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 QP Simpson, Sutherland 
 
 135> The effect of changing the daily routine 
 
 S6le on the diurnal rhythm in body temperature. 
 
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XII. — The Effect of changing the Daily Routine on the Diurnal Rhythm in Body 
 Temperature. By Sutherland Simpson, M.D., D.Sc. (From the Physiological 
 Laboratory, Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (With 
 Thirteen Figures in the Text,) 
 
 (MS. received November 20, 1911. Read January 8, 1912. Issued separately April 4, 1912.) 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Introduction . . . . . ' . . ■ ■ • 231 
 
 II. Previous Work on the Subject . . , . . . • • • • 232 
 
 III. Present Investigation . . . . . • . • • • 236 
 
 IV. Results and Discussion . . . . . . • • 246 
 
 V. Effect of Muscular Rest and Activity on Body Temperature ..... 250 
 
 VI The Relative Values of Records from Rectum, Mouth, and Axilla, as indicating Changes 
 
 in Body Temperature ........... 257 
 
 VII. Summary . .260 
 
 I. Introduction. 
 
 It is a well-established fact that the temperature of the human body is not con- 
 stant, but shows a distinct and fairly regular daily rhythm. In the classical curves of 
 Jurgensen and Liebermeister * the minimum is reached in the early morning, some time 
 between the hours of 2 and 6, and the maximum in the late afternoon or evening, 
 between 4 and 8. In both there is a sharp morning rise, followed by a slight fall in 
 the late forenoon or early afternoon, and again a further rise to the maximum, which 
 is reached some time between the hours stated. It has been demonstrated repeatedly 
 by many subsequent observers that this general type of curve is a more or less correct 
 representation of the changes which the rectal temperature undergoes, in the course 
 of the twenty-four hours, in a healthy individual leading an active life during the day 
 and sleeping at night. 
 
 While the presence of this daily rhythm is well recognised, the causes underlying 
 it are not clearly understood. The factors which are believed to affect the body 
 temperature in health are muscular exercise, mental effort, ingestion of food, light, 
 temperature of the surrounding medium, and sleep. Of these the first is the most 
 important. Bach and all of these influences are active in the body at different periods 
 throughout the twenty-four hours, but the exact relationship existing between them 
 and the diurnal rhythm in the body temperature has never yet been satisfactorily 
 demonstrated. 
 
 By many it is held that the combined action of the several influences enumerated 
 
 * Jurgensen and Liebermeister, Handbuch der Pathologie und Therapie des Fiebers, Leipzig, 1875. 
 TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN, VOL. XLVIII, PART IT. (NO. 12). 36 
 
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 232 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 above, although it may modify it to a considerable extent, cannot account entirely for 
 this diurnal fluctuation. They believe that there exists in the body a fixed periodicity 
 Of which the temperature rhythm is an expression, and that this periodicity persists 
 under all conditions, and is, to a large extent, independent of* outside influences. Others 
 are inclined to question the existence of this mysterious periodicity, and to look upon 
 the diurnal variation as being due entirely to the action on the body of the influences 
 already mentioned, which are known to raise or lower the temperature. 
 
 II. Previous Work on the Subject. 
 
 If these factors are alone responsible for the diurnal temperature wave, then any 
 modification in the application of them, and particularly any change in the time 
 within the twenty- four hour period at which one or more of them operate, might be 
 expected to produce a corresponding change in the temperature curve, or, in the 
 simplest and most complete case, total inversion of the daily routine should cause a 
 complete inversion of the temperature curve. 
 
 Various attempts have been made by different investigators to produce an inverted 
 day-and-night curve, but these have been unsuccessful in the human subject. It is 
 true that the earlier observers, Debczynski,* Jaeger,! and Buchser,| claim to have 
 succeeded, but when the conditions- under which their experiments were carried out 
 come to be examined, it is found that the methods of all three are open to criticism, 
 and that their results are inconclusive. 
 
 More recently Mosso § (1885) and Benedict || (1903), in carefully planned experiments, 
 have studied the effect of night work and day rest and sleep on the temperature rhythm, 
 and both have arrived at the conclusion that the normal temperature curve cannot be 
 inverted by inverting the daily routine, for while rest and sleep during the day lower 
 the temperature, work during the night does not appreciably raise it. The curve is 
 modified by the altered conditions but it is not reversed. 
 
 These results then would appear to show that the daily oscillations of the body 
 temperature are not due directly to the causes already mentioned, but that they may 
 have a deeper significance, and may indicate a diurnal periodicity in the body 
 comparable in character to the seasonal and lunar changes that are known to occur 
 in certain plants and animals. That the temperature rhythm is to some extent fixed 
 in the body is the most obvious interpretation to be put upon the failure of Mosso and 
 Benedict to invert it, and this apparent fixity of rhythm is difficult to explain. As 
 Benedict says : " Why the temperature of the human body reaches a minimum at 
 2 a.m. to 6 a.m., independent of whether the subject is sleeping soundly in the 
 
 * Debczynski, Abstract in Jahresb. der ges. Med., Bd. x., 1875, p. 248. 
 
 t Jaeger, De.uUch.es Arch.f. klin. Med., Leipzig, Bd. xxix., 1881, p. 533. 
 
 \ Buchsee, quoted by Carter, Jour. Nerv. and Ment. I)is., vol. xvii., 1890, p. 785. 
 
 § Mosso, Archives italiennes de biol., vol. viii., 1887, p. 177. 
 
 || Benedict, Amer. Jour, of Physiol., vol. xi., 1904, p. 143. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 233 
 
 recumbent position or whether he is awake and sitting, or even standing and walking, 
 is a problem that calls for extended research." 
 
 Instead of altering the daily routine artificially in a fixed locality, the same result 
 may be effected in a natural way by changing the locality, for an individual who 
 travels round the world in these days of rapid transit from West to East, or vice versa, 
 especially in high latitudes, quickly changes his daily routine. The happy idea of 
 applying this method to the study of the question under discussion seems first to have 
 occurred to Gibson.* The opportunity presented itself when he had occasion to make 
 a voyage from New Haven r Connecticut, across the American continent and Pacific 
 Ocean to Manila in the Philippines. As a difference of eleven hours exists between the 
 local times of these two stations, the journey involved the shifting of the daily routine, 
 so that day and night were practically reversed. 
 
 Gibson's observations were made on himself and a second subject at different 
 stages of the voyage, and on individuals in Manila who came originally from the 
 United States and who had resided in Manila for varying periods of time. He made 
 control experiments on his own body temperature for two days before leaving New 
 Haven, taking readings every two hours, and so obtained the diurnal temperature 
 curve, which proved to be of the ordinary type commonly described as normal. The 
 same process was repeated several times during the voyage and again at Manila. 
 
 He found that the " transposition of the daily routine through a period of nearly 
 half a day, experienced as the result of the time changes during the trip from New 
 Haven to Manila, was accompanied by an immediate adjustment of the rhythmic 
 temperature variation to the new regime in the case of the writer and of a second 
 subject, so that on arrival in the islands the curves obtained were still normal in 
 character. Subsequent residence in the Philippines for a period of about six weeks 
 induced no alterations of any significance. Observations made during the return trip 
 showed an apparent adjustment of the temperature rhythm day by day coincident with 
 the shifting of the routine. After returning to New Haven the record continued to be 
 normal, and closely resembled the earlier controls. . . . Additional observations on 
 individuals who came originally from the United States and who have resided in Manila 
 for varying periods of time, corroborate in part the results on the writer, in so far as 
 the temperature rhythm was found to be of the ordinary type." 
 
 A similar experiment was made by Osborne t three years later, apparently without 
 any knowledge of the previous work of Gibson. Having first noted that his own daily 
 maximum temperature in Melbourne occurred about 6 p.m., while on a voyage from 
 that city to London he made some observations on his own rectal temperature with the 
 object of seeing whether this maximum remained throughout the voyage at 6 p.m. 
 according to Melbourne time or took place at a certain hour relative to local or ship's 
 time. The difference in longitude between the two places is equivalent to about ten 
 
 * R. B. Gibson, Amer. Jour, of the Med. Sciences, June 1905, p. 1048. 
 t Osborne, Journal of Physiology, Proceedings, Jan. 25, 1908. 
 
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234 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 hours in time, and if the Melbourne rhythm had persisted, in London the curve would 
 be practically reversed. Osborne found, however, that his maximum tended to follow 
 local time, occurring about 6 p.m. by the ship's clock. 
 
 But he was only able to make five sets of observations, and in one of these the 
 highest temperature was reached at 10.15 a.m. by ship's time, corresponding to 5.52 p.m. 
 Melbourne time. In another only four readings were taken, at hours which did not 
 cover the 6 p.m. by Melbourne time (2 p.m., 5.30 p.m., 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. ship's 
 time corresponded to 0.48 a.m., 4.18 a.m., 4.48 a.m., and 9.48 a.m. Melbourne time), 
 so that it is impossible to say whether the maximum agreed with the latter or not. 
 The results therefore are not quite convincing. To quote his own words : " The above 
 results, though incomplete, rather tend to prove that the time of evening maximum takes 
 place with regard to local time and not the time of the starting-point — Melbourne. 
 They do not, however, disprove the existence of body periodicity, nor prove that the 
 evening maximum is determined solely by the hours of sleep, the activities of .the day, 
 and the diurnal variations of light and heat, for a true periodicity might have been 
 present but adjusted to the new conditions owing to the very gradual manner these 
 were introduced." * 
 
 The latest contribution to the subject comes from LiNDHARD,t the medical officer of 
 the Danish Arctic expedition to the north-east coast of Greenland in the years 1906-8. 
 On this expedition he studied extensively, on himself and other members of the ship's 
 company, the effects of various conditions on the rectal, mouth, and skin temperatures. 
 Discussing the question of periodicity in relation to body temperature, he criticises the 
 method of Mosso and Benedict, as Tigerstedt and the present writer had done before, 
 on the ground that when one attempts to reverse the daily routine in a single 
 individual by arranging that he shall work during the night and rest and sleep in the 
 day-time, one cannot disconnect this individual from the rest of society. So long as 
 the society, of which the individual is a part, follows a fixed rotation, the latter, 
 consciously or unconsciously, will tend towards the same mode of life. Under reversed 
 day-and-night conditions the subject must necessarily work with artificial light in the 
 stillness of the night, and he must sleep in the day-time through noise and other dis- 
 turbing influences. The night-worker is in sympathy with a sleeping world, and his 
 bodily activities are unconsciously affected by 1 this circumstance. 
 
 Relating his own experience in night-watching, he calls attention to the fact that 
 the "night time has a peculiar effect upon one's general state of mind owing to the 
 stillness, solitariness, and various other circumstances, and this changed psychical 
 condition reacts on all one undertakes. Every strong or sudden noise is disagreeable, 
 
 * In a recent paper (Report of the Danish Expedition to the North-East Coast of Greenland, 1906-8, vol. xliv., 
 1910, p. 1 ; Reitzel, Copenhagen) Lindhard, unaware of Gibson's work, gives to Osborne the credit of being the first 
 to adopt this method of changing the daily routine, and makes no mention at all of Gibson's name in this connection. 
 As a matter of fact priority, by three years, belongs to Gibson, and besides, his observations were much more 
 extensive and complete, and Ms results far more definite than those of Osborne. 
 
 t Lindhard, loc. cit. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 235 
 
 and involuntarily one tries to avoid all such things ; the movements become gliding and 
 noiseless, resembling those of other night animals, and are much less definite than in 
 the day-time. A round in the night will therefore fail to raise the temperature like a 
 corresponding walk in the day-time. And one is never sitting so still as in the 
 night; 
 
 The psychical factor might naturally be expected to have a greater influence on the 
 human subject than on the lower animals, and this may account for the fact that in the 
 monkey the body-temperature curve can be reversed by reversing the daily routine 
 (Simpson and Galbraith *). Here, however, the case is somewhat different in another 
 respect, since the reversed conditions were imposed on a colony of monkeys instead of 
 an isolated individual. 
 
 Instead of experimenting on a single individual, then, the proper method would be 
 to apply the "reversed" routine to the whole society in which the individual lives, but 
 this is inconsistent with social life in civilised communities. Such an experiment, how- 
 ever, may be carried out on a high-arctic expedition during the long polar night or day, 
 and this Lindhard did on the members of the party. For this he preferred the winter 
 night to the perpetual day of summer, since the "sun occasions a continual unrest, the 
 working hours are unlimited, and a little food emancipates one from the regular meals. 
 It will therefore be very difficult for all to adopt the same mode of life, .... Apart 
 from this, the difference in the intensity of the light is much more pronounced in 
 summer than in winter, just as the variations in the day-and-night temperature are 
 much greater. During the polar night the case is different. All lamps are put out at 
 certain fixed hours appointed by the leader of the expedition ; then it is night : during 
 the remaining hours the lamps are lit and we have day. As practically all work is done 
 indoors, the dining hours are kept by everyone ; and in the open air the light by day 
 and at night does not vary appreciably, and the changes in temperature are com- 
 paratively small." 
 
 This experiment was carried out in January 1907, in lat. 76° 46' N., on the whole 
 ship's crew. The transition was made very quickly and easily. Bedtime was delayed 
 once four hours, and then eight hours by the insertion of an extra meal, and so in two 
 days the "reversal" was accomplished. The lamp was lit and extinguished at a fixed 
 time as before, but twelve hours later, and all met at the table as usual at the 
 "reversed" meal hours. Only on clear days at "noon" a little brightness in the 
 southern sky might be missed, otherwise the change was betrayed by no external sign. 
 All were conscious of the fact that this change had been made, but in the great 
 majority this did not give rise to a feeling of anything unusual. " Time rolled along 
 on its even, ordinary way. More than half of the twenty-eight members of the 
 expedition felt, indeed, just as usual as soon as the transition had been accomplished : 
 after five to six days only a few were a little indisposed to work, sleeping less well in 
 the " night " and becoming sleepy at various times of the " day." The function altered 
 * Simpson and Galbraith, Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv., part i., 1905, p. 65. 
 
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236 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 with the greatest difficulty was defsecation ; for a few it took about a week before this 
 occurred at the usual time, for one (rarely quite free, however, from indisposition) 
 it took even till the end of the experiment." The return to the normal routine 
 was made in the same way as the reversal. The period of complete reversal lasted 
 eleven days. 
 
 Although readings for the seven hours of sleep were not taken, the curves of all 
 point to reversion. In those who had difficulty in becoming accustomed to the altered 
 routine there is delay in the adaptation of the temperature curve to the changed 
 conditions, but ultimately " in all cases the fundamental type is evident, and the causes 
 of the departures present are obvious. All of them tend to show that the curve of 
 temperature variations is determined by work and mode of living, that the astronomical 
 division of day and night is without importance in this regard, and that an inherited 
 form is consequently out of the question, a mysterious periodicity even more so." 
 
 III. Present Investigation. 
 
 The writer happened to be present when Professor Osborne made his communication 
 at a meeting of the Physiological Society in London on January 25, 1908, and being 
 especially interested in the subject of body temperature, he was struck by the fact that 
 no one had ever thought of adopting the procedure described by Osborne before. At 
 that time it did not seem probable that the opportunity would ever present itself to 
 the writer of repeating the work of Osborne, which was admittedly somewhat frag- 
 mentary and inconclusive, but circumstances came about which made this possible a 
 year later. 
 
 In the summer of 1909 a journey was undertaken from Ithaca, in the western part 
 of the State of New York, eastward to Edinburgh, and after a six weeks' stay in 
 Scotland, westward again from Edinburgh to Winnipeg. As the local time of Edinburgh 
 is about five hours in advance of Ithacan time and over six hours ahead of Winnipeg 
 time, in a rapid journey between these places the daily routine would, within a few 
 days, undergo a considerable modification although it would not be completely reversed. 
 At that time I did not know of Gibson's work, nor, in fact, until I arrived in Edinburgh, 
 when I had the privilege of reading his paper. 
 
 It was planned to make, as far as possible, three-hourly observations on the 
 temperature of the rectum, mouth, and axilla during the waking hours throughout the 
 voyage. In order to obtain the daily temperature curve in Ithaca for comparison, the 
 observations were begun one week before starting on the- journey eastward. It was 
 found that the steepest grade on the curve took place between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m., and 
 in this interval readings were taken more frequently. The subject (the writer 
 himself) was forty-six years of age, measured 5 feet 10^ inches in height, weighed 
 205 pounds, and was of stout build. He was in perfect health throughout the 
 whole experiment. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 237 
 
 For the mouth and axilla sensitive and accurate clinical thermometers were used 
 (Fahrenheit scale), graduated in fifths and capable of being read to tenths of a degree. 
 For the rectum a special thermometer was constructed, also of the clinical type, but 
 the bulb and about 1 cm. of the stem was encased in silver as a safeguard against 
 accidental breakage while in use on shipboard. In this the centigrade scale was 
 adopted ; each degree was subdivided into tenths, but with a lens readings to the 
 second decimal place could be made with approximate correctness. 
 
 The records were taken simultaneously from the left al.veolo-liugual sulcus, the 
 Left axilla, and the rectum, where the thermometer was always inserted to the same 
 depth — 8 cm., — as indicated by a fine wire fixed around the stem at this point. 
 The thermometers, before being used, were warmed in the hand, and they were 
 held in position for five minutes, although it is probable that a shorter time would 
 have been sufficient for the mercury to adjust itself to the temperature of the 
 surrounding walls. 
 
 For comparative results of this kind it is essential that the daily habits of the 
 subject should be, as far as possible, the same throughout the whole experiment, and 
 this was kept in mind. Three meals a day were taken at the same hours — breakfast 
 between 8 and 9 a.m., lunch from 1 to 2 p.m., and dinner between 6 and 7 p.m. No 
 food was taken from 7 p.m. till 8 a.m. except very occasionally, when a glass of 
 buttermilk with a slice of bread was served for supper about 9 o'clock. 
 
 During the control period in Ithaca the days and evenings were spent, for the most 
 part, in the laboratory, — sometimes seated at a table writing or reading, sometimes 
 walking or standing about in the rooms doing light work. The subject got out of bed 
 about 7 a.m., dressed, and walked about three hundred yards to breakfast, and then up 
 a hill, which was fairly steep, about half a mile to the laboratory. The temperature 
 was taken at 6 a.m., frequently again before arising about 7, after dressing about 8, and 
 always at 9 a.m. in the laboratory. On warm days, instead of walking, the street car 
 was used. Lunch was taken in the laboratory and dinner at the same dining-rooms as 
 breakfast, after which the street car was made use of again in returning to the laboratory. 
 Some time between 10 and 11 p.m. a walk of ten minutes down the hill brought the 
 subject to his living-rooms, and he retired about 12, after the last set of observations 
 for the day had been recorded. The daily bath was taken at night instead of in the 
 morning during this period. Occasionally both in the control and other periods, when 
 the subject chanced to wake up in the early morning, a set of readings was taken, but 
 this practice, of course, could not be carried out regularly. 
 
 The daily routine above described is not very different from what can be followed 
 on board ship, and as far as possible both there and in Scotland Jthacan habits were 
 kept up. For example, before breakfast (the meals were served at the same hours as 
 in Ithaca) a short walk was taken around the deck in imitation of the walk to the 
 dining-rooms in Ithaca, and again after breakfast. The day was spent for the most 
 part in reading novels in the saloon or on deck, promenading, and playing deck billiards 
 
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238 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 or quoits. The muscular exercise indulged in was probably not equal to, and certainly 
 not in excess of, that taken in Ithaca, but there was greater mental relaxation. The 
 weather was fine from land to land and not the slightest suspicion of sea-sickness was 
 experienced. 
 
 The eastward voyage was begun on June 25, about 11.45 p.m., when the train left 
 Ithaca, and New York City was reached shortly after 8 o'clock next morning. The 
 steamer (s.s. Caledonia, Anchor Line) sailed from New York for Glasgow about 
 2.30 p.m. on June 26. Four observations were made on the train and two in New 
 York City for the sake of keeping up the continuity. Glasgow was reached about 
 
 4 p.m. and Edinburgh at 9 p.m. on July 4, the voyage thus lasting practically 
 eight days. 
 
 ; The longitude of Ithaca, N.Y., is 76° 29' W., and the local time is therefore 5 hours 
 
 5 minutes and 56 seconds — practically 5 hours 6 minutes — behind Greenwich time. 
 The clock time at Ithaca is about 6 minutes ahead of the true local time. Eastern 
 standard time is used at Ithaca, and this is the local time for stations on long. 75° W., 
 which is 5 hours behind Greenwich time. My watch was adjusted for this difference, 
 and the observations were made according to the correct local time at Ithaca. The 
 longitude of Edinburgh is 3° 10' W., and the local time about 12 minutes behind 
 Greenwich time, so that the difference between Ithaca and Edinburgh local time is 
 4 hours 54 minutes. 
 
 On the Atlantic voyage the ship's position at noon was posted each day, and from 
 the longitude given the local time was obtained. This was only correct for noon, how- 
 ever, but it was known that the time gained in a day's run east would be a little over 
 half an hour, and, assuming that the vessel's speed was uniform, allowance could be 
 made for the gain in the interval between each set-of observations. This only amounted 
 to a few minutes, however, and for my purpose it was immaterial whether this error 
 was accurately corrected or not. The readings were taken usually at the hours stated, 
 but on some occasions this was not possible and a variation of ten minutes to one side 
 or the other was not considered sufficient to affect the results appreciably. 
 
 The figures obtained for the rectal, mouth, and axillary temperatures are given in 
 degrees centigrade in the subjoined table, together with the temperature of the air, the 
 local time, and, after the eastward journey was begun, the corresponding time at Ithaca, 
 the starting-point. The remarks, necessarily brief, may be sufficient to show how the 
 subject was employed for some time immediately preceding the observations. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
 239 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Records of Rectal, Mouth, and Axillary Temperatures taken at Ithaca, N.Y., on the Journey from 
 Ithaca to Edinburgh, and for Six Days after arriving in Edinburgh. The Air Temperature, 
 Ithaca Time and Local Time are also given. 
 
 
 Ithaca 
 Time. 
 
 Lucal 
 Time. 
 
 Rectum. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Axilla. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 19 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 
 
 371 
 
 363 
 
 362 
 
 23° C. 
 
 Awake since 5.30 a.m. Temp, taken in bed. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37 -4 
 
 36-8 
 
 361 
 
 24 
 
 In laboratory, half an hour after breakfast. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 366 
 
 363 
 
 26 
 
 „ writing at table. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-4 
 
 25 
 
 „ moving about. 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 379 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 24 
 
 >> jj 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 368 
 
 362 
 
 24 
 
 „ arranging books. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 372 
 
 365 
 
 36-1 
 
 23 
 
 In rooms ; just before retiring. 
 
 June 20 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 36-3 
 
 21 
 
 In bed ; just awoke. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 369 
 
 36-2 
 
 363 
 
 22 
 
 „ light sleep since 6. 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 37-1 
 
 365 
 
 36-2 
 
 22 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-8 
 
 362 
 
 24 
 
 In laboratory ; took street car. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 37-0 
 
 362 
 
 25 
 
 „ doing experiment. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 376 
 
 368 
 
 363 
 
 26 
 
 >> j' 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-5 
 
 25 
 
 „ cleaning apparatus. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37 5 
 
 36-8 
 
 362 
 
 26 
 
 In rooms ; reading and writing. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 37 3 
 
 36-8 
 
 360 
 
 24 
 
 „ before retiring. 
 
 June 21 
 
 4 a.m. 
 
 
 
 36'8 
 
 363 
 
 363 
 
 20 
 
 In bed ; just awoke. 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 36-9 
 
 363 
 
 363 
 
 20 
 
 „ asleep since 5. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-2 
 
 36-1 
 
 21 
 
 „ light sleep since 6. 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-8 
 
 362 
 
 22 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37'7 
 
 37 3 
 
 37-1 
 
 25 
 
 After walking to laboratory. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-4 
 
 28 
 
 In laboratory, writing at table. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 37-5 
 
 37-1 
 
 35-8 
 
 29 
 
 D »> j? 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-1 
 
 29 
 
 Shopping down town. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-3 
 
 25 
 
 In laboratory, writing at desk. 
 
 In rooms ; did not retire till 1 a.m. 
 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-7 
 
 363 
 
 22 
 
 June 22 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-3 
 
 361 
 
 19 
 
 In bed ; awake since 5. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 36-8 
 
 365 
 
 36-3 
 
 22 
 
 )j 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 37-2 
 
 368 
 
 363 
 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-7 
 
 24 
 
 In laboratory, by street car. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 376 
 
 37-2 
 
 367 
 
 26 
 
 Had been walking on campus. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 37-5 
 
 37-1 
 
 364 
 
 25 
 
 In laboratory ; cleaning lenses. 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-3 
 
 25 
 
 Writing near open window. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 371 
 
 36-6 
 
 25 
 
 In laboratory, after ride on street car. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 37-3 
 
 36-8 
 
 360 
 
 23 
 
 In rooms ; retired at 12.30. 
 
 June 23 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 
 
 37-0 
 
 365 
 
 36-4 
 
 
 In bed ; sound asleep since 1 a.m. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 371 
 
 36-6 
 
 364 
 
 25 
 
 „ room hot. 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-2 
 
 24 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-9 
 
 363 
 
 26 
 
 In laboratory, by street car. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 37-6 
 
 370 
 
 365 
 
 27 
 
 „ moving about. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 369 
 
 36-4 
 
 27 
 
 >> >) 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 377 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-7 
 
 26 
 
 „ after being down town. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-8 
 
 373 
 
 371 
 
 25 
 
 In rooms ; walked home. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 37-4 
 
 369 
 
 36-7 
 
 23 
 
 „ packing trunk. 
 
 June 24 
 
 3 a.m. 
 
 
 
 36:7 
 
 362 
 
 36-1 
 
 
 In bed ; asleep since 12.30. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 37-0 
 
 366 
 
 36-3 
 
 24 
 
 „ did not sleep well. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37 9 
 
 37-4 
 
 371 
 
 27 
 
 After walk to laboratory. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 37-9 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-6 
 
 28 
 
 In laboratory ; in active movement. 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 38-5 
 
 37-6 
 
 372 
 
 31 
 
 „ after short walk on campus. 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 38-1 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-6 
 
 29 
 
 „ moving about actively. 
 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 
 
 37-9 
 
 37 
 
 366 
 
 27 
 
 „ packing books. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 373 
 
 366 
 
 361 
 
 25 
 
 In rooms ; reading. 
 
 June 25 
 
 2 a.m. 
 
 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-4 
 
 363 
 
 
 In bed ; had been asleep. 
 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 36-7 
 
 36-4 
 
 362 
 
 
 „ after sound sleep. 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 369 
 
 366 
 
 36-4 
 
 25 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 
 
 37-2 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-6 
 
 25 
 
 In laboratory, by street car. 
 
 Long. 76° 29' W. In lab. ; moving about. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 38-2 
 
 37-6 
 
 37-2 
 
 28 
 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 
 37-8 
 
 37-4 
 
 37-1 
 
 29 
 
 In laboratory ; packing books and papers. 
 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 37-7 
 
 37-4 
 
 37-0 
 
 29 
 
 „ moving about actively. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
240 
 
 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 TABLE I.— continued. 
 
 
 Ithaca 
 Time. 
 
 Local 
 Time. 
 
 Rectum. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Axilla. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 25 
 
 9 p.m. 
 
 
 376 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-8 
 
 28" C. 
 
 In laboratory ; packing books. 
 
 In train, 15 minutes after leaving Ithaca. 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 - " 
 
 37 6 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-6 
 
 
 June 26 
 
 2.56 a.m. 
 
 3 a.m. 
 
 368 
 
 36'5 
 
 366 
 
 
 „ in bed ; feeling cool. 
 
 
 6.51 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 373 
 
 368 
 
 368 
 
 25 
 
 » jj 
 
 
 7.50 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 375 
 
 37-1 
 
 366 
 
 25 
 
 After dressing in train. 
 
 
 9.50 „ 
 
 10 „ 
 
 376 
 
 37-5 
 
 36-7 
 
 28 
 
 InNew York City ; half hour af terbreakfast. 
 
 
 11.50 „ 
 
 12 
 
 38-1 
 
 37-6 
 
 37-1 
 
 30 
 
 Long. 74° W. (about) ; after walk. 
 
 
 2.50 p.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 37-8 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-3 
 
 26 
 
 In steamer, about 20 minutes after sailing. 
 
 
 5.47 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-9 
 
 373 
 
 36-8 
 
 24 
 
 Walking deck ; before dinner. 
 
 
 8.44 „ 
 
 9 ., 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-9 
 
 367 
 
 22 
 
 » »? 
 
 
 11.41 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 36-7 
 
 36 3 
 
 25 
 
 In state-room, before retiring. 
 
 June 27 
 
 5.33 a.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 36-1 
 
 20 
 
 In bed ; open port-hole ; cool. 
 
 
 6.31 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-4 
 
 365 
 
 20 
 
 >i » » 
 
 
 7.29 „ 
 
 • 8 „ 
 
 37-0 
 
 363 
 
 36'0 
 
 22 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 8.27 „ 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 37-2 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-1 
 
 21 
 
 On deck ; after breakfast. 
 
 
 11.23 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-2 
 
 22 
 
 Long. 67° 21' W. Reading on deck. 
 On deck ; walking and reading. 
 
 
 2.19 p.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-7 
 
 366 
 
 19 
 
 
 5.15 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 368 
 
 36-4 
 
 36-1 
 
 18 
 
 „ seated. 
 
 
 8.11 „ 
 
 9 >, 
 
 367 
 
 36-5 
 
 361 
 
 19 
 
 In saloon after seat on deck. 
 
 
 11.07 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-4 
 
 36-0 
 
 25 
 
 Before retiring ; room hot and stuffy. 
 
 June 28 
 
 3.01 a.m. 
 
 4 a.m. 
 
 36'4 
 
 362 
 
 361 
 
 
 In bed ; after short sleep. 
 
 
 5.57 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 364 
 
 36-0 
 
 361 
 
 19 
 
 „ after sound sleep ; room cool. 
 
 
 6.56 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 368 
 
 36-3 
 
 35-7 
 
 19 
 
 Short walk on deck. 
 
 
 7.54 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 370 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 20 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 10.50 „ 
 
 12 
 
 372 
 
 36-4 
 
 36-1 
 
 19 
 
 Long. 59° 12' W. 
 
 
 1.46 p m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 365 
 
 363 
 
 19 
 
 Seated on deck reading. 
 
 
 4.42 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-0 
 
 369 
 
 36-1 
 
 16 
 
 In saloon, after walk on deck. 
 
 
 7.37 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-8 
 
 362 
 
 16 
 
 „ reading. 
 
 
 10.32 „ 
 
 12 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 35-8 
 
 23 
 
 Before retiring. 
 
 June 29 
 
 5.24 a.m. 
 
 7 a.m. 
 
 36-6 
 
 36-2 
 
 361 
 
 19 
 
 In bed ; port-hole open. 
 
 
 6.22 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-5 
 
 360 
 
 19 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 7.20 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37 2 
 
 37-0 
 
 364 
 
 20 
 
 After breakfast and short walk. 
 
 
 10.16 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-1 
 
 363 
 
 361 
 
 11- 
 
 Long. 50° 38' W. Fog. 
 On deck ; fog ; feel chilled. 
 
 
 1.12 p.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-7 
 
 363 
 
 10 
 
 
 4.08 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 369 
 
 368 
 
 36-5 
 
 10 
 
 „ walking; foggy. 
 
 
 7-04 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-0 
 
 366 
 
 362 
 
 20 
 
 In saloon ; reading. 
 
 
 10.00 „ 
 
 12 
 
 364 
 
 36-2 
 
 35-9 
 
 21 
 
 Before retiring ; feeling very cold. 
 
 June 30 
 
 12.56 a.m. 
 
 3 a.m. 
 
 36-2 
 
 36-0 
 
 36-1 
 
 
 In bed. 
 
 
 3.52 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 363 
 
 36-1 
 
 36-1 
 
 20 
 
 j) ~ 
 
 
 5.49 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 36-5 
 
 363 
 
 36-0 
 
 18 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 6.48 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-7 
 
 35-8 
 
 20 
 
 Alter breakfast ; cold north wind. 
 
 
 9.44 „ 
 
 12 
 
 36-9 
 
 366 
 
 35-6 
 
 10 
 
 Long. 42° 47' W. Reading ; feeling cold. 
 
 
 12.40 p.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 369 
 
 36-7 
 
 36-3 
 
 11 
 
 Playing deck billiards. 
 
 
 3.36 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 36-8 
 
 367 
 
 362 
 
 10 
 
 On deck walking ; cold wind. 
 
 
 6.32 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-4 
 
 366 
 
 36-2 
 
 21 
 
 In saloon since dinner, reading. 
 
 
 9.28 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 36-3 
 
 35-8 
 
 20 
 
 Before retiring ; saloon had been stuffy. 
 
 July 1 
 
 3.21 a.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-4 
 
 36-4 
 
 22 
 
 In bed ; port-hole closed ; room stuffy. 
 
 
 4.19 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 36-9 
 
 365 
 
 365 
 
 20 
 
 „ „ open. 
 
 
 5.17 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-7 
 
 360 
 
 18 
 
 After dressing and walk on deck. 
 
 
 6.15 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-4 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-5 
 
 23 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 9.11 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-6 
 
 19 
 
 Long. 34° 32' W. Deck billiards. 
 On deck reading ; clear ; sunshine. 
 
 
 12.07 p.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 37-4 
 
 37 '0 
 
 36-6 
 
 18 
 
 
 3.03 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-5 ' 
 
 371 
 
 36-6 
 
 17 
 
 In saloon after walk. 
 
 
 5.59 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 365 
 
 36-2 
 
 21 
 
 „ reading. 
 
 
 8-54 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-7 
 
 36-1 
 
 22 
 
 Before retiring. 
 
 July 2 
 
 2.45 a.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 363 
 
 363 
 
 21 
 
 In bed ; slept well. 
 
 
 3.44 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 36-9 
 
 363 
 
 36-2 
 
 19 
 
 ii 
 
 
 4.42 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-5 
 
 35-9 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 5.40 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 373 
 
 36-8 
 
 35-9 
 
 18 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 8.35 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-3 
 
 36-2 
 
 35-8 
 
 17 
 
 Long. 25° 17' W. Fog. 
 On deck ; playing quoits. 
 
 
 11.30 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 373 
 
 365 
 
 36-3 
 
 17 
 
 
 2.25 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-1 
 
 16 
 
 H » » 
 
 
 4.20 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-7 
 
 36-2 
 
 21 
 
 In saloon ; reading. 
 
 
 8.15 „ 
 
 12 
 
 375 
 
 36-6 
 
 36-0 
 
 24 
 
 Before retiring ; after concert in saloon. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
daily Routine and body temperature. 
 
 241 
 
 TABLE I. — continued. 
 
 
 Ithaca 
 Time. 
 
 Local 
 Time. 
 
 Rectum. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Axilla. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 9091 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 3 
 
 2.05 a.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 37-0 
 
 363 
 
 361 
 
 22° C. 
 
 In hed. 
 
 
 4.01 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 373 
 
 36-5 
 
 35-9 
 
 22 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 459 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37 5 
 
 36-6 
 
 362 
 
 23 
 
 After breakfast ; no walk. 
 
 
 7.54 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-7 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-4 
 
 15 
 
 Long. 15° 00" W. On deck ; billiards. 
 On deck ; walking ; fine breeze. 
 
 
 10.49 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 376 
 
 36-6 
 
 361 
 
 16 
 
 
 1.44 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-6 
 
 15 
 
 „ reading. 
 
 
 4.39 „ 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 37-4 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-6 
 
 21" 
 
 In saloon ; reading. 
 
 
 7.34 „ 
 
 12 
 
 372 
 
 36-2 
 
 360 
 
 14 
 
 On deck looking for Tory Island light. 
 
 July 4 
 
 12.28 a.m. 
 
 4 a.m. 
 
 36-8 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 
 
 In bed ; retired at 1.30 a.m. 
 
 
 2.23 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 370 
 
 364 
 
 364 
 
 19 
 
 „ no sleep since 5. 
 
 
 3.21 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 373 
 
 366 
 
 35-8 
 
 . 19 
 
 After dressing and short walk. 
 
 
 419 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37 4 
 
 37-1 
 
 359 
 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 7.14 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-7 
 
 369 
 
 36-2 
 
 16 
 
 Long. 5° W. (about). Reading. 
 
 
 10.11 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 37-8 
 
 37-0 
 
 36-6 
 
 17 
 
 Long. 4° 20' W. Standing on deck. 
 
 
 1.11 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 369 
 
 364 
 
 
 In Queen Street Railway Station, Glasgow. 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 374 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-5 
 
 
 Long. 3° 10' W. (about). Edinburgh. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-5 
 
 19 
 
 In rooms in Musselburgh. 
 
 July 5 
 
 2.06 a.m. 
 
 7 a.m. 
 
 37-0 
 
 364 
 
 36-2 
 
 21 
 
 In bed. 
 
 
 3.06 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 374 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-0 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing ; no walk. 
 
 
 406 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-5 
 
 37-1 
 
 36-2 
 
 21 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-4 
 
 367 
 
 364 
 
 19 
 
 In rooms ; reading. 
 
 
 10.06 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 376 
 
 37-0 
 
 366 
 
 20 
 
 In Edinburgh ; after walk. 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 375 
 
 366 
 
 362 
 
 18 
 
 After shopping. 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 373 
 
 36-9 
 
 364 
 
 21 
 
 In rooms ; reading. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-2 
 
 369 
 
 36-5 
 
 19 
 
 Before retiring. 
 
 July 6 
 
 
 No o 
 
 bservatio 
 
 ns made. 
 
 
 
 
 July 7 
 
 11.06 p.m. 
 
 4 a.m. 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-1 
 
 360 
 
 
 In bed ; slept since 12'30. 
 
 
 1.06 a.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-2 
 
 36-2 
 
 18 
 
 » » *•. 
 
 
 2.06 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 37-0 
 
 362 
 
 361 
 
 17 
 
 „ awake since 6. 
 
 
 3.06 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 373 
 
 363 
 
 35-9 
 
 18 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 406 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 374 
 
 370 
 
 360 
 
 19 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-5 
 
 37-1 
 
 364 
 
 21 
 
 Packing books. 
 
 
 10.06 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 376 
 
 37-0 
 
 366 
 
 18 
 
 )) »J 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 374 
 
 369 
 
 36-4 
 
 17 
 
 After short walk. 
 
 
 406 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-3 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-2 
 
 16 
 
 )» » 
 
 July 8 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-8 
 
 364 
 
 20 
 
 Reading before retiring. 
 
 
 12.06 a.m. 
 
 5 a. m. 
 
 36-6 
 
 35-9 
 
 35-8 
 
 18 
 
 In bed. 
 
 
 2.06 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-2 
 
 36-1 
 
 .19 
 
 „ light sleep since 5. 
 
 
 3.06 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 371 
 
 367 
 
 361 
 
 19 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 373 
 
 371 
 
 36-0 
 
 20 
 
 After breakfast ; cold. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 375 
 
 36-8 
 
 36-3 
 
 19 
 
 Packing books. 
 
 
 10.06 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 38-0 
 
 37 
 
 364 
 
 21 
 
 » S) 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-8 
 
 363 
 
 22 
 
 Writing at table. 
 
 
 406 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 374 
 
 366 
 
 361 
 
 18 
 
 After seat in garden. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 36-6 . 
 
 36-0 
 
 19 
 
 Before retiring ; packing books. 
 In bed ; sound asleep since 1 a.m. 
 
 July 9 
 
 1.06 a.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 369 
 
 363 
 
 36-0 
 
 20 
 
 
 2.06 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 37 
 
 363 
 
 363 
 
 20 
 
 „ no sleep since 6. 
 
 
 3.06 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 37-2 
 
 364 
 
 36-0 
 
 19 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 36-9 
 
 36-1 
 
 19 
 
 Reading newspaper. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 380 
 
 37-2 
 
 36-3 
 
 21 
 
 Packing trunks. 
 
 
 10.06 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 377 
 
 371 
 
 366 
 
 18 
 
 After snort walk. 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 371 
 
 366 
 
 17 
 
 s> » 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-6 
 
 369 
 
 363 
 
 21 
 
 Reading ; room stuffy. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 366 
 
 360 
 
 20 
 
 Before retiring ; packing trunks. 
 
 July 10 
 
 11.06 „ 
 
 4 a.m. 
 
 36-8 
 
 364 
 
 363 
 
 
 Asleep since 12.30. 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 368 
 
 364 
 
 36-3 
 
 18 
 
 4.30. 
 
 
 2.06 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 369 
 
 365 
 
 364 
 
 19 
 
 Just before getting up. 
 
 
 3.06 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 37-2 
 
 367 
 
 36-0 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 406 „ 
 
 9 „ 
 
 375 
 
 36-8 
 
 362 
 
 21 
 
 After breakfast and short walk. 
 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 37-5 
 
 36-7 
 
 36-1 
 
 23 
 
 Working in house. 
 
 
 10.06 „ 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 37-3 
 
 368 
 
 364 
 
 22 
 
 Reading for half hour. 
 
 
 1.06 p.m. 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37 6 
 
 369 
 
 365 
 
 24 
 
 After walk on beach. 
 
 
 4.06 „ 
 
 9 » 
 
 37-7 
 
 37-0 
 
 364 
 
 26 
 
 Working at table. 
 
 - • 
 
 7.06 „ 
 
 12 
 
 373 
 
 367 
 
 361 
 
 24 
 
 Before retiring. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
242 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 After arriving in Edinburgh the observations were continued, with one days 
 interruption (July 6), till July 10; the daily routine being not much different from 
 the same in Ithaca. From July 17 till August 10 the time was spent in the 
 Orkney Islands, somewhat over 200 miles farther north than Edinburgh, but practically 
 in the same longitude, and here another series was taken from August 3 to 9 
 inclusive. 
 
 On August 5 I walked around one of the islands, a distance of about twelve miles, 
 over rough ground, temperature records being taken at intervals of one and a half hours, 
 and a glance at the chart (fig. 3) will show the effect on the body temperature. On 
 August 8 I remained in bed the whole day, and abstained from food entirely from 
 9 p.m. August 7 till 8 a.m. August 9, at the same time making an effort to restrain 
 muscular action as far as possible. As these records are important for comparison with 
 others taken subsequently under somewhat similar circumstances in Winnipeg and in 
 Ithaca, they are given below together with the room temperature, which was practically 
 the same as that of the outside air, since all the windows of the sleeping-room were 
 open. Eeadings were taken every hour. 
 
 The journey westward was begun on August 14, when the train left Edinburgh 
 for Glasgow at 6 a.m. The steamer (s.s. Ionian, Allan Line) sailed from Glasgow 
 about 10 a.m. and from Greenock about 2 p.m. the same day. The weather was fine, 
 and the voyage uneventful until we ran into fog and ice off the Newfoundland coast, 
 when we were compelled to go dead slow or to drift for almost two days (August 20 
 and 21). On the evening of the 21st we entered the Straits of Belle Isle, and from 
 that time onwards it was full speed ahead until Quebec was reached about 9 p.m. on 
 August 23. That night was spent on board ship moored at the quay, and at 7.30 a.m. 
 we left Quebec and steamed up the St Lawrenee to Montreal, where we disembarked 
 about 7 p.m. on August 24. That night and the following day was spent in Montreal, 
 and at 10.30 p.m. on August 25 the train to Winnipeg was taken, where it arrived at 
 9.20 p.m. on August 27. 
 
 During the whole journey from Glasgow to Winnipeg the observations were kept 
 up without interruption on steamship and train until noon August 30, three days 
 after arrival in Winnipeg. 
 
 On August 29, the second day in Winnipeg, I repeated the routine of August 8 
 in the Orkneys, remaining in bed the whole day without food and voluntarily inhibiting 
 muscular movement as far as possible. The light was partly obscured by the close 
 proximity of a brick wall to the single window of the room I occupied, and this, 
 together with the fact that no person visited me, was particularly favourable for my 
 purpose, which was to secure as completely as possible bodily and mental quiescence. 
 The rectal, mouth, and axillary temperatures were recorded hourly together with the 
 temperature of the room (see Table II.). 
 
 On the return journey from Winnipeg to Ithaca several stops were made on the 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
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246 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 in Ithaca, when they were resumed again for four consecutive days till 6 a.m. on 
 September 14. On September 12 and 26 and October 3 the three twenty-four 
 hour periods were spent at rest in bed, as on the former occasions in Winnipeg and 
 Scotland. On September 12 and October 3 the three ordinary meals were taken, 
 but on September 26 food was abstained from (see Table II.). 
 
 IV. Results and Discussion. 
 
 The results of this continuous series of observations from June 19 till September 14, 
 with the interruptions as indicated, are presented in the accompanying temperature 
 charts (figs. 1 to 5). The thick continuous line represents the rectal temperature, the 
 dotted line the mouth temperature, and the thin continuous line, usually the lowest in 
 position, the axillary temperature. The division of the twenty-four hours into night 
 and day periods is indicated graphically by the alternate light (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) and 
 dark (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.) bands at the bottom of the chart according to Ithaca local time. 
 The hatched and intermediate clear segments extending through the whole width of 
 the chart shows night (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.) and day (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) by ship and train 
 local time, and the alternate light and dark bands at the top the same by Edinburgh 
 time. This division is somewhat arbitrary, since from June 19 till September 21 the 
 sun rises before and sets after 6 o'clock, so that the dark and hatched bands on the 
 chart are more extensive than the natural night period, but the attempt to construct a 
 chart in which these should coincide exactly with the dark periods for the different 
 latitudes in which the observations were made was found to involve too much labour 
 and was abandoned. In the Orkneys a newspaper could be read outside the house at 
 10 p.m. and again at 2 a.m., the actual dark period at that season of the year being of 
 very short duration. As it stands this feature of the chart is only meant to show in a 
 graphic way the relative differences between the local time on the journey and that of 
 Ithaca and Edinburgh. From June 19 to 25 it will be observed that the dark and 
 hatched bands coincide, and also from September 10 to 14 ; but on the voyage east- 
 ward the ship's local time moves forward, and on the voyage westward it moves back- 
 ward in relation to Ithaca time. 
 
 The figures at the left side of the chart represent degrees centigrade, those at the 
 bottom hours of the day, and those at the top days of the month. Twelve o'clock 
 noon occurs at the middle of the clear band and 12 o'clock midnight at" the middle of 
 the hatched band, each space between the vertical lines representing an interval of 
 three hours. 
 
 A careful scrutiny of this chart will bring to light some interesting facts, and the 
 first and most obvious of these is that the body-temperature curves of no two days are 
 alike. If inherent rhythmicity were a predominant feature, one would expect to find 
 a closer resemblance between the curves on different days, whereas they all seem to 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 247 
 
 well seen on June 24, 25, and 26, when the external temperature was high and muscular 
 movement only slightly more active than on the four preceding days. It shows what 
 a powerful influence even very moderate exercise has on the body temperature in hot 
 weather. On the 24th at 3 p.m. the rectal temperature reached 38°'5 C, and at 7 a.m. 
 the following day it was 36°'7 C, giving a range of almost 2° C, about double the 
 average for the previous five days. 
 
 After getting to sea on the homeward journey cold, foggy, depressing weather, such 
 as is usually found on the banks of Newfoundland, was experienced for the first four 
 days, and its influence is at once evident on the temperature curve. The maximum 
 falls about 1° C. between the 26th and 27th, and the diurnal range is also greatly 
 reduced. The lowest point was reached at 3 a.m. on September 30, when the rectal 
 thermometer stood at 36°"2. From June 30 till the end of the voyage the weather was 
 clear, bright, and warm, with sunshine throughout the greater part of the day, and here 
 again the effect on the body temperature is at once visible. 
 
 The influence of severe muscular exercise with a moderate external temperature is 
 well seen on August 5, when a long walk was taken over rough ground ; the rectal 
 temperature was maintained" over 38° C. for several hours, while the air temperature 
 averaged about 11° C, with a cool breeze blowing. Again the influence of a high air 
 temperature with moderate, muscular exercise is illustrated by the rectal temperature 
 curves of August 22, 23, and 24. On the 22nd the ship was in the lower reaches of 
 the Gulf of St Lawrence, just through the Straits of Belle Isle, and not far from ice. 
 As she steamed up the Gulf and into the river the air temperature rose rapidly until 
 it reached the neighbourhood of 31° C. near Montreal on the 24th. 
 
 On the train sleep was poor, and the minimal rectal readings were high on August 
 26 and 27, probably on this account, while the effect of a sound sleep following a 
 period of fatigue is seen on the morning of the 28 th, when at 3 o'clock the body 
 temperature (rectal) sank to 36°"7 O, a point lower than had been reached on any 
 previous occasion during the westward journey with one exception, 4 a.m. August 17. 
 The contrast between the curves of August 5 and 29 shows the effect of muscular 
 exercise, the external temperature being not much different on the two occasions. 
 
 Proceeding now to the discussion of the main question (to throw some fresh light 
 on which the present investigation was undertaken), viz. whether the temperature curve 
 is controlled by purely local and external conditions, or shows evidence of an innate 
 periodicity independent of these, I believe that we shall find the evidence to be mostly 
 on the one side. If the temperature rhythm were fixed in the observer's body we 
 should expect to find that as he proceeded eastward, gaining time daily, the morning 
 (6 to 9) rise would begin later and later each successive day until the end of the journey, 
 and when Edinburgh was reached, where 11 a.m. corresponds with 6 a.m. at Ithaca, this 
 rise should show itself between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. In this relation we shall consider 
 the rectal temperature only, since this is influenced to a smaller degree by accidental 
 external disturbances than either the buccal or axillary temperature. A careful 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
248 
 
 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
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 Fig. 6. — Average temperatures 
 
 examination of the chart (figs. 1 and 2) will show that no 
 such delay is apparent in the diurnal curve. The sharp 
 morning rise is not any less abrupt on July 5 than it is, for 
 example, on June 20.* The curve appears to obey local 
 time and not Ithaca time. 
 
 • In order to get rid of accidental variations which might 
 affect the body temperature on any one day, the average 
 curve for each of the following periods is taken : — A, six 
 days in Ithaca, immediately before setting out on the east- 
 ward journey, from June 19 to 25 (omitting one day — 
 24th — when the rectal temperature was distinctly above, 
 the usual level, due to a combination of muscular exercise 
 and high external temperature.) ; B, the first four days 
 (June 27 to 30), and C, the last four days (July 1 to 4), 
 of the voyage from New York to Edinburgh ; D, five days 
 immediately following arrival in Edinburgh (July 5 to 10, 
 omitting 6th) ; E, five days in the Orkney Islands about 
 one week before starting westward (August 3 to 13, 
 omitting 5th, 8th, 10th, 11th, and 12th) ; F, the first six 
 (August 15 to 20), and Gr, the last six days (August 22- 
 to 27, omitting 24th) of the journey from Scotland to 
 Winnipeg ; H, one day and a half at Winnipeg (August 28 
 till noon on 30th, omitting 29th) ; and lastly, I, the four 
 days immediately following the return to Ithaca from 
 Winnipeg (September 10 to 14, omitting 12th). In these 
 average curves the rectal temperature only is considered. 
 (See Table III.) 
 
 From an examination of these nine mean curves 
 (charts A to I, fig. 6) it will be seen that although there 
 is considerable variation in their general characters, the 
 most constant features, viz., the rise between 6 a.m. and 
 9 a.m., and the fall from 9 p.m. to midnight, are fairly 
 regular. Compare, for example, A. the Ithaca control, and 
 C, the mean of the last four days of the journey eastward. 
 Except for the slightly smaller range of C, due probably 
 to the less active life led on board ship, they very closely 
 resemble each other. The first maximum is reached at 
 
 * On two or three occasions in the control period at Ithaca the rapid rise 
 from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. is associated with a walk up a rather steep hill after 
 breakfast in hot weather and shortly before the 9 o'clock observation was 
 made. This is apt to give a wrong impression when comparing the curves at 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
 240 
 
 noon and the second at 9 p.m., the same hours in both cases. The ascent from 7 a.m. 
 to 9 a.m. is slightly less steep in C than in A, which might be explained by the 
 fact that on two or three occasions in Ithaca the 9 a.m. temperature was taken very 
 soon after a walk uphill in hot weather, but the descent from 9 p.m. to midnight is, 
 on the other hand, somewhat more sudden. If the Ithaca temperature habit had been 
 fixed in the body, there should be some evidence of delay in the rise of the curve C 
 and also in its fall, but there is none. These curves A and C resemble each other more 
 nearly than any other two, except probably D (Edinburgh) and G (the last half of the 
 voyage westward), where the time difference is again four to five hours. 
 
 TABLE III. 
 Average Rectal Temperature for Nine Periods as stated in the Text. 
 
 
 June 19-25. 
 
 June 27-30. 
 
 July 1-4. 
 
 July 5-10. 
 
 Aug. 3-13. 
 
 Aug. 15-20. 
 
 Aug. 21-27. 
 
 Aug. 28-30. 
 
 Sept. 10-14. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 36-93 
 
 36-55 
 
 36-95 
 
 36-79 
 
 3680 
 
 36-93 
 
 3697 
 
 
 36-83 
 
 7 „ 
 
 36-90 
 
 36*60 
 
 3690 
 
 36-94 
 
 36-87 
 
 36-92 
 
 37-12 
 
 36-90 
 
 36-90 
 
 8 „ 
 
 37-16 
 
 36-80 
 
 37-22 
 
 37-24 
 
 36-93 
 
 37-15 
 
 37-33 
 
 36-95 
 
 37-10 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-45 
 
 37-07 
 
 37-40 
 
 37-46 
 
 3735 
 
 37-47 
 
 37-60 
 
 37-45 
 
 3737 
 
 12 
 
 37-63 
 
 37-12 
 
 37-57 
 
 37-58 
 
 37-43 
 
 37-48 
 
 3767 
 
 37-55 
 
 37-70 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 37-58 
 
 36-90 
 
 37-52 
 
 37-64 
 
 37-65 
 
 37-45 
 
 37-72 
 
 37-40 
 
 37-66 
 
 6 „ 
 
 37-55 
 
 3687 
 
 37-42 
 
 37-54 
 
 37-52 
 
 3755 
 
 37-70 
 
 37-40 
 
 37-80 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-60 
 
 37-07 
 
 37-45 
 
 37-46 
 
 37-43 
 
 37-47 
 
 37-58 
 
 37-20 
 
 37-70 
 
 12 
 
 37-42 
 
 36-90 
 
 37-25 
 
 37-26 
 
 37-10 
 
 3707 
 
 3732 
 
 37-00 
 
 37-30 
 
 It might be supposed that after a five weeks' residence in Scotland the body would 
 gradually accommodate itself to the changed conditions, and a Scottish temperature 
 rhythm be established. This would be present in the mean of the observations made 
 in the Orkney Islands — curve E ; and if this type had been carried westward, then 
 at Winnipeg, where the Scottish daily routine had been moved backwards by more 
 than six hours, we would expect to find that the curve for Winnipeg (H) should 
 show an upward tendency earlier, according to Winnipeg local time, and also decline 
 earlier than the Orkney curve (E). It does appear that the fall sets in sooner, but the 
 Winnipeg type represents only a single day, and some accidental variation might 
 account for the early decline. The morning rise does not come in any sooner than in 
 Scotland. 
 
 In making such comparisons, however, it is essential that the conditions with regard 
 to external temperature, meals, mental activity, and particularly muscular movement 
 shall be as nearly as possible similar at the two places, and this will be best secured 
 if the subject remains at rest in bed, and at the same time abstains from food while the 
 observations are being made. The effects of external factors will then be reduced to 
 a minimum, and any inherent temperature rhythm present in the body may be 
 expected to show itself. Assuming that the Ithaca rhythm has been replaced by a 
 Scottish rhythm in the course of a six weeks' residence in Scotland, then if the latter 
 had persisted in the body to any appreciable extent one would expect to find that the 
 
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250 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 records obtained at Winnipeg on August 29 — with the subject resting in bed and fasting, 
 as in the Orkneys on August 8 —when plotted out should give a curve different from 
 that found in Scotland : the morning rise as well as the late evening fall should appear 
 some six hours earlier in the Winnipeg than in the Orkney curve. Such, however, 
 is not the case. The morning ascent, to be sure, is slightly less abrupt in the Winnipeg 
 curve, but this may be accounted for by the fact that here the subject was allowed 
 to remain quite undisturbed, whereas on August 8 he was persistently invited to 
 partake of some breakfast by kind but injudicious friends. 
 
 There is no evidence of any persistence of the Ithaca control type of curve in 
 Scotland, nor of the Scottish type in Winnipeg. In the westward as in the eastward 
 journey there appears to be an immediate adjustment of the temperature rhythm to 
 the changing daily routine, so that in this respect the results agree entirely with those 
 obtained by Gibson. 
 
 V. Effect of Muscular Rest and Activity on Body Temperature. 
 
 After plotting out the curves for the rectal- temperature readings taken on August 8 
 and 29, I was struck with the marked effect which complete rest in bed has on the 
 diurnal body- temperature variation, and to test this further, I made experiments 
 under nearly similar conditions on myself on three occasions after returning to Ithaca 
 (September 12 and 13, 26 and 27, and October 3 and 4) and twice on two other 
 individuals (November 27, 28, and 29, and January 29, 30, and 31). 
 
 On September 12 I stayed in bed all day, i.e. from 12.15 a.m. till 7 a.m. on the 1 3th, 
 and, as on August 8 and 29, endeavoured to make as few movements as possible, but 
 on this occasion I had the usual three meals, taken in bed in the recumbent position — 
 breakfast at 9.30 a.m., lunch at 1.30 p.m., and dinner at 6.30 p.m. The temperature 
 of the room rose steadily from about 16° C. at 6 a.m. to 22° C. at 7 p.m., and then fell 
 to 19° C. at midnight. Such changes in the outside temperature, however, in the case 
 of a person in bed and covered with blankets, are of little importance, except as affecting 
 the temperature of the mouth (fig. 9). 
 
 On September 26 the same experiment was repeated, with this difference, that no 
 food was taken from 9.30 p.m. on the 25th till 8 a.m. on the 27th. The bed on 
 this occasion was outside on the verandah, and the air-temperature range was from 
 6° C. at 6 a.m. to 22° C. at 4 p.m., after which it fell regularly till midnight, when 
 the thermometer stood at 8° C. (fig. 10). 
 
 On the following Sunday (October 3) I again remained in bed on the verandah, 
 but had breakfast at 9 a.m., lunch at 2.30 p.m., and dinner at 6.30 p.m. The air 
 temperature was about 10° O, and varied little throughout the day (fig. 11). 
 
 Wishing to ascertain how this modification of the daily routine would affect the 
 diurnal temperature variation in other individuals, I prevailed on Miss A. B. and 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
 251 
 
 Orkney Islands, August 8th 
 
 Fig. 7. —Effect of muscular inactivity and fasting on the rectal temperature. 
 
 8 
 
 Wi 
 
 nn 
 
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 Au 
 
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 A.M. P.M. 
 
 Fig. 8.— Effect of muscular inactivity and fasting on the rectal temperature. 
 Ithaca, N. Y. , September 1 2th 1 3th 
 
 14th 
 
 38° -o 
 
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 A.M. P.M. A.M. 
 
 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 
 P.M. 
 
 Fig. 9. — Effect of muscular inactivity on rectal temperature. 
 
 2 
 
 38°-0 
 
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 It 
 
 ha 
 
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 Y. 
 
 s 
 
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 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 
 A.M. P.M. 
 
 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 
 A.M. 
 
 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 
 P.M. 
 
 Fig. 10. — Effect of muscular inactivity ami fasting on rectal temperature. 
 
 Ithaca, N.Y., October;3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 38"-0 
 
 37-0 
 
 _J_ -_L __ _L_ 
 
 , 1 1~T ;b,2' - "^'' Sr ''s, 
 
 L f | f i ^_ * _j !v 
 
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 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (I 
 
 A.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. 
 
 Fig. 11. — Effect of muscular inactivity on rectal temperature. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
252 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 I would take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to both for their ready 
 consent to pass through this, to healthy young people, somewhat trying ordeal. 
 
 Miss A. B. (age 27, weight 116 lbs., height 5 ft. 7\ ins., and of slender build) 
 made observations at irregular hours on November 27 and 29, while engaged in her 
 ordinary work at the University, to obtain curves on days of activity for comparison, 
 "and on the 28th took readings every hour, keeping bed from 10.15 p.m. on the 27th 
 till 6 a.m. on the 29th, at the same time abstaining from food, " except a glass of 
 milk and some crackers between six and seven in the evening." When examining her 
 figures I found that twice there were somewhat sudden elevations in the temperature 
 (at 3 p.m. and 6 p.m., fig. 12), which then quickly dropped again, and on writing to 
 her to find out the cause of these, her reply was : "... I read some, slightly propped up 
 in bed. The rises in temperature came at the periods when I was disturbed by callers. 
 I tried to keep my room at the same temperature as I had it at night — heat off and 
 window open. I remember that during the afternoon I was very restless, even 
 when alone." It is quite evident to me that she had difficulty in restraining her 
 muscular movements to the same extent that I did, and this is shown in her 
 temperature chart for that day (fig. 12). 
 
 Mr X. Y. (age 27, weight 134 lbs., height 5 ft. 8^ ins., and sparely built) also continued 
 his experiment for three days. On January 29 arid 31, 1910, in his rooms and while 
 at work in the laboratory, he made observations every two hours, and on the 30th 
 every hour from 5 a.m. till 10 p.m. Like Miss A. B., he kept bed from 10 p.m. on 
 the 29th till 6 a.m. on the 31st, but he had three meals at his usual hours — breakfast 
 at 8 a.m., dinner at 1 p.m., and supper at 6.30 p.m. Besides, he was reading most 
 of the time, and this implies a fair amount of muscular exertion, since in the recumbent 
 posture a book is not easily held in front of one in such a position that it can be read. 
 In this experiment, although the curve is distinctly modified when compared with that 
 of the day before or the day after (fig. 13), the temperature range is considerably 
 greater than in either the case of Miss A. B. or that of the writer. It may be 
 mentioned in passing that neither of these (A. B. nor X. Y.) was a good subject for 
 this experiment, since both are naturally energetic and somewhat restless individuals. 
 
 In the literature of this subject which I have consulted several temperature charts 
 are presented from healthy individuals " resting in bed " during the day, and most show 
 a very distinct diurnal variation. For example, in Pembrey's article on " Animal 
 Heat" in Schafer's Text-book of Physiology (vol. i. p. 800), a curve, copied from 
 Ringer and Stuart/' is given which " shows the daily fluctuations of temperature in a 
 boy 12 years old; the thermometer — a non-registering one— was kept in the closed 
 axilla throughout the time, and the readings were taken every hour. The boy was in 
 good health, and was kept in bed during the observations," which extended over fifty 
 hours. The range for each of the twenty-four hour periods is almost 2° C. (from about 
 36° to about 38°). I cannot help thinking that this must have been a particularly 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
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254 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 restless boy. The fact that the temperature was taken in the axilla need not 
 necessarily vitiate the results when the subject remained in bed all the time, 
 although it would have been more satisfactory if the records had been obtained from 
 the rectum. 
 
 Again, in a recent paper by Bardswell and Chapman,* a curve is given showing 
 the average daily variation in the rectal temperature of nine healthy individuals (seven 
 men and two women, all between the ages of 20 and 35 years) who were kept in bed 
 during the period of observation, which varied in different cases from twenty-four to 
 forty-eight consecutive hours. The ordinary meals were taken at 8.30 a.m., 1 p.m., 
 and 7 p. m. During the night the individuals were aroused sufficiently to allow of the 
 temperature being recorded, and sleep was very little interfered with. Readings were 
 taken every two hours throughout the twenty-four. The minimal temperature occurred 
 between midnight and 4 a.m., the average for the nine individuals being 3" a.m. The 
 average minimal temperature observed was 36° C, the lowest being 35° "8 and the highest 
 36°"3. "From the minimal level the temperature rises gradually until the period of 
 sleep is completed (the average waking temperature being about 36°"4 C), and there- 
 after it rises rapidly until at 10 a.m. the temperature is 36° '9 G. From 11 a.m. till 
 6 p.m. the temperature remains practically steady between 36°"9 and 37°'l, the highest 
 point usually being reached between 4 and 6 p.m. After 6 p.m. the temperature begins 
 to fall again, but only gradually. When the period of sleep is reached the fall continues 
 rapidly until at about 2 a.m. the temperature curve is again at its minimal level." In 
 this average curve the range from 6 a.m. till midnight, which corresponds with the 
 waking periods in our experiments, is about 0°'8 C. This is greater than is found in 
 any of our curves except that of Mr X. Y. 
 
 Johansson^ on the other hand, by enforcing muscular rest and at the same time 
 fasting, was able to reduce the temperature range to 0°"4 C. in the twenty-four hours 
 including the sleeping period. Hormann J also found in the case of an insane woman 
 who remained in bed and took no food for three days that the diurnal fluctuations in 
 the vaginal temperature were almost abolished. 
 
 " Rest in bed " is, of course, a relative phrase, and may have a different meaning for 
 different individuals, but to remain in bed during the waking hours and voluntarily 
 inhibit all muscular movements except when these are absolutely necessary, and at the 
 same time prevent one's self from falling asleep, is a task not easily accomplished. As 
 a matter of fact, this experiment is not likely to be carried out properly by any subject 
 who is not himself particularly interested in it. 
 
 Muscular contraction is the most potent factor in elevating the body temperature, 
 and sleep in lowering it. Benedict § found that a change in body -position from sitting 
 
 * Bardswell and Chapman, Brit. Med. Jour., May 13, 1911, p. 1107. 
 t Johansson, Skandinavisches Archivfiir Physiologie, viii., 1898, p. 85. 
 1 Hoemann. ZeUschrift Mr Bioloaie. xxxvi.. 1898. t>. 319. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 255 
 
 to standing was sufficient to produce almost immediately an appreciable rise in the 
 rectal temperature, and vice versa when the change is from standing to sitting. This 
 rise he attributes to the muscular work involved in maintaining the body in the erect 
 attitude. However, there appears to be considerable variation amongst different 
 individuals in the temperature response to muscular exercise. In the observations of 
 Leonard Hill and Martin Flack,* made on healthy athletes in a three-mile race, they 
 found in one case at the end of the race the extraordinary high figure of 105° F. 
 (40°"56 C.) for the rectal temperature. As a rule they found that "the longer the 
 effort the higher the body temperature rose," within the limits of the race of course. 
 "Thus W. V. F. was 101° 1 F. after 1 mile, 102°-0 after ^ mile; H. 102° -8 after 
 1 mile, and 103 o, 6 after 3 miles; H. P. 102°-8 after 1 mile, 103 o, 8, and 105°-0 after 
 3 miles. The temperature did not rise in all individuals. Thus J. F. P. showed no 
 rise after 1 mile, or after seven laps of the three-mile race." From systolic blood-pressures 
 taken at the same time they attribute the high temperatures, in part at least, to the 
 influence of cutaneous vaso-constriction. 
 
 For the same individual, however, the same amount of exercise taken within the 
 same time limits will produce roughly the same rise in rectal temperature. Thus 
 Bardswell and Chapman,* from experiments conducted on themselves and other 
 healthy persons, found that the rise of temperature produced by definite amounts of 
 exercise were so consistent and constant that they were able at will to raise their 
 temperatures from the normal to any point up to 103° F. (39°"5 C.) simply by "pre- 
 scribing to ourselves varying degrees of muscular effort. By dint of constant observa- 
 tion we were able to guess to within a point or two what our temperature would be at 
 any time of the day and after any kind of exercise. " 
 
 The effect of food on raising and maintaining the body temperature can be seen 
 by a glance at the five curves of the writer, taken on the resting days (figs. 7-11). 
 Three meals were taken on two of these days, viz. September 12 and October 3, 
 and on these days the rectal temperature is distinctly higher, and on October 3 also 
 less regular, than on the three fasting days. There does not appear to be any im- 
 mediate effect following the meal, but the general level of the curve is higher by about 
 three-tenths of a degree centigrade after the first meal on September 1 2 than on the 
 three days when no food was taken, and this difference is maintained throughout the 
 day. On the fasting days the decline also sets in earlier. 
 
 In the case of Miss A. B. the curve is somewhat distorted (fig. 12) by the 
 comparatively high figures at 3 p.m. and 6 p.m., but that these are due to 
 accidental disturbances is indicated by the low temperature before and after these 
 hours. The probable cause of these disturbances she explains in her note. Apart 
 from that and from the fact that the general level is somewhat higher, the curve 
 does not differ materially from those of the writer, taken on the three resting and 
 fasting days. 
 
 * Hill and Flack, Jour, of Physiol., Proceedings, xxxvi., 1907, p. xi. + Bardswell and Chapman, loe. cit. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
256 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 From the preceding remarks will be seen the importance of making full allowance 
 for the elements of muscular exercise particularly and of food in all investigations 
 similar to that undertaken by the writer. The ideal experiment would be to eliminate 
 muscular exercise and food entirely, but this, of course, cannot be done (except at 
 comparatively long intervals) and the body still be maintained in perfect health. It is to 
 be regretted that a similar resting and fasting experiment was not made in the control! 
 period before leaving Ithaca for Scotland, and again immediately on arriving in 
 Edinburgh. Any inherent diurnal rhythm which might be present would not,, under 
 these conditions, be masked by external influences, but I think the proof is 
 sufficiently clear that there is no such rhythm. When the external conditions were as 
 nearly as possible the same in the three localities mentioned, viz. the Orkneys, 
 Winnipeg, and Ithaca, the curves are practically identical in character, and there is no 
 indication of a Scottish rhythm being carried in the body to Winnipeg. In each of 
 these curves (figs. 7 and 8) there is a slight morning rise and evening fall. The 
 former comes in the period between sleep and full wakefulness, and the latter 
 appears when daylight is replaced by artificial light, which again induces a feeling of 
 drowsiness. 
 
 During natural sleep the temperature of the body falls markedly, and much more so 
 in the deeper sleep induced by narcotic drugs such as morphine, alcohol, etc. This is 
 due in part to a diminution in muscular tonus which leads to a lessened heat- production, 
 and in part to the fact that sleep is accompanied by a cutaneous vaso-dilatation 
 allowing of an increase in heat-loss. Any condition which diminishes the activity of 
 the heat-regulating mechanism, situated somewhere in the central nervous system, will 
 tend to induce a state of poikilothermism, and then the temperature will fall if the 
 temperature of the environment is lower (as it almost always is in temperate climates) 
 than that of the body. Any tendency to somnolence, therefore, will be marked by 
 some fall in the body temperature. 
 
 If the curves of August 8 (Orkney) and August 29 (Winnipeg) be compared 
 (figs. 7 and 8), it will be seen that in the former both the morning rise and the evening 
 fall are more distinct than in the latter. As explained previously, this is probably due 
 to the fact that the subject was more quiescent on August 29. If the Scottish 
 temperature rhythm had been carried in the body to Winnipeg, the morning rise and 
 the evening fall should begin some six hours earlier ; the former, therefore, would not 
 come into the Winnipeg curve at all, and the rectal temperature would be already high 
 when the first observation was made at 6 a.m., while the latter would begin about 
 12 (noon) or 1 p.m. instead of 6 or 7 p.m. As a matter of fact, a slight fall is 
 noticeable in the Winnipeg curve at 1 p.m., but this is succeeded by a rise later which 
 should not be if this corresponded with the Scottish evening fall. These two curves 
 are remarkably alike in every respect. There are minor differences, but these are not 
 greater than one might expect to find in any two similar curves taken in the same 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERA TtJRE. 257 
 
 VI. The Relative Values of Records from Rectum, Mouth, and Axilla, as 
 indicating Changes in Body Temperature. 
 
 As is correctly pointed out by Lindhard, the term " body temperature " is a 
 misnomer. There is in reality no such thing. Most of the heat of the body is pro- 
 duced in the muscles and in the organs of digestion, notably the liver, and from these 
 it is conveyed by the blood to the other organs of the body. If by body temperature 
 we mean the temperature of the warmest organ in the body, it will probably be found 
 in the muscle or group of muscles which happens to be most active at that particular 
 moment, and this will change from time to time according to circumstances. We may 
 correctly speak of the rectal temperature, the mouth temperature, or the temperature 
 of the axilla as the temperature of these localities at any particular time, but not of the 
 body temperature. However, since the heat produced in the muscles, etc., is distributed 
 so rapidly by the blood-stream that the temperatures of the deeper parts of the body 
 away from the radiating surfaces do not differ at any one time probably by more than 
 some fraction of a degree centigrade in health, the term body temperature may still be 
 conveniently used as indicating the average temperature of the deeper and well- 
 protected parts of the body. 
 
 Clinically the temperature is usually taken in one of three situations — the rectum, 
 mouth, or axilla, and of these it is recognised that the rectum is the best, since it is 
 better protected against the rapid loss of heat than either the mouth or axilla, and 
 consequently the readings are not so liable to be affected by external and accidental 
 circumstances. The temperature of the rectum is always higher than that of the 
 mouth and axilla and nearer the so-called body temperature. The mouth temperature 
 is being used less and less by physicians and the axillary temperature scarcely at all, on 
 account of the belief that these are unreliable as an indication of the changes in the 
 temperature of the deeper parts, i.e. the body temperature. 
 
 An examination of the charts (figs. 1 to 5) will show the relationship existing 
 between the temperatures of these localities under different conditions. In the morning, 
 before getting out of bed, the readings for the mouth and axilla are practically the same 
 throughout the whole experiment, i.e. for the same day they are almost identical, both 
 being distinctly below the rectum. After the subject arises the mouth temperature 
 follows more or less closely the changes in the rectal temperature, the two curves 
 running parallel to a considerable extent. The most constant deviation from the 
 parallel is found between 9 a.m. and noon, when the mouth falls while the rectum 
 rises, and this is easily explained. The 9 a.m. reading was taken shortly after 
 breakfast, and the local effects of mastication and of warm food act on the mouth 
 temperature alone. The rise thus produced quickly subsides, so that the next reading, 
 at noon, is lower. 
 
 The relationship between the curves of the axilla and rectum are much less constant. 
 The temperature of the axilla almost invariably falls when the subject gets out of bed, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
258 DR SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 while that of the mouth and of the rectum rises. The mouth and axilla curves separate 
 at that point and do not meet again until the following morning. On the resting days, 
 when the subject remained in bed, the figures for the mouth and axilla are practically 
 identical at every observation, and the two curves run fairly parallel with that of the 
 rectum. In the case of a patient confined to bed then, are the mouth and axillary 
 temperatures as unreliable as they are held to be ? The temperature of the mouth 
 particularly, and also of the axilla, is affected by the temperature of the surrounding air, 
 rising and falling with it, and when this is fairly regular, as it usually is in a sleeping- 
 room, the parallelism between the mouth and axillary curves and that of the rectum 
 appears to be on the whole pretty constant. With the subject outside in the open air 
 and exposed to atmospheric changes, the case, of course, is different. 
 
 The above remarks, it must be remembered, are meant to apply only to the case of 
 the person who was the subject of this experiment. There may be, and there probably 
 are, great variations amongst different individuals in this relation. For example, in a 
 sparely built person the walls of the buccal chamber will be thinner, and it will be more 
 difficult to convert the axilla into a closed cavity than in a stout individual, so that the 
 temperature of both localities will be more susceptible to changes in the surrounding 
 air in the former than in the latter. 
 
 With regard to the question of individual differences in the response of the mouth and 
 skin temperatures to muscular activity I was interested to find, in reading over the report 
 of Lindhard,* that his results were different from mine. He says : " With regard to the 
 mouth temperature, its relation to the work of the muscles is quite inconstant. As a 
 rule it does not rise during work. On working indoors, it is almost constant ; on work- 
 ing in the open air it always falls, but in a single case 1 have found it so much raised 
 while staying indoors soon after working in the open air, that the rise must without 
 doubt be ascribed to the work. On the other hand, I have seen that even energetic 
 exercise indoors was not able to prevent the mouth temperature, raised by the meal, 
 from falling. . . . For the temperature of the skin pretty much the same holds good 
 as for the mouth temperature ; as a rule I have not been able to notice any rise 
 occasioned by muscular work." 
 
 In order to test this matter further in the case of my own temperature I have lately 
 made a few experiments, the results of which are given in tabular form below. These 
 observations were made in September, when the outside temperature was fairly high, 
 and again in November, when the weather was colder. The readings were taken first 
 in the recumbent posture just before getting out of bed t in the morning, then in the 
 sitting position half an hour later, after dressing but before breakfast, again after break- 
 fast, and finally immediately after a walk of about three-quarters of a mile Up a pretty 
 steep hill and then two flights of stairs to a room in the laboratory. The same clothing 
 was worn and the same muscular energy expended on each day in approximately the 
 
 * Lindhard. loe. cit.. r>. 18. 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 
 
 259 
 
 same time, so that the Only variable factor was the air temperature. On the last two 
 occasions breakfast was taken in the laboratory after the walk instead of before. 
 The readings are given in degrees centigrade. 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 Effect of Muscular Action on the Rectal, Mouth, and Axillary Temperatures. 
 
 
 
 Rectum. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Axilla. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 8 a.m. 
 
 37-22 
 
 3655 
 
 36-52 
 
 17 
 
 la bed ; slight perspiration. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 3732 
 
 36-89 
 
 36-31 
 
 19 
 
 After breakfast ; before dressing. 
 
 
 9.30 „- 
 
 37-42 
 
 36-76 
 
 36-30 
 
 21 
 
 Street car to laboratory. 
 
 Sept. 8 
 
 7 45 
 
 3712 
 
 36-56 
 
 36-45 
 
 17 
 
 In bed ; raining. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-41 
 
 36-52 
 
 360 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9 
 
 37-38 
 
 36-78 
 
 35-91 
 
 20 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 9.30 „ 
 
 37-82 
 
 3725 
 
 36-64 
 
 15-20* 
 
 After 17 minutes' walk. 
 
 Sept. 9 
 
 8 
 
 37-26 
 
 3686 
 
 36-70 
 
 19 
 
 In bed ; heavy rain. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-41 
 
 37-04 
 
 36-70 
 
 20 
 
 After breakfast ; before dressing. 
 
 
 9 
 
 37-54 
 
 3692 
 
 36-72 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 9.45 „ 
 
 37-90 
 
 37-24 
 
 37-04 
 
 19-20* 
 
 Walk 16 minutes ; perspiring. 
 
 Sept. 10 
 
 9 
 
 37-16 
 
 36-62 
 
 36-60 
 
 20 
 
 In bed. 
 
 
 9.30 „ 
 
 37-18 
 
 36-78 
 
 36-70 
 
 21 
 
 After breakfast ; in bed. 
 
 
 10 
 
 3751 
 
 37-00 
 
 36-54 
 
 21 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 Sept. 11 
 
 7 
 
 3703 
 
 36-62 
 
 36-62 
 
 18 
 
 In bed ; feeling cold. 
 
 
 7.30 „ 
 
 37-20 
 
 3660 
 
 3618 
 
 21 
 
 After dressing ; before breakfast. 
 
 
 8 
 
 37-25 
 
 3691 
 
 3638 
 
 21 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 8.45 „ 
 
 37-72 
 
 37-12 
 
 36-78 
 
 18-21* 
 
 Walk 15 minutes ; perspiring freely. 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 7.30 „ 
 
 37-41 
 
 37-00 
 
 36-90 
 
 20 
 
 In bed ; slight lumbago. 
 
 
 8 
 
 37-60 
 
 37-10 
 
 36-64 
 
 23 
 
 After dressing ; before breakfast. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-75 
 
 37-45 
 
 36-72 
 
 22 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 9 
 
 38-15 
 
 37-65 
 
 37-30 
 
 18-22* 
 
 Walk 16 minutes ; perspiring. 
 
 Sept. 13 
 
 7.30 „ 
 
 37-00 
 
 36-46 
 
 36-46 
 
 10 
 
 In bed ; cold weather. 
 
 
 8 
 
 37-32 
 
 36-48 
 
 35-66 
 
 17 
 
 After dressing ; before breakfast. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-36 
 
 37-08 
 
 36-28 
 
 17 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 9 „ 
 
 37-78 
 
 37-12 
 
 36-74 
 
 9-19* 
 
 Walk 15 minutes ; slight perspiration. 
 
 Sept. 14 
 
 6 
 
 36-70 
 
 36-03 
 
 3600 
 
 2 
 
 Just after awoke ; feeling cold. 
 
 
 7.30 „ 
 
 36-78 
 
 36-28 
 
 36-12 
 
 4 
 
 In bed ; feeling cold. 
 
 
 8 
 
 36-92 
 
 36-31 
 
 35-52 
 
 17 
 
 After dressing ; before breakfast. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-05 
 
 36-50 
 
 35-89 
 
 17 . 
 
 After breakfast. 
 
 
 9.30 „ 
 
 37-40 
 
 36-61 
 
 36-15 
 
 5-16* 
 
 Car to laboratory after business in town. 
 
 ■Nov. 1 
 
 7.15 „ 
 
 36-94 
 
 36-18 
 
 36-20 
 
 3 
 
 In bed ; feeling warm. 
 
 
 7.45 „ 
 
 37-25 
 
 36-38 
 
 35-76 
 
 20 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 t8.30 „ 
 
 37-57 
 
 36-21 
 
 36-26 
 
 2-22* 
 
 Walk 15 minutes, talking on way, before breakfast. 
 
 
 9 
 
 37-42 
 
 36-52 
 
 36-26 
 
 24 
 
 After breakfast, in warm room. 
 
 Nov. 3 
 
 7.30 „ 
 
 3681 
 
 36-48 
 
 36-36 
 
 1 
 
 In bed. 
 
 
 8 
 
 37-12 
 
 36-50 
 
 35-82 
 
 19 
 
 After dressing. 
 
 
 8.30 „ 
 
 37-58 
 
 36-71 
 
 36-5 
 
 1-21* 
 
 Walk 15 minutes to laboratory before breakfast. 
 
 
 9 
 
 37-41 
 
 36-68 
 
 36-5 
 
 21 
 
 After cold breakfast. 
 
 With regard, then, to the effect of muscular work on the mouth temperature, my 
 results do not agree with those of Ltndhard. On every day except one, the effect 
 of a not very long walk was to raise the mouth temperature as well as the rectal, and 
 usually the rise was very distinct. On all but two of these days the walk was begun 
 very shortly after finishing a hot breakfast, when the mouth temperature was artificially 
 
 * A thermometer was carried in the hand during the walk, and the lowest air temperature reached was noted ; 
 this is indicated by the first figure, and the second gives the temperature of the room in the laboratory, where the 
 observations were made immediately on entering it. 
 
 t On this occasion I walked to the laboratory in company with a friend, with whom I was conversing all the way. 
 On all the other days I breathed through the nose and kept the mouth closed. 
 
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260 DE SUTHERLAND SIMPSON ON 
 
 raised, and still, as a result of the exercise, it rose higher. During the walk the mouth 
 was kept closed except on November 1, and that is the only occasion on which the 
 temperature fell. The outside temperature has much to do with this, of course, and it 
 is probable that in many of Lind hard's experiments it was below zero. He does not 
 give the air temperatures, but when his observations were made indoors it is not likely 
 that the atmosphere was as cold as that to which I was exposed in my walks on 
 November 1 and 3, when the temperature was only one or two degrees above the 
 freezing-point, and a cold wind blowing at the same time. Lindhard found in his Own 
 case and in other members of the crew that as a rule the mouth temperature did not 
 rise during work. " On working indoors it was almost constant ; on working in the 
 open air it always falls." The only explanation of the difference in the results is that 
 it depends on individual peculiarities, or rather, on mouth peculiarities. The thinner 
 the walls of the buccal chamber the greater and more rapid will be the dissipation of 
 heat and the more difficult will it be to raise the temperature. The relative vascularity 
 of the parts is probably also of importance. 
 
 In my case the temperature of the axilla also rose during the walk, or at any rate 
 did not fall. On November 1 and 3 it remained constant. 
 
 VII. Summary. 
 
 To determine whether- the diurnal variation in body temperature is due to the 
 combined effects of the various influences which are known to act upon it, such as 
 muscular exercise, the ingestion of food, sleep, etc.,. or is present independently of 
 these, the daily routine of the individual who is the subject of the experiment may 
 be reversed artificially by causing him to work during the night and rest and sleep 
 during the day, or it may be modified in another way, viz. by rapidly changing his 
 longitude in a journe)^ from west to east, or vice versa. If the temperature of the body 
 is dependent on the influences mentioned, then a total reversal of the daily routine, 
 or any modification of it, should produce a corresponding change in the diurnal 
 temperature curve. 
 
 On a voyage from Ithaca, in the western part of New York State, to Edinburgh, 
 during six weeks' residence in Scotland, and again on the return journey from Edinburgh 
 to Winnipeg, continuous three-hourly observations (and hourly from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m.) 
 were made by the writer on his own temperature (rectum, mouth and axilla), except 
 between midnight and 6 a.m., with a view to ascertain whether the temperature rhythm 
 obeyed local (ship's) time or Ithaca time. To get the Ithaca rhythm as a contrdl, 
 observations were made in that city for one week before the journey began. If a 
 temperature periodicity were fixed in the body independently of external conditions, 
 then the curve should correspond to Ithaca time and not to local time as he travelled 
 from west to east, or vice versa. For example, since Edinburgh local time is fiveihours 
 
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DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 2 
 
 should have been delayed till 12 (noon) in Edinburgh, if the Ithaca rhythm were fix 
 in * the body of • the subject. This was found not to be the case. In the eastwa 
 voyage, which occupied eight days, there was an- immediate adjustment of t 
 temperature rhythm to the changed routine day by day, and the same was found 
 occur on the westward journey from Edinburgh to Winnipeg, between which static 
 there exists a difference of over six hours in time. 
 
 It was also found that the temperature curve can be almost obliterated by remaini 
 in bed and enforcing muscular rest during the whole twenty-four hour period, at t 
 same time abstaining from food. This was practised in Scotland, in Winnipeg, a: 
 in Ithaca. Any temperature rhythm inherent in the body might be expected to sh< 
 itself under these conditions, and, if persistent, to be carried from one locality to t 
 others. This was found not to be the case. The curves obtained at the abo^ 
 mentioned stations, with time differences as already indicated, resemble each otl 
 very closely, and differ only in minor details. 
 
 The results of the present investigation, therefore, give strong support to t 
 conclusions of Gibson, Lindhard, and Simpson and Galbraith, viz. that the diurr 
 variation of body temperature, in man as in other animals, is determined by t 
 conditions imposed on the body, such as rest and activity, and is not; an expressi 
 of any inherent periodicity established in the body. 
 
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