weaknesses and harm, to the disgust of the better portion of the com- munity, who believed that he was the representative of the evil spirit rather than the good. The final meeting of the sect is described by Thomp- son, in his Gazetteer of Vermont, in the following language: "At length, at one of their meetings, a goodly number having assembled, Dorrell opened with music and began to deliver a discourse. Among the spectators was one Capt. Ezekiel Foster, a man of good sense, of a giant frame, having a countenance which bespoke authority. When Dorrell in the course of his remarks uttered the words, 'No arm of flesh can harm me,' Foster arose, indignant at the blasphe- my and boasting of Dorrell, and stretching forth his brawny arm, knocked him down with his fist. Af- frighted and almost senseless, Dorrell attempted to rise, when he received a second blow, at which he cried for mercy. Foster promised to forbear on con- dition that he would renounce his doctrine, yet con- tinued to beat him. A short parley ensued, when Dorrell yielded and renounced his doctrines in the hearing of all his astonished followers. He declared that his object had been to see what fools he could make of mankind. His followers, chagrined and ashamed at being made the dupes of such a base fel- low, departed in peace to their homes. Dorrell prom- ised, upon the penalty of his life, never to impose upon the people more. It is a remarkable fact that no person who had ever been a member of the sect was ever known to form a connection, after its dispersion, with any other religious society." Morrell continued to live in Leyden for nearly fifty years, but by reason of his intemperate habits his in- firmities rapidly increased and he was for many years maintained by the town. He died August 28, 1846, aged ninety-four years, five months and thirteen days, having literally starved himself to death by refusing food, declaring that he had lived long enough, and never would die if he continued to eat. He has de- scendants who are respectable citizens of Leyden, Greenfield and Brattleboro. THE OLD-TIME ACADEMY. The text for a brief word about the academies which were for a time the conservators of popular education is furnished by the advertisement, fifty years ago (more accurately, August 17, 1841), by Hen- ry L. Dawes, who advanced from his position as prin- cipal of Sanderson to a seat in the United States Sen- ate, by way of the Gazette oiflce, where, for a few months he held the journalistic helm: MR. H. L. Dawes presents his thanks to the people of Ashfleld, and its vicinity, for the favors they have heretofore conferred upon him, and respectfully gives notice that the Fall Term of his School will commence on Wednesday, the 8th of September next. He solicits a continuance of their patronage. Terms as usual, from $3 to |4. The best accommo- dations for board have been secured, on reasonble terms — and every facility is offered by the Trustees and friends of the Institution to those who may wish to come from abroad. Particular attention will be given both in the theory and art, to those who may wish to prepare themselves for teaching. Mr. Dawes did not offer his patrons larger or differ- ent inducements than were held out by academies as numerous fifty years ago as their successors, the high schools, are to-day. In the same issue in which Mr. Dawes thanks his patrons and asks them to give him oc- casion to thank them again, there appear similar sug- gestions from several rivals — the Greenfield select school, taught by E. N. Porter, at the North Parish, in a new and attractive building; the Charlemont Grove seminary; the New Salem, Amherst and Goodale academies, the last named at Bernardston, with Pliny Fisk for its principal; the Halifax High school; the Deerfield academy, Luther B. Lincoln its head; Heath Select school, and Buckland High school. This does not complete the names of the dignified educational institutions of the county; there was soon to be an- nounced the attractions of L. L. Langstroth's High school for young ladies, and at Northfield there was flourishing the academy of many years' standing un- der a no less imposing title than the Northfield Insti- tute of Useful Learning. The student will turn the pages of New England his- tory in vain to find the time or place where a real set- tlement of her people has been without some means of instructing the child. The academy was the tran- sition institution from the college which had given the only means of advanced education, the privilege of the few, to the public high school which came as the crowning achievement of the great movement which Horace Mann inspired. The Academy has gone. It no longer has a place among the training schools of American youth for their duties and the improvement of the incompara- ble privileges of American manhood and womanhood. An occasional school, fortified by a fund or guarded by a group of unselfish supporters, remains of the numerous old-time group. Sanderson Academy is saved the common fate by the fortunate interest of no less distingniished men than George William Curtis and Charles Elliott Norton; New Salem, honored by countless traditions of better days, continues a pre- carious existence; the Deerfield Acadenay has taken on the title of a high school and the support of a fund ; but this is the end of the list of survivors. But it is only a strained sentiment that mourns the Academy's decay. "There is no death; what seems so is transition." Instead of the comparatively re- stricted privileges of the private or semi-public school, the Franklin towns with only such exceptions as are caused by a lack of population and of enterprise sup- port their high graded schools offering hardly less than the equal of a college education, as colleges were a half centiiry gone. 46 GREENPIELD IN THE WAE OP THE REBELLION. SOLDIERS' MOITOMBNT. In the anti-slavery agitation which preceded the Rebellion, Greenfield early took a decided stand. In the Presidential election of 1853, out of 531 votes cast, John P. Hale, the candidate of the Free Soil party, received fifty-five votes. In September, 1855, a large mass meeting was held, at which George Grennell, Daniel Wells Alvord and H. M. Thompson were chosen delegates to attend a convention to be held in Worcester in opposition to the extension of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and the same meeting resolved: "That the recent alarm- ing advances of the slave power on this continent teach that the time has fully come for a union of all friends of freedom throughout the country in vigorous resist- ance." Upon receiving the news of Brooks' assault upon Sumner in the Senate chamber of the United States, an indignation meeting was held in the town hall, at which George Grinnell was president, Geo. T. Davis, J. H. HoUister and P. P. Severance, vice-presidents, S. S. Eastman and T. V. HaU, secretaries. Speeches were made by prominent citizens and vigorous reso- lutions adopted. In the election of 1856, the vote was; For Fremont, 385; Buchanan, 148; Fillmore, 31. In 1860, Lincoln received 333 votes; Douglas, 114; Breckenridge, 33; and Bell, 18. All through the winter of 1860-61, the chief subject of discussion amongst aU classes was the attitude of the Southern States towards the incoming adminis- tration. State after State passed ordinances of seces- sion, the representatives and senators from those States withdrew from Congress, the garrison from Fort Moultrie was transferred to Fort Sumter, the Star of the West, carrying food for the soldiers in the fort, had been fired upon by the rebels of Charles- ton — and yet few could believe that war was to come. The Greenfield Guards, Co. G, 10th Regt. Mass. V. M. , was organized in 1853, and had won a good reputa- tion for thoroughness in driU and discipline. Among its commanders had been C. H. Munn, W. T. Davis, J. M. Decker and W. H. Sanborn. In the winter of 1860-61, it was commanded by Edwin E. Day, a mod- est, unassuming young man, who was proved to be the right man in the right place. Upon hearing the news of the evacuation of Fort Moultrie, he had his brass field piece brought out and fired a salute of thirty- three guns. In February, he called a meeting of his company, and they voted unanimously to hold themselves in readiness to march to the defense of the country when required. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Who that lived in those days can ever forget the excitement that pervaded the North upon the fall of Sumter. The news was received in Greenfield, Sun- day, the 14th of April, and from that time the war was the chief subject of the thoughts and conversa- tion of the people. Letters were written on paper printed in one corner with some patriotic device or motto, and enclosed in envelopes also bearing some appropriate emblem. Captain Day raised the stars and stripes upon the armory, then the building on Federal street now known as Fireman's hall, and commenced recruiting his company to the required standard. A war meeting was held in Washington Hall, Sat- urday evening, April 30th, which was called to order by William A. Walker, afterwards Major Walker of the 37th regiment, and Whiting Griswold, a Douglas Democrat, was chosen temporary chairman. The meeting organized with George Grennell as president; David Aiken, Lucius Nims, Geo. T. Davis, Theodore Leonard, Whiting Griswold, W. B. Washburn, Isaac Barton, Richard E. Field, William Keith, Ansel Phelps, Hervey C. Newton, vice-presidents; Charles Allen, Geo. W. Bartlett, C. A. Mirick, S. S. Eastman, secretaries. After the meeting was organized, the Guards, under command of Captain Day, marched into the hall, with fife and drum playing Yankee Doodle, the audience rising and loudly cheering. Patriotic speeches were made by various citizens, but the enthusiasm reached its height when Henry B. Clapp, a prominent young business man (who, a few months afterward, lost his life at a fire, while in com- mand of one of the village fire companies), pledged sufficient money to suitably uniform the Guards, un- til the town should vote to do it. Geo. .T. Davis, Theodore Leonard, and others, desired to be counted in as security for the amount. Resolutions were adopted, pledging their support to all endeavors to maintain the Union. April 39th, at a town meeting called for the pur- pose, a committee was appointed and authorized to expend an amount not exceeding |5000 for an outfit for the Guards, also to pay them for their time in prehminary drill, and for the comfort of their fami- lies during their absence. As the first result of this meeting, a uniform of cadet gray was made for the company by 0. H. Montague & Co. , who then occu- pied the store on the corner of Main and Federal streets. Perhaps it would be well to state here what became of those fine uniforms. After the company reached Washington, the whole regiment was fur- nished with the regulation blue uniform and the grays were packed away in a building near Bright- wood, where the regiment was in camp during the winter of 1861-3. Here they remained until Early made his famous raid on Washington, in the summer of 1864, and by him were captured and carried off to clothe some rebel regiment. Capt. George Pierce of Co. G, upon the discharge of the 10th, had re-enlisted and was detailed to command the recruits and re- enlisted men at Washington, temporarily attached to the 37th, which was one of the regiments sent to re- pulse the raid, and had the satisfaction of doing his part at that time, within sight of the old camp at Brightwood. All through the spring, until June, Co. G drilled regularly, making many long marches to different towns in the county, daily expecting orders to go to the front. At last, the long expected orders having arrived, on the morning of June 14, 1861, in march- ing order they were drawn up in line in front of the armory, with the company from Shelbume Falls, which was also on its way to join the regiment at Springfield; and there in the presence of several thou- sand spectators, the venerable Rev. Dr. Amariah Chandler, pastor of the 1st church, his long white hair from his bared head falling over his shoulders looking like one of the patriarchs of old, standing upon a wagon, made them a touching farewell ad- dress. The young ladies of Miss Russell's boarding school gave each member of the company a pincush- ion, Wm. B. Washburn gave each a Bible and various other gentlemen gave money for the comfort of the men. The Greenfield men in the 10th regiment upon their departure for the war were: Jefiford M. Decker, Lieutenant Colonel. Edwin E. Day, Captain. George Pierce, 1st Lieutenant. L. M. Remington, 3d Lieutenant. Charles P. Pierce, Sergeant. Truman A. Sibley, Sergeant. E. E. Moore, Corporal. Privates. Pliny P. Mather, M. S. Lawrence, H. S. Taft, R. S. Gardner, C. W. Ryther, T. W. Burnham, E. W. Tanner, Wm. Nutting, Geo. W. Parker, James M. Hall, David Lakeman, F. Gillman, L. H. Scott, Wm. Arnold, John Hastings, G. S. Bennett, Geo. W. Potter, Jr., Christopher Megrath, Marshall Wait S. H. Amidon, A. S. Kellogg, R. Smith Perry. Neville J. Powers. Afterwards the following recruits joined: N. H. Simonds, Frederick M. Nixon, Geo. A. Wheelock, John Pooly, Edward S. Dewey, W. G. Potter, John Hemenway, James E. Robbms, Frank Marcott, E. R. Rockwood. Wm. E. Ryther. After three years active service, twenty of the above returned to Greenfield, having been in most of the battles of the Army of the Potomac during that period. On their return, they were met at the depot by at least two thousand of the citizens, were escorted to the Mansion House by the fire department, where a supper was given them by the members of Frank- lin Engine Co. , No. 3. The 10th regiment, in their three years' service, lost in killed in action ninety members, and in death from wounds and disease, eighty-three, being thirteen and four-fifths per cent, of its total membership. In the fall of 1861, the 37th regiment was organ- ized, and although there was no company from Green- field, the following enlisted from this town: William A Walker, Captain. George W. Bartlett, Adjutant. J. Henry Nutting, Daniel N. Damon, Alfred D. Burdick, Wm. R. Elder, W. F. Barrett, Horace C. Packard, R. D. Carleton, Geo. M. Rice, Chas. F. Hale, Isaac C. Rice, E. W. Haskins, Jacob Rice, Geo. W. Wheelock, Henry A. Ryther, Chas. D. Gilmore, Jerry Sullivan, James H. Trask, Elijah S. Williams, C. W. Wheeler, Jr., John Sullivan, Wm. Brace, James Martin. The 37th regiment lost: Killed in action, seventy- one; by disease and wounds, 393; twenty-three and one-fifth per cent, of total membership. In the early summer of 1863, another regiment from the western part of the State was called for — the 34th. As it was to be commanded by George D. Wells, who had been serving as lieutenant colonel of the 1st, a Greenfield boy and a descendant of one of the old families of the town, a war meeting was called, July 14, to encourage enlistments, and recruits were offered a bounty of $100 each. Forty-seven enlisted, a larger number than had gone in any regiment up to that time. Their names were: Thomas W. Ripley, Chas. W. Elwell, Henry T. Hall, Herbert B. Rowley, Chas. G. Blake, W. H. Pepper, James J. D. Murray, William Butler, Francis Pellissier, Roswell L. Church, Fred N. Hayden, John Buchanan, Charles S. Smith, E. W. Wheelock, Geo. E. Plumley, Franklin Allen, Henry Bowers, Henry J. Bowers, Wm. J. Bowers, Geo. A. Burnham, Joseph M. Chase, Alphonso Church, H. L. Coolidge, Michael Corliss, Walter Dunbar, Lucius J. Eddy, John Eberltn, Henry B. Isham, CENTENNIAL EDITION. 47 RESIDENCE OF HON. JAMBS S. QEINNELL. Alden C. Jackman, John Kennedy, Geo. E. Mitchell, Allen Newton, Warren J. Potter, Charles M. Eemington, James F. Remington, John M. Rowley, W. H. Seely, Jerry Sullivan, Charles E. Whittaker, H. A. Bancroft, Lorey J. Bancroft, Paul J. Tatro, Wm. Partenheimer, Karl Pohlman, Joseph H. Campbell, Charles Stookwell, George Witherwax. In their three years' service, the 34t]i lost: Killed in action, eighty-one; died from disease and wounds, 172; nineteen and two-flfths per cent, of the total membership. At a town meeting, held July 23, it was voted to pay a bounty of $100 to each soldier enlisting for three years. In August came the President's call for 75,- 000 men to serve nine months. One regiment under that call was to be raised in Hampshire and Franklin counties. Sixty -five men were required from Green- field. September 1st, a war meeting was held, and in the midst of great enthusiasm twenty-seven of the young men of the village stepped upon the platform and signed their names to the enlistment roll. The day after the meeting, a tent was raised on the Com- mon, and one or more of the young men who had al- ready enlisted were in constant attendance to receive recruits. In a few days the entire number had enlist- ed, including one minister, the principals of the High and Grammar schools, one Amherst college student, many clerks from the stores, and many farmers' sons. The regiment, the 52d, was ordered to assemble at Camp Miller, named in honor of the late Major Ozro Miller of the 10th, on Petty's Plain, near the present grounds of the Agricultural Society. About the mid- dle of September, the various companies began to ar- rive. The Greenfield company was made Co. A, the color company. From this time to their departure to the front, late in November, Camp MiUer and the 53d regiment were the center of attraction* for the two counties. While here, Co. A was presented with a beautiful banner by the ladies of Greenfield. The following Greenfield men enlisted in the 52d regiment: J. M. Decker, John F. Moors, Solon L, Wiley, Alanson B. Long, Frank C. Severance, W. Scott Keith, George Nims, D. J. Phillips, James R. Long, L. H. Sawtell, E. W. Sparhawk, William Wells, Pliny D. Martindale, Arthur Browning, A. H. Bissell, Charles Allen, Horace Allen, T. N. Austin, C. E. Ballou, Henry Barber, Henry L. Boylston, Nelson Brackett, Mark BuUard, Geo. F. Ban-, Elijah Brown, Daniel W. Crosby, Henry L. Chapin, A. B. Clifford, Philip Dekens, L. J. Eddy, W. H. Ford, D. N. Haynes, Chas. Holloway, H. W. Langley, Geo. A. Lewis, R. M. Long, Geo. E. Marsh, Geo. v. Merriam, Wm. G. MitcheU, Willard U. Mitchell, C. Mason Moody, Warren L. Moody, James Moran, Christopher Newton, Henry G. Nims, Thomas J. Noyes, Richard O'Hara, B. S. Parker, Geo. W. Perigo, Arthur C. Phillips, Charles C. Phillips, Newton Phillips, Chester Potter, Rufus Potter, W. G. Potter, U lS MMn W. H. Russell, ■BHhH E. E. Ryther, John Shean, J. Henry Smead, Charles L. Smith, Osmon R. Smith, Solomon A. Stone, Henry H. Wells, Lyman Wise, Byron C. Wright, Luke S. Wrisley. This regiment was sent with Banks to Louisiana, was with him in his march up the Teche, in the spring of 1883, and was at the siege and fall of Port Hudson. The time of many of the nine months' regi- ments expired in June, but as their presence was of vital nBoessity to the successful issue of the siege, they were not allowed to go home. After the fall of Port Hudson, .General Banks an- nounced that the nine months' regiment that had most willingly done its duty in remaining beyond its time of enlistment should have the honor of being the first regiment to ascend the Mississippi, and the 53d was accorded that honor. On the night of August 3, 1863, the companies of the 53d that went from Greenfield, Shelburne Falls, Coh-ain and Montague, reached the Deerfield river, at Cheapside, to find the railroad bridge destroyed. Here they left the cars. Those who were able formed in line to march, whUe the sick, in extemporized am- bulances, were carried to Washington haU, where a collation had been prepared, and although it was near midnight the whole town, with many from the ad- joining towns, was waiting to receive them. The climate of Louisiana had been more deadly to them than the enemy's bullets. They were in the service ten months, and lost: Killed in action, seven; died from disease and wounds, ninety-one; or ten and two-fifths per cent, of their number, a proportionate loss exceeded but by three of the sixty-one Massachu- setts regiments. This was the last organization that went from Greenfield. Recruits after that were sent to various regiments. In the fall of 1863, there were in Green- field 541 men subject to military service, over 200 of whom were already in the army. In the spring of 1863, $1000 was appropriated by the town to aid the families of volunteers. In July, 1863, $100 bounty was voted each of the forty-seven recruits for three years; $1200 was appropriated the families of sol- diers, and $500 to aid the sick and wounded soldiers of Greenfield. Septembers, 1863, $100 bounty was voted each of the sixty- five nine months' recruits. Frequent town meetings were held to act upon matters relating to the enlistment of soldiers and the raising of money in aid of volun- teers and their We copy the following votes from the town families, records: March ; Voted: That the selectmen be authorized to borrow such sums of money in behalf of the town as may be necessary to pay the monthly payments due to the families of volunteers, not exceeding the sum of five hundred dollars (|500) per month, for the ensuing year. Voted: That a sum of money not exoeedmg one hundred and seventy-five dollars ($175.00) he raised by the town, to repay the money expended by the Citizens' War Committee, in procuring volunteers to fill up the quota of the town in the nine months vol- unteers last fall. September 19, 1863. Voted: That the town of Greenfield elects to avail itself of the provisions of the 9th section of the Act entitled, "An Act to provide for the reimbursement of bounties paid to volunteers and to apportion and assess a tax therefor," passed at the last session of the Legislature and "approved April 29th, 1863." Voted: That the Selectmen and town treasurer be authorized to borrow the sum of $6392.86, or whatever sum may be necessary to carry out the provisions of the aforesaid Act. November i The warrant for the meeting contained the follow- ing article: To see what action the town will take to fill the quota of Greenfield assigned under the call of the President for three hundred thousand volunteers, dated Oct. 17, 1863. After much discussion and finding that the law of the last session of the Legislature forbade towns to raise money to pay bounties to men volunteering in the army, under severe penalties, it was voted that this meeting be dissolved. March 7, I864. Voted: That the selectmen be authorized to borrow such sums of money, in behalf of the town, as may be necessary to pay the monthly payments due to the families of volunteers, not exceeding the surn of $500 per month, for the ensuing year. Voted: That the board of assessors to be elected at this meeting, with two persons chosen at large, be a committee to settle with the recruiting officers. Voted : That Lewis Merriam and Sylvester Maxwell, together with the assessors to-day elected, be the com- mittee to settle with the recruiting oificers (i. e. the old board of selectmen). Said committee is as follows: Lewis Merriam, Syl- vester Maxwell, Peleg Adams, Major H. Tyler, Sylva- nus A. Smead. Voted: That the assessors be authorized to abate the taxes of such volunteers absent in the army as they may in their discretion think just and proper. Jun-eS9. 1864. Voted: That the town raise a sum not ,exceeding the sum of $1500, and apply the same, under the direc- tion of the selectmen, in paying and refundiag money which has already been paid, and applied by the se- lectmen, or by the disbursing agent of the committee of the citizens from the contributions of individuals in aid, of and for the purpose of procuring its RESIDENCE OF WAYMEg N. POTTER, CORNER CHURCH AND FRANKLIN STREETS. 48 Cordenio Sweet, Sheldon R. Whipple, James Cahill, Chaunoey Cowdy, N. J. Powers, Henry A. Hastings, Edward Morley, Charles Potter, Patrick Murphy, E. Pervere, E. D. Pervere, John Plumley, COTTAGE AND GROUNDS OF FRANK O. WELLS, GRINNELL STREET. proportion of the quota of volunteers in the military service, called for under the orders of the President of the United States, Oct. 17, 1863. in conformity to Chetp. 103 of the Acts of Mass. Legislature of 1864, provided said sum shall not exceed the sum of $125 for each volunteer already enlisted as a part of said quota under said order of the President. July 1-2, 186^. Voted: To raise $1500 to reimburse money advanced on State bounties under call of Feb. 1, 1864. Voted: Selectmen be authorized to borrow the sum of $1500 to reimburse money advanced on State boun- ties under caU of Feb. 1, 1864. Voted: Selectmen be authorized to borrow $1500 for the piu-pose of refunding money paid in aid of procur- ing volunteers called for under the call of the Presi- dent of the United States, dated Oct. 17, 1863, and voted to be raised at town meeting of June 39, 1864. Voted: Selectmen be authorized to borrow a sum not exceeding $3500 and apply the same in aid of and for the purpose of procuring the town's proportion of volunteers in the military service of the United States, called for from this Commonwealth under any order or call of the United States, issued before the first day of March, A. D., 1865. Voted: That the Selectmen be authorized to add to the volunteer fund, heretofore raised, any unexpend- ed part of the money raised at this meeting, for re- imbursing moneys advanced on bounties. January 21, 1865. Voted: Selectmen be instructed to take such meas- ures as they may deem expedient to fill the quota of this town, under the call of the President, December, 1864. Voted: That the Selectmen be authorized to borrow from time to time, on the credit of the town, such sum or sums of money as may be in their discretion necessary to procure the requisite number of volun- teers from Greenfield for the military service of the United States, provided that the whole amount bor- rowed under this vote shall not exceed the sum of $135 for each volunteer who may enlist in said ser- vice for the town of Gi'eenfield. March 6, 1865. Voted: That the selectmen be authorized to borrow such sums of money in behalf of the town as may be necessary to pay the monthly payments due to the families of volunteers, not exceeding the sum of $500 per month for the ensuing year. Voted: That the assessors be authorized to abate the taxes of such volunteers in the army, as they may in their judgment deem just and proper. In the financial year of 1863-3 the town expend- ed for military purposes, $13,534.86, which included $13,300 for bounties. In 1863^ the amount paid out for State aid to families of volunteers was $5057.50; and in 1884-5, $5015.33. In the annual report of the selectmen for the year 1864-5, they say: GREENFIELD GAZETTE. "At this da te every demand upon Greenfield for sol- diers has been promptly met, and we have a small sur- plus to apply on the next call. The whole amount ex- pended by the town for the past two yeai-s, in procuring volunteers and the payment of boun- ties, will not exceed $5500, the amount raised by the town on the 13th of July last, which has been expended by the au- thorities as directed by the town. Other towns may have done as well, but we feel confident that none stand better on the record, or have furnished so many men at so little cost. So long as the war continues Green- field will be required to furnish her full propoi'tion of vol- unteers. The memory of Gen. Wells, Maj. Walker, and Greenfield's long list of heroic dead, as well as our brave boys at the front, on the gunboats, in the forts, and in those cruel rebel prisons, call upon us to do our duty valiantly and bravely at home, and let us all resolve that it shall be done." In addition to the company rolls previously given, we find record of the following enlistments in Green- field for three years, previous to March, 1863: 10th Regiment. Silas Hannum, Elliott Durkee, John Connor, Lawrence Corliss, 33d Regiment. Martin V. Barney. 34.th Regiment. E. W. Wheelock, Miles B. Farlin, John Calady, W. H. Seely, Ransom Guillow, Walter Dunbar. 37th Regiment. Homer O. Streeter, Henry C. Eddy, John C. Chapin, Charles Grostic, Patrick Hayes. 1st Mass. Cavalry. Solon Clark, James H. Clapp, Freeman Woodard, Henry E. Alvord, E. J. Everett. Illinois Regiment. James Potter, Albert Potter. William H. Brackett, Fred D. Hamilton, George W. Carlton, John Morrisey, Solomon S. Newton, P. C. Hastings, Parmley C. Hastings, Benjamin Hastings, Jr., Henry W. Brackett, Patrick Mullens, Frank O. Newton. 18th Regiment. James Finn, William Alderman. Wth Regiment. Trafton Hamilton, Joseph H. Parker, Samuel Haynes, David Smith, Alphonso K. Graves. 21st Regiment. Albert Newton, John Sheehee, Geo. H. Childs, D wight G. Fisk, John D. Newell, Lyman Downs, John Eppler, Patrick Hartney, Richard Listen, Edward Shehan, George M. Lander, James Smith, Ira W. Delehand, J,:'d Regiment. Daniel D. Kemp, Albert P. Kemp, John B. Thompson. 24th Regiment. Jerry Donnahy. 25th Regiment. Charles D. Gunn, William Miller, Julius Mullen, Isaac Newton, Leonharett Maier, Jacob Eppler, Ludwig Stengol. 27th Regiment. Edwin E. Taylor, Hugh Meacham, Michael White, THE DRAFT OF JULY 14, 1863. One of the most exciting periods of the war was during the summer of 1863. It was impossible to suf- ficiently reinforce the army by voluntary enlistments, which for two years had responded so promptly to every call. Accordingly a draft was ordered and there was intense interest and excitement among those who were liable to be drawn into the service. The number of drafted men called for from the ninth dis- trict, to which Greenfield belonged, was 3,044, to which was added 50 per cent, for exempts, making the whole number 3,066. The drafting began at 10 a. m., Tuesday, July 14, 1863, and was made from those between the ages of 30 and 35, except the unmarried, who were subject to the draft if they were under 45. The men were to serve for three years, or during the war, and were to report at the marshal's oiHce in this town within ten days after their notification. Those who chose to pay the $300 exemption money were to obtain receipts from D. W. Alvord, U. S. Collector, and this within ten days after the draft. The men, as fast as they were drafted, examined, passed and uniformed, were sent to Springfield, the grand rendez- vous of all the drafted men of the State and under the command of Gen. Devens. Below is the appor- tionment of the towns in this county: 33 Deerfield, 33 Erving, 56 Gill, 20 Greenfield, 45 Hawley, 53 Heath, Ashfield, Bernardston, Buckland, Charlemont, Colrain, Conway, 83 33 13 17 17 RESIDENCE OP NAHUM S. CUTLER, HIGHLAND AVENUE. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 49 Leverett, 34 Ley den, 16 Monroe, 8 Montague, 39 New Salem, 33 Northfield, 44 Orange, 47 Rowe, 13 Shelburne, 40 Shutesbury, 16 Sunderland, 13 Warwick, 33 Whately, 43 Wendell, 31 The drafting was in charge of the Provost Marshal, Capt. D. H. Merriam, Commissioner Zenas W. Bliss and Surgeon C. E. Richardson, together with Deputy Marshal S. N. Whitney. The names of the enrolled men in each town were written on a piece of card- board, placed in envelopes and sealed. The towns of the district were taken in alphabetical order and the excitement was intense when Greenfield was reached. The envelopes were opened by the board and the cards containing the names of the enrolled men were counted and placed in a brass cylinder about three feet in circumference. The crank was then turned a few times, shaking up the cards thoroughly, when J. P. Streeter of Shelburne Falls, a man who had been blind for five years, but whose eyes were bandaged lest he should see, drew out a card and handed it to Mr. Bliss, who announced the name as the first man drafted and handed it to the clerk, to be recorded, and so on until the entire number had been drafted, when the remaining cards in the cylinder were count- ed to see that they corresponded with the original number. The following is a list of men drafted for Greenfield: Martin Burns, Emory W. Haskins, Peter King, Horatio O. Rockwood, Granville Wardwell, Ransom G. Dunbar, Charles H. Presby, Fehx ChUHngworth, Edward Whitney, Charles Simons, T^drew Wait, James M. Stetson, David Hunter, Patrick Flannagan, Calvin L. Butler, Harding S. Ford, Edwin E. Moore, Frank Loveland, Lathrop T. Smith, Wm. Reynolds, Edward W. Foster, Chas. T. IngersoU, Monroe Has- tings, Tim McCarty, Chas. Turner, Chas. Thompson, Curtis Newton, Edward J. Rice, Michael Ford, Alon- zo L. Elmer, Michael Dooley, Marshall Johnson, Ed- ward Dalrymple, Jas. P. Howard, Williams Temple, Joseph Farland, Jesse A. Coombs, Samuel R. Pierce, Joshua Thornily, Jacob Rau, Horace Newton, George Kimball, Marcus Coleman, Joel C. Gunn, James Con- ners. Martin Stemple, Morris Mahan, Richard Newton, Chas. P. Forbes, J. Gilbert Wilson, Austin Bond, Geo. E. Whitney, Job Pickett, Patrick Farley, Oliver Cordeau, Dennis Gahler, William Smead, John D. Pierce, Augustus Howard, John Gomper, Daniel Whitney, Wm. Corliss, WiUiam O'Brien, Horace A. Smead, Wm. Parker, Geo. H. Stevens, Chas. H. Wise, Chaf>. R. Field, Willard Plumley, Michael Glassett, Joseph C. Thorn, Wm. A. Forbes, Daniel Root, Craige D. Potter, Chas. H. Potter, Edward Severance, Fred- erick Clapp, Chas. T. Nims, Horace Frost, Pat Mas- terson, Chas. M. Remington, Fred Bartlett, Howard Potter, Gilbert Maynard, Asa Mitchell, Franklin WeUs, Joseph King, Loren N. Bailey,— 88. The draft was completed on the following Monday, but the examination of the men occupied a much longer period. Desertions among the substitutes were of frequent occurrence. As usual they were mostly men of the most desperate character, obtained from the lowest classes, largely from the New York "roughs,'' who were wilUng to sell themselves at the prices ofl'ered, trusting to escape and try the same manoeuvres again. At one time they set fire to the attic of the building in the rear of Sanborn's block, the second story of which was used for barracks, but the flames were soon extinguished and the incendia- ries were put in irons and committed to jail. The drafted men were uniformed as fast as accept- ed, and sent to Boston Harbor as soon as one hundred men were collected. Substitutes were plenty and the prices ranged from $300 to .|335. The citizens of Bernardston set on foot a movement to raise a fund by subscription, to pay such drafted men from that town as chose to enter the service or furnish an acceptable substitute, the same bounty as the town paid to volunteers in 1863. As a conse- quence, each able-bodied, drafted man procured a good substitute or went personally. Two of them waived examination and procured substitutes. Of the eighty-eight men constituting Greenfield's apportionment, eighty-one were exempted, for vari- ous causes, among them, disability, non-resident, only son of aged and infirm parents, father of motherless children under twelve, alien, two members of family in military service, etc.; nine furnished substitutes, and eight paid commutation. BURNING OF THE CHEAPSIDE BRIDGE. On the 17th of July, 1863, a few days after the great draft riot in New York city, the spirit of resistance to the government became rampant in Greenfield, and the Connecticut River Railroad bridge at Cheapside was destroyed by an incendiary fii-e. Rumors of such intended riotous action had been rife for several days, and a young woman, whose home was on Main street, had overheard the conspirators one night as they were laying their plans for the bridge burning. Not- withstanding the warning which was given, the bridge was fired about one o'clock and was completely de- stroyed. The bridge was 800 feet long and the loss to the raih-oad company was upwards of $30,000. It was supposed that the object of burning the bridge was to draw the engines and the people away from the village, which was then to be robbed and burned, the rioters having special desire to destroy the Provost Marshal's headquarters and recruiting station, in the rear of Sanborn's block. The greatest excitement prevailed throughout the town. The selectmen, Humphrey Stevens, Hervey C. Newton and A. K. Warner, were prompt to take action. Over one hundi'ed citizens were sworn in as special policemen, and upwards of fifty of this num- ber were detailed to patrol the streets at night. George W. Potter was the captain of the home guards and was very efficient in this service. His orders were if any man was detected in firing a building to shoot him on the spot. Many of our sober and substantial citizens of the present day were volunteers in this po- lice duty. A man who is well known in this com- niunity was stationed on Newton place, and seeing what he supposed to be a man skulking in the rear of the buildings, he called out, "Who is there?" Receiv- ing no answer he brought his gun to his shoulder and shouted, "Speak, or I will shoot you!'' But, just as he was blazing away, he discovered that the object attracting his attention was an old white horse. The animal was led around to the Mansion House and the brave defender of the village was forced to stand treat for the whole crowd. For a month the special guard was kept on the streets, and people were for a long time in a state of alarm, fearing for safety of life and property. There were no further acts of violence, order being preserved by the prompt action of the authorities and citizens. No one was ever arrested and convicted for burning the bridge, although there were parties who were sus- pected of the crime. THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT Was dedicated October 6, 1870. It stands on the vil- lage common and is a lasting and fitting memorial to the brave men who offered their lives in their coun- try's cause. It is made of Scotch or Aberdeen granite. The base is six feet and eight inches square, and the shaft rises to a height of twenty-seven feet. It is sur- mounted by a bronze eagle with poised wings, in the act of seizing and destroying serpents that have made their unwelcome presence in the eagle's nest — sym- bolical of the rebelUon and the successful effort of the national government to suppress it. The monument bears this inscription: "Greenfield erects this monument in grateful honor to hee patriotic sons who offered their lives in suppressing the great rebellion and for the preservation of the national union, 1861-5." At a town meeting, held March 5, 1866, it was voted "that a committee of five be appointed to examine the question of the town's action in regard to some suitable memorial to our fallen soldiers to perpetuate the memory of their achievements among us, and whether such memorial shall be a library, monument or some other suitable memorial which shall best ex- press the feelings of the town for their patriotic suf- ferings and death, and that John F. Moors, George W. Bartlett, George Pierce, Jr. , Joseph H. Hollister, Theodore Leonard be appointed as such committee, to examine the subject and make their report thereon to the town at the next November town meeting." In compliance with the above vote, at the town meeting held in November of that year, the commit- tee presented a report in which they recommended that the town, at a suitable time, should erect on the common a monument that should serve as a lasting- memorial of the great struggle to preserve our nation- al life, or else should erect in some central spot a fire- proof building to be called Memorial Hall, to be fitted up with tablets, pictures and other memorials of the war, the hall to be kept open as a library and reading room. At the town meeting held in March, 1869, it was voted, "that a committee be chosen who shall cause a serviceable monument to be erected on the common, at a cost which, together with the fence and the grad- ing of the ground, shall not exceed $10,000, and that $5000 be raised this year, and that the work commence this year." In compliance with the above vote the following committee was chosen: John F. Moors, Hopkins Woods, Frederick Clapp, George Pierce, Jr., Theo- dore Leonard, William Keith, Henry G. Nims. In the following June a contract for the erection of the monument was made with J. G. Batterson of Hart- ford. The cost complete, including grading and fence, was $8903.41. The committee in their report said that the monu- ment was "designed to honor the five hundred men whom Greenfield sent into the field, for they all of- fered their lives. It is especially designed to honor the fifty men from Greenfield who not only offered but gave their lives on the altar of national unity. These fifty men we would honor to-day. We recall with gratitude their services and their sacrifices. It was due to thenr, it was due to ourselves that we should show our appreciation of their services by some act that called for some sacrifice on our part. Yonder beautiful shaft is our testimonial." On the occasion of the dedication, Col. W. S. B. Hopkins was the chairman of the committee of ar- rangements. There was a parade through the princi- pal streets in the following order: Chief Marshal, J. H. Nutting. Aids, Capt. George Pierce, Jr., Col. Josiah Hall. Greenfield Comet Band, Co. A, M. V. M., Connecticut Valley Commandery, Knights Templar, Shelburne Falls Post, G. A. R., Edwin E. Day Post, G. A. R., Drum Corps, Eagle Engine Co. , Greenfield Turn Yerein. After marching through the streets, which were decked with fiags and banners, the column halted about the monument at the common, and then after appropriate music, repaired to Washington Hall, where the other exercises were to take place. Hon. William B. Washburn presided; prayer was offered by Rev. P. V. Finch, and a choir under the direction of W. T. Davis sang an original ode by Dr. F. G. Tuckerman. The address was by Gen. Charles Dev- ens, and was an eloquent tribute to Greenfield's sol- diers, many of whom had served in his command, and whose deeds of valor and heroism were known to him. The monument stands to-day untouched by the hand of time, and may it remain through the ages to come a memorial of the brave men who so nobly honored their country and their town. 50 THE ROLL OF HONORED DEAD. Greenfield as yet has erected no tablet bearing the names of those who gave their lives to the country during the war. In 1870, a committee was appointed by the town to collect all information obtainable in regard to Greenfield's honored dead, and Rev. John F. Moors, in the Memorial Day oration which he de- livered May 30, 1872, embodied the report of this com- mittee in his address, from which we take the follow- ing: Friends, the names, the memories of these men should not perish; they call upon us to give them a place in the history of the town to which they belong- ed. It is due to them for the sacrifice they made. They were young men; life's career was just opening before them; life was dear to them, but they gave it that we might live. Of the forty or more Greenfield men who lost their lives in the war, the remains of but fourteen are buried among their friends and amid the familiar scenes of home. To-day we cover their graves with flowers, tokens of our love and respect. We esteem these fourteen fortunate in the circum- stance that they could receive Christian burial among friends. Seven died at home after their return; the remains of se\eii were brought here for burial. It is a natural instinct to desire, when death comes to us, to have our mortal remains repose among kindred. It adds not a Httle to the sadness and even bitterness with which even strong men meet death to know that they are to be buried among strangers, where no foot of kindred will ever tread, where no tear of affection will ever be dropped. In our touching memorial to- day, while we remember the fourteen that are buried here, let us not forget the twenty -six equally deserv- ing who have here no burial place, but for the most part rest where they fell. In death let them again be equal as when in battle They left no blot on their names, But were trae to the last of their blood and their breath , And like reapers descended to the harvest of death. To-day we recall them, one and all — the young, the strong, the hopeful, the ambitious, to whom life was as dear as to any of us, who had as much to live for as any of us — the devoted husband, the faithful father, "the only son of his mother and she a widow," the beloved brother. They come not back, but we will not let them be forgotten. They shall live not only in the hearts of kindred and in the memories of those who were personally bereaved in their death, but in the history of the town of which they were citizens. Two years ago, the town appointed a committee to collect all the facts in relation to our deceased soldiers and report the same to the town. These facts have as far as possible been collected concerning men who were natives or citizens of Greenfield and who died while in the service, or in consequence of march or exposure. I know the record is imperfect. Of a few men credited to Greenfield, I could get no informa- tion whatever. They probably came here and enlist- ed and had no other association with Greenfield. Of the forty-four men whose record I have made out, I have not been able to add all the facts I should have been glad to, for it would prolong this address beyond reasonable bounds. I have tried to treat all impar- tially, and if I have said more of some than of others, it has been because the friends of some have given me more details than the friends of others. If errors are detected, I hope they will be rectified. It has been a pleasant labor for me to gather and put in order this brief record. The record of each one is brief, but they all include essentially the same story of hardship and privation, of lingering disease in army hospitals, or of death iu the noise tmd excite- ment of battle. Twenty-eight were killed or died of wounds received in battle, eighteen died of disease brought on by camp life, two died in rebel prisons. Horace Mayhew Allen, son of Ira and Lovina Allen, was born in Greenfield, May 4, 1843. His home was with his father till his enlistment in the 52d reg- iment, Co. A, Mass. Vols., as a private, Sept. 18, 1863. Naturally of a frail constitution, he was little fitted for the exposure and hardships of a soldier's life. His brief service of six months was mostly spent in the hospital at Baton Rouge, from which place he was removed to the General Marine hospital at New Orleans, where he died, March 13, 1863, and where he was buried. Edward Avery, son of James and Sarah Avery, born in Greenfield, Sept. 38, 1847, enUsted on the 38th of July, 1863, when fifteen years and ten months old, in the 3d regiment, heavy artillery. He was the youngest person, with one exception, that went to the war from this town. After a long sickness, he died and was buried at Newborn, N. C, June 39, 1865. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Lieutenant William Francis Barrett was bom at Bloomfield, Conn., Feb. 33, 1835; the son of Smith and Lydia Barrett. His early days were spent in Springfield, where he received a good education and learned the trade of ornamental painter. He married Ellen Hall of Belchertown, and had one son. On the organization of the 37th regiment, Barrett enlisted as pi-ivate, but was made 3d lieutenant before the reg- iment left Greenfield. He was soon detailed as signal officer, which position he filled with credit until the close of the war. His term of service comprised about four years. He contracted the deadly Southern malaria, from which he suffered for months while in the army. He went to Washington and received an honorable discharge, and only lived about two days, when he died a calm, happy, Christian death, on the 31st of August, '65, at the age of thirty years. He was buried with Masonic honors, at Springfield. John Adams Bascom, the son of Elijah and Chloe Bascom, was born at Greenfield, Sept. 36, 1831. He was a mechanic, and had resided a portion of the time at Montague City. He married Anna M. Norwood, and had two sons. On the 38th of Sept., '63, he en- listed as a private in the 53d regiment. He enlisted from pure patriotic motives, feeling it his duty to do what he could for the safety of his country. The hardships of the campaign, under the burning sun of Louisiana, finally broke down a constitution naturally strong. When the regiment started to come home, he was but the wreck of a stalwart man. At Cairo, it was found that he was too weak to continue the journey farther. He was sent to Mound City hospital. To disease was now added the pang of crushed hope at seeing the regiment "homeward bound" without him. He lingered a few days and died Aug. 3, '63, the day his regiment reached home. Fernando Byron Bennett was born Dec. 31, 1836, at Swanzey, N. H. ; the son of David and Harriet Bennett. His early life was passed in Swanzey, where he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, and where he maiTied Charlotte W. Aldiich, with whom he moved to Greenfield. He carried on business at the steam mill. At the time of his enlistment in the 53d regiment, September, '63, he was temporarily living at Hatfield, and was appointed sergeant in Co. K. Bennett was a good soldier, faithful to every duty, honored and respected by all who knew him. While lying in the trenches at Port Hudson, close under the rebel lines, a shell from one of our own guns, not reaching its destined mark, fell and exploded among the Co. K men, severely wounding Sergeant Bennett. This was early in the morning of June 20, '63. His death followed two days afterwards, and the whole regiment mourned for a brave comrade lost. Henry Bowers was born in Shefiield, Eng., Jan. 14, 1833. As a young man, he came to this town and worked in the cutlery. He married Huldah Carey and had six children. On the 14th of December, '63, he enlisted as private in Captain Elwell's company' 34th regiment. At the battle of Winchester, Va.' Sept. 14, '64, he was wounded, and while being helped from the field was struck by another ball and kiUed Captain Elwell says of him : "He was one of the best men m my company, always prompt to do his duty and pleasant in his intercourse with his comrades " He was buried in the National cemetery, at Winches- ter, Va. By the side of his father, of whom I have just spoken, in the same company, stood Henry J. Bow- ers. He was born in Greenfield, May 23, 1843 He man-led Emily Smith the day after he enhsted, which was on the same day as his father, Dec. 15, '63 On the 32d of the following September, he was sliKlitlv wounded at the battle of Fisher's Hill, and taken to the hospital. His wound proved worse than was thought at first and caused his death, on the 12th of October, '64. Nothing is known of his death and burial, only that he was buried in the National ceme- tery, at Winchester. StiU another son of Henry Bowers enlisted with his father and stood by his side in Co. F, 34th regiment William J. Bowers, a mere boy, when he enlilted of sixteen years and one month. He died at Frederick City, Md., Dec. 38, '64, and was there buried One cannot but read with sadness this brief record of a brief life of seventeen years, the last twelve months passed amid the excitements of army life. George A. Burnham was born in Deerfield Dec 16 '41 ; son of Albert H. and Lydia F. Burnham.' En- listed from this town, where at the time he was a clerk, July 31, '63, in Co. F, 34th Regt. I knew him as a student at Deerfield Academy. A youne man of good habits, of high aims and bright prospects He was wounded m the battle of Winchester Va 'se,i 14, '64 and lingered till the 38th of that month,' wht he died and was buried there. Amasa B. Clifford was a member of Co. A, 52d regiment, who enlisted from this town and was well known by the Co. A boys, but no one seems to know anything of his origin or history. He broke down early in the campaign of '63, and died in the hospital at New Orleans, June 27, '63. CAPT. EDWIN E. DAY. With Captain Edwin Ely Day is associated all our early experience of the war. He was the first man to enlist from this town. He was bom Sept. 3, 1835, in Gill; the son of James and Merciline Sprague Day. He resided in Boston and afterward in Greenfield, and was twice man-led — first to Mary F. Blaisdell of Maine, and second to Aura C. Wood of Greenfield. He left one son. He was captain of the military company here when the war began, and was mustered into the United States service, June 31, 1861, as captain of Co. G, in the famous 10th regiment, which position he hon- orably filled until his death, on the 31st of May, 1863. I can do no better than to quote an extract from the discourse given at the Unitarian church here, on the 36th of November, 1865, when Captain Day's remains were buried in our Green River cemetery : ' 'The 10th, after a quiet winter at Camp Brightwood, near Wash- ington, was moved to the Peninsula, and in the first battle in which it engaged, at Fair Oaks, on the last day of May, 1863, Captain Day was killed, at the head of his company. He received three bullet wounds. One of them was fatal; one was received after he had received the fatal wound, and had been laid upon the stretcher to be taken from the field. He was buried on the field, and recently his remains have been dis- iutened and brought home to be laid among the famil- iar scenes of home and kindred. His going out was generous and manly and noble. He went conscien- !|| tiously and from a sense of duty. He conducted him- self as became his office and position. He was a wise, faithful, useful and brave officer. He died as a sol- dier would wish to die, if the appointed time had come, with his armor on, amid the din and roar of battle. The fatal bullet pierced him as he stood fac- ing the foe." Lucius J. Eddy, son of Newbury and Betsey Eddy, was born in Athol, on the 29th of November, 1841. He had resided in Greenfield and Orange, and enlisted in Co. A, 53d regiment, Sept. 9, '62, and served hon- orably till he was mustered out, Aug. 14, '63. He then enlisted, Sept. 25, '63, from this town, in Co. F, d4th regiment. June 14th of the following year, he was transferred to the 34th regiment, where he served till the expiration of his term of service, and was honorably discharged, Jan. 20, '66, making in all three years and two months. He returned, shattered in health, and died in Orange, April 5, '67, of disease of the bram, resulting from malarial fever. Henry E Eddy son of David and Elizabeth S. p h«LT^ ?°'':? '° Greenfield, Jan. 28, 1843. He was a baker by trade. He enlisted Aug. 14, '61, in Co. A, dlit^fnff^^-'"*'!,^^ "" ?"^^te. He^is spoken of as a ^hnf^lt? l^ll}'^H'^S^ ^y ^^ companions. He was Mav '^1^ ^^**i- f Spottsylvania, ^a., on the 12th of ' hvJd il ' ^^ "^'ti °^ ^^^ ^^y to the hospital. He dTed fel?"'"/^.*" "f?"^ ^o^^d to his father that he died doing his duty. He was buried at Spottsylvania. ne^^s';';^'^nf §■ ^^^^f^' ^°^° ^Vi-O- 33, 1847, at Chico- Sed « Ai,^°'Tv^ ^""^ ^l^^'"^ N- Elder. He was ed- 24t W ir^ ^"^^t '"^°°'^ i'l Greenfield, and on the ^th of March, '64, was mustered into Co. C of the 27th regiment. In May of the same year, he was cap- tured at the battle of Drury's Bluff and carried to Libby prison, then to Andersonville and Charleston and Florence, experiencing his full share of the hor- rors of prison life. He died in the Florence prison on the 30th of October, '64. Two months of soldier's hfe, four months in rebel prisons, is a brief but thril- ling record of a young man's hfe. Jacob Epplee was born in Germany, in 1838 re- sided in Greenfield, and on the 29th of August, '63, enlisted in the 25th regiment. In common with many others, he held the idea that he bore a charmed life that no bullet could reach; but in spite of that, he was liilled in battle, June 18, '64, before Petersburg Va., and buried on the field. Alphonzo K. Graves, the son of Moses and Sophia Gi-aves, was born in Greenfield, Sept. 15, 1831. His boyhood was passed at South Deerfleld, where he married Maria F. Cooley, and learned the trade of carpenter. He had three childi-en. He enlisted in the 20th regiment, as a private, on the 24th of Aug^ist, '61. His regiment belonged to Banks' division on Upper Potomac. On the day previous to the disas- trous battle of Ball's Bluff, the 20th regiment was or- dered across the river into Virginia. Mr. Graves was sick in the hospital, but hearing that his regiment had been called into action, he left the hospital and joined his company, and was in the hottest of the fight near- ly aU day, and was wounded near the close of the battle. His wound was not well dressed. He laid in the hospital four weeks and came home and died a fortnight after, on the 3d of December, '61. He was the first Greenfield man who lost his life in the ser- vice. His funeral, attended at the Methodist church, was an impressive one. His comrades can remember him as a brave and faithful soldier. Charles Grostick, born in Germany, Sept. 11, 1843, enlisted in the 37th regiment, Sept. 2, '62, and died of wounds, Aug. 14, '64, at Cold Harbor, Va. He was the son of Frederick and Mary Grostick. Jambs Marshall Hall was born April 19, '38, at Taunton, Mass. ; the son of Eufus and Lydia W. Hall. He worked at his trade (as a machinist). He was married to Eosetta Graves and had one child. He en- listed with the members of the old militia company, the Greenfield Guards, of which he was a member, on the 31st of June, '61, and so stands among the first who enlisted from this town. He was sergeant in Captain Day's company, in the 10th regiment. He was severely wounded at the battle of Fair Oaks. Though detailed out of the ranks, he took a musket and joined his company during the engagement. A bursting shell paralyzed one side, tearing his clothing and his equipments from his person. He was borne from the field by two comrades, under the enemy's fire, and was confined for weeks to the hospital in a helpless condition. Three or four months after he joined his regiment, but his injuries were such that he could not bear arms. But such was his interest in the cause that he ^vould not seek a discharge. Hard work and over-exertion frequently brought on disease and trouble from the old wound. He continued in the service till his three years' term had expired. He re- turned to his home, but never regained his health. He died Feb. 25, 70, and was buried in Green River cemetery. A brave soldier and honorable man! Of Silas Hannum my account must be quite im- perfect. He was the son of John Hannum of Hay- denville. He worked here as a book-binder for L. W. Eice, and enlisted as a private in the 31st regiment, '61. He served in this regiment in the army of the Gulf, till February, '62, and was then appointed lieutenant of a company in the "Corps d'Afrique," where he served for several months and held a com- mand at Fort Pike till the end of the war. He was never mustered out, but remained in the service and was employed by the government in Louisiana till his death, Oct. 26, 1867, when he died of yellow fever, at New Orleans, leaving a widow to mourn his loss. Frederic W. Hayden, born in Essex, Vt., in 1831; son of Frederic and Emily Hayden; was a carriage- trimmer and lived with Henry W. Warner. He mar- ried Ellen Fitzgerald, enlisted in Co. F, 34th regiment, July 31, '62, as a sergeant, and was wounded at the battle of Winchester, Va., and had a leg amputated. He never recovered, and died Nov. 8, '64, at Winches- ter, where he was buried. Augustus M. Howard was bom in Keene, N. H., August, 1833; a son of Lucius Howard. His home was in Greenfield. He married Mary Annie Hickey, and had three children. He was mustered into the 18th regiment, July 17, '63, and ^vas transferred to the 32d regiment. He was taken prisoner on the 5th of May, '64, at the battle of Drury's Bluff, and canied first to Andersonville, and afterwards to Florence, 8. CENTENNIAL EDITION. C, where, a fortnight after his removal, he died, Oct. 16, '64. Five months in rebel prisons is the sad record of his life as a soldier. He was buried at Flor- ence. George M. Lander, son of Romeo and Lucinda Lander, was born in Greenfield, Nov. 37, 1848. He enlisted July 14, '61, in Co. K, 31st regiment, and was honorably discharged at the end of three years. The next day he re-enlisted. He was in fourteen bat- tles and escaped all injury till in the battle near Gaines Mills, on the 31st of May, '64, he was shot through the head and instantly killed. Those who knew him speak of him as a brave and good soldier, beloved by all his associates. He was buried on the field. Christopher Megrath, the son of Alonzo and Maiy Ann Megrath, was born at Greenfield, March 9, 1839, and enlisted in Co. G, 10th regiment, on the 21st of June, '61, and held the position of corporal. He re- ceived a severe wound in the neck, from which he never recovered. He remained, however, in the serv- ice until his three years of service expired and was mustered out the 1st of July, '64. He returned to Greenfield, broken in health, and died on the 3d of April, '69, and was buried in our cemetery, and to- day it is our painful duty and pleasure to strew per- ishing flowers upon his grave. All who knew him speak well of his fidelity to the work for which he gave his life. James Moban was bom in Sligo, Ireland, in March, 1848; the son of Peter and Minnie Moran. He worked in the cutlery, and enlisted first in the 52d regiment for nine months and afterwards re-enlisted in the 37th, and was killed at Cold Harbor, June 3, '64, and was buried the next day, on the field. By the report it appears that he was fourteen years and eight months old when he first enlisted. The youngest man, shall I say, from this town? James Davis Murray, the son of Patrick and Ame- lia Murray, was born in Greenfield, and enlisted first in the 43d ISTew York regiment, where he served for three years. He afterwards enlisted, Deo. 31, 1863, in thi>, 34th Mass. , and held the position of coiporal. He was killed in action, Sept. 3, 1864, at Perryville, Va. Col. George Wells wrote of him: "For coolness, bravery and fortitude, he was not excelled, and in his death I have lost a friend and a valuable soldier." It is related of him that in the battle the regimental fiag fell; Murray caught it up and was shot while he held it. He received a soldier's burial on the spot. George Nims, the son of Albert and Nancy (Wells) Nims, was born at Greenfield, Aug. 31, 1835, and re- ceived a good education in tliis town and at acade- mies in other places. He was a young man of great purity and promise. "None knew him but to love him, nor named him but to praise." He enlisted Sept. 9, '63, in the 53d regiment, and was made ser- geant in Captain Long's company. He enlisted not because he loved a soldier's life, nor because he want- ed the excitement of a campaign, but from a conscien- tious sense of duty. In camp he always preserved the personal neatness and bearing of a gentleman. He performed provost duty with Co. A, through the win- ter of '63, but on one of the first long marches of the regiment, in a miserable raid after cotton to enrich some speculator, Nims broke down with fatigue, and for months suffered the weariness of a life of enforced idleness in the Convalescent camp. His letters, full of hope and faith and cheer, reveal the heart of a man- ly Christian. Writing from Port Hudson, he says: "Much as I long to see home, rather would I die here than live a life of selfishness and then die a failure." Kindred sentiments of like nobility abound in his let- ters. He came home with the regiment very sick, but hoped and expected that home air and comforts would speedily restore him. He lived but three days. The first Sunday after our return, we buried him in the South Meadows, and among those whose graves we deck to-day, few will be remembered more tenderly and affectionately than George Nims. Christopher Newton, son of Hervey C. and Sarah C. Newton, was born in Greenfield, May 31, 1840. He was educated at our High scliool, and married Mary J. Frary and had one child. He enlisted Oct. 3, 1863, in Co.' A, 53d regiment. He died of intermittent fever, at Port Hudson, July 30, 1863, and was buried at Baton Eouge, and was afterwards removed to Greenfield. George Grinnell Nutting, the son of Ozias and Mehitable Nutting, was born in Greenfield, July 16, 1837. As a young man he removed to Fitchburg, and enlisted in the 53d regiment, Oct. 17, 1863. He held the position of 1st lieutenant, but had command of the company from the time it left New York until his death, which occurred on the 13th of April, 1863, at Fort Bisland, La. His colonel writes of him: "He 51 fell nobly while gallantly leading on his men close up to the enemy's works. He was cool and determined, and exhibited while in battle the same noble and manly traits of character as in camp or civil life, that is, to do his duty, his whole duty, without hesitation or fear." Another writes of him: "Lieut. Nutting was observed through the thickest of the contest leading his men with calmness and fearlessness." His remains were brought home, and by special de- sire of the company he commanded, were buried at Fitcliburg. But we may properly claim him as a Greenfield boy, and one who was an honor to his na- tive town. Horace Cornelius Packard was bom Aug. 21, 1831, at Rutland, Vt. ; the son of Robert and Diadama Packard. His youth was spent at Barnard, Vt. He married Philena Howard and had two children. He enhsted Oct. 9, 1861, in Co. C, 37th regiment. He served a year and eight months, and died, after a brief illness, July 5, 1863, at Newbern, N. C, where he was buried. William Partenheimer was bom May 33, 1835, at Roxheim, in Germany, the son of John Nicolaus and Eva Partenheimer. Before coming to this country he lived at Bonn on the Rhine. He was a joiner by trade and worked for Miles & Lyons. He married Jo- hanna Seifert and had two children. He enlisted on the 38th of January, 1864, as a private in Co. H, 34th regiment. His term of service was a brief one and was sp'^nt chiefly in the hospital, where he died, at Frederick, Maryland, on the 14th of August, 1864, a little more than six months after leaving home. George Washington Pebigo was born at North- ampton, Sept. 2, 1889, the son of John and Sally Peri- go. He received a good education at Northampton and was a young man of good habits. Christian prin- ciples and of fine promise. He was at work as a printer in the office of Mr. Eastman, when he enlisted in Co. A, 52d regiment. Though a private soldier he was detailed for important services wliile Co. A was doing provost duty at Baton Rouge. The climate of Louisiana undermined his health and he died of malarial fever, April 27, 1863, at Bayou Boeufl. His remains were afterwards brought to Northampton. Had he lived, he would doubtless have been a useful and honorable citizen among us. James Geeenleaf Potter, son of Rufua and Jen- nette Potter, was born in Montague, Dec. 5, 1846. His life was mostly passed in Greenfield, where he enlisted, Dec. 18, 1861, in the 32d regiment. He was fatally wounded m the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 19, 1862. He was removed to a hospital in Washing- ton city, where he died and was probably buried there, but no report of the place has been received. He was spoken of by those who knew him as a faith- ful soldier. Of his brother I have not yet received any informa- tion. Jacob Rice was born in Readsboro, Vt., in 1836. He resided in Greenfield, and married Susan Ryther. On the 15th of August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. C, 37th regiment. He died Jan. 9, 1863, of congestion of the lungs, at Washington, N. C., where he was buried. James Edward Robbins was bom in Greenfield, Aug. 18, 1843; the son of Henry S. and Clara S. Rob- bins. He had always lived at Greenfield, and was working at his trade as a blacksmith when he enlist- ed, as a private, in the 10th regiment, on the 34th of February, 1863. He at once joined his regiment in Virginia, and served through the campaign of that year, till his health gave way. He died of disease in- cident to army life, on the 29th of December, 1862, in Falmouth, Va. , at a place called Smoky Camp, where he was buried with military honors. His comrades erected a fence around his grave and his remains were not brought home. Hervey Austin Ryther, son of Amasa and Nancy M. Ryther, was born in Greenfield, March 16, 1835. His home was here, and here he married Isabella Love- land. They had one child. Ryther enlisted on the 10th of August, 1863, a private in the 37th regiment, and served faithfully till he was shot through the body, Aug. 19, 1864, after two years service. He lived long enough after he was wounded to send a few words to his friends, and in soldier fashion was wrapped in his blanket and buried near Petersburg, Va. William Eaton Ryther, son of Amasa and Nancy M. Ryther, was bom in Greenfield, Feb. 13, 1843. He enlisted on the 31st of June, 1861, as a private in the 10th regiment. His comrades say he was noted for his bravery in time of battle, and fidelity to his duty as a soldier at all times. At the battle of Malvern Hill, after firing away all his ammunition, he found five rebel soldiers, all armed. He called upon them 52 to surrender. At first they refused, when he threat- ened to shoot every one of them. They laid down their arms and he marched them into camp, prisoners of war. At the battle of Fredericksburg, he was shot through the heart and instantly killed, May 3, 1863. Only two months more than twenty years of age, he died a true soldier. His body was rolled up in his blanket and buried on the battle field, in the same grave with his comrade, Armstrong. A fellow soldier writes me, "You cannot speak too highly of William E. Eyther." Edward Shehan was born in Ireland, and enlisted from this place, on the 33d of August, 1861, and was transferred, Oct. 23, 1863, to the U. S. cavalry. He was killed at Fisher's Hill and there buried. Lewis Henry Stiles, son of Levi and Hepzibah Stiles, was born in Greenfield, July 4, 1843. He had always lived in Greenfield, and enlisted Aug. 17, 1863, in Co. G, 9th regiment, as a private. He was wound- ed by the accidental discharge of a gun in the hands of a comnanion, while on picket duty near Bolton Station, Va. He was carried to the Carver hospital, in Washington City, where he died, Feb. 27, 1864, at the age of twenty years and seven months. The fol- lowing spring his remains were brought home and buried in Green River cemetery, where they receive our honors to-day. William Augustus W.s.lker was born ia Ports- mouth, N. H., in 1826, where he lived till he was twenty years of age. He was the son of William and Elizabeth Peverly Walker. He resided for some years in Boston. Of cultivated and refined tastes, generous and public-spirited to a fault, interested in religious matters beyond most young men of his age, without family ties, full of youthful strength and vigor, he heard the call of his country addressed to him and cheerfully obeyed. The universal testimony has been that he was a faithful and efScient oflicer. He com- manded the respect and confidence of his men. He died a brave soldier's death, with his face to the foe. A young man of active habits and literary tastes, he was a prominent member in the Young Men's Mer- cantile Library Association. He came to this town in 1858, and resided here until he enlisted, Oct. 16, 1861. He received a captain's commission, recruited a company for the 27th regiment, and accompanied Bumside in his expedition to Roanoke island and Newbern. Captain Walker acted as provost marshal, at Washington, N. C, for several months. Having been promoted as major, May 29, 1863, he command- ed the regiment, when transferred to the army of the Potomac, and led a charge on the rebel works at Gaines' Mills, on the 3d of June, 1863. He had reached the rifle pit when he was pierced by a musket ball, through the neck, and fell forward into the ditch. His body was recovered after three or four days and buried on the field. Major Walker was a gentleman- ly, kind and genial man. [Rev. Mr. Moors' brief record of Col. George D. Wells is omitted, and a more extended biography immediately follows this address. — Ed.] Byron Christopher Wright, the son of Eleazar and Elythur Wi-ight, was born in Hanover, N. H., March 16, 1838. He resided in Greenfield, following his occupation of a farmer, and enlisted as a private in Co. A, 52d regiment, in August, '63. He enlisted with patriotic zeal and said: "Mother, shed no tears for me, for I go as our ancestor, Joseph Warren, went to Bunker Hill, whose principles you have often in- stilled into my mind. The dangers of the campaign I have never feared." He reached home with the 53d regiment, on the 3d day of August, '63, worn out with the exposures of army life in Louisiana swamps, and died August 13, '63, and was buried in the Green River cemetery. When asked by his mother, on his return, if he was sorry he had enlisted, he replied: "Never! I have done what I could for our name and our country." GREENFIELD GAZETTE. col. GEORGE DUNCAN WELLS. George Duncan Wells was born at Greenfield, Au- gust 21, 1836. He was the son of Daniel Wells, whose honored life as one of our leading lawyers and as chief justice of the Common Pleas has been sketched in another column. He grew up in Greenfield, a spir- ited boy, full of mental and physical activity of all kinds. Of these early days his school-fellow, Judge Charles Allen, spoke with affectionate remembrance at one of the bar meetings held after his death. His immediate preparation for college was made at Brook Farm, that remarkable assemblage of advanced think- ers, whose story has been often and variously told. Here his principal preceptor was Charles A. Dana, whose career in politics and letters has since been so noted. At Brook Farm, he gained much beside his Latin grammar, — his love for poetry and art, his re- finement of thought and sentiment and his concep- tion of the problems of social science and of the great evUs crying for reform. He entered Williams college as a sophomore in 1843, and was graduated in 1846. "In college," says one of his classmates, "he was noted for the ease and quickness with which he com- prehended the various studies pursued, for his exten- sive miscellaneous reading, his fine^literary taste, his love of poetry and for a remarkable forensic abihty." It is evident that in the regular course of college studies his rank was respectable, not distinguished. He read Emerson and Carlyle and Tennyson with more interest than Livy and Thucydides. He read law in Greenfield with his cousin, Daniel Wells Alvord, in the same office of which his father had been the head for many years. He also took the Harvard law course, and received his Bachelor's de- gree in 1848. He was admitted to the Franklin bar in 1849. From 1850 to July, 1851, he practiced in Bos- ton in partnership with the late John G. King, and then came back to Greenfield and became a partner of Mr. Alvord. Here he rapidly established his rep- utation as a good lawyer and an eloquent advocate. It was in these days of law study and early prac- tice that he became identified with the anti-slavery cause which formed so great a part of his subsequent life. In the presidential campaigns of 1848 and 1852 he stumped Franklin and the neighboring counties for the Free-Soil ticket and wrote many able articles for the press. While in Boston he was an active mem- ber of the vigilance committee formed to resist the enforcement of the fugitive slave law. In 1858 and 1859, Mr. Wells represented Greenfield in the Legislature. He was placed upon the judicia- ry committee, and in the second year was its chair- man. He was constant in his attendance, speaking frequently and ably upon all important questions, es- pecially those bearing upon the great issues which he had at heart, and was early recognized as a leader of the House. In the first of these years occurred his hard fought tat with Hon. Caleb Gushing upon the merits of the Dred Scott decision. In reference to this noted contest, the Gazette took occasion to say, on February 33, 1858, "Mr. Wells is yet a young man, but he has talents which qualify him to be an influential legislator; and already has he won no slight honor for his county, not merely in this tourna- ment with the democratic giant, as Mr. Gushing is re- garded by his friends, but in other matters. And his influence in the Legislature is growing, and ere the session closes will be fully recognized." It is needless to add that long before Mr. Wells' legislative term was ended this prediction was more than realized. In May, 1859, Mr. Wells accepted an appointment as justice of the police court in Boston. At the Suf- folk bar meeting held in his memory. Judge Thomas recalled the regret which his friends felt that he should abandon the brilliant career at the bar which seemed to open before him, and explained the domestic rea- sons which led him to the step. Judge Wells himself never regretted the step. He recognized the gi-eat importance of this Court, on its criminal side, in deal- ing at first instance with the problems of humanity, of reform, of the suppression of vice, which to him were so vital. He plunged into its duties with zeal and discharged them conscientiously and tenderly, and with a sagacity and discrimination which would have done credit to a man much older and more ex- perienced. On the civil side of the court, a branch by no means insignificant, he showed himself a learn- ed and accurate lawyer and a magistrate whose can- dor, impartiality and integrity were acknowledged by both parties, whether victor or vanquished. Now came the closing period of George Wells' brief and bright life. In the spring of 1861, the North was rushing to arms in defence of the country. At such a time he was not one to be a laggard. He knew well, too, the great issue which lay at the bottom of the war. As he wrote after reaching the field, this was the fight he had been in for many years, and this was his first chance of striking out straight from the shoulder. After a short service with the 3d Battal- ion at Fort Warren he was commissioned. May 23, 1861, lieutenant colonel of the 1st Massachusetts Reg- iment, which owed to him much of its efficiency. He distinguished himself at the first battle of BuU Run, and at the siege of Yorktown he led the first assault ordered by Gen. McClellan upon the Peninsu- la, being the first man to enter the attacked redoubt. He had a share in most of the hard service of the Peninsula campaign. During a part of the time he was by assignment in command of a demoralized Pennsylvania regiment whose efficiency he soon re- stored. For a while he acted as provost marshal of AVilliamsburg. In July, 1863, he was appointed colonel of the 34th Massachusetts Regiment. The short period spent at home in organizing and drilling this body was his only absence from the fi'ont. Dur- ing his stay he spoke upon Boston Common and else- where, in encouragement of enlistment. In August he took his command to Alexandria and garrisoned Fort Lyon, one of the chief defences of Washington. His regiment, while at Washington, became noted for its discipline and good conduct. In July, 1863, he was placed in command of Harper's Ferry. Here he was at the head of a brigade of infantry (including his own regiment), with cavalry and artillery attached under Gen. Nagle. His first action in the Valley was in October, when he drove back a raiding force under Imboden, pursuing them ten miles and making a march of thirty-five miles in fifteen hours. In De- cember he was sent with a force of infantry, cavalry and artillery to Harrisonburg to co-operate with Averill in his famous expedition to cut the Virginia and Tennessee railroad. Here his small force of about 1400 men was attacked by an army of nearly 10,000 under Gen. Early. He held the enemy in check and effected a masterly retreat, reaching Harper's Ferry with his command in good condition, and bringing with him a hundred prisoners. Afterwards he was for a while in command of the post of Martinsburg, and in April, 1864, his regiment was joined to the di- vision of Gen. Sigel. In the unfortunate day at New- market he and his regiment did good service and re- ceived most flattering praise from his general. Col. Wells, in command of a brigade, took part in nrost of the engagements in the Valley in the sum- mer and early autumn of 1864, first under Gen. Hun- ter and afterwards under Gen. Sheridan, always with the highest commendation for gallantry and good conduct. His last battlefield was at South Cedar Creek. Here, on October 13, 1864, his brigade was heavily pressed by a superior force, and he was actively engaged in directing its movements. He was returning from the right of his command, wliither he had ridden to give an order, and vchen just behind the colors of his own 34th he was pierced by a bullet. He slid from his horse to the gi-ound, and was at once suiTounded by the officers of his regiment who urged him to be tak- en to the rear. Just then came the order to retreat. He declined to be moved, saying, "It is of no use. I cannot live. Gentlemen, save yourselves." The en- emy was then within a stone's throw and the officers were obliged to retire. Lieut. Cobb, however, refused to go and was captured with his dying colonel. Pres- ently Gen. Jubal Early came by, and asked who was the wounded officer. Being told it was Col. Wells, he said, "Wliat, the officer who commanded the force against us last winter? Send my ambulance for him."' This anecdote is significant simply as showing recog- nition from a rebel general neither then nor since over- fond of recognizing merit on the Federal side. The next day the lost ground was recovered and our forces entered Strasburg. Here in the church they found Col. "Wells' body, which had been tenderly cared for by the people. They were preparing for him a sol- dier's funeral. They said that he had often gone through the valley, and they knew him as a man of courage and humanity. His remains were brought home to Greenfield and placed beside those of his father in our cemetery which he himself had done so much to make beautiful. It is needless to recount the words of praise and lov- ing recollection spoken at the bar meeting over which his father's pupil, Judge Curtis, presided, or to quote from the tributes to his memory in which the jour- nals of the day abounded. Here in Greenfield he will be remembered not mere- ly as the legislator and the soldier, but as the brilliant youth who was always active in whatever would make his native town better and brighter. The book club, the library, the fire company, the military com- pany, the readings and lectui-es and theatricals, and above all any moral reform of which the town had need, all knew his helping hand. Greenfield repays in tender remembrance the love always felt for her by George Duncan Wells. OUKIOUS NAMES Or LOCALITIES. We are indebted to Jonathan Johnson, who is fa- miliar with every nook and corner in Franklin county, for the following list of oddly named localities: Taking the towns alphabetically, in Ashfield, for- merly Huntstown, are found Mt. Owen, Peter's hill, one of the highest in the State, Bellows Hill, Briar Hill, Cape street, because so many of its citizens' ancestors came from Cape Cod; Spruce corner, from the tim- ber of that name; New Boston, because it resembles Boston in nothing; Bear swamp, Crooked swamp, Ap- ple valley. Steady lane, because of its sedate people; Howesville, where Jonathan Howes recently lived to the age of 94 and many of his children still live; Bap- tist corner, Ashfield Plain, the town center, South Ashfield, Chapel District. In Bernardston is found Huckle hill, from the ber- ries of that name; Castle hill, because a ledge on its top resembles a castle; and Wild Cat hill. In Buck- land is Put's hiU, an abbreviation of Putnam; Hog- Hollow, from the large number of swine formerly kept there; Mill yard, Four Corners, from four cross- roads; High street, Upper City, Koonchaug, Indian for snow hill; and Buckland itself was formerly called No Town, from the fact that for a long time it was simply parts of grants and was not incorporated until 1779. In Charlemont is found Zoar, so called because a former citizen, Lot like, left behind in the East a dis- agreeable wife; Gilead, Mt. Peak, Hawks Mt., Mt. Pocumtuck and Gould hoUow. In Colrain we have the "city," so called in derision; Griswoldville, Shat- tuckville and Adamsville, each named after promi- nent men; Catamount hill, from the varmint of that name; the Den, Christian hill, from a large Baptist so- ciety there at one time; Elm grove, from five stately elms; Spurr bridge and Wilson hill, one of the high- est points in town; Chandler hill, where Clark Chand- ler kept a country store and usually sold 52 hhds. of CENTENNIAL EDITION. new rum per year. In Conway are these beauties: Cricket hill, from its crickets and likewise called Dry hill, once a populous farming district, but now there are only four houses, with twenty-one empty cellar holes; Poland, Burkeville and Shirkshire, which got its name from this story: The neighbors were work- ing out their taxes by repairing the highway; a trav- eling stranger coming along prior to the dinner hour, asked to earn his noonday n^eal by making his labor to apply on his host's taxes. He labored all through the dinner hour, hut as no one asked him to eat he in- dignantly called the locality Shirkshire and it stuck. Then come Bear river, South river, Crooked Swamp, from a crescent shaped road; Broomshire, Pumpkin Hollow, which comes from the early settlers, a place where some roguish boys buried some pumpkins from which tliey had made Jack lanterns; Field's hill, a beautiful eminence, named from an early settler; Hardscrabble, from the terribly poor land; AUis's Cor- ner, where five generations of Allises have lived; Baptist hill, the Hole Below, the scornful title given by one of the upper villages to one lower down, and Dent Dale from a place in Scotland it resembles. In Deerfield, the mother town of the county, and where the first plowing was done 223 years ago, comes the Old street; Bloody Brook, from the massacre of Capt. Lathrop and "the fiower of Essex," and where Edward Everett gave one of his matchless orations when the monument was dedicated years ago. The Bars, so called because the cattle were here shut out from the meadows; Wapping from a settlement in Connecticut; Turnip yard. Great Elver, from the Con- necticut river that washes the sides of this district; Grindstone hill, because in the old boating days a load of grindstones went to the bottom of the river and were never recovered; Pine Nook, Sugar Loaf moun- tain, which the Indians called Weekquamps; Mill Riv- er, Hoosac Plain, the Nook, Wisdom, from the Wise family; The Old World, a place still farther west; Pine Hill, North and South meadows, Broughton's pond, where a family was killed by Indians; Pole swamp, Cheapside, from a part of London which it resembles; Sunny Side, Sachem's head. Bear's den. Tough end, Petty's plain, and the Indian name for the range back of the old street was Pemmamachuwat- unck. From Erving comes Hermit hill, French King, the big boulder in the Connecticut, Popple mountain, Rat- tlesnake hill. Point Pleasant, Keyups brook and Jack's brook. In Gill we have Mt. Hermon, so called by D. L. Moody, and where the boys' schooL are lo- cated, the Indian title being Massapetot; Bernard's hill, Pisgah, Stacy's mountain. Riverside and Lily pond. In Greenfield we have Canada hill. Trap plain, Coun- try farms, Nash's mills, Poet's seat. Rocky mountain. Green river and Log plain. In Hawley, Poverty Square, formerly the centre of the town; Bozrah, settled by people from Bozi-ah, Conn. ; Forge Hollow, where there was a forge about 1800; Pudding Hollow, which secured its name from a rivalry among the housewives to see who could make the largest hasty pudding, and tradition says that one good woman secured the honor by making- one that would fill a "five-pail iron kettle;" FuUer- ville, Hallockville, Parker's and Beal's hills, two of the highest points in the county; East Hawley and South Hawley. In Heath, The Branch, Burnt Hill, Avery Brook "No. 9," perhaps the frostiest place in the county, and Oxbow, a road near the celebrated Fort Shirley; Dell, once Holland Dell. In Leverett — Rattlesnake Gully, Brush Mountain, the Fish Pond, Juggle Meadow, Still Corner, from a former distillery ; Long Plain, Cave hill, the Hog Pen, from a hole in the mountain in the north part of the town, and which, some one asserts, was actually occupied by a stray hog; Moores Comer and Dudley ville. In Ley- den, named after a town in Holland, we have the Glen, Frizzell's hill and Beaver meadow. One pecul- iarity about Monroe is the fact that its town house stands in the centre of the town. It is about as large as an ordinaiy school-house, there is not another build- ing of any kind or description in sight, nor even a board or stone fence in view. Along in March the snow can move the previous question with impunity. In Montague are these hills: Dry, Harvey's, Tay- lor's, Mineral, Stoddard's, Chestnut and Will's, and these places: "City," Turners Falls, Millers Falls, Lake Pleasant, Federal street, Scotland, Back Meadow, Deep Hole, River Mouth and Beaver Hole. The orig- inal name of the section when it was a part of Sun- derland was Hunting Hills. In New Salem are Milling- ton, Cooleyville, Toad Hollow or Whittaker village, Puppyville, from a dog fight; Pordunk Spectacle ponds, so called because a winding brook unites two ponds after the fashion of a nose rest on a pair of spectacles; Hucker's pond, Thompson's pond. In Northfield are Satan's Kingdom and the Devil's Back Kitchen, Mormon Hill, The Farms, Capt. Beers' Plain, Soldiers' Hole, where one of Capt. Beers' sol- diers secreted himself and escaped; Bassett's Quarry, 53 Gulf Road, Mt. Strowbridge, Notch, Mt. Round Top, Hemlock, Roman T, Old Craig, South Mountain, Moodyville, Pine Meadow, Moose Plain. In Orange, West and North Orange, Little Grant, Eagle Village, Furnace Village and Tully Mountain. In Rowe, Slab City, Davis Mine, Mt. Adams, Pelham brook. Steel brook and Pulpit Rock. In Shelburne, the Falls, East Village, Peckville, Fox Town, Pattern Hill, not Patten, as it is generally known; the name came from the fact that the people were a pattern in religion and morality for the people of the other towns, and this is true to this day, notwithstanding the many desert- ed farms. Other names in Shelburne are Bald Peak, Arthur's Seat, and these brooks. Spout, Dragon, Wells' and Allen's. In Shutesbury are Lock's pond, now Lake Wyola, Mt. Mineral and Pratt's Comer. In Sun- derland are the Plum Trees, Flag swamp, Canada and Cranberry pond, and three brooks have these musical names, Nepeasoneag, Sawwatapskechuwas and Papa- contuckquash; it is not to be wondered that the whites exterminated people with names of this kind, or that the late King Philip had a very irascible dispo- sition. Mt. Toby is in Sunderland, Indian name, Kunckquachu. From various places of interest on it came these names: Roaring brook. Bridal Veil, Piazza, Great Cave and Pogue's Hole. In Warwick are Mt. Grace, Flour hill. Beech hill, Bennett's Knob, Dark Elbow, Chestnut hill and the Brook. In Wendell, Bear Mt. , Mormon Hollow. Wendell Depot, Farley- vUle and Wicket pond. In Whately, Chestnut Hill street. Christian lane, Claverack, the Straits, a dry piece of road between two moist pieces; Canterbury, Hopewell, generally spoken as though it contained no w; West Brook, West street, the Glen, Mt. Easter, probably originally called Esther, Grass hill and Sink Pot brook. The Indian name of Deerfield was Pocumtuck; Northfield, Squakheag; Sunderland, Mattampash; and Warwick, Sheamet. TWO LOST INSTITUTIONS, The onward sweep of progress, social, educational and industrial, leaves numerous wrecks along the way. Some excite interest only as curiously contrast- ing with the better things that have taken their places. Such a spectacle is the old-time stage coach and such is the flat-bottom boat, with its pole-men and its rude sail, that used to make painfully slow passage up and down the Connecticut. Such, per- haps, is the honored academy, whose walls enclose many rich memories to the scholars of a half century ago, comparing with the public High school with every credit to the later institution. But there are some of the old customs, honored and valued and contributing richly to the life of the towns, for whose counterpart we look in vain. What, for instance, re- places the village lyceum of fifty years ago? Where is the substitute for the Fourth of July celebration that at once expressed the patriotism of the people and awakened the love of country in the hearts of the youth? The village lyceum has written out its own highest praise in the public lives of men who made good use of the training there received. It was a great stimulus to keen thinking and ready speaking and went a long way in the cultivation of the intellects of the interested attendants. In Greenfield, it called into its service the best men of the town, and lectures abounded from such men as George T. Davis, Dr. Joseph Deane, Daniel Wells, Charles Devens and Pliny Fisk, and there were weekly de- bates on public questions. Northfield, Shelburne, Whately, Charlemont, in fact nearly all the towns of Franklin with any degree of social life, found the ly- ceum its centre. The Fourth of July was observed unfailingly by a patriotic celebration, with addresses by eloquent men, generally citizens of the county or town. During the Washingtonian temperance period, the day was em- ployed by the temperance societies and their meetings were attended by well-nigh the entire popvdation, and the exercises were elaborate. The general observance of the national birthday by pubUc meetings and pat- riotic addresses seems to have come to its end with the breaking out of the war, and it has not been re- newed. Has the loss of these institutions been made good in the village life? 54 GEEENPIELD LIBEAEIES. THE ASSOCIATION LIBRARY. HE first public library of which we find any trace in Greenfield was oi'gan i z e d in the North Par- ish, so called, about 1830. It was called the ' 'Social Libra- ry, Greenfield," and was sup- ported by an- nual payments from its mem- bers. All the books and peri- o d i c a 1 s — the North Ameri- can Review ajiA lAttelVs Living Age — were of high and useful charac- ter. Its rules required, among other things, that the books should "be returned to the Librarian on the first Mondays in January, April, July and October, by 5 o'clock P. M. Penalty for neglect, 13 1-3 cents for each vol. and two cents for every subsequent day." This library was last kept at the house of the late Franklin Nash, at Nash's Mills. The association was disbanded and the books were distributed among the members, after the establishment of the Greenfield Library Association, in 1855. It was a valuable in- stitution in its day. In 1853, an association was formed in Greenfield vUlage, mainly by the efforts of J. E. Thompson, J, K. Moore, L. W. Rice, C. C. Carpenter, and others, with an arrangement by which any person could contribute one or two dollars' worth of such books as he had to a library, with the privilege of using all the books in the library, and of withdrawing his books at any time. In this way, between two and three hun- dred volumes were collected. M. H. Tyler was for a time librarian. He then occupied the south store in the building now known as the Gazette & Courier building, as a periodical and telegraph office, and there kept the books. E. C. Graves was afterwards librarian at the same place. This library was sup- ported till the organization of the present library as- sociation, to which the books, except such as were withdrawn by the owners, were transferred. The names of the contributors to this library, recall- ing days and events long gone by, will be interesting to many of our readers. The following is nearlj- a complete list, viz.: D. P. Hosley, C. C. Carpenter (Bernardston), W. C. F. Elliot, Charles W. Russell, S. O. Lamb, Frederick Clapp, J. E. Thompson, A. P. Cooley, E. A. Clark, Chas. Stebbins, Rev. T. Strong, D. W. Alvord, Rev. G. C. Partridge, Dr. J. Deane, Henry Handforth, James M. Ames, Hubbard B. Gunn, Frank Boylston, C. G. Hammond, Henry Wilson, Wm. Elliot, D. H. Newton, G. W. Mark, Joseph D. Newton, Joseph Merrill, Mrs. Harriet E. Miner, A. W. Lamb, Thomas W. Ripley, R. R. Taylor, H. L. Hart, C. J. J. IngersoU, Lester L. Luey, J. H. Hollis- ter. Miss Kate Russell, J. L. Lyons, Frank Russell, Joseph K. Moore, Ansel Phelps, David WiUard, W. T. Davis, Seth Houghton, Geo. T. Davis, Calvin Moody, A. P. Haskins, Thomas Wait, Mrs. Martha Richmond, Hermann Snow, Solomon Wheeler, F. R. Allen, Geo. GrenneU, Charles Allen, Mrs. David Aiken, J. W. MUler, David Wait, L. D. Seymour, H. W. Clapp, Charles Fay, Whiting Griswold, C. Hayden Rowley, Charles E. Graves, Samuel H. Shirley, Sam- uel T. Field, Mrs. L. D. Joslyn, Curtis B. Wells, Charles Henry, Joseph Beals, R. H. Fisher, S. S. East- man, Joshua Thornily, Charles D. Hart, S. H. Reed, C. W. Crittenden, F. G. Tuckerman, Alphonzo Graves, Francis M. Thompson, Edward Benton, Charles R. GREENFIELD GAZETTE Field, S. Milton Chase, Wm. Henderson, O. A. Mirick, Charles G. Pierce, W. B. Powers, L. M. Ward, George Sheldon, H. G. Newcomb, L. Coy, J. G. Longley, J. S. Coy, T. M. Dewey, S. S. Wilkinson, John Sawin. "The Greenfield Horticultural Association," whose name indicates its character and objects, had, prior to 1855, acquired a valuable collection of one hun- dred or more volumes, well selected and adapted to the purposes of the association. This library was transferred to the Greenfield Library Association, in 1861. THE GREENFIELD LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Was established in February, 1855, under articles of association prepared by a committee appointed for the pui-pose, consisting of Charles Allen, Asa P. Cooley and Henry B. Clapp, as follows: "The undersigned, inhabitants of the town of Green- field, in the county of Franklin and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, hereby, in writing, associate for the purpose of mutual improvement and the promotion of common education under the name of the Green- field Library Association, with the view that they, their associates and successors may become a corpora- tion under the statutes of this Commonwealth, with the following conditions: 1. The legal title to the real and personal estate which may be held by the said corporation, except the library, shall be in trustees to be appointed by the corporation. 2. All investments of the funds of the corporation in real estate or other securities at interest, shall be made by the said trustees and shall be subject to their control and disposition. 3. The disposition of the income and the general affairs of the corporation shall be subject to the care and management of the board of directors. 4. The library shall continue forever and all mon- eys paid to the corporation, whether for membership or otherwise, shall be upon the trust that the library shall so continue. 5. All the inhabitants of Greenfield above the age of fourteen years shall be eligible as members of the corporation, but no person under twenty-one years of age shall be a trustee." Said articles were signed by Henry W. Clapp, John Russell, Matthew Chapman and sixty others. At the first meeting of the association. Whiting Griswold, president, and Charles Allen, secretary, Samuel O. Lamb, Charles Allen, J. H. Hollister, Henry B. Clapp, and Josiah Day were appointed a committee to pre- pare by-laws for the association, which by-laws were reported to an adjourned meeting and adopted. Hen- ry B. Clapp, Joseph W. Miller and Samuel O. Lamb were appointed a committee to call the first annual meeting of the association. In pursuance of the call of said committee, the first annual meeting of the as- sociation was held in Franklin hall, April 6th, 1855. Hon. George Grennell was moderator of the meeting and officers were chosen as follows, to wit: Henry W. Clapp, president; James Deane, vice-president; Charles Allen, secretary; George Ripley, treasurer; Theodore Leonard, Franklin Ripley, Whiting Gris- wold, Jonathan Bird and Rufus Howland, trustees; J. H. Hollister, George T. Davis, Edward Dewey, S. O. Lamb and Joel L. Lyons, directors. At a meeting of the directors, consisting of all the above named officers of the association, on the 33d day of May, 1855, it was voted "That Edward F. Ray- mond be appointed librarian for the year to come at a salary of fifty dollars, he furnishing his middle room for the exclusive use of the association." Mr. Raymond then had a law office of three rooms over R. Howland's, now Howland & Lowell's store. The library was opened in said middle room about the first of June, 1855. On the death of Mr. Ray- mond in October, 1855. the library was removed to a room fitted up for it by Mr. Clapp in the Mansion House, and Miss Harriet R. Stone was appointed li- brarian. It remained in that room till the fall of 1867. when by a vote of the town of Greenfield the soutli side of Armory hall was leased to the association at a nominal rent for ten years for the use of the library It remained there till it obtained a local habitation by the erection of the present library building in 1911%. Miss Stone was continued as librarian till May, 1868, when she resigned and Miss Fanny E. Moody was ap- pointed. Miss Moody served till September, 1883, over twenty-five years, when she resigned and the present librarian, Miss Helen L. Mann, was appointed. By a vote of the directors Miss Moody was made a hfe member of the association in recognition of her long and faithful service. The present library building was erected in 1878, in pursuance of the proposition of the late Gov. Wash- burn accepted by the directors, February 9th, 1878, that if the association would purchase the lot on the corner of Main street five rods and Franklin street ten rods, prepare the ground, lay the foundation and build the basement story substantially according to the plan of J. R. Richardson, architect, submitted with the proposition, including the steps into the first story and the stairs into the basement, and properly furnish the library room, he would take the building at the bottom of the sills of the first story and erect at his own expense the building substantially accord- ing to said plan. At the same meeting Gov. Wash- burn, F. R. Allen, S. L. Shattuck and James S. Grin- nell were appointed a building committee. The build- ing was finished in the spring of 1879, and at a meet- ing of the directors, June 2, 1879, it was voted "That Messrs. Grinnell, Conant, Parker and Thompson, with the librarian, be a committee to superintend the re- moval of the library and arrangement of books;" but we have found no record that states when the removal was effected and the library opened in the new build- ing. In 1883 the trustees voted to sell to Gov. Washburn, for the sum of fourteen hundred dollars, a tract of land four rods in width from the northerly end of the library lot. The action of the trustees was approved by the association at a meeting called to consider the subject, February 35, 1883. The sale was made and led to a suit in equity in the name of the attor- ney-general of the Commonwealth against the asso- ciation, its trustees and Wm. B. Washburn. The in- formation sought to have the conveyance set aside as being a violation of the trust upon which the associa- tion received the subscriptions of the relator and oth- ers. The decision of the Supreme Court sustained the action of the association. The case is reported in the 135th volume, page 563, of Massachusetts Reports. At a meeting of the directors of the association, January 13, 1884, a communication was received from Hon. William B. Washburn, in which he referred to the need of a permanent fund, the income of which should be used for the purchase of books for the libra- ry, and proposing, "as a nucleus for such a fund, to give the association eleven thousand dollars in cash, or ten one thousand dollar bonds of the Eastern Rail- road Company, which will yield annually six hundred dollars, to be used expressly for the purchase of books." The association decided to accept the bonds, which were duly conveyed to the association by a deed of gift, dated March 1, 1884. The thanks of the trustees and of the association for his munificent gift were duly expressed and conveyed to Governor Wash- burn. The Greenfield Library Association has been the re- cipient of many favors from the people of Greenfield and former inhabitants of the town. In the early yeai-s of its existence, several fairs were held for the benefit of the library. The proceeds of the fair held on the 14th of February, 1867, amounted to $3036.31. A successful fair and festival was held on the 13th and 14th of February, 1873, the proceeds of which amounted to $3333.81. This sum included donations in cash, viz.: "$1000 from George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York, $100 from Gov. Wm. B. Washburn of Greenfield, $100 from George Ripley, Esq., of Low- ell, and $25 each from Hon. Charles Allen of Boston, A. W. Dickinson of Cambridge, and Mrs. Anna F. Judah and N. E. Russell, Esq., of Greenfield, and $10 from E. Q. Nash of Greenfield." It also included the proceeds of an entertainment given by the Greenfield Dramatic Club, on the evening of February 14, for the benefit of the library. The late Anson K. Warner bequeathed the sum of five hundred dollars to the as- sociation. The money used in the purchase of the library lot and in the erection of the library building was raised by individual subscriptions. The following are the names of the presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries and treasurere of the in- stitution, viz.: President— Henry W. Clapp, from 1855 to 1863, when he declined are-election, and Theodore Leonard was elected in his place. Mr. Leonard died in 1872, and Hon. WilUam B. Washburn was elected. He served till 1885, when he declined, and John A. Aiken was elected. He served till 1889, when he declined re-election, and Edward E. Lyman, the present in- cumbent, was elected. Vice-Presidents — James Deane, till his death in 1859; Theodore Leonard, from 1859 till 1862; Samuel O. Lamb, from 1862 to the present time. Secretaries— Charles Allen, till 1861; JamesC. Davis, 1861; Chester C. Conant, 1862-73; Gorham D. Will- iams, 1873-75; Hemy K. Simons, 1876-85; Freeman C. Griswold, 1886-9; Charles Allen, elected in 1890, and still in office. Treasurers — George Ripley was the first treasurer of the association. He left Greenfield in 1857, and was succeeded in the ofiice by Edmund W. Russell, who served till 1867; Eufus A. Packard, served from 1867 to 1889, when H. O. Edgerton was elected; he still holds the office. Officers of the Association for 1S91-2 — President, Edward E. Lyman; vice-president, Samuel O. Lamb; treasurer, Herbert O. Edgerton; secretary, Charles Allen; trustees, William H. Allen, J. W. Stevens, C. C. Conant, J. A. Aiken, J. H. Sanderson; directors, James S. Grinnell, F. R. Allen, F. M. Thompson, E. A. HaU, Rev. A. A. Brooks, F. H. Zabriskie, C. R. Lowell, S. D. Conant; purchasing committee, Mrs. F. R. AUen, Miss Delia Nims, Miss May N. Washburn, Miss Charlotte H. Conant, Samuel O. Lamb, Edward E. Lyman, John A. Aiken, Arthur A. Brooks, Frank H. Zabriskie, Wm. S. Allen. The association consists of three life trustees, made such by the payment of one hundred dollars at one time, viz., Charles P. Russell, Wm. N. Washburn and Wm. R. Howland; sixty-two Ufe members, made such by the payment of twenty-five dollars at one time, and about one hundred and twenty annual members. The library contains about 9500 volumes. In 1888, Judge Charles Allen of Boston presented to the library a fine portrait of Hon. Wm. B. Wash- burn, as a fitting memorial of one who did so much for the association and as a token of his own interest in its welfare and prosperity. THE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. At the annual meeting in Greenfield, March 1, 1880, in pursuance of an article in the warrant for the meeting, it was voted, "That the town establish a free public library for the use of its inhabitants.'' It was also voted "That A. K. Warner, F. G. Fessenden and Gorham D. Williams be a committee to report by- laws and rules for the management of the public li- brary and report at an adjourned meeting, and that they consult with the Greenfield Library Association to see if any arrangement can be made by which the town can gain possession of the property of the asso- ciation." Also voted that the dog fund be appropri- ated to the public library. The committee at the adjourned meeting, April 5, 1880, reported rules and regulations which were adopted, and J. C. Converse, A. K. Warner, E. E. Lyman, Charles H. Munn and John A. Aiken were chosen "directoi-s of the town library for the present year." At the annual meeting, March 7, 1881, the town voted to choose five directors of the free public library by ballot, and Josfeph Beals, Gorham D. Will- iams, Frederick G. Smith, James R. Long and Geo. CENTENNIAL EDITION. W. Spurr were chosen. The town afterwards voted to increase the number of directors to six and to choose two annually for three years. The town has voted Uberal appropriations for the library and it now con- tains over seven thousand volumes. It was at first kept in Franklin hall, but in 1889, Nov. 30, it was voted in pursuance of an article in the warrant, that the selectmen be instructed to allow the removal of the free public library from its present quarters to the west store-room in said building. This change gave the library a front room, which is used as a reading room, for which pui'pose it is fitted up in an attractive manner. It is open from 3 to 6 p. m. on Sundays. The present directors or trustees are Joseph Beals, Miss Delia Nims, H. O. Edgerton, C. W. Leighton, Mrs. Charlotte P. Twitchell and Arthur N. Hull. FIMNOIAL INSTITUTIONS. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF GREENFIELD. By an act of the Legislature of the year 1821, ap- proved Jan. 39, 1822, by J. Brooks, governor, "Jona- than Leavitt, Lyman Kendall, Eliel Gilbert, Sylvester Allen, Rufus Stratton, John Nevers, Franklin Ripley, Job Goodale and Thomas W. Ripley, their associates, successors and assigns," were "created a corporation by the name of The Franklin Bank, and shall so con- tinue from the passing of this act until the first Mon- day of October which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one." The act provided that "the amount of bills issued from said bank at any time shall not exceed fifty per centum of the amount of their capital stock actually paid in," and further that "the capital stock of said corpora- tion shall consist of the sum of one hundred thousand dollars in gold and silver," the same to be "divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, which shall be paid in two equal instalments, the flret on or before the first Monday of September next, and the second on the first Monday of September thereafter, or at such earlier time as the stockholders, at any meeting, may order." It was also provided that "no stockholder shall be allowed to borrow of said bank until he shall have paid in his full proportion of the whole of said capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars." The tenth section of the act provided "that the said cor- poration shall be liable to pay to any bona fide holder the original amount of any note of said bani:, coun- terfeited or altered, in the course of its circulation, to a larger amount, notwithstanding such alteration." 5S The first meeting of the corporation was held at the house of Eliel Gilbert, in Greenfield, on the thirteenth day of February, 1833, "at six o'clock in the evening." Jonathan Leavitt was chosen moderator and Franklin Ripley, clerk. The act of incorporation was read and accepted. Jonathan Leavitt, Lyman Kendall, Frank- fin Ripley, Eufus Saxton and Thaddeus Coleman were chosen directors and were "requested to make inquiry and report where a building, in their opinion, should be built, and the terms how dift'erent places can be obtained, and also to report a plan and estimates of the building, at the time to which this meeting shall be adjourned." The meeting was then adjourned till March 7, 1833, to meet at the same place, to hear the report of the directors, and to transact such other business as should be thought proper. At the adjourned meeting. Mar. 7, "Thaddeus Cole- man having declined being a director, proceeded to fill the board, and chose by ballot, Sylvester Allen." The directors were "authorized to borrow such sums of money as they shall find necessary for the pur- chase of a piece of land for the erection of a building for the bank, for procuring bills or plates, and for all contingent expenses that may be requisite for the op- eration of the bank." After the adoption of by-laws, the meeting was again adjourned to the 33d day of April then next. The first meeting of the directors was held on the 2d day of March, 1823, when it was voted that Frank- lin Ripley be cashier and that Jonathan Leavitt be president. At the second meeting of the directors, April 10, 1833, it was voted "to approve of Jerome Ripley and David Ripley as sureties on the bond of the cashier;" that "the salary of Franklin Ripley be six hundred dollars a year, payable quarterly"; and "to purchase the north part of the lot lately bought by the county of John J. Pierce, and to give therefor |371, the sum asked for it by the Court of Sessions." The land referred to in this vote was conveyed to the bank, in pursuance of an order of the Court of Ses- sions, by Hooker Leavitt, treasurer of the county, by deed dated Nov. 35, 1833. The deed contains the cu- rious provision, "that the said Franklin Bank, their successors and assigns shall never use or improve the said land, or any building thereon, so as to endanger the Court House, or disturb the courts or offices there- in." The bank subsequently, by deed from Lewis Merriam, dated Oct. 21, 1850, acquired the land be- tween the above land and the old Court House, now the Gazette & Courier building, and the same is now occupied by the building of the First National Bank. By an act approved Feb. 28, 1831, the charter of the Franklin Bank was, in pursuance of the petition of the stockholders, extended ' 'until the first day of Octo- ber which shall be in the year of our Lord one thou- sand eight hundred and fifty-one,'' and by subsequent acts the charter was still further extended. By an act approved March 17, 1831, it was enacted "that the banking corporation created and established in Greenfield by an act passed on the 29th day of Janua- ry, A. D. 1832, by the name of The Franklin Bank, shall, after the passage of this act, be known by the name of "The President, Directors and Company of the Greenfield Bank." It did business under this name till 1864, when it surrendered its State charter, and was succeeded by "The First National Bank,'' or- ganized under the National Banking act, with a capi- tal of $300,000. This capital was increased, in March, 1865, to $300,000, at which amount it remained until March, 1879, when it was reduced to |300,000, the present capital. The bank has, in all stages of its history, been distinguished for its cautious, conserva- tive and successful management, which has given it a high standing among the financial institutions of the State. The following is a list of the presidents and cashiers, with their terms of service: Presidents — Jonathan Leavitt, from March 7, 1833, to October 9, 1833; Lyman Kendall, from October 9, 1823, to November 3, 1830; WiUiam Pomroy, from November 3, 1830, to October 9, 1838; Henry W. 56 Clapp, from October 9, 1838, to October 3, 1855; Franklin Ripley, from October 2, 1855, to October, 1858; WiUiam B. Washburn, from October, 1858, to October, 1887; Henry F. Nash, from November 28, 1887, to the present time. Cashiers — Franklin Ripley, from March 7, 1822, to October, 1855; George Ripley, from October, 1855, to June, 1857; Edmund W. Russell, from June, 1857, to July, 1867; George W. Ballou, from July, 1867, to May, 1870; W. I. Jenkins, from May, 1870, to Octo- ber, 1874; Joseph W. Stevens, from October, 1874, to the present time. The dii-ectors at the present time are Heniy F. Nash, president, Wm. H. Allen, vice-president, Joseph H. Root, Charles R. Field, Samuel O. Lamb, Franklin R. Allen, and Joseph W. Stevens, cashier. THE FRANKLIN SAVINGS INSTITUTION. The statute by which Elijah Alvord, Horatio G. Newcomb and Thomas O. Sparhawk, their associates and successors, were incorporated by the name of "The Franklin Savings Institution," to be established in the town of Greenfield, was approved April 2, 1834. The iirst meeting of the corporators was held on the 4th day of February, 1836, when Franklin Ripley, Daniel WeUs, Sylvester Allen, N. E. Russell, Spencer Root, Richardson Hall, Henry Chapman, WiUiam Wilson, Geo. T. Davis, Alanson Clark, Henry W. Clapp, Isaac Barton, 2d, and David Wait, 2d, all of Greenfield, were elected associates. After acceptance of the act of incorporation, "H. G. Newcomb was ap- pointed chairman of the meeting of said corporators and their associates, and Elijah Alvord, Franklin Ripley and H. W. Clapp were appointed a committee to prepare and report a code of by-laws for the gov- ernment of the association." At an adjourned meet- ing, on the 8th day of said February, the committee reported and the meeting accepted a code of by-laws, under which the corporation commenced operations. The meeting was further adjourned to the 11th day of Februaiy , when officers were chosen as follows : T. O. Sparhawk, secretary; Elijah Alvord, president; Sylvester AUen, P. L. Cushman, H. G. Newcomb, J. Blake, Jr., R. Hall, H. W. Clapp, P. Arms, A. Clark and H. Chapman, trustees; all qualified by taking tlie oath required by law. The first deposit in the institution was made March 24, 1836, by Charles P. Stone (the late General Stone) of Greenfield. The amount was five dollars. The deposits the first week amounted to $28.00. The first statement of the condition of the institution, as certi- fied by the committee, Jan. 4, 1837, showed that it had on deposit in bank, $958.30; due on loans, $4339.- 84, making a total of $5298.14. The amount due to depositors was $5161.00; dividend, $105.11; reserved profits, $32.03; total, $5398.14. In contrast with that statement, we give the state- ment of the assets and liabilities of the institution, on the 15th day of October, 1891, as follows, to wit: Assets. City and town bonds, Railroad bonds, Bank stocks. Deposits in banks on interest. Town and county notes. Public funds, notes. Bank stock notes. Real estate notes. Personal notes, Unpaid interest. Real estate by foreclosure. Expenses, Cash on hand. Total, Liabilities. Due to depositors, Guaranty fund. Other profits. Total, $1,086,374 20 363,500 00 68,600 00 108,687 69 135,560 29 1,500 00 66,000 00 738,090 06 922,188 93 508 75 5,099 62 1,604 43 1,747 18 $3,488,461 14 $3,286,561 98 164,400 00 37,499 16 $3,488,461 14 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. The fii-st dividend was declared January 4, 1837, and amounted to $105.11. the 117th dividend, declared payable July 1, 1891, was $63,330.15. The institu- tion has paid and credited in dividends to depositors the sum of $3,193,091.53. The following are the names of the persons who have been chosen ti-ustees of the institution, with res- idence and the year of election, other than the asso- ciates chosen at the fii-st meeting of the corporation, viz: PolycarpusL. Cushman, Bernardston, 1836; Jon- athan Blake, Jr., Northfleld, 1836; Pliny Arms, Deer- field, 1836; Charles Thompson, Colrain, 1837; Asa Howland, Conway, 1838; Orlando Ware, Deerfield, 1838; Zebediah Graves, Deerfield, 1838; Alpheus Hard- ing, New Salem, 1838; Lewis Stone, Wendell, 1838; Joseph Stevens, Warwick, 1838; Richard Colton, Northfleld, 1838; Zebina C. Newcomb, Bernardston, 1838; Samuel Coolidge, Colrain, 1838; Abel Bancroft, Montague, 1838; Henry W. Cushman, Bernardston, 1840; George Grennell, Jr., Greenfield, 1841; Almon Brainard, Greenfield, 1843; David Aiken, Greenfield, 1844; Daniel W. Alvord, Greenfield, 1845; Cephas Root, Greenfield, 1848; Samuel H. Reed, Greenfield, 1848; Wm. Henry Allen, Greenfield, 1850; Charles Allen, Greenfield, 1851; William B. Washburn, Green- field, 1856; Samuel O. Lamb, Greenfield, 1856; Lewis Merriam, Greenfield, 1856; John Sanderson, Bernards- ton, 1856; Jonathan S. Purple, GiU, 1856; Charles Mattoon, Greenfield, 1858; Humphrey Stevens, Green- field, 1859; Jonathan W. D. Osgood, Greenfield, 1861; Theodore Leonard, Greenfield, 1863; Silas N. Brooks, Bernardston, 1864; William H. Sanborn, Greenfield, 1864; Samuel S. Eastman, Greenfield, 1868; Charles Arms, Deerfield, 1869; Adams C. Deane, Greenfield, 1869; Charles R. Field, Greenfield, 1869; Rufus How- land, Greenfield, 1869; Nelson Burrows, Gill, 1869; Samuel W. Dutton, Northfleld, 1869; Ansel L. Tyler, Charlemont, 1870; Franklin R. Allen, Greenfield, 1873: Washington I. Jenkins, Greenfield, 1872; Simon L. Shattuck, Greenfield, 1872; Rufus A. Packard, Green- field, 1874; Joseph W. Stevens, Greenfield, 1876; Jo- seph Griswold, Jr., Colrain, 1876; Lewis T. Webster, Northfleld, 1876; Henry G. Nims, Greenfield, 1880; Austin DeWolf , Greenfield, 1881 ; Franklin G. Fessen- den, Greenfield, 1884; Edward F. Mayo, Warwick, 1884; Henry F. Nash, Greenfield, 1887; Lucius Nims, Greenfield, 1887; Charles P. Russell, Greenfield, 1887; Charles P. Aldrich, Deerfield, 1888; Wm. N. Wash- bum, Greenfield, 1890; Albert E. Hawks, Greenfield, 1890. The presidents of the institution and their several terms of service have been as follows, to wit: Elijah Alvord, 1836^0; Sylvester Allen, 1841-48; Cephas Root, 1849-53; Wm. H. Allen, 1854-5; Henry W. Cushman, 1856-63; Henry W. Clapp, 1864, died in March, 1869; Samuel O. Lamb, chosen April 19, Secretaries— T. O. Sparhawk, 1836-46; Daniel W. Alvord, 1847-50; Charles Allen, 1850-61; Theodore Leonard, 1863-71; Franklin R. Allen, chosen June 4, 1873. There have been only two treasurers, viz. , Franklin Ripley, who held the office till his death. He was suc- ceeded, June 11, 1860, by Wm. H. Allen. In 1890, the office of assistant treasurer was established and filled by the election of Charles Allen. The officers of the institution, November 1, 1891, were as follows: President, Samuel O. Lamb; vice- president, Adams C. Deane; secretary, Franklin R. Allen; ti-easurer, WiUiam H. Allen; assistant treas- urer, Charles AUen; board of investment, Samuel O. Lamb, Joseph W. Stevens, Joseph Griswold, Henry F. Nash, Lucius Nims; trustees, William H. AUen, Samuel O. Lamb, Adams C. Deane, Charles R. Field' Nelson Buitows, Ansel L. Tyler, Franklin R. Alien', Joseph W. Stevens, Joseph Griswold, Lewis T. Web- ster, Franklin G. Fessenden, Edward F. Mayo, Henry F. Nash, Lucius Nims, Charles P. Aldrich, Wm, N Washburn, Albert E. Hawks. THE FRANKLIN COUNTY NATIONAL BANK Was organized as the FranklinCounty Bank, in 1849. The first meeting of the board of directors was held at the American House, May 29th of that year. Gen. Asa Howland presided and WendeU T. Da- vis was chosen clerk, until a cashier should be chosen, and was sworn to faithfully perform the duties of the office by H. Chap- man, justice of the peace. The board proceeded to baUot for president, and after repeated balloting, choice was made of Hen- ry W. Cushman of Bernardston. It was voted that 50 per cent, of the capital stock, which was to be $150,000, should be paid in on the 14th of the foUowing August, and the remainder on the 6th of November. The procuring of plates for the bank bills was left to a committee, who were instructed not to purchase plates for three-dollar bills. A committee reported, on the 11th of June, that land for a banking building could be bought on either side of the old Court House (the present Gazette & Courier buUding), for $1000, or the Court House itself could be purchased for $3600. It was voted to make the latter purchase, provided the owner, L. Merriam, would guarantee that no other but a fire-proof build- ing should be erected either side of said premises. Messrs. Ira Abercrombie and W. T. Davis were ap- pointed a committee to superintend the repairs of the buUding, which were to adapt it to mercantile and banking business, and were likewise to procure a vault. Andrew G. Hammond of Boston was elected the first cashier, on a salary of $1200. The board of directors first met at the new banking house, Sept. 1, 1849, at which time the commissioners appointed by the governor to count the specie and ad- minister the proper oath to the directors were present for that purpose. The bank commenced business on Monday, Sept. 3, 1849. Jan. 7, 1850, it was voted to call a stockholders' meeting to consider the expediency of asking the Leg- islature for liberty to increase the capital stock by the addition of $50,000. The first year's business must have been tolerably successful, for on the 1st of April, 1850, it was voted to pay a dividend of 4 per cent. The early directors were H. W. Cushman, Joel Fay, Asa Howland, W. T. Davis, Wm. Keith, Quintus Al- len, Ira Abercrombie, Ebenezer Maynard, Ahnon Brainard, H. Chapman, J. S. Ward and WilUam B. Washburn, not one of whom is now living. In 1858, Whiting Griswold was chosen a director; Geo. A. Whipple of Orange was called to the board about the same time. Cashier Hammond tendered his resignation, Nov. 2, 1853, and Edwin Maynard was elected in his place, assuming the duties Nov. 30. He resigned Oct. 17, 1855, and Charles I. Fuller, who had been a clerk of the bank, was chosen to succeed him. On the 5th of April, 1858, WilUam B. Washburn resigned from the board of directors. On the lltb of June, 1860, the dii-ectoi-s passed resolutions of re- spect to the memory of Franklin Ripley, the president of the Greenfield Bank, who had just died. On the 37th of October, 1860, Charles I. Fuller, who had been cashier five yeai-s and clerk four years, died, at the age of thirty years. Rufus A. Packard was elected cashier, on the 5th of the foUowing month. The next year the war came on, and the foUow- ing vote, passed by the board of directoi-s, April 39, CENTENNIAL EDITION. 57 1861, shows that the institution was ready at the very outbreak to render all the assistance in its power to the government : Whereas the country is in the midst of civil war, and whereas it is the first duty of every loyal and patriotic citizen and institution to uphold and sustain the government, therefore: Voted, that tlie Franklin County Bank tender to the Commonwealth a loan of ten per cent, of its capital, amounting to twenty thou- sand doUai-s, for the purpose of assisting the State in her noble and patriotic efforts to maintain the union, the constitution and the laws of the country. In 1863, H. W. Cushman died, and on the 30th of November, Ira Abercrombie was elected president in his place. On the 1st of May, 1865, the property of the FrankUn County Bank was conveyed to the Franklin County National Bank of Greenfield, the in- stitution having organized under the national banking act. Up to this time, one of the principal duties of tlie dhectors, if we may judge from the records, was to burn the worn and mutilated bills. About twice a year, this task fell to a committee of the directors, who usually destroyed from $25,000 to $30,000 of the paper, keeping a strict account of the amount and de- nominations. When it ceased to be a State bank, all the old bills were caUeJ in to suffer this fate, and we find that, July 18, 18So, $113,000 were burned, Aug. 38, $30,000, and Sept. 35, $11,300. When first organized as a national bank, the board of directors was as follows: Ira Abercrombie of Deerfleld, Quintus Allen, Wm. Keitli and Whiting Griswold of Greenfield, John Sanderson of Bernards- ton, Dennis Dickinson of Whately, Joel Fay of North- field, J. T. Wescott of Amherst, and George A. Whip- ple of Orange. On the 4tli of February, ItHTO, it was voted to pur- cliase the Plielps estate, on Main street, as the site for a new bank building. Wm. Keith, Quintus Allen, Whiting Griswold, Geo. H. Hovey and R. A. Packard were chosen a building committee, and it was voted to accept tlie plans of Architect G. W. Hathorne. The cost of the building, including lot, was about $50,000. Ira Abercrombie died in 1870, and on the 35th of July, WiUiam Keith was elected president. Rufus A. Packard resigned as cashier, in 1873, and on the 37th of September, Henry K. Simons was elected to the office. Jan. 13, 1880, it was voted to increase the capital stock from $300,000 to $300,000. William Keith, who had been a trustee from the organization of the bank, in 1849, and president since 1870, died in 1881, and was succeeded, April 35, by Quintus Allen. The latter resigned, July 14, 1884, and on the 4th of the following month John Keith was elected to the vacancy. Mr. Keith resigned the following year, and on the 15th of June, Henry K. Simons was chosen in his place, and Ambrose Tliayer was elected casliier. The latter resigned Jan. 18, 1886, and Herbert O. Edgeiton was chosen his successor. On the 30th of September, 1886, Hem-y K. Simons re- signed as president and was succeeded by John Sander- son. On the 7th of February, 1887, John H. Sander- son was elected to the presidency. On the 13th of May, 1887, it was voted to reduce the capital stock to $300,000, to take effect May 31st. The present board of directors are John H. Sander- son, Charles Keith, Levi J. Gunn, Nahum S. Cutler, George E. Rogei-s, Charles J. Day and Eben A. Hall. THE GEEBNFIELD SAVINGS BANK Was incoi-porated on the 19th day of March, 1869. The act of incorporation named John Sandei-son, William Keith and Chester C. Conant as coi-porators. The act took effect upon its passage. The neces- sary steps to perfect the organization were promptly taken and on Saturday, the 37th day of March, 1869, a full board of trustees and officers were elected, by-laws enacted and the bank was opened for de- posits, the fli-st deposit being made on the 1st day of April, 1869, by Wm. G. Packard, now cashier of the Packard National Bank, and that first deposit now stands on the books of the bank. The first officers wei'e as follows: President, John Sanderson of Bernardston; secretary, Chester C. Conant of Greenfield; treasurer, Rufus A. Packard of Greenfield; auditors, V. M. Howard of Deerfleld, Leonard Barton of Gill; finance committee, Ira Aber- crombie of Deerfield, Wm. Keith of Greenfield, Geo. H. Hovey of Greenfield. The firat trustees were: Ira Abercrombie, Leonard Barton, Whiting Griswold, William Keith, T. D. Root, Quintus Allen, E. E. Belden, V. M. Howard, R. A. Packard, S. A. Sniead, Geo. A. Arms, Dennis Dickinson, Geo. H. Hovey, Henry L. Pratt, Geo. A. Whipple. Mr. Sanderson served as president till 1883, when he declined further service and Newell Snow was elected in his stead. Mr. Snow served as president till 1888, when he declined a re-election, and in De- cember, 1888, Robert Abercrombie was chosen and has served to the present time. The treasurers have been Rufus A. Packard from the organization of the bank till December, 1873, when he declined longer to serve. Henry K. Simons was then elected and by re-elec- tions served till July, 1881, when he resigned, to take effect on or before Oct. 1, 1881. July 18, 1881, Albert M. Gleason was elected treasurer; he has served by re-elections to the present time. Chester C. Conant has served as secretary from the organization of the bank to the present time; he has also during all this time been the attorney and legal adviser of the bank. The banking rooms were fii-st with the Franklin County National Bank, in the present Gazette and Courier building. When the new Franklin County National Bank building was built in 1870 the Savings Bank went with that bank to the new building and there remained till Sept. 15, 1881, when, a disagi'ee- ment between the trustees of the Savings Bank and the directors of the National Bank having arisen, on the recommendation of the bank commissioners and by the unanimous vote of both boards, the Savings Bank was removed to its present location in the Mansion House block. At different times the following named per- sons, other than the first board of trustees and the present board, have served as its trustees: Asahel Abercrombie, Q. A. Seward, F. M. Thompson, L. G. Barton, H. K. Simons, Charles Keith, E. D. Hamil- ton, A. J. Wood and Chelsea Cook. The management of the bank has been careful and conservative. It very largely has enjoyed the confi- dence of the public from the beginning as is shown by its deposits, viz. : Year. No. of depositors. Amt. of deposits. 1871 783 $358,614.34 1881 3109 878,133.56 1891 3806 1,647,979.31 It has paid in interest dividends since the beginning, $911,008.09 and has now on hand a guarantee fund of $46,500. The boai'd of officers for the year 1893 are: Presi- dent, Robert Abercrombie; vice-president, Wm. A. Forbes; secretary, Chester C. Conant; treasurer, Albert M. Gleason; auditors. Frank E. Snow, Fred'k L. Whitmore; trustees, Robert Abercrombie, William A. Forbes, Chester C. Conant, Levi J. Gunn, Geo. A. Arms, Leonard Barton, Matthew Chapman, Charles H. Green, Eben A. Hall, Charles R. Lowell, Edward E. Lyman, Seorem B. Slate, Wm. M. Smead, Augus- tus C. Walker, Salmon P. White, Frederick L. Whit- more and Frank E. Snow. same month Rufus A. Packard was elected to fill the vacancy. The present officers of the bank are: Pres- ident, Rufus A. Packard; directors, R. A. Packard, A. C. Deane, Geo. A. Kimball, Aaron H. Wright, William A. Forbes; cashier, W. G. Packard; teller, H. D. Packard; clerk, J. L. S. Barton. THE PACKARD NATIONAL BANK OF GREENFIELD Was organized May 17, 1875. Previous to this date R. A. Packard had conducted for a year or two a pri- vate banking house. The capital stock of the Nation- al Bank was fixed at $100,000. W. N. Packard of Palmer was the first president and Rufus A. Packard, cashier. W. N. Packard died Nov. 3, 1878, and Nathan F. Henry, the vice-president, served as presi- dent until January, 1879, when he was elected to the office. He died Nov. 6, 1884, and on the 10th of the THE INTERSTATE MORTGAGE TRUST CO. Was incorporated Jan. 16, 1888, with the office of the eastern branch in Greenfield, and the western office in Parsons, Kansas. The company was organized to negotiate loans in the four southeastern counties of Kansas. The capital stock of the company is $100,- 000. The office here is located in the Mansion House building. The officers of the company are: Presi- dent, Jerome R. Brown of Parsons, Kansas; vice- president, F. M. Thompson of Greenfield; cashier, eastern office, W. N. Snow; directors in Greenfield, F. M. Thompson, L. J. Gunn, G. E. Rogers, E. E. Lyman, John Sheldon, C. T. Walcott; in Kansas, J. R. Brown, J. J. Pierson, W. C. Holmes, A. M. McCormick, A. J. C^ary. GREEN EIVEE OEMETEET. In the year 1850 it was found that the old town bury- ing-grounds had become inadequate for the require- Tnents of the growing village. A small lot of land was bought to enlarge the Federal street burying- ground, but that proved only a temporary relief. Early in 1851 steps were taken to form a cemetery corporation by association under the general laws, and seventy-seven persons, comprising the business men of the village, signed the agreement. Of this num- ber only about fifteen are now living. The first meet- ing was called at the town hall on Federal street, May 36, 1851, at which Franklin Ripley was chair- man. By-laws were adopted and officers elected as follows: Henry W. Clapp, president; Henry B. Clapp, clork and treasurer; Rufus Howland, collector; Wen- dell T. Davis, David S. Jones, Lewis Merriam and James S. Grinnell, executive committee. The executive committee, June 3, 1851, bought twelve and one-half acres of land on Petty's Plain of Franklin Ripley, Geo. T. Davis and Daniel Wells. Work was begun at onoe and on the 7th day of Octo- ber, 1851, consecration services were held on the new grounds. Rev. Dr. Willard of Deerfleld offered the prayer. Rev. Dr. Strong read appropriate selections from the Scriptures and an original hymn by Dr. Strong was sung. The flrst stanza was as follows: "With chastened hearts and solemn rite We come to consecrate the place Where men of differing creeds unite, And rest alike in death's embrace." The procession was headed by Merrill's band, and consisted of the three fire companies, the clergymen, the orator, the officers of the corporation, the Misses Stone's and Misses Williams' schools, the children of the public schools and many citizens. It was a long and imposing procession. The address of the occa- sion was by the Rev. John Williams, then president of Trinity college, Hartford, now Bishop Williams of Connecticut. After the return of the procession to the village a collation was served at the Mansion House through the liberality of Henry W. Clapp, Esq. The eligible lots were soon taken and in June, 1853, eight acres were added by purchase from Albert Smead. This land is the westerly part of the ceme- tery and is now bounded by the road to the present Agricultural grounds. Other lands were bought and in 1855 the cemetery had twenty -four acres and nine- ty rods of land. In 1886 the purchase of eight acres and eighty rods of land from Mrs. Jane Goodnow, called the "Cephas Root" lot, and the more recent ad- dition of other land has increased the cemetery to its present extent of about forty acres. After the cor- poration was formed a foot-bridge over Green river 58 was planned and would have been built but the high- way over Green river and across Petty's Plain,past the Agricultural grounds, was about this time located and made and the necessity for a foot-bridge obviated. Before that bridge and the highway were built the only entrance to the cemetery was by the bridges near the John Russell cutlery. The number of lots surveyed out is now 757. It is expected that about ten acres more will be laid out into lots the present year. The number of interments has been about 1600. The cemetery received a legacy of $2000 by the will of the late Isaac Miles, the income to be used for im- provements, and also a small legacy from the late Rufus Howland. It has wha,t is called a "Perpetual GREENFIELD GAZETTE. THE GEEENPIELD OLUB. The newest manifestation of Greenfield's growth into not only the larger town but the greater conse- quence is the appearance of the Greenfield Club, with its club house,— a very satisfactory refiection of the metropolitan institution. This club, which has estab- lished itself as a permanent organization of the town, was incorporated in January, 1891. The oflBcers are: President, Joseph W. Stevens; vice-presidents, JohnH. Sanderson, Chester C. Conant; secretary, Herbert C. Parsons; treasurer, William G. Packard; directors, Joseph W. Stevens, Adams C. Deane, Eben A. Hall, William A. Forbes, William N. Washburn, Nahum S. Cutler. Frank J. Pratt, Jr. ; house committee, Will- iam N. Washburn, George B. Rogers, Frank E. Snow; election committee, George E. Rogers, Herbert C. Par- sons, Frank E. Snow, Herbert O. Edgerton, Frank E. Lowe, John P. Logan, Frank H. Reed. The entire building of the Franklin County Na- tional bank, above the first floor was leased and changed in arrange- ment tomeet the require- ments of the club. These 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 30. 21. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Frank H. Reed, Hawks & Reed, clothing dealers. James C. Deane, manufacturer at Griswoldville. Rev. Arthur Anderson Brooks, pastor of Third Congregational (Unitarian) church. John P. Logan, Ferguson & Logan, merchants. Charles W. Scott, commercial traveler. Frank E. Lowe, Lowe Bros., merchants. F. H. Ulrich, bookkeeper with Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co. A. L. Sjhth, Smith & Mitchell, brick m'f rs. Capt. Fred E. Pierce, teller, First Nat'l Bank and captain of Co. L, M. V. M. Dr. F. W. Wn>LiAMS, dentist. William A. Forbes, merchant. Herbert C. Parsons, assistant editor, Gazette & Courier. Dr. Adams C. Deane, physician. Baxter B. Notes, manufacturer. Dr. a. C. Walker, physician. Emil Wbissbrod, manufacturer of wallets and leather goods. Fred E. Wells, Wells Bros., manufacturers. George E. Rogers, clerk, Millers Falls Co. Judge C. C. Conant, attorney. Joseph W. Stevens, cashier First National Bank, president of the club. John H. Sanderson, president of Franklin Coun- ty National Bank. Frank E. Snow, WeUs Bros. & Co., m'f'rs. Robert Abercrombie, president Greenfield Sav- ings Bank. Henry K. Simons, manager for Western Mass. of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Frank P. Forbes, merchant. Levi J. Gunn, manufacturer. Nahum S. Cutler, Cutler, Lyons & Field, shoe manufacturers. Wm. G. Packard, cashier Packard Nat'l Bank. Eben A. Hall, publisher Gazette & Courier. Care" fund, by which persons may pay in |150 or $300 and have the income of that sum or so much thereof as is needed forever set apart to care for in- dividual lots. This fund is kept separate and apart from other funds of the cemetery and amounts to several hundred dollars and is increasing. Many per- sons in their wills make this provision for the perpet- ual care of their cemetery lots. The cemetery needs an ornamental and suitable gateway or entrance, a keeper's lodge and a chapel on its grounds, with an endowment sufScieht to meet the proper demand for ornamentation and care of this beautiful burying place "Beside the river's dark green flow, There, where the pine trees weep." The presidents of the Green River cemetery have been Henry W. Clapp, Rufus Howland, Wm. H. San- born, S. O. Lamb, J. H. HoUister, S. 8. Eastman, L. L. Luey, E. D. Merriam, E. A. Hall, W. H. Allen, Wm. Keith, James S. Grinnell and C. C. Conant. The present officers are: President, Chester C. Co- nant; clerk, Charles Allen; treasurer, J. W. Stevens; executive committeee, E. A. Hall, Chas. R. Lowell, F. R. Allen and J. H. HoUister. other cemeteries. There are four other cemeteries in Greenfield. The town receiving tomb is located in the one on Federal street. When Miles street was built some years ago to provide a new way from Main street to the passen- ger station, it became necessary to remove the graves in the old burying-ground first used by the settlers of the village. The reinterments were in the Federal street cemetery, the graves as far as possible being marked by the original headstones. There is a ceme- tery on High street, near Silver street, one in the low- er and one in the upper Meadows. The Catholic cem- etery is on Petty's Plain within the limits of Deer- field. now num- ber eighty- one. An i m- pression of the char- acter of the Green- field Club will be drawn from the group on the opposite page. It is suggestive that the publisher of the Gazette should use its membership to furnish the portraits which should be fairly representative of the men closely con- nected with the town's activity at the centennial time. KEY TO accompanying PORTRAITS. Of the eighty-one members of the club, represent- ing nearly all of the business and professional men of the town, we are able to give the portraits of flftv- five on the accompanying page: 1. Charles N. Payne, druggist. George F. Lamb, Lamb Bros., grain dealers Edwin Fowler, carriage maker. J. Martin Sauter, clerk. E. E. Pierce, merchant. F. 0. Wells, Wells Bros., manufacturers Rufus A Packard, pres't Packard Nat'l Bank John T. Shaw, hvery stable keeper. COZY corner of reception ROOM. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 38. 39. 40. 41. 43. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 53. 53. 54. 55, William N. Washburn, manufacturer. Joseph Griswold, manufacturer. : H. W. Kellogg, salesman. Cutler, Lyons & Field! H. O. Edgerton, cashier Franklin Co. Nat'l Bank.' Anson Withet, Postmaster of Greenfield. Frank A. Pond, real estate dealer. Albert E. Hawks, Hawks & Reed, merchants. Albert T. Hall, E. A. HaU & Co., printers and stationers. " W.N. Snow , cashier Interstate Mortgage Trast Co.! Charles R. Lowell, druggist. L. A. Cook, merchant. Arthur N. Hull, coal dealer. S. B. Payne, harness maker and dealer. Dr. W. S. Severance, physician. Charles J. Day, coal dealer. Frank H. Snow, insurance agent. Charles Keith, merchant. William M. Smead, merchant. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 59 MEMBERS OF THE GREENFIELD CLUB. 60 SOCIETY OEGAUIZATIONS. MASONRY. The first meeting of Republican Lodge of Masons was held in the hall of the old Munn tavern January, 28, 1795. The charter was signed by Paul Revere, then Grand Master of the Grand Lodge. The first master of Republican Lodge was John Long, Jr. On the day the lodge was instituted the brethren marched in procession to the old meeting-house (at the Long Corners) attended by a large concourse of people and were there addressed by Rev. Mr. Parsons of Amherst, and then repairing to Munn's hall, where the conclud- ing ceremonies were performed. Among the early masters of the lodge were John Stone, William Wait, Lemuel Foster, Elijah Alvord, Sr., Elijah Alvord, Jr., John Wells, Hooker Leavitt, Janies Gould, Titus Strong, Franklin Ripley, Geo. Grinnell, Ansel Phelps. In those days the meetings were opened at 6 o'clock and closed at 9 o'clock, the by-laws not permitting the brethren to tarry longer. In 1805 the first funeral ob- sequies were performed at the burial of Dr. John Long at Shelburne. In 1807 the question of moving the lodge to Colrain was discussed, but the project was finally abandoned. The place of meeting was moved from the tavern to a building on Federal street which stood on the site of the shop now owned by M. R. Pierce & Co. In 1817 the brick school build- ing on School street, now known as the Avery house, was erected and a hall fitted up for the occupation of the lodge. In 1823 there had become a lack of inter- est in the order and the lodge was moved to Gill, where the first meeting was held in the house of A. Alvord. Shortly after, as there was no improvement, the brethren became discouraged and surrendered the charter. On the 10th of December, 1851, it was restored and the lodge commenced its work again in Greenfield. At first meetings were held in the Odd Fellows hall, in what is now Mr. HoUister's building, and afterwards in a hall fitted up in W. T. Davis' block. In 1856 a hall was finished off for the lodge in the Mansion House building, and in the reconstruc- tion of the hotel in 1873 a new hall with better ac- commodations was provided and has been occupied since. Franklin Royal Arch Chapter was instituted Jan. 17, 1818. Titus Strong Council was formed in 1856, and May 23, 186.S, Connecticut Valley Command- ery was added to the bodies of the order. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Fellows hall. It was GrSt instituted March 17, 1848, and reinstituted Sept. 29, 1873. Sylmn Degree Lodge, No. S7, Daughters of Rebekah, I. 0. O. F., was instituted March 31, 1890. It meets on the first and third Friday evenings of each month in Odd Fellows hall. ODD FELLOViTS. Pocomptuck Lodge of Odd Fellows was originally instituted May 6, 1845. The first officers were Wen- dell T. Davis, noble grand; Stephen Gates, vice grand; R. R. Taylor, secretary; John P. Rust, treasurer. The meetings were held in a wooden building which stood on the site of J. H. HoUister's Main street building. The first death that oocuiTed in the lodge was that of the chaplain, Rev. James Mudge, who was at that time pastor of the Methodist church in tliis town. After a period of about ten years interest in the lodge began to wane and the charter was finally surrender- ed. The reorganization was brought about in 1870. Meetings were held for a time in a room in Sanborn's block, but desiring more room a hall was finished ofl' for the use of the lodge in the Court House. This was dedicated June 10, 1873, an address being deliv- ered on the occasion by Past Grand Joseph Beals. The lodge has since prospered and gaining a large membership, decided to secure a permanent home. In furtherance of this plan the large brick building on Main street, long occupied by J. L. Lyons as a furni- ture warehouse, was purchased and reconstructed to adapt it to the use of the lodge. On the second and third floors are the main hall, the ante-rooms and ban- queting room, supplied with every convenience, while a store is rented, occupying ground floor and base- ment. The new hall was dedicated June 5, 1890, Dr. Joseph Beals again delivering an address. O-reen River Encampment, No. 37, meets second and fourth Friday evenings of each month in Odd GRAND ARMY OP THE RBPUBLIC. Edwin E. Day Post, G. A. R., was organized in March, 1870. Capt. George Pierce was the first com- mander and there were twelve charter members. During the existence of the Post there have been one hundred and fifty names on its rolls, representing six- ty-two different organizations in the service. In 1877 there was a decline of interest in the order and the meetings of the Post suspended. A veteran associa- tion was then formed to carry on the work of reliev- ing the necessities of needy comrades and of observ- ing the beautiful ceremonies of Memorial Day. In 1884 the charter was restored and the Post has in- creased in numbers until it has reached a membership of one hundred and twelve. The commanders have been Capt. George Pierce, Col. W. S. B. Hopkins, Capt. Anson Withey, E. A. Hall, C. C. Haskell, C. Mason Moody, Charles R. Lowell, F. L. Burnham, W. T. Young, James A. Horton, James M. Wells, Henry W. Hale. The meetings are held on the first and third Tuesday evenings of each month in G. A. R. hall, Gazette & Courier building. Edwin E. Day Relief Corps was instituted No- vember, 13, 1885, and has been a most efficient auxil- iary to the Grand Army Post, lending its aid in every worthy cause. Its presidents have been Mrs. Eunice W. Moors, Mrs. Sarah E. Woodard, Mrs. Maria C. Walker, Mrs. Delia B. Clark. The meetings are held on the second and fourth Monday evenings of each month in G. A. R. hall. Greenfield Lodge, No. 505, Knights of Honor, was instituted on March 7, 1877, with eight charter mem- bers. There have been eighty-three names on the roll-book. Present membership is forty -nine. Three deaths have occurred and many have withdrawn and joined other lodges. Meetings are held on the first and third Monday evenings of each month in Temple of Honor hall, Taylor block. Amount of benefit cer- tificates in force, 195,000. Commonwealth Council, No. 1031, American Legion of Honor, was instituted on Sept. 7, 1882, with one hundred and fourteen charter members. There have been one hundred and thirty-three names on the roll- book. Six members have died and many have with- drawn and joined other council. Present member- ship sixty -three. Amount of benefit certificates in force, $132,000. Meetings are held on first and third Thursday evenings of each month in Temple of Honor Hall, Tay- lor block. New Era Lodge, No. 1S8, 1 0. G. r.— Instituted Dec. 8, 1890. It meets Tuesday even- ing of each week in Temple of Honor hall. Olice Brand I Temple of Honor, No. 38, was instituted in 1886. Meetings are held in Temple of Honor hall. Father Mathew Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevo- lent Society. — This society was organized Oct. 27, 1883. Its object is to promote tem- perance and advance the lit- erary attainments of its members by debates, essays, reading, etc. It has a large membership of young men. Meetings are now held in a new hall in F. A. Pond's Miles street building every Thursday evening. Division No 3, Ancient Order of Hibernians, was instituted in 1877. Meetings ai-e held in Union hall, Sanborn's block. Young Men's Christian Association was organized in April, 1888. Its rooms are in the Pond Main street building and are well arranged and furnished for the purposes of the association. The present general sec- retary is L. E. Bailey. Sedan Lodge. No. 205, Hamgari, was instituted Jan. 39, 1872. Meetings are held on the first and third Thursday of the month in the hall belonging to the lodge on Washington street. GEEENFIELD'S HOTELS. THE MANSION HOUSE. Greenfield has never had occasion to feel ashamed of the accommodations she could offer the traveling public. Aaron Denio's tavern was a well-known hos- telry back in the seventies, and the early records men- tion Asa Goodenough as an inn-holder as early as 1788. At the beginning of the century, Calvin Munn kept tavern on the site of what is now the Mansion House, and a hotel has been maintained there ever since. We find that in 1815 he sold out to Asa Good- enough; that the property passed into the hands of Jerial Preston in 1820; was conveyed to Asaph Pres- ton of South Hadley and Homer Preston of Westfield in 1833; to Isaac Newton in 1825; to Charles Smead in 1833; to Asher Spencer and Bernard A. Newell in 1843; to Paul Chase of Brattleboro in 1843 (the house was kept by James Taggart); to George Field and Elijah Coleman in 1847; to Henry W. Clapp in 1855. Mr. Clapp bought adjoining land, and the whole prop- erty was sold to George Doolittle in 1871. He made a large addition — all that portion of the main build- ings east of the Dr. Beals office. Peleg Adams be- came the purchaser in 1877, and made many enlarge- ments and improvements. He conveyed the proper- ty to Mrs. Charlotte E. Adams, the widow of his son, and to her two daughters, Ruth C. and Elizabeth L. Adams, by deed dated 1880, and recorded after his death in 1887. They are the present owners of the hotel, which has long had an excellent reputation as a public house. For many year's during Mr. Adams' ownership the hotel was kept by G. T. C. Holden, a very efficient and popular landlord. The good name gained under his management has been well main- tained by his successors. Alfred Schofl is the present lessee. GREENFIELD SHADE, CHURCH STREET, THE AMERICAN HOUSE Was kept in its early days by Eliel Gilbert. Subse- quently the late Major William Keith came into pos- session of the property and kept the house for many years. About twenty years ago it was purchased by D. S. Simons, the present owner, who has completely reconstructed the hotel and developed a valuable property. O. C. Allen is now the lessee. THE FRANKLIN HOUSE Was occupied for many years by Amos E. Reed, and after his death was carried on by Mrs. Reed and her sons. It was sold to R. R. Howerson and H. L. Bar- nard became the lessee. It is now occupied by John Mead. THE ELM HOUSE Was formerly owned by Lyman Thayer, who remod- eled the building from a private house. It was this house which was the home of Thomas Dickman, the publisher of the Gazette, one hundred yeai's ago. Joel DeWolf is the present proprietor. THE UNION HOUSE Was formerly the residence of the keeper of the coun- ty jail, the latter structure being located just in the rear. Until recently it has been occupied for several years by John Mead. It is owned by D. J. Thomas of Turners Falls, and is now vacant. HOTEL WARNER Has been built the past year, on MUes street, near the railway station, by Henry W. Warner. It is leased by William H. Conlan. INDUSTRIAL DTTEEESTS. While Greenfield's importance in the earlier years was due in a gi-eat measure to being the county seat and the centre of trade for a prosperous agricultural community, it has made a commendable growth as a manufacturing town. This growth has never been of the "boom" order, but substantial and healthy. The railroad facilities are unsuirpassed, the Hoosao Tun- nel line giving direct communication east and west, and the Connecticut River railroad north and south. There is abundant bank capital at hand for the sinews of business, and farm products near by for all the needs of factory operatives. EARLY MILL PRIVILEGES. The settlement of Deerfield commenced in 1671, and as early as 1686 a grant of land, located within what is now Greenfield, on the bank of Green river was made to one WUlliam Brooks, and in 1687 the home lots on what is now Main street were laid out. The greater part of the present territory of Greenfield was covered w ith a dense forest, containing immense numbers of gigantic pine trees, and in consequence available mill sites were much valued. A larg;e por- tion of the northerly part of the town was (and is yet) known as "Log Plain," and within the memory of many yet living, the uprooted stumps of these pines formed the greater part of the fences of this part of the town. Formerly there were many saw-mills in town, some of them located on streams which are now but meadow drains. Just north of Main street ran Graves brook, a noted mill and trout stream, now CENTENNIAL EDITION. known as the main sewer. The borders of this stream and the Grinnell meadow were then a great rabbit swamp, and it was here that Capt. Joseph Olesson was captured by Indians and cariied to Canada and from there to France and detained three years, after which he returned. There was a saw-mill at the falls near the house of J. W. Miller, owned by Samuel Wells; one near the house of J. P. Morgan, on the Gill road; one just south of the railroad viaduct over the swamp road; one on Cherry Rum brook, nearly north of the house of George H. Miller; one near the Green river grist-mill, one on the Glen brook, and one at Nash's Mills. 6l Nash's Mills, and also at one time kept there a coun- try store. Uriah Martindale and Eber Nash manu- factured brick here and the minister, the doctor, the shoemaker, the carpenter and the blacksmith dwelt peaceably in this little hamlet. About 1840 the grist mill and dam were carried away by a flood, and the new mill then erected was placed much nearer the Leyden road than the old one had been. This mill was destroyed by fire and in 1868 F. M. Thompson, having obtained a lease of the premises for the term of twenty-five years, built a shop and for a time manufactured chisels there; but in 1871 the buildings were again burned, and in 1872, FACTORY OP THE WARNER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, NASII S MILLS. FACTOP.Y OF WILEY & KUSSEL^ tFACIUKING CO:..PAHY, THE WARNER MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The height of fall, the excellent chance for flowage and the secure rock foundation for a dam at Nash's Mills made the water privilege there of much value, and it was early occupied, how early is not known, but a road from the west end of the village was made up the banks of Green river to it in 1719. Daniel Nash was a member of the first board of se- lectmen elected in Greenfield, and for one hundred and forty years this privilege at Nash's Mills has been owned principally by him and his descendants, now being owned by Frank L. Nash. Jonathan Catlin was the first owner, whose name is on the records, selling a half interest to Daniel Nash in 1755 and eleven years afterwards the other half to Aaron De- nio, Jr. At different times the water fiowing over the rocks at this point has supplied power for a saw-mill, a grist-mill, a fulling-mill, a rake factory, and in latter days chisel works and machine shops and for the manufacture of hardware for baby carriages and table cutlery. It is not generally known that the Russell Cutlery Works came near being lo- cated at this point, but it is a fact that the late John Rus- sell and Eber Nash were at one time in negotiation for that purpose, before the lo- cation was fixed by Mr. Rus- sell on Green Rivdr. At the mouth of Mill brook, where it enters into Green river, tradition says was found the body of Capt. Turner, who received his death wound on his retreat through the great swamp down this brook. Near by, on the bluffs, has been dis- interred the remains of men who, perhaps, were also oth- er victims of the Turners Falls fight. The late Deacon John J. Graves for many years car- ried on a blacksmith shop at Henry W. Warner, having purchased the lease, began the erection of a building 40x70 and three stories high, which now forms a portion of the shops of the Warner Manufacturing Co. Greenfield had for many years been identified with the manufacture of baby carriages and of hardware used in their construction. Mr. Warner had carried on the business of making baby carriages in the old steam mill, comer School and Ames streets, as early as 1855. In the same building, J. Morris Munson was making hardware for baby carriages, probably being the first person engaged in that business in the United States. Later, Mr. Warner moved to Springfield, Mass. , continuing the same business. When the prem- ises at Nash's Mills were destroyed by fire in the fall of 1871, he determined to erect a building for the pur- pose of the manufacture of hardware for these little carriages on a larger scale than had before been im- dertaken. September, 1873, he was joined by John H. Sanderson, and the business has continued since under their management. A coi^poration was formed in 1888, and two gentlemen who had long been in their employ became interested in the concern, John E. Osgood and Robert F. Painter. Gradually from 1883 they engaged in making solid steel handle table knives and forks until at the pres- ent time nearly one-half of the employes are at work in the cutlery branch of the business. The goods manufactured by this concern are distributed in a wide market ranging from the eastern town- ships of Quebec to San Francisco. At this writing- sixty hands are employed, of whom but two are women and several of the men have been there for a dozen years or more. The ofiicers at present are: Henry W. Warner, president; John H. Sanderson, agent and treasurer; John E. Osgood, secretary; Robert F. Painter, super- intendent of shops. THE WILEY & RUSSELL MANUFACTURING CO., A portion of whose factory buildings is shown in the accompanying illustration, employ upwards of one hundred and fifty hands, and the out-put is a general line of superior tools and machinery, the leading spe- cialty being taps and dies for screw cutting. The buildings are of recent construction, and are upon the site formerly utilized by the Green River cutlery works. Charles P. Russell is the president and prin- cipal owner of the works, 62 CUTLER, LYONS & FIELD. (Incorporated.) Ranging along the tracks of the Fitchburg raih-oad the most conspicuous of Greenfield buildings to the passer-by is the factory of this corporation. It was erected in the summer of 1891, the extension for the manufacture o f men's shoes, wliich does not appear in the view given of the build- ing being added during the follow- ing winter, and is a model factory in structure and equipment. The business of this concern was transplanted from Bernards ton to Greenfield by N. S. Cutler in 1880 and for the ten years that it occu- pied the shops of H. W. Warner on Olive street, gain- ed steadily in its product and the number of its workmen. The firm of Cutler, Lyons & Field was formed in 1883, its members being N. S. Cut- ler, who had built up the business, A. F. S. Lyons, superintendent of the factory, and D. C. G. Field of Northampton. In Jan- uary, 1892, the firm was incorporated without change in its style. The product of this house, until recently, has been exclusively women's, misses' and children's wear, at- tention being paid especially to medium and fine grades of the best wearing qualities, in grain, dongo- la and goat boots. The grain leather goods of its manufacture have a wide reputation for their dura- bility. None but entire leather goods are made and the reputation of the concern as well as the shoes it produces is free from the blemish of concealed shod- dy. The sales are made directly to retailers and the determination to put forth only trustworthy goods to avoid the intervention of jobbers and middlemen and to make the interests of dealer and manufacturer iden- tical has won the house a large clientage, a portion of it In New England, but the larger part in the West, where its trade extends to the Pacific slope. To this business the addition has recently been made of the GREENFIELD GAZETTE. making of men's and boys' fine shoes to supply and ex- tend the trade which has been buUfc up by the sales, in connection with their own product, of the goods of other houses. The new factory on Hope street, built to accommodate the original business, was hardly completed when it was decided to extend it to take on the new department. The result is a factory 276 feet long with a uniform width of thirty-eight feet and a height of three stories, with the exception of the boiler house, which stands between the two fac- tories. It is completely fitted with the most recent machinery and its work rooms are arranged with a view to the comfort and health of the working force, as well as to the rapidity and thoroughness of produc- tion. The product of the factory in its original line is from 1000 to 1300 pairs daily and the capacity of the factory, including both branches, is about 3000 paii's a day. With the sustained growth of its busi- ness the time does not seem distant when the prod- uct will equal this limit. It is of interest to briefly notice the lives of the members of this enterprising establishment. Nahum S. Cutler, the president of the company, has been con- nected with the shoe business from the day he began life for himself at twenty-one as clerk in a Springfield retail store. This was in 1858 and after three years as a clerk Mr. Cutler bought the business that had kept him employed and from that time until about 1873 was constantly connected with retail and wholesale shoe dealing in that city, the wholesale house which he established. Cutler, Mcintosh & Co., being widely known. Building a factory in Bemardston, in which town he had spent his boyhood, he began the manu- facture of women's shoes and removed to Greenfield in 1880 in order to obtain the better business privileges of this town. Mr. Cutler has served two terms in the Legislature and is the chairman of the board of se- lectmen of Green- field. Mr. A. F. S. Ly- ons is a practical shoe man. Reen- tered the Cutler shop at Bernards- ton, fresh from the farm in Gill, where he had been packing energy and endurance in- to his system in his boyhood work, and soon became so knowing to the trade as to be made foreman of the stitching, cut- ting and bottom- ing departments, which place he had when he came with Mr. Cutler to Greenfield. He joined the firm in 1883, and acquiring a skill in designing patterns, is now the draughtsman of the concern as well as su- perintendent of the factory. Mr. David C. G. Field has a more varied career to review. He was born in Maine in 1835, but moved, presumably under the superintendence of his parents, to Lowell, the next year. He left school at fourteen to become a grocery clerk and soon owned a store, which he conducted until the war began, when he went out in the quartermaster's department of the New Orleans expedition. Under General Butler's New Orleans regime, he was the general's lieutenant and financial agent and acting bank commissioner. When Gen. Butler was relieved Mr. Field returned North with him and was clerk for his brother, Col. A. J. Butler, in Wall street. Later he served as aide de camp on Gen. Butler's staff. After the war he was agent of the Wamesit Power Company at Lowell, orig- inated the Thorndike Co. of Lowell, and went to Tur- ners Falls as the first treasurer of the John Russell Cutlery Co., of which he was afterwardfe president. FACTORY OF CUTLER, LYONS & FIELD. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 63 WELLS BEOTHERS & CO. WELLS. A factory built during the summer of 1890, thoroughly modern in construction and admirably suited to the manufacture of ma- chinists' goods, houses the business of a concern which is one of Gre-^nfield's best products. It stands on Sanderson street, a central position geographically in the village, and covers an area of 100 by 300 feet, with the boiler house and storage buildings outside, in all containing about 30,000 square feet of floor space and has but one floor, this be- ing closely occupied with the con- struction of the Little Giant screw plates, which have a reputation worthy the suggestive name, and other tools principally for black- smiths' uses. The superintendent's and private offices and the packing room are separated from the large work-room by single partition, and the flre-proof character of the structure is thereby preserved. The exterior of the building, of which an excellent view is given on this page, suggests the abundance of light under which the operatives work. The members of the firm of Wells Brothers & Co., whose faithful likenesses ornament the page, are Frederic E. and Frank O. Wells and Franklin E. Snow. The former, with their father, began the business of screw-plate manufacture in 1876, employing no help. They were burned out, but renewed business and in 1880, when they found it necessary to hire twelve men to meet the require- ments of their trade, Mr. Snow joined the firm. The business has steadily grown, and when the shops on Green river could no FACTOBY OP WELLS BEOTHEKS & CO. longer accommodate it, and the new factory became a necessity, seventy men were employed, this number giving little suggestion of the extent of the business with the work all done on machines of high efficiency. When the building of the factory now occupied by the concern was undertaken, the best methods of f actorv construction were giv- en a thorough study, and the result is a structure which, if radically dif- ferent from the older style of manu- facturing buildings, which rose two, three, or more stories, and is less im- posing in its exterior, has every ad- vantage in the convenience of its op- eration and of handling the product, as well as in the safety and comfort of the workmen. It follows the plan advocated by such an authority as Gen. Francis A. Walker, who has given thought to the best methods of MOW. factory construction, and in such a business as that of Wells Bros. & Co. the advantages of using only ground space are ap- parent. Its foundations are of stone, the walls brick up to the windows and above these to the roof, largely of glass, the windows being set as thickly as possible. The roof is nearly flat, and the light is admitted through six large sky-lights, so con- structed that the light enters indirectly through the thick ribbed glass. There are no concealed air spaces and the heavy timbers of the structure are all exposed; the floor of plank, cover- ed with ma- ple boarding laid on heavy sleepers, be- tween which dry sand is c o m p a c tly flUed in; the partitions are of a sin- gle thickness o f matched plank, while plain turned posts support the roof. These de- tails suggest the model factory. WELLS. A. F. TOWXE & SON COMPANY. The business of the A. F. Towle & Son Co. , which is the manufacture of a high grade of electro-plated and sterling silverware, is a new enterprise in Greenfield, but long established elsewhere. It was in 1855 that the father started the industry in Newburyport and there established an excellent reputation for the fine class of his goods. The company was incorporated in 1882. Desiring a larger shop to meet the demands of an increasing business they were induced to move to Greenfield, where fine brick buildings have been erected for their use. The location is on Fed- eral street on the Pierce and Shattuck farms, a considerable tract of land extend- ing west to Davis street being taken for the site, and cross streets north and south of the property have been laid out and will soon be graded. Eventually shade trees will be planted, and with the re-grading of Federal street, sidewalks construct- ed. This factory will become the centre in the near future of a thriving commu- nity and has already added considerably to Greenfield's growth. The goods of the A. F. Towle & Son Company are sold to the jewelry trade all over the country, and their trademark is a guaranty of excellence. The capital stock of the company is $100,000. Employment is given to one hundred and twenty-five people, which number is being constantly increased. The officei-s of the company are R. N. Oakman, Jr., president; A. F. Towle, vice-president; E. B Towle, treasurer; E. D. Severance, superintendent. FACTORY OF THE A. F. TOWLE & SON COMPANY. 64 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. B. B. NOTES & CO., HARDWARE FOE CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES. The manufacture of the metal work that enters into the construction of chil- dren's carriages has long been an important industry in Greenfield, and several concerns have been engaged in it. B. B. Noyes commenced the business in a small way back in 1865, and has built it up imtil he has an establishment giving employment to thirty -five or forty hands. While the principal business of the factory is the manufacture of hardware and trimmings, Mr. B. does not put all of his eggs into one basket. He has added to the product of his shops kitchen hardware, garden and floral tools, and such other aiticles as may be in demand. Mr. Noyes is a natural mechanic and is continually making improvements and inventions. The shops are located on Hope street, near the railroad track. A forty-hoi-se power engine is used, and the establishment is equipped with every facility for carrying on a large and prosperous business. business and in 1880 entered into partnership with his father. The year following Amos Rugg died and for the next few years the business was managed by F A. Russ for the heirs, the present firm name at that time being adopted. In 1888 he bought the interest of the other heirs and became sole owner. A year later Jan. 5 1889 fire destroyed the entire plant, together with a dozen houses and bams near by on the Main street of the village, entailing a heavy loss. Inducements were made Mr. Rugg both to rebuild in his native town and to move the business elsewhere but becoming satisfied that Greenfield was the most desirable location, he accepted the offer made by the Business Men's Association and bought the Munson shop, which was started running the following April. The business has increased since being brought here, necessitating the makmg of additions and im- provements to the plant the past season, which give a, factory well adapted for the work and one in which the usual product can readily be increased. Last year there were made about 50,000 hand and drag rakes, 40,000 snow shovels and a quantity of grocers' crates, tomato vine supporters, hoe and fork handles, etc., giving employment to about twenty men. The goods are sold through New En- gland, New York State and the Canadian provinces, and some orders are received from foreign countries. STUDIO OF H. E. ROOT. FACTORY OF B. B. NOYES & CO. CHARLES R. FIELD— CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES. Mr. Charles R. Field, although yet in the prime of life, is the oldest manufac- turer in Greenfield, as well as an honored and respected citizen, having filled the office of selectman, bank director and other positions of trust. He began mak- ing the running gear for baby carriages over thirty-five years asjo, since which time many improvements and changes of style have been made, for fashion's de- mands include baby caiTiages as well as other things. At one time an attempt was made to supersede wooden wheels with iron, but it was soon demonstrated that wood was best — lighter, stronger and more durable, and in the end the cheap- est. Our native white ash is best adapted to this use, and as it is scarce in the West the manufacturers there find it for their interest to send here for their wood- work. Mr. Field's factory turns out upwards of 150,000 wheels and a proportion- ate number of handles annually, which are disposed of to the trade in the Middle and Western States. From twenty to twenty-five skilled workmen are given em- ployment. Mr. Field occupies the shops near the railroad track, built by the Greenfield Power Co. The main building is two and a half -story, 24x200 feet, and equipped with 60-horse power engine and 80-horse power boiler. SEMI-CENTENNIAL OF THE RUGG MANUFACTURING COMPANY. The business was started in 1842, when Amos Rugg came from Rindge, N. H., to Montague, Mass. , and began the manufacture of hand hay rakes. He invented t'le improved or double bent handle rake, which has been so long and favorably kiown. The present owner, F. A. Ru:;^-, son of Amos Rag^, "grow up" in the No one has taken greater interest in the artistic development of the town than H. E. Root. His studio in Pond's block, usu- allv open to visitors, is filled with sketches and curios collected in California and in tending to his studio work, he is a member of tne firm of Root & Richmond, who have earned the reputation of doing thoroughly artistic work, both in house deco- ration and tlisatrical scenery. foreign travels. . In addition to at- GEEENFIELD'S TOWN OrnOERS. The ofiices of selectmen, of treasurer and of clerk, since the organization of the town, have been filled as follows: Ebenezer Smead, 1753; Samuel Hinsdale, 1753-4, 1771-72; Daniel Nash, 1753, '59, '62, '66, '70, '72; Ebene- zer Wells, 1754, '55, '56, '58, '60, '61, '63, '64, '67, '68, '69, '70, '71, '73, '75; Daniel Denio, 1754; Benjamin Hastings, 1755; Timothy Childs, 1755, '61, '63; Jona- than Smead, 1756; Ebenezer Arms, 1756, '57, '58, '60, '66, '72, '74, '78, '79; David Wells, 1757; Thomas Nims, 1757, '68, '77; Amos Allen, 1758, '60; Jonathan Sever- ance, 1759, '62, '63, '64, '66, '67, '68, '69, '71; Samuel Wells, 1759, '64, '74, '75; Ebenezer Graves, 1761, '75, '78, '79, '80, 84; David Smead, 1762, '67, '72, '76, '78, '79; Moses Bascom, 1769, '82, '89, '91, '92; Benjamin Hastings, Jr., 1770, '72; David Ripley, 1773; Samuel Field, 1774; Samuel Stoughton, 1774, '77, '78, '83, '86; Joseph Wells, 1776; Isaac Foster, 1776; Agrippa Wells, 1777; Lemuel Smead, 1777, '81, '83, '85, '86, '87; Isaac Newton, 1777, '80, '81, '82, '84, '85, '87, '88, '89, '90, '92, '94, '95, '96, '97, '98, '99, 1800, '1, '2, '3, '8, '9; Andrew Putnam, 1781; Moses Arms, 1782, '83, '85, '88, '90, '91, 1804, '5; John Wells, 1784; Ezekiel Bascom, 1786; PhiUp Ballard, 1787, '88, '90; Daniel Smead, 1789; Wmiam More, 1790, '93; Abner Wells, 1790-91; Solo- mon Smead, 1793-98, 1800; William Smalley, 1793; Hull Nims, 1793, '99; Jerome Ripley, 1794^96; Caleb Alvord, 1797; Caleb Clapp, 1798-1800; Quintus Allen, 1801-3; John Russell, 1801-3; Eliel Gilbert, 1804-07; WUham Wait, 1807-10; Thomas Smead, 1809-18; Eli Graves, 1810-13; David Ripley, 1811-13; Oliver Wil- kinson, 1814; Uriah Martindale, 1814; Samuel Picket, 1815-19, '32, '25; Samuel Wells, 1815-16; Nathan Draper, 1817-19; Thaddeus Coleman, 1819-20, '37, '38; Isaac Newton, Jr., 1830-31, '29, '30, '33, '34; John Ma- son, 1820; Hart Leavitt, 1831-24; Julian Smead, 1821- 34; Ebenezer Nash, 1823-34, '36, '27, '28, '33, '34, '35, '36; Charles Williams, 1H25-3S; Franklin Ripley, 1838- 29, '35, '36, ':17; Asaph S'uead, 1823-30; John Russell, 1830-31; David Allen, 1731-33; Russell Hastings, 1831; Thomas O. Sparhawk, 1832; J. J. Graves, 1833; Am- brose Ames, 1834; George Adams, 1835-40; David Long, (3d), 1833-40; Quintus Allen, 1839-40; Horatio G. Newcomb, 1841-42; Thomas Nims, 1841-42, '44; Lemuel H. Long, 1841-43; J. J. Pierce, 1843-46, '48; Orin Smith, 1843; David Aiken, 1844; Hervey C. New- ton, 1844-46, '49, '55, '61, '62, '63, '65, '66; Justin Root, 1845^6; Priestly Newton, 1847-48; Albert Nims, 1847; Thomas Wait, 1847-48; David S. Jones, 1848; George Grinnell, 1850; Barnard A. Newell, 1850; Peleg Ad- ams, 1850-51, '54; Wendell T. Davis, 1851-52, '58, '59, '60; George W. Potter, 1851-53, '58, '60, '70, '71, '73; Isaac Barton, 1853; A. G. Hammond, 1853; Alfred Wells, 1853; Ebenezer Thayer, 1853; Horatio G. Par- ker, 1854; Lucius Nims, 1854-55, '58, '59, '60; P. P. Severance, 1855; Samuel H. Reed, 1856-57; Albert Smead, 1856-57; Roswell W. Cook, 1356-57; Alfred R. Field, 1861-62; Anson K. Warner, 1861-63, '65-67, '84, '86; Humphrey Stevens, 1863-67; Henry L. Pratt, 1864; Frederick G. Smith, 1864, '67, '68, '69; Charles Mattoon, 1868-69; Chauncey Bryant, 1868; Joel S. Sanderson, 1869; William Keith, 1870-77; Lyman 6. Barton, 1870-75; Edwin J. Jones, 1873; Charles R. Field,1884-76, '82, '83, '87-89; George A. Kimball, 1876; Seorem B. Slate, 1877-87; Levi J.Gunn, 1877-78; Man- ley McClure, 1878-80; Charles Keith, 1879-81, '84, '85, '91; Henry G. Nims, 1881; Newell Snow, 1883-3, Chas, J. Day, 1886; David Hunter, 1887; Francis M. Thomp- son, 1888-89: Elihu C. Osgood, 1889-91; Baxter B. Noyes, 1890; David S. Simons, 1890; Nahum S. Cut- ler, 1891. TOWN CLERKS. Benjamin Hastings, 1753-69; Ebenezer Wells, 1770- 72, 1781-82; John Severance, 1773-74; Samuel Wells 1775-80; Ebenezer Graves, 1783; Edward Billings' 1784; Moses Bascom, 1785-86; Solomon Smead 1787- 91; Daniel Wells, 1792-1808; John Russell, 1809-10- Hooker Leavitt, 1811-16, 1839-42; David Willard" 1817-28, 1845-55; Lewis C. Munn, 1843-44; Noah s' Wells, 1856-74; Franklin A. Pond, 1875-76; Francis M. Thompson, 1K77-S3; 1887, pro fe(» ; Frank W Fos- ter, 1883-86; Frederick L, Greene, 1888-91. TOWN TREASURERS. Ebenezer Arms, 1753-68; Ebenezer Wells, 1769-71, '81; Jonathan Severance, 1772-73; Samuel Hinsdale, 1774-75; Samuel Wells, 1776-80; Ebenezer Graves, 1782-83; Moses Bascom, 1784-87; Solomon Smead, 1788-91; Daniel Wells, 1792-1808; John RusseU, 1809- 10; Hooker Leavitt, 1811-16, 1839-42; David Willard, 1817-28; Lewis C. Munn, 1843-44; Lewis Merriam, 1845^6, 1848^9; Charles K. Grinnell, 1847; Rufus Howland, 1850-54, 1856-62; Edward Maynard, 1855; Bela Kellogg, 1863-64; Noah S. Wells, 1865-74; Frank- lin A. Pond, 1875-76; Francis M. Thompson, 1877-83; Frank W. Foster, 1883-86; Frederick L. Greene, 1887; Albert M. Gleason, 1888; G. Harry Kaulback, 1889-91. SOME OF GREENPIELD'S INDUSTRIES. Of the Greenfield industries not fully described in these pages mention should be made of StrattonBros., who manufacture spirit levels in their shop on School street; A. P. Dudley, box manufacturer, with factory near the Fitch burg railroad track, on the Newton farm; the Newton saw-mill; E. F. Reece, machinists' tools, shop on Wells street; Chauncey Wing, pattern maker, near the Wiley & Russell factory; George C. Hall & Co., shoe manufacturers, recently coming to town and occupying shops on Green river, formerly occupied by Wells Bros. & Co.; J. M. Barber, miller at the well-known Green River mill; C. N. Wood, pa- per boxes, on Olive street, and Christian Class, in the same business, on Grinnell street; extensive brick- yards of Smith & Mitchell, at the west end of Main street, and C.C. Dyer, at Cheapside; the cracker man- ufactory of E. A. Snowman, on Davis street. APPENDIX. Several matters referring to Greenfield, her institu- tions and corporations, will be found in the appendix. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 65 1811. 1814. 1821. 1849. 1853. 1854. 1858. 1870. 1811. 1812. 1841. 1849. 1851. 1853. 1856. 1858. 1863. 1870. 1811. 1811. 1812. 1821. 1829. 1837. 1844. 1851. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1862. 1871. 1874. 1877. 1889. 1811. 1811. 1814. 1881. 1847. 1851. THE COUNTY CIVIL LIST, Resigned. Died Aug. 12, JUDGES OF PROBATE. Solomon Smead, Greenfield. Jonathan Leavitt, Greenfield. Richard E. Newcomb, Greenfield. George GrenneU, Greenfield. Resigned, Feb. 24, 1853. Horatio G. Parker, Greenfield. Franklin Ripley, Greenfield. Charles Mattoon, Greenfield. 1870. Chester C. Conant, Greenfield. REGISTERS OF PROBATE. Isaac B. Barber, Colrain. Elijah Alvord, 2d, Greenfield. George Grennell, Jr., Greenfield. Wendell T. Davis, Greenfield. Samuel O. Lamb, Greenfield. Charles Mattoon, Greenfield. " " " elected. REGISTERS OP PROBATE AND INSOLVENCY. Chas. J. J. IngersoU, Greenfield. Elected. Chester C. Conant, Greenfield. Elected. Francis M. Thompson, Greenfield. Elected. DISTRICT OR COUNTY ATTORNEYS. Elihu Lyman, Jr., Greenfield, County Attor- ney. John Nevers, Northfield. Samuel C. AUen, New Salem, County Attorney. George Grennell, Jr., Greenfield, County At- torney. Richard E. Newcomb, Greenfield, County At- torney. Daniel Wells, Greenfield, Attorney for West- ern District for five years. William Porter, Jr., Lee, vice Wells appointed Chief Justice Common Pleas Court. Increase Sumner, Great Barrington. William G. Bates, Westfield, vice Sumner. Henry L. Dawes, Adams, vice Bates. Ithamar F. Conkey, Amherst, N. W. District. Elected: Daniel W. Alvord, Greenfield, N. W. District. Samuel T. Spaulding, Northampton, N. W. Dis- trict. William S. B. Hopkins, Greenfield, N. W. Dis- trict. Samuel T. Field, Shelbume. Daniel W. Bond, Northampton. John A. Aiken, Greenfield. SHERIFFS. John Nevers, Northfield. Elihu Lyman, Jr., Greenfield. Epaphras Hoyt, Deerfield. John Nevers, Northfield. "Sheriff for 5 years from May 33." Samuel H. Reed, Rowe. Five years from April 27. Jas. S. Whitney, Conway. 1853. Samuel H. Reed, Greenfield. 1855. Charles Pomeroy, Northfield. 1856. Elected; Samuel H. Reed, Greenfield. 1868. Solomon C. Wells, Montague. 1877. George A. Kimball, Greenfield. Epaphras Hoyt held the office from 1814 to 1831, 17 years; John Nevers held it from 1831 to 1847, ICyears; Samuel H. Reed held it from 1847 to 1851, from 1853 to 1855, and from 1856 to 1868— in all nearly 19 years. CLERKS OF THE COURTS. 1811. Rodolphus Dickinson, Deerfield. 1820. Elijali Alvord, Greenfield. 1840. Henry Chapman, Greenfield. 1852. George Grennell, Greenfield. 1856. " " " elected. 1866. Edward E. Lyman, elected. COUNTY TREASURERS. 1811. Elijah Alvord, 2d, Greenfield. 1813. Epaphras Hoyt, Deerfield. 1815. Hooker Leavitt, Greenfield. 1842. Almon Brainard, Greenfield. 1856. Lewis Merriam, Greenfield. 1863. Daniel H. Newton, Greenfield. 1865. Bela KeUogg, Greenfield. 1876. C. M. Moody, Greenfield. 1891. Eugene A. Newcomb, Greenfield. REGISTERS OF DEEDS. 1811. Epaphras Hoyt, Deerfield. 1815. Hooker Leavitt, Greenfield. 1842. Almon Br'ainard, Greenfield. 1856. Humphrey Stevens, Greenfield. 1872. Edward Benton, Greenfield. 1880. Edwin Stratton, Greenfield. MESSENGERS OF THE COURT. Lucius Dickinson, Greenfield. John Pinks, Greenfield. Thomas Rookwood, Greenfield. Dexter Marsh, Greenfield. Jonathan M. Mann, Greenfield. George S. Eddy, Greenfield. Rufus A. Lilly, Greenfield. MEMBEES OP THE FEANELIF BAE, The following is a list of lawyers who have been members of the Franklin County Bar since its incor- poration in 1811, with the dates of their admission to the bar, so far as known: RESIDENTS OP GREENFIELD. WilUam Coleman. Admitted to the Bar in Jonathan Leavitt. " " Richard E. Newcomb. " " Elijah Alvord. Elihu Lyman. " " George Grennell. " " Hooker Leavitt. " " Franklin Ripley. David Willard. David Brigham. " Daniel Wells. " Horatio G. Newcomb. " " Samuel Wells. " Henry Chapman. " " Almon Brainard. " " James C. Alvord. " " George T. Davis. " David Aiken. " " Charles Mattoon. '' " Daniel W. Alvord. ' • " Wendell T. Davis. Charles Devens, Jr. " Whiting Griswold. " Franklin Ripley, Jr. " " James S. Grinnell. " Horatio G. Parker. George D. Wells. Charles Allen. Samuel O. Lamb. " " Edward F. Raymond. " " W. S. B. Hopkins. George W. Bartlett. Chester C. Conant. " " James C. Davis. " " Edward E. Lyman. " " Austin DeWolf. Gorham D. Williams. " " William A. Gile. George L. Barton. " " Bo wdoin S. Parker. " " John A. Aiken. Francis M. Thompson. " " Henry L. Nelson. " " Samuel D. Conant. Frederick L. Greene. " " about 1789. in 1796. '* 1802. a 1806. " 1811. ii 1811. " 1813. a 1813. a 1813! " 1813. a 1816. i( 1826. " 1839. *' 1830. .i 1833. " 1833. *' 1839. " 1841. a 1841. " 1841. (( 1843. (C 1845. n 1846. a 1847. a 1849. a 1850. <* 1851. a 1854. " 1858. " 1859. j' 1859. u 1861. it 1861. n 1863. *' 1868. ti 1869. a 1871. " 1875. a 1876. " 1876. a 1876. " 1878. <( 1879. Dana Malone. Admitted to the bar in 1881. Charles F. A. Eddy, " " " " 1883. Freeman C. Griswold. " " " " 1886. Frank J. Pratt, Jr. " " " " 1890. DEERFIELD. Pliny Arms. Admitted to the Bar about 1805. Rodolphus Dickinson. " " "in 1808. Jonathan A. Saxton. " " " " 1817. Aaron Arms. " " " about 1817. Elijah Williams. " " " " 1835. NORTHFIELD. Samuel C. Allen. Admitted to the Bar about 1800. John Nevers. " " " " 1808. JohnBan-ett. " " " " 1808. Benjamin R. Curtis, " " " in 1833. William G. Woodard. " " " about 1833. Solomon Vose. " " " " . CHARLEMONT. Sylvester Maxwell. Admitted to the Bar about 1804. Joseph P. Allen. " " " " 1817. — - - << << w << 1821. 1842. Emory Washburn. Edwin H. Porter. Elijah Paine. William Billings. Charles Baker. Albert C. Clark. John Newton. ASHFIELD. Admitted to the Bar about 1793. CONWAY. Admitted to the Bar about 1812. " " 1825. " " 1847. 1853. SUNDERLAND. Admitted to the Bar about 1810. Horace W. Taft. Heniy Barnard. " " " " . MONTAGUE. Jonathan HartweU. Admitted to the Bar about 1812. Timothy M. Dewey. " " " " 1855. ORANGE. Admitted to the Bar about 1811. " " 1849. " " 1868. " ■• 1879. " " 1887. GILL. Benjamin Brainard. Admitted to the Bar about 1815. WHATELY. Justin W. Clark. Admitted to the Bar about 1825. Stephen Emory. Rufus D. Chase. Joseph A. Titus. Edward Bicknell. Elisha S. Hall, Isaac B. Barber. John Drury. William Lanfair. Admitted to the Bar about " in SHELBUENE. 1808. 1811. 1845. Arthur Maxwell. Samuel T. Field. Henry M. Puffer. Admitted to the Bar in (1 U il u 1849. 1852. 1867. William Ward. SHUTESBURY. Admitted to the Bar about TURNERS FALLS. William S. Dana. Admitted to the Bar in 1878. John Mcllvene. " " " " 1875. STATE ELECTION, Vote of Greenfield, April 3, 1793: For Oovemor. His excellency John Hancock, Esq., Hon. Azor Ome, Esq., Hon. Benjamin Lincoln, Esq., Hon. Nathaniel Gorham, Esq., For Lieut. Oovernor. Hon. Samuel Adams, Esq., Hon. Samuel Phillips, Esq., Hon. Nathaniel Gorham, Esq., For Senators. Hon. John Hastings, Esq., Hugh McClellan, Esq., Hon. David Sexton, Esq., Hon. Samuel Lyman, Esq., Ebenezer Mattoon, Esq. , Simeon Strong, Esq. , Hon. David Smead, Esq., Hon. Samuel Fowler, Esq. , Hon. William Lyman, Esq., John Goldsbury, Esq. , 64 7 1 1 45 13 1 64 69 33 63 9 3 19 6 6 1 66 OOMMEEOE Olf THE CONNEOTIOUT. From a point commanding a sweep of the Connecti- cut for a mile or two, could the reader have stood there fifty years ago, tliere can be seen ten, perhaps more than that, square white sails, making such slow passage up or down the river as the favoring wind makes possible. If the fickle breeze refuses to be bound to the service of the boatmen, the scene pre- sented wUl be not of boats at anchor to await better conditions, but each manned by a crew of pole-men, bending to the task of propelling the barge by their own muscle applied to one end of the long poles, the other of which finds the river bottom. By the steady push, push, push of the sturdy crew, the flat-bottomed craft creeps up the stream. Does the history of transportation record a more arduous method of river navigation than this simple and direct application of human strength to the work? But such was the prevailing means of freight carry- ing within the recollection of men now living, among whom lingers an occasional "Captain," his title won not in the easy harvest of military distinctions, in the old militia days, but in this primitive and laborious river commerce. It flourished on the lower portions of the river independently of canals, but it found its way past the rapids and falls from Holyoke north only after the canal companies had been incorporated by the State and built their water-way and locks. The work of "rendering Connecticut River passable, for Boats and other Things, from the Mouth of Chick- apee River, northward through this Commonwealth,"* was intrusted to a corporation of "Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on the Connecticut River," February 33, 1793, three weeks later, let it be noted, than that other forward step of this region, the estabhshment of the Gazette. Elsewhere in this work will be found the history of this important corporation, which has in these later years become the Turners Falls Com- ny and found a different usefulness for the waters of the Connecticut. The canals at Turners Falls and the mouth of the Millers river completed, the commerce by the stream reached into Vermont as far as Bellows Falls, but not without its difficulties, the chief of which was the swift water above Hinsdale, N. H. It continued to make the river alive with its creeping boats and to fill the treasury of the locks and canal company until the introduction of the railroad made swift work with its antiquated process. In 1844, the tolls of the canals of the upper company, controlling the locks at Turners Falls and at the mouth of Millers river, amounted to |10,500, and nearly equalled that figure the next year or two, when they began to de- cline, and had nearly vanished by 1856. The boats used for tlie river traffic, however ser- viceable, were not palatial. It is not recorded that they ever contested with the more speedy stage for passenger carrying, and their construction had simple view to the safe delivery up the river of car- goes of salt, molasses, rum and groceries from Hart- ford and the return of lumber and some products of the farm. They were flat-bottomed and without cov- ering, except the rather rude cabins built for the pro- tection of tlie crew, in which many of the men found their only homes. The cabins aside, the freight scow of the Connecticut was in all points similar to the ferry boat that is now in use at points along the stream, a familiar sight to every dweller in the valley and illustrated on page 74 of this work. By legisla- tive enactment, the canals and locks were to be of sufficient size to pass boats 40 feet in length and 16 feet in width, and this was about the usual size of the craft. They were privately owned and their proprie- tors invariably gathered to themselves the distinction of "captain." Each had a crew of four or six men, who became by the exposure and the muscular re- quirements of their work as brown and brawny as the other sailors, the men who go down to the sea in *Act of incorparation, Feb. 23, 1792. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. ships. At Hinsdale, New Hampshire, there was a settlement of swift-water men, who were called to help the boats over the rapids to Brattleboro. The tradition is that these men, and as well the regular boatmen, did not allow tlieir familiarity with fresh water as navigatore to prejudice them in its favor m^ the choice of beverages. An important article of commerce on the river was lumber. In the streets of the villages up the river there would accumulate through the winter great stacks of boards and planks, awaiting the opening of navigation, and throughout the year such an avenue as that which is now the pride of Northfleld would be more or less adorned with this evidence of the town's mercantile consequence, often filling the spaces be- tween the fences and the roadway, which is now a quite useless expanse of green— viewing it unsesthet- ically. The lumber was often sent down in rafts. These were not loose nor fiat, but were solidly built and of dimensions to allow of their easy passage through the canals and locks. Some very comforta- ble fortunes were gathered in the trade, and a life was given to the villages which were shipping points, as all were that touched the river, which is not re- placed by the quieter pursuits of the later days. Within the centuiy the river navigation has come and gone. The Connecticut rolls idly now, or puts its shoulder to the mill-wheel, and with the disap- pearance of the traffic by water have gone a phase of valley life, a class of rough and rugged men, and one feature of picturesqueness in the aspect of the stream once chiefly useful, as the Legislature of 1793 put it, for the passing of Boats and other Things. A rOEGOTTEir IirDUSTEY, The most illusive of the many promises of wealth that have failed of realization to the rural population of Massachusetts was that which was held out to the would-be producers of silk, fifty years and more ago. Possibly the search for Capt. Kidd's treasure in the islands of the Connecticut river should be placed be- fore it; it was surely more romantic, but it did not appeal in at all the same serious way to the people whose stability was proved by their owning a few acres of land on which the mulberry would grow. It was confidently expected that the culture of the mul- berry and its feeding to the silk worm, the most vo- racious of crawling things, was to yield a large rev- enue to Connecticut and Massachusetts farmers. The endeavor to plant the silk industry on American soil has a history beginning very soon after the set- tlement at Jamestown and reaching down to the present time. The book is, indeed, not yet closed and the recent interest of the national department of agriculture is counted upon to fully test the possibility of the profitable and permanent establishment of this industry. But the people of New England will not probably be interested in any such degTee as they were before the curious craze over Morus muUicauHs ended the local chapter. Some silk was exported from Virginia between 1623 and 1650, but tobacco was so much more profitable as a product that silk-growing ceased. A century later, Georgia and South Carolina tried hard and long to naturalize the industry, and in one year, 1759, over 10,000 pounds of raw silk were exported from Savan- nah, yielding $75,000. But from this time the indus- try declined and finally vanished. The New England effort was sustained for eighty years, begining in about 1760, and in some favorable seasons the product of Connecticut reached a value of $100,000 to $300,000. It is in the local industry that we have an interest for a moment. The State of Massachusetts, with a paternal interest which it is not believed was made a subject of political controversy, gave a bounty of fifteen cents a pound on the cocoons and fifty cents a pound on the reeled silk. This was sufficient to in- duce some Franklin county people to embark in the business. In Colman's Reports, which were authori- ty on this subject, there was published, in 1831, a let- ter of Dr. James Deane of Greenfield, which was re- printed in the Gazette of February 33, 1843. This letter of the doctor, who is seen to have been one of the many intelligent men interested in the problem an* hopeful of its profitable solution, is devoted to the details of the experiments of Benjamin Barton of Gill, the results of which must have proved to the reader of that time that in this direction lay the hope of profitable farming, although in this case it occupied no more of the estate than the "vacant corn-house." The doctor was guardian of the entire experiment and his figures are interesting, not only to show what they promised for the future of the silk worm but for their reminder of what farm labor was valued at and how board was rated. The expenses were enumer- ated thus: Labor one month, $13, board do., $6, $18 00 3500 lbs mulberry leaves, 50 cents per 100 lbs, 12 50 Gathering cocoons, camphor for curing do., 3 50 Reeling 30 lbs. silk at 75 cts., 15 00 Interest on reel and fixtures, 1 00 $49 00 And the income: 30 lbs. silk for which Mr. B. has refused $5 per lb., $100 00 The State bounty of 15 cents on 248 lbs. of cocoons, 37 20 The State bounty of 50 cents on 30 lbs. reeled silk, 10 00 Deduct, Profit, including bounty. Profit, excluding bounty, $51 00 The next year (1843), Mr. Barton reported, at the "New England sUk convention" in Northampton, still better results, but Dr. Bard well of Whately brought a lugubrious report of disease among the silk worms, resulting in the production of "only two handfuls of cocoons out of 400,000." The disappearance of the in- dustry was due, however, to the delusion over the raising of the Morus viuUicaulis, or the mulberry plant, which proved so thorough a failure that the cocoon-raising went down with it. Mr. Barton of Gill returned his corn-barn to vacancy, or better use, the New England silk convention ceased to be, and the State bounty on cocoons and silk was swept away. $147 30 49 00 $98 20 47 20 "BOOK ME roE geeenpield; The shire town of Franklin County once gained an unenviable reputation, as an incident gleaned from the Washingtonian, nearly fifty years ago, is sufficient to show. Its central figure is the editor of the New Orleans Picayune, who was traveling in New England. He reached Northampton and stopped at the stage house with the intention of spending some days in that beautiful town. After a reasonable time, he he- came dry and called for a glass of brandy. "No," says the landlord, "we have no license to sell spirits — we don't keep the article." The editor visited, the other public houses, looked into the groceries and cel- lars, made close inquuies, but found them all teetotal. He returned to the stage house with a long face. "Landlord," said he, "tell me the nearest place where I can get a glass of brandy, for I'm too dry to stay here any longer." "I guess you can get it at Green- field, for they grant licenses there and it is said they sellspirit." "Howfarisit?" "Twenty miles." "What time does the stage start?" ' 'Twelve o'clock at night." "Well, landlord, book me for Greenfield!" So, avers the Washingtonian, it has grown into a proverb that when one calls for liquor he says, "Book me for Greenfield," and when he is corned he is said to be booked for Greenfield. It was in the year that this story was told, 1843, that Franklin county was stigniatized as "The Banner County," because it alone of the counties in Massa- chusetts granted licenses for the sale of liquor. The local-option law of that time gave to the county com- missioners the power to gi-ant or refuse licenses, and the contests for their election were the tests of tem- perance sentiment. Franklin, for the time being, was furnishing an unfortunate example to the Common- wealth. NOETHFIELD ON THE OONNEOTIOUT. CENTENNIAL EDITION. A THEIOE-SETTLED TOWN. Established on soil consecrated to the purposes and uses of civihzation by the blood of the brave pioneers, in one of the severest stmggles any American town has had to make for existence; blessed with a rare at- tractiveness of natural beauty and with a people pros- perous and cultivated; chosen as the seat of scliools grown to an exceptional importance— Northfleld binds her friends to her by a triple chain and has a three- fold interest to the student of New England life. Her early history teems with the interest that attaches to every chapter of the story of American settlement. Her territory was relinquished to the wliite man only after severe and repeated struggles by the Indians, who valued the Connecticut for its wealth of flsh and the meadows along its shore for their fertility in the production of corn, the savages' only grain. Her beauty is that of an ideal New England village, a perfect illustration of the Con- necticut valley type, distinctly different from the village plan of any other section settled in the same period of the pioneer era. Her single wide sti-eet, with towering trees and homes separated from each other by the generous land-allowance of the early divisions has familiar characteristics to the person who has looked into old Deerfiekl. Hadley and Longmeadow. To the quiet fame tlie town enjoyed for her romantic story and her beauty . a fame chiefly the possession of the hearts of those to wliom she was dear, but those_ boundaries by no means narrow, there has been added, as the The land that lay along the banks of the Quinneh- tuk — the long river with waves — was the prized pos- session of the Agawams, Nonotucks, Pacomptocks and Squakheags. It gave them from its meadows the bounteous crops of corn, upon which they depended, the woods yielded the game and the nuts which varied their food, and out of the river's abundance they drew the salmon and shad. The trails along its shores gave them easy passage up and down the river, and its hills furnished every opportunity to watch the encroachments of warlike neighbors and fortify 67 Massamet and Nawelet, and the name of one of them, Pauchaug, signifies the social value the place had with all its other attachments^saMc/iaMOgr, dancing place. Here it is surmised that the two clans met for annual games and merry-making. Within the territory of the new settlement invaded were well established Indian villages, and down to a recent day the remains have been visible of their grain pits and their burying places. The occupation of this territoiy was not forced, however. The right to the land was gained by deeds given by the Indians to the Northampton men, Joseph Parsons, Sr. , and William Clark, and later to men noethfield's famous street, looking south. third of her claims to note among American towns, the founding and gi-owth of schools of a peculiar and wide-spread repute established by the son of the town whose name and work are the possession of Christen- dom, D wight Lyman Moody. There is the old Northfleld and the new Northfleld, the historic and the modern, but so grand a setting does the town of two centuries of quiet give to the work that in these recent days has carried her name over the world, that none could wish to know the new without the old. Limiting the view to the cen- tury which the Gazette celebrates in this birthday, it will not do to take up the story of Northfleld with- out a glance into its early and more thrilling chapters. themselves against their foes. The blood-stains on the pages of the early pioneer histoiy of the valley bear painful witness to the aborigine's unwillingness to part with his precious domain, and the massacres and murders that fill these chapters are not more fre- quent or fearful than would be expected of a race ac- customed to pillage and possessed of the worst pas- sions of uncivilized mankind, made desperate by in- cursions of the alien settler on soil they had owned, enjoyed and defended in years untold. There was no spot in the valley dearer than that where, in 1673, the frontier settlement of Northfleld was planted as an outpost of civilization. Its mead- ows were the resort of all the people of the tribes of the street, looking noeth. representative of the inhabitants of Northfleld. Indeed, the Indians remained much of the time in the neighborhood, camped on their old grounds, and had friendly relations with the settlers, sometimes employed by the wliite men at work on their farms, while the squaws made and peddled light baskets and peeled brooms. In Temple and Sheldon's history of Northfleld, there is quoted this entry in the account-book of Ebenezer Field, as showing the connection between the races: Mar., 1722. To mending Pompanoot's gun, 4s. To 2 steel traps and mending a gun-lock for Indians, £1 5s. Od. To my wife's making an Indian shirt, 8d. To doing work for the Indians on your [his brother Zecli- ariah's] acct., 16s. The suggestion is irresistible that Pompanoot's gun was put in good condition by Ebenezer Field to do very unwelcome service in an hour of a less degree of amity. It was an old acquaintance, we are told, that Aaron Belding recognized in the Indian that scalped him — an incident that is kept in the minds of North- fleld people by the inscription on "Belding's rock," in Main street. The peaceable relations were not per- manent, for the full force of the Indian outbreak of 1675 fell upon the advanced town. The history of Northfleld has been admirably com- piled and written by Rev. J. H. Temple and George Shel- don, and to it every student of the experiences of the old town must turn with assurance of the informa- 68 tion he seeks and with confidence in its accuracy. In this work, the settlement of 1673 is thus referred to: The founding of a new plantation by a small colony, on a frontier so far from help, was a bold pusli. None but earnest, devoted, brave men and women would have taken the porilous step. Deerfield, the nearest English settlement, was planted only two years be- fore; was yet feeble; was 16 miles distant, and inter- communication was difficult. Hadley, to which they must look in case of need, was 30 miles away. In other directions, Brookfield was 4!5 miles, Lancaster was 60 and Groton was 65 miles. All within this cir- cle was wilderness. The settlement was made. The division gave gen- erous estates to each of the adventurers, with home lot and meadow section, and "in 1673," writes Eev. John Hubbard, "settlers came on, planted down near each other, built small huts, covered them with thatch, and near their centre made one for public worship, and employed Elder William Janes as their preacher; also ran a stockade and fort around a number of what they called houses, to which they might repair in case they were attacked by the enemy." The frontier community thus brought into existence is pictured as happy, united and prosperous. A feel- ing of security was inspired by the friendliness of the Indians, and for three years this condition of things continued. A change was noticed in the conduct of the savages in the spring of 1675, but the Northfleld settlers were not alarmed until, in August, came the destruction of Brookfield. The story of bloody war, of alarm, of massacre and captivity was begun with this assault, and Northfield suffered her full share. Had- ley had her council of war in August, and sent out a company to pursue the Indians, the Swamp fight in Whately occurred the 24th, Deerfield was fallen upon September 1st and her exposed buildings destroyed, and the next day "Squakheag" witnessed its first massacre, men, women and children being killed at their work of gathering flax. The sixteen families comprising the town crowded into the fort and there remained in a state of alarm, but hopeful of relief. This is the introduction to the gallant but disastrous march of Captain Beers from Hadley northward, to undertake the removal of the Northfield settlers from their peril. The story of his falling into the ambus- cade of savages just below the town, the cutting off of his men and his own death, is familiar to the peo- ple of the valley, in whose early history it was one of the saddest events. Some of the fugitives from Cap- tain Beers' company reached Hadley the next day, and Major Treat of Hartford set out at once to rescue the Northfield garrison. On the Beers' battle-field, he saw the heads of the slain mounted on poles and standing a ghostly warning to his progress. He reached the stockade, found the imprisoned families of the settlers, and after an encounter with some In- dians in the meadow decided to take the pioneers back to a safer point. They withdrew, a numerous company, and after they had gone the Indians burned the fort and remaining houses. Squakheag was wiped from the face of the earth. GREENFIELD GAZETTE ing here an immense throng of "the pagans." The battle of Turners Falls took place in May, 1676; on the 30th, Hatfield was attacked, and June 13th, the savages were repulsed at Hadley. King Philip died August 13, and the Indians abandoned this region. In 1683, the firat steps were taken toward the re- settlement of Squakheag, and in spite of many dis- couragements the town was laid out and the division of lots completed. It was in this period that the street took the form it has retained, and it is full of interest to the student of the local history of the early frontier. The fortifications were not neglected and the new forts were soon found to be a wise provision. August 16, 1688, six persons were murdered at Northfield, and consternation siezed the people; desertions from the village resulted, and the few remaining families returned to their former homes, awed by the pros- pect of the war with the French, and died there, or waited for the chance to re-settle the deserted planta- tion. In this period occurred the destruction of Deer- field, Feb. 39, 1704, by the French and Indians under Hertel de Rouville. Several persons connected with Northfleld history were killed or captured. THE SECOND SETTLEMENT. The period between the relapse of Squakheag into the hands of the savages and the next attempt to plant a settlement on its contested soil was one of darkness and disaster to the whole tier of valley towns. The Indians occupied their old hunting and planting grounds and emboldened by their re-capture and led by Philip, whose name was a terror to the pioneers, made raids upon Northampton, Hatfield and Framing- ham. Squakheag was important as the gathering place of the warriors and it witnessed the coming to- gether of the chiefs of the Wampanoags and Narra- gansetts for a combined and final struggle to drive back the settlers. It was in March, 1676, that Mrs. Rowlandson, the captive, dined with King Philip, at his camp here, and weis given "a pancake about as big as two fingers; it was made of parched wheat, beaten, and fried in bear's grease." She reports see- THIED AND PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. Thr end of Queen Anne's war, in March, 1713, was the signal for the return to the plantation, and the survivors among the proprietors in the first division took steps to reclaim the lands that had been in Indi- an possession for twenty-three years. In 1718, the town began to take on the form and aspect of a set- tled communitj-, and its history from this time for- ward is that of a growing, prosperous and independ- ent village. Its first church was built this year and Rev. Benjamin Doolittle, revered in Northfield memo- ry, was its pastor. Several small industiies sprang up, but the generous acres, with which each settler was provided by the committee who controlled all the early business of the town, were the principal means of support, as they have continued to be down to this time. But peace was not yet. The declaration of war between England and France was immediately under- stood by the settlers to be menace to the frontier, and Northfield was still an outpost. Forts, mounts, and a stockade were speedily constructed and man- ned. October 11, 1745, war broke upon the town, the fort in Great meadow being assaulted by about eighty French and Indians. They killed David Rugg on the River, and carried Nehemiah How away cap- tive. Little damage was done to the fort, but all the cattle were killed. The Indian depredations became numerous in the valley north of Northfield, and the next affair at Northfield was the kilUng of Benja- min Wright while gathering in the cattle of the settlers and riding homeward along the south lane. The fall of Fort Massachusetts, Hoosuck, greatly alarmed the inhabitants, and the winter of 1746-47, was dark with forebodings. Following a savage at- tack on No. 4 (Charlestown, N. H.), a part of the French and Indians came down the river, and lying in ambush north of the town, April 15, 1747, killed and scalped Nathaniel Dickinson and Asahel Burt, as they w-ire bringing the cows home from Pauchaug meadow. The Northfield men were numerously enlisted now in the scouting expeditions, whose records are full of daring and courage. The region seemed full of the enemy and the bloodshed and sacrifice of the settlers was constant and severe. Northfleld figures con- spicuously in every adventure, and the tide of war was high about the exposed Fort Dummer on its northern border and the west bank of the Connecti- cut. The killing of Aaron Belding, July 33, 1748, in the centre of the village, was a startling event. A party of six Indians had waylaid the fort of Capt. Alexander, and when Belding came out from it at sunrise to go to another fort at the south end of the village, they intercepted and shot him down. He pleaded for his life of the Indian whom he knew, but was speedily scalped and struck in the head with a hatchet, living only long enough to tell his brothers the story. It is his death which is recorded on the rock in front of the new Congregational church. In the second French and Indian war, Northfield furnished a generous number of soldiers in the Nova Scotia and Crown Point expeditions.' The forts of the town were rebuilt, for the last time, and the cultivation of exposed lands was generally abandon- ed. That the Indians had not forgotten Northfleld as a point of attack, the encounter between Zebediah Stebbins and Reuben Wright and some Indians, Au- gust 30, 1756, proves— a spirited closing picture to the Indian murders on this historic ground. They fought their ground and killing one Indian, fright- ened the others away, their only suffering being a shot in Reuben Wright's arm. The fall of Fort Will- iam Hemy at the foot of Lake George created gen- eral alarm in the colony, and heavy drafts of soldiers were made. But with the fall of Quebec, Septem- ber, 1759, and the peace of Paris, February 10, 1763, the war was ended and the danger of further French and Indian alliance dissolved. Northfleld came to peace with the other valley towns, after being for a period of nearly ninety years in the theatre of war. A OENTUEY IN NOETHFIELD. Few events stand out in a hundred years of the life of a country town, and demand the chance his- torian's notice. But the quiet annals of one of our peaceful and intelligent villages may be profltably studied to gain a knowledge of that progressive fife which has made the history of New England lumi- nous to the world and her homes the recruiting places of national virtue. The century, which for present purposes began in 1793, and ends to-day, found Northfield a picturesque, healthful and prosperous town, and as such the cen- tury leaves it. But from this it must not be judged that Northfield has not changed with these years. Preserving all the old characteristics of the third set- tlement, the broad street, the widely separated houses and the orderly character of its population — it has been transformed and improved. The great elms have grown within the century; the street has ceased to be the last resort of the useless and outworn things of farm and household, or the storage place of wood and lumber, and has been dedicated to the simple uses of beauty and pleasure; the primitive houses have given place to uniformly attractive dweUings, many of them preserving the features of the colonial idea in architecture; the churches have been built anew and the school-houses have appeared; so, could the revered Parson Hubbard, who died in 1794 after his long spiritual service, return to the scene of his life, he would find little of the Northfleld of 1793 in the Northfield of now. Nor would he have to seek the Seminary end of the town to find alteration. The change has been gradual and constant, the expression of the sustained wish of its people to keep step with the progress of the years. The population of the town, which in 1765 was 415, has changed in the century as follows: 1790, 868 1830, 1757 1800, 1047 1840, 1678 1810, 1318 1850, 1773 1830, 1584 1860, 1713 It will be seen that it largely resisted the tendency to decline which has reduced the population of other agricultural towns, although the drain upon its num- bers appears in the decade from 1870 to 1880. Under the impulse of its discovery as a resort for summer residence, in connection with the schools, the growth of ten years past may be counted upon to be sustained tor a tmae at least. In the course of the century there have been many "^eji whose lives have been associated with the town and have more than a local meaning. Before we leave the town they will be sketched. 1870, 1730 1880, 1603 1890, 1869 CENTENNIAL EDITION. 69 THE OHUEOHES. The support of preaching continued to be the town's business until 1826, and the regulation of spiritual concerns was one of the subjects for town meeting consideration. THE FIRST PARISH Was organized and succeeded to the old church property, February 34, 1826. It was then under the pastoral charge of Rev. Thomas Mason, and in the theological controversy which prevailed in New En- gland, in the then recent yeai-s, had become Unitarian. The greater number of the families remained with it, and it continued the leading church of the town. In 1827, a dissension occurred on personal grounds and fifty-six of its members withdrew to form a separate Unitarian society. Upon the retirement of Mr. Ma- son, in 1830, the church was reunited. The next pastor was Rev. George W. Hosmer and his success- ors have been Rev. OUver C. Everett, 1837-48; Rev. WiUiam C. Tenney, 1849-58; Rev. John Murray, 1859-64; Rev. Charles Noyes, 1865-72; Rev. Jabez T. Sunderland, 1872-5; Rev. Samuel P. Putnam, 1876- 78; Rev. John Lewis Marsh, 1874-1889; Rev. George year. The society was incorporated in 1829, and the church built. The building was remodeled in 1849, and is now standing unused. The addition to the church attendants of the students at the schools es- tablished by D. L. Moody and the growth of the soci- ety began a few years since to overtax its capacity, and a new church was built in 1889-90, farther up the street. This is one of the largest churches in Frank- lin count}', its auditorium having a seating capacity of about 1200. It is employed during the annual re- ligious gatherings under Mr. Moody's direction for many of the meetings, and through the school year has over 600 students in its congregation. The first pastor of the society was Rev. Eli Moody, and his successors have been Rev. Bancroft Fowler, 1831-36; Rev. Horatio T. Lombard, 1836-40; Rev. Nathaniel Richardson, 1840^2; Rev. Luther Farnham, 1.S44-45; Rev. Willard Jones, 1845-61, when he died; Rev. Isaac Perry, 1862-65, also dying in office; Rev. Theo. J. Clark, 1865-80; Rev. Ellis R. Drake, 1880-87; Rev. Samuel P. Cook, installed in 1SH9 and now the pastor. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. A recent addition to the religious edifices of North- field has been the St. Maiy's chvirch. The town has deck piazzas added on three sides, giving a promenade that is memorable to all who have made its acquaint- ance in their school days. The leading men in this association were Samuel C. Allen, WiUiam Pomeroy, Jabez Parsons, Daniel L. Callender, Timothy Dutton and Thomas L. Doak. The school was opened in October, having for its first principal Owen S. Keith and his assistant, Charles Osgood, who is still living in Northfield. The school joined in the competition of academies, wliich must have been animated with nearly every town of Northfield's size supporting one, and all of them reaching for patronage out- side their own neighborhood. It took a high place as a classical institute and had a succession of able preceptora. Cyms Hosmer of Concord, brother of George W. Hosmer, who became prominent in the Unitarian denomination, was the first in the list after Mr. Keith, who was an eminent teacher. William W. Wellington, a Harvard graduate, and Joseph Mason succeeded to the principalship, and the assist- ants were William A. Stearns (Harvard '27); Jona. F. Stearns (Harvard '30); Samuel H. Emery (Harvard '30); and Edgar Buckingham (Harvard '31), the last of whom has recently retired from a long pastorate over the First church in Deerfleld. The school was Vermont. VIEW OF THE VALLEY PROM NEAR THE NORTHFIELD SEMINARY. The Connecticut. New Hampshire. Charles Wright, 1885-87; Rev Alfred E. Mullett, 1887-88; Rev. Samuel R. Free, installed in 1889, and stUl the pastor. William Pomeroy, a successful merchant and boat owner of the town, offered, in 1832, to take the old church and build a new one for the society, on condition that the pews should be sold and the proceeds ($5,000) made a permanent fund, the income to be expended for parish expenses. The church was dedicated, Oct. 16, 1833. On Christmas night, 1871, this building was burned and the society speedily raised $15,000 to build the present church, which it occupied the next year, free of debt. Mr. Pomeroy further aided the church by a gift of real estate and other property which has been converted into $5,000, in cash assets as a ministerial trust fund, the income aiding to pay the minister's salary. This church has been the social as well as reUgious centre of the town, and in its usefulness and helpfulness has sustained the traditions that rest upon it as the successor to the original church. THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. The Trinitarian portion of the church-going people withdrew from the old parish, in 1825, and a church of thirty members was organized, Nov. 17, of that had, for about forty years, a considerable number of Irish families, the heads of which are generally house- holders, and they are with almost no exceptions a thoroughly respectable and industrious community, adding by their industry and thrift to the prosperity of the town and the good appearance of its homes. True to the church, they worshiped for many years in the town hall, but in 1887, they erected an attractive house of worship, aided quite generally by the citizens of the town. They have no pastor, but are under the guidance of the priests of the Turners Falls church. Rev. Father Quaille having been their best helper, and his associate, Father Coyne, now conducting the weekly services. THE OLD ACADEMY. The least ornamental of the buildings on North- field's old street, but not the least imposing, even in its present state of neglect, is the old academy. It was first a tavern— "Hunt's Hotel,"— but in 1829, it was bought by a corporation known as the Proprie- tors of the Northfield Academy of Useful Knowledge, its interior refitted for its new purpose and the double- continued from 1835 to 1843 as a private institution and was then closed. After some years, the building having been again sold, a select school was opened and taught by Miss Mary E. Huse, Miss Sarah J. Rus- sell and Martin A. Brown successively. It was in this period and here that John A. Aiken, since become the district attorney for Hampshire and Frankhn, served his brief experience as a pedagogue, just after his graduation at Dartmouth and before attacking Blackstone. The academy and its successor, the pri- vate school, filled an important place in the higher education of Northfield youth, standing in the place of a public high school and continuing until the estab- lishment of the Moody schools gave other opportuni- ties for instruction. THE VIEW OP THE VALLEY Presented on this page is familiar to every visitor to Northfield. It is spoken of by artists as one of the most complete landscapes in New England. The fore- ground, as it appears here, is a portion of the Semina- ry's estate; beyond this, the open space extending back from the Connecticut is Pauchaug meadow, famous in the Indian war as the favorite gathering place of the tribes. The bridge spanning the Con- necticut is on the Ashuelot extension of the Connecti- cut River railroad and links Vermont and New Hamp- shire. 70 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. THE MOODY SCHOOLS. THE YOUNG LADIES' SEMINAEY. The building up at Northfield, within the last twelve years, of schools devoted to the Christian education of girls and boys is justly regarded as one of the most enduring results of the fruitful life of the town's most distinguished son, D. L. Moody. It is impossible to view these purely in their local signiflcance, for they belong to the broad world of cultivating and Chris- tianizing influences. They have carried the name of Northfield over the seas and have given to it the as- sociation of great and noblo usefulness. More than this, they have given an upward turn, intellectually and spiritually, to the lives of hundreds of young peo- ple drawn here from all the corners of the world. The schools can be surveyed now in their maturity. They have passed the formative period and their work has its permanent aspect. But the era of growth is not ended, and even while we write the extension of the facilities is going on and the demand for ad- mittance remains far in excess of the school's capacity. NORTHFIELD SEMINARY, EAST HALL. The two schools, incorporated as "The Northfield Seminary" and "The Mount Hermon Boys' School,'" rival each other in the beauty of their surroundings. The Seminary estate, extending from the mountain side that marks the eastern bound of the valley to the river's edge, commands the view up the stream much as it appears in the picture on the preceding page and is itself beautifully varied. The Mt. Hermon School is similarly located, on the west side of the river, some three miles farther south, stretches from hUl-top to river-shore, and surveys the varied ''" landscape of the Connecticut's most enchanting region. K it were destiny that Mr. Moody's schools should be placed near his boyhood home, it is a tort- une widely to be appreciated that Northfield was his birth-place. Something more than a picturesque location is re- quired of a school to make it worthy the fame these have reached. The Northfield farmers have never suc- ceeded in living on prospect, and the Northfield schools must show them- selves useful to gain and retain the place they hold. The inception of this school was in the wish of D. L. Moody to contribute to the general education and widen the Christian usefulness of worthy girls in families of restricted means in the neighbor- hood of his home at North- field. It is already a tra- dition that the acquaint- ance with a certain poor family "on the moun- tain," in which, as in ev- ery deserving person of the neighborhood of his home, Mr. Moody became help- fully interested, was the starting point of the work. There were bright girls in the family, and consid- ering their needs and their restricted opportunities he widened his thought into a demand for a school for the many such he had come to know. Ac- tion followed thought with the close- ness tliat constantly links the two in Mr. Moody's work, and the girls' school came to be. Mr. Moody made his permanent home in Northfield in August, 1875. His house in Chicago was destroy- ed in the fire of 1871, and from 1873 to 1875, he had been doing the great work in England and Scotland which gave him a wide repute as a preacher and religious teacher. Estab- lishing his family near his birthplace, he continued his evangelistic work in the great cities and spent his summers here. In his Boston work, he enlisted the interest of H. N. F. Marshall, a successful merchant of that city, and in tlie spring of 1878, during a visit of Mr. Marshall to Northfield, the first purchase of land was made, some sixteen acres. Another purcliase a year later gave the lot on which the first recitation building was erected. A succession of purchases, in the autumn of 1879, extending over but two or three days, added two liundred acres to the estate and completed the NORTHFIELD SEMINARY, REVBLL AND HOLTON COTTAGES. unbroken tract of two hundred and seventy acres. The pupils were first accommodated in Mr. Moody's house, the school opening November 3, 1879, with twenty-five attending. The laying of the corner- stone of the first recitation building, afterwards the residence of H. N. F. Marshall, and now again the Seminary's propei-ty, was an occasion of great inter- est, Henry F. Durant giving the principal address. With these broad acres to grow upon, and with the foundation securely laid for a school that should give a general culture at a cost far below that of any other of approximate advantages, the Seminary has extend- ed rapidly and securely to its present size and its promise of still greater things. In 1880, we have two buildings, one of these Mr. Moody's own residence, the other a recitation build- ing, at the utmost equal to the accommodation of a hundred students. In 1892, there are buildings scat- tered well over the great estate, substantial, commo- dious and attractive. Then a school of tweny-five, now with three hundred and fiifty scholars, and these but representative of the much larger number who yearly seek entrance. We will see how it grew. In 1880, East Hall, at first known only as the "Seminary," was built at an expense of ^.36,000 and remains one of the most pleasant and ornamental of the school's buildings. This was first used for the religious gatherings which have become, by their an- nual recurrence, a powerful instrumentality in furthering the great ends of Mr. Moody's work. The m NORTHFIELD SEMINARY, STONE HALL. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 71 Marquand Hall. NOETHFIELD SEMINARY, Stone Weston Hall. Betsey East Hall. Hall. Library. Moody Bonar Hall. Cottage. hall was filled with scholars at the opening of the day. John Wanamaker, now year and the corps of teachers, which the year before consisted of the principal and one assistant, was en- larged to four. This year was the first of the at- tendance of the Indian girls whose preparation for educational and religious work was a noble benefi- cence of the early days of the school. Sixteen were selected from the many applicants and brought from the territory by the devoted principal, Miss Tuttle. FEOM ACROSS THE RIVEE. D. L. Moody's Residence. Revell Cottage. postmaster general in President Han-ison's cabinet, expressed liis interest in the school by adding, in the spring of 1885, a beauti- ful artificial pond, a source of pleasure by boats in summer and gay with skaters in winter. The first graduation was the event of 1884, and twelve scholars were sent to widely distant homes, to make noble application of their valuable training. The class of '85 numbered sixteen; that of '86, eleven; '87 had twelve; '88 had eleven; '89 had seventeen; '90 had forty-one, and '91 witness- ed the comple- tion of the work by nineteen, and made the alum- nae number 139. Maple Lodge and Hillside cot- tages, smaller homes for the students, were opened during the next year and gave room to forty schol- ars. In the fall of 1886, the cor- umes, the placing of the corner stone of the new church, and the raising of a tower clock on Stone Hall at a cost of |1,000 collected by the seniors of that year, made the summer of 1888 memorable. Since then the capacity of the school has been enlarged by NORTHFIELD SEMINAEY, TALCOTT LIBRARY. the nurchase of Revell and Holton halls and their adaptation, and the building of Betsey Moody cottage, an attractive frame building designed, in part for a hospital, but as such never being over-taxed by the school where health is the gloiious rule and sickness a rare exception. The Seminary, in its growing twelve years, has far exceeded the dreams of its most hopeful friends. NORTHFIELD SEMINARY, MARQUAND HALL. They were, almost without exception, bright, apprecia- tive and studious young women. Bonar HaU was added by the purchase of a residence oa the Seminary's border in the next year and named in honor of Dr. Andrew Bonar of Scotland, who had visited the school. During 1884, two important ad- ditions were made to the school, the Frederick Mar- quand Memorial Hall finished in December, at a cost of $67,000, and the large recitation building "Stone Hall", as it has come to be called because of the material of its construction, completed in the June following and costing $40,000. Marquand Hall was formally opened, in February, with a memorable celebration of the birthdays of Mrs. Betsey Moody and her son, D. L. Moody, the mother completing eighty, and the son forty-eight, years on the same ner stone was laid for another dor- mitory, the gift of David M. Weston of Boston, president of the board of trust- ees. A. few months later a fitting cere- mony signalized the beginning of Tal- cott library, given to the school by James Talcott of New York, a beauti- ful building of granite. This year, 1886, the corps of teachers was enlarged and changed, a notable addition being that of A. Judson Philips, now the musical director for both of the Moody schools. The opening of "The Northfield" hotel, the dedication of Talcott libra- ry, with its capacity of 40,000 vol- NORTHFIELD SEMINARY, WESTON HALL. 72 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Twelve hundred students have received its instruction, and have carried with them, as their hves prove, the earnest Christian spirit cultivated here and their work in varied paths is toward that spiritualizing of human- ity which the founder has bent his unfailing energies to promote. One hundred and thirty-nine have grad- uated, and the larger number of these are serving or have served as teachers. While an analysis of the residences of these shows that they have been gathered from all over the nation and from beyond the nation, it suggests the fulfillment of Mr. Moody's original wish for his own home, that of these graduates twen- ty-three have been from Northfield. Several of the students have gone into foreign mis- sionary fields, others have joined in the work of lift- ing mankind up from the degradation of the great cities, or the demoralization of frontier life. All the great missionary causes have felt the added strength of the impulse imparted here, and the world is to be better and wiser for the widening sphere of the Sem- inary's influence. We have confined the sketch to a review of the school's history to this time. How better could we speak for the worth of its present and the promise of its future? It is devoted to building up a complete and useful Christian womanhood. It furnishes instruc- tion in all the important branches. It provides gener- ously for physical development. It trains the girls in the important direction of domestic science. It gives FROM "THE NOBTHFIELD," THE MAIN STREET. music and art a generous share of its attention. It is looked upon by the colleges for women as one of the great preparatory schools. But a glance at the lives it has stimulated shows that its best field is in its be- ing preparatory to noble use of the world's opportu- nities. THE SEMINAEY BUILDINGS. The faithful illustrations on these pages wUl sug- gest that Mr. Moody's young women are splendidly accommodated. The view of the group with the fore- ground of river and wooded bank and setting of hills gives an idea of the beauty and healthfulness of their school-home. The picture may be profitably studied with the aid of a brief description of its features. Makquand Hall, — The first of the buildings at the left is the largest of the dormitories. It was built in 1884, and is of brick and granite, and in addition to the apartments for the scholars, contains the princi- pal's office, reception rooms, and chapel. It was erected as a memorial building by D. W. McWilliams of New York, and on the granite arch over its porch is inscribed "Frederick Marquand Memorial Hall, 1884." It cost $67,000, and has rooms for about eighty girls. Stone Hall, — Built in 1884 of feldspathic granite quarried in the hills near the school. The basement is occupied by laboratories, the first floor by recita- tion rooms, and the second floor by a great hall seat- ing a thousand people, which can be divided into three rooms by drop doors, and only the centre used for the Seminary assembly rooms. In this hall the re- ligious meetings, during the summer vacation, are held. Talcott Libeaby, — Built in 188S of granite, the gift of James Talcott of New York. It has room for forty thousand books and contains, beside the library room, a deUghtful reading room, a storage room, toilet room, and office. It cost |30,000. In architec- ture it is the gem of the Seminary buildings. East Hall, — Built in 1880. This is beautifully located and one of the most attractive of the dormi- tories. It is constructed of brick and granite with towers at each end and a delightful porch reached by a long, but easiy flight of granite steps. Its cost was 136,000. Weston Hall, — On the high ground back of this row, was the gift of D. M. Weston of Boston, and was completed in 1887, at a cost of $35,000. Its material is brick with granite window-caps, and while extremely plain externally, it is not less com- fortable and attractive in its rooms which are entire, ly used for lodgings. The Betsey Moody Cottage— Is a frame structure of handsome appearance, recently erected and named in honor of Mr. Moody's aged mother. It stands near the hotel northfield. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 73 Weston Hall and its primaiy use is as a hospital, but that its capacity is not taxed for this use the prevail- ing health of the school explains. Hillside Cottage and Maple Lodge— Are smaller dormitories, on the "Winchester road" over the hill back of these buildings. Near them is the large barn, which is a necessary structure with the Seminary acres productive and well-tilled. A large herd of cattle is kept here and the farm interests have been from the first under the superintendence of George F. Moody, the evangelist's brother. The Revbll and Holton Halls.— The former of these, which was the original recitation building, is seen in the extreme right of the picture, the other standing near it. Both are used for lodgings and are attractive buildings. BoNAE Cottage.— Among the trees in the center of the picture are seen the gables of the frame building which replaces Bonar Hall and perpetuates the mem- ory of Dr. Bonar. It is the home of several young ladies during the school year. D. L. Moody's residence, thickly shaded by maples, stands to the right of the picture's center. Scattered about the grounds in this picture are the tents that represent the encampment during the annual gather- ing of college students. THE SEMINAEY AT WOEK. Throughout its twelve years, the Semiuary has had but three principals. The first was Harriet W. Tuttle, a graduate of Wellesley, who served from the beginning to 1883; the next, Emma Frances Angell, who took the degree of M. D. at Boston University and came to the Seminary in 1883, served for one year, and was succeeded by Ev- elyn S. Hall, B. A. (Wellesley). In all of these it has been fortunate, and it is to Miss Hall's ef- ficient supervision of its work that the school largely owes its present success. It is under the business control of a board of trustees, of whicli H. M. Moore of Boston is pres- ident, and Mr. Moody, of course, a member. Hon. Julius J. Estey of Brattleboro is the treas- urer. Some idea of the responsibility resting upon these men is furnished by a glance at the annual excess of the expenditures over the re- ceipts. The charge for a year's tuition and board at the Seminary is one hundred dollars, and it is the determination of Mr. Moody that this fee shall not be iucreased. The annual ex- pense is now $50,000 and the receipts from the pupils about $30,000. The endowment fund is small and the deficit is yearly met by the contributions of friends of the school. It is now the effort to secure an endowment suflacient to assure the school's inde- pendent support. RESIDENCE, P. B. SCHELL OF NEW YORK. ^^,A ^'V ^'*^ ,1 ,^ ' {tm%^ The day's programme at the Seminary is arranged with a view to the best results and the pleasantest oc- cupation of the students. Beginning at 6.15, the school day is fifteen acd a quarter hours long. The breakfast hour is 7, recitations begin at 8.15, RESIDENCE, PROF. D. B. TOWNER. RESIDENCE, PROP. A. J. PHILIPS. chapel occurs at 9, and recitations are resumed from 9.30 to 13. In the afternoon, recitations occupy two and a half hours, ending at 4.30. After supper, there is a half hour of worship and study, from 7 to 8.30. Silent time engages the girls for twenty minutes of personal seclusion, and 9.30 is the retiring time. This division i gives over three hours daily I purely for recreation. The re- | quired domestic work by the | girls is considered an important part of their education. All the care of the rooms and the i work of each house, save the i hardest, devolves upon them and is so arranged that in the course of the year each has had a share in every branch. There is methodical instruction also in domestic science. The course of study is aca- demic. While it is preparatory to college, it is complete and thorough in itself and aims to provide a general education. Its distinctive features are study of the Bible and music. The Bible study com- mends the school widely to religious people by the thoroughness with which it is followed and the stim- ulus it is constantly endeavoring to give to habits of research and meditation. In music, the school has the best equipment for both instrumental and ; vocal instruction. So the Seminary fulfils the purpose of its founder and wins the favor of the world by its substantial and uplifting work. It need sur- prise no one to find that earnestness, moral and intellectual as well as physical health prevail '. within its walls. ' The library at the Seminary is well suited to its needs so far as it has been supplied. Pur- i chases and gifts of books have been in keeping ' with the character of the school, and the beau- tiful granite building is the storehouse of wis- dom. But the requirements of the school in i this direction are far from met by the present collection. There is no finer opportunity for its «|H friends than in the enlargement of the library <■»■ along the right lines. The Mount Hermon ^^ school's great need is in the same direction and there the considerable library already gained calls for a separate building. Mr. Moody's personal connection with the Seminary is rather that of a friend and coun- sellor than as a manager. The detail of in- struction, management and provision is in the hands of its faculty and the matrons of the sev- eral buildings, and when Mr. Moody is at home the scholars make his acquaintance in the religious and practical talks he gives the school, as a whole, andin the hearty, informal friendship he forms with every person connected with the school. RESIDENCE, REV. H. B. HARTZLER. 74 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. THE NEW NOETHPIELD. We have lingered with the old Northfleld and listen- ed to its engaging story. We have looked up and down the elm-guarded old avenue. We have seen something of the new occupation of its soil in the sketch of the great school that has grown up on what was once but a part of its pasture lands. There is something left for us before we accept the picture's suggestion and leave Northfleld by the antiquated but picturesque ferry. It is a glance at the gTowth of the town into a summer resort. It only remained for Northfleld to be discovered by the seeker after pure air, beautiful scenery, deUghtful drives, all that could be asked in a summer home, to be appreciated. That it is found now, one needs but to stand on the street recently opened by the town, parallel to the old Main street, and see the houses springing up m that attractive and expansive region. Some suggestion is given of the new ideas in dwellings by the pictures on the preceding page. These are but the first, it is safe to predict, of a numerous colony of similar buildings f or a similai- use. Most conspicuous in the new buildings of the new Northfleld is the HOTEL NORTHFIELD. This is one of the most attractive o f summer hotels. It was opened June 1, 1888, and is owned and operated by a stock company made up of friends of Mr. Moody. It furnishes a convenient tarrying place for the visitors to the Seminary, and is fllled during the season by attendants at the re- ligious gatherings; but it is also attractive to the more general pub- lic. It commands a surprising view of the old town, the valley, and the hills that guard it, w^ith an intervening variety of beautiful scenery. The hotel is furnished and managed on quite a different plan from that of the summer hotel as it is commonly known and spoken of with a sigh if not with re- proach. Its appointments are expensive and beauti- ful. Not only do its generous parlors boast an unusu- al adornment, but its chambers are handsomely fur- nished and are light and airy. Many of them are ar- ranged in suites, each of them opening into a balcony with its satisfying prospect. An addition was made, in 1891, to the capacity of the hotel by an annex, and the extended piazza adds a long promenade to the other attractions of the house. The dining hall is in keeping with the character of the house, but not with its size, and an increase of its room will be made. Last year, the house was under the management of Ambert G. Moody, nephew of D. L. Moody, and it will be kept by the corporation in the hands of men whose first duty wiU be to serve the public. use of the buildings in the summer vacation for a gathering of religious workers, and the result has been a series of conventions whose importance is indicated by the notice takeij of them in all parts of the English-speaking world. The history of the convocations is, therefore, very nearly parallel with that of the Seminary. It begins hardly a year later and continues as an occupant, for part of the year, of the buildings the Seminary uses through the school months. East Hall was opened September 1, 1880, to accommodate as many as it could of the three hundred who responded to Mr. Moody's first invitation. The town received the rest and there was no distinction of religious opinion in the willingness of the people to receive the unexpected number of visitors. The meetings lasted for ten days and were principally devoted to the doctrine of the Holy Spirit with the prayer that it might be poured out upon the school then beginning its work. The second convocation occupied the entire month of August, 1881. It had less of a devotional and more of a doctrinal character, and the central beliefs of Christianity were made a connected study. Some nine hundred persons attended in the course of the are dwelt upon, and the interest centres about Bible study and exposition. The change in name to "Bible Conference" suggests the import of the gathering and the spectacle it furnishes is that of enthusiasm and devotion that grows intense as the brief season pro- gresses. Its service to the religious cause is in the awakening it brings to the churches all over the land and to the enlivening of missionary effort. The meeting of the summer of 1891 exceeded in attend- ance and enthusiasm that of any preceding year, and not less than a thousand people were in constant at- tendance. A EELIGIOUS OENTEE. Fires of religious and missionary fervor are an- nually kindled on the Northfield hills. They grow brighter year by year and their warmth and Ught are owned in widely scattered places. Sapplementing the design of the schools establish- ed here, their founder had in view in the beginning the LEAVING NOBTHPIELD BY FERRY. month and the list of speakers included eminent names. After an interval of three years, covering the period of Mr. Moody's labor abroad, this phase of his work was renewed, and the third convocation occurred in August, 1885, smce which time they have continued uninterruptedly. The presence of J. E. K. Studd of London, and of the temperance orator, John B. Gough, were memorable features of the season of 1885. None who saw Gough at the time of this visit will recall without emotion the spectacle of the won- derful man laboring under physical and pamful mental weakness, yet flashing out the powerful shafts of eloquence and wit and pathos. The annual return of this gathermg of religious people has been an event of moreasing importance Now conflned to a period of ten days in August of each year, it crowds that time with a succession of meetmgs, begmning in the early morning and con- tmumg through the day and evening. The list of speakers includes notable names in the evangelical denommations and sectarian lines are forgotten The purpose of these gatherings is less doctrinal than spmtual. The fundamental teachings of Christ THE COLLEGE OF COLLEGES. Parallel with the conference for Bible study which has been briefly followed, there has grown the annu- al encampment of college students at Northfleld. In its practical results perhaps this is the greater. The cause of missionc has been greatly stimulated and the volunteer movement, which has strengthened the missionary forces by the enlistment of young people, traces its origin to the first of these remarkable gath- erings. The representatives from the college Christian as- sociations met for the first time at Mount Her- mon, in July, 1886. They were called to- gether under the direc- tion of the college secre- tary of the Y. M. C. A. as a summer school for Bible study, but it devel- oped wholly uulooked- for consequences. Methods of study and teaching of the Script- ure occupied its open- ing days, but largely through the interest aroused by Rev. Dr. William Ashmore, for thirty-six years a mis- sionary in China, an en- thusiasm in the cause of missions took posses- sion of the young men, and the great volunteer movement resulted. Mt. Hermon's name has become by the means associated with one of the most significant re- ligious movements of the time in the direction of missionary work. After the first of these meetings, their home was transferred to the Seminary buildings and the grounds where the annual return of a splendid body of represen- tative American and English young men to devote themselves to religious training and discussion, and at the same time to gather the freshness and health of New England hillsides, is an addition of the flrst im- portance to the work that centers about the Seminary. With exceUent judgment, the managers of these conventions of collegians have given wide room in the programme of the daily proceedings to athletics and sports. Religion occupies the morning hours, muscle and exercise fill out the afternoon, and in the evening devotional or missionary meetings bring the students together in the auditorium of Stone hall. No better picture is furnished of young men who have found and grasped the happy relation between the serious work and the hearty recreation of life than is fur- nished by the encampment which overflows the Sem- mary buildings and places its tents in college groups all over the green campus. The meeting of 1891 was marked by an mcrease of fervor as well as of num- Ders, and placed the annual "college convention" among the notable institutions springing from Mr. Moody s earnestness and courage. " ^ ^ CENTENNIAL EDITION. 75 THE MOUNT HEBMON COTTAGES, DINING AND CEOSSLEY HALLS. THE MOUNT HEEMON SCHOOL, In a school of three hundred studious, active, ear- nest young men there is the visible expression of a wish long cherished in D. L. Moody's heart. Before he left Chicago for the tour of England and Scotland, he had taken some steps toward a school where needy boys could be instructed in common branches and in the Bible, but the breaking-up of his home there by the great fire ended the plan. The wish survived, and in 1879, with the Young Ladies' Seminary just started on its useful career, a valuable farm in the border of Gill w^as purchasable, at a low price, and was bought by Mr. Moody with the hope that the way would be opened to utilize it for the school he intend- ed should some day be built. The next year, Hiram Camp of New Haven visited Northfield, learned Mr. Moody's object and gave him $35,000 to found the school for boys. The adjoining farm to the one first bought was next secured, and with the two pur- chases, 385 acres of land and two large farm houses, with ample barns, came into the school's possession for $13,385. This noble estate has been enlarged since until the school stands now in the center of a tract more than four hundred acres in extent, and beauti- fully diversified by grassy slopes to the river, an irreg- ular but beautiful hill on which the buildings range, and a background of wood and open land. The farm houses were first made ready for school use and the first boy appeared May 4, 1881. A small, one-story wooden building was built during the sum- mer, and for two years the Boys' School flourished with about twenty-five scholars, ranging from eight to eighteen years in age. Mr. Moody was abroad and the school labored under such restrictions as to make its extension difficult. In the faU of 1882, the row of brick cottages was started, and when Mr. Moody re- turned, in June, he brought with him twelve boys from Manchester, England, to occupy the first to be MT. HEBMON RECITATION HALL. completed, which thus became the "Manchester house." His return marked the beginning of a new growth and a fresh impulse. The cottages were formally opened in September, 1883, and E. A. Hub- bard, recently of the State board of education, be- came the first superintendent. January 1st, there were seventy boys at the school, and the need of a new recitation building had becorae emphatic. It was begun in August. Mr. Hub- bard retu-ing because of ill health, honored and beloved by the school, Henry E. Sawyer became the principal and under his skilled direc- tion the work of the school was reduced to a system. The new recitation building was opened May 30, 1885, with an address by Dr. T. L. Cuyler of Brooklyn and speeches by Dr. A. J. Gordon, Dr. A. T. Pierson and Ex- Governor William B. Wash- burn. Crossley Hall and the Dining Hall were occupied in the spring of 1886. The first class was grad- uated June 38, 1887, and num- bered five scholars. The next year opened with an increase of attendance to 247 and a corresponding enlargement of the corps of teachers, and its growth has continued until it now demands the entire ca- pacity, not only of the lodg- ing houses, but of the recitation and dining buildings. Meanwhile the scope of the school's work has broadened and became defined. It has essentially changed from the original plan. It did not long remain a school for boys under sixteen years, but making that age the junior limit furnishes young men with a thorough academic and Bibli- cal education, preparing them for the colleges, for evangeUstic work, or for Christian living in the common walks. A class numerously represented is that of young men whose opportuni- ties for early education have been limited, and who with an honest purpose seek here to re- cover the loss and to fit them- selves for Christian and intelli- gent service. The view that greets the vis- itor to Mount Hermon to-day — when he has done feasting his eyes on the beauties of the mountain and valley landscape — is that of a hill-top crowned with a row of brick cottages, one of which is faith- fully represented in our picture and all of which range across this page; near them and flanking their stately line the gTeat Crossley Hall, filled with two hundred students, and the tasteful dining house to which the youth, with appetites sharpened by the required exercise on the farm, regularly repair; across the campus the commanding recitation hall, and down MT. HEBMON, ONE OP THE COTTAGES. by the road-side the two cheerful farm houses, turned to a use their builders never guessed. Over the way there is the barn, a great structure, with its generous herd and gathered crops. Just taking on its final aspect the science hall stands, on middle ground, and a brick building has replaced the old and insufficient laundry at the rear of the settlement. Crossley Hall, with its community of students, stands for the change in the plan of the buildings from the cottages where not more than a numerous family of students were to be kept, with homelike surroundings and under charge of a matron who was indeed to be a mother to these school-sons. But the larger build- ing had to come, and with it the home-likeness of the school was in a measure lost. The new science build- ing is the gift of H. B. SilUman of Cohoes, New York, who furnishes it thoroughly equipped for the studies it will accomodate. It is entirely of brick, with no iron used in any form, so that fine magnetic experi- ments may not suffer by attraction. Here are labo- ratories and practice-rooms for physics, chemistry, botany, zoology and biology. Here, too, is a museum and on the top an observatory, whence the heavens can be studied. The students number now 318, and more are turned from its doors than are admitted. The permanent rate for board and tuition is $100, and inasmuch as it 76 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. MT. HERMON, CROSSLEY HALL. costs $60,000 a year to carry on the school, its income is less than half its expense. The deficit is now made good by the contributions of friends of the school, the endowment fund having accumulated only $iO0,O0O. The need of Mount Hermon is a permanent fund of a million dollars. The industrial feature of Mt. Hermon education is a natural outgrowth of its situation, and the part it has in the culture of body as well as brain has much to do with the practical success of its work. From the start, the work on this great farm h£is been per- formed mainly by the students, each of whom is re- quired to do from an hour and a half to two hours of work, either on the land, in the barn or houses, or at some one of the useful trades numerously represented. All the room work is done by them; the general work of the house is assigned to several; the cooking, under the direction of a head cook, the operation of the laundry, the butter-making, the road-repairs, the sta- tionery sales, the ofiBce work, even the blacksmith's trade, the plumbing, the shoe-making and the printing are carried on by the young men,many of whom come to the school with some experience in these branches of employment. The work of nearly all the students is changed occasionally so that the ser\ ice of a year is divided between in-door and out-door occupation. Be- yond the required amount, the young men are allowed to do extra work, for which they are paid. Such train- ing has its many benefits. As a solution of the vexed problem of New England, how to make farming pay, it lays no claim to notice. But as an accompaniment to school work, as a source of health and a promoter of good morals, it lays the foundation upon which the mental superstructure may be lifted up in strength and security. The broad athletic field at Mount Hermon suggests the place the sports have in the school days. When completed it will be a model gi-ound for the contests that enliven the round of work and strengthen the bodies and stimulate the spirits of the members of the athletic association, whose two annual field days are conspicuous in the calendar. The principal who succeeded Prof. Sawyer, in Au- gust, 1890, Henry F. Cutler, came to the school after a thorough and special preparation for its peculiar work. Faithful to the principles which have marked its growing period, he has accomplished marked im- provements. The course of study has been strength- ened and requires earnest work of the students. Three courses are now open, the classical, the scientific and the Biblical, while a fourth is taking form, to be called the Latin-scientific, its purpose being to prepare for the advanced schools of technology. Whatever the course, the study of the Bible has its place, and the religious spirit here, as at the Seminary, pervades whatever is under- taken. Twenty- one teachers com- prise the faculty, and this year there are 318 students, of whom it is ex- p e c t e d twenty- four will be grad- uated next June. A superficial view of Mount Hermon's past, of its vigorous pres- ent and its promise for the future is sufiicient to sug- gest its important place among the useful institutions of mental and re- ligious culture of the land that abounds in schools. To study further into its operation and its purpose is to gain admira- tion for the wisdom of its plan and practical efficiency of its application. THE NOETHIIELD TEAINING SCHOOL. When "The Northfield" bids fareweU to the last of its summer guests and closes its doors for the winter, does it remain unused and useless for a season? In- deed, not. There is no room to spare to idleness and vacancy about the Moody institutions. The Northfield Training School, seeking to prepare young women as skilful and effective Bible teachers and workers in all forms of Christian service, is admitted to the hotel and puts it to a noble use. There are fifty young women there this year, the second of the school's ex- istence, and under the supervision of the principal. Miss L. L. Sherman, they pursue a thorough study of the Bible, with a view to becoming teachers of the gospel. There is a practical turn to the work of the school in its study of cooking and dressmaking, and this is followed with a system that fits the students to fill all the requirements that can be made of them in mission fields at home or in far away lands. D. L. Moody is president of the school, which conforms in spirit and in work to the evangelizing purpose of his life. NOETHFIELD OHARAOTEE AND OHAEAOTEES. It links the present to the past,— how closely! — to know that when the Gazette began its life there were living in Northfield men who had known the hardsliips and dangers of Indian warfare, men not yet old who had heard the savage yell, and women who could re- call with a shudder the terror that struck their fire- sides when on the border of the village the near neighbor had fallen into the deadly ambush, or wan- dering out from the fort at early morning had been struck down by the towahawk midway the long "street." Indian memories were rife; the tales of the Revolution were almost too fresh to have interest, and the absurdities and blunders of the Shays' rebellion were spoken of in a whisper so that the neighbor who was still sensitive for his part in it should not be touched in unhealed places. The Impartial Intelli- gencer was read in its first number, no doubt, by Jon- athan Belding, and this fine old gentleman, whose stately figure, in cocked hat and careful costume of the olden time, was familiar in the boyhood of men now living in the town, could remember the tragic death of his kinsman, Aaron. It fell, too, under the eye of Capt. Thomas Alexander, who was authorized to beat his drum for volunteers in the Canada expe- dition, in 1758, and joined in that march which is the final scene of the long tale of French and Indian war- fare. He lived until 1801. There was a sturdy quality in the village life in which men of such memoiy and such service shared, and upon its solid character the society of the century has its foundation. There was a remarkable era be- tween 1825 and 1850, when the old academy flourished, and the coming of young lawyers to find their first settlement in the country town gave a group of men whose influence has not yet been outgrown. There were Benjamin R. Curtis, who became the jurist of national fame and served on the United States Su- preme bench; William G. Woodard, afterwards chief justice of Iowa; Charles Devens, the judge and gen- eral; Arthur L. Devens, his talented brother; Charles Mattoon, afterwards judge of probate, and David Aiken, judge of the court of common pleas, both tak- ing their flrst steps in practice; Asa Olmstead, a Princeton graduate, a practitioner at law and after- wards a prominent man in Clinton, N. Y., whose daughter became the wife of the distinguished lawyer and teacher of law, Theodore W. Dwight; the two Hosmers; Doctor Edward Jarvis, who went from his brief practice here to become one of the most noted in his profession. These are the names that have be- come known to the outside world, but there deserve to be remembered the men who, in the same pe- riod, added to the delights and the benefits of North- field life. The lawyer has left Northfield. It seems no longer to be a field of litigation. To the period in which the practice was attractive belong, aside from those who have been mentioned, John Barrett, the old-time squire, Solomon Vose, Samuel C. Allen, General John Nevers, Thomas Power, Franklin Ripley and H. G. Newcomb. These have not been replaced in the town, and though easily spared as lawyers they are missed as men. With their going Northfield did not go, and it takes an inner experience to know how much of culture, of refinement and of enjoyment the village affords, which to the chance visitor presents only the aspect of quiet and repose. The men whose lives call for individual mention are those who have become known to the world from Northfield beginnings, or who have had special prom- inence in the town's own affairs. JOHN BARRETT, ESQ. Northfield at the beginning of the present century easily held the first place among the towns of North- ern Hampshire in point of legal talent. There was a group of notable lawyei-s settled here and it was the resort of several students of law who attained a prominence in county, state or nation. The head of its legal fraternity was John Barrett and in his office were educated a large number of young men; here, too, Samuel C. Allen, first settled in Northfield as a minister, took up his legal studies and prepared him- self for the conspicuous life he led. Mr. Barrett was graduated by Harvard college in 1780 and came to Northfield in 1786 to open an office. He became the leading lawyer of this section and filled aninfiuential position to the end of his life, Dec. 26, 1816. He built the house now the Pentecost place, in 1796 or '97, and a story is told of how the village came to have two buildings three stories high. "Lawyer Bar- rett built a good two-story house, said to be the best on the street at that date. Shortly after Capt. Elisha Hunt built one on the comer south of the Centre school-house, which was thought to be a little better than Barrett's. This touched the pride of the lawyer and he added another story to his house, which in turn touched the pride of the Hunts and the Captain put on a third story— in neither case adding to the comfort or beauty of the dwellings." Mr. Barrett went to the legislature and held the leading town of- fices. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 77 SOLOMON VOSE, ESQ. Contemporary with Squire Barrett, Solomon Vose, a Harvard graduate of 1787, practiced in Northfield. He came in 1796 and was immediately prominent, a United States assessor in 1798 and the same year the town's first postmaster. He removed to Augusta, Me., and died in 1809. Mr. Vose was the head of the incorporated Northfield Aqueduct Company. The mail in Postmaster Vose's days was brought by stage once a week from Worcester, containing usual- ly not more than six letters and three or four Boston newspapers. The succeeding postmasters have been John Nevers, Samuel C. Allen, William Pomeroy, Daniel Callender, Charles Osgood, William Hastings, Geo. Hastings, Lewis T. Webster, RoUin C. Ward and Lewis T. Webster again. There are now five post- offlces on Northfield soil, the largest in amount of business being East Northfield. Among the students in Lawyer Vose's office was Samuel Prentice, whose father was a successful phy- sician in Northfield. He removed to Montpelier, was in the Vermont Legislature two years and then a United States senator for 13 years; for five years he was chief justice of the Supreme Court of the State and United States district judge from 1842 tiU his death, 1857. chancellor, sei-ving as minister plenipotentiary to the United States several times and finally becoming res- ident minister of the Islands at Washington, where he fell dead at President Arthur's New Year's recep- tion, January 1, 1883. Frederick H., another son, became a judge of the Supreme Court of Maine, went to Congress, and removing to Boston was lec- turer on political economy at Harvard college. Sam- uel C. Allen, Jr., bom in 1793, became one of the prominent politicians of Franklin county and for six years represented Northfield in the legislature. He was a farmer, an earnest advocate of temperance and ardent in politics. He removed to East Boston and became postmaster. The second son, Joseph Priest- ly, was a member of the Franklin bar, with his of- fice in Charlemont, a graduate of Dartmouth college and a man of ability and genius. He died in 1838. The father of this remarkable family was for his time the most distinguished member, an accomplished scholar and a statesman of national repute. MAJ. GEN. JOHN NEVERS. John Nevers came to Northfield in 1804, a man of thirty years, and taking up the study of law with John Barrett, was admitted to the bar in 1808 and speedily became influential in public affairs. At the opening of the war of 1812 he was a Major General of the Massachusetts miUtia and the town was the headquarters of a portion of the State's forces. In 1811 he had become the county attorney the next month after the county's separate life began, having been in that first month Franklin's first sheriff. He was again high sheriff from 1831 to his death in 1847 and is remembered for the old-time dignity of his manners in charge of the courts. He was for three years a member of the Legislature and was of com- manding influence in town affairs. He built the house now owned by Col. Charles Pomeroy and made bitter but fruitless fight against the building of the road, now Warwick street, which should take the course of travel from the east away from its former entrance into town opposite his place. SAMUEL C. ALLEN, ESQ. Samuel C. Allen was a Bemardston product, born there in 1772. He was graduated at 23 years by Dart- mouth College and settled in Northfield, in 1795, as minister of the town's only church, where he deUver- ed for three years thoroughly Calvinistic doctrine and withdrew in 1798 to study law with John Barrett. Admitted to the bar in 1800, he removed in 1803 to New Salem to continue his practice. While livmg in New Salem he was repeatedly elected representative to the legislature, served as senator, 1812-15, and in 1817 entered Congress. He removed in 1818 to Greenfield and was kept in Congress until 1839. He was in the Governor's council for a year and again a sena- tor in 1831. He was a close student of political econ- omy and lectured on the science at Amherst College after retiring from political life. Meanwhile he had returned to Northfield and established himself in Ben- nett's Meadow, across the river. Here he practiced farming and reared his numerous family, and here he died, February 8, 1842. Of Samuel C. Allen's sons the most noted was Elisha H., bom in New Sa- lem, 1704, who graduated at Williams, was admitted to the bar and removed to Bangor, Me. From 1836 to 1841 he was in the Maine Legislature, its speaker in 1838 and served a term in Congress. He removed to Boston, was elected to the Legislature and in 1853 was appointed consul to the Sandwich Islands. He there became in 1857 the King's minister of finance, and for twenty years from 1857 was chief justice and THOMAS POWER. The man who should have a monument to his mem- ory in Northfield's ehn-shaded street is Thomas Pow- er. He was born in Boston in 1786, graduated at Bos- ton University, admitted to the Suffolk bar and first in practice at Northfield in 1813, remaining till 1815. He was the founder of the Social library, which has now become the free public library, and his other lasting beneficence was the planting of the sihade trees now the pride and the glory of the town. These were placed in 1815, many of them by Power's own hand and nearly all by his instigation. He was a man of fine tastes, musical and literary, and was ac- complished in both. He was a successful lawyer in Boston after leaving Northfield, removed to Fra- mingham in 1860 and died there in 1868. THE AUTHOR OF "CHINA." Timothy Swan was one of Northfield's most unique characters. He was born in Worcester, 1758, and came here in 1775, learning the trade of hatter. From 1783 for about 30 years he lived in Suffield, Conn., and returned to Northfield, where he continued work- ing at his trade. He died here in 1843. As a com- poser of sacred music "China" and "Poland" are the enduring monuments to his service. He published, in 1801, a collection entitled "New England Harmo- ny." He was a peculiar man, a fact that was pro- claimed by the appearance of his home. He lived in the house now owned by C. A. Linsley, who has trans- formed it into a beautiful modem residence, and the large front yard was so thickly set with poplars, his favorite trees, that the house was not to be seen from the street. He was poor and proud, but the stories told of his drinking habits and that China was first written in the sand of Beers' Plain during his recov- ery from a spree are lacking in support. He was the clerk of the library association, whose old records are graced by his painstaking writing and the phonetic spelling that was one of his cherished oddities. Of his fourteen children none remained in Northfield. REV. THOMAS MASON. A strong and aggressive character, a man of lib- eral education, of marked abilities and of caustic wit, Thomas Mason is the most conspicuous of Northfield characters seventy-five years ago. He was bom in Princeton, in 1769, was graduated at Harvard, 1796, and came to Northfield when thirty years old, by call of the town, which voted to give him $400 as an an- nual salary and a settlement of 250 pounds, condition- al upon his remaining twenty years. During his col- lege course he was famed for physical strength and was the champion in the chief sport of the colleges- wrestling. He was large in stature and very muscu- lar, and some stories are still current in the town of the feats he accomplished while minister over the church. In the religious controversy which arose during his settlement, he took the Unitarian side and forcibly advocated liberal views. He remained in his pastorate until 1830, when he retired and spent the rest of his years in Northfield, dying January 3, 1861. During the late years of his ministry, a dissension arose in the church and a second Unitarian society was formed and continued separate worship until after his dismissal. For eight years he represented North- field in the legislature. Northfield abounds to this day in traditions of Mr. Mason's wit and satire coupled with a high estimate of his talent as a preacher and writer. One daughter, Mrs. Lydia K. Allen, now lives in Northfield, and a son, Joseph Mason, has been many years clerk of the courts for Worcester county. REV. GEORGE WASHINGTON HOSMER. The settlement of Rev. George W. Hosmer in North- field, from 1830 to 1836, leaves an association of the eminent Unitarian minister with the town which is one of its pleasantest possessions. He was a native of Concord and a grandson of Captain Joseph Hosmer, the officer who formed the patriots' line of attack in the fight of immortal memory at Concord bridge. He was graduated by Harvard, and came to North- field for his first ministerial work. He was one of the most genial of men, and in his ministration to the religious and social needs of his parish one of the saintliest of souls. From Northfield he went to Buf- falo, where President Millard Fillmore was one of his parishioners and a devoted friend. He became, after a long settlement there, the president of Antioch college and spent his later days in Newton, where he went for his final work in 1878. A memorial volume, published by his sons, is a delightful record of rem- iniscence of the revered man. James K. Hosmer, his son, is a prominent author and professor, his "Color Guard" and "Thinking Bayonet" being among the most popular works of the literature springing from war experiences of 1861 to '65. JUDGE BENJAMIN R. CURTIS. This eminent jurist's life touched Northfield in the interesting period of his first experience at the bar. He came here in 1832, fresh from his Harvard College course, opened an office and remained here two years, when he went to Boston and advanced rapidly in public favor and success. Two years of the life of such a man as Mr. Curtis are sufficient to make a last- ing impression on a country town, and this period at Northfield was an active and public spirited one. Mr. Curtis was born at Watertown, in 1809, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1839, began practice in 1832, and rising rapidly at the bar was called to the Supreme bench of the United States, from which he resigned in 1857. His name stands among the highest in the list of American jurists, and he was recognized as one of the most profound students of constitutional law. He was employed as one of the counsel to de- fend Andrew Johnson in the trial of impeachment be- fore the Senate, in April, 1868. He died September 15, 1874. His brother, George Ticknor Curtis, also became connected with Northfield, and in his practice and authorship of legal works, notably his "History of the Origin, Formation and Adoption of the Con- stitution of the United States," attained prominence as a lawyer of deep learning and strong intellect. JOEL munsell. A representative of the numerous class of men who having the good fortune to be born in Northfield have gone out into the world to gather fortune or fame is Joel Munsell. He was the son of a plow- maker and began life for himself by working, in very youthful days, at the tremendous task of old-time tanning. In 1825, he heard, late one evening, of a 78 vacancy in the printing office of the "Franklin Post and Christian Freeman," published by Jonathan A. Saxton, and started early the next morning to walk to Greenfield to secure the place. Beginning as the printer's devil, he, within a year, was filling the high- est place ill the office. FoUowing printtag, he be- came a publisher in Albany, and attained a wide rep- utation throughout England and America in connec- tion with valuable historical and genealogical works, many of which he compiled himself. He has recent- ly died. He retained his interest in Northfleld and was a generous contributor to the Social, now the public, library. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. church, (see page 67). Pa., Aug. 28, 1840. He was born in Edinburgh, DWIGHT LYMAN MOODY. The most noted of Northfield's sons, to describe no more fully the fame that he has won, was born here, February 5, 1837. His father died when he was four years old, leaving the mother, whose life has been spared to see this one of her sons filling the place he now has in the religious life of his time, with eight children, the oldest boy in the number not yet eight years old. The family were in straitened circum- stances during the period of the children's growth, and the struggle for maintenance was severe. Dwight worked on the farm and during the winters was chore-boy for some of the more prosperous village people untU he was seventeen years old. He attend- ed only irregularly the public schools, which at best furnished a meagre education in that period of their development. At seventeen, he went to Boston to work in an uncle's shoe store, and in 1856 went to Chicago for similar employment. His first religious step was in the former city, where he joined the Con- gregational church, and in Chicago he became at once interested in the city missionary work, spending his leisure and his earnings in helping poor people whom he could find on the streets or in their homes to a bet- ter life. He developed here the readiness of resource and the earnestness of purpose which have marked his similar effort in far broader fields. During the war he was in the service of the Christian Commis- sion and next became the city missionary of the Chi- cago Young Men's Christian Association. So numer- ous did his converts become that a church was built for him and he was its pastor, without formal ordina- tion. The Chicago fire swept away church, home and all his possessions, but a larger church wasbuilt,with- sittings for 2500 people. Mr. Moody, however, en- larged his field beyond the city, where his service had made him familiar with the needs of the people poor in worldly means and poorer yet in religious impulses. In 1873 he went to England with Ira D. Sankey, whose power as a singer he had discovered at a con- vention of Y. M. C. A. workers. The tour of these men through the British cities and towns is memora- ble as one of the most remarkable of religious awak- enings. In 1875 they returned to America and con- ducted revival meetings that stirred the thousands in Boston, New York and Western and Southern cities and were directly and indirectly the means of reach- ing all the channels of evangelistic work with the power of a new spirit. A second journey in Great Britain extended the work of the two men whose names now became closely linked. The story of Mr. Moody's work at Northfleld has already been told, and as he is still pursuing his evangelizing efforts the sketch of his life is but partial. This winter finds him in Scotland, where he went at the request of thousands of people, expressed in a written petition unrolled at Northfield in the summer of 1891. Mr. Moody's home is in Northfield, near the place of his birth, where his mother stUl lives. His family con- sists of the wife who has been an efficient helper to him in his work, a woman of culture and high char- acter, a daughter and two sons. Mr. Sankey has also become associated with Northfield, making his sum- mer home here in the house conspicuous in the south- erly view of the vUlage street, next the Unitarian PHYSICIANS OF A CBNTUKY. The practicing doctors of 1792 at Northfleld were four in number, although the population was less than half the number now, a century afterwards, when two are sufficient to guard the health of the town. Dr. Medad Pomeroy was the dean of the group. He was the son of Seth Pomeroy, a famous flghter in Indian warfare and of the Revolution, who was captain of a snow shoe company in 1744, major at the capture of Louisburg, Ueutenant colonel in the "bloody morning scout" and the only fleld officer left alive in the regiment; afterwards colonel, a mem- ber of the provincial congress, 1774, a brigadier general in the Revolution and a hero of the battle of Bunker Hill. The doctor was bom in 1736, and graduating at Yale in 1757, came to Northfleld as a doctor in 1762. From 1769 to '88 he practiced in Warwick, then returning to Northfleld to remain until his death in 1819. Col. Charles Pomeroy, now of Northfleld, is the grandson of Dr. Medad. Dr. Samuel Mattoon, whose long practice extended from 1759 till 1807, born in the town in 1731, and was the grandson of Philip Mattoon, who was in the Falls fight under Captain Turner. The doctor was for a time treasurer of the town. Dr. Isaac Hurl- burt began practice in the town in 1775 and continued until 1808; he died in 1813. Samuel Prentice, the junior of the physicians of '92, belonged to a notable family; he was the son of Col. Samuel Prentice who commanded a regiment and served throughout the Revolution. Born in 1759, the younger Samuel was surgeon in his father's regiment in the war, and at its close settled in Worcester. Removing to Northfield, in 1686, he continued to practice until his death, December 3, 1818. One of his sons has already been mentioned as a United States senator and chief justice of the State of Vermont; another, John H. became a member of Congress from New York, and married the daughter of Robert Morris, the patriot and signer of the declaration of independence; a third, Wilham A., became prominent in Vermont, but removed, in 1886, to Milwaukee, then a village of fifty families, and has been a conspicuous man in the history of that city of which he was mayor. Jonathan Sweet is recorded as a physician in North- fleld, in 1800. Dr. Charles Blake came in 1808 and was the leading village doctor for many years, his death occurring April 20, 1841 . He was born in Hing- ham, in 1771, and was surgeon's mate on the old "Constitution." Dr. Willard Arms, son of Josiah Arms of Brattleboro, Vt., where he was bom in 1780, was settled here from 1818 to 1829, when he returned to Brattlebojo. In 1828, Dr. Marshall S. Mead, then a young man, came to Northfield from Chesterfield, N. H. , and began a practice of a half -century, which brought him into the closest relationship with the peo- ple of the town, who preserve grateful recollection of his genial spirits and his self -forgetting faithfulness to every patient. He came of a notable family, which has furnished to this generation such men as Larkin G. Mead, the sculptor, a nephew of the Doctor, and Edwin D. Mead, the lecturer and author. Dr. Edward Jarvis, a Harvard graduate of 1826, practiced here from 1830 to '34 and seeking larger fields became one of the most conspicuous medical authori- ties of his time. Dr. Asa S. Ruddock was briefly here in the thirties and Dr. Philip Hall came in 1834 for several years' practice and many more of digni- fied retirement. Dr. James Henry also came in this decade, but removed after a brief time to Brooklyn, N. Y., where he long remained active. Dr. Elijah Stratton, born in 1811, came from the family which has been conspicuous in Northfield's affairs, began practice in 1840 and continued for about 35 years of activity and usefulness. These were Northfield's old-time doctors whose Uves came down nearly to the present, but who have now disappeared. Since then there have been Dr. Pierce, Dr. G. Henry Howard, who died here, Dr. Emma Frances Angell, Dr. RoUin C. Ward and Dr. Norman P. Wood, the last two named being the pres- ent physicians of the town. NOETHPIELD'S EEOOED IS THE WAE POE THE UNION. Northfield did her full duty in aiding to save the Union, as she had done in the wars of the Revolution and 1812. The following is the roll of enlistments from the town, as recorded in the office of the town clerk: ^M Regiment. Lieut. Fred. R. Field, Wm. H. Johnson, Silas W. Bailey, Daniel D. Kemp, Frank Brown, Isaac Mattoon, Adolphus O. Carter, Lucius B. Rumrill, Calvin S. Field, Wesley L. Smith, Geo. P. Field, Wm. B. Smith, Charles X. Janes, Aaron Stebbins, Wm. B. Janes, Lemuel X. Turner, Joseph Young. 1st Regiment Cavalry. George Mason. SOth Regiment. Smith W. Copan, Chauncey B. Mattoon. Richard Heath. 10th Regiment. Nathan H. Simons, Marshall A. Potter. Geo. W. Field. Slst Regiment. Charles W. Grout, Frank W. Weeks, Geo. H. Mason. S7th Regiment. Gardner Collar, C. H. Parmenter, Joseph Gates, Thales H. Page, Charles W. Harvey, Elijah Carter, James S. Johnson, Frank Lovejoy, Henry H. Johnson, Andrew J. Andrews, Geo. P. Field. 30th Regiment. Richard D. Battles. S8th Regiment. Michael Kelliher. 5M Regiment. Lieut. Marshall S. Stearns, Sergt. Hezekiah Hastings, Corp. John H. Robbins, Corp. Edward C. Nash, McK. Britt, Warren Mattoon, Elijah W. Chamberlain, Albin N. Nash, Ansel Field, Joseph B. Pierce, Frank S. Field, Charles A. Stimpson, Geo. G. Felton, Lucius Stimpson, Clem. C. Holton, Asahel Sawyer, Job M. Leonard, Edw. B. Stearns, Elijah S. Merriman, Oscar Wood, Wm. E. Merriam. Charles C. Brewer. 53d Regiment. Geo. W. Field. Sd Regiment Cavalry. Charles Dewey, A. O. Stimpson, John Whalley. 36th Regiment. Sergt. Theodore Fisher, Corp. John A. Fisher, Jr. , Loren C. Hayden, ElUot D. Stone, George Clark, John D. Stone, Nathan L. Cutting, Frank H. Turner, Samuel D. Dutton, John H. Blake, Geo. A. Fisher, Henry Murdock, Joseph A. Harris, Samuel Cutting, Jr., Eugene D. Holton, Chas. K. Spaulding, George Webster. Slst Regiment. H. S. Caldwell, Elhanan Britt. 7th Heavy Artillery. Matthew Coughlin. 32d Regiment. 34th Regiment. Henry E. Pierce. Joshua Maynard. SOth Regiment. Dennis Harrigan. 3d Regiment Cavalry. Frank Beaver, Lewis Luck. 19th Regiment. M. D. Thompson. nth Noah S. Hutchins, Henry Sarchfield, Joseph Smith, Thomas Haley, Edward Foster, John Robertson, Richard Fitzgerald, John Lewis, George H. Freeman, Francis Labonte, Addison Cross, John SerreU, George iJith Mass. Battery. C. K. Kimpland. 28th Regiment. John Kenially. Regiment. Freeman White, Charles Duchine, Lucius H. Mann, Eugene H. Hawes, John Miller, William Giflford, James Hoyt, Charles W. Libby, Henry C. Mitchell, John Gaflfney, Michael Riley, William Spencer. E. Sockling. 58th Regiment. Archibald Watson. 13th Mass. Battery. 4th Regiment Cav. Charles Barr. George Ball. Veteran Reserve Corps. Cornelius Leary, George A. Sawin, Joseph F. Shepard, Martin Burke, Edwin Jones, L. L. Fairchild, Andrew Ray, John S. Gilbert, William E. Northend, James L. King, A. W. Brookings. 17th Regiment. Thomas Scanlan. Regiment Uiiknoimi. Joseph Quigley, John Timony. Patrick Barry, Lafayette Ross, James Canfield. 37th Regiment. Dwight Cook. HAWLET. BY RET. HENEY SEYMOtTR. This town, formerly designated as No. 7, is situated in the western part of Franklin county, and is bound- ed on the north by Charlemont, on the east by Buck- land and Ashfield, on the south by Ashfleld and Plain- field, a town in Hampshire county, and on the west by Savoy, a town in Berkshire county. The town was incorporated, Feb. 7, 1792, commencing its exist- ence a? such the same year with the Gazette & CoiJElER. Its name was taken in honor of Joseph Hawley of Northampton . It is a hill town, and its sur- face for the most part is quite uneven; but there are many excellent farms here, and much good pasturage for our own flocks and herds, and for those from the lower towns. Parker's hUl, near its center, is 2060 feet above the level of the sea, and, with the excep- tion of Graylock, in Berkshire county, is the highest elevation in the State. The main divisions of the town are East and West Hawley, in which there are lesser divisions, desig- nated as Bozrah, Pudding Hollow, FuUerville, King Corner, HaUockville and South Hawley. The names of some of the first settlers of the town were Dea. Joseph Bangs, Daniel Burt, Samuel and Arthur Hitchcock, Timothy Baker, Reuben Cooley, Joseph Easton, Elisha Hunt, Abel Parker, Nathan West, Phineas Scott, Thomas King, Joseph Longley, William Mclntire, and James Peroivil. Bozrah, in the northern part of the town, derived its name from the place in Connecticut from which its first settlers came, some of whom were Zebedee Wood, Joseph Edgerton, Zephaniah Lathrop and Ger- shom West. The pioneer at King Comer, in the southwest part of the town, was Thomas King, who came from Brimfleld and bought 1000 acres of land for one dol- lar an acre. His descendants of the fourth and fifth generation still abide in that locality. HaUockville, farther south, was occupied, in 1826, by Leavitt Hallock, who did a large business there for about twenty years at tanning, and sawing lum- ber. At South Hawley, a tavern was kept for many CENTENNIAL EDITION. years by Col. Noah Joy, a prominent citizen of the town. He raised a large and respectable family of sons and daughters. His oldest son, Lorenzo, was for many years the popular postmaster of Northamp- ton. Nelson once represented the town in the Legis- lature. He and his brother Henry removed to Wash- ington, D. C, where, for a number of years they kept a first-class boarding-house, and accumulated a good property. They now reside at Shelburne Falls, living in a beautiful residence. In the early history of the town the people were so few and far between that social visits were highly appreciated. On the occasion of their first Thanks- giving they all gathered at the home of one of their number, each family contributing something towards the feast. But when they met at the table, it was found that milk was missing for their tea, where- upon one of the men said that he would milk his horse, which was in the form of a cow, that had drawn his wife to the place. In those days bears were not uncommon; occasion- ly when one was killed it was divided into parts, and the neighbors had a share of the meat to take the place of pork with the beans. A spring, named from Mr. Moody, on whose farm it is located, is regarded as curative of cutaneous dis- orders. Picnics are not unfrequently held there. An iron mine was discovered many years ago in West Hawley, and was worked for a time, but after- wards relinquished. At the present time it is again being worked. The ore is said to be of a superior quality. The cultivation of the soil has always been the chief occupation of the Hawley people. They have thus obtained a comfortable subsistence, but none of them what would be regarded as wealth. On the several small streams that run amongst these hills, there have been erected a number of mUls, where are manufactured lumber, broom handles, whip-butts, rakes, etc. There were formerly two rival taverns near where the old meeting-house stood, kept by Joshua Longley and William Sanford. There have been stores, in various parts of the town, kept by William Sanford, Gen. Thomas Longley, Joshua, William F. and Calvin S. Longley, Whitney Hitch- cock, Jonas Jones, Lucius L. Clark, Leonard Camp- bell and Edwin Scott, in East Hawley; and in West Hawley by James Mantor, Harvey Baker, T. S. Allen, A. G. Ayres, C. W. Fuller and Manly Stetson. In 1848, a town house was built near the centre of the town. In 1851, a farm was bought for the home of the poor. The fathers and mothers of the town were relig- iously inclined. They early cared for the spiritual welfare of themselves and their children. For a time their Sabbath worship was in barns and in private dwellings; but as early as 1793, one year after the incorporation of the town, they built a sanctuary for the public worship of God. This was a large, substantial edifice of two stories, galleries, and a lofty pulpit. It was on the "common" in East Haw- ley, and occupied a commanding position. Thither the people from all parts of the town literally "went up to the house of the Lord." This house was oc- cupied until 1848, when it was taken down, and an- other in more modern style was built about a mile and a half farther south. For a number of years after the organization of the church it was without a settled pastor. Rev. Jacob Sherwin of Ashfleld preached for it a part of the time. The first pastor was Rev. Jonathan Grout, who was ordained and installed Oct. 33d, 1793, and continued to be the pastor of the church till his death June 6, 1835, nearly forty-two years. He was born in Westboro, in 1873; graduated at Cambridge in 1790; studied theology with Dr. Lyman of Hatfield, who preached his ordination sermon. A neighboring pastor thus wrote of him, "Mr. Grout was a diUgent, laborious and successful minister. He was truly a practical man. His sermons were not highly wrought. 79 but contained important truth adapted to the circum- stances of his people. He was emphatically a soci- able, hospitable, kind-hearted man." According to the custom of those times, Mr. Grout was a smoker. One Sabbath afternoon, in the midst of services, the people were routed by an alarm of fire; but it proved to be nothing but some some brush burning by the roadside, set by the contents of the minister's pipe emptied there on his way to church. A family of his people kept geese, one of which was in the habit of pecking at the door. One day the lady of the house, hearing a rap, said; "Come in, old gander," whereupon in walked Parson Grout. A man that was at work for him one day, hearing a noise in the bam, looked in through a crack, where he saw Mr. Grout and Dr. Packard, both of them ath- letic men, trying their strength at wrestling. On account of failing health Rev. Tyler Thacher was installed as his colleague, May 4, 1834. He was bom in Princeton, Sept. 11, 1801, graduated at Brown University in 1824, studied theology with Rev. Otis Thompson of Rehoboth and preached in various places before his settlement in Hawley. His ministry here continued until Jan. 31, 1843, when he was dismissed, and soon after went to California, where the remain- der of his life was spent in preaching and teaching. He was possessed of a strong, logical mind, which ap- peared in his preaching and in several treatises that he published. Hezekiah Warriner, one of his parish- ioners, was a man of like mental endowments, but a sceptic. Many were their encounters with each other, and not a few of Mr. Thacher's sermons were pre- pared with special reference to Mr. W. Yet he paid liberally towards the support of the minister, but but when someone expressed surprise to him that he should do it, he said that it was no more than fair, as he had more than his share of the preaching. After Mr. Thacher's dismission the pulpit was supplied four years by Rev. John Eastman and two years by Rev. William A. Hawley. Rev. Henry Seymour was installed as the third pas- tor, Oct. 3, 1849. Rev. T. Packard, Jr., of Shelbume preached the sermon on the occasion. Mr. S. was bom in Hadley, Oct. 20, 1816, graduated at Amherst college in 1838, studied theology at the Union semi- nary in New York city. His first settlement was in Deerfield, March 1, 1843, where he remained six years. After a ministry of seventeen years in Hawley he was dismissed, and the pulpit was supplied about three years by Rev. R. D. Miller. Mr. Seymour was then again invited to supply the pulpit, which he con- sented to do on the condition that he should preach but one sermon a Sabbath, his health being infirm. He commenced preaching the second time, June 1, 1870, and continued the service until March 2, 1890, when, on his way to his Sabbath evening meeting, he fell on the ice, causing an intra-capsular fracture, by which he has since been laid aside from the work of the ministry. He still resides in Hawley. In 1865 he represented his district in the legislature. Rev. Solomon Bixby now supplies the pulpit. In 1825 a church was organized in West Hawley, and a house of worship was built the same year and was used until 1847, when another took its place. For about fifteen years the church was supplied by Rev. Urbane Hitchcock, Dr. T. Packard and son and others. The first settled pastor was Rev. Moses Mil- ler, who was installed over the church. May 30, 1840, and remained its pastor about seven years. His first settlement was in Heath, and a more fuU account of him properly belongs to the history of that town. Its second pastor was Rev. John Eastman, who was born in Amherst, July 16, 1803. He was not a college graduate, but the honorary degree of A. M. was con- ferred upon him by Amherst college in 1851. He studied theology with Dr. Packard of Shelburne and was licensed by the Franklin Association in 1833. After having preached in various places in the State of New York, he was installed in West Hawley, Nov. 11, 1847. He remained the pastor of this church 80 about eight years, when he was dismissed and the pulpit was supplied for a number of years by various clergymen, when Mr. Eastman was recalled aad con- tinued to supply the pulpit until he was laid aside by the infirmities of age. He then removed to Welles- ley, where his last days were passed with his daugh- ters, Julia and Sarah, in preparation for his depart- ure, which transpired, May 19, 1880, at the age of 77 years. Mr. E. was an eminently gospel preacher. His sermons were solemn and impressive. The West Hawley pulpit is now supplied by Rev. A. B. Peffers. The town has had but two churches, both of them Congregational. It has furnished eighteen ministers of the same denomination, a larger number than any other town in the county, with the exception of Ash- field. Their names are as follows: 1. Rev. Urbane Hitchcock was bom in Hawley in 1782, graduated at Williams college in 1806, studied theology with Rev. Dr. Packard, was ordained as pas- tor in Dover, Vt., Dec. 21, 1808, was dismissed, Feb. 13, 1813, afterwards lived many years in Charlemont, following agricultural pursuits. 2. Rev. Jonas King, D. D., was born of poor but godly parents in an obscure part of this obscure town, July, 1792. He early manifested a thirst for knowl- edge, which, in the good providence of God, was gratified. He was graduated at Williams college in 1816, studied theology at Andover and was ordained as an evangelist at Charleston, S. C, Dec. 17, 1819. He was chosen a Professor of Oriental Literature in Amherst college in 1821, but never entered upon the duties of the office. He studied in Paris and in 1823 went as a missionary to Jerusalem. But God had de- signed him as a missionary to Greece, to which ser. vice he was commissioned by the American Board. He diligently labored many years for the welfare of that people, and, like Paul before him, he suffered persecution. On one occasion, as the people were about to assault him at his house, he unfurled at the door the flag of the United States, which the absent consul had committed to his care, and at the sight of this the crowd immediately withdrew. Dr. King obtained a world-wide reputation as a devoted mis- sionary to Greece. A memoir of him has been pub- lished. 3. Rev. Pindar Field was born in Sunderland, May 1, 1794, but removed with his parents to Hawley the following year, was a member of Williams college three years, but graduated at Amherst in 1822, stud- ied theology at Andover, was licensed in 1824. Most of his long ministry was in various places in the State of New York, and was very successful. 4. Rev. Isaac Oakes was born in Hawley, June 10, 1795, graduated at Williams in 1820, studied theology at Andover, was licensed in 1823 and most of his min- isterial Uf e was spent in various places in the State of New York. 5. Rev. Thomas H. Wood was born in Norwich, Conn., in 1773, and with his parents removed to Haw- ley in 1775, graduated at Williams in 1799, studied theology with Dr. Lyman of Hatfield, was licensed in 1803. After having preached in various places, he was settled as pastor in Halifax, Vt. , in 1805, where he died, Dec. 36, 1842, aged 71. 6. Rev. Marshall L. Farnsworth was born in Haw- ley in 1799, graduated at Union in 1835, studied the- ology at Auburn. He was ordained as an evangelist in Western New York, was employed as a Sabbath school agent in Connecticut, was pastor in Elmira, N. Y., about three years, but was constrained by failing health to relinquish the ministry, and died in Danby, N. Y., Nov. 37, 1838, in the fortieth year of his age. He was a devoted and useful minister. 7. Rev. Oliver A. Taylor was born in Yarmouth, Aug. 18, 1801. When about two years old his par- ents removed with him to Hawley; graduated at Union in 1825, studied theology at Andover, where he remained for a number of years as a resident li- centiate and as an instructor in the seminary, and supplied various chm-ches. He was installed a pas- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. tor at Manchester in 1839 and died there, Dec. 18, 1851, aged 50. Mr. Taylor early manifested a thirst for knowledge. He became a diligent student and ranked high as a scholar, especially in Oriental litera- ture and Biblical science. He acquired one of the largest and best German libraries in this country, which, after his death, his brothere donated to Am- herst college. He was a devoted Christian and a faithful and successful minister. His brother Timo- thy wrote a memoir of him. 8. Rev. Timothy A. Taylor was bom in Hawley, Sept. 7, 1809, graduated at Amherst in 1835, studied theology at Andover, was installed at Slatersville, R. I., Jan. 23, 1839. He wrote much for the religious papers and published several volumes. He was an acceptable preacher, a faithful pastor and greatly use- ful. He died, March 2, 1858, aged 48, greatly lament- ed by his people. 9. Rev. Rufus Taylor, D. D., was born in Hawley, March 34, 1811, graduated at Amherst, 1837, studied theology at Princeton, was ordained as pastor in Shrewsbury. N. J., Nov. 10, 1840; dismissed, March 31, 1853, and was installed in Manchester as successor of his brother Oliver, May 6, 1853. After remaining there several years he had pastorates in Hightstown, Bordentown and South Araboy, N. J., and for ten years was district secretary of the American and For- eign Christian Union, whose office was in Philadel- phia. He received an A. M. from Princeton college and D. D. from Lafayette. He is the author of sev- eral publications, the most important of which is a memoir of his mother, entitled "Cottage Piety Ex- emplified." He now resides in Beverly, N. J. 10. Rev. Jeremiah Taylor, D. D., was bom in Haw- ley, June 11, 1817, graduated at Amherst in 1843, studied theology at Princeton, was settled in Wen- ham, Oct. 37, 1847. His other pastorates have been at Danielsonville and Middletown, Conn. , and Provi- dence, R. I. He was for a number of years secretary of the R. I. Home Missionary society. At the present time he is district secretary of the American Tract society, whose office is at Boston. He resides in Brookline. These last four ministers were brothers, sons of Jer- emiah and Martha Taylor, who came from Cape Cod to these hills. 11. Rev. Alvah C. Page was born in Hawley, March 17, 1806, graduated in Amherst in 1839, studied the- ology with Rev. F. Freeman of Plymouth, was or- dained as an evangelist at Charlemont, Nov. 8, 1831. He preached in various places in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York. His pastorates were brief. The last of which we find any record was commenced in Holland, Dec. 3, 1851. 12. Rev. Thomas A. Hall was born in Hawley, Sept. 2, 1813, graduated at Williams in 1838, studied theology with Rev. John H. Bisbee of Worthington, was ordained as pastor in Dalton, June 16, 1841, and was dismissed, Sept. 29, 1847. He then took charge of the academy in Lee, and supplied various vacant churches. His last pastorate of which we have any record was in Otis. 13. Rev. Orramel W. Cooley was born in Hawley, Jan. 18, 1816, graduated at Williams college in 1841, studied theology at Bangor seminary, was licensed by the Franklin Association, Nov. 12, 1845, was ordained as pastor at Dover, May 4, 1848, where he remained about two years. He then removed to the West, where the remainder of his life was spent in preach- ing and teaching in Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and Maryland. He was associated with his wife in build- ing up schools after the model of Holyoke Seminary, of which she was an early graduate. He died in Glen- wood, Iowa, May 6, 1889, aged 75. 14. Rev. Foster Lilley was born in Hawley, June 6, 1813, graduated at Williams in 1838, studied theol- ogy at Auburn, was licensed in 1840, has preached in various places in the State of New York. Two of his brothers became ministers. 15. Rev. Alfred Longley was born in Hawley, Nov. 10, 1809, studied for a time at Oberlin, was ordained as an evangelist at Lafayette, Ohio, in 1845, where he preached four years. He died with the consumption at Chatham Centre, Ohio, March 16, 1851, aged 41. 16. Rev. Moses M. Longley was born in Hawley, June 14, 1815. He entered Amherst college in 1835, but graduated at Oberlin in 1843; was ordained as an evangelist at Guilford, Ohio, May 39, 1846. He has had variojis pastorates in Massachusetts, Ohio and Il- linois. He was one year a member of the Massachu- setts Legislature. 17. Rev. Joseph G. Longley was born in Hawley, May 34, 1833. He entered Amherst college, but in- stead of pursuing his studies there engaged in teach- ing for a number of years, after which he studied theology at Auburn and was licensed to preach, but died before he had entered on pastoral labors. Am- herst honored him with an A. M. These last three ministers were brothers, sons of Gen. Thomas and Martha Longley. 18. Rev. Elijah Harmon was born in Hawley, March 33, 1835, graduated at Amherst in 1861 and at Hartford Theological seminary in 1867, was ordained at Winchester, N. H., Oct. 17, 1867, and installed at Wilmington, Mass., Dec. 15, 1885. He was a soldier in the late war and was an instructor one year in his alma mater. Frank B. Doane, a graduate of Amherst, is now studying theology at New Haven. Three Methodist ministers, Judah Crosby, Silas Leonard and Proctor Marsh, were born in Hawley. The town has furnished the follovring wives of ministers: Mary Longley married Rev. Stephen R. Riggs, LL.D., for many years a missionary to the Dakota Indians. She was the Mary of that popular book, "Mary and I," by Dr. Riggs. Nancy Newton became the second wife of Rev. Tyler Thacher, the second pastor in Hawley. Angeline Longley mar- ried Rev. Mr. Ashley, M. D., of Michigan. Sophronia, Sarah and Phoebe, daughters of Theophilus Crosby, married Presbyterian clergymen, at the West. Mar- tha Doane married Rev. George Jourdan. Not less than twenty-five Hawley young men have graduated at various colleges. Several of the young ladies have been educated at Holyoke seminary, Smith college and at Normal schools. The town has fur- nished its quota of teachers, both male and female. Julia A. Eastman, who was educated at the seminary at Ipswich, is the author of several popular books, for one of which, "Striking for the Right," she re- ceived a prize of $1000. Her sister Sarah graduated at Holyoke seminary and is president of its Boston alumnse association. Several years ago, these sisters establish- ed the "Dana Hall School," at Wellesley, which is numerously patronized, and is an important feeder of the Wellesley college. Mary Barrett, who was ed- ucated at Holyoke, and was for a time a prominent teacher in Cleveland, Ohio, married Benjamin Lud- den, M. D., and is now residing in Savannah, Ga. Four physicians have resided in the town. Smith, Forbes, Hill and Knowlton, but there has been no physician located here for more than forty years. The following natives of the town became physicians: Charles L. Knowlton, Thomas and David T. Vining, Justin Bliss, Henry Warriner, Miller Lathrop, Moses Hall and Lyman P. Griggs. Dr. Knowlton for many years has been one of the first physicians in North- ampton. He has received an A. M. from Amherst college. Dr. Henry Warriner graduated from the medical college in Cincinnati, Ohio, pursued his stud- ies in Germany, and on his return was professor in Antioch college, in Ohio. He resided for a time in Deerfleld, and represented the town one year in the Legislature. He afterward taught in Plymouth, where he died in 1871. No lawyer has ever located here, but the town has furnished the foUowing: Henry T. Grout, LL.D., who practised in Philadelphia, and died there, in 1886. Hezekiah Ryland Warriner, after having been a popular teacher for a number of years, studied law CENTENNIAL EDITION. 81 with Henry Grout, and became a Philadelphia lawyer with a fair promise of standing high in his profession, but his life was cut off in the midst of his days, in 1873. He was honored with an A. M. by Amherst college. Charles Dodge, a graduate of Williams, be- came a leading lawyer in Toledo, Ohio, where he died in 1891. Samuel T. Field, a graduate of Will- iams, studied law in Greenfield, and has made his home in Shelbume Falls. He has been district attor- ney for Hampshire and Fx'anklin counties, and has ranked amongst the first lawyers in the county. P. L. Page studied law with Hon. Ensign H. Kellogg, in Pittsfleld, where he was admitted to the bar, in 1844, and passed most of his professional life. For about twelve years, he was judge of the police court. He now resides in Ann Arbor, Mich. His brother, Joel S. Page, graduated at Williams and was admitted to the bar in 18.50. He was associated with his brother in Pittsfleld until 1857, when he went to Chicago, where he continued in the law until his death in 1883. I. B. Page, a brother of the last named, entered Williams in 1843, but died the next year, It was his intention to become a lawyer. Wesson E. Mansfield was re- cently admitted to the bar and has opened an office at Shelbume Falls. The Longley family was for many years the most prominent in the town. Edmund L. was one of its first settlers and a man of great influence. He was a justice of the peace, and for thirteen consecu- tive terms represented the town in the Legislature. He was a colonel in the Revolutionary war and re- ceived an annual pension of $396. He died in 1843, at the advanced age of ninety-six years. His eldest son, Gen. Thomas Longley, was for many years the leading man in the town. He often represented it in the General Court, of which he was an influential member. P. L. Page thus writes of him: "More than half a century since. Gen. Thomas Longley was by far the most influential man in Hawley, or any of the surrounding towns, and deservedly so. The last time he represented Hawley in the Legislature, and a short time before his death, I happened to be in Bos- ton. I sent in my name to liim in the House of Rep- resentatives, and he immediately came to the door and invited me to a seat near him. It was not long before he rose and made one of his characteristic speeches, condensed, strongly delivered and effective. The Pittsfleld representative told me that he was one of the most influential members of the House.'' The other sons of Col. Edmund Longley were Col. Joshua, Capt. Edmond and Luther, all of whom record large and respectable families. Probably the most noted woman that has resided in the town was "Widow Taylor," as she was accus- tomed to be called. She resembled Anna of the Saviour's time by her long widowhood, her eminent piety and her strong love for the sanctuary. And like Hannah, the mother of Samuel, she early gave her four sons to the Lord, and faithfully trained them up for his service in the ministry of the Gospel. The space to which this narrative is limited forbids us to notice many others of whom we would like to speak. We can but barely mention the names of a few of them, viz.: Warriner King and his sister Jerusha, th-> mother of thirteen children, Capt. Eben- ezer Manard, Samuel A. Clark, Dea. Levi Eldridge, a godly man, Ephraim Marsh, a man of one leg and one talent, which was well employed, Dea. Simeon Crittendon and his sons— George D. and Charles, Hez- ekiah Warriner, chairman of the board of selectmen sixteen times, William O. Bassetc, chairman of the same board fifteen times. Major John Tobey, Esq., and John Vincent, Esq., representatives of Boston, Josiah H. Hunt, a graduate of Amherst, a successful teacher, and now a real estate broker in Topeka, Kan- sas, Roland Howes, a graduate of Williams and a veteran teacher, Henry Sears, a graduate of Amherst and a teacher, Pindar F. Cooley, Abner T. Longley, Dea. Frederic Sears, Wm. I. Doane, Calvin S. Long- ley, Esq., George Lathrop, Clark Sears, Clark R. Griggs, a raUroad contractor at the West, Lyman G. Hunt, a house-builder in Puebla, Col., Maj. Henry A. Longley, for many years the high sheriff of Hamp- shire county, Henry M. Seymom-, Hon. Edwin Baker, J. U. Houston, the learned blacksmith, Thomas M. Carter, Moses M. Man tor, and many other respectable names, male and female, who will pardon us that we must leave them unrecorded. The population of the town reached its maximum in 1820, when it numbered 1089. Since that time it has gradually diminished and is now less than 600. William G. Atkins, a native of Hawley, but now a resident of West Cummiagton, has published a histo- ry of this town, containing much valuable informa- tion, to which the writer gratefully acknowledges in- debtedness in the preparation of this narrative. In the war of the rebellion, the town furnished sixty-four men, twelve of whom were substitutes; of the town's men twelve wer'e lost in the service, and three died after their return. MEN WHO ENLISTED IN THE WAE OP THE REBELLION. Albert Clark, 10th Regiment. NeweU S. John H. Larrabee. Rice, S7th Regiment. Edwin B. Cobb, Samuel Woffenden, Alfred L. Mantor, Edmund Longley, Francis W. Mantor, John A. Grout, Luther Eddy, Chas. H. White. 31st Regiment. Wm. J. Sanford, Clark F. Sprague, Robert H. Eldridge, Asher B. Sprague, Henry C. Mason, Chandler Hathaway, Albert E. Marsh. 52d Regiment. Wm. J. Doane, Theodore Marsh, Geo. C. Brayman, Noah Baker, Henry C. Damon, Edwin Baker, Homer F. Damon, Thomas A. Hall, Edwin Warriner, Elijah Harmon, David C. Clark, Thaxter Scott, Lucius Hunt, Clinton H. Dodge, Nathan Baker 10th Regiment. Otis B. Ward. 34th Regiment. Erastus Henney, Alonzo Helmes, Chandler H. Blanchard. Sam'l M. Hall, Peter L. Baker, Everett W. Blanchard. 37th Regiment. Freeman L. Cobb, Ira Larkins, Sidney P. Wood, Albert Vincent, Edward Peck, Freeman Brackett, Edmimd H. Sears, Alonzo F. Turner. S3d Regiment. Wm. Hallock. 17th Regiment. John Brown. BEENAEDSTON. BY MRS. LUCY CUTLER KELLOGG. Bemardston, formerly called "Fall Town," owes its origin and early name to the Falls fight, an encounter between the Indians and colonists, in 1676, at the present site of Riverside, near Turners Falls. The story of this occurrence is almost a household one in this locality and resulted in a petition being presented for land suitable for a township, by Samuel Hunt of Billerica, to the General Court, in behalf of himself and the other participants and the descendants of those engaged in that memorable struggle. Although at a late date for any remuneration, it was, neverthe- less, forthcomiag, and in November, 1734, a reply was received, granting a tract of land six miles square and including the present territory of Bemardston, Leyden and a portion of Colrain. One of the condi- tions of the grant was that within four years sixty fam- ilies should be settled, but this was also one with which the grantees seem not to have fully complied. The grant was confirmed Jan. 31, 1736, and sis days later, the proprietors held their first meeting, at the house of Mr. Benjamin Stebbins, at Northampton. Soon after, settlements were made, the first four houses, or forts, being located as follows: At North Bemardston stood Samuel Connable's fort; on Burk Flat, opposite the place now owned by Mr. Francis Slate, was the Burk fort; in the east part of the town, between the Huckle Hill road and the Robert Cush- man farm, was the Lieut. Ebenezer Sheldon fort; while upon Huckle Hill, near the Seorem Slate place, was the Deacon Sheldon fort. A recital of the first twenty years' occurrences is that of almost constant war and blood-shed, indeed, a veritable stmggle for existence. First, from 1744 to 1748, came King George's war against the French and Spanish, closely followed by the French and Indian wars, from 1755 to 1760. To such an extent were the inhabitants imperiled that at one time all who remained in town removed to the forts for better protection, most of them going to the Burk fort. Those who lived there during the French and Indian war were Major John Burk, Samuel Connable and James Couch, one family, Lieut. John Severance, Zebulon Allen, David Rider, Sr., Caleb Chapin, John Foster, Dea. Aaron Field and Dea. Sheldon, in all about fifty persons. This fort is described as being about six rods square, with pickets ten feet high, and contained eight houses. It was furnished with watch towers and loop-holes, and was probably similar to others of the colonial period. During one year of the first-mentioned war, the government took protective measures for its subjects by stationing a sergeant and eight men at both Dea. Sheldon's and Burk's forts. Upon the dawn of peace, in 1760, the settlers took up their routine of daily life in their own long-deserted homes. At this time there were twenty-five families in town, distributed as follows: In District No. 1, Serg. Joseph Allen, Zebulon Allen and Caleb Chapin; No. 3, Remembrance Sheldon, Joshua Wells (on P. L. Cushman's place), Lieut. Rider, Serg. John Foster, Lieut. Howe (on Gamaliel Kingsley's place), Capt. Scott and Mr. Frizzell; No. 3, Samuel Connable and James Couch; No. 4, Major John Burk, Dr. Ezekiel Foster, Benjamin Green, the latter a settler that year; No. 5, Job Wright, Joel, Hezekiah, Selah and David Chapin, Dea. Ebenezer Sheldon, Aaron Field, Lieut. John Severance; No. 6, Capt. Amasa and Elijah Sheldon, Charles Coats and Moses Tute. Up to this time the town's government had remain- ed a proprietary one. Now agitation arose as regard- ed the question of incorporation and readily found many supporters, and as a result, March 5, 1763, an act of incorporation was passed by the General Court and at the same time, as a recompense for land surrender- ed to New Hampshire (because of wrong State bound- aries having been given), a grant of 7,544 acres was made, which land is now within the township of Florida upon Hoosac Mountain. Up to this time the hamlet had retained the name of Fall Tovsm, now in honor of Gov. Bernard, the name Bernardstown was adopted, which later, by contraction, was changed to Bemardston. Bemardston now took its place beside other towns in the State, holding its first town meet- ing in the church, on Tuesday, May 11, 1762, with Mr. Joseph Allen as moderator, but beyond the choice of moderator no business was transacted until the adjourned meeting a few days later. The first town officers were, town clerk, Major John Burk (which office he held twenty -two years); ti-easurer, Dea. Ebenezer Sheldon; selectmen and assessors. Major Burk, Moses Scott, Remembrance Sheldon; constable, Aaron Field; Tithingman, Joseph Allen; Wardens, James Couch, Remembrance Sheldon; surveyors of highway, David Ryder, Moses Scott, Samuel Hast- ings; deerreaves, James Tute, Samuel Hastings; hogreaves, Moses Scott, John Foster, Joel Chapin; fence viewers (for which office it was customary to choosethe tallest men), Samuel Connable, Joel Chapin; sealer of weights and measures, Serg. John Severance. Two years later, 1764, Bemardston found her first representative to the General Court in the person of 82 Major John Burk, and no doubt he discharged the duties of his laosition with credit. Upon the breaking out of the Revolution, the town speedily complied with the demands made upon it. There were six tories in town, but in the face of so much enthusiasm as was expressed for the colonists, their sentiments were kept to themselves. Commit- tees of correspondence, inspection and safety were chosen from year to year during the war. Although the town had scarcely recovered from the eflects of the Indian wars, their responses in money, provisions and men were most generous. Jabez Dennison, Henry Lee, Samuel Connable, Benjamin Cook, Eben- ezer Nims, Ezekiel Foster, Samuel Green, Lieut. John Severance's son Daniel, Daniel Davis, Owen Briggs, Records Wilbur, Daniel Chapin, Samuel Guild and Isaac Smith were those who first enlisted, and that within a month after the battle of Lexing- ton. Capt. Joseph Slate, who by applying his ear to the ground, predicted that that day blood was again being spilled in defence of his country, although at a distance of 100 miles from the battle of Bunker Hill, was another of the heroes of the times. Capt. Caleb Chapin also commanded a company of four months men, while at a later date it is known that Joseph Allen, Corp. William Fox, Major Stephen Webster, Joshua Wells, Jr., and Major John Burk served their country in her need. Sums of money were repeated- ly appropriated, and in 1775, there were sent 445 pounds of bread and 116 pounds of pork to Capt. Agrip- pa Wells' company, while in 1780 and '81 about 10,000 pounds of beef were contributed as army supplies, and this was in addition to the amount of province taxes levied. Concerning the formation of the new state there is much upon the ancient records. Ber- nardston was a town of sufficient importance to take quite an active part in the proceedings, and the jeal- ousy with which the inhabitants regarded anything that might in any way approach an encroachment upon their civil rights was indicated by their instructions to their representative to the State convention, which was to be called for the purpose of forming a consti- tution, namely: when one was formed it was to be returned to the people and if two-thirds were for it, it should be established, but if more than one-third were against it, then it should become null and void. After much controversy a constitution was drafted, which proved acceptable to the majority of the peo- ple and as a whole the town signified its willingness that it should be adopted. In the Shays Rebellion our town was somewhat interested, there being quite a number of her citizens who were in sympathy with the insurgents. In an engagement which occurred ia Springfield, in 1787, one, Ezekiel Root of Bemardston, was killed by the government troops under Gen. Shepard. Jason Farm enter was another Shays man, and in attempt- ing to arrest him in the east part of the town, Jacob Walker, of Whately, met his death by a bullet from Parmenter's weapon. For this crime, a sentence of capital punishment was prescribed, but after be- ing brought to the gallows, the culprit's life was spared by the production of Governor Hancock's pardon. About 1770, settlements began to be made in the extreme west part of the town on Frizzell Hill and Beaver Meadow. Nine years later the residents of Fall Town Gore successfully petitioned for annexa- tion to Colrain. During the same year, 1779, it was voted to divide the town's possessions east of Green River into two districts, and in 1784, by act of the Legislature, this was accomplished, the western part being known as the District of Leyden. The first half of the nineteenth century probably passed by in a sense uneventfully. Each pursued his wonted calling, running the race that was set before him, and many of the town's patriarchs, approaching their time appointed, were tenderly laid, by loving hands, within "God's Acre." Ten years later, in what a sharply Qontra,sted ma^- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. ner did many find their last resting place! Not be- neath the beautiful and reverently guarded sod of their native town, but upon the Southern battlefields, was left all that was mortal of many who had been Ber- nai-dston's pride and joy. The first call of the coun- try in her need fell upon hearts as loyal as ever beat within human breast, and to Herbert G. Horton must be given the honor of being the first volunteer. At a meeting held July 23, 1863, to consider what action the town should take regarding the troops called for, Mr. Horton presented the muster roll, headed with his own name, and in a few moments five others were placed upon the roll. This was but the beginning, and during the war nearly 100 brave men left their homes, some of them never to return. "It singeth low in every heart. We hear it, each and all, A song of those who answer not However we may call." Those who responded to their country's call were as follows, those marked with an asterisk being the ones who lost their lives in the service; those marked f have passed away since, and all are rightly classed as among the honored dead: ^Ist Regiment. Charles O. Frizzell, ^ Geoffrey Vaile, James W. Hale,* F. D. Hale,-!- Lucius C. Hale,* Geo. E. Hale,* Edward Lachore,* Dennis Bartis. S7th Regiment. John Manning, Michael Sullivan, W. A. Thompson, Dwight A. Reed, R. C. Briggs, John Albett. 10th Regiment. Geo. W. Wells,-|; B. R. Morrison, Charles C. Harris,* L. B. Streeter, Wm. H. Scott, M. F. Slate,* D. R. Scott, Geo. Thompson, Josiah P. Day. Slst Regiment. A. N. Johnson, Henry Baldwin. 37th Regiment. J. J. Aldrich, Bart Sullivan, H. A. Wolf. C. O. Haley, 4th (Vt.) Regiment. John Haley. H. G. Horton.t C. J. Hutchins, T. L. Sheldon,! D. L. Fairman, J. C. Fairman, 33d Regiment. J. H. Weeks,-!- Enos H. Burt,t A. F. Thompson, David NeweIL,-|- Mason Drury. H. J. Hale,* 15th (Ct.) Regiment. Chas. A. Boyle.* 9th Regiment. Z. A. Butterfield. E. S. Hulbert, R. F. Newcomb, Dwight Park,f H. P. Lyons,-|- Wm. F. Oaks, D. H. Wheeler.t L. P. Chase, J. S. Slate,t F. R. Park, I. L. Thomas, 5M Regiment. E. C. Newton,t H. W. Hale, L. M. Weatherhead, Jas. M. Thompson,* F. C. Slate, Geo. W. Thomily. C. R. Gould, Q. W. Benjamin, L. B. Grout, A. W. Kingsley,-! S. Whitcomb. W, 6th Regiment. Rev. A. N. Field. 56th Regiment. Wm. Woodrough,* Geo. W. Woodrough.* 3d Regiment Cavalry. Wm. Vanall. 4th Regiment Cavalry. Geo. W. Haskins, A. L. Haskins, Fred Hale.* 57th Regiment. Anson Booter, Geo. Norwood. 14th Regiment Battery^ Wm, H, Walbridge. :?d Regiment Heavy Artillei-y. Henry T. Sheldon,* Joel N. Nash, Chas. T. Scott, Wm. Palmer, Geo. A. Willey,* Jas. Quinn. 1st Regiment Heavy Artillery. George Hughs. 23d Regiment, Henry O. Streeter,-|- A. T. McClure, John W. Templet Joseph Slate. Regiment Unknown. Chas. Huber, Hector Murphy. In former times, the early establishment of a place of worship was considered of prime importance. Of how great moment it appeared to our former legislat- ors is indicated by the conditions of the gi-ant, one of which was that within four years there should be erected a church, over which should be settled a learned Orthodox minister. In the summer of 1739, two years after the amval of the first settlers, a build- ing fifty feet long, forty feet wide and twenty-three feet between joists, was constructed, and Nov. 25, 1741, the Rev. John Norton was settled as pastor. The church may be said to be in a manner noted for its travels. Its first location was upon Huckle HiU, just south of the farm now owned by John Field. Here it remained until 1773, when, after much de- bate, it was moved a distance of one-half a mile, near the house now owned by Albert Chapin. It was moved whole, by means of capstans and roll- ers, and by men alone, the time occupied being about a month. The direction of the affair- devolved upon Samuel Connable, who was noted for his mechanical skill and ingenuity. Upon this site the church stood until 1791, when a second move was ordered, to bet- ter accommodate those who had settled in the west part of the town. The new location was east of the Burk bridge, near the point of intersection of three roads and near the subsequent residence of two of its pastors. Revs. Cook and Rogers. The building was taken down, moved and put up again in the same shape and size, finished off inside, and furnished with a pulpit and thirty square pews, also a gallery for the accommodation of the choir and children. In 1724, again following the town's concentration, the build- ing was moved for the third time, this time to its present site, and in the Unitarian church of to-day we behold the original church of Fall Town, improved by modern conveniences and comforts, as dictated by the sound judgment of the committees at the three different seasons of repairs and alterations which it has undergone since reaching its present location. The pastors following Rev. Mr. Norton were Revs. Job Wright, Amasa Cook and Timothy Rogers. Un- der the teachings of the latter, the society became identified as of the Unitarian faith, and upon this circumstance is practically founded the upraising of the present Orthodox Congregational society. Cling- ing to the old order, a council was called at the house of Hon. Job Goodale, which resulted in the formation of a society with fifteen members, Jan. 9, 1823. Not owning a place of worship, an arrangement was effect- ed with the Baptist society whereby they obtained tlie use of their church alternate Sundays, each society furnishing preaching half the time. In 1835, Judge Goodale erected a small building, just east of his res- idence, securing to the society the land by will. He also gave them the parsonage and the adjacent building, then known as Goodale academy. In 1846, the church was thoroughly repaired and enlarged, and a belfry added, within which, through the generosity of Mrs. Goodale, widow of Judge Goodale, a bell was placed. In 1890, through the munificence of Richard New- comb, Esq., of Quincy, 111., the building was again repaired, enlarged and changed throughout, and its attractiveness to-day stands as a permanent, speak- ing memorial to the generosity of the Goodale fami- ly, Mr. Newcomb being a grandson of Judge Goodale and his wife,- who did so much for the society in its infancy. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 83 Chronologically the Baptists aastime the second place. January 7, 1783, the town voted that "those persons who are professed Baptists and have attended that particular form of worship, shall he freed from paying ministers' taxes so long back as they have been of the Baptist persuasion and have attended said worship." In 1789, a society was organized and the year following a church was built. The same year, Elder Levi Hodge was ordained as their first pastor. Subsequent dissensions diminished the membership and finally the meetings were discontinued and the church sold. January 1, 1808, the society was reor- ganized with thirteen members and in 1817 a new church was built a few rods west of the fli-st one. This was used until 1851, when ic shared the fate of its predecessor, and the present building was erected during the summer of that year. As early as 1799 it is known that a Methodist class was formed, but of its prosperity there is no indica- tion. The next record of Methodism is found in an old class book bearing date 1831, at which time Hum- phrey Haines and Philo Hawks were ministers, Or- ange Scott, presiding elder, and Joseph Connable, leader. In May, 1842, at the house of Hosea Aldrich a society was formed with twenty-one members. In 1852 the church was built. It was completed in July of that year and presented to the trustees of the soci- ety. The UniversaHst society was gathered in 1820 and three years later the church was built, but a distinct church organization was not effected until many years later. Of late the society dwindled in numbers until it seemed best to discontinue the meetings altogether. In 1890, the church was sold and the Universalist so- ciety is now an organization of the past. The foundations of the schools were laid in 1769, at which time there was quite a discussion relative to the organization of some school system. Little or nothing was immediately accomplished, however. In December, 1770, £6 were appropriated for educa- tional purposes and the town fathers were instructed to provide a place and appoint a time for opening the school. Two years later it was voted to raise Is. 6d. for each scholar, in aU a sum of 7£ 10s. Boys from six to sixteen and girls from six to twelve years of age were to be reckoned as scholars. The places as- signed for keeping the schools were Remembrance Sheldon's, Sg. John Severance's and Samuel Conna- ble's houses. The people in the west part of the town were privileged to support a school wherever they could agree. In 1784, it was ordered that the town be divided into four school districts and that each one at its own expense build a school-house. In 1786, an appropriation of £20 was made, the fii-st school money voted since 1772. The present efficient school system is the expansion of the educational work thus begun in the latter part of the 18th century. There is a school fund of $716, the proceeds of the sale of school lands which were set off at the town's settle- ment, and the interest of this fund must be devoted to the common schools. They also receive the inter- est of $5000 bequeathed by Edward Epps Powers, one POWERS INSTITUTE. of Bernardston's iUustrious sons, who also founded the Institute called by his name, and for the mam- tenance of which the interest of another $5000 was given The Institute is free to all resident pupils over twelve years of age, who shall have proven them- selves qualified for entrance therein. It was dedicat- ed, Sept. 1, 1857, which was truly an occasion long- to be remembered by those present. The first principal was H. D. Foster, A. B. Prior to the foundation of the institute, Bernardston had an excellent school in Goodale academy, under the management of Pliny Fisk. This school took its beginning about 1833, be- ing endowed by Judge Goodale, and it was his idea that the pastor of the Congregational society should also act as preceptor, a plan which was not especially successful. The school flourished until 1856, when the institute having been organized, it was discontin- ued. August 30, 1863, proved itself to be one of the fes- tive days of the town, as that day was celebrated the 100th anniversary of its incorporation, in which Ley- den and Colrain joined. All the sons and daughters were welcomed back to the old town and treated to a fine historical address by Hon. H. W. Cushman, a poem by Dr. John Brooks and speeches from many former friends. Gov. Cushman had taken a deep in- terest in all that pertained to this celebration and be- fore the day ended, Bernardston felt that she had in- deed just reason to feel proud of her noble son. When the exercises were approaching completion, Mr. S. N. Brooks, in behalf of Gov. Cushman, pre- sented to the town the sum of $1000 for a pubhc li- brary, promising in addition $100 yearly for ten years, if he should so long live, for its enlargement, and $500 for the erection of a suitable fire-proof library building. This gift was most gratefully accepted by the town, and the neat and commodious library of to-day is an enduring monument to the memory of one of Bernardston's greatest benefactors. Hon. John Sanderson added a second story to the building, fin- ishing it into a hall, while upon the lower floor there was furnished a flre-proof safe, within which all town records and papers find a secure place. Among the early settlers perhaps no one occupied a more prominent position than Major John Burke. One of the first to settle here, he did all in his power to further the welfare of the place, probably more than any other man. He went through all the mili- tary ofiices from that of a coi-poral to that of major. He served as captain under Col. Hawks of Deerfield in the French and Indian wars, was at the surrender of Ft. William Henry in 1757. It is said of him that here he lost property to the value of about $50, escap- ing with only his watch and pantaloons, the latter of deerskin. He was also in the "Hobbs' Fight" near Marlboro, Vt. , and in the Revolutionary army. After the town's incorporation, he filled the offices of jus- tice of the peace, committee of safety, selectman and assessor, town clerk (which office he held twen- ty-two consecutive years) and representative to the General Court, and the duties of them all he dis- charged in a most honorable and faithful manner. "He was a man of a sound, discriminating mind, of a good education for the times, a judicious politician, a practical Christian, one of the pillara of the church, and a man much beloved in private life." His death occurred at Deerfield, while attending a convention as deputy from Bernardston, Oct, 27, 1784, aged 67. Among the early settlers there were four men re- markable for qualities differing entirely from each other and which would have rendered them each and all conspicuous in any age. These were "Major Burke, eminent for the correctness of his judgment and his high-minded integrity and zealous piety, Lt. Ebenezer Sheldon, for his courage and sagacity in fighting the Indians, Lt. John Severance for the ease and fluency with which he communicated his ideas to others, and Samuel Connable for his self-taught mechanical genius." Of the professional men, Bernardston's physicians easily assume a place in the first rank. The fii-st one in town was Dr. Polycarpus Cushman, who took up his residence here about 1773. He was a descend- ant in the sixth generation from Robert Cushman, the pilgrim, who came to America in 1621. Dr. Cush- man was bom in Columbia, Ct., Nov. 14, 1750, and was one of fourteen children. His education was ob- tained in or near the place of his nativity. When about twenty-two years old he removed to Bernards- ton and purchased a large tract of land upon Fall river, built a large house and practiced his profession until his death, in all twenty-five years. He was noted for his activity, industry and enterprise, accum- ulating a large estate, and has left a "name and a fame creditable to his numerous descendants." He was town treasurer in 1784 and 1785, and also held other town offices. Dr. Caleb Chapin, eldest son of Capt. Caleb and Rebecca (Bascom) Chapin, was the second physician and was bom in "Burk Fort" in Fall Town, Aug. 30, 1759. When a year old his parents moved to the south part of the town. Feeble health in childhood decided them to educate their son for a physician, and his early training was received in the first school- house in town near the Zebina Newcomb store. Un- der Rev. Mr. Wright's instruction, he mastered the English branches and Latin so far as was deemed necessary preparatory to the study of medicine. That science he studied with Rev. Dr. Todd of Northfield and a physician in Whately. He began practising about 1785, in connection with surveying, in his own and adjoining towns, and continued until 1817, when he removed to Caledonia, N. Y., where he re- sided and followed his calling nine years. He then returned to Bernardston, where he resided until his death, November, 1839. In person, he was tall and well proportioned, in manner courteous, which, com- bined with attractive conversational powers, and in later years a fondness for relating the incidents of his early life, rendered him an agreeable member of so- ciety. His period of medical practice embraced 41 years. Dr. Gideon Ryther, the third physician in town, was the son of Lt. David Ryther (formerly spelled Ryder), and was born here, Nov. 38, 1768. He grad- uated at Dartmouth college in 1790, studied medicine with Dr. Samuel Prentiss of Northfield and Dr. P. L. Cushman of Bernardston. He began the nractice of his profession in 1795 in his native town, where he always resided. In early Ufe he filled the offices of town clerk for eleven years, town treasurer eight years, selectman and assessor six years, and in 1795 representative to the General Court. He was also the first postmaster of the place, being appointed, April 8, 1813, and he continued to hold the office until his death, twenty-six years, Sept. 13, 1883. Dr. Ryther was remarkable for his chirography, which was much superior to that of his contemporaries. It was of the old style "copy hand," and as seen upon the old record books to-day, reveals neatness, unusual legibility and beauty. DE. ELIJAH W. CARPENTEK. In Drs. Elijah W. Cai-penter and John Brooks we see the sixth and seventh members of the fraternity. The former was born in Brattleboro, Vt., Sept. 7, 84 1788. In early life he assisted his father, who was a farmer, and taught school most successfully. When about twenty-five he determined to become a physi- cian, and with this end in view attended courses of medical lectures at Yale college and the Berkshire Medical institution and completed his studies with Dr. Cyrus Washburn of Vernon, Vt. He began the practice of medicine Lq town about 1814, and success- fully carried it on for forty years. But few men have stood better with the community in which they have lived for so long a period, or with brethren of their profession. For many years he was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was president at the organization of the Franklin County Medical So- ciety, being the senior member present. Of him it has been said that he was eminently in advance of the age in which he lived, in that he early recognized the fact that good nursing and a judicious assisting of Nature in her work brought about better results than the practice then in vogue among his professional friends. DK. JOHN BROOKS. In marked contrast in the methods of his profession was Dr. John Brooks, yet both were eminently suc- cessful. Born in Worcester, Mass. , Jan. 12, 1783, and with very limited opportunities in early life, he yet acquired a sufficient knowledge to enable him to en- gage in teaching. He also worked at book-binding, in Walpole, N. H. In 1804, he began his medical studies in Westminster, Vt., spending about three years ia studies and attendance upon medical lectures. For fourteen years, he successfully practiced in New- fane, Vt., being chosen secretary of the 3d Medical Society of Vermont. In 1813 or '14, he represented the town in the Vermont Legislature. In 1819, on ac- count of his wife's illness, he gave up his practice and removed to Dummerston, Vt., where he finally began preaching the doctrine of imiversal restoration, and it was in the capacity of a pastor that he came to Ber- nardston, in 1823. From 1834 to 1831, he represented the town in legislative halls, always after the first session being chosen as monitor, and being assigned a place on the committee on education. Soon after taking up his residence in Bemardston, he resumed his first profession, which he afterward followed. Dr. Brooks also contributed largely to the poetic literature of the day. Among the later successful practitioners may be mentioned Drs. William Dwight, Charles Bowker, O. A. Wheeler and W. H. Pierce, the latter and Dr. Bowker being the resident ptoysicians. And of these gentlemen, each and aU, it is not too much to say that they have fully sustained the standing and envi- able reputation of their predecessors, not only in their prof essional career but also in their.sympathy GREENFIELD GAZETTE. and helpfulness in all that pertains to the best inter- ests of the town. One of Bernardston's citizens who won an enviable place in the hearts of her people was the Hon. Job Goodale. He took up his residence here in March, 1814, and soon became prominently identified with the Congregational society, of which he was in every sense a support. Perhaps these extracts from his will (probated Dec. 17, 1838) will mdicate more fuUy the character of the man and prove a more fitting com- mentary upon a useful life than any words of mine could express: 6th. I give and devise to the Orthordox Congrega- tional society m Bernardston, recently organized, of which I am a member . . . one-eighth of an acre of land under and about the meeting-house erected by me near my now dwelling house, together with the said meeting-house. 7th. (In relation to the Goodale Academy.) I also give and devise to the said Zebina C. Newcomb and the survivor of them about five acres of land and the house on the same, lying south of the highway and between the Unitarian and Universalist meeting- houses. I also request, in addition thereto, a special provision authorizing and directing that the annual net income of said corporation over and above paying all necessary expenses shall he annually appropriated toward the support of preaching the gospel in the Orthordox Congregational society. 8th. To the town of Bemardston a certain farm in said town which I bought of Hatzel Purple at auc- tion, containing about 100 acres; also about one acre and a half which I bought of Saxton Kingsley; prem- ises shall belong to the town, under the care and su- perintendence of the overseers of the poor for the time being, who shall appropriate and distribute the net income of the same annually among such indus- trious and deserving poor persons in said town as shall fall into sickness and distress as they shall judge proper, without reference to religious sects or denom- inations. To the town |300, to be paid in two years after my decease, said $300 to be loaned at six per cent., or the legal interest to be paid annually, both principal and interest to be an accumulating fund un- til the whole sum amounts to $20,000, after which time the annual interest of said sum shall be by said town appropriated to the support of the poor of the town, so far as the same may be necessary, and the residue for the support of the common schools in said town, and a public library, if that should by said town be then thought expedient. 11th. $100, the interest of which is to apply yearly to procure the preaching of a sermon in the Orthodox Congregational society in Bernardston, to young peo- ple, upon the importance of early piety and early Christian education. The preacher to be selected by the said Orthodox society, and no clergyman to be selected more than twice. With Bernardston is closely associated the Institute and consequently its founder, Edward Epps Powers. Although not for any length of time a resident here, he was one of her benefactors, and in his will directed that his remains be brought thither for interment. His business career was that of a successful man, and one secret of his success lay in these characteristics, for which he was everywhere noted, integrity and punctuality. The greater part of his life was spent in Georgia and Alabama, but having acquired a com- petency, his thoughts reverted to his early home, Bemardston, and her citizens have just cause to honor his name as he honored her, in causing to be erected there such an institution for the benefit of her young men and maidens. His bequest was the sum of $10,- 000 for educational purposes, while a few yeara before his death he gave a beautiful communion service to the Unitarian society, and to the Baptists $50 toward the completion of their church. In the name of J. P. Hale, late of New York city, is recognized another of the eminently successful men who originated in Bernardston. Mr. Hale was in every sense a self-made man. When a young man he left town, says tradition, with but fifteen cents in his pocket and all his worldly posessions in his hand. Some years later, he is located in New York city, conducting a prosperous business, that of piano man- ufacturing, and disposed to keep up the early associ- ations and make his former companions and towns- men the better oS for his having lived. To this end he gave, from time to time, various sums as occasion presented. For the benefit of the Sunday schools he gave $1000, while in his will it was found that to the Unitarian society, with which he was wont to wor- ship, there was a bequest of $10,000. HON. HENRY W. CUSHMAN. In Henry W. Cushman is recognized a man whose prominence and influence was widely spread. He was born in Bemardston, Aug. 9, 1805, the only child of Hon. P. L. and Sally Wyles Cushman, and was a Hneal descendant of the pilgrim, Eobert Cushman, and grandson of Dr. P. L. Cushman. His early edu- cation was acquired in the common schools and Deer- field and New Salem academies. Subsequently, he spent two years in a military school in Norwich, Vt., from which institution, in 1837, he received the hon- orary degree of A. M. For a considerable period after the completion of his studies, he remained upon his father's farm; later he assumed the charge of the hotel, which, under his judicious management, be- came most favorably known. In his political career, Mr. Cushman was probably best known to the world at large. By his benevolent works and benefactions to the town, he most endeared himself to his fellow- citizens. For nineteen years he was town clerk and treasurer, for fifteen years a member of the school board, and for a great while superintendent of the Unitarian Sunday school. In 1837, '39, '40 and '44, he occupied a seat in the Legislature, and in 1844, was chosen by that body as senator, in lieu of Hon. Wm. Whitaker, deceased. Here, by a singular coincidence, he and his father, Hon. P. L. Cushman, representing two different political parties, both served their Frank- lin county constituents through the term. In 1847, and for the five succeeding years, he was the Demo- cratic nominee for lieutenant-governor, and in 1851 and '52, there having been no choice by the people, he was chosen by the Legislature to that position. In 1853, he was Bernardston's delegate to the conven- tion held for revising the State constitution. He was a member of the State Life Assurance Company, at Worcester, and the Conway Fire Insurance Company, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, a trustee of New Salem and Deerfleld academies, president of the Franklin County Bank, from its organization in 1849 until his death in 1863, a trustee of the Franklin Savings Institution and its president at his death, as he was also of the Franklin County Agricultural So- ciety, a position he had held for many years. In short there was scarcely an office requiring good judgment and executive ability to which he had not been elected, and his long terms of service bear wit- ness to his having discharged the duties of his posi- tions in a most faithful and conscientious manner. His interest in educational and historical matters was marked. He was a resident member of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society of Bos- ton, and a coresponding member of the State Histori- cal Society of Wisconsin. Among his published works was the Cushman Genealogy, a volume embody- ing an amount of labor which can only be fully ap- preciated by those who have attempted a like com- pilation. Before the lyceums, he delivered many lectures.many of an historical nature being published in the Franklin Mercury, for which he frequently contributed valuable articles. All his life he had sedulously collected notes relative to Bernardston's history, which he had hoped to be able to present in book form, but this was denied him. Prosperous in business relations, he gave freely during his life, and as already noted, the Cushman library stands forth pre-eminently among his gifts. The boarding-house connected with the Institute and known as Cushman Hall, and the park in front, Cushman park; the sum of $1000 for the benefit of the cemetery; a fund of $6000, a parsonage (his own former residence), and $500 for the benefit of the Sunday school, to the Unitarian so- ciety, of which he had so long been an earnest mem- ber; $2500 for the benefit of the library, in addition to the amounts before given to thit institution,— all these bequests speak for themselves in most eloquent language. He further provided in his will, that upon his wife's decease, $10,000 of the fund left her should go to the town, or to any town in Massachusetts first changing the name to that of Cushman. In case this condition be not complied with within five years, then any town of over 1000 inhabitants in the United States first fulfilling the condition shall be entitled to it. In private as well as public life, to know the man was to respect and admire him. With such a record what wonder that the residents of the place hold dear and sacred the memory of a former fellow-citizen! His most lasting monument is in the hearts of his friends. Thus do we see that in the memories of all Ber- nardston's sons there is a tender place for the old town, and most nobly have they shown their gratitude for her fostering care, and by their lielpf ulness and generosity, those of future generations will be still more indebted to her. Bernardston has always been essentially a farming community. Her inhabitants early built for them- selves saw and grist miUs, and a carding machine; but with the growth of the town came other in- dustries. Tanneries were carried on and on a small scale shoe manufacturing at an early date; a scythe- snath and a harness making shop was also located here. Later, Mr. E. S. Hulbert successfully conduct- ed a hoe manufactory which was finally merged into the cutlery works now owned by the Nichols Bros., and which at present represent the manufacturing interests of the place. Mr. N. S. Cutler for ten years had a shoe factory here. Among the former Bernardston men jnay be men- tioned Messrs. C. C. Carpenter, Preston Cro well, Aaron W. Field, Frank Wheeler and Chas. Bagg, the Sanderson, Horton, Cutler and Warner brothers, the membei-s of the Newcomb, Cushman and Park families, as successfully carrying on their profession- al and business interests, in the places of their adop- tion, and their public spirit and energy as shown in the daily walks of life, bespeak a favorable word for early influences. For many years Mr. O. W. Gray was numbered among the sons of Bernardston, abroad. Although now a resident of the town, his business interests are in Philadelphia, where he is the publisher of the widely known "Gray's Atlas.'' In Mr. S. N. Brooks of Chicago, is seen another of Bernardston's successful men. During the many years of his residence here, he closely identified him- self with town and educational matters, acting for a long time as town clerk and a member of the school board. Of her resident citizens it would be diflScult to particularize. In the various members of the Cush- man family the Sanderson, Hale, Chapin, Slate, Gray, Allen, Root, Barber, Brown, Hills, Bagg, Atherton, Warner, Burrows, Ryther and Cro well families are representative men of the passing and rising genera- CENTENNIAL EDITION. tions, the latter most nobly taking up the work as their fathers lay it down. And as a whole it would be a difficult matter to find towns of like size com- posed of more solid, substantial men than are to be found here. And it is a place in which all are proud to "claim kindred there, and have theu claims al- lowed." LEYDEN. Until the year 1784, Leyden was a part of the town of Bernardston, but at that time was set off and be- came an incorporate municipality. The early settlers included families from Shelburne, Mass., Guilford and Springfield, Vt., Rhode Island and Connecticut. Leyden is set upon more than a score of hills, which dot the town in every direction. Green river is the only stream of any consequence, and the near- est railway stations are at the villages of Bernardston and Greenfield. A famous natural curiosity is the Leyden Glen, on the south, near the Greenfield line, and from which the latter village obtains an abundant supply of pure water. Like most other towns Leyden provided early for the religious education of her people. The Baptists were the first to organize as a church and built a house of worship upon one of the highest points of ground in the town. Elder Asa Hebard of Putney, Vt. , was the first pastor, and preached to the people until his death, which occurred in 1830. During his ministration. Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists and Universalists were all under his teachings. Shortly after his death, the Baptist church being dissolved, and the building being unoccupied for a long time, it was finally taken down about the year 1850. In 1810, a church organization was effected by the Methodists, whose meetings were held sometimes in dwellings and at times in groves and barns. In 1841, the present Leyden meeting-house was erected and used by this society. In 1867, the Universalists organized a church with twenty-four members. The church is now occupied by the Methodists three Sab- baths of each month, while the Universalists, who depend upon periodical supplies, occupy one Sabbath each month. Leyden has sent out nine of her sons as Methodist ministers and four as Universalists, and has furnished eleven physicians, most of whom have attained celeb- rity in then- vocations. Three have engaged in the profession of law, one now resting upon his laurels, a retired barrister. Leyden has a war record of which it may well be proud — a record of patriotism according to population and resources rivaling almost any town in the Com- monwealth. Thirty-two out of a population of four hundred and fifty was the number of soldiers hailing from Leyden — seven of whom were destined never to return. The following is a list of the soldiers accredited to Leyden by the adjutant-general's report: 6^d Regiment. Elijah Brown, Albert R. Robertson, Edwin C. Newton, James P. Robertson, John W. Buddington, Wm. H. Severance, Uriah T. Darling, Saml. C. Severance, Simon S. Keet, Ezra A. Shattuck, Charles Connors. 1st Cavalry. Wm. O. Cook. 21st Infantry. Chas. S. Babcock. S7th Infantry. Reuben W. DeWolf , Frank C. Brown, David C. Mowry, Eugene T. Mowrey, Peter F. Baker, Hart E. Morey. 28th Infantry. Franklin D. Hamilton, Calvin L. Hamilton. S7th Infantry. William B. Wood. 54.th Infantry. WiUiam Owen. 85 This town has not been unmindful of the advan tages of education and the people early made as lib- eral provision for educating their children as their purees allowed, and are now spending nearly one- third of their income in that direction. Leyden's soil holds the dust of six soldiers of the Revolution, including the first Baptist pastor, Elder Hebard, who could fight as well as preach. Among the men who have made their mark in the world, originating from Leyden, may be mentioned Henry Kirke Brown, a sculptor, and John L. Riddell, the inventor of the binocular microscope and magni- fying-glass. The town was named in honor of Leyden, in Hol- land, where the Puritan ancestors of many of the settlers of Massachusetts lived for some time previous to emigrating to America. The firet town meeting was held April 26, 1784. Between the years 1809 (when Leyden was incorporated as a town) and 1857 (when it became a part of Representative District No. 1), it was represented at the General Court by the following, in succession: Hezekiah Newcomb, Selah Chapin, Jr., Rufus Hastings, John Barstow, Reuben Sheldon, David N. Carpenter, Jesse Henry, S. L. Shattuck. F. W. Carlton. Leyden Center is the only village in the town hav- ing a post-office. The church building is located here, and in this is a hall used for town meetings and lyce- um debates. There is also a store at this point — the only one in Leyden. Although Leyden is an exceedingly hilly town, it has much excellent fanning land, and many of its farmers have grown wealthy upon the fruits of their agricultural labors. Much attention is paid to the raising of stock and the manufacture of butter. A fine cheese factory, known as the "Glen Spring Cheese Factory," was built in 1870, but the enterprise did not prosper and in 1876 it was abandoned. The town is provided with several saw and grist-mills. LEVEEETT. Philip Hayes, Settlements were made £is early as 1727 upon the tract now occupied by Leverett when it was within the limits of the town of Sunderland. From that date to 1774, grants were made to seventy-two per- sons. The first permanent settlement of the tract was probably made in 1750; fourteen persons took up their residence in that year, the majority of them settling in the neighborhood of what is now Leverett village, while Long Plain, about a mile southwest, was settled shortly after, Josiah Cowles, Jonathan Field, Stephen Ashley and others being the pioneers of that section. Among the residents of Leverett claiming descent from the early settlers of the town may be noted the Montagues, Graveses, Fields, Clary s, Dickinsons, Richardsons, Adamses, Gilberts, Goulds, Woodburys, Keetses, and Ashleys. Leverett was named in honor of John Leverett, a president of Harvard University. In 1778 the resi- dents of the tract now occupied by Leverett present- ed a petition to the town of Sunderland, praying for liberty to be set off into a new town, for a grant of the common lands within its boundaries, and an equitable proportion of the town property. In ac- cordance with this petition the town was incorporat- ed, March 5, 1774. The Congregational church of Leverett was organ- ized in 1774, the same year that the town was in- corporated. The first house of worship was buUt in 1775, on the same spot where the present one stands. Its first pastor was Rev. Henry Williams, installed in November, 1784. During the century this church has had seven pastors, the first serving faithfully for a period of twenty-seven years. He expired sudden- ly, while sitting in his chair, without a moment's warning, at the age of sixty-six. This church has sent out as Congi-egational ministers, Rev. Levi. A. 86 Field and Rev. William S. Smitli. Levi Field was also licensed to preached by the Hampshire County Association, but was never ordained. He studied law and was engaged in its practice in Wilmington, Vt., where he died in 1820. For some years a Unitarian society existed in Lev- erett, which for a time enjoyed the service of Revs. Dan Huntington, Henry Coleman, John A. Williams and Frederick Dan Huntington. The members of this society were among the wealthiest and most in- telligent citizens of the town. For many years this society has worshipped with the Congregational and aided in its support. In building the first house of worship it was voted that certain articles be furnished for the "raising din- ner" or dinners, each one providing for this purpose to keep a particular account of the same and to settle with the committee appointed to carry on the work of construction. Among the aforesaid articles were mentioned meat, peas or beans, three barrels of cider and fourteen bushels of cake. There was a warm controversy concerning the seating of the church, and a committee consisting of three persons — one each from Amherst, Shutesbury and Northfield — was called in to decide the matter. In 1817, a religious society, called the Universal So- ciety of Leverett, was incorporated. This society was reorganized in 1835. Preaching was furnished most of the time untU the war broke out, but since then they have not had much. Some of the members have gone into the Spiritualist movement. A society with the title of Free Will Baptist church was organized in North Leverett, July 8, 1835. They were never very numerous, nor very strong, but had preaching more or less tiU sbout 1860. They built a small house of worship, which was occupied for some time. The Methodists, with whom they agreed main- ly in their doctrines; built a chapel near them, which drew away many of their congregation, and they sold their building and now have no meetings. The origin of the First Baptist church at North Leverett dates as far back as 1767, when it was organ- ized in Montague by people of that town and people living near the present Leverett line, and at that tim known as the Leverett and Montague church and later changed to the Baptist church of Leverett, when, in 1791, the centre of the organization was removed to North Leverett. The first building of this church was erected in North Leverett and in 1836 the present structure replaced it. The church membership is about 100. The Baptists, in common with those of other towns, were in frequent controversies with the town authorities because of their unwillingness to pay the town tax for the support of the "orthodox" minister. Suits at law were brought against them to pay the tax, but the verdict of the law generally up- held the Baptists. The worship of the sanctuary has been greatly aid- ed by the service of song. Paris Field (a son of Dea- con Jonathan Field), who was in possession of a fine musical voice, led this service for many years in the early part of the last century. He used to remark: "If the weather is such that I would go for a bushel of rye if I could have it without price, I will go to the prayer-meeting;" consequently he was rarely ab- sent from the place of worship. He did great good by infusing a love for music among this people. He died at the age of eighty-four. His son, Capt. Asa Field, was also distinguished as a singer and known by many as a leader of the "Old Folks Choir;" and the Field families have been able to furnish leaders in in singing down to the present day. NOTEWORTHY INCIDENTS. In 1774, the town meeting was held in Mr. Hub- bard's bam, Joseph Clary receiving in that year three shillings for his sei-vices as town clerk, and Richard Montague, nine shillings for his services at the North- ampton Congress. In 1776, town meetings were held in the new meeting-house. Previous to th at time they had been held in private houses. In 1778, the town GREENFIELD GAZETTE. let the sugar trees on the town lot to the highest bid- der. In March, 1783, a bounty of 40 shillings was of- fered for each wolf's head delivered to the selectmen. At the same time the selectmen were instructed to "approbate Dr. Ball to keep a public house until a legal license could be obtained." The first pound was built in 1778, and located on the north side of the meeting-house. In 1789, it was decided to build a "stocks." The town paid for the support of paupers from fifty to eighty cents each a week, in 1813, and the keeping of them was put up at auction. Moses Graves, who died in 1803, was one of the most prominent men in the town during his time, and for twenty-eight successive years served either as se- lectman, treasurer or assessor. The oldest house in North Leverett was torn down in 1873. It was built in 1748, and was for many years the residence of Richard Montague, of Revolutionary fame, and one of Ethan Allen's command when that redoubtable chieftain took Fort Ticonderoga. The house was also used in early days by the Baptists, of whom Richard Montague was one. In opposing for himself and his f eUow-religionists the payment of the ministei-s' rate, Montague is said to have excited by his warm demonstrations the respect and fear of many a constable who sought in vain to make the Baptists pay the rate. The manufacturing interests of Leverett have suf- fered a decline, but are still most important elements in the town's industries. Her citizens have at differ- ent times engaged in the manufacture of chairs, pails, scythe-nibs, yarn, satinet, extension tables, churns, boxes, etc. The agricultural interests of the town are embraced in the raising of stock, and the manufacture of butter and cheese. Among the men of note whom Leverett has pro- duced may be mentioned Gideon Lee, mayor of New York in 1833, and subsequently a representative in Congress; Martin Field, an eminent Vermont lawyer; Abiel Buckman and TiUy Lynde, once members of the judiciary of the State of New York. Leverett has been represented in the General Court successively by the following: Roswell Field, Rufus Field, E. S. Darling, Alpheus Field, Isaac Woodbury, Silas Ball, Rufus Fitts, Asa L. Field, Jonathan Co- nant, Horatio W. Watson, Lucius Field, Timothy Rice, Ransom Adams, Jefferson Moore, Alden C. Field, E. M. Ingram, John B. Packard, Alfred F. Field. Leverett furnished soldiers for the war of the Re- bellion as follows: loth Regiment. A. L. Williams, F. C. Hartwell, John Hemenway, C. L. Hartwell, James Kilroy, P. M. Dodge. 2ist Regiment, Francis Smith, H. W. Holden. 22d Regimejit. WiUiam R. Comins. Levi Moore, J. S. Brewer, Henry Amidon, E. E. Taylor, I. H. Gardner, Isaac Gardner, J. M. Pierce, Cephas Porter, C. F. Williams, Dan Wood, 261/1 Regiment. M. Patrick, Andrew Gardner. 2'jth Regiment. E. O. Dickinson, M. Blodgett, H. M. Hart, J. J. Richardson, Joseph Briggs, H. S. Goodnow. 31st Regiment. Charles F. Field, E. D. Graves, Loammi Woodard. H. A. Newton, H. R. Haskell, H. W. Field, James Thompson, ist Cavalry. Lyman Pierce. C. J. Rice, A. W. Goodnow, A. J. Woodard, J. E. Wales. jd Cavalry, George W. Wood. loth {New York) Regiment. Henry Bartlett, Putnam Field. Regiment Unknown, J. L. Woodbury. Of the above, the following lost their lives in the service: Henry Amidon, Levi Moore, Francis Smith, Charles C. Field, J. J. Richardson, Ephraim Marsh, Jr. In their round of field days, the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association were invited to assist Leverett in celebrating her centennial. This occuiTed on Thursday, Sept. 10, 1874. and was held at the Mount Toby station, on the New London railroad. Capt. Putnam Field of Greenfield, a former resident, was marshal of the day, with Bradford Field and Emory Whitney for aids. Among those present who numbered four-score years were Levi BoutweU, Aaron Dudley, Ebenezer Glazier, Moses Field, Benjamin Beaman, Mrs. Celia Beach and Blisha Ingram. The music was furnished by the Montague band; the invocation ode, by Dr. David Rice, was sung by the assembly; prayer was offered by Rev. Eli Moody of Montague; address of welcome to the association by Rev. A. F. Clark, responded to by President Shel- don; singing by "ye olde folkes," under direction of Capt. Asa L. Field; civil history of Leverett by Rev. J. P. Watson; music by the band; ecclesiastical his- tory of the South Parish, with notices of early settlers, by Rev. Baxter Newton; collation; music by the band; poem by Robert B. Caverly of Lowell; recitation, "George Cheney's Race with Death" (written by David Rice), Miss Allen of Warehouse Point; short addresses interspersed with music. These exercises were thoroughly enjoyed, and Lev- erett started off on the second century of her existence cheered by the good wishes of all who had been so pleasantly entertained. WHATELY. jyth Regiment. John A. Glazier, William R. Glazier Charles J. Gunn, C. B. Cutler, H. B. Glazier. ^2d Regiment. H. S. Leach, James H. Reed, R. Noble, Ephraim Marsh, Jr. The town of Whately was incorporated, April 24, 1771, and until that time the greater portion of it foi-med the northern part of Hatfield. Whately re- ceived its name from Gov. Hutchinson, in compliment to his friend, Thomas Whately, at that time in the employ of the British government, in London. In 1810, a small part of Deerfield was annexed to the original town of Whately. This annexation was made up from the estates of Thomas Sanderson, Eb- enezer Barnard and Justin Morton. The first warrant for the election of town officers was issued by Esq. Williams, and the meeting was held at the house of Daniel Morton, the first innholder. May 6, 1771. As showing the characteristics of those times and how faithful the people were in the performance of little things, a few articles voted upon at some of their early meetings are quoted: Voted, to build a pound forty feet square; to pro- vide a grave-cloth for the use of the town; to let two milch cows to a family run on the commons; that hogs may run at large from May 1st to Oct. 15th, be- mg properly yoked and rung; that the town would not give liberty to inoculate for the smaU-pox; to give a bounty of six shillings for wild cats; that every man have liberty to wear his hat in town meeting. The schools were first held in private houses, but in 1772, the frame of a school-house was put up, but re- mained unfinished for several years, as the town seemed unable to build a church and a school-house at the same time. One was finally built on the Straits, sixteen feet square. The question of establishing a high school was agitated as early as 1828; the project of building at Bartlett's Corner not succeeding, funds were subscribed by the citizens, who buUt a house for CENTENNIAL EDITION. 87 a select school on the West Lane. Addison Ballard was the teacher in the fall and winter of 1839-40, and for several years one term a year was maintained. In 1871, a room in the town hall was opened for a se- lect school, Miss Abbie Montague being the teacher for five terms. In 1879, the town voted $100 towards its support as a graded school, to be under the super- vision of the school board of the town. The early settlers of Whately did not possess many church privileges, but attended meeting-s in Hatfield and Deerfield, going over footpaths and fording streams on the way. Churches of differing faith have been established as follows: Congregational, in 1771 ; Baptist, in 1789; Universalist, in 1839; Second Congre- gational, in 1842; Unitarian Congregational, in 1866. Three of these churches have died out, and the First and Second Congregational societies are now merged into one. During the War of the Rebellion, Whately gave a prompt and cheerful response to every call for troops to aid in its suppression. Of nine-months men she furnished twenty-eight; of three-years men, forty-six; eleven other Whately men were in the service but were accredited to other places. Of these eighty-five soldiers, fourteen were killed in battle or died in hos- pitals. LIST OF WHATELY'S SOLDtEES. ^2d Charles M. Elder, Chester G. Crafts, Luther Crafts, Edwin M. Belden, Henry C. Belden, Stephen R. Harvey, Edward E. Smith, William F. Rhoads, Bela K. Crafts, Asa A. Smith, Sumner W. Crafts, Charles B. Newton, John N. Miner, Alberts. Fox, Regiment. Elbridge G. Smith, Samuel S. Smith, Lorenzo L. Payne, Joseph L. Longley, Henry Lyman, Harrison G. Scott, Charles A. Macomber, George M. Crafts, James A. Cmmp,' William D. Adams, Josiah H. Potter, Ira N. Guillow, William A. Pearson, Francis G. Bardwell. loth Regiment. WiUiam A. P. Foster, Dwight Morton, Frank D. Bardwell. lyth Regiment. Henry R. Sanderson, William T. Parks. 2ist Regiment. Charles R. Crafts, John Huxley, James L. Wait, David Amell, James Lyndon. 3jth Regiment. Irving B. Crafts, Bartholomew O'Connell, WiUiam McCoy, Patrick Murphy, Arthur A. Wait, Andrew M. Wetherell. Syth Regiment. Chauncey Wait, John F. Pease, Charles S. Bardwell, Edgar W. Field, Stephen G. Steams, Edward C. Sanderson, Nehemiah J. Tilden, Orange Bardwell, Hemy Amell, Frederick A. Farley, Luther G. Steams, Robert Brown, Samuel E. Sanderson, Charles H. Walker, Ernest A. Allis, Henry M. Wood. ^Jth Regiment. Henry R. Sanderson. jst Mass. Artillery. William A. Pearson. J 1st Regiment. Sylvester R. Walker. 1st Mass. Cavalry. Henry D. Smith. ^4th Regiment. Foster Meekins, Dwight L. Dickinson. ^yth Regiment. Samuel S. Smith, John Brown. jist Regiment. Franklin E. Weston. £th Battery, Light Artillery. Alonzo J. Hale. ^d Regiment. WiUiam R. Wait. 8th Regiment. John Brown. loth Regiment. Lathrop Smith. The following Whately men were in the service, but were credited to other places: Moses W. Jewett, Henry A. Brown, Frederick R. Brown, Francis C. Brown, James E, Brown, Henry A. Dickinson, Oscar F. Doane, Lucius Allen, Dwight W. BardweU, Wells Clark and Alvah S. Frary. WHATELY'S CENTENNIAL. On July 4th, 1871, the town witnessed the largest gathering of people that ever assembled within her borders. Plans had been made to celebrate the 100th annivei-sary of the incorporation of the town. The sum of $600 had been raised by subscription, and an appropriate programme was satisfactorily carried out. The mother town of Hatfield honored her daughter upon this occasion by sending a large delegation of her citizens, preceded by a grand cavalcade, which was headed by a band of music. Large numbers came in on the trains and when all had assembled an immense procession was formed and marched to the grove of S. B. Crafts, about a mile north of the vil- lage, where the trees were hung with flags, arches of evergreen were erected, platforms built for the speakers and the music, and seats provided for the multitude. Rev. J. H. Temple of Framingham was the chief orator. A gratuitous collation was served, after which addresses were given by Dr. S. T. Seelye and others, with a poem by R. P. Wells of Southamp- ton. In reviewing the history of the settlement, when Whately formed a part of Hatfield, a few brief sketches of that period may be of interest. As war was at that time almost continuous between France and New England, and this of course opening the flood-gates of war between their dependencies. New England and Canada, it was found necessary to erect stockades or forts for the protection of our hardy ancestors from harm. In 1754, a stockade was erect- ed about the buildings of Joel Dickinson. This was an enclosru-e of about a half-acre of land, and the families of Thomas Crafts, Elisha Belding, Lieut. Ebenezer Bardwell, and Joel Dickinson were shelter- ed therein. It was of sufiicient size to not only ac- commodate the families enumerated, but the yard room was large enough to contain their cattle and horses. The site of the old well is marked by an apple tree set in its mouth. At what time the fort was taken down is not known, but at the conclusion of the seven years of bloody strife and the effectual wiping out of French possessions on our northern frontier it could have been removed with safety to the people. As an outgrowth of a plan formed by the P. V. M. Association, the site of this old fort has been marked by a huge yellow flint bowlder, weigh- ing three tons and simply inscribed with the words, "Site of Stockade, 1754-1888." The exercises upon this occasion proved a "field day ' for Whately, and an enjoyable one, too. The programme included an address by Hon. George Sheldon, a paper by James M. Crafts, remarks by other gentlemen, music by the band and an ample dinner provided by the ladies of Whately. October 19, 1672, the town of Hatfield, feeling the need of more room, purchased of an Indian named Quonquant a large tract of land, comprising the whole of the present town of Whately, all of North Hatfield and quite a portion of Williamsburg. Fifty fathoms of wampum was the price paid for this tract. The Pocumtuck Path was in this section. It was traveled by the members of tli(! Indian tribes living down the river when going to the Pocumtucks or Deerfield Indians. After the white settlements were made at Deerfield and Northfield the people of those towns in their intercourse with the towns of Hatfield, Hadley, Northampton and Springfield, followed very nearly the old trail for many years, and it is stiU known as the Old Deerfield road. This begins at the top of Clay HiU, in Hatfield, runs across the plains, through Whately, to South Deerfield. As a whole, it is now but little used, being very sandy. The record book of the Whately MiUtia Company states that, on "September 10th, 1814, agreeable to regimental orders of the 9th inst., the following men were detached from this company and ordered to march on the 13th: Ensign Elijah Sanderson, Sergt, Phineas Smith, Giles Dickinson, Levi Gunn, Joel Waite, 4th, William Leonard, Thomas Crafts, Israel Wells, Daniel Allis, Jr. , Harris Allis, Ashley Smith, Reuben Jenney, Richard Bunce and Enos Waite." A word as to the method of procedure to obtain these fifteen men: At first a call for volunteers was made, and the drum and fife, with Ensign Sanderson at the head, marched around the company once for volun- teers. Orderly Sergeant Phineas Smith and Private Thomas Crafts responded. The captain then sum- marily stopped any further effort to get volunteers; the company was divided into squads of five men, and each squad was to furnish a man either by hir- ing one of their number, or by casting lots. General- ly some one would agree to go provided the others would "chip" freely. In this manner the detachment of one ensign and ten men was obtained. When no one would go from the squad they resorted to placing in a hat a number of slips of paper, the word "Go" written upon one of them; then shaking them up, they drew each a slip until the dreaded one was drawn. The officers of the company thus made up by the several towns were: Captain Southworth Jenkins of Williamsburg, Lieut. Loud of Westhamp- ton, and Ensign Elijah Sanderson of Whately. The company marched on the 12th of September, 1814, to the place of rendezvous for the regiment or battalion at New Salem. WhUe there, Thomas Crafts and Israel Wells were summoned home on account of ill- ness in their families, each losing a daughter from scarlatina. Thomas Crafts hired Isaac Marsh to take his place, and, later, Mr. Crafts took the place of Israel Wells. Levi Gunn was an apprentice to Oliver Morton at the blacksmithing trade. Mr. Morton hired Daniel McCoy to take his place. Such is the brief history of the draft. The Rifle Greens was a company composed mostly of young men from WhatelJ^ They were ordered out in full force, and the only one who did not go was Elihu Harvey, a carpenter, who was left in charge of building the house next east of the Mansion House, in Greenfield, by his employer, J. C. Loomis, who had to go, as he was Orderly of the company. Of eight farms once occupied by large and prosper- ous families, located on a road about one and one- half mile in extent, all are gone except one; most of the manufacturing of the town has also ceased. There were once two mills engaged in the manufac- ture of woolen goods; a pottery, owned by Thomas Crafts; packet books and brooms were also made here, and in this work some twenty or thirty hands were employed. To-day the inhabitants are mostly an agricultural people. SOME STATISTICS OP THE PAST CENTURY. Among the duties that Rev. Rufus Wells, the first minister, deemed incumbent upon him was the keep- ing of very full and complete records of marriages solemnized by him, baptisms of children and adults, and the deaths in town, with the cause in most in- stances. The baptisms from March, 1771 to 1801 were 672-361 boys, 811 girls. There were only five pairs of twins. Among the curious names may be mentioned Runa, Ransel, Orwall, Shayes, WaitstiU, Gad, Bradish, Spidda, Silence, Freelove, Lamentable, Arrunah, Epa, Submit and Kesiah. The number of deaths from 1771 to 1833 was 484, and for the next fifty-nine years, 1019— a total of 1503 in 109 years Of these 533 were under five yeai-s, and one was 101 years. In the eastern part of the town are several springs possessing strong mineral properties, chiefly iron. There are also deposits of mineral paint>-umber and sienna— valuable in fresco painting. Among the many attractive places of Whately is its Glen, a wild and rocky cut, through which rushes Roaring brook on its way down from Conway. It is a place of ex- ceeding beauty and has become quite popular as a pic- nic ground. Whately has sent as representatives to the General Court, John Smith, Thomas Sanderson, Capt. Salmon White, Col. Josiah AUis, Maj. Phineas Frary, John White, Rev. L. P. Bates, David Stockbridge, Thomas Crafts, Capt. Luke Wells, Chester Brown, Leander Clark, Calvin Wells, Asa Dickinson, Rodolphus San- derson, Samuel B. White, EUjah AUis, Thomas Nash, Jabez Pease, Dr. Chester BardweU, Dea. Justus White, Abel W. Nash, Josiah Allis, Edwin BardweU, Hiram Smith, WiUiam H. Fuller, L. W. Hannum, Capt. Seth Bardwell, Alfred Belden, Seth B, Crafts, E, H. Wood, C, K, Waite, S, W, AUis. 88 DEEEPIELD. Deerfield, our neighbor to the south, is the oldest of the twenty-six towns of Franklin county, her be- ginning dating back as far as 1663. This town was first known by the Indian name of Pocomptuck, spelled in various ways: Paucomtucke, Petumtuck and Pocomptuck. The Pocomptuck of two centuries ago contained a large amount of territory, about one hundred and thirty square miles, which has been re- duced from time to time by the cutting off of the towns of Greenfield, Conway, Shelbume and a part of Whately, until now it has but about thirty-six square miles. Its old boundary was territory now occupied by the towns of Colrain, Leyden, Bernards- ton and Northfield, on the north; Montague, Whate- ly and Williamsburg, south; Connecticut river, east; Goshen, Ashfleld, Buckland and Charlemont, west. In attempting to christianize the natives it was thought best to gather them permanently on grants of land, where they could be civilized as well as christianized and induced to give up their roving life. To this end. Apostle Eliot, who was employed in teaching the Indians the doctrines of the Bible, asked for grants of land. The General Court, in 1651, au- thorized him to lay out at Natick a tract of 2000 acres and there found a settlement of Indians. As this land came within the bounds of Dedham, a long con- troversy ensued in the courts in regard to a compen- sation for that town. The court ordered that Ded- ham be granted 8000 acres of land in any convenient place where it could be found free from grants, and a committee was appointed to lay out the same. After searching several months for a location, the select- men of Dedham reported that they had heard of an available tract "about twelve or fourteen miles above Hadley," and recommended that the grant be laid there. A committee came to Pocomptuck, located and surveyed land and returned to the court at the May session, a detailed plan. The court allowed and approved this return, provided they make a town of it and maintain the ordinances of Christ there once within five years, and that it should not interfere with the Maj.-Gen. Denison and Hadley grant. The grant being laid out according to direction, Dedham proceeded to perfect its title by purchasing the land of the native claimants, and two men were appointed by the town to employ the Worshipful Col. Pynohon of Springfield to buy the Indians' title in the 8000 acres. After these measures were taken to secure its title, Dedham set about plans for a settlement of the grant. On the very day that the sachem of Pocomptuck put his X mark to the deed conveying all his lands in this vicinity to the English forever, the people of Ded- ham, La town meeting assembled, imposed a tas upon GREENFIELD GAZETTE. these lauds for the support of a Christian ministry there. Each proprietor's land was to pay annually, for this purpose, two shillings for each cow-common that he should keep in his own hand whether he lived there or at Dedham. Perhaps on account of this tax many of these cow commons were put upon the market at this time. Gov. Leverett sold to Col. Pynchon 313 acres, and before the settlement more than 2000 acres had passed from the Dedham owners. In May, 1670, the proprietors, now a body distinct from the town, met and agreed to draw lots for the location of their respective rights. The number of owners at this time was but thirty-one. It was also voted at this meeting to procure an "Artist" to lay out the lots to each proprietor and to return to the town a plan of the same. A committee was put in charge of this work. They repoi-ted. May 16, 1671, as follows: "For the situation of the Town plot it shall be on that tract of land beginning at the southerly side of it att a little brook called Eagle brook, and so extend northerly to the banke or falling ridg of land at Sam- son Frary's celer, and so to run to the bank or ridg of land fronting on the meadow Land westerlie to the mountain easterlie." A highway for the common street was laid out six rods wide through the tract from south to north. From each end and from the middle of this street a three-rod highway was laid west to the mead- ow and east to the mountain. Of the intervale or plowland two divisions were ordered, out of each of which the proprietors were to receive their propor- tion. The first division covered the North Meadows east of Pine hiU and the South Meadows to Second Division brook. The second division extended across the river westerly from this point and south to Long hill. Highways two rods wide were laid through these divisions, "so that every man may come to his land." The lots were to mn east and west, no lot to contain more than twenty cow-commons. The lines and highways then laid out are essentially the same as those of to-day. Thus far the afliairs of the colony had been under the control of the mother town, and all its officers were appointed in Dedham. Finding serious incon- venience in this arrangement, Samuel Hinsdale (first mentioned as a squatter on the Pocomptuck tract) was sent to Dedham with a statement of the fact. Upon consideration of this communication, a com- mittee, consisting of Samuel Hinsdale and Richard Miller of Pocomptuck, Peter Tiltonand Samuel Smith of Hadley, and Lieutenant William AUis of Hatfield, was appointed to have a general oversight of their affairs. Being restricted as to their ecclesiastical and territorial power, they were not satisfied, and Samuel Hinsdale was again sent down the Bay Path, this time to in- voke a higher power. The suc- cess of his mission may be read in the following order passed by the General Court, May, 1673: "In ansr to the petition of the inhabitants of Paucomp- tuck, Samuel Hinsdale, Sam- son Fraiy, &c. , the Court judg- eth it meete to allow the peti- tioners the liberty of a town- ship, and doe therefore grant them such an addition of land to the eight thousand acres formerly granted to Dedham, as that the whole to be to the content of seven miles square, provided an able and orthodox minister within three years be settled among them, and that a farme of two hundred and fifty acres be layd out for the country's use." This "liberty of a township," in default of any subsequent action to that end, must be taken as the act of incorpora- tion for the town, The terri- tory of Pocomptuck as laid out under this grant is nearly identical with that now occupied by the towns of Deerfield, Greenfield and GiU. From this time the growth of the little hamlet was steady. Samnel Hins- dale was the first man to break ground for his house, which was put up in 1669, followed during the next four years by no less than twenty others. Here they lived in peace and prosperity for several years, being on friendly terms with the few Indians with whom they came in contact, and having no doubt of their fidelity. On the appearance of Philip in the Nipmuck country and the burning of Brookfleld, Aug. 3, 1675, the alarm became general in the Connecticut valley and the settlers at Pocomptuck began active prepara- tions for defense. Troops were sent there from Con- necticut and three of the strongest houses were gar- risoned. These precautions were taken none too soon. A surprise attack was intended on Pocomp- tuck, but the foe was discovered by James Eggleston, a Connecticut soldier, who was looking after his horse in the woods. He was shot down and the alarm giv- en. The inhabitants rushed to the nearest forts, and, with some narrow escapes, all succeeded in reaching shelter. Here they had the mortification of seeing the enemy bum and destroy as much of their proper- ty as they could with safety. On the following Mon- day they were relieved by volunteer citizens and sol- diers from Northampton and Hadley. The Indians, however, had fled. For a long period this was a frontier settlement, and from its peculiar location was much exposed to dep- redation. As all are familiar with the story of its long and terrible struggle for existence during the French and Indian wars, we give only the account of the great massacre of 1704, in which the greater part of the village was destroyed: THE MASSACRE OP 1704. The most memorable event in the history of the town was the attack by French and Indians, Feb. 24, 1703-4. The Abenakis of Maine had complained to the French governor of English aggression and asked for redress. DeVaudreuU at once organized an expe- dition of two hundred men to this vaUey. Hertel de Bouville was in command of the French forces, aided by two of his brothers. There were also one hundred and forty-two Indians with the company. They ar- rived at Petty's Plains at night on the 28th of Febru- ary. Finding all quiet, and the snow covered with a thick crust, they left their packs and crossing the Deerfield river a little before daylight, began their march through the meadows. Parties were detached in different directions and the houses were broken into, the inmates dragged from their beds and the ter- THE OLD INDIAN HOUSE. CENTENNIAL EDITION. rible onslaught began. A few were so for- tunat as to escape by flight to the woods, but the greater part were killed or made prisoners. Early in the assault about twenty Indians attacked the house of the Rev. John Wil- liams, who was aroused from a sound sleep, ran toward the door and found a party en- tering. He tried to defend himself with a pistol, but it missed fire and he was seized and bound. Two of his young children were dragged to the door and murdered, and a negro woman shared the same fate. Mrs. WiUiams and five children were also made captives. Capt. Stoddard, a lodger in the house, leaped from a chamber win- dow and escaped, making his way to Hat- field. The house of Ensign John Sheldon, built more strongly than the rest, resisted the first onset. The assailants succeeded in cutting a hole through the front door with then- hatchets, through which they fli-ed, killing Mrs. Sheldon. A son of Mr. Shel- don escaped by jumping from a window in the second story, but in attempting to follow him, his wife's ankle was sprained and she was captured. Into this house the captives were temporarily collected. Another dwelling-house, that of Benoni Stebbins, a few rods southwest of Sheldon's, though repeatedly attacked, was saved for a while by several armed men and a few women. While the brave defenders were pouring their fire upon the assailants from the win- dows and loopholes, the no less brave women were busily employed in casting balls for future supply. The attacks upon this house were renewed until Mr. Stebbins was killed and one man and a woman were wounded. This house so nobly defended for four hours, finally took fire and was burned, the women and children having left it and gone to Wells' fort. While the enemy were preparing for the march, a party from the towns below, led by Sergt. Benjamin Wait, pressed into the meadow in pursuit of the ene- my, where a sharp skirmish ensued. As their num- bers were small, De Rouville halted his front and formed an ambuscade, into which they fell, and on the retreat nine men were lost, the enemy pursuing them until they were within the stockade, and then withdrew to Betty's Blains. At daybreak, Hertel de Rouville rallied his troops and the shivering captives began their march to Can- ada, a distance not much short of three hundred mUes, through a wild waste of country, covered deeply with snow. Mra. WilUams was murdered the next morning, when near the foot of Leyden Glen. The whole number of prisoners was one hun- dred and twelve, including three Frenchmen residing MEMORIAL HALL. in the village, and the slain numbered forty-seven, and the loss by the enemy was about the same. Many of the prisoners were either murdered or perished by the inclemency of the weather before Canada was reached. Of these captives, many were ultimately re- deemed and came back to their old homes. Their re- demption was largely effected by Ensign John Shel- don, who made four journeys to that end. Twenty- eight of these captives remained in Canada, and, mix- ing with the French and Indians and adopting their manners and customs, forgot their native country and were lost to their friends. Deerfield contains some very ancient burial places, the ''Old Burying Ground" doubtless being the spot whei'e the first settlers were laid. In one grave are the remains of those slain Feb. 29, 1704. The South Wisdom ground contains graves that were made a hundred years ago. It lies in a pasture and has long been unused; the gravestones are in a ruinous condi- tion. In 1800, a place in North Wisdom, called the "Robber's Yard," began to be occupied, but later the town voted not to take a deed of this land. The graveyard at Bloody Brook was bought in 1808. At Bine Nook, in an old pasture, there is a burial ground of unknow^n origin. A new one was opened in that district in 1813, and there are several others in differ- ent localities. Among the people of note born in Deerfield appear the names of Maj. Selah Barnard, Maj. Seth Catlin, Capt. Timothy Childs, Rev. Rodolphus Dickinson, Richard Hildreth, historian, statesman and editor, Bresident Edward Hitchcock, Hon. Elihu Hoyt, Maj.- Gen. Epaphras Hoyt, Capt. Joseph and Capt. Martin 89 Kellogg, Rebecca Kellogg, teacher in an Indian school; Hon. James S.Whitney, Hon. David Saxton, Maj. Elijah Williams, Hon. Ephraim WiUiams, John Williams, Esq., and Drs. Stephen W. and Thomas WiU- iams. Agriculture has always been a leading industry in Deerfield. The first settlers were successful raisers of wheat, corn, bar- ley, rye, oats and flax. For more than a century barley malt was an article of traf- fic, and home-brewed beer a daily beverage. Tobacco was raised in small quantities as •early as 1694, but for the past thirty-five years has been a staple product. For a long time Deerfield was noted for the fine beef cattle which were shipped in large numbers, principally to Boston and New York markets. The soldiers' monument erected on the common of the Old Street bears the names of those who perished in the War of the Re- bellion. Deerfield was not found wanting in patriotism and furnished her full share of men and money. She sent nearly two hundred men to the service. The following is a Ust of her soldiers: Robert L. Adair, George N. Allen, James M. Allen, Lafayette Anderson, James Armstrong, Charles 8. Babcock, Henry Baker, Ai-thur W. BaU, Charles M. BaU, Francis W. BaU, Dwight W. Bardwell, George W. Bardwell, John Barnard, Oliver Banash, Leonard B. Barns, Albert W. Bates, Michael Behan, Batrick Behan, Charles A. Belden, James Belden, Henry E. Bolton, Lois Boobley, John M. Brazer, Lorenzo Brazer, Francis W. Briggs, Henry E. Briggs, Daniel BuUard, Caspar Burkhardt, James Butler, John M. Campbell, George B. Cantrell, Alonzo Childs, GeoT/ge H. Childs, Alfred D. Clapp, Calvin S. Clapp, Charles Clark, George N. Clark, Henry Clark, Henry G. Clark, Samuel E. Clark, Christian Class, Henry S. Church, Frederick Colle, B. O. Connell, Allen Cooley, Richard Costelow, Andrew Day, Francis Deane, Henry Deering, William Demsmore, Abel E. DeWolf , Charles L. Delland, Alonzo T. Dodge, Clinton H. Dodge, Henderson N. Dodge, James Donoughue, Daniel Donovon, Beter Donovon, Mathew Dooley, Joseph Dunning, Orrin J. Eaton, John Eberlin, Edward Ely, Joseph Farlander, Daniel Finn, John Finn, Michael Finn, Edwin T. Fowler, Sumner Frink, Frank B. FuUer, John Fuller, Thomas Ferguson, Alonzo Gay, Michael Glasset, Edward D. Goland, Alfred B. Goodenough, THE KITCHEN FIREPLACE, THE SPARE CHAMBER. 90 James Grady, Albert H. Graves, Dickinson E. Graves, Henry W. Greenough, Dexter F. Hager, Charles E. Hastings, George A. Hastings, Henry A. Hastings, Lorenzo T. Hastings, George Hawks, Edward Hays, Andrew Herman, James Hitchcock, Gottlieb Halle, Edward Hosmer, Jr., James K. Hosmer, Edward Hoyt, George G. Hoyt, Alexis R. Hubbard, Frederick A. Hubbard William N. Hubbard, George Hunter, John W. Jackson, Frank L. Jenks, Alvord A. Jewett, Gilbert Jewett, John Johnson, Alfred G. Jones, Frank W. Jones, Orrey Jones, Dexter Kemp, Michael Kenedy, Joel Keyes, Frank Labell, Seth P. Lanf air, Charles Leonard, Warren Leonard, William Leonard, Henry C. Lewey, Henry Lyman, John Manhan, Balthus Markle, William Martin, Alphonzo H. Melenda Harland W. Miller, Otis Moore, Martin Moran, Edward E. Morton, William Muiller, Richard O'Hara, Edwin B. Ookington, John B. Palmer, W. R. Parker, Simeon Peck, Charles O. Phillips, Dwight C. Pevere, Horace Pevere, Russell Pevere, William Prevo, Philip Renth David L. Rice, George Rice, Isaac D. Rice, Luther Rice, John Charles Richards, Washington Ross, Joseph Rowland, Lucius H. Sammis, Edward Savage, Mirand W. Saxton, Orrin D. Saxton, Thomas Saxton, William P. Saxton, Philip A. Sears, Maurice Shehan, James Shehay, John Shehee, Robert Shehee, James H. Sheldon, Wm. A. Simms, George Slate, Charles Smith, David A. Smith, , Edwin A. Smith, Edwin B. Smith, Erastus C. Smith, George W. Smith, Henry D. Smith, Albion Stebbins, James T. Stebbins, Wellington M. Stebbins, William H. H. Stebbins, B. Washington Stebbins, Dana W. Sprout, Edgar P. Squires, Hiram B. Stearns, James Stewart, Charles Stockwell, Charles Stowell, Cyrus A. Stowell, Myron E. Stowell, Cornelius Sullivan, Joseph Sullivan, Patrick Sullivan, Henry W. Temple, William C. Thayer, James B. Tilley, Charles B. Tilton, Asa E. Todd, David E. Todd, Stephen C. Todd, William H. Todd, Almon Van Wanger, George Vizzard, Arthur Wait, Erastus T. Wait, John Wai'e, Charles Warner, Jr., George M. Wells, Ebenezer B. Whitney, Henry Wilder, Jr. , Charles L. Williams, Ephraim Williams, John WiUiams, Martin V. Williams, Charles Wilson, Lyman Wise, Justus Wrisley, Zimmerman. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. seven exhibition rooms, besides the front hall, which- is also filled with relics. On the ground floor, the partition walls are left unchanged. The east room contains the historic Indian house door, cases of In- dian implements, etc. ; the west room is fitted up like an old-time kitchen, with huge fireplace, high-backed settles, and the walls decorated with gourd dippers, tobacco cases, lanterns, etc., while in the hall between these rooms the old cannon— about the possession of which there has been so much good-natured strife be- tween Greenfield and Deerfield— finds a resting place. On the second floor are three rooms, the west contain- ing the library of the association, besides a great va- riety of pamphlets and old manuscripts; in the east room are displayed spinning wheels, looms and other kindred implements. Upon the walls of the middle room are placed the tablets commemorating the names and virtues of the first settlers. In the third story is a miscellaneous collection. A small room has been fitted to show the things that were thought necessary for the furnishing of "the spare chamber" of ye olden times. Its canopy top bed is a handsome piece of furniture. On this floor is found an old-fash- ioned corner buffet, filled with antique crockery, and a special display of the "flowing blue" ware, so dear -Leverett, Bloody Brook, Turners Falls and other places. In 1890, the "History and Proceedings of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1870-1879," was issued, of which George Sheldon was the chair- man of committee of publication, with Miss C. Alice Baker and Luther J. B. Lincoln as associates. It is the intention of the association to have these proceed- ings printed from time to time, whenever sufficient means can be raised for the work. THE POOUMTTJOK VALLEY MEMOELA.L ASSO- OLiTION. The object of this association is to collect and preserve memorials, books, papers, ancient furniture, relics, implements, etc., which may tend to illustrate the history of by-gone generations, both Indian and English. It was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, in 1870. George Sheldon, Robert Crawford, Nathaniel Hitchcock, Luke Wright and Samuel F. Wells, "Trustees of the old Indian house door," were named as corporators. A meeting for or- ganization was held May 26, 1870, and George Sheldon wa,s appointed president of the association, a position which he still retains. Having come into possession of the old Deerfleld academy building, it was decided, in 1879, to remodel the same and make it a safe repository for the large collection already in the hands of the association. George Sheldon, George Arms and Nathaniel Hitch- cock were given the charge of this work, and under their supervision it was done in a thoroughly satisfac- tory manner. The brick walls of the old structure were raised three feet, for the purpose of removing the old cornice and to give ample hight to the third story. This was then covered with a tin roof. The outer walls were painted red. Over the door is placed the inscription, "Memorial Hall." There are in all TWO EMINENT MINISTERS OF DEEEPIELD. the old elm which stood in front of artist champney's home. to the hearts of our grandmothers — all in a fine state of preservation. Here, too, is a remarkable collection of female head-gear, bonnets of every description, in- cluding the green silk calash which the president of the association so longed for and had no peace of mind until he obtained possession of. The annual meetings are held on the last Tuesday in February, and are looked forward to with much interest, and are numerously attended. A very pleas- ant occasion was the dedication of this hall, which occurred Sept. 28, 1880, at which a history of the as- sociation was given by President Sheldon; Rev. P. V. Finch was master of Cdremonies and made a brief ad- dress; Rev. J. F. Moors made the dedicatory address; other speakers were Robert R. Bishop, then president of the Massachusetts Senate, Charles Dudley Warner, George William Curtis, Elias S. Woodman of Adams, N. y., and others. Singing was furnished by a choir of Deerfield people; an ode by George B. Bartlett; and a poem written by Cornelia Allen Smith of Ger- mantown. Pa. , wat read by the president. Field meetings have been held by this association at Turners Falls, Charlemont, Northfield, Sunderland, REV. JONATHAN ASHLEY. Rev. Mr. Ashley came to Deerfield to preach as a candidate, and after about three months received a call to settle, April 7, 1732, and was ordained in the following November. From the time of the death of Rev. Mr. Williams, June 12, 1729, the church had had several candidates from Harvard college, but after preaching a few months each declined, although re- ceiving nearly unanimous calls. Becoming discour- aged with Harvard ministers, they sent Dea. Samuel Childs to try his luck in Connecticut, and succeeded in obtaining Mr. Ashley. He was graduated from Yale college in 1730. He married Dorothy, daugh- ter of Rev. William Williams of Hatfield, and was a cousin of Jonathan Edwards of Northampton. His salary was to be £180, with ten acres of land, lib- erty of the commons, firewood and the use of the town lot, the settlement and the salary to be paid in bills of public credit at 18s. the ounce. The question of salary proved a troublesome one from the start, owing to fluctuations of the currency, and Boston brokers were often called upon to de- termine its value, compared with silver. These controversies and other contentions concerning the rent of the town lot, and especially his firewood, caused much bitterness of feeling, and in April or May, 1770, a council of ministers was called to set- tle these affairs. The result of this council is un- known. It appears, however, from the action of the town, June 19, 1780, that the pastoral relation was dissolved. At that date the town chose a commit- tee of three "to hire a minister of the gospel to preach in this town, with discretionary power to hire one for as long a time as they think proper." Mr. Ashley did not long survive this action. He died Aug. 38, 1780. It is said of Mr. Ashley that he was tall and of commanding presence, strong in intellect and scholarly; in theological knowledge surpassed by none in the valley, save Jonathan Edwards of Northampton. The latter described his cousin as "A young gentleman of liberal education and nota- ble abilities; a fluent speaker; a man of lax princi- ples in religion, falling in, in some essential things, with the Arminians, and is very bold and open in it." He was opposed to Edwards in the great controversy concerning church membership, and active in procur- ing his dismissal from Northampton, also that of Rev. Edward Billings, an adherent of the Edwards party, from Belchertown. It was a great blow to Mr. Ash- ley when, in 1754, Mr. Billings gathered, in Green- field, a congregation from Mr. Ashley's own flock. In the church, in theory and practice, Mr. Ashley was a strong supporter of priestly authority, and claimed the right to enforce the attendance of any church member when required to confer on church matters. One man being obstinate, the church voted "that Oliver Hastings, when refusing to come when sent for by the Rev. M. Ashley, and also in his treatment of the church when before them, had been guilty of contempt of the authority Christ has insti- tuted in his Church and that he ought Publickly to Humble and take Shame to himself therefor." This mandate not being obeyed, "on the Lord's day, Feb- ruai-y 3d, I admonished him Publickly," says Mr. Ash- ley, "and hearing that he was going out of town, went CENTENNIAL EDITION. 91 to him and admonished him again." Mr. Ashley was upheld by the church in these things. A few of Mr. Ashley's published works are "A Ser- mon on the Ordination of John Norton,'" at Deerfleld, 1741; "The Great Duty of Charity," 1743; "An Even- ing Lecture to 'Show that Christianity Allows the Relation of Master and Servant;' " and several ser- mons to counteract the effect of Jonathan Edwards' evening lectures after he was dismissed. During the ministry of Mr. Ashley, the member- ship of the church increased largely, 398 persons being- admitted. He officiated at 231 marriages and 1009 baptisms. A CONDENSED CENTURY OP COLEAIN. BY CHAELES H. MCCLELLAN, TROY, N. Y. (..4// rights reserved.) SAMUEL WILLARD, D. D. Samuel Willard was born in Petersham, April 19, 1776, the son of William Willard. His descent was through a notable line of ancestors, one of them bear- ing the title of major, the highest military office in the colony; another was a minister in the Old South church, Boston, and still another was president of Harvard college. Mr. Willard obtained a college education and was graduated from Harvard in 1803. One year was spent as a teacher in the academy at Exeter, N. H., also a year as tutor in Bowdoin college. He received and accepted a call to become the minister of the First Congregational church in Deerfield. His ordination was appointed for August 13, 1807, but the council re- fused to ordain him, finding that Mr. Willard's opin- ions differed from theirs on some points which they considered necessary, such as a belief in the divinity of Jesus Christ, the docti'ine of total depravity, etc. Although refusing to ordain him, they report him as "a gentleman of rich talents, and acquirements in theological knowledge, of a most amiable temper, and of an exemplary frankness and sincerity." Mr. Willard had presented a written "confession of faith," that no mistake might be made in regard to his position. The church and the people were not willing to sub- mit to the decision of this council, and soon called an- other, and Mr. Willard was ordained Sept. 3, 1807. This seemed to be the beginning of the great move- ment which divided the Congregationalists of New England into two factions, the "Liberal" and the "Orthodox.'' The leading members of the firet coun- cil were not well disposed toward Mr. Willard and took no pains to conceal the fact, stirring up much strife against him. Mr. WiUard labored faithfully among his people and was appreciated by them. In 1819, he became blind, but for ten years more he sat- isfactorily discharged his duties as a pastor and then asked for his dismission. He went to reside in Hing- ham for a few years, but finally came back to hip old home, where he died Oct. 8, 1859. Mr. WiUard was an ardent and able advocate of total abstinence, and was also a foe to slavery. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a voluminous writer and his pub- lished works are many. Among these are several vol- imies of hymns, a volume of sacred music, political tracts, sermons, controversial and educational pam- phlets, school books, etc. Concerning his marriage, he entered the following in his diary, for May 30, 1808: "This day I have married the lovely Susan Barker." She was a daughter of General Joshua Barker of Hingham. Their children were Susan, Mary and Samuel. Susan married Luther B. Lincoln of Hingham, who removed to Deerfield and was for nine years the principal of the Deerfleld academy. ' -When afar on ovu- journey, we pause and look back. O'er the miles we have traveled on time's ceaseless track." In the year 1885, the writer prepared and jjublished a sketch of the early settlement of this his native town, a narrative of events covering a period of about fifty years. It could claim no particular merit, though serving to "blaze a track" through hitherto untrodden domain for some more ambitious and talented histori- an. To the events then treated the century of the Gazette quite naturally and consecutively succeeds, and in the present treatment of them, for the pur- poses of this article, scarcely more can be accomplish- ed than to present a running commentary, a frame- work of facts, hoping that lovers of the historic old town, wherever resident, under whose eye it may come may attach some value to it. More than this the exactions of a busy business life forbid, nor will the limit of space allotted this article permit. Should such result ensue, its accomplishment will have an- swered the utmost expectation of the writer. EAST DEEEFIELD. A busy little village is being rapidly built up at East Deerfield, on the line of the Fitchburg raib-oad. The railroad company has located here a large freight yard, with engine house, and has made it a coaling station. S. S. Sprague & Co. , extensive gram dealers of Providence, R. I., have erected here an elevator, grain mills and warehouses, which are operated in connection with their business. their own strong arms had helped to wring from a proud and disdainful foe. Then, as now, the veterans were active and influen- tial in the conduct of public affairs. Capt. David Wilson was moderator of the annual town meeting in March. Maj. Jonathan MoGee was chosen town clerk and treasurer; Col. Hugh McClellan, Capt. David Wilson, Maj. David Smith, Lieutenant Jona- than Wilson and Capt. Matthew Clark, selectmen; Maj. Jonathan McGee, Capt. David Wilson and Oren Smith, assessors; Dea. Hugh Riddle, Noah Clark, Dea. Rominor Smith and Jedediah Littlefield, tyth- ingmen; with a formidable list of highway survey- ors. Thirty pounds were appropriated for necessary expenses and one hundred pounds for schools. Town meetings were still held at the meeting house on Chandler hill. David Lyon, about this time, became the owner and proprietor of the hotel just south, where John Pennill had settled and whom John Wood had succeeded as landlord. Clark Chandler was commencing opera- tions, with the view of engaging in trade, where G. W. Miller recently lived and where for twenty years afterward he carried on a large business, people coming from as far as Greenfield and Deerfield to trade at Chandler's store. OOLRAIN "CITY," LOOKING SOUTH. — "Dear the school-boy spot We ne'er forget, though there we are forgot." Thirty years have elapsed since the incorporation of the town in 1761. The stirring events of the strug- gle for the independence of the colonies, in which this town bore an important and highly honorable part, are things of the past. The Shays Rebellion is ended, its animosities are subsiding, and while threats of hanging Col. McClellan and Maj. Stevens for their loyalty and energy had stirred the air, yet it had transpired that it was "the other fellows" who only escaped hanging by a close shave. It is 1791, a century ago. The population, by the census of a year previous, had been found to be 1417, and under recently enacted constitutions, State and Federal, this young community faced the future with confidence and hope, and, I might well add, a courage such as no other age nor time has surpassed. "These knew their prowess, and knowing dare main- tain." Poor? Yes, that must be granted as true of all, or nearly all, of them— poor, but free, and a freedom In 1795, culminated the unfortunate dispute regard- ing the location of a new meeting house, in the erec- tion of two, situated one on North river, a short dis- tance north of the "City," and the other about a half mile east of the site of the old one and near the spot where Fort Lucas had formerly stood. This result was to be deplored, as, beside dividing and weaken- ing the old Presbyterian society, the situation pro- moted enmities and jealousies which required long years to efface. It should be remembered, also, that beside these there were two Baptist societies in town, one having been established in 1780, with a meeting house on the West Branch, and another in 1786, with a meeting house on Christian HUl. During this year (1795), Edward Adams and his three sons— Edward, Jr. , Eliphalet and John— came to Colrain from Monson, Mass., Edward, Jr., purchas- ing the farm and mill property, which he afterward sold to Captain John Wilson. He rebuilt the mill, adding a fulling mill, distillery and potash works, and gave the name of Adamsville to the hamlet. A daughter of Edward Adams, Jr., married John Thompson and was mother of Hugh M. Thompson of St. Louis and John and Francis M. Thompson of Greenfield; another daughter married David Lyon, 92 now of Conway, a grandson of the David Lyon I have mentioned. The art of grafting fruit trees became prevalent in 1798, and also, during the same year, the small-pox prevailed with alarmingly fatal results. Its coming had been anticipated some two years previous and an attempt made to induce the town to establish a pest- house and encourage inoculation, but owing to prej- udice, doubtless, the town disregarded it, one, at least, of the petitioners for action by the town (Eobert MUler) becoming a victim to the disease. The closing years of the eighteenth century were years of great prosperity in this town, and the open- ing of the nineteenth would seem to have been amid bright promises and hopes. The census of 1800 dis- closed the presence of 2014 inhabitants, the largest of the towns which afterward became FrankUn county, though exceeding the population of Conway by only one, a gain of over forty-two per cent. , leaving no doubt but that this was the "Golden Age" of material prosperity in this community. The sadness and shadow of a deep personal bereave- ment passed over the community, in the closing days of the century, occasioned by the death of General Washington. A service, memorial of the event, was held sometime during the winter, a procession of the school-children, military and citizens marching with martial music to the meeting house on North river, and listening to a learned discourse suitable to the oc- casion by Rev. Mr. Taggart. It should also be recalled here, as evidence of the enterprising and influential character of this people, that for fourteen years fol- lowing 1802 the congressman for this congressional district was from Colrain, in the person of Eev. Sam- uel Taggart. The demolition of the old meeting house, in 1795 or '96, changed somewhat the business aspects of the town, and early in the century the "City" came more to be the center of business, which locality up to this time had doubtless slight existence, though the "Barber house," at the west of the green, or portions of it, had probably been erected prior to this, possi- bly some years before. Barber's Historical Notes of Massachusetts (1839) says it was built by John Coch- ran from Pelham; another authority I consider equal- ly as good, says Thomas Cochran, father of John. Robert Fulton owned the land where all the village is situated, in 1755, and as the Cochrans, who had settled here early, had moved west, settling at Bennington, Vt. , and vicinity prior to the Revolution, the matter is left somewhat in doubt. Robert L. McClellan owned and occupied it for several years following 1802. It received its name from Isaac B. Barber, who for some time re- sided in it. The hotel, so long a landmark of the place, until destroyed by fire in 1886, was built by Thomas Miller, grand- father of J. Milo Miller, in 1 804 or ' 5 . The house Miller erected was small and is said to have been removed from the Clark farm in the east part of the town, having previ- ously been used as a hotel. Miller kept the hotel and also a store, which stood where the hotel barn and horse- shed now stand; he also GREENFIELD GAZETTE. had potash works in connection. He died in 1814, and Charies and Thomas W. Thompson succeeded him. Some old account books kept by Thomas Miller, in my possession, covering the years 1805-10, indicate that he can-ied on quite extensive operations,, dealing in all kinds of supplies and takmg pork, butter, ashes, etc., in exchange. Among other articles, and whic seemed to lead all others in popular demand, were West India and New England rum, which were of almost universal consumption. The price of West India rum was from $1.30 to $1.50 per gallon, and sales are recorded from ten gallons to the more exten- sive f armei-s, in haying time, down to the single drink, at "fo'pence ha'penny," to Chester Clark, "take- en see now. Miss Boddell" (a characteristic expression of Clark's, for which he was noted). A quart of rum cost, in those days, two shillings and two pence (37 1-3 cents) and a bottle to contain it one shilling. Butter was worth twenty cents per pound; sugar, eighteen cents; and pork (whole hog), in the winter of 1805 and '6, brought five to eight cents per pound. Regarding other venerable buildings in this locality, I will speak further in another connection. In the election of 1804, the vote of this town for presidential electors was: Federalist, ninety-seven; Republican, twenty-eight; and for member of Con- gress, Samuel Taggart, Federalist, eighty-six; Solo- mon Smead, Republican, twenty-six. This is about the first appearance of anti-Federalist votes in the records of the town. Here and there was one, but it involved quite severe social ostracism to vote that way, as the veterans of the war were still in power and influ- ence and had pretty stern ideas upon matters political. In January, 1805, Oren Smith is chosen an agent of the town to meet delegates from other towns at Greenfield, on the 11th instant, to sign a petition to the General Court for a division of the county of Hampshire. AprU 1, 1808, "Hon. Hugh McClellan, Esq.," (rec- ords), Jonathan McGee, Clark Chandler, Oren Smith, Major David Smith, Robert L. McClellan and Dr. Samuel Ross are chosen a committee to prepare a re- spectful memorial to the Congress of the U. S. A., expressive of the evils which we suffer in consequence of the embargo, and to lay the same before the town. Also, in August following, "Voted to concur so far COLRAIN "CITY, LOOKING SOUTH. with the request of the selectmen of the tovm of Bos- ton as to petition the President of the TJ. S. to take off the embargo, and to choose a committee of nine to draft a petition and forward it to the President." In view of the fact that the second war with England was commencing to loom up not far ahead, these re- corded acts of our fathers are evidences that they were awake to the public welfare. In the year 1808, one-horse wagons first came into use in this town. By the census of 1810, the population of the town is given as 2016, an increase of but two in ten years, yet it is the "high water mark" of its recorded population. Conway no longer presses in the contest, but New Sa- lem has passed her and numerically stands first. In 1811, the old county of Hampshire was divided and the present county of Franklin established, a re- sult the people of this town had ardently desired and which contributed much to their comfort and con- veniences. July 9, 1812, "Voted to take into consideration the alarming state of our country," and a committee of five chosen to report on the 11th instant, and also J. Drury chosen to attend a convention at Northampton on the 14th. The war of 1812 was not looked upon with favor and the exhibitions of patriotic fervor which had characterized the previous controversy with the mother country were entirely lacking. In 1814, a requisition for a lieutenant and thirteen men was made upon the town. The military compa- nies, of which there were two, were called out to fill the quota, if possible, with volunteers, the transaction occurring on a Sunday, at the top of Chandler hUl, near David Lyon's tavern. The lines were drawn up, the long roll beaten, and those who would volunteer to go ordered to step to the front. Thirteen of the needed number promptly stepped out from the ranks, but the fourteenth man could not be secured. The lines were accordingly re-formed and a draft made. Among those who went were Lieut. Samuel Coolidge, John Wilson, Josiah Haynes, Thomas Shearer, Reu- ben Shippee, Amos Stewart, Alden WiUis, Amasa Shippee, Ignatius Perkins, Artemas Churchill, Zenas Carey, Jonathan Coombs, Sen., Clark Morrison, Wal- ter Bell. They only went as far as Boston and were absent about two months. During this year a mill was built at Shattuckville, and the manufacture of cotton fabrics com- menced in a small way by Warren P. King, Isaac Johnson, and oth- ers — the nucleus of what afterward became the Shattuck mill, now owned and operated by Canedy & Field. In 1817, the town voted to concur with other towns in petition- ing the General Court for a lottery to build a bridge over Deerfield river. In October, 1818, the long pastorate of Rev. Samuel Taggart over the church in this town extending over a term of forty-one and a half years, was brought to a close. During this year, also, cooking stoves were first introduced, and the big fire-places of our grandmothers, with their back-log, settle and other incidental de- CENTENNIAL EDITION, 93 U^ COTTAGE OF ISAAC D. SMEAD OF TOLEDO, OHIO. lights, commenced tlieir long march into gradual re- tirement. According to the census of 1830, there were 1961 in- habitants, a loss slight but significant; flood-tide no longer, the turn had been called. In October of this year, Robert L. McClellan was chosen a delegate to the convention which revised the constitution of the State. In 1821, the quaUfication of freeholders was $200, or an annual income of $10. In the year 1834, iron plows first came into general use in this vicinity, and were doubtless those made by William Riddell, late of Greenfield, then engaged in manufacturing them in Charlemont. About 1835, Robert L, McClellan and Samuel Peck built a paper mill, on North river, about a half mile west of the "City," the building being erected by Thomas Marcy. The project resulted in failure, Marcy never being adequately paid for his labor. At the March meeting in 1827, a vote was taken looking to the ultimate removal of the meeting house on North river to its present location. In 1830, the population was 1877; again a slight loss. During this year, Joseph Griswold, Jr., of Buckland commenced the manufacture of doors, sash and blinds in this town. Of his active and successful career, covering a period of more than a half century, I shall speak more particularly in another place. Joseph Davenport of Colrain (late of West Hart- ford, Conn.), in company with George Hastings of Heath, built and operated thefoundiy at Foundry Vil- lage, in 1831. Not long after, Davenport sold out his interest to Waitstill Hastings of Charlemont, a broth- er of George, and later Hastings disposed of it to Ariel Thomas. In the record of the vote for presidential electors in the year 1833, which, as will be readily recalled, was the year of the re-election of President Andrew Jackson, I find a distinct echo of the Morgan or Anti- Masonic excitement, which in the years just preced- ing had enveloped the entire country. The vote is as follows: National Republican ticket, 54; Anti-Masonic ticket, 109; Jackson ticket, 19. Following the dismissal of Rev. Mr. Taggart in 1818, the society over which he had ministered was changed from Presbyterian to Congregational, the or- ganization of the latter society dating from Dec. 9, 1819. They still worshipped at the Meeting-house on North River, "The society in the east part of Colrain," or "East Baptist society," or as they called themselves in 1837, "The Second Congregational society in Col- rain," still maintained a meagre existence, being sup- plied at that time by Mr. Taggart and others. The site for the pres- e n t Congregational church was purchased of Asahel Booth in 1834, the deed bearing date of August 35th of that year, and the lot described as bounded south by J. Drury, east by barn of Joseph W. McGee, north by Charles Johnson and west by a highway. The present church building was erected and occupied tlie fol- lowing year. A Methodist class was established in 1833, and three years later the society pur- chased a lot of Maj. David Dennison, upon which a substantial church building was erected. This society has had a uniformly successful and vigorous existence, maintaining for many years past and up to the pres- ent time services both at the "City" and Giiswold- ville, the same pastor ministering to both. As early as 1835, Ignatius Perkins engaged in the manufacture of wagon shafts, etc., in this town, ex- changing his product considerably for wagons and carriages, in which he came to deal quite extensively. His principal place of operations was the Willis Place, though he may have commenced in what is now the Cary shop at Foundry Village, and which was at about this period also used for the manufacture of shovels. Perkins seems to have been successful. He built the house now owned and occupied by Lorenzo Griswold, and at the death of Major Willis, in com- pany with Lucius Lyons, bought the Willis house and mills. At his death, he was succeeded by his son James, the business not long after resulting in failure and the Perkins interest in the Willis Place property being sold to Ansel C. Smith. The financial stringency of 1837 was severe and is yet well remembered by many in this community, the men of greatest merit and enterprise being over- taken by commercial disaster. It was also during this decade that the "morns multicaulis" or "mulber- ry craze" spread over the country, in which quite a number in this town embarked, most if not all of whom have passed away; but the preparations that were made by some of them in the endeavor to facil- itate silk culture remain as evidence of their zeal in what they hoped would be a prosperous enterprise. The bubble burst most disastrously in 1889, and while no serious wreck- ing of fortunes en- sued, yet the par- ties interested re- alized that the wis- dom chey had se- cured, and which constituted about the total assets re- maining, had been purchased at the very highest mar- ket quotations. In May, 1837, an agent of the tpwn was chosen to receive surplus money from the State receiver-gen- eral, and to loan it in sums of $100 to $200, "on good security," "that is, principal and sureties both to be good and solvent and to be loaned to townsmen only." This was in accordance with a scheme to distribute the surplus revenue of the United States, at that time popular. In accordance with these conditions, some- thing like $2000 was received and loaned, not one dollar of which, so far as can be learned, did the town ever see again — a dissipation of the surplus revenue which no doubt called out as violent criticisms from the Whigs of that day as has within the past few months been hurled at the late alleged "billion-dollar Congress," and for reasons quite similar. In 1840, we find a population of 1971, a satisfactory gain, yet in 1850 it had fallen to 1785, and in 1855 to 1604, which seems to have been "low water mark" in all the recorded enumerations. These were years of peace, prosperity and resultant tranquility in this rural community. The political tendencies have been spoken of and it may be of interest to note that in 1840, in the "log- cabin," "hard-cider" campaign, the presidential vote of the town was, Whig 254, Democrat 88. Four years later the proportions were. Whig 209, Democrat 131, and in 1848 appears a new political factor. Whig 162, Free Soil 103, Democrat 66 — a dawning intimation of the "march" of "John Brown's body," which the years not very remote fulfilled. The year 1852 witnessed the notable emigration of a large company of young men recruited from the best material of the community to the gold fields of California, by the then just discovered "Overland route. " The point of rendezvous was St. Joseph, Mo. , where the "caravan" fitted out and made the journey, which occupied several weeks, by way of the Fre- mont trail. Many of the party remained and settled permanently, while others, after a considerable ab- sence, returned, satisfied that the familiar landscape of their native town was "good enough for them." During this same year was commenced the agita- tion of the Hoosac tunnel enterprise, in which the town was much interested. Yet I find that in 1855 they voted "that it is inexpedient to subscribe to the capital stock of the Troy & Greenfield R. R. Co.," thus showing their good sense as events proved, and mind- ful perhaps of the old proverb, "Everything comes to him who can wait." As early as 1830 Asaph W. Snow and Solomon Sykes caiTied on the manufacture of wagons and sleighs in a shop that stood on the site of A. C. Smith's house, and late in the "fifties" this industry was revived by Oscar E. Weatherhead and Joseph M. Lyons, who were succeeded by Winchester & Weatherhead, Ralph Childs, Winchester Bros., and H. H. Winchester & Sons, the latter removing to Nebraska in 1878. Solo- mon Sykes, about 1838 to '30, built the Deane house, long the home of Dr. Christopher Deane. CONGREGATIONAL PARSONAGE. 94 It has always been claimed, and I think justly so, that from the earliest times the citizens of this town exhibited a spirit of patriotic fervor and martial pride quite in advance and in many instances quite in contrast with some of the surrounding towns, and as we have arrived at about the period of the Civil War, in which they bore a most honorable part, per- haps a brief list of military notables of the times pre- ceding may be of interest. For many years following the Revolutionary War two military companies had their headquarters in Colrain, one of which I think was infantry and the other artillery — the latter being composed of men of remarkable size and strength. It was while connect- ed with this company, on the occasion of the annual muster, that John Thompson and Nathaniel Smith performed the feat of shouldering the Deerfield can- non and marching across the field while carrying it upon their backs, their boot heels sinking deep in the greensward as they walked. Another feat of a later date relates to two members of the same company, one of which was Michael McClellan. Becoming in- censed at some real or fancied insolence of a mounted upstart officer, they watched their opportunity and interlocking their hands beneath the body of his hoi-se, carried horse, rider and all to another part of the muster field, which latter incident I have heard from my grandfather's own lips and in common with all who knew him, know that it was true. The following is a partial list of captains of the va- rious companies, with the year they were commis- sioned, and while by no means complete, the reasons for such being the case will be readily apparent to any one who has had occasion to consult the military records of Massachusetts for the years preceding 1861: David Harroun, 1781; Hugh Morrison, 1784; David Wilson, 1788; Mathew Clark, 1790; Jonathan McGee (Major), 1794; David Smith, 1795 (Major, 1797); James McClellan, 1797; Jacob Gragg, 1797; David Dalrymple, 1799; Clark Chandler (Major), 1804; Daniel Willis, 1804 (Major 1811); E. Adams, Jr., 1805; Calvin Smith, 1808; Robert McClellan, 1809; Asahel Williams, 1811; Samuel Pierce, 1813; Samuel Wilson, 1814; George Eels, 1816 (Col. 1833); Samuel Coolidge, 1817; Darius D. Deane, 1818; John Wilson, 1818; Moses Ranger, 1823; Alvai Patterson, Samuel P. Avery, Joel Farley, (Col. 1833); Gilbert S. Miner, Arad Hillman, Amos Stewart, 1832; Jesse Nelson, 1834; Isaac Johnson, 1836; David Nelson, 1837; Andrus Shippee, 1842; Da- vid S. Pierce, 1844; Silas S. Stewart, 1846; John J. Crandall(Lt. Col. 11th Regt., 1846), S. W. Gleason, 1847; E. H. Thompson, 1850; John McClellan, 1853; Charles Wilson, 1854 (Major, 1856); Alvah P. Nelson, 1859. Who of all those who were boys in Colrain back in the "fifties" will fail to recall the boyish delights of "training day." The "stents" we performed to get through planting before "old 'lection day" came round; our sense of pleasure at possessing a silver quarter, "to spend as we pleased," and our feeling of untold wealth if by any fortunate circumstance it happened to be a half-dollar; the candy and peanuts procured at the little brick grocery, (long since dis- appeared) and indulged in despite the parental admo- nition, that "it would spoil our teeth;" the inspiring music of Mr. Curtis' fife and Uncle Tommy Barber's drum — the latter usually a full one-half beat ahead, for in martial music, as in other matters. Uncle Tom- my did not mean to "get left.'' And who is there of those boys, under whose eye this may come, whose smile will not broaden as he recalls those "otherwise celebrities,'' who were always present: "Squire" John Mark, with his tall hat adorned with turkey feathers, as in his view befitted the occasion; the Greens — Isaac and Fred — ebony-hued in varying degree; and last, and of principal interest to us boys, Jedediah Fuller, or "Old Jed," as he was called, a protege of Major Dennison, whose good name he championed on all occasions, and no personal affront could so completely break Jed's heart as the assur- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. ance that the major was "out of pork" and about to kill a sheep, backed by the additional assurance that "Capt. John Mac said so." All these have passed away, long years ago. Yet the part they had in the pleasure that tints those boyhood days deserves this brief recall. In this connection, I should mention a sad and pa- thetic occurrence which happened on a training day, back in the "forties." The occasion was a "sham battle," and by careless or accidental firing, resulted in the death of one of the members of the company — young Rugg of Heath. The population of the town in 1860 was 1798, and in the presidential election of that year, the vote was: Republican, 214; Democrat, 61. In April, 1861, at the first call for troops by the general government, the tovsm voted "to equip Col- rain's company, and appointed the selectmen and as- sessors a committee to expend what money would be wanted for that use." At this time, Co. E, of the 10th regiment, a full company, under command of Capt. A. P. Nelson, was from this town and expect- ed to respond to this call, but the authorities decided to consoUdate certain companies and among others this, which would result in the loss of their identity as a company, and as a consequence, the most of the company declined to go in that way; quite a num- ber, however, went out at this time with Co. H of Shelburne Falls, and other companies, and did gal- lant service in the "fighting old 10th." In the summer of 1862, Co. B of the 53d regiment, under Capt. Alvah P. Nelson, was recruited, mainly from this town, its membership being composed largely of the old members of Co. E, and being filled to the maximum by recruits from adjoining towns; beside which, the town furnished many other vol- unteers to different commands during the two years following. In all, Colrain furnished 198 men — more than ten per cent, of her total population, and four- teen in excess of her quota, under all the calls of the government for troops, — a record highly creditable and worthy of the descendants of the previous gen- erations. In 1864, I find an article "to see if the town will vote a sum of money to fence and otherwise improve the graveyard near G. W. Miller's, etc.;" and that |100 was voted, and then the vote reconsidered, and the article passed over. What the fathers of that and of two preceding gen- erations neglected doing, to repair the disgi-ace to the burial-place of their illustrious ancestors, their sons of the present generation have performed, to their lasting honor, let it be recorded. Under the aus- pices of the Village Improvement Society, to which the town had by vote, in March last, granted $50 for this purpose, in the early summer of 1891, a volun- teer company of about twenty men worked faithful- ly two days, removing trees, underbrush and briars; setting up and repairing the fallen tombstones, and erecting a fence, so that now order, warmth and sun- light have displaced disorder, dampness and neglect. The ladies, it should be added, encouraged by their applause and supplemented the efforts of the men by providing a fine dinner for the occasion. In October, 1869, occurred a disastrous flood, re- sulting in serious damage to highways, the carrying away and destruction of seventeen bridges, and the loss of several lives. This was a severe blow to the prosperity of the town, and in connection with a similar occurrence, nine years later, it involved the town in an indebtedness of nearly $35,000, but which at the present time is happily nearly extinguished. doubtless, of Congressman Taggart, the office was es- tablished, with Isaac B. Barber first postmaster, April 1, 1813, succeeded by Samuel Coolidge, 1814; John Di-ury, 1839; Calvin W. Shattuck, 1840; Samuel Coolidge, 1843; Calvin W. Shattuck, 1845; WilUam Lanfair, 1849; Calvin W. Shattuck, 1853; Horace Smith, 1861; Orson B. Curtis, 1869; David W. Snow, 1888; Wm. H. Donelson, 1889. Adamsville Posto^ce— Established March 35, 1834; Edward Adams, first postmaster, was succeeded by John Wilson, 1835; O. B. Kendrick, 1872. Griswoldville Posfojice— Established May 30, 1850; Rodolphus White was succeeded by S. W. Gleason, 1851; Erastus Taylor, 1854; office discontinued, Decem- ber IB, 1854; re-established, July 17, 1867, with Joseph Griswold, postmaster, succeeded by Lorenzo Griswold, 1883. Elm Grove Posto^ce — Established Jan. 10, 1866; A. H. Temple was succeeded by Joseph T. Miller, 1870; Mrs. Lizzie O. Barber, May 1, 1873; Nelson Joy, Dec. 4, 1873. Shattuckville Postoffice — Established March 3, 1875; Calvin W. Shattuck was succeeded by Charles W. Shattuck, Deo. 17, 1875. Line Posto^ce — Established July 10, 1890, with Frank L. Upton, postmaster. POSTOPFICES AND POSTMASTERS. Up to the year 1813, Colrain had no postal facilities, Greenfield being the nearest postoffice, and in the old files of the Gazette, for the years early in the centu- ry, will be found advertised many letters addressed to people living in Coh-ain. Through the influence, SECRET SOCIETIES. Free and Accepted Masons. — Mountain Lodge, F & A. M. , now located at Shelburne Falls, was for several years situated in Colrain. This lodge was first or- ganized in the town of Rowe, where it received its charter, Sept. 9, 1806. It was moved from Rowe to Colrain, Dec. 10, 1818. The first meeting in its new location, which at the first was in Capt. Coolidge's hall in the "Barber house,'' was held, December 14, with Robert L. McClellan, Worshipful Master, in the chair, other officers of the lodge being Jedediah Bar- rett, senior warden; Benjamin Henry, junior warden; Dr. George Winslow, treasurer; Jesse Lyons, secre- tary. Immediately following this a hall was fitted up for their use by Charles and Thomas W. Thompson in the third story of the hotel, which they were then changing and enlarging. This hall, I have been in- formed by those who had seen it, was a quite elabo- rate and finely furnished masonic apartment. It was dedicated, Sept. 28, 1819, the officers of the Grand lodge being present and having charge of the exer- cises. The meeting was held at 8 o'clock a. m., the lodge marching in procession to the North River meeting-house, where an oration suitable to the occa- sion was delivered by Rev. Bro. George Witherell of the Baptist church, after which the brethren returned to their lodge room and partook of a banquet. June 24, 1836, in company with Republican, Harmony and Morning Sun lodges, they celebrated St. John's Day with an address by Rev. Bro. Titus Strong of Green- field. In 1828, owing to the Morgan excitement, the interest began to wane, though meetings were kept up till 1833, at which time, or soon after, it was de- cided best to surrender their charter, which was ac- cordingly done and upon petition of surviving mem- bers, was again re-issued, March 34, 1856, to the brethren at Shelburne Falls. Among those whose names have come down to us as prominent and active in Masonic affairs were Robert L. McClellan, Samuel Coolidge, Benjamin Henry of Halifax, Ira Arms of Shelburne, Maj. David Dennison, Christopher Deane, Jr. , Clark Chandler, Russell Avery, Jesse Cone, Charles Thompson, Thomas Fox, Josiah Pratt of Shelburne, Daniel Fox, Isaac B. Barber, Moses C. Howard, Robt. M. Bradley, Abel Shattuck, Solomon Newell, Thomas W. Thompson and Robert Riddle. Independen t Order of Odd Fellows. —Adel^hic Lodge No. 109 of Odd Fellows was chartered, February 5, 1846, and instituted February 27th of the same year by Newell A. Thompson, grand master of the order in Massachusetts at that time. Its lodge room was situated in what is now the dwelling-house of A. C. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 95 Smith. Dr. Chenery Puffer was its first noble grand and was succeeded in that office in the order named by Joseph W. McGee, John J. Crandall, Solomon W. Gleason, Hugh B. Miller, Benjamin H. Deane, New- ell Snow, E. H. Taylor, L. N. Brownell, John M. Mil- ler, Thomas R. McGee, Lucius Lyons, R. A. Buck and William Lanfair. The order seems to have flourished at the first, fifty-eight contributing members being returned in 1848, which number had decreased to thirty-four in 1849-50 and to twenty-five in 1851, soon after which it doubtless ceased to exist, as I can find no report of it to the Grand lodge later than August, 1852. Orand Army of the Republic. — H. S. Greenleaf Post No. 30 G. A. R. of Colrain, was organized March 4, 1875, Arthur A. Smith being its first commander. It has a present membersliip of forty and enjoys the distinction of being the first Post of G. A. R. to in- stitute the beautiful custom of memorial Sunday service. Woman^s Relief Corps. — The H. S. Greenleaf Woman's Relief Corps was organized April 29, 1886, of which Flora A. Smith was the first president. This organization is auxiliary to the Post, and is doing most excellent work in caring for the sick and needy and teaching lessons of patriotism to the rising gen- eration. With most commendable zeal, these loyal women have appropriated from their ti-easury a hand- some sum as the nucleus of a fund for the erection of a suitable monument to the patriotic dead of this town, and it is hoped their action may excite contri- butions to that worthy object. Sons of Veterans. — General John A. Logan Camp, No. 61, Sons of Veterans, was organized April 15, 1886. HOTELS AND LANDLORDS. At some time in the past, many if not most of the homesteads situated upon important roads in this town have seen service as hotels. The "Pennell Tav- ern" on Chandler hill, built and kept by John Pen- nell before the Revolution, succeeded by John Wood, later by David Lyons and he by his son Aaron, was not used as a hotel long after the beginning of the centuiy. "McClellan's Inn," at the "City,'' of which I have spoken, was probably discontinued about 1819, Donelson Tavern at the Dennison place a few years later and the Shearer tavern quite many years later still; the hotel at Adamsville, built and kept for many years by Edward Adams and for still 35 years more by Capt. John Wilson — all these fulfilled their mission and in their day dispensed a generous hospi- tality. The "Colrain House," built by Thomas Miller in 1804 or 5, succeeded by Charles and Thomas W. Thompson in 1814, was very much enlarged and im- proved by them in 1819, kept by Samuel Coolidge fpr a few years and owned and kept by Joseph W. McGee for some time during the "thirties," succeeded by Lucius Lyons, Thomas R. McGee, Thomas W. & E. H. Thompson and by O. M. Gaines in 1862, who contin- ued as landlord until it was destroyed by fire, March 3, 1886, soon after which A. C. Smith & Son purchased the property and rebuilt the hotel as it now stands, and which is at present leased and most satisfactorily conducted by M. J. Benjamin & Co. In passing I wish to pay a tribute of sincere respect to the memo- ry of my long time friend, the ideal landlord of this well-known and far-quoted hostelry, Gen. O. M. Gaines. "Whoe'er has traveled life's dull round. Where'er his stages may have been, May sigh to think he still has found The warmest welcome at an inn." Bom in Whitingham, Vt., March 20th, 1816, he came to Colrain during the "forties" and was for many years in the employ of D. A. & H. S. Dennison. In 1862 he became owner and landlord of the "Colrain House," and here for almost a quarter of a century, with his most estimable wife, he presided over a royal hospitality. Here, as almost nowhere else, was found the old-time "countiy tavern," and nothing short of the utmost superlatives could express the satisfaction experienced at the hospitable table of the "General' and "Aunt Sallie." What eatables those were! What steaks! What pies and what pickles! The anticipa- tion of them was a glorious vision and the recollec- tion of them, even at this distance removed, is de- lightfully refreshing. No wonder the great and only P. T. Barnum wrote opposite his name upon the reg- ister of this hotel, "The best meal I have eaten in forty years." Besides this, Gen. Gaines enjoyed the highest respect of the entire community,— gentle, courteous and affable, he greatly endeared himself to all with whom he came In contact, retaining to the end of his life their well merited esteem and regard, and will long be missed in the community in which he was so long a familiar figure. March 3, 1886, this hotel was totally destroyed by fire, a shock from which Mr. Gaines never fully recovered. He sold the property, bought himself a small place, where he spent the remainder of his days in comfort and quiet, passing away very suddenly on the morning of April 6, 1891. DEPUTY SHERIFFS. While I may not mention all who have filled this office from this town during the century, I find among them Beriah W. Smith, 1833-24; Daniel Donelson, 1835-26; Robert Riddle, 1826-27 and 1831; Moses C. Howard, 1833-36; Thomas R. McGee, 1846-47, fol- lowed by R. A. Buck and he by Shubael B. Buck in 1863 and following until his death, he being the last deputy sheriff appointed from this town. LAWYERS. Isaac B. Barber was the first to commence the prac- tice of law in this town in 1808, previous to which time the preparation of legal papers such as deeds, wills, etc., had been mainly performed by James Stewart, Jr. , Col. Hugh McClellan and Jonathan Mc- Gee. Barber built the "Scott house" in 1810, living there a few years, removing thence to the Barber house, where he long resided. He was the first post- master and an influential man during his stay in town. His wife was a daughter of Maj. Clark Chand- ler. John Drury began the practice of law here in 1811, and two years later bought of Isaac B. Barber the house where for forty years following he made his home. He also built, a few years later, the small brick building near the Congregational church, now used as a market, and which was known as "Drury's office" for many years. Mr. Drury took an active in- terest in public affairs and was tmsted and honored in all relations. He was postmaster from 1839 to 1840, and filled many other positions of prominence and trust. He married Susanah Willard Reed of Peters- ham, Mass. About 1855, he removed to Ohio, where his death occurred a few years later. William Lanfair, the last of the legal fraternity, came to this town in 1845, remaining here some ten or twelve years. PHYSICIANS. Dr. Hugh Bolton was the first to practice medicine here, coming to town in 1741 and remaining till his death in 1773, his son Matthew being associated with him a portion of the time and surviviving him two years. Dr. Elisha Forbes was a physician here during the Revolution and was succeeded by Dr. Samuel Ross, who spent his life here in the practice of his profes- sion, and whose long and honorable career deserves a more extended notice. Dr. Christopher Deane, who studied with Dr. Ross and afterward became his son- in-law, succeeded him in medical practice, commenc- ing about 1807 and continuing uninterruptedly until his death in 1854. He was the "old doctor" of the writer's boyhood recollection, a man of mild and de- liberate manner, respected and beloved by all. His son, Dr. A. C. Deane, commenced practice here in 1849 or 50, in connection with his father, and continu- ing until his removal to Greenfield in 1858. During a portion of the time from 1830 to 1840, Dr. George Winslow, Dr. Noyes, father of B. B. Noyes of Green- field, Mass., and Dr. Nathaniel Smith practiced medi- cine here. Dr. Chenery Puffer commenced practice here in 1833. He was born in Sudbury, Mass., Janu- ary 33, 1804, a graduate of Harvard Medical college, practiced in town till 1855, removing to Shelburne Falls, where he resided till his death in 1877. In 1863 he was elected a member of the Legislature. Dr. Puffer was a man of marked ability, respected and beloved, and strongly attached himself to all with whom he came in contact. Subsequently to this, Dr. Charles F. Lyons, at present of Waverly, N. Y., Dr. Horace Smith, Drs. Charles W. Green, E. S. Weston, O. H. Lamb, and perhaps others whom I do not now recall, have practiced medicine in town. The present resident physician is Dr. J. W. Cram. MERCHANTS. The first store kept in town of which I have knowledge was at what is known as the "Yellow house," south of the late G. W. Miller's, kept by Major William Stevens, fi'om the close of the Revolutionary war till about 1793 or '94, at which time he sold it to William Bannister. It was a building fifty feet long, with pearlash works and blacksmith shop in con- nection. Chandler's store was built in 1791, and that at the "City" erected and business transferred there in 1813. Following Mr. Chandler's death in 1834, the brothers, Charles and Hollis Thompson, succeeded to the busi- ness. The "brick store," now owned by A. C. Smith & Son, was built by Samuel Coolidge about 1814 or '15. Lyman Kendall of Greenfield purchased it in 1819, and at about this time, Nathaniel Russell, Sylvester Maxwell (both afterwards of Greenfield) and Levi P. Stone conducted business here. Kendall sold to Linus Austin in 1835, Austin to his sons Alvin and Cyrus in February, 1831, and they to Asahel Booth the same month. Booth assigned in 1833, and the year following conveys the store to Reuben Sheldon, Jr. , of Leyden, who deeds the same to Abel and C. W. Shattuck, from the latter of whom, though some years later, it was purchased by A. C. Smith. Other merchants I should mention are Rodolphus White, William A. Davis, Solomon W. & Henry M. Gleason, E. C. Walkup, N. P. Merritt, Charles Coolidge, William C. Thompson, Charles W. Shat- tuck, O. B. Curtis, George S. Shaw, Jesse R. Lyons, Philo Marsh, George A. Russell, A. C. & H. A. Smith, Thomas & Hillman, C. A. Macy & H. O. Scott. EMINENT MEN OP OOLEAIN, It would seem appropriate that this article treat somewhat, even though briefly, of the character and services of cei'tain citizens of the past century, to whose zeal, ability and public spirit, the people of this town, and the community in even a much broader sense, are greatly indebted. They have long since passed away, and to the generation who will read this are almost totally unknown; yet their pub- lic and patriotic sei-vices constitute a career highly honorable, and in many instances well-nigh illustri- ous. Easily first, both on account of his learning as well as his sacred calling, was the REV. SAMUEL TAGGART. Mr. Taggart was born in Londonderry, N. H., March 34th, 1754, his father being a ruling elder in the church at that place. He graduated at Dart- mouth college, in 1774; studied theology with Rev. David McGregor of Londonderry; was licensed by the Boston Presbytery, June 1st, 1776, and ordained 94 MILL NUMBER TWO OF THE QRISWOLDVILLE MA.NUFACTORING COMPANY WILLIS PLACE, COLRAIN. and settled as pastor of the church in Colrain, Feb- ruary 19th, 1777, its third settled minister and last pastor of the original Presbyterian church and so- ciety. His coming here was at a time peculiarly try- ing, the people being poor and widely scattered; the war of the Eevolution upon them, and the cause of freedom for the colonies demanding their utmost ex- ertions and sacrifices. Following soon, several prom- inent families, impatient at being taxed to support the "standing order," while holding views somewhat difEerent, withdrew, and organized a Baptist church, and a few years later a very creditable attempt to "finish off" the old church edifice, by putting in pews and otherwise improving it, met with deter- mined opposition and resulted in a division of the society and the building of two meeting-houses. During this time Mr. Taggart's yearly salary was not over two hundred or at the most two hundred and fifty dollars, and how he was able to maintain him- self and his rapidly increasing family is difficult to understand. In fact, he was not able, as we have it from his own pen that one of the reasons of his ac- ceptance of -an election to Congress was the hope that he "might obtain some relief from pecuniary em- barrassment." He spent the summer of 1802 in a missionary tour in various parts among the new set- tlements in the interior of the State of New York, returning in the fall with the determination to re- move his family to the westward, which determina- tion was modified later. In the election of that year Mr. Taggart was a candidate for Congress, and it would, doubtless, be of great interest could we be- come possessed of the preliminary facts attending this political struggle; but all the information re- garding it which has come down to us is decidedly brief and shadowy. Caucuses and conventions were then unknown and the successful candidate must have a clear majority of all the votes cast. He was not elected at the first trial, and it was not till the second trial in the spring of 1803 that he was success- ful and took his seat as a member of the 8th Congress, through which he served, as also the six following — in all fourteen years — being succeeded by that emi- nent scholar and statesman, Samuel C. Allen. Being a stanch Federalist, he was during most if not all of his congressional career a member of the minority, and his votes and speeches were invariably, I think, in opposition to measures proposed by the existing administration. He is on record as in attendance at or very near the beginning of each session; served on standing committee of elections during the 11th Con- gress, and on that of postoffices and post-roads du- ring the 13th. In November, 1803, he made a very clear and concise speech in opposition to the bill "amending the consti- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. tution in regard to elect- ing Presidents and Vice Presidents"; January,1805, in opposition to a bill "to re-cede parts of the District of Columbia to Virginia and Maryland" ; December, 1808, on "Foreign Eela- tions"; June, 1813, speech published in annals, though never delivered in the House, on the "Decla- ration of War," in which he defends himself against the charge of being a Brit- ish sympathizer. These speeches bear evidence of great ability and care in their preparation and like all his addresses are of ex- ceeding length. A pecu- liarity readily noted is that, being a member of the minority, he usually pre- faced his remarks with the phrase, "I rise to enter a solemn protest," etc. Mr. Taggart was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth Duncan of Peterboro, N. H., a typical Scotch woman of many rare qualities. By this mar- riage he had fourteen children, all of whom are now deceased. Two of the sons, James and Moses, were eminent lawyers in Genesee county, N. Y., each fill- ing the position of judge of the county, and the latter having sat upon the bench of the Court of Appeals. Judge Moses Taggart died in Batavia, N. Y., in 1883. When eighteen years old, he walked from Colrain to that place, where he studied law and became an in- fluential man. He acted as clerk at the coroner's in- vestigation in the case of William Morgan, in 1836, and was consequently entirely familiar with that re- markable case. The death of Mrs. Taggart occurred March 14, 1815, and March 33 of the following year, at Washington, D. C, he married Miss Mary Ayers of Dover, Del., by whom he had three children, all of whom are yet liv- ing and reside in Gardner, Mass. Mr. Taggart was a man of many peculiarities and eccentricities. His physical proportions were large, his weight being 340 to 350 pounds and with but slight tendency to corpulency. He had a very tenacious memory and could give the ages of most of the mem- bers of his congregation. On one occasion, two young ladies were calling at his house and being sensitive upon the subject gave their ages as less than the rec- ord would war- rant, and were kindly and quietly corrected by him. At another time, callers were pres- ent and conversa- tion was carried on in the room where he was writ- ing. After their departure, he dis- covered that in- stead of writing a sermon he had made a verbatim report of the con- versation he had been listening to, thus illustrating another of his pe- culiarities—a tend- ency to absent- mindedness. October 38, 1818, Mr. Taggart was dismissed after a pastorate of foi-ty-one and a half years. He continu- ed to reside here, preaching as opportunity ofi'ered until his death, which occurred April 34, 1835. An obituary notice of him, which appeared in the Frank- lin Herald of May 10, 1835, gave a very just and dis- criminating estimate of his character and public services. He was a learned and good man, of great intellectual force and ability, yet lacking, I think, a certain tact which often commands success, even though joined with a less complete mental equip- ment. His speeches in Congress were most, if not aU, of them published, beside which he published a vol- ume on "Evidences of Christianity," a treatise on the "Saints' Perseverance," and other sermons and ad- dresses. COLONEL HUGH MCCLELLAN. "Tell me what ancestors were thine!" Were it not that the completeness of history relat- ing to the place and times we are considering seems to demand, I should hesitate to write of my ancestor in this connection, yet it being true, that one hundred years ago no one in all the community filled a larger place or was more universally loved and respected than he. I trust I may escape criticism in telUng the simple story of his career. He was born in the parish of Curran, county of Derry, Ireland, April 4, 1743, of Scotland parentage, being eldest of two sons and sixth in a family of ten children of Michael McClel- lan and his wife, Jane Henry. As a boy of six years he came to this country with his parents, and the family, who after stopping for a short time in Wobum, Mass. , came to Colrain, where the mother had a brother and other relatives then living, and soon after bought of Andrew Smith the south fifty acres of what is now "Hilltop farm," up- on which was a small house, a slight portion of the land being cleared up and brought to a state of culti- vation. Following close upon this came the prolong- ed Indian disturbances, and the family removed to the less exposed settlement at Pelham, Mass., the father securing employment at boating on the Con- necticut river, but soon taking sick from cold and ex- posure he died, leaving the care and maintainance of the family to the brave-hearted little woman who survived him. In the year 1760, the danger from Indians having been dispelled by the victory of Gen. Wolf at Quebec, the family returned to Colrain — a trying experience to them, the return to that cheer- less and long deserted roof -tree, but her brave-hearted boy was now a sturdy lad of seventeen and devoted TENEMENT BLOCK AND BOAEDING-HOUSE OF THE GMSWOLDVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, WILLIS PLACE, COLRAIN. to her welfare, and in after years the mother would proudly relate that from this period onward she felt that her future was assured. The following year he took his younger brother, Robert, through the wilderness to Albany, N. Y., leav- ing him in the care of his uncle, Robert Henry, the first English-speaking merchant in that place. Here Robert grew up, married and died, leaving a family which to the best of my knowledge has in the male line become extinct. During this time Hugh found plenty employment on the farm, clearing it up and subduing the weeds, briars and nettles which had so rankly thriven durino- their stay at Pelham. He also prepared and built himself a new log house on the elevation, about thir- ty rods north of the present buildings, and here in 1768 he took his bride, Sarah Wilson, a young woman well fitted to be the wife of such a man at such a time— sti-ong of mind as well as body, patient, de- voted and as brave as was the husband who had chos- en her. In 1771 he is first elected a selectman and in the years following he served in that capacity in all twenty-nine yeai-s. In March, 1774, he is elected a member of the committee of "Safety and Corre- spondence," and in September following he is made one of a committee "to prevent mobs and riotous as- semblies in town." In Februaiy, 1775, the town voted a bounty of 30s. per week to minute- men, provided eighteen men should en- ; * list previous to the March meeting. Of i this company he was elected captain, ' and AprU 20th following, when news came of the disturbance at Lexing-ton, Coh-ain was ready to respond at once with a company of forty-four men. It was largely through his zeal and enthu- siasm that the minute-men were recruit- ed and maintained and he had the honor of leading them on every occasion when they entered the service. They were at the battle of Bennington in August, 1777, and in September of that year went to Saratoga to share in the final "round up" of Burgoyne's army. They were in the battle of Stillwater, in which they per- formed a hazardous and highly honora- ble part. After the surrender of the British in October, they returned to Col- rain, bringing several prisoners, among whom were Thomas Bond, father of James Bond of Heath, and Peter Hart, a Hessian, who ever after made this town his home, and until his death might well be counted as one of its "otherwise celebrities." In 1779, Capt. McClellan is chosen to represent the town in the General Court. The principal question at issue was the extension of the borders of the town to Green river and taking in what was known as "Bar- nardston Gore." This had become quite a prominent issue, for as far back as 1771 the town had voted "to take the inhabitants west of Green river," etc., which vote had been reiterated on several occasions, nearly every time accompanied by a ringing protest signed by voters from the west part of the town. It entered into the meeting-house controversy, which was be- ginning to loom up, as, if the "gore" was annexed, the old church dismantled and a new one built on North river, as proposed, it emphasized the arguments for building the east meeting-house, as so many more additional families in that direction would be denied "gospel privileges." The act as passed annexed all the la'id and inhabi- tants to the west hank of Green river, Capt. McClellan inflexibly opposing going to the middle of the river, as desired by Bernardston's representative. He plant- ed himself on the west bank, and there the bounds were established and there to this day they have re- mained, notwithstanding petitions and petitions have implored the Legislature to change them to the mid- dle of the stream; and I have no doubt that the town CENTENNIAL EDITION. officials of both Leyden and Colrain, in the years in- tervening, have on many occasions recalled with what fidelity Capt. McClellan guarded the interests of his constituents. Including 1779, and up to and including the year 1810, at which time he declined further honors, he was elected to the Legislature thirty times— twenty - one to the House and nine to the Senate. He usually made the journey to Boston, to attend the sessions, on horseback, and in warm weather pastured his horse on the island where at present East Boston is situ- ated. For many years he rode the same horse, a favorite of his called "Pomp." On an occasion dur- ing the latter years of his service, the horse, with othei-s, \\as sent over to pasture, and on the boat some one took occasion to ask the old darky in charge if he knew whose horse that was. "Yes sah! dat Col. McClellan's boss. Know'd dat boss dis forty year." In 1781 his house was burned and a frame one built on the site of the present one. This building he "set out" and largely framed himself, as he was a first class carpenter withal as also a surveyor of land, and a house is still standing on Greenfield Meadows which is said to have been framed under his directions and raised with "picked men" from Colrain. In July of this year, he was commissioned MILL NUMBER ONE OF THE GRISWOLDVILLE MANUPACTUBING COMPANY, AT GRISWOLDVILLE. Colonel of the 5th Regiment, which office he held till after the Shays rebellion, the regiment under his command being engaged in the battle at Springfield, in January, 1787, although it was from a sick bed that he went to take command. ]March21, 1783, he was commissioned a Justice of the Peace, wliich commission continued by renewals until the time of his death; and during the later years of»his life, he was much employed in preparing legal papers and in hearing cases which were brought before him. The writer recalls with pleasure that many years ago, in calling upon the late Judge George Grinnell of Greenfield, the latter remarked that one of the first cases he tried after his admission to the bar, in 1811, was before Col. McClellan, at Colrain, and in his inimitably courtly manner the judge greatly pleased and complimented his caller in the words of eulogy he used relative to the candor and fairness exhibited by the colonel as magistrate on that occasion. His knowledge of law was not derived from books to any great extent, as he had not the time nor opportunity for such research; but when it is considered that, following the adoption of the State constitution in 1780 or '81, he was for thirty years connected with the Legislature, it might well be con- sidered that he had a liberal education in that direction. In politics, the Colonel was a staunch, uncompro- 97 raising Federalist, proud of his country and her achievements, and were he alive to-day would be as "intensely American" as any extant. His physical proportions were striking and quite imposing. Fully six feet in hight, broad-shouldered, his normal weight 335 to 240, of florid complexion, blue-eyed and brown-haired; his manner, kindly and dignified, might be stern upon occasion, yet under- neath it beat a heart as soft as any woman's. He raised a family of ten children, eight of whom lived to grow up. Robert, the oldest, married Sally Duncan, a sister of Mrs. Taggart, and died in 1811. His son. Dr. Samuel R. McClellan, was a prominent man in Kenosha, Wis., and died in June, 1890. Rob- ert McClellan was also the father of Mrs. Mary Stet- son, recently deceased, of Heath, Mass. James, the second son, was father of James who lived in Deer- field, and who was father of the McClellan brothers and also Mrs. H. C. Haskell; beside James he had two other sons-Hugh, who died inCharlemont, and John, who lived and died at Griswoldville. John, the third son, studied medicine and settled in Livingston, N. Y., one of his sons having been a member of Congress, and a grandson, John McClellan Holmes, being at the present time pastor of a Presbyterian church in Alba- ny, N. Y. Hugh, the fourth son, died in infancy, as did also David, the sixth. Michael, the fifth son— my grandfather and the devoted champion of my boyhood, succeeded to his father's estate and was a man well known in the community. Respecting his life and chai-acter, as also that of his son Hugh, I may confidently add that no descend- ant need feel called upon to defend, ex- cuse or explain. Samuel, the youngest son, studied medicine and settled in Nas- sau, N. Y. Two of his sons are yet liv- ing—Ex-Judge Hugh W. McClellan of Chatham, N. Y. , and Ex-Surrogate Rob- ert H. McClellan of Troy, N. Y. Of the colonel's daughters, Jane married Samu- el Bolton and settled in Rowe. Margaret married David CaiTier, Hved in Colrain and afterward in Oneida, N. Y. , at which place she died; her only surviving child, Mrs. Sarah Taylor, resides in Newark, Wayne county, N. Y. Sally, the only re- maining child, died unmarried. In 1815, fire again destroyed the Colonel's home, and so swift and sudden was the destruction that his satin short clothes and silver shoe buckles, which he had afforded to grace the dignity of state occasions, met a fiery fate. The writer, too, met a personal affliction by this fire, for would not the Colonel's papers at that time destroyed have been a mine of wealth, and the possession of them have re- lieved the long, slow process of searching for infor- mation to which he has been subjected? August 13, 1816, this veteran patriot, full of years and honors, in the firm and supreme reliance of a Christian hope and the calm satisfaction of duty well- performed, "fell on sleep," in the seventy-third year of his age. His wife survived him, spending her de- clining years at the homestead, in the family of her son Michael, and dying in 1838, at the age of ninety- three. SMITH. Hezekiah Smith, the progenitor of most of the race in this town, came here from Woodstock, Conn., late in the year 1764. He was a patriot of the most relia- ble type, and in the stirring events of the Revolution, which soon followed, he attained a deserved promi- nence, himself and certainly three of his sons being actively engaged in the campaign against Burgoyne. He was major of the 5th regiment (David Wells, colonel), and in March and April, 1777, was stationed at Fort Ticonderoga and had charge of the supplies, 98 his son Rominor being at this time in Capt. Lawrence Kemp's company at the same place, and both dovibtless remaining untU the abandonment of the fort in July following. Later they were joined by Nathaniel and David, who came out with the Colrain minute-men in August of this year and were attached to the same regiment. He was a member of the Provincial Con- gress and also of the convention that framed the con- stitution. He died in the year 1800, at the age of seventy-four. His sons were all men of distinction, and early in the century were active in public affairs, David and Calvin both representing the town in the Legislature. Oren, the eldest, was a somewhat re- markable man, and of his oddities and eccentricities many anecdotes are told. It was he who being asked if he were a blacksmith repUed: "Yes, hlack-Smith, but don't pound iron." On another occasion, a young lawyer appeared for him in a case, and by his man- ner provoked from the magistrate a deserved rebuke, to which Smith interposed the remark; "Let him dis- play talent, if he's got any." Of a later generation, and yet who have passed away, were "Major Joe," Rominor, Samuel R. and David L., all of the same stock by different descent. Joseph and Rominor Smith both served in the Legis- lature and also discharged other important trusts for the town, and though possessed of opposite talents and attainments, yet to each of them the community is greatly indebted for the intelligent and faithful de- votion displayed in their public service in behalf of their townsmen. MAJ. WILLIAM STEVENS. Although but for a short space identified with the affairs now being considered, yet his sterling qualities entitle this man to appropriate notice. The date or place of his birth I am unable to state with certainty, but from the best information I can obtain, he was born in England, came to this country young, spend- ing his early life in Boston or vicinity, and there is little doubt but that he was one of the famous party that destroyed the "British tea" by emptying it into Boston harbor. It is also related of him that during the occupation of Boston by British ti'oops he exhib- ited much apparent interest in their doings, especially that arm of the service which later became his fa- vorite, the artillery, being very inquisitive regarding the elevation of a gun to carry a certain distance, and other questions of similar import, whicli inform- ation the officers unsuspectingly imparted, though one of them was heard to remark that perhaps they were doing wrong and that the "little Yankee rebel" might ere long be aiming cannon at them. The pre- diction of the British officer, of which I give the terms, though not the classical profanity of the words, was fully verified. Before the battle of Bun- ker Hill he enlisted and received a commission, which is still in existence, signed by John Hancock, Joseph Warren and Henry Knox, and served through the war. He became a very skiUf ul gunner and a most proficient and effective artilleryman, having few if any superiors in that branch of the service. He was a man of undaunted courage and at times entrusted with duties involving peril and requiring bravery. On one occasion during the campaign in New Jersey, the armies were in close proximity and it became de- sirable that the American commander discover accu- rately the strength and resources of his opponent, which could only be accomplished by sending a trusty man disguised through the lines. This perilous task was assigned to Maj. Stevens. He disguised himself, entered the British lines, secured information of their numbers, equipment and plans, together with accu- rate minutes of the position of the various troops and returned in safety to the American camp. About the year 1784 he came to Colrain and engaged in mercantile pursuits, his home and place of business being the "Yellow house," which stood, in my boy- hood days, a short distance south of the late G. W. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Miller's. A venerable paper has come down to us, preserved in the family of Maj. Stevens, entitled, "Proposals to form a social society in the town of Colrain for the purpose of communicating useful knowledge to each other." It is dated March 34, 1787, and among the subscribers are the names of Maj. Stevens, Rev. Mr. Taggart, Col. McClellan, Dr. Samuel Ross and other prominent citizens. On some future occasion I may again refer to it. In the Shays rebellion Maj. Stevens actively and ardently espoused the cause of the government and following it his per- sonal safety was violently threatened by his highly incensed but misguided neighbors. At the engage- ment at Springfield he was in command of the artil- lery and gave the orders respecting the method of fir- ing, which was to aim to the right, then to the left and then over the heads of the advancing insurgents, who, mistaking the import of which, continued to advance, the order being then given to aim at their centre, resulting in their disorder and precipitate flight. May 30, 1793, Maj. Stevens advertised his farm (100 acres) store and other property and soon af- ter disposed of it and removed to Central New York State, and was at the time of his death, in 1801, Judge of Onondaga County, N. Y., and superintendent of the Onondaga Salt Works. He married Elizabeth Gurney of Braintree, Mass., in 1773, by whom he had seven children, Betsey, born in Boston, William, John and Henry Knox, born in Dedham, Mass., and Robert, James and Thomas in Colrain. Mrs. Stev- ens died at Camillus, N. Y., in 1795. Of the facts and incidents here cited relating to Maj. Stevens, many of them have come down to me through my father and grandfather, from Col. Mc- Clellan, his attached and devoted friend, and which I have tested and compared with other facts and scraps of history gained from authentic sources. trust, and his widow, with David Willard and W. W. Draper of Greenfield, the latter a son-in-law, were appointed administrators. Mr. Chandler was of im- posing presence, six feet high, full and corpulent, fair, clear complexion and dark eyes, described by a neighbor as "the handsomest military officer he ever saw." Nancy (Lyon) Chandler died, June 5, 1833. MAJ. CLARK CHANDLER Was born in England and came to Colrain from Bos- ton, establishing the extensive mercantile business of J. Chandler & Brothers, just about a century ago. March 9, 1791, he bought thirty rods of land of John Wood, on which a store was built, which building was standing until a few years since. He was a very successful merchant, advertised freely in the Gazette of that day and secured a very large business. His wife was Nancy Lyons, daughter of David Lyons, and to them was born a family of twenty children, only two of whom at present survive. Mr. Chandler served much in public office, was town clerk many years and also served as selectman. He represented the town in the Legislature, was a justice of the peace and May 17, 1804, was commissioned major of the 3d Regt. He advertised the business on Chandler Hill for sale in 1797 or 8, the center of business hav- ing changed consequent upon the building of the meeting-house on North river. May 18, 1813, he bought land at the "City," built the store now occupied by H. O. Scott, the purchase including the site of the Thompson homestead, the Methodist church property and the residence of the late S. B. Buck. In 1819 he bought the "Barber House," where his son-in-law, Isaac B. Barber, for some time lived. It should also be added here that in addition to his large business in Colrain he was interested in a store at Petersham Mass., also in the firm of Chandler & Henry in Hali- fax, Vt., "at thestoreformerly occupied by Col. Amos Muzzy," and the firm of Chandler & Reed in a store at Rowe. He died, Feb. 37, 1834, at the age of fifty- four years, and the papers filed at the Probate office in Greenfield in the settlement of his estate are ex- ceedingly voluminous. He left real estate valued at 14000 and personal property valued at $13,000, includ- ed in which was the house and a portion of the farm recently owned by G. W. Miller, the store and Barber house, a horse and chaise, gold watch and a library of over two hundred volumes. John Drury was named as executor in his will, but declined the EOBEET LAWSON MCCLELLAN Was born October 9, 1769; he was the son of Rev. Daniel McClellan and his wife, Margaret KcKay, who at the time of his birth doubtless lived in a house which, during most, if not all, the pastorate of the father in this town, was their home, and which stood on the side hill a short distance east of the late G. W. Miller's. The father died in 177S, and later the widow married Dr. Elisha Pobes. At this time, three colored servants, or slaves, were owned by the family, having been brought from Pennsylvania at the time of Mr. MoClellan's settle- ment here, and tradition has it that the doctor, who was an ardent patriot, disagreed somewhat with his wife regarding the propriety of retaining them in bondage. It might also be added that these were not the only slaves in town, as others were owned by the Bells previous to 1780, and a "whipping tree" has been pointed out as used by them, which stood until quite recent years in a secluded spot a short distance west of the house of J. MUo Miller. Just where Robert L. McClellan spent his young manhood I am unable to state, but in 1799 and 1800 he kept a store near the meeting-house in Shelbume, in which he was succeeded, in 1801, by a man whose name was Whitney. Very soon after I find him keep- ing hotel and and store in the Barber house, in Col- rain "City," owning a farm of 130 acres in connection. He sold five acres to Thomas Miller, in 1804, and in 1805 a lot to Joseph Severance of Greenfield, upon which at that time stood a small house and hatter's shop, the latter premises now being owned by Mrs. O. B. Curtis. In 1811, he parted with this entire property to Nathan Rice of Burlington, Vt., though he probably continued to live in the hotel several years longer. "McClellan's Inn" was at this time the "noon house" resorted to by Mr. Taggart's congrega- tion during the intermission of service, in winter time, to "thaw themselves out," its warmth and cheer being quite noticeable when contrasted with the fire- less meeting-house, and regarding which many stories have come down to me of the preparations for their comfort— the fiip-irons carefully heated and ready at hand, suggestive of a custom long since happily passed away. After leaving the hotel he lived in the house still standing opposite the present home of Mrs. Flagg, during which time he was engaged in the unfortunate paper-mill enterprise. He afterward lived on what is now the Copeland farm, and about 1830, or a little later, removed from town. He married Rachel, daughter of Col. John Bolton, by whom he had six children— two sons and four daughters. Mr. McClellan was a man of marked native ability and with more than the average education of his time. He was active and influential and held many public offices. He was for many years a selectman, represented the town in the Legislature, and in 1830 was a member of the Constitutional convention. He was also a prominent Free Mason, having been initiated in Republican Lodge, at Greenfield, in 1798. Late in life he prepared and published a treatise on arithme- tic, which he believed to be valuable and destined to revolutionize prevailing methods, his death soon after this preventing its being brought to general notice. Of his descendants, none of the name at present reside in town. A grand-daughter, Amelia McClellan, lives in North Adams, and the children of the late E. B. McClellan of Whately are his great-grandchildren. His death occurred October 36, 1844, at North Adams. Mass., at which place he was buried. CAPT. DAVID WILSON. For more than a third of the period we are consid- ering, David Wilson was a man of prominence and influence in this community, yet very few of the gen- eration survive who have any pereonal knowledge of him. He was the son of Dea. James Wilson, who settled, in 1753, upon tlie farm now owned by Samuel N. Wilson. After attaining his majority, he bought a farm on Christian Hill, and there he raised his fam- ily. He was brother-in-law to and his wife (Margaret Thompson) was a niece of Col. McClellan, and these two men were closest friends through life. David Wilson entertained very strict views regard- ing religious duties, and notwitlastanding a long dis- tance and terrible hills separated his liome and the old meeting-house, yet his family was among the most constant in attendance at church, and it is not sui-prising that he favored the building of the meet- ing-house on North river when we consider the effort required by the route then traveled to reach the top of Chandler hiU. He died January 30, 1831, aged eighty-three. Of his sons, '■Capt. John" was a man of deserved promi- nence and one who, in a long and active business ca- reer, retained the respect and regard of the entire community. He married Rebecca, daughter of Abra- ham Pennill, her father having been the first male child (white) born in town and her mother a daughter of Col. Bol'on. She was a lady of rare mental and physical grace, and Capt. Wilson's home at Adams- ville was long the center of a refined and cheering hospitality delightful to experience. Capt. Wilson was a soldier of the war of 1812 and was for many years connected with the militai-y. He also served much in town office and was with rare unanimity elected to the Legislature. As a young man, active, keen and ambitious, in age he became the mild yet incisive and ever-entertaining veteran whom it was a pleasure for age or youth to meet. CENTENNIAL EDITION. estate— a man of marked ability and much honored by bestowment of official station by his townsmen. MILLEE. Robert Miller of Cokain was a man of integrity and in his day was implicitly trusted by his associates. He was a son of Robert and grandson of the settler William, his wife being Nancy, daughter of Col. Bol- ton. Like his ancesti-y and a trait in which his de- scendants are like him, he seemed to delight in the ownership of land and by the records it would seem as though about every resident here had at some time had a land ti-ansaction with Robert Miller or his fath- er. His death occurred in 1826. Of his sons, Hugh Bolton Miller, bom Sept. 16, 1813, spent his life in town and performed much public service. As farmer, manufacturer, member of the Legislature and for some time member of the State constabulary force, he formed many and warm friendships, attracted by the mild and gentle dignity of the man. He was jus- tice of the peace and for many years the "village squire," a position for which his qualities of mind and heart especially adapted him. He also devoted much time to historical and genealogical research. He died Aug. 1, 1885. ELDER EDWARD DAVENPORT Was the son of Joseph Davenport, wlio emigrated to this place from Dorchester, Mass., in the winter of 1780-81, bringing his family and household treasures on an ox sled. He built his log house on what is known as the "Davenport place," west of the "branch," ereqting at that time the frame of a barn, which is still standing and in a good state of preser- vation. Edward was "bound out" at the age of six, and after becoming of age he succeeded his fatlier on the farm. Meantime he studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained and did long and faithful serv- ice as a minister of the Baptist faith, also serving as a missionary in some portions of Pennsylvania. He was twice married and raised a family of fourteen children, his youngest son, Otis J., succeeding to his MAJ. DANIEL WILLIS. Daniel Wilhs was of the sixth generation in descent from George Willis, who emigrated from England about 1630 and settled in Cambridge, Mass. He was the son of Hopestill Willis, an ardent patriot, who performed most creditable service in the Revolution- ary war, and was born in Sudbury, Mass., March 25, 1772. He was in Colrain in 1795, engaged in fulling cloth and also carrying on the clothing business. Later lie utilized the important water power at the Willis place with various industries, built the brick house, wliicli, until his death, in 1845, was ever after- ward liis home. Maj. Willis served his town in many official capacities and was a man greatly trust- ed and beloved. His wife was Martha Snow, a fami- ly of twelve children blessing their union. Mrs. Wil- hs died, March 8, 1S47. I^^^^H^^I^^^^i^^^Vi^^^^^^^^^aHBi^H^^^^^H JOSEPH GRISWOLD. The attempt were vain in a brief sketch to por- tray the rare and striking qualities and achievements of this most remarkable man, who, for a full half century in this community, in the face of I'epeated and almost overwlielming disasters, carried forward to success his business purposes, exhibiting a most wonderful versatility of genius, combined with in- domitable courage and untu-ing energy, qualities whicli in an eminent degree centered in him. He was a great public benefactor and to him more than to any other is the town indebted for the degree of material prosperity she has enjoyed, his business operations being always in the line of her substantial advancement, while contributing largely to the com- fort and welfare of her citizens. Nor this alone, — for full a quarter century past, ]nore than one-fifth of the entire tax assessed in town lias been laid upon the industries he founded, and which his genius created and perfected. Surely their obligations to him can- not be considered slight or insignificant. The story of his boyhood and early life partakes of the qualities of the day and generation that pro- duced him. Born in Buckland, Mass., Aug. 9, 1806, the fourth in a family of fourteen, children of Maj. Joseph Griswold, a man of prominence and influence in his day, who had been honored by his townsmen in various ways. His early education was such as was afforded by the schools of his native town, of which oppoi-tunities his keen and retentive faculties made the best use. At the age of sixteen his father gave him his time during his minority, and while de- voting much of it to laboring at his trade as carpen- ter, joiner and cabinet maker, he attended Sanderson academy and obtained a more advanced education. 99 including a knowledge of Latin, having in view the study and practice of medicine. About the year 1836 he visited the important cities in Central and Western New York State, even journeying as far west as Detroit, Michigan. At Rochester, N. Y., he first witnessed the application of power to wood- working macliinery in the manufacture of doors, window sash, etc. , causing him to abandon his plans for a professional career and engage in the manufac- ture of these articles at Ashfield. His business cap- ital at this time was small and he engaged somewhat in school teaching in Ashfield and later in Colrain, at which place occun-ed his first great good fortune in forming the acquaintance and later securing the af- fection of Miss Louisa W. Denison of Stonington, Ct., their marriage occurring, Nov. 23, 1838. He soon af- ter removed his business from Aslifield to Buckland and also in connection with his brother started a shop at "Erving's Grant. In the spring of 1830, Mr, Gris- wold is elected a member of the school committee of Colrain and seems to have definitely decided to make this town his home. During this year he built his house at Griswoldville and also a shop for the manu- facture of doors, window sash and blinds, to which the year following he added that of making wooden "latlier boxes," and a little later the making of gim- lets and augers. These buildings he built himself, as he was a tireless and prodigious worker, toiling at this period of his life fourteen to sixteen hours a day. He shingled his barn, which required seven thousand of sliingles to cover it, without assistance in one day, laying the shingles himself and even carrying them up the ladder. Said my informant, "I helped shingle it thirty years later; it required several days then," and the writer has serious doubts if there are three men in Griswoldville to-day who can perform the feat of Mr. Griswold even with the shingles brought to them. Nor Mr. Griswold alone; for during all these years liis estimable and devoted wife was equally helpful and energetic, and during tlie spring they commenced housekeeping she performed the labor of making three hundred pounds of maple sugar from the trees about her door, and in many ways greatly assisted the young manufacturer in preparing his goods for mai-ket, and this in addition to the care and attention of her young family. In casting about for a permanent and more enlarged industry, from knowledge gained through acquaintance with manu- facturers in North Adams and elsewhere, Mr. Gris- wold decided upon that of manufacturing cotton fab- rics, to which, with slight internjptions, he ever after devoted his energies. In 1833, he built his first cotton mill of sixteen looms, doubling its capacity before the close of the year, Mrs. Griswold making the har- ness and aprons for the looms, and three years later he built a much larger brick mill of one hundred and forty-four looms. Both of tliese factories are famil- iarly recalled in the boyhood remembrance of the writer. They were destroyed by fire, the former in 1851, the latter in 1856. In the financial crisis of 1837 Mr. Griswold was carried down like many others and in the reorganization of the business the Griswoldville Manufacturing Company was formed, though in after years, by purchase of the stock, Mr. Griswold became sole owner. In the year 1846, he opened a commission house in New York city and the same year purchased and fitted up a model farm at Stonington, Ct., where for six years his family resid- ed, he carrying on his manufacturing, at the same time interesting and identifying himself with ship- ping and whaling interests. In 1853, he removed back to Colrain and rebuilt the burned mill. In 1855, he became extensively engaged in agriculture, buy- ing several farms on Christian Hill and elsewhere in town, in which operations he displayed a characteris- tic enthusiasm. In 1856, he rebuilt his second burned mill, which he started up in 1858 with an equipment of two hundred and ten looms. In 1865, he erected and equipped the extensive brick mill at the Willis 100 place, with tenement blocks, etc., thus doubUng his manufacturing camcity; also at this time he associ- ated with himself in the business three of his sons, Ethan D., Joseph, Jr., and Lorenzo, thus rendering possible its uninterrupted succession, when he should have passed away. Having now exhausted the power of the Colrain river, he tui-ned his attention toward Turners Falls, purchasing a valuable tract of land em- bracing ample water privileges, and m 1874 he com- menced operations at that place, which were com- pleted about the year 1879. To the carrying out of this his last extensive build- ing operation he went himself, accompanied by Mrs. Griswold, the energetic and devoted wife of his youth, now the faithful and efficient counsellor of his mature years, and wliile her husband superintended every de- tail of construction, she assumed entire charge of the accounts and finances, a task she performed with ex- ceeding capability. This superior and accomplished woman, whose whole life was a source of sunshine to her family and associates, and whose memory the poor and unfortimate of her acquaintance gratefully cherish, did not survive the completion of this enter- prise. November 33, 1878, with Mr. Griswold and the six surviving children of the thirteen she had borne him, and very numerous friends, they celebrated their golden wedding, and March 17, 1879, occurred her death. It was a beautiful and pathetic tribute her husband paid to her memory on the day of her funer- al, when at the door of his house he met some friends he had long known, he said, "The head of the house- hold is not at home." Without doubt Mr. Griswold was during his career the most influential man in town, yet, while often urged, he with very rare exceptions declined aU pub- lic office. In nothing, perhaps, was a phase of his many-sided genius more strikingly displayed than in his building operations, the timber cut on his own land being prepared in his own saw mills and the sand and clay from his own premises being formed and burned into brick, all under his own supervision. His literary tastes were marked and of a very high order, disclosing in his writings that rare and remark- able facility of wit and anecdote, which made him ever the entertaining member of any circle. He oc- casionally contributed articles for the press and on several occasions addi-essed public assemblies of his fellow-citizens. In, 1879, he delivered an address at the centennial celebration of his native town, a gem of its kind. The town records had been destroyed, but aided by his retentive memory, he recalled many interesting facts and incidents in its history, with reminiscences of his boyhood, illustrative of the cus- toms of those early times, and which, when furnished by one who had been a part of the scenes, described, constituted an effort of remarkable interest and en- tertainment. He was thoroughly original in all he said or did, a great reader, in early life of books and periodicals, and in later years of the daily newspa- pers, and though always pressed by business, yet upon all political and financial questions he kept himself thoroughly posted and abreast of the times. His death occun-ed, Oct. 23, 1883. Rarely does a man leave so deep and lasting a mark upon his age and vicinity. Long may the industries he so abiding- ly founded endure, for yet longer will survive the memory and renown of this remarkable man— their founder. Many other names press upon the memory of the writer as those of men entitled to words of glowing eulogy, did space permit, but I am obliged to accord them the scant .iustice of honorable mention. Among many others are Maj. Jonathan McGee, Col. George Ei>ls, Col. Benjamin Farley, Capt. Amos Stewart, Amos Bardwell, Samuel Coolidge, Dea. Jonatlian Johnson, Col. Isaac Johnson, Charles and Hollis Thompson — the latter for many years town clerk, the former holding many town offices, also a county commissioner and member of the Legislature; Jona- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. than Totman, Capt. Samuel Pierce and his sons— Maj. David S. and Morris, Maj. David Dennison and his sons, Calvin W. Shattuck, E. H. Thompson and Orson B. Curtis. It has been the pleasure of the writer, upon occa- sions previous, to set forth and somewhat glorify the deeds and virtues of the fathers— not that it mattered to them, but desiring that justice be accorded them and that those now coming upon the stage of action be enabled to arrive at a correct estimate of their worth. The question is asked, and it is pertinent, are the later generations worthy of their sires? If by it is meant an earnestness for right, an intelligent, virtu- ous and patriotic purpose and endeavor, I answer: Yes! I have written of the absent and silent, and doubt- less the writer upon these themes a century hence will do the same, the single exception in this instance permitted being in deference to official preferment which justly honors the citizen and most approoriate- ly honors the locality — ARTHUR ALAN SMITH. Arthur Alan Smith was born in Colrain, December 19, 1841, youngest in a family of seven, children of Eominor Smith and his wife, Sarah Snow "Willis. Thus on one side he descended from Hezekiah Smith, the veteran hero of Ticonderoga and the Burgoyne campaign, and on the other from Hopestill WiUis, the Sudbury minute-man. Small wonder that with an- cestors like those such honors as have have waited on him. His youth was that of a New England farmer-boy, receiving his education in the public schools, supple- mented by a coui-se of study at Powers Institute. He enhsted in Co. B, 53d Mass. regiment, September 1, 1863, and was mustered in as orderly sergeant, Octo- ber 11th following. The regiment served in the department of the Gulf, and in the engagement be- fore Port Hudson, La., June 14, 1863, Sergeant Smith had the honor of commanding the company. He was mustered out August 14, 1863, and soon after was commissioned captain by Governor Andrew. In the spring of 1865, he took charge of the schools at the boys' reformatory at Westboro, Mass., remaining there for some time. In 1868, he went to Alabama, intending to engage in agricultural pursuits, but was immediately pressed into the service of the State as county superintendent of education, in Greene coun- ty, and labored establishing schools for freedmen. In 1870, he was appomted clerk of the Circuit Coui-t for Greene county, to fill an unexpired term, and in 1871, was appointed chief inspector for the port of Mobile^ Ala., remaining there till he came home to care for his aged father, in 1872, where he has since remain- ed, engaged in farming and particularly devoted to the raising of fine horses, cattle and sheep, at the same time being interested in agricultural affairs be- yond his immediate vicinity, having been for several years president of the Deerfleld Valley Agricultural society. He has also been honored by his town, hav- ing been for eighteen years uninterruptedly a mem- ber of the school committee. March 31, 1865, he married Miss Flora A. Hillman, a great-granddaughter of Capt. David Wilson, and to her is due by inheritance aa large a measure of patri- otic fervor as can be claimed for her distinguished husband. In 1875, Mr. Smith was largely instrumental in the establishment of Post 30, G. A. R., in his native town, and in the intervening years has been zealous and as- siduous in inculcating the principles of that grand and patriotic fraternity. He served faithfully through the various grades of preferment, and at the annual election in the early part of 1891 , he was by a very decisive vote elected grand commander for the De- partment of Massachusetts. He is an experienced parliamentarian and a clear, concise and forcible public speaker. By election to this distinguished office. Comrade Smith is greatly honored, and will in turn, by his official career, greatly honor and magni- fy the office. But the century is nearly spent and we must hasten. During the decade from 1880 to 1890, nothing of strik- ing importance occurred. By the census of 1890, there were 1735 inhabitants. During this year was built a very attractive and suitable parsonage, by the Con- gregational society, the funds for which were largely contributed by former residents and descendants, who thus testified to the loyal interest they yet cher- ish for their native town, and during 1891 a similar structure was built by the Baptist society. Of the March meeting of 1891, Henry A. Howard was moderator and the present officers of the town are : Clerk and treasurer, Ansel C. Smith (his twenty- sixth consecutive term); selectmen, Henry A. Smith, George R. Purrinton, Robert M. Coombs; assessore, Jonathan E. Davenport, John D. Miller, Henry A. Howard; school committee, Arthur A. Smith, Walter H. Kemp, Mrs. H. A. Smith. Appropriations were: For schools, including supplies and repairs to school buildings, $3400; town debt, $500; all other purposes. The present debt of the town is S The hour has struck! We have spanned the century, reviewing briefly the actors and events which that period has disclosed. Among her rock-bound hills and along her fertile val- leys stiU flourishes this historic town, a modem Ar- cadia, where, as in no place else, this wide world o'er, is safe f rorn violence or theft, your person, your prop- erty or your good name, where the health, comfort and happiness of each is the concern of all, and ready sympathy for grief is never denied. Greatly do her sons and daughters love and honor her and grandly does she repay their devotion. Complacently she glances back across the distant yeai's. Her sons have made that history illustrious and the record is secure. No fears or forebodings disturb her present tranquil- ity and, facing the sunlight, hopeful and serene, she greets the coming century. "She fronts the sun, and on the purple ridges The virgin future lifts her veil of snow. Look backward, and a cloud of splendor bridges The gulf of long ago." i ?i?^'~?, desire to express my sense of obligation to the family of the late Hugh B. Miller for the priv- ilege of consulting papers prepared by him, and also tor courtesies and effectual aid most cheerfully ren- dered by Deane C. Howard, a loyal son of Colrain, at present a student at Washington, D. C— The Author. trr ■'■"a^?^'^' Brigadier-General Charles Devens, Jr., ot Greenfaeld commanding the sixth brigade, M. V. M. , appointed Major William Keith of the 8d artillery brigade inspector, with the rank of major; George Denmson of Colrain, brigade quartermaster, and George D. Wells of Greenfield, lide-de-camp, each with the rank of captain. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 101 SUNDEELAND IN THE PAST OENTUEY, BY JOHN M. SMITH. The Gk)d-fearing men who came from Hadley and Hatfield, in 1714, to resettle the plantation called "Swampfield," afterward called Sunderland, left then- impress upon the new settlement. The characteris- tics of these sturdy people descending upon their pos- terity, and the institutions, both religious and educa- tional, which they planted here had their influence upon those who came after. The first settlers are known to us only by their names and deeds, but their grandchildren, who lived in the last pai't of the 18th and the first part of the 19th centuries are well re- membered by many of us who have followed, taking up their work when then* toil was over. We of to- day are carrying the burdens of our fathers, which we in turn must soon lay down for other workers. It may be worth the while to call up from the past century a few of those whose names are familiar be- cause they were the names of their ancestoi-s of two or three generations, and give brief sketches of a few of the prominent ones, the number being limited only by space. Nathaniel Smith was a grandson of the Nathaniel Smith who settled on Lot No. 10, which was the home lot where the hotel now stands, which he built in 1795 for a private residence. He was bom in 1759 and died in 1833. He was probably the most influential cit- izen of the town in his day. He was very many years in trad 3 and accumulated what was called quite a for- tune in his time, enjoy- ing the reputation of being the richest man in town. His trade in- cluded that common to a country store, and in his time included "New England rum," taking in exchange for goods and rum "bir- ter" of every descrip- tion. At that time very much trade came from the surrounding towns, particularly those north and east, and for payment they brought in lumber. People from Leverett, North Leverett and Shutesbury, and even what is now Erving (then called "The Grant" or "Erving's Grant'"), came here to trade. Sunderland at that time was a "seaport" town, all heavy freight coming up the river in boats from Hartford landing at the feri-y or bridge. It has been said that what is now called Bridge street was then so full of lumber and shingles as to be almost impassable. Nathaniel Smith, Esq., was a magistrate and many years a member of the Legislature. He was one of the founders of Amherst college and one of its first trustees, and gave liberally to its support. Erastus Graves was a native of Sunderland and buUt and occupied an elegant brick house, which was taken down to make way for the house built for a summer residence by A. J. Johnson, Esq., of New York, now owned by Myron Brown. He succeeded to the mercantile business of Nathaniel Smith. He was a man of great enterprise and business capacity, and it is related of him that he would post his books and talk business with others in his store at the same time. He did a large business in the same line as his predecessor in trade, occupying at one time the build- ing that is now used for the same business (except the rum-selling) by W. L. Warner. He afterwards had a store in Amherst, but soon failed in business and re- moved to Macon, Georgia, where he dealt in cotton and accumulated a large estate. He was afterwards in business in New York with his son, Rufus A. Graves. He died in Conway. Capt. Israel Hubbard, who died in 1817, at the age of ninety-two, was a prominent and influential citi- zen in the latter part of the last century and the first part of the present one. He was a decided Whig, a member of the first Provincial Congress at Watertown, and was an active, resolute, energetic man, with a good deal of native wit. His son Caleb was his suc- cessor upon the old homestead and tavern, at Plum- trees, and had many of the characteristics of his father. In politics he espoused the JefEersonian side and ranked himself as a Jefferson Democrat, much to the disgust of his father, who, with a large majority of the men of the Connecticut Valley, was a staunch Federalist. It is said of him that in ex- treme old age he was entreated by his family not to go to town meeting, but he persisted because it was his duty to go and "spile Caleb's vote.'' Maj. Caleb Hubbard died in 1850, aged ninety-six. Dea. John Montague married a daughter of Capt. SDTJTH MAIN STREET, SUNDERLAND, LOOKING NORTH. Israel Hubbard. Of him we can do no better than to copy from the Montague Genealogy: "He was town clerk thirty-two years and during the most of the pe- riod was selectman, assessor and treasurer. He was deacon of the church many years, deeply interested in its welfare and laborious in its service. There was no lawyer in the town during the most of his active life, and he wrote wills and gave good counsel to his fellow-townsmen, harmonized their differences and adjusted their quarrels. A man of unblemished in- tegrity, fond of peace and quiet, giving himself to public duties only so far as they were demanded of him and because they were duties he had no right to avoid. He was for many years teacher of the town school at a time when all parts of the town came to the center, the only school in town. The school- house in which he taught was till quite recently stand- ing and used for a shoemaker's shop. He was instru- mental in estabUshing and maintaining a social libra- ry in the town before the close of the last century. He died in 1836." Dr Samuel Church was a native of Amherst and graduated at Harvard in 1778. There was a tradition that he participated in, or at least was a witness of, the battle of Bunker Hill. If so, it must have been while he was in college. He settled in Sunderland between 1780 and 1790. and was a highly respectable physician, a man of considerable culture, with much wit and humor, and of a tenacity of opinion which sometimes verged towards obstinacy. He was an ac- tive justice of the peace at a time when it was an of- fice of responsibility, duty and value. He was at one time engaged in trade, which did not result to his pe- cuniary advantage. He died in 1836. Philip, the ancestor of William Delano, the subject of the following sketch, came from England in the vessel "Fortune," landing at Plymouth, Nov. 9, 1631, then nineteen years of age. He was given a home lot at Plymouth, but, with Rev. John Alden, removed to Duxbury in 1633, where they Uved on adjoining lots as neighbors, their families afterwards intermar- rying. One of the sons of Philip (Samuel) married Elizabeth, a daughter of Capt. Miles Standish, and Thomas, another son, married Mary, daughter of John and Priscilla Alden. Lemuel, of the fourth gen- eration from Philip, moved from Marshfield to Sun- derland when his son William, the subject of this sketch, was seven years old, settling on the old par- sonage homestead, which has been ever since in the possession of the family. We find in the town records the name of William Delano quite often, as being chosen to town ofiice and in transacting town business. He was ap- pointed postmaster in 1815, during the ad- ministration of James Madison, holding the office thirty-six years. It is related of him that during his life he never locked a door in his house, which would tend to prove the hon- esty of his neighbors, or, at least, his confi- dence in them. Horace W.Taft, Esq., graduated from Dart- mouth college in 1806, came to Sunderland in 1810, and began the practice of law. He married a daughter of Dea. John Montague and succeeded him in the office of town clerk, being first elected, March 6th, 1815, which ofiice he held fifty years and until he was incapacitated by age for doing bvisiness. He served the town many years as general school committee and several years represented the town in the Legislature, where he was a leading and influential member. He held the office of county commissioner, first by appointment by the governor, and was elected afterwards three terms to the office. It was during the active life of Dr. Gardiner Dorrance that the work of putting the street fences on a line and the planting of maple trees on either side of the street was commenced. The fences spoken of were set very m-egularly previously, some standing out several feet farther than others. Dr. Dorrance was one of the leaders and very enthusiastic in the mat- ter. It is said that Gains Smith set out the first row of maples in front of his residence, which was where William Gaylord now lives. They have all gone to decay but one, and been replaced by others. The pastorate of Rev. James Taylor, which began in October, 1807, ended at his death, in 1831. He lived and died upon the homestead now occupied by Eliab Leach. Those who remember him speak of him with great respect and affection. The historian has written of him as follows: "He died in the midst of his use- fulness much lamented. He possessed a sound, ener- getic mind, had gi-eat decision of character and firm- 102 CHURCH AND CHAPEL, AND OLD PARSONAGE, BUILT IN 1717. ness of purpose, his preaching was clear, forcible and instructive. He was very active, along with his pa- rishioner, Nathaniel Smith, in his efforts to found and build up Amherst college, and was one of its first trustees. He was a practical and good farmer as well as a good preacher and pastor, possessing strong com- monsense. In person he was of middling height, rather corpulent, with a full countenance, indicative of kind- ness, with a prompt, active and decided spirit." Horace Henderson, a native of Amherst, resided in town quite a number of years, holding many town offices and representing the county in the State Sen- ate two terms. He finally moved to Amherst, and from there to Waltham, where he died. Not the least among those who rendered valuable service to the town was Ira Montague, who repeated- ly served the town as selectman and assessor — a man quiet and unobtrusive in his manner, rather conserv- ative, but of most excellent judgment. To him, as the pioneer in the work of opening the town drains, from which has followed health to our town, a gTate- ful remembrance is due. It has been said that the standing of our town is the tenth in the sanitary re- ports of the State. The services of Albert Montague, his son, will long be remembered. He represented his district in the Legislature and held every office in the gift of the town, holding the office of selectman twenty-five years, being chairman of the board a good share of the time. He was chairman of the select- men during the late Civil war and rendered important and valuable service in aiding the town to furnish the quota of men demanded by the government, was one of the foremost of those who were instrumental in procuring a free bridge and in the erection of the sub- stantial iron structure which spans the Connecticut river at Sunderland, which is of so much importance to the interests of the town. It was during the latter part of the life of Nathaniel Smith, Esq., and during the business career of Erastus Graves that Sunderland bank was established. The dwelling house now owned by Mrs. Henry J. Graves was built for its banking house. The bank was incor- porated in 1835. Erastus Graves, Nathaniel Smith and Roswell Field were the Sunderland men whose names were embraced in the act of incorporation. The capi- tal stock was $100,000. Nathaniel Smith was its first president and Luther Root first cashier. At the time the bank was established, Sunderland was, as has al- ready been said, a central point, and Erastus Graves, then a merchant, did a large business with people re- siding in the surrounding Jiowns, particularly those residing east and north-east. For purely business rea- sons the bank was transferred to Amherst in 1881. Sunderland people were quite mad about it and sug- gested that they would want the bridge next. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Bridges over the Connecti- cut river at this place have been peculiarly unfortunate and short-lived. The first one was built in 1812 and opened to public travel, Oct. 6th of that year with a cele- bration and great rejoicing. An oration was delivered on the occasion by H. W. Taft, Esq., so says our informant. It is related that the timber for this bridge w as all obtain- ed on Sunderland mountain by Dea. Elijah Hubbard and his sons. It was carried off by the ice in 1817. I think that there is but one resident in town (John R. Smith) who remembers this bridge. The second bridge, built the fol- lowing season, is remember- ed by many of our citizens. It stood till 1832. Both of the first two bridges were built resting upon wood trestle-work, the foundations to which can now be seen in low water. The bridges were both uncovered. The next bridge, built in 1832, was placed upon stone piers, and was thought to be capable of standing forever almost. One individual remarked to the writer, thaf'it would stand as long as we should live." This bridge, as well as others before and since, was not placed high enough above the "swelling flood." It was a covered bridge, built upon the X-work pattern, similar to the Noi'thampton bridge, built about the same time. It was very much weakened by being struck by a floating wreck of Montague bridge, in 1839. It was on Sunday, and the commotion which was made in our church, as the people who were present from the other side were notified of the near approach of the aforesaid wreck and were advised to hasten to the other side, is well remembered. The bridge survived the shock, how- ever, but two spans fell the following month (Febru- ary, 1839) as Tim Rice of Conway was driving a fiock of sheep across on the way to market. Succeed- ing bridges were partially destroyed in 1850 and 1857. In 1857, the bridge was all destroyed but one span. It was rebuilt by Messrs. Harris and Briggs of Spring- field upon the Howe truss plan, but fell again in 1869. It was rebuilt in 1870, and was finally blown off, car- rying Dr. Trow and his horse down with the wreck, in 1875. The present iron bridge was built as a free bridge by the county of Franklin and the towns of Deerfield, Sunderland and Whately, in 1877. Through the liberality of Messrs. Rufus A. and Augustus Graves of New York, who were natives of this town and sons of Erastus Graves (the subject of a previous sketch), Sunderland possesses a valuable library. In 1869, the Messrs. Graves donated the sum of |1000 to the town, for the purpose of purchasing and estab- lishing a library, which, with the $200 prize awarded by Hon. Horace Greeley, gave the ob- ject a fine start, Rufus A. Graves also left by his will a legacy of |3,000, to be invested by the town, and the yearly income of which should be used in replenishing the library. A. J. Johnson, Esq., of New York also donated |500 for the same object, and also a copy of each of his published books; since which time other individuals have made valuable additions, so that now it contains 2500 volumes. The period soon after 1830 will long be re- membered because of the prevalence of an ex- traordinary mortality. In 1831, many children died of what was then called "canker rash," and many adults suffered from what was called "typhus fever" (it was also called "Sunderland fever") and a large number died. It was said that there were sick in almost every house, and there was great difficulty in procuring sufficient care for the sick, the inhabitants being tired out with contin- ual watching. It was during the prevalence of this fever tliat Rev. Mr. Taylor and his wife both died. The cause of the sickness has been ascribed to the lack of drainage of the swamps then lying in the east home-lots, and extending southerly to the Connecti- cut river. These swamps were soon after drained and the town has become healthful. Sunderland has been for a long time a strong tem- perance town. It was during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Taylor that the temperance movement began. Mr. Taylor was a strong advocate of the cause, in the pulpit and out of it. His course stirred up con- siderable opposition. It is said that one Sunday morning, as he entered his pulpit, he found a rum bottle on his desk. He very quietly opened a win- dow and threw it out, making so little disturbance that very fe\y of his congregation knew anything about it. H'was about the same time that, as the people came into the meeting house one Sunday morning, they found the pew doors nailed up. The sexton. Gains Smith, went to work quietly to un- fasten them, but one man (Cotton Graves) got over into his pew and with his foot kicked the door open. A temperance society was formed at this time, a con- stitution was drawn up and a pledge to abstain from "ardent spirits" (which did not include wine and cider) was circulated. While the constitution was under discussion, one citizen (Benjamin Graves) ex- pressed a wish to have the constitution altered, so that spirits could be used as a medicine, upon wliich Mr. Taylor immediately arose, and with some warmth said that they were not going to have the constitu- tion all frittered away so that it would mean noth- ing. Dr. Gardiner Dorrance, the practicing physician at the time, took hold of the temperance work and strongly advocated the reformation. Nathaniel Smith, Esq., of whom we have already written, was, with his son Austin, the first to break off from the custom of furnishing spirits to help during haying. They were both strong temperance men. It has been re- lated by Dr. Jewett, the temperance lecturer, that in 1834 there was no farmer in town who would furnish liquor to his help in haying time, which could not be said of any other town in the county. From that day to the px-esent, temperance principles have been in the ascendency in town (bred in the bone). In 1843, a total abstinence pledge was circulated and all but seven of the names of those old enough to write were placed upon it. Five males and two females refused to sign the pledge. Over 500 names LINCOLN HALL AND SCHOOL BUILDING. in all were procured. Dea. Elihu Rowe, Ansel C. Delano, Royal C. Graves, William W. Russell, William Hunt and othere were strong temperance workei-s between 1830 and 1840. Their street fences were painted black, their horses' tails sheared, and Royal C. Graves' store sign disfigured in consequence. It was during the latter part of the eighteenth and the fii-st part of the nineteenth centuries that Sunder- land people possessed so many geese, which I think was true of other towns. We learn from our grand- parents about their coming to be an intolerable nuisance. We also learn from the town records of votes which the town passed relating to the dama-es done by the geese. It seems that at times it was pro- posed to tax them the same as other property. We are told that they were driven in large flocks to the river for watering, and sometimes different droves would meet, blocking up the highway and causing much trouble. It so happened tliat one night they all suddenly disappeared. Quite a large number of them were boxed and set adrift in the river, and it is said that they went cackling down the stream. Others were killed, to be some time after raked out from under an old bridge. As a result, the matter was taken into court in the endeavor to find out and pun- ish the perpetrators. But little could be found out, as no one seemed to know anything about it. One young man, upon being examined as a witness, said that one night after he had gone to bed he was awakened by loud talking in the street. He opened the window to listen, but all he could hear was, "one fellow said that Ben Graham's old gander was the toughest customer he got hold of that night." Of course he did not know who the spokesman was. This witness was supposed to be one of the ringlead- ers of the party. Esquire Delano was asked in court if the witness was a man of truth and replied that he guessed he covJd tell the truth. Sunderland has ever been generous in the support of schools. Immediately following the erection of the meeting house and settling a minister came the school, though the first school was kept in a private house. The school house was soon built, in the cen- ter of the street, of course, and the town has since that time contmued to make ample provision for school support. The town early took advantage of the law in abolishing the school district system. In 1865, the present high school building and town hall was built in the center of the town, costing !j;20,000, since which time the town has supported graded schools. It also took advantage of the law in re- gard to transportation of scholars, bringing them from the outer parts of the town to the center, and supporting a high school, although not obliged by law to do so. When the establishment of the school for young ladies was in contemplation, which was ultimately located at South Hadley, now called "Mt. Holyoke College," the citizens of the town took hold of the matter quite earnestly, hoping to draw the in- stitution here. A site was selected and a large sub- scription in aid was obtained, the citizens subscribing quite liberally, but they failed in the undertaking. The subscription paper, with the signatures affixed, is in existence now. In answer to the question. What part did your town bear in the suppression of the great rebellion? which question is asked of the compiler of the "Records of Sunderland in the civil war," he said that the people of Sunderland were united in their efforts to do their part in providing men and means, and numerous meetings were held to accomplish the purpose while the war was in progress. The whole amount of money expended as a town on account of the war was $12,490, which was nearly four per cent, of the town's valuation at that time. An aiTange- ment was made to establish an agency for the pur- pose of communicating with the soldiers and to for- ward supplies for their comfort. The whole number of men who enlisted to the credit of the town was eighty-five, which was eight more than the number CENTENNIAL EDITION. required of the town by the government. Their names are given below, with the exception of twelve whose names have not as yet been ascertained. We also give the names of eleven men who were natives of Sunderland, but who enlisted to tlie credit of other towns. Names of those who enlisted for Sunderland, who were residents of that town at the time of their en- listment. Joel M. Armstrong, Thomas O. Amsden, Erastus E. Andrews, Thomas Archibald, Charles G. Blodgett, Richard N. Blodgett, Fred L. Bagg, Reuben E. Bartlett, William P. Bowman, John R. Banks, Leander Brighani, Edwiu W. Ball, Stillman D. Clark, Fred. B. Crocker, George L. Cooley, James Clary, Israel Childs, Jesse L. Delano, Charles D. Dean, Martin V. B. Flagg, William Farrell, Alden Gilbert, Samuel Graves, Henry J. Grover, Martin S. Hubbard, Charles L. Hartwell, John Heminway, James Hill, Ebenezer Parker D. Hubbard, John W. Jones, David Lakeman, Swan L. Lesure, Edward A. Mahogony, Merrick Montague, Arthur Montague, Anson S. Munsell, George W. Miller, Abram C. Puffer, Elliott D. Puffer, Ransom D. Pratt, Hiram Pierce, Edgar J. Pomroy, John W. Russell, Charles L. Russell, Austin N. Russell, Charles A. Sanderson, James W. Stebbins, Quartus Tower, George D. Whitmore, George A. Whitmore, Charles M. Whitmore, James B. Whitmore, Charles Woods, Henry Wilder, James R. Warner, Albert R. D. White, F. Wiley. Names of men who served to the credit of the town of Sunderland, that were obtained abroad, having never lived in Sunderland: Andrew Carter, George N. Chamberlain, George H. Chappel, James Harrington, John Howarth, David Labonne, Otto Peterson, George H. Page, Charles Schlevoit, John Riley, Arthur Richie, James P. Thorne, Robert Williams, John Walsh. Names of men who had been or were residents of Sunderland that enlisted on the quota of other towns: Emory P. Andrews, Henry D. Bartlett, Myron D. Clark, Charles A. Fairchild, Edward B. Fairchild, Brainard Montague, Otis D. Munsell, Charles E. Munsell, Thomas L. Munsell, George M. Williams, Henry S. Church. Nearly all of the men who enlisted for this town were natives of the town, about half of whom are now living. Of the dead, some died on the battle field, some in the hospital, and others have since died of wounds and disease contracted in the army. These men are held in grateful remembrance by the citizens of Sunderland. Three of the above patriotic young men suffered all the horrors of a rebel prison. Charles Blodgett was taken prisoner (after nearly three years of hard service) and carried to Anderson- ville prison, only three days before his term of en- listment would have exjrired. He was inhumanly treated, and rapidly failed, and died of starvation and disappointment in about six weeks after his capture. WOliam Farrell, after gallantly taking part in fifteen hard battles, was taken prisoner to Libby and then to Andersonville, and for lack of proper food he gradually lost the use of his limbs and other faculties, and finally his eyesight, and he laid himself down and died in the sand. Elliott David Puffer (enlisted in the 34th regiment) was taken prisoner by the confederates at the battle of New Market, on the 15th day of May, 1864. He was then in excellent health, but was taken to Andersonville prison-pen, and after six months of hardship and abuse, expos- ure to the sun and rain, and worst of all, starvation, he died Nov. 13, 1864. The increase in the number of dwelling houses has not been very great, but in looking over the town we 103 find that new houses have taken the place of old ones in a majority of cases, very few of the old houses remaining. The oldest one is the one built for Parson Willard, the first minister, in 1717, and now stands next north of the chapel. The next old- est is the Pomeroy house, built in 1750, unless it may be the house once owned by Dr. Samuel Church, which now is in a dilapidated condition on the west side of Main street, near the south end. The fourth oldest house is probably the one now used as a hotel, built in 1795, The first meeting house, built in 1717, stood in the street a little north of the present one. The second was built on the site of the present one, in 1793-4. The present one was built in 1835 and was thoroughly repaired in 1871. There has been greater improvement in the agri- cultural value and productiveness of the town than in public or private buildings. This is true especially of lands lying east of the Main street and east but adjacent to Sunderland Meadow. These lands which were once wet and swampy have by drainage and cultivation become the most productive for grass and corn of any in town, and have added greatly to its material wealth. We believe we can say with- out fear of contradiction that the farms and meadow lands of the town will compare favorably with those of any town in the vicinity. Through the industry of the farmers large and remunei-ative crops are pro- duced which may be shown by the fact that during the three months next preceding Dec. 1, 1891, nearly 2000 tons of farm produce have been carried by Sun- derland farmers to the nearest railroad station. SHUTESBUEY, Between the towns of New Salem and Leverett lies Shutesbury, in the southeastern pai-t of the county. At first called Road town, on account of the basis of the grant, it was incorporated, June 30, 1761, as Shutesbury, this being in honor of Samuel Shute, many years before a governor of Massachusetts Bay. Governor Bernard was in office at this time, and his wife, who was a niece of Gov. Shute, presented to the town an elegant Bible, which is still treasured by the people. The first meeting of the proprietors was held in Roadtown, June 6, 1739, at the house of Jonathan Burt. At this date quite a number of families were settled in town, the first being Jonathan Burt and Bezaliel Wilder. Each was granted a lot on condi- tion that he build a house upon it and dwell therein as a settler. In 1740, the proprietors, seeing that many persons had failed in their agreement to settle upon the tracts, petitioned the General Court to compel the delinquent to fulflU their obligations. Several of those who had given their notes, to be free from obligations to settle, had refused to pay the notes at maturity, and suits were instituted against them. In 1743, Bezaliel Sawyer was granted one hundred and twenty acres of land to encourage him in the building of a corn-mill, but as he failed to ratify the contract, the grant was transferred to Benjamin Har- ris four years later, and he built his grist-mill in the southeast part of Roadtown, on Harris brook. In 1754, Jonas Lock built a giist-mill at Locks Pond. Although the town never suffered from Indian dep- redations, precautionary means were taken to build a fort near the residence of Rev, Abraham Hill and his house was picketed. The first physician to settle here was Dr. Robert Cutler, and John Powers, Jr., the first justice of the peace; William Ward was a lawyer in the earlier days of the settlement, and Mr. Marks, the black- smith. The first religious society to organize was the Con- gregational, in October, 174:i, and at that time Rev, Abraham Hill of Cambiidge, who had been supply- 104 ing the preaching for a while, was ordained. Mr. HUl was allowed to preach four Sabbaths in the year to the North End people, the section afterward known as Wendell. This arrangement was kept up for sev- eral years. Upon the breaking out of the Revolu- tionary war, it was discovered that Mr. Hill was a strong royalist, and a committee chosen to discourse with him concerning his views, reporting that they had been unable to make him see things in their light, he was requested to resign, and his salary was dis- continued. This did not discourage Mr. Hill; he not only declined to resign, but adhered with even more firmness to his political principles. Things were car- ried so far that Mr. Hill was finally confined for a time in the public pound and forced, it is said, to live upon herrings thrown to him over the fence; but still he held out obdurately, claiming that he had done nothing to warrant his dismissal. The town at last succeeded in a/Ssembling an ecclesiastical council, composed of the pastors of neighboring churches, and it was decided that Mr. HUl's relations with the church of Shutesbury should be forfeited. He there- upon moved to Brookfield, taking with him the church records and Bible, which, although importuned to do so, he refused to return. For several years after Mr. Hill's dismissal the church, having no regular preach- ing, declined steadily until in 1806 there was but one member left. In February of that year it was reor- ganized. Rev. William Barrett was a pastor in later years and the society now depends upon periodical supply. Other societies to be represented have been a Uni- versalist, a Baptist and a Methodist, the latter at Lock's Village, its house of worship being erected by Methodists living in Leverett, Wendell and Shutes- bury. The Baptist society has for its present pastor. Rev. J. B. Read of Hinsdale, N. H. Shutesbury has long been noted for the healthful- ness of its climate, and there have been instances of extreme longevity among its inhabitants. One of its citizens, Ephraim Pratt, reached the remarkable age of one hundred and sixteen years. Upon his grave- stone it is recorded that "He was born in Sudbury in 1687, swung a scythe for one hundred and one con- secutive years, and at the age of one hundred and ten mounted a horse with ease." It is related of him that he was of a cheerful disposition, temperate in his habits and lived to know himself the progenitor of fifteen hundred descendants. LOCKS TILLAGE, So-called from Jonas Lock, the proprietor of the first grist-miU there in 1754, lies in the northwest of Shutesbury, close to the Wendell line, and near a sheet of water called Locks Pond, but in recent years its name was changed to Lake Wyola. Locks Village is being built up mainly through the efforts of J. W. AVatson, formerly the proprietor of a store at Moores Corner. It is his intention to make Lake Wyola a popular place as a summer resort. He has bought upon the shores of this lake about four hundred acres of land, having a frontage of about two miles upon this body of water. He has already made a fine picnic ground on the west shore, and he has had lumber drawn to Wyola Park to erect two buildings. Warren Ames is the proprietor of a good hotel here, which has several times been enlarged to accommo- date his increasing patronage. Mr. Watson intends to put up a fine hotel and have it ready for the sum- mer of '93. He will also place a steamer upon the lake, which, by the way, is one of the prettiest sheets of water in the State. Some cottages have been built; lots have been laid out, which will be desira- ble to build summer residences upon. Locks Village has a postoffioe and a store. Preaching services are held here, and neighborhood prayer-meetings have been established, holding ser- vices Thux-sday evening of each week, and at certain seasons, each Saturday evening. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. LIST OF SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. S-'d Regiment. 1st Cavalry. William F. Reed. Joseph F. Spear. 19th Regiment. Joseph Douglas. Slst Regiment. Lewis R. Haskell, Charles Phelps. S6th Regiment. John Sanborn. S7th Regiment. John W. Brizzee, Frank H. Leonard, Martin O. Makley, SethW. Pratt, Alonzo J. Thomas, Jeremiah Stockwell, Charles Pratt. 34th Regiment. James E. Green, Franklin D. Waterman, Charles H. Stowell, Horton Waterman, David N. Gilmore. 37th Regiment. Lyman Matthews, Joel CrandaU, Reuben E. Bartlett, Albert A. Pratt. Regiment Unknown. William Deblois. EEVING. Erving, the youngest of the towns of Franklin county, celebrated her semi-centennial, September 12th, 1888. The P. V. M. Association assisted and a pleasing programme was arranged. As different historians do not seem to agree upon some points con- cerning the town when it bore the name of Erving's Grant, we record the main facts taken from an historical address delivered at this celebration by Augustus Coolidge of Athol. John Erving, after whom the town was named, was a man of great ability, who, rising from a low place, became one of the greatest merchants in Amer- ica. He was prominent in colonial affairs and a member of the Massachusetts council twenty years. The few dollars which he earned on Commencement day by ferrying passengers across the Charles river, when there was no bridge, shipped to Lisbon in the shape of fish and from there to London in the shape of fruit, and from thence brought home to be rein- vested in the same way, laid the foundation of the largest fortune of one hundred years ago. He was a frequent visitor to the schools, in company with the Governor and Council, was a liberal subscriber to a fund for building a workhouse to furnish work for poor people, and in 1744 was appointed a colonel of the militia. As far as can be learned he was a patriot who served his country for the love of it, and was never known to put in a claim for grants of land at a time when such requests were being freely made for trivial services rendered. His sons, John and George, signed the Boston memorial and were thus among the first fifty-eight men who arrayed themselves against the crown prior to the Revolutionary struggle. John Erving was the purchaser, in 1750 or there- abouts, of several tracts of land, including the present town of Erving, purely as a real estate specu- lation. These lands were sold to him on condition that in a certain length of time a stated number of families should be settled there, each to build a house eighteen feet square, seven foot stud, and "bring to" a certain number of acres of land. Erving, feeling that these conditions were too hard to comply with, petitioned to the General Court to give him a good deed, free from these conditions, and this petition was granted, Jan. 22, 1752. This was his first pur- chase and is now a part of Wendell. His second purchase, in December of the same year, of 11,016 acres on the north side of Millers river, took in the present village of Erving. In 1754, other parcels of land came into his possession by release from Ed- mund Quincy and Joseph Wilder. These were his last purchases, so far as is known, in this vicinity, being a part of Wendell, and Settler's Grant, now a part of Orange and Athol. These several tracts of land came to be called Erv- ing's Grant. The first settlement on them was made on the south side of the river, about 1754, and it was over there that Erving expected to have his town. Thomas Osgood was the first settler. Erving gave a school lot and a ministerial lot and his name should have been given to that settlement, but at the time of the incorporation of the town, 1781, a meeting-house was built, for which Judge Oliver Wendell of Boston, an intimate friend of Erving, gave the bell and the town was named for the Judge, while Erving, the founder of the town, had to wait about fifty years after departure from this world before his name was given to the town on the north side of the river. SETTLEMENT OF ERVING. Asaph White was the first man to build his log house in this place. He was born in 1747, and married Luoretia Bingham, a near relative of Hiram Bingham, the missionary. Mr. White was a son of Col. Jonathan White, whose family came from En- gland and settled in Lancaster. He was connected with almost every enterprise in this region, being one of the incorporators of the turnpike over Hoosac mountain, and the builder of the second Massachu- setts turnpike, also builder and one of the incorpora- tors of the fifth Massachusetts turnpike, which began at Greenfield and extended to Athol. He built a clothing-miU at Heath and manufactured woolen cloth, and built many public roads and highways. It is supposed that his connection with the fifth turn- pike was what brought him to this vicinity. Oct. 20, 1802, he bought lots 27 and 38 on the plan at the Greenfield Registry, of Elizabeth Temple, widow of Sir John Temple. Having built his house, Mr. White connected it with a toll-gate, which ran across the turnpike, and then built a dam across Millers river, put up a saw- mill and soon started a tan -yard and a fulling-mill. Mr. White's daughter Lucretia came here with her father to have care of his house; as her mother at that time was ill and not able to come. She also had the honor of being the first school-teacher, gathering her pupils in a private house, located near where the de- pot now stands. The first recorded meeting of the freeholders was held at Caleb Alvord's tavern, March 4, 1816. Asaph White was moderator and Sampson Packard, clerk. The public business meetings were held at this tavern for several years. In 1830 the first school house was built, and from that time until 1850, the town meet- ings were held in that house. In 1850 the residents of the Centre school district united in erecting the present school building, with a hall above the school room, to which the town meetings were transferred. This caused some bitterness, and those who were op- posed to the scheme dubbed the new hall "Erving's FoUy." The incorporation of the town came about in this wise: In 1837 or '38 the General Court appointed a committee to consider what should be done with the plantations, gores and other unincorporated teiTitory in the state. The committee sent word to the inhab- itants requesting them to consider the matter, and early in 1838 the citizens held a meeting at Alexan- der's tavern, where a committee was chosen to meet and confer with the State's committee. Several names were suggested for the new town, but finally all agreed to request that it be called Erving. The result was that April 17, 1838, the Erving grant was incorporated as a town. The first town meeting was held at the school-house near the tavern, June 4, 1838; Asa Fisher, Calvin Priest and David Blaokmer were chosen selectmen, and Noah Packard, now a resident of Greenfield, was made a highway surveyor. A Sunday school, organized by Jonathan White, was the first form of religious worship here, and in 1818, Elder Goddard of Wendell began to supply Bap- tist services to the people, and with Elder Andrews of Hinsdale, N. H., continued to serve them more or less in that respect until 1830, the Massac liusetts mission- ai-y society meanwhile furnishing some assistance. Rev. Dr. Packard and Theophilus Packard, Jr., of Shelburne preached occasionally, and in September, 1833, a Congregational church was organized, with a membership of fifteen. Worship continued to be held in the school-hoiise until 1843, when the present Congregational church was built. Rev. Josiah Tuck- er was settled as the pastor of this society, also sup- plying at Ervingsville in the town of Orange. He was dismissed in 1844 and after that the church depended for several years upon supplies. Rev. Mr. Haywood, a Methodist minister, preached in the house in 1853. About this time, through carelessness in neglecting to have the deid properly recorded, the lot on which the church stood was claimed as a part of the estate of F. and L. L. Alexander, who had given the said lot to the society and had now failed in business. After much excitement the assignee of the estate agreed to sell the lot for $400, which sum was promptly raised. A Univei-salist society was formed in 1836, which had an existence of only twelve yeax-s. Preaching is still continued in the Congregational church. hack's grant. In 1855 the people at the end, joining Hack's grant, asked to be set off to Noxthfield. The citizens of Erving petitioned the General Court to have Hack's grant set off to Erving. Both par-ties appeared before the committee on towns, but both got leave to with- draw, and here the matter rested till 1860, when Erving again preseuted her petition, this time meet- ing the approval of the General court. This newly- acquired territory consisted of about one hundred and eigth-one acres of land. The Holtons, then living at Hack's grant, were opposed to the annexation and felt so badly that they would never vote in Erving, and said if they could not live and die in Northfleld they would be buried there, and there they are now at rest in the Northfield they loved so well. In the matter of schools Erving lias not been be- hind the other towns of the county. This is what the Northfield school committee said in their annual re- port, the first one rendered after the loss of Hack's grant: "Let us emulate our neighboring town of Erving in this respect, who proudly unfurls her banner in the very first rank, on which is inscribed, 'Of 382 towns of the State we stand first and foremost in point of punctuality and average attendance in the schools of the commonwealth.' Noble little Erving! Though we bear you no paiticular good will for the uncere- monious manner in which you have robbed us of a precious slice of our territory, stiU if we must lose it, we are glad if it has fallen into hands of those who exhibit much more liberal spirit than we do in ad- vancing the true interest of the rising generation, who, with a population of about one-fourth and a valuation of about one-fifth, contribute about two dollars to our one for the support of their schools." Erving has not sent many men or women into the professions. Two physicians have gone from here, Drs. Jonathan and Hu-am B. White; two clergymen, Mr. Piper and Noble Fisk; Seba Holton, principal of Lawrence academy at Falmouth. Mrs. Martha Ma- comber, herself a native of Erving, has three child- ren who are practising physicians, one of them a daughter, going to the battlefields of the Rebellion to minister to our wounded and dying soldiers, and by her bravery and fortitude won from the government the title of major, a distinction that in this country had never been conferred upon a woman. Erving has built up quite a business in the manu- facturing line, represented as follows: Washbum- Heywoo(i Chair Company; Washburn, Eddy & Co., doors and sash; Noah Rankin, chairs; J. F. AUen, lock-corner boxes; C. S. Stone, piano cases. CENTENNIAL EDITION. ERVING'S WAR RECORD. The following is a list of the soldiers furnished by Erving for the war of 1861-5; Thomas Noyes, Jr., William Whipple, £r ""l"^®^ 1- ^1®'"'!'^'^*^' Henry Laplant ^t , ^; Benjamin, Merrick A. Packard, Mitchell Cummmgs, Lewis Seymour, Nicholas Laux, Lyman H. Clay, John Palmer, Willard Packard, Alonzo Mead, Robert G. Curtis, Albert A. Field, Joseph B. Green, Artemas Rodman, John Murphy, Andrew J. Briggs, Michael Murphy, Edward Coolid-e, Ferdinand G. Packard, Lucian M. Packard, ' Frank B. Packard, Edward F. Potter, Peter Richards, James W. Wilbur, Thomas Stafford, James Smith, Peter Dyer, John Freeman, C. A. Trask, Charles S. Brigham, Charles F. Moore, Hem-y D. Potter, B. P. Green, George T. Cowles, Joseph B. Green, Walter D. Crane, M. Moonan, Wilson J. Hale, John Maloney, Henry Lewis, John Gettings, Henry S. Benjamin, Paul Tatro, Mark Rankin, Henry Coolidge, George W. Beard, J, H. Trask, George Britton, C. D. Gilmore, James Miller, John E. Trask, C. W. Wheeler. NEW SALEM. BY GEORGE W. HORR, ESQ. December 31, 1734, the General Court issued to sixty persons, resident in the town of Salem, a gi-ant for a township equal to six miles square, and further issued an additional grant of 4000 acres. In August, 1735, the proprietors effected an organization and lo- cated the township by the name of New Salem. The town was incorporated in 1753. It has under- gone various territorial changes. It was widened by the addition to the west side of a portion of Sliutes- bury, in February, 182J. although it had been previ- ously shortened at the south end by setting off a tract of land which, with the east parish of Pelliam, form- ed the town of Prescott. February 5, 1830, a tract was set off to Athol, and March 16, 1837, another tract was taken off and apportioned to both Athol and Orange. At first, settlements were very slow. After the first settlement was made by Jeremiah Meacham, in 1837, other settlements quickly followed. The first inhabitants were chiefly from Middleboro and Dan- vers. Jeremiah Ballard, James Cook and Amos Put- nam were settlers contemporaneous with Meacham, and Samuel King, Samuel Pierce, Amos Foster, Ben- jamin Stacy and Daniel Shaw were early settlers. Robert Hoar, father of Warren Hoar and grandfath- er of Maj. Warren Horr, came from Middleboro and took up and purchased tracts of land covering part of the present village of Cooleyville and vicinity. Robert Hoar, as the family name was then spelled, was a patriot in Revolutionary times, and received an appointment to collect forage for the Continental army. None of the settlers lost their lives by the Indians, but it was necessary to take precautionary measures, and two forts were constructed for protection, and some of the settlers went from time to time into serv- ice against the Indians. Among the prominent early settlers were Vamey Pierce, jus pads; James Cook, first inn-holder, and who erected the first grist-mill in town; Robert Cook, who was the grandson of James Cook. One of the earliest physicians was Dr. Joseph Goldthwaite, and afterwards Dr. Coles, a graduate of Dartmouth col- lege. Daniel Ballard, Esq., a direct descendant of Jere- miah Ballard, one of the earhest settlers of the town, has in his possession several original documents of great interest to the early history of New Salem. Any manuscripts in existence relating to the history 105 of New Salem are especially valuable, as all the town records, dating from 1753 to 1856, as well as the pro- prietors' records, were destroyed by fire, in 1856. The first minister was Rev. Samuel Kendall, who died in 1793, and was succeeded in the ministry by Rev. Joel Foster, who was settled in 1779; he resigned in 1803 and was succeeded by Rev. Warren Pierce. Rev. Alpheus Harding succeeded Mr. Pierce, in 1807. After remaining in that position for forty years he resigned, and died in his ninetieth year, in 1869. He was always the constant friend of education and morality, and was very deeply interested in the pros- perity of New Salem Academy. All of his children died before him, excepting Hon. Alpheus Harding of Athol. New Salem has always been well supplied with meeting-houses for public Christian worship. The church edifice, erected near where Beriah W. Fay, Esq. , lives, was owned by the First society, but in 1834 a new society was formed, purchasing the church building and removing it to North New Salem. The Third Congregational church was organized in New Salem centre in 1845. As early as 1773, a Baptist church was organized in the south part of the town. There is also a Methodist meeting-house near the Prescott line, which belongs to the Methodists of North Prescott, with whom the Methodists of New Salem and vicinity worship. Owing to the loss of the records by fire, the knowl- edge to be obtained of the action of the town during the Revolutionary struggle is very meagre. The fol- lowing, relative to Revolutionary times, is copied from Barber's Historical Collections, having been first published in the Barre Oazette : The news of the battle at Lexington fiew through New England like wildfu-e. The swift horseman with his red flag proclaimed it in every village, and made the stimng call upon the patriots to move forward in defense of the rights so ruthlessly invaded and now sealed with the martyrs' blood. Putnam, it will be recollected 1 left his plough in the furrow and led his gallant band to Cambridge. Such instances of promptness and devotion were not rare. We have the following instance of the display of fervid patri- otism from an eye-witness — one of those valued relics of the band of '76, whom now a grateful nation de- liglits to honor: When the intelligence reached New Salem, in this State, the people were hastily assembled on the village green by the notes of alarm. Every man came with his gun and other hasty preparations for a short march. The militia of the town were then divided into two companies, one of which was commanded by Capt. G. This company was paraded before much consultation had been had upon the proper steps to be taken in the emergency, and while determination was expressed on almost every countenance, the men stood silently leaning on their muskets, awaiting the movement of the spirit in the officers. The captain was supposed to be tinctured with toryism, and his present indeci- sion and backwardness were ample proof, if not of his attachment to royalty, at least of his unfitness to lead a patriot band. Some murmurs began to be heard, when the first lieutenant, William Stacy, took off his hat and addressed them. He was a man of stout heart, but of few words. PulUng his commis- sion from his pocket, he said: "Fellow-soldiers, I don't know exactly how it is with the rest of you, but for one, I will no longer serve a king that murders my own countrymen ! " And tearing the paper in a hundred pieces, he trod it under his foot. Sober as were the people by nature, they could not restrain a wild, loud hurra, as he stepped forward and took his place in the ranks. G. still faltered, and made a fee- ble endeavor to restore order; but they heeded him as little as the wind. The company was summarily dis- banded, and a reorganization begun on the spot. The gallant Stacy was unanimously chosen captain, and with a prouder commission than was ever borne on parchment, he led a small but efficient band to Cam- bridge. He continued in service through the war, reaching, we believe, before its close, the rank of lieutenant-colonel, under the command of Putnam. There are four villages in the town and each has a postofBce, New Salem Centre, North New Salem, Cooleyville and Millington, Cooleyville being named in honor of the late Merrick B. Cooley, the village blacksmith — a genial, pleasant man, kind neighbor, and noted for his great skill as a marksman; with the rifle, no one was his superior in this part of the 106 State. The compiler of this sketch well remembers, about fifty years ago, how anxiously the return of the blacksmith was watched for at a squirrel hunt, when the game had been nearly all counted and the sides were about evenly divided. Soon Mr. Cooley appear- ed, and opening a bag, produced over forty squirrels, nearly all being shot through the head with his un- erring rifle. His side won, and being a generous man, refreshments in abundance, such as the time and oc- casion demanded, were furnished. When the time came to preserve our institutions and union, New Salem responded nobly and from the iirst to the last of the terrible war of the Rebellion, the inhabitants exhibited the true spirit of patriotism and devoted love of country. Over one hundred sol- diers were furnished by New Salem to aid in the sup- pression of the Rebellion. Fortunately the records of the town during this period are preserved, and, when the historian appears who shall write such a history as this grand old town deserves, then the deeds and fame of these heroes may be narrated in language which will do some justice to their imperishable gloiy. The following is the record of enlistments : GREENFIELD GAZETTE. H. D. Bliss, WiUiam H. Sawyer, Josiah W. Hayden, F. S. Day, D. W. Joslyn, Adolphus Porter, A. P. Pierce, Jesse Strong, WUliam Harvey, Erastus Weeks, Charles Davis, Charles Griffin, Oscelo Goodnow, Alvin Clark, A. B. Clark, David Bliss, Charles A. Stevens, A. M. Russell, Lyman Holden, S. P. Williams, Chauncey Upton, H. C. Joslyn, F. W. Newland, Asa F. Richards, Albrona Baldwin, H. S. Smith, Hugh D. Haskell, Samuel Hoyt, William H. Pierce, Charles Reynolds, Jesse Hayden. Merriam King, Reuben Weeks, M. L. Chamberlain, Asa P. Wheeler, William Hemingway, Forester Hanson, J. G. Hayden, William N. Dexter, D wight Freeman, A. Rawson, William Leighton, F. H. Bliss, John T. Bliss, William B. Bliss, Lafayette Smith, Henry Weeks, A. W. King, Daniel Bosworth, E. G. Giles, L. Ramsdell, James W. Hayden. Thirteen of the men in the foregoing list died in the First, that the town should move the old meeting- liouse to the northeast corner of the common, and re- pair it, so as to be suitable for an academy and town- house (the latter on the second floor, the former on the first). Second, that the selectmen be directed to ask the General Court, in behalf of the town, to set up an academy. A petition was accordingly sent to the Senate and House of Representatives, the first day of June, 1793. Its incorporation was as follows : In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hun- dred and ninety-five: An act for establishing an academy in the town of New Salem, by the name of New Salem Academy: Whereas a suitable number of academies within this Commonwealth will be of common benefit, and it appears that the town of New Salem has enacted and agi-eed to maintain a conven- ient building for that purpose, to efifect which design more fully it is necessary to establish a body politic. Be it therefore enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, that there be and hereby is established, in the town of New Salem, in the county of Hampshire, an academy by the name of New Salem Academy, for the purpose of promoting piety, religion and morality; and for the instruction of youth in NEW SALEM S WAE RECORD. Austin A. Haskell, Henry Holley, Jason Hanson, F. M. Conner, Charles Vaughan, James Fleet, James Golden, Charles Scott, Albert Fleishman, Lewis Chombard, Victor Dupon, Francis Marshead, Francis W. Neville, David Hutcheson, Charles Axworthy, Wilber H. Hale, George H. Smith, F. A. Blodgett, Elbridge Smith, Charles BUss, Bailey, Winslow, Wilson Upton, Charles E. Tupper, A. A. BUss, Reuben Gibson, W. T. Putnam, A. E. Town, James L. Powers, David Hamilton, Jr., F. E. Stratton, George C. Warner, Charles Fisher, v. V. Vaughan, F. C. Thompson, Emory Haskins, Lyman C. Gibbs, D. E. Morrison, J. F. Freeman, A. A. Washburn, L. D. PhilUps, H. L. Freeman, George W. Harding, Jesse C. Haskins, H. W. Amsden, Charles P. Bliss, I. P. Sampson, Arad Johnson, George E. Hanson, James F. Smith, NEW SALEM ACADEMY. Among the natives of New Salem receiving college diplomas, and diploma from Harvard University law school, there have been Warren Pierce, Proctor Pierce, Doctor Coles, Charles Pierce, Solomon Howe, Bishop Ozi W. Whitaker, Willard Putnam, college diplomas; Farewell F. Fay and George W. Horr, diplo- mas of LL.B from Harvard University, years 1859 and 1860 respectively NEW SALEM ACADEMY. The records of this time-honored institution are safe. The following facts in regard to its establish- ment and history have been copied from the records by the compiler of this sketch. In New Salem, on the 14th day of January, 1793, an article was inserted in a warrant for a town-meet- ing, "To see what disposition should be made of an old meeting-house." Upon this article a committee was chosen to report, at a subsequent meeting, on the expediency of erecting an academy, and raising a fund for its support. The report of this committee con- tained the following sections: such langTiage and in such of the liberal arts and sciences as the trustees shall direct; and that the Rev. Joel Foster, the Rev. Solomon Reed, the Rev. Joseph Blodget, the Rev. Joseph Kilburn, David Smead, Esq., John Goldsbury, Esq., Jonathan Warner, Esq., David Sexton, Esq., Ebenezer Mattoon, Junior, Esq., Daniel Bigelow, Esq., Martin Kingsley, Esq., Ezekiel Kellogg, Junior, Esq., Samuel Kendall, Varney Pearce and Asa Merriam be and are hereby nominated and appointed into a body politic, by the name of Trustees of New Salem Academy; and they and their success- ors shall be and continue to be a body politic by the same name forever. It will be noticed this was a close corporation. Next follow regulations in regard to grants or dona- tions, and the powers and duties of the trustees are specifically given. And be it further enacted, the number of the trustees and their successors shall not at any time be more than fifteen nor less than nine. Nine shall con- stitute a quorum for transacting business, and a ma- jority of the members present at any legal meeting shall decide all questions proper to come before the trustees. And be it further enacted that Ezekiel Kellogg, Esq., be and hereby is authorized to fix the time and place for holding the first meeting of the trustees and to notify them thereof. In the House of Representatives, Feb. 34th, 1795. This bill, having had three several readings, passed to be engrossed. Edward H. Robbins, Speaker. In the Senate, Feb. 35, 1795. This bill, having had two several readings, passed to be enacted. Samuel Phillips, President. Feb. 35th, 1795. By the governorapproved. Samuel Adams. A true copy. Attest: John Avery, Junior, Secretary. Pursuant to the foregoing act, the trustees therein named vrere notified, by lettere, under the hand of Ezekiel Kellogg, Junior, Esq., to meet at the house of Deacon Samuel Kendall, inn-holder, in New Salem, the 7th day of July, 1795, at twelve o'clock. Among the rules and resolves passed at this meeting vs^as the foUovcing: IX. Voted that the tuition shall not exceed one shilling per week. A special meeting was called for August IS. 1796, and, after the transaction of some business, voted to adjourn "till to-morrow morning, at 5 o'clock.'' The record of the adjourned meeting commences as fol- lows: "Met according to adjournment." The sixth vote recorded reads: Voted, that the trustees do recommend to the young gentlemen who study at New Salem Academy, that they refrain from wearing gowns. At the regular annual meeting, Oct. 25th, 1799: Voted, that the secretary be directed to publish the time and place of the next annual meeting of the trustees in the newspapers printed at Worcester and Northampton, three weeks successively, the last pub- lication to be one week previous to the meeting. Voted, that the preceptor of the academy shall not suffer any pieces to be exhibited at any public exhibi- tion, only such as shall have the previous approbation of two or more of the comnaittee for visiting the school. At the annual meeting in 1803: Voted that, in future, there shall be four vacations in the school at the academy, each year, each vacation to continue two weeks and one day from the times aforesaid. Voted, that the vacations, as above stated, be pub- lished in the two newspapers printed in Worcester, three weeks successively, and also in Thomas' Alma- nac. At the annual meeting in 1806, it was voted to sus- pend that part of the 13th article, or section of the by- laws, which related to corporal punishment. The by-law suspended read as follows: To impose these laws and secure obedience to them, no corporal punishment shall be inflicted. On the 4th day of October, 1837, the building was destroyed by fire. The following year another edifice was erected, to be used solely as an academy. F. E. Stratton, in his sketch of New Salem Acade- my, furnished to the agent of the Board of Educa- tion at the time he was principal, in 1876, gives in- teresting and important facts. He says: Among the donations which have been received lately should be mentioned that of Ira Stratton, Esq., of Cambi-idge, Mass., who, in 1856, bequeathed $1000; also that of the Commonwealth, which gave $10,000 —$5000 unconditionally and §^5000 on condition that $5000 more should be raised by subscription. This condition was complied with in 1870. Thoroughness is aimed at in every study. It is a constant endeavor to see how well the scholar under- stands what he has gone over; but little attention is paid to how much. No special period is allotted for the completion of any study, but the student is ad- vanced as fast as his own best interests will allow. No exammation or previous course of study is re- quired for admission to this academy, but all students are received who pay the prescribed tuition and prom- ise to comply with the rules of the institution. There is a lyceum which has been long established and is maintained by the students. The older ones fill the offices and nearly all take part in the exercises. Officers are chosen every fourth week (duiing term time) throughout the year. This offers an opportuni- ty to those who wish for practical knowledge of par- liamentary rules, and gives to all culture in public speaking. The old graduates and citizens of the CENTENNIAL EDITION. town have always taken a hvely interest in these meetings. IMr. Stratton also gives the course of study, ex- pense to pupils, some facts of the work accomplished by this institution, the names of the preceptors, etc. The academies in the old Bay State, among which New Salem is one of the oldest, were established by the men who achieved our independence, their col- leagues, contemporaries, and the children, worthy of the fathers of the Republic. The alumni of New Salem Academy everywhere take a deep interest in their beloved alma mater. The successful reunions, year after year, attest this fact. The appointment of one as centennial historian- humble though he may be, yet he loves the old acad- emy of his native town, where he was a student in 1843,— the proposed selection of Bishop Ozi W. Whit- aker as the orator of the centenial reunion, and the efforts being made to raise funds, show a determina- tion on the part of the alumni to keep this light set on a hill, ever brightly shining, for the purpose, as our fathers expressed it, "of promoting piety, relig- ion and morality; and for the instruction of youth in such language and in such of the liberal arts and sciences as the trustees shall direct." interesting statistics. Population (Colonial, United States and State cen- suses) — 1765, 375 1830, 1889 1870, 987 1776, 910 1840, 1305 1875, 933 1790, 1.543 1850, 1253 1880, 869 1800, 1949 1855, 1321 1885, 833 1810, 3107 1860, 957 1890, 856 1830, 2146 1865, 1116 Products, >i;10Z;2Jfl (Last State census)— Animal products, $6,006 Clothing, needlework, etc., 944 Dairy, 33,671 Food, 1,776 Hot-house and hot-bed, 15 Liquors and beverages, 937 Poultry, 7,318 Wood, 13,155 Wooden goods, 65 Other products, 183 Cereals, 4,111 Fruits, berries and nuts, 6,049 Hay, straw and fodder, 37,373 Meats and game, 5,654 Vegetables, 5,983 Property, $387,530 (State census) — Land, $193,063 Buildings, 137,013 Machines, implements, etc., 19,318 Domestic animals, etc, 38,252 Fruit trees and vines, 9,886 Ilaniifaotures (State census)— Boots and shoes, 1; brick, tile and sewer pipe, 1; building, 1; carriages and wagons, 1; food prepara- tions, 1; lumber, 4; metals and metaUic goods, 8. Capital invested in manufacturing and mechanical industries: Land,$1355; buildingsand fixtures, $5150; machinery, $4500; implements and tools, $530; cash capital, $9400; total real (fixed), cash and credit capi- tal invested, $20,935. Valne of goods made and work done in manufac- turing and mechanical industries: Boots, shoes and slippers, $75; building materials and stone-work, $2800; food preparations, $32,137; iron goods, $1616; wooden goods, $13,350; wood and metal goods, $400; total value of goods made and work done, $39,378. Number of persons eighty years of age and over: Males, 15; females, 13. A BRIEF HISTOEY OP SHELBTJENE. RY FREDERIC ALLISON TUPPER. 107 ture,'' or, more briefly, "Deerfield northwest" and the "northwest.'' The first settlements were made by Jonathan Catlin and James Ryder of Deerfield, be- tween 1753 and 1756, but in consequence of the French and Indian wars these settlements were abandoned. Among the first permanent settlers were Robert Wil- son, Samuel Wilson, Archibald Lawson, Martin Sev- erance and Daniel Ryder, who came to the vicinity in 1760. Later came Daniel Nims, John Taylor, Eben- ezer Fisk, Watson Freeman, Samuel Hunter, John Wells, Stephen Kellogg, John Thompson, Lawrence Kemp, Samuel Fisk, John Heaton, Thomas Wells, Asa Childs, James Taft, John Allen, Samuel Pool, Oreb Taylor, Samuel Murdock, David Boyd, Moses Hawks, John Boyd, Reuben Nims, Samuel Fellows, Samuel Fellows, Jr., Jeremiah Foster, Newton Ran- som and Alexander Clark. Shelburne was incorporated as a town in 1768. Its birthday is the 21st of June. Its name was derived from Lord Shelburne, who favored the American pa- triots in the Revolutionary war, and who is said to have presented the town with a bell, which met with an untimely fate before reaching its destination. The first town meeting was held October 31, 1768. John Taylor was moderator. The first religious meetings were held at the house of Daniel Nims, then in a log church, and later in a frame church. A conch shell was used to summon the worshipers. The town was without a church bell until 1805. Among the earliest temporary clergy- men were Rev. Robert Abercrombie, a friend of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, Rev. John Merrett, Rev. John Wyeth, Rev. Jonathan Bird and Rev. Caleb Hotchkiss. The first permanent pastor of the Shel- burne church was Rev. Robert Hubbard, who was or- dained in 1773. The early settlers, whom we all should honor, had to contend with many difficulties. To be lost in the pathless woods, to encounter wolves, catamounts and other fierce beasts, to be in constant terror from the savage Indians, these, and a thousand other dangers and trials, can hardly be understood by persons who may glide by the homes of their ancestors in all the ease and luxuiy of drawing-room cars. But in spite of difficulties innumerable, in spite of wars and disease, the town flourished. Like other New Englanders, the inhabitants of Shelburne felt it incumbent upon them to be the moving force in all sorts of progress. Church and state and school were fostered with that unquestioning certainty of being right that goes far towards guaranteeing success. From the humble beginnings of the past has come the creditable condition of present. Shelburne and Shelburne Falls with their well-tilled farms, busy in- dustries, tasteful homes, excellent schools, numerous churches, and general air of thrift, intelligence, and prosperity, may well congratulate themselves on what has been accomplished. Let us look at some of the most important interests of the town a little more minutely. The territory of the town now known as Shelburne was incorporated in old Hampshire county as early as 1663. In 1713, on the petition of Rev. John Williams, "the redeemed captive," this same territory was an- nexed to Deerfield, and was commonly known as "Deerfield pasture" and "Deerfield northwest pas- OHURCH HISTORY. The first Congregational church was organized about 1770. Its pasiors have been Rev. Robert Hub- bard, 1773-1788, Rev. Jesse Townsend, 1792-1797, Rev. Dr. Theophilus Packard, 1799-1855, Rev. Theophi- lus Packard, Jr., 1828-1853, Rev. Richard I. Billings, 1855-1870, Rev. Alfred F. Marsh, 1870-1876, Rev. George L. Clark, 1876-1884, Rev. Benson M. Frink, 1884-1890, Rev. Albert E. Broadstreet, who was suc- ceeded by Rev. Austin Dodge, Jan. 3, 1893. The Shaking Quakers or Shakers built and occupied a meeting-house at Shelburne Falls in 1783, but re- moved to New Lebanon, N. Y., in 1785. Arm Lee was a moving spirit among them for some time, and Jonathan Wood was a prominent leader. A Baptist church was organized. May 31, 1793. Elder David Long was ordained pastor. The house of worship was in the south part of the town. This church was dissolved, April 11, 1839. 108 The First Baptist church, Shelburne Falls, was or- ganized, Nov. 6, 1833, with twenty members, one of whom, Dea. Benjamin Maxwell, the only surviving constituent member, was able until recently to attend church quite regularly. During the nearly sixty years since its organization, the church has had near- ly one thousand different members, the present number being 208. It has had fourteen pastorates as follows: Rev. John Alden, Sept., 1835, to March, 1840; Rev. William Heath, June, 1841, to April, 1844; Rev. Cyrus Smith, May, 1844; died, Sept., 1844; Rev. E. H. Gray, June, 1844, to Aug., 1846; Rev. Wm. H. Parmley, Nov., 1846, to May, 1856; Rev. E. H. Gray, July, 1850, to April, 1868; Rev. A. Judson Sage, Sept., 1863, to May, 1867; Rev. J. A. Goodhue, July, 1867, to May, 1869; Rev. E. H. Gray, Nov., 1869, to Feb., 1873; Rev. P. S.Evans, AprO, 1873, to Nov., 1878; Rev. H. M. Jones, April, 1879, to Feb., 1883; Rev. A. M. Crane, Aug., 1883, to April, 1889; Rev. E. S. Hollo- way, Sept., 1889, to Nov., 1890; Rev. A. C. Peck, Jan. 1891, present pastor. The Congregational church of Shelburne Palls was organized, March 6th, 1850, with forty-five members, three of whom are still members, viz. : J. G. Sears, Elisha Wells and Mrs. R. W. Pratt. There has been a total of 468 members. There are at present 208 members. The first pas- tor was Rev. George F. Bronson, who was in- stalled Feb. 5th, 1851, and dismissed, Nov. 8, 1853. The church was without a regular pastor until Rev. W. F. Loomis was installed, April 14, 1856. He died at Nash- ville, Tenn. , Jan.7, 1864, while in the service of United States Sanitary Commission. Rev. P. S. Boyd, installed Oct. 5, 1865, dismissed Mar. 16, 1869; Rev. E. E. Lamb, installed Dec. 15, 1869, dismissed July 6, 187 5; Rev. C. B. Whitcomb, installed Feb. 22, 1876, dismissed Oct. 1, 1877; Rev. O. P. Emerson was pastor from Nov. , 1877, to June 1880; Rev. WilUam D. McFarland , installed Sept., 28, 1880, dismiss- ed, Sept. 28, 1881; Rev. G. A. Pelton, engaged Nov. 27, 1881, dismissed May 12, 1884; Rev. J. H. Hoffman, installed, Jan. 16, 1885, dismissed May 20, 1889; Rev. W. H. Ashley, engaged Aug. 8, 1889. A Unitarian society was formed, April 4, 1828, and a church in October, 1841, both of which are extinct. A Methodist church was formed at Shelburne Falls in 1843. Its pastors have been: Rev. Messrs. G. W. Green, H. Clark, A. A. Cooke, W. Ward, S. Cush- man, A. G. Bowles, S. W. Johnson, W. Butler, J, Burke; P. Wallingford, 1853-4; L. Fish, 1855-6; L. S. Brewster, 1857-8; J. H. Gaylord, 1859; D. K. Mer- riU, 1865-6; E. W. Virgin, 1870-71; J. H. Fenn, 1872; J. M. Avaun, 1873-5; W. J. Parkinson, 1876-7; W. S. Jagger, 1878-9; F. W. Miller, 1880; E. C. Furguson, 1831-2; E. Hitchcock, 1884-5; C. R. Sherman, 1886; Harvey H. Paine, 1887; W. M. Cassidy, 1889-90; B. J. Johnston, the present pastor. The first Universalist parish was organized in 1853, with thirteen members. The pastors have been: Rev. Messrs. J. H. Willis, 1853-6; Judson Fisher, 1857-60; G. H. Deere, 1861-7; B. V. Stevenson, 1868-74; H. B. Howell, 1874-5; S. G. Davis, 1876-9; J. M. Johns, 1880-1; F. W. Whippen, 1882-5: I. R. H. Biggs, GREENFIELD GAZETTE. 1886-8; F. K. Beem, 1889-93; B. G. Russell, the pres- ent pastor. The church connected with the Universalist society was formed under the pastorate of Rev. G. H. Deere, on Thursday, Deo. 1, 1864, when twenty-one were re- ceived into membership by baptism and nine by the right hand of fellowship. Of these original members, fifteen have died. Between eighty and ninety have united with the church, but many of them have since died, or removed from town, leaving the membership about what it was at the beginning. The church is, however, active and prosperous. Services leading to the establishment of the Epis- copal church in Shelburne Falls were first held in the hall of Arms Academy, beginning Dec. 18, 1881. Services were held at intervals until June. 1882, when the Rev. C. W. Duffleld was appointed by the Diocesan Board of Missions to take charge of the work. In the fall of the same year arrangements were made by Thomas J. Montgomery to build a church as a memo- rial to Mrs. Montgomery's brother, Edwin A. John- son, and her two sisters, Mary W. Johnson and Susan A. Clarke. The coraer-stone was laid. May 23, 1883. Services were continued in Arms Academy until the following year, when the church was consecrated. hall (Shelburne side). Subscriptions were immediate- ly begun for the erection of a new church. These subscriptions met with a very generous encourage- ment. A building lot was secured on Munroe street. and the church erected in the same year by Rev. H. C. Jeannotte. The benediction of the corner-stone took place on the 3d day of October, 1888, by Rev. L. G. Gagnier of Springfield; sermon by Rev. Dr. Thos. D. Beaver, then of Spencer. Services began to be held in that church soon after. This church goes un- der the title of St. Joseph's church of Shelburne Falls. On the first day of January, 1891, Rev. H. C. Jean- notte was transferred to Fitchburg, and Rev. J. C. AUard sent in his place. He is the present pastor of St. Joseph's church, Shelburne Falls. The pastor of Shelburne Falls attends also the Catholic churches of Colrain and Conway. SHBLBTJRNE FALLS. May 23, 1884. Rev. Mr. Duifield continued in charge until 1887. He was followed by Rev. Langdon L. Ward, who had charge until 1889, and by Rev. A. S. Phelps, who is in charge at present. The edifice of this church, known as Emmanuel church, is one of the chief architectural ornaments of the village. The first mass said in Shelburne by a Catholic priest was said some thirty-seven years ago by Rev. Fr. O'Gallahan, then rector of St. Jerome's church, Hol- yoke, Mass. It was said in a private house on Green street. From that time to 1884, the Catholics of Shel- burne Falls were attended occasionally by the priests of Holyoke, Northampton and Greenfield successive- ly. In the spring of 1884, Shelburne Falls was or- ganized into a parish by Rt. Rev. P. T. O'Reilly, Bish- op of Springfield, who sent here as first pastor of the Catholics, Rev. Fr. John F. Lee. Services were reg- ularly held from that date until March, 1888, in the Odd Fellows' hall (Buckland side). In the summer of 1885, Rev. J. F. Lee was succeeded by Rev. J. Agapite Legris, who remained pastor until July, 1887. After Rev. Legris came Rev. H. C. Jeannotte, July, 1887. On the first day of April, 1888, services began to be held in what was then called Whitney hall or Reed's EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. The first district school was opened in 1770. In 1780, eight school districts were established. In 1793, an unsuccessful attempt to establish an academy was made. Franklin Academy, chartered in 1833, and its suc- cessor, the Shelburne Falls Academy, will re- ceive a more extended notice elsewhere. The Shelburne Falls Acade- my was succeeded by the Shelburne Falls High school. Arms Academy was chartered in 1860, and opened in 1880. It was founded by Major Ira Arms of Shelburne, who left $20,000 for its establishment to foster ' 'intellectual, moral and religious growth." Arms Academy is easi- ly first among the edu- ca t i o n a 1 institutions that have made' Shel- burne Falls noted. It surpasses all its prede- cessors in the beauty of its grounds, building and location, the breadth and thorough- ness of its curriculum and in its apparatus and appliances; while in the high character of the patronage which it enjoys, and in the results to which it points with pride it is the true and lineal descend- ant of illustrious ancestors. The first principal was J. M. Hitt, who taught during two terms. He was succeeded by Charles D. Seely, now professor of Greek and Latin at the Brockport, New York, Normal school. Mr. Seely won an excellent reputation as a classical schol- ar. He remained a little more than two years and was succeeded by Hervey S. Cowell, to whom great credit is due for the energetic and successful chai'ac- ter of his administration. Lecture courees, dramas, lyceums and similar entei-tainments, together with elaborate graduating exercises, were introduced, courses of study were laid out. The Arms Student was founded, students attended in large numbers and the school made excellent progress. Mr. Cowell, af- ter a principalship of four years, accepted a position as principal of Gushing Academy at Ashburnham, Mass., and was succeeded at Arms by the present principal, Frederic Allison Tupper. About 600 differ- ent students have been connected with Arms Acade- my during the twelve years of its existence. The names of 104 gi-aduates, thirty of whom have gone to ARMS ACADEMY. higher institutions, are on the records of the school. A great many Arms students are engaged in teacliing with gratifying success. The annual graduating ex- ercises of the academy consist of a baccalaureate ser- mon, public examinations, junior prize speaking, class day exercises, anniversary concert, graduating exercises, alumni dinner and a reception. Besides the original gift of Major Ira Arms, the following benefactions should be noted: From Levi Davenport of Colrain, $1000 for scientific lectures; from the cit- izens of Shelburne Falls and vicinity, also from grad- uates of the academy, about $1300, known as the "citizens' fund"; from the late Edward Brooks of Northampton, $2500, payable at the death of Mrs. Brooks; from the proceeds of the annual alumni din- ner, generously furnished by the people of Shelburne Falls and vicinity, from $75 to $100 per year; from the class of '86, a book-case; from the various gradu- ating classes, photographs; from citizens at the alumni dinner of 1888, $100 for books. The present trustees of the school are as follows: Hon. Samuel T. Field, president; Luther M. Pack- ard, vice-president; Dr. Edwin A. Stebbins, secretary and treasurer; Rev. Alpheus C. Hodges, Francis A. Eugg, Clifton L. Field, Charles H. Leavitt. Arms Academy is proud of its record. The fact that students have been fitted for Harvard, Amherst, Williams, Smith, Wellesley, Bates, Tufts, Middle- bury, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and oth- er higher institutions, gives some idea of what can be done at the academy ; while the large number of stu- dents, who, by their success in life are demonstrating the value of their education, speaks volumes for the academy. During the last academic year 133 differ- ent pupils were enrolled. These students represented more than twenty towns and villages. The school is in a very flourishing condition, and has a brilliant fu- ture before it. Besides the excellent public schools of the primary, intermediate and grammar grades, and the acade- mies already mentioned, there have been several pri- vate schools in town. Among the principals of such private schools may be mentioned: Augustus Pome- roy, Elizabeth (Smith) Hervey, Caroline (Webster) Barnes, Marian (Packard) Severance, Stephen W. Kellogg, Pliny Fisk, Rowland Howes, Prof. H. A. Pratt, and Miss Catherine Johnson. In connection with education, the Arms library de- serves notice. It was founded in 1859, by a bequest of $5000 from Major Ira Arms. It contains over 7000 volumes and is managed by the following board of trustees: Messrs. D. S. Wilcox, C. L. Merriam, Edwin Baker, J. A. Richmond, S. T. Field, G. W. Mirick and H. A. Pratt. Mrs. James Halligan is librarian. CENTENNIAL EDITION. citizens of Shelburne took part in the Revolutionary war: Benjamin Allen, Benjamin Allen, Jr., Sylvester Allen, Rewel Allen, Ebenezer AUis, Stephen AUis, James Anderson, David Anderson, William Andei-son, Thomas Anderson, John Anderson, Ebenezer Bardwell, Job Bardwell, David Barnard, Ezekiel Bascom, Philip Bartlett, Matthew Barber, Ohver Bates, Moses Bates, John Bates, David Belding, Joseph Bennett, Abraham Blodgett, James Blodgett, John Burdick, James Butler, David ChUds, Wm. Choat, Charles Carter, Matthew Clark, Alexander Clark, Job Coleman, James Corse, Duncan Conoly, Geo. Dilbar, John Dority, Peter Dodge, Amos Dodge, David Doyl, Thomas Dyer, William Fellows, Willis Fellows, John Fellows, Samuel Fellows, Samuel Fellows, Jr., Solomon Fellows, Jonathan Fish, Samuel Fish, Levi Fish, James Graves. Ichabod Graves, Elijah Graves, Francis Greene, John Grout, Wm. Hale, John Heaton, Wm. Hilton, David Hosley, 109 WAE HISTORY. Shelburne has always fostered patriotism. June 26, 1776, a vote was passed "that this town will stand by the Honorable Continental Congi-ess with their lives and fortunes, if their Honors think it expedient to declare us independent of Great Britain for the safety of our rights and privileges." The following John Hunter, David Hunter, Hugh Hunter, Capt. Larance Kemp, Amasa Kemp, Levi Kemp, John Kemp, Stephen Kellogg, Robei't Long, Ephraim Lyon, James Merrill, Thaddeus Merrill, Nathaniel Merrill, Hugh McGill, Adam McGill, Benjamin Nash, David Nims, John Nims, Abner Nims, Joseph Osborn, Luke Oxford, Jacob Poole, Nathan Peck, Job Porter, Ephraim Potter, Benjamin Potter, Avery Randall, Ezekiel Ranson, Elisha Ranson, Hajael Ranson, Jabez Ranson, Calvin Ranson, John Ranson, Luther Ranson, Phineas Rider, Elijah Sener, Samuel Severance, Martin Severance, Eli Skinner, Silas Shurtleff, Solomon Smead, Selah Smith, Nathan Shippee, John Stewart, Matthew Taft, Zebulon Taylor, Daniel Taylor, John Terriel, Caleb Thayer, James Tinney, Robert Watson, David Wells, John Wells, Noah Wells, Agripie Wells, Joshua Whitney, James Wilson, Timothy Woodward. Other names mentioned are: Abner Peck, Samuel Smead, William Long, Stephen Long, Reuben Bard- well, Dr. John Long, Asa Nims and Elisha Barnard. There may have been others. In Shays' Rebellion, citizens of Shelburne took part, some on one side, others on the other. The roll of those drafted for the war of 1813 is as follows: Thomas Goodnow, David Long, Alexander Fisk, William McColUster, Samuel Nims, William Phillips, Jesse Wilson. Stebbins Allen, Daniel Anderson, David Anderson, 3d, Medad Bardwell, Ira Burnard, George Bull, George W. Carpenter, Shelburne, so far as has been ascertained, furnished no soldiers for the Mexican war. In suppressing the great rebellion of 1861 Shelburne took a most credita- ble part. Capt. J. A. Richmond kindly furnishes the following lists, which are as accurate as any that can be obtained. Roll of Shelburne soldiers killed or who died in the service: Col. John Kellogg,* Maj. Ozro Miller, Capt. Samuel Fisk,t Capt.Henry N. Kellogg,! Lieut. B. F. Leland, Sergt. Henry C. Severance Corp. Nathaniel Herrick ~»Col. John Kellogg was a native of Shelbai-ne, but was in the regular *Tcapt. Samuel Fiske was a native of Shelburne, but was from Con- "'tCap': Kellogg was a native of Shelburne, but was an Illinois soldier. Nahum S. Putney, Henry C. Utley, Charles W. Russell, Charles P. Lamb, Asa Merrill, ,Henry D. Culver, Anthony Culver, Private Elijah Briggs, John R. Campbell, Josiah S. Emerson, James D. Williams, Elisha W. Fay, Peter Ely, Philip Collins, Everett E. Severance, Patrick Sweeney, Charles B. Dole, Oscar Snow, Asa Tilden, Charles Russell, Frederick Gaylor, Charles F. Wing. List of Shelburne soldiers who have died since they came out of the service: Capt. David Wilson, Sergt. Silas Nims, Sergt. Chauncey Gale, Sergt. Charles R. White,' Corp. Charles F. Alden, Coi-p. Josiah Coleman, Ethan H. Allen, Charles S. Townley, Jacob Haigis, Ralph Childs, Marcus W. Rice, Lot M. Blackwell, Elliott O. Stevens, Charles D. Gunn, Phny Samuel S. Pettiplace, Fred O. Morton, John W. Griebel, E. C. Morton, Albert Tolman, Ansel S. Foster, Lewis W. Mason, Dexter Dickinson, Wm. Parmenter, Geo. B. Pratt, Chester Pratt, Philip Krone, Charles A. Pratt, Joseph C. Merrill. Briggs. Roll of Shelburne soldiers living at this date, so far as known: Colonel H. S. Greenleaf , Major Henry Winn, Captain Wm. Streeter. S. M. Blackwell, " Everett Rankin, " Chandler J. Woodward, Lieutenant Henry Tracy, " Samuel H. Blackwell, Sergeant Walter Carpenter, " Henry G. Maynarcl, " George R. Pierce, " Henry Danfin, " H. A. Howard, Corporal James E. Williams, " Elijah W. Dunson, ' ' Marcus Vincent , " Preston C. Maynard. " Stephen Ford, ' ' John Yale, " John M. Wells, " Mallory York, William Wells, John Bringolf , E. Foster, James L. Bragdon, Gilbert D. Streeter, S. M. Ware, Henry L. Brown, Edwin C. Orcutt, Austin M. Rice, Dexter D. Ware, Charles Perry, Jr., Benjamin Waterman A. 6. Dole, Henry G. Fish, Wm. R. Bardwell, Samuel F. Daniels, Wm. H. Foster, Charles B. Gunn, Geo. F. Hill, Charles B. Hubbard, Silas C. Hunter, Charles O. Pelton, John F. Severance, Michael Shay. Geo. F. Steel, Harvey C. Wright, Caspar Condert, Amariah Chandler, Thomas Mclntire, Edward P. Malley, John Murph}-, J. A. Austin, Josiah P. Day, Edward P. Conant, Frank D. Bardwell. Wm. H. Gragg, D. C. Hotchkiss, C. C. Packard, Alfred Putney, Adolph Stempel, Geo. W. Wilson, Phineas A. Hosmer Alvin Blackwell, J. A. Franklin, Thomas Carl, Peter Bard, G. Danfin, Joseph F. Smith, Charles Stone, Noble D. Sackett, George O. Wilder, The following belong either to Shelburne or Buck- land: Charles Warner, Henry C. Lamb, Moses John- son, Philip Hurlburt, Geo. Smead. Associate with these formal lists the deeds of dar- ing, the self-sacrifice, the hardships, the martyrdom of our heroes, and the names will "shine as the stai's forever and ever." DOCTORS, LAWYERS AND CIVIL LIST. The earliest physicians of Shelburne were Doctors Long and Childs, who were succeeded by their sons. Other physicians have been: Drs. Robert B. Sever- ance, D. S. Beals, George Bull, Constant Field, Charles M. Duncan, Lawson Long, S. J. W. Tabor, Milo Wilson, Dr. Cleveland, J. W. Bement, Chenery Puffer, William S. Severance, Charles E. Severance, A. H. Taylor, C. M. Wilson, Francis J. Canedy, F. H. Drew, E. R. Morgan, Theodore Foote, A. E. Willis, 110 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. W. H. Otterson, H. H. Flagg and W. B. Robinson. Dr. Francis J. Canedy of Slielbume Falls is one of the councilors of the Franklin District Medical So- ciety and has been Medical Examiner for Western Franklin since that office was instituted. The list of Shelburne's lawyers is a brief one and includes the following names: Samuel T. Field, Arthur Maxwell, Henry M. Puffer and Wesson E. Mansfield. Judge Aiken of Greenfield once practiced here. Samuel T . Field was district attorney from 1 874 till 1877. The meTO.bers of the General Court from Shelburne, from the date of the town's incorporation, 1768, to the present, are as follows: Elijah Williams, 1769; David Field, 1770; Samuel Hinsdell, 1771-2; Samuel Field, 1773-4; Dea. Samuel Fellows (in Provincial Congress), 1775; Robert Wilson, 1777, '83, '85; Dr. John Long. 1780, 1802, '4; John Burdick, 1782; Capt. Benjamin Nash, 1784, '93; Lieut. Robt. Wilson, 1787, '89, '90; Moses Hawks, 1795; John Wells, Jr., 1797; Aaron Skinner, 1799, 1806; Julia Kellogg, 1808; Will- iam Wells, 1809, '12, '17, '19, '21, '27, '38, '34; John Fel- lows, 1810, '11; Theophilus Packard, 1829, '39; Ira consisted of the following industries: The Lamson and Goodnow Manufacturing Company, The Mayhew Silk Company, The H. H. Mayhew & Co. Hardware Manufactory, The Silver-plating Factory, The Shel- burne Falls Marble Company's Works, The Shelburae Falls Co-operative Creamery, Frost & Bartlett's Grist Mill, H. A. Bowen's Paper Box Works, Richmond's Sash and Blind Factory, Rush Brothers Cutlery, a saw-mill, etc. The Lamson & Goodnow M'f 'g Co. is one of the old- est cutlery manufacturing corporations in the country. Originally the works were on the Shelburne side of the river. In 1850, works were built on the Buck- land side, which have been extended from time to time until they now comprise ten to twelve commo- dious buildings covering about two and one-half acres. The company owns its water privilege (one of the best on the Deerfield river) and about thirty acres along the river bank. The present company was organized in 1856. The number of operatives employed is from 275 to 300, the larger number hav- ing been in the service of the company for from twenty to forty-five years. Its manufactures are name of the bank was changed in 1876 to The Shel- burne Falls Savings Bank. The Shelburne Falls National Bank was incorpor- ated in 1865. Its officers are as follows: President, Lorenzo Griswold; vice-president, B. H. Newell; cashier, Charles W. Hawks; clerk, Clarence B. Covell; directors, Lorenzo Griswold, B. H. Newell, E. R. Goodnow, Edwin Baker, Joseph Whiting, F. L. Davenport, F. H. Smith. The National Bank took the place of the State Bank which commenced busi- ness 1855-6. The railroad facilities at Shelburne Falls are ex- cellent, as the village is the terminus of the New York, New Haven and Northampton Railroad, and is a station on the main line of the Fitchburg Railroad. A magnificent water-power invites new industries, while the admirable shipping facilities guarantee every opportunity for ready transportation. MISCELLANEOUS. The village of Shelburne Falls is noted for the en- terprise and high character of its business men, and WCEKS OF THE LAMSON & GOODNOW MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Arms, 1830, '31, '32, '35, '86, '37, '88; Cyrus Alden, 1840; Asa Severance, 1841, '42, '45; Jacob P. Kellogg, 1843; John H. Morse, 1844; Nathaniel Lamson, 1849; Ebenezer G. Lamson, 1851; John B. Whitney, 1852i Joseph Sweet, 1853; MUo Wilson, 1854; Samuel T. Field, 1855, '68; D. Orlando Fisk, 1861; Chenery Puf- fer, 1863; William F. Wilder, 1865; Lafayette An- derson, 1872: Alanson K. Hawks, 1876, '78; Samuel D. Bardwell, 1880; Edwin Baker, 1885, '86; George W. Jenks, 1892. The following residents of Shelburne have been senators from the district in which the town was a part: Carver Hotchkiss, 1859, '60; William F. Wilder, 1866; Edwin Baker, 1889, '90. George D. Crittenden of Shelburne Falls was at one time county commissioner. Samuel D. Bardwell is trial justice at Shelburne Falls. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The principal business enterprises of Shelburne have naturally been located at the Falls, and have known throughout the civilized world and with a reputation for quality unexcelled. These comprise a large and complete variety of table cutlery in fine and medium grades— butcher's, cook's, hunting, painter's and druggist's knives, and various others designed for household and other uses. Its trade steadily increases and it is constantly adding to the variety and quantity of output. The present ofii- cers are: President, R. N. Oakman; secretary, F. A. Ball (for forty-three years in the service of the com- pany and many years treasurer); treasurer, H. H. Mayhew; these, with F. H. Oakman and F. R. Pratt, comprise the directors. The superintendent is James A. Halligan, for thirty-nine years in the service of the company. The Shelburne Falls Five Cents Savings Bank was incorporated in 1855. Its officers are as follows: President, F. A. Ball; vice-president, J. K. Patch; clerk, B. H. Newell; treasurer, A. K. Hawks; trus- tees, G. A. Bates, J. K. Patch, H. H. Mayhew, A. W. Ward, Edwin Baker, George W. Jenks, James Halli- gan, F. A. Ball, B. H. Newell, F. R. Pratt, A. K. Hawks; auditors, F. A. Ball and F. R. Pratt. The is a natural trade-centre for a large territory. Ex- cellent roads lead to a score of towns. The new bridge, built in the most substantial manner, facili- tates travel and traffic, and is a great ornament and advantage to the town. Concrete walks, street lights, pure spring water, together with the numerous other advantages make Shelburne Falls a fine place for residence. The tower on Mount Massaemet attracts many visitors and affords a view unsurpassed in New England. An efficient fire department protects the homes. Numerous social organizations afford opportunities for the gratification of the desire of society. The Masons, the Odd Fellows, the Turn- verein, the Grand Army, the Woman's Relief Corps, theD. O. H., the Ancient Order of Hibernians and other societies have here flourishing lodges. The Shelburne Falls Brass Band affords the citizens much pleasure. ARMS CEMETERY. No one thing more attracts the attention and elicits the commendation of visitors than the Arms cemetery, located about a half mile north of the village of Shel- CENTENNIAL EDITION. Ill burne Falls, originally on land (thirteen acres) deeded to the association by Ira Arms, as a free gift for pub- lic use as a cemetery. It is beautifully situated, and laid out in the form of an ellipse, with broad avenues, and each lot laid to front on an avenue. It was ded- icated in October, 1855, and the first interment was made that year. The dedicatory address was by Rev. W. F. Loomis, who lies buried in the grounds, a mar- tyr of the Civil war; nearly fifty other soldiers have already been buried there. Subsequently the associ- ation purchased seventeen acres contiguous, which lot is added to and laid out as needed, as far as practi- cable following out the original plan. Some thirteen hundred burials have been made. The grounds are kept with scrupulous care, many of the lot-owners providing for the perpetual care of their lots. Those visiting the cemetery in the summer time, when the verdure serves as a sheen upon the sacred plots, trees and monuments, with the fountain jetting the water high in the air, may be impressed with the sadly beautiful, as tliey look upon the last resting-place of their loved and lost. Involuntarily we feel that we would exchange this for no other spot in our broad land for the last resting-place of our friends. The Gazette has special reason to mention in con- nection with Shelburne Falls its veteran correspond- ent, Henry M. Puffer. For the past twenty-flve years, that is just one-fourth of its existence, Mr. Puffer has supplied to the paper, with thoroughness and enterprise, all that Shelburne Falls could furnish of local news of iut(n'est beyond the town's borders. During this entire period Mr. Puffer has not once failed to send in the weekly communication, a record no other local correspondent of the Gazette has made and which probably makes him the champion of newspaper correspondents. — Ed. Gazette. JAKVIS B. BAEDWELL'S EEMINISOENSES OP SHELBUENE FALLS. HISTORICAL GLEANINGS. Mary Lyon, before she was twenty, taught a dis- trict school at Shelburne Falls for seventy-five cents a week and board. Rev. Dr. Theophilus Packard fitted many young men for the ministry. The project of establishing a college at Amherst was first publicly discussed at Shelburne, at the house of Rev. Dr. Packard. Ann Lee, the celebrated English Shakeress, used to minister to the spiritual needs of the Shakers of Shel- burne Falls. Nathaniel Hawthorne devotes several pages of his "American Notes" to a description of Shelburne FaUs and vicinity. The oldest house in Shelburne Falls is the Martin Severance house, now occupied by S. D. Bardwell, Esq. The terrible railroad accident at Bardwell's Ferry, by which ten pei-sons were killed and about thii-ty in- jured, occun-ed at six o'clock, Wednesday evening, April 7, 1886. Shelbume's centennial was celebrated June 17, 1868. Many of the statements in the present sketch are taken from printed accounts of the centennial exer- cises. Rev. Dr. Archibald Alexander, theological profes- sor at Princeton, New Jersey, took a prominent part in a revival of religion at Shelburne, in 1801. In 1868, Shelburne had a surplus of ^5000 in the town treasury. Shelburne Falls used to be caUed Salmon Falls from the fact that the Deerfield abounded in salmon at that point. The population of Shelburne in 1868, was about 1600. Nearly 3000 persons attended the centenmal exer- cises that year. Seven clergymen by the name of Fisk descended from Ebenezer Fisk, who settled in Shelburne m 1763. Governor Epaphroditus Ransom of Michigan was a Shelburne boy. Rev Pliny Fisk, the Palestine missionary, and ii- delia Fisk, the missionary teacher of the Nestorians of Persia, are counted among Shelburne's jewels. A centennial note goes to show that Shelburne is the best town in the world in the following good old- fashioned way: The United States is the best country in the world, Massachusetts is the best State m the United States, Shelburne is the best town m Massa- chusetts, hence Shelburne is the best town m the world. _ The first child bom in Shelburne was Nancy Law- son, daughter of Archibald Lawson. A violent hun-icane visited Shelburne in 1788. Mr. Bardwell relates a prayer of a certain Ebenezer EUis, at a time of gi-eat dryness, "O Lord, send us showers of rain, for thou knowest that the earth is parched and the crops withered. Send us showere— not a copious shower that shall wash out the roads and beat down the crops, but a drizzling and a friz- zling rain." When Mr. Bardwell came to Shelburne Falls, there was neither postoffice nor store in town. The first saw-mill, the first grist-mill, together with the first cloth-dressing machine and the first carding machine of the whole vicinity, drew people to the Falls in large numbera. It was no uncommon thing to see six or eight wagons loaded with wool. Land, of course, was cheap. Good house-lots could be bought for $50. To show what an active life Mr. Bardwell has led, one needs only to read the following list of offices held by him : Member of the board of selectmen, treas- urer of FrankHn Academy for forty-two years, presi- dent of the Savings Bank for four years, treasurer of the Franklin Baptist Association for forty-two years, postmaster for twenty-five years, director of the Shel- burne Falls Bank since its incorporation, president of the bank for twenty-five years, assignee, executor or administrator of between thirty and forty estates, auc- tioneer in Franklin and Berkshire counties and Ver- mont for forty years, a prominent business man for many years and connected with the agricultural soci- ety. "Uncle Jarvis" passed his ninetieth birthday Janu- ary 1, 1893, and it is the sincere desu-e of the whole community that he may long continue to enjoy the fruits of his active and useful life. Jarvis Bardwell of Shelburne Falls, now in his 91st year, came to Shelburne Falls on the 31st day of April, 1818. His reminiscences include -the times when the taste of the people was not educated up to oysters and tomatoes. Not more than half a dozen houses were to be found at Shelburne Falls when Mr. Bardwell first came. There was no bridge across the Deerfield. An old boat, or rather canoe, three feet wide and twenty feet long, dug out of a pine tree, furnished means of transportation. When any one wished to cross, and the boat was on the other side, he would call out "Hello— the boat!" It was the duty of the man on the opposite side to heed this call. The first postoffice was established at Slielburne Falls in 1838. The rate on letters was twenty-five cents. When Mr. Bardwell kept the hotel, Ole Bull once electrified a dancing party by his imimitable violin playing. Mr. Bardwell was acquainted with Mary Lyon, vis- ited her school in Buckland and persuaded several girls to attend it. It is an "open secret" that Mr. Bardwell helped many students in their efforts to gain an education. It was not uncommon for persons who wanted a piano to get him to purchase an instru- ment for them, and then pay him in installments. Mr. Bardwell has always promoted the growth of the town. Many of the houses on Mechanic street were built by means of money advanced by him. When "Uncle Jarvis," as he has been called for years, built his present house, fears were freely expressed that he was building too far out of the village. He was well acquainted with Martin Severance, Col. David Wells and all the "solid men" of Shel- burne and vicinity. Martin Severance, like others of those days, was very strict in religious matters. He was a very quiet man. At that time Sunday began at sundown Saturday night and lasted till sundown Sunday night. Martin Severance would sometimes reprove young men if they engaged in frivolous con- versation at the beginning of Sunday. BEIEE BIOGEAPHIES 01 SHELBUENE MEN AND WOMEN. Martin Severance was one of the first settlers. He had a family of twelve children. He took part in the French and Indian war and was taken prisoner near Lake George, but escaped by stratagem after two years' captivity. He served in the Revolutionary War, and died at the good old age of ninety-two, in 1810. He was a fearless scout, a brave soldier, and a sturdy, manly citizen. MA.JOR IRA arms. Major Ira Arms was born in Greenfield in 1783 and died at Shelburne Falls, September 9, 1859. He is particularly noted for the public spirit which he manifested in the following gifts: To the Fii-st Con- gregational society, $300 for a communion service; to the cemetery association, the grounds for the Arms cemetery and $1000 as a fund for beautifying the grounds; to the two Congregational churches, $500 each for a pastor's library; to the Second Congrega- tional church, $5000 to support an Orthodox minister; 1 12 to the Arms library, $5000; to the Arms Academy, $18,000. FiDEUA FiSKE was bom at Shelburne, May 1, 1816. She was educated at FrarLklin Academy and Mt. Holyoke Seminary, where slie decided to become a missionary. Her life as a missionary was closely identified with the history of the female seminary at Oroomiah among the Nestorians of Pereia. In spite of all sorts of diflSculties and dangers she made a grand success in her efforts to christianize the Nesto- rians. Her life has been written under the title of "The Cross and the Crown, or. Faith Working by Love," by D. T. Fiske. Rev. Pliny Fiskb was born in Shelburne, June 34, 1792; was graduated at Middlebury in 1814; studied theology with Rev Dr. Packard of Shelburne and completed his course at the Newton Theological Seminary. He was noted for his successful efforts as a missionary, and the nobility and beauty of his character. He died at Beyroot, Oct 33, 1835. It has been said of him that decision, pereeverance, intrepid- ity, judgment, modesty, patience and benevolence were highly developed in his character. Samuel Fiske, widely known as "Dunn Browne," was bom in Shelbume, July 33, 1838. He was edu- cated at Amherst Academy and Amherst College. He taught at South Hadley, in New Jersey and in the Academy at Shelburne Falls. He studied theology at Andover, and spent three years as a tutor at Amherst. After preaching in several places in Hamp- shire and in Franklin counties he sailed for Europe and spent a year in travel and study. His "Experi- ences in Foreign Parts" was one of the results of his travels. On his return he was settled as a minister at Madison, Connecticut. Prompt to hear his countiy's call he enlisted in the army, and rose from the ranks to a captaincy. He was also for some time assistant inspector general of the brigade of Gen. CaroU, and an officer on the staff of Gen. Alexander Hays. He took part in nearly all of the great battles of the Army of the Potomac. On the second day of the bat- tle of the Wilderness he received his death wound. He died May 33, 1864. His war correspondence in The Springfield JRepublicau under the name of "Dunn Browne in the Army" was admuable, genial, witty talented, kind and noble; he was a man to emulate and to love. It is related of him that, when asked by a very strict Orthodox clergyman whether in the case of the man with the withered hand, the man healed himself, or whether the Lord healed him, he replied "I always supposed that the man had a hand in it." A prayer of his to the following effect is re- corded: "That the Lord would bless the congregation assembled, and that portion of it which was on the way to church, and those who were at home getting ready to come, and that, in his infinite patience, he would grant the henedkiiun to those who reached the house of God just in time for that." In the delirium of his last days a glorious sentiment indicative of his noble character burst from his lips "Forward, boys, to the last charge." Other men of note by the name of Fiske were Rev. Daniel T. Fiske and Rev. Ezra Fiske, D. D., professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government in the Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyter- ian church. Rev. Theophilus Packakd, D. D., was bom in North Bridgewater, March 4, 1769. He was a gradu- ate of Dartmouth, in 1796, and studied theology with the Rev. Dr. Asa Burton of Thetford, Vermont. He received his doctorate from Dartmouth, was a mem- ber of the board of trustees of Williams College, one of the overseers of the charity fund of Amherst Col- lege, also one of the trustees of Amherst and Presi- dent pro tempore. He was pastor at Shelburne for fifty-six years, but during part of his pastorate, his son, Rev. Theophilus Packard, Jr., author of "A History of the Churches and Ministers andj of Frank- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. EEV. THEOPHILUS PACKARD, D. D. lin Association in Frankhn County, Massachusetts," was his colleague. Dr. Packard prepared many stu- dents for college. He instructed thirty-one persons in theology, aU of whom became preachers. Dr. Pack- ard died in 1855. Major Ozeo Miller was bom at Dummerston, Ver- mont, December 7th, 1837, and was the son of Hon. Thomas Miller. He married Ellen L. Lawton, and soon after his marriage removed to Shelburne Falls. While his qualities as a citizen always commanded the love and respect of his associates, his career as a soldier is the basis of his fame. He was a model commander. One of his supeiiors said of him: "A braver officer never fell." For heroic conduct at Fair Oaks he was complimented by his commanders and recommended for promotion. On the resignation of Major March, Major Miller was commissioned to fill his place. While in command of the 10th regiment he was shot by a rebel sharpshooter July 1st, 1862. He died in Libby prison July 15, 1863. It has been said of him that he was a man "of regu- lar and correct habits, inflexible integrity, great benev- olence, combined with firmness, decision and cour- age, with a practical, efficient intellect and a positive personaUty." To him, together with Co. H of the lOtli regiment, is largely due the credit of saving that portion of MoClellan's army which had crossed the Chickahominy prior to the battle of Fair Oaks. In his last battle, in the thick of the fight, he cried to his men: "Keep cool, boys, don't get excited; take good aim; make your fire tell." Among his last words were: "I have tried to do my duty, and I believe I have not failed." A nation competent to produce men like Major Ozro Miller needs never to despair of its destiny. Colonel John Kellogg, youngest son of J. P. and Lucy W. Kellogg, was bom at Shelburne, Janu- ary 6, 1836. He attended school at Shelburne Falls, entered the Military Academy at West Point in 1845, and was gi-aduated with honor in 1849. After grad- uation he entered the W. P. 3rd artillery as 2nd lieutenant. He served in a war against the Indians in New Mexico. He was stationed at Portland, Maine, under the famous General Anderson. He was afterwards sent to Fort Snelling. From 1854 to 1861 he served with great credit in Oregon and Wash- ington territories, lor a portion of the time as captain of a company in the Indian wars. In 1861 he was promoted to a captaincy in the commissary de- partment. After the battle of Bull Run he entered the volunteer army of the union in order to perform more active service, but contrary to his wishes he was transferred to the commissary department and sent to San Francisco. In 1864, on his return to Baltimore, he was placed on General Sheridan's staff as chief of commissary, and was with that general in all his campaigns of 1864 and 1865. His duties were severe, and three times he narrowly escaped capture and death. His devotion to his country overtaxed his powers of endurance. He died at City Point, major ozeo millee. colonel JOHN KELLOGG. Virginia, April 25, 1865, at the age of thirty-nine. On being asked if he was willing to die he replied: "I am. My work is done." He was a brave, noble, upright, honorable man. He was a modest, knightly hero, a worthy fellow-townsman of such men as Col. Greenleaf and Major Miller. Halbert Stevens Geeenleaf, of Rochester, was born in Guilford, Windham County, Vermont, April 13, 1837; was brought up on a farm, and received a common school and academic education; is a manu- facturer of locks — time, combination and key locks; was commissioned justice of the peace March 12, 1856, and captain of Massachusetts militia, August 39, 1857; enUsted as a private soldier in the Union army, August, 1863; was commissioned captain of company E, 53d regiment Massachusetts volunteers, September 13, 1862; unanimously elected colonel of the regi- ment Oct. 33d of the same year, and subsequently served under General Banks in the department of the Gulf; organized and commanded the Hancock brigade in the fall of 1880; was elected commander of the first New York veteran brigade, February, 1883, andre-elected January, 1883; was elected to the forty- eighth Congress as a Democrat in a Republican dis- trict, receiving 18,043 votes against 18,308 votes for HALBERT STEVENS GREENLEAF. John Van Voorhis, Republican, and 1,419 for Gordon, Prohibitionist, and was re-elected to the fifty-second Congress. Col. Greenleaf was an intioiate friend of Major Miller and was in business with him at Shel- burne Falls when the war broke out. Col. Green- leaf's record as a soldier and as a citizen has been highly creditable. Stephen W. Kellogg, brother of Colonel John Kellogg, bom at Shelburne Mass., April 5, 1833, at- tended school at Shelburne Falls Academy when fifteen years old. Rev. John Alden then being the principal. He afterwards studied at a select school at Shelburne Falls, under Alvin Anderson, Esq., prin- cipal, and taught district schools four winters, at- tending school at the Falls in the spring and autumn, and working on his father's farm summers. He en- tered Amherst College at the age of twenty, remain- ed there two terms, then entered Yale College, and graduated in 1846, taking one of the first three honors of the class at commencement. For a few months after graduating he took charge of an academy at Wilbra- ham, Mass. , then entered the Yale law school, teach- ing the Greek classes at the same time in the classic- al school then kept by Hon. Aaron Skinner at New Haven. Admitted to the New Haven county bar in June, 1848, he has since practiced law, and for thirty- seven years has been resident of Waterbury, Conn. He was clerk of the Connecticut Senate in 1851, a member of the Senate from the Waterbury district in 1853, and a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1856. In 1854 he was appointed judge of the New^ Haven county court and was judge of probate for the district of Waterbury for seven years. He was elected to Congress in 1869, and re- elected in 1871 and 1873. During his service in Con- gress he was chairman of the committee on naval ex- penditures in the 43d Congress, and chairman of the committee of civil service reform in the 43d Congress. He also served as a member upon the several com- mittees of the judiciary, patents, Pacific railroads and war claims. Since his retirement from Congress, he has been actively engaged in the practice of law, and for several years has had a son, John P. Kellogg, associated with him in his office. At the close of the war he was active in organizing a national guard to take the place of the militia of the State, and drew the biU and procured its passage, which first gave the name of "National Guard" to the active militia. That name has since been adopted by a large num- ber of the States. He was colonel of the 3d Reg. Conn. N. Guard for three years, and was afterwards brigadier-general of the guard and resigned the posi- tion while in Congress. Rev. O. P. GiFFOED wafc born in Montague, Mass., April 15, 1848. At the age of two he was taken to CENTENNIAL EDITION. Shelburne Falls to live. He resided there until he reached the age of seventeen, receiving his education m the public schools and at Franklin Academy. After preparatory studies, he entered Brown Univer- sity, from which he was graduate in 1874. He re- ceived his theological education at Rochester Semin- ary. In 1877, he accepted a call extended by the First Baptist church of Pittsfield. In 1879, he be- came pastor of the Warren Avenue Baptist church, Boston. During his pastorate there the membership nearly doubled. His eloquence and popularity have brought him into prominence. He is at present pas- tor of the Baptist church at Brookline, Mass. His wife was a Miss Lamson of Shelburne Falls. 1 13 FKANKLIN ACADEMY. BY PROF. H. A. PRATT. MARTIN SEVEEANOE. [The author is indebted to George Sheldon of Deer- field for some of the ideas embodied in these verses.] Whatever fashions come and go. Some things there are that still abide. And still, while Deerfield's waters flow. Shall start the blush of honest pride. We may be richer nowadays Than were our sturdy sires of old. Our feet may tread less rugged ways. Our hands may heavier be with gold. But were there not in olden times Some things we well may emulate? Whatever with true manhood chimes Is deathless as decrees of Fate. We take a type of those whose hands For us and all the later born Subdued the forests, tilled the lands. And strove and toiled at freedom's morn. So Severance, settler true and tried. Shall be a type of those whose names The fateful years have glorified With lustre that inaction shames. No fears had he of forest maze. Though wild beasts howled from coverts dim ; Nor wolf nor catamount affrays The sturdy heart of one like him. He lived in daj's when things wex'e doiie, Not talked about, as one has said; His sires found no degenerate son Of fathers who had fought and bled. Proud, independent, playful, brave. Conventionalities' sworn foe, A dangerous man to put at bay, As French an Indians learned to know. All wiles of savage Indian life His rugged path had taught him well: To meet and quell the foe in strife; To venture life whate'er befell. A knapsack strapped across his back, A bullet pouch of buckskin stout, A horn of powder, strong and black, A musket good equip the scout. His hatchet hangs by his right side, His feet with moccasins are shod. Through tangled forest ways to glide O'er stony path, o'er yielding sod. Yon scarlet leaves, in autumn time, Perchance conceal an Indian's plume. Yon tree-trunk's glistening, frosty rime May hide a messenger of doom. Nor endless woods, nor winter's storm. Nor painted foe, nor meagre fare Can daunt the sturdy soldier's form, Or lead him from his chosen care. When, stung to wrath, our glorious sires Awoke to fight in freedom's van. Who first enkindled freedom's fires But such as he, our Shelburne man ? And down the years his name shall ring As that of one who did not fear All selfishness aside to fling. To be a noble pioneer. To Severance all honor be ! For well he lived and well he wrought; His life in one word we may see. And "manhood" is the central thought. —Frederic Allison Tupper. Franklin Academy, the first on the list of literary institutions which have given Ivistre to the name of Shelburne Falls, was organized by the Baptists of Western Massachusetts and opened for the accommo- dation of students in the spring of 1833. The plan was to establish a manual labor school wherein the pupil should be able to contribute to his own support while engaged in his course of education. This op- portunity was secured to patrons by the purchase of scholarships, at one hundred dollars each, which would guarantee to the holder the privilege of send- ing regularly to the academy one scholar, to whom accommodations would be fui-nished at minimum rates, with the opportunity of working at a fixed com- pensation per hour, the wages to be credited on the term bills. But promising as the plan seemed in the abstract, when put into actual practice, on the farm purchased by the institution for that purpose, un- fortunately the balance appeared on the wrong side of the ledger. This feature failing, the farm must be sold, although at a considerable sacrifice. This occurred in 1836. Thereby the boarding de- partment became a private venture, while the in- come from tuition and room rent at the academy was applied to pay the running expenses of the school. Originally a subscription, to be paid in annu- al installments on the scholarship plan, had been se- cured, amounting when paid to about $4500. This was the financial basis of the enterprise. Of this subscription only about $3600 was paid in during the first three years. The property held must have cost at least $8000. And in addition, as the payments were made principally with borrowed money, there must have been by this time an unpleasant accumu- lation of interest. This was a problem in financial engineering destined to tax the utmost energy of the board, which was at last solved in 1841 at the sacri- fice of all the assets of the institution. This suflS- ciently accounts for the early suspension of the school, although the educational department achieved a brilliant success. Rev. John Alden, the first prin- cipal, had many eminent qualities as a pioneer in such an enterprise. Young and vigorous, enterpris- ing and confident, he early secured and maintained a large patronage, not only from the neighboring towns, but from all New England and even the more distant states. His health having become seriously impaired, he resigned the principalship, at the end of six years of service, and was succeeded in office by J. M. Macomber, a teacher of critical scholarship and marked eminence in his profession. His admin- istration of two years proved a brilliant success. But inevitable financial disaster threatening the per- manency of the school, he was disinclined to remain longer, and was succeeded by Messrs. David Alden and Ebenezer Dodge, the former remaining one year, the latter, two years. Then came the end. In reviewing its career it is evident that the cir- cumstances of the times when the academy was established were peculiarly favorable for the work which it accomplished. The minds and hearts of many good men were stirred within them to found a school for God and humanity, in which the intellect might be trained to higher degrees of activity and power, and the heart moulded and developed by the supreme force of the Christian faith. The years of 1831 and '33 were memorable for a great religious awakening in the towns of Western Massachusetts. Many of the young people, moved by the impulse of the higher life on which they had recently entered were anxious to prepare themselves for greater use- fulness, and thus were ready to embrace the oppor- tunity. The inducement offered by moderate ex- penses and a chance for manual labor was effective with many who otherwise would, at that time, have entertained no thought of a higher education. 1 14 That the religious element was an active force in sustaining the school is evident from the devout earnestness that manifested itself in the early days of the academy. Quite a large number of young men from the school are reported as having entered col- lege and subsequently gained honorable distinction in the learned professions, and even in the humbler spheres *of life, those less aspiring have perchance been enabled to act a no less useful part. Franklin Academy, though destined to a brief career, was not a failure. The generous influences proceeding there- from and the impetus to higher intellectual attain- ments which it gave, and the work it accomplished for the generation in which it flourished, outweigh a thousand times the financial cost of the enterprise. SHELBUENE PALLS ACADEMY. BY PROF. H. A. PRATT. After the unfortunate suspension of Franklin Academy the building, land and apparatus belonging thereto, by purchase, came into possession of Messrs. N. and E. G. Lamson, but remained unoccupied as a literary institution until 1844. At this time, Lucius Lyon, a recent graduate of Brown University, ar- ranged with the proprietors to establish a school in the vacant building, confident of his ability to achieve success, and build up a permanent institution of learn- ing. Seventy students the first year and double the number the second confirmed his faith. Shelburne Falls Academy began to loom up in his vision with an endowment of ten thousand dollars. Of this sum Messrs. N. and E. G. Lamson offered to give one half if the rest of the world would furnish the balance. Mr. Lyon, now leaving his school in charge of an as- sistant, took the field in person to canvass for the last dollar, and, in course of six months, secured a reliable subscription for more than the amount re- quired. The former institution was founded by an appeal to a religious denomination for funds, but in this, there was offered to all creeds power in the management proportionate to the amount of sub- scription made by each. While, therefore, the party giving the most would have paramount influence, yet by constitutional enactment each had its own rights secured. The contributors promptly convening, effected a legal organization, adopted a constitution and took measures to obtain a charter, which was given by the Legislature March 27, 1847, and adopted by the trus- tees Nov. 16th of the same year. The following is a list of the several principals suc- cessively in charge from the beginning: Lucius Lyon, A. B., 1844-7; Emory Lyon, M. D., 1847-9; H. A. Pratt, A. B., 1849-51; Albion B. Clark^ 1851-3; H. A. Pratt, 1853-6; Stillman Rice, 1856-8; E. J. Avery, 1858-67; G. H. Hayes, 1868-9; D. A. Wil- son, 1869-71. Thenceforth the building, as far as used at all, was occupied by the public high school. More recently, it has been rented to Arms Academy for a boarding house and dormitory for students, and the entire income therefrom, save that required for repairs, as well as the interest of the cash fund is de- voted to the aid of indigent students in pursuing an academic education. The average attendance per year from 1847-8 to 1857-8 was 333; for the last three years of the same period 379, thus affording the academy, as to patron- age, a liberal support. Drawing its students princi- pally from the same sources of supply, and often from the same families, it seemed very like a reproduction of the old school, and the encomium due to students of Franklin Academy might be repeated with empha- sis on those of its successor. Relatively the demand for the higher branches of study continued to in- crease. Of the gentlemen, thirty-four, and of the ladies, twenty-five per cent, were enrolled in the classical department. Forty-one,; at least, of the GREENFIELD GAZETTE. young men subsequently completed the college course, and thirteen more entered directly upon the study of law, medicine, or civil engineering, while many more became eminent teachers or successful business men, and all intelligent citizens. Great as were their intel- lectual accomplishments, the ladies, be it said, in the class room, proved themselves their peers, and were easily able to match them, on equal terms, in the race of life. Here it may be pertinent to inquire for the causes which contributed to the early success of the academy, as well as the element of weakness which led to its decline. In the first place, it seemed to have inherit- ed the good will of its predecessor, with which it was virtually in legitimate succession, thereby gaining a favorable introduction to the old patrons. Then the expenses for accommodations and tuition were rela- tively at a minimum rate. Twenty dollars, it is said, would cover all the expense for those taking meals at the boarding-house; but those indulging in the lux- ury of boarding themselves, which was the popular method, were able to realize a large discount on those figures. Again, during this period, the institution was fortunate in having successive boards of instruction who were able to command the confidence and enthu- siasm of its liberal patronage. To accomplish this magnificent result, principals were obliged to depend on the income of the school for the running expenses. But after paying their able assistants, who were so essential to the success of the work, the balance left for their own services was out of due proportion to their share of the responsibility; or were they to adopt the other policy of depending on cheap help, the bus- iness would not bear the strain and must suffer a col- lapse. The offer, therefore, of ample compensation and a fixed salary elsewhere, without the diversion of financial management, was too much for one's spirit of self-sacrifice, and devotion to a cause promising no improvement, to resist. With the trustees, therefore, it became a question of more money or less men, and the latter won. OHARLEMONT. The territory now occupied by Charlemont was one of the three townships granted to Boston by the Gen- eral Court, June 27, 1735. It was sold to John Reed and by him to Chickley and Keyes, and at first went by the name of Boston Township No. 1, later, Chick- ley's Town, Charley Mount, Chearley'sMont, etc., but since 1740, by its present name. Sales of land were made, but there seems to have been no attempts at settlement until the spring of 1743, when Capt. Moses Rice and his family came from Rutland, Worcester county. He built a house on the extreme frontier and had to go to Deerfield for all his supplies. He had applied himself diligently to the work of clearing up his grounds and erecting his buildings, when the hostile Indians of the North made an incursion into the province. Capt. Rice and family were warned in season and fled to the forts in Deerfield, their property being all destroyed. Mr. Rice returned to his old home in Rutland, where he remained about three years, and then came back to Charlemont to begin the restoration of his homestead. A new house was built on the old site and another for his son Samuel, further east, upon the meadow. Others to come about this time were Othniel and Joshua Taylor, who built houses directly opposite the present Buckland station, and became as prominent in building up this section of the town as were the Rices in the western. About 1750, Eleazer Hawks and his sons, Gershom, Seth and Joshua, also from Deerfield, settled on either side of the Deerfield river, above the Rice tract. The descendants of this family became very numerous and have always been prominent in the town. In 1752, the families of the settlement had increased to a dozen and the little colony became quite prosperous. This prosperity was suddenly cut short by an attack from the Indians. On the 11th of June, while Capt. Moses Rice and his son Artemas, his grandson, Asa Rice (a boy of about nine years), with Titus King, Phineas Arms and others, were in the field, hoeing com, they were set upon by a party of Indians. Phin- eas Arms fell dead in the field; Capt. Rice received a severe wound in the thigh, and was taken prisoner, with the lad Asa and Titus King, while Ai-temas Rice escaped. The Indians made no further attack, but withdrew with their captives to a high plain, where Mr. Rice was tomahawked and scalped. He was found alive later in the day and taken to his son's house, where he died that evening. The others were taken to Crown Point, and thence to Canada. Asa was ransomed after a captivity of six years. King was taken to France and afterward to England, CHARLEMONT, FROM THE HILL, CENTENNIAL EDITION. 1 IS CHAELEMONT VILLAGE, EAST OP BRIDGE. whence he returned to Northampton, his native place. A monument has been erected to the memory of Captain Rice, by Hon. Orlando B. Potter, under the direction of the late Hon. Joseph White of Williams- town, a cousin of Mr. Potter, both descendants of Mr. Rice. Tliis monument was dedicated with appropri- ate exercises at a field-meeting of the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, held in Charlemont, August 3, 1871. The names of Phineas Rice and sev- eral children buried at the same spot also appear on the monument. In digging for the foundation of this monument, the remains of the slain men were found to have been remarkably well preserved. The marks of the Indian's tomahawk were plainly visible upon the skull of Mr. Rice, and the fatal bullet fell from that of Mr. Arms when it was being examined. Charlemont was incorporated June 21, 1765, and in- cluded at that time two-thirds of the present town of Heath and a part of the towm of Buckland. There were now more than thirty families living here. The date of the first church organization is not known. Rev. Jonathan Leavitt was its first and only pastor, for it survived but a few years. Other socie- ties formed since then have been the iirst Congrega- tional, in Charlemont; the Congregational Church of Christ, in East Charlemont; the Baptist, the Metho- dist Episcopal, the Unitarian, or Independent Con- gregational. In 1845, Charlemont built an academy, in which a select school was taught for several years, but the building was finally destroyed by fire, and its bell is now in use on the public school building. A library was opened early in the year of 1879, starting with nearly 100 volumes and a me in ber- ship of forty. It has been well patron- ized and is now one of the valued i n s t itutions of the town. The Fitch- burg railroad in its Hoosac Tunnel route traverses the town on the south side of Deerfleld riv- er, and has stations at C h a rlemont village and at Z o a r, a small hamlet near the western part of the town. The town has become quite an important shipping point, accommodating the people of surrounding towns. In earlier years, considerable manufacturing was carried on here, mills being erected for wool-carding, chair stock, scythe snaths, axes, hats, shoe^, cloths, pottery, stoves, grist and lumber. ury was $1,300. The society has stated meetings at which are discussed matters of interest pertaining to the farmers and mechanics of this part of the county, and much benefit has been gained thereby. A few of the men natives of the town who have at- tained prominence. JOSEPH WHITE. Mr. White was a native of Charlemont, born Nov. 18, 1811. He began to teach school and prepare for college at the age of eighteen years; attended the academy at Bennington, Vt., and entered Williams in the class of '36 and graduated with honor, after which he was for a while a teacher and then began the study of law in Troy. He also taught a couple of years at Williams and then returned to Troy and was admitted to the bar and established himself in practice. In 1848 he was chosen a trustee of WiUiams college. For some years he was in charge of a large manufacturing corporation in Lowell. In 1857 he was a member of the state senate and was the next year appointed bank commissioner, a position which he held for two years. He was next made treasurer of Williams college and removed to Williamstown. This oflSce he held till a few years ago, when he re- signed, having been identified with its affairs for the long period of forty-two years. In 1861 he assumed the duties of secretary of the state board of educa- THB POTTEK HOMESTEAD, ON LEGATE HILL. THE DEERFIBLD VALLEY AG- RICULTURAL SOCIETY. A cattle-show was held in Charlemont, Oct. 13, 1870, and with such success that it was decided to have it of annual occurrence, and steps were at once taken for the formation of a society "whose object shall be the attainment and diffusion of scientific and practical knowledge of the cultiva- tion of the soil, and all the departments pertaining thereto; and to encourage the mechanic and fine arts and domestic manufac- tures." A committee was selected from the towns of Charlemont, Hawley, Buckland, Heath, Eowe, Mon- roe, Colrain, Plainfield and Savoy to appoint agents in their towns to solicit life members for this society; a constitution was adopted and a charter secured. Its first president was R. H. Leavitt. The society is now in a very prosperous condi- tion. Seventeen acres of land have been enclosed at Charlemont village for fair grounds, a half-mile track has been laid out, and ap- propriate buildings have been erected. When the society was three years old, it was burdened with a debt of |3,400. This indebtedness it has succeed- ed in wiping out, and previ- ous to its last exhibition — the twenty-first,— held Thursday and Friday, Sept. 17 and 18, 1891, the balance in its treas- CHAELEMONT STREET, WEST OF BRIDGE. tion and was until 1877 actively engaged in promot- ing the interests of the Massachusetts school system, giving the best years of his life to that ofiSce. Mr. White was one of the early members of the P. V. M. association, and by a contribution of one hundred dollars -made himself a life member. Al- though he could not often attend its meetings, he was interested in its prosperity. He was a lover of history, a studious investigator, and had a good deal of the genuine antiquarian spirit. Mr. White was a good type of New England man- hood, a loving investigator of her institutions and history. He had accumulated a valuable library that is especially rich in material relatirxg to New England. A member of the Congregational church he was deeply interested in church work, at home as well as in religious progi'ess throughout the world. His long identification with Williams college made him seem a part of it. The later years of his life were spent on his ample estate at Williamstown. He was also prominent in the town affairs. A man of strength of integrity, he rendered valuable service to his kind, and will be greatly missed in the region where he was so well known. Mr. White married Miss Hannah Danforth of 116 Williamstown. He died Nov. 21, 1890, at the a.,e o seventy-nine years. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. HON. ROGER H. LEAVITT, Though not a native of the town, did much to pro- mote its interests. He came from distinguislied stock on both sides, his maternal grandfatlier being Col. Hugh Maxvpell of revolutionary fame, and his grand- father on the other side was Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, who went to Charlemont in 1765 and there spent the remainder of his life. Roger Hooker Leavitt, after being schooled in his native town, received some instruction at the acade- my in Hatfield, and later took up and practiced sur- veying. In 1835 he removed to Charlemont, where his time was mainly devoted to agricultural pursuits. He was early interested in tlie Hoosac Tunnel enter- prise and was a director of the Troy and Greenfield railroad, also one of the three corporators mentioned in its charter. In 1866 he served in the state senate and in '68 represented his district in the lower house and was unanimously re-elected for the next term. He was many times on the board of selectmen and held various mmor town offices. The agricultural interests of the county received much of his attention and he rendered great assist- ance in the getting up of local cattle shows and fairs. When the Deerfield Valley Agricultural society was chartered he was chosen its first president and was re-elected the following year. For three years he was the delegate of this society to the State Board of Agriculture. He also did his full share in the work of advancing the schools, charitable institutions and manufacturing interests of the town and county. He was an ardent Abolitionist in the days of that agitation, and was an earnest advocate of freedom from the slavery of the intoxicating cup. In the war of the rebellion he made his influence felt in favor of the Northern cause. Mr. Leavitt died July 17th, 1885, while on a visit to his son, William H. Leavitt, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He was taken suddenly ill while visiting at Madison, Iowa, and on returning to his son's was stricken down and summoned to his final rest. He would have reached his eightieth birtliday in four days more. Of his family his wife and two sons sur- vive. John H. is a banker at Waterloo, Iowa., and WOliam H. is a farmer at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. lect schools of Buckland and Shelburne and the East Benning-ton academy, and then studied at Williams college and at Dane law school, Cambridge; prac- ticed law for about five years in Boston, after whicli he became interested in manufacturing and devoted himself almost exclusively to that business for twenty- five years. In 1853 he took up his residence in the city of New York, where he is an honored and re- spected citizen. The management of the large inter- ests that devolved upon him developed his faculties as a financier, and there are few men more thorough- ly posted or who entertain sounder principles on financial questions. Mr. Potter is a man of great en- terprae and remarkable prudence. He has always sympathized with the workingman, and his greatest desii-e is that he shall be remuneratively employed. He has invested much money in the buildings of the city. In 1857 he built the World building and later on bought the large property at the corner of Astor Place and Lafayette Place and set his laboi'ers to work and built an imposing structure whicli was one of the great landmarks of the city. As a working- man himself, Mr. Potter has no superior; he is never idle. In the midst of the cares and anxieties of bus- iness he has been watchful of the interests of the countiy, the state and especially of the city govern- ment. Always a consistent Democrat, he has devoted time and money without stint in endeavors to obtain better government for New York city. It was main- ly through his efforts that the bonded indebtedness bill was passed through the legislature and became a law. Mr. Potter was a member of the 48th Congress and declined a re-election. On account of the interest he lias taken in agriculture he was appointed president of the New York State Agricultural society, a posi- tion which he still holds. Mr. Potter has a large farm upon the Hudson, near Sing Sing, and has es- tablished his summer residence there, where he in- dulges without stint his love for agiiculture and its advancement. THE WAR RECORD. In the late civil war Charlemont"s quota was promptly filled. The following is a list of her sol- diers: ORLANDO B. POTTER Was the third of the ten children of Samuel and Sophia Rice Potter, and was born in Charlemont, at the old homestead on "Legate Hill" (see illustration), March 10, 1823. He was fitted for college in tlie se- A. H. Bissell, Leonard B. Rice, John T. Williams, Edward A. Leavitt, Henry M. Albee, H. G. Avery, WUHam H. Booth, Edwin W. Booth, Sam Bassett, George E. Coates, James R. Crittenden, Edwin A. Field, E. D. Hawks, A. M. Harris, Mahlon M. Merritt, M. M. Phipps, Richard Woffenden, Samuel Woffenden, Joshua Leavitt, Chandler Hathaway, Joshua W. Hawks, John F. Hawks, Fordyce L. Hillman, Lawrence Murphy, Lanson Demnel, A. Coates, Charles L. Keyes, Joseph M. Legate, Albert Lilley, Fred W. Merriam, Clark E. Morrison, George H. Newstead, James M. King, George O. Wilder, George W. Mead, John Avery, Joseph L. Blodgett, Lewis R. Edwards, George E. Upton, Elias E. Veber, George A. Veber, Edw. R. King, George H. Porter, Pat. Doan, Francis D. Avery, A. B. Norcross, O. M. Loomis, Edward Barnard, William W. Clark, Alonzo Coates, P. O. Edwards, David F. Coates, Otis Damon, John Fitzgerald, Abijah W. Gleason, William W. Phipps, Thomas A. Taylor, William Veber, Enos B. Williams, Stillman E. Dix, Edward H. Wright, George F. Henderson, Alonzo Burgess, WilUam T. Quinn, Thomas McDonough. Albert Childs, James Cox, Luke E. Dodge, Abraham K. Ferris, Robert Hewitt, John Jessey, Charles Merrill, John P. Quinn, Isaac B. Tyrrell, Alonzo Wells, John H. Herker. WENDELL. This town shakes hands with Orange and New Salem on her right, and Montague on her left, while Erving covers her crown, and Shutesbury and Lev- erett serve as her footstool. Her principal villages are Wendell Centre, Wendell Depot and Farley. The latter is a very promising child, which will be heard from further on. Settlements were begun in Wendell in 1754, mostly by people from Middlesex and Worcester counties, and many of them bore the names of those who came over in the Mayflower. Wendell derived her name from Oliver Wendell, Esq., president of the Union bank in Boston. It was originally a part oi Shutes- bury, from which it separated in 1781, and extended six and a half miles north and south and five miles east and west. These settlers were here for twenty yeai-s without an ecclesiastical or political organiza- tion. Mr. Wendell frequently visited the town, be- ing a large land-owner. He gave the church a Bible and a christening basin. November 29, 1774, a coun- cil convened for the purpose of organizing a Congre- gational church. For a while there was no settled minister, but as soon as an act of incorporation was passed a meeting was called to secure one. Joseph Kilburn was the first to settle as a pastor, and this provision was made for his support: When the town had eighty-five families, he should receive £70 per annum, and when the famiUes increased to 100, he should have £80 and 100 cords of wood. Mr. Kim- ball remained here thirty-two years, and died Feb. 27, 1816. A new house of worship was built in 1847, and a bell for the first time was used to call the peo- ple together. In 1824, the Sabbath school was estab- lished and Phineas Stiles was one of the earlier super- intendents. A council was convened in Shutesbury, June 11, 1799, for the purpose of organizing a Baptist church in Wendell. Ic was composed of delegates from the neighboring towns. The first preacher was elder Ezra Kendall. A church was built in 1820, previous to which the meetings were held in school-houses and at the private homes of the members. In 1846, a new house was built. Elder Goddard was a prominent man in his denomination. He had a ministry of thirty years. Besides preaching, he had learned the trade of a wheelwright. He often had his Bible before him while at his work and thus prepared his sermon for the Sabbath. Among the missionaries sent out by this church were Ezra Msher, who was sent to Ore- gon, and Joshua Goddard, who labored in China. In educational matters the town took an early start. Among the things taught in school was "manners," the boys being required to bow to the teacher upon leaving the school-room, and the girls to courtesy. The schools were taught eight weeks in winter by men and ten in the summer by women. The town was at that time divided into five school districts and had nearly eighty scholars. By the report of the State Board, the standard of the schools was much above the average. It now shares with Orange and Brving the luxury of a superintendent of schools. A social library was established about sixty years ago, made up largely from contributions from the families, and the lads of the earlier day scoured the woods in search of pine knots, by the aid of which they were enabled to read during the long winter evenings and thus quench their thirst for knowledge. A lyceum was established a few years later and was the means of instructing the young men of that period in debate and making them familiar with the great questions of the day. The soil of Wendell required diligent industry on the part of the farmers who tilled it to produce profit- able crops. A century ago, a large part of the town was covered by forests, which have been almost en- tirely out away. Wendell is mountainous and abounds in wild and rugged scenery. There are fifteen dis- tinct elevations among the hills, the most important of which is 1281 feet above sea-level. Wendell Center is the locality of the earliest settle- ment. It occupies an elevated region four miles from Wendell Depot, where the Pitchburg railroad touches the town. The Centre contains the only two chuiTihes in Wendell, and has beside a store, postoifice and hotel. Rev. T. C. Kinne is the present pastor of the Con- gregational church, A Christian Endeavor Society has been established. Wendell Depot is on the line of the Fitchburg rail- road, which has a station here. It has a good hotel, store, public hall and postofBce. The Goddard Wood Pulp Company has its mills located here, the product of which is disposed of to the Farley Paper Company. There are also several saw-mills in the town. CENTENNIAL. The one-hundredth anniversary of the organization of the first church in Wendell occurred on Monday, November 30, 1874, and although the incorporation of the town was May 8, 1781, it was decided to hold a centennial celebration on Wednesday, the 2d of December. The residents of the town and its sons who have gone abroad had taken hold of the matter with unusual interest and spared no efforts to make the day a suitable commemoration of the religious and civil history of the century past. The people were assembled in the Congregational church. Jabez Sawyer presided over this part of the exercises and called the gathering to order. First on the program was the singing of an old hymn by a choir largely composed of a society of vocalists from Orange, under the direction of James L. Merrill of Orange. Joseph Fisk of Wendell, four-score years of a.^e, was in the gallery and joined in the singing with old-time fer- vor, and there were others almost as old who found their places in the choir and rendered the old harmo- nies as they did a generation ago. Rev. David East- man gave an invocation, read the ninety-first psalm, and made a few remarks. Prayer was offered by Rev. N. S. Dickinson, a former pastor of the town. This was followed by another hymn, and Rev. B. B. Cutler, then pastor of the church, made the address of welcome. The choir sang Coronation, and Re\. Warren H. Beaman of Amherst, a native of Wendell, was introduced as the orator of the day. His address was a complete ecclesiastical and civil history of the town in its century's existence. At the conclusion of this address there was another hymn by the choir, and then came a long poem by Dr. V. W. Leach of Amherst, one of Wendell's sons, in which were con- trasted the ancient and the modern Wendell, and the names of the inhabitants were woven into the rhyme. The exercises at the church were closed with a bene- diction by Rev. Mr. Dickinson, and the people re- paired to the town hall, and partook of an excellent CENTENNIAL EDITION. collation. The ceremonies here were presided over by H. S. Leach of Amherst, a native of Wendell. Blessing was asked by Rev. David Eastman of New Salem, and after the feast was over, Rev. M. Cutler exhibited some relics which had been collected for the centennial. Among them were an autograph let- ter from Benjamin Franklin to his daughter, written in 1756; a book of poems printed by John Metcalf, who had a printing ofiice here some forty or fifty years ago; a pair of slippers manufactured by Cain & Sou, Cheapside, London. Letteis were read from former residents. Toasts were tlien in order and the fund of wit and story was inexhaustible, but liad to be cut short, as night was approaching. Before clos- ing, it was voted to start a paper for the purpose of raising $~){) to defray the expense of having the his- torical address and other exercises of the day printed in pamphlet form. Between thirty and forty dollars were immediately collected. The exercises closed with the singing of Old Hundred. 117 FAKLEY. This is the name of the busy little manufacturing village growing up between Millers Falls and Erving, on the line of the Fitchburg railroad. The pulp and paper mills of the Farley Paper Company are located here, while in the basement of one of the mills are the knitting works, in which E. N. Tolman has an in- terest. The members of the paper company are Joseph B. Farley, Dennis E. Farley and George E. Monroe. Use is made of spruce and poplar woods, several cords of which are daily reduced to pulp. The papers manufactured are the ordinary manilas, used for photograph stock, cardboard, wood card, etc. Mittens, woolen and worsted, are the product of the knitting works, in the manufacture of which some twenty of the Lamb knitting machines, run by as many young women, and several young men, are employed. The finishing up of this work is done out- side of the factory by families living in the village, and some 120,000 pairs of mittens are sent out each year. The mills are substantially built of stone and brick. The entire length of the plant is 368 feet. The works are situated on the southeasterly bank of Millers riv- er, where the company own twenty-flve acres, extend- ing from the railroad to the river. Besides the mills and their necessary out-buildings, there are oh this plot of ground six houses, all built within the past year. On the north side of the river, they have fifty or more acres of land, beautifully located, some of it at an elevation of forty feet above the river. An iron bridge connects the plant with the property on the opposite side. This was constructed by the towns of Wendell and Erving. Here are the fine residences built by Dennis E. Farley and George E. Monroe, which contain all the modern conveniences. A large store and postofEce, both under the care of C. E. Russell, are in successful operation. The com- pany have five other houses finished, and as an en- couragement to their workmen to build, offer each a good lot five by ten rods, which offer the workmen are not slow to accept, and cottages are springing up in all directions. Farley bids fair to become one of the prosperous and thriving villages of our community. The Fitchburg railroad has established a station here. LIST OP SOLDIERS. St^d Regiment. Daniel B. Whittaker, Lorriston Barnes. M Heaiij Artillery. 17th Regiment. Michael Carey. Frank Longdo. 10th Regiment. Herbert F. Brooks, Amos L. Williams, Charles E. Green, Tyler F. Williams. 31st Regiment. Chester A. ElUs. 3Gtli Regiment. Marcus M. Stebbins, William Hildreth, Lyman White, Elisha B. Leach, Walter D. Crane, Lafayette C. Stebbins, John L. Grout, Eli White, Lucian Williams. :?7th Regiment. Horace B. Allen, David Blair, Hiram Blair, Dexter Oaks, Horace Rice, William Stone, George M. Williams, Ebenezer Winslow, Daniel E. Ball, Joseph W. Blair, Alvah B. Oatman, Henry W. Stevens, Horace W. Whittaker, Frederick H. Wyman. :iStli Regiment. Edwin A. Piper. 34th Regiment. Myron Howe. :lfl U. S. Artillery. John Sullivan. WAEWIOK. In the year 1735, June 10, at the General Court for His Majesty's Province in the Massachusetts Baj', in answer to petitions of Samuel Newall, Thomas Tiles- ton, Samuel Gallop and Abraham Tilton, it was voted that four tracts of land for townships, each six miles square, should be laid out in the western part of the province. Each town was to be laid out into sixty- three shares, one share for the first settled minister, one for the use of the ministry, one for the schools, and on the other sixty shares sixty settlers were to be admitted, preference to be given to the petitioners and the descendants of the officers and soldiers who served in the expedition to Canada in 1690. Warwick was one of these four grants and was at first called Roxbury, or Gardner's Canada. The home lots were laid out and in October, 1737, the sixty proprietor's by name drew for their respective lots. Later a bounty was offered to encourage the owners to settle and build houses, but there were so many things to con- tend with at first that the growth was slow. However, in the face of many difficulties, roads were laid out, houses built, and, in 1756, the meeting house raised. Four years later their first minister was ordained. Rev. Lemuel Hedge. In February, 1763, the place was incorporated by the General Court as a town by the name of Warwick. The first town meeting was held on the 9th of May that same year and Moses Evans, Jeduthan Morse and James Ball were chosen first selectmen and assessors. As usual in the early New England settlements, the next thing to be tliought of after building a church and settling a minister was the starting of a school. So we find, in 1768, the town voted ten pounds to sup- port a school, having a master in winter and a mis- tress in summer. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, this little town, just struggling into life, did not want in patriotism. In 1774, when papers were sent from Bos- ton to know whether the town of Warwick would make a grant of a sum towards the charges of the com- mittee of Congress, they voted not only to raise their share of the sum agreed on by the House of Repre- sentatives to pay a committee of Congress, but to choose a captain, lieutenant and ensign, who should enlist fifty men to be ready at a minute's warning to go to any part of the province. Representatives were sent to the various meetings of the provin- cial Congress, Thomas Rich, chosen in 1776, being the first legal one, all others having been chosen in opposition to the constituted authority. In 1780, the town having been called upon to raise a number of men for six months, a bounty of fifteen pounds was offered to any who would go into the service for that length of time. That same year money was raised to pay the bounty, with five thousand pounds to defray necessary charges, and in September twenty thousand pounds to pay up the soldiers. Paper money had de- preciated a great deal at this time, yet this was a large sum for so small a town to raise. 1 18 GREENFIELD GAZETTE. WARWICK VILLAGE. However, this was not all they did for the cause of liberty. The following year the town voted three thousand one hundred pounds to pay for horses in the Continental service. At the same time they were called on for three years' men and it was voted to class the town, each to provide and pay a man. Later in the same year they raised seven militia men, thirty pounds to pay a part of their wages, and a quantity of beef for the use of the army. In October, 1783, the town voted to set off four thousand and sixty acres of land, with the inhabitants of the same, to be incorporated, with other land from Athol, Eoyalston and Erving's Grant, into a town called Orange. That year, on account of the poverty caused by the war, no representative to the General Court was chosen, but the next year they united with Orange to choose one. The next years following the Revolution were quiet ones in the town's history, the people gradually im- proving the place. New roads were laid out, the town divided into school districts, and a new church built. The signs of prosperity although slow were sure. There was one exception, the failure in the attempt to manufacture glass, about 1812. A company called the Franklin Glass Manufacturing Company erected buildings, induced workmen from other places to set- tle here and began the making of glass. They did considera- ble business for a short ^time, making cylinderjglass, but the enterprise having started with small funds was short-lived. In the war of 1812, a number of Warwick citizens took an active part; among those en- listed were: John Ayer, Geo. Stockwell, Henry Whipple, Parmenter, Benjamin Eddy, Obadiah Bass. The town was at the time divided into two militia companies, and on the records of the south company are found the names of the following men, detached for service Sept. 12, 1814: Eb- enezer Stearns (ensign), Eben- ezer Barber (sergeant), Ephra- im Suel, Manning Wheelock, Jonas Leonard, Willard Pack- ard, Dexter Fisk, David Gale, Jr., Stephen Ball, William Boyle, Abijah Eddy, Jo- nas Conant, Samuel Abbot, Peter Warrick, Daniel Smith, Artemas Baker. The records of the north company were not preserved, but the following are supposed to have been detached at the same time: Abner Goodale, Nathan Atwood, Stephen Williams, Joseph Williams, Jr., James Ball, Jr., Samuel Ball, Ezra Ripley, EU Stockwell, Maxwell. In September, 1821, a terrible whirlwind passed over Warwick, destroying several houses and many barns, while others suffered more or less damage. A number of people were injared and one girl killed. The next day the town assembled and voted four hundred dollars to be distributed among the sufferers. In 1860, the town of Warwick had a population of 932 and a valuation of $342,556. During the first year of the Rebellion, the town took no action in the mat- ter, but the next year they voted for the selectmen to offer' a bounty of one hundred dollars to volunteers to flu the quota of the town. Warwick furnished nine- ty-nine men for the service, which was nine more than required. Twenty-six were killed in the war. Alex- ander Cooper, sergeant of Co. G, 36th regiment, Mass. Vols., served three years in the army, was discharged for wounds received at Spottsylvania, returned home, and was killed by the falling of a derrick, in 1866, Royal E. Stimpson, Jesse F. Bridge, George Jennings, George E. Cook, Harwood S. Procter, Joseph A. Williams, William Dugan, Joseph Spencer, Henry O. Cook, George Mason, Frederic Quinn, Amory Gould, 2d, Alphonzo Rayner, Richards Mayo, Henry Witherell, Alonzo Scott, Dwight E. Stone, Orrin Curtis, Chas. E. Randall, Chas. Lawrence, Theodore Putnam, Jairus Hammond, Albert C. Barber, Artemus W. Ward, while raising a stone for the soldiers' monument. The names inscribed upon the monument of those killed are: Henry W. Lawrence, Francis L. Moore, Levi E. Switzer, Frederic Williams, Benjamin Hastings, LaFayette Nelson, Edward N. Coller, Seth A. Woodward, Henry H. Manning, James D. Delvee, Charles Jones, Jas. Henry Fuller, Willard Packard, Franklin Pierce, John B. Caldwell, Warren H. Blake, Joseph W. Sawyer, Alexander Cooper, Leander S. Jillson, M. Stanley Cushing, Monroe L. B. Patridge, Joseph Drake, Edwards Davis, James M. Chapin, Jacob S. Rayner, Jr., S. P. Shepardson, Jr., Joseph W. Ellis. Names of those who returned: Lyman Mason, Nath'l M. Pond, Henry H. Jillson, Dwight S. Jennings, Richard Weeks, Jr., William Weeks, Francis L. Fuller, Joseph Putnam, R. Harding Barber, Henry W. Kidder, Andrew J. Curtis, George Severance, George B. Cobb, Sumner Lincoln, Peter Dyer, John Farnsworth, Lewis Atwood, William H. Mason, A. R. Jennings, Joseph Adams, S. T. Underwood, Amos Taylor, 3d, Alfred Houghton, Elliot Stone, Chas. W. Higgins, Albert L. Hunt, Silas Jennings, Samuel Adams. Besides giving so many of her sons to her country's service, Warwick raised nearly $18,000 during the years of the war to aid the cause. About $6,000 of this, spent by the town for State aid to soldiers' fami- lies, was afterward reimbursed by the Commonwealth. Besides this, large amounts of various kinds of articles MOUNT GRACE, FROM WARWICK. were sent for the relief of the sick and wounded. During the war, the town received from Col. McKim the present of a bell for the school-house, which had been taken from the Confederates. About this time, Mrs. Experience C. Fisk presented the town with a lot adjoining the cemetery to enlarge it. The whole was improved by grading, setting out trees, etc., and called Fisk cemetery. There, in 1866, was erected a granite monument in memory of the soldiers killed in the war. In November, 1870, the town voted to appropriate money for a public library. In the same year, a subscription was raised by some of the citizens for the purchase of land for a public park. Nahum Jones gave theui his lot next to that bought, and after being fenced and graded, the land was presented to the town on condition that it be kept in good order and continued as a public park. EEV. JOHN GOLDSBURT, At the time of his death, was the oldest person in Warwick. This was his native place. He was a son of Col. James Goldsbuiy and was born Feb. 11, 1795. He prepared for college with Rev. Pi-eserved Smith, afterward entering Brown university . from which he graduated, going to Harvard for his theological train- ing. His first pastorate was over the Second Congre- gational church and society at Nortli Bridge water, June 6, 1837. He also preached in Hardwick, and in Bangor, Me. He returned to Warwick permanently about 1847 and identified himself with the interests of the town, preaching when called upon for the serv- ice in the Unitarian church. He was a member of the school board and was always interested in the ed- ucational interests of the town. At one time he was a teacher in the High school at Cambridgeport, also at Bristol academy, Taunton. Mrs. Julia Caswell Fairbanks, one of his pupils at this academy sixty- five years ago, came expressly from East Taunton to see her old teacher when he was in his ninety-fifth year. Mr. Goldsbury was the author of a series of gram- mars that were used quite extensively in schools, as were also the series of readers prepared by himself and Professor RusseU. Language was his specialty, and when he had charge of the schools much atten- tion was given to elocution. At the first memorial day service held in Warwick Mr. Groldsbury was invited to act as chaplain, a posi- tion he was asked to fill each year till 1887, when the increasing infirmities of age compelled him to decline. He was called upon to perform the marriage ceremo- ny more times than any other clergyman in the vicin- ity; he also attended many funerals. He was a man of much energy and a strong will that would not yield to trifles. To friends he was constant, and to the people in general, courteous. Mr. Goldsbury was a mason of many years' stand- ing, having joined the order in Taunton. While at North Bridgewater, he represented that town in the General Court in 1830, and about two years previous to his death he received notice from the State House that he was the oldest surviving member of the House. He was twice married. His first wife was Miss Nan- cy Hull. They had two children, John, who was a lawyer in Boston, but died in France some years since, and Nancy, now Mrs. Amos B. Merrill. He married for his second wife, a cousin, Mrs. Esther Williams Goddard, who stUl survives. Mr. Goldsbury died, Oct. 38, 1890, at the age of ninety-five years, eight months and seventeen days. CENTENNIAL EDITION. appropriated the sum of |100 toward establishing a public library. Its use now became free to all the in- habitants of the town. In November, 1876, Hon. Jef- ferson Bancroft of Lowell gave to the town a fund of $500, the interest to be expended annually for the pur- chase of books. Alexander Blake of Orange and Samuel W. Spooner of Warwick each left by their wills $100 to the library to be expended for books. The library now contains about 3600 volumes, of whicli about one-half were given. The leading donors were Hon. Jeflferson Bancroft of Lowell, Wm. B. Trask and Mrs. Mary B. Clap of Dorchester, Na- hum Jones of Warwick and a society connected with King's Chapel, Boston. The library room contains a museum, the gift of Wm. A. Howard of Salem; also portraits of Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Howard, Dr. Amos Taylor and wife, Hon. Jonathan Blake and S. W. Spooner. The librarian for the first nine years was Dr. Sam- uel P. French, whose work in that capacity and as superintendent of the schools, exerted a very benefi- cial infiuence on the educational interests of the town. SECEETAEY WINDOM S MARRIAGE. The wife of the late Secretaiy Windom was from Warwick, Miss Ellen T. Hatch, daughter of Rev. Roger C. Hatch, pastor of the Second Congregational church in Warwick for eighteen years. They met in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, where Mr. Windom was practising law and Miss Hatch was teaching school. Miss Hatch is described as being a beauty and a belle. She was bright, intelligent and of most charming manners. The friendship proved so pleasant that it did not cease when she returned home, and two years later, in 1855, they were married. They went directly to Winona, Minn. , which continued to be their Iiome during Mr. Windom's life. While Mr. Windom was in Congress they spent many summers in Warwick and continued to visit the town from time to time. Two or tliree years before his death Mrs. Windom and her daugh- ter spent several weeks here and Mr. Windom was with them for a week or more, seeking much-needed rest from his ofiicial duties. GILL, 119 The territory of Gill was increased in 1795 by the annexation of that part of Northfield west of the Connecticut river known as Grass Hill, and in re- sponse to apetition to tlie Legislature, March 14, 1805, granted Great Island, which divides Turners Falls from the Connecticut, to be a part of the town of Gill. EARLY CHURCHES. As early as 1794, church matters came up for con- sideration. Several plans were submitted and steps taken toward canying them out, but delays were oc- casioned by disagreements as to where the church should be located. It was finally decided to build it at a point between the school-house at the east end of the common and where the parsonage of the Congre- gational church now stands. The work progressed slowly and the house was not completed until 1805. It was expected that Lieut. -Gov. Gill would provide the bell for this church, but as it was not forthcoming the people purchased one in 1816. The first minister engaged by the town was a Mr. Baker of Greenfield, who was to preach on probation during the summer of 1795. In May, 1796, the First church of Greenfield voted that the members of their church residing in Gill might organize a church for themselves. The first settled pastor was Rev. Zepha- niah Swift, who came shortly after July, 1796, and was to be given a salary of $110 annually. As the church records were lost, it is not certain liow long his pastorate lasted, but probably not more than a year or two, as Rev. John Jackson was ordained in 1798. Others to follow were Revs. Jabez Munsell, Jo- siah W. Canning, F. S. Whiting, James Sanford, Wm. Miller, Mr. Leland, E. F. Brooks, A. B. Foster, A. Stowell, S. R. Ashury, E. J. Giddings, E. S. Potter, James Cushing and others. There is now no pastor, but preacliing is supplied by ministers from the near towns. A Methodist church was organized in 1803, and in 1836, the house at Gill Centre was built. Rev. C. N. Men-ifield was its pastor in 1879. Mention is made of the existence of Baptists in the town, and of the fact that they were excused from paying the minister rate, but there is nothing to show that they were ever organized as a society. ■WARWICK FREE LIBRARY. In the summer of 1815 a circulating library was or- ganized in Warwick, a small sum being charged for the privilege of taking books. This library was kept up as a private enterprise untU 1871, when it was giv- en to the town, the latter having, the previous fall, This town lies a short distance northeast of the cen- tre of Franklin county, in a bend of the Connecticut river, and is separated from Greenfield by Fall river. Gill was set off from Greenfield in May, 1793, as the northeast district of the latter town, said district .lying east of Fall river. It received its name by way of Moses Gill, who was then Lieutenant-Governor. To show his appreciation of the honor he donated toward the building of its first meeting-house, the glass and nails, and for its furnishing, the Bible and a communion service. The Bible has since come into the possession of Josiah D. Canning, whose father was one of the early pastors of the first church in Gill. When Gill was over a half -century old — old enough to know better — the subject of changing its name to that of Glencoe was agitated, but the proposition was sensibly voted down. The oldest village in Gill, denominated the Centre, is situated on a gently-undulating plain, in the midst of a hilly region, from the tops of which most dehght- ful views are to be obtained. Here have been built two churches, a fine town hall, pubhc library, a store and postoffice. At Riverside, opposite the village of Turners Falls, there is also a postoffice; the mills of the Turners Falls Lumber Co. and the New England Fibre Co. are here, and several stores. The suspension bridge at this point spans the Connecticut and affords commun- ication between Montague and Gill. This section of the town is supposed to occupy the spot where the fa- mous Turners Falls fight took place, the details of which are given elsewhere. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Previous to the Turners Falls fight, the tracts near the river on the east and toward the south were oc- cupied by two settlers of the names of Howland and Stacy. On account of trouble with the Indians they were forced to take shelter in Deerfleld, but at a later date returned and again occupied theu- farms. The great-great-grandfather of Mrs. Obed Severance lo- cated on Grass Hill and was killed by Indians soon afterward. Considerable disturbance was made at about this time by the kUling of an Indian by a Mr. Brooks, who had come up from Deerfield and settled here. Brooks was employed by some Deerfield men to herd sheep and had built for himself a hut. He discovered an Indian lurking near Stacy's mountain and killed him; then, fearing the probable conse- quences of his rash act, he fled with his wife to Deer- field, none too quick, as it appeared, for as soon as the Indians learned what had been done they descended upon the settlement, drove off the people, burned their dwellings and destroyed the crops. During these earlier years the settlers must have been much harrassed by the Indians. Their only resource was to find shelter in the forts established at Northfield and vicinity. The first permanent settlere were David Wrisley and his four sons, who came fi'om Connecticut in 1776. The sons afterward located each on a farm and each raised a large family, and the name of Wrisley became so common that at one time, it is said, fully one-fifth of the inhabitants either bore the name or were blood-relatives to possessors of it. 120 Ithamar Allen was the one to build tlie first grist- mill in the town. Traces of the old mill-flume are still to be seen. Benjamin Brainard had the hon- or of being the first postmaster; Benjamin Jacobs, storekeeper; Joel Lyons, doctor. Gill furnished men and means for the Shays rebel- Uon, but was conspicuously patriotic in 1814, being the only town in Franklin county besides Charlemont to send volunteers in response to the governor's call for troops to defend Boston. Gill attracts much attention from the geologists and elic hunters on account of the tracks of birds and earlier animals found in the sandstone in gi-eat abund- ance. Some of the best fossil specimens to be found in the geological cabinets, of the country have been taken from here by Dr. James Deane, Prof. Hitch- cock, Timothy M. Stoughton and others. As an agricultm-al town. Gill has not its superior in Franklin county. Its soil is fertile and is especially favorable to the raising of tobacco, which a few years since was extensively engaged in, and with the im- provement in prices will probably come to the front again. Fine stock has been raised by the Gill farm- ers, especial attention being paid to the breeding of Jerseys by Timothy N. Stoughton and Holsteins by L. L. Hastings. For a dozen years or more, these with other stockraisers have successfully competed for the premiums offered at the county fairs. Since the establishment of the Boys' School at Mt. Hermon, in 1881, Gill has been a lively place. It has opened up a market for the products of the dairy and the farm; and a postoffice and railway station have been called into existence near the town line in Noi-thfield. The overflow of boys have found board- ing-places with the people, some of them making their home with Henry L. Hayden, the proprietor of Maple Lawn farm and Cosy Cottage. Summer board- ers have already found their way here and the place bids fair to become quite popular as a resort for city people. LIST OF SOLDIEES, 1861-65. 5Sd Regiment. Geo. B. Hale, Henry A. Dean, Chas. M. Billings, Ellsworth O. Fairman, James W. Knowlton. 1st Regiment Heavy Artillery. Rufus A. Coolidge. 2cl Regiment Heavy Artillery. Chas. W. Lander. M Cavalry. David F. Tiemey, Thos. O'Donnell. Sd Cavalry. Edward J. Everett, Herman Clapp. 10th Regiment. Ralph L. Atherton, Wm. H. Scott, Wm. B. Atherton, Wm. R. Smith, Oscar Hale, Francis Williams, Wm. C. Marvel, Geo. W. Harris, Nicholas Paulus, Alexander C. Sheldon, Fred'k W. Potter, Nathan W. Smith, John Newton, 3d. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. OLDEN TIMES AT TUENEES PALLS, BY JOSIAH D. CANNING. Albert W. Hale, Slst Regiment. Geo. M. Lander. S4.th Regiment. James Stewart, Daniel Case, Chas. H. Keenan, Timothy Whelan. S7th Regiment. John Callighan, Dermis C. Carter, John Callighan, John C. Delvy, Dwight H. Howland, John H. Gary, Harrison H. White. 1st Cavalry. Jas. H. Gary. 37th Regiment. Wm. H. Scott. 57th, Regiment. Anson J. Bishop, Adolphus Legrove, Jabez Bullis, David Sancomb, Joseph Denio, Wm. Pike, James W. Ellis, James W. Ellis. 1st N. C. Artillery. L'.ic?."? Bnrrell. Among the historical localities of Western Massa- chusetts, there are few, if any, around which so many interesting reminiscences and storied memories cluster as at Turners Falls. Aside from the slaughter of the Indians there congregated for the purpose of fishing, on the 18th of May, 1676, by Capt. Turner, it was one of the most notable places for the taking of fish, par- ticularly shad and salmon, in the known world. In those days, and for decades of years afterward, there were no mills, manufactories, or the like, on the river, and the water was as pure and free from poison- ous drainage from villages and defiling matter from mills as the rain-fall from the heavens. Such is the water loved by the shad and salmon, their unnum- bered multitudes testifying to the fact. The rocky rapids at South Hadley were no serious obstacle to the upward passage of the fish, and not till they encoun- tered the more serious barrier at Turners Falls was their progress interrupted. Even these falls were by no means insurmountable, but caused an immense gathering of the fish at the foot of the falls, while at the same time multitudes of both shad and salmon leaped the foaming torrent and ascended the river and its upper tributaries. An octogenarian, when I was a lad, told me that himself and others were ac- customed to draw the seine at the mouth of the Una- dilla brook. Gill Center, with abundant success, and that he had seen both kinds of fish, repeatedly, in the brook itself. The theory of the old fishermen was this, and I have no doubt of its correctness: The shad come up from the southern waters, and coasting their way northward at the time the rivers are pouring out into the sea their superabundant spring freshets, scent the fresh water discharged, and take up the rivers in suc- cession as they arrive off their mouths. The fact that after a higher freshet than usual, when the fresh water was carried further out to sea, there was an extra "run" of fish to be found in the river, seems to substantiate the theory of the fishermen. The month of May, and the blooming of the "shad tree," was the time of the fisherman's harvest. This little tree, the blossoms of which are of snowy white- ness, told the fisher that the shad were in the river (first noticed by the native Indian and communicated by him to his white brother). The tree, I believe, is a specie of box-wood, sometimes called "spooq-wood," and can be seen blooming yet in May, but the fish — where are they? To the uninitiated of the present generation who have read my poem, "The Shad Fishers," and noted he quantities of fish therein represented, it may occur that I took, in its writing, something more than poetic icense — yes, exaggeration. But let me assure them that such is not the case. When a boy I liked nothing better of a winter evening than to visit the old fathers of my town; to sit in the chimney comer and hear them discourse of early times and incidents. I took note of their talk and to-day the early histo- ry of Gill is written from the lips of these old men- all the early history that ever can be, for these old narrators have all long since passed away and their interesting knowledge of old times is buried with them, save the little I was able to preserve. These old fathers, fishermen, were a unit on the tremendous quantities of fish at the falls— one expressing himself that "he could walk on their backs across the river." No better shad ever swam than those of our own wa- ters. One old fisher said to me: "You don't know nothing about a good shad. Take one from the water into the frying-pan before he has done flopping,— oh, 'tis curis, 'tis curis!" The salmon did not equal in numbers the shad, but they were large and of prime quality, frequently overweighing thirty pounds. One old man told me that he took a salmon one day at the falls and ran a stick through its gills and carried it home across his shoulders with its tail dragging on the ground, and he was a well-grown boy of eighteen at the time. The fishing seasons attracted farmers from the sur- rounding towns and region to the falls for their supply of fish. They came with carts and wag- ons and took them oflf for the purpose of salting for the year's use. Two cents each shad or three "Bungtown coppers," was the established price paid the fisherman. I can point out, to-day, a fine long piece of mowing in my town which an old fisher bought with the proceeds of his sale of fish during one season. Well, the fishing is done. I can remember when a boy of a few shad being taken at the falls, and once helped to draw a seine at Great River District, Deer- field, carrying home some six or eight fine, plump shad; but my remembrance personally must be con- sidered as the "last run of shad." When the Holyoke dam was built it practically cut off the progress of the fish up the river, and the sons of the old fishers sued the corporation for the loss of their "fish rights.'' Thecasewas heard beforeasher- iff's jury at Greenfield court-house, and occupied sev- eral days. The jurors were summoned from the river towns, GiU, Greenfield and Deerfield, and were as fol- lows: Gill, Elijah Green, Alfred Goodrich, Josiah D. Canning, Benjamin Barton; Greenfield, Lewis Mer- riam, William H. Strong, Isatus Sheldon, George Pot- ter; Deerfield, Isaac Abercrombie, Asa Stebbins, Ze- bina Stebbins, Eli Wright. 'Twas in the autumn of the year when up to Green- field came The fishermen for justice to the temple of her name. We awarded them fair damages, and it was my last interview with the last of the fishermen. The fishing was mainly performed by the use of seine and scoop nets. These latter nets were dipped from two noted points, one a projecting rock over the cataract from the Gill shore, called "Foster's Rock,'' and the other an offsetting spur on the east side of "Great island," known as "Burnham's Rock." Both of these famous rocks were easily seen and pointed out until the construction of the dams at the falls. In olden times, instead of a perpendicular fall of wa- ter, as now, the falls were a mad rush of waters down a rocky declivity with irresistible force. Woe to the poor fisherman who slipped from Foster's or Burn- ham's rock! He was a doomed man, and ten to one his body was never again seen. With the people who came to purchase their sup- plies of fish, or "Gill pork," as they were wont to call it, came all classes of the country-side, led by curios- ity, — the gentleman, the buUy and the idler, pretty much such crowds as used to swarm at an old-fash- ioned "muster," or at an agricultural f air now-a-days. Old-time games, trials of strength and of skill, box- ing, leaping, wrestling, etc. , occupied a good portion of the crowd, and laughable and sometimes serious matters occurred. In this connection I will relate one incident which I gave to the press some years ago, but will bear repetition as the origin of an old local proverb. A blustering bully from one of the neighboring towns, who prided himself on his great strength and skillful wrestling, on one occasion had successively thrown every antagonist who had dared to grapple with him. Finally he straightened up and in a loud voice declared that "he could whip all Gill!" Now there was present one of our townsmen, a quiet and civily disposed man, but who was noted for un- common strength. To silence the boasting fellow, some of those who knew of this man's personal strength, besought him to take hold of the bully. We will call our man Uncle Sam, and it was a long time before his friends could persuade him to try a clinch with the boaster and avenge his insult to the town. But finally he consented to one trial with the fellow and in a very short time laid him on his back. Springing to his feet, the man declared that there was some mishap, his foot had slipped, or other matter. CENTENNIAL EDITION. 121 and must try the thing again. Again they clinched, and again, shoi-tly, the result was the same. Still, the boaster was unsatisfied, and stung by the taunts of the crowd, would not be refused a third "hold." By this time. Uncle Sam, who was calm, slow-mo- tioned and slow-spoken, felt his blood warming up, and griping the man for the third time, he, in a few moments, swung him bodily off his feet and dashed him to the ground with a force that compelled him to remain there for some time. "There!" said Uncle Sam, "lie there! I guess you don't know who's in GiU!" The speech passed into a "saying," and to this day may be occasionally heard. Following the shad came another species of fish — the lamprey eel. These came in great numbere. They are very scarce now in the locality; indeed, I know not but they are extinct, for it is many years since I have seen one or heard of any being taken. They were a singular creature, attaching themselves to the rooks by power of suction of their mouths. Orifices on the side of their necks, like the holes in a flute, served as giUs. The mode of taking them was to wade in the water about the rocks with woollen mittens on the hands, and with a sudden grip and jerk pull them off. The man who was so unlucky as to have one fasten itself upon his face or arm realized intensely its powers of suction. The eel was prized by many as an article of food, some preferring them to shad. They remained fastened to the rocks after the return of the shad to salt water, and after wiirm weather came, multitudes perished, still clinging to the rocks. I close this hasty sketch by transcribing a few lines from my poem, "The Shad-Fishers," before alluded to: All in the merry month of Jlay, When snowy shad-trees blossomed gay To teU the fisherman the time When fish were plentiful and prime;— All in the men-v month of May, Where Turner's pouj-ing waters play, And lash and dash, and roar and bray. Were wont to gather there and then. Fishers of shad and not of men. All in the merry month of May, Back many years on Time's highway. Upon old-time "election day," I've heard gray-headed'worthies say, Not only fishermen, so wet, With sweeping seine and scooping net, But other folk would muster there, As now they gather at a fair. From all the region roimd about They came, the gentleman and lout; The yeoman, whose spring work was done, Resolved to have one day of fun; The peddler, with his gewgaws fine. And ballads dog'rel, not divme; The buUy of the country-side. In all the sweU of hero pride: The gamester who was skilled to know The science of a lucky throw; The loafer, whose "chief end ot man^ Was "Go it, cripples, while you can; The verdant youth from hillside green. Come down to see what might be seen And treat the tlolce whom he led To penny-cake and ginger-bread;— A motley crowd of bemgs, wishing To see each other and the fishing. Now ye who read these truthful rhymes And live in these noise-making times, When dams and mills and paddle boats And other craft the water floats. With all their din and clickmaclaver. Scare off the red-fins from the n^er,-- Can scarce conceive what schools ot shad Made our old fisher fathers glad. Their numbers did exceed almost The rapt one's countless heavenly host; Upon the bottom of the river Their fins like leaves were seen to quiver; And leaping salmon, tho' less plenty. Were grand as royal one and twenty. A single haul would bring ashore Some forty, fifty, sixty score; The fisher, who the scoop would ducU, Would get St. Peter's sacred luck; A few lioui-s' toil, and you might heed Shad piled like hay-cocks in a mead. The fisher's fire is out ashore; The bellying seine is di-awn no more; No more appears, when hauled to land. The silver winrow on the sand; No more the merry May days brinj;' The jolly old-time gathering. For all is changed ; old scenes are past And fading from man's memory fast. Since art and commerce rule our riAer, Gone are our finny stores forever. Untrammeled nature brings no more This bounty to our storied shore. In vain ye look, ye watchful wishers! Gone and for aye, are fish and fishers. Five of the above died in the service: Moses Nich. ols, Isaac B. Stafford, Henry D. Thayer, Henry Hicks, Allen Phelps. MONROE. Monroe is a small and comparati-sely young town and will have to wait till the year of 1932 before it can celebrate its centennial. It lies at the extreme northwestern part of the county, looking toward the hills of Berkshire. Monroe was formed from an unincorporated tract called "The Gore" and that part of Rowe lying west of the Deerfield river. James Monroe was president of the United States at this time, and the town was given his name. Its area is small, embracing but twelve square miles, only a small portion of which admits of easy or profitable cultivation, although the land bordering the river is fertile. The Deerfield river and Mill brook are the principal streams, affording a number of mill-sites, used principally for the manu- facture of lumber. It was about 1800 before an attempt was made for an early settlement. Daniel Canedy of Colrain was the first man to bring his family here. He was soon followed b}' Ebenezer Howard, Samuel and Daniel Gore, the latter remaining in town until his death, and rearing a number of sons, among them Hiram, Lowell, Moses, Asahel and Luther, who was in after years a noted lawyer in Ohio. Three brothers of the Ballou family — David, Benjamin and Nathan — came from Richmond, N. H., about the same time and set- tled within half a mile of one another. A son of Na- than, the younger brother, Maturin Ballou, was a noted stage-driver across the mountain from Green- field to North Adams for a period of seventeen years. Jonathan Hicks is also named amon;^' the early set- tlers. At the centre were the families of Thomas Stafford and sons, Jacob Bryant and sons, Rufus Spaulding, Thomas Hines and others. The town was incorporated February 21, 1823. The officers elected at the first town meeting were mostly from the Ballou families. In 1848, it was decided to erect a new town-house as near the centre of the town as possible, and to use for this purpose the surplus money received from the treasury of the United States. The selectmen were empowered to act as a building committee. This house served for public purposes as well as for religious meetings. About 1810, Rev. David Ballou, then a resident of Monroe, formed a Universalist society, which main- tained its existence some forty years. The meetings of this society were held at the town-house and other places. In later years religious meetings were held only occasionally. There is now a Baptist society, which has regular services. Rev. John Conrad, for- merly of Cambridgeport, was ordained and installed as its pastor, July 13, 1891. LIST OF SOLDIERS. 5:!d Regiment. Alonzo Axtell, Isaac B. Stafford, Ebenezer Gifford, Henry D. Thayer, Moses Nichols, Warren Tower. Not Specified. Henry Hicks, Nathaniel Whitc^mb, Allen Phelps, Myron Whitcomb. MONROE BRIDGE. This is the name given to a little settlement that has been growing up in Monroe since 1886. At about this time James Ramage of Holyoke decided to start here a plant for the manufacture of pulp and manila paper, used mostly for boxes. The wheels of their machinery were set in motion on the 9th of Decem- ber, 1887. Tenements to tl^e number of a score or more have been put up for the accommodation of the workmen, and the village presents a very neat ap- pearance. There are besides, apostoffice, store, town- house and school building in one, and a few other buildings. The basement of the town-house is finish- ed off for a gymnasium and dressing room; the first floor is occupied as a school-room, and contains a reading-room, kitchen and pantry, while the rooms above furnish a convenient auditorium for public use. This was built at the expense of Mr. Ramage and rented by the town. Mr. Ramage has also erected for his own use one of the finest residences in the Deer- field valley. It commands an excellent view of the river and surrounding hills from its broad piazzas, and no pains have been spared to make it a model home. It contains twenty-six rooms. The halls are spacious and pleasant, the one in the lower story be- ing thirty-five feet long, that in the second, sixty-two feet, and in the third, forty feet, and of varying widths. The largest room in the house is the billiard- room, on the third floor, handsomely finished in Western red birch. The house is lighted by the in- candescent electric burners, power being furnished from the mills below, which are also lighted by elec- tricity. The James Ramage Paper Company is located near the narrow gauge railway built through the valley by the Newton Brothers of Holyoke. It was organized with a capital stock of $500,000, and has for its pres- ident, James Ramage, while his sons, C. W. and J. M. Ramage, are its treasurer and secretary. The pulp- mill has a capacity for turning out five tons of pulp a day, and that of the paper mill is six tons. Sixty- five men are employed in both places. ASHFIELD. A town that has won for itself the lasting associa- tion of such names as George William Curtis and Charles EUot Norton and whose life has been touched by men like James Russell Lowell, William Dean How- ells, John W. Chadwick, Christopher P. Cranch, Charles Dudley Warner, George W. Cable, Joseph H. Choate and Edward J. Phelps, has claims to a pre- eminence among country towns as thorougly establish- ed as the elevation of Ashfield in a physical sense. There was an Ashfield in 1793, when the Gazette be- gan its acquaintance with the county towns. It was a prosperous and delightful town spreading over the plain high among the hills. The Ashfield of that old- en time and its near succeeding years is indeed the object of much admiration and pride, and the abiding good qualities of its people, their industry, honesty and devotion to the cultivation of their minds as well as the development of their bodies and estates are eulogized as they deserve by those who see now the goodly fruit of their living in the men and women who traoe back to their youthful days in that Ash- field the inspiration of useful years. But it is com- mon to speak of Ashfield's discovery as an occurrence of about twenty -five years ago, when its Columbus spanned the dry land between Harvard University and the Franklin Iiills and opened an avenue of intel- lectual commerce between the seat of learned treasure and the producing-place of fresh air and inspiration. Since then the way has become well worn and the Ashfield of the closing century is an Ashfield rich in accumulated acquaintance with the best of men. 122 GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. Mr. Curtis came soon after Prof. Norton, and every summer has brought him back. The presence of two such men was the sure promise of some renewal of a lost interest or some creation of a new. The neglect- ed academy was the object that most needed their re- building power, and the story is told in these pages of how "Sanderson" was rejuvenated. The Ashfield din- ner has served a broader pui-pose and has given a pecul- iar character to the town. Meanwhile, Ashfield has grown as a summer resort, and the benefits of its in- vigorating air, beautiful scenery, "fine drives so full of pleasant surprises," as one visitor expresses it, are the yearly possession of a growing number. Briefly to note its history before 1792, the tract now comprising Ashfield was granted to Capt. Ephraim Hunt of Weymouth as a compensation for services rendered in the Canada expedition of 1690. It was settled by a few families in 1742, and went by the name of Huntstown until incorporated in 1764. For its later annals the following papers may be read. They have been faithfully prepared for this work by Henry S. Ranney, Esq. , and Frederick G. Howes, Esq. EDUCATIONAL. One of the first acts of the proprietors of the town in 1738 was to set off one lot in sixty-three, or really one sixty-third part of the township for the support of the "Scool." After the town was settled, during its early hardships, we find occasional mention of as- sessments on the shares for the same purpose. The year after the town was incorporated, at a town meeting, "Held March 31, 1766, By Vartue of A warrant from the Selectmen of sd town, it was Voted for the use of the school 4 pounds. " This school was in the north part of the town. In 1768 and 1769 money was also raised for the "Scool," and xn 1772 it was "Voted: 1. To divide into three School Districts. 2. To build three School Houses." In 1790, there were nine districts; in 1815, thirteen; and in 1845, fourteen districts. In 1810, with a population of over 1800, there were probably nearly 700 scholars attending the schools, or an average of over fifty for each, some schools having seven tyj pupils in the winter. Of course, at that time, scholars attended school at a later age than now, many being twenty or twenty-one GREENFIELD GAZETTE. years of a-e. The first returns from the school com- mittee to the board of education, in 1833, gave 635 scholars; in 1840, the retm-us were 494; m 18o0, 380; in 1860, 253; in 1870, 233; in 1880, 193. The wages of female teachers were about $10 per month, including board (while for the past ten years they have been returned at from $30 to $80). In 178S, £100 were raised for the nine schools; in 1796, £150; in 1813, $450; from 1814 to 1839, $600: in 1851, ^800; in 1855, $1,000; in 1865, $1,500; in 1870, $2M0; in ISSO, $1,000; in 1890, $1800. Of this last sum, $500 is expended on the high school estab- lished in 1889. From 1788 to 1841, the school money was distributed in the several disU'iots according to the number of scholars, between the ages of four and twenty one. After that it was divided "one-half on the district, and one-half on the scholar," until the final abolition of the district system in 1883. The votes which were taken in the early part of the century show a deep and progressive interest in the schools. Towns were not re;iuired by law to choose superintending school committees until 1826, but in 1816 this town voted to choose a committee of thir- teen "to visit the schools the year ensuing, and to re- quest the said committee to invite the clergy to visit the schools with them." In 1818, it was voted "that the school committee do visit the schools twice this season." In 1819, a committee was chosen "to report to the town the best method of visiting schools and ex- amining teachers." In 1837, it was voted "to take the Journal of Education, published at Boston, for the use of the school committee." The town was also one of the earliest pioneers in the matter T)f choosing women on the school board. In 1855, nineteen years before the State passed the act making women eligible to the of- fice, two women were elected on the school board. Of the members of the school committee from 1818 to 1891 inclusive, five have served terms of over ten years, Frederick Forbes, thirteen years; Alvan Perry, fifteen years; Silas Blake, Esq., sixteen years; Wait Bement, Esq., seventeen years; F. G. Howes, Esq., thirty-four years. Among the early teachers employed were Dimick Ellis, Daniel Forbes, who taught ninety-nine terms, including writing and singing schools, Nancy Alden, Mary Lyon, Betsey Smith, Lydia Smith, Hiram Bald- ing, father of Belding Bros., silk manufacturers. Al- van Perry, Samuel Bassett, Manley Guilford, Wait Bement, P. Emory Aldrich, now Judge Aldrich of Worcester, H. L. Dawes, now U. S. Senator, Gran- ville B. Hall, father of Pres't G. Stanley Hall of Clark university, and later Misses Lydia and Clarissa Hall, Miss Marietta P. Patrick, now Mrs. Harris, Miss Mehit- able Bassett, now Mrs .Chauncey Bryant of Greenfield. Owing to the large decrease in the number of schol- ars, the number of schools has been reduced to eight, and within twelve years most of the school-houses have been newly built or thoroughly remodeled. ASHFIELD, FROM PETER'S HILL— HIGHEST LAND IN TOWN PEOF. CHARLES ELIOT NORTON. Sanderson Academy— ^Yas established by the Rev, Alvan Sanderson in 1816. It is doubtful if previous to this there was any school of any higher grade than a common school. Mr. Sanderson had been pastor of the Congregational church for eight years, when, his health failing, he resigned his pastorate and opened this school. He continued the superintendence of it for only a year, when he died. At his death it was found he had left a fund of about $1500 for the sup- port of the school. Mr. Sanderson was only thirty- six years of age at the time of his death, but the proofs of self-sacrifice and disinterestedness of his life come down .to us in so many ways, that his mem- ory should not be forgotten by the people of the town. The board of trustees was organized soon after Mr. Sanderson's death and was incorporated in 1821 under the name of the "Sanderson Academy and School Fund." Flourishing schools were held for ten or twelve years after this. Up to 1833 nearly one thou- sand pupils had attended the school from this and the adjoining towns. Mary Lyon entered the school as a pupil in 1817, and was afterwards employed as teach- er for several years, mainly as assistant, but for sev- eral terms in 1837 and '38, as principal. In 1833, there seemed to be a decline in the interest of the school. The fund left by Mr. Sanderson was nearly all spent in repairs on the buildings and other ways, and there is no record of trustees' meetings for three years. In 1834. the interest revived somewhat, and from that time to 1866, meetings of the trustees were kept up and schools maintained for the whole or part of the school year. After 1866 no meetings of the trustees were held for eleven yeai-s, although there were one or two terms of school held each year — some very successful, usually as a private en- terprise. In 1877, Professor Charles Eliot Noi-ton and George WiUiam Curtis, who some years before had established their summer homes in Ashfield, endeavored to awaken an interest in the neglected insti- tution. The records were himted up, the boai-d of trustees reorgan ized and Prof. Norton placed upon the board. Money was raised by subscription for repairing the build- ing, Messrs. Norton and Curtis heading the list each with a libera! sum. The school was opened in the fall of 1879 and has had three full terms each year up to the pres- ent time. In August, 1880, was held the first fair and dinner for the benefit of the academy, and since that time the triennial fairs and annual dinners have been sue- STREET SCENE. LOOKING WEST. cessfully continued. In lS8o, John AV. Field of Phil- adelphia, who had also made Ashfield his summer home, bought and presented to the corporation a lot of tliree acres of land as a playground for the stu- dents. In the winter of 1887 Mr. Field died, and his remains were brought here for burial, he having ex- pressed a desire to be buried in the cemetery near his summer home in the to\yn he had come to respect and to loye. The next summer his wife. Mrs. Eliza W. Field, gave to the trustees seventy-five hundred dollars to be expended in erecting a new building for the academy, to be called the Field Memorial Hall of Sanderson academy, also for the free use of the library, provided the library be made free to all the inhabit- ants of the town. She also added other sums before its completion and furnishing, making over ^10,000 given in all. Before the school was opened in the new building, Mrs. Field proposed to place in the hands of the trustees a sum, the annual income of which should be $500 and should be expended for in- struction in the academy, provided the town would raise an equal amount annually, to be expended in the same way, and the tuition be free to all pupils of the proper grade in town. For the past two years the town has voted this sum, the school has been in suc- cessful operation «-ith two teachers and an average of about forty pupils. Among the teachers employed have been Elijah H. Burritt, Rev. Abijah Cross, Dr. Amasa Converse, Robert A. Coffin, Rev. Silas Blais- del). Rev. Francis Williams, P. Emory Aldrich, Hen- ry L. Dawes, W. W. Mitchell, Rev. Hyman A. Wilder, LOOKING NOETH, WITH CEMETERY IN THE DISTANCE. CENTENNIAL EDITION. Alden Porter Beals, Rev. William. F. Loomis, Abner T. Sherwin, Charles H. Fisk. Among the friends and for- mer trustees of the academy \v e r e Thomas White, Esq., Elijah Paice, Esq., Ephraim Will- iams, Esq., Di-. Euos Smith, Rev. Thom- as Shepard, Asa Sanderson, Dimick Ellis, Samuel Be- ment, Hiram Beld- ing, Sanford Boice, Samuel W. Hall, Alvan Perry, H. S. Ranney, Esq., A. W. Crafts. The present board con- sists of H. S. Ran- ney, Esq., presi- dent; F. G. Howes, vice-president; Alvan Hall, treas- urer; A. D. Flower, secretary; Prof. C. E. Norton, Chauncey Boice, Charles Howes, C. F. Goodwin. The museurn connected with the academy was originated by President G. Stanley Hall. LIBRARY. In 1815, an associ- ation called the Sec- ond Social Library was formed in town. We infer from the name that another library had existed here before, but there are no records of it. The first meet- ing was called for by fourteen persons, and an organization was formed with a board of six trustaes. The association ex- isted for fifty years, and during most of this time was well supported and patronized. The library was kept in a private house, or shop, and the librarian allowed two dollars a year for. his serv- ices. Members could draw books by lot, at the quarterly meetings, also of the librarian at any time. The expenses were paid by an an- nual tax. The total number of books owned and cata- logued was about 800. The list was an excellent one and there are many per- sons now living who can testify to the pleasure and profit they derived from those books. Some of the principal sup- porters and patrons of this library were: Capt. James McFar- 123 land, Capt. William Bassett, Jonathan Lilly, Dr. Ath- erton Clai'k, Capt. Roswell Ranney, Col. Nehemiah Hathaway, Joseph Gris wold, Capt. Thomas W. White, Rev. Dr. Thomas Shepard, George Bassett, Daniel Howes, Marcus T. Parker, Alvan Perry, L. C. San- derson, Wait Bement, Thomas C. Sears. During the years of the war, from 1861 to '66, the library received but little attention, and in the latter year another similar organization having been formed, the ten members remaining voted to dissolve the association and divide the books, about 400 volumes, among them. Most of the members turned their books over to the new organization, which was called the Ashfield Li- brary Association, and was formed mainly through the influence of Prof. Norton and Mr. Curtis. These books, with liberal donations of new books from Messrs. Norton and Curtis, formed the nucleus of the new library. These gentlemen have been strong sup- porters and liberal benefactors to the institution since its formation. The total sum received from the an- nual lectures of Mr. Curtis since 1869 has been over $1300. Donations and legacies have been received from others. Alonzo Lilly of Newton, a native of this town, made donations at various times and in 1882 he placed the sum of $1500 in the hands of three trustees, residents of the town, the annual income of which was to be paid to the institution. Mrs. Field and others have made donations of books from time CORNER NEAR ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, LOOKING SODTH. to time. The number of books now owned is about 3500 volumes. The association and the town both ac- cepted Mrs. Field's proposition already named, the town paying annually $150, making the books free to all the inhabitants of the town, and the library was moved to the Field Memorial hall. All the teachers have access to the library for the benefit of their pu- pils, and it is intended to make it an auxiliary to the schools as far as possible. Some of the principal offi- cers of the library have been Rev. Lewis Greene, Wait Bement, Esq. , George Bassett, Moses Cook. The pres- ent directors are Dr. G. R. Fessenden, president; F. G. Howes, secretary and treasurer; Mrs. Charles M. Abbey, Mrs. W. E. Ford, George B. Church, Charles Lilly; librarian. Miss Julia Williams. A literary association called the "Curtis Club" was formed in the fall of 1890, and holds its meetings weekly in Field Memorial Hall. A "Shakespeare Club" was formed about the same time, and holds its meetings once in two weeks, at the houses of the dif- ferent members. Both are well supported. The Ashfield Mutual Fire Insurance Company was organized in 1854. Its business, restricted within the town boundaries, has been conducted with a good de- gree of prosperity. Its officers are: Charles Howes, president; Henry S. Ranney, secretary; Levi Gard- 124 ner, treasurer; Silas Blake, F. G. Howes, Emory D. Church, George B. Church, directors. A prosperous farmers' club has been in existence seven years. The Ashfield Creamery Association, formed two years ago, has a new building with proper fixtures and appurtenances, and made over 100,000 pounds of butter last year. The cost of the plant was about $4000. A. D. Flower, president; Charles A. Hall, treasurer and secretary; Duane B. Dunham, butter- maker. GREENFIELD GAZETTE. Names of men who have served as selectmen in Ashfleld, with date of their terms of office: Ebenezer Balding, 1763, 'G.'i, "68, '69; Chileab Smith, 1763, '66, '67; Philip Phillips, 1763, '(iS. '88; Nathan Wait, 1763; Eeuben Ellis, 1763, '64; Jonathan Edson, 1764; Nathan Chapin, 1764, '68; Samuel Belding, 1765, '70, '73, '73, '74; Jonathan Yeamans, 1765; Moses Fuller, 1766, '68; Thomas Phillips, 1766, '67; Timo- thy Lewis, 1767; Isaac Shepard, 1769, '70, '79; Sam- uel Allen, 1770, '73. '83; Jonathan Taylor, 1772-4; Aaron Lyon, 1773, '75-77. '80; Reuben Ellis, 1774; Jasher Taylor, 1775-6, "19, '83; Elisha Cranson, 1775: Benjamin Phillips, 1776, '78, '80, '82; Peter Cross, 1777; Phineas Bartlett, 1777, '78; Jacob Sherwin, 1778, '83; John Bement, 1779, '93; Rowland Sears, 1780, '88-93, '94, '95; Warren Green, Jr., 1781, '85; Uriah Goodwin, 1781; John Sherwin, 1781; Thomas Stocking, 1783^, '86, '87; Benjamin Rogers, 1783; Chileab Smith, Jr., 1784-7, '89, '91, '93. 1800-1; John Ellis, 1784, '90; WaiTen Green, Jr., 1785; Ephraim Williams, 1785, '88-93, '94, '95, '98, '99; William Flower, 1786-7; Warren Green, 1798; LemuelSpurr, 1793; Abner Kelley, 1796-1808; Joshua Howes, 1796-9; Abiezer Perkins, 1796; EUjah Paine, 1797; 1797; Samuel Guilford, 1800-6; John Alden, 1806-8; ThomasWhite, 1807-15, '35-39; Bethuel Lilly, 1809- 11, '16-19; Josiah Drake, 1809-11; Chipman Smith, 1813-15; Nathaniel Holmes, 1813-19; Dimick Ellis, 1816-19; RoswellRanney, 1830-1, '34: Jonathan Sears, 1830-36, '39-31; Samuel Eldredge, 1831-35; Simeon Phillips, 1833; Nathaniel Holmes, 1826-7; Sanford Boioe, 1837, '38, '34, '39, '46, '47, '48; Austin Lilly, 1838-9; Seth Church, 1830-33; George Hall, 1830-33; William Bassett, 1833-33; Daniel Williams, 1834; Jo- seph Hall, 1834, '39; Chester Sanderson, 1835-38, '40, '47; Anson Bement, 1835-7, '40; Isaac Taylor, 1835-7; Friend Knowlton, 1838-9, '49, '50; David Gray, 1840-1, '49, '50; Wait Bement, 1841-3, '44, '70, '71; Salmon MiUer, 1841; Hosea Blake, 1843-4, '46, '47; Alvan Per- ry, 1842, '45, '51; John Guilford, 1843; Nathan Vin- cent, 1843; Lot Bassett, 1844-5; Alvan Hall, 1845, "54, '65; Ephraim Williams, 1846; Chester Sanderson, 1847; WilUam Bassett, 1848; Henry Paine, 1849-51, "55, '56, "67; Nathan Knowlton, 1851-53, '57, '58, '63, '66, '73, '73, '75, '76; Foster R. King, 1853; Kimball H. Howes, 1853; Orville Hall, 1853, '56-5H, '66, '73, '76, '77; Hen- ry S. Ranney, 18.54; Iddison Graves, 1854-6; Silas Blake, 1855, '74, '75; Daniel WUliams, Jr., 1857-8: Frederick Forbes, 1859; Freeman Williams, 1859; Chauncey Boice, 1859, '60, '79, '80; Nelson Gardner, 1860; Josephus Crafts, 1860-3; Almon Howes, 1861, '63, '64, '67, '68, '78; Lorenzo Wait, 1861; Moses Cook, 1862, '68; Darius Williams, 1863; Josiah Cross, 1864-5; Frederick G. Howes, 1865-6, '74; Addison G. Hall, 1867-73; Joseph Blake, 1869-71; Albert W. Crafts, LOOKING EAST FROM NKAE THE TOWN HALL. 1869; Charles Howes, 1873, '75, "79, '80, '83, '84, '86-91; C3'rus A. Hall, 1874: Alvan Hall, 3d. 1876-78, '80, '87, '88; Lavant F. Gray, 1877-9, '85, '86; Emory D. Church, 1881-5; William H. Pease, 1881; Levi Gardner, 1882-B; Archibald D. Flower, 188i-5; George B. Church, 1886-91; Walter Guilford, 1889-91. The following persons were elected town clerks, on the date indicated, and served until the next follow- ing date: 17Q3, Samuel Belding; 1766, Benjamin Phillips; 1776, Dr. Phineas Bartlett; 1778, Jacob Sherwin; 1783, Dr. Phineas Bartlett; 1794, Dr. Francis Mantor; 1795, Dr. Phineas Bartlett; 1799, Levi Cook; 1803, Elijah Paine; 1806, Selah Norton; 1807, Henry Bassett; 1813, Lewis Wilhams; 1814. Dr. Enos Smith; 1816, Henry Bassett; 1833, Dimick Ellis; 1836, James McFarland; 1830, Rus- sell Bement; 1833, Wait Bement; 1836, Samuel Bar- ber; 1839, Henry S. Ranney; 1847, Nelson Gardner; 1853, Dr. Sidney Brooks; 1853, Henry S. Ranney; 1870, Moses G. Cook; 1873, Henry S. Ranney. The following list gives the number of years that each person named has served as town treasurer of Ashfleld, since the year 1763: Dr. Phineas Bartlett, 33; Hon. Elijah Paine, 19; Nelson Gardner, Esq., 18; Samuel Hall, Esq., 11; Asa G. Wait, 10; Almon E. Bronson, 8; Chester Sanderson, Esq., 6; Henry Bassett, Esq., 5; Ephra- im Williams, Esq., 3; Capt. Benjamin Phillips, 3; Levi Cook, Esq., 3; Dea. Alvan Perry, 3; Warren Green, Jr., 3; Dea. David Alden, 2; Charles Will- iams, 3; Thomas Phillips, 1; Timothy Lewis, 1; Eb- enezer Belding, 1 ; John Sadler, 1 ; Rev. Silas Bias- dale, 1; John Hart, 1; George G. Hall, 1; Moses Cook, 1; Charles H. Wilcox, 1. Representatives to the General Court were elected as follows: 1775, Capt. Elisha Cranson; 1779, Dea. Jonathan Taylor; 1780; Jacob Sherwin, Esq.; 1783, Benjamin Ron-ers; 1783-6, Capt. E. Cranson; 1787, Chileab Smith, Jr.; 1789, Capt. Philip Phillips; 1790, Ephra- im Williams, Esq., (who served eleven years); 1804, Elijah Paine, Esq. ; 1806-7, Ephraim Williams; 1808, Ephraim Williams and Elijah Paine; 1809, Ephraim Williams and Thomas White, Esq. ; 1810, Ephraim Williams and Henry Bassett; 1811-13, Thomas White and Henry Bassett; 1814, Dr. Enos Smith; 1816, Dr. Enos Smith and Henry Bassett; 1817, Dr. Enos Smith; 1830, Henry Bassett; 1833, Dimick Ellis; 1837, Henry Bassett; 1839, Dr. Enos Smith and Capt. Roswell Ranney; 1830, Dr. Enos Smith and Dea. Samuel Bement; 1831 (May), C'apt. Roswell Ranney and Henry Bassett; 1831 (Nov.), Henry Bassett, Esq., and Chester Sanderson, Esq. ; 1833, Chester Sander- son and Jonathan Sears; 1833, Seth Church and An- son Bement; 1834, Justus Smith and Judah Taylor; 1835, Jonathan Sears and Wait Bement, Esq.; 1836, Anson Bement and Wait Bement, Esq.; 1837, Eos- well Ranney; 1838, William Bassett and Friend Knowlton; 1839, Friend Knowlton; 1840, Sanford Boice; 1844, Jasper Bement; 1847, Samuel W. Hall, Esq.; 1848, Samuel Barber; 1849-50, Hosea Blake; 1851, Henry S. Ranney, Esq.; 1853, Anson Bement; 1853, Nelson Gardner, Esq.; 1855, Manly Guilford; 1856, Philip Bassett; 1858, Nathan Knowlton; 1860, Dea. Joseph Vincent, Jr.; 1863, Chauncey Boice; 1865, David S. Howes; 1867, Henry S. Ranney; 1870, Levi Gardner; 1874, Frederick G. Howes, Esq.; 1877. Nelson Gardner; 1883, Dea. Fredei-ick H. Smith; 1888, Charles Howes. Elijah Paine and Dr. Enos Smith each served one or two years as senator. THE POSTOFFICE. Mail facilities were slow in coming into the country _ Up to the year 1793, no postoffice was nearer to Ash- fleld than the one at Springfleld. At that date an office was established in Northampton. Several years later the office at Worthing ton was the one nearest to this town. A private weekly post, to carry papers be- tween Northampton and Hawley, via Ashfleld and Charlemont, was established in 1789. The names of the post-riders were Andrew Wood of Hawley, from 1789 to 1791 and from 1792 to 1799; Stephen Taylor, 1791; Ethan A. Clary, 1799, 1800; Bliss Furbush, 1800-3 (the three lasb named were of Ashfield); Joseph Richardson, 1804-11; Josiah Shaw, Jr., 1811-14. The writer has a Northampton paper of January, 1808, containing an advertisement of Postmaster Will- ASHFIELD HOUSE. SUMMER HOME OF GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. iam Ward of Worthington of letters remaining in that office for people in Ashfleld, Cummington, Ches- terfield, Middlefield, Patridgefield and Hawley, which was the state of the matter for several, years. In 1814, the government located a postoffice in this town; the mail was carried from Northampton via Conway,' Ashfield and Charlemont, once a week each way. Levi Cook, Esq., was the first postmaster here, and kept the oflSce in his saddler's shop. The care of the office has remained in his family to the present time. In March, 1834, the first daily mail was estabhshed here; at that time a four-horse stage began its trips through Conway, Ashfield and Plainfield, as iiart of a mail route between Bostt n and Albany. At present we have daily mails to South Deer field and to Shel- burne Falls, and tri-weekly mails to Adams. And now, in light of the fact that we are planning and hoping soon to have our mail-matter lirousht and de- livered at our own doors, by the government, and from whatever distance, almost • 'without money and without price," and that seventy-five years ago, when our population was eighteen hundred, we went eigh- tesn miles over the woi-st of roads to Worthington, and there paid twenty -five cents for letters, we ^et an impressive lesson with regard to the progress of improvement in our age. Mn.TTABY. During the period of danger to the new settlers here, at the time of Hie "old French war," 17.51-9, two forts were built by the inhabitants, in anticipa- tion of a possible attack from the Indians. For a few months in successive years, the forts were garrisoned by small parties of soldiers, in charge of Sergeants Samuel Allen, Nathan Chapin and Ebenezer Belding, by dii-ection of Col. Israel Williams of Hatfield. Revolutionari/ War. — There is no complete record of the names of Ashfield men who served in the war of the Revolution, but the names of the following eighty-two men are preserved: Lieut. Samuel Allen. Enoch Allen, John Alden, Barnabas Alden, Lieut. Edward Annable, Capt. Samuel Bartlett, Lieut. Zebulon Brvant, Dea. John Bement, Phineas Bement, Bezer Benton, Samuel Barton, John Belding, Joseph Bishop, James Blood worth, Joseph Baker, Capt. Asa Cranson, Ebenezer Cranson. Joel Cranson, Nathan Chapin, Stephen Cross, Amos Crittenden, Nathan Cook, Elias Clarke, Lieut. John Ellis, Richard Ellis, 2d, Benjamin Ellis, David Ellis, Maj. Lamrock Flower, Bildad Flower, Josiah Fuller, Samuel Guilford, Robert Gray, Stephen Graves, Zachariah Howes, Elisha Howes, Ephraim Jennings, Anthony Jones, Abner Kelley, David Kaw, Jonathan Lilly, Joseph Lilly, Bethuel Lilly, Eliphalet Lindsay, Nathan Lyon, Jonathan Lyon, Daniel Miles, Thomas Mclntire. Capt. Benj. Phillips, Sylvester Phillips, Spencer Phillips, Elisha Parker, Daniel Perkins, Timothy Perkins, Jr. Johnson Pelton, Henry Rogers, Rowland Sears, Paul Sears, Moses Smith, Moses Smith, Jr., Elder Enos Smitli. Preserved Smith, Elisha Smith, Daniel Shaw, Asa Selden, Nath. Sprague, Dea. Jonathan Taylor. Jonathan Taylor, Jr., Capt. Jasher Taylor, Henry Taylor, Ezekiel Taylor, Stephen Taylor, Stephen Taylor, 2d, Joseph Warren, Cornelius Warrsn. Timothy Warren, Samuel Washburn, Luther Washburn, Caleb Ward, John Ward, Asa Wait, Jonathan Yeamans, Rev. Nehemiah Porter. The following thirteen young men who served in the war became permanent settlers here before it closed and soon after: Lot Bassett, Timothy Catlin, Caleb Church, Joseph Gurney, Solomon Hill, Ziba Leonard, Calvin Maynard, Caleb Packard, Jonathan CENTENNIAL EDITION. Sears, Benjamin Shaw, Laban Stetson, David Vincent, Stephen Warren. Shai/s IiisiirrectiuJi.— At the close of the Revolu- tionary war, the pecuniary pressure became very severe upon the inhabitants of Ashfield and the com- munity in general; the demands of the State for taxes were heavy and money scarce. The trials and sacri- fices of the people in the war— they having thrown their substance into the scale— had reached nearly to the hniit of endurance; their means were exhausted. From its population of six hundred, Ashfield had sent eighty-two men and boys (and probably a larger number) to serve in the army, many of whom had perished in the conflict. Such were the embarrass- ments of the times that disaffection toward the gov- ernment had arisen and the revolt broke out in 1786. A large portion of the people here were so affected by the common panic as to come into sympathy with the insurgents, and quite a company of men, with an officer, took up arms for a brief service in that "lost cause." War of IS 1-2. — With this war, the town was not in sympathy, but upon the urgent call of Gov. Strong, in 1814, for recruits for the defence of Boston, the military companies of the town were hurriedly called and met on Sunday, the 11th day of September, when a draft was made, the result being that the following- soldiers shared in that forty days' bloodless campaign: Joshua Knowlton, Cotton Mather, Eli Eldredge, Anson Bement, Josiah Kelley, George Hall, David Vincent, Capt. Justus Smith, Ziba Leonard, Jr. Miliiia. — At the close of the last century, the town had two companies of enrolled militia, the Ashfield "North Company,'' then recently commanded by Capt. Philip Phillips, and the Ashfield "South Com- pany," then under Capt. Asa Cranson. The two com- panies of infantry were maintained in a good state of discipline and efficiency, in which their officers took much pride, and held a high standing in popular favor for some fortj' years, when the legal requirement for their existence was changed. In 1827. a general train- ing, or brigade, "muster" was held on "the plain," the soldiers of this and neighboring towns having been warned "to meet at the house, of John Williams, inn-holder in Ashfield, on monday the tenth day of October, at half -past six o'clock in the forenoon, for Military duty and inspestion, with arms and equip- ments, as the law directs." The regiment was at that time under command of Col. Nehemiah Hathaway of Ashfield, and the South Company under Capt. Albi- nas Lilly. (No record of the North Company is found.) "Agreeable to a Division, Brigade and Reg- imental order,'' a "muster" was held in the northwest part of the town, near the tavern of Ezra Williams, Oct. 6, 1831. The regiment was then under Col. Abel Williams of Ashfield, and the South Company was under Capt. Lemuel Bryant. The Civil War, 18Gl-(i5. — The inhabitants of Ash- field responded promptly to the startling call for troops in April, 1861. The first town meeting to act on matters relating to the war was held May 4th, at which it was "voted to pay all inhabitants of the town who have enlisted and wlio shall hereafter enlist as volunteers in the military service of the United States, to the number of fifteen, the sum of twenty-six dol- lars per month while in such service, inclusive of what the government shall pay them." "Also to pay them at the same rate while drilling for such service." November 29th, the selectmen were directed to pay State aid to the families of soldiers in service. Au- gust 2, 1862, voted to pay a bounty of %15Q to each volunteer who shall enlist for three years service be- fore the 10th of the month, ,'t;12.') to each whoshall en- list between the 10th and the 20th, and $100 to each who shall enlist between the 20th and 30th to the number of eighteen. September 9th, it was voted to pay a bounty of $100 for volunteers for nine months' 12S service. October l'>, the selectmen were directed to continue the payment of State aid to families of de- ceased volunteers the same as when the soldiers were living. Jan. 17, 1863, the selectmen were directed to pay $900 to volunteers who have entered the military service as substitutes. April 39, 1864, $4250 were raised by vote of the town to be used in filling up its quota of soldiers. June 4, the selectmen were direct- ed t(.i enlist twenty men as soon as possible to answer for any future call of the President, up to March, 1865. March 6, 1865, voted to pay a bounty of $125 each to five enlisted veterans. May 10th, voted to raise $4500 to refund to individuals money they had subscribed in 1864 for recruiting purposes. During the war, every needed service was promptly made, and Ashfield was not found wanting. The amount of money ajspro- priated and expended by the town on account of the war was $22,279. One hundred and twenty-four men were furnished for the war, which was a surplus of sixteen over and above all demands. The following list is prepared in part from the adjutant general's re- ports, and is designed to include all who were resi- dents of this town and went into the army, together with a few others who may be properly mentioned in recounting the military services of Ashfield. Mere recruits hired abroad, in Boston or elsewhere are not given. 10th Regiment. James R. Howes, Micajah H. Vincent, Rufus A. Lilly, Daniel G. Howes, Levi S. Elmer, JIurray J. Guilford, WiUiam E. WiUis, Cyrus B. Cone, William T. Vincent, Mason D. Vincent, Horace V. Taylor, Leander V. Hill, Stephen Bates. Henry Parsons, Alonzo H. Warren. S6th Regiment. James Coughlin. :27th Regiment. R. Bement Smith, Joel Wing, Reuben W. Lawrence. 31st Regiment. Reuben W. Taylor, Wm. L. Luce, Luther D. Chapin, Ephraim P. Taylor, Henry Guilford, Leroy C. Beals, Oliver Warren, Milo F. Warren, Levi O. Warren, Harvey E. Bailey, Wells P. Taylor, James A. Treat, Sumner H. Bardwell, Wm. R. Harris, Willis N. Howes, Shepard R. Dyer. ■Htli Regiment. Ralph H. Ranney, Henry C. Hallet, Roswell L. Church, Lafayette Eddy, Alphonzo Church, Harvey Hadlock, Norris E. Chapin, Erastus Kenney, George Ward, Ira N. Hitchcock. Joel Lilly, Jr. Casper Lilly, Henry L. Luce, ./'/f/( Regiment. Darius W. Taylor, Henrj' J. Green, J. McCormick. fiid Regiment. Frederick H. Smith, Elon S. Williams, Mauley Guilford, Wm. H. Ford, Joseph V. Harmon, Elisha B. Howes, Lewis Eldredge, George D. Braman, G. Benj. John L. Howes, Sylvester Howes, Henry F. Kilbourn, Alfred C. Thayer, Lewis Williams, Oscar Richardson, Edward F. Hale, Ansel K. Bradford, Carter. OOfh Frank R. Willis, Chester A. Bi'onson, William H. Smith James S. Wilde, Regiment. John H. Pomeroy, Edwin PhiUips, Ozias Willis, Joseph H. Smith, George S. Booth. l.'it Mass. Caralrij. Emory H. Bement, Thomas L. Munsell IL'tli N. Y. Cavalry. John E. Phillips. Served Elsewhere. Albert Lilly, EHas T. Yeamans, Charles W. Richardson, Orange Richardson. 126 The follow in J, Ashfleld men died on the field of battle, in rebel piisons, or from wounds and sickness: Reuben W. Taylor, Casper Lilly, Lewis Eldredge, Sylvester Howes, William E. Willis, Edward F. Hale, Lafayette F. Eddy, Milo F. Warren, Joel Wing, Elon S. Williams, Ephraini P. Taylor, R. Bement Smith. SOLDIERS' MOXUMENT AND DRINKING FOUNTAIN. In the year 1867, the town erected a monument "to the ever living memory of the sons of Ashfleld who died for their country in the war of Nationality, 1861-1865." CHURCHES. The Congregational church was organized Feb. 23, 1763. Its first pastor was Rev. Jacob Sherwin, he having been succeeded by the following clergymen: Nehemiah Porter, Alvan Sanderson, Thomas Shepard, Mason Gi'osvenor, Burr Baldwin, Sereno D. Clark, Wm. H. Gilbert, Willard Biigham, Edward C. Ew- ing, Webster Woodbury, James Dingwell, Jonathan Wadhams, Charles B. F. Pease. The Baptist church of "Baptist corner" was formed in July, 1761. Rev. Ebenezer Smith was its first pas- GREENFIELD GAZETTE. tor. His successors in the ministry were Enos Smith, William Norris, Edward Hale. Removals and trans- fers to other churches so decimated its numbers that no meetings have been held for forty years. A Bap- tist church was formed at South Ashfleld in 1814. It was small in numbere and held meetings for about twenty years in charge of Elders Josiah Loomis and Orra Martin. The Baptist church of Ashfleld Plain was organized in 1867. It has been supplied by cler- gymen as follows: David Pease, E. N. Jencks, T. H. Goodwin, Milo Frary, Geo A. Willard, George Shep- herd, WiUiam Libbey and Wilbur Rice. The Episcopal church of St. John's was formed in the year 1820. The following are the names of its rectoi-s in their order of service: Lot /ones, WiUiam Withington, Silas Blaisdale, Jacob Pierson, Charles Cleveland, John Reynolds, Brinton Flower, Lewis Green, George P. Huntington. POPULATION. In 1761, Ashfleld contained nineteen families. The number of its inhabitants in 1775 was 600; 1790, 1,459; 1800, 1,741; 1810, 1,809; 1820, 1,748; 1830, 1,733; 1840, 1,610; 1850, 1,894; 1860, 1,303; 1865, 1,321; 1880, 1,062; 1890, 1,025. THE OLD MILL. The picture of the ravine and cascade shows the cite of the first mill in Ashfleld, located at the foot of "Mill hill," and a hundred rods northeast from the village. It was built in 1743 on the best water privi- lege in the town, and was in use for a grist-mill for ninety years, having been rebuilt several times. A part of tlie time it was of two stories. One of the old mill-stones may be seen lying in the stream. HEAD-WATER OF SOUTH EIVEE, SITE OP FIRST GRIST' MILL BUILT IN 1743. THE ACADEMY DINNERS. Here it may be pleasant to recall in the groups the annual "Academy Dinner" has brought into being, the men who have aided at the feast. The files of the Ga- zette yield us the names: September 11, 1870 — Prof. Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard, Rev. Lewis Greene, Josephus Crafts, W. W. Mitchell, Col. Hart Leavitt, Dr. Josiah Trow, Prof. W. F. Sherwin, George Wil- liam Curtis. Augiist, 1880 — Prof. Norton, Rev. Arthur Shirley, Joseph Griswold, William Dean Howells, Rev. J. F. Moors, Col. Leavitt, Rev. J. B. Harrison, Prof. Fisk of "Sanderson," M. G. Clark, the Orientalist, Rev. J. W. Chadwick, G. W. Curtis. August 35, '5Z — Prof. Norton, Charles Dudley Warner, Prof. G. Stanley Hall, Rev. J. W. Chadwick, Rev. J. F. Moors, Fred'k G. Howes, Rev. Mr. Matthews, Hon. George Sheldon, Judge C. C. Conant, G. W. Curtis. August ^4, '*-•' — Prof. Norton, Josephus Crafts, Rev. Lewis Greene, Prof. G. Stanley Hall, Rev. J. W. Chadwick, V. M. Porter, in the Legisla- ture of that year, G. W. Curtis. August 2!i, '83 — In the absence of Prof. Norton, Mr. Curtis pre- sided; William Whiting, M. C, Prof. PeiTv, Rev. J. F. Moors, Prof. Hall, S. T. Field, Esq., Major Henry Winn, Rev. J. W. Chadwick. August S:2, '§4— Prof. Norton, Prof. Fisk, Prof. Hall, Rev. Ames, then of Philadelphia, Rev. J. W. Chadwick, William Hall, G. W. Curtis. August S7, '