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 Machinery pattern making, containing ful 
 
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 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031293412 
 
Machinery Pattern Making 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 FULL SIZE PROFILES OF GEAR TEETH 
 
 Fine Engravings on Full-Page Plates, Illustrating Manner of 
 
 construcring numerous and important 
 
 Patterns and Core Boxes 
 
 BY 
 
 P. S. DINGEY 
 
 PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKER AND MECHANICAL DRAFTSMAN 
 
 376 Jfinc ITllustratlons 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS 
 
 S3 E. Tenth Street 
 
Copyright, 1891 
 By p. S, dingey 
 
 C5e Corton ^teas 
 
 171, 173 Macdougal Street, New York 
 
NOTE. 
 
 Most of the matter in this book was written expressly 
 for the American Machinist, tb whose courtesy we are 
 indebted for some of the illustrations. Mr. Dingey 
 has, however, revised many of his drawings and much 
 of the matter, adding some valuable items. 
 
 WILEY & SONS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is assumed that those who will read this book do not 
 need the rudiments of pattern making presented, therefore 
 the elementary part of the business, which to most pattern 
 makers is so distasteful, has been omitted. The author has 
 not laid down any cast iron rules as to the methods set forth 
 of doing work, and desires that the contents be accepted as 
 suggestions ; at the same time it must be understood that he 
 has not shown a number of ways and means for experimental 
 purposes, but that which is given is practicable, and the result 
 of practice, and of over twenty years experience in the 
 business. 
 
 The object of this book has not been to teach pattern 
 making, for that can never be done through a book, but to 
 discuss methods. 
 
 There are some who regard with a great deal of jealousy 
 anything that comes to them about the practical part of their 
 trade through a book. Then there are others that scarcely 
 ever open a book to read or study, that condemn all books, 
 treating them with contempt, and passing sentence on the 
 writers who dare write on anything, the fringe of which their 
 small minds might have grasped. For the latter this book is 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 not intended. With the former there is some reason for the 
 feeling that exists in their minds, and it may be found in the 
 fact, that, from time to time, there have been good writers, 
 men of intelligence, those whom we should always honor and 
 respect, who have written on the practical, when only pos- 
 sessing the theoretical knowledge of their subject. 
 
 In the present volume everything of a visionary kind has 
 been avoided, and the author has presented such subjects as 
 he believes will be interesting to pattern makers and those 
 of the machinery business generally. 
 
 P. S. DINGEY. 
 
 Chicago, III. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 The Pattern Maker and His Trade, i 
 
 The Pattern Shop — Its Position, Size, and Requirements, 5 
 
 Marking and Recording Patterns, 9 
 
 Printing-Press Cylinders, - 13 
 
 Differential Chain Pulleys, 15 
 
 A Handy Tool for Laying Out Hexagon Nuts, 18 
 
 How TO cast Journal Boxes on Frames, - 19 
 
 How TO strike an Arc by the aid of Three Points, 20 
 Key-Heads for Motion Rods — The way to lessen the cost of 
 
 their production, 22 
 Elbow and Tee Pipes — A quick method for turning the patterns 
 
 aud core-boxes in the Lathe, 24 
 
 Slide Valve Cylinders, 26 
 Corliss Cylinders — With a full description, showing how to 
 
 construct patterns and core-boxes which can be changed at 
 
 short notice for different stroke Engines, 29 
 
 Fly Wheels — Different styles, 36 
 Engine Frames — How to build the pattern to serve for various 
 
 strokes, 40 
 
 Spur Gears — How the teeth should be made, 44 
 
 Bevel Gears — The manner of laying them out, 48 
 
 How to lav out the Thread of a Worm for the Pattern, 51 
 Worm Wheels — The way to get the angle of teeth and the 
 
 manner of fastening them on, 53 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Sweeping Straight Winding Drums, S6 
 Making Winding Drums from Patterns — Method of cutting 
 
 the groove, 5^ 
 
 Making Sheaves from Core-Boxes, 6o 
 
 Making Sheaves from Patterns, 65 
 Sheaves with Wrought Iron Arms — An original way of 
 
 making the Hub, 68 
 A Machine for Sweeping Conical Drums — Designed by the 
 
 author, 7° 
 Gear Teeth — One hundred and Twenty-eight full size different 
 profiles of Gear Teeth from \" to 3" Pitch, suitable for gears 
 
 having from 14 to 800 teeth, 74 
 Table showing at a glance the required diameters of Gear Wheels 
 
 for a given number of teeth and pitch, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 
 
 Weight of Cast Iron Pipe, - - 83, 84 
 
 " " Cast Iron Balls, 83 
 
 " " Round Cast Iron, 85 
 
 " " Square " " 85 
 
 " " Flat " " 86 
 
 " " Superficial Foot of Cast Iron from )^" to 2" thick 86 
 
 " " Round Lead, 87 
 
 " " Square " - - 87 
 
 Binary and Decimal Fractions, 87 
 
 Table which gives distances to open a 2 ft. rule for obtaining angles 
 
 from 1° to 90°, - 88 
 
 Metric Measure reduced to inches,- - ... gg 
 
THE PATTERN MAKER AND HIS TRADE. 
 
 A THEORETICAL knowledge of moulding, with an 
 ability to read drawings well, are indispensable to a good 
 pattern maker. He has to know how the pattern is to 
 be moulded before he can do much, and to see the 
 machine, or parts of it, mentally, just as the draftsman 
 sees it. 
 
 In many trades, that which is most necessary is to 
 become an expert in handling the tools. This is not 
 so in pattern making. There is something far more 
 important than merely cutting wood. 
 
 In many patterns it is not so much a question of 
 workmanship, as knowledge. A pattern, after it is made, 
 may be duplicated by any ordinary wood worker ; fine 
 workmanship may not have been the all-important, and 
 yet none but a first-class pattern maker could have 
 planned and made it. 
 
 On the other hand, there is much that calls for fine 
 workmanship and less scheming. This is no doubt 
 true, more or less, in all trades, but it is especially so 
 in pattern making, and this is why I say that pattern 
 making is not merely cutting wood. From the very na- 
 ture of the trade, a pattern maker is a good worker in 
 wood, because he is accustomed to, work to finer meas- 
 urements than the ordinary wood worker. 
 
 I think the responsibility that rests upon the pattern 
 
2 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 department, as to whether work turns out right, is equal 
 to that of the drawing room ; for while the draftsman is 
 responsible for the design, upon the pattern maker rests 
 a large proportion of the responsibility of executing cor- 
 rectly that which has been put upon paper. 
 
 The liability to mistakes is reduced considerably when 
 the machinist takes hold where the pattern maker has 
 left off; the machinist's part is no doubt the most impor- 
 tant as to the workmanship and right working of the 
 machinery ; he can make it good, bad, or indifferent ; but 
 mistakes in measurements he is not so liable to as the 
 pattern maker, because the machinist has the casting, 
 and is given the drawing of it with instructions to finish 
 to drawing. 
 
 When a pattern maker is given a drawing, he has to 
 imagine the casting before him, and build something 
 that will produce it ; it may be called a pattern, but often 
 it is really not a pattern of what is wanted, because of 
 the complexity of the casting ; it is sometimes all core- 
 boxes and no pattern, and here is where the responsibili- 
 ty comes in, and will, I think, explain why the pattern 
 shop is often the birth-place of mistakes. 
 
 Of course, mistakes ought not to occur; but as long 
 as pattern makers are fallible, they will occur sometimes, 
 though the utmost precaution be taken. I am always 
 suspicious of the man that never makes mistakes ; he is 
 not to be trusted ; but I have no sympathy for those care- 
 less pattern makers who are constantly making blunders, 
 and who think when their patterns come within an eighth 
 of an inch it is near enough. 
 
 From the nature of the trade of machinery pattern 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 3 
 
 making, there is more danger of errors being made in 
 that branch of machinery building than others, and the 
 careful, industrious, workman, who seldom makes an 
 error, is worthy of consideration when he does happen to 
 be caught, for such a man usually feels bad enough over 
 his mistakes, without having anyone make him feel 
 worse. 
 
 Owing to the advance made in mechanical arts, pat- 
 tern making is becoming one of the most important 
 branches in machinery building. It is often underrated 
 by a class of machinists who think that because a pattern 
 maker is not called upon to work in iron, and to one- 
 hundredth or one-thousandth part of an inch, that there 
 is not much in pattern making; and yet the pattern 
 maker is as much of a machinist, in reality, as those 
 generally known as such. 
 
 The onward march of improvements in machinery 
 demands that the pattern maker must keep right up 
 abreast with the times, although he is considered "a 
 necessary evil " among manufacturers. 
 
 There is a great deal of machinery now constructed, 
 the coring of which is so complicated that it taxes the 
 ingenuity of both pattern maker and moulder to know 
 how it can be made at all — the winding passages and 
 secret chambers that are wanted in some castings, are 
 worse than those we read about in books. The old fash- 
 ioned idea of bolting on an arm here, and screwing on a 
 bracket there, are fast dying out. The modern plan is 
 to make a machine with as few pieces as possible, thus 
 making the pattern more difficult to build. 
 
 There are many patterns that require little or no 
 
4 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 knowledge of pattern making to make, but I would not 
 advise anyone, because he has made a few such patterns, 
 to pose as a pattern maker ; there are those \vho do. I 
 have had some experience with them, and hope always 
 to be delivered from such. They are a worry to any 
 foreman — he is in constant fear that with all his watch- 
 ing, the would-be pattern maker will make some serious 
 blunder that will cost the firm a considerable sum of 
 money — for a mistake in the pattern means a mistake in 
 the casting, and as an old employer of mine used to say: 
 " Cast iron mistakes are rather serious things." 
 
 The fact that there are so many different ways of 
 moulding, gives a great field for study for the pattern 
 maker, as to the best way of making a pattern ; but when- 
 ever a complicated piece of work is to be done, the 
 moulder should be consulted, and I do not think that 
 the pattern maker will lose any of his ideas by consulting 
 with his brother, the moulder, and while the practical 
 parts of the two trades are as unlike as possible, yet there 
 is a connection between the moulder and the pattern mak- 
 er that is inseparable. If discussion is necessary, let it be 
 carried on intelligently, each respecting the other's opin- 
 ions. Wherever this is done, good is sure to result, and 
 the chances are that the best way of doing a job will be 
 arrived at. There are those who are so eager to advance 
 their own ideas and have them carried out, that they are 
 unwilling to consider those of others ; such persons are 
 not likely to be very profitable to any concern, for they 
 think more of airing their own genius than of arriving at 
 any results that might be of practical value. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 THE PATTERN SHOP. 
 
 ITS POSITION, SIZE, AND REQUIREMENTS. 
 
 The question has often occurred to me why pattern 
 shops are located on the upper floor of a building, as 
 they usually are. The foundation for fast running ma- 
 chinery is anything but good on an upper floor, besides 
 being very inconvenient for getting patterns up and down. 
 It also is risky business turning a large pattern in a lathe 
 whose only foundation is an upper floor that springs 
 with every motion of the machinery ; the chances that 
 pattern makers will take when turning a large pattern 
 under these conditions are great. The ground floor is a 
 much better location for a pattern shop. 
 
 Large face lathes for turning large diameters cannot 
 be too rigid, but ofttimes the trembling of the face plate 
 is caused by too small an arbor, or the bearings may be 
 too close together. 
 
 Plenty of room and light are two essentials that are 
 generally lost sight of in arranging for a pattern shop. 
 This shop is sometimes called the pattern room, and I 
 suppose it is thus named, from having, as is often the 
 case, such a small space set apart for that purpose, that 
 it has scarcely deserved the name of shop. 
 
 The nature of the trade, in a large measure, determines 
 the size pattern shop a firm requires. A firm of large 
 dimensions making specialties does not need such a large 
 
6 PATTERN MAKIXG. 
 
 pattern shop, as a smaller one that builds engines and 
 general machinery. It is more to this latter class of 
 manufactories, employing about twelve or fourteen pat- 
 tern makers, that reference is made. 
 
 Go into a number of manufacturing concerns, and in 
 nine out of ten, it will be found that the pattern makers 
 are working so closely together as to prevent them from 
 getting around their work in a proper manner ; and it is 
 surprising how a job may be impeded for lack of room 
 to build it. 
 
 When it happens that there is a run of large work, 
 then it is that the oft repeated expression is heard " We 
 ought to have a larger pattern shop." It is granted that 
 shops are situated on such valuable property sometimes, 
 that a limited space only can be allotted to each depart- 
 ment ; but this does not do away with the fact mentioned. 
 In these days of shaip competition, the firms that are not 
 cramped for room are the successful competitors in the 
 machinery business. 
 
 A pattern shop about 75 ft. x 50 would be a convenient 
 size for working the number of men named. 
 
 The machines should not be located all over the shop, 
 but at one end within a reasonable working distance of 
 each other. 
 
 Among the requirements of such a shop would be a 
 face lathe for turning large patterns, 30" lathe with bed 
 about 18 ft. long, 16" lathe for small work, combination 
 circular saw table, plain saw table, with saw about 12" di- 
 ameter, band saw, jig saw, surface planer, Daniel's plan- 
 er, two or three Fox Trimmers, and about six dozen 
 (rather more than less) of assorted clamps, I mention 
 
mu. 1. 
 
 jrjlOMT VIEW 
 
 Jfly. 3 
 
 BACK. Tinn 
 
 C in. STROKE:, 8 in. RISE: BED 6 x 15 inches: 
 For SMALL PATTERN WORK. 
 
 FOX'S TRIMMER, 
 
 Weight 25 Vbs: 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 7 
 
 this smaller item of clamps in order to insure a plentiful 
 supply. Much time is frequently lost by men waiting 
 on each other for clamps. 
 
 The Daniel's Planer is a machine that no pattern shop 
 of any pretentions should be without. For surfacing 
 stuff for pattern makers this machine has no equal, espe- 
 cially when knives are kept sharp, and a good supply 
 should always be on hand. 
 
 The Trimmer mentioned is also a very valuable addi- 
 tion to the pattern shop, in fact, it has come to be a 
 standard tool, and the shop that is without one is away 
 behind and had better hurry up and get at least one. 
 
 I believe the success of this machine and its being 
 adopted so generally in pattern making, is due to the 
 fact that it was invented by a pattern maker who de- 
 signed it at the time for pattern making. The Trimmer 
 has certainly done away with a great deal of the paring 
 that used to done with a chisel, and which was exceed- 
 ingly laborious, as most of my readers know, especially 
 when cutting end-way of the grain. For building up 
 segment work the Trimmer has becom,e almost an indis- 
 pensable tool, and will cut as straight and as clean as it is 
 possible to cut wood. Figs, i and 2 are two views of the 
 smallest size Trimmer made by the Fox Machine Co., 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. The illustrations will give the nec- 
 essary explanation and will be readily understood. The 
 Company make several sizes and the most fastidious 
 " wood butcher " can be suited. 
 
 It is not necessary to go into the details of pattern 
 shop requirements, but there is a mechanical paper pub- 
 lished that ought to be considered a requirement for 
 
8 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 pattern makers, and that is the American Machinist. 
 There is no doubt but that this is the best and cheapest 
 technical educator we have, for it contains more practical 
 ideas for doing work in all the branches of the machinery- 
 business than most papers. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 MARKING AND RECORDING PATTERNS. 
 
 The practice of fixing a mark or symbol on a pat- 
 tern to distinguish it from others, is an excellent one. 
 The pattern department of any firm cannot afford to dis- 
 regard the marking and recording of its patterns. In many 
 places a large stock is accumulated, regardless of any 
 system ; the man who looks after them calls it " Red Tape '' 
 to mark patterns and record them, and says, "I know 
 where to find any pattern without any such nonsense ; " 
 at the same time they may be piled together like a lot of 
 kindling-wood. What this rule of thumb individual says 
 about knowing where to find any pattern may be true, 
 but should any unforeseen circumstance remove him, 
 who is to find the patterns and know about each, then ? 
 
 The disadvantage that such a firm labors under 
 through not adopting some system of marking and re- 
 cording is great. To those who have no system I would 
 recommend the following : — 
 
 Fix a raised letter and number on the pattern, so that 
 it shall appear in the casting. The letter is to designate 
 the class of machinery, or it may be used for a certain 
 machine; the number, to distinguish one part from 
 another. The mark that each pattern gets should also 
 be put on the drawings. This is not generally done, but 
 I think if.it were, it would greatly facilitate the work in 
 the machine shop. The method which I worked for 
 many years is shown by the sample entry of patterns 
 
lO PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 given on page II. The column "pattern at" will be 
 found very useful to those sending out their patterns ; it 
 is intended to show where the patterns are. In connec- 
 tion with this column an index is made showing the 
 names of firms with whom business is done. Each firm 
 is given a number, as shown ; when a pattern is sent out, 
 the number corresponding to the firm it is sent to is 
 marked with lead pencil in the column, " pattern at," and 
 opposite, the pattern that is sent out ; when it is returned 
 the lead pencil mark is rubbed out, showing that it has 
 been returned and stored in its place. 
 
 It often happens that in a set of patterns for a certain 
 machine, there are those that will do for other machines; 
 in such cases an entry should be made in the sched- 
 ule of each machine that this piece will suit, giving the 
 same letter and number of the pattern. 
 
 There is always a large number of miscellaneous pat- 
 terns that cannot be so well classified, yet many of them 
 are often used and need marking ; these may be given a 
 symbol and entered under the head of " miscellaneous." 
 
 There are also some rough patterns made, the kind 
 that is generally " wanted to be cast to-day." All mould- 
 ers are acquainted with this kind. It is no use recording 
 such patterns, as they are seldom used the second time ; 
 in fact, I think the best way to deal with this class is to 
 break them up. 
 
 With large manufacturers carrying patterns for a num- 
 ber of different machines and many classes of machinery, 
 the question may arise what to do when the alphabet is 
 exhausted. When that happens, two letters can be used 
 to designate a machine or a class, commencing with AB- 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 II 
 
 Sample Entry of Patterns. 
 
 18" AND 20" Corliss Engines. 
 
 A. 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 > 
 7) 
 
 NAME OF PART. 
 
 if 
 
 H 
 
 
 h 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 A. 1 
 
 CAST IRON. 
 
 Frame for iS" and 20" 
 Engines, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Pattern arranged 
 it may be set for 
 strokes. 
 
 so that 
 various 
 
 " 2 
 
 \V Cylinder, - ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 « (( 
 
 it 
 
 " 3 
 
 l%" Cylinder Head, 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 " 4 
 
 20" Cylinder, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Arranged to be 
 various strokes. 
 
 set to 
 
 Etc. 
 
 BRASS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. 41 
 
 Key Heads for Motion 
 ' Rods, etc.. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 42 
 
 Connecting Rod Brass, 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 Cross Head End. 
 
 
 " 43 
 
 u (( it 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Crank Pin End. 
 
 
 Etc. 
 
 CAST STEEL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. 51 
 
 Cross Head, 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 " 52 
 
 Eccentric Rod Nut, 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 53 
 
 Cross Head Nut, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDEX OF FIRMS AND THEIR NUMBERS. 
 
 1. Eddy Foundry Co. {Iron), Chicago. 
 
 2. Thomas Bros. M'f'g. Co. {Brass), Chicago. 
 
 3. Eureka Cast-Steel Co. {Steel), Chester, Pa. 
 
12 PAT7^ERN MAKING. 
 
 AC-AD, etc., until through the alphabet again; then 
 begin with BC-BD-BE, and so on ; thus, it will be seen 
 that it is possible to have a large combination of distinct 
 and separate classes without confusion. 
 
 The advantage of recording and marking patterns is 
 that it facilitates ordering the casting.s and helps to pre- 
 vent confusion in the foundiy. When the order for 
 castings is written out (as it always should be) for the 
 foundry, the mark corresponding to that on the pattern 
 is put on the order so that the moulder and the pattern 
 maker cannot misunderstand each other by naming 
 things differently. Again, when a pattern has a particu- 
 lar mark, every loose piece (and sometimes there are a 
 great many) belonging to the pattern, and also the core- 
 boxes, can be stamped with a mark corresponding to the 
 pattern. The benefit of this is apparent. There is often 
 much trouble caused by not knowing where a certain 
 loose piece belongs, and castings are frequently made 
 minus a piece just because the moulder did not know 
 that it belonged to the pattern ; but if every piece is 
 marked as I have said, it leaves no excuse for such omis- 
 sions. The raised letters that are nailed on the pattern 
 help greatly in checking the castings when received. 
 Especially is the marking of patterns necessary for this, 
 as gentlemen of the quill profession, who generally check 
 the goods, are not usually acquainted with the names of 
 the parts of machinery. Also by this method the finding 
 of patterns is rendered easy even to a stranger; that is if 
 the shelves where patterns are stored are marked with 
 the letter corresponding to the class. 
 
 Every firm, large or small, should have some such 
 system as I have described. 
 
«4_5 
 
 ipifj O [ -'^-■■'^^-'^''''-'-'^^^^^-■^-■-^^^^^-^-'-'^-'-'-'^-'^^^^^^^-^^ 
 
 Fi'j- 6. 
 
 FUj- 7. 
 
 PRINTING-PRESS CYLINDERS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 1 3 
 
 PRINTING-PRESS CYLINDERS. 
 
 Some printing-press cylinders have the ends bored 
 out and a short shaft pressed into each end, while others 
 are made with the shaft and cylinder cast in one. Fig. 
 3 is a section and end view of the latter. 
 
 A great deal of trouble is often experienced in getting 
 perfect castings for these cylinders, and to insure good 
 castings they are cast on end in dry sand, or at least they 
 should be ; but in spite of all the preventives used against 
 blowholes, dirt, etc., a cylinder will sometimes reveal 
 defects when the first cut is being taken off in the lathe. 
 
 Though cast on end, the cylinder is moulded on its 
 side, so that the pattern is made in halves in the ordinary 
 way, as shown in Fig. 4. 
 
 As an extra precaution against defects an additional 
 piece five or six inches long is cast on the end, as shown 
 in Fig. 3 from a to b., the pattern therefore should be 
 made that much longer. 
 
 The extra length will receive the impurities of the 
 metal which rise to the top when pouring. It is made 
 thicker on the ends, so that it shall form a head which 
 will exert a pressure, thus helping to produce a clean 
 and sound casting. 
 
 Figs. 5, 6, and 7 are three views of the core-box. 
 The end view, Fig. 5, shows it to be built up with staves, 
 which are nailed to three crosspieces. A, B, C. The 
 
14 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 box is strengthened by running four strips, c, d, e, f, 
 lengthwise on top; and bottom of the box, fastening them 
 to the crosspieces. 
 
 Two of the arms in each set are let in about ^" on 
 the inside to keep them from being rammed out of place, 
 but a dowel pin is put in each of the arms that go in the 
 bottom of box. 
 
 This is a very plain and simple job in pattern making 
 and needs no further comment. 
 
Fia-o 
 
 my. 10. 
 
 riii. 8 
 
 ^ ■ * '• ^ 
 
 mu. 13. 
 
 =1111 'IH'ig 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN WHEELS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. IS 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN PULLEYS. 
 
 When the groove in a chain wheel or pulley is made 
 to fit the links of a chain it is sure to be an expensive 
 pattern, especially when made double, like those used in 
 Weston's Differential Pulley Blocks. 
 
 Figs. 9 and lo are two views of one of this kind of 
 pulley. Fig. lo shows a half section and the pockets for 
 the chain. Fig. 9 is a section through the groove C, D, 
 of the large pulley, which has one more pocket than the 
 smaller one. This view also shows how the chain fits 
 into the pockets. 
 
 It may not be out of place here to make a few remarks 
 about this celebrated Differential Pulley Block that has 
 so revolutionized the lifting of heavy weights, and for 
 which this kind of pulley was used, in fact, this pulley 
 was the main feature of the patent. T. A. Weston was 
 in this country when he conceived the idea that led up 
 to the Differential Pulley Block. 
 
 While Mr. Weston was at Buffalo, witnessing attempts 
 to raise a vessel that had gone down off that city, the 
 thought occurred to him that the necessary power could 
 be obtained from the Chinese windlass, the rope of which 
 winds on two unequal diameters, that is, one half the 
 length of the barrel is larger in diameter than the other. 
 This is practically what this pulley block is developed 
 from. 
 
1 6 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 After much scheming, Weston returned to England 
 and called on numerous engineering establishments, sub- 
 mitting his drawings, but he could find none that would 
 take hold and experiment on his block. Finally he called 
 into a small job shop where the proprietors themselves 
 were working men, paying the extravagant rent of ten 
 shillings a week, and employing six men. That firm 
 has grown since then and employs as many thousands 
 now. I refer to Tangye Bros., Birmingham. 
 
 These brothers labored hard to make the block work, 
 and experienced many unexpected difficulties, and when 
 they had perfected it and made it a commercial success, 
 a new difficulty presented itself in the shape of a law-suit 
 in which the Tangyes won. It is pretty hard to conceive 
 of any taller swearing than was practised by the would- 
 be infringers in this case, but I will return to the pattern 
 of the pulley. 
 
 They are sometimes made so that all the links of the 
 chain fit into the pockets, but this is an unnecessary 
 expense. The links of the chain that set edgewise in 
 the pulley do not need to fit into pockets like those 
 shown at a, in Fig. 8. If the grooves bb, in Fig. lo, 
 be turned deep enough to clear these links and pockets 
 made for the other links to set in, it will be sufficient 
 to catch the chain, and will work better than otherwise. 
 
 The groove is sometimes formed in a core-box, and a 
 print put on the periphery of the pattern, thus making 
 fewer partings in the patterns as well as the mould; but a 
 much cleaner and better casting can be obtained from a 
 pattern with the groove for the chain cut in it. 
 
 Fig. 1 1 is the section of the pattern and shows how it 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 1 7 
 
 is made. The mould is also represented with the cope 
 lifted off, the partings being at E, F, G. The pattern is 
 built up with segments and made in four parts, c, d, e, f. 
 As will be seen, the casting is cored out at A. B., in Fig. 
 10. 
 
 Fig. 12 is a section of the core-box for this core, and 
 is parted at H. The core sets into the round prints g. 
 g. ; but there are no cope prints, for the reason that it is 
 not easy to close the cope over the six round projecting 
 cores. In the absence of these cope prints the moulder 
 will need to take care that the cope bears on the top of 
 these projecting cores enough to prevent the iron from 
 running in the vent holes of the core, when pouring. 
 
 This lightening core can be made in halves or whole, 
 just as the core-maker chooses. 
 
1 8 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 A HANDY TOOL EOR LAYING OUT 
 HEXAGON NUTS. 
 
 Fig. 1 3 illustrates a tool for laying out hexagon nuts, 
 and is very handy to pattern makers ; the section of it is 
 shown at A. The upper part, which is a light steel 
 blade, is screwed on the lower part, which is made of 
 hard wood and is used in the following manner. After 
 turning pattern to long diameter of nut, place the tool on 
 pattern like a center square, move it round and mark off 
 sides — keeping the two uiider edges in contact with cir- 
 cle — this is better and quicker than dividing off with 
 compasses and then marking sides. 
 
J<'i!/. 13 
 
 Tool for layinu mil Jlf.rdijnn \iits 
 
 JFiy. 14. 
 
 13 L 
 
 ria- IB.' 
 
 Dry Saud Corcs^ 
 
 How to Cast Boxes on the Sides of Frames. 
 
 <jni \w.'l 
 
 Uvir to Strike a Curve n'lien llie Centre i9 Inareessible 
 -f%. 10. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 19 
 
 HOW TO CAST JOURNAL BOXES ON FRAMES. 
 
 The part of a frame shown in Figs. 14 and 15 is one 
 of those jobs that at first looks a little troublesome for 
 moulding, and yet, upon examination the trouble vanish- 
 es. The two views show part of a frame with two boxes 
 cast on the sides. The shape of this frame is such as to 
 necessitate casting the boxes down ; it will be seen that 
 there is not enough room to draw in the boxes, the sides, 
 A and B, not being thick enough to allow it. This diffi- 
 culty may be overcome by making the pattern as shown. 
 The boxes are loose and located on the sides of pattern 
 with loose dowel pins that can be pulled out while ram- 
 ming up ; two cores are made and dried for the boxes, 
 and rammed up with the pattern to C, after which the 
 cores are taken out, and the sides of boxes, i, 2, 3 and 
 the bracket, 4, are drawn. The cores for boxes are then 
 replaced and covered over with sand, the flask rammed 
 up and rolled over. There are other ways of making 
 this pattern; a core print might have been put on the 
 pattern, as shown by dotted lines, and a core-box made 
 with box pattern in it ; but the above way of doing it 
 makes a cleaner job. This plan is adopted on many jobs 
 where there is not room enough to draw in loose pieces. 
 
20 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 HOW TO STRIKE AN ARC BY THE AID 
 OF THREE POINTS. 
 
 It is sometimes required to lay off an arc, the radius of 
 which is given ; but the radius may happen to be so 
 great as to render it inconvenient to locate a center to 
 strike the arc from, or the center may be inaccessible 
 from various reasons; under these conditions the ques- 
 tion arises what to do to get the arc. 
 
 The following is by no means new, yet it is so little 
 understood by pattern makers generally, that I think it 
 worth while presenting. The all-important, in this prob- 
 lem, is to know how to get the point C, or the versed 
 sine of arc in Fig. i6; this must be calculated before 
 anything can be done towards striking the arc. Let us 
 suppose the line A B to be , say 4 ft., and to represent 
 the chord of an arc whose radius is 20 ft. ; it is required 
 to strike this arc without using the center. By using 
 the following formula the desired point can be obtained : 
 v=R — ''^R'' — c^. This formula need not scare anyone 
 who is not familiar with algebraical expressions; it is 
 veiy simple, let us examine it. v is the versed sine, R, 
 the radius, c, the semi-chord, v is what we want to get. 
 The formula means that the square of half the chord, 
 which is 4 ft., must be deducted from the square of 
 the radius, which is 400 ft., this will give 396 ft. ; then 
 extract the square root (y) of 396 ft. which is about 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 21 
 
 19.9: the formula is now reduced to v=R — 19.9. which 
 means that 19.9 must be deducted from R, the radius, 
 20 ft, this leaves ^V of a foot; ^V of a foot is ij»5"-(-which 
 is the required versed sine. 
 
 Having obtained the versed sine of this arc, it is an 
 easy matter now to strike the arc — it is done by cutting 
 a piece of wood to an angle, two sides of which run from 
 point C and through A B; drive a wire nail at each 
 point of A and B in the piece on which the arc is to be 
 struck. It will be readily seen now, that, keeping the 
 sides of angle against A B, and moving it right and left, 
 the arc can be traced by following with a lead pencil the 
 point C. The principle of this is the same as many pat- 
 tern makers are familiar with — that of using a square 
 for a templet when working out a half-circle core-box. 
 
22 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 KEY HEADS FOR MOTION RODS. 
 
 AN EASY WAY TO LESSEN THE COST OF THEIR PRODUCTION. 
 
 The cost of getting out brass key heads for motion 
 rods may be considerably reduced in the machine shop 
 by the pattern maker doing a little scheming and the 
 brass moulder exercising care in moulding. 
 
 Figs. 17 and 18 are two views of a key head, with 
 block A in place. A dry piece of cherry or mahogany 
 .should be selected and the pattern made as shown in 
 Figs. 19 and 20; it should be in halves, B C being the 
 parting line. D E, Fig. 20, are core prints which carry 
 the core horizontally. After the core is located a steel 
 key is set in the mould into the print a, the cope print b 
 bringing the key upright when cope is being closed. 
 The box for the core is shown in Figs. 21 and 22 and is 
 doweled together at c d, Fig 2 1 ; a key passes through 
 this core-box, which makes a groove in the core to re- 
 ceive the steel key. 
 
 It is the intention, when the castings of these heads 
 are being fitted up, to file the round ends, while the sides 
 are to be finished in the machine, therefore the stock 
 allowed for machine finish must stop off sXfg. 
 
 There need be no fear of chilling the sides of the holes 
 through casting steel keys in these heads ; the effect is 
 rather the reverse of what would happen in cast iron, for 
 it is well known that if the same thing were to be done 
 
H^ig. 17, 
 
 KSd 
 
 Fly. SO. 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 JO 
 
 D 
 
 M 
 
 Fig. SS. 
 
 — 
 
 m 
 
 KEY HEADS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 23 
 
 in cast iron, the sides of the holes would be so hard that 
 it would be almost impossible to dress them out with a 
 file. A number of keys should be made expressly for 
 casting into the heads, and they ought to be nicely fin- 
 ished, having about ^^' taper sideways ; this will enable 
 them to be easily driven out. 
 
 I have seen much time wasted in the machine shop 
 making these key heads, such as drilling and chipping 
 out the key hole from the solid, and finishing the round 
 end in a shaper. This led me to devise the above sim- 
 ple way of casting them, which has proved a great saving. 
 
 When making large quantities of these castings, a 
 wood pattern will necessarily get broken and badly 
 marked with the moulder's vent wire, so that under such 
 circumstances, a metal pattern and core-box would be 
 more serviceable. I would therefore propose that the 
 standard pattern be made of aluminum and the core-box 
 of cast iron. Aluminum is just the metal that is wanted 
 for such small patterns, because it possesses the two nec- 
 essary and important elements most desirable for pat- 
 terns, strength and lightness in weight ; a very nice sur- 
 face can also be made on this metal, which is also the 
 thing needed. 
 
 Moulders do not like a heavy pattern, for the reason 
 that it is not so easily drawn as a light one. 
 
24 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 ELBOW AND TEE PIPES. 
 
 A QUICK METHOD FOR TURNING THE PATTERNS AND 
 CORE-BOXES IN THE LATHE. 
 
 Making patterns for elbow and tee pipes, if made the 
 right way, is comparatively simple, because nearly all ■ 
 the work can be done in the lathe. For turning out 
 a large number of castings the elbow pattern should be 
 constructed as shown in Fig. 23, so that two elbows 
 can be moulded together. A ring is turned like Fig. 24, 
 the section of it being a half circle, the same size as the 
 pipe ; this ring is cut in quarters as shown, and the four 
 pieces used to make quarter turns for the elbows. In 
 Fig. 23, the two spicket ends A and B, and the sockets, 
 with core prints, are turned on one stick and cut off; the 
 stick should be sawed off long enough to permit of 
 tongues being turned on A and B, and the sockets, for 
 fastening them to the elbows ; dowel pins should be ar- 
 ranged to come one in each socket, and in the print 
 between A and B, as marked. Fig. 25 represents the 
 core-box, and, like the pattern, most of the work can be 
 done in the lathe and the parts joined together, as shown; 
 a piece screwed on the back will hold the parts to- 
 gether. The core is generally made in halves, so that 
 a full box will not be needed, and therefore only two 
 quarters are used for the turns. In some cases these two 
 quarters that are left may be used to turn the socket ends 
 
Fig. 25. 
 
 Fig. S3. 
 
 Fig. S4. 
 
 Fig. ae. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 ELBOWS AND TEE PIPES. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 25 
 
 C and D. The dotted lines show that in this case ; the 
 pieces left over cannot be used without cutting out the 
 corner E and inserting a piece; in a small elbow it would 
 not be worth while to do this, but for a larger pattern it 
 would probably pay. 
 
 Figs. 26, 27, and 28 show the manner of making a 
 pattern for a tee pipe, and will need but little explana- 
 tion, as it is made much in the same way as the elbow, 
 all the parts being turned and fitted together. In 
 addition to being quartered, the sides of the ring in Fig. 
 27 are cut off and the parts joined together at F, Fig. 26. 
 The parts for the core-box are also cut this way. Be- 
 fore gluing the joint /^together it should be sized with 
 glue, after which the joint will be very strong when put 
 together ; the socket will also help to hold the pattern 
 together at this point. This form of tee is to be preferred 
 to the right angle ones, because of its extra strength and 
 the gradual merging of the passages into each other, 
 which renders the flow of water, etc., easy. 
 
26 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 SLIDE VALVE CYLINDERS. 
 
 Slide valve cylinders are made in a great variety of 
 forms. I have chosen and represented here a well-known 
 type, of which Figs. 30, 31, and 32 are three views. 
 Fig. 31 is a cross section through the steam chest and 
 exhaust port, and Fig. 32 is a section through the steam 
 port. 
 
 The way of making the pattern for this cylinder de- 
 pends largely upon the size of it ; if the diameter is to 
 be, say less than 12", the body of the cylinder may be 
 built up solid, but when above that size it would be bet- 
 ter to build the pattern with staves, as shown in Figs. 33 
 and 34. But one-half of the pattern is shown, which will 
 be all that is needed for explanation. An extra thick- 
 ness is glued on each stave large enough for turning the 
 body of the cylinder to the required diameter, thus 
 allowing the prints and the cylinder to be in one, which 
 is far better than fastening on the prints. The flanges are 
 made thick enough to turn the fillet on the back of them. 
 They should be got out, as shown in Fig. 3 $ ; this will 
 prevent the shrinkage of the wood from affecting the 
 flanges to any great extent. 
 
 When the body of the cylinder is built up and turned, 
 the steam chest is made and fitted on, as seen in Figs. 36 
 and 37. The pieces for the exhaust passage A, and 
 those to form a thickness over the ports, are also shown 
 
Fia. sa.yf 
 
 Fig. 41. Fiy. 42. 
 
 SLIDE VALVE CYLINDERS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 27 
 
 in place. The fillets at a b, Fig. 36, are cut out of a thick- 
 ness that is inserted between the end of the steam chest 
 and port pieces ; there is no danger of the fillets coming 
 out when made in this way. 
 
 The strips on the steam chest, which give an extra 
 thickness of metal for the studs, are loose and put on 
 with long dowel pins, so that they can be drawn separ- 
 ately, also the valve stem stuffing box, c, and the facing, 
 d, around the steam opening are loose. The strips are 
 shown at e, Fig 37, let in about j"/' around the sides of 
 the steam chest; this is done to prevent them being 
 rammed out of place after the dowel pins have been taken 
 out. The core print / should be doweled on, because 
 if it is made fast it is very probable that the moulder 
 will tear it off, for it is a great convenience for him to 
 have this print to place back in the bottom of his mould 
 while dressing it up. 
 
 Figs. 38, 39 and 40 represent the core-box for the 
 steam port. Fig. 38 is a side view with the side A 
 taken away. The core is swept off on the outside for 
 the length of x, but the piece c is made to finish the out- 
 side, because the core changes from a circular into a 
 a straight part, just where it is entering the steam chest. 
 Fig. 39 is an end view of this box, with the end B, in 
 Fig. 38, taken away. Fig. 40 is a plan view and will be 
 understood from Figs. 38 and 39. 
 
 The exhaust port core-box is made in halves ; one-half 
 is shown in Figs. 41 and 42; the other half is, of course, 
 like this, except that it is made the opposite hand, so 
 that the two halves shall fit when put together. The 
 dotted line in the end view, in Fig. 42, shows how the 
 
28 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 passage is widened to maintain the same area through- 
 out ; that is, it is cut down along the part in the direction 
 of arrow in Fig. 41. 
 
 The steam chest core-box is made as seen in Figs. 43, 
 44, and 45 ; the side and end are taken off in Figs. 43 
 and 44, to show the inside ; the piece D that forms the 
 valve face is screwed on the bottom, and the sides fit 
 over it; this core is the first that is set in the mould, 
 then the exhaust and steam port cores are set into i, 2, 
 and 3, Fig. 45. 
 
StiCtion thi'o' A.b! Fig. 47. 
 
 minimum 
 
 Fig, 48, Section thro' A.B. 
 
 Dowell Plates 
 
 Section thro' CD. 
 
 
 -fj 
 
 
 -f- 
 
 ' — : 
 
 ''!-"i 
 
 ^ ^— = ^-"^ 7,1 ^—^ '-^^ 
 
 Sliding End 7 -^ Z) Fast End 7 
 
 Flff. 49. 
 
 Fig. S3. 
 
 Fig. SS. 
 
 Fig 
 
 .64. 
 
 =SH==S^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ''-- ■^"^-■i 
 
 Fig. G1. 
 
 COKUyS CVJLINDIiKa. 
 
 a' 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 29 
 
 CORLISS CYLINDERS. 
 
 SHOWING HOW TO CONSTRUCT PATTERNS AND CORE-BOXES 
 
 WHICH CAN BE CHANGED AT SHORT NOTICE 
 
 FOR DIFFERENT STROKE ENGINES. 
 
 It is often required in shops building engines that a 
 cylinder pattern be so constructed that it will serve for 
 engines of different strokes. To illustrate one way of 
 making a pattern like this I have chosen a Corliss Cylin- 
 der. Fig. 46 shows the wrist plate side and half section 
 of cylinder. Fig. 47 is a section through A B, and Fig. 
 48 is a section through A' B'. As both halves of pat- 
 tern are almost alike, it will only be necessary to deal 
 with one half. 
 
 Experience has taught me that f^" to the foot is 
 enough to allow for shrinkage on a job of this kind. 
 Use first quality dry lumber ; it will pay to take some 
 pains in selecting stuff for this pattern ; for, if the lumber 
 is not thoroughly dry, before the pattern is completed, it 
 will be found that dimensions are scant. 
 
 By referring to Fig 49, it will be seen, that to make a 
 pattern for different stroke engines, I have arranged it to 
 slide like a telescope. Fig. 49 is shown pulled apart, and 
 illustrates how the pattern is built. Fig. 50 is a section 
 of Fig. 49 through C D ; the lagging a b c d e,'vc\. Fig. 
 SO, is taken off in Fig. 49 to facilitate explanation. An 
 
30 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 inner box is first made, the length, width, and depth of/ 
 ^ ^ in Figs. 49 and 50, and doweled together with iron 
 dowel plates like sketch. Build out each side of this in- 
 ner box for about two-fifths of its length to width G, in 
 Fig. 46, then fasten on strongly three cross pieces num- 
 bered I, 2, 3. For future reference I will name this the 
 " Fast End." 
 
 In Figs. 49 and 50, the outside piece marked 7 should 
 be made wide enough for the exhaust passage in Fig. 47. 
 Notice that in making the inner core-box the board K is 
 cut in two so that one piece may form a part of the slid- 
 ing end. On the sides of box, glue and screw two 
 guides marked E Fin Figs. 49 and 50; on each side of 
 these guides, fit pieces that shall slide over them, and se- 
 cure them to the two outside pieces, 7 and 8. This will 
 make the sliding end the same width as fast end. Now 
 fasten the cross pieces, 4, 5, 6, and piece K, to the two 
 slides, and be careful not to get any of them glued to the 
 box; the lagging a b c d e,m Fig. 50 will hold this 
 sliding end together, and, as the pattern progresses, other 
 parts will make it secure. The piece i forms the core 
 print for coring out the space T, that separates exhaust 
 passage from body of cylinder. (See Figs. 46 and 47). 
 
 In Fig. 49 we have now a foundation to build on, and 
 have made it the width of G in Fig. 46. At this stage, 
 the length of the pattern, when closed for the shortest 
 cylinder required, should be the length of the cylinder, 
 minus the thickness of two flanges and \\" for fillets on 
 back of flanges. Fig. 5 1 represents the pattern closed, 
 with a filling piece, H, put into it and the framework of 
 Fig. 49 all closed up. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 3 1 
 
 Proceed next to get out the end flanges, valve cham- 
 bers, port pieces, etc., and build on. Get out the flanges, 
 as shown in Fig. 52, glue on three pieces, /, /, /, %" 
 thick; this |" thickness is for carving the fillets on 
 backs of flanges, and makes by far the best job. It must 
 be remembered that the cylinder illustrated here is sup- 
 posed to be a standard pattern, from which a large num- 
 ber of castings may be taken, so that in this case the 
 best way will be the cheapest in the end. 
 
 Glue and screw on the end flanges, shown in Fig. 52, 
 and the side pieces, a! b' c' d' , Fig. 51, for the valve 
 chambers. Build some blocks together, same shape as 
 shown in Fig. 53, and fasten them in place at J J, to 
 form the ends for steam valve chambers. For very large 
 cylinders these pieces had better be boxed. For the 
 ends of exhaust valve chambers, L L, make plain square 
 blocks ; now make the exhaust passages the right height, 
 by gluing on piece 9 in Figs. 5 1 and 54 ; after this, fit in 
 the pieces 10, 11, 12, 13, Fig. 51, that give a thickness 
 of metal over the steam and exhaust ports. All is now 
 ready for rounding off the corners and side of steam 
 passage, and cutting the fillets. 
 
 Check down the two inner edges on ends of valve 
 chambers (See Fig. 46). This is to allow the bonnets 
 to lap over and cover the joint of the black walnut lag- 
 ging, that these cylinders are generally cased in. I have 
 said that both halves of pattern were almost alike ; the 
 difference between them is, the center piece for bolting 
 the wrist plate to is usually on the opposite side of the 
 small bosses that take the indicator pipe ; also the valve 
 chambers are made about one inch longer on the cope 
 
32 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 side of the pattein than on the drag side; this is done to 
 insure solid ends after this extra inch is planed off the 
 casting. 
 
 When casting these cylinders, all dirt and flux that is 
 in the mould and metal rise to those four high places 
 and stick there ; hence, the necessity of extra stock on 
 the ends of valve chambers. 
 
 In turning the eight round core prints for the valve 
 chambers make those in the cope as much shorter than 
 those in the drag, as the extra stock just mentioned; in 
 other words, the core prints should measure the same 
 length from the joint of pattern on both halves. The 
 necessity of this will be seen when we come to make the 
 core-boxes. Give these prints plenty of taper, because it 
 will help the moulder to feel his way when dropping in 
 the cores of valve chambers ; it will also help to bring 
 the cores upright when dropping on the cope. 
 
 Now fit on the pieces x and z, to take the exhaust and 
 steam flanges (see Fig. 46), and, as these pieces are to 
 be removed for sliding the pattern out and in, they must 
 only be doweled and screwed on. Screw the core prints 
 on these pieces from the back. The center piece, /, Fig. 
 46, should only be doweled on. Build up the core prints 
 for bore of cylinder, as shown, and turn a flat fillet on 
 them at y, Fig. S i . This will prevent crushing the edge 
 of sand when putting the core in and dropping on the 
 cope. Turn these prints whole and saw in halves with 
 band saw after turning them ; for large cylinders it will 
 be better to build these prints with staves. We may now 
 consider the pattern finished. 
 
 There are many details which are omitted, because 
 
rty. salk 
 
 
 CC'RLISS CYLINDERS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 33 
 
 they are such as the pattern maker will naturally run 
 against ; so let us leave the pattern and start in on the 
 core-boxes for the steam and exhaust passages, valve 
 chambers, etc. 
 
 It will scarcely be necessary to enter into the minor 
 details of making the core-boxes, seeing that I have 
 shown both cores and core-boxes for the steam and ex- 
 haust sides of a cylinder. 
 
 However, a few explanations may be necessary. Like 
 the cylinder pattern, I have only shown half sections of 
 cores; Figs. 55, 56, 57, are three views of the core for 
 steam passage and valve chambers. A half core-box is 
 all that is needed to make this core, the joint of it being 
 on line C D' , and the joint of core-box on line E' P . 
 
 Figs. 58, 59, and 60 are three views of the core for 
 exhaust passage and valve chambers, also made with a 
 half core-box. 
 
 The core-box for the steam core is constructed as 
 shown in Figs. 61 and 62. The port cores, e' f',m Fig. 
 57, are made separate, and pasted in; the core prints to 
 receive these port cores are seen at e' /' in Fig. 62. 
 Like the pattern, these boxes are made so that the length 
 can be changed. In Fig. 62 the joint, g', for the length 
 of h', is not glued, there being a tongue or guide for this 
 surface to slide in ; the piece, i, is loose, which can be 
 taken out, thus allowing the valve chamber part to be 
 slipped toward the center as may be required; on the 
 inlet side of this box, the joint m, for the length of o, 
 and the joint n, for the length of/, is also made to slide, 
 and when the box is to be shortened, the two pieces, r 
 and s, are taken out, which will allow the valve cham- 
 
34 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 bers to be slipped toward the center ; each side of the 
 inlet is alike. The reason there are more loose pieces on 
 this side of the core-box than the other, is because the 
 inlet must always be located midway between the two 
 valve chambers. 
 
 The exhaust core-box of which Figs. 63, 64, 65, 66 
 and 67 are five views, is made open on one side between 
 the valve chambers, and as this open side is a plain 
 straight surface, it can be swept off with a sweep, as 
 shown in Fig. 67. The valve chambers are round, all 
 the way through, in this core, as will be seen by referring 
 to Fig. 58. Like the core-box for the steam side, two 
 pieces, v, w, Figs. 63, 64, are inserted, for changing the 
 length. Fig. 67 shows a section of the box ; the side x, 
 is carried above the center line of valve chambers. 
 
 Fig. 60 shows the side of core runs over the center 
 line G, H, hence the necessity of carrying one side of the 
 box above the center of valve chambers. 
 
 Figs. 65, 66, are two views of the port halves of valve 
 chambers, and, like the steam core, the port cores are 
 made separate and pasted in. 
 
 The core-boxes for the exhaust and steam ports are 
 made like Fig. 68, except that the exhaust port box is 
 made thicker than the steam port box. In small size 
 Corliss Cylinders, whole core-boxes are sometimes made, 
 instead of half-core boxes, but for large cylinders, the 
 cores are better made in halves both for convenience of 
 making and drying. 
 
 The box for coring out the space that separates the 
 body of cylinder from the exhaust passage may be made 
 as shown in Figs. 69 and 70. Make the box half the 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 35 
 
 length of the space. (See Figs. 46 and 47 at T). It 
 will be seen that in the center of this space, there is a 
 bridge ; to form this, a loose piece, V, Fig. 69, half the 
 thickness of the bridge, is made and fitted in the end of 
 core-box, and as there must be two right and two left 
 hand cores, changing this loose piece to the opposite end 
 will give it. It will be found that two other small cores 
 are needed, one right-hand and one left-hand, to core out 
 between the valve chambers and cylinder on the exhaust 
 side. These small cores are really a part of the core for 
 coring out the space T, in Figs. 46 and 47, and might be 
 made in one core, like the core print shown in Fig. 51, 
 but I think it is easier to make them separately. I have 
 not shown these small boxes, as they will be readily un- 
 derstood without. 
 
 Those who make Corliss Cylinders, will no doubt see 
 the advantage of making their patterns to slide the way 
 I have shown, as the pattern can be easily and quickly 
 changed for different lengths without damaging it. 
 
36 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 FLY WHEELS. 
 
 DIFFERENT STYLES. 
 
 Making fly wheels is such an every-day occurrence, 
 that it seems almost unnecessary to say anything about 
 it, and yet I think something might be said that might 
 be of service to some one. 
 
 These wheels are generally cast in halves and bolted 
 together, except in the case of a fly wheel with square 
 rim, in which case it is generally held together with 
 wrought iron links, shrunk on each side of the rim, 
 as shown at B, in Fig. 71, or sometimes with cotter-bolts, 
 as seen in Fig. 72. 
 
 Fig. 71 is part of a square rim fly wheel, and Fig. 73, 
 that of a band wheel. These two wheels are the same 
 diameter and of about the same weight. Let it be sup- 
 posed each is designed for one size engine; one cus- 
 tomer will want a band wheel for his engine and another 
 may want a fly wheel with square rim, and because of 
 this, it is proposed to make the same arm core-box, with 
 changes, do for both wheels. Fig. 74 is a section of a 
 mould for a square rim wheel; it will be seen that the 
 lower and outside part of the mould are formed in green 
 sand, the segment pattern in Fig. 75 being used for that 
 purpose. A step is made in this segment at A, so that 
 in ramming up, the green sand can be swept off level 
 
Fia- SI. 
 
 FLY WHEELS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 37 
 
 with it; this makes a level surface on the inside, on 
 which to set the cope cores shown in Fig. 74. A pin is 
 put through the end that fits over the spindle to prevent 
 it from getting away. 
 
 Fig. 76 is a section of the mould for the band wheel ; 
 the inside of the rim is all rammed up in green sand, us- 
 ing segment in. Fig. J"]. Two views of the core box for 
 the cope of square rim fly wheels are shown in Figs. 78 
 and 79, and the length of the box is from B to C, in 
 Fig. 71. D,m Fig. 78, is a print to receive the core for 
 the link, and as there are to be two right and two left 
 hand cores, it must be changed to the other end of the 
 box for opposite hand cores. Two views of the core-box 
 to form the recesses for links are shown between the 
 arms of Fig. 71, and cores made in this box will be set 
 in print D and also in a print on the segment. 
 
 The arm core-box, of which Figs. 80 and 8 1 are two 
 views, should be made very strong, as it, of necessity, 
 gets very rough usage. If this arm box is built the way 
 I have shown, and a bolt put at each end to hold the 
 sides together, it will stand a considerable amount of 
 rough handling before coming apart. The depth of the 
 box is governed by the distance of the bolt holes in the 
 hub from the center of arm ; in this case a, b, in Fig. 82, 
 is the depth ; notice also the box is made longer than it 
 is needed for these wheels. This is done that it may be 
 used for larger wheels. F, in Fig. 80, is made loose and 
 is laid on top of E, which is also loose ; the piece, F, is 
 used in the box for the lower half of arm cores, and 
 for the upper half it is taken out, because the ends of 
 the upper arm cores must lap over the outer edge of 
 
38 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 mould in the same manner as the cope cores for the 
 rim. (See Fig. 74). 
 
 For the band wheel, E and F are taken out and the 
 piece in Fig. 83 substituted. The end of the box is then 
 made to fit the inside of the rim for band wheel. The 
 length from center of hub to C, in Fig. 73, corresponds 
 with the distance from the center to dotted lines, d, e, in 
 Fig. 71. The three pieces marked i, 2, 3, are used to 
 form the hub in arm core-box. In Fig. 80, / is a half 
 round core print and is changed to the opposite side 
 when piece numbered 3 is used, and on a wheel having 
 six arms there will be twelve cores, four of each from 
 the pieces i, 2, 3. In order that the cope cores for the 
 rim may fit against the sides of arm cores, two wedge 
 pieces, g, g, are fitted against the sides of the box, mak- 
 ing that part of the box radial, like the ends of the box 
 in Fig. 78 are made. In making the core-boxes, a clear- 
 ance, (say tV" on a side) should be allowed where the 
 cores fit together at the hub and rim ; nine times out of 
 ten the moulder has to file these cores to get them in 
 position, and it is very provoking to find, when the last 
 arm core is being set, that it will not go in place by \" 
 or more. 
 
 The box, in Figs. 84 and 85, is to complete the outer 
 part of the hub on each side of line a! b' in Fig. 82. h 
 h are half round prints that will match /, in Fig. 80, 
 when cores are set. 
 
 In Fig. 74, the dotted line, M, represents the surface 
 of a level bed that is struck, and which is the first 
 thing to be done towards making the mould, but before 
 the rim can be made, the core for the end of hub must be 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 39 
 
 located, the top of it being set flush with the bed, M. 
 This core, which forms part of the hub, will be a guide 
 to set the lower halves of arm cores, which is the next 
 thing to be done. After this, the green sand part of the 
 mould is rammed up. 
 
 The band wheel is made in much the same manner, 
 except that in Fig. 76, the level bed is struck off at N 
 and the arm cores blocked up to the proper height, and 
 the inside of the rim rammed up. 
 
 The outside of the band wheel can be formed by cores, 
 like P, being set around. When making the segment, 
 it should be made deeper from the center rib to N, than 
 it is to the cope edge. The reason for this is to allow 
 for the piece x, that is made on the core, P, x being a 
 guide for setting these outer cores, so as to give the 
 desired . thickness to rim. 
 
40 PATTERN MAKIXG. 
 
 ENGINE FRAMES. 
 
 HOW TO BUILD THE PATTERN TO SERVE FOR VARIOUS 
 STROKES. 
 
 The tj'pe of frame shown in Figs. 86 and 87 is the 
 same as used on tlie Corliss Engines built by the M. C. 
 Bullock M'f'g. Co. Chicago, and is considered by- 
 mechanical engineers to be one of the best. Among a 
 number of ways, it may be difficult to decide \\hich is the 
 best way to construct tlie pattern for both pattern maker 
 and moulder, for in all such jobs the pattern making and 
 moulding should be considered together. 
 
 Figs. 86, 87 and 88 are tliree \iews of this frame to be 
 built. Fig. 87 is shown in part section towards the 
 c}-linder end of frame and Fig. 88 is a cross-section 
 showing the two ribs on the back. The pattern is to be 
 parted on line AB, Fig. 86, knd to mould with the two 
 ribs down. That part from AB to a, can be lifted ^\•ith 
 the cope, or it can be lifted out with an anchor plate and 
 set in on chaplets. This pattern is also made on the 
 same principle as the CorUss Cylinder, viz., to slide. By 
 doing this, different stroke engines can be made with the 
 same pattern. Provision for this change must be made 
 between the points CD and DE, in Fig. 87, but the part 
 between CD will only be made to slide, while the length 
 DE can be changed by making a false end to be used 
 for stopping off to the length required. 
 
Fly. 86. 
 
 Core Prints 
 
 I'iU- 8S 
 
 
 
 6 G Fig. 00. 
 
 a-W^ 
 
 AM 
 
 -"^^ 
 
 3, 
 
 liiT 
 
 .J 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 E^a^s 
 
 Fig. 01. 
 
 Fig. 03. 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 
 Fig. 94. It 
 
 KNGINE FRAMES. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 4 1 
 
 We start the pattern by building up two half round 
 pieces, one to be larger in diameter than the other ; the 
 smaller will be the diameter of the inside of frame, and 
 will therefore serve as a core print, and the larger for the 
 outer diameter of frame. The end view of these two 
 parts is shown in Fig. 89, their length is from b to c, in 
 Fig. 90. Notice that on one end of the larger part, it is 
 turned down to the same diameter as the small part ; this 
 is for the sliding end to slide on. 
 
 Get the staves out for building the larger part, and 
 glue on an extra thickness, forming a step as shown 
 in Fig. 91. After building the two parts, then put them 
 together and turn, but as one part is larger than the 
 other, they must be balanced before turning. It will be 
 seen that only the large piece and the end of the smaller 
 can be turned ; the remainder of the smaller piece will 
 have to be planed off Next get some staves out like 
 Fig. 92 to make the sliding end H, as shown in Fig. 90. 
 The length of this will be from d to e. The flange is 
 glued up in two courses and fastened around this sliding 
 end, H. The end piece that receives the cylinder should 
 not be fastened on permanently, as one frame does for 
 two or more sizes of cylinders, so that instead of putting 
 on and taking off a lining, it is better to make two or 
 or three ends for changing. 
 
 In Fig. 90 the pattern is shown arranged for the long- 
 est stroke. 7^ is a piece bolted on the end at b to give 
 more bearing to the sliding end, H. 6^ is a filling piece 
 built up in three courses so that whenever it is necessary 
 to shorten the frame, these two pieces, F and G, can be 
 easily taken out, and the sliding end moved up and 
 
42 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 screwed again. On referring to Fig. 86 it will be seen 
 that the half of this sliding end that goes around the 
 print has to be cut out circular, like the front end in Fig. 
 87, and moulding fitted around it. In making the mould- 
 ing that is shown around the edge of frame it should be 
 made loose from the print as far as 0, o, thus making 
 strong loose pieces, which are less likely to be broken. 
 
 That part of the frame that covers the print should 
 now be fitted on. Having the round part of frame ready, 
 get the ribs built on the back by first planing two flat 
 places on the pattern where these ribs connect to the 
 body, wide enough to take a piece that shall form the 
 inner and outer fillets at bottom of ribs ; seey. Fig. 89. 
 
 Fig. 93 shows the large part of pattern; it is laid on a 
 plank that is surfaced ; on this plank a center line is 
 struck as a guide for getting the other part of frame in 
 line with the body; after locating the center line on pat- 
 tern to that on the plank, fix a temporary piece, K, on the 
 end, and also a piece, L, the same height. The point, M, 
 shows the full length of frame ; these two pieces, K and 
 L, are temporary supports for locating the straight part 
 of frame. On these supports square up a center line 
 from the plank. The straight part, A", should be flush 
 with the two pieces, /' /, in Fig. 89, so that the two ribs 
 can have a straight bearing from end to end. 
 
 Now is the best time to bore some holes through the 
 body of pattern for screwing on the ribs. It will 
 strengthen the pattern to glue some dowel pins through 
 the body and down into the ribs. Having put this part 
 together securely, proceed to fit in the bracket at P, Fig. 
 86, remembering that the inside of these brackets should 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 43 
 
 match the inside of frame. The two lightening holes at 
 the back, seen in Fig. 87, are cored. These cores will 
 serve to set the main core on. 
 
 Having completed the pattern, make a half skeleton 
 core-box for the inside of frame. This box is seen in 
 Fig. 94, of which Fig. 95 is a cross-section. First build 
 an end as shown at Q, and though but one-half be 
 needed, it will pay to build a full circle and turn it. After 
 cutting it in halves, take one and screw on three pieces, 
 R, S, T. To R and ^S screw on two other pieces, U and 
 V, for the guides. When the core is being made, the 
 screws shown are taken out, thus leaving t/and F behind 
 to be drawn out separately. This skeleton box is 
 arranged for the longest, and when changing length of 
 frame all the change that the core-box will require is to 
 fit a piece in the plain end to the desired length. 
 
44 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 SPUR GEARS. 
 
 AND HOW THE TEETH SHOULD BE MADE. 
 
 There are so many ways of making gear patterns that 
 it would be extraordinary to show some new way. The 
 question is, which is the best way to make a gear pattern 
 that will stand a reasonable amount of hammering, not 
 be unnecessarily expensive, and so that a casting when 
 taken from it will run smoothly. Even on a gear pat- 
 tern much unnecessary time may be spent, and is spent, 
 that does not make the pattern any better, but only more 
 expensive. For instance, dovetailing the teeth on gears 
 \\" pitch and above, is unnecessary work. Much time 
 can be saved by fastening the teeth on, as shown in Fig. 
 96. I have found this way to be cheaper and by no 
 means inferior to dovetailing. 
 
 It is often found that after the rim has been turned 
 and the teeth dovetailed on, that the wheel runs out; 
 there is no doubt that the cutting of the rim and driving 
 in the dovetails have to do with this, and yet there are 
 men who will argue that a gear cannot be made right 
 unless the teeth are dovetailed on. 
 
 By the method shown in Fig. 96, we have the advan- 
 tage of getting a fillet at the root of the tooth, which 
 cannot be well made on one that is dovetailed on ; in this 
 way the tooth is also strengthened and made better for 
 moulding, which means a better casting. 
 
 In making the pattern, the blocks for the teeth should 
 

 \;^^^\ 
 
 Fia, 9S, 
 
 SPUR GEARS, 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 45 
 
 be sawed out first, and then the segments for building 
 the rim. These should be laid aside for awhile to allow 
 any moisture that is in the wood to dry out, and though 
 the stock may be considered ever so dry, it is better to 
 do this, and the importance of it cannot be over-esti- 
 mated in gear making. 
 
 In the meantime get out the arms and put them to- 
 gether ; if the arms are of an oval section, now is the 
 time to shape them, because it is far easier to do this 
 before fixing them in the wheel. 
 
 Fig. 97 represents the way the arms may be put to- 
 gether. It will be seen that tongues are inserted in the 
 joints where the arms come together. The grain of 
 these tongues should not run parallel with these joints, 
 but across. 
 
 Before building on the last two courses of segments 
 for the rim, turn the rib that is on the inside (see Fig. 98), 
 then build the arms in place, taking care not to fit them 
 so tightly as to spring the rim — the remaining courses 
 may now be laid up. 
 
 In Fig. 98 I have shown a cast iron flanged bushing ; 
 the center of arms is turned out to receive it, and is se- 
 cured by one or more screws in each arm. I would 
 suggest here that it would be a good thing to have a 
 bushing of this kind in nearly all wheels, and that a stan- 
 dard sized hole be adopted. All hubs should then have 
 a projection turned on them to fit the standard size. 
 There would be but little trouble then in changing the 
 hubs. 
 
 After turning the rim for the wheel, fit on the blocks 
 for teeth, and screw them on from the inside of rim ; then 
 
46 PATTERX MAKIXG. 
 
 fit strips between, as shown ; take care not to allow any 
 glue to get between the blocks and strips when nailing 
 and gluing on the latter, because the blocks have to be 
 taken off again to work the teeth out. 
 
 In some cases it may be better to screw on a block 
 and fit a strip the right width against the side of block 
 before screwing on the next one, but tliis is purely a 
 matter of choice with the pattern maker. 
 
 There is quite a variety of systems emploj'ed for lay- 
 ing out the profile of gear teeth, and I do not propose to 
 enter into any discussion regarding the merits of these 
 different systems ; but much of the controversy is so 
 hair-splitting that in practice it amounts to nothing when 
 applied to cast gears. In some shops the teeth are laid 
 out to " suit the eye." Of course this is entirel}- wrong, 
 and, though such gears may run, there will be much 
 jarring and friction, which means extra wear and tear, 
 and loss of power. 
 
 For general purposes it is desirable to get that form 
 of tooth that shall work with the least possible friction, 
 and at the same time be interchangeable witli any other 
 of the same pitch. There are various ways of getting 
 this. One good way is by the use of Prof Robinson's 
 Templet Odontograph. Fig. 96 shows how to apply the 
 Odontograph. ^ The full lines show it in position for 
 marking the face of tooth, while the dotted lines show it 
 reversed for marking the root. 
 
 To locate the Odontograph in proper position for the 
 face of tooth, " setting " tables are supplied with the 
 instrument, which will give the graduation on the Odon- 
 tograph to set to pitch line ; but this graduation is not 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 47 
 
 all that is needed to set the instrument by. In Fig. 96, 
 two dotted lines, c and d, are drawn from the center of 
 the tooth, forming a right angle, d being radial ; now, by- 
 setting the hollow edge of the Odontograph even with 
 the line c, and using the graduation referred to. the loca- 
 tion is determined for the face of tooth. 
 
 For the flank or root, two lines, a and b, are drawn 
 from the side of the tooth, also forming a right angle, b 
 being radial ; by the aid of the line a and the " setting " 
 for the flank, the Odontograph may now be set for the 
 
 flank. 
 
 When a setting is found for one part of a tooth, the 
 instrument should be screwed on a radius rod, which is 
 moved around a center pin in the hub, so that in this 
 Odontograph we have a ready-made templet for the teeth, 
 and are not troubled with getting centers for the points 
 of compasses somewhere outside the wheel or between 
 the teeth, as sometimes happens. 
 
 While it is very desirable to make gears that are inter- 
 changeable, and which are good enough for all ordinary 
 machinery, it must be acknowledged that the best form 
 of tooth cannot be made by any interchangeable system ; 
 of course, I am speaking now of the epicycloidal form of 
 tooth. For some special machinery, where it is neces- 
 sary to have the best form of teeth, without regard to 
 their being interchangeable, the Odontograph is set 
 differently from that for the interchangeable. Prof 
 Robinson gives extra tables for this purpose, and herein 
 lies the value of the Templet Odontograph, and I would 
 recommend its being used, especially for coarse pitches. 
 
48 PATTERJSf MAKING. 
 
 BEVEL GEARS. 
 
 THE MANNER OF LAYING THEM OUT. 
 
 Before saying anything about the construction of these 
 patterns,' some explanation should be made about the 
 lines that are required. 
 
 Fig. 99 is a section of the gear and pinion to be made, 
 and gives the angle at which the two shafts are set. 
 Fig. lOO is a face view of the gear. Bevel gears are 
 usually made to run at right angles to each other, but 
 when occasion requires, they can be made to run at any 
 angle. In Fig. 99, a is the angle that is chosen ; the two 
 lines representing this angle are the first to be drawn, for 
 on these all the others depend. 
 
 Having the angle, the next to be determined are the 
 proportion and sizes of gear and pinion. In this case, I 
 have made the proportion about 3 to i, pitch i^". 
 The gear is 26.8" diameter, having 56 teeth, the pinion 
 9.1 1 " diameter, with 19 teeth. The pinion is made with 
 an odd number of teeth, so that the teeth shall not work 
 into the same ones of the gear at every revolution, but 
 shall be constantly changing ; the odd tooth is sometimes 
 called a " hunting tooth." 
 
 The angle and the dimensions being settled, proceed 
 by drawing the line b, at right angles to c. This line b 
 is the diameter and the pitch line of the gear. From 
 point d lay off e at right angles to // this will be the 
 
BEVEL GEARS, 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 49 
 
 pitch line and diameter of the pinion. Draw the center 
 line, g, parallel to /,• this locates the center, h, towards 
 which all the teeth must converge. Draw i, j, k, the 
 center lines of teeth, to h ; on these lines lay off the face 
 of the wheels, making the ends of teeth square with the 
 center lines, i,j, k. 
 
 The section of the rim, arms, and hub, are now easily 
 drawn. The teeth are laid out on larger circles than the 
 diameters of wheels, the centers being A and B. These 
 centers are obtained by producing the line representing 
 the ends of teeth, or, in other words, making in at right 
 angles toy, until it cuts the center lines of gear and pin- 
 ion at A and B. The profile of the teeth must be made 
 as if the centers of the gear and pinion were at A and B. 
 To get the correct thickness of the tooth on the inside, 
 the outer thickness must be laid down at n, running the 
 sides toward the center, h. The profile of the inside of 
 teeth is made after the same manner as the outside. 
 Having described the method of drawing out these 
 gears, we can pass to the construction of the patterns. 
 
 The rim is built up on a face-plate in a manner shown 
 in Fig. lOi, and when the work is thoroughly dry, the 
 inside should be turned, getting in around at P as far as 
 possible. The arms are fitted in the wheel as shown in 
 Fig. 102, which should be done before taking the rim off 
 the face-plate. There is a thickness of about ^" put on 
 each side of the arms to hold them together, also answer- 
 ing for fillets ; see Fig. 103. Tongues should be inserted 
 at the joints where the arms join at the center, thus 
 making, with the pieces on either side, a strong job. It 
 is the intention to leave the hub and ribs, DD, in Fig. 
 
50 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 99, loose, so that they can be lifted with the cope, thus 
 preventing the mould from tearing down. After fitting 
 in the arms, the rim is chucked, as seen in Fig. 104, and 
 finished on the outside ready for putting on the teeth. I 
 have already described the manner in which gear teeth 
 are put on spur gears, and these should be put on in a 
 similar way. 
 
 Pinions may be built up hollow or solid ; in this case 
 it is not large enough to build hollow, so pieces must be 
 glued together with the grain of the wood running with 
 the axis of pinion, and large enough to allow the teeth 
 to be cut out of same. For larger pinions, the pieces 
 can be glued around the periphery, the grain of wood 
 running the same way as the teeth, then turned off, and 
 the teeth cut as if cutting them from the solid, as before. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 51 
 
 HOW TO LAY OUT THE THREAD OF A WORM 
 FOR THE PATTERN. 
 
 Let us suppose the pattern for a worm is to be made 
 4" diameter, with a single right-hand thread i y^" pitch. 
 
 First, turn the pattern — which should be in halves — 
 to the diameter, 4", and to the required length, say 6", 
 see Fig. 106. Do not destroy the centers, because after 
 the threads are cut, the pattern can be returned to the 
 lathe, and the threads sand-papered on a slow speed ; a 
 much better job can be done at sand-papering this way 
 than otherwise. After turning the pattern, wrap a piece 
 of paper around it and cut to the exact length of circum- 
 ference, and also the length of pattern. After doing this, 
 take the paper off and lay it flat, as shown in Fig. 105. 
 
 The full lines which are laid off parallel to each other, 
 and I ^" apart, represent the center line of thread, or 
 pitch. After making these lines, take the paper and 
 wrap it around the pattern again, and it will be found 
 that the end marked i will meet the end marked 2, and 
 4 will meet 3, and 5 will meet 6, and so on, thus making 
 one continuous line when wrapped on the pattern ; but 
 before gluing the paper to the pattern, mark the thick- 
 ness of the thread. Be careful when you have a right- 
 hand worm to make, that you do not make it left-hand 
 by running the lines the wrong way; I have seen this 
 done more than once. If it is to be a right-hand thread, 
 
52 PATTERN MAKING, 
 
 the lines should run down towards the left-hand, as seen 
 in Fig. 105. If it is to be a left-hand, they should run 
 down towards the right. 
 
 When a double thread is required, instead of starting 
 to draw the lines from the first division to the corner, 
 start from the second, as shown by dotted lines. This 
 will give a double thread, and, in fact, any number of 
 threads can be obtained this way. If the angle of the 
 thread is increased twice, two threads are the result ; if 
 three times, three threads, and so on until the number of 
 threads are so many, and the angle so great, that we 
 cease to call it a worm and begin to name it a spiral 
 gear. 
 
 It will probably occur to some minds that if glue be 
 used to fasten this paper to the pattern, the moisture of 
 the glue will stretch it, so as to make the ends that meet 
 lap over ; this can be avoided and the ends need not be 
 allowed to lap over, if a little care is exercised. Instead 
 of spreading the glue over all the surface of the paper, 
 put a little on the two ends that join, and also here and 
 there on the surface ; then lay the paper flat and roll the 
 pattern carefully on it, the pattern gathering up the 
 paper around it as it is rolled. If a spiral gear is to be 
 laid out this way — and it can be — the two ends of the 
 paper should meet exactly. 
 
Fta- los. 
 
 Fig. 100. 
 
 JIow to get the Lhius for Thread of a Worm 
 
 WORM WilEKL PATTERN. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 53 
 
 WORM WHEELS. 
 
 THE WAY TO GET THE ANGLE OF TEETH, AND THE MAN- 
 NER OF FASTENING THEM ON. 
 
 A WORM-WHEEL pattern is not an easy thing to make 
 by any means ; it is that kind of a job on which a good 
 man is apt to go astray. 
 
 Figs. 107 and 108 represent a wheel to be made; the 
 worm is shown in gear, and as I have already referred to 
 it, I will confine my remarks to the wheel pattern, except 
 that reference will have to be made to the angle of 
 thread of worm. 
 
 The dimensions are the first thing to be determined. 
 Let the wheel be 21^" diameter, \^/^" pitch, 39 teeth, 
 form of tooth, involute, laid out with the aid of Prof 
 Willis' Odontograph. 
 
 Pattern makers generally shape the thread of a worm 
 pattern the same as the tooth of the gear in which it is 
 to work ; but the sides of the thread should be straight, 
 at an angle of 75 degrees with the axis of the worm. 
 This is correct for an involute, because that is what a rack 
 tooth would be, and the worm is similar to the rack in 
 this case. A section of the wheel pattern is shown in 
 Fig. 109 ; the rim is first built up and turned straight on 
 the outside, the pattern being parted on line AB. 
 
 A little thought will have to be exercised in building 
 and turning the rim so as not to do any unnecessary 
 chucking. In the first place, the face plate for turning it 
 
54 PATTERN MAKLXG. 
 
 should be about the same diameter as the rim, so as to 
 allow the ends of the teeth to be turned off. Lay each 
 half up separately, with the parting joint of pattern against 
 the face plate, rough off the outside and finish the inside 
 of both halves, care being taken to turn the inside of both 
 halves the same diameter, because of the chucking. 
 This done, the rings are chucked by the inside, and, to 
 do this, segments are nailed on the face plate. The out- 
 side of the rim should now be finished to the size re- 
 quired, and blocks for the teeth fitted on the peripheiy. 
 These blocks should be fitted and glued on with the 
 grain of the wood running at the same angle that the 
 teeth are to be at the pitch line, the width of each block 
 being the same as the pitch. The way to get the angle 
 is shown in Fig. no,/ representing the angle of tooth 
 at the pitch line. These blocks are fastened on before 
 taking the first half out of the lathe, and a groove turned 
 on the joint for locating the halves concentric with one 
 another. When the second half is chucked and turned 
 and the blocks for teeth fixed on, as in the case of the 
 first half, a projection is turned on the joint of it to fit 
 the groove on the joint of the other. The two halves 
 should now be put together, and the blocks for the teeth 
 turned off on the ends, and finished, as seen in section 
 Fig. 109. A good surface for marking out the teeth 
 may be made by varnishing these blocks with yellow 
 varnish. 
 
 In Fig. 107, a part of the pattern is shown cut through 
 line AB, Fig. 109; the other part, with the three teeth 
 represents the outside and ends of the teeth. To be the- 
 oretically correct the teeth should be thinner on the ends 
 
PA TTERN MAKING. 5 5 
 
 than on the parting line, AB, but in practice, this is not 
 generally considered, because it would make it difficult 
 to draw the pattern if made that way ; the teeth in cast 
 gears are therefore made the same thickness on the line 
 C as on the pitch line D in Fig. 107. 
 
 The Odontograph for locating a center for marking out 
 the teeth is shown at E ; the instrument is nothing more 
 than an angle of 75° divided off in y^" spaces on one side 
 for 4" in length, the J^" spaces being subdivided. Zero 
 on the instrument is placed at a point on the pitch line, 
 and the plain side is set to a radial line; the radius of 
 the gear is then read off on the graduated side, which 
 will locate a center from which to strike the tooth. In 
 this case, the wheel being 21^" diameter, the radius is 
 \oy%" ; read off 1 1, which is near enough for all practi- 
 cal purposes. 
 
 To lay out the teeth on the pattern at the proper 
 angle, space off half the pitch from one of the joints of 
 the blocks, on the pitch line each side of the wheel. If 
 these pieces for the teeth have been made to the angle of 
 y, Fig. 1 10, these points on each side will be the starting 
 points for dividing the teeth, and will give the angle of 
 tooth. 
 
 If the teeth are marked out also on the joint of one- 
 half of the pattern, and trimmed down to the line, it will 
 be an additional guide to cut the teeth by. 
 
 The fact of the arms of the pattern being in halves 
 makes them thin, and therefore weak ; but if the joints 
 in the center be tongued, and the hub on each side glued 
 and screwed to the arms, it will strengthen them consid- 
 erably. 
 
56 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 SWEEPING STRAIGHT WINDING DRUMS. 
 
 Fig. 1 1 1 shows one way of sweeping up hoisting 
 drums. The usual way is to allow one or two fingers 
 for sweeping the groove to travel the whole length of 
 drum by means of a nut running on a long screw. It 
 will be seen that the long screw is discarded and that 
 the sweep is made the whole length that the drum is to 
 be. This sweep is required to travel up and down only 
 one thread, which will make a continuous thread, the 
 same as if two fingers traveled the whole length by means 
 of the screw. The set screws, E and F, are free from 
 the spindle, so that the sweep may rise and fall as it is 
 pulled around. It rises by means of a pinplate, B, bolted 
 to the bottom of the sweep, and which works in a spiral 
 groove cut in the hub, A; this groove must be cut the 
 same pitch that the groove of drum is intended to be. 
 
 Figs. 1 12 and 113 are other views of A and B. The 
 spindle is kept from turning by the set screw, H, being 
 set against it; at the same time, the projection on the 
 hub. A, fits into the slot G, in Fig. 112. 
 
 After sweeping the grooved part of drum, the part C 
 of the sweep may be taken off and a piece, like D, fas- 
 tened to the upper cross-piece ; this is for striking the 
 flange of drum and a step around the top for a guide 
 by which to set the cope. While sweeping the groove 
 the spindle remains stationary, but when sweeping this 
 
KiimmwsSSMS^ss^ 
 
 Fig. 113. 
 
 SWEEPING DRUMS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 57 
 
 flange and step, it must revolve with the sweep ; to do 
 this, the set screws, E and F, must be tightened, the pin- 
 plate, B, taken off the sweep, and the set screw, H, loos- 
 ened ; this will allow the spindle to revolve in its taper 
 socket in the ordinary way. 
 
 For drums over 6 ft. in diameter, it will be found 
 necessary to support the top of the spindle with a tem- 
 porary cross-beam, and also, to have a counterbalance 
 weight to help the rising of the sweep as it is pulled 
 around. 
 
5 8 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 MAKING WINDING DRUMS FROM PATTERNS. 
 
 METHOD OF CUTTING THE GROOVE. 
 
 Fig. 1 14 shows a section of a Grooved Winding Drum 
 about 3 ft. diameter, and Fig. 1 1 5 shows the way pat- 
 tern may be constructed. 
 
 i? is a 4x4" stick ; on it three discs, A, B, C, are 
 fastened and screwed by brackets. Lagging to form the 
 shell is screwed around these discs, while the spider in 
 the end is loose and just laid on disc A, so that it can be 
 lifted with the cope. C should be made about |" smaller 
 in diameter than A, to allow the core, shown in Fig. 
 114, to be easily lifted; this |" taper on the drum will 
 not be noticeable when cast, neither does it affect any- 
 thing. 
 
 Fig. 116 represents a piece of the lagging that is 
 screwed on the discs, A, B, C. Fig. 117 is given to 
 show how to get the proper angle of the groove; the 
 distance, x, is the circumference, a the pitch, and y the 
 angle that the grooves are to be cut. Fasten two pieces 
 together in the form of a T square, like Fig. 118, for 
 marking the lines on Fig. 1 16, and let the blade be cir- 
 cular, to fit the face of the lagging. Also make a 
 templet the same length and thickness of the drum, to 
 mark off the grooves on the edge of lagging. 
 
 As the outside is being rammed up, the screws that 
 hold the lagging must be taken out, so as to allow A, B, 
 
Cast Iron -„ -#■*»■ 
 
 (Bing Pattern _^^ ^^3- Ho 
 
 Fig. lie. 
 
 Fig. Hi. 
 
 PATTERN FOR WINDING DRUM. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 59 
 
 C, and D to be removed after the cope is lifted. Previ- 
 ous to ramming up the core, a flange, E, Fig. 114, is 
 placed in the bottom of the mould ; this flange is made 
 in segments and is for bolting the brake wheel to the 
 drum. After the inside is rammed up and lifted out, 
 this flange, E, and the lagging are drawn in and the 
 groove finished off and the skin dried. 
 
 Some may say that a pattern such as I have described 
 is very costly ; in reply I would say that it would soon 
 pay for itself by the difference in the cost of sweeping 
 and moulding, but drums of larger diameter should be 
 swept up, as they generally are. 
 
6o PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 MAKING SHEAVES FROM CORE-BOXES. 
 
 I PROPOSE to give under this head some ideas for 
 making sheaves of various kinds, and will first give the 
 way for making large ones from core-boxes. 
 
 The style of sheaves, shown with cast arms, is that 
 which is used to transmit power on cable car roads. The 
 groove is made to receive segments that are bolted on, 
 and of which more will be said further on. The right 
 hand side of Fig. 1 20 shows one arm and a portion of 
 the rim ; as will be seen, this sheave is in halves, and 
 arranged for bolting together ; joint E is to be finished 
 so that stock for planing must be allowed at E. In Fig. 
 121 two sections are shown ; that on the right is a sec- 
 tional view of the mould through the arm-core, AB, and 
 that on the left through CD. These two sections repre- 
 sent the mould closed, but in Fig. 120 I have shown the 
 mould open, with the arms, F and G, set. The lower 
 part of rim is made in green sand, a^ segment pattern 
 being used to form it. This segment pattern is shown 
 to the left in Fig. 1 20, H being a section of it. Two 
 battens, a, b, are screwed on, which run to the center, 
 the ends being cut to fit around the spindle. 
 
 The lugs at the joint, for bolting the rim together, 
 must be right and left hand on the segment pattern, 
 using one when starting and the other when finishing. 
 These lugs are screwed on temporarily. Care must be 
 
H 
 X 
 
 o 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 > 
 < 
 
 
f? Ilg.iai 
 
 f J?io.i35. 
 
 Fig. 1S6. 
 
 M 
 
 AKING SHEAVES FROM CORE BOXES. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 6 1 
 
 taken to divide the arms off accurately on a level bed. 
 After marking the center line on the bed for each arm, 
 move the segment around on the spindle and apply the 
 center line of the core print for the arm core to the center 
 lines on the bed, and, as lines on sand soon disappear, 
 it will be well to drive a small stake on each side of the 
 print for arm core, so that, when moving the segment to 
 each division, the arm print can be set down between the 
 stakes, and thus insure accuracy. It is particularly nec- 
 essary to divide these arms off equally, so that the bolt- 
 holes shall match those in the segments that go in the 
 groove, for it is the intention that all the holes, both for 
 bolting together the sheave and segments, shall be cast 
 in, and to compensate for any difference that may occur, 
 the holes are made a little long in the rim and lugs, as 
 seen at_/ Fig. 120. 
 
 Fig. 122 is the arm core-box, and I will again remind 
 the pattern maker that it should be made strong, or it 
 will come apart, as I have often seen, and then there is 
 trouble about the cores not coming together at the cen- 
 ter as they should. 
 
 Fig. 123 shows the way some pattern makers construct 
 these large arm core-boxes ; the result is, they are 
 rammed apart, as shown, and then the poor core maker is 
 accused of using the core-box roughly. Just as in the 
 case of arm box for fly-wheels, so this box should be 
 made a little longer than is necessary for the present job, 
 so that the end, K, can be moved out and the arm length- 
 ened for a larger wheel whenever it may be needed. 
 The interchangeable pieces, i, 2, 3, form the hub. 
 
 Fig, 1 24 is the core-box from which the cope cores, L, 
 
62 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 in Fig. 121, are made. The same lugs,/, that are used 
 on the segment pattern, can be used in this box for two 
 cores, using one right hand and one left hand. The box 
 is shown arranged for the first core on the left. M is 
 a loose piece half the width of the core print that receives 
 the arm core. It will be seen that this box is made 
 longer than the core is needed. This is to enable us to 
 change ends with the loose piece, M, when making a 
 core the opposite hand. The length of this box is from 
 the center of the arm to the joint E, but the J" stock, 
 which is allowed for planing the joint at E, makes the 
 box \" longer than the eighth part of the half sheave, 
 and therefore \" too long for the other cores, so that a 
 \" piece must be put in the end of the box after making 
 two cores with the lug, J. 
 
 Fig. 125 is the box for the groove cores. The section 
 of this box shows it arranged for making the cores in 
 two parts, to be pasted together at o 0, Fig. 121. The 
 cope part of this core is a little different from the bottom 
 part; a loose piece, g, in Fig. 125, is fitted in the bottom 
 of the box, to be left in for the bottom part of core and 
 taken out for the cope part. The groove that this core 
 is to form is turned on the two sides, but not in the bot- 
 tom ; tool clearance should therefore be allowed on each 
 side in the bottom to accommodate the turning, This 
 is seen in the section at N. 
 
 I have not shown any core-box for the slab core, /, as 
 it is nothing but a plain core, and the box is simple and 
 needs no explanation as to making it. 
 
 Fig. 126 is the core-box for the hub. It is made the 
 depth of P, in Fig, 121. This view gives all the explan- 
 
my. tS9 "U 
 
 MAKING SHEAVES FROM CORE BOXES. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 63 
 
 ation that is necessary as to the way to make it. The 
 faces, E, of the hub and lugs are covered with slab cores. 
 
 Another type of sheaves is shown in Fig. 127. This 
 style can be made considerably cheaper than those I 
 have already described. Dispensing with the groove 
 that receives the segments makes it very simple to 
 mould, and also easier for turning the periphery of cast- 
 ing. The plan for forming the arms and the hub is the 
 same here as in Fig. 120. The segment pattern for 
 making the green sand part of mould is seen in Fig. 128, 
 of which Fig. 129 is an end view. The pieces that run 
 to the center are not screwed on top of segment in the 
 usual way, but on the step that is made in the segment 
 at a. Fig. 129. By making it in this way, a large part 
 of the rim can be made in green sand, as shown in Fig. 
 130. 
 
 The core-box for core A, is made in very much the 
 same way as in Fig. 124. The segment that is bolted 
 on the periphery of this sheave is moulded edgewise ; 
 there are chipping strips on the inside at b, c, d, e, Fig. 
 1 3 1 ; on the side, /, stock for planing is allowed, so that 
 the segment may set straight against the flange of the 
 wheel. 
 
 I once had a little experience with some of these seg- 
 ments. When the first lot of those in Fig. 131 were 
 being fitted on the wheel, it was found they had straight- 
 ened somewhat, just as represented by the dotted lines ; 
 it was evident that these segments straightened in cool- 
 ing, the two thin flanges, x x, cooling first and pulling the 
 casting out of its true circle ; in the next, I took care to 
 allow for this when making the pattern. 
 
64 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 When there is a number of these sheaves to make, 
 instead of closing the top with slab cores, as I have 
 shown, it would pay to make a cast iron half ring with 
 which to cover the top. This half ring should have a 
 number of spikes on one side, and on it a thick coat of 
 loam, struck off level, dried, and blacked. 
 
Fi(/. 132. 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 13S 
 
 MAKING SHEAVES FROM PATTERNS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 65 
 
 MAKING SHEAVES FROM PATTERNS. 
 
 There is not much scheming required to make a pat- 
 tern for a sheave, such as shown in Fig. 132, and yet, to 
 show the way it should be made, may not be entirely 
 out of place here, as I want to bring in a few points that 
 have not hitherto been considered. 
 
 I have said that into the groove of this style of sheave 
 are bolted segments that take the cable. The advantage 
 of this arrangement is evident, as it allows the segments 
 to be renewed when worn out. I have shown in Fig. 
 132 a part of the rim and a cross-section of the sheave; 
 this shows the manner of bolting the segments to the 
 sheave. The groove, into which the segments are bolted, 
 is to be turned, but the groove of the segment is left 
 rough. 
 
 Chipping pieces are cast on each side of the. segment, 
 as seen at a, b, c, d, Fig. 133, because it is intended that 
 the segment shall not bear in the bottom of the groove, 
 but only on the chipping pieces by the sides, and at e e; 
 see cross-section. Fig. 132. 
 
 Fig. 133 shows the pattern of the segment, and is 
 made to be moulded on the edge, the groove being in 
 the cope ; it is desired to cast the bolt-holes, and care 
 must be taken in spacing them off, because they are 
 wanted to match those in the sheave, which are also cast 
 in. I have marked the core prints for these holes ; the 
 bottom print is made something like the cope print — 
 
66 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 oblong— as shown at/; this is done in order that the 
 core may stand in the mould more securely while the 
 cope is being closed. If a round print were used just 
 the size of holes, the cores would be top-heavy and diffi- 
 cult to locate in the mould, hence the necessity of mak- 
 ing the bottom print as shown. The core-box for this 
 bolt-hole should be made as shown in Fig. 1 34. 
 
 It is understood that these sheaves are bolted together 
 in halves, so that in making a pattern, only one-half will 
 be required. Proceed by building up and turning a 
 whole ring, of which Fig. 135 shall be the section; A is 
 the print for carrying the groove cores. After turning 
 the ring, cut a stick the exact length of the inside diam- 
 eter — this will be a gauge to see whether the ring has 
 sprung after being cut in two, and, if it has, to bVing it 
 back to the gauge when fastening in the arms. After 
 sawing the ring in two, glue and screw it together 
 strongly, as seen in Fig. 136; but before doing so, it 
 must be remembered, as before, that stock for planing 
 must be allowed at the joints where the ring is bolted 
 together, so that the pattern shall be \" over the half cir- 
 cle. In order that this may be, the ring should not be 
 cut exactly in halves, but \" one side of the center, mak- 
 ing one part about \" short, not reckoning anything for 
 saw cut — with saw cut would probably be \" short. 
 Now, if after sawing the ring, two of the ends be brought 
 together, it will only be necessary to build on one end of 
 one of the sections. Having done this, the ring is ready 
 to have the arms fitted in, which should be done by 
 letting them in the rim, as represented by dotted lines at 
 AB, Fig. 132. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 6/ 
 
 Care must be taken not to fit the arms in so tightly as 
 to spring the ring out of round ; this can be very easily 
 done. After locating the arms, bore two |" holes from 
 the outside of ring into each arm, and glue in hard wood 
 dowel pins ; this will make a strong job. The small 
 bosses, of which one is shown at C, Fig. 132, are turned 
 and sawed out with a narrow band-saw to fit over the 
 rim. This is done by inserting each boss in a block 
 with a hole through it the size of the boss ; two views of 
 this block are seen in Fig. 137. The boss is fixed in 
 the hole D, and sawed to the shape of the inner part of 
 rim. Of course, the block is fitted over the rim first, to 
 act as a guide for sawing them out. 
 
 The core-box for the groove need not be made with 
 loose piece in the bottom, as in case of forming these 
 sheaves with cores, because the cope closes down on top 
 of print, and not on the dotted line, Fig. 1 36. 
 
68 PATTERN MAKING, 
 
 SHEAVES WITH WROUGHT IRON ARMS. 
 
 AN ORIGINAL WAY OF MAKING THE HUB. 
 
 The style of sheave shown in Fig. 138 is used exten- 
 sively in' mines for carrying rope; the arms, which 
 spread on either side, act like stay-rods to the rim, 
 making it very rigid sidewise, at the same time forming 
 altogether, a light, but strong, sheave. 
 
 To the left of Fig. 138 is shown a section of the rim 
 with wrought iron arms cast into it ; to the right, a sec- 
 tion of the cores which form the rim ; and at the center, a 
 section of the cores forming the hub. 
 
 The lower part of the mould is formed with green 
 sand, the segment shown in Fig. 139 being swung 
 around from the center, C. The cope is formed with 
 cores made from box shown in Fig. 140. Fig. 141 is a 
 cross-section of this box. 
 
 While this is a good way to make sheaves of large 
 diameters, for those under 8 ft. diameter a full ring 
 is probably a better way, providing the ring can be 
 stored so as to lie flat on its side, instead of standing on 
 its edge ; for, having no arms, a large ring standing edge- 
 wise would soon become oval. 
 
 The cores forming the groove are made in halves 
 from the box, of which Figs. 142 and 143 are two views; 
 these cores are pasted together at the joint, A, Fig. 138. 
 Four round cores are made to form the hub; these are 
 
Fig. 13S. 
 
 Tiy. liC. 
 
 Fig. 143. 
 
 SHEAVES WITH WROUGHT IRON ARMS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 69 
 
 set one on top of the other after making the lower part 
 of the mound with the segment. The lower hub core, 
 B, through which there is a hole, should be set over the 
 pin from which the segment has been swung around. 
 This will locate the hub concentric with the rim. Half 
 of the arms should now be set in the mould, after which, 
 the two middle cores, C and D, are located. When C 
 and D are being pasted together at the joint, E, care 
 should be taken to get the holes that receive the arms 
 exactly midway between those in the lower part. The 
 
70 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 A MACHINE 
 
 FOR 
 
 SWEEPING CONICAL DRUMS. 
 
 DESIGNED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 It may not be understood by some why a winding 
 drum is sometimes made conical instead of a straight 
 cylindrical form, and it may not be entirely out of place 
 here to explain the reason, for the benefit of such. 
 
 Conical drums are used for winding heavy loads from 
 deep mines. When the skip or load is at the bottom of 
 the mine, ready to be hauled up, the winding on the 
 drum begins at the small end, and, as the rope does not 
 wind as fast on the small end as it does on the large end 
 of the drum, it allows the slack rope in the shaft to be 
 gradually taken up at the starting, and also prevents the 
 load from starting too suddenly. The engines also gain 
 a decided advantage when winding with conical drums, 
 because, instead of the winding being started at full 
 speed, it gradually increases, thus giving the engines a 
 better chance to do their work. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to inform my readers that it 
 requires a great deal more skill to build and properly 
 secure a mould for a large, conical drum than it does to 
 mould a grate bar ; but there is a class that stands so 
 high in the engineering profession, that to them all foun- 
 
Fig. 148 
 
 SWEEPING CONICAL DRUMS. 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 7 1 
 
 dry work is just a little above unskilled labor — something 
 requiring more brute force than anything else. Such 
 ideas, though, do not prevail among our genuine and 
 practical engineers ; they are only found among the clev- 
 erly ignorant. 
 
 All those who have much to do with the machinery 
 business know what an amount of consultation and 
 scheming is necessary before some jobs in a foundry can 
 be started, and then how it requires men of good sound 
 judgment to execute the work. 
 
 The building of a mould for a large conical drum is 
 one of these jobs. The way of sweeping the groove, an 
 arrangement for which I propose to describe, is only a 
 small item of the work. 
 
 In Fig. 148, A is the sweep that travels up and down 
 the screw, B, as it is pulled around. The spindle, C, is 
 secured to the cross, D, at the bottom ; the bevel gear is 
 fast on the spindle, two set-screws in the hub holding it 
 in place ; the bracket, E, is loose, and turns on the spin- 
 dle ; it has a bearing at a, in which the pinion shaft runs ; 
 the end of this shaft is carried by a tee piece that turns 
 on the spindle. The pinion shaft and the screw are con- 
 nected by a universal joint, while the screw is carried by 
 two adjustable curved pieces, F and G. Guide-rod, H, 
 keeps the nut from turning on screw, B ; arm, /, fits over 
 the bracket, E, and carries the curved piece, F; this arm 
 is also adjustable. 
 
 Now, it will be clearly seen that, if the arm, J, and the 
 bracket, E, are pulled around, it will cause the pinion and 
 the screw, B, to turn, thus making the sweep. A, to travel 
 a certain distance every time it goes around. The gears 
 
72 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 determine the pitch of the groove to be swept; if the 
 proportion of the gears are three to one, and the screw 
 \" pitch, then the sweep will travel \\" at every turn, 
 making a groove \\" pitch. When any other pitch is 
 required, the gears must be changed for those of a differ- 
 ent proportion, for instance, for a 2" pitch drum the pro- 
 portion of the gears would be 4 to i. Bracket, E, is 
 made so as to permit the use of gears of different sizes. 
 
 When a drum is wanted with a left-hand groove, the 
 gear on the spindle is turned upside down, and located 
 under the pinion instead of over it. The machine is also 
 arranged so that a drum of any angle can be swept. 
 This is done by loosening the bolt that holds part F in 
 place, and by taking out those in the upper part, G, thus 
 allowing the screw to be swung at any angle from the 
 center of the universal joint. 
 
 The reason for making the arm, /, separate from the 
 bracket, E, is obvious ; it is to give a better chance for 
 adjusting the lower part of the machine than the swing- 
 ing of the screw gives. The pinion shaft runs in close 
 to the upright spindle, so that when the set-screw in the 
 pinion is loosened, the shaft can be pulled out to the 
 required distance, and the set-screw in pinion be tight- 
 ened again. When this is done, it will be found necess- 
 ary to bolt on the flanged sleeve, K, to the end of 
 bracket, E, between the universal joint and the bearing, a. 
 For building and sweeping up the mould roughly, the 
 screw and pinion shaft can be disconnected entirely and 
 a plain sweep made, bolting it to the upper and lower 
 arms, /and /. 
 
 The engraving only represents the model which I 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 73 
 
 made of this machine ; the details of the machine proper 
 will vary somewhat. For instance, where there are solid 
 boxes on the bracket, E, for the spindle and pinion shaft, 
 there should be caps, so as to make it easier to discon- 
 nect the parts. The universal joint should also be made 
 separate from the screw and pinion shaft; many other 
 items would need changing when building a machine to 
 do the work. 
 
74 PATTERN MAKING. 
 
 GEAR TEETH. 
 
 In the following pages there are a number of teeth 
 laid out, full size, from one inch pitch to three inch, ad- 
 vancing by quarter-inches. 
 
 There are fourteen separate teeth in each pitch, suit- 
 able for gears having from fourteen to eight hundred 
 teeth; they have been laid out from Prof Robinson's 
 Templet Odontograph and are interchangeable. The 
 clearance allowed between the teeth is ^ of the pitch, or 
 in other words, the space is x% and the thickness of tooth 
 iVcy of the pitch ; the height of the tooth is f of the pitch, 
 and the distance from pitch line to top ^Vj of the pitch. 
 This is the proportion used for general purposes. 
 
 A templet can be made from any of these teeth and 
 fastened on a rod and used in the same way as the 
 Odontograph is in Fig. 96. It would be impossible in a 
 book of this kind to give the profiles of gear teeth which 
 would serve all cases, so that I have confined myself to 
 the system that is generally adopted and known as the 
 Interchangeable System, that is, all spur gears of the 
 same pitch made under this system will run together. 
 For special gearing and bevel gears other settings are 
 preferred ; those which I have taken are on each tooth, 
 the setting for the flank being marked on the inside of 
 pitch line and that for the face on the outside. The 
 thickness of each tooth at the bottom and top, and also 
 
PATTERN MAKING. 75 
 
 at the pitch line, is correct, so that by the aid of the set- 
 tings marked, the odontograph can be easily applied for 
 striking the curves on a piece of sheet zinc, from which 
 a templet tooth is usually made. 
 
 The numbers show how many different size wheels can 
 be made with same size tooth ; for instance — 42 to 47 
 means that the same shape tooth will answer for gears 
 which are to have from 42 to 47 teeth. 
 
 On suceeding pages, at the end of the book, will be 
 found plates, in which some of the teeth are shown in 
 gear, together with the way they should be made. 
 
T.ibU- cf the Diameter of IHu-e.'s at in: Pitch CirJ,\ from it to SCO Teeth. 
 
 '3 
 
 
 Pitc 
 
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 3 I* 
 
 35 
 
 I 7* 
 
 
 9 
 
 I lOt 
 
 I iij 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 3J 
 
 2 
 
 6| 
 
 2 9* 
 
 3 oi 
 
 3 3 
 
 36 
 
 I 8 
 
 
 9J 
 
 I lOj 1 2 of 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 4f 
 
 2 
 
 lb 
 
 2 lof 
 
 3 i*^ 
 
 3 4 
 
 37 
 
 I 8f 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 11^ 
 
 2 I 
 
 2 
 
 2j 
 
 2 5J 
 
 2 
 
 Sf 
 
 2 iif 
 
 3 2} 
 
 3 5 
 
 38 
 
 I 9 
 
 
 loj 
 
 2 
 
 2 i| 
 
 2 
 
 3i 
 
 2 6i 
 
 2 
 
 9V 
 
 3 0} 
 
 3 3* 
 
 3 6f 
 
 39 
 
 I 9 
 
 
 "1 
 
 2 a 
 
 2 2f 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 7 
 
 2 
 
 loj 
 
 3 »t 
 
 3 4i 
 
 3 7f 
 
 40 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 "J 
 
 2 I. 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 
 
 4f 
 
 - 7s 
 
 2 
 
 loj 
 
 3 2} 
 
 3 5* 
 
 3 8.} 
 
 41 
 
 I loj 
 
 2 
 
 Oj 2 Z\ 
 
 2 3f 
 
 2 
 
 5l 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 
 
 Hi 
 
 3 3f 
 
 3 6^ 
 
 3 9l 
 
 42 
 
 I ii| 
 
 2 
 
 I 2 2I 
 
 2 4j 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 o| 
 
 3 4i 
 
 3 if 
 
 3 io| 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 it> 3f 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 
 
 6i 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 
 
 if 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 Sf 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 2 oj 
 
 2 
 
 -\ 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 SI 
 
 2 
 
 7^ 
 
 2 II 
 
 3 
 
 2.V 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 9J 
 
 4 I 
 
 45 
 
 2 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 4t 
 
 2 6J 
 
 2 
 
 Si 
 
 2 iij 
 
 3 
 
 3I 
 
 3 7. 
 
 3 loi 
 
 4 2: 
 
 46 
 
 2 if 
 
 2 
 
 -,\ 
 
 2 5} 
 
 2 7J 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 3 of 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 7t 
 
 3 ii| 
 
 4 3 
 
 47 
 
 2 ll 
 
 2 
 
 4" 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 7J 
 
 2 
 
 9l 
 
 3 it 
 
 .? 
 
 5J 
 
 3 Si 
 
 4 o| 
 
 4 4f 
 
 48 
 
 2 2I 
 
 2 
 
 4s 
 
 2 6i 
 
 2 S.V 
 
 2 
 
 lOf 
 
 3 2} 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 9? 
 
 4 l| 
 
 4 5- 
 
 49 
 
 2 3I 
 
 2 
 
 5i 
 
 2 7} 
 
 2 9I 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 
 
 6* 
 
 3 io| 
 
 4 2| 
 
 4 6 
 
 SO 
 
 2 3i 
 
 2 
 
 5i 
 
 2 7i 
 
 2 9| 
 
 2 
 
 11} 
 
 3 3} 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 3 "t 
 
 4 3} 
 
 4 7^ 
 
 51 
 
 2 4j 
 
 2 
 
 i,\ 
 
 2 SJ 
 
 2 loi 
 
 3 
 
 oj 
 
 3 4J 
 
 3 
 
 8f 
 
 4 oi 
 
 4 4l 
 
 4 H 
 
 52 
 
 2 4i 
 
 2 
 
 7l 
 
 2 9J 
 
 -^ ii.i 
 
 3 
 
 1} 
 
 3 5J 
 
 3 
 
 9} 
 
 4 If 
 
 4 5| 
 
 4 10 
 
 53 
 
 2 5l 
 
 2 
 
 71 
 
 2 9J 
 
 2 IIJ 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 b\ 
 
 3 
 
 loj 
 
 4 2i 
 
 4 6i 
 
 4 It 
 
 54 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 
 8} 
 
 2 io| 
 
 3 °' 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 J 7 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 4 ji 
 
 4 7J 
 
 5 oi 
 
 55 
 
 2 6| 
 
 2 
 
 sj 
 
 2 II 
 
 3 I 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 7i 
 
 4 
 
 oj 
 
 4 4*^ 
 
 4 Si 
 
 5 I 
 
 56 
 
 2 7j 
 
 2 
 
 94 
 
 2 IIC ? i| 
 
 3 
 
 4i 
 
 3 81 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 4 51 
 
 4 9i 
 
 S 2 
 
 57 
 
 2 7J 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 oi 
 
 3 2J 
 
 3 
 
 4f 
 
 3 9f 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 4 6J 
 
 4 loJ 
 
 S 3i 
 
 7$ 
 

 
 7aW^ 
 
 »/M 
 
 e Diameter of Wheels at the Pitch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 
 inch. 
 
 inch. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 1 
 
 %■ 
 
 I 
 
 Vb- 
 
 
 2. 
 
 ^Vb- 
 
 ^y^- 
 
 =K. 
 
 =54. 
 
 3- 
 
 3X. 
 
 3%. 
 
 S8 
 
 2 
 
 8i 
 
 2 
 
 10-1 
 
 3 
 
 of 
 
 3 3i 
 
 3 SJ 
 
 3 loj 
 
 4 2| 
 
 4 7f 
 
 S 
 
 S 4f 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 8J 
 
 2 
 
 11} 
 
 3 
 
 ij 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 6J 
 
 3 iif 
 
 4 31 
 
 4 8| 
 
 S I 
 
 S 51 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 9f 
 
 2 
 
 iif 
 
 3 
 
 2i 
 
 3 4l 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 III 
 
 4 4i 
 
 4 9: 
 
 S 2 
 
 5 6J 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 of 
 
 3 
 
 2f 
 
 3 Si 
 
 3 71 
 
 4 o\ 
 
 4 SI 
 
 4 10 
 
 S 3^ 
 
 S 8 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 loj 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 If 
 
 4 6} 
 
 4 II 
 
 S 4i 
 
 5 9 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 i| 
 
 3 
 
 4i 
 
 3 6| 
 
 3 9: 
 
 4 2j 
 
 4 n 
 
 S 0; 
 
 s S^ 
 
 5 lof 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 "t 
 
 3 
 
 2} 
 
 3 
 
 4l 
 
 3 7i 
 
 3 9f 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 ij 
 
 S 6} 
 
 S iif 
 
 65 
 
 3 
 
 oi 
 
 3 
 
 2j 
 
 3 
 
 5f 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 loj 
 
 4 3l 
 
 4 8^ 
 
 S 2 
 
 S 7 
 
 6 of 
 
 66 
 
 3 
 
 of 
 
 3 
 
 3l 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 8f 
 
 3 "i 
 
 4 ^i 
 
 4 95 
 
 5 3 
 
 S 8, 
 
 6 ij 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 If 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6J 
 
 3 9t 
 
 4 
 
 4 St 
 
 4 10 
 
 S 4 
 
 S 9i 
 
 6 2f 
 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 ll 
 
 3 
 
 4l 
 
 3 
 
 7i 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 0: 
 
 4 6J 
 
 4 la 
 
 S S 
 
 5 la 
 
 6 3l 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 2f 
 
 3 
 
 55^ 
 
 3 
 
 7f 
 
 3 lof 
 
 4 1; 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 of 
 
 5 6 
 
 5 II f 
 
 6 4f 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 3 
 
 8J 
 
 3 iif 
 
 4 2j 
 
 4 71 
 
 S li 
 
 S 6^ 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3 
 
 6f 
 
 3 
 
 9i 
 
 4 
 
 4 2j 
 
 4 8J 
 
 S 2j 
 
 S 7:- 
 
 6 ij 
 
 6 7 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 4i 
 
 3 
 
 6| 
 
 3 
 
 9f 
 
 4 o| 
 
 4 3i 
 
 4 9i 
 
 S 3 
 
 S 8;. 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 8J 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 4f 
 
 3 
 
 7* 
 
 3 
 
 loj 
 
 4 if 
 
 4 4i 
 
 4 10 
 
 S 3i 
 
 5 9: 
 
 6 3l 
 
 6 9^ 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 5i 
 
 3 
 
 7f 
 
 3 
 
 ii| 
 
 4 2, 
 
 4 S 
 
 4 io| 
 
 S 4l 
 
 S 10 [ 
 
 6 4j 
 
 6 10 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 3 
 
 8| 
 
 3 
 
 iif 
 
 4 2i 
 
 4 Si 
 
 4 III 
 
 S St 
 
 S I li- 
 
 6 Si 
 
 6 II 
 
 76 
 
 3 
 
 6| 
 
 3 
 
 9I 
 
 4 
 
 of 
 
 4 3J 
 
 4 6J 
 
 S oj 
 
 S 6J 
 
 ft o\ 
 
 6 6f 
 
 7 of 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 6J 
 
 3 
 
 9J 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 7i 
 
 5 U 
 
 5 7f 
 
 6 a 
 
 6 7f 
 
 7 li 
 
 78 
 
 3 
 
 7i 
 
 3 
 
 loj 
 
 4 
 
 If 
 
 4 4I 
 
 4 7j 
 
 S 2 
 
 S 8i_ 
 
 6 2i 
 
 6 8| 
 
 7 2| 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 iij 
 
 4 
 
 2i 
 
 4 Si 
 
 4 8i 
 
 S 2f 
 
 S 9f 
 
 6 3J 
 
 6 9l 
 
 7 4 
 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 3 
 
 "1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 6* 
 
 4 9} 
 
 5 3f 
 
 S 10 
 
 6 4f 
 
 6 loj 
 
 7 Sf 
 
 81 
 
 3 
 
 9i 
 
 4 
 
 °t 
 
 4 
 
 Z\ 
 
 4 61 
 
 4 10 
 
 S Ah 
 
 5 lOff 
 
 6 SI 
 
 6 iii 
 
 7 6^ 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 9-1 
 
 4 
 
 o* 
 
 4 
 
 4i 
 
 4 l\ 
 
 4 io| 
 
 S Si 
 
 5 11^ 
 
 6 6f 
 
 7 of 
 
 7 7 ■ 
 
 83 
 
 3 
 
 loi 
 
 4 
 
 Ij 
 
 4 
 
 4f 
 
 4 8i 
 
 4 iiJ 
 
 S 6 
 
 6 of 
 
 6 7i 
 
 7 If 
 
 7 8f 
 
 84 
 
 3 
 
 lof 
 
 4 
 
 2i 
 
 4 
 
 sJ 
 
 4 8j 
 
 5 oj 
 
 S 6J 
 
 6 ij 
 
 6 SJ 
 
 7 2f 
 
 7 9* 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 iijr 
 
 4 
 
 2| 
 
 4 
 
 6i 
 
 4 9f 
 
 5 oj 
 
 S 7f 
 
 6 2| 
 
 6 9f 
 
 7 3f 
 
 7 10 
 
 86 
 
 3 
 
 iif 
 
 4 
 
 3^ 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 4 loi 
 
 5 If 
 
 S 8J 
 
 6 3i 
 
 6 loi 
 
 7 S 
 
 7 11 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 oj 
 
 4 
 
 3f 
 
 4 
 
 7f 
 
 4 loj 
 
 S 2i 
 
 S 9i 
 
 6 4j 
 
 6 II 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 oj 
 
 88 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 4^ 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 iiJ 
 
 S 3 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 S 
 
 7 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 2 
 
 89 
 
 4 
 
 ij 
 
 4 
 
 5* 
 
 4 
 
 8f 
 
 5 of 
 
 S 3i 
 
 S io| 
 
 6 Sf 
 
 7 I 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 3f 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 zi 
 
 4 
 
 Si 
 
 4 
 
 9t 
 
 5 of 
 
 S 4i 
 
 S iif 
 
 6 6| 
 
 7 2 
 
 7 9i 
 
 8 4i 
 
 91 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6} 
 
 4 
 
 9f 
 
 S li 
 
 S SJ 
 
 6 of 
 
 6 7t 
 
 7 2| 
 
 7 loj 
 
 8 51 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7, 
 
 4 
 
 10 J 
 
 5 2| 
 
 S Sf 
 
 6 I 
 
 6 8J 
 
 7 3f 
 
 7 "i 
 
 8 6J 
 
 93 
 
 4 
 
 3J 
 
 4 
 
 7t 
 
 4 
 
 iii 
 
 5 2| 
 
 S 61 
 
 6 2 
 
 6 9I 
 
 7 4f 
 
 8 oi 
 
 8 7f 
 
 94 
 
 4 
 
 4f 
 
 4 
 
 8J 
 
 4 
 
 III 
 
 5 3* 
 
 S 7l 
 
 6 2f 
 
 6 loi 
 
 7 SI 
 
 8 ij 
 
 8 8f 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 4f 
 
 4 
 
 8| 
 
 5 
 
 oj 
 
 5 4i 
 
 S 8 
 
 6 3J 
 
 6 iif 
 
 7 6i 
 
 8 2i 
 
 8 9f 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 5i 
 
 4 
 
 9I 
 
 5 
 
 i| 
 
 S S^ 
 
 S 8f 
 
 6 4f 
 
 7 
 
 7 7| 
 
 8 3f 
 
 8 lof 
 
 97 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 i| 
 
 5 Sf 
 
 5 9i 
 
 6 Si 
 
 7 of 
 
 7 8| 
 
 8 4f 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 4 
 
 6i 
 
 4 
 
 lo^- 
 
 5 
 
 2I 
 
 S 6i 
 
 S loj 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 i| 
 
 7 9j 
 
 8 5l 
 
 9 If 
 
 99 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 S 
 
 3, 
 
 5 7, 
 
 S II 
 
 6 6| 
 
 7 2t 
 
 7 loj 
 
 8 6J 
 
 9 2| 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 7l 
 
 4 
 
 Hi 
 
 5 
 
 3I 
 
 S 7f 
 
 S iif 
 
 6 7J 
 
 7 3t 
 
 7 iij 
 
 8 7i 
 
 9 3^ 
 
 lOI 
 
 4 
 
 8i 
 
 5 
 
 oi 
 
 S 
 
 4i 
 
 5 8i 
 
 6 0} 
 
 6 8| 
 
 7 4| 
 
 8 o\ 
 
 8 %\ 
 
 9 4 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5, 
 
 S 9 
 
 6 I 
 
 6 9f 
 
 7 Si 
 
 8 If 
 
 8 9i 
 
 9 5 
 
 103 
 
 4 
 
 9f 
 
 5 
 
 li 
 
 5 
 
 s^ 
 
 S 9f 
 
 6 ij 
 
 6 10 
 
 7 6J 
 
 8 2.\ 
 
 8 io| 
 
 9 6: 
 
 104 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 If 
 
 5 
 
 6i 
 
 5 loj 
 
 6 2\ 
 
 6 lof 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 3i 
 
 8 iij 
 
 9 7f 
 
 77 
 
Table of the Diameter of Wheels at the Pilch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 J3 S 
 
 inch. 
 
 inch. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inc 
 
 hes. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 z; 
 
 1 
 
 %• 
 
 1 
 
 %■ 
 
 
 2. 
 
 2 
 
 %■ 
 
 ^Vi■ 
 
 ^%- 
 
 ^%. 
 
 
 !• 
 
 3M- 
 
 3%- 
 
 105 
 
 4 
 
 lOj 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 6| 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 11.I 
 
 7 7i 
 
 8 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 oi 
 
 9 8' 
 
 1 06 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 2f 
 
 
 71 
 
 5 
 
 llii 
 
 6 3S 
 
 7 oi 
 
 7 81 
 
 8 
 
 5J 
 
 9 
 
 i| 
 
 9 10 
 
 107 
 
 4 
 
 "i 
 
 5 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 8i 
 
 6 
 
 0; 
 
 6 4l 
 
 7 li 
 
 7 9l 
 
 8 
 
 6i 
 
 9 
 
 2| 
 
 9 "1 
 
 108 
 
 S 
 
 oi 
 
 5 
 
 4i 
 
 
 8| 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 2 
 
 7 lo^ 
 
 8 
 
 7J 
 
 9 
 
 3? 
 
 10 0;; 
 
 109 
 
 5 
 
 oj 
 
 5 
 
 4i 
 
 
 9i 
 
 6 
 
 If 
 
 6 51 
 
 7 2f 
 
 7 "i 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 4t 
 
 10 i; 
 
 no 
 
 S 
 
 i.J^ 
 
 5 
 
 5i 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 2i 
 
 6 6^ 
 
 7 3i 
 
 8 0} 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 5t 
 
 10 2I 
 
 III 
 
 5 
 
 i« 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 
 lol 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 7i 
 
 7 43- 
 
 8 li 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6J 
 
 10 3'; 
 
 112 
 
 S 
 
 2| 
 
 5 
 
 6J 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 6 
 
 3l 
 
 6 8 
 
 7 5 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 
 
 io| 
 
 9 
 
 ll 
 
 10 4i 
 
 "3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4l 
 
 6 8| 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 3 
 
 8 
 
 iiS 
 
 9 
 
 K 
 
 10 6 
 
 114 
 
 5 
 
 3^ 
 
 5 
 
 71 
 
 6 
 
 Oz 
 
 6 
 
 5i 
 
 6 9i 
 
 7 6| 
 
 8 3l 
 
 9 
 
 05 
 
 9 
 
 9ft 
 
 10 7 
 
 "S 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8J 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 6 10 
 
 7 7^ 
 
 8 4l 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 lOi 
 
 10 8i 
 
 116 
 
 5 
 
 4l 5 
 
 8i 
 
 6 
 
 I; 
 
 6 
 
 6J 
 
 6 io| 
 
 7 8^ 
 
 8 i\ 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 9> 
 
 117 
 
 5 
 
 5i 5 
 
 9^ 
 
 6 
 
 2, 
 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 6 11^ 
 
 7 9i 
 
 8 61 
 
 9 
 
 3§ 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 10 lOJ 
 
 118 
 
 5 
 
 51 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 7 oJ 
 
 7 10 
 
 8 7i 
 
 9 
 
 4§ 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 10 iig 
 
 119 
 
 5 
 
 b\ 
 
 5 
 
 io| 
 
 6 
 
 3i 
 
 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 I 
 
 7 io| 
 
 8 8i 
 
 9 
 
 s\ 
 
 10 
 
 3J 
 
 II oJ 
 
 120 
 
 5 
 
 6| 
 
 5 
 
 Hi 
 
 6 
 
 4l 
 
 6 
 
 9i 
 
 7 i| 
 
 7 11} 
 
 8 9 
 
 9 
 
 H 
 
 10 
 
 4! 
 
 II II 
 
 121 
 
 5 
 
 71 
 
 5 
 
 iij 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 91 
 
 7 2} 
 
 8 o\ 
 
 8 9J 
 
 9 
 
 1\ 
 
 lO 
 
 51 
 
 II 2f 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 0^- 
 
 6 
 
 5l 
 
 6 
 
 lOj 
 
 7 3 
 
 8 [ 
 
 8 lof 
 
 9 
 
 »i 
 
 10 
 
 6, 
 
 II 3«- 
 
 123 
 
 S 
 
 8J 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 6J 
 
 6 
 
 "i- 
 
 7 3j 
 
 8 ij 
 
 8 iif 
 
 9 
 
 9l 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 II 5 
 
 124 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 i| 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 IIJ 
 
 7 4; 
 
 8 2| 
 
 9 oJ 
 
 9 
 
 lof 
 
 10 
 
 8^ 
 
 II 6J 
 
 125 
 
 5 
 
 9t 
 
 6 
 
 2: 
 
 6 
 
 7J 
 
 7 
 
 oJ 
 
 7 5i 
 
 8 3i 
 
 9 if 
 
 9 
 
 113 
 
 10 
 
 9s 
 
 II ^\ 
 
 II 8| 
 
 126 
 
 5 
 
 loj- 
 
 6 
 
 2: 
 
 6 
 
 8} 
 
 7 
 
 IJ 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 A\ 
 
 9 2\ 
 
 10 
 
 o\ 
 
 10 
 
 lOf 
 
 127 
 
 5 
 
 I0| 
 
 6 
 
 3: 
 
 6 
 
 8; 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 7 6f 
 
 I K 
 
 9 3i 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 III 
 
 II 9J 
 
 128 
 
 5 
 
 11} 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 2j 
 
 7 7i 
 
 8 Si 
 
 9 4 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 II 
 
 o\ 
 
 II lOj 
 
 129 
 
 5 
 
 iij 
 
 6 
 
 4i 
 
 6 
 
 lOj 
 
 7 
 
 3I- 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 6f 
 
 9 4fi 
 
 10 
 
 3J 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 II iij 
 
 130 
 
 6 
 
 of 
 
 6 
 
 5i 
 
 6 
 
 loj 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 7 8J 
 
 8 7J 
 
 9 5i 
 
 10 
 
 4i 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 12 oj- 
 
 131 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 5l 
 
 6 
 
 III 
 
 7 
 
 4J 
 
 7 9^ 
 
 8 SI 
 
 9 61 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 3^ 
 
 12 2 
 
 132 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 6f 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 5i 
 
 7 loj 
 
 I \ 
 
 9 7i 
 
 lO 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 4§ 
 
 12 3 
 
 133 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 of 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 loi 
 
 8 9l 
 
 9 81 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 5§ 
 
 12 4j 
 
 134 
 
 6 
 
 2§ 
 
 6 
 
 7 J 
 
 7 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 6| 
 
 7 Hi 
 
 8 loi 
 
 9 9I 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 (>l 
 
 12 5'r 
 
 135 
 
 6 
 
 3J 
 
 6 
 
 8i 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7i 
 
 8 a\ 
 
 8 III 
 
 9 loj 
 
 10 
 
 8J 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
 12 6[ 
 
 136 
 
 6 
 
 3i 
 
 6 
 
 8| 
 
 7 
 
 2j 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 I 
 
 9 oj- 
 
 9 II 
 
 10 
 
 9t 
 
 II 
 
 ^i 
 
 12 71, 
 
 137 
 
 6 
 
 4} 
 
 6 
 
 9} 
 
 7 
 
 3i 
 
 7 
 
 8| 
 
 8 If 
 
 9 I 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 lof 
 
 II 
 
 9\ 
 
 12 x; 
 
 138 
 
 6 
 
 4! 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 si 
 
 7 
 
 9i 
 
 8 2\ 
 
 9 i| 
 
 10 oJ 
 
 10 
 
 Ii3 
 
 II 
 
 lO'i' 
 
 12 9; 
 
 139 
 
 6 
 
 5^ 
 
 6 
 
 loj 
 
 7 
 
 4J 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 3* 
 
 9 2| 
 
 10 ig 
 
 II 
 
 of 
 
 II 
 
 113 
 
 12 lO'i 
 
 140 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 ii| 
 
 7 
 
 5i 
 
 7 
 
 lof 
 
 8 3J 
 
 9 3t 
 
 lo 2J 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 12 
 
 oj 
 
 13 ° 
 
 141 
 
 6 
 
 6J 
 
 6 
 
 iif 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 
 iif 
 
 8 4j 
 
 9 4}- 
 
 10 3f 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 Ifl 
 
 13 1 
 
 142 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 oJ 
 
 7 
 
 6i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 5} 
 
 9 5 
 
 10 4} 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 2; 
 
 13 2l 
 
 •43 
 
 6 
 
 7f 
 
 7 
 
 of 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 o| 
 
 8 6 
 
 9 51 
 
 10 sJ 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 13 i< 
 
 144 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Ij 
 
 7 
 
 7f 
 
 8 
 
 If 
 
 8 6f 
 
 9 6 
 
 10 6 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 4.5 
 
 13 4,1 
 
 115 
 
 6 
 
 8| 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8} 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 8 1\ 
 
 9 7« 
 
 10 6? 
 
 II 
 
 6J 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 13 5 5 
 
 146 
 
 6 
 
 9' 
 
 7 
 
 2^ 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2f 
 
 8 8J 
 
 9 8J 
 
 10 7I II 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 13 (>'^ 
 
 147 
 
 6 
 
 9J 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 95 
 
 8 
 
 3f 
 
 8 81 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 81 
 
 II 
 
 81 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 13 7] 
 
 148 
 
 6 
 
 loj 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10', 
 
 8 
 
 4i 
 
 8 9i 
 
 9 9^ 
 
 10 9\ 
 
 H 
 
 9^ 
 
 12 
 
 9} 
 
 13 8; 
 
 149 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 4] 
 
 7 
 
 10,' 
 
 8 
 
 4-; 
 
 8 lol 
 
 9 10.', 
 
 10 lO'^ 
 
 II 
 
 104- 
 
 12 
 
 loj 
 
 13 10 
 
 15° 
 
 6 
 
 II] 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 iij 
 
 8 
 
 5!. 
 
 8 II 
 
 9 ilj 
 
 10 ii.j 
 
 II 
 
 11.1 
 
 12 
 
 Hi 
 
 13 iiJ 
 
 78 
 
Table of the Diameter of Wheels at the Pitch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 
 
 
 Minnhp** rtf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 2Ji. 
 
 2%. 
 
 ^Yi- 
 
 3- 
 
 M- 
 
 3%. 
 
 151 
 
 9 oj 
 
 10 oj 
 
 II oj 
 
 12 Oj 
 
 13 
 
 oj 
 
 14 0} 
 
 152 
 
 9 Oj 
 
 10 o\ 
 
 II I 
 
 12 I^ 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 14 If 
 
 153 
 
 9 If 
 
 10 if 
 
 II ij 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 14 2f 
 
 154 
 
 9 2j 
 
 10 2.\ 
 
 II 2f 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 
 
 3i 
 
 14 32- 
 
 ISS 
 
 9 3 
 
 10 3l 
 
 II 3l 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 
 
 4f 
 
 14 4l 
 
 156 
 
 9 3f 
 
 10 4| 
 
 II ^\ 
 
 12 4| 
 
 13 
 
 St 
 
 14 51 
 
 157 
 
 9 4l 
 
 10 \\ 
 
 II St 
 
 12 si 
 
 13 
 
 6f 
 
 14 6f 
 
 158 
 
 9 i\ 
 
 10 Si 
 
 II 6| 
 
 12 6| 
 
 13 
 
 7f 
 
 14 8 
 
 159 
 
 9 5J 
 
 10 6| 
 
 II 7i 
 
 12 71 
 
 13 
 
 8i 
 
 14 9i 
 
 160 
 
 9 6J 
 
 10 7| 
 
 II 8 
 
 12 8J 
 
 13 
 
 9l 
 
 14 io|^ 
 
 161 
 
 9 7f 
 
 10 8J 
 
 II 8J 
 
 12 9l 
 
 13 
 
 la 
 
 14 iif 
 
 162 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 10 8| 
 
 II 9l 
 
 12 io| 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15 of 
 
 163 
 
 9 8a 
 
 10 9| 
 
 II lOf 
 
 12 ii| 
 
 14 
 
 0; 
 
 15 I^- 
 
 164 
 
 9 9* 
 
 10 lOj 
 
 II 11 
 
 13 ol 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 15 2| 
 
 165 
 
 9 10 
 
 10 ii| 
 
 12 
 
 13 I2 
 
 14 
 
 2I 
 
 IS 3i 
 
 166 
 
 9 loJ 
 
 II 
 
 12 I; 
 
 13 2j 
 
 14 
 
 3l 
 
 IS 4f 
 
 167 
 
 9 iif 
 
 II oj 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 3f 
 
 14 
 
 4b 
 
 IS 6 
 
 168 
 
 lo of 
 
 II ll 
 
 12 3 
 
 13 4l 
 
 14 
 
 Si 
 
 IS 7* 
 
 169 
 
 lO I 
 
 II 2f 
 
 12 3f 
 
 13 5t 
 
 14 
 
 6| 
 
 IS 8 
 
 170 
 
 lo I: 
 
 II 3} 
 
 12 4I 
 
 13 6i 
 
 14 
 
 7l 
 
 IS 9: 
 
 171 
 
 10 2 
 
 II 4 
 
 12 Sf 
 
 13 7i- 
 
 14 
 
 8i 
 
 15 10 
 
 172 
 
 10 3 
 
 II 4l 
 
 12 t\ 
 
 13 8J 
 
 14 
 
 9i 
 
 IS II 
 
 173 
 
 10 3j 
 
 II 5f 
 
 12 7t 
 
 13 9i 
 
 14 
 
 io| 
 
 16 of 
 
 174 
 
 10 4j 
 
 II 61 
 
 12 8i 
 
 13 104 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 16 \\ 
 
 1/5 
 
 lo 5f 
 
 II 7i 
 
 12 9* 
 
 13 iiJ 
 
 IS 
 
 If 
 
 16 2f 
 
 176 
 
 10 6 
 
 II 8 
 
 12 10 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 2| 
 
 16 4 
 
 177 
 
 10 6| 
 
 II 8^ 
 
 12 \ok 
 
 14 I 
 
 IS 
 
 3J 
 
 16 SJ 
 
 178 
 
 lo 7f 
 
 II 9f 
 
 12 IlJ 
 
 14 If 
 
 IS 
 
 44 
 
 16 6| 
 
 179 
 
 10 8J 
 
 11 lOf 
 
 13 of 
 
 14 2j 
 
 IS 
 
 sl 
 
 16 7f 
 
 I So 
 
 10 8| 
 
 II ii| 
 
 13 1^- 
 
 14 35 
 
 IS 
 
 6} 
 
 16 8J 
 
 i8i 
 
 10 9I 
 
 12 
 
 13 2| 
 
 14 45 
 
 15 
 
 7i 
 
 16 ■ 9f 
 
 1 82 
 
 10 lOf 
 
 12 oj 
 
 13 3i 
 
 14 54 
 
 IS 
 
 8 
 
 16 lOf 
 
 I S3 
 
 10 11 
 
 12 l| 
 
 13 4j 
 
 14 64 
 
 IS 
 
 9 
 
 16 iif 
 
 1 84 
 
 10 iif 
 
 12 2| 
 
 13 s 
 
 14 7l 
 
 15 
 
 I of 
 
 17 Or 
 
 1S5 
 
 II of 
 
 12 3I 
 
 13 51 
 
 14 8| 
 
 15 
 
 iif 
 
 17 2 : 
 
 186 
 
 II ll 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 6f 
 
 14 9f 
 
 16 
 
 of 
 
 17 3^ 
 
 187 
 
 II l\ 
 
 12 4i 
 
 13 7f 
 
 14 10^ 
 
 i6 
 
 if 
 
 17 4i 
 
 188 
 
 II 2f 
 
 12 SJ 
 
 13 8J 
 
 14 112 
 
 16 
 
 2? 
 
 17 5f 
 
 1 89 
 
 II 3l 
 
 12 6f 
 
 13 9l 
 
 15 of 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 17 6J 
 
 190 
 
 II 4 
 
 12 7J 
 
 13 i°l 
 
 15 Is 
 
 16 
 
 4i 
 
 17 7| 
 
 191 
 
 II 4| 
 
 12 7j 
 
 13 iiJ 
 
 15 2f 
 
 16 
 
 sJ 
 
 17 8i 
 
 192 
 
 II ih 
 
 12 8^ 
 
 14 
 
 IS 3I 
 
 16 
 
 6| 
 
 17 9r 
 
 193 
 
 II 6J 
 
 12 9 
 
 14 0} 
 
 15 4} 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 17 II 
 
 nt 
 
 II bl 
 
 12 10- 
 
 14 li 
 
 IS 5} 
 
 i6 
 
 8f 
 
 18 oj 
 
 ^'5 
 
 " 7l 
 
 12 II 
 
 14 2-1 
 
 7n 
 
 15 6i 
 
 16 
 
 9^ 
 
 18 4 
 
Table of the Diameter of WJieeh at the Pitch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 linches. 
 
 
 ^k- 
 
 =X- 
 
 .?i. 
 
 3- 
 
 3M- 
 
 iV^- 
 
 196 
 
 11 8f 
 
 12 11^ 
 
 14 35 
 
 IS 7i 
 
 16 
 
 loj 
 
 18 2f 
 
 197 
 
 11 9 
 
 13 °\ 
 
 14 4f 
 
 IS 8f 
 
 16 
 
 Hi 
 
 18 3J 
 
 198 
 
 " 9ff 
 
 13 Ij 
 
 14 Sf 
 
 IS 9 
 
 17 
 
 of 
 
 18 4J 
 
 .199 
 
 11 10 
 
 13 2; 
 
 14 6J 
 
 15 10 
 
 17 
 
 if 
 
 18 Sf 
 
 200 
 
 11 11 
 
 13 3r 
 
 '-^ 7, 
 
 IS loj 
 
 17 
 
 2f 
 
 18 6| 
 
 201 
 
 11 11 
 
 13 3ff 
 
 14 7i 
 
 IS III 
 
 17 
 
 3f 
 
 18 7f 
 
 202 
 
 12 
 
 13 4: 
 
 14 8i 
 
 16 o| 
 
 17 
 
 4f 
 
 18 9 
 
 203 
 
 12 I 
 
 13 Si 
 
 14 9l 
 
 16 il 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 18 10 
 
 204 
 
 12 2 
 
 13 6 
 
 14 loj 
 
 16 2j 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 18 llf 
 
 205 
 
 12 2j 
 
 13 7: 
 
 14 llf 
 
 16 3i 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 19 °\ 
 
 206 
 
 12 3, 
 
 13 7r 
 
 IS of 
 
 16 4| 
 
 17 
 
 91 
 
 19 If 
 
 207 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 8| 
 
 IS iJ 
 
 16 sl 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 19 2j 
 
 208 
 
 12 4t 
 
 13 9l 
 
 15 2 
 
 16 6f 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 19 3f 
 
 209 
 
 12 St 
 
 13 loi 
 
 IS 2f 
 
 16 1\ 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 19 a\ 
 
 210 
 
 12 6| 
 
 13 11* 
 
 IS 3f 
 
 16 8J 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 19 Sf 
 
 211 
 
 12 7* 
 
 13 "i 
 
 IS 4l 
 
 16 9I 
 
 18 
 
 2: 
 
 19 7 
 
 212 
 
 12 7t 
 
 14 o| 
 
 IS Si 
 
 16 lof 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 19 8f 
 
 213 
 
 12 %\ 
 
 14 if 
 
 IS 6 
 
 16 11^ 
 
 18 
 
 4i 
 
 19 <)\ 
 
 214 
 
 12 9J 
 
 14 2j 
 
 IS 7 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 S 
 
 19 lof 
 
 2IS 
 
 12 91^ 
 
 14 3 
 
 IS 8J 
 
 17 I \ 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 19 \\\ 
 
 216 
 
 12 lof 
 
 14 35- 
 
 IS 9 
 
 17 2 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 20 of 
 
 217 
 
 12 llf 
 
 14 4t 
 
 IS 9^ 
 
 17 3: 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 20 l| 
 
 218 
 
 13 
 
 14 5t 
 
 IS 10 
 
 17 4f 
 
 18 
 
 9h 
 
 20 2| 
 
 219 
 
 13 oJ 
 
 14 6i 
 
 15 11 
 
 17 s 
 
 iS 
 
 10 
 
 20 4 
 
 220 
 
 13 iJ 
 
 14 7 
 
 16 
 
 17 6 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 20 5i 
 
 221 
 
 13 2} 
 
 14 7J 
 
 16 li 
 
 17 7 
 
 19 
 
 of 
 
 20 6i 
 
 222 
 
 13 2| 
 
 14 8| 
 
 16 2 
 
 17 7l 
 
 19 
 
 If 
 
 20 7| 
 
 223 
 
 13 3t 
 
 14 9f 
 
 16 3* 
 
 17 8| 
 
 19 
 
 2ff 
 
 20 8J 
 
 224 
 
 13 4f 
 
 14 loj 
 
 16 4 
 
 17 9l 
 
 19 
 
 3^ 
 
 20 9| 
 
 225 
 
 13 S\ 
 
 14 11 
 
 16 4i 
 
 17 lO, 
 
 19 
 
 4^ 
 
 20 io| 
 
 226 
 
 13 Si 
 
 14 iij 
 
 16 sJ 
 
 17 iiJ 
 
 19 
 
 S^ 
 
 20 ii| 
 
 227 
 
 13 6J 
 
 IS of 
 
 16 61 
 
 18 0: 
 
 19 
 
 6ff 
 
 21 q\ 
 
 228 
 
 13 1\ 
 
 IS if 
 
 16 7. 
 
 18 i| 
 
 19 
 
 7ff 
 
 21 2 
 
 229 
 
 '3 8 
 
 IS 2j 
 
 16 8 
 
 18 2I 
 
 19 
 
 8f 
 
 21 3 
 
 230 
 
 13 8|- 
 
 IS 3 
 
 16 9 
 
 18 3i 
 
 19 
 
 9f 
 
 21 4 
 
 231 
 
 13 9i 
 
 IS 3i 
 
 16 10 
 
 18 4j 
 
 19 
 
 lOj 
 
 21 5 
 
 232 
 
 13 loJ 
 
 IS 4f 
 
 16 11 
 
 18 i\ 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 21 6j 
 
 233 
 
 13 lOff 
 
 IS Si 
 
 16 11; 
 
 18 6| 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 21 7i 
 
 234 
 
 13 iiJ 
 
 15 6J 
 
 17 oj 
 
 18 7i 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 21 8| 
 
 23s 
 
 14 0} 
 
 IS 7 
 
 17 if 
 
 18 8f 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 21 9f 
 
 236 
 
 14 1 
 
 IS 7J 
 
 17 2i 
 
 18 9f 
 
 20 
 
 4j 
 
 21 lof 
 
 237 
 
 14 i^ 
 
 IS 8J 
 
 17 3 
 
 18 lof 
 
 20 
 
 Si 
 
 22 
 
 238 
 
 14 2f 
 
 IS 9l 
 
 17 4f 
 
 18 11 
 
 20 
 
 6} 
 
 22 \\ 
 
 239 
 
 14 3 
 
 IS loJ 
 
 17 Si 
 
 19 oj 
 
 20 
 
 7} 
 
 22 2j 
 
 240 
 
 14 zl 
 
 15 loj 
 
 17 6 
 «0 
 
 19 ij 
 
 20 
 
 Si 
 
 22 3| 
 
Table of the Diameter of Wheels at the Pitch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 Teeth. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 ^x 
 
 =%• 
 
 25i. 
 
 3- 
 
 iVi- 
 
 3>^. 
 
 241 
 
 14 A\ 
 
 IS "i 
 
 17 6J 
 
 19 2j 
 
 20 
 
 9f 
 
 22 4f 
 
 242 
 
 14 5.1 
 
 16 oj 
 
 17 7l 
 
 19 3f 
 
 20 
 
 I of 
 
 22 51 
 
 243 
 
 14 6 
 
 16 If 
 
 17 8| 
 
 19 4f 
 
 20 
 
 iif 
 
 22 6| 
 
 244 
 
 14 6J 
 
 16 2j 
 
 17 9J 
 
 19 SJ 
 
 21 
 
 of 
 
 22 7f 
 
 245 
 
 14 71 
 
 16 2f 
 
 17 lof 
 
 19 6f 
 
 21 
 
 ll 
 
 22 8f 
 
 246 
 
 14 H 
 
 16 3f 
 
 17 11^ 
 
 19 7l 
 
 21 
 
 2I 
 
 22 10 
 
 247 
 
 14 8f 
 
 16 4j 
 
 i8 o\ 
 
 19 8J 
 
 21 
 
 3i 
 
 22 IlJ 
 
 248 
 
 14 9f 
 
 16 5i 
 
 18 I 
 
 19 9 
 
 21 
 
 4^ 
 
 23 0.1 
 
 249 
 
 14 lOf 
 
 16 6i 
 
 18 i| 
 
 19 9I 
 
 21 
 
 Si 
 
 23 li 
 
 250 
 
 14 II 
 
 16 6J 
 
 18 2j 
 
 19 lOj 
 
 21 
 
 6f 
 
 23 2j 
 
 251 
 
 14 I If 
 
 16 7f 
 
 18 3l 
 
 19 Iif 
 
 21 
 
 7f 
 
 23 3l 
 
 252 
 
 15 of 
 
 16 8| 
 
 18 A\ 
 
 20 of 
 
 21 
 
 8f 
 
 23 4f 
 
 253 
 
 15 i| 
 
 16 9i 
 
 18 5f 
 
 20 \\ 
 
 21 
 
 9t 
 
 23 5f 
 
 254 
 
 IS ij 
 
 16 loj 
 
 18 61 
 
 20 2\ 
 
 21 
 
 lof 
 
 23 6f 
 
 25s 
 
 IS 2|- 
 
 16 io| 
 
 18 7i 
 
 20 3^ 
 
 21 
 
 1I4 
 
 23 8 
 
 256 
 
 15 3f 
 
 16 iri 
 
 18 8 
 
 20 4f 
 
 22 
 
 °i 
 
 23 9i 
 
 257 
 
 15 4 
 
 17 02 
 
 18 8i 
 
 20 5| 
 
 22 
 
 If 
 
 23 lof 
 
 258 
 
 15 4f 
 
 17 if 
 
 18 9I 
 
 20 6| 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 23 ii| 
 
 259 
 
 15 51 
 
 17 24 
 
 18 loj 
 
 20 ■ 7f 
 
 22 
 
 Zl 
 
 24 o\ 
 
 260 
 
 IS 6} 
 
 17 2| 
 
 18 II 
 
 20 Z\ 
 
 22 
 
 A\ 
 
 24 i| 
 
 261 
 
 15 6J 
 
 17 3l 
 
 19 o| 
 
 20 9J 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 24 2| 
 
 262 
 
 IS 7i 
 
 17 4I 
 
 19 If 
 
 20 loj 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 24 3f 
 
 263 
 
 15 8| 
 
 17 Si 
 
 19 2i 
 
 20 Ilj 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 24 5 
 
 264 
 
 15 9 
 
 17 6 
 
 19 3 
 
 21 0\ 
 
 22 
 
 9i 
 
 24 6i 
 
 265 
 
 IS 9^ 
 
 17 6J 
 
 19 3»' 
 
 21 I 
 
 22 
 
 lof 
 
 24 7i 
 
 266 
 
 15 io| 
 
 17 7i 
 
 19 4i 
 
 21 2 
 
 22 
 
 11* 
 
 24 8f 
 
 267 
 
 15 iij 
 
 17 8f 
 
 19 5f 
 
 21 2| 
 
 23 
 
 oi 
 
 24 9' 
 
 268 
 
 IS iiy 
 
 17 9i 
 
 19 6J 
 
 21 3l 
 
 23 
 
 1} 
 
 24 10 
 
 269 
 
 16 o| 
 
 17 10 
 
 19 7f 
 
 21 4f 
 
 23 
 
 2i 
 
 24 11 
 
 270 
 
 16 If 
 
 17 io| 
 
 ig 8f 
 
 21 Sf 
 
 23 
 
 3f 
 
 25 of 
 
 271 
 
 16 2 
 
 17 iif 
 
 19 9f 
 
 21 6| 
 
 23 
 
 4f 
 
 25 If 
 
 272 
 
 16 ■ 2f 
 
 18 of 
 
 19 10 
 
 21 7 
 
 23 
 
 Sf 
 
 25 3 
 
 273 
 
 16 3 
 
 18 ij 
 
 19 lOj 
 
 21 8 
 
 23 
 
 6f 
 
 25 4i 
 
 274 
 
 16 4 
 
 18 2 
 
 19 IlF 
 
 21 9I 
 
 23 
 
 7f 
 
 25 5 
 
 275 
 
 l6 4| 
 
 18 2|- 
 
 20 of 
 
 21 lof 
 
 23 
 
 8f 
 
 25 6^ 
 
 276 
 
 i6 5f 
 
 '? 3t 
 
 20 Ij 
 
 21 11^ 
 
 23 
 
 9i 
 
 25 7f 
 
 277 
 
 16 6f 
 
 18 4f 
 
 20 2f 
 
 22 0\ 
 
 23 
 
 loj 
 
 25 8f 
 
 278 
 
 '6 7, 
 
 i8 5i 
 
 20 3f 
 
 22 if 
 
 25 
 
 iii 
 
 25 9l 
 
 279 
 
 16 7j 
 
 18 6 
 
 20 4^ 
 
 22 2f 
 
 24 
 
 of 
 
 25 I of 
 
 280 
 
 16 8J 
 
 18 6i 
 
 20 5 
 
 22 3f 
 
 24 
 
 if 
 
 25 iif 
 
 281 
 
 16 9J 
 
 18 71 
 
 20 5j 
 
 22 4 
 
 24 
 
 2I 
 
 26 I 
 
 282 
 
 16 9| 
 
 18^ 8f 
 
 20 6J 
 
 22 5: 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 26 2f 
 
 283 
 
 16 io| 
 
 18 9I 
 
 20 7f 
 
 22 6 
 
 24 
 
 4l 
 
 26 3} 
 
 284 
 
 16 iif 
 
 18 9i 
 
 20 8J 
 
 22 7J 
 
 24 
 
 Si 
 
 26 4I 
 
 28s 
 
 17 °\ 
 
 18 io| 
 
 20 9| 
 81 
 
 22 %\ 
 
 24 
 
 6f 
 
 26 5J 
 
Table of the Diameter of Wheels at the Pitch Circle — Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pitch of the Teeth. 
 
 
 
 
 Niimlipr nf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 2^. 
 
 2^. 
 
 •z 
 
 4- 
 
 3- 
 
 3'X- 
 
 35^- 
 
 286 
 
 
 Of 
 
 18 
 
 "J 
 
 20 
 
 lof 
 
 22 9 
 
 24 
 
 7* 
 
 26 6| 
 
 287 
 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 of 
 
 20 
 
 nf 
 
 22 10 
 
 24 
 
 8J 
 
 26 71 
 
 288 
 
 
 2i 
 
 19 
 
 ij 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 II 
 
 24 
 
 9l 
 
 26 8J 
 
 289 
 
 
 2\ 
 
 19 
 
 ly 
 
 21 
 
 of 
 
 22 III 
 
 24 
 
 lOf 
 
 26 9f 
 
 290 
 
 
 3f 
 
 19 
 
 2I 
 
 21 
 
 Iff 
 
 23 Of 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 26 II 
 
 291 
 
 
 4f 
 
 19 
 
 3i 
 
 21 
 
 2| 
 
 23 Iff 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 27 oj 
 
 292 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 19 
 
 a\ 
 
 21 
 
 3I 
 
 23 2j 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 27 If 
 
 293 
 
 
 5J 
 
 19 
 
 si 
 
 21 
 
 4l 
 
 23 3f 
 
 25 
 
 3j 
 
 27 2f 
 
 294 
 
 
 6J 
 
 19 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 51- 
 
 23 4l 
 
 25 
 
 4f 
 
 27 3i 
 
 295 
 
 
 1\ 
 
 19 
 
 6| 
 
 21 
 
 6* 
 
 23 5l 
 
 25 
 
 5i 
 
 27 4-1 
 
 296 
 
 
 7l 
 
 19 
 
 1\ 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 23 6| 
 
 25 
 
 6} 
 
 27 5i 
 
 297 
 
 
 8| 
 
 19 
 
 8| 
 
 21 
 
 7t 
 
 23 7i 
 
 25 
 
 7t 
 
 27 6J 
 
 298 
 
 
 9f 
 
 19 
 
 9i 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 23 8i 
 
 25 
 
 8i 
 
 27 7ff 
 
 299 
 
 
 loj 
 
 19 
 
 9i 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 23 9i 
 
 25 
 
 91 
 
 27 9i 
 
 300 
 
 
 loj 
 
 19 
 
 io| 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 23 io| 
 
 25 
 
 I of 
 
 27 lOj 
 
Weight of Cast Iron Balls from I to 12 Inches Diameter. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 I 
 
 .136 
 
 34 
 
 5.84 
 
 6 
 
 2945 
 
 ^ 
 
 83-73 
 
 II 
 
 181.48 
 
 ^. 
 
 .460 
 
 4 
 
 8.72 
 
 bi- 
 
 37-44 
 
 9 
 
 99-4 
 
 IM 
 
 207.37 
 
 2 
 
 1.09 
 
 Ah 
 
 12.42 
 
 7 
 
 46.76 
 
 9* 
 
 1 16.9 
 
 12 
 
 235.62 
 
 2* 
 
 2.13 
 
 S 
 
 17.04 
 
 Ik 
 
 57-52 
 
 10 
 
 136-35 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3.6S 
 
 sk 
 
 22.68 
 
 8 
 
 69.81 
 
 10 J 
 
 157.84 
 
 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Cast It 
 
 on Pipes 12 Inches Long, from 
 
 \tol\ 
 
 Inch Thick. 
 
 Diam. Inch. 
 
 Inch 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Bore. J^ 
 
 % 
 
 y, 
 
 Vb 
 
 ?i 
 
 Vs 
 
 1 
 
 i5^ 
 
 'H 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 I 
 
 3.06 
 
 5.06 
 
 7-36 
 
 9-97 
 
 12.89 
 
 16.11 
 
 19.63 
 
 
 
 1} 
 
 3-68 
 
 5-98 
 
 8-59 
 
 11.51 
 
 14-73 
 
 18.25 
 
 22.09 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 4.29 
 
 6-9 
 
 9.82 
 
 13-04 
 
 16.56 
 
 20.4 
 
 24-54 
 
 28.99 
 
 33-74 
 
 \\ 
 
 4.91 
 
 7-83 
 
 11.05 
 
 14-57 
 
 18.41 
 
 22.55 
 
 27. 
 
 31-75 
 
 36.76 
 
 2 
 
 5-53 
 
 8-75 
 
 12.27 
 
 16.11 
 
 20.25 
 
 24-7 
 
 29-45 
 
 34-46 
 
 39-89 
 
 2i 
 
 6.14 
 
 9.66 
 
 13-5 
 
 17.64 
 
 22.09 
 
 26.84 
 
 31-85 
 
 37-28 
 
 42-95 
 
 2j 
 
 6.74 
 
 10.58 
 
 14.72 
 
 19.17 
 
 23-92 
 
 28.93 
 
 34-36 
 
 40-03 
 
 46.02 
 
 2i 
 
 7-36 
 
 II-5 
 
 15-95 
 
 20.7 
 
 25-71 
 
 31-14 
 
 36-81 
 
 42.8 
 
 49.08 
 
 3 
 
 7.98 
 
 12-43 
 
 17.18 
 
 22.19 
 
 27.62 
 
 33-29 
 
 39.28 
 
 45-56 
 
 52.16 
 
 3: 
 
 8-59 
 
 13-34 
 
 18.35 
 
 23-78 
 
 29-45 
 
 35-44 
 
 41-72 
 
 48.32 
 
 55.22 
 
 3;- 
 
 9.2 
 
 14.21 
 
 19.64 
 
 25-31 
 
 31-3 
 
 37-58 
 
 44-18 
 
 51.08 
 
 58.29 
 
 3 
 
 9-76 
 
 15-19 
 
 20.86 
 
 26.85 
 
 33-13 
 
 39-73 
 
 46.63 
 
 53-84 
 
 61.36 
 
 4 10-44 
 
 i6.ii 
 
 22.1 
 
 28.38 
 
 34-98 
 
 41.88 
 
 49.09 
 
 56.61 
 
 64-43 
 
 4} li-l 
 
 17.08 
 
 2337 
 
 29.97 
 
 36-87 
 
 44.08 
 
 51.6 
 
 59-42 
 
 67-55 
 
 4 J 11.66 
 
 17-94 
 
 24-54 
 
 31-44 
 
 38-65 
 
 46.17 
 
 53-99 
 
 62.12 
 
 70.56 
 
 4| 12.27 
 
 18.87 
 
 25-77 
 
 32-98 
 
 40.5 
 
 48.32 
 
 56-45 
 
 64.89 
 
 73-63 
 
 S 12.88 
 
 19.78 
 
 26.99 
 
 34-51 
 
 42.33 
 
 50.46 
 
 58.9 
 
 67-64 
 
 76.69 
 
 5} 13-5 
 
 20.71 
 
 28.23 
 
 36-05 
 
 44.18 
 
 52.62 
 
 61.36 
 
 70.41 
 
 79-77 
 
 52 1411 
 
 21.63 
 
 29.45 
 
 37-58 
 
 46.02 
 
 54-76 
 
 63.81 
 
 73-17 
 
 82.84 
 
 5l 
 
 14-73 
 
 22.55 
 
 30.68 
 
 39-12 
 
 47-86 
 
 56-91 
 
 66.27 
 
 75-94 
 
 85.91 
 
 83 
 
Weight of Cast Iron Pipes 12 
 
 Inches Long, from \ to 
 
 } Inch 
 
 Thick 
 
 —Cent. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 Inch, 
 
 of Bore. 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 ij^ 
 
 iM 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 6 
 
 15-34 
 
 23-47 
 
 31-91 
 
 40.65 
 
 49-7 
 
 59.06 
 
 6873 
 
 78.7 
 
 88.75 
 
 6i 
 
 15-95 
 
 24-39 
 
 33-13 
 
 42.18 
 
 51-54 
 
 61.21 
 
 71.18 
 
 81.23 
 
 92.04 
 
 6* 
 
 16-57 
 
 25-31 
 
 34-36 
 
 43-72 
 
 53-39 
 
 63-36 
 
 73-41 
 
 84.22 
 
 95.1 
 
 6| 
 
 17.18 
 
 26.23 
 
 35-59 
 
 45-26 
 
 55-23 
 
 65.28 
 
 76.09 
 
 86.97 
 
 98.18 
 
 7 
 
 17.79 
 
 27-15 
 
 36-82 
 
 46-79 
 
 56-84 
 
 67.65 
 
 78-53 
 
 89.74 
 
 101.24 
 
 7i 
 
 18.41 
 
 28.08 
 
 38-05 
 
 48.1 
 
 58.91 
 
 69.79 
 
 81. 
 
 92.5 
 
 104.31 
 
 1\ 
 
 19.03 
 
 29- 
 
 39-05 
 
 49.86 
 
 60.74 
 
 71.95 
 
 83-45 
 
 95.26 
 
 107.38 
 
 yl 
 
 19.64 
 
 29.69 
 
 40-5 
 
 51-38 
 
 62.59 
 
 74.09 
 
 85,9 
 
 98.02 
 
 110.45 
 
 8 
 
 20.02 
 
 30-83 
 
 41.71 
 
 52.92 
 
 64.42 
 
 76-23 
 
 88.35 
 
 I00.7S 
 
 "3-51 
 
 8=1 
 
 20.86 
 
 31-74 
 
 42-95 
 
 54-45 
 
 66.26 
 
 78.38 
 
 90.81 
 
 103.54 
 
 116.58 
 
 8i 
 
 21.69 
 
 32-9 
 
 44-4 
 
 56.21 
 
 68-33 
 
 80.76 
 
 93-49 
 
 106.53 
 
 119.87 
 
 8| 
 
 22.09 
 
 33-59 
 
 45-4 
 
 57-52 
 
 69-95 
 
 82.68 
 
 95-72 
 
 109.06 
 
 122.72 
 
 9 
 
 22.71 
 
 34-52 
 
 46.64 
 
 59-07 
 
 71.8 
 
 84.84 
 
 98.18 
 
 111.84 
 
 125.8 
 
 9J 
 
 23-31 
 
 35-43 
 
 47.86 
 
 60.59 
 
 73-63 
 
 86.97 
 
 100.63 
 
 114.59 
 
 128.85 
 
 9i 
 
 23-93 
 
 36.36 
 
 49-09 
 
 62.13 
 
 75-47 
 
 89.13 
 
 103.09 
 
 "735 
 
 131.93 
 
 9i 
 
 24-SS 
 
 37.28 
 
 50-32 
 
 63.66 
 
 77-32 
 
 91.28 
 
 105-54 
 
 120.12 
 
 134.99 
 
 lO 
 
 25.16 
 
 38.2 
 
 51-54 
 
 65.2 
 
 79.16 
 
 93.42 
 
 108. 
 
 122.87 
 
 138.06 
 
 loi 
 
 25-77 
 
 39-" 
 
 52.77 
 
 66.73 
 
 80.99 
 
 95-57 
 
 110.44 
 
 125.63 
 
 141. 12 
 
 loj 
 
 26.38 
 
 40.04 
 
 54- 
 
 68.26 
 
 82.84 
 
 97.71 
 
 112.9 
 
 128.39 
 
 144.19 
 
 10| 
 
 27- 
 
 40.96 
 
 55-22 
 
 69.8 
 
 84.67 
 
 99.86 
 
 "5-35 
 
 131.15 
 
 147.26 
 
 II 
 
 27.62 
 
 41.88 
 
 56.46 
 
 71-33 
 
 86.52 
 
 102.01 
 
 117. 81 
 
 133.92 
 
 150-33 
 
 IIJ 
 
 28.22 
 
 42.8 
 
 57.67 
 
 72.86 
 
 88.35 
 
 104.15 
 
 120.26 
 
 136.67 
 
 153-4 
 
 Ilj 
 
 28.84 
 
 43-71 
 
 58.9 
 
 74-39 
 
 90.19 
 
 106.3 
 
 122.71 
 
 139.44 
 
 156.44 
 
 ll\ 
 
 29.45 
 
 44.64 
 
 60.13 
 
 75-93 
 
 92.04 
 
 108.45 
 
 125.18 
 
 142.18 
 
 159-54 
 
 12 
 
 30.06 
 
 45-55 
 
 61.35 
 
 77.46 
 
 93.6 
 
 1 10.6 
 
 127.6 
 
 144.96 
 
 162.6 
 
 Weight of Cast Iron Pipes 12 Inches Long, from if to \\ Inch Thick. 
 
 D. of B. 
 
 1% Inch. 
 
 i)^ Inch. 
 
 D.ofB. 
 
 1% Inch. 
 
 1% Inch. 
 
 D.ofB. 
 
 1% Inch. 
 
 ij^ Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 A 
 
 48.94 
 
 55-22 
 
 51 
 
 95.96 
 
 106.77 
 
 9 
 
 140.06 
 
 154.64 
 
 2\ 
 
 52.30 
 
 S8.9 
 
 6 
 
 99-56 
 
 110.44 
 
 9 
 
 143-43 
 
 158.3 
 
 2| 
 
 SS-68 
 
 62.58 
 
 6^ 
 
 102.92 
 
 "4-13 
 
 9i 
 
 146.8 
 
 161.99 
 
 3 
 
 59.06 
 
 66.27 
 
 ^. 
 
 106.31 
 
 117.81 
 
 9j 
 
 150.18 
 
 165.67 
 
 3} 
 
 62.43 
 
 69-95 
 
 6J 
 
 109.68 
 
 121.49 
 
 10 
 
 153.55 
 
 169.35 
 
 i\ 
 
 65.81 
 
 73.63 
 
 7 
 
 113-05 
 
 125-17 
 
 loi 
 
 156.92 
 
 17303 
 
 3? 
 
 69.18 
 
 77.31 
 
 7i 
 
 116.43 
 
 128.86 
 
 10* 
 
 160.3 
 
 176.71 
 
 4 
 
 72.56 
 
 81. 
 
 7* 
 
 119.81 
 
 132-54 
 
 lof 
 
 163.67 
 
 180.4 
 
 4j 
 
 75-99 
 
 84.73 
 
 n 
 
 123.18 
 
 136.22 
 
 11 
 
 167.06 
 
 184.06 
 
 4j 
 
 79-3 
 
 88.35 
 
 8 
 
 126.55 
 
 139-89 
 
 11^ 
 
 170.4 
 
 187.76 
 
 4f 
 
 82.68 
 
 92.04 
 
 8J 
 
 129.92 
 
 143.58 
 
 "i 
 
 173.8 
 
 191.44 
 
 5 
 
 86.05 
 
 95.72 
 
 8J 
 
 133-53 
 
 147.49 
 
 "4 
 
 177.18 
 
 195.12 
 
 5 
 
 89.44 
 
 99.41 
 
 8i 
 
 136.68 
 
 150.94 
 
 12 
 
 180.54 
 
 198.8 
 
 5i 
 
 92.81 
 
 102.86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
Round Cast Iron Twelve Inches Long. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs, 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 * 
 
 .61 
 
 2\ 
 
 12.42 
 
 4 
 
 39-27 
 
 5i 
 
 81.14 
 
 9 
 
 198.79 
 
 
 •95 
 
 2f 
 
 13.84 
 
 4* 
 
 41.76 
 
 5* 
 
 84.71 
 
 9k 
 
 210. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.38 
 
 2i 
 
 1533 
 
 4i 
 
 44.27 
 
 6 
 
 88.35 
 
 9i 
 
 221.5 
 
 \ 
 
 1.87 
 
 2| 
 
 16.91 
 
 4« 
 
 46.97 
 
 ^\ 
 
 95-87 
 
 9i 
 
 233-34 
 
 
 2.45 
 
 2j 
 
 18.S6 
 
 4^ 
 
 49-7 
 
 bk 
 
 103.69 
 
 10 
 
 245.43 
 
 I* 
 
 3-1 
 
 2* 
 
 20.28 
 
 4t 
 
 52-5 
 
 6t 
 
 III. 82 
 
 104^ 
 
 257.86 
 
 I^ 
 
 3.«S 
 
 .3 
 
 22.08 
 
 4i 
 
 55-37 
 
 7 
 
 120.26 
 
 loj 
 
 270.59 
 
 If 
 
 4.64 
 
 .3* 
 
 23.96 
 
 4s- 
 
 58.32 
 
 7i 
 
 129. 
 
 10 J 
 
 283.63 
 
 
 5-S2 
 
 ■s^ 
 
 25.92 
 
 5 
 
 61.35 
 
 7* 
 
 138.05 
 
 11 
 
 296.97 
 
 I^ 
 
 6.48 
 
 ?A 
 
 27-95 
 
 5A 
 
 64.46 
 
 1\ 
 
 147.41 
 
 ii|f 
 
 310-63 
 
 \\ 
 
 7-51 
 
 ?,h 
 
 30.06 
 
 5i 
 
 67.64 
 
 8 
 
 157.08 
 
 iij 
 
 324-59 
 
 A 
 
 8.62 
 
 .s* 
 
 32.25 
 
 51 
 
 70.09 
 
 «^ 
 
 167.05 
 
 11^ 
 
 338-85 
 
 2 
 
 9.81 
 
 3i 
 
 34-51 
 
 5^ 
 
 74.24 
 
 8* 
 
 177. 1 
 
 12 
 
 353-43 
 
 2i 
 
 11.08 
 
 3i 
 
 36-«5 
 
 5« 
 
 77.65 
 
 «l 
 
 187.91 
 
 
 
 Square Cast Iron Twelve Inches Long. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Size, 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Size, 
 
 Weight. 
 
 ;inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Inch, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 \ 
 
 .78 
 
 2; 
 
 15.81 
 
 4 
 
 50. 
 
 5^ 
 
 103.32 
 
 9 
 
 253-12 
 
 f 
 
 1.22 
 
 2f 
 
 17.62 
 
 ■ 4r 
 
 53.14 
 
 5ff 
 
 107.86 
 
 9i 
 
 267.38 
 
 f 
 
 1-75 
 
 2^ 
 
 19-53 
 
 4 
 
 56.44 
 
 6 
 
 II2.5 
 
 9* 
 
 282. 
 
 \ 
 
 2-39 
 
 2J- 
 
 21.53 
 
 4* 
 
 59-81 
 
 6i 
 
 122.08 
 
 9f 
 
 297.07 
 
 1 
 
 3-12 
 
 24 
 
 23-63 
 
 4^ 
 
 63.28 
 
 6* 
 
 132.03 
 
 10 
 
 312.5 
 
 I,- 
 
 3-95 
 
 2j 
 
 25-83 
 
 4* 
 
 66.84 
 
 6J 
 
 142.38 
 
 10} 
 
 328.32 
 
 ll 
 
 4-88 
 
 3 
 
 28.12 
 
 ^t 
 
 70.5 
 
 7 
 
 15312 
 
 lO* 
 
 344.53 
 
 l| 
 
 5-9 
 
 3* 
 
 30-51 
 
 4i 
 
 74.26 
 
 7i 
 
 164.25 
 
 lOj 
 
 361.13 
 
 1 
 
 7-03 
 
 3i 
 
 33- 
 
 5 
 
 78.12 
 
 7* 
 
 175-78 
 
 II 
 
 378.12 
 
 il- 
 
 8.25 
 
 3* 
 
 35.59 
 
 5* 
 
 82.08 
 
 7f 
 
 187.68 
 
 11}^ 
 
 395-5 
 
 ls 
 
 9-57 
 
 3* 
 
 38.28 
 
 Si 
 
 86.13 
 
 8 
 
 200. 
 
 II* 
 
 413.28 
 
 Iff 
 
 10.98 
 
 3* 
 
 41.06 
 
 5f 
 
 90.28 
 
 8i 
 
 212.56 
 
 llf 
 
 431-44 
 
 2 
 
 12.5 
 
 3* 
 
 43.94 
 
 5* 
 
 94.53 
 
 8^ 
 
 225.78 
 
 12 
 
 450. 
 
 2i 
 
 14. 1 1 
 
 3* 
 
 46.92 
 
 5* 
 
 98-87 
 
 8J 
 
 239-25 
 
 
 
 85 
 

 /7a^ Carf /fo« Twelve Inches Long, \ to i Inch Thick. 
 
 
 Width of 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Ji 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vb 
 
 Va, 
 
 Vb 
 
 1 
 
 Inch. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 2 
 
 1.56 
 
 2.34 
 
 3.12 
 
 3-9 
 
 4.68 
 
 S.46 
 
 6.25 
 
 2i 
 
 I-7S 
 
 2.63 
 
 3-S' 
 
 4-39 
 
 5-27 
 
 6.15 
 
 7-03 
 
 4 
 
 I-9S 
 
 2.92 
 
 3-9 
 
 4.88 
 
 5-85 
 
 6.83 
 
 7.81 
 
 2i 
 
 2.14 
 
 3.22 
 
 4.29 
 
 5-37 
 
 6.44 
 
 7-51 
 
 8.59 
 
 3 
 
 2.34 
 
 351 
 
 4.68 
 
 5 -85 
 
 7-03 
 
 8.2 
 
 9-37 
 
 3i 
 
 2-53 
 
 3-8 
 
 5.07 
 
 6.34 
 
 7.61 
 
 8.88 
 
 10.15 
 
 34 
 
 2-73 
 
 41 
 
 5.46 
 
 6.83 
 
 8.2 
 
 957 
 
 10.93 
 
 3i 
 
 2.93 
 
 4-39 
 
 5.85 
 
 732 
 
 8.78 
 
 10.25 
 
 11.71 
 
 4 
 
 3.12 
 
 4.68 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.81 
 
 9-37 
 
 10.93 
 
 12.5 
 
 4J^ 
 
 332 
 
 4-97 
 
 6.64 
 
 8.3 
 
 9.96 
 
 11.62 
 
 13.28 
 
 4j 
 
 3-51 
 
 5-27 
 
 703 
 
 8.78 
 
 I0.S4 
 
 12.3 
 
 14.06 
 
 4i 
 
 3-71 
 
 5-56 
 
 y.42 
 
 9.27 
 
 11.13 
 
 12.98 
 
 14.84 
 
 5 
 
 3-9 
 
 5.86 
 
 7.81 
 
 9.76 
 
 U.71 
 
 13-67 
 
 15.62 
 
 S^ 
 
 41 
 
 6.15 
 
 8.2 
 
 10.25 
 
 12.3 
 
 I4-3S 
 
 16.4 
 
 Si 
 
 4.29 
 
 6.44 
 
 8-59 
 
 10.74 
 
 12.89 
 
 1503 
 
 17.18 
 
 5: 
 
 4-49 
 
 6-73 
 
 8.98 
 
 11.23 
 
 1346 
 
 15-72 
 
 17.96 
 
 6 
 
 4.68 
 
 703 
 
 9-37 
 
 11,71 
 
 14.06 
 
 16.4 
 
 18.75 
 
 Weight of a Superficial 
 
 Foot of 
 
 Cast Iron frov 
 
 \ to 2 Inches Thick. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 y* 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 Vb 
 
 1 
 
 iM 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs. 
 9-37 
 
 lbs. 
 14.06 
 
 lbs, 
 
 18.75 
 
 lbs. 
 
 23-43 
 
 lbs. 
 
 28.12 
 
 lbs. 
 
 32.81 
 
 lbs. 
 37-5 
 
 lbs. 
 42.18 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 -^ 
 
 1% 
 
 'J^ 
 
 '% 
 
 -% 
 
 ^Vb 
 
 a 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs. 
 46.87 
 
 lbs, 
 51-56 
 
 lbs, 
 
 56.25 
 
 lbs. 
 60.93 
 
 lbs. 
 65.62 
 
 lbs, 
 70.3' 
 
 lbs. 
 75- 
 
 
 86 
 
Weight of Square Lead Twelve Inches Long, from 1 to t, Inches Square. 
 
 Size. 
 
 1 in. 
 
 ^% 
 
 iJi 
 
 ^% 
 
 >M 
 
 I« 
 
 1% 
 
 ^Vs 
 
 2 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs, 
 4-93 
 
 lbs. 
 
 6.25 
 
 lbs. 
 7.71 
 
 lbs. 
 
 9-33 
 
 lbs. 
 
 II. II 
 
 lbs. 
 13-04 
 
 lbs. 
 15.12 
 
 lbs. 
 17-36 
 
 lbs. 
 19-75 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 ^% 
 
 ^Yi 
 
 =% 
 
 ^% 
 
 ^% 
 
 2% 
 
 =% 
 
 3 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs. 
 22.29 
 
 lbs. 
 25- 
 
 lbs. 
 27.8 
 
 lbs. 
 30.86 
 
 ■ lbs. 
 
 34.02 
 
 lbs. 
 37-34 
 
 lbs. 
 40.81 
 
 lbs. 
 44-44 
 
 
 Weight of Round Lead Twelve Inches Long, from 1 to ^ Inches Diameter. 
 
 Size, 
 
 I in. 
 
 ■H 
 
 iJi 
 
 1% 
 
 -% 
 
 I=/8 
 
 1% 
 
 '% 
 
 2 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs. 
 3.87 
 
 lbs. 
 4.9 
 
 lbs. 
 6.06 
 
 lbs. 
 7-33 
 
 lbs. 
 8.72 
 
 lbs. 
 
 10.24 
 
 lbs. 
 11.87 
 
 lbs. 
 13-63 
 
 lbs. 
 
 15-51 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 2% 
 
 ^M 
 
 =% 
 
 '% 
 
 ■^A 
 
 i% 
 
 ^% 
 
 3 
 
 
 Wt. 
 
 lbs. 
 17-51 
 
 lbs. 
 19-63 
 
 lbs. 
 21.8 
 
 lbs. 
 
 24.24 
 
 lbs. 
 
 26.72 
 
 lbs. 
 
 29-33 
 
 lbs. 
 32.05 
 
 lbs. 
 34-9 
 
 
 Binary and Decimal Fractions. 
 
 1 — 
 
 =.015625 
 
 .03 1 25 
 =.046875 
 =.0625 
 =.078125 
 
 =.09375 
 
 =-109375 
 
 =.125 
 
 =.140625 
 
 =.15625 
 
 =■171875 
 
 =-1875 
 
 =.203125 
 
 =.21875 
 =■234375 
 
 =-z5 
 =.265625 
 =.28125 
 =.296875 
 
 A =-3125 
 =.328125 
 
 =•34375 
 
 ■^i 
 
 \ 
 
 A-^ 
 
 i 
 
 -359375 
 -375 
 -390625 
 .40625 
 — 421875 
 
 =-4375 
 =■453125 
 = 46875 
 
 =-484375 
 =•5 
 
 =■515625 
 =■53125 
 =.546875 
 :\ =^5625 
 = 578125 
 
 =-59375 
 =-609375 
 I =-625 
 =.640625 
 =.65625 
 = 671875 
 
 n 
 
 J=. 
 
 -6875 
 
 .703125 
 
 .71875 
 
 -734375 
 
 ■75 
 
 .765625 
 
 -78125 
 
 ^796875 
 
 ^8125 
 
 ^828 I 25 
 
 ^84375 
 
 ^859375 
 
 ^875 
 
 ^.890625 
 
 .90625 
 
 .921875 
 
 -9375 
 
 •953125 
 
 .96875 
 
 ■98437s 
 .000000 
 
 87 
 
Distances at which to open n 2 ft. Rule to obtain a given Angle. 
 
 Angle. 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Angle 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Angle. 
 Deg. 
 
 Distance, 
 
 Angle 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Angle 
 
 Distance, 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Inches 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Inches 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Inches 
 
 I 
 
 .2 
 
 19 
 
 3-96 
 
 H 
 
 7.61 
 
 5S 
 
 11.08 
 
 73 
 
 14.28 
 
 2 
 
 •42 
 •63 
 
 20 
 
 4-17 
 
 38 
 
 7.81 
 
 S6 
 
 11.27 
 
 74 
 
 14.44 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 4-37 
 
 39 
 
 8.01 
 
 57 
 
 1 1. 45 
 
 75 
 
 14.61 
 
 4 
 
 .84 
 
 22 
 
 4-58 
 
 40 
 
 8.20 
 
 58 
 
 11.64 
 
 76 
 
 14.78 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 1.05 
 
 23 
 
 4.78 
 
 41 
 
 8.40 
 
 59 
 
 11.82 
 
 77 
 
 14.94 
 
 1.26 
 
 24 
 
 4-99 
 
 42 
 
 8.60 
 
 60 
 
 12.00 
 
 78 
 
 15. II 
 
 7 
 
 1-47 
 
 25 
 
 519 
 
 43 
 
 8.80 
 
 61 
 
 12.18 
 
 79 
 
 15-27 
 
 8 
 
 1.67 
 
 26 
 
 540 
 
 44 
 
 8.99 
 
 62 
 
 12.36 
 
 80 
 
 15-43 
 
 9 
 
 1.88 
 
 27 
 
 S.60 
 
 45 
 
 9.18 
 
 63 
 
 12.54 
 
 8i 
 
 1559 
 
 lO 
 
 2.09 
 
 28 
 
 S.81 
 
 46 
 
 938 
 
 64 
 
 12.72 
 
 82 
 
 15-75 
 
 II 
 
 2.30 
 
 29 
 
 6.01 
 
 47 
 
 9-57 
 
 65 
 
 12.90 
 
 83 
 
 15-9° 
 
 12 
 
 251 
 
 3° 
 
 6.21 
 
 48 
 
 9.76 
 
 66 
 
 1307 
 
 84 
 
 16.06 
 
 13 
 
 2.72 
 
 31 
 
 6.41 
 
 49 
 
 9-95 
 
 67 
 
 13-25 
 
 85 
 
 16.21 
 
 14 
 
 2.92 
 
 32 
 
 6.62 
 
 5° 
 
 10.14 
 
 68 
 
 13-42 
 
 86 
 
 16.37 
 
 IS 
 16 
 
 3-13 
 
 33 
 
 6.82 
 
 SI 
 
 IO-33 
 
 69 
 
 13-59 
 
 87 
 
 16.52 
 
 3-34 
 
 34 
 
 7.02 
 
 52 
 
 10.52 
 
 70 
 
 13-77 
 
 88 
 
 16.67 
 
 17 
 
 3-SS 
 
 35 
 
 7.22 
 
 S3 
 
 10.71 
 
 71 
 
 13-94 
 
 89 
 
 16.82 
 
 18 
 
 3-7S 
 
 36 
 
 7.42 
 
 54 
 
 10.90 
 
 72 
 
 14.11 
 
 90 
 
 16.97 
 
 88 
 

 French M^tre reduced to Inches. 
 
 
 Metre. 
 
 i 
 
 ■g 
 c 
 
 i'l 
 
 Metre, 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 .001587 
 
 = tV 
 
 I = 
 
 .001 
 
 ^= 
 
 •03937 
 
 = 
 
 .00328 
 
 .00317 
 
 = \ 
 
 2 = 
 
 .002 
 
 = 
 
 .07874 
 
 = 
 
 .00656 
 
 .00476 
 
 = tV 
 
 3 = 
 
 .003 
 
 = 
 
 .II81I 
 
 = 
 
 .00984 
 
 ■0063s 
 
 = \ 
 
 4 = 
 
 .004 
 
 ^ 
 
 .15748 
 
 = 
 
 .01312 
 
 .00794 
 
 = i\ 
 
 5 = 
 
 .005 
 
 ^= 
 
 .19685 
 
 = 
 
 .01641 
 
 .00952 
 
 = i 
 
 6 = 
 
 .006 
 
 = 
 
 .23622 
 
 = 
 
 .01969 
 
 .OIIII 
 
 = A 
 
 7 = 
 
 .007 
 
 = 
 
 .2756 
 
 = 
 
 .02397 
 
 .01270 
 
 = i 
 
 8 = 
 
 .008 
 
 = 
 
 ■31497 
 
 = 
 
 .02625 
 
 .01429 
 
 = j\ 
 
 9 == 
 
 .009 
 
 = 
 
 ■35434 
 
 = 
 
 .02953 
 
 .01587 
 
 = -1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .01746 
 
 = ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .01905 
 
 — a 
 
 — 4 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02064 
 
 = il 
 
 I 1= 
 
 .01 
 
 = 
 
 •3937 
 
 = 
 
 •0328 
 
 .02222 
 
 = i 
 
 2 = 
 
 .02 
 
 ■= 
 
 ■7874 
 
 = 
 
 .0656 
 
 .02381 
 
 = i* 
 
 3 = 
 
 •03 
 
 = 
 
 I.i8ii 
 
 = 
 
 .0984 
 
 .02540 
 
 = I 
 
 4 = 
 
 .04 
 
 = 
 
 1.5748 
 
 = 
 
 .1312 
 
 .05078 
 
 = 2 
 
 5 = 
 
 •05 
 
 = 
 
 1.9685 
 
 = 
 
 .1641 
 
 .0762 
 
 = 3 
 
 6 = 
 
 .06 
 
 = 
 
 2.3622 
 
 = 
 
 .1969 
 
 .1016 
 
 = 4 
 
 7 "^ 
 
 .07 
 
 = 
 
 2.756 
 
 = 
 
 •2397 
 
 .1270 
 
 = 5 
 
 8 = 
 
 .08 
 
 = 
 
 3-1497 
 
 = 
 
 .2625 
 
 .1524 
 
 = 6 
 
 9 — 
 
 .09 
 
 = 
 
 3-S434 
 
 — 
 
 •2953 
 
 .1778 
 
 = 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2032 
 
 = 8 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2286 
 
 = 9 
 
 0-| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2540 
 
 = 10 
 
 I = 
 
 .1 
 
 =z 
 
 3-9371 
 
 ^ 
 
 .3281 
 
 .2794 
 
 = II 
 
 2 := 
 
 2 
 
 = 
 
 7.8742 
 
 — 
 
 .6562 
 
 .3048 
 
 = 12 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 ■3 
 
 = 
 
 11.8112 
 
 — 
 
 •9843 
 
 
 
 4 = 
 
 •4 
 
 = 
 
 i5^7483 
 
 = 
 
 I.3I24 
 
 
 
 5 = 
 
 •5 
 
 = 
 
 19.6854 
 
 = 
 
 1.6404 
 
 
 
 6 = 
 
 .6 
 
 = 
 
 23.6225 
 
 = 
 
 1.9685 
 
 
 
 7 = 
 
 •7 
 
 = 
 
 27^SS96 
 
 = 
 
 2.3966 
 
 
 
 8 = 
 
 .8 
 
 = 
 
 31.4966 
 
 = 
 
 2.6247 
 
 
 
 9 = 
 
 •9 
 
 :== 
 
 35^4337 
 
 = 
 
 2,9528 
 
 The Metre = 3.2808992 Feet (about 39I Inches). 
 
 89 
 
PLATES OF GEAR TEETH 
 
i3 i':r. 
 
 L 
 
 14 I'.'P. 
 
 \ 
 
 10 to j 
 
 f 
 
 7 I'.'r. 
 
 
 •33 
 
 
 
 
 3-35 
 
 
 
 ISio 19 l.P, 
 
 r 
 
 70 to SI l.P. 
 
 \ r 
 
 ■ •3? 
 
 A 
 
 ZS to 24 I'.'P. 
 
 r 
 
 ■36 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1-34 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 SStoi 
 
 r 
 
 •3T 
 
 '7 1 
 
 'P. 
 
 1-0- 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 3S to 31 1. F 
 
 f 
 
 43 to 47 l'.' P. 
 
 G3 to 130 l" P. 131 to 800 l" P 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograp/i . 
 
13 iH'.'lP.. 
 
 14 iH'.'j; 
 
 10 to t7 Ih'-'p, 
 
 IS IH.P. 
 
 SStoS 
 
 ? jf«: 
 
 p. 
 
 / 
 
 •46 
 
 \ 
 
 
 " 1-84 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 28 to 31 Hi. P. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■47 
 
 ■\ 
 
 
 1 
 
 MG 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 to 35 IH'.'p. ^^ <o 41 IH . P. 4S to 4^ IH . P. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH, 
 J^rom Prof. S. W- Rchinsotis Templet Odontografh, 
 
4S to nb va'.'f. fi3 lo ISO iH-'r.. tsi to sho i'4'.'r 
 
 14 IVi. P 
 
 IS m. p. IG to 17 va'.'f. 
 
 T5-02 
 
 18 to m iU."F: 30 to SI lii" P. S3 to Z^ 1H'.' P, 
 
 [ 
 
 2'0l 
 
 1 _J- 
 
 -L 
 
 as to 37 IH'Ip. 38 to SI lH'. F. 33 to 3S ln'.'P 
 
 iJ 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 /roOT /'I'l?/. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
3C, to 41 
 
 m'.'F. 
 
 1 
 
 •60 
 
 \ 
 
 1-15 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 63 t o ISO m .'P. iSl to SOO I'a'.'F. 
 
 14 lU. F. 
 
 15 1', 
 
 i.P. 
 
 ■56 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 ■1 
 
 IG to 17 IH'.'P. 
 
 IS to 19 m'.'P. 30 to 21 IK-'P- SS to 24 1%" P- 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH, 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
ss to at lu'p. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 prom Prof. S. W. Robinsorfs Teviflet Odontograph. 
 
14 2"t. 
 
 IG fo 17 2'.'f. 
 
 
 1 
 
 •66 
 
 \ 
 
 
 (i-70 
 
 
 
 20 to 3 
 
 1 s'.'p. 
 
 18 to 19 S'.'F 
 
 S3 to S4 2" P. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
as to s'r s" F. 
 
 SS to 31 s. p. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 Jtrom Prof. S. IV. Robinson'' s Templet Odontograph. 
 
ea to 130 2 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 Iirom Prof. S. TV. Jfobmsons Templet Odontograph. 
 
so to 21 j^M'; IP, 
 
 SS to S4 SH'.'p. 
 
 2S to 27 SH'.'p. 
 
 2S to 31 2H"f. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 from Prof. S. W. Robinson^ s Templet Odontograpk. 
 
42 to 47 SH- JP- 
 
 48 to 6S 3ii. F. 
 
 6S to ISO »M. P. 
 
 131 to SOO Z'A.'f. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 T^roni Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
14 aW.'F. 
 
 15 2U'.'P. 
 
 16 to 17 aH.F. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 /iivm Prof. S. W, Robinsoris Templet Odontograph. 
 
so to 21 214'.' P. 
 
 25 TO 27 2H:p. 
 
 22 to 24 ghi'.'p. 
 
 3S to .31 3H. r. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
3S to 3. 
 
 36 to 41 2)4. P. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinso^t^ s Te7nplet Odontograph, 
 
FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 Pro7n Prof. S. IV. Robinson's Templet Odcnto^rapli. 
 
FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
as to 27 sh': p. 
 
 28 to SI S«."P. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
4S to 47 
 
 4S to C2 SH'.'p. 
 
 
 M3 
 
 \ 
 
 
 M8 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 1-93 
 
 
 i/ 
 
 1-76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W- Robinson's Temflet Odontograpk, 
 
14 S'.'P 
 
 Iff S'.'P. 
 
 FUIX SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 /^rom Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
30 to 21 S'.'F. 
 
 32 to 34 3'.' P. 
 
 I 
 
 1-05 
 
 
 5-40 
 
 
 
 
 4-20 
 
 35 to 2t S'.'P 
 
 38 to 31 3. P. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 from Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograpli. 
 
FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Tetnplet Odontograph. 
 
FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 From Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontografh. 
 
i 
 
 SGH.Diam. 
 
 Fitch. 
 
 SO Diam. 
 
 FULL SIZE GEAR TEETH. 
 from Prof. S. W. Robinson's Templet Odontograph. 
 
11. jilii 
 
 I u {111 iMn<<i4 > M^ I nuliMl lihn nntniiMS 
 11111)11 II iMiiMHiUiHi III in nn jmim imIi 
 
 iiMiinnnilMiJi inntin nliint 
 iiiijintliDiiininlnMiii hiiiiiI 
 iMMMntiiiMinMiiniin uiinii 
 
 i f nn liM'iiu 
 
 niiitl 
 nni)i 
 
 liiiiiiiiiiii!: 
 
 HniiiintiiliOi 
 
 iiiilin iiiMlr 
 iinii iJI) lint 
 ii.iiiltiti } mu 
 II )MI M)'-'- ■ 
 
 ltUlllilM,MjlM.nUMjiUnj1ljiHlliJi